mmm bWM/JE i;i W jl il\ i lr 'Jxk "Kr^ri ^.‘^M^hIt j irflirr lllnniiiSwt i It ; rtvliH if i »H f ^V 1 Sfr' il^l*' !» -^y>wK'.'W lA\hw'M)w Siffl®\f i ^Hil Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 '■ ■ = II II I https://archive.org/details/cyclopaediaofame01 homa ambersittv cftrition. Limited to Tnuo Thousand Copies . No. I THE CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHIES. COMPRISING %\)t jHcu anti Mlomen OF THE UNITED STATES WHO HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED WITH THE GROWTH OF THE NATION. EDITED BY JOHN HOWARD BROWN, MANAGING EDITOR OF “ LAMB’S BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE UNITED STATES,” “the national portrait gallery,” etc., etc. “Search for the truth is the noblest occupation of man ; its publication a duty.” Madame De Stael. Volume I. ABBE — CHRYSLER. BOSTON, MASS.: THE CYCLOPAEDIA PUBLISHING COMPANY, 372 Boylston Street. 1897. Copyright, 1897 , By the Cyclopaedia Publishing Company - . Sftnitarrsitg ^Jvrss : John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, U S. A A po IVf PREFACE. The Cyclopaedia of American Biographies is an exhaustive record of progress in every branch of activity dependent on the exercise of human effort. It presents in a condensed, comprehensive, and convenient form the biographies of the men and women who have been prominent factors in making United States history, and of those who are to be a part of the history of the future. While it incidentally includes the notable names of the early times, its principal subjects are the active instrumentalities in founding, developing, and progressing the great American Republic. It is the record of men and women who have done a marvellous work in one hundred and twenty-live years, and of those who have gathered from the achievement of the past, the experience and inspiration necessary to work out the possibilities of the future. In the busy life of to-day, the book-maker is asked to “ condense his narrative and give the simple facts.” This has been the aim of the editors of this work. The opinion of biographers, be they never so impartial, is not obtruded; the passions and prejudices of the times in which the subject lived, make no part of the sketch : what happened, what was achieved, and when ; the heredity that influenced ; the environment that shaped the character ; the conditions under which the work was done ; the failures as well as the successes ; the honors conferred and the punishment inflicted, are all stated as facts without expression of approval or censure, suggesting no more nor less than can be determined by the narra- tion of duly accredited facts expressed in definitive words. W e spread before our readers a faithful record of work and result as illustrated in the action and effort of individuals who have contributed lines or pages to the history of the United States. Stripped of verbiage, many of the sketches appear at first glance to be unduly brief, but the student will ask for no fuller detail. Biographies multiply so rapidly that the popular collec- tions should be condensed within reasonable limit, and should be so arranged as to allow future revisions to be made without destroying the value of the preceding volumes. In this respect it is claimed that the present work excels its predecessors, and that its infor- mation will never be useless by reason of irrelevant contemporaneous matter. A reference to the list of some of the principal contributors and editorial helpers will convince the public of the care exercised by the publishers in securing from every section and state the facts concerning the people of the locality, and in this distribution of the work avoid- ing any charge of sectional bias. Experienced and competent writers are employed as compilers, revisers, and critical readers. The published lives of the men and women of PREFACE. the past are carefully revised and compared with contemporaneous history, and the statements therein verified ; while recent investigations disclosing newly acquired facts, and correcting dates and occurrences long accepted as history, have given new form to many sketches. Narrations of incidents which fail to convey to the present-day reader a proper estimate of the labor, the sacrifice, or the purpose of the subject depicted, are supplanted by a record of deeds which time and modern thought have magnified and illuminated, — of work done out of season and when unappreciated, but which now finds a place in history. The permanent product of the effort of the individual, which remains as a monument to his achievement, whether it be an invention, a discovery, a college, a hospital, a play, a song, or a book, is noted, and any published memoir ofTfis life is designated. Portraits of notable individuals, and as far as possible of those whose linea- ments are the least known, are given, and this feature adds a peculiar value to the work. The materials which have been wrought into the foundations of this work have been accumulated from many sources. Every published biographical work has been diligently consulted ; the collected biographies of the family, town, county, state, section, nation, and continent have severally contributed to our sources of information, and to the publishers, editors, and compilers of such works we have laid ourselves under many obligations which we here acknowledge. To the Boston Public Library and its libra- rian and assistant custodians, we are grateful debtors ; no book or manuscript however rare or precious has been denied to our use, and the freedom of personal ownership would have served us no better than has this great public storehouse of reference. Equally are we indebted to the presidents and librarians of the universities and colleges for full information as to their alumni, and to the state librarians of every state in tire Union upon whom we have imposed our insatiable demand for information. We thank in advance these our friends and helpers for favors yet to come, and in this first volume in which we introduce ourselves to the general public, we ask for a measure of patience and consideration as we, through our representatives in every state, continue to seek out such of truth as will enable us to go forward on the lines marked out, to the end of our gigantic task. We also tender our acknowledgments to all those who have promised their help : the men of eminence in science, literature, and official position ; our co- workers in the field of research and compilation ; and the patient answerers of innumerable questions upon whom we have no claim except that of universal brotherhood, and whose effective co-operation will prove of inestimable value in verifying our data. The volume now presented will be an earnest of our purpose, and will show the style and plan of the undertaking. It will be carried on by the same efficient helpers, augmented by others of equal ability. It is expected that the matter can be contained in six volumes, and their issue will be so arranged as to furnish the complete work within a reasonable time. The style and character of the illustrations, both the full-page portraits and the thou- sands of vignettes, will be fully up to the best examples of line portraiture, and the final result will meet the requirements of modern bookmaking. Boston, Mass., .Inly 4, 1897. Some of the Principal Contributors to The Cyclopaedia of American Biographies Abbott, Russell B., A.M., D.D., Albert Lea, Minn., President Albert Lea College. Adams, Charles Francis, LL.D., Boston, Mass., Lawyer. Adams, Franklin George, Topeka, Kansas, Secretary State Historical Society. Adams, Henry Carter, Ph D., Ithaca, N. Y., Professor Political Economy, Cornell University. Adams, Herbert Baxter, A.M., Ph.D., Baltimore, Md, Professor History at Johns Hopkins University. Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, Boston, Mass., Author. Alger, William Rounseville, D.D., Boston, Mass., Clergyman and Author. Ames, Charles Gordon, D.D., Boston, Mass., Author and Clergyman. Anderson, Edwin H., Pittsburgh, Pa., Librarian Carnegie Library. Andrews, Clement Walker, Chicago, 111., Librarian John Crerar Library. Andrews, Col. George L., U. S. A., Former Professor at the U. S. Military Academy. Andrews, E. Benjamin, D.D., LL.D., Provi- dence, R. I , President Brown University. Appel, Theodore, D.D , Reading, Pa., Editor, Author, and Educator. Apple, Rev. Joseph Henry, Frederick, Md.. President Woman’s College. Apple, Thomas Gilmore, D.D., LL.D., Lan- caster, Pa., Former President Franklin and Marshall College. Appleton, John Howard, A M., Ph.B., Provi- dence, R. I , Professor Chemistry, Brown University. Appleton, William Hyde, Ph.D., Swarthmore, Pa., Former President Swarthmore College. Appleton, William Sumner, A M., LL.B., Bos- ton, Mass., Genealogical Writer. Atherton, George W., LL.D., State College, Pa., President Pennsylvania State College. Atkinson, Edward, LL.D., Boston, Mass., Political Economist. Avery, Elroy M., Ph.D., LL.D , Cleveland, Ohio, Author and Historian. Avery, Gen. Isaac W., C.S.A.. Atlanta, Ga., Author and Historical Writer. Bailey, William H., Sr., LL.D , Houston, Texas, Author and Biographer. Baird, Henry Carey. Philadelphia, Pa., Political Economist. Baker, William Spohn, Philadelphia, Pa., Author and Biographical Writer. Ballantine, William Gay, D.D., LL.D., Former President Oberlin College. Ballard, Harlan H., A.M., Lenox, Mass., Librarian Berkshire Athenaeum. Bancroft, Frederick, A.M., Ph.D., Washington, D. C , Librarian Department of State. Bardwell, Willis Arthur, Brooklyn, N. Y., Librarian Mercantile Library. Barker, Wharton, A.M., Philadelphia, Pa., Author and Financial Writer. Barnard, Henry, A.M., LL.D., L.H.D., Hartford, Conn., Author and Educator. Barton, Edmund Mills. Worcester, Mass , Librarian American Antiquarian Society. Baskerville, William M., A.M., Ph.D., Nash- ville, Tenn., Professor at Vanderbilt University. Bateman, Newton, A.M., LL D., Galesburg, 111 ., President Emeritus and Professor at Knox College. Battle, Kemp Plummer, LL.D., Chapel Hill, N. C., Former President University of North Carolina. Baxter, James Phinney, A M , Portland, Maine, Author and Philanthropist. Beecher, Willis Judson, D D., Auburn, N. Y., Professor of Hebrew at Theological Seminary. Bellamy, Edward. Springfield, Mass., Author of “ Looking Backward.” Beman, Wooster Woodruff, A.M., Ann Arbor, Mich., Professor of Mathematics at University of Michigan. Black, James William, Ph.D , Waterville, Maine, Professor of Political Economy at Colbv University. Blackburn, William Maxwell, D.D., LL.D., Pierre, S. Dak.. President Tierre University. Blackmar, Frank Wilson, Ph D., Lawrence. Kansas, Professor History and Sociology, University of Kansas. Blaisdell, James J.. D.D , Beloit, Wis., Late Professor of Philosophy, Beloit College. Blanchard, Charles A., D D , Wheaton, 111., President Wheaton College. Bloomfield, Maurice, A.M., Ph.D , Baltimore, Md, Professor, Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, Johns Hopkins University. Bodfish, Joshua P., D D., LL.D., Canton, Mass., R. C. Clergyman and Theologian. Bok, Edward W., Philadelphia, Pa., Editor ‘‘Ladies’ Home Journal.” Bolles, Albert S., Ph.D., LL D., Philadelphia. Pa., Author and Statistician. Bowman, Thomas, D.D., LL.D., St. Louis, Mo., Methodist Episcopal Bishop. Bowles, Samuel, Springfield, Mass., Editor Springfield “ Republican.” Bradbury, James Ware, LL.D., Augusta, Maine, Former U. S. Senator. Brinkman, Mary A., M.D., New York City, Professor at N. Y. Medical College for Women. Brooks, Edward, A M., Ph.D., Philadelphia, Pa., Author and Educator. Brown, J. Willard, A.M., East Boston, Mass., Author and Educator. Bryan, William Jennings, Lincoln, Neb., Statesman. Butler, Wentworth S., New York City, Librarian Emeritus N. Y. Society Library. Carter, Franklin, Ph D., LL.D., Williamstown, Mass., President Williams College. Carver, Leonard Dwight, Augusta. Maine, Librarian Maine State Library. Case, Mary Sophia, A.B., Wellesley, Mass., Professor at Wellesley College. Chamberlain, Alexander F., A.M., Ph.D., At- lanta, Ga., Lecturer at Clark University. Chamberlain, Mellen, Somerville, Mass., Former Librarian Boston Public Library. Chandler, William E., A.M., Concord, N. H., U. S. Senator. Chittenden, Lucius Eugene, New York City, Lawyer and Author. Clark, Alonzo Howard, Washington, D. C., Curator of the American Historical Association. Clark, Nathaniel George, D.D.. LL.D., Late Secretary A. I?. C. of F. Missions. Clark, Walter. LL.D., Raleigh, N. C , Associate Justice N. C Supreme Court. Cochrane, General John. New York City, Brigadier-General U. S. V. Collyer, Robert, D.D., New York City, Author and Clergyman. Colt, Le Baron Bradford, A.M., Boston, Mass., U. S. Circuit Judge. Cone, Orillo, D.D., Akron, Ohio. Former President of Buchtel College. Conway,. Katherine D., Boston, Mass., Author and Journalist. Cook, Joshua Flood. Ph.D. , LL.D. .La Grange, Mo., Former President of La Grange College. Cooley, Thomas McIntyre, LL.D., Ann Arbor, Mich., Professor of Law, University of Michigan. Courtenay, William A., Charleston, S. C., Former Mayor. Crane, Oliver, M.D , D.D., LL.D., Waverly, N. J., Clergyman and Author. Cranston, Earl, A M.. D.D., Portland, Ore., Methodist Episcopal Bishop. Crane, Joshua E., Taunton, Mass., Librarian, Public Library. Crowell, John Franklin, Litt.D., Durham, N. C., Former President Trinity College. Cummings, Amos J., New York City, Journalist and Representative in Congress. Curry, Jabez Lamar Monroe, S.T.D., LL.D., Richmond. Va., President Board of Trustees Richmond College. Custer, Elizabeth B., Washington, D. C., Author and Journalist. Cuyler, Theodore Ledyard, D.D., Brooklyn, N. Y., Clergyman and Author. Dahlgren, Madeleine Vinton, Washington, D. C., Author. Dana, William H., F.C.M.. Warren, Ohio, President Dana’s Musical Institute. Davidson, James Wood, Figulus, Fla., Author and Journalist. Davis, John Woodbridge, C.E., Ph D., New York City, Educator and Author. Didier, Eugene Lemoine, Baltimore, Md., Author and Journalist. Dingley, Nelson, Jr., LL.D., Lewiston, Maine, Editor and Representative in Congress. Doane, William Croswell, D.D., LL.D , Albany, N. Y., First P. E. Bishop of Albany. English, Thomas Dunn, M.D , LL D., Newark, N. J., Author and Journalist. Fairchild, James Harris, A.M , LL.D., Oberlin, Ohio, Former President of Oberlin College. Fell, Thomas, Ph D., LL.D , Annapolis, Md., President St. John’s College. Field, Eugene, Journalist, Author, and Poet. Field, Stephen J., M.A., LL.D., Washington, D. C., Associate Justice U. S. Supreme Court. Flint, Austin, M.D., New York City, Author. Ford, Paul Leicester, Brooklyn, N. Y., Author and Editor. Gailor, Thomas Frank, M.A., S.T.D., Sewanee, Tenn., Coadjutor Bishop of Tennessee. Gallagher, Charles Wesley, D.D., Kent’s Hill, Maine, Former President of Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis. Gates, George A., D.D., Grinnell, Iowa, President of Iowa College. Gilman, Arthur, M.A., Cambridge, Mass., Former Regent of Radcliffe College. Gilmore, James Roberts, “ Edmund Kirke,” Roxbury, Mass., Author and Editor. Goode, George Brown, A.M., Late Secretary Smithsonian Institution. Grant, Robert, Ph D., Boston, Mass., Lawyer, Author, and Poet. Green, Samuel Abbott, A.M., M.D., Boston, Mass., Librarian Mass. Historical Society. Green, Samuel Swett, A.M., Worcester, Mass., Historical Writer and Librarian. Gregory, John Milton, LL.D., Educator, Author, and Editor. Griffis, William Elliot, A M., D.D., Ithaca, N. Y., Clergyman and Author. Guild, Reuben Aldridge, LL.D., Providence, R. I., „ Author and Librarian Emeritus Brown University. Hadley, Arthur Twining, M.A., New Haven, Conn., , ,, . Professor Political Economy at \ale l mversitv. Hamilton, Gail (Abigail Hamilton Dodge), Author. Hamlin, Charles Sumner, A M., Boston. Mass., Former Assistant Secretary of the U. S. Treasury. Hammond, William Alexander, M.D., Wash- ington. D.C., Author and Former Surgeon-General U. S. A. Hayes, John, Somerville, Mass., Librarian. Hershey, Scott F., D.D., Ph. D., Boston, Mass., Clergyman and Biographical Writer. Hoffman, Walter James, M.D., Washington, D.C., Ethnologist. Howard, George Elliott, A.M., Ph.D., Stanford University, Cal , Professor of History, Leland Stanford, Junior, Uni- versity. Howe, Julia Ward, Boston, Mass., Author. Humphrey, Lyman Underwood, Former Governor of Kansas. Hurst, John Fletcher, D.D., LL.D., Washing- ton, D.C., Chancellor American University. James, Edmund Janes, Ph.D., Philadelphia, Pa., President of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching. Jaques, Jabez Robert, M.A., Ph.D., Abingdon, 111 ., Vice-President Hedding College. Jones, Stephen Alfred, M.A., Ph.D., Former President Nevada State University. Kasson, John Adam, LL.D., Des Moines, Iowa, Historian and Former U. S. Minister. Katzer, Frederic Xaver, D.D. , Milwaukee, Wis., Archbishop of Milwaukee. Kedney, John Steinfort, A.M., S.T.D , Fari- bault, Minn., Professor Seaburv Divinity School. Kerr, Robert Floyd, A.M , Brookings, S. Dak., Professor of History and Political Science, Agricul- tural College. Kies, Marietta, M.A., Ph.D., Oakland, Cal., Professor Mental and Moral Plnlosophv, Mills College. Killebrew, Joseph Buckner, A.M., Ph.D., Nash- ville, Tenn , Author and Journalist. King, William Fletcher, D.D., LL.D., Mt. Ver- non, Iowa, President Cornell College, Iowa. Knapp, Charles Welbourne, A.M., St. Louis, Mo., Editor St. Louis “Republican.” Knapp, Lyman E., A.M., Middlebury, Vt., F'ormer Governor of Alaska. Koopman, Henry Lyman, A.M., Providence, R.I., Author and Librarian Brown University. Krehbiel, Henry Edward, New York City, Journalist and Author. Lacey, John Fletcher, M.C., Oskaloosa, Iowa, Author of Lacey’s Digests. Lane, Gertrude Battles, Newtonville, Mass., Biographical Writer. Langley, Samuel Pierpont, Ph D., LL.D., Wash- ington, D.C., Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Langston, John Mercer, Former U. S. Minister to Hayti. Latimer, Elizabeth Wormeley, Baltimore, Md., Author and Journalist. Lea, Henry Charles, LL.D., R.A., Philadelphia, Pa., Author and Publisher. Lea, John M., A.M., Nashville, Tenn., President Tennessee Historical Society. Lee, George W. C., LL.D., Lexington, Va., President Washington and Lee University. Leighton, George Eliot, St. Louis, Mo., President Missouri Historical Society. Lewelling, Lorenzo D., Wichita, Kansas, Former Governor of Kansas. Lochren, William, Minneapolis, Minn., F'ormer U. S. Commissioner of Pensions. Long, John Davis, LL.D., Washington, D.C., Secretary of the Navy. Mabie, Hamilton Wright, A.M., L.H.D., New York City, Author and Editor. MacCracken, Henry Mitchell, D.D., LL.D., Chancellor of the University of the City of New York. Mace, William Harrison, M.L., A.M., Syracuse, N. Y., Professor of History at Syracuse University. Macy, Jesse, A.M., Grinnell, Iowa, Author and Professor in Iowa College. Mason, Otis Tufton, A.M., Ph D., Washington, D.C , Curator, U. S. National Museum. Mathews, William, A M., LL.D., Boston, Mass., Author and Journalist. Matthews, Brander, A.M., New York City, Author, Professor Literature Columbia University. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, A.M., Ph.D., Professor of Political Economy Columbia University. McClure, Samuel G., A.M., Columbus, Ohio, Editor Ohio “ State Journal.” McCulloch, Hugh, A M., LL.D., F'ormer Secretary of the Treasury. McDowell, William Fraser, A.M., S.T.B., Den- ver, Col., Chancellor University of Denver. McGovern, John, Chicago, III., Journalist and Author. Merrimon, Augustus S., Raleigh, N.C., Chief Justice of North Carolina. Miner, Alonzo Ames, A.M , S.T.D., LL.D., Bos- ton, Mass., Clergyman, Former President of Tufts College. Mitchell, William, A.M., Winona, Minn., Associate Justice Supreme Court. Moore, Charlotte Mcllvaine, Author and Biographical Writer. Moore, John Bassett, A.B., New York City, Professor at Columbia University. Morgan, Gen. Thomas J., LL.D., F’ormer Commissioner, Indian Affairs. Morse, Anson Daniel, M.A., Amherst, Mass., Professor of History and Political Economy, Am- herst College. Morton, Julius Sterling, Nebraska City, Neb., Former Secretary of Agriculture. Moses, Bernard, A.B., Berkeley, Cal., Professor in University of California. Myers, Philip Van Ness, LL.D., Litt.D., Professor at University of Cincinnati. Norris, Edith Mary, Malden. Mass., Journalist and Biographical Writer. Page, Thomas Nelson, Author. Palmer, Charles Skeele, Ph D , Boulder, Col., Professor at University of Colorado. Payne, William H., LL.D., Ph.D., Nashville, Tenn., President University of Nashville. Peck, Tracy, A M.. New Haven, Conn., Professor in Yale University. Phinney, Ellen Johnston, Cleveland, Ohio., President Non-Partisan W. C. T. U. Pierce, Edward Lillie, LL.D., Author “Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner.” Purinton, Daniel Boardman, Ph.D., LLD., Granville, Ohio, President Denison University. Randall, James R., Augusta, Ga., Poet ar.d Journalist. Raub, Albert Newton, A.M., Ph.D., Newark, Del., Former President Delaware College Raymond, George Lansing, L.H.D., Princeton, N. J., Author and Educator. Reed, Thomas Brackett, LL.D., Washington, D. C., Speaker of the House of Representatives. Remsen. Ira, M.D , Ph D., Baltimore, Md , Professor Chemistry, Jonns Hopkins University. Reynolds, Elmer Robert, M.D., Washington, D. C., Ethnologist. Roche, James Jeffrey, Boston, Mass., Editor “ Pilot.” Russell, Addison Peale, LL.D., Wilmington, Ohio, Journalist and Author. Ryder, Charles J., M.A., New York City, Secretary American Missionary Association. Sanborn, Kate, Metcalf, Mass., Author. Savage, Minot Judson, D.D., New York City, Clergyman and Author. Seymour, George Franklin, S.T.D., LLD., Spring- field, 111., P. E. Bishop of Springfield. Shaw, Albert, Ph.D., New York City, Editor “Review of Reviews.” Sheppard, Robert D., D.D., Evanston, 111., Professor at Northwestern University. Sherwood. Kate Brownlee, Canton, Ohio, Journalist and Ph lanthropist. Sherwood, Thomas Adiel, Springfield, Mo., Chief Justice Missouri Supreme Court. Shouler, James, Boston, Mass., Author “ United States under the Constitution.” Skene, Alexander J. C., M.D., Brooklyn, N. Y., Author, Dean of L. I. College Hospital. Smith, Charles Lee, Ph.D., Liberty, Mo., Professor at William Jewell College. Smith, George Williamson, D.D., LL.D., Hart- ford, Conn., President Trinity College. Smith, John B., Sc.D., New Brunswick, N. J., Entomologist, Professor Rutgers College. Snively, William A , D.D., Louisville, Ky., Author and Clergyman. Snow, Francis Huntington, Ph.D., LL.D., Law- rence, Kansas, Chancellor University of Kansas. Spring, Leverett Wilson, A.M., D.D., Williams- town. Mass.. Author and Educator. Stahr, John S., Ph.D., D.D.. Lancaster, Pa., President Franklin and Marshall College. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, New York City, Author and Reformer. Steel. Samuel A.. D.D., Nashville, Tenn., Clergyman and Author. Stimson, Frederic Jesup, “ J. S. of Dale,” Boston, Mass., Lawyer and Author. Stoddard, William Osborn, A.M., Journalist and Author. Strong, William, M.A., LL.D., Washington, D.C., Associate Justice U. S. Supreme Court. Super, Charles W., Ph D., LL.D , Athens, Ohio, P'ormer President Ohio University. Swain, George Fillmore, C.E., Boston, Mass., Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Swayne, Charles, Jacksonville, Fla., Justice U. S. District Court. Tappan, William Henry, Manchester, Mass., Historian and Explorer. Taylor, Graham, D D., Hartford, Conn., Professor at Theological Seminary. Taylor, Robert Fenwick, Tallahassee, Fla., Judge of the Supreme Court. Thayer, James Bradley, LL.D., Cambridge, Mass., Professor of Law at Harvard University. Thomas, Allen Clapp, A.M., Haverford, Pa., Professor Political Science, Haverford College. Thompson, Robert Ellis, S.T.D., Ph.D., Philadel- phia, Pa. Professor Social Sc ence, University of Pennsylvania. Thorpe, Francis Newton, Ph.D., Philadelphia, Pa., Professor American Constitutional History, Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. Thorpe, Rose Hartwick, San Diego, Cal., Author and Journalist. Thwing, Charles Franklin, D.D., Cleveland, Ohio, President Western Reserve University. Trelease, William, Sc.D., St. Louis, Mo., Director Shaw School of Botany. Trent, William Peterfield, M.A., Sewanee, Tenn., Dean at University of the South. Vann, Irving Goodwin, M.A., LL.D , Syracuse, N. Y., Justice New York Supreme Court. Veazey, Wheelock Graves, LL.D., Rutland, Vt., Former Commander-in-chief, G. A. R. Vincent, John Martin, Ph.D., Baltimore, Md., Professor History Johns Hopkins University. Walker, Francis Amasa, LL.D., Late President Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ward, James Thomas, D.D., Westminster, Md., Dean Westminster Theological Seminary. Warner, Charles Dudley, D.C.L., L.H.D., Hart- ford, Conn., Author. Warren, Henry White, A.M., D.D , Denver, Col., Methodist Episcopal Bishop. Weeks, Stephen Beauregard, A.B., Ph.D., Bureau of Education Washington, D. C. Wendefi, Barrett, A.M , Boston, Mass., Professor at Harvard University. Whipple, Henry Benjamin, D.D., LL.D., Fari- bault, Minn., P. E. Bishop of Minnesota. Whitney, Henry Mitchell, A.M., Beloit, Wis., Professor at Beloit College. Willard, Frances E., President World’s W. C. T. L T . Wilson, Woodrow, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D., Prince- ton, N. J., Professor at Princeton University. Winslow, William C., Ph D., LL D., Sc.D., Archmologist and Author. Winston, George Tayloe, LL.D.. Chapel Hill, N.C., Former President University of North Carolina. Wise. John Sergeant, Former U. S. Representative from Virginia. Woodburn, James Albert, A.M., Ph D., Bloom- ington, Ind., Professor Am. History, Indiana University. Wright, Carroll Davidson, A.M., Washington, D.C., Commissioner Department of Labor. Wright, Marcus Joseph, C.S.A., Confederate Historian. THE CYCLOPAEDIA AMERICAN BIOGRAPHIES. A. ABBE, Cleveland, meteorologist, was born in New York city, Dee. 3, 1838. After being edu- cated at the New York free academy and the University of Michigan, he acted as assistant to B. A. Gould in the United States survey from 18(10 to 1864. Immediately after this he went to Russia, where for two years he pursued the study of science in one of the royal obser- vatories. On his re- turn to America he became assistant at the U. S. naval cbser- vatory, anil in 1868 was made director of the Cincinnati obser- vatory, w here he occupied himself in making observations on meteors and in- stituting a service of daily weather pre- dictions. On the or- ganization of the weather bureau, lie was ap- pointed professor of meteorology, and his cog- nomen of “Old Probabilities” originated from his appointment by his chief, Gen. Albert J. Myer, to take charge of the storm warnings. He became a member of the national academy, at- tended the international meridian conference in Washington (1884) as a delegate, and in 1894 was present at the international meteorological con- ference at Munich. His published works are of great scientific merit, including “Solar Spots and Terrestrial Temperature” (1867); “Dorpat and Poulkova” (1868); “Suggestions on the Use of Weather Reports” (1871); “Annual Reports of Progress in Meteorology” (1872— ’89) ; “Observa- tions of Coggia’s Comet” (1874); “A Treatise on Meteorological Apparatus” (1887) ; “Preparatory Studies of Deductive Methods in Meteorology” [1J (1887); “Report on Meteorological Observations during Expedition to the West Coast of Africa” (1891); “A Plea for Terrestrial Physics” (1891): “Atmospheric Radiation” (1892). Mr. Abbe was the originator of the system of “ standard time ” adopted by the United States. The college of New York, in recognition of his services to science, con- ferred upon him the degreesof A.B.. 1857 ; A.M., I860; and LL.D., 1883. ABBETT, Leon, governor of New Jersey, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.. Oct. 8. 1836. His pri- mary education was received in the public and high schools of Philadelphia. He entered the law office of John W. Ashmead of Philadelphia as a student. Upon reaching his majority, he was admitted to llie bar and began practice with his former instructor. In 1859 he removed to Hobo- ken. N. J., where he became prominent in local politics and was admitted to the bars of that state and of New York. He was appointed corpora- tion counsel of Jersey City, still, however, continu- ing his law practice in New York, as a partner of W. J. Fuller. In 1866, he removed to Jersey City, and in 1868 was elected as a democrat to the house of assembly of New Jersey, serving as speaker in 1869-’70. He was elected to the state senate in 1874, serving three years, and was made its president in 1877. He was a candidate for the U. S. senate before the democratic caucus of the state legislature in 1877, but was defeated in this nomination by McPherson by one vote. In 1883 he was elected governor of New Jersey and again in 1889. In 1894 he was appointed one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the state. Gov- ernor Abbett was a delegate to the National Demo- cratic convention at Baltimore in 1872, and acted as its secretary ; in 1876, he was a delegate to the convention which met at St. Louis. He was a conspicuous figure in the politics of New Jersey, and in the public affairs of the state was a leader of uncommon force. He died at his home in Jersey City, Dec. 4, 1884. ABBEY. ABBOT. ABBEY, Edwin Austin, artist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1852. From childhood he dis- played great artistic talent, which he was allowed to cultivate. He studied at the Pennsylvania acad- emy of fine arts in Philadelphia, and in 1871 entered the publishing house of Harper & Brothers as an illustrator. His fame as an artist began with his work as it appeared in the periodicals and books of that house; among bis finest productions being his illustrations of Robert Herrick’s poems, Goldsmith’s “She Stoops to Conquer,” and the comedies of Sliake- speare w i t h 1 3 1 drawings. He was early made a mem- ber of the New York Water-Color society . In 1878 he removed his studio to Lon- don, England, but continued his con- tributions to Ameri- can publications. In 1883 the Royal In- stitute of Painters in Water - Colors elected him to mem bership, and in the same year he re- ceived a second- class medal at the national exhibition at Munich. He exhibited at the Paris Exposition in 1889, and obtained a first-class medal. Among bis more notable early pictures are “The Stage Office,” “The Evil Eye,” “Lady in a Garden,” “Rose in October,”. “ The Widower,” and “Reading the Bible.” “ Fiametta’s Song,” in the academy of 1893; his Arthurian canvases designed as panels for the Boston Public Library, illustrating the great mythological subject, "The Quest of the Holy Grail,” painted in 1895; “Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and the Lady Anne,” exhibited at the Royal academy in 1896, established the artist’s fame in the old world, and won for him an asso ciateship in the Royal academy. Previous to his “ Quest of the Holy Grail.” he was known only as an illustrator, and as a water-color painter, but this work established his reputation as a great artist and a masterly executant in oils. F. Hop- kinson Smith said of him: “Abbey, in his art, really has done what Wagner has done in music, Tennyson and the poets in verse. He has taken the old, retouched it and made it new, giving us something infinitely better than the thing he found.” In 1896 Mr. Abbey was engaged in the completion of his “Quest of the Holy Grail” panels for the delivery-room of the Public Li- brary, Boston. Mass., at his studio in Gloucester- shire. England. ABBEY, Henry E., manager, was born at Akron, 0., in 1847. He began his career at the age of twenty-two, by taking a two years’ lease of the Akron opera house, then tried managing an opera troupe, and subsequently undertook the management of Edwin Adams and Lotta. In the season of 1874 he organized a company, and in 1876 went into partnership with John B. Schoeffel. their first venture being to lease the academy of music in Buffalo, Mr. Schoeffel remaining in cha rge of the house and Mr. Abbey going on the road with stars. The season was a failure financially. The next season they leased the Park theatre in New York, and in 1879 opened the old Beethoven hall in Boston under the name of the Park theatre. Next the Arch street theatre (re-named the Park theatre) in Philadelphia was leased, and in 1880 they took Dion Boucicault’s unexpired lease of Booth’s theatre in New York, playing Edwin Booth (whose engagement in New York, Brooklyn, and Boston they managed that year), and closing the season with Adelaide Neilson. In the fall of 1880 they brought Sarah Bernhardt over for her first American season, and later managed Patti. Christine Nilsson. Mrs. Langtry. Henry Irving, Ellen Terry, and Lawrence Barrett. In 1883 Mr. Maurice Grau was admitted into the partnership. In 1884 a season of Italian opera was tried, and was successfnl in all but a financial way. The management was left at the close of the season with an indebtedness of nearly $290,000, and though urged to assign they refused, eventually paying every dollar of the amount. In 1884 Mr. Abbey managed Mary Anderson in England, and in 1885 brought her to this country. Subsequently Messrs. Abbey, Schoeffel, and Grau introduced in America many celebrated musicians, including Josef Hoff- mann, the child pianist ; Sarasate, the violinist: and Eugen d’ Albert, the pianist. In 1891 they gave up the Park theatre and opened the Tremont in Boston. In 1892 they decided to try grand opera again and engaged the Metropolitan opera house in New York, which was destroyed by fire, over $200,000 worth of scenery being lost. In 1893 the house was restored and “ Faust ” was the opening attraction, with Emma Eames, the De Reszkes, and Lassalle in the cast. At the same time Abbey’s theatre was opened with Irving and Terry. In 1894 M. Coquelin, Mine. Jane Hading, Mounet-Sully, and Beerbohm Tree were brought out, and in 1895 grand opera, Henry Irving, and Lillian Russell gave them a successful season. The firm was again forced into bankruptcy shortly before Mr. Abbey’s death in New \ork city, Oct. 17, 1896. ABBOT, Ezra, biblical scholar, was born at Jackson, Me., April 28, 1819. As a boy he was remarkably precocious, mastering the alphabet when less than two years old. and at school in the [21 ABBOT. ABBOT. first class in reading at live, and had read Rollin s “Ancient History” at seven. He mingled with the other boys in their most active sports; was an expert trout fisherman and knew every stream in his neighborhood. He received his higher educa- tion at Phillips Exeter academy and Bowdoin col- lege, where he was graduated in 1S40. During the next seven years he was occupied as a teacher in the schools in Maine, and after 1847 pursued the same vocation at the high school in Cam- bridge, Mass., whither he had removed. He was appointed assistant librarian at Harvard in 1856. In 1872 he became professor of New Testament criticism in the Divinity school, Cambridge. Yale gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1869, and Har- vard that of D.D. in 1872, an unusual degree to confer on one not a clergyman. He was an exact and erudite biblical scholar, and gave valuable assistance as a member of the American com- mittee to revise the New Testament. He also contributed largely to the pronunciation of names in Worcester’s Dictionary. His energies were, however, peculiarly lent to textual criticism, in which he was unexcelled. He made a revision and collation of the learned quotations of Jeremy Taylor’s “Holy Living and Dying.” edited Hudson’s “Greek and English Concordance of the New Testament,” prepared an appendix to Alger’s “Critical History of a Future Life,” em- bracing an exhaustive catalogue of books on the subject, and contributed in the department of biblical criticism to various periodicals; published several catalogues and books of reference for Sun- day school teachers; contributed regularly to Unitarian periodicals, being himself a member of that sect; and occasionally to the “North American Review.” His chief original work is “The Authorship of the Fourth Gospel,” which is considered authoritative. He gave his large and valuable library, comprising 5000 volumes chiefly of rare books and a collection of scarce editions of Greek New Testaments, to Harvard university, and the balance of his books, includ- ing his working library, he left to the Divinity school of Harvard, the gift being conditional : “ There shall be secured as soon as possible a more adequate and safe place of keeping.” A memorial of Dr. Abbott, edited by Samuel J. Barrows, was published by the Harvard divinity school alumni in 1884. Among his other works are ‘ ‘ Literature of the Doctrine of a Future Life,” and “ New Dis- cussions of the Trinity.” He edited Norton’s “Statement of the Reason for not Believing in the Doctrines of the Trinitarians,” Lamson’s “Church of the First Three Centuries,” and similar controversial works, as well as an addi- tion and valuable exposition to the 8th edition of Tischendorf’s “Greek Testament.” He died at Cambridge, Mass., March 21, 1884. ABBOT, Henry Larcom, soldier, was born at Beverly, Mass., Aug. 18, 1831. At the age of twenty -three he was graduated from West Point with the rank of brevet second lieutenant of topographical engineers, and after serving in Washington in the office of the Pacific railroad surveys he was sent to survey that road between California and Oregon. At the breaking out of the civil war he entered it as a military engineer, and at its close he had risen to the rank of brevet brigadier-general. He held many responsible positions, and in 1870 was sent to Sicily with a party for the purpose of making observations on the eclipse of the sun. He was among the fore- most engineers of the day, having made several useful inventions and written extensively on many subjects. Among his more prominent books are “ Siege Artillery in the Campaign Against Richmond,” “ Experiments and Investi- gations to Develop a System of Submarine Mines for Defending Harbors of the United States,” “The Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi River.” and “Reports of the Board on Fortifica- tions or Other Defences.” In his work on this board he won eminent distinction. After forty - one years of distinguished service he was retired on Aug. 13, 1895. In 1896 as a member of the National forestry committee he visited the North- western states, traversing the Washington forests and exploring the Olympic mountains. Thence the party proceeded to California, Oregon, Ne- vada, and Colorado, gathering much valuable information. ABBOT, Joel, physician, was born in Fairfield, Conn., March 17, 1766. After studying at an academy and at a medical school he began to practise medicine in Washington, Ga., in 1794. There he became prominent in politics and was elected to the legislature in 1809. He held several local offices, and in 1816 was elected to represent his district in the 50th Congress and was re-elected to the four succeeding congresses. He died Nov. 19, 1826. ABBOT, Joel, naval officer, was born at West- ford, Mass., Jan. 18, 1793. He served in the war of 1812 as midshipman under Macdonough, and for gallantry in dangerous service was promoted to a lieutenancy and presented by Congress with a sword in 1814. He was made a commander in 1838, and held command of the navy yard at Bos- ton from 1839-1842. In 1852 he was made com- mander of the “ Macedonian,” and distinguished himself by his zeal and efficiency in the Japanese expedition. He died at Hong Kong, China, Dec. 14, 1855. ABBOT, Joseph Hale, educator, was born at Wilton, N. H., Sept. 26. 1802. At the age of twenty he was graduated from Bowdoin college, in which institution he three years later became L3J ABBOT. ABBOTT. a tutor. In 182? lie went to Exeter, New Hamp- shire, as professor of mathematics, and teacher of modern languages, in Phillips academy. After remaining there for six years he removed to Bos- ton to teach a school for young ladies. Later he became principal of the high school at Beverly, Mass., and for a number of years was recording secretary of the American academy of arts and sciences, cont ributing frequently to its publication, the “ Transactions.” Deeply interested in mathe matics and scientific subjects, he made many experiments in hydraulics and pneumatics, pub- lishing results which have been of great interest and usefulness to scientific students. Many of the scientific definitions in Dr. Worcester’s Eng- lish dictionary were written by Mr. Abbot. He died April ?, 1873. ABBOT, Samuel, philanthropist, was born in Andover. Mass., Feb. 25. 1732. He engaged in mercantile business in Boston, by means of which he amassed a large fortune, and among other of his earlier philanthropic acts he gave §20,000 toward the building of the Andover theological seminary, in which he was greatly interested. He was a man of scrupulous honesty, and was greatly esteemed by all. At his death, which occurred April 12, 1812. he bequeathed to the Andover theological seminary §100,000. ABBOT, Willis J., journalist, was born in New Haven. Conn.. March 16, 1863. His grandfather was John S. C. Abbott, the final " t” having been omitted from the name by his father to conform to the spelling used before the seventeenth century. In 1884 he was graduated from the university of Michigan, immediately afterwards becoming connected with the “New Orleans Times,” and later serving on the staff of the New York “Tribune.” He wrote several naval histories for the young, as well as an account of the military operations of the civil war, and a history of Kansas. His army and navy series include: “ Battlefields and Victory” (1891) : “Blue Jackets of ’76” (1888); “Blue Jackets of 1812” (1887) ; “ Blue Jackets of '61 ” (1886). ABBOTT, Austin, lawyer, was born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 18, 1831, son of Jacob and Harriet Vaughan Abbott. He received his preparatory edu- cation in Boston and was graduated with honors from the university of the city of New York in 1851. ' After his admission to the bar the follow- ing year he practised as attorney and counsellor - at-law, entering into partnership with his brother, Benjamin Vaughan Abbott, the firm name be- coming, after the subsequent admission of their brother Lyman, “Abbott Brothers.” After the dissolution of the firm he continued to practise alone. In 1854 he was married to Ella L. D.. daughter of S. K. Gillman, and in 1879 to Anna Rowe Worth. His reputation as an advocate was made known to the world by his able defence of Henry Ward Beecher in the famous Beecher - Tilton case. At the trial of Guiteau he was asso- ciated with the government’s counsel. He was made an LL.D. by the university of New York in 1886, and in 1891 he became dean of the uni- versity law school and professor of equity and jurisprudence, law of evidence and pleading. His publications include: “ Legal Remembrances ” (1871) ; “ Decisions of New York Court of Appeals, 1850-69” (4 vols., 1873-74); “Official Report of the Trial of Henry Ward Beecher ” (2 vols.. 1875) ; “New Cases; Decisions of the Courts, State of New York. 1874-90, with an analytical index to points of law and practice” (26 vols., 1877-91); “ Brief for the Trial of Civil Issues before a Jury” (1885); “Table of Cases Criticised in the New York Reports ” (1887) ; “ Principles and Forms of Practice” (2 vols., 1887-88); “Brief for the Trial of Criminal Cases ” (1889) ; and he assisted in the preparation of “Abbott’s New York Digest,” and “Abbott’s Forms.” He also wrote in conjunction with his brothers, Benjamin Vaughan and Lyman, the novels “Cone-Cut Corners,” and “Matthew Caraby,” under the pseudonym “Benauly,” a combination of the first syllables of their names. In 1894 he completed a digest of New York stat- utes and reports of which lie had been joint editor with his brother Benjamin Vaughan until 1884, and in 1894 lie also published “New Cases,” se- lected chiefly from decisions of the courts of the state of New York. He was a member of the New York bar association, of the Union League club, a founder of the Y. M. C. A. of New York city, and a deacon of the Broadway (N.Y.) Tab- ernacle. He died in New York city, April 19, 1896. ABBOTT, Benjamin, clergyman, was born on Long Island, N. Y., in 1732. He was a man of ability; was wholly self-educated. After a youth spent in profligacy he was led, through a fright- ful dream, to change his course of living, and when near forty years of age he entered the Meth- odist ministry, and by his earnestness and natural capacity became conspicuous among the preachers of his denomination. His work was mostly con- fined to New York and the neighboring states, and he was of great assistance to Bishop Asbury in establishing Methodism in the United States. He died in Salem, N. J., Aug. 14. 1796. ABBOTT, Benjamin, educator, was born in New Hampshire in 1762. In 1788 he was gradu- ated from Harvard college, and then became principal of Phillips academy, Exeter, New Hamp- shire, which position he filled for fifty years. Among the prominent men who studied under him were Bushrod Washington. Joseph S. Buck- minster, Lewis Cass. Daniel Webster, John A. Dix. [ 4 ] ABBOTT. ABBOTT. Lucius Manlius Sargent, Edward Everett, Jared Sparks, and many others. He died Oct. 25, 1849. ABBOTT, Benjamin Vaughan, lawyer, was born in Boston, June 4, 1830, the eldest son of Jacob and Harriet Vaughan Abbott. In 1852 he was admitted to the bar, after having received his education at the university of the city of New York. In 1853 he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Titcomb. His college degrees were A.B. and A.M. from his alma mater, and LL.B. from Har- vard law school. He practised law, and after a time devoted himself chiefly to the compilation of law books and digests of the law. In this work he was assisted by his brother, Austin Abbott. Among his many legal works, which are considered of great value by his profession, are •• Reports of Decisions of Circuit 'and District Courts of the United States,” in two volumes; a revision of the United States statutes, on which he was engaged for thi'ee years, and which he succeeded in condensing from sixteen volumes to a single octavo, his collaborators in this work be- ing Charles P. James and Victor C. Barringer; and a new edition of the “ United States Digest,” which had grown to a library of unwieldy size. This, in six years, he compressed into the pages of thirteen volumes, and followed it, after 1879 with annual supplementary volumes. He also compiled “ A Digest of Decisions in Corporations from 1860 to 1870,” and “A Tx-eatise on the Courts of the United States and their Practice,” 2 vols; “Dictionary of Terms in American and English Jurisprudence,” 2 vols.; “National Di- gest,” 4 vols., which embraced all important decisions of the U. S. supreme circuit, district and claims courts ; and edited and revised the fourth American edition of “Addison on Contracts.” He collected his anonymous contributions to periodicals under the title “Judge and Jury,” and issued in 1880 a juvenile in the Chautauqua reading circle series entitled “Ti-a veiling Law School and Famous Trials.” In 1889 he published “The Patent Laws of All Nations.” 2 vols., aixd edited Brodie’s American and English Patent Cases,” 3 vols. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y. . Feb. 17. 1890. ABBOTT, Charles Conrad, naturalist, was born at Trenton. N. J., June 4, 1843. He was educated at the Trenton academy and the university of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in March, 1865. He studied medicine, but never practised. He had an inherited taste for natui'al history, and on moving, in 1874. to the homestead farm of his family near Trenton, he entered systematically into biological studies, ii'regularly pursued for several years previously. As early as 1859 he had contributed brief zoological sketches to the local papers, and then more elaborate essays to various English and American periodicals. The first col- lection of these sketches was issued in book form under the title of “A Naturalist’s Rambles About Home,” in 1884; and this book was followed in 1886, by “Upland and Meadow”; in 1887, by ' ' Wasteland Wanderings ” ; in 1889, by ‘ ‘ Days Out of Doors,” and in 1890, by “Outings at Odd Times.” In 1872 Dr. Abbott’s attention was called to local arclneology, and he began the col- lection and study of the handiwork of the ancient native races of the Delawai'e River Valley, and having made his scientific headquarters at the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., he was ap- pointed a non-i-esident assistant at that institu- tion, and during the following fifteen years brought together the “Abbott Collection” of Eastern North American antiquities, numbering more; than 20,000 specimens, largely of stone im- plements used by the prehistoric races. The out- come of this study in the field and at the museum was his principal scientific work. “Primitive Industry; or, Illustrations of the Handwork in Stone. Bone, and Clay of the Native Races of the Northern Atlantic Seaboard of North America ”. This work was issued in 1881, but was soon out of print. In 1876 Dr. Abbott announced the dis- co vei - y of Paleolithic man in America. The claim was violently opposed by all the geologists of the country, but the view as originally set forth by him became generally accepted by coxxi- petent authorities, both in Europe and this country. In Noveixiber, 1889, he was appointed the curator of the museum of American arch- aeology of the university of Pennsylvania, where, by unceasing activity in archaeological research, he was able to bring together a vast quantity of material. This peculiar line of work did not, However, pi-event constant study in other direc- tions, and Dr. Abbott wrote much on zoological and on purely literary subjects for periodical lit- erature. His contributions to various magazines from 1870 to 1895 covered more than one hundred titles. He was a member of many learned soci- eties, in the U. S. and in Europe. He published “ Travels in a Tree Top ” (1894); and --The Birds About Us” (1895). ABBOTT, David, pioneer, was born at Brook- field, Mass.. Dec. 5, 1765. After being educated at Yale college he went to Rome. N. Y., where for several years he practised law. In 1798 he removed to Ohio, where he took up his residence and figured prominently in public affairs as sheriff of Trumbull county, which in those early days comprised the whole of the Western reserve. He was a member of the convention which met to frame the state constitution in 1802; and a mem- ber of the state legislature. In that body he served many terms, and was a presidential elector in 1812. He was fond of pioneer life, delighted in the very wildness of the country, was an enthusi- [5] ABBOTT ABBOTT. astic sportsman, and especially enjoyed fishing on Lake Erie. In one of these piscatorial excursions Mr. Abbott and a companion were shipwrecked and lost their way in the Canadian wilderness, where for a month they were forced to find their diet in the woods and waters. During his absence Mr. Abbott’s funeral services were held, and his wife assumed her widow’s weeds. Mr. Abbott was the first white landowner in what became Erie county. He was a man of quaint personality, and eminently suited for the pioneer life which he lived. He died in 1822. ABBOTT, Edward, journalist, was born in Farmington, Me., July 15, 1841, fourth son of Jacob and Harriet (Vaughan) Abbott. He was educated at the university of the city of New York, and was graduated with the class of 1860, being class poet, prophet, marshal, and editor of the Eucleian. He studied theology at Andover. 1861-2, was ordained a Congregational minis- ter, and served as chaplain in the public institu- tions of Boston, 1863-4. He then founded and became the first pastor of Pilgrim Congrega- tional church (then Stearns chapel) at Cambridge, serving 1865-9, resigning his charge to take the associate editorship of the Congregation- alist. in which work he continued from 1869 to 1878. when he accepted the editorial chair of the Literary World, continuing with that periodical for one year. His religious views underwent a change and he accepted the tenets of the Prot- estant Episcopal church, was ordained a dea- con in 1879, and was advanced to the priesthood in 1880. He became rector of St. James church, Cam- bridge, and in 1889 was elected by the general con- vention as bishop to Japan, but declined to serve. He was a member of the Cambridge school com- mittee, chaplain of the Massachusetts state senate 1872-3, member of the hoard of visitors of Welles- ley college 1884, vice-dean of the eastern convoca- tion of Massachusetts, 1889, member of the mis- sionary council of the P. E. church after 1886, and clerical deputy from Massachusetts to the general convention in 1892. He was married (1) Feb. 16, 1865, to Clara E. Davis, and (2) Aug. 21, 1883, to Katharine, daughter of Alfred Kelly. His degrees were conferred by the university of the city of New York, A. B.. I860, and D. D. in 1890. Among his published works are : ' ‘ The Baby’s Things,” a story in verse (1871); “Pilgrim Les- son Papers” (1S72-74) ; “The Conversations of Genius” (1875); “A Paragraph History of the United States” (1875); “A Paragraph History of the American Revolution.” and “ Revolutionary Times” (1876); “Long-Look Books” 3 vols. (1877-80); Memoir of Jacob Abbott in “Memorial Edition of Young Christian ” (1882). He also edited various works and contributed to the lead- ing American magazines and periodicals. ABBOTT, Emma, singer, was born in Chicago, 111.. Dec. 9, 1850. Her father, Seth Abbott, was a musician, and did all in his power to cultivate the child's voice, which displayed remarkable sweetness and strength at a very early age. Emma was eight years of age when she made her first appearance on the stage, singing at a concert given in her father’s office in Peoria. 111. At the age of eleven she was told by William B. Brad- bury and Parepa Rosa, who chanced to hear her sing, that she had fame and fortune in her voice, and she determined that it should have proper cultivation. In 1867 she introduced herself to Clara Louise Kellogg at the close of a concert given in Toledo, Ohio. Miss Kellogg heard her sing and gave her letters to friends in New York, also personally interceding for her with Errani. By the voluntary contributions of her listeners at parlor concerts Miss Abbott accumulated enough money to buy a suitable wardrobe and pay her board for a short time in New York city, one of her audience, a railroad manager, furnishing her with a round-trip pass. She soon obtained a position as soprano in Dr. Chapin’s church, and by this means won the interest and friendship of such men as Horace Greeley, Matt Carpenter. Henry Ward Beecher, S. V. White, Robert G. Ingersoll. and George C. Lake. These and other friends raised a fund of nearly §10.000 to send her to Europe, and after studying a few months at Milan, she went to Paris, studying under Mar chesi and Wartel in vocalization, and Charles Fletcher in dramatic acting. At a musicale given by the pupils of Marcliesi, the Baroness Rothschild chanced to be present, and was so charmed with Miss Abbott’s voice that she presented her with a check for two thousand francs, and a week later with a diamond necklace. On one occasion Madame Patti chanced to sing in Paris, and Miss Abbott with difficulty obtained an audience with her, and induced the great singer to hear her voice. Patti was so delighted with her singing that she presented Miss Abbott with a pair of ex- quisite diamond ear-rings and with a letter to the impressario Mapleson. who afterwards engaged her to sing under his management. Her debut was made as Marie in “ The Daughter of the Reg- iment,” and was a tremendous success. In 1875 she was married to Eugene Wetherell. Her five years’ contract with Mapleson was cancelled at the end of two years, because of her refusal to appear in “Traviata,” which she considered im- moral. and she returned to America in 1877. In 1878 the Abbott English opera company was organized, with Mr. Wetherell as assistant man- ager. She travelled throughout the country, singing to crowded houses and enthusiastic audi- ences. and presenting mostly light operas, her favorites being. ■* The Daughter of the Regiment,” ABBOTT. ABBOTT. ■“Paul and Virginia,” “Chimes of Normandy, ’’and “Martha.” Her operas were noted for the costly, tasteful, and historically correct costumes. Miss Abbott was warm-hearted and philanthropic in the extreme. None knew the extent of her pri- vate charities, and a biographer said of her, “ Every city in the United States which has, dur- ing her years of financial prosperity, been afflicted by famine, fire, flood or pestilence, has occasion to thank Emma Abbott for generous contributions in the hour of need.” In 1889 her husband died, and the magnificent monument costing §90,000 which she erected over his grave, was unfinished at the time of her death. Several legacies were left by her, among them gifts to Mr. Talmage’s Tabernacle, and Plymouth church. Brooklyn, and the Madison avenue Baptist church. New York city. The last two used the money to remodel the organs, on which were placed memorial tab- lets to the donor. Her death occurred Jan. 5, 1891. ABBOTT, Gorham Dummer. educator, was born at Hallowell. Me., Sept. 3, 1807. youngest son of Jacob Abbott, a clergyman, and brother of Jacob and John Stephens Cabot Abbott. He was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1826, and from the theological seminary at Andover in 1831. The same year he was ordained to the ministry of the Congregational church, and removed to New York city, where he engaged in teaching. He settled at New Rochelle, N. Y., and in addition to his duties as teacher, did considerable literary work for the American tract society. He then joined his brothers, Jacob and John S. C. Abbott, in establishing the Abbott Institute in New York city. This was a school for young ladies, and attained a leading position among such schools. He retained his connection with it for two years, and then withdrew to found the Spingler Insti- tute on Union square in the same cify. This venture was also successful, and the school was removed to the Townsend mansion, on the corner of Fifth avenue and Thirty-Fourth street, where afterwards the late A. T. Stewart built his marble residence. Financial difficulties followed this removal, and in a few years Mr. Abbott was obliged to close the school. He was noted for his scholarly attainments, especially for Ids knowl- edge of biblical literature. He wrote a work on Mexico, and some school text-books. He died at South Natick, Mass., July 31, 1874. ABBOTT, Jacob, author, son of Jacob Abbott, clergyman, was born at Hallowell, Me., Nov. 14, 1803. He received his preparation for college in the academy of his native town, and was grad- uated at Bowdoin in 1820. In 1821 he entered Andover theological seminary,, and finished the course in 1824. He taught in Portland academy -and was tutor in Amherst college during the next year, and in 1825 was made professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in that insti- tution. The Hampshire association licensed him to preach in 1826. May 18, 1829, he married Harriet Vaughan, and moved soon afterwards to Boston to establish the Mount Vernon school. This school aimed to give to young women an educational training equal to that given to young men, and was a pioneer in such work. Mr. Abbott’s views in regard to education were very advanced for the times in which he lived. He was not a disciplinarian in the accepted meaning of that term, and made his school a self-govern- ing community, relying on the honor and united conscience of the pupils for the maintenance of the order necessary for the success of the school. His methods were eminently successful, and he carried on this work until 1834, when he severed his connection with the school to become pastor of the Eliot Congregational church at Roxbury, Mass. , and began to write books for young people. During this year he finished one of the books, entitled “The Young Christian Series.” They are all graphic in description and simple in state- ment, conveying truths that have been far-reach- ing in their influence over the young. The great popularity they immediately acquired led the author to continue such writings, and although he associated himself with his brothers in the Abbott Institute in New York, his life thereafter was largely devoted to literature. He wrote over two hundred volumes, which have been repub- lished in England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Holland, France, and India. His books have inspired many men to worthy effort and a useful life. Among these works are : ‘ ‘ Conversations on the Bible’’; “The Corner Stone; or, A Fam- iliar Illustration of the Principles of Christian Truth ” ; “Evidences of Christianity ” ; “Franklin, the Apprentice Boy”; “Hoary-head and M’Don- ner”; “The Little Philosopher”; “The Little Learner ” ; “ New England and Her Institutions ” ; “Public Life of Benjamin Franklin”; “The Teacher”; “The Way to do Good; or, The Christian Character Mature”; “Rollo Books" (28 vols.); “Lucy Books” (6 vols.); “Jonas Books” (6 vols.) ; “Franconia Stories ” (10 vols.) ; “Marco Paid Series” (6 vols.); “Gay Family” (12 vols.); Juno Books” (6 vols.); “Rainbow Series” (5 vols.); “Science for the Young”, “Heat.” “Light,” “Water and Land,” and “Force” (4 vols.); “A Summer in Scotland”; series of histories of America (8 vols.). He also aided his brother. J. S. C., in his series of illus- trated histories, and compiled a series of school readers. He died Oct. 31, 1879. ABBOTT, Jo, representative, was born near Decatur, Ala.. Jan. 15, 1840. He attended the common schools of the county until thirteen ABBOTT. ABBOTT. years of age, when he removed to Texas with his father. He worked on a farm for two years, attended a private school, and then one styled classical, where he remained until June, 1859, when he began the study of law. When Texas seceded in 1801. he entered the Confederate army with the rank of first lieutenant in the 12th Texas cavalry. In this position he served throughout the war, except when disabled by wounds received in battle. The war over, he resumed his law studies, and being licensed in October, 1866, began practice at Springfield, Limestone county, Texas. During the year 1867 the re-construction acts of congress were put in force; judges and other civil officers were removed, and military officers put in their places. When the courts in Hill county were reorganized, Mr. Abbott engaged in practice at Hillsboro, where he resided. In November, 1869, he was elected to the state legislature and served one term. He continued the practice of the law until the close of 1878, when he was appointed, by the governor of the state, district judge of the 28th judicial district. Under this appointment he served two years, and was then elected by the people of the same district, and served four years. In September, 1886, he was elected to represent the sixth district in the 50th Congress by the democratic party, and subsequently he was elected to the 51st, 52d, 53rd, and 54th con- gresses. ABBOTT. John Joseph Caldwell, premier of Canada, was born at St. Andrews, Canada East, March 12, 1811, the son of an Anglican clergyman who settled in the county of Argenteuil, Quebec, in the early days of the century. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and in a few years took a leading place in his profession in Montreal. He soon became known as an able counsellor and one of the best authorities on commercial law in the province. He was the legal adviser of nearly all the leading enterprises organized in the metropolis of Quebec. Mr. Abbott entered public life as member for Argenteuil in the Canadian assembly of 1859. In 1862 he held office as solicitor-general in the Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte administra- tion. In 1864 he introduced, and secured the passage through the House, of the “ Insolvent Act,” his masterpiece of legislation, and the basis of the present Dominion bankruptcy laws. He was the legal adviser of Sir Hugh Allen in his negotiations with Sir John Macdonald’s govern- ment over the proposed Canadian Pacific Rail- way. A scandal ensued upon the discovery of questionable money transactions connected with this affair, and he retired to private life for several years. In 1880 he re-entered parliament, and seven years later became a member of the cabinet as a minister without a portfolio. Subsequently he was elected to the senate, and was made premier upon the death of Sir John Macdonald in 1891. After seiwing a short time he retired because of ill-health, and died at Montreal, Oct. 30, 1893. ABBOTT, John Stephens Cabot, author, was born at Brunswick, Me., Sept. 18, 1805, son of Jacob and brother of Jacob Abbott. He was graduated from Bowdoin college and from Andover theological seminary, and in 1830 was ordained a Congregational minister. As such he began his work at Worcester, after which he served Roxbury'and Nantucket, Mass., and Fair- haven, Conn., preaching till near the time of his death. He attained eminence as an author, his first essay in that direction being the publication of a series of papers entitled “Mother at Home.” Contrary to the expectations of his publishers, who were with difficulty induced to undertake the convoy of the book through the press, the work had an enormous circulation, both in this country and in England ; it was translated into several European languages, and ultimately found its way to Africa and India, being printed in the native tongues, and ran into several editions. The unmistakable success of this first venture practically determined Mr. Abbott’s career. His field was chiefly that of history, and prominent among his works of this class may be noted his “Life of Napoleon.” He was the author of a volume on "Practical Christianity,” and wrote voluminously for the best periodicals of the day, notably for the “ Christian Union.” The amount of work accomplished daily by Mr. Abbott was marvellous, and was wholly due to his habit of methodically planning his day’s work. He rose very early in the morning, and breakfast only interrupted his writing until noon. His parish calls were, made in the afternoon, and were about the only diversion he allowed himself. In the evening he either read or spent a social hour with his family. It was only by strictly adhering to this plan that he could accomplish what he did — preaching twice on Sunday, lecturing at least once a week, writing many magazine articles, and not less than two books a year. He was a wise reader, selecting the most helpful books and por- tions of books, and retaining the essential parts. His mind was extremely clear and active, and he could leave the subject in hand for something entirely different, and then resume his former work without the slightest inconvenience. He was fortunate in having an efficient amanuensis in his wife, who took from him nearly all of the dull drudgery of the work. She assumed charge of his correspondence, looked up his authorities, and corrected his proofs. Mr. Abbott was blessed with a singularly even temperament. By his personal goodness, as well as by his books, he fsj ABBOTT. ABBOTT. had a great influence on the world. He continued active in work nearly to the time of his death, to which lie looked forward with joy rather than resignation. He died at Fair Haven, Conn., June 17, 1877. ABBOTT, Joseph Carter, journalist, was born at Concord, X. H., July 15, 1825. After being graduated from Phillips Andover academy, he was admitted to the bar in 1852 and began prac- tice at Concord, at the same time editing the Daily American. In 1855 he was made adjutant- general of New Hampshire, and as head of the state militia thoroughly reorganized the service. In 1859 he became the editor of the Boston Atlas, a journal of note. Soon after this he was appointed a commissioner for running the bound- ary line between New Hampshire and Canada, When the civil war broke out he entered it as lieutenant-colonel of the 7th regiment New Hamp- shire volunteers, and for his services during the war, notably at the storming of Fort Fisher, where he commanded a brigade, he was brevetted briga- dier-general. After the war he removed to Wil- mington. North Carolina, and was elected United States senator from that state for the term end- ing in 1871. Subsequently he held the offices of collector of the port of Wilmington under President Grant, and that of United States inspec- tor of ports under President Hayes. He died at Wilmington, N. C., Oct. 8. 1882. ABBOTT, Josiah Gardner, lawyer, was born in Chelmsford, Mass., Nov. 1, 1814, son of Caleb and Mercy Fletcher Abbott. His first American ancestors, George Abbott and William Fletcher, were English Puritans, who settled in Massachu- setts in 1(540 and 1653, respectively. In the Amer- ican revolution his two grandfathers were soldiers under Prescott in the battle of Bunker Hill, and both held commissions in the army of Washing- ton. His preparatory education was directed by Abiel Abbott, Cranmore Wallace, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. He was graduated from Har- vard college in 1832 with high honors, the young- est of his class. Joel Adams of Chelmsford, and Nathaniel Wright of Lowell, Mass., were his instructors in law. He was admitted to the bar and began practice in Lowell in 1837. The same year he was elected to the house of representa- tives of his state, the youngest member of that body. He edited the Loivell Advertiser in 1840, conducting it as a democratic organ, advo- cating the re-election of President Van Buren. In 1842-’43 he represented the Middlesex district in the state senate, and was chairman of the judici- ary and railroad committees. In 1850 he was appointed master in chancery, and served as such five years. In 1853 he was a member of the state constitutional convention from Lowell, and in 1855 was appointed one of the justices of the superior court for Suffolk county, but resigned in 1858 to take up the more profitable practice of his profession. He declined a place on the supreme court bench in 1860. In 1861, Judge Abbott re- moved to Boston, where he continued the practice of his profession. His part in the civil war was conspicuous for the sacrifices he made in time, money, eloquence and the services of three of his sons then on the threshold of vigorous manhood — Edward Gardner fell at Cedar Mountain, Va., Aug. 9. 1862; Henry Livermore at the battle of the Wilderness, May 6. 1864; and Samuel Apple- ton Brown returned alone to his father’s roof. In his practice in the courts Mr. Abbott was promi- nent in several capital cases, in which he defended the accused with consummate skill, the proceed- ings having become part of the history of crimi- nal procedure, and largely quoted as precedents. His fifty years of active practice as a lawyer connected his name with some of the most cele- brated litigations of his time. In 1863-'69, and again in 1877, Mr. Abbott received the vote of the Democrats in the state legislature for United States senator. In 1874 Judge Abbott was elected to represent his district in the forty- fourth congress. His election was contested and he did not take his seat until near the close of the first session. As a member of the special committee to investigate the alleged frauds in the election of November, 1876, he visited South Carolina, and wrote the report of the committee. He was subsequently made a member of the electoral commission, and was accorded the lead- ership of the minority of that commission and wrote the report, not made public at the time, opposing the decision of the commission as to the contested states, Florida, Louisiana. Oregon, and South Carolina. His report was published in an address to the people of the United States, in the Magazine of American History for February, 1892. In 1872 he was an unsuccessful candidate of a faction of the democratic party for the governorship of Massachusetts. As a democrat, Judge Abbott was a delegate from Massachusetts to seven national conventions, and chairman of his state delegations six times. In 1862 Williams college conferred on him the degree of LL.D. He died at his home at Wellesley Hills, near Boston. June 2, 1891. ABBOTT, Lyman, clergyman, was born at Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 18, 1835, the third son of Jacob and Harriet Vaughan Abbott. He obtained his education at the university of the city of New York, and after being admitted to the bar, prac- tised his profession in company with his two older brothers. He soon, however, decided to relinquish the law and to study theology under the instruction of his uncle, John S. C. Abbott. In 1860 he was ordained a minister of the Con- ABBOTT. ABBOTT. gregational church, and began his work in Terre Haute. Ind., where he continued to preach until 1865. The work he was doing did not, to his mind, show that he was greatly benefiting his people, so he resigned his pastorate and became secretary of the American Union (Freedmen’s) commission in New York city. Some time afterward he visited his former parish at Terre Haute, and was greatly encouraged to find that his labors there had not been in vain, and that the effectsof his teachings were becoming appar- ent. This decided him to re-enter the min- istry, and he became pastor of the New England church in New York city. He also conducted the ‘‘ Literary Record ” of II a rp e r ’s Magazi ne, and edited the Illustrated Christian Weekly. He resigned the latter work to become associated with Henry Ward Beecher in editing the Christian Union , and upon the death of Mr. Beecher lie became editor-in-chief of that paper. In 1891 he changed the name of the periodical to The Out- look. In October, 1887, he succeeded Henry Ward Beecher as pastor of Plymouth church, Brooklyn. Mr. Abbott’s liberality as a Christian teacher was illustrated in 1896 in a funeral ser- mon at the burial of a theatrical manager from Plymouth church. He said : ‘ ‘ There is too great a chasm between the church and the theatre. If I thought for one moment that such a chasm should exist I should not have accepted the invi- tation to be here this afternoon. The lesson of religion to the actor is exactly the same as to the preacher. There can be religion in the theatre the same as out of it. Religion is love, is affec- tion. is that ennobling influence which prompts one to live pure and do all in his power for his fellowmen.” Aside from his duties as pastor, Mr. Abbott gave much time to literature, and wrote many valuable books, the first of which was “Jesus of Nazareth ” (1869). In 1870 he pub- lished “Old Testament Shadows of New Testa- ment Truths”; and two years later a “ Dictionary of Religious Knowledge,” in collaboration with Thomas J. Conant. In 1875 he began a series of commentaries on the separate books of the New Testament; and in 1880, in conjunction with James R. Gilmore, he wrote “The Gospel Com- mentary.” His other publications include: “Hints for Home Reading” (1880); “How to Succeed” (1882); “Henry Ward Beecher” (1883); “A Study in Human Nature” (1886); “In Aid of Faith” (1886); “Illustrated Commentary on the Gospel According to St. John” (1888); “The Epistle of Paul to the Romans, with notes, etc.” (1888) ; “ Signs of Promise ” (1889) ; “ The Evolu- tion of Christianity” (1892). and “Christianity and Social Problems” (1896). ABBOTT, Robert Osborne, surgeon, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., March 17, 1824. He entered the United States army as assistant surgeon, and was stationed in California, Texas and Florida until the civil war. He was then assigned as chief assistant to the medical purveyor of the city of New York. The next year he acted as medical director of the Fifth army corps. He remained in that capacity until after the second battle of Bull Run, when he was given charge of the hospitals and hospital transports in Washington and vicinity. The tremendous strain of having 40,000 sick men in his care proved too much for his powers of endurance, and his health gave way, resulting in his death, which occurred at Brooklyn. N. Y., June 16. 1867. ABBOTT, Russell Bigelow, educator, was born in Franklin county, Ind., Aug. 8. 1823. His early years were passed on his father’s farm, and he entered Indiana university in 1843, and was graduated four years later ; was engaged in teach- ing for nine years, meanwhile studying theology. He was ordained by the Presbytery of White- water in 1856. After a successful pastorate of nine years in Indiana he removed to Minnesota, where, after teaching for three years, he accepted a call to a newly organized church at Albert Lea, which soon became the leading church of the Winona Presbytery. After fifteen years of faithful service with this church he, in 1884, resigned the pastorate to accept the presidency of the Albert Lea college, a new institution then just organized by the synod of Minnesota for the education of young wofllen. His work as founder and presi- dent of this college was characterized by wisdom, zeal, and devotion, and he met and mastered obstacles before which many men would have fal- tered and failed. In this college, and previously, he educated hundreds of young women who remembered its founder with high regard, and imbibed from his teaching some of his own energy and devotion to truth. His lectures to his college students on the “History and Literature of the Bible ” were published. He received the degree of A.M. from Indiana university, and that of D.D. from Galesvills university. Both as a teacher and preacher Dr. Abbott was independent and orig- inal. having often anticipated and introduced new methods which subsequently met with gen- eral adoption. The college has property valued at $150,000. ABBOTT. ABELL. ABBOTT, Samuel Appleton Brown, lawyer, was born in Lowell, Mass., March G. 1846, son of Josiali Gardner and Caroline (Livermore) Abbott, and a lineal descendant of George Abbott, an Eng- lish Puritan, who came over from Yorkshire in 1640 and settled in Andover, Mass., in 1643. He was educated in the schools of his native city, after- wards taking a course at the Boston Latin school and private tuition under Professor Lane of Har- vard. In 1866 he was graduated from Harvard university, and three years later that institution conferred on him the degree of A.M. He was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1868 and estab- lished himself in practice in Boston, gaining ad- mission to the bar of the United States supreme court in 1876. His notable cases include the elec- tion suits of his father, Josiah G. Abbott in 1876, and of Benjamin Dean versus Chief Justice Field in 1878. In 1877 he served on the Boston board of license commissioners, and in 1879 was elected a trustee of the Boston public library, being made president of the board in May, 1888. He was for a number of years acting librarian of the library, and when the new building in Copley square was erected he was one of the most active workers. He was nominated for lieutenant-governor in 1883, but declined to run with Gen. B. F. Butler at the head of the ticket. Mr. Abbott was elected to membership in the Somerset, St. Botolph and Athletic clubs of Boston, and the Century, Uni- versity and Players’ clubs of New York. He was also a member of the Suffolk bar association. He was married first to Mary Goddard of Boston, April 25, 1869, and second to Abby Frances Woods of Providence, R. I., Oct. 15, 1873. ABEEL, David, missionary, was born in New Brunswick, N. J., June 12, 1804. After his grad- uation from Rutgers college, he studied at the theological seminary of the Reformed Dutch church, and in 1827 was ordained to the ministry. For two years he was pastor of a church at Athens, N. Y.. leaving there in 1829 for Canton, China, as a missionary. While in that country and in Java, Singapore and Siam he did much good work in spreading Christianity. In ’45 his health warned him that he had not long to live, and he returned to America, and on Sept. 4, 1846. died in Albany, N. Y. An account of his life has been written by the Rev. G. R. Williamson. His published works include : “ The Claims of the World to the Gospel,” “ Residence in China.” and “ The Missionary Convention at Jerusalem.” ABEEL, Gustavus, clergyman, was born in New York city, June 6, 1801, son of John Neilson Abeel, clergyman, and grandson of Col. James S. Abeel, revolutionary soldier. In 1826 he became a minister of the Reformed church, and preached for a short time in English Neighborhood and in Belleville, N. J. He then removed to Geneva N. Y., where in 1829 he was installed, and where he remained until 1844. when he accepted a call to preach at the new second Reformed church. There he labored successfully for twenty years, retiring at the end of that time to devote his remaining years to study. He was an active member of the New Jersey historical society. He died at Stanford, N. Y., Sept. 4. 1887. ABELL, Arunah S., journalist, was born at East Providence, R. I., Aug. 10, 1806. son of Caleb Abell, a quartermaster in the war of 1812. His ancestry is traced to Robert Abell of England, whose four sons settled in Massachusetts in the early days of the colony. One of the sons, Pre- served Abell, grand- father of Arunah S., settled at Seekonk, a town then known as Rehoboth, situated on the Providence river. Arunah S. acquired a common school edu- cation in his native place, and after two years’ employment in a store, served out an apprenticeship in the printing department of the Providence Patriot. He then went to Boston, and later obtained employment in New York city, where he became acquainted with William M. Swain and Azariah H. Simmons, with whom he formed a co-partnership for the publication of the Public Ledger in Philadelphia, the first copy of which was issued March 25, 1836. It was the first successful penny paper published in Philadel- phia. A visit to Baltimore resulted in the found- ing of the Sun under the personal control of Mr. Abell, who issued the first number May 17, 1837. In two years the paper had outgrown its original quarters, and a larger building was fitted up for its use. A few years later Mr. Abell built the Sun iron building, the first of the kind erected in the United States. At the death of Mr. Simmons in December, 1855, Mr. Swain and Mr. Abell formed a new partnership, continuing the publi- cation of the Public Ledger in Philadelphia and the Sun in Baltimore. In 1864 Mr. Abell sold his interest in the Public Ledger, and at the death of Mr. Swain in 1868, became sole proprietor of the Sun. He was the first printer to adopt the rotary printing machine, and received for publication the first document transmitted over the telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington. The Sun’s telegraphic copy of the message was re- printed by the academy of sciences in Paris, side ABERDEEN. ABERNETHY. by side with an authenticated copy of the original. When the company was formed for the extension of telegraphic communications from Washington to New York, Mr. Abell was associated with Prof. Morse and others in the enterprise. In 18T8 he transferred the management of the Sun to his sons, Edwin F.. George W., and Walter R. Abell, the last named of whom died Jan. 3, 1891, leaving the firm of A. S. Abell & Co., with only two members. Mr. Abell died in Baltimore, Md., April 19, 1888. ABERCROMBIE, John Joseph, soldier, was born in Tennessee in 1802. His early education enabled him to pass the examinations necessary for admission to the U. S. military academy at West Point when sixteen years old. He was graduated with the class of 1822 and advanced by regular promotions to adjutant, serving in the 1st infantry eight years. His captaincy was gained in 1836. The Florida war gave him active service, notably at the battle of Okeechobee, where his gallantry won the brevet of major. Afterwards his regiment was in the west until the Mexican war called him to Monterey, where he was se- verely wounded and gained the rank of lieutenant- colonel. His next service was at the siege of Vera Cruz and afterwards at Cerro Gordo. While in .Mexico he was made aide to Gen. Patterson. He was in Minnesota when the civil war broke out, and was ordered to Virginia, where he served in the Shenandoah campaign, being conspicuous at the battle of Falling Waters, where he led the Federal troops. His promotion to brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers followed, and his next battle was Fair Oaks, where he was wounded, but did service at Malvern Hill and on McClellan’s retreat to Harrison’s Landing. His next post was in defence of Washington in 1862~’63. In 1864 he opposed Hampton’s Legion, and at the close of the war was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army, retiring June 12, 1865. He died at Roslyn, Long Island, N. Y., Jan. 3, 1877. ABERDEEN, Earl of, governor-general of Canada. The Right Hon. John Campbell Hamil- ton Gordon, seventh Earl of Aberdeen in the Scottish peerage, and Viscount Gordon in that of Great Britain, grandson of the fourth Earl of Aberdeen, long associated with Sir Robert Peel, and prime minister in 1853, at the time of the Crimean war. He was born in 1847, and received 1 lis education first at the university of St. Andrews and afterwards at University college, Oxford, where he was graduated B. A. 1871, and M. A. 1877. He succeeded to the title on the death of his brother George, who, after a life of adven- ture, was drowned off the coast of America while serving in the British navy in 1870. Lord Aber- deen entered the upper house of parliament as a conservative, but joined the liberals in 1876, when the earls of Derby and Carnarvon resigned their offices in Lord Beaconsfield’s administration. He was appointed lord -lieutenant of Aberdeenshire, and high commissioner of the general assembly of the church of Scotland. In 1886 Mr. Gladstone selected him to be lord -lieutenant of Ireland, and, although his tenure of office was but brief, he made himself exceedingly popular, and his leave- taking from Dublin is said to have been the most impressive spec- tacle of sympathetic demonstrations wit- nessed since the famous departure of Lord Fitzwilliam in 1795. He was a warm personal friend of Mr. Gladstone, who ad- mired him for his sin- cerity, his integrity, and his generous treat- ment of those about him. Lord Aberdeen won the hearts of the Canadian people just as the Earl of Dufferin did. He was not a stranger to Canada, having resided there for several months before he came as governor. With his countess he travelled over a considerable part of the Dominion, and owned and worked two large farms in the Canadian northwest, one at Calgary, Northwest Territory, and the other in British Columbia. ABERNETHY, Arthur T., educator, was born at Rutherford college, N. C., Oct. 10, 1872, son of Robert L. Aberriethy. He was educated at the college, and after completing its course, studied law, and at the age of nineteen filled one of its professorships — the youngest man holding such a position in this country. His renown as an orator won for him the title of “ The Young Man Eloquent,” and he became known throughout the state. He was twice nominated for the state senate from the thirty-first senatorial district, but refused to give up the work of teaching. For several years he was superintendent of public instruction for Burke county, and succeeded his father as president of Rutherford college. He is author of the “United States Government Book on Eclectics,” which has been adopted by the government. ABERNETHY, Robert L., educator, was born in Lincoln county, N. C., April 3, 1822. Until his fourteenth year he worked on his father’s farm. There were no schools in the vicinity, and books were almost unknown. He became possessed of a copy of an English grammar, studied it and left his father’s farm to teach grammar in various parts of the country, mean- ri2| ABERNETHY. ABERT. while gaining further knowledge from the books that came in his way. At the age of eighteen he joined the ministry of the M. E. church south, and for three years preached with remarkable success in the South Carolina conference, adding over eleven hundred members to the church. In 185 0 John Rutherford, of North Carolina, do- nated six hundred acres of land in Burke county for the found- ing of a college, and Mr. Abernetliy was elected to preside over it. He cleared a space in the woods, built a small log house, and opened it for students. His strong passion for learning drew young men to him in large numbers, until a college building was erected and Rutherford college was chart- ered. There, within forty years, about ten thousand pupils of both sexes were educated, twenty-two hundred of them free of cost to them- selves. The degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by Trinity college, N. C., and that of D. D. was given by Franklin university, New York. In August, 1890, the college buildings were burned, including the library and furniture. The loss was about §50,000. At the age of nearly seventy Dr. Abernetliy took the lecture field to rebuild his ruined edifice, and he succeeded in erecting one of the finest college buildings in the south. He lectured and preached in all the principal cities east of the Mississippi river, and everywhere attracted extraordinary attention by his original- ity of thought and vigor of expression. Reforms found in him a stanch friend, and evil an uncom- promising enemy. During his administration as president of Rutherford college the free tuition he gave to indigent students exceeded the sum of §150,000. At one time he was forced to indict an offender for selling liquor to some of his students. The defendant was fined §25 and costs. After the trial the prisoner approached the doctor and, with tears in his eyes, said : ‘ ‘ Dr. Abernetliy, I did not mean to violate the law. I did not know that these boys were your students. If this sen- tence is enforced I must go to jail, and my sick wife and poor children must suffer. What can I do?” Dr. Abernetliy took the last cent he had in the world, borrowed the remainder, and paid the fine and costs. He himself went without a new overcoat that winter. He died Nov. 28, 1894. ABERT, John James, soldier, was born in Shepherdstown, Va.. Sept. 17, 1788. son of John Abert. who emigrated to America in company with Count Rocliambeau in 1780. The son was ed- ucated for a soldier, and on graduating from West Point April 1. 1811. was employed by the govern- ment in the war department at Washington, where he also studied law. He resigned from the army in 1813, and became counsellor -at-law in the District of Columbia. He served as a private in the militia of the District of Columbia in the war of 1812, and took part in the battle of Bladens- burg, Md.. Aug. 24. 1814. In 1813 he was married to Ellen Matlock Stretch, grand -daughter of Col. Timothy Matlock, a soldier in the war of the revolution. On Nov. 22, 1814, he was re-ap- pointed to the U. S. army with the brevet rank of major, and served as assistant in the geodetic sur- vey of the Atlantic coast in 1810. He was con- nected with the work in various places throughout the country, and in 1824 was brevetted lieuten- ant-colonel for serving ten years in one grade. From 1829 to 1841 he was in charge of the topo- graphical bureau at Washington, being in com- mand of the corps of topographical engineers from 1838 to 1801. In 1832 he was made a U. S. commissioner to conduct Indian emigration to the Missouri frontier, and in 1842 was elected on the board of visitors to the military academy. He was promoted colonel July 7, 1838, and was re- tired Sept . 9, 1801. Col. Abert was a member of numerous American scientific and historical as- sociations and of the geograpliical society of Paris, France, and was instrumental in founding the national institute of science, later known as the Smithsonian Institution. He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 27, 1803. ABERT, James William, soldier, son of John James Abert, was born at Mount Holly, N. J., Nov. 18, 1820, son of John James and Ellen Mat- lock (Stretch) Abert. His maternal great-grand- father, Col. Timothy Matlock, was a revolutionary patriot. He was graduated from West Point in 1842, and was given the brevet rank of second lieutenant of infantry. In 1842 and 1843 he served in garrison at Detroit. Mich., and was assistant topographical engineer on the survey of the northern lakes in 1843-44. After a year in the topographical bureau at Washington, D. C., he spent the years 1844 and 1845 on an expedition to New Mexico and the Rocky Mountains under Col. John C. Fremont, and in surveying the Canadian river, Texas, and in preparing maps of these surveys at Washington. He then served under General S. W. Kearny in the Mexican war, and afterwards made the first U. S. survey of New Mexico. He was assistant professor of draw- ing, English literature, belles left res, and moral philosophy at the military academy from July 27, [13] ABERT. ACTON. l‘S48. to Aug. 23, 1850. and was on waiting orders at Louisville, Ky., in 1850-51. For live years following he acted as assistant topographical engineer in the improvement- of western river's, and again from 1851 to I860. Meanwhile, in 1856, 57, and '58 he was on duty in the Florida hostili- ties against the Seminole Indians. After a two years’ leave of absence in Europe, he returned to serve in the civil war. He served in the army of General Patterson, and was appointed on the staffs of Major-Generals Keim and Banks, re- spectively, and saw service on the Upper Poto- mac. in Shenandoah Valley, in the Northern Virginia campaign in 1861-’62. In September of the latter year he was injured by a fall of his horse on the advance to Frederick, Md., and until June 23, 1863, lie was on sick leave. He was later on the staff of Major-General Gillmore at Morris Island, S. C., and he resigned June 25, 1864. having attained by promotion the rank of major, and won the brevet rank of lieutenant- colonel for services in the Valley of the Shenan- doah. He was then made professor of mathematics in t lie University of Missouri. He re-entered the army Jan. 3. 1895. as major, U. S. A., and was retired Jan. 14, 1895. ABERT, William Stone, lawyer, was born in Washington, D. C., July 27. 1845, son of James W. and Jane (Stone) Abert. His grandfather, John James Abert. was chief of the topographical bureau, Washington, D. C., for twenty-five years. He was graduated from Princeton college at the age of twenty, and began the study of the law in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1868 he was made a bach- elor of laws by Cincinnati college, and in the same year Princeton conferred upon him the degree of A.M. After obtaining liis degree he removed to Kentucky, where in May, 1868, he was ad- mitted to the Hamilton county bar. He readily established a large practice and remained in Kentucky for nearly ten years, removing in 1877 to Washington city. Many cases of importance were intrusted to him, and his sound knowledge of the law won him high rank among the mem- bers of the bar. In 1894 he completed, in con- nection with Benjamin G. Lovejoy, ‘-The Com- piled Statutes in Force in the District of Columbia, including the Acts of the 2d Session of the 50th Congress, 1888-89.” ABERT, William Stretch, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C., Feb. 1. 1836, the youngest son of John James and Ellen Matlock (Stretch) Abert, and on June 18, 1855, he joined the U. S. Army with the rank of lieutenant of artillery. He won distinction at the outbreak of the civil war by bear- ing despatches from Fort Monroe to Washington, for which he was commended by Secretary of War Cameron. On May 14, 1861, lie was made captain. and served on the staff of Gen. Charles P. Stone.. He took active part in the peninsular campaign under McClellan and at the battle of Antietam. He then served in Louisiana under Banks, and for his gallant action at Hanover Court House, May, 1862, he was awarded the brevet rank of major, and a few months later was promoted lieutenant- colonel. He was then promoted colonel of the 3d Massachusetts Heavy Artillery and assigned to duty in the defence of Washington. In March, 1865, he was made brigadier-general for gallant anil meritorious services during the war. and afterwards was made assistant inspector -general of the district of Texas. He was promoted major in the 7th U. S. Cavalry in June, 1867, and died at Galveston, Texas, of yellow fever, Aug. 25, 1867. ABRAHAMS, Simeon, philanthropist, was born in New York city in 1809. He was a well- known Jewish physician, and during his life he amassed what, at that time, was a liberal fortune. He was a simple liver and allowed himself no luxuries, dispensing his surplus to the poor and needy. He left his property to various charities, both Jewish and Christian. He died April 14, 1867. ACHESON, Alexander Wilson, lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 14, 1809. After his graduation from Washington college in 1827 he studied law, gaining admission to the bar in 1832. He established himself in practice in Washington county, Pa., and in 1835 was elected deputy attorney-general for the county. To this office he was re-elected in 1836, and again elected in 1839 and 1845, and re-elected 1846. In 1866 he was made president judge of the 27th judicial district of Pennsylvania, holding the office eleven years. In 1885 Parson’s college, Iowa, conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. He died at Wash- ington, Pa., July 10. 1890. ACRELIUS, Israel, clergyman, was born in Sweden, Dec. 25, 1714. He was ordained to the ministry in 1743, after having received his educa- tion at the University of Upsala. Shortly after his ordination he was sent to America as provost of the Swedish colonies on the Delaware. A copy of his book on the Swedish settlements in America was sold for §165.00. He died April 25, 1800. ACTON, Thomas C., police commissioner, was born in New York city in 1823. He acquired a common school education and took a course at a law school, gaining admission to the bar. He never made use of his profession, but at once entered upon the duties of assistant deputy county clerk, which office he held from 1850 to 1853. On the expiration of his term he entered the surrogate’s office, and remained there three years. In 1861 he was placed on the board of New York police commissioners, and by liis fH] ADAMS. ADAMS. prompt action and untiring vigilance succeeded in suppressing the draft riots of 1863. He served on the police commission for nine years, and on resigning that office received the appointment of superintendent of the U. S. assay office. From 1882 to 1886 Mr. Acton was assistant United States treasurer, and in 1887 he organized and became president of the bank of New Amsterdam. Many reforms in the city government were in- stituted by him, among them the supersession of the unsatisfactory volunteer fire department by the paid service. He was interested in charitable and political reforms, and was one of the prime movers in the establishing of the society for the prevention of cruelty to animals, and in forward- ing the work of other similar organizations. ADAIR, John, soldier, was born in Chester county, S. C.. in 1757. He was a volunteer in the revolutionary army ; was made a prisoner and obliged to endure very great suffering. In 1786 he removed to Kentucky, where he became prom- inent in the public affairs of that state, distin- guished himself in Indian fights by his bravery and sagacity, and was made register of the Ken- tucky land office in 1805. He was a member of the convention that framed the constitution of the state of Kentucky, and was a representative in the state legislature and speaker of the house. In 1805-6 he was United States senator. At the time of Aaron Burr’s treason, Adair was thought to be connected with it, and for a time he was rather unpopular, but people shortly became con- vinced that Adair had sympathized with Burr simply from his belief that the government was sanctioning his action. In 1813 he was aide to Governor Shelby in the battle of the Thames, and two years later he served under General Jack- son as adjutant-general at the battle of New Orleans. He was prominent in politics, was elected governor of Kentucky in 1820, serving four years, and from 1831 to 1833 represented his district in Congress. His name is held in high esteem throughout Kentucky, and Adair county was named in his honor. He died May 19, 1840. ADAIR, William P., assistant chief of the Cherokee nation, was born about 1828. At the time of the civil war General Albert Pike organ- ized a band of Indians who, led by Adair, fought in the confederate army at the battle of Pea Ridge. After the war he was sent to Washington to represent his tribe, and died there Oct. 23, 1880. ADAMS, Abigail, wife of John Adams, second president of the United States, was born in Wey- mouth, Mass., Nov. 23, 1744, daughter of William and Elizabeth Quincy Smith. Her father was for nearly half a century pastor of the Congregational church of Weymouth, and her mother a direct descendant of Thomas Shepard, the eminent Puritan divine of Cambridge, and a great grand- niece of the Puritan preacher, John Norton, of the Hingham meeting- house, Boston. She had few educational advantages in the way of access to books, as they were kept from her owing to her deli- cate constitution. To in a measure compen- sate for this, she was instructed in the duties of the housewife and took great interest in home affairs. She be- came an adept in do- mestic economy, and added to it the rudi- ments of penmanship and arithmetic. As she reached womanhood her strength increased, and she took up French, Latin, and a well-directed course of reading, although this was only cursory before she became a wife. She was married to John Adams Oct. 25, 1764, and passed the next ten years as the frugal wife of a rising Braintree lawyer. To them were born, during this time, one daughter and three sons. The political events of the period marked the next decade of her mar- ried life as one of great anxiety. Her husband was absent most of the time, first as a delegate to Congress and afterwards on a diplomatic mission across the seas. The patriots led by her husband were urging the termination of the unhappy rela- tions existing between the colonies and the mother country, by a declaration of independence. His earnest advocacy of heroic measures gained for him the appelation, “Colossus of Independ- ence.” No more positive and unyielding advocate of the measure sustained the course of John Adams than liis patriotic wife, and while she had in full view the dire consequences of failure, yet her courage never faltered and her voice never uttered an uncertain sound. Alone with her children she passed the period of war, doing what she could for the patriot cause. In 1784 she undertook the long and dangerous voyage to Europe to join her husband in France, and then she accompanied him to London, as the wife of the first American minister at the court of St. James, and where as such she wa9 not accorded decent courtesy. This rudeness greatly wounded her and increased her devotion to the new repub- lic. Upon the accession of Mr. Adams to the presidency, his wife became the first mistress of the White House, and there the charm of house- keeping was not dispelled by the pride of position; in the domestic arrangement of the establish- ment she was the head, and her own hands even ADAMS. ADAMS. skimmed the milk and worked the butter that supplied the table. It is also recorded that on the occasion of the inauguration of Washington, Mrs. Adams made the ice-cream for the inaugural dinner, the first time that foreign luxury was used in this country. After leaving Washington she lived at Braintree, Mass., but continued to follow the course of public affairs during her entire life. She was the only woman in our his- tory who has been the wife of one president and the mother of another. Her grandson, Charles Francis Adams, has written her memoir, which he has published, together with her correspond- ence with her husband. The language used in her letters is admirable, and the book gives an interesting insight into the inner life of the peo- ple during the revolution. She died at Quincy, Mass., Oct. 28, 1818. ADAMS, Alvin, expressman, was born at Andover, Vt., June 16, 1804. Left an orphan when eight years old he was cared for by an elder brother, a farmer, until he was sixteen, when he sought his own living away from home and kin- dred. He first located in Woodstock, Vt., then the centre of various stage lines, where he found employment for four years. He then went to Boston and met with varying success until 1840, when he started the express business, beginning in a very modest way by carrying small packages between Boston and New York. The same year he became associated with Ephraim Farnsworth, who managed the New York office, the firm became Adams & Co. Mr. Farnsworth retired soon after, and William B. Dinsmore succeeded him. For ten years the business was limited to Boston, Nor- wich, New London, and New York city. In 1850 this line was extended to California, with agencies along the entire route. In 1854 Adams & Co., Hamden & Co., Thompson & Co., and Kinsley & Co., formed the Adams express company, with Alvin Adams as president. During the civil war the Adams express company was the agent in the United States in the transportation of all govern- ment securities, and they did a large business with the soldiers in their various corps, carrying to “ the front ” packages from home and returning to the home the soldiers’ pay. In 1892 it was computed that the company employed 9,500 men, owned 3,000 horses and 2,000 wagons, had 6,000 offices, covering a mileage of 45,000 miles. Mr. Adams died at Watertown, Mass., Sept. 1, 1877. ADAMS, Amos, clergyman, was born at Med- tield, Mass., Sept. 1. 1728. In 1752 he was graduated at Harvard college and immediately afterwards became pastor of a church in Roxbury, Mass., where he remained during his life. At the begin- ning of the conflict between America and Eng- land he gave a number of patriotic addresses, recommending the taking up of arms against England as the only remedy for the perplexing times, some of which were published. He died at Dorchester, Mass., Oct. 5. 1775. ADAMS, Andrew, jurist, was born at Strat- ford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1736. Not long after his graduation from Yale college, in 1769, he was admitted to the bar and became an able and well- known lawyer. He was a delegate to the Conti- nental congress, member of the state legislature and member of the council. In 1789 he was ap- pointed a judge of the supreme court of Connec- ticut, and four years later chief justice. He died Nov. 26, 1797. ADAMS, Austin, jurist, was born at Andover. Vt., in 1826. He was the son of representatives of two famous families. His mother, Pliebe Hoar, was of the well-known Hoar family of Massachusetts, while through his father. Austin Adams, he was of the same stock with Samuel Adams, the revolutionary patriot. He was edu- cated at the Black River academy in Ludlow. Vt., and at Dartmouth college, which afterward conferred on him the degree of LL.D. He was principal of the West Randolph academy for a term or two, and spent some time at the Harvard law school. He was admitted to the Windsor county bar in 1854, and was connected for a brief period in legal business with ex-Governor Coolidge, but removed to the west shortly after. He taught at the Dubuque academy for several months ; was president of the Iowa state board of education in 1868; and for twenty years was regent of the State university. He was elected a justice of the supreme court of the state of Iowa in 1875, and before retiring from the bench had been twice honored by the chief justiceship. He died Oct. 17, 1892. ADAMS, Brooks, lawyer, was born at Quincy, Mass., June 24, 1848, the fourth son of Charles Francis and Abigail Bi'ooks Adams. He received his education at Harvard college, and was gradu- ated in 1870. Upon his graduation he took up the study of law, and in 1873 was admitted to the bar of Suffolk county. He devoted his leisure hours to literary work, particularly to magazine arti- cles, contributing to the Atlantic Monthly, and other high-class periodicals. In 1886 he published “ The Emancipation of Massachusetts.” ADAMS, Charles Baker, geologist, was born at Dorchester, Mass., Jan. 11, 1814. In 1834 he was graduated at Amherst college, and in 1836 left the Andover theological seminary to make a geological survey of New York with Prof. Hitch- cock, and one alone of Vermont. In 1837 he was appointed tutor at Amherst. In 1838 he accepted the chair of natural history at Middlebury col- lege, Vermont, and in 1847 left it to accept a sim- ilar position in Amherst college, where he re- ADAMS. ADAMS. tnained until he died. He was the author of works on conchology, and in connection with Professor Alonzo Gray he wrote the “Elements of Geology.” He died Jan. 19, 1853. ADAMS, Charles Foflen, author, was born at Dorchester, Mass., April 21, 1842. He came from revolutionary ancestors, being a descendant of Samuel Adams, as well as of Hannah Dustin, of Haverhill. Mass., who is well known for her cap- tivity with the Indians. When quite a young man he engaged in bus-mess in Boston. The civil war breaking out, he promptly enlisted, and was wounded at the battle of Gettysburg. After re- covering he continued to serve in the army as wardmaster in the hospital for the convalescent in Washington, D. C. In 18G4 he returned to Boston and once more engaged in mercantile busi- ness. Among his published pieces his “ Puzzled Dutchman” and “ Leedle Yawcob Strauss” be- came very popular. In 1877 his stray pieces were collected into a volume, and in 1887 his “Dialect Ballads” were published and received wide commendation. ADAMS, Charles Francis, diplomatist, was born at Boston, Mass., Aug. 18. 1807, son of John Quincy and Louisa Johnson Adams. As was re- marked of him by James Russell Lowell. “ he was cradled in diplomacy,” for when two years of age he was taken by his father, then recently ap- pointed by President Madison minister to the Court of St. Petersburg, to that city, remaining there five years and becoming accustomed to the use of the French, German, and Russian lan- guages. The appointment of his father as Ameri- can minister to the Court of St. James, in 1815, caused Mr. Adams, then a boy of eight, to be placed in an English boarding-school. The hostile feeling between the United States and England at this time was strong, and anecdotes are told of the manner in which young Adams on several occasions stood up for his own coun- try. On his return to America, two years later, he en- tered the Boston Latin school, where he was prepared for r?; was graduated in 1825. During his father’s term as president of the United States, Charles Francis passed two years in Washington, and then, returning to Bos- ton, read law in the office of Daniel Webster. He was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1828, and a year later married Abigail Brown, the youngest daughter of Peter Chardon Brooks, said at the time to be the wealthiest man in New England. In 1841 Mr. Adams was elected a member of the popular branch of the Massachusetts legislature. He was thrice re-elected, and then transferred for two years to the State senate. He had up to this time been a member of the whig party, but he gradually severed his connection with that organ- ization, and his office at 23 Court street, Boston, became the point of gathering for those of the party who were known as “ Conscience Whigs.” as contradistinguished from those classed as “Cotton Whigs.” Mr. Adams at about this time became the editor of a newspaper, the Boston Daily Whig, through which he disseminated his views, conducting it with great labor and at con- siderable pecuniary loss to himself. In 1846 he was recognized as a leader in the Free-Soil party, then organized, and was nominated, with Martin Van Buren at the head of the ticket, for the vice- presidency. This party, eight years later, formed the nucleus of the republican party. In 1858 and 1860 Mr. Adams was elected a representative to Congress, and in March. 1861, was nominated by President Lincoln as minister to England. This position lie filled until April, 1868. As the repre- sentative of the United States at the Court of St. James he is credited with having given the coun- try the most distinguished diplomatic service it had ever received. The governing classes of Great Britain were for a large portion of his term of service but coldly civil to him, and were dis- posed to look upon him as serving not a country, but merely a section of a country, though for him personally they entertained and expressed great respect. His knowledge of constitutional law aided him in many critical cases, notably in that of Mason and Slidell, and his unflinching firm- ness, good judgment, and superior statesmanship enabled him to successfully maintain friendly relations between his own country and Great Britain. It is doubtful if his diplomatic services in the civil war have been fully appreciated in his own country. Subsequently, upon the execution of the treaty of Washington between the United States and Great Britain in 1871. he was appointed to represent the United States as a member of the Geneva arbitration provided for in that treaty. He served in this capacity during the summer of 1872, and was largely instrumental in obtaining an award from the tribunal favorable to his country? In the spring of 1872 he was brought into much political prominence as a possible candidate for the presidency in opposition to General Grant, then a candidate for re-election. His published reply to a prominent liberal republican, who [17] ADAMS. ADAMS. had written to him on the subject that he could not consent to ‘ ' peddle his services for power,” was at the time considered the utterance of an aristocrat, and was used by the friends of Horace Greeley in securing his nomination. Mr. Adams was not a favorite with the masses of his countrymen, which was in part due to an inherited coldness of manner, and in part, possibly, to the fact that he possessed the true diplomatic temperament, which, if courteous, is inclined to be cautious, restrained, dignified, and self-contained. His recognized talents and char- acter gave him, however, a position in the esti- mate of his associates which, to a certain extent, compensated for his lack of power to win popular favor. He was elected an overseer of Harvard college in 1869. and for several terms served as president of the board. He died Nov. 21, 1886. ADAMS, Charles Francis, soldier, was born in Boston, May 27, 1835, second son of Charles Francis and Abigail (Brooks) Adams. He was graduated from Harvard college in the class of 1856, and then studied law in the office of Richard H, Dana, Jr., and was admitted to the bar in 1858. On the break- ing out of the civil war, in 1861, he ob- tained a commis- sion as first lieuten- ant in the 1st Mas- sachusetts Cavalry, and afterwards served in that regi- ment in South Caro- lina and Virginia, obtaining the rank of captain in 1862. He served as chief of squadron through the Gettysburg campaign and in the advance of Gen. Grant upon Richmond in 1864. In the autumn of that year he was trans- ferred to the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry (colored) as lieutenant-colonel. He remained with that regiment at Point Lookout, Md., until January, 1865, when he was ordered home because of his failing health. While at home he was offered the position of assistant inspector-general on the staff of Maj.-Gen. A. A. Humphreys, then assuming command of the Second army corps, but declined the appointment, as at the same time lie was pro- moted to the colonelcy of the 5th Massachusetts cavalry and considered himself under an obliga- tion to remain with his regiment. He entered Richmond at its head, and in command of an independent detachment, on April 9, 1865, but shortly afterwards resigned, bis health being wholly broken down. He was mustered out of service in July, 1865, receiving subsequently the brevet of brigadier-general. In November, 1865, he married Mary Hone, daughter of Edward and Caroline Callender Ogden, of Newport, R. I. In 1869 he was appointed a member of the board of railroad commissioners of Massachusetts, and served upon it. by successive re-appointments, until 1879 — seven years as chairman of the board — when he declined further service. In 1879 he was selected as a member of the board of arbitra- tion of the Trunk Line railroad organization, and served as either chairman of the board or as sole arbitrator until June, 1884, when he was made president of the Union Pacific railway, of which he had in 1877 been a government director. He held this position until 1890. In 1892 he was ap- pointed a member, and served as chairman of the advisory commission which planned the Massa- chusetts metropolitan park system; and a year later was appointed on the permanent commis- sion which carried that system into effect. He was chairman of the board until his resignation in June, 1895. He was chosen to the board of overseers of Harvard college in 1882, and served until 1894, being re-elected to that office in 1895. He has contributed largely to periodical litera- ture through the North American Review, the Forum, and the Nation. In 1883 he delivered the Phi Beta Kappa oration at Cambridge. In conjunction with his brother, Henry Adams, he, in 1871, published "‘Chapters of Erie, and other Essays.” In 1871 he published “Railroads: their Origin and Problems,” and in 1879 “Notes on Railroad Accidents.” In 1874 he turned his at- tention largely to the investigation of subjects connected with New England history, preparing from time to time numerous addresses, essays, and miscellaneous papers. In 1890 he published a biography of Richard Henry Dana; in 1892, “Three Episodes of Massachusetts History.” and in 1893, “ Massachusetts: its Historians and its History.” He was elected a member of the Mas- sachusetts historical society in 1875 ; was made vice-president of the society in 1890, and presi- dent in 1895. In 1895 he received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard university. ADAMS, Charles Kendall, educator, was born at Derby, Vt., Jan. 24, 1835. He attended the common schools in that place till 1855, when, with his parents, he emigrated to Denmark, Iowa, where he entered an academy and commenced the study of Latin and Greek with the purpose of entering college. In the summer of 1857 lie began the classical course at the University of Michi- gan, and was graduated in 1861. Taking a post- graduate course of study, he was employed to teach one of the classes in history, and at the end of the year was appointed instructor of 1181 ADAMS. ADAMS. history and Latin. In 1863 he became assistant professor of history and Latin, a position which lie held till 1867, when, on the resignationof An- drew D. White, he was appointed to the chair of history. This appointment he accepted on the condition of a year’s leave of absence for study in Europe. The year was spent in Germany at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg, Leipsic, Berlin, and Munich, where his object was to observe the meth- ods of advanced in- struction. About four months were passed in Italy and France, chiefly in Rome and Paris. In 1881 he was simul- taneously invited to the presidency of the University of Kansas and the Uni- versity of Nebraska, both of which posi- tions were declined. He accepted the non-resi- dent professorship of history in Cornell university in 1881. where annually he gave a course of fif- teen lectures till 1885, when he succeeded An- drew D. White in the presidency. In 1869 he founded the historical seminary of the university of .Michigan, and introduced the seminary method of instruction in that institution. When the school of political science was established in the university he was made dean. He resigned his professorship in May, 1892, and in July of the same year was elected president of the university of Wisconsin. In 1871 he published "Democracy and Monarchy in France,” which at once passed to a second edition, and was published in a Ger- man translation in Stuttgart. In 1882 appeared his •' Manual of Historical Literature,” of which the third edition, much enlarged, was published in 1889. In 1884 he edited “Representative British Orations,” and in 1892 “Christopher Columbus.” He was editor-in-chief of the revised edition of “ Johnson’s Cyclopaedia,” which was completed in 1895. He contributed to the Forum, the North American Review and other reviews in the United States, and to the Contemporary Review in Eng- land. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. at Harvard university in 1886, and in 1888 was elected to the office of president of the historical association. ADAMS, Daniel, author, was born in Town- send, Mass., Sept. 29, 1773. After his graduation from Dartmouth college in 1797 he studied medi- cine, removing to Leominster, Mass., where he practised his profession, and in addition prepared a set of school books, embracing elementary works on reading, arithmetic and grammar, which were printed by his own press and which had great popularity. In 1806 he opened a select school in Boston and edited and printed the Medical and Agricultural Register. In 1813 he resumed the practice of medicine at Mount Vernon, N. IL, without, however, giving up the publication of school books. He revised his arithmetic, calling it “Adams New Arithmetic,” at the same time editing The Telescope, a weekly newspaper. He became state senator in 1838 ; removed to Keene, N. H.. in 1846, and was elected president of both the Bible and medical societies of New Hamp- shire. He died June 8, 1864. ADAMS, Edwin, actor, was born in Medford, Mass., Feb. 3, 1834. He made his first appearance at the national theatre in Boston when he was nineteen years of age. afterwards appearing in various popular plays in which he won merited commendation. His favorite role was “ Hamlet.” but he was at his best in “genteel comedy.” He played with Edwin Booth in Shakespearean plays in 1869-’70, afterwards taking a trip to Australia. He returned to America in 1876, by way of the Pacific route. His health was greatly injured by his visit, and his friends and admirers, which embraced the entire profession, gave him a series of benefits at San Francisco, New York, Phila- delphia, Boston and other cities. He died in Philadelphia. Oct. 25. 1877. ADAMS, Ezra Eastman, author, was born in Concord, N. H., Aug. 29, 1813. Not long after his graduation from Dartmouth college in 1836 he went to Havre, France, where for ten years he labored as chaplain to the seamen. He then travelled over Europe, and upon his return to the United States in 1854 he took pastoral charge of the Pearl street Congregational church in Nashua, N. H. In 1860 he removed to Philadelphia, where he became associated with the foreign evangelical society, and while in that city helped to found what became the Broad street church. In 1867 he accepted the professorship of theology at Lin- coln university, Oxford, Pa., which position he held until his death. Besides writing several excellent poems he was editorial contributor to the Presbyterian. He died at the university Nov. 3. 1871. ADAMS, Franklin George, historian, was born at Rodman, Jefferson county, N. Y., May 13, 1824. His father was a farmer, and he had only the lim- ited educational advantages of farmers’ sons of the period — the district school for less than half the year. But he made the most of his scanty oppor- tunities, and by the time he was nineteen had fitted himself for teaching the English branches in a somewhat advanced school at Cincinnati. This he did until he was twenty-four years of [ 19 ] ADAMS. ADAMS. age. attending meanwhile law and medical lec- tures. and at the end of three years graduated from the law department of Cincinnati college. He engaged in the practice of the law in Kan- sas. to which state he emigrated in 1855. settling first at Ashland where he remained for a few months, when lie removed to Leavenworth, and the following year again changed his resi- dence to Atchison, where he lived for sev- eral years, acting as probate judge of Atch- ison county in 1858-’59. In 1858 he was a mem- i her of the Leavenworth state constituti onal committee; 1863, clerk of the United States district court. Topeka; 1865-69, United States Indian agent for the Kickapoos at Kenne- kuk. He edited, in succession, many prominent newspapers, his first work being given to the Squatter Sovereign, Atchison, 1857. In 1863, the State Record and Kansas Farmer were under his editorial management, and later the Atchison Free Press (1864-’68) and the Waterville Telegraph (1871-72). He held prominent positions in vari- ous agricultural societies, as well as in the Kan- sas state grange, and is the author of several reports made by the latter body. He was ap- pointed secretary of the Kansas state historical society at its initiation in 1875, taking a very active part in the management of the work of the society, the library of which during his adminis- tration increased to 79,900 volumes, besides valu- able manuscripts to the number of 12,000. a rich collection of maps, mementos, and relics, all of recognized historical value, and 15,000 pictures. The accretions to the library in each year being about 800 volumes. He is the author of various pamphlets relating to reform in spelling, having published “The Lives of the Presidents” in plio- netypic form, and the “Homestead Guide” in 1872. ADAMS, F. W., physician, was born in Ver- mont in 1787. He was an enthusiastic violinist and discovered while young that the merit of old and precious violins lay in the wood of which they were made. He carefully searched the forests of his state and Canada for very old pine and maple, sometimes taking it from decaying trees. With this he manufactured 140 violins, proving his theory by the fact that those made from the oldest woods gave forth the sweetest tones. Some of the instruments made by him are of rarely beauti- ful quality. He died in Montpelier, Vt., in 1859. ADAMS, Hannah, author, was born at Med- field. Mass., in 1755. Her father was a man of literary taste, who imparted to her a considerable knowledge of Greek and Latin, as well as of higher English. These advantages gave her an education above that of the average woman of her time, and thrown upon her own resources she supported herself and several younger brothers and sisters after her seventeenth year. During the revolutionary war she gained a livelihood by teaching and making lace; she then took up authorship, and she is said to have been the first woman in America to have made literature a pro- fession. “A View of Religious Opinions” was her first and most popular attempt at authorship, and was reprinted in England. Later she wrote a “History of the Jews,” the “ Evidences of Chris- tianity,” “History of New England,” “Contro- versy with Dr. Morse,” and “Letters on the Gospels,” which were read in her time, but are now known only to scholars. She was remark- able for beauty of character, and was greatly respected for her learning. Her body was the first to be buried in Mount Auburn cemetery. Her biography has been written by Hannah E. Lee. She died in Brookline, Mass.. Dec. 15, 1831. ADAMS, Henry , historian, was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 16, 1838, third son of Charles Francis and Abigail Brooks Adams. In 1858 lie received his diploma from Harvard college, and in 1861 was appointed private secretary to his father, who was then United States minister to England. In 1870 he returned to Massachusetts and became instructor in history at Harvard university. As an educator he was eminently successful and led his pupils into original paths of research that pre- sented charming fields of investigation. He held the chair of history for seven years. In connection with his brother. Charles Francis, he published in 1871 “Chapters on Erie and other Essays,” and made in collaboration with him biographical and historical researches, the results of which largely enriched the historical annals of Massa- chusetts. In 1876 he published “ Essays in Anglo- Saxon Law.” The next year he published “ Docu- ments relating to New England Federalism. 1800- 1815.” In 1879 appeared “Writings of Albert Gallatin,” which he edited, and his “John Ran- dolph ” was published in Boston in 1882. He re- visited Europe, residing in London for some years, and in 1888 removed to Washington, where he wrote his popular “History of Jefferson's Adminis- tration.” ADAMS, Henry Austin, clergyman, was born in Cuba, W. I., Sept, 20, 1861, son of William Newton and Maria del Carmen Adams. When a child he was taken to New York and there received his primary education. He was grad- uated from the General theological seminary ADAMS. ADAMS. in June, 1882, and received the degree of Master of Arts from Trinity college, Hartford. He was ordained to the priesthood of the Protestant Episcopal church by Bishop Paddock. His first pastoral charge was that of Trinity church, Wethersfield, Conn. ; from thence he went to Great Barrington, Mass., and in 1886 was called to old Trinity, New York, as assistant to Dr. Dix. In 1889 he became rector of St. Paul’s cathedral, Buffalo, and in January, 1892, resigned his pasto- rate in that city to assume charge of the Church of the Redeemer in New York, where he had as his assistant Father Johnson, another young and enthusiastic worker. In 1893 Father Adams re- nounced his priesthood and entered the Roman Catholic communion, under the instructions of the Paulist fathers in New York city. He was a distinguished preacher while officiating in the Episcopal church and carried his oratorical talents into the lecture field, where he acquired a bril- liant reputation. He gave unqualified advocacy to the single tax theory, and strenuously insisted on the need for the church to actively interest herself in the practical solution of the social prob- lems of the day. ADAMS, Henry A., naval officer, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., June 6, 1833, son of Henry A. Adams. He received a high school education, and when sixteen years old was admitted to the U. S. naval academy, Annapolis, where he was gradu- ated midshipman in 18.11, and assigned to the U. S. steam frigate, Susquehanna, of the East India squadron. Upon his return in 1852, he served on board the U. S. sloop Jamestown of the Bra- zilian squadron, and in 1854 was promoted passed midshipman. The following year he was made master, and, with the U. S. sloop Levant, sailed for the East Indies, where, in 1856, he was en- gaged in the attack on the Barrier forts at the mouth of the Canton river, China. In 1856 he received his promotion as lieutenant. In 1859 he was on board the U. S. sloop Brooklyn of the home squadron, and in 1861 went with Farragut’s fleet to make up the western gulf blockading squadron. He followed the fortunes of the squadron during the first years of the war at Forts Jackson and St. Philip, Chalmette bat- teries, the capture of New Orleans, Vicksburg and on blockade service. He received promotion as lieutenant commander in July, 1862, and in 1863 was assigned to ordnance duty at the Phila- delphia navy yard. Joining the North Atlantic squadron lie, in 1864-’65, took part in the attacks on Fort Fisher, receiving from Admiral Porter recommendation for promotion, ‘‘without whose aid we should have been brought to a standstill more than once. He volunteered for anything and everything.” He accompanied the army in its capture of Richmond, and was with President Lincoln when he entered the Confederate capital. His commission as commander was received in July, 1866. He was attached to the European squadron 1868-69, and at the Philadelphia navy yard in 1870. ADAflS, Henry Carter, educator, was born at Davenport, Iowa, in 1852, his parents having re- moved to that state from New Hampshire. He was educated at Iowa college, where he was graduated with the degree of B. A. in 1874. He accepted a fellowship in political science at Johns-Hopkins university in 1876, and took the degree of Ph.D. there in 1878. From 1878 to 1880 he was a student at Heidelberg, Berlin, and at the ecole fibre de science politiques at Paris. On returning to America he was three years lecturer at Cornell university, Johns-Hopkins university, and the university of Michigan. From 1881 till 1887 he had charge of the department of political economy in Cornell university and in the uni- versity of Michigan, and in 1887 was elected to the chair of political economy and finanoe in the latter institution. In 1887 he was selected by the interstate commerce commission to organize and direct a bureau of railway statistics, and was shortly afterwards appointed statistician to the commission. For several years lie was vice-presi- dent of the American economic association. He was also a member of the American statistical as- sociation. Ip 1892 he was elected as an active member of l’institute internationale de statistique of Paris. He has written much upon financial and economic topics, his most important book being “Public Debts: An Essay on the Science of Finance.” ADAMS, Herbert Baxter, educator, was born at Amherst. Mass., April 16, 1850, trained at Phillips Exeter academy, graduated at Amherst college in the class of 1872, and at Heidel- berg university, where he received the de- gree of doctor of philosophy in 1876. Upon re- turning to the United States he became connected with the Johns-Hopkins university in Baltimore, Md., as fellow, instructor, associate, and professor of history, and was promoted head of the depart- ment of history and political science. In 1882 he began to edit “Johns-Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science,” embracing eight annual volumes and five extra volumes. To this series he made numerous contributions, chiefly in the line of American institutional and economic history. In 1887 he began to edit for the bureau of education. Washington, D. C., “ Contributions to American Educational His- tory,” embracing American colleges and universi- ties in state groups. Dr. Adams prepared for this series: “The Study of History in American Col- leges and Universities,” “The College of William and Mary,” and “Thomas Jefferson and the [ 21 ] ADAMS. ADAMS. University of Virginia.” He was secretary of the American Historical Association from its or- ganization in 1884, and edited its published papers. His work is highly valued by historical students. James Phelan, Pli.D., author of “History of Tennessee,” says of it : “I desire to pay a tribute of respect to the new school of historical investi- gation. which, under the careful and scholarly editorship of Prof. Herbert B. Adams, is introdu- cing the same comparative methods into the study of American history which have been fruitful of the best results in Germany and England.” In 1893 he published "Life and Writings of Jared Sparks,” in 2 vols. In 1890 lie was sent to Europe by the United States bureau of education to study and report on summer educational gather- ings. ADAMS, Isaac, inventor, was born in Roches- ter. X. H., 1803. He had little opportunity for education, and when a boy went early to work in a factory. Later he learned the trade of a cabi- net-maker, which lie abandoned to go to Boston, where he became employed in a machine shop. In 1828 he invented the Adams printing press, which he improved in 1834. and as then improved the press continues to be sold in thirty different sizes and was universally used for book work in America for more than a quarter of a century. By the manufacture of these presses he accu- mulated considerable wealth. In 1840 he was elected to the Massachusetts senate. He died July 19, 1883. ADAMS, James Hopkins, statesman, was born in South Carolina about 1811. At the age of twenty he was graduated from Yale college, and the following year was elected to the state senate. In 1855 he was chosen governor, and after his state had seceded he was one of the commission- ers appointed to negotiate with the president re- garding the disposal of the United States property in South Carolina. He died on his plantation near Columbia, S. C., July 27, 1861. ADAMS, Jasper, educator, was born in Med- way, Mass., Aug. 27, 1793. After being gradu- ated from Brown university and studying theology at Andover, he became professor of mathematics at the former institution in 1819. He was also in that year ordained to the Protestant Episcopal priesthood. He became president of the college at Charleston in 1824, and in 1826 removed to Geneva, as president of Hobart college. In 1828 he returned to the Charleston college, where lie remained until 1836. Two years later he went to West Point as chaplain and professor of history, geography, and ethics. He afterwards removed to Pendleton. S. C., where he took charge of a seminary. His sermons and addresses, as well as a work entitled “Moral Philosophy,” were published. He died Oct. 25, 1841. ADAMS, John, second President of the United States, was born at Braintree (Quincy), Mass., Oct. 19 (O. S.) 1735, son of John and Susanna Boylston Adams. His first American ancestor, Henry Adams. Puritan, emigrated from Devon- shire. Eng., in 1636. he having been granted a tract of land embracing forty acres at Braintree in the province of Massachusetts. He brought over with him eight sons and was one of the original proprietors of the town of Braintree. It was the custom of the Adams family to educate the eldest son of each generation for some profes- sion, and John was carefully prepared for Har- vard college, which he entered in 1751. graduating thence a bachelor of arts, in 1755. While at col lege a great future was predicted for him. the acuteness and originality of his mind, and the frankness and independence of his character, being fully recognized even at that early date. Immediately after his graduation he received and accepted an invitation to take charge of the grammar school at Worcester, Mass. The occupation of teaching did not prove at all con- genial to the high-spirited and ambitious youth. In a letter dated at Worcester, Sept. 2, 1755, he BIRTHPLACES OF JOHN AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. thus facetiously describes, for the edification of his friend Robert Crancli. “the situation” of his “ mind ” : “ When the nimble hours have tackled Apollo’s courses, and the g r y deity mounts the eastern sky. the gloomy pedagogue arises, frown- ing and lowering like a black cloud begrimed with uncommon wrath, to blast a devoted land. When the destined time arrives he enters upon action, and. as a haughty monarch ascends his throne, the pedagogue mounts his awful great chair and dispenses right and justice through his empire. His obsequious subjects execute the im- perial mandates with cheerfulness, and think it their high happiness to be employed in the service of the emperor. Sometimes paper, sometimes pen- knife, now birch, now arithmetic, now a ferule, then A. B. C, then scolding, then flattering, then thwacking, calls for the pedagogue’s attention. At length, his spirits all exhausted, down comes pedagogue from his throne and walks out in awful solemnity through a cringing multitude. In the afternoon lie passes through the same dreadful [22 ADAMS. ADAMS. scenes, smokes his pipe, and goes to bed. The situation of the town is quite pleasant . . . but the school is indeed a school of affliction. A large number of little runtlings just capable of lisping A. B. C. and troubling the master. But Dr. Savil tells me for my comfort. ‘ by cultivating and prun- ing these tender plants in the garden of Worces- ter, I shall make some of them plants of renown and cedars of Lebanon.’ However this be, I am certain that keeping this school any length of time would make a base weed and ignoble shrub of me.” It was his father’s wish that he should enter the ministry, and in various letters written to friends are found recorded his strong predilec- tion for preaching. But, after long and careful deliberation, in which he weighed the advantages and disadvantages of a career as lawyer, doctor, clergyman, soldier, farmer and merchant, he finally decided to adopt the legal profession. His great objection to entering the ministry was the frigidity of Calvinism, and his father, respecting his views, though not coinciding with them, per- mitted him to follow his inclination in the matter. Hewas peculiarly adapted for the profession he had chosen ; for. in addition to his superior mental endowment, he was possessed of a sound constitu- tion. a clear, resonant voice, a lively sensibility, high moral sense, great self-confidence and ora- torical gifts of a high order. In September. 1756, he entered the office of Col. James Putnam, a distinguished lawyer of Worcester, and applied himself with great dili- gence to the study of the law, continuing his teach- ing in the meantime as a means of livelihood. He was admitted to the bar in 1758, being presented by Mr. Jeremy Gridley, then attorney- general of the province, and one of the most eminent lawyers and scholars of the time. It was upon the advice of Mr. Gridley, who enter- tained a high opinion of his ability, that he made an especial study of civil law, acquiring that complete mastery of the subject which was of such vital importance to him in after years. He commenced practice in the little village of Brain- tree and lived at the old homestead until his marriage. On October 25, 1704, Mr. Adams married Abigail, daughter of Rev. William Smith, pastor of the first Congregational church of Weymouth. Miss Abigail’s older sister, Mary, had married Richard Cranch, a lawyer of some reputation and considerable wealth. The suit of Mr. Adams, who had neither fame nor fortune, was not looked upon with favor by any one at the parsonage save Miss Abigail herself. It was the custom in those days to have a marriage sermon, and Dr. Smith permitted his daughters to choose their own text. When Mary was married her text was. “Mary hath chosen that good part which shall not be taken away from her.” Father Smith emphasized “that good part,” which was obedience. John and Abigail heard the sermon, and when the time came for Abigail to choose a text she selected, “John came neither eating nor drinking, and they said, ‘ he hath a devil. ’ ” Dr. Smith objected, but Abigail insisted, and the text was used to the great amusement of the friends and parishioners. Mr. Adams had great reason to delight himself in his wife; for. in addition to the fact that his marriage with her brought him into alliance with several families of note and influence, she was a woman of noble character, charming manner, calm judgment, ready re- source, and uncompromising patriotism. The first year of his marriage was spent in Braintree, and lie began to take an active part in the con- duct of the affairs of the village. He had before held the office of surveyor of public highways, and he was now chosen selectman, overseer of the poor, and assessor. But though he had not here- tofore taken any prominent stand before the public, many passages from the early pages of his diary, and from letters written in young man- hood. foreshadow the statesman and patriot he was destined to become. As early as 1755, during the dark days of the war with France, lie had written: “All that part of creation which lies within our observation is liable to change. Even mighty states and kingdoms are not exempted. If we look into history we shall find some nations rising from contemptible beginnings and spread- ing their influence till the whole globe is sub- jected to their sway. When they have reached the summit of grandeur, some minute and unsus- pected cause commonly effects their ruin, and the empire of the world is transferred to some other place. Immortal Rome was at first but an insignificant village, . . . but by degrees it rose to a stupendous height. . . . But the demoli- tion of Carthage by removing all danger, suffered it (Rome) to sink into debauchery, and made it, at length, an easy prey to barbarians. England, immediately upon this, began to increase ... in power and magnificence ; and is now the greatest nation upon the globe. Soon after the Reforma- tion a few people came over into this new world, for conscience sake. Perhaps this apparently trivial incident may transfer the seat of empire into America. It looks likely to me.” Here is exhibited the student looking into the past and seeing clearly by the aid of its light the glory of the future, unclouded by the gloom of the pres- ent. He saw, even at that early day, that it was only through union that the colonies could ever hope to achieve self-government. “The only way,” wrote he. “to keep us from setting up for ourselves is to disunite us. Divide et impera.” The passage of the obnoxious Stamp Act in 1765 was the occasion which roused into action ADAMS. ADAMS. all the dormant faculties of Mr. Adams’s mind, and from that time he was prominent in all the measure’s taken to protect the colony from the exactions of the mother country. Fearless in the expression of his honest convictions he wrote at this time: “Be it remembered, liberty must at all hazards be defended ; . . . we have an indis- putable right to demand our privileges against all the power and authority on earth.” To Mr. Jonathan Sewall, a friend of his youth who had espoused the Royalist cause, and who urged upon Mr. Adams the hopelessness of entering into a contest with so irresistible a foe as England, he said: “I know that Great Britain is determined on her system ; and that very determination de- termines me on mine. You know I have been constant and uniform in opposition to all her measures. The die is now cast, I have passed the Rubicon ; sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, with my country, is my unalterable deter- mination.” At a town meeting held immediately after the announcement of the passage of the Stamp Act he presented a series of resolutions in regard to the measure, which was intended for the instruction of the representatives to the assembly. The resolu- tions were unanimously adopted, and being pub- lished in Draper’s paper were adopted by forty other towns in the province for the instruction of their respective representatives. It was at this time that he wrote a number of articles for the Bos- ton Gazette under the title, “An Essay on Canon and Feudal Laws.” His aim in writing the papers was not to elucidate the principles of either canon or feudal law, but to hold them up as objects of abhorrence, that Americans might see the con- spiracy between church and state for the oppres- sion of the people. He wished to inculcate genu- ine principles of freedom; to call attention to the truth that the only legitimate foundation for a government is the will and happiness of the peo- ple ; and to arouse Americans to the assertion and defence of their rights. These papers were re- printed in London under the title : “A Disserta- tion on the Canon and Feudal Law.” and were generally attributed to Mr. Jeremy Gridley, then attorney-general of the province. In December, 17(55, Mr. Adams appeared with Otis and Gridley before the governor and council, to ask for the re-opening of the courts, contending that the Stamp Act was illegal, the colonies hav- ing no representative in Parliament. “The Free- man,” he said, “pays no tax, as the freeman submits to no law but such as emanates from the body in which he is represented.” In 1768 he moved to Boston, occupying what was known as the “White House” in Brattle Square. Governor Bernard offered him the office of advocate-general, but although ambitious and needing the emoluments of the office, he declined, lest he should 'hamper his own freedom of action. He would not even accept the appointment of justice of the peace. At the time of the “Boston Massacre ” in 1770, • notwithstanding his sym- pathies with the people, he defended ■ Captain Preston and the soldiers under his command. This straightforward manliness did him no harm, and in the same year he was elected to the Gen- eral Court. His defence of Captain Preston and all the attendant circumstances have been held to be the first critical period of his life. His elec- tion to the House of Representatives committed him to a more public adherence to the cause of the people. From this time he was active in all political measures, though he recognized the pre- carious condition of matters affecting private and public life; and felt that he was surrender- ing ease and safety. He said: “I consider the step a devotion of my family to ruin and of my- self to death. I had devoted myself to endless labor and anxiety, if not to infamy and death, and that for nothing except, what indeed was and ought to be all in all. a sense of duty.” When his wife was told his decision, and what peril it might involve, the brave, true-hearted, patriotic woman exclaimed, though with eyes streaming with tears, “ You have done as you ought, and I am willing to share in all that is to come, and to place my trust in Providence.” In 1773 Mr. Adams came into dii'ect conflict with Governor Hutchinson. The latter had been foiled in his attempts to tax the colonies without their consent, and this largely through the influ- ence of Mr. Adams, who had drafted a paper on the whole matter and defended it. Hutchinson’s letters to the British government had been mys- teriously obtained and sent to Boston by Frank- lin. These letters implicated Hutchinson and Lieutenant-Governor Oliver, in a conspiracy against the liberties of the colonies. John Adams, who had been elected a member of the General Court on May 25 of that year, was present when the letters were read and commented upon. He was influential in carrying the vote to publish them, and in inspiring the address to the king asking for the removal of Hutchinson and Oliver. Mr. Adams is known as the “Father of the Ameri- can Navy.” His earliest efforts in behalf of this important arm of the public service were directed to fitting out vessels of war to protect the seaport towns of New England against English depreda- tions early in the war for independence. After- wards, when a delegate in Congress, he secured appropriations for the aid of the navy, and as President, on the outbreak of trouble with France, he organized the navy department to take the place of the former board of admiralty. Six frigates, eighteen sloops of war. and ten galleys J dfoh jtcCcLniA. The Cyclopaedia Publishing Company. ADAMS. ADAMS. were ordered to be built or purchased and put in commission. Then followed actual hostilities at sea. Several French vessels were captured. Other vessels of considerable armament were author- ized. Three well-known frigates, ‘‘The United States,” “The Constitution,” and “The Constella- tion,” were by his recommendation manned and employed by Act of Congress, July 1st, 1797. When the controversy with France was settled, March 3, 1801, the President was instructed to dis- pose of the ships belonging to the navy, excepting thirteen frigates — seven to be laid up in ordinary and six held ready for service. Mr. Adams largely influenced the action of the general assembly in bringing about the impeach- ment of Chief Justice Oliver, and in consequence the court was not re-opened until after April 19, 1775, when the provincial government was in authority. The time had now arrived when more decisive measures were necessary, and the era of physical force was inaugurated. ‘ ‘ Reason was ex- hausted and nothing was left but arms.” The first Continental Congress was called by the assembly convened June 17, 1774, at Salem and holding its session with closed doors. Mr. Adams was chosen one of the five delegates from Massa- chusetts. The matters to be considered : The five acts of Parliament, the Boston Port Bill, and the Regulating Act, were introductory to the meas- ures looking to final independence. Munitions of war were gathered and stored away in readi- ness for any emergency. The second Continental Congress was brought face to face with the ne- cessity for an army well officered and equipped. New England had enlisted 16.000 men for the siege of Boston, and in view of the existing state of affairs, and the need for the colonies to present a united front, John Adams on June 15, 1775, nominated Washington as commander of the Colonial army. This has been regarded as the second masterly act in his life. In May, 1776, Mr. Adams introduced in the Colonial Congress a resolution giving the separate colonies inde- pendent government, and at last was able to carry it, despite the opposition of the dele- gates representing the Middle states. This, Mr. Adams declared, cut the “ Gordian knot,” and in the next month Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, moved the resolution of independence, which Mr. Adams seconded in a speech so able, un- answerable, and- convincing that Jefferson de- clared him to be the “ Colossus of that debate.” This was the third conspicuous event in his career. The further consideration of Mr. Lee's resolution was postponed to the 1st of July, a committee being formed who should put into fitting language a declaration to accompany the resolution. The committee was chosen by ballot and consisted of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Frank- lin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. Mr. Lee’s resolution was debated July 1st and 2d; on the latter day it was adopted ; then the act of Congress Setting forth the Declaration of Inde- pendence, after being debated on the 2d, 3d, and 4th days of July, was passed on the 4th. On the 19th the act was ordered to be engrossed and signed by every member of the Congress. This was done August 2d by those present ; afterwards by those absent or who were elected and took their seats in that year. The day after the adop- tion of Mr. Lee's resolution, Mr. Adams wrote to his wife: “ Yesterday the greatest question was decided which ever was debated in America, and a greater never was, nor will be decided among them. A resolution was passed without one dis- senting colony, ‘ that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states.’ The day just passed, the Fourth of July, 1776, will be a memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe it will be cele- brated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemo- rated. as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illumina- tions — from one end of the continent to the other — from this time forward, forevermore.” In 1777 he was sent as commissioner to France, and returned in 1779, leaving Franklin minister plenipotentiary. He was chosen delegate to the convention charged with the duty of framing a new constitution for Massachusetts, but was unable to serve, as he was sent to Great Britain as commissioner to treat for peace. Despite some trouble with Minister Vergennes in Paris, he was able to secure concessions which bore fruit in the treaty of 1783. The fourth conspicuous event in Mr. Adams’s life was the negotiation of the Dutch loan in October, 1782, Holland having formally recognized the independence of the United States in April preceding. Holland had good cause for complaint against England. Her people were stirred to indignation because of the plunder of St. Eustatius. They were predisposed, there- fore, to extend sympathy and help to any coun- try contending against England. Just at this time, moreover, came the news of Lord Corn- wallis’s surrender at Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781. Mr. Adams before this had made use of every op- portunity to introduce, as it were, America to Holland. He invited the liberty-loving people of the Hague to clasp hands with the liberty-loving people of America. It was done; a treaty of commerce was concluded; a loan of §2,000,000 effected, and Adams held his success to be so con- siderable, that he wrote with exultation : “One thing, thank God ! is certain, I have planted the ADAMS. ADAMS. American standard at the Hague. There let it wave and fly in triumph over Sir Joseph Yorke and British pride. I shall look down upon the flagstaff with pleasure from the other world.” Following this event came the series of complica- tions in Paris connected with the treaty of peace with England in 1783. Matters were so dexter- ously managed by Mr. Adams and Mr. Jay that Vergennes was outgeneralled and a brilliant suc- cess achieved. This triumph of diplomacy may be called the fifth distinguished event in his pub- lic life. In May, 1785, while still engaged in negotiating a treaty with Prussia, and in securing recognition, commercial and otherwise, by foreign powers, he was appointed minister to the court of St. James. His stay in England was by no means agreeable to him. His brusque man- ners. with his undoubted skill in diplomacy, ap- pealed to the bluff Englishman’s respect for fear- less sincerity in speech and conduct, but the time had not come for cordial, pacific measures — the result of the war was too recent, and British pride too sensitive. The king grew frigid, and the courtiers froze. No satisfactory solution could be agreed upon as to the surrender of west- ern ports on or near the Great Lakes, consequent largely upon the inability of the United States to meet its pecuniary obligations to the full. It was more than hoped, it was expected, that the re- publican experiment would fail, that the states would fall apart like a rope of sand, and the peo- ple disheartened turn back to the “leeks and garlic ” of Great Britain. Mr. Adams finding his mission abroad to some extent fruitless, and believing that some other person than himself would be more agreeable to the court, and, under existing circumstances, more efficient, asked to be re-called in 1788. His request was granted. He received the thanks of Congress for his “ patriotism, perseverance, integrity and diligence.” By this time efforts were being made to formally organize the government under the Constitution. Washington was chosen President ; Adams, Vice- President. The difference in the number of votes cast respectively for these conspicuous positions — sixty-nine for the presidency and thirty-four for the vice-presidency — was a matter of chagrin to Mr. Adams, who knew the value of his services and his self-sacrificing devotion to the country. He was stanch in supporting the policy of the President, and was able to direct the action of the Senate on many questions on which, as presiding officer, he held, by a tie vote, the balance of power. A marked divergence in men's views of various political questions now gave rise to two distinct parties — the Federalist, known afterward as Whig and then as Republican ; and the other, first known as Republican and then as Democratic. Mr. Adams was a pronounced Federalist. At the second presidential election the opposition to Mr. Adams, consequent upon his “ Discourses on Davila,” concerning questions that arose out of the French revolution, centred on George Clinton as candidate for the vice -presidency . Adams was, however, re-elected; and in 1796. Washington, refusing to entertain the thought of a third term. Mr. Adams was, after a prolonged and acrimoni- ous contest, chosen President of the United States in 1796. When Mr. Adams came into the presi- dency he retained as secretary of state Timothy Pickering, who had been appointed by Washing- ton. On May 13, 1800. he removed him as not being in sympathy with his administration, and appointed John Marshall of Virginia, who re- tained the position until January 27. 1801. when Adams made him chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, to succeed Oliver Ellsworth. In the war department he retained James Mc- Henry. who had served as secretary under Wash- ington. until he resigned May 13. 1800. when he appointed Samuel Dexter of Massachusetts, who retained the portfolio until January 1, 1801, when he resigned to take the treasury portfolio. Adams then appointed Roger Griswold of Connecticut. In the treasury department he found Oliver Wol- cott, who had succeeded Alexander Hamilton, and President Adams continued him as secretary until Nov. 8, 1800. when he I'esigned and was at once appointed United States judge of the Su- preme Court of the second district. Mr. Adams appointed Samuel Dexter secretary Jan. 1, 1801. In the navy department Mr. Adams re- tained Washington’s appointee, Benjamin Stod- dert, throughout his administration. As attorney- general Mr. Adams retained the services of Charles Lee, and that of James Habersham, as postmaster-general, both having served in Wash- ington’s administration. Then followed a time of storm. France discriminated against American commerce, refused to treat with the commission- ers who were appointed, and who were so insulted by the envoys of Talleyrand that Mr. Adams was compelled to advise Congress of the failure of the mission and the necessity to prepare for war. Papers were called for, and the famous "X. Y. Z. correspondence” submitted. The excitement in America spread to England and Europe. “ Mil- lions for defence, not one cent for tribute,” was the cry throughout the states. “ Hail Columbia’’ sung itself out of the hearts of the people. Tal- leyrand was burnt in effigy; letters of marque were issued, and an alliance with Great Britain against France was projected. France weakened. Mr. Adams decided to avoid war. Commissioners were appointed to treat with France; they reached Paris to find the direction of affairs in the hands of Napoleon. All events conspired to disintegrate ADAMS. ADAMS. the Federalist party. In the election of 1800 Adams was refused a re-election. His last official act notable for its influence upon the dignity of the national judiciary was the appointment of John Marshall as chief justice of the United States. Mr. Adams refused to attend the inaugu- ration of his successor, but returned to his home in Quincy. In his old age the political differences between himself and Jefferson were adjusted, and they corresponded on friendly terms. Mr. Adams freely expressed his opinions on public affairs in letters and essays written mainly to meet the exi- gencies of the time. His writings had the merit of being earnest and forceful. His most impor- tant publications are : “Canon and Federal Law ” (1765) ; “ Rights and Grievances of the American Colonies” (1774); “Plans of Government of the Independent States” (1776); “The Constitution •of Massachusetts ” (1779) ; “Defence of the Ameri- can Constitutions ” (1786). Other papers given to the press were published in the journals of the day. He insisted that the main points in the Declaration of Independence belonged to him. Referring to a letter written when he was a young man of twenty years of age, he says: “Jefferson has acquired such glory by his Declaration of In- dependence, in 1776, that, I think, I may boast of my declaration of independence in 1755, twenty- one years older than his. . . . The Declaration of Independence of 4th of July, 1776, contained nothing but the Boston Declaration of 1772, and the Congressional Declaration of 1774. Such are the caprices of fortune! The Declaration of Rights (of 1774) was drawn by the little John Adams; the mighty Jefferson, by the Declaration of Independence of 4th of July, 1776, carried away the glory of the great and the little.” Mr. Adams lived to see his son president of the United States and to enter upon the fiftieth ani- versary of American independence. The day seemed to recall the scenes of fifty years ago, and his last audible words were “Thomas Jefferson still survives.” It is a strange coincidence that the “ father of the Declaration ” had breathed his last that very day, and a few hours before the great man, who inspired the immortal document, died. The date of his death was July 4. 1826. ADAMS, John, educator, was born in Canter- bury, Conn., Sept. 18, 1772, son of John Adams, a soldier in the war for independence. He was educated at Yale college, and was graduated in 1795, made teaching his profession and begun his labors in his native town, where he conducted, an academy for three years. He then removed to Plainfield, N. J.. where he was made rector of the academy. In 1803 he was chosen principal of the Bacon academy, Colchester, Conn., where he re- mained seven years, when he removed to Andover, Mass. , as principal of Phillips academy. Here for twenty years lie directed the preparatory training of many of the nation’s greatest minds, and as well helped to organize and advance numerous charitable associations, which have since become of national renown. In 1833. in connection with the work of the American Sunday school union, he went to Illinois, where he personally organized over five hundred Sunday schools. Yale con- ferred upon Mr. Adams the degree of LL.D. in 1854. He died April 24. 1863. ADAMS, John, soldier, was born at Pulaski, Tenn., Feb. 8. 1825, and after being gradu- ated from West Point joined the United States army with the rank of second lieutenant. He was in active service during the Mexican war. and was brevetted 1st lieutenant for gallantry. He then served on the western frontier, reaching the rank of captain. At the outbreak of the civil war he resigned from the United States army and joined the Confederate, where he gained the rank of major-general. He was killed at the battle of Franklin, Nov. 30, 1864. ADAMS, John Coleman, clergyman, was born at Malden. Mass.. Oct. 25, 1849. He was gradu- ated from Tufts divinity school and Tufts college, from which latter institution he received the de- grees of A.M.. B.L.. and D.D. In 1880 he was elected trustee of Tufts college. During his pas- toral career he had charge of churches at Lynn, Mass., Chicago, 111., and of All Souls’ Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. He became one of the eminent preachers of the Universalist denomination, and also an able writer. Among the more prominent of his publications are: “The Fatherhood of God.” “ Christian Type of Heroism,” and the “ Leisure of God.” ADAMS, John F., clergyman, was born at Stratham, N. H.. May 23, 1790. At the age of twenty -two he was given a preacher’s license by the New England Methodist Conference and sent to Maine, among whose sparsely settled villages he won much distinction as an earnest and effec- tive preacher. It is said of him that “his appoint- ments were sometimes fifty miles apart, and to keep them he often rode through rain and snow all day without food, and all night with no other bed than the back of his horse.” He was appointed presiding elder at Boston, Lynn and other Massa- chusetts districts, and was a prominent abolition- ist. He was four times delegate to general con- ference. He died June 11. 1881. ADAMS, John Gregory Bishop, soldier, was born at Groveland. Mass., Oct. 6, 1841. He was educated in the public schools, and before he was twenty years old enlisted in Major Ben Perley Poore’s rifle battalion, which was subse- quently merged into the 19th Massachusetts Vol- unteers. In March. 1862. he was made orderly sergeant. During the seven days’ fighting on the ADAMS. ADAMS. Peninsula he was conspicuous for his bravery, and at its close his gallantry had won for him a second lieutenant’s commission. At Fredericks- burg, eight color bearers of his regiment had been shot, and the ninth, Lieut. Edgar M. Newcomb, in command of the color company, was killed as he took the colors in his hand. Adams seized the two standards, one in either hand, and led the charge over an open space swept by the confeder- ate battery. He gained the cover of a shot- riddled house, but the confederate position was impregnable and Marye’s Heights were stormed but not captured. This placed him among the recognized heroes of the war. At the battle of Gettysburg, the 19th Massachusetts was sent to support General Sickles in his terrible peach - orchard and wheat field fray on the second of July. In this battle Lieutenant Adams was the ranking first lieutenant in his regiment and took command of Company I. While leading his men he received two severe wounds in the groin, either of which was supposed to be fatal. He was borne from the field to die, the surgeons giving up his case as hopeless. Yet in November he was again with his command. His wounds never fully healed, and incapacitated him for active lucra- tive positions. After Gettysburg he was pro- moted captain, and during the Wilderness cam- paign of 1864 he served with distinguished brav- ery. It was the ill fortune of most of the 19tli Massachusetts to be captured at Cold Harbor early in June, 1864, and Captain Adams was among the prisoners. For nine months he suf- fered in Confederate prisons. He was sent to Libby, and after three months was transferred to Anderson ville. He was removed to Macon; thence to Charleston, where for five months he was kept under the fire of Gillmore’s guns, a retali- ation to which the Confederate authorities sub- jected a large number of Union officers. He was then sent to Columbia, where he remained until he was exchanged. After the civil war he was employed in the Boston custom house, as post- master of Lynn for eight years, and as deputy superintendent of the Concord reformatory. In 1885 he was made sergeant-at-arms for the com- monwealth of Massachusetts. He was for many years president of the association of survivors of Confederate prisons, president of the trustees of the Soldiers’ home, and a delegate to the national conventions of the G. A. R. He has held other positions of honor and responsibility, and in 1895 was elected commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic. On Dec. 11, 1896^ the war department at Washington announced that a medal of honor had been awarded to Capt. J. G. B. Adams of the 19th Massachusetts volunteers, for most distinguished gallantry in action at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va.. Dec. 18,1862. ADAMS, John Quincy, sixth president of the United States, was born in Braintree (Quincy), Mass., July 1 1, 1767, son of John and Abigail Smith Adams. Many unusual Circumstances and influ- ences conspired to train his mind and form his character on a broad and heroic plan. The air lie breathed was charged with patriotism. His father was one of the foremost leaders in all the stirring JOHN QUINCY ADAMS HOUSE. events of those most stirring times, and “liberty,” “freedom,” and “independence” were house- hold words in the family. He was named for John Quincy, his maternal great-grandfather. His early schooling was received at the knee of a mother whose strength and poise of mind and character were exceptional. When he was ten years of age his father was appointed by Congress joint commissioner with Benjamin Franklin to negotiate an alliance with France. He accom- panied his father to Paris, where he not only at- tended school, but enjoyed the benefit of the daily instruction and conversation of Benjamin Franklin, and some of the most scholarly men of the court. After a residence of eighteen months in France, father and son returned to America; but their stay was destined to be brief, for in three months the father was again despatched on a foreign mission, this time to negotiate a treaty of peace with Eng- land; and again the son accompanied him to France, where the business was to be transacted. They arrived in Paris in February, 1780, after a tempestuous anil most eventful voyage, and re- mained until the following summer, when they proceeded to Holland, the elder Adams having been commissioned to arrange a treaty with that country. John Quincy was- placed at school in Amsterdam, and afterward entered the academ- ical department of the Leyden university. In July, 1781, when but a boy of fourteen, he be- came private secretary and interpreter to Francis Dana, minister plenipotentiary to the court of St. Petersburg, retaining the position until Mr. Dana’s, relinquishment of the office in October, 1782. ADAMS. ADAMS. This is the only case on record where so young a person was entrusted with so responsible a gov- ernment position. Leaving St. Petersburg he made an extended tour through Norway, Sweden, northern Germany, and Holland to France, where he joined his father, who had returned to Paris after successfully accomplishing the business which had taken him to Holland. Acting as his father’s secretary, he assisted in preparing the document which later “dispersed all possible doubt of the independence of his country,” and he was present on the occasion of the signing of that document. During the next two years he continued to act as his father’s secretary, accom- panying him on his various public missions. In 1785. upon his father’s acceptance of the appoint- ment of minister to England. John Quincy re- turned to the United States, and after some pre- paratory study entered the junior class of Har- vard college in March, 1786, and was graduated from that institution in 1787. Entering the office of Theopliilus Parsons of Newburyport he applied himself to the study of the law, and upon admission to the bar in 1790 commenced practice in Boston. He at this time contributed articles on timely topics to the newspapers under the pen names, “Publicola,” “ Marcellus,” and “Columbus.” “ Union at home and independence of all foreign combinations abroad,” the two principles on which his future statesmanship was to rest, are clearly set forth in these articles, and when their authorship, — generally accredited to his father — was dis- covered. he was hailed as a worthy son of his illustrious sire. Washington appointed him min- ister to the Netherlands in 1794, and to Portugal in 1796. though his father’s election to the presi- dency at this juncture interfered with his accept- ance of the latter of- fice. On July 26, 1797, he was m a r r i e d to Louisa Catherine, daughter of Joshua Johnson of Maryland, consular agent of the United States at Lon- don. and in the same year he was appointed minister to the court of Berlin. This ap- pointment was made by his father after consultation with Washington, who strongly advised the promotion. During his residence at Berlin he succeeded in effecting a treaty of amity and com- merce with the king of Sweden, and at this period he also translated into English Wieland’s “Oberon,” and wrote a series of entertaining letters describing a journey through Silesia, which were afterward published in Philadelphia and London, and translated into several European languages. On the termination of his father’s ad- ministration he was recalled at his own request, and returned to his native land, where he re sinned the practice of His profession. In 1802 he was elected to the Massachusetts senate, and later in the same year to the United States senate. He took his seat March 3. 1803, a most unpro- pitious moment for the son of his father, and his life as a senator was not agreeable. The party had fallen into factions during the adminis- tration of John Adams, and his political enemies, not satisfied with his downfall, now seized with avidity every opportunity of venting their malice on his son. He was subjected to insults, which he bore, for the most part with imperturable equanimity. “His very presence in Congress was ignored and his desires and acts were held in utter contempt.” He was treated with studied neglect and discourtesy. Nor was this altogether on his father's account. He, himself, was wil- fully misjudged. His independent course of speech and action was misconstrued. His pur- pose in every act, was for the interest of the nation. As he wrote in his diary : “I feel strong temptation and have great provocation to plunge into political controversy. But I hope to preserve myself from it by the considerations which have led me to the resolution of renouncing. A politi cian in this country must be the man of a party. I would fain be the man of my whole country.” While he favored the acquisition of Louisiana, which Mr. Jefferson desired, he denied the justice and constitutionality of the methods proposed. The resolutions he offered were rejected. In the trial of Samuel Chase of the United States su- preme court, and of John Pickering, district judge of New Hampshire, he was stanchly for acquit- tal, and held that Mr. Jefferson’s course was subversive of the honor and power of one of the three important branches of the government. In 1805 he made an effort to have a tax levied on every slave brought into the country. In 1806 he introduced a resolution condemning the British practice of searching ships, and demanded the restitution of American property seized by Great Britain. In 1808 Timothy Pickering, his as- sociate in the senate, wrote a letter to the gov- ernor of Massachusetts, in which he vehemently opposed the embargo act and all that accom- panied it. Mr. Adams replied defending Presi- dent Jefferson and declaring the embargo digni- fied, patriotic and necessary. This letter ex- cited great political opposition. The Federalists declared he had betrayed their cause without good reason, and to mark their reprobation they caused an election to be held, although Mr. ADAMS. ADAMS. Adams’s term of service •would close on March 3 the next year. James Lloyd was chosen his suc- cessor by a majority of thirty-five in a vote of four hundred and sixty -one. Mr. Adams imme- diately wrote a dignified letter of resignation which was accepted. During his senatorial term, in the summer of 1805, he had been chosen pro- fessor of rhetoric and oratory in Harvard college. He accepted the position and began his first course of lectures in July, 1806, and continued to fulfil the duties of the professorship until his ap- pointment in the summer of 1809 as minister to Russia. President Madison had nominated him in March, but the senate decided it to be inexpe- dient, at that time, to authorize the mission. Three months later, however, the nomination was confirmed by 19 to 7 — and for over four years he had his residence in Russia. He was received with great courtesy and appears to have enjoyed his mission exceedingly. During his residence abroad Mr. Madison offered him a seat on the bench of the supreme court of the United States, which he declined. Meanwhile the war of 1812 occurred, and the Czar proffered his services as arbitrator between the United States and Great Britain. This Great Britain declined, but suggested a mutual conference of commissioners at Ghent. This was assented to, and in Decem- ber, 1814, terms of peace were agreed upon by which, under Mr. Adams’s wise diplomacy, special fishery advantages were secured to the United States. A new commercial treaty was negotiated July 13, 1815, about six weeks after his appoint- ment as minister to England. He remained in Great Britain till he received from President Mon- roe an appointment as secretary of state. Dur- ing his occupancy of this office he secured the cession of Florida through the Spanish minister, Senor Onis. in consideration of the payment of 85,000,000 to liquidate, claims against Spain by American merchants. He stood by General Jack- son in upholding what he deemed the rightful claim of the United States to Spanish Florida, and favored the recognition of the independence of the revolted Spanish American colonies. By cautious policy he avoided all complications with the South American colonies; and emphasized and secured the authoritative recognition of the so-called ••Monroe Doctrine,” of which he was one of the principal authors. In 1724 Adams, Jackson, Crawford, and Clay were candidates for the presidency. The vote be- ing indeterminate, the choice was thrown into the House of Representatives, resulting in the election of Adams as president. John C. Calhoun was vice-president. On assuming the functions of office President Adams appointed Henry Clay of Ken- tucky to the portfolio of state, Richard Rush of Pennsylvania to the treasury, James Barbour of Virginia, to the war department, and retained of Mr. M unroe's cabinet, Samuel L. Southard of New Jersey, as secretary of the navy, John McPherson Berrian of Georgia, as attorney -general, and John McLean of Ohio, as postmaster-general. There was but one change in his official family during his administration, when, on the appointment of James Barbour as minister to England, he made Peter B. Porter of New York secretary of war . The appointment of Clay as secretary of state created much feeling, Mr. Adams being vehe- mently accused by Jackson and his partisans as having in this way consummated a bargain by which the presidency had been secured. This was afterward proved to have no foundation whatever. During his administration, party lines became more distinct between the Whigs on the one side, advocating high tariff, internal improvements, and a national bank, and the Democrats on the other opposed to such measures. It was also at this time that the so-called “spoils system ’’was agitated, Mr. Adams taking a position similar to the practice of civil service afterward adopted, but Jackson claiming that " to the victors belong the spoils. ” During President Adams’s administra- tion General Lafayette was the nation’s guest ; he reached New York the middle of August, 1824, made a tour of the states which was virtually a con- tinuous triumphant ovation, and spent the last weeks of his stay at the White House in Washing- ton, where he celebrated his sixty-eighth birth- day, Sept. 6, 1825. He visited Jefferson. Madison and Monroe at their homes in Virginia, and took leave of President Adams and the country on the 7th of September. The parting between the president and his guest was touching. He embraced Mr. Adams twice and shed tears. The eloquent address of Mr. Adams and the admirable reply of Lafayette on this occasion are preserved. At the close of his administra- tion, failing of re-election, Mr. Adams returned to his home at Quincy. His residence there was not long, however, as he was elected to congress by the anti-Mason party in 1831, and served as a national representative for about six- teen years. During this long term of service he was never deterred by threats or by the large majority against him. He stood on principle and contended for the right, and nothing coidd make him swerve from any course which his conscience aj >proved. On taking his seat in Congress his first act was to present a memorial of the “Friends” in Philadelphia concerning the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. In 1835 he upheld Jackson in demanding from France the payment of 85,000,000 agreed upon for injury done our com- merce in the Napoleonic war. This course was not approved by Massachusetts and cost him a seat in the United States senate. This did not ADAMS. ADAMS. move his great soul, but confirmed his indepen- dence in adhering to what he deemed to be right. He was especially vigorous in defence of the right of petition, and it was with reference to it that the infamous ‘‘gag law” was passed in 1836, which provided that ‘ ' all petitions, memorials, resolutions or papers relating in any way or to any extent whatsoever to the subject of slavery, or the abolition of slavery, shall, without being either printed or referred, be laid upon the table, and that no further action whatever shall be had thereon.” Mr. Adams not only voted against this rule but added a vehement protest, saying : “ I hold the resolution to be a direct violation of the Constitution of the United States, the rules of this house, and the rights of my constituents.” Net only at this time but at every subsequent session of the house, Mr. Adams was outspoken against it, and at last had the satisfaction of hav- ing it revoked in 1845. He did not hesitate to express his detestation of slavery, and whenever any opening offered he uttered no uncertain words against it. With an anticipation of the future, which was well-nigh prophetic, he uttered words which became very significant in view of the Emancipation act of 1863. Without any mental reservation or secret evasion of mind, lie said in 1836 to the representatives of the slave- holding states, and their northern pro-slavery friends: "From the instant that your slave- holding states become the theatre of war — civil, servile, or foreign — - from that instant the war powers of the constitution extend to interference with the institution of slavery in every way in which it can be interfered with. ” A conspicuous instance of his ability to meet an unexpected crisis was given at the opening of the 26th Congress in December, 1839. There was a double delegation from New Jersey, and this was made use of as a stumbling block in the organiza- tion of the house. When the house assembles for the first time in new session, having no officer, the clerk of the preceding congress calls the mem- bers to order, reads the roll, and serves until a speaker is chosen. On calling the roll when the clerk came to New Jersey, he refused to proceed. Motions were made, debate followed, but no organization could be effected. “ Towards the close of the fourth day,” says Edward Everett, “ Mr. Adams rose, and expectation waited on his words. Having by a powerful appeal brought the yet unorganized assembly to a perception of its hazardous position, he submitted a motion re- quiring the acting clerk to proceed in calling the roll. This and similar motions had already been made by other members; the difficulty was, that the acting clerk declined to entertain them. Ac- cordingly, Mr. Adams was immediately inter- rupted by a burst of voices demanding — “ How shall [the question be put? ” “ Who will put the question?” The voice of Mr. Adams was heard above the turmoil, "I intend to put the question myself ! ” That word brought order out of chaos. There was the master-mind. A distinguished member from South Carolina (Mr. Rhett) moved that Mr. Adams himself should act as chairman of the body till the house was organized ; and suit- ing the action to the word, himself put the motion to the house. It prevailed unanimously, and Mr. Adams was conducted to the chair amidst the irrepressible acclamations of the spectators. Well did Mr. Wise of Virginia say: "Sir, I regard it as. the proudest hour of your life ; and if, when you shall be gathered to your fathers I were to select the words which, in my judgment, are best calcu- lated to give at once the character of the man, I would inscribe upon your tomb this sentence — ‘ I will put the question myself. ' ” In 1841, at the age of seventy-four, he appeared at the bar of the supreme court of the United States to plead the cause of Cinque and thirty other Africans who had been enslaved, sold in Cuba, and who slew the master of the “ Amistad,’’ which was deporting them to their owners’ plan- tations, drifted into United States waters, and were claimed by the Spanish authorities. The "old man eloquent ” made such a convincing plea for them that the captives were set at liberty, and were afterwards conveyed to their native shores through the contributions of generous philanthropists. Mr. Adams was stricken with paralysis in Nov- ember, 1846, and was confined to the house for four months. He recognized the fact that he had been sealed by the hand of death, and his letters and papers after this time were referred to by him as “posthumous.” Recovering slightly, he re- sumed his attendance upon the sessions of the house, and on Feb. 21. 1848, while in his seat, ex perienced a second and fatal attack. He was removed from the representative hall to the speaker’s room and lingered in an unconscious condition till the 23d, when just before his death, he revived and said, “ This is the last of earth;” and after a pause added, — “ I am content.” Many of his letters, public papers, lectures, speeches, and eulogies have been published. Among them his "Letters on Silesia” (1800-1804) ; ‘ ‘ Letter to Harrison Gray Otis on the Present State of our National Affairs” (1808); "Review of the Works of Fisher Ames” (1809) ; “ Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory” (1810); "Letters to his son on the Bible” (1848-1849); “Reports on Weights and Measures” (1821); "Letter to the Virginians in Answer to Slanders of General Alexander Smythe ” (1823); " Eulogy on the Life and Character of James Monroe” (1831); “ Der- mott MacMorrogh, or the Conquest of Ireland” (1832) ; “ Letters to Edward Livingston (against [31 J ADAMS. ADAMS. Free-Masonry (1833); “Letters to William L. Stone and B. Cowell on Masonry and Anti- Masonry ” ; “ Oration on the Life and Character of Gilbert Motier de Lafayette ” (1835) ; “ Eulogy on the Life and Character of James Madison ” (1836) ; “Jubilee of the Constitution ” (1839); and “Let- ters on the Masonic Institution” (1847). See also “Memoir of the Life of John Quincy Adams” (1858), by Josiah Quincy; John Quincy Adams: ‘ ‘ Memoirs comprising portions of his Diary from 1795 to 1848,” edited by his son Charles Francis Adams, 12 vols. 8 vo. (1874-77) ; “John Quincy Adams ” (Boston 1882), by John T. Morse Jr., and “ History of the Life, Administration and Times of John Quincy Adams” (1888), by J. R. Irelan, in vol. 6 of his “ History of the United States.” ADAMS, John Quincy, statesman, eldest son of Charles F. and Abigail Brooks Adams, was born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 22, 1833. He was graduated from Harvard college in 1853, and two years later was admitted to the Suffolk county bar. He followed his profession for a short time, then, becoming interested in agricult ure, he created a model farm of five hun- dred acres at Quincy, Mass. He served on Gov- erno r Andrew’s staff during t h e civil war, and sat in the state legis- lature in 1866 as representative for Quincy. He was originally an ad- vocate of ‘ ‘ Free Soil,” and a vigor- ous Supporter of the war policy of President Lincoln, but changed on “reconstruc- tion ” to President Johnson's policy, which re- sulted in his withdrawal from the Republican party, and prevented his re-election in the ensuing year. He was nominated by the Democrats for governor of Massachusetts in 1868, 1869, and 1870, but was not elected, and again served in the legis- lature in 1869 and 1870 as a Democrat. In 1870 he was for the fourth time an unsuccessful can- didate for the governorship, and in 1872 was candidate for the vice-presidency of the United States on the ticket with Charles O’Connor. In 1873 he was a candidate for lieutenant-gov- ernor of Massachusetts, with William Gaston for governor. In 1877 he was chosen a member of the Harvard corporation ; was nominated in 1884 for Congress in the Second Massachusetts district. but declined the nomination. In 1887 he accepted an appointment on the metropolitan sewer com- mission, and in 1891 became a member of the rapid transit commission. Mr. Adams inherited a large estate and acquired additional wealth. He was conspicuous in the town affairs of Quincy; the adoption of what is known as the “ Quincy School System” being due to his efforts while on the school board. He was invited to a seat in President Cleveland’s cabinet in 1892, but de- clined. Mr. Adams was a man of genuine ability, and of equally genuine indifference to what are termed “party honors.” He attended the First Unitarian church of Quincy, beneath which are buried the remains of his illustrious ancestors, the two Presidents. His published writings are : “Correspondence between John Quincy Adams and Wade Hampton; with speech of John Quincy Adams at Columbia, S. C.” (Boston, 1868); “Ap- peal to the Mechanics and Laboring Men of New England” (Fall River, 1870; Boston, 1870). He died Aug. 14. 1894. ADAMS, John R., clergyman, was born in Plainfield, Conn., in 1802, and at the age of nine- teen was graduated from Yale. He officiated as a clergyman until the breaking out of the civil war, when he went with the 5th Maine volunteers as chaplain. While engaged as such he rendered efficient and important service in the hospitals, and was publicly commended by his general offi- cers and the governor of Maine. His army work undermined his health, and resulted in his death April 26. 1866. ADAMS, Jonathan, civil engineer, was born in Taunton, Mass., July 8, 1798. He began work as an engineer on the Chesapeake & Ohio canal, which he abandoned for railroad engineering, and was prominent in the construction of many lines in New York and New England. He died Sept. 6. 1872. ADAMS, Julius Walker, civil engineer, was born in Boston. Mass., Oct. 18, 1812. After acting as engineer of the Cocliituate water works, Bos- ton. he became superintending engineer of the Erie railway. In 1852 he was given charge of the engineering department of the Kentucky central railroad, where he remained four years. In 1861 he was appointed colonel of the 67th New York volunteers, and served efficiently in the civil war. During the riots of 1863, when the New York Times and Tribune offices were threatened by a mob, he rendered valuable assistance as com- mander of the body of armed citizens who de- fended the buildings. He was engineer in the building of the East River suspension bridge, and held the important positions of chief engineer of the city works of Brooklyn, and consulting en- gineer of the board of public works of New York city. ADAMS. ADAMS. ADAMS, Myron, clergyman, was born at East Bloomfield, N. Y., March 12, 1841, son of Myron and Sarah (Taylor) Adams. In 1859 he entered Hamilton college, where he was graduated in 1863. He enlisted in the army as a private, later becoming corporal, hospital steward, 2d lieutenant, and assistant inspector-general. In 1863 he was attached to the signal corps and was signal officer on the “ Lackawanna ” at the battle of Mobile Bay. After the war he declined the rank of major, which was offered to him, and began the study of theology at the Auburn sem- inary, where he was graduated in 1868, and began preaching at Union Springs, N. Y. In this year he was married to Hester Rose, daughter of Rev. Prof. Samuel Miles and Mary (Heacock) Hopkins of Auburn, N. Y. In 1869 he removed to Dunkirk, and in 1876 accepted a call to Roches- ter, N. Y., where he was pastor of the Plymouth Congregational church. After preaching there five years Mr. Adams was obliged to announce to his people that his theological convictions would not accord with the orthodox statement of belief in several essential points; but though he resigned his pastorate the members of his church desired him to remain in the pulpit, the church thus be- coming a liberal organization bound by no creed. He was president of the Rochester academy of science, and in 1893 he received the degree of LL.D. from St. Lawrence university, Canton, N. Y. Among Mr. Adams’s published works are “Cain and Abel ” (1883) ; “ The Continuous Crea- tion : an Application of the Evolutionary Philos- ophy to the Christian Religion” (1889); and “Creation of the Bible” (1892). He died in Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1895. ADAMS, Nehemiah, clergyman, was born at Salem, Mass., Feb. 19, 1806. He was graduated from Harvard college at the age of twenty, and after studying theology at Andover he, in 1829, acted as colleague with the Rev. Abiel Holmes, pastor of the first church of Cambridge. In 1834 lie left this pastorate to take charge of the Essex street church, afterwards the Union church in Boston, remaining there during the rest of his life. He was prominent in the theological and ecclesiastical controversies of his time, and active in the work of evangelization as conducted by his own denomination, being an officer of the Ameri can tract society and of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions. In the midst of an element permeated with anti-slavery senti- ment, he made himself conspicuous and greatly unpopular by publishing in 1854, “South Side View of Slavery,” and his correspondence with Governor Wise of Virginia. In 1863 he published “Sable Cloud, a Southern Tale with Northern Comments.” which provoked much discussion. His less sensational books were: “The Coons in the Cell.” “ Spiritual Argument for Eternal Pun- ishment,” “Broadcast at Eventide,” “Life of John Eliot.” “ The Friends of Christ in the New Testament,” and “ Remarks on the Unitarian Belief. ” He made a yoyage around the world in 1869, and upon his return he published an account of his travels in “Under the Mizzenmast ” (1871). He died Oct. 6. 1878. ADAMS, Samuel, statesman, was born in Bos- ton, Mass., Sept. 16. 1722, son of Samuel and Mary (Fifield) Adams. His grandfather, John Adams, was a sea captain, brother of Joseph Adams of Braintree, who was grandfather of John Adams second President of the United States, and grand- son of Henry Adams, the first American ancestor, SEWALL HOUSE. who came from Devonshire. England, about 1636, and built his home near Mount Wollaston. Quincy, Mass. The elder Samuel Adams was a man of great wealth for the time, a brewer and ship- owner. and the proprietor of a large estate front- ing on Boston harbor, on which he built a palatial mansion. He was a member of the legislature of the colony, a justice of the peace, selectman, deacon in the Old South church, and a man who commanded the respect of his neighbors. He or- ganized the “caulkers club ” of Boston, made up of influential business men engaged in the shipping business, who met to determine on the men best fitted for office, and from this club the word “ caucus,” as applied to political gatherings, was derived. His son enjoyed the companionship of the best people of Boston, and was influenced by a rigidly pious mother. As a boy. he met all the strong men of the colony who were accustomed to gather at his father’s house, and, as a listener, early caught the spirit of liberty that pervaded the atmosphere of the period. When he entered Harvard college he was far advanced in general information and was diligent and studious. He was graduated in 1740. when only eighteen years old, and at the wish of his father he entered upon a course in theology, expecting to become a clergy- 133 ] ADAMS. ADAMS. man. This did not suit his views and he began to study law, which he left, at the wisli of his mother, to learn business in a counting room. Upon arriving at his majority in 1743, he attended the commencement exercises at Harvard and there received his degree as master of arts, select- ing as his thesis, the proposition that “It is lawful to resist the supreme magistrate if the Common- wealth cannot be otherwise preserved.” Seated on the platform during its delivery was Governor Shirley and the other crown officials who repre- sented the “ supreme magistrate.” Young Adams was a strict Calvinist, and a zealous member of the Old South church. His father soon gave him one thousand pounds that he might begin business for himself, but he sunk the whole amount, half by a bad loan and the other half in his business. Next he joined his father in carrying on a malt house on lus father’s estate on Purchase street. His father died in 1748 and left him one-third of his estate. In 1749 he married Elizabeth Checkley, daughter of the minister of the New South re- ligious society in Sum- mer street, which his father had been in- strumental in found- ing in 1718. He con- tinued the business of the malt house, and this gave rise to the title ‘ ‘ Sammy the Malster,” bestowed up- on him by his political opponents. Massachu- setts had issued paper money and coin had been driven from cir- culation. An inflation of prices resulted, attended with disastrous fluctu- ations. British merchants trading with the colony complained of the paper currency, and the people, as represented in the legislature, opposed the board of trade, which was sustained by the governor. This condition led to the formation of two banking companies, the people taking the stocks of the “land bank,” or “manufactory scheme,” which issued £150,000, redeemable in pro- duce after twenty years, and Mr. Adams’s father became a large shareholder. The ‘ ‘ silver scheme ” was patronized by the merchants, who issued £110,000 in notes, to be redeemed in silver in ten years. The land bank had 800 stockholders, and they were influential in the legislature, and as a political power succeeded in causing the removal of Governor Belcher. The plans of both of these banking companies were frustrated by an act of parliament that was extended to the colonies, an old law of England forbidding any joint-stock company having over six shareholders. The two banks were therefore obliged to redeem their script and suspend business. As the individual shareholders were personally responsible it brought ruin to many of the larger holders. In 1758 an attempt was made to seize the Adams estate to satisfy a claim against his father on account of his personal liability in the “ land bank.” Samuel resisted the attempt, and held off the levy till the colonial legislature released the directors from personal liability. In 1756 he was made collector of taxes, and as the payment of taxes was slow the delinquency was recorded in the Boston town records as against the collec- tors, naming the sum to be £9.878. The tones charged the deficiency against Adams; and Hutchinson, the last royalist governor, in his history of the colony called it a “defalcation.” In the transactions of the Massachusetts histor- ical society for 1883, a complete disproval of the charge is recorded. In 1757 Mr. Adams’s wife died and left two children, a son and a daughter. His malt house was a failure. He had lost his other property, save only the an- cestral home on Purchase street, and this was much out of repair. In this dark hour, he was one of five men appointed by the town of Boston to instruct the representatives just elected to the general court as to the wishes of the people of the town of Boston, and Samuel Adams wrote out America’s first protest against the plan of Lord Grenville for taxing the colonies. Indeed in his capacity as clerk of the legisla- ture he was the author of nearly all the papers that were drawn up against impositions of the British government. The patriot party found in him its very soul. His instructions were read before the general court May 24, 1764, and the original draft of the document is preserved, hav- ing been the property of George Bancroft, the historian, at the time of his death. On Dec. 6, 1764, Mr. Adams was married to Elizabeth Wells. In Boston the news of the passage of the stamp act by the British parliament called out deter- mined resistance. Hutchinson’s house was de- stroyed and his family barely escaped the infuriated mob. The general assembly was to convene in September, and Samuel Adams again prepared the instructions for the Boston mem- bers. John Adams had written the instructions for the Quincy members, and the Gazette printed both documents. Samuel Adams was elected to a vacancy in the Assembly Sept. 27, 1765, and the day he was sworn in, Bernard, the royalist gov- ernor, prorogued the legislature. In October, 1765, he began his service in behalf of revolution as the only remedy, for oppression, and advocated it in tire colonial assembly continuously until 1774, when he was sent as a representative to the Colonial Congress at Philadelphia, and there con- ADAMS. ADAMS. tinued the agitation. Great Britain felt the force of the man who was opposing her, and stood ready to forgive all in rebellion but Samuel Adams and John Hancock. She realized that the American colonies could not he brought under subjection so long as such fearless advocates of liberty were throwing down the gauntlet. He was a leading spirit in the first Continental Con- gress. and the first man to publicly advocate inde- pendence. His eloquence hastened the Declara- tion of Independence in Congress, and induced Massachusetts to adopt the constitution of the United States. All the energies of the man were poured out in the cause he loved ; he gave little thought to the accumulation of money, and his was the pure, incorruptible patriotism that scorns to acquire it in public office. Most of his life he was poor. His more frugal wife soon attended to all money matters, and it was not until after the death of his only son, who left him a small property, that he was in comfortable circumstances. On the same day of the occurrence of the “ Boston massacre,” at the town meeting held in the Old South meeting-house, March 5, 1770, Mr. Adams as chairman of the committee communicated to Governor Hutchinson the demand of the inhab- itants that the troops should be removed from the city. Hutchinson offered to remove one regiment, and Adams returned through the crowded streets to the meeting-house, quickly passing the watchword, “both regiments or none,” and when the vote was demanded the 5000 voices shouted, “ both regiments or none.” Adams re- turned with the ultimatum of the people, and warned Hutchinson that if the two regiments were not removed before nightfall they remained at his peril, and before the sun set they were removed to the castle in the harbor. The people of Massachusetts next demanded that judges holding office at the pleasure of the king should be paid by the crown and not by the colonies, and at the same time the judges were threatened with impeachment if they accepted a penny from the crown. Adams, when Hutchinson refused to convene the legislature to decide the question of the judges’ salaries, proposed “committees of correspondence ” in each town to consult as to the common welfare. This legally a proper act, was virtually an act of revolution, as the gov- ernor had no power over such an organization. Within a month eighty towns had chosen com- mittees, and the system, that afterwards extended to all the colonies, was in operation. It was by such stages that the revolutionary government was formed . with Samuel Adams as the leading spirit. When the legislature convened at Salem, June 17, 1774, he locked the doors, put the key in his pocket and carried through his plan for conven- ing a congress of the colonies at Philadelphia on the first of September. A tory member, feigning sickness, was let out. and informed Governor Hutchinson; who, however, could not gain ad- mission to serve a writ to dissolve the assembly, and when the business at hand was finished the last Massachusetts legislature under sovereign au- thority had adjourned sine die. James Bovvdoin, Thomas Cushing, Samuel Adams, John Adams, and Robert Treat Paine were elected to meet the delegates from other colonial assemblies in Phila- delphia, and £500 was appropriated to pay their expenses, each town being assessed according to the tax list. Cushing, the two Adams and Paine departed from Boston Aug. 10, 1774. in a stage coach, Bowdoin being detained by the illness of his wife. In the first meeting of the first Continental Congress it was proposed to open the session with prayer, but this was opposed by John Jay, an Episcopalian, on the ground that the members belonging, as they did, to various sects and de- nominations. could not be expected to unite in formal worship. Samuel Adams replied that “he was no bigot, and could hear a prayer from a gen- tleman of piety and virtue, who was at the same time a friend of his country;” that “ he was a stranger in Philadelphia, but he had heard that Mr. Duchd deserved that character, and there- from he moved that Mr. Duche, an Episcopal clergyman, might be desired to read prayers to Congress.” New York, Virginia and South Carolina had been distrustful of the extreme policy heretofore pursued by Massachusetts, but this evidence of friendship from her most prominent representa- tive disarmed opposition ; and the delegates from these states, mostly Episcopalians, were greatly pleased, as were those from Pennsylvania, Mr- Duchd being the most popular preacher in Phila- delphia. On Nov. 9, 1774, Adams was back in Boston, organizing and promoting rebellion. On the fifth anniversary of the Boston massacre, March 5, 1775, Samuel Adams presided at a gath- ering in the Old South meeting-house, and Joseph Warren delivered the oration. The city was oc- cupied by eleven regiments of British troops and many of the officers were in the meeting. Adams’s tact as presiding officer prevented an outbreak. Then in April followed the expeditions of the British troops to Concord and Lexington, and the attempted seizure of the stores gathered there, which aroused the people, who successfully drove them back. Adams and Hancock had departed from Boston for Philadelphia secretly, as General Gage had published his instructions from the Brit- ish government to arrest Samuel Adams and “his willing and ready tool ” John Hancock, and send them over to London to be tried for high ADAMS ADAMS. treason. A plan was made to seize them at Lex- ington. April 19, but they were forewarned by Paul Revere, while stopping at the house of Rev. Jonas Clark. There was a guard about the house, and when Revere rode up to warn the patriot leaders he was told not to make so much noise. “Noise!” was his reply, “you’ll have noise enough before long; the regulars are coming on.” After the warning by Revere, Adams and Han- cock went to a hill, southeast of Mr. Clark's, then well wooded, and remained until the British troops had passed on to Concord. They were after- wards taken to the home of Madam Jones in Bur- lington. — the Sewall house shown in an illustra- tion in this article. From thence, on a new alarm, they went to Billerica. While walking in the field, after hearing the firing at Lexington, Adams said to one of his companions, “It is a fine day.” “ Very pleasant,” was the reply, having reference to the brightness of the dawning day. “ I mean,” was the earnest and prophetic reply, “ I mean this is a glorious day for America.” They made their way to Philadelphia in time for the second session of Congress, May 10, 1775. Here lie stood almost alone in proposing immediate separation from the mother country. On June 12tli General Gage proclaimed pardon “ to all per- sons who should lay down their arms and return to the duties of peaceful subjects, excepting only from the benefits of such pardon, Samuel Adams and John Hancock, whose offences are of too flagitious a nature to admit any other considera- tion than that of condign punishment.” The army hastily-gathered around Boston, and which had done so good service at Concord and Lexing- ton, was adopted by Congress through the efforts of Samuel and John Adams, and on his return home he found that the “territory of Massachu- setts Bay ” had been founded, and that he had been made one of the first eighteen councillors, and shortly after he was made secretary of state- Forthwith he made his home in Cambridge. On June 17, 1775, the battle of Bunker Hill was fought, and General Warren killed; and on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed, and Samuel Adams “reached the most triumphant moment of his life.” He helped to frame the state constitution of Massachusetts in 1780, but hesitated in accepting the constitution of the United States as framed in 1787, although he did not actively oppose it ; and in the Massa- chusetts convention of 1788. having the document under consideration, he for two weeks sat silent listening to the arguments of the other members. He then decided to support it, and reserved only the condition that the new congress should con- sider amendments in the nature of a bill of rights. His decision to act secured Massachusetts to the Union, and carried the convention by a vote of 187 yeas to 168 nays. It was this proposed amend- ment of Samuel Adams that led to the attaching of the first ten amendments to the constitution as declared in force Dec. 15, 1791. In 1789 Mr. Adams was elected lieutenant-governor of Massa- chusetts, and in 1794 was chosen its governor, serving three terms. His only son, Samuel, was educated at Harvard, graduating with the class of 1771. He then studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Warren and served as surgeon in the Con- tinental army, whereby he so undermined his health that he died in Boston in 1788. On retiring from the executive office of Massachusetts in 1797, Samuel Adams retired to private life, taking up his residence on Winter street. Boston, where he died Oct. 2, 1803. ADAMS, Samuel, surgeon, was born in Maine. But little is published of his early life. In 1862 he joined the federal army as regimental surgeon, serving first in the permanent hospitals, and later with the army of the Potomac. He rose, by meri- torious service in the field, to the rank of medical inspector of the ninth army corps. On one oc- casion toward the close of the war. Surgeon Adams saved the life of General Potter by riding to the place where he lay wounded on the field, and dressing his wounds under fire. He was also brevetted for “ meritorious conduct at the capture of Petersburg.” After the close of the war he was ordered to Texas, where he attended the soldiers at the U. S. army post where the yellow fever had broken out. and his last services were to his stricken companions, to whom he admin- istered both physical and spiritual comfort until he was himself a victim to the disease, and died Sept 9. 1867. ADAMS, Seth, manufacturer, was born at Rochester, N. H., April 13. 1807. He learned the trade of cabinet making, and in 1828 removed to Boston to work in a machine shop. He mastered the business and in 1831 engaged in it on his own account. In 1833 he engaged with his brother. Isaac, the inventor of the printing press, and be- came its sole manufacturer. When his brother invented his power-press Seth enlarged his estab- lishment, and continued to build the machines for sixteen years, during which time the Adams press was introduced into every first -class print- ing-office in America, many also being sent abroad. The two brothers then joined their interests under the firm name, I. & S. Adams, and so continued until 1856. In 1849 he took charge of the Adams sugar refining business, for many years the second largest in the country. This yielded him a hand- some fortune, which he generously shared with worthy charities, leaving at his death a sum to found Adams nervine asylum in West Roxbury, Mass., as well as a legacy to Bowdoin college. He died Dec. 7, 1873. 1361 ADAMS. ADAMS. ADAHS, Sherman Wolcott, lawyer, was born at Wethersfield, Conn., May (i, 1836. His early life was passed upon the farm and in the country store of his father, Welles Adams. He was edu- cated at the academy of his native town, and at Alger institute, Cornwall, Conn., but did not take a college course. He was graduated from the Harvard law school, taking the degree of LL.B. in 1861. Upon the outbreak of the civil war he was commis- sioned as acting assis- tant paymaster in the navy, and served on a gunboat in the Gulf of Mexico during the greater part of the war. U p o n his discharge from the naval service he commenced the practice of his profes- sion at Hartford, Conn. Mr. Adams has made and published transla- tions from the French, German, and Italian, the most important of which is an annotated English version of Eugene Tenot’s “ Coup d’Etat of 1851 ” (New York. 1870). He contributed to the local history of Hartford county; more especially to Hartford, Wethersfield, and the neighboring towns. The more important of these are con- tained in the “Memorial History of Hartford County” ( Boston, 1886 ). Many articles from his pen of an antiquarian character, including papers originally read before the Connecticut historical society, have been published. The topographical survey in Connecticut of 1895, under the direction of the United States geological survey, was due mainly to the efforts of Mr. Adams, who was the author of the resolution passed by the legislature of Connecticut in 1889, providing for the co-oper- ation of the State with the national government in the work. ADAMS, William, clergyman, was born at Colchester, Conn., Jan. 25, 1807, son of John and Elizabeth Ripley Adams. His father was for twenty-three years principal of Phillips academy, Andover. Mass. In 1827 the son was graduated from Yale college; in 1830 from Andover theo- logical seminary. In 1831 he was ordained as pastor of the Congregational church at Brighton, Mass., which congregation he served for three years, and in 1834 became pastor of the Central Presbyterian church of New York, where he remained twenty years. In 1852 he was chosen moderator of the new-school general assembly of the Presbyterian church which met at Washing- ton. D. C. In 1853, having outgrown their church building, the congregation founded the Madison square Presbyterian church, afterwards one of the largest church edifices in New York. Here lie ministered to the congregation for twenty years, resigning in October, 1873, to take the chair of sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology in connection with the presidency of the Union theological seminary of New York city. As a man, Mr. Adams enjoyed an enviable reputa- tion for charity and usefulness, and as a pulpit orator he ranked very high. He wrote several religious books and edited the works of Robert Hall (1830). His published works include : “The Three Gardens: Eden, Gethsemane, and Para- dise” (1859); “The Spirit of Hebrew Poetry” (1861); “Thanksgiving: Memories of the Day and Kelps to the Habit” (1865); and “Conver- sations of Jesus Christ with Representative Men ” (1868). The University of the city of New York gave him the degree of D. D. in 1842, and Prince- ton college that of LL.D. in 1869. In 1871 Dr. Adams was sent by the evangelical alliance to in- tercede with the emperor of Russia in behalf of dissenters from the Greek church in the Baltic provinces, who claimed religious liberty, his mission being entirely successful, and the same year served as delegate from the general assembly of the Presbyterian church in America to the general assembly in Scotland, and to the Free church assembly. At the general council of the Presbyterian church, held at Edinburgh in 1877, he responded to the address of welcome by the lord provost of that city. He was a leader of the new-school board of the Presbyterian church, and in its efforts to re- unite the two bodies, was a chief advocate. At the great gathering of representatives of the various Protestant churches of the world, at an evangelical alli- ance in New York city Oct. 3, 1873. Dr. Adams delivered the address of welcome, in which he announced his creed as follows: “ We meet to express and manifest our Christian unity. Divers are the names we bear, both as to countries and churches — • German, French, Swiss, Dutch, English, Scotch, Irish, Lutheran, Reformed Anglican. Presby- terian, Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, Independ- ent, but we desire and intend to show that amid all this variety of form and circumstances, there is a real unity of faith and life, believing, accord- ing to the familiar expression of our common T37J ADAMS. AD DICKS. Christian creed, ‘ In the Holy Catholic church ’ and the communion of saints.” The Sunday fol- lowing this address, he held in his church a notable communion service, representing every denomination and nearly every nation in the world. The dean of Canterbury assisted at the service, and the denominational representatives sharply criticised the good doctor for thus going beyond the bounds of evangelism, but a published reply fully answered the objectors. He wit- nessed, as the fruit of a sermon preached to em- ployers on their duty to employees, the organiza- tion of the Young Men’s Christian Association of New York. The American Bible society, the American board of foreign missions, and the American tract society, each had for years the benefit of his council, as did the denominational societies of his church, He was for fifteen years president of the New York institution for the in- struction of the deaf and dumb. His last sermon was preached before the graduating class at West Point, June 6, 1880. He died August 31. 1880. ADAMS, William Forbes, second bishop of Easton, and 109th in succession in the American Episcopate, was born in Enniskillen, Ireland, Jan. 2, 1833. At an early age he was brought to America by his parents, who settled in Kentucky. Young Adams was fitted for Yale, but pecuniary reverses attendant upon the failure of his father in business, obliged him to forego his plans. He bravely accepted the change in his circumstances, obtained a mercantile situation, and in his leisure time studied law. At the age of twenty-one he was admitted to the Mississippi bar. He removed to Tennessee, and pursued his theological studies with a view to entering the church ; he returned to Mississippi before the completion of his course, and was ordained a deacon in St. Andrew’s church, Jackson, Miss., in 1859; he was admitted to full orders July 29, 1860. His first charge, which he held for six years, was St. Paul’s, Wood- ville, Miss. ; in 1866 he became rector of St. Peter’s, New Orleans, and took charge of St. Paul’s in the same city the following year, where he remained until his consecration as first mission- ary bishop of New Mexico and Arizona in 1875. He accepted the duties of his charge with every promise of abundant success, but the fatigues of the long and painful journeys, necessary in so new and extensive a diocese, undermined a con- stitution already impaired by his ministrations to sufferers from yellow fever in Louisiana, and compelled his resignation, which in 1877 was ac cepted by the house of bishops. From 1876 to 1887 Dr. Adams was rector of Holy Trinity. Vicks- burg, Miss., when he was again elected to the episcopal office, as bishop of Easton. He re- ceived the degreeof D.C.L. from the university of the South, Sewanee, Tenn. ADAMS, William Taylor, “Oliver Optic,” author, was born at Medway, Mass., July 30, 1822. His father was proprietor of the Lamb Tavern, afterwards the Adams House, in Boston, and the boy was educated at the public schools of that city and began life as a teacher, being con- nected at various times with the Harris school in Dorchester and the Dwight, Boylston, and Bow- ditch schools in Boston. In 1853 he published his first volume, called ‘ ‘ Hate hie, the Guardian Slave ; or, The Heiress of Bellevue,” which was not a suc- cess, under his pen name, “Oliver Optic.” The following year “The Boat Club” appeared, and was so well received that it was followed by five other volumes, the six constituting “The Boat Club Series.” Then other series appeared, repre- senting from six to ten volumes each: “Army and Navy Stories”; “Boat Builders’ Series”; “Great Western Series”; “Lake Shore Series”; “Onward and Upward Series”; the “Riverdale Story Books ” ; “ Starry Flag Series ” ; “ Household Library”; “Blue and the Gray- Afloat”; “Blue and the Gray-on Land” ; “ All-Over-the World Series ” ; “Woodville Stories”; “Yacht Club Series,” and “ Young America Abroad Series.” His first book, “The Boat Club,” passed through more than sixty editions, and it is estimated that more than 1, 100,000 copies of his books have been sold. From 1858 to 1866 he edited The Student and School- mate ; from 1867 to 1875 Oliver Optic’ s Magazine ; in 1881 he became connected with the Russell Pub- lishing Company, editing Our Little Ones ; and he also edited for a time Our Boys and Girls. In 1869 Mr. Adams was elected to the Massachusetts legis- lature, and declined a re-nomination the follow- ing year. He crossed the ocean more than a score of times, visiting every country in Europe and going to Asia and Africa. His published short stories number more than one thousand, and his books more than one hundred. In 1895 he published “Across India; or, Live Boys in the Far East”; “A Lieutenant at Eighteen.” and “ In the Saddle.” He died March 27, 1897. ADDICKS, George B., educator, was born at Hampton, Rock Island county, 111., Sept. 9, 1854, son of Gerhard and Mary (Franke) Addicks. Both his parents were natives of Germany, his father emigrating from Oldenburg and his mother from Hanover. The boy was educated in the public and parochial schools, and pursued his classical studies at central Wesleyan college. War- renton, Mo., where he was graduated in 1874. and his theological course at the Biblical institute Evanston. 111. He was licensed to preach in 1871. In 1875 he was tutor in the central Wesleyan col- lege, and in 1876 professor of the German language in the German college and Iowa Wesleyan univer- ersity. Mt. Pleasant. Iowa, holding the position for seven years. He then served the First German ADEE. ADLER. M. E. church at Pekin, 111., five years, and in 1889 was called to the chair of practical and historical theology in central Wesleyan college, Warren- ton, Mo., and was made president of the institu- tion in 1894. ADDISON, Walter Dulany, clergyman, was horn at Annapolis, Md., Jan. 1, 1769, son of Thomas and Rebecca ( Dulany ) Addison. His classical education was acquired at Greenwich, Eng., where he remained from 1784 until 1787. He then removed to Epsom and continued his studies under his uncle, rector of the parish, and completed his education under Dr. Barrow in London. In 1789 he returned to America, where he studied theology. In June 1792, he married Elizabeth D. Hesselius, and the following year was ordained a priest. His was the first ordination made by Bishop Thomas J. Claggett, the first P. E. bishop consecrated in America. Immediately after his ordination, Mr. Addison took charge of Queen Anne’s parish, Prince George’s county, re- siding at Oxon Hill. This parish he resigned in 1796, and occupied his time by preaching at dif- ferent churches in the neighborhood. Before leaving Queen Anne’s he visited Washington city, having heard that there was no Episcopal church there, and at the invitation of the Presbyterian minister held services in his church for the benefit of some Episcopal families. This work he con- tinued for some years, and finally succeeded in erecting a church building, which was completed in 1804, and has been since known as the “ Old Church” (St. John’s). Shortly after this he established a school at Hart Park, where he edu- cated and clothed six or more pupils free of cost, and later found employment for them. About the year 1800 he decided to gradually emancipate his slaves, the men when they reached the age of twenty-five, and the women at twenty. This effort did not prove advantageous to the intended beneficiaries, only a few proving themselves worthy of freedom and one selling himself back into slavery. In 1801 he became rector of Broad Creek parish, remaining there until 1809, when he accepted a calk to St. John’s parish, Georgetown, D. C. He served the parish for seventeen years, resigning to take charge of the Rock Creek church, for which, years before, he had raised several hundred dollars to cover with wood the earth, which was the original floor of the edifice. Blind- ness overtook him twenty-one years before his death, notwithstanding which he continued in his path of usefulness. He died in Baltimore. Md., Jan. 31, 1848. ADEE, Daniel, publisher, was born at Pleasant Valley, Dutchess county, N. Y., about 1819. His meagre education was acquired at the village schools, and in 1836 he went to New York, enter- ing the employ of Harper & Brothers. After be- coming thoroughly familiar with the printing business, he opened a publishing and printing office of his own on Fulton street, where he built up an excellent trade. After a few years he was obliged to remove to larger quarters, occupy- ing three buildings in Centre street. Here he was the first in America to publish Newton’s '• Prin- cipal ” and Braithwaite’s *' Retrospect.” In 1840 he removed to Frankfort street. A conflagration destroying his establishment in 1843, Mr. Adee did not rebuild, but in 1845 founded the New York cast-steel works, an innovation in the United States. This company finally developed into the continental steel and iron company on Furman’s Island. In 1870, this business, hitherto successful, was discontinued on account of com- petition, and Mr. Adee once more became a printer and publisher. He died at East Williams- burg, N. Y., April 25, 1892. ADEN, Ebenezer, revolutionary soldier, was born in Northampton, Mass., Oct. 17, 1743. At the age of twenty -four he removed to Poultney, Vt., and in company with a brother-in-law began the first settlement of that town. He was soon afterward appointed captain of a company of minutemen, and served in Colonel Herrick’s regi- ment of rangers during the revolutionary war. He distinguished himself for gallantry at the battle of Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777. In the month following he led the attack against the British post on Mount Defiance, and subsequently captured fifty of Burgoyne’s rear guard on their retreat from Ticonderoga. He was commissioned a major for his gallantry, and his after exploits won for him a high reputation as a partisan leader. He died March 26. 1806. ADLER, Cyrus, educator, was born at Van Buren, Ark., Sept. 13,1863. His parents removed to Philadelphia, Pa., in 1864, and there he at- tended the public schools. He entered the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1879, and was gradu- ated in 1883. He afterwards pursued Oriental studies in Jolms-Hopkins university, was ap- pointed university scholar there in 1884. and was fellow in Semitic languages from 1885 to 1887, when he received the degree of Pli.D., and was appointed instructor in Semitic languages. He was promoted to be associate professor in 1890. In 1877 he was appointed assistant curator of the section of Oriental antiquities in the United States national museum, and had charge of an exhibit of biblical archaeology at the centennial exposition of the Ohio valley in 1888. He was a commis- sioner for the world’s Columbian exposition to the Orient in 1890, and he passed sixteen months in Turkey, Syria, Egypt. Tunis, Algiers, and Mo- rocco securing exhibits. On Dec. 1, 1892, he was appointed librarian of the Smithsonian in- stitution at Washington. He was made lecturer ADLER. AGASSIZ. on biblical archaeology in the Jewish theological seminary in New York, and a member of the executive board and publication committee of the American Jewish publication society, and also a member of various learned societies. He con- tributed papers on Oriental philology and archae- ology (especially Assyrian) to the Journal of the American Oriental Society; also to the Proceed- ings of the American Philological Association , the Andover Review, Hebraiea, Johns- Hopkins University Circular, and reviews to the New York Nation, and the Ph iladelphia North Ameri- can. ADLER, Felix, author, was born in Alzey, Germany, Aug. 13, 1851, the son of Samuel Adler, a prominent Hebrew rabbi. After his graduation from Columbia college, New York, at the age of nineteen, he went abroad. He studied first at Berlin and later at the university of Heidelberg, which in 1873 conferred upon him the degree of Ph.D. Again returning to America he entered Cornell university as professor of Hebrew and Oriental literature, occupying the chair from 1874 to 1876. In May of the latter year he founded the society for ethical culture in New York, which at once began instituting many admirable chari- ties, among them a free kindergarten, — the first of its kind in America. — a system of furnishing competent nurses to the poor, a workingman’s school, and a home for poor and uncaredfor children. Dr. Adler is the author of : “ Creed and Deed Discourses” (1877); “The Ethics of the Political Situation ” (1884); and “The Moral In- struction of Children ” (1892). ADLER, George J., philologist, was born in Germany in 1821. In 1833 he came to America with his parents, who settled in New York city, where the boy attended the public schools and en- tered the university of the city of New York, from which he was graduated with honors at the age of twenty-three. Two years later he was made professor of German in that institution, which position he filled for eight years. He pre- pared a German-English dictionary, which was published in 1848, and a German grammar and other German text-books which followed, and which are acknowledged to be the best books yet published in America. He published in 1868 “Poetry of the Arabs in Spain,” which he had delivered as a popular lecture ; and the same year, “ Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Linguistic Studies,” and a translation of Fauriel’s “ History of Proven- gal Poetry.” His mind became impaired during the last years of his life, and he died at Blooming- dale asylum, New York city, Aug. 24, 1868. ADLER, Samuel, clergyman, was born in Worms, Germany, Dec. 3, 1809, son of a Hebrew rabbi, and was trained by his father to follow in his footsteps. From his early childhood he was taught rabbinic literature, and when old enough he was sent to the rabbinic high school at Frank- fort. After finishing his studies there he went to Bonn and Giessen, where he studied Oriental lan- guages and philosophy for five years, leaving in 1836 to become a minister in Worms. In 1842 he removed to Alzey, as town and circuit rabbi. In the years 1844-’46 he attended the rabbi conven- tions held in Brunswick, Frankfort, and Breslau, and in 1856 removed to New York city, where, in 1857, his installation as rabbi of the Temple Emanu-El occurred. He was a highly -respected citizen of New York, keeping in touch with mod- ern thought and progress, and accomplishing a vast amount of good. His son, Prof. Felix Adler, founded the society of ethical culture. Dr. Adler died in New York city. June 9, 1891. AGASSIZ, Alexander Emmanuel Rudolph, zoologist, was born in Neuehatel, Switzerland, Dec. 17, 1835, son of Louis and Cecile (Braun) Agassiz. He came to the United States with his father when he was eleven years of age. and, com- pleting his academical course, entered Harvard and was graduated in 1855. He studied en- gineering in the Law- rence scientific school, and after taking his degree pursued a post- graduate course in chemistry, at the same time teaching that science in a young ladies’ seminary con- ducted by his father. In 1859 he was appoint- ed assistant to the United States coast survey in California, and was engaged on the northwest bound- ary, where lie collected and afterwards em-iclied the Harvard museum of comparative zoology by specimens that he had collected and studied. Upon his return in 1860 he was made assistant in zoology at the Peabody museum, taking full charge during his father’s visit to Brazil in 1865. The same year he became interested in coal min- ing in Pennsylvania, and in 1866 made some in- vestigations in the copper mines of Lake Superior, and became president of the Calumet and Hecla mining company, which corporation paid to its stockholders over $50,000,000 in dividends prior to 1895. This brought Agassiz a very large fortune, which he used in munificent gifts to the Harvard museum, of which he became assistant curator, and, after the death of his father, curator. These gifts aggregated over 8500.000. and were mostly spontaneous responses to needs that presented GO] Cl AGASSIZ. AGASSIZ. themselves in his daily work. In addition to in- teresting himself in the scientific work involved in his position, Professor Agassiz was, in 18T3, superintendent of the Anderson school of natural history on Penikese Island. He was a member of the scientific expedition to South America in 1875, where he inspected the copper mines of Peru and Chili, and made extended surveys of Lake Titicaca, besides collecting invaluable Peru- vian antiquities, which he gave to the Peabody museum. He assisted Sir Charles Wyville Thom- son, the Scotch zoologist, in arranging and classify- ing the product of the expedition of the Challenger in her voyage of 68,900 miles of deep-sea explora- tion in 1872-76. Of the fruits of this remarkable voyage Agassiz brought to America a valuable collection, and wrote one of the final reports on the zoology of the expedition, that on Echini. The United States coast survey placed at his dis- posal the steamer Blake, on board of which he spent his winters from 1876 to 1881, principally in the West Indies in deep-sea dredging. Pro- fessor Agassiz served as an overseer of Harvard university, and was a fellow until 1885. His society membership embraced the American as- sociation for the advancement of science, the National academy of science, and numerous other scientific associations in all parts of the world. His pamphlet publications are largely on subjects connected with marine zoology, and are to be found in the bulletins and memoirs of the Pea- body museum, Harvard university. With Mrs. Elizabeth C. Agassiz he wrote : “ Seaside Studies in Natural History ” (1865); “ Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay” (1871), and the fifth volume of “ Contributions to the Natural History of the United States,” completing the work left unfin- ished by his father. On Jan. 1, 1896, he was appointed an officer of the legion of iionor of France. AGASSIZ, Jean Louis Rudolphe, naturalist, was .born in the village of Motier-en-Vuly, in the Canton Fribourg, Switzerland, May 28, 1807, son of Louis Rudolphe and Rose (Mayor) Agassiz. His father was a Protestant clergyman, as had been his progenitors for six generations. His mother, the daughter of a physician, a woman of intellect and refinement, assisted her husband in the education of her boys. Louis early de- veloped a passionate fondness for birds and ani- mals of all sorts, and he observed their habits and characteristics with great accuracy and intelligence. In the parsonage garden stood a large stone basin full of spring water, and in this the embryo ichthyologist had quite a collec- tion of fishes before he was five years of age. In 1817 he was sent to a gymnasium at Bienne, where he became proficient in ancient and modern languages. In 1822 he entered the college at [ 41 ] Lausanne, where he had access to a fine biolog- ical collection owned by Professor Chavannes, the director of the cantonal museum. It had been intended by his parents that Louis should follow commercial pursuits, but his singular apti- tude for scientific study led them to change their plans and allow him to fit himself for the study of medicine; he, there- fore, in 1824 began his medical studies at Zurich, where he benefited greatly by the kindness of Pro- fessor Schinz, who held the chair of natural history and physiology, and who allowed the youth- ful scientist free access to his private library and to his valuable collection of birds. In 1826 he passed to the Uni- versity of Heidelberg, where he made the ac- quaintance of Alexander Braun, like himself an enthusiastic naturalist. Their friendship was of mutual benefit. An interesting item in connection with his studies at Heidelberg is the fact that the magnificent collection of fossils owned by Profes sor Broun, the palaeontologist, and used by him in giving Agassiz his first important palaeontological instruction, was bought in 1859 by the museum of comparative zoology in Cambridge, Mass., and was there used by Agassiz in instructing his Am- erican pupils. Agassiz in 1827 entered the univer- sity of Munich, and the lodging-rooms of him- self and Braun, who was again his fellow-student, were the headquarters for the “ Little Academy,” an organization started by Agassiz, and over which he presided. There the most earnest and energetic young spirits of the university met to discuss scientific problems and to disclose to each other the results of their investigations in the va- rious fields in which they were interested. Many of the professors attended these student lectures, and some of Professor Dollinger’s most important physiological discoveries were there made known for the first time. In the summer of 1828, Von Martius proposed to Agassiz that he should write a description of a collection of some 116 specimens of fishes brought from Brazil by his lately de- ceased friend and colleague, J. B. De Spix. To this highly flattering proposition Agassiz assented with reluctance, fearing the work might too greatly interrupt his studies. He arranged and classified the collection in a most original manner, and the work, written in Latin and illustrated by twenty-nine handsome plates, made its appearance AGASSIZ. AGASSIZ. in 1829. Agassiz was barely twenty -two years of age, and had just received the degree of Pli.D. from the university of Erlangen, when this his first published work brought him into prominence and won for him the recognition and commenda- tion of the chief naturalists of the old world. He received his degree of M.D. from the university of Munich, April, 1830, the dean in conferring it remarking : ‘ ‘ The faculty have been very much pleased with your answers; they congratulate themselves on being able to give the diploma to a young man who has already acquired so hon- orable a reputation.” The subject of his gradu- ating thesis was, “The Superiority of Woman over Man.” He had already begun his “Fresh Water Fishes, ” and in December, 1829. he commenced collecting material for a work on fossil fishes, for which purpose he visited the collections in the imperial museum in Vienna, reaching his father’s house at Concise on the 30th of December, 1830. Here he passed nearly a year, with his artist, M. Dinkel, preparing plates and letterpress for ‘ ‘ Fossil Fishes.” At the close of the year 1831, he was enabled through the generosity of friends and rela- tives to go to Paris. Here he met Cuvier, to whom he dedicated his ‘ ‘ Brazilian Fishes. ” The great nat- uralist, after questioning him as to the scope of his projected work on fossil fishes, and seeing the collection of accurate and artistic drawings which Agassiz had prepared, not only permitted him to use his private laboratory, but relinquished his own intention of publishing a volume on the same subject, and placed at Agassiz’s disposal his col- lected material, notes, and drawings. Agassiz held this as the happiest moment of his life, and he set to work with renewed vigor to show the master, who had thus honored him. that his con- fidence had not been misplaced. Two or three weeks later Cuvier’s sudden death added to the sacredness of this trust which had been commit- ted to the youthful scientist. In March, 1832, his funds being exhausted, he was urged by his par- ents to leave Paris, and all his bright prospects might have suffered a total eclipse, had not Von Humboldt, hearing accidentally of his predica- ment, insisted in the most delicate manner on loaning him a thousand francs to tide him over the crisis. In November, 1832, Agassiz accepted an ap- pointment as professor of natural history in the college at Neuchatel, at a salary of about $400, declining brilliant offers in Paris because of the leisure for private study that this position afforded him. His reputation attracted to the college a large number of students, and Neuchatel became the cynosure of all scientific eyes. The presence of Agassiz was at once stimulating to the intellec- tual life of the little town. With the two Louis de Coulon, father and son, he founded the societe [ 43 ] des sciences naturelles, of which he was the first secretary, and in conjunction with the Cou- lons also arranged a provisional museum of nat- ural history in the orphan’s home. He was hardly established in his chair at Neuchatel, when he was offered that of zoology at Heidel- berg as successor to Leuckart ; this appointment, although the emoluments were more than double the amount accruing from the Neuchatel position, he declined. A serious calamity at this time threatened Agassiz ; his eyesight became seriously impaired, and he was obliged to live in a darkened room and to desist from writing for several months, which precautions effected a cure. In 1833 he married Cecile Braun, sister of his, friend Alexander Braun, and established his household at Neuchatel. Trained to scientific drawing by her brothers, his wife was of the greatest assistance to Agassiz, some of the most beautiful plates in “ Fossil ” and “ Fresh- Water Fishes ” being drawn by her. In 1833 appeared the first number of his “R^cherches sur les Poissons Fossiles,” a work comprising five quarto volumes, which took ten years for its completion. The first number was received with enthusiasm by the scientists, whose regard had long been attracted to Agassiz. He received Feb. 4, 1834, at the hands of Mr. Charles Lyell, the Wollaston prize of the geological society of London, a sum of £31. 10s, which was awarded as a recognition of the value of his lately -issued volume. Buckland, Murchison. Lyell, and other English scientists were pressing in their invita- tions to Agassiz to visit England, which he did in August, 1834, was received with cordial enthusi- asm, and made some fruitful palaeontological in- vestigations during his short stay. He was awarded the sum of one hundred guineas, voted by the British association for the advancement of science for the “facilitating of the researches upon the fossil fishes of England,” a gift which, at the instance of Lockhart. Sedgwick and Mur- chison. was repeated in the following year, when he attended the meeting of the association in Dublin. Guided by Professor Buckland he visited every public and private collection in the country, being treated with the greatest generosity by the English naturalists, who loaned to him two thou- sand specimens of fossil fishes selected from sixty collections, which he was allowed to take to Lon- don and classify and arrange in a room at Somer- set House placed at his disposal by the geological society. Two friends he made at this time, whose valuable assistance and co-operation were at his command during the rest of his life — Sir Philip Egerton and the Earl of Enniskillen, who placed at his disposal the most precious specimens of their noted collections of fossil fishes (now owned by the British museum). He made a second visit to England in 1835, and in 1836 was awarded the The Cyclopaedia Publishing Company. AGASSIZ. AGASSIZ. Wollaston medal of the geological society. The vacation of 1836 was spent by Agassiz and his wife in the little village of Bex. where he met De Charpentier and Venetz, whose recently an- nounced glacial theories had startled the scientific world, and Agassiz returned to Neuchatel an en- thusiastic convert. His conclusion that the earth had passed through an ice-age he announced at a meeting of the Helvetic society of natural sciences in 1837, and despite the incredulity and derision with which it was at first received, the address was afterwards published, and led to profitable in- vestigation on the part of geologists. In 1836 were published his ‘ • Prodromus of the Class of Echinodermata,” a paper on the Echini of the Nescomien group of the Neuchatel Jura; a de- scription of fossil Echini peculiar to Switzer- land ; and the first number of ‘ ‘ Monograpliie d’ Echinodermes.” His work on fossil fishes steadily progressed, and he was greatly helped at this time by the sale of his original drawings, which were purchased by Lord Francis Egerton. and pre- sented by him to the British museum. In 1837 he was offered a professorship at Geneva, and a few months later one at Lausanne, both of which he declined, preferring to remain at Neuchatel. The Neuchatelois presented him with the sum of six thousand francs and a letter of thanks on his de- cision being made known. In 1838 he opened a lithographic establishment at Neuchatel, where his delicate plates were printed under his own supervision. It has been said of this period of the life of Agassiz that ‘‘lie displayed during these years an incredible energy, of which the his- tory of science offers, perhaps, no other ex- ample.” In addition to his duties as professor he was issuing his “Fossil Fishes” and “Fresh- Water Fishes ’’and pursuing his investigations on fossil echinoderms and mollusks, the latter study leading to important results embodied in his volume, “Etude Critique sur les Molluscs Fossiles,” which contained one hundred plates. In 1838 he made excursions to the valley of Hassli and to the glaciers of Mont Blanc, and later attended a session of the geological society of France at Porrentruy, where he reported his discoveries and conclusions, as he did later at the meeting of the association of German naturalists at Freiburg-im-Breisgau in the Grand Duchy of Baden. In this year Agassiz was elected “ Bour- geois de Neuchatel.” a position which was remu- nerative as well as honorable. March 17, 1838, the King of Prussia gave 10,000 louis for the found- ing of an academy at Neuchatel, and Agassiz was confirmed as professor of natural history. In 1839 he visited the Matterhorn and the chain of Monte Rosa, on both occasions being accompanied by artists and fellow scientists. During the win- ter of 1840, he recorded the results of his explora- tions in “ Etudes sur les Glaciers.” In this work he says: “The surface of Europe, adorned before by a tropical vegetation and inhabited by troops of large elephants, enormous hippopotami, and gigantic carnivora, was suddenly buried under a vast mantle of ice, covering alike plains, lakes, seas, and plateaus. Upon the life and movement of a powerful creation fell the silence of death. Springs paused, rivers ceased to flow, the rays of the sun, rising upon this frozen shore (if indeed it was reached by them), were met only by the breath of the winter from the north, and the thunders of the crevasses as they opened across the surface of this icy sea.” In the summer of 1840, he established a station on the Aar Glacier. 8,000 feet above the sea. which became noted as the “ Hotel du Neuchatelois.” Here the summer was spent in confirming previous observations and in studying the phenomena of glaciers. Im- mediately on Iris return from the Alps, Agassiz visited England, and with Buckland, the only English naturalist who shared his ideas, made a tour of the British Isles in search of glacial phe- nomena, and became satisfied that his theory of an ice-age was correct. He gave a summary of his discoveries before the British association in 1840. In 1843 the “ Rceherches sur les Poissons Fossiles” was completed, and in 1844 the “De- vonian system of Great Britain and Russia ” ap- peared. In 1845 he received the Monthyon Prize of Physiology from the Academy at Paris for his “Poissons Fossiles.” During the years 1841-45 Agassiz made constantly recurring visits of ob- servation to the Alps, and in 1846 published “ Systhme Glaciaire. ” In 1846 he accepted a com- mission from the King of Prussia to visit the United States to continue his explorations. His fame had preceded him, and before he left Swit- zerland he was invited to deliver a course of lec- tures at the Lowell Institute, Boston. His subject was “ The Plan of the Creation, especially in the Animal Kingdom,” and his lectures met with en- thusiastic applause, notwithstanding his broken English. He delivered in French, by special re- quest, a second course on “ Les Glaciers et l’fipoque Glaciaire.” The Lowell course was re- peated in Albany, N. Y., Charleston, S. C., and New Yoi'k city, and other lectures were delivered in different parts of the country, where he jour- neyed seeking material for his Prussian report. In 1847. through the courtesy of Supt. A. D. Bache, of the U. S. coast survey, the steamer “Bibb ’’was placed at his disposal and greatly facilitated his researches. This generosity was one of the incidents which determined Agassiz to remain in America. In 1848 the Lawrence scientific school was established at Cambridge by Mr. Abbott Lawrence, and Agassiz, having honor- ably cancelled his engagement with the King of l43j AGASSIZ. AGASSIZ. Prussia, accepted the chair of natural history proffered him by the founder. Agassiz burst like a full-orbed sun upon the little coterie of Ameri- can scientists, who at the time needed a leader, not only dazzling them, but holding their attention and winning their hearts. His example of orig- inating and putting into execution new projects soon revolutionized, not only the college with which he was connected, but other institutions of learning in America, and his vivifying influence awakened a universal interest in science. Har- vard college was without either laboratory or col- lection to assist him in his class-room work, and an old bath-house was the very humble beginning whence sprang the Cambridge museum of com- parative zoology, an enduring monument to the memoiy of him who was the moving spirit in its establishment. During 1848 he prepared, in con- junction with Dr. A. A. Gould, “Principles of Zoology,” for the use of schools and colleges; in 1850 he published ‘ ‘ Lake Superior ; its Physical Characteristics”; from 1851 to 1854, he held the chair of comparative anatomy and zoology in the medical college at Charleston, S. C. ; and in 1851, at the request of Supt. Bache, made a survey of the Florida reefs and keys. In the spring of 1852 the Prix Cuvier was awarded to him for ‘ ‘ Pois- sons Fossiles.” The year 1854 saw the completion of a work begun in conjunction with H. E. Strickland, the “ Bibliograpliia Zoologiae et Geol- ogiae.” In 1857 the first volume of “ Contribu- tions to the Natural History of the United States” was published. The fifth and last volume being left by him incomplete, was edited by his son. In August, 1S57, Agassiz was offered the chair of palaeontology in the museum of natural history in Paris, which he refused. Later he was deco- rated with the cross of the legion of honor. In 1859 the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge was founded, and he was given the post of permanent curator. He urged the foun- dation of a national academy of science, and was actively instrumental in 1863 in its organization and incorporation. His sympathies during the civil war were with his adopted country, which he attested by being naturalized when the dis- ruption of the union seemed imminent. In 1861 he was awarded the Copley medal, the highest honor at the disposal of the royal society. In 1863 he made his most extensive lecturing tour, fearing that the growth of the museum might be stunted by lack of funds. In 1865 he visited Brazil primarily for the benefit of his health, but the generosity of Nathaniel Thayer made it possible for him to take a staff of assistants to pursue his scientific researches. His return enriched the museum with large collections, and literature with “A Journey in Brazil.” In 1868 he was ap- pointed non-resident professor of natural history at Cornell university. In 1871 he participated in a trip of observation in the coast survey ship Hassler around Cape Horn, and then along the Pacific coast, and returned with valuable collec- tions of mollusks, reptiles, and fishes, and new evidence of the truth of the glacial theory. In 1873 he spoke eloquently to the legislature, on its annual visit to the museum of comparative zoology, of the needs of a summer school, and within a week John Anderson of New York, who had read the speech in a newspaper, presented to him, as a site for the school, the Island of Penikese in Buzzard’s Bay, with the buildings thereon, and an endowment of S50,000 dollars for the equipment of the school, which was named by Agassiz “ The Anderson school of Natural His- tory.” Professor Agassiz, who was growing en- feebled, remained the whole of the last summer of his life at Penikese. He had been elected a member of nearly all the scientific societies of the world, was given the degree of LL.D. by Edin- burg and Dublin universities, before he had at- tained his 30tli year, and in 1836 w T as made a fellow of the royal society of London, and a member of the French academy of science. Though he himself materially aided Darwin in arriving at evolutionism, he obstinately refused to accept the admirably marshalled facts on which the “ Origin of Species” was based. To Agassiz the organic world presented stages of dominant types created according to a definite, precon- ceived plan, and so distinct from each other that, however close the gradations of forms consti- tuting the types might be, no evolutionary pro- gress from one to the other could ever be possible. Of this series of types he regarded man, by rea- son of his cosmopolitanism, as the final term. Among his publications are: “Natural History of the Fresh- Water Fishes of Europe ” ( l839-’40) ; “ Etudes sur les Glaciers” (1840); “ Fossil Fishes of the Devonian System ” (1844) ; “Fishes of the London Clay” (1845); “ Nomenclator Zoologi- cus” (1842-’46) ; “ Principals of Zoology” (with Dr. A. A. Gould, 1848); “Lake Superior: Its Physical Characteristics” (1850); “Bibliograpliia Zoologies et Geologies” (with H. E. Strickland, 4 vols., 1848- 54) ; “ Contributions to the Natural History of the United States” (5 vols.); “The Structure of Animal Life” (1852); “Methods of Study in Natural History” (1803), and “Geologi- cal Studies” (2d series, 1866-76). His second wife. Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, daughter of Thomas G. Cary, of Boston, caught the infection that made all who knew Agassiz desire to share his studies, and aided her distinguished husband in preparing his “ A Journey in Brazil,” and in con- nection with his son, Alexander Agassiz, wrote “Seaside Studies in Natural History,” and “ Ma- rine Animals of Massachusetts.” She also edited. AGNEW. AGNUS. “ Louis Agassiz ; His Life and Correspondence" (1886). He was buried in Mount Auburn, Cam- bridge, Mass. , where Swiss pines shade his grave, and a boulder from the glacier of Aar marks its locality. He died Dec. 14, 1873. AGNEW, Cornelius Rea, physician, was born in New York city, Aug. 8, 1830. He was gradu- ated at Columbia college in 1849 and received the degree of M.D. from the New York college of physicians and surgeons in 1852, and became house surgeon, and later curator, at the New York hospital. He went to Europe for special study in his profession, and on his return was ap- pointed surgeon to the New York eye and ear in- firmary. He was appointed surgeon - general of the state of New York in 1858; served in the civil war as director of the New York state volunteer hospital; and was a member of the United States sanitary commission. He was instrumental, in 1868, in the founding of an ophthalmic clinic in the college of physicians and surgeons, of which he was in 1869 appointed professor and lecturer. In 1868 he founded the Brooklyn, and in 1869 the Manhattan eye and ear hospitals. He served as a public school trustee and was president of the board ; was one of the managers of the New York state hospital for the insane at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ; one of the trustees of Columbia college, and was active in organizing its school of mines. The State medical society elected him president in 1872. He prepared many papers relating to the eye and ear, and published in the current medical journals, also, a “Series of American Clinical Lectures,” edited by E. C. Sequin, M. D. (1875), besides numerous brief monographs. He died April 18, 1888. AGNEW, Daniel, jurist, was born in Trenton, N. J., Jan. 5, 1809. At an early age he went with his parents to Pittsburg, Pa., where he ob- tained his education and entered the legal pro- fession. He became widely and favorably known as a sound lawyer, and at the revision of Penn- sylvania’s constitution in 1836, he was a member of the convention called for that purpose. In 1851 he became presiding judge of the Seven- teenth judicial district, in 1863 supreme judge, and in 1873 chief justice. He received the degree of LL.D. from both Washington and Dickinson colleges. Ho resigned from his judge- ship in 1879, “with the reputation of being one of the ablest jurists that ever sat upon the Pennsyl- vanian bench.” In 1880 he was chosen as first pres- ident of the constitutional temperance amend- ment association of New Jersey. He published “ A History of the Region of Pennsylvania North of the Ohio and West of the Allegheny River, etc., etc.” (1878); and “Our National Constitu- tion: its Adaptation to a State of War or Insur- rection” (1863). AGNEW, David Hayes, surgeon, was born in Lancaster county, Pa., Nov. 24, 1818. He was educated at Jefferson college, and at Delaware college, Newark, Del. He was graduated from the medical department of the university of Penn- sylvania on April 6, 1838. He returned to Lan- caster, and entered the iron business, but failed, and became a lecturer in the then famous Phil- adelphia school of anatomy. He was chosen a surgeon of the Philadelphia city hospital in 1854, and there founded the pathological museum. He also established in Philadelphia a school of opera- tive surgery. He afterwards served as demon- strator of anatomy and assistant lecturer on clinical surgery in the University of Pennsyl- vania. During the war he was consulting sur geon to the staff of forty-seven resident physi- cians at the great Mower army hospital, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. It was his skill in operative surgery that brought him to the bedside of Presi- dent Garfield. Dr. Agnew’s principal publication, entitled “The Principles and Practices of Sur- gery,” covers an experience of fifty active years, and its value, preserving and presenting as it does the life-work of such a recognized authority, can hardly be overrated. He died March 22. 1892, leaving bequests to various charities amounting in the aggregate to $68,000. AGNUS, Felix, soldier, was born in Lyons, France, July 4, 1839. At an early age his father’s family moved to Paris, where, having received preparatory instructions, he entered the College Jolie Clair, near Montrouge. When thirteen years old he took a voyage to the South Seas, visiting on his way St. Helena. He travelled along the west- ern coast of Africa, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and made a sojourn at Madagascar. He voyaged across the Indian arid Pacific oceans, and visited the coast of South America, making inland excursions through parts of Chili and Peru. Sailing around Cape Horn he crossed the Atlantic to France, and thus completed a cir- cumnavigation of the globe. These voyages occu- pied four years. In 1859 he entered active military life in France. He served in the war of Napoleon III. with Austria, being a volunteer in the 3d Regiment Zouaves, and engaged in the battle of Montebello, May 20, 1859. He was appointed to a post in the Flying Corps under Garibaldi, which did good service near the Italian lakes. At the conclusion of the war he came to the United States, and enlisted as a private in the 5th New York, Duryee Zouaves. He became very popular with the rank and file of the regiment, and for having saved the life of General Kilpatrick at the battle of Big Bethel, June 10, 1861, he was pro- moted second lieutenant. During McClellan’s Peninsular campaign in 1862, Lieutenant Agnus volunteered to lead a charge at Ashland Bridge, £ 45 ] AIKEN. AIRMAN. and was in several of the battles fought in front of Richmond. At the battle of Gaines’ Mills, he was wounded, and conveyed to a hospital in Bal- timore. Among the visiting attendants at the hospital were the two daughters of the editor of the Baltimore American, and the wounded young Frenchman came under their ministrations. The soldier fell in love with one of his nurses, and on Dec. 13, 1864, married her. On recov- ering from his wound, Lieutenant Agnus re- ceived his commission as captain, went to New York, where he assisted in raising the 2d Duryee Zouaves, of which he commanded the color company. The regiment was ordered to Louisiana in the fall of 1862, and garrisoned at New Orleans and Baton Rouge. On May 27, 1863, Captain Agnus was again wounded during the siege of Port Hudson, and was promoted major. Following the defeat of Port Hudson, the regiment was actively engaged in Louisiana ; and in a skirmish at Fayetteville, while checking a charge, Major Agnus had a hand-to-hand fight with a Texan horseman, and received a severe sabre cut. He took part in the expedition to Sabine Pass, Texas, acting as commander of the “Pocahontas.” The War Department having issued an order requiring regiments with deci- mated ranks to consolidate, Major Agnus went to New York and induced Governor Seymour to assign to his regiment four full companies of re- cruits ; he was made lieutenant-colonel. He was with his regiment in the battles of Opequan, Cedar Creek, Fisher’s Hill, and Winchester; was a personal witness of “Sheridan’s ride,” and was chosen to guard the Confederate prisoner's at Fort Delaware, where he was given the brevet rank of colonel. He was brevetted brigadier-general on the removal of his regiment to Savannah, Ga. , early in 1865, he being then only twenty -six years of age. He was detailed as inspector-general of the Department of the South, and commissioned to dismantle the Confederate forts in South Caro- lina, Georgia, and Florida. On Aug. 22, 1865, he resigned from the army and was appointed assist- ant assessor of Internal Revenue at Baltimore, but in a short time was invited to take charge of the business department of the Baltimore Ameri- can, by Charles C. Fulton, Sr., its proprietor, whose daughter he had married. He thus became manager of the leading Maryland commercial newspaper. AIKEN, Charles Augustus, educator, was born at Manchester, Vt., Oct. 30, 1827, and was gradu- ated from Dartmouth college in 1846, at the age of nineteen, and from Andover theological semi- nary in 1853. He was professor of Latin in Dartmouth college from 1859 to 1866, and at Princeton till 1869. He became president of Union college June 28, 1870, having discharged the duties of the office during the preceding year. In 1871 he accepted the Stuart professorship of the relation of philosophy and science to the Christian religion, and of Oriental and Old Testa- ment literature in Princeton theological seminary, which lie held until his death. He was editor of the Princeton Review, and a contributor to other periodicals. In 1870 he translated and edited “ The Proverbs of Solomon Theologically and Homiletically Expounded.” He died Jan. 13, 1892. AIKEN, William, governor of South Carolina, was born in Charlestown, S. C., Aug. 4, 1806. He was graduated from the college of South Caro- lina in 1825, and engaged in the cultivation of rice. He was always prominent in public mat- ters, though not a politician, and after serving a number of terms in both branches of the state legislature he was elected governor in 1844. In 1850 he was elected a representative and served in the 32d Congress and he was returned to the 33d and 34th congresses. Throughout the civil war he was a loyal Unionist, though his friends were nearly all Secessionists. In 1866 he was elected to represent his district in the 40th Con- gress, while the state was under a provisional governor, and he was not seated. He was a man of firm principles, and was greatly respected in His state and elsewhere. The town and county of Aiken, S. C., take their name from him. He died Sept. 7, 1887. AIKMAN, William, clergyman, was born in New York city, Aug. 12, 1824, son of Robert and Sarah (Smith) Aikman. He was graduated from the University of the city of New York in 1846, with salutatory honors, and after studying for three years at the Union theological seminary in New York, he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1849. Until 1857 he was pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian church in Newark, N. J., and was subsequently stationed as fol- lows: At Wilmington, Del., from 1857 to 1869; at the Spring street church, New York city, from 1869 to 1872; at Detroit, Mich., from 1872 to 1877, and at Aurora, N. Y., from 1877 to 1881. In 1878 he was elected a trustee of Wells female college, which office lie held until 1883, when he became pastor in Atlantic City, N. J. The University of the city of New York conferred upon him the de- gree of A.B. in 1846, and that of D.D. in 1869. In 1849 he received the degree of D.D. from Union theological seminary. He took consider- able interest in genealogical research and was made a member of the Huguenot society of America. His published writings include many short articles for periodicals, sermons, tracts, and the following volumes: “The Future of the Colored Race in America” (1862); “Commerce and Christianity” (1864); “Life at Home; or AKERS. AKERS. the Family and its Members” (1870); "The Altar in the House” (1880); "Talks on Married Life” (1883); and "Heavenly Recognitions” (1883). AKERHAN, Amos Tappan, statesman, was born at Keene, N. H., Jan. C, 1833. He studied in the common schools of his native state and en- tered Dartmouth college, being graduated in 1843. He was admitted to the bar in 1844, and practised in New Hampshire until 1850, when he removed with his family to Georgia. Here he continued the practice of law, and on the agita- tion of the subject of secession in 1859-’60, he stubbornly opposed the measure. When, how- ever, the state actually passed the ordnance of secession, he entered the state militia and finally the Confederate army, and was appointed quar- termaster, serving through the war. In 1866, upon the restoration of civil power in Georgia, he was made district-attorney. In 1870 President Grant appointed him attorney -general in his cabinet, to succeed Ebenezer R. Hoar. He served until Dec. 14, 1871, when he returned to Georgia, and in 1873 was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States senate. He died at Cartersville, Ga., Dec. 31, 1880. AKERS, Benjamin Paul, sculptor, was born in Saccarappa, Me., July 10, 1835. His father was a wood turner, self-educated and of limited means, eccentric, independent, liberal, poetical and unpractical. His mother was refined, ener- getic, spontaneous, enthusiastic, sympathetic and broad. He was the eldest of eleven children. He was christened Benjamin, but his playmates had nicknamed him St. Paul, and he became known to the art world as Paul Akers. When a boy the family removed to Salmon Falls on the Saco river, and Paul worked in the shop with his father and attended school. His skill in designing ornamental wood-work first disclosed artistic ability. His first effort in marble was the rough life-like outline of a neighbor who periodically passed the shop. His reading was directed solely by his inclination, and he read Plato, Aristotle and Dante, and afterwards German and French literature. When he had studied Goethe his horizon was widened and he saw beyond the confines of his rural surroundings. He made some efforts with both pen and brush at home, and then determined to adopt literature as a means of sat- isfying a longing and to provide the more prac- tical needs of life. He went to Portland and found employment in a printing office. In a shop window in that city a bust by Brackett determined his life work, and he at once went to Boston, where he received instructions in plaster- casting, The next winter he spent at home and executed a medallion head and the bust of the village doctor, and a head of Christ. In 1850 he opened a studio in Portland, Me., and made busts of the poet Longfellow, John Neal, Governor Gilman of New Hampshire, Professor Cleaveland of Bowdoin college, Samuel Appleton of Boston, and other prominent men, which gave him considerable reputation. He subsequently visited Italy, and returned in Octo- ber, 1853, and the following winter modelled his well-known ‘‘Benjamin in Egypt,” destroyed with the Crystal Palace, New York, in 1854. His experience in Italy and its revelation to his immature art-spirit he discloses in a letter writ- ten in 1853: “ I was thrown at once from a world where not in all my life had I seen art, although I lived there with my own shadowy creations — not strong, for I knew not the mighty or the feeble — thrown at once into a world where all was art. All around me, on earth, in the far heavens, were multitudes of forms, all silent but all demanding place; and none might help me, none to say ‘ here ’ or ‘ there’ ; I only in this mighty realm to appoint, to assign. I was set down in the Louvre a boy from the woods of that new world, no idle spectator.” While in Flor- ence he executed two bas-reliefs, “Night” and “Morning,” for Samuel Appleton, Boston, and sent home several portrait busts. In 1854 he spent some time in Washington, modelling the busts of distinguished men, among them Presi- dent Pierce, Edward Everett, Gerrit Smith, and Sam Houston. He afterward had a studio in Providence, R. I., where he made busts of sev- eral prominent persons. In 1855 he again went to Italy and remained there three years, produc- ing in Florence and Rome some of his best-known works, among which were: “Una and the Lion,” “St. Elizabeth of Hungary,” the “Pearl Diver,” and an ideal head of Milton, which last two are described in the “Marble Faun” of Hawthorne. By permission of the authorities of Rome he was allowed to make a cast of a mutilated bust of Cicero that lay neglected on a shelf in the Vati- can. To this he restored the eye, brow and ears and modelled the neck and bust, and Akers restored Cicero is an accepted portrait. In 1856 he travelled in Switzerland, Germany, France and Great Britain. In England he stud- ied the authorities for his bust of Milton, which when seen in Akers’ studio. Browning designated “ Milton, the man angel.” He planned a free gal- lery of art for New York, to contain copies in marble of the chief works of ancient art, but in the midst of his work and plans his health failed and he returned home in 1858, and the next year started for Rome, where after his arrival he entered upon the execution of a commission from August Belmont of a statue of Commodore Perry for Central Park, New York, which was left unfinished. His state of health precluded further D7J ALBRIGHT. ALCOTT. work, and in 1860 he returned home and the same year was married to Mrs. Elizabeth Taylor, after- wards known in the literary world as Elizabeth Akers Allen. He died in Philadelphia, May, 1861. ALBANI, flarie Emma LaJeunesse, singer, was born at Chambly, Lower Canada, Sept. 18, 1851. Her parents were French-Canadians. She manifested unusual talent at a very early age, and it was encouraged by her father, who was a skilled musician. When only twelve years old she was awarded a gold medal for musical com- position from the Montreal convent at which she received her education. From Montreal her father removed to Albany, N. Y., taking with him his now motherless daughter. He was un- able to give her the training which her very fine voice deserved, but she obtained a place in the cathedral choir, where her singing attracted much attention, as it did in concerts, in which she not only sang but played on both the piano and harp. With the proceeds of a concert given for her benefit she was sent to Europe, where she studied in Paris with Duprez, being enabled to do so through the generosity of Baroness Lafitte. Afterwards she went to Italy, where she was taught by Lamperti. It was by the influence of the latter that she made her debut in Messina in 1870 as Amina. This was the starting point of her great success. She adopted the name Albani at her debut, thus honoring the city where her musical talent was first encouraged. She sang at Malta and Florence, successfully producing “Mignon,” which had been a failure in four theatres in Italy. She then went to London, where she appeared in the royal Italian opera, thence to St. Petersburg and Paris, when she visited the United States, where in 1874— ’75 she sang under Strakosch in opera. She afterward returned to Europe, where her success was phe- nomenal. She was married in 1878 to Ernest Gye, manager of the royal Italian opera in Lon- don. In 1882 she sang the soprano part of Gounod’s “Redemption” before the composer, and he was prompted to write expressly for her “Mors etVita,” in which she appeared in 1885. Lamperti called her “ the most accomplished musician and the most finished singer ” that ever left his studio. She visited America again in 1883, but returned to London, where she made her home. ALBRIGHT, Jacob, bishop, was born in Potts- town, Pa., May, 1, 1759. His father. Jacob Al- bright, was a native of Germany, and by occupa- tion a tile burner. The son was brought up to this business. In 1790 lie became an exhorter, and soon after he entered the Methodist ministry, working among the Germans and making many converts. In 1800 he founded a separate church organization, known as the “ Evangelical Associa- tion,” and lie was made the first presiding elder and in 1807 the first bishop. The sect is local and popularly known as “Albrights.” Bishop Al- bright was greatly respected by the wide circle among whom he ministered. He died in 1808. ALCORN, James Lusk, senator, was born near Golconda, 111., Nov. 4, 1816. He was graduated from Cumberland college. Kentucky, taking up his residence in that state, and in 1843 he served one term in the state legislature. In 1844 he went to Mississippi to practice law, and between the years 1846 and 1865 he represented his district in the state legislature for sixteen years, serving in both branches. In 1852 he was an elector on the national Whig electoral ticket, and in 1857 was nominated for governor by the Whigs, but de- clined. In 1858 he was an unsuccessful candidate for representative in Congress. The levee system was founded by him, and he was chosen presi- dent of the levee board. At the breaking out of the civil war he was appointed by the State Seces- sion convention brigadier-general, but when his brigade entered the Confederate army, President Davis refused to commission him, on account of political differences. He was elected United States senator in 1865, but did not take his seat, as Mississippi was under provisional government and not allowed congressional representation. In 1869 he was elected governor by the republicans, but resigned in 1871, having been elected to the U. S. senate, where he remained until 1877, when he was succeeded by L. Q. C. Lamar. In 1873 he was the unsuccessful candidate for governor. In 1890 he served as a member of the State constitu- tional convention. He died at Eagle Nest, Miss., Dec. 20, 1894. ALCOTT, Amos Bronson, educator, was born at Wolcott, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799. He began his education in the “ Cross-roads school house ” near his humble home. Hungry for knowledge, he visited on Saturday afternoons the farmhouses for miles around to read the few books he might find there. In 1813 he went to Cheshire as errand boy to his uncle, and had opportunity to attend the district school, which he afterwards, as its teacher, made famous. From 1818 to 1823 he was employed as a canvasser in the Southern states; in 1823 he started an infant school. He gained quite a reputation by discarding text-books and teaching by conversation. The school at- tracted so much attention that in 1828 he started another in Boston, where he met with the opposition of the press, and his methods were held up to ridicule. This discouraged him and lie gave up his school. But as has been well said, “He achieved what was probably his greatest success in life by marrying, in 1830, Miss Abby May.” All reports concur in extolling her patience, endurance, and placid ALCOTT. ALCOTT. good nature under much privation and serious perplexity. She reflected Mr. Alcott’s own beau- tiful spirit, and their home, however humble, was a very happy and attractive one. For about three years after his marriage Mr. Alcott endeavored to establish a school in German- town. Pa. It was in this place that his daugh- ter, Louisa May, was born. Not meeting with the success he desired, Mr. Alcott returned to Boston with his family and undertook a school in the old Masonic Temple in Tremont street. He had as his assistants Margaret Fuller and Elizabeth P. Peabody. The school had a wide reputation, and for several years good suc- cess, but finally lost caste and failed. His views, as set forth in “Conversation with Children on the Gospels,” then just published, induced some of his patrons to remove their children from his school, and others were seriously annoyed when he received a colored girl as a pupil. A second time the school was closed, and Mr. Alcott re- moved to Concord, Mass., at the instigation of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Mr. Alcott pursued his studies in reform, in social economics, and in theology, getting a very humble living by lectures and conversations. Mr. Emerson said of him : “I think he has more faith in the ideal than any man I have known;” and his daughter, in her grand way, referring to his reputation, and know- ing the close poverty his home had witnessed, gave the definition of a philosopher as, “A man in a balloon, with his family and friends holding the ropes which confine him to earth, and trying to haul him down.” Mr. Alcott visited England in 1842 at the invitation of James P. Greaves of London, an educational theorist and friend of Pestalozzi. Mr. Greaves died before his arrival, but he was cordially received by his friends, and on his return was accompanied by two of these, Charles Lane and H. G. Wright. These gentle- men, impressed with Mr. Alcott’s enthusiasm, went with him to Harvard, Mass., where Mr. Lane purchased a farm, which was called “ Fruit- lands.” Here it was proposed to gather a com- munity that should live in the region of high thought on a vegetable diet. The farm was sold. His English friends returned home, and Mr. Alcott went back to Concord. Here he remained, eking out an often-times scanty living by lec- tures and conversations in public halls or private homes throughout the country. The topics he presented were largely of a transcendental char- acter, although including a wide range of purely practical questions. It was with difficulty that Mr. Alcott could write. Emerson said of him: “When he sits down to write, all his genius leaves him — he gives you the shells and throws away the kernel of his thought.” In fact, his first book, “Tablets,” was published in 1868, when he was sixty-nine years old, although from 1839-’42 he contributed frequently to the “ Dial” in a series of papers called “ Orphic Say- ings.” He was, withal, brave. When Garrison was dragged through Boston streets, Alcott was close beside him, and when one remonstrated, said, “ I do not see why my body is not as fit for a bullet as any other.” His publications include: “Con- cord Days” (1872); “Table Talk” (1877); “Son- nets and Canzonets” (1877) ; and many magazine articles. He died March 4, 1888. ALCOTT. Louisa May, author, was born at Germantown, Pa., Nov. 29, 1832, daughter of Amos Bronson and Abby May Alcott. Her father removed to Boston when she was but two years of age and personally conducted her edu- cation, assisted by his friend, Henry D. Thoreau. This education, with a short attendance at a young ladies’ school, did not pos- sess the practical quality that could be put to ready use in earning a liveli- hood. When neces- sity compelled her to support herself, she was obliged to resort to elementary teaching and sewing, and even to house service, and has given some hints of her struggles in a book entitled “ Work.” The statement that she worked thus to support her- self does not bring all the nobility of this fine woman into view. Her efforts were for her fam- ily as well as for herself. Every dollar that she could spare from the bare necessities of life went into her home, to assist those she loved. She began to write stories for weekly journals when she was about twenty years of age, and received a mere pittance compared to that given to authors of established reputation for no better literary work. Sixteen years she lived in this way with just enough success now and then to keep her from becoming altogether discouraged, and then the civil war broke out. She volun- teered as a nurse, and was stationed at George- town, D. C. Her first book was inspired by her army experience. It was called ‘ ‘ Hospital Sketches,” and yielded her the sum of two hun- dred dollars. She began to write articles for the magazines, and her book had given her a name that gained acceptance for some of her articles, but most of them were returned and, she says, “ Consigned to an empty flour barrel. ” She con- tinued writing short stories for small sums until 1867, when her publishers suggested that she should write a story for girls, and she wrote ALCOTT. ALDEN. “ Little Women.” The work occupied her three months, and she offered to sell the manuscript for one thousand dollars. Her publishers, how- ever. induced her to accept a royalty, and she received many thousands of dollars from the sale of this one book. Eighty-seven thousand copies were sold in three years, and the ad- vanced sale of “Little Men,” which she wrote soon after, was fifty thousand copies. “Little Women ” established her reputation, and editors of magazines began to solicit contributions instead of declining them. She said she invari- ably supplied their requests by thrusting her hand into the flour barrel, and sending to the editor the article which he had previously returned “with thanks.” Her books were so popular with the young that she could not write them fast enough to supply the demand and it is estimated that she received from them a total of over one hundred thousand dollars. After the publication of her “Life, Letters, and Jour- nals,” edited by Ednah D. Cheney, the respect which Miss Alcott had commanded as an author was deepened by the respect felt for her as a woman. This book revealed a personality that was greater than her work ; it showed a life deeply and simply religious, void of cant and capable of unselfish living. Her publications are: “Flower Fables or Fairy Tales” ( 1855 ); “Hospital Sketches” (1869); “An Old-Fashioned Girl” (1869); “Little Men” (1871); “Aunt Jo’s Scrap Bag,” series (1871-82) ; “ Work : A story of Experi- ence” ( 1873); “Eight Cousins” (1874); “Rose in Bloom” (1876); “Silver Pitchers” (1876); “Under the Lilacs” (1878); “Jack and Jill” (1880); “Moods” (1864, revised edition 1881); “ Proverb Stories” ( 1882 ) ; “ Spinning - Wheel Stories” (1884); and “Lulu’s Library” (1885). She died on the day her father was buried, March 6, 1888. ALCOTT, May, artist, was born at Concord, Mass., in December, 1840, daughter of Amos Bronson and Abby (May) Alcott. Her education in art was obtained in Boston, London, and Paris, where she resided after her marriage to Ernest Nieriker. She became a successful copyist, and did good work in still life in oils and water colors. John Ruskin complimented some of her copies from Turner, and her own work was placed in the South Kensington school in London for the pupils to observe and copy. “Concord sketches,” with a preface by her sister, Louisa May Alcott, was published in 1869. She died in December. 1879. ALCOTT, William Alexander, author, was born at Wolcott, Conn., August 6, 1798. He first attended a district school in winter, and worked on a farm during the summer, and subsequently by teaching he obtained a primary education and means to study medicine at Yale college. Com- pleting his medical course he began to practise and also to write upon hygiene, confining his work chiefly to dietary subjects. With William Woodbridge he prepared school geographies and maps, and edited Annals of Education and Juvenile Rambles, the pioneer juvenile weekly in America. In 1832 he removed to Boston and there published a book entitled the “ Young Man’s Guide,” treating of physiological principles, that was widely read. This success induced him to write other similar books. In all, he wrote about one hundred works, which have been influential in reforming educational methods, and improving the physical and moral well-being of mankind. Among his books are : ‘ ‘ The Young Housekeeper, ”■ “ The House I Live In,” “ The Library of Health,” (6 vols.), “Moral Reform,” “My Progress in Error,” and “ Prize Essay on Tobacco.” He died in Auburndale, Mass., March 29, 1859. ALDEN, Bradford, R., soldier, was born at Meadville, Pa., in 1810, son of Major Roger Al- den, aide-de-camp to General Greene, and great- great-grandson of John Alden, the immigrant. In 1831 he was graduated at West Point, was as- signed to the 4th infantry, and from 1833 to 1840 as instructor at West Point, and appointed on the staff of General Scott as aide-de-camp in 1841, serving two years, and three years on garrison duty. From 1845 to 1852 he was commandant at West Point, and then was stationed in the West, when an uprising among the Oregon Indians was in progress. He was wounded in action Aug. 24, 1853, and the next month he retired from the army because of the wound he had received, and from which he never fully recovered. He spent sev- eral years in Europe, and died Sept. 10. 1870. ALDEN, Ebenezer, physician, was born at Randolph, Mass., March 17, 178$. In 1808 he was graduated at Harvard, then studied medicine, being graduated from the medical department of the university of Pennsylvania in 1812, and began to practise in his native town, where he remained during his life. He wrote “Historical Sketch of the Massachusetts Medical Society ” (1838) ; “Memoirs of Mrs. M. A. O. Clark” (1844); and when he was nearly eighty years of age the “Alden Memorial.” This book traces the line of ancestors of the American descendants of John Alden, the author being a direct descendant in the seventh generation. Dr. Alden was the last survivor of the Harvard class of 1808. He died Jan. 26. 1881. ALDEN, Edmund K., clergyman, was born at Randolph. Mass., April 11, 1825, son of Ebenezer Alden, physician, who was of the seventh generation from John Alden of the 1 May- flower. The son was fitted for college at Ran- dolph academy, and was graduated at Amherst in the class of 1844. He taught in Williston sem- ALDEN. ALDEN. inary the following year ; and then entered the Andover theological seminary, and was graduated in 1848. He became an Abbott resident, and preached in various places in New England until he became pastor of the Phillips Church in 1859. He was a member of the prudential committee of the American board of foreign missions from 1869 to 1876, when he became secretary of the home department of the board. In addition to his office of secretary of the American board he held the position of trustee of Amherst college, and a simi- lar position in relation to the theological seminary at Andover. He died June 30, 1895. ALDEN, Henry Mills, editor, was born at Mount Tabor, Vt., Nov. 11, 1836, eighth in descent from John Alden. the immigrant. He attended a district school, worked in a cotton factory, taught school, and in that way made his college course possible. He was graduated at Williams college in 1857, and at Andover theological seminary in 1860. On the day of his graduation he de- livered the master’s oration at Williams college on the Hellenic type of men. He also wrote the class hymn for Andover. He was licensed to preach, but never took a charge. He located in New York city in 1861, and was employed in teaching and in writing editorials for the daily newspapers and contributing articles to the At- lantic Monthly. In the summer of 1861 he was marrried to Susan F. Foster of Andover. He continued his literary work until 1863, when he took Richard Grant White’s place as editor with A. H. Guernsey of “Harper’s Pictorial His- tory of the Rebellion,” and as reader of manu- script. In 1864 he was made editor of Har- per’s Weekly, and in 1869 was transferred to the editorial chair of Harper’s Magazine. He wrote “The Ancient Lady of Sorrow,” a poem that was highly praised by critics. In the win- ter of 1863-’64 he delivered a course of twelve lectures before the Lowell institute of Boston, on the “ Structure of Paganism.” He received the degree of LL.D. in 1888 from Williams college. He is the author of two notable books on relig- ious subjects, “God in His World: an Interpreta- tion,” published anonymously, and which created much discussion among religious thinkers and had very extensive circulation, and “A study of Death,” a reflection or meditation on immor- tality. ALDEN, Isabella (McDonald), author, was born at Rochester, N. Y., in 1842. Under the pen name “Pansy” she has written some seventy vol- umes, principally for girls, and adapted for Sun- day schools and known as the Pansy books. She married Mr. Alden, a clergyman, and with her husband became prominent in Chautauqua assem- blies. She edited “ Pansy,” a juvenile magazine published in Boston. Among her more popular [ 51 ] books are: “An Endless Chain,” “The King’s Daughters,” “Mary Burton Abroad,” “ Chau tau qua Girls at Home,” “ Four Girls at Chautauqua,” •• New Year’s Tangles,” and “ Six Little Girls.” ALDEN, James, naval officer, was born in Portland, Me., March 31, 1810. When eighteen years old he entered the navy as midshipman and, after ten years’ service, in 1838 joined the Wilkes expedition and with it circumnavigated the globe. Upon his return in 1842 he was com- missioned lieutenant, and afterwards saw service in the Mexican war, being present at the bom- bardment and capture of Vera Cruz, Tuxpan and Tabasco, and afterwards was sent to the Pacific, where he was engaged in the Puget Sound Indian troubles. On the outbreak of the civil war he was in command of the “South Carolina,” and his ship took re-enforcements to Fort Pickens, Fla., and afterward was in the bat- tle of Galveston harbor. He was with Farragut and commanded the “Richmond” of the fleet that ran the gauntlet of Forts St. Philip and Jackson, and aided in the capture of New Orleans, April, 1862. In 1863 he was promoted captain, and commanded the sloop of war “Brooklyn,” and with her engaged in the capture of Mobile Bay in 1864, his ship leading the attack. Then with the “ Brooklyn” he aided in the capture of Fort Fisher. N. C. In 1866 he was made commo- dore. and in 1888 had charge of the navy yard in California. He was ordered to Washington in 1869 as chief of the bureau of navigation, and in 1871 was promoted rear-admiral and assigned to the European squadron, and shortly after retired on account of age. He died in San Francisco, Cal., Feb. 6, 1877. ALDEN, John, Pilgrim, was born in England in 1599. He was a cooper and when the Mayflower put in to Southampton, in a leaky condition, he was hired to make repairs and persuaded to join the Pilgrims, with the privilege of returning to England with the vessel. Before making a land- ing at Plymouth he signed the contract in the cabin of the Mayflower off Cape Cod. He was the youngest of the signers and the last sur- vivor. He became an active member of the colony, was an assistant in 1633, and served from 1650 to 1686. From 1641 to 1642, and from 1645 to 1649 he was deputy from Duxbury. He was a soldier in Captain Miles Standish’s company in 1643; a member of the council of war in 1653 to 1660, and 1675 to 1676, and treasurer of the colony from 1656 to 1659. The romantic incident of his life in connection with Priscilla Mullins, whom he married in 1623, has been told by Longfellow in “ Miles Standish’s Courtship.” His blundering attempts to woo the Pilgrim girl for his friend, the maid’s refusal of the doughty captain, and her arch, “Why don’t you speak for yourself ALDEN. ALDERSON. John ? ” are well known. Many and very worthy descendants have sprung from this marriage. Mr. Alden was highly respected by the colonists ALDEN HOUSE for his integrity and his practical good sense. For several years he served as magistrate. He died in Duxbury, Mass., Sept. 12, 1687. ALDEN, Joseph, educator, was born at Cairo, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1807. His school days as a pupil were ended at fourteen, when he began to teach, and in this way worked his way through college, being graduated in 1829 at Union college. He then studied theology at Princeton seminary, and for two years was tutor. He became pastor of the Congregational church at Williamstown, Mass., in 1834, and in 1835 received an appoint- ment as professor of Latin and then of rhetoric and political economy in Williams college. He resigned this position in 1852 to accept the chair of mental and moral philosophy at Lafayette college. In 1857 he was elected president of Jefferson college, where he remained until 1867, when he resigned to become principal of the State normal school at Albany, N. Y., which position he relinquished in 1872, to devote himself to literature. He issued over seventy volumes adapted to Sunday school libraries. His more im- portant works include : ‘’The Example of Wash- ington,” “ Citizen’s Manual,” “ Christian Ethics,” " The Science of Government,” “ Elements of In- tellectual Philosophy,” and “First Steps in Politi- cal Economy.” William Livingston Alden, the popular author and diplomatist, was his son. He died Aug. 30, 1885. ALDEN, Timothy, educator, was born at Yar- mouth, Mass., Aug. 28, 1771. He was graduated at Harvard in 1794, then studied theology, and in 1799 became pastor of a church at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He afterwards conducted schools in Boston. Newark and Cincinnati, di- recting his educational skill to teaching young women. In 1817 he founded, and was first presi- dent of Allegheny college. Meadville, Pa., continu- ing at the head of that institution for fourteen years. He wrote “Missions among the Senecas.” and prepared a catalogue of the New York historical society’s library. He died July 5, 1839. ALDEN, Timothy, inventor, was born at Barnstable, Mass., Feb. 3, 1823, sixth in descent from John Alden, the Puritan. When very young he was apprenticed to his brother, who was a printer, and at the age of seventeen began to plan a machine for setting and distributing type. It took five years for his crude idea to develop into a practical reality, and then he pro- duced a composing and distributing machine, the type arranged in cells around the circumference of a horizontal wheel. As the wheel revolves the receivers pick up the type as directed by the op- erator. This machine was improved by his brother Henry, after the death of Timothy, and was the pioneer in type-setting machines in America, although it did not come into extensive practical use. He died in New York city. Dec. 4, 1858. ALDEN, William Livingston, author, was born in Williamstown. Mass., Oct. 9, 1837. son of Joseph Alden. professor of rhetoric and political economy in Williams college. He was educated in Lafayette and Jefferson colleges, with both of which his father was connected as professor or president, and was graduated at Jefferson college in 1858. He then took up the study of law, after which he became editorially connected with the New York Times, and his humorous “fifth column editorials” made him widely known. Subsequently he wrote for young people, and became a popular contributor to Harper Brothers’ periodicals. In 1885 President Cleveland appointed him United States consul at Rome. Italy, and he held the position until 1889. On leaving Rome Mr. Alden received from the king of Italy the cross of chevalier of the order of the crown of Italy. He founded the New York canoe club and was instrumental in making canoeing popular in the United States. Among his pub- lished books are : “Domestic Explosives ” (1878) ; “ Shooting Stars ” (1879) ; “ A New Robinson Cru- soe,” “Canoe and Flying Proa” (1880); “The Moi-al Pirates” (1881); “Life of Christopher Columbus” ( 1882 );“ The Cruise of the Ghost” (1882) ; “ The Cruise of the Canoe Club ” (1883) ; “ The Adventures of Jimmy Brown ” (1885) ; “ The Loss of the Swansea” (1889); “Trying to find Europe ” (1889) ; “A Lost Love ” (1892). ALDERSON, John Duffy, representative, was born at Nicholas C. H., Virginia. Nov. 29. 1854, son of Joseph A. Alderson, prosecuting attorney of Nicholas and Webster counties. When he was twenty -one years of age he was admitted to the bar of West Virginia, having secured his educa- tion from the common schools. In 1876 he was appointed prosecuting attorney to succeed his father, who died that year, and was elected at [ 52 ] ALDItlt II ALDI.’M II I lie niccceding general elect ion mill retained the oil ice by c i ii i see u I i \ i • elect ions until I in was chosen 10 represent I lio lid district in llm 5ild United Stales Uougn". . in I HUv, iim ii ( I ('UK k ■ rn. t. lie was 11 i'ii in I iiln I n lor re election in I Sit I In llm fi-l |.|i Uongrcvi, Iml, was dcf'iaited by James II 1 1 idin^c. Republican ALDRICH, Anne Reeve, anther, was liorn in Now N oi'U city, April "•>, l Sid. Mont of Imr childliood wan passed in Imr native city, her girlhood on Long I ilaml. Him began writing for periodical . ill llm ill'll of HtivnnI.nnn I (or poems appeared in Urn " Century," " Meribnor’s,” and 1 I Jppincotfs " n uiga/.i lies ; mid in lNNt) she issued ii mall voliinm of verse, ' Tim Rose of I’lmnc, and Otlmr I’onina of Love." Iler Hist novel, "Tim I'Vel of Love,” was published in I MIX), (tin I a vol nine of verse enlilled " Songs aliouf llopo, Lovii and Heath,” in INtl'J. Minn Aldrich roll! rihntO'd largely to poriodioalM, and did nmcli of Imr lil nary work al night. Him died in Now Vork city, June 20, 1HD2. ALDRICH, Charles, journalist, was horn at Ellingwood. N. Y , Oct li, IN28. lie emigrated to the far west and located in Iowa, at the time Ini! sparsely settled. In 1857 he founded the Freeman, in Webster < 'ity, and in INtiii was made chief clerk of the house of representatives of I lie state, serving until l HAS, a^a in in imiii, and a third time in INK) In INH‘J Im was elected a ineniher of file house, w here Im served one term. As a n ion i her of l Im slate legislature Im originated laws for I lie protection of birds, and l Im prosor val ion of State doeu nmiils. 1 1 is vigorous endeavors to secure a law which would prevent the issue <>l railroad passes to puhlio ollleors made him know n throughout I ho count ry . If was largely through his i ii ll uni mo and w citings that the interstate com moroo act was passed. Through his aide and forceful articles in the North American Urricw and otlmi prominent periodicals, many public in forests have hi mi i furthered. In IHIII) lie received llm degree of AM. from Iowa college, and in I MS I he presented hi i Hue collection ol man use 1 1 1 >1 s, pm t rulls and autograph letters to the state ol Iowa. In l HNil Imaidi'd in founding the American ornithol ogisf union I le was appointed curator and sec re tary of the historical collections ol t he state, erlgi i lilted by him. ( i /[/■ ' * / i . ALDRICH, James, peel, was horn in Suffolk county, New York, in INK), Early in life hi' on gaged m mercantile business, hut inclination drew him to lifera,turo. lie conducted various periodicals, which his pen Nerved to make popular, and whi'ii In' was twenty live ho founded and boom i io odil <>r of the Literary (la :rttc. 1 1 is poems published in fills journal made him popular, and Ihe do cite gained a large eiri'idafion llis "A Death I lei I " lioeanm famous through the criticism of Edgar Allan I *00, who hroiighf to public notice the striking similarity il bore to a poem on the same topic by 1 1 noil A Id rich's poems ha ve found recognition in all the standard Collodions of poems by American authors, lie reliiapiished literature as a profession, and resumed his mor cantile pursuits. I le died Oct, ff, 1H5I1. ALDRICH, Nelson Wilmartli, senator, was horn in Eostcr, It. I., Nov. Ii, IN 1 1 His early education was aoquirod at K illinglv, ( 'oim lie (lieu attended the academy in East (Ireoiiwich, It. I , and when graduated began a business life in I’rovidenee, It. I llis praclicnl interest in city a I fairs caused him lo lie elected in the city council from INilti ’75, and from IH72 '7H he was its president On lca\ mg Ha' council In' was elected as a lie publican lo the gen era I assembly of I lie state, and in IN7I1 was speaker of till' house. In IH7H lie was elected to ropro sent his district in ') flic Jtlth and was re elected in IN HO ^ to the 17th Con gross. 1 1 is pract ical business methodM applied to legislation so increased the coulldenee he laid already won in the state, that in IHNI lie was elected by I lie Kliode Island legislature to the vacancy in the United States senate caused by the dentil of Ambrose E. Hvirnslde. lie was re elected in INHO, and again in INiD During his several terms, he served mi important com dittoes, notably on that of lliameo, oil w hich lie was retained during his entire term of service in t hesenitfo. lie thus became thoroughly familiar with the intricate ipiestions of finance mid tariff, and senators accorded him an at ton five hearing whenever he laid occasion to pro sent his views. Large credit is due to Senator Aldrich for the reciprocity features introduced in I lie McKinley (urilf hill, his suggest ions being accepted, after the proposition made by Mr. I Ml ALDRICH. ALEMANY. Blaine had been discussed and dropped by mutual consent. In bis subsequent career in the senate be was prominent in the discussion of the great financial questions that arose in Congress and was conspicuous as an earnest advocate of mono- metallism. ALDRICH, Thomas Bailey, poet and novelist, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., Nov. 11, 1837. Until be was thirteen be spent a part of each year in New Orleans, after which he made his home with his grandfather at Portsmouth, and in 1853 went to New York to begin his business life. He entered a counting- house, and began to write for publication, and his ballad of ‘ ‘ Baby Bell,” whic h appeared in a news- paper when the author was nineteen years old, was copied and quoted so widely that he immediately at- tained a literary repu- tation. He abandoned commercial for liter- ary p u r s u i t s, a n d quickly gained prominence as a writer. He con- tributed to the leading magazines and the New York papers, and in 1856 filled a place on the edi- torial staff of the New York Home Journal. In 1865 Mr. Aldrich removed to Boston to assume the editorship of Every Saturday. This periodical ceased to exist in 1874, and he became a regular contributor to and, in 1881, editor of the Atlantic Monthly, resigning that position in 1892, in order that he might apply himself to general literary work. His success was not limited ; he became as well known in other English speaking countries as America. Several of his prose books were translated into French, Spanish, German, and Danish. His English is pure, and his verse will cause l.uui to be long held in remembrance of men. Hawthorne wrote of it: “I have been reading some of Aldrich’s poems this evening. I find them rich, sweet and imaginative in such a degree that I am sorry not to have fresher sym- pathies, in order to taste all the delights that every reader ought to draw from them. I was conscious here and there of a delicacy that I hardly dared to breathe upon.” His poetical works are as follows: “The Bells,” “Baby Bell, and Other Poems” (1856) ; “ Pampinea, and Other Poems” (1860); two collections of “Poems” issued in (1863-65); “Cloth of Gold, and Other Poems” (1874); “ Flower and Thorn” (1876); “Later Poems” (1876) ; “Friar Jerome’s Beautiful Book” (1881, edition de luxe. 1896) ; “ xMercedes. and Later Lyrics” (1884); “Wyudham Towers” (1890) ; “ The Sister's Tragedy, with Other Poems ” (1891); “Unguarded Gates and other poems” (1895); and “Judith and Holofernes” (1896). Following are some of the titles of his prose works: “The Story of a Bad Boy” (1870) ; “ From Ponkapog to Pestli” 1883; “Prudence Palfrey” (1874); “Marjorie Daw” (1873); “The Stillwater Tragedy” (1880); “Two Bites at a Cherry,” and “ An Old Town by the Sea” (1893). ALDRIDGE, Ira, tragedian. The time and place of his birth are unknown. One biographer states that his father was a native African chief, who was captured and brought to the United States as a slave, was allowed to buy his freedom, and. leaving the South, went to New York city, where he became pastor of an African church, and where Ira was born about 1805, and early devel- oped a taste for dramatic performances. His father, disapproving of this, sent him to England to be educated for the ministry, but lie still pre- ferred the drama, and made his debut at the Royal Theatre in London, as Othello, where his talents met with immediate recognition. Another gives Bellair, near Baltimore, Md., as his birth- place about 1810 ; that he was a mulatto, a ship carpenter, who learned the German language from immigrants, and accompanied Edmund Kean to England as a servant ; that he there cultivated his talent for acting, and returned to the United States in 1830-’31, and appeared on the stage at Baltimore, but failed, when he returned to Eng- land and met with success. His color being ap- propriate to the characters he assumed, he was greatly appreciated in England, the novelty no doubt adding to his success. He played in con- nection with Edmund Kean throughout Great Britain, and then went to the continent. The emperors of Austria and Russia and the King of Prussia and other crowned heads of Europe, and several cities, presented him with crosses and medals, and he was made a member and honorary member of a number of the great academies. Mrs. Kendal and others accused him of brusque, even brutal, stage deportment. She relates that when she played Desdemona he pulled her from the couch and dragged her about the stage by the hair of her head before he smothered her. He was hissed for this and abandoned the prac- tice, but he made himself disagreeable to those who acted with him in other ways. He married an Englishwoman, and left her a widow in Lon- don. He died on his way to fill an engagement in Poland. Aug. 1, 1867. ALEMANY, Joseph Sadoc, R. C. archbishop was born at Vich in Catalonia. Spain, in 1814. In 1821 he entered the Dominican order and pur- sued his theological studies at the convents of Trumpt and Garona. After his ordination at Viterbo in Italy he was made master of novices, [ 54 ] ALEXANDER. ALEXANDER. which office he filled until he was appointed as- sistant pastor of the church of Minerva in Rome ; here he remained until 1841, when he joined the American mission. The first years of his mis- sionary work were spent in Nashville and Mem- phis, Tenn. In 1847 he was made provincial of the order of Dominicans in the state of Ohio. In 1850 his abilities attracted the attention of the papal court during his presence at the general chapter of the order, and he was consecrated bishop of Monterey by Cardinal Franzoni in the church of San Carlo. Leaving Rome immedi- ately, he brought to his new see religious of both sexes, with whose aid he founded various institu- tions of learning in California. In 1853 he was elevated to the see of San Francisco as its first archbishop. In 1883 he resigned his office and retired to a convent in Valencia, Spain, intend- ing to devote the remainder of his life to the re- habilitation of the Dominican order in Spain, and died there April 14, 1888. He wrote a ‘ ‘ Life of St. Dominick.” ALEXANDER, Abraham, statesman, was born near Raleigh, N. C., in 1718. He was a member of the colonial legislature before 1775, and when that year the royalist governor attempted to oppose the people in their right of free speech, he was elected president of an indignation meeting held in the court house at Charlotte, at the call of Col. Thomas Polk. He was made permanent chairman of the subsequent meeting held May 31, 1775, that issued the Mecklenburg declaration of independence, providing for a republican form of government, and renouncing allegiance to Great Britain. This was nearly a year before the Declaration signed at Philadelphia, July 4, 1776. This document was transmitted to Philadelphia in August, 1775, by a special messenger, after having been read in mass meetings to the people in different parts of the state. Mr. Alexander died at Charlotte, N. C., April 23, 1776. ALEXANDER, Archer, hero, was born near Richmond, Va., about 1810, a slave, and in 1831 was taken to Missouri by his master. In 1861, at the breaking out of the civil war, he performed a very heroic deed. Learning that a detachment of Federal troops was to pass over a railroad bridge, the timbers of which he knew to have been cut in order to wreck the train, Alexander, at the hazard of his life, gave the information to a prominent Union man, thus preventing disaster to the detachment. He was suspected of doing this, and was taken prisoner by a committee of Confederate sympathizers, but escaped, fleeing to St. Louis, where he obtained employment under protection of the Federal provost -marshal. In the bronze group, ‘‘Freedom's Memorial,” in the Capi- tol grounds in Washington, he was the model of Thomas Ball the sculptor, from which “The [ 55 ] Freedman” in the group was made. See “The story of Archer Alexander.” He died in St. Louis, Dec. 8, 187.9. ALEXANDER, Archibald, educator, was born in Rockbridge county, Va., April 17, 1772, son of William Alexander, a farmer of means, who gave him an academic education under William Gra- ham in the celebrated school founded by his great- uncle, Robert Alexander in 1749, and then known as “ Liberty Hall.” This school was the germ of Washington and Lee university. During the great revival of 1789-’90 Archibald turned his .at- tention. to religious study, was ordained by the presbytery of Hanover, and preached several years as an itinerant pastor over several churches in Charlotte and Prince Edward’s counties. He was elected president of Hampden-Sidney college in 1796, serving until a revolt among the students forced him to retire in 1806. In 1802 he was mar- ried to Janetta, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Waddel, the blind preacher, immortalized by William Wirt. He acted as pastor of the old Vine street Presbyterian church of Philadelphia from 1807 to 1812, when he became leading professor in Prince- ton theological seminary, the first theological pro- fessor elected by the general assembly of the Pres- byterian church. He opened the seminary with three students, and in a few years, as the number of professorships increased, he was able to confine his work to didactic and polemic theology. He had been moderator of the general assembly in 1 808, and in his annual sermon before that body had advised the establishment of a theological seminary. ■ This led to the foundation of the sem- inary at Princeton in 1812. There he founded the chair of Christian ethics and apologetics, and after his retirement it became known as the Archibald Alexander chair. For nearly forty years he la- bored in this field, shaping the views and charac- ter of hundreds of preachers. He possessed extra- ordinary powers as a pulpit orator and in polemics, so popular in his day. His first published work was, “A Brief Outline of the Evidences of the Christian Religion” (1823), widely translated and largely used as a text-book. He prepared a pocket edition of the Holy Bible in 1831. In 1833 lie fol- lowed it with: “ The Canons of the Old and New Testament Ascertained;” “Lives of the Patri- archs” (1835); “Essays on Religious Experi- ences” (1840); “Evidences of the Authenticity and Canonical Authority of the Holy Scriptures,” 5th ed. (1836); “History of African Coloniza- tion” (1846) ; “ History of the Log Cabin” (1846) ; “ History of the Israelitish Nation” (1852) ; “Out- lines of Moral Science ” (1858) ; and minor works. After his death his manuscripts were edited by his son James Waddel Alexander, who also wrote the life of his father. Dr. Alexander died in Princeton, N. J., Oct. 22, 1851. ALEXANDER. ALEXANDER. ALEXANDER, Barton Stone, soldier, was born at Paris, Ky., in 1819. He was graduated at West Point in the class of 1842, and later served as engineer in the United States army. He planned the Minot’s Ledge lighthouse near Boston, and when the civil war broke out was detailed to Washington to aid in the construction of the de- fences of the city. For gallant and meritorious conduct at the first battle of Bull Run, 1861, he was brevetted major, and at the siege of York- town, 1862, lieutenant-colonel. He served under Sheridan as consulting engineer, and at the close of the war in 1865 was brevetted brigadier- general. After the war he had charge of the construction of public works in Maine ; and upon his promotion as senior engineer in the U. S. army, with rank of lieutenant-colonel, he went to Cali- fornia as a member of the Pacific board of U. S. engineers for fortifications. He died there Dec. 15, 1878. ALEXANDER, Eben, diplomatist, was born in North Carolina about 1850. He was graduated from Yale college, and afterwards made professor of Greek in the North Carolina university. His appointment as United States minister to Greece in 1893 was the personal choice of President Cleve- land; and although not a politician himself Mr. Alexander’s appointment to this office received the hearty approval of the politicians of his state. He was deemed particularly adapted to the posi- tion he filled on account of his interest in and knowledge of the Greek people and their lan- guage. Besides being a scholar he was a man of marked executive ability. ALEXANDER, Edmund Brooke, soldier, was born in Prince William county, Va., Oct. 2, 1802. He was graduated at West Point in 1823. He served in the army on the frontier and on garrison duty for twenty years. In the Mexican war he won distinction for bravery at Cerro Gordo, Con- treras, and Churubusco, and was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel. He was afterwards major of the 8th infantry from Nov. 10, 1857, and colonel of the 10th infantry from March 3, 1855. He commanded the Utah expedition of 1857-’58 until relieved by Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston. In the civil war he was detailed as provost mar- shal of St. Louis, and was chief disbursing officer for the state of Missouri, and superintendent of the volunteer recruiting service with headquarters at St. Louis during the war. He was brevetted brigadier-general March 13, 1865, and with his regiment commanded Fort Snelling, Minn. , until Feb. 22, 1869, when he was placed on the retired list after fifty years’ service. He removed to Washington, D. C., where he died Jan. 3, 1888. ALEXANDER, Edward Porter, soldier, was born at Washington. Wilkes county, Ga., May 26, 1835. After graduating at West Point in 1857 lie was appointed assistant professor of engineering in the academy, and served in that capacity until lie was detailed to engineering service in the Utah and Washington territory expeditions. In 1861 he resigned and entered the Confederate army as chief of ordnance and signal officer in the army of Northern Virginia. In 1862 he was appointed colonel, and was with Longstreet at the battle of Gettysburg. He was promoted to be brigadier- general of artillery in 1864, and at the close of the civil war he was appointed professor of mathematics and engineering in the university of South Carolina, and retained the position until 1869. He then became actively connected with railroads in the south, and greatly advanced the development of the country. He was elected president of the Central railroad and banking company of Georgia, and in that position was a factor in directing the railway system of the entire south. He wrote ‘ Railroad Practice,” and contributed to the Century Magazine on subjects connected with the civil war. ALEXANDER, James, lawyer, was born in Scotland, near the end of the seventeenth cen- tury, and was educated as a civil engineer. He fled to America in 1718, to escape the penalty of being involved with the pretender in the rebel- lion of that year, and settled at Perth Amboy, N. J., served as surveyor-general of New York and New Jersey, studied law and won both dis- tinction and wealth at the colonial bar. He was disbarred in 1735 for defending Peter Zenger, a popular printer, accused of sedition. The new administration of 1737 re-instated him. He served the province in the legislature and council, and from 1721 to 1723 as attorney-general, and was also secretary of the province of New York. He was a friend of civil liberty and with Frank- lin a founder of the American philosophical society. He married the widow of David Provost, and his son, William Alexander, was the ‘-Lord Stirling ” of the American revolution. His death resulted from exposure in a journey from New York city to Albany in the early spring of 1756, where a project threatening the rights of the colonies was under debate, and Secretary Alex- ander undertook the trip to oppose the measure, while suffering from severe ill-health. He died April 2, 1756. ALEXANDER, James Waddel, clergyman, was born in Louisa county, Va., March 13, 1804, son of Archibald and Janetta Waddel Alexander, and maternal grandson of James Waddel, the blind preacher, made famous by William Wirt. He was educated in the academy at Philadelphia, Pa., entered Princeton college, and was graduated in 1820, following with a four-years’ course at the theological seminary. In 1824 he was tutor in that institution, and was licensed to preach by ALEXANDER. ALEXANDER. the presbytery of New Brunswick, N. J. For three years following he was pastor in Charlotte county, Va. From 1828-’32 he had charge of the first Presbyterian church in Trenton, N. J. He gave up preaching on account of failing health, and took charge of the Presbyterian, of Philadel- phia, as editor. From 1833 to 1844, he was pro- fessor of belles-lettres and rhetoric at Princeton college, and for the next five years he served the congregation of the Duane street Presbyterian church of New York city. At the end of his pas- torate he returned to Princeton, to take the chair of ecclesiastical history and church government in the theological seminary. In 4851 he returned to New York to accept a call to the Fifth avenue Presbyterian church, where he exerted a great power in the pulpit and with his pen. In preach- ing and writing he aimed at being practical rather than scholarly, and in the pulpit was intensely spiritual. He wrote many translations of popu- lar German hymns ; one of which found its way into many hymn books: Gerhardt’s passion hymn, “ O Sacred Head now Wounded. ” His published works include: “Consolation,” “Family Wor- ship.” “Plain Words to a Young Communicant,” “Discourses on Christian Faith and Practice,” “Gift to the Afflicted,” “A Biography of Dr. Archibald Alexander,” and over thirty volumes prepared for the American Sunday school union. He contributed to the Princeton Review and the Biblical Repertory. Rev. Dr. John Hall published in 1880, in two volumes, “ Forty Years’ Familiar Letters of James W. Alexander.” He died at Red Sweet Springs, Va., July 31, 1859. ALEXANDER, John Henry, scientist, was born in Annapolis, Md., June 26, 1812. His edu- cation was acquired in his native city, and he was graduated from St. John’s college in 1826. He then studied law, but did not practise, devoting himself to scientific investigation and study. As topographical engineer of Maryland, to which ' office he was appointed in 1834, he made a survey of the state in connection with the geological survey, and prepared the annual reports until 1841. These reports prompted the opening of valuable coal and iron mines. He was an author- ity on standards of weight and measure, and was associated with Superintendents Hassler and Baclie of the coast survey. He went to England in 1837 as delegate from the United States govern- ment to the British commission on decimal coin- age. His research in this field recommended him as director of the U. S. mint, which appointment was prevented by his death. He served as pro- fessor of physics in the University of Maryland, St. John’s college and the University of Pennsyl- vania. He was one of the incorporators of the national academy of science, and a member of the chief scientific societies of America. He published, beside valuable scientific papers, “ His- tory of Metallurgy of Iron” (1840— ’42) ; “Uni- versal Dictionary of Weights and Measures, Ancient and Modern ” (1850). He left unpublished manuscript for “ A Dictionary of English Sur- names” (12 vols. 8 vo). William Pinkney wrote his life published in 1867, and J. E. Hilgard, a memoir published in Vol. I. of “Biographical Memoirs ” of the national academy of science. Professor Alexander died in Baltimore, March 2, 1867. ALEXANDER. Joseph Addison, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 24, 1809, son of Archibald and Janetta Waddel Alexander. He was graduated at Princeton college with the first honor, in the class of 1826. He thereupon, in connection with Robert Bridges Patton, estab- lished Edgehill seminary at Pi-inceton. In 1830 he was made adjunct professor of ancient lan- guages in Princeton college, holding the profes- sorship until 1833, when he went abroad to study languages, and upon his return in 1838 he was called to the chair of Oriental literature in the theological seminary, and in 1852 was elected to the professorship of biblical and ecclesiastical history in the same institution, his connection with the seminary being terminated by his death. He was distinguished in Oriental scholar- ship as well as in biblical learning, and was a thorough master of the modern European lan- guages. He wrote during 1846-’47 commentaries on Isaiah, embracing “The Earlier Prophecies,” “The Later Prophecies,” and the book “Illus- trated and Explained”; and in 1850 “The Psalms Translated and Explained.” In 1857 appeared “ Commentary on Acts,” in 1858 “Commentary on Mark.” and in 1851 “ Essays on the Primitive Church Offices.” After his death there appeared in 1860 his “ Sermons,” and in 1861 “ Commentary on Matthew,” and “Notes on New Testament Literature.” Henry Carrington Alexander pre- pared a biography published in 1869. lie died in Princeton, N. J., Jan. 28, 1860. ALEXANDER, Samuel Davies, clergyman, was born at Princeton, N. J., May 3, 1819, son of Archibald Alexander, clergyman. He was grad- uated from Princeton college in the class of 1838, and then entered the theological seminary, being ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1847. The following year he took pastoral charge of the Port Richmond Presbyterian church in Philadel- phia, Pa., remaining there two years, and remov- ing at the end of that time to Freehold, N. J., where he preached five years. In 1855 he ac- cepted a call to the Phillips Presbyterian church in New York city, and successfully discharged the duties of his position until 1893. Washington col- lege conferred on him the degree of S.T.D. in 1862. During the last year of his life he acted as clerk [071 ALEXANDER. ALGER. of the New York presbytery. He published “Princeton College during the Eighteenth Cen- tury” (1872), and “History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland.” He died in New York city, Oct. 26, 1894. ALEXANDER, Stephen , astronomer, was born at Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 1, 1806. His educa- tion was obtained at Union college and at Prince- ton theological seminary. After his graduation from the seminary in 1832 he was a tutor, 1833 ; ad- junct professor of mathematics, 1834 ; professor of astronomy, 1840; professor of mathematics, ISIS- ’S!, and professor of astronomy and mechanics, 1855-’78, at Princeton college. In 1860 he was the head of an expedition to the coast of Labra- dor to observe the solar eclipse which occurred July 18 of that year ; later to observe the one of 1869. He published: “Fundamental Principles of Mathematics, ” ‘ 1 Statement and Exposition of Certain Harmonies of the Solar System,” and many other noteworthy astronomical papers. He died in Princeton, N. J., July 25, 1833. ALEXANDER, William, “Lord Stirling,” soldier, was born in New York city, in 1726, son of James Alexander, who claimed to he earl of Stirling. He received a good education, and gained repute for his knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. With his mother, the widow of David Provost, he engaged in the provision busi- ness left her by the death of her first husband. He also became aide-de-camp to General Shirley of the British army. In 1756 he went to England to give testimony in behalf of General Shirley, who had been charged with neglect of duty; and while there, in 1757, he entered upon an unsuc- cessful suit before the house of lords to gain the title and estates of Stirling. He returned to the United States in 1761, and married the daughter of Philip Livingston. Through the influence of his father-in-law he was made surveyor-general of the state, and was chosen to the provincial council. He sided with the patriots in the revo- lutionary war, and was made a colonel in 1775. He was largely instrumental in capturing a Brit- ish armed transport, and Congress for his bravery made him a brigadier-general in 1776. His com- mand was cut to pieces at the battle of Long Island, Aug. 26, 1776, and he was taken prisoner, but his bravery in obeying the orders of General Putnam and stubbornly opposing a vastly superior force, enabled the great body of the American troops to escape, and as soon as he was exchanged he was promoted a major-general. Upon General Lee leaving New York in December, 1776. to aid in the defence of Philadelphia, General Stirling was left in command of the city. He afterwards received the surrender of a Hessian regiment at Trenton. He distinguished himself at the battles of Germantown and Brandywine, and was de- feated and lost one hundred and fifty men and two guns at Matouchin, N. J. ; and at Monmouth he successfully resisted an attempt to turn his flank, but at the cost of a large number of his men. In 1779 he surprised the British at Paulus Hook, N. J., and in 1781 was transferred to the command of Albany, where he died a few days after the declaration of peace. He was one of the founders and the first governor of King's college, New York city. He wrote “The Conduct of Major-General Shirley, Briefly Stated,” and “An Account of the Comet of June and July, 1770.” He died at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1783. ALEXANDER, William, educator, was born near Shirleysburg, Pa., Dec. 18, 1831. He gradu- ated from Jefferson college in 1858, and completed the Princeton theological course in 1861. He was pastor for one year at Lycoming. Pa. In 1863 he was made president of Carroll college. Wisconsin, holding the position for one year. He held pastor- ates at Beloit, Wis. (1864-69), then at San Jose, Cal. ( 1869— ’7 1 ) . He was called to the presidency of the city college, San Francisco (1871-74), and was active in founding the San Francisco theo- logical seminary, the first Presbyterian seminary on the Pacific slope, and was its first professor in New Testament literature. In 1876 he was trans- ferred to the chair of ecclesiastical history and church government, and afterwards became dean of the seminary. He won fame in 1881 by publish- ing open letters to Gen. George Stoneman on the Sunday law. In 1883 he published nine open letters to Bishop McQuaid on the “Failure of Romanism.” ALEXANDER, William Cooper, lawyer, was born in Virginia, Jar*. 4, 1806, second son of Archi- bald and Janetta (Waddel) Alexander. He was educated in Philadelphia and at Princeton college, where he was graduated in 1824. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar on ar- riving at his majority in 1827. He gained dis- tinction as an advocate and orator, and took active part in political life. As lieutenant-governor of the state of New Jersey, he presided over the state senate for several years. In 1851 he was a candidate for governor, but was defeated by a few votes. He was a member of the peace con- gress of 1861 and presided over many of its ses- sions. In 1859 he helped to organize the Equitable life assurance society and was its first president, which office he held until his death, which oc- curred in New York city, Aug. 23. 1874. ALGER, Cyrus, iron founder, was born at West Bridgewater, Mass., Nov. 11, 1781. He is noted as the inventor of the cylinder stove, for improvement in weapons of war, and for estab- lishing what was for many years the most ex- tensive iron foundry in America, at South Boston. Mass. He died Feb. 4, 1856. ALGER ALGER ALGER, Horatio, Jr. , author, was born at Chel- sea (Revere), Mass., Jan. 13, 1834. He was grad- uated from Harvard university at the age of eighteen, and occupied the next few years in teaching, writing, and doing newspaper work. For a year he travelled in Europe, acting as correspondent for American newspapers; re- turning to America he studied divinity at Cam- bridge, and in 1864 was ordained to the Unitarian ministry at Brewster, Mass. In 1866 he settled in New York city, where he studied the condition of the street boys, and found in them an abun- dance of interesting material for stories. Besides more than fifty books written for young readers, he published “Helen Ford,” a novel, and many magazine articles, poems, etc. Among his books are: “Nothing to Do: a Tilt at our Best Society” (1857) ; “ Gran’ther Baldwin’s Thanksgiving, with other Ballads and Poems” (1875); “From Canal Boy to President” (1881); “From Farm Boy to Senator: the History of Daniel Webster” (1882); “ Abraham Lincoln, the Backwoods Boy” (1883) ; “From Log Cabin to White House”; “Digging for Gold” (1892); “Victor Vane, the Young Secretary” (1894); “ Oidy an Irish Boy” (1894); “Adrift in the City” (1895) ; and many series of books on New York street life, among them the “ Ragged Dick Series,” “ Luck and Pluck Series,” and “ Tattered Tom Series.” ALGER, Russell Alexander, ex-governor of Michigan, was born at Lafayette, Ohio, Feb. 27, 1836. His father emigrated from Connecticut to what was the “ far West,” and with his wife and daughter died about 1847, leaving Russell the oldest of three orphan children, without money and with a brother and sister to care for and support. He had been accustomed to work for the neigh- bors for a small quan- tity of provisions, or a few pennies a day, even before the death of his parents, who were very poor. He now found homes for his brother and sister and secured work for himself on a farm, his remuneration be- ing his board, clothes, and the privilege of attending school three months in the year. He afterward secured a place where he was paid regular, though small wages, and he was able from his savings to pass several terms at the Richfield academy. He thus fitted himself to teach a district school, which he commenced in the winter of 1856, boarding around among the farmers as a part of his remuneration. After this time, by close economy lie was able to assist his brother and sister in obtaining an education, and to advance himself in the study of law. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar and began prac- tice in Cleveland, O. Overwork and indoor con- finement soon broke down his health, and in 1860 he was obliged to relinquish for a time his profes- sion. Borrowing a small sum of money he went to Michigan with a friend, where they engaged in the business of lumbering. In 1861. through the failure of another firm, he lost all his capital, and was left in debt. On the breaking out of the civil war he promptly enlisted as a pri- vate in the 2d Michigan cavalry, and was soon promoted to a captaincy. He served three years, through many hard-fought battles, and step by step he gained promotion until at the close of the conflict in 1865 he was made a brevet major- general “for gallant and meritorious service.” Not discouraged by his former failure, he once more embarked in the lumber business, this time with such success that in twenty years he had amassed a comfortable fortune. In 1884 he was nominated by the republican party of Michigan for governor and was elected. His administra- tion was exceedingly popular, for he brought into the conduct of state affairs business methods combined with strict honesty and a close attention to every official duty. The best men of both parties desired to see him again in the guberna- torial chair, but he declined and devoted himself to business affairs. His name was prominent as a candidate for the presidency before the repub- lican convention of 1892, that nominated Mr. Harrison, he receiving 143 votes on the fifth ballot. He was a delegate to the Chicago con- vention that nominated Blaine and Logan in 1884; and was first elector from Michigan on the republican ticket that year. He was a delegate- at-large to the St. Louis convention in 1896, and chairman of the Michigan delegation. Presi- dent McKinley in making up his cabinet ap- pointed him secretary of war. ALGER, William Rounseville, clergyman, was born at Freetown, Mass., Dec. 30, 1822. He obtained, by his own labor, the means to acquire an academical education, and then entered the Cambridge theological school, from which he was graduated in 1847. He was ordained to the Unitarian ministry, and became pastor of the Mount Pleasant Unitarian society in Roxbury, Sept. 8, 1847. In 1852 Harvard college conferred on him the degree of A.M. He resigned the pastor- ate of the Mount Pleasant church in 1855, and answered a call from the Bulfinch street society of Boston. Two years later he accepted an invi- tation to deliver a Fourth of July oration, on “ The Genius and Posture of America,” before ALLAN. ALLEN. the civil authorities of Boston, and created a sen- sation by roundly denouncing the slave-owners of the south and the upholders of slavery in the north. This oration was ill-timed and radical. The board of aldermen refused the speaker the customary vote of thanks. The Massachusetts house of representatives elected him chaplain in 1869, and in the autumn of that year his church united with Theodore Parker’s congregation and organized a society, which held free services in Boston music hall, where he preached to crowded houses until he sailed for Europe, in 1870, for rest and recreation. While in Paris his health gave way, as the result of arduous overwork, and he was granted a year’s leave of absence to recruit. He returned to this country, in May, 1872, and continued to preach in Music hall. In 1874 he accepted a call from the church of the Messiah in New York city, and ministered there until 1878, when he removed to Denver, Col., and from there in 1880 to Chicago, and in 1881 to Portland, Me., where the next year he abandoned the ministry and returned to Boston. Among his books are : “ A Critical History of the Doct rine of a Future Life” (1861); “Poetry of the Orient” (1856); “The Genius of Solitude” (1861); “The Friendships of Women” (1867); “The School of Life” (1881); “The Sources of Consolation in Human Life”; “Life of Edwin Forrest” (1877) ; “A Symbolic History of the Cross of Christ” (1881) ; and “ Prayers offered in the Massachusetts House of Representatives during the session of 1868” (1869), printed by request of members of the legislature. ALLAIRE, Anthony, soldier, was born at New Rochelle, N. Y., Feb. 22, 1755. When he came of age he joined as lieutenant the Loyal American corps of the revolution, and at the siege of Charleston he served as adjutant under Col. Patrick Ferguson, In the same capacity he fought at the battle of King’s Mountain, where he was taken prisoner. His diary, relating the events of the South Carolina campaign, has been published and is deemed a reliable source of histor- ical information. He died at Fredericton, N. B., June 9, 1838. ALLAN, Jessie, librarian, was born in Omaha, Neb., Dec. 15, 1861. Her early education was gained at private and public schools of her native city. She was graduated with the highest honors from the Omaha high school in 1881, and soon after entered the Omaha public library as assist- ant to her sister, Mary Allan, who was the libra- rian, whom she succeeded in 1886. Her wide knowledge of books, her tenacious memory, and her executive ability eminently fitted her for the place, but her physical strength was inadequate to her arduous duties, and in 1893 she was forced to rest. She went to Colorado. Texas, Arizona, and St. Louis, struggling bravely for two years to regain her health. The success of the Omaha library is largely due to her untiring efforts. Un- der her administration an elegant new library building was erected. She died Sept. 12, 1895. ALLCOCK, Thomas, manufacturer, born in Birmingham, England, in 1814. He came to the United States in 1845, and expended his capital in a small drug store under the Astor House. He built up a good business, and in 1854 invented a porous plaster, the sale of which made an appre- ciable increase in his income. At the breaking out of the civil war he joined the Union army as assistant adjutant-general on the staff of General Gates, and afterwards helped to organize a regi- ment of artillery, of which he was appointed major. He was actively engaged in nearly a score of battles, receiving a wound at the battle of Ream’s Station, and for his brave conduct he re- ceived the brevet rank of brigadier-general. He remained in business in New York from the close of the war until his death, which occurred Dec. 27, 1891. ALLEN, Alexander Viets Griswold, author. was born at Otis, Mass., May 4, 1841. He was graduated at Kenyon college, Gambier, Ohio, in 1862, and at Andover theological seminary in 1865, in which year he was ordained to the priest- hood of the Episcopal church and appointed rector of St. John’s church, Lawrence, Mass., serving there until 1867, when he accepted the chair of ecclesiastical history in the Episcopal divinity sciiool at Cambridge. His writings are marked by scholarship and literary ability. His best-known work, “ The Continuity of Christian Thought,” published in 1884, is very widely read, and is typical in its expression of his anti-Cal- vinistic views. His Bolilen lectures, 1884, were published under the title of “The Greek Theol- ogy and the Renaissance of the Nineteenth Century,” and the same year he published “ Con- tinuity of Christian Thought.” Dr. Allen in 1889 published a “Life of Jonathan Edwards,” and a “ Life of Phillips Brooks” in 1891. ALLEN, Benjamin, clergyman and author, was born in Hudson, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1789. He was educated in the Presbyterian faith, but after- wards joined the Protestant Episcopal church, and began his work as a layman among the colored people of Charleston. Ya. He was ad- mitted to the priesthood in 1818. In 1815 he pub- lished the Layman's Magazine, a weekly periodi- cal ; and in 1820 an abridged edition of Burnet’s "History of the Reformation.” In 1821 he as- sumed charge of the parish of St. Paul, Philadel- phia. He established a printing-office in 1827, and from it issued leaflets, pamphlets, and prayer- books. Among his own literary works were : ALLEN. ALLEN. “Christ, and Him Crucified”; “Living Man- ners” (1822); “ The Parent’s Counsellor ” ; “ His- tory of the Church of Christ,” (1823-’24) ; “Sketch of the Life of Dr Pilmore” (1825.) His Memoirs were published by his brother, in Philadelphia in 1832. He died at sea, Jan. 13, 1829. ALLEN, Calvin Francis, civil engineer and educator, was born at Roxbury, Mass., July 10, 1851. He was graduated from the Roxbury Latin school in the class of 1868, and from the Massa- chusetts institute of technology in civil engineer- ing in the class of 1872. Immediately after his graduation he entered upon the work of civil engineering, devoting especial attention to hy- draulic and sanitary engineering. In 1878 he was admitted as member of the American society of civil engineers. Later, in the west, mainly in connection with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fd railroad, his work was more directly railroad en- gineering. In 1885 he was admitted to practice before the courts of New Mexico, serving for more tlian a year as attorney of the Atchison. Topeka & Santa F<5 railroad at Socorro. In 1887 he became assistant professor of railroad engineering at the Massachusetts institute of technology, and in 1893 was made associate professor, and served as secretary of the alumni association. He pub- lished, mainly for the use of his own students, two books, “Railroad Curves and Earthwork,” and “Tables for the Computation of Earthwork.” ALLEN, Charles, jurist, was born in Worces- ter. Mass., Aug. 9. 1797. After his graduation from Harvard college he studied law and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1821. In 1829 he represented his district in the house of representatives of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and was re- elected in 1834, ’36 and ’40. In 1835, ’38, and ’39 he was in the state senate. In 1842 he was a com- missioner to negotiate the Ashburton treaty, and was the same year appointed a judge of the court of common pleas, and in 1859 chief justice of the Massachusetts supreme court, retaining this office until within two years of his death. Judge Allen, in 1849, edited the Boston Whig. He died at his home in Worcester, Aug. 6, 1869. ALLEN, Charles Grant Blairfindie, “Grant Allen,” author, was born in Kingston Canada, Feb. 24. 1848. He matriculated at Merton college, Ox- ford, in 1867, and received the degree of B.A. in 1871. Two years later he obtained a professorship at Quebec college, Jamaica. He resided for many years in London, where he became known as the “St. Paul of Darwinism” ; his expositions of the theories of the great scientist being particularly strong and vivid. Mr. Allen is a colorist, and in writing on scientific subjects gives the facts, not in dry, technical terms, but in so attractive a manner as to make his reader forget that he is reading science in his interest in the subject. He [ 61 ] is a voluminous and versatile writer, as the titles of his works testify. These are: “Color Sense,” “ Colin Clout’s Calendar,” “ The Colorsof Flowers,” “ Commonsense Sense,” “Anglo-Saxon Britain,” “Flowers and their Pedigree” (1884), “Physio- logical Aesthetics,” “ Vignettes from Nature.” “ Force and Energy,” “ A Theory of Dynamics,” “Science in Arcady,” “The Lower Slopes; Reminiscences of Excursions round the Base of Helicon.” (poems); “ Catullus Caius Valerius” (translated into English verse) ; “ Falling in Love, and Other Essays.” “ Biographies of Work- ing Men” (1884); “Common Sense Science” (1886); and “The Story of the Plants” (1895). In 1883 Mr. Allen made his first venture in fiction, which was so successful that he has written one volume and sometimes more each year. His novels are as interesting as his other writings, and often exemplify some scientific fact. We give their titles sequentially: “ Philistia ” (1884); “Babylon” (1885); “For Maimie’s Sake” (1886); “In all Shades” (1887); “The Devil’s Die” (1888); “This Mortal Coil” (1888); “The Tents of Shem ” (1889); “Wed- nesday, the Tenth” (1890); “The Duchess of Powsyland” (1891); “The Great Taboo” (1891); “Recalled to Life” (1891); “Blood Royal” (1892); “Michael’s Crag” (1893); “The Scally- wag” (1893); “At Market Value” (1894); “The British Barbarians” (1895); “Dr. Palliser’s Patient”; “ Dumaresq’s Daughter”; and “ Post- Prandial Philosophy.” a series of papers con- tributed to the Westminster Gazette. ALLEN, David Oliver, missionary, was born at Barre, Mass., Jan. 6. 1800. He was graduated from college in 1820, after which lie was tutor in the academy at Lawrence for some years. He then entered Andover theological seminary, but left the institution in 1827 to join a missionary party bound for India. At Bombay he established schools, gathered the people together for worship, and made long journeys into western India. He remained there twenty-five years. His services in India included the charge of the printing-house already established in the province of Bombay, and there he superintended the printing of a Bible, as well as of various tracts that he had translated into the Mahratta language. He returned to America in 1853, broken in health, and wrote a history of India, published in Boston in 1856. He died in Lowell. Mass., July 17, 1863. ALLEN, Ebenezer, pioneer, was born in North- ampton, Mass., Oct. 17, 1743. His parents re- moved to New Marlboro, Mass., when he was a child, and his father died soon after, leaving to him. as the oldest son. the support of a large family. This burden prevented his attending school and he learned the blacksmith’s trade. In ALLEN. ALLEN. 1762 he married a Miss Richards, and in 1768 they removed to Bennington, Vt. In 1771 he located in Poultney, and was one of the pioneer settlers of that town. He was a soldier with Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga, and with Colonel Warner’s “Green Mountain Boys” in Canada in 1755. Upon his return from the Canada expedition he removed to Timnouth, Vt. , and served as a dele- gate to the several conventions of 1776. looking to an independent state government. In 1777 he helped to frame the constitution of the new state ; and the same year distinguished himself as cap- tain of minutemen at the battle of Bennington. He was promoted major of rangers, and after- wards colonel in the state service. He in Septem- ber, 1777, made with forty men an attack on Mount Defiance, and captured the garrison of two hun- dred men, and had turned the guns upon Fort Ti- conderoga when his superior officer declined to continue the attempt to capture the fort. In November of the same year, after the abandon- ment of the fort, Major Allen cut off the rear guard of the retreating British troops and cap- tured forty-nine “redcoats.” Among his prison- ers was Diana Morris and her infant child, negro slaves of a British officer. As the constitution he had so recently helped to frame for the state for- bade the holding of slaves, Major Allen gave them a certificate of emancipation. He commanded Fort Vergennes in 1778-’79, serving the latter year on the board of war. In 1780 he aided Gov- ernor Clinton, of New York, in intercepting Sir John Johnson in his raid from Canada, and con- tinued on duty until the close of the war. Died at Burlington, Vt., March 26, 1806. ALLEN, Edward P., representative, was born at Sharon, Washtenaw county, Mich., Oct. 28, 1839. Until his twentieth year his time was di- vided between farm labor in summer and attending and teaching school in winter. In 1864 he was graduated from the state normal school, going thence to Vassal', Mich., where for three months he taught the Union school. In June, 1864, he joined 29th Michigan infantry, and in September of the same year was made first-lieutenant. Be- fore the close of the war he was promoted to a captaincy. He afterwards took up the study of law, and in 1867 was graduated from the Ann Arbor law school, and began the practice of his profession in co-partnership with the Hon. B. M. Cutcheon, in Ypsilanti. The latter removing to Detroit. Mr. Allen continued his practice alone. In 1876 he was sent to the lower house of the state legislature, and again in 1878, and during the latter term served as speaker. In 1880 he was elected mayor of the city, and from 1882 until 1885 he acted as U. S. Indian agent for Michigan. He was elected to the fiftieth and re-elected to the fifty-first congresses. ALLEN, Edward P., educator, was born near Lowell, Mass., March 17, 1853. He received a pub- lic school education, after which he entered Mount St. Mary’s college, Emmittsburg, Md., in Septem- ber, 1873, and was graduated with high honors in the class of 1878. In 1879 he commenced his theological course at the seminary connected with the college, was initiated into minor orders in 1880, ordained deacon in September, 1881, and elevated to the priesthood, Dec. 17, 1881. Father Allen remained at Mount St. Mary’s college as professor until the spring of 1882, when he was called upon to return to the east by the bishop of Boston, who appointed him an assistant in the cathedral in that city. Later he was assigned to assist Rev. J. S. Cullen at Framingham, and was appointed chaplain of the state reformatory at Sherborn, Mass. At the urgent request of the president and faculty, Father Allen was in the spring of 1884 again returned to his alma mater. He was elected vice president and treasurer of the college, and discharged his duties with such satisfaction that he was elected president of Mount St. Mary’s college at the close of the scholastic year, 1884. During his administration many improvements were made in the college and seminary, and the number of pupils in both departments was greatly increased. The faculty was augmented and strengthened, the college debt, amounting to sixty-five thousand dollars was paid, and new buildings were erected. In 1889 the degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Georgetown college. In 1889 he visited F ranch and the British Isles, and in 1892 made a tour of Italy. ALLEN, Elisha Hunt, jurist, was born at New Salem, Mass., Jan. 28, 1804, son of Samuel C. Allen, a lawyer. In 1823 he was graduated at Williams college, studied with his father, and two years later was admitted to the bar, begin- ning practice in Brattleboro. He subsequently removed to Bangor, Me., where he served in the legislature and represented his district in the 27th Congress as a Whig, but was defeated for the 28th Congress. He removed to Boston in 1847, and was elected to the house of representatives of the state in 1849. President Taylor made him United States consul at Honolulu in 1849, and he performed the office so acceptably that the Ha- waiian government made him first minister of finance, and then chief justice. The latter office he retained for twenty years. Important negotia- tions were conducted between the United States and the Hawaiian governments during this term, and upon his return to America he, at various times, was the accredited minister of the Ha- waiian kingdom at Washington. He was dean of the diplomatic corps at the time of his death, which occurred Jan. 1, 1883. ALLEN. ALLEN. ALLEN, Elizabeth (Akers), author, was born at Strong, Me., Oct. 9, 1832. Her maiden name was Elizabeth Chase. She began to write verses at an early age under the pen name of ‘ ‘ Florence Percy.” Some of these were, in 1855, published in a volume entitled, “ Forest Buds.” Some years later she was married to Benjamin Paul Akers, the sculptor, who died in 1861, and she became in 1865 the wife of E. M. Allen of New York. For several years following, her residence was in Richmond, Ya. She published a second volume of poems in 1866, which included the poem “Rock Me to Sleep, Mother,” afterwards set to music by several composers, and which became very popular, so that its authorship was claimed by several writers of verses. Her claim was, however, firmly established by indisputable evi- dence. She also published “The Silver Bridge,” in 1885; a volume of prose and verse anony- mously in 1886; and a fourth vohune of verse in 1891 ; and she afterwards contributed fre- quently to the monthly magazines. Having published her second book while she was Eliz- abeth Akers, she retained that as a pen name. Mrs. Allen was for many years literary editor of the Advertiser, Portland, Me. ALLEN, Ethan, soldier, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Jan. 10, 1737, son of Joseph and Mary (Baker) Allen. His first Ameri- can ancestor, Samuel Allen, came to Chelms- ford in 1632. Ethan’s father was a farmer in poor circum- stances, and the son had few ad- vantages for ob- taining an edu- cation, al- though it ap- pears to have been his ambi- tion to study law. He en- gaged in iron smelting at Salisbury, Ct., and in develop- ing a tract of land in Mine Hill, Roxbury, about 1762-’64. At the age of twenty-six years he, with four brothers, Heman, Hebar, Ira, and Levi, went to the Vermont colony to locate lands in the New Hampshire grants, they finally settling at Bennington. He appears to have also lived at Arlington, Sutherland, and Tinmouth. He at once became interested in the dispute between New York and New Hampshire, over the possession of the territory settled under the New Hampshire land grant, and which became the state of Vermont. He espoused the claims of New Hampshire so vigorously that in 1770 he was sent as agent to Albany to represent the question as it appeared to the actual settlers. In one of his pamphlets he wrote : “ The transferring and alienation of property is a sacred prerogative of the owner — kings and governors cannot intermeddle therewith; common sense teaches common law.” The decision of the court being adverse to New Hampshire, he was advised to go home and make the best terms he could for the settlers. His reply was: “The gods of the valleys are not the gods of the hills.” He was of- fered land grants for himself, and office under the New York authority, which he spurned. New Hampshire practically abandoned the settlers, and Allen advocated armed resistance, and was chosen colonel of the regiment that became the historic “ Green Mountain Boys,” and of which Seth Warner, Remember Baker, Robert Coch- rane and Gideon Olin were captains. In this capacity he made it his twofold duty to defend the settlers from the sheriff of Albany county, who came repeatedly with from three hundred to seven hundred men to dispossess the farmers, and to eject New York settlers from the territory which was now without government, except that administered by the militia, and which Allen hu- morously described as, “ Chastisement with the twigs of the wilderness, the growth of the land they coveted.” Allen was declared an outlaw, for whose capture the governor of New York, in 1771-72 had offered a reward of £150. He evaded arrest, although he actually rode to Albany, went to the principal hotel, where he was known, called for and drank a punch, and, in the presence of the sheriff and a gathering throng, mounted His horse and safely road away with a parting huzza for the Green Mountains. In 1774 he was one of the prin- cipal advocates in a scheme to form a new colony, to stretch from the Green Mountains west, north of the Mohawk river to the shores of Ontario, with Skenesborough (now Whitehall) as the capital, and Philip Skene as the governor. Skene had gone to England to urge the project, when the war of the revolution brought the matter to a close. Allen was one of the first to espouse the cause of the colonists, and in March, 1775, and before the massacre of Westminster, had deter- mined to capture Fort Ticonderoga, which he ac complished twenty -one days after the battles of Lexington and Concord, and without a commis- sion from the Continental Congress, which, in fact, [63] ETHAN ALLEN MONUMENT. ALLEN. ALLEN. had not yet convened. With a force of less than one hundred ‘ ‘ Green Mountain Boys” the garri- son was surprised just at daybreak, aroused, and ordered to surrender ‘ ‘ in the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress.” When Congress convened, it tendered Colonel Allen a formal vote of thanks for his gallant exploit. The capture of Ticonderoga was followed by that of Skenesborough, and Crown Point immedi- ately after, and in less than a week the entire country around Lake Champlain was in the pos session of the revolutionists. This opened up a direct route to Canada, and A llen on May 29 wrote to Congress : ‘ ‘ The Canadians (all except the noblesse) , and also the Indians, appear at present to be very friendly with us, and it is my humble opinion that the more vigorous the colonists push the war against the king’s troops in Canada, the more friends we shall find in that country.” He said with one thousand five hundred men and a proper train of artillery he could take Mon- treal. Then “there would be no insuperable difficulty to take Quebec and set up the standard of liberty in the extensive province, whose limit was enlarged purely to subvert the liberties of America.” He advanced his views with force and had many earnest advocates. He wrote to the Indians, calling them “brothers and friends,” asked the merchants of Montreal to open trade with the colonists, and issued a procla- mation to the French people of Canada appealing to them not to take up arms against the colonists. He went to Philadelphia and Albany to urge the scheme in the continental and provincial con- gresses, and the New York congress finally author- ized the raising of a regiment of “ Green Moun- tain Boys ” to be officered from their own choos- ing. This called for a meeting of the town’s committees to elect officers instead of the soldiers themselves, and much to the chagrin of Allen the choice fell upon Seth Warner by a vote of forty - one to five. General Schuyler immediately after sent Allen on several expeditions to arouse the people of Canada to support the revolutionary cause, and if possible bring about an insurrection. In one of these expeditions he was taken prisoner at Montreal, Sept. 24, 1775, and remained in confinement at Fal- mouth, England ; Halifax, Nova Scotia ; and New York, successively. He was paroled in November, 1777, after his arrival in New York, but not ex- changed until May 3, 1778, when Colonel Alexan- der Campbell was released in exchange, and en- tertained Allen for two days at his home in New York. Allen then went to Valley Forge, where Washington made him his guest, and where he met Putnam, Gates, Lafayette, and other general officers. He was immediately commissioned by Congress brevet brigadier-general, and the legisla- ture of his state made him major-general and commander -in-chief of the state militia. By this time the boundary disputes had broken out again, and he devoted himself to their settlement. As agent to Congress he was the prime factor in forcing upon that body the recognition of Ver- mont as a state. In this matter his motives and his loyalty to the colonists have been questioned, and were at the time open to reasonable doubt. He, however, appears to have had the confidence of Washington, and whatever lengths he went in way of deceiving the British with promises made to be broken, his whole life and especially his re- fusals to be bribed by the British when much larger and more alluring offers were held out, fully disproves any taint of treason. He resigned his commission as major-general, at the same time declaring himself ready “ to serve the state ac- cording to his abilities ” if ever necessary. He published his “ Narration ” in 1779; “ Vindication of Vermont and Her Right to Form an Indepen- dent State” (1779); “ Oracles of Reason,” which he called “ A Compendious System of Natural Religion,” in 1784, and various pamphlets. His life has been written by Jared Sparks, Henry Hall, Hugh Moore, and H. W. DePuy. The legislature of Vermont of 1885 ordered a monument to be erected over his grave, a Tuscan column of granite forty-two feet high and four and one-half feet in diameter. A statue of Vermont marble sculp- tured by Mead stands in the vestibule of the state house at Montpelier, and another of Italian marble by the same sculptor in the rotunda of the capitol at Washington. A heroic statue designed by Peter Stevenson was unveiled at Burlington. July 4.1893, and surmounts the monu- ment erected in 1885. He married Mary, daughter of Cornelius and Abigail (Jackson) Brownson of Woodbury, Ct., who died in Sutherland, Vt., about 1783, and was buried at Arlington. On Feb. 9, 1784, he married Mrs. Frances Buchanan, the widowed daughter of Crean Bush, the Tory, who in the New York legislature had been largely instrumental in the passage of the act of outlawry against him. By this marriage one daughter and two sons were born. The daughter, after her father’s death, entered a convent in Montreal, and the sons, Hannibal and Ethan A., became officers in the United States navy. He died at Burlington. Vt., Feb. 12. 1789. ALLEN, Harrison, physician, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 1841. At the age of twenty he was graduated from the medical de- partment of the University of Pennsylvania, and the following year joined the United States army as assistant surgeon, serving first with the Army of the Potomac, and later in the hospitals of Washington. In 1865 he resigned from the army ALLEN. ALLEN. with the brevet rank of major, and went to the University of Pennsylvania as professor of com- parative anatomy and medical zoology, and after- wards of physiology. He also acted as professor of anatomy and surgery in the Philadelphia Den- tal college, and as surgeon and secretary to the Philadelphia hospital. He contributed to medical journals, writing chiefly on osteomyelitis, human anatomy, and morbid anatomy. His publications are: “Outlines of Comparative Anatomy and Medical Zoology ” (1868) ; “Studies in the Facial Region” (1869); “An Analysis of the Life-form in Art ” (1875) ; “ Monograph on the Bats of North America” (1864); “Localization of Diseased Ac- tion in the (Esophagus ” (1877); “The Temporal and Masseter Muscles of Mammals ” (1880); “Sys- tem of Human Anatomy” (1882); “A New Method of Recording the Motions of the Soft Palate” (1884) ; “ A Clinical Study of the Skull ” (1890); and “The Embryos of Bats” (1895). ALLEN, Heman, diplomat, was born at Corn- wall, Ct., Oct. 15, 1740, second son of Joseph and Mary (Baker) Allen. His father died in 1755, and he, after going with his brothers to the New Hampshire grants, returned and became a mer- chant at Salisbury, Ct., where he was living when the war of the revolution broke out. He was largely interested in Vermont and owned con- siderable property there. He was a delegate from Rutland, Vt., to the convention of January, 1777, that declared for independence, and again from Colchester, Vt., to the Windsor convention that framed the state constitution. He was also agent from Dorset convention of January, 1776, to pre- sent the cause of the people of Vermont to Con- gress, petitioning to be allowed to serve in the common cause, under officers to be named by Congress. This was a very successful effort, and he reported on the mission, July 22, 1776. In all the conventions looking to the affairs of Vermont, save two, his name appears as a delegate, and in the two he served as delegate at large or coun- sellor. He represented Middlebury in the state legislature one term. He was captain of a com- pany in the regiment of Green Mountain Boys in their expedition to Canada. At the battle of Bennington he was present as one of the com- mittee of safety, and there contracted a cold which led to decline and death in May, 1778. ALLEN, Heman, lawyer, was born in Poult- ney, Vt., Feb. 23, 1779, son of Heber Allen, and nephew of Ethan Allen. In 1785 he was graduated from Dartmouth college, and after studying law lie was appointed, in 1808, sheriff of Chittenden county, Vt. , serving two years. From 1811 to 1814 lie was chief justice of the county court, and from 1812 to 1817 a member of the lower house of the state legislature. While in the latter body he received the appointment of quartermaster of militia, with the title of briga- dier-general. In 1817 he was elected a representa- tive in Congress, but resigned the following year to accept from President Monroe the position of United States marshal for the district of Ver- mont. In 1823 President Monroe appointed him United States minister to Chili, where he re- mained until 1828. He married Elizabeth Hart, one of “ the seven graces of Stratford.” He re- signed in 1828, and from 1830 to 1836 was president of the United States branch bank at Burlington ; and at the expiration of its charter he removed to Highgate, Vt., where he died April 9. 1852. ALLEN, Henry Watkins, statesman, was born in Prince Edward county, Va., April 29. 1820. His father was a practising physician and re- moved to Missouri, where the son was educated at the Marionville collegiate institute. He studied law, was admitted to the Mississippi bar, and prac- tised his profession. In 1842 he responded to President Houston’s call for volunteers to aid the people of Texas in their war with Mexico, and raised a company which he led. He returned to Grand Gulf, resumed practice, and was, in 1846, elected to the state legislature. He then engaged in sugar planting in West Baton Rouge, La., where he was elected to the state legisla- ture of Louisiana, in 1853. The next year he took a legal course at Harvard college, and in 1859 started for Italy, intending to enlist with Gari- baldi in his struggle for independence. On his arrival the war being over, he made the tour of Europe, and returned home, where he again served in the state legislature. When Louisiana seceded he enlisted in the Confederate army and was made lieutenant -colonel. He was soon pro- moted to be colonel of the 4th Louisiana regiment and military governor of Jackson, Miss. He was wounded at Shiloh and at Baton Rouge, where he commanded a brigade. At Vicksburg he did effective service. He was promoted briga- dier-general in 1864, and the same year elected governor of Louisiana. In this capacity he or- ganized a route of trade to the Mexican border and exchanged cotton for supplies needed in the state, which he sold to the people at moder- ate prices, besides giving to the poor. He also secured to the planters the right to pay the cotton tax imposed by the confederate government in kind, and was largely engaged in preventing the manufacture and sale of liquor in the state. After the war he removed to the city of Mexico, and established the Mexican Times. He died April 22, 1867. ALLEN, Horatio, civil engineer, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., in 1802, son of Benjamin Allen, professor of mathematics in Union college. His opportunities for acquiring an education were ALLEN. ALLEN. exceptionally favorable, and he entered the junior class in Columbia college, and was graduated in 1823. His predilec- tion was to study law, but after one year he abandoned it, and fitted himself as a civil engineer, for which his natural tastes and mathemat- ical attainments bet- ter fitted him. His first practical work was as rodman in a party engaged on the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. In 1824 he was made resident engineer of the work. His next engagement was in 1825 as resident engineer of the Delaware and Hudson canal company, under John B. Jervis, chief engineer. Early in 1827 the Delaware and Hudson canal company com- missioned the young engineer to go to England, inspect the operations of the new motive power, and, if found practicable, to superintend the building of three engines suitable to the use of a road of sixteen miles, then in process of construc- tion between the mines in the Lackawanna valley and the canal. He was, at the same time, to pur- chase the iron rails required for the road. In carrying out this commission he made the ac- quaintance of George Stephenson, inspected his plans and work, and also visited other locomotive builders and projectors, and witnessing the practi- cal results of the operations on the Stockton and Darlington railway, he ordered engines of the type there used. When the “Stourbridge Lion” ar- rived in New York it was tested and sent to Honesdale, Pa., by boat. On its first trial, Aug. 9, 1829, some changes had to be made to accom- modate it to the curves in the road. Mr. Allen ran the engine alone, as it was the opinion of all present that either its immense weight would break down the road, or that the curves would precipi- tate the monster into the creek thirty feet below. He says of this experience: “If there was any danger in the ride, I did not think it necessary to endanger the life and limb of more than one. I had never run a locomotive or any other engine before, but on Aug. 9, 1829, 1 ran the 1 Stourbridge Lion’ three miles and back to the place of starting. ” In 1829 Mr. Allen was appointed chief engineer of the South Carolina railroad, extending from Charleston, S. C., to Augusta, Ga. The road was completed in 1834. and was then the longest in the world. In 1834 Mr. Allen was married in Charles- ton, S. C.,to Mary Moncrief, daughter of Rev. Dr. Simons, rector of St. Phillips church of that city. In 1838 he was appointed chief assistant engineer of the Croton water-works, and upon the comple- tion of the aqueduct was made a member of the board of water commissioners. In 1842 he was connected with the Novelty iron works, which furnished engines for all the steamships and war vessels built in America at that time as well as some for foreign vessels. The company was dis- solved in 1870 and Mr. Allen retired from business. He was for a time president of the Erie railway and for years its consulting engineer. He was also consulting engineer of the Panama railroad company. His last official position was that of consulting engineer of the East River bridge of New York and Brooklyn. His interest in education led him to prepare primary works on arithmetic and algebra, to meet the needs of younger pupils ; he also published a work on astronomy, and in- vented an orrery and other astronomical instru- ments for school use. The University of the city of New York conferred on him the degree LL.D. in 1857. He died at his New Jersey home, Dec. 31, 1889. ALLEN, Ira, statesman, was born in Cornwall, Conn., April 21, 1751. the youngest son of Joseph and Mary Baker Allen, and brother of Ethan, Heman, Hebar, and Levi Allen. He received a good English education, and was a practical land surveyor when very young. He came with his brothers to Vermont in 1771, and in one year was an extensive proprietor of land in Burlington and Colchester, and, with his brothers and Remember Baker, founded the Onion river land company, the largest landed concern in the state. This ownership brought him in opposition to the claims of New York to the territory, and he served as secretary of the committee of safety from its formation to its close. He was lieuten- ant in Colonel Warner’s regiment in the Canada campaign and a trusted confidant of General Montgomery. In the formation of the new state in 1778 he was a member of its council and its secretary. He was also its first treasurer, serv- ing as such nine years, besides being surveyor- general until 1786. About this time a deter- mined opposition to his holding so many offices resulted in his defeat at further elections. He served as captain, colonel, and major-general of the state militia and as a member of the board of war during the revolution. He was prominent in the Haldiman negotiations, and while his con- duct bordered on disloyalty to the colonies, and gave color to the charge that he was ready to surrender the territory of Vermont to the crown, the fact remains that his action delayed the consummation of an agreement, and saved the territory to the United States. In 1786. with his brother Levi, he was commissioned to negoti- ate a treaty of commerce with Canada, and pro- posed and urged the cutting of a canal to con- ALLEN. ALLEN. nect Lake Champlain with the St. Lawrence river, offering to cut it at his own expense if the British would allow him to collect tonnage. He at this time (1786) was an enthusiastic promoter of the plan to cut a canal between the southern waters of the lake and the head waters of the Hudson river. His official connection with the state closed in 1790 with the settlement of the controversy with New York. In 1789 he pre- sented to the legislature a memorial for the establishment of the Vermont university, and with it a subscription list of £5643, of which he contributed £4000; the charter being granted Nov. 3, 1790. In 1795 lie went to Europe in the interest of his canal project and with a commission from the governor to purchase arms for the state. The British cabinet treated his project with scant encouragement, and lie went to France, where lie purchased twenty-four cannon and twenty thousand muskets. Return- ing home, his ship was overhauled by a British cruiser and, on inspection of cargo, was seized as a prize, the English officers claiming that the arms were intended for the Irish rebels. It took Allen eight years in the English courts to disprove the claim, and the delay ruined him financially, as, during his absence, his landed property was depleted through fraudulent tax sales, executions and questions of title. Annoyed in his last days by lawsuits and imprisonment for debt by exacting creditors, he fled the state of Vermont and passed his remaining years in Philadelphia. During his protracted visit to England in 1795-1803 he wrote largely from memory his “ History of Vermont.” Ira Allen has been compared with Hamilton in likeness, intellectual precocity, early entrance into public life, statesmanship, dash of unscrupulousness in political life, personal honor, over-generous nature in sacrifice for others, imposing presence, and pleasing address. He has been called the “Metternich of Vermont,” and the “Father of the University of Vermont.” He married Jerusha, daughter of Gen. Roger Enos, and of their chil- dren Ira II. became prominent in Vermont affairs. He died Jan. 1 , 1814. ALLEN, Ira Wilder, educator, was born at Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., July 5, 1827, the eldest son of the Rev. Ira Allen, pastor of a church at Potsdam for nearly fifty years, and a direct descendant of Ira Allen, the Vermont patriot. The son was taught at home and in the local seminary, and from 1843 to 1846 was em- ployed in teaching school. Fie entered the sopho- more class of Hamilton college in 1847, and was graduated in 1850, when he took charge of Man- lius academy, New York. During his second year he was elected professor of mathematics, astronomy, and civil engineering of Antioch col- [67J lege, Ohio. He resigned his position at the acad- emy and took an extra course of mathematics at Hamilton and Harvard colleges, to thoroughly fit himself for his new position. Obtaining leave of absence, he went to Europe to study in the Ger- man universities of Gottingen and Berlin. While abroad he investigated the school system of Europe, and travelled extensively. On assuming his duties in Antioch college, he found the educa- tional affairs of the college to be of the first order, but the financial management was a failure. Accordingly, he aided in founding a new col- lege in Indiana, which he managed for the first year, and then he went to Albany, N. Y., where he studied law and was admitted to practice; his love of teaching however, impelled him to return to the schoolroom, and he opened Allen academy, Chicago, 111., in 1863. He was elected a life member of the National teachers’ association, also a member of the American archaeological society, and of the Astronomical society. The degree of LL.I). was conferred upon him in 1874, by Union Christian college. ALLEN, Joel Asaph, naturalist, was born at Springfield, Mass., July 19, 1838. While a student at the Lawrence scientific school in Cambridge he attracted the attention of Agassiz, whom lie accompanied on the scientific expedition to Brazil in 1865. He joined other scientific explor- ing parties, notably in 1869 to Florida, and to the Rocky Moun- tains in 1871. In 1870 he was elected as- sistant in ornithology at the museum of comparative zoology in Cambridge, and his writings for the publications of that society are numerous and valuable; he also wrote extensively for the Boston society of natural history. He was awarded the Humboldt scholarship in 1871 , and elected a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences, and a fellow of the national academy of science in 1876, and became a member of many of the im- portant scientific societies of the world. In 1873 he led the scientific party that accompanied the Northern Pacific railroad surveying expedition. In 1885 he was chosen curator of the American museum of natural history in New York, no made numerous geological surveys and expedi- tions for the government, and his reports to the interior department are of great interest and ALLEN. ALLEN. value. During a journey through Virginia he discovered an extinct type of dog, of which lie published an exhaustive account. He edited The Auk, a quarterly journal of ornithology, and The Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. His publications include: “Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida” (1871); “The American Bison, Living and Extinct ” (1872); “Monographs of North American Rodentia” (with Elliott Coues, 1877); “History of North American Pinnipeds” (1880); and “The American Orni- thologists’ Union” (1891). He has also written shorter works, among which are : “ On Geographi- cal Variation of Color Among North American Squirrels,” “ Notes on Mammals of Massachusetts. Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, etc.,” with a critical revision of the species, and complete lists of publications on Massachusetts mammals and birds. ALLEN, John, pioneer, was born in Rock- bridge county, Va., Dec. 30, 1772. In 1781 his father emigrated to what were then the wilds of Kentucky. He was admitted to the bar in 1795, practised at Shelbyville, and met with marked success in his profession. Early fights with the Indians had developed the soldier instinct in him. and in 1812 he raised a regiment and went to the assistance of General Harrison on the Canadian frontier. On Jan. 18, 1813, he fought in the battle of Brownstown, N. Y., and at the battle of the river Raisin, when his regiment formed the left wing of the army. He was killed Jan. 22, 1814. ALLEN, John, patriot, was born in Scotland, Jan. 13, 1746. When a very young man he was elected a member of the provincial assembly of Nova Scotia, whither his parents had emigrated when he was a child. The struggle for liberty in the American colonies enlisted his sympathy, and he rendered efficient aid by winning the Indian tribes along the northeastern frontier of Maine to their cause. In 1777 Congress granted him the commission of colonel, and for his acceptance of this honor the British not only set a price upon liis head, but imprisoned his wife and burned his dwelling. Massachusetts granted him twenty - two thousand acres of land in Maine, and Con- gress two thousand acres in Ohio, for his services and losses in the cause of the country. He died Feb. 7. 1805. ALLEN, John Beard, senator, was born at Crawfordsville, Ind., May 18, 1845. He was pre- pared for college and entered at Wabash, but left to enlist in the 135th Indiana volunteers as a pri- vate. When the war ended, he studied law and was admitted to practice in 1870. Removing to Washington territory the same year he opened a law office, and in April, 1875, was appointed by President Grant United States attorney for the territory, holding the office until 1885. He was reporter of the supreme court from 1878 and delegate to the fifty -first Congress. When Wash- ington was admitted as a state he was elected to the United States senate for the term which ended March 5, 1893. ALLEN, John Henry, mariner, was born at St. Andrews, West Indies, in 1836. His first voyage as a seaman was made in 1848, and he won promotion to master of a vessel. In 1861 he joined the navy as an ensign, and served in the western gulf blockading squadron, winning for his gallant action in the battle of Mobile the command of the Selma. After the close of the war he resigned his command and became a shipmaster and owner. From 1880 he re- sided in Brooklyn, N. Y. He published “The Fruits of -the Wine Cup: a Drama in Three Acts”; ‘ • Decline of American Shipping : its Cause and Remedy” (1884); “The Spanish-American Reci- procity Treaty” (1885) ; and “ The Tariff and Its Evils: or, Protection Which Does Not Protect” (1888). On Dec. 8, 1889, he sailed for Queens- town in his ship Bridgewater and was drowned on the voyage, probably in January, 1890. ALLEN, John M., representative, was born in Tishomingo county, Miss., July 8, 1847. He re- ceived a common-school education, and at the age of fifteen enlisted in the Confederate army, in which he served as a private throughout the civil war. He then studied law at the Cumber- land university, Tenn., and at the University of Mississippi, where he was graduated in 1870. He opened a law office at Tupelo, Lee county, and in 1875 was chosen district attorney for the first judicial district of Mississippi, and served for four years. In 1884 he was elected to represent his district in the 49th Congress, and was re- turned to the 50th. 51st, 52d, 53d, 54th and 55tli congresses. He became universally known as “ Private Allen,” through a happy repartee which he made in a political speech during the canvass for his first election to Congress. In a joint debate his competitor opened his speech with: “Fellow citizens, I slept one night in a tent on the mountainside, awaiting the battle on the morrow.” When he had finished his speech, Allen rose to his feet and said: “Friends and fellow citizens, what General Tucker has told you about sleeping in his tent that night before the battle is true. I know, for I was guarding that tent all night long in the cold and the wet. Now, I want to say to all of you who were generals in the war, and slept at night in your guarded tents, vote for him: but all you fellows that guarded the generals’ tents in the wet and cold, like me. you vote for ‘ Priv- ate Allen.’” Allen was triumphantly elected. In Congress he showed himself a ready and effective debater. ALLEN. ALLEN. ALLEN, Joseph Henry, historian, was born in Northborough, Mass., Aug. 21, 1820, son of Joseph Allen, a clergyman, who was settled over the church at Northborough for sixty years. The family came from England and settled near Ded- ham, Mass., in 1640. He was graduated from Harvard college in 1840, and from Harvard divin- ity school in 1843. He was a settled pastor until 1857, when he took editorial charge of the Chris- tian Examiner. From 1878 to 1882 he was lecturer on ecclesiastical history in Harvard uni- versity, and after 1860 was editor of the Unitarian Revieiv. In 1879 he received the degree of A.M. from Harvard college. His early works are : “ Ten Discourses on Orthodoxy” (1849) ;“ Helven Men and Times” ( 1846); “Manual of Devotion” (1852) ; “ Memoirs of the Rev. Hiram Witliing- ton” (1852). He published in 1882, in three volumes, “Christian History in Three Great Periods.” He is the author of several works in exposition of liberal theology, and was one of the editors of the “Allen and G reenough ” series of Latin classics. In 1894 he published ‘ ‘ History of Unitarianism.” ALLEN, Moses, clergyman, was born in Northampton, Mass., Sept. 14, 1748. He was graduated at Princeton, 1772, was licensed to preach in 1774, and was installed at Christ church parish, near Charleston, S. C., in 1775. In 1777 he became pastor of a church at Midway, Ga., and in 1778 the district was devastated by the British force under General Prevost, and his church was burned. He was taken prisoner at Savannah, where he was acting as chaplain to the Georgia brigade, when the reduction of the city was effected by the British. He was drowned in at- tempting his escape from the prison ship in which he was confined, Feb. 8, 1779. ALLEN, Nathan, physician, was born in Princeton, Mass., April 25, 1813, son of Moses and Mehitable (Oliver) Allen, and a lineal de- scendant of Walter Allen, one of the original proprietors of Old Newbury, who died in Charles- town, Mass., in 1673. His boyhood was spent on a farm, and after acquiring an academical educa- tion he was graduated at Amherst college in 1836. He then devoted four years to the study of medicine at the Pennsylvania medical school, and was graduated in 1841, removing to Lowell, Mass. Aside from establishing a large practice, Dr. Allen devoted considerable time to physiological research, and his published papers attracted at- tention among physicians in both the old world and the new. In 1856 he was chosen by the legis- lature a trustee of Amherst college, and estab- lished in that institution the department of physical culture. Governor Andrew appointed him a member of the Massachusetts state board of charities in 1864, and he served in that body throughout its existence, a period of fifteen years. In 1872 he was sent by Governor Washburn as a delegate to the international congress which met in London to discuss prison and other reforms. In 1873 Amherst college conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He was a member of the Ameri can medical association, the American academy of medicine, the American public health associa- tion, and the Massachusetts medical society. His published writings include : “ An Essay on the Condition of Mental Philosophy with Medicine ” (1841); “ The Opium Trade” (1850); “The Law of Human Increase; or Population Based on Physiology and Psychology” (1868); “Physical Culture in Amherst College ” (1869) ; “ The Inter- marriage of Relations ” (1869); “ Physical Degen- eracy” (1870); “The Physiological Laws of Hu- man Increase” (1870); “Lessons on Population Suggested by Grecianand Roman History ” (1871 ) ; “Important Medical Problems” (1874); “State Medicine, in Its Relation to Insanity ” (1875) ; “ Normal Standard of Women for Propagation” (1876); “ Claims of the Sick Poor” (1877); “The New England Family” (1882); and “Physical Development” (1888). He died in Lowell. Mass., Jan. 1, 1889. ALLEN, Philip, governor of Rhode Island, was born in Providence, R. I., Sept. 1, 1785. In 1803 he was graduated at Rhode Island college, and then engaged in the importation of goods from the West Indies. The war of 1812 hindered this business, and he began to manufacture cotton goods at Smithfield, R. I., gradually acquiring a foremost position in that industry. He was noted for introducing improvements into his mills, and the “Allen Prints,” manufactured at the works which he established at Providence, R. I., in 1831, made his name familiar to every housewife in the country. He acquired prominence as a states- man, being elected to the Rhode Island legislat ure in 1819; also serving on the committee fertile settlement of the state debt. He was democratic governor of Rhode Island in 1851, and was re- elected to the same office in 1852 and 1853. He was a United States senator from Rhode Island from 1853 to 1859, and served on the committees on commerce and naval affairs. He died at his home in Providence, Dec. 16, 1865. ALLEN, Richard L., author, was born in Hampden county, Mass., in October, 1803. He entered commercial life in New York city and wrote on agricultural subjects. He afterwards studied law in Baltimore, but his health becoming impaired he settled on a farm in Niagara county, N. Y., in 1832. In 1842 Mr. Allen and his brother began the publication of the American Agricul- turist, and in 1856 they opened a store for the sale of improved agricultural implements in New York. Mr. Allen was a clear and practical writer ALLEN. ALLEN. on agricultural topics, and published “ History and Description of Domestic Animals” (1848); “The American Farm Book” (1849); “The Dis- eases of Domestic Animals”; “American Far- mer’s Muck Book ” ; and “ American Agriculture.” He died in Stockholm, Sweden, Sept. 22, 1869. ALLEN, Robert, quartermaster, was born in Ohio about 1815. He was graduated from the United States military academy in 1836, served in the Seminole war, and also in Mexico, acting as assistant quartermaster in the march to Mon- terey. He distinguished himself at Vera Cruz, and received the brevet rank of major for his conduct at Cerro Gordo. He saw service at Contreras and Churubusco, and fit the taking of the city of Mexico. He was chief quartermaster of the Pacific division until the opening of the civil war, when he was transferred to the department of the Missouri, in charge of supplies and transpor- tation for the armies in the Mississippi valley. He was raised to the rank of major, 1861 ; colonel, 1862; brigadier-general of volunteers, 1863; brig- adier-general U. S. army, 1864. He fitted out Virginia, Kentucky and North Carolina expedi- tions, and Gen. Sherman’s army for the march to Chattanooga, acting as chief quartermaster of the Mississippi from 1863 to 1866, and was bre vet- ted major-general in 1865. On the cessation of hostilities he was made chief quartermaster of the Pacific, and was placed on the retired list in 1878. He died in Switzerland, Aug. 6, 1886. ALLEN, Robert, representative, was born in Virginia in 1777. About 1804 he settled in Carthage, Tenn., where he engaged in business pursuits. He was elected clerk of Smith county in 1804, commanded a regiment under Jackson in the Creek war and at New Orleans. He served as a representative in the 16th, l7th. 18th, and 19th congresses. He died at Cai'thage, Tenn., Aug. 19, 1844. ALLEN, Samuel, pioneer, was born in Eng- land in 1636. In 1691 he immigrated to America, where he bought a grant of land embracing about sixty miles, including the seacoast between Portsmouth and Dover, N. H., from the heirs of John Mason, who had been granted the land by the English crown. Mr. Allen, soon after his purchase, became involved with the original set- tlers respecting his titles. He was in litigation at the time of his death, and his sons, who in- herited the property, carried on the suits until 1715, when the Allen family relinquished the claim. (See Belknap’s “ New Hampshire.”) Mr. Allen died in Newcastle, N. IT. , May 15, 1805. ALLEN, Solomon, itinerant preacher, was born at Northampton, Mass., Feb. 23, 1751. He was a brother of Thomas and Moses Allen, noted chap- lains in the patriot army. Entering the Conti- nental army as a private, he attained the rank of major. He was one of Andre’s guards after his capture, and assisted in suppressing Shays’ rebel- lion in Massachusetts. In 1801, he became an itin- erant preacher, and for twenty years rode among the settlements of western New York. (See ‘ • Last Hours of Moses Allen,” by J. N. Danforth.) He died in New York city, Jan. 28, 1821. ALLEN, Stephen, merchant, was born in New York city in 1767. He was prominent in pub- lic movements, and was largely interested in commerce. In 1821 he was elected mayor of New York, and was one of the prime-movers in the matter of introducing Croton water into the city. He lost his life in the burning of the steamboat Henry Clay , on the Hudson River, July 1, 1852. ALLEN, Thomas, clergyman, was born at Northampton, Mass., Jan. 17, 1743. He was a brother of Solomon and Moses Allen, noted preachers of their time. He was graduated from Harvard in 1762. In 1764 he was ordained and went to Pittsfield, Mass., where he was installed as first pastor of the church, remaining there forty-six years. In the war of the revolution he was a volunteer chaplain, and fought as a private at the battles of Bennington and Stillwater. He died Feb. 11. 1810. ALLEN, Thomas, financier, born in Pittsfield, Mass.. Aug. 29. 1813, son of Jonathan Allen, a captain in the war of 1812, and grandson of Thomas Allen, the “ fighting parson ” of the rev- olution. He was graduated from Union college, N. Y.. in 1832, and without money or friends he IitRKSHIUE ATHt.N.ELM. went to New York city, where he was employed as an attorney’s clerk at a salary of three hundred dollars per year. He was an occasional contribu- tor to the press, and in September, 1833, became editor of the Family Magazine, a monthly jour- nal. He then aided in compiling a digest of the New York courts from the earliest period, and for his labor received a small but select law library. In 1835 he was admitted to the bar. but devoted his time almost wholly to journalism. On Aug. 16, 1837, he established the Madisonian in Wash- ington, through the columns of which he exerted [ 70 ] ALLEN. ALLEN. a powerful political influence. He was appointed to the office of public printer by President Har- rison, was active in the campaign of 1840, and was one of those who stood at President Har- rison’s bedside at his death. In 1842 he retired from politics and removed to St. Louis. Mo., where he married, and began the construction of a railroad, the first of the system that resulted in the Pacific railroad, the great highway of com- merce between the East and the West. In 1858 he founded the banking house of Allen, Copp & Nesbitt in St. Louis. He built the Iron Mountain railroad, which opened up a rich mineral region. This road he sold in 1881 to Jay Gould, receiving for it a check for two million dollars. He left many monuments to his public enterprise, among them the Berkshire Athenaeum, at Pittsfield, Mass., which he erected at a cost of fifty thou- sand dollars, and the fireproof Southern hotel at St. Louis, opened May, 1881 . In November. 1880. he was elected a representative to the 47th Congress. He died in Washington, D. C., April 8, 1882. ALLEN, Timothy Field, physician, was born at Westminster, Vt., April 24. 1837. He gradu- ated from Amherst college in 1858, and from the medical school of the University of the city of New York in 1861, when he commenced the prac- tice of medicine in Brooklyn, N. Y., and during 1862 was acting assistant surgeon in the United States army. In 1863 he established himself in New York city. As physician and scientist Dr. Allen lias a national reputation, and as an author his published works have been favorably received in both America and Europe. His “ Encyclo- paedia of Materia Medica,” published in New York 1874— ’79, and the index to the same issued in 1881, is a work covering the whole field of homoeopathic therapeutics to the date of its issue. In 1878 he published a work on ophthalmic thera- peutics, and his practice and writings have con- tributed in a large degree to the establishment of homoeopathy. In 1867 he became professor of materia medica in the New York homoeopathic medical college, and from 1882 to 1893 was the dean of that institution. He was also professor of materia medica in the New York medical college and hospital for women. He was president of and consulting surgeon to the New York ophthal- mic hospital for many years ; also an active mem- ber of the American institute of homoeopathy, and of the state and county homoeopathic medical societies, in all of which he helol the office of president. As a botanist, Dr. Allen made a specialty of the c ha race® ; his works thereon being authoritative. He was chosen a fellow of the New York academy of sciences and of the na- tional association for the advancement of science ; honorary member of the homoeopathic medical society of France ; corresponding member of the British homoeopathic medical society ; honorary member of the Albany county medical society ; the Rhode Island state homoeopathic medical society, and consulting physician to the Laura Franklin hospital of New York city. He twice received the honorary degree of M.D.. and that of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Amherst college in 1885. ALLEN, William, jurist, was born in Philadel- phia about 1710. He married a daughter of Andrew Hamilton, and came into public notice first in 1741, when he succeeded his father-in-law as recorder of Philadelphia. In 1750 he was made chief justice of Pennsylvania, which office he held four years. He gave his influence to assist Benjamin Franklin in founding the college of Philadelphia, and was a friend and patron of Benjamin West, the artist. He sympathized with the mother country, disapproved of war, and in 1774 left America for England, where he published “The American Crisis,” in which he proposed a plan for reconciling the differences between England and her colonies. He died in England in September, 1780. ALLEN, William, educator, was born in Pittsfield, Mass., Jan. 2, 1784, son of Thomas Allen, a clergyman. He was a direct descendant of Governor Bradford on his father’s side. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1802, studied theology, and in 1804 was licensed to preach and was first stationed in western New York. While holding the position of assistant librarian at Harvard college, he began the “American Biographical and Historical Dictionary” (1809), which was the first work of the kind published in the United States, and which lie revised and enlarged from the original seven hundred American names to eighteen hundred names in 1832, and seven thousand names in 1857. He was called from his work as a librarian in 1810 to preach as successor to his father in Pitts- field, where he remained seven years. In 1817 he was appointed president of Dartmouth college, and in 1820 of Bowdoin college. He served Bowdoin for nineteen years, retiring at the age of fifty-five, in order to devote himself to liter- ary pursuits. He contributed to a new edition of Webster’s dictionary ten thousand words not before given. He wrote: “Junius Unmasked” (1828); “Memoirs of Dr. Eleazar Wheelock and of Dr. John Codman ” (1853); “A Discourse at the close of the Second Century of the Settle- ment at Northampton, Mass. ” (1854) ; “ Wun- nissoo, or the Vale of Housatonnuck,” a poem (1856); “ Christian Sonnets ” (I860); “Poems of Nazareth and the Cross” (1866) ; “ Sacred Songs ” (1867). His “ Life with selections from hisCorres- pondence,” was published in Philadelphia in 1847. He died July 16, 1868. ALLEN. ALLEN. ALLEN, William, governor of Ohio, was born at Edenton, Chowan county, N. C., in 1807, and being orphaned in the first year of his life was taken by his sister, Mrs. Thurman, mother of Allen G. Thurman, to Lynchburg, Va., where he received his education at a private school and at the Chillicothe academy. He studied law with Edward King, hy whom he was taken into partnership on his admission to the bar in 1827. His forensic ability early brought him into prominence at the bar, and his success as a politi- cal speaker gave him a nomination for represen- tative in Congress when only twenty-three years old. In 1832 he was elected as a democratic representative to the 23d Congress, where he took a leading part in the prominent discussions, making a notable speech on the Ohio boundary line question, in which he antagonized John Quincy Adams. In 1837 he was elected to the U. S. senate to succeed Thomas Ewing. Before the close of his first term he was re-elected and held his seat until March 4, 1849; was chair- man of the committee on foreign relations, and distinguished himself in the dispute between Great Britain and America in regard to the Oregon boundary ; he was the originator of the phrase, Fifty-four forty or fight.” In 1873 he was elected governor of Ohio, the first democrat elected to that office for many years. He was in favor of the strictest economy in the adminis- tration of the affairs of the state, and of reduc- tion in taxation. He was re-nominated in 1875, but having espoused the greenback cause he failed of election. He died July 11, 1879. ALLEN, William, philanthropist, was born at Windham, Conn., May 23, 1810. His early years were passed in Rhode Island, whither his parents had removed soon after his birth. The straight- ened circumstances of the family prevented his receiving anything more than a rudimentary education, but by private study he acquired suf- ficient knowledge to enable him to assume the editorial management of the Rhode Islander. At the age of nineteen lie removed to Ohio, and edited first the Ohio State Journal and later the Cincinnati Gazette. After leaving that paper, he engaged in agriculture, and became active in advocating the establishment of a law by which western settlers could obtain a homestead from the government. After travelling throughout the country delivering lectures and spending more than §00,000, he had the satisfaction of see- ing the homestead law adopted by Congress, al- lowing one hundred acres of land to each actual settler. This expenditure of time and money crippled him financially, so that he never rallied, his last years being spent in abject poverty. Un- der the homestead law more than 122,000.000 acres of land were given away in the first twenty- five years. Mr. Allen died in the Franklin county infirmary at Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 29, 1891. ALLEN, William, jurist, was born at Bruns- wick, Me., March 31, 1822, son of William Allen, president of Bowdoin college, and grandson of Thomas Allen, the *• fighting parson ” of Benning- ton fame. At the age of sixteen he entered Bowdoin college in his native town, but removed to Northampton before completing his studies, and entered Amherst college, where he was graduated in 1842. The following year he spent in studying law at Yale college, and in 1845 he was admitted to the bar in Northampton, where lie practised twenty-seven years. In 1872 he was appointed a judge of the superior court and in 1881 he was raised from that position to the bench of the supreme court of Massachusetts, holding the office during the rest of his life. He died in Northampton, Mass., June 4, 1891. ALLEN, William F., educator, was born at Northborough, Mass., Sept. 5, 1830, son of a clergy- man. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1851. After spend- ing three years i:i New York city as a private tutor h 3 went to Europe, where he remained two years, interest- ing himself in his- torical and antiqua- rian subjects. In 185G he returned to the United States and taught in a pri- vate school in West Newton, Mass. In 1863 he entered the employ of the freedman’s and sanitary commis- sions, and while engaged in this work in the south collected material for a book, entitled “ Slave Songs,” that was published in 1867. After the civil war he taught a year each at Antioch college, Yellow Springs, Ohio, and at a military academy, Perth Amboy, N. J. From 1867 to 1870 was professor of ancient languages and history ; from 1870 to 1876, professor of Latin and his- tory ; from 1876 to 1889, professor of history in the University of Wisconsin. Professor Allen wrote the annals of “Tacitus,” and a “Short History of the Roman People.” He died Dec. 9, 1S89. ALLEN, William Frederick, metrologist was born at Bordentown, N. J., Oct. 9, 1846, son of Joseph Warner Allen, civil engineer, soldier in the civil war, who served as colonel under Burn- side in his expedition to North Carolina, and died there in 1862. The son attended school at Borden- town, and at the Protestant Episcopal academy [721 ALLEN. ALLEN. in Philadelphia, Pa. In 1862, after his father’s death, he became a rodman on the Camden & Amboy railroad, and in 1863 was promoted to be assistant engineer. He engaged on several roads then in course of construction in New Jersey, and in 1868 was appointed resident engineer of the West Jersey railroad, and founded the town of Wenonah, N. J. On Oct. 1, 1872, he became assistant editor of the Travellers’ Official Guide, and in May, 1873, was made its editor, and busi- ness manager of the National railway publication company, then of Philadelphia, afterwards of New York. In 1875 Mr. Allen was elected per- manent secretary of the general time conven- tion, composed of the general managers and superintendents of the principal railroad trunk lines, which then met to determine upon schedules of through trains on the eastern and western roads. In the following year he was elected secre- tary of the southern time convention, consisting of representatives of the leading southern railway lines. These conventions were consolidated in 1886, and from them the American railway asso- ciation developed, and Mr. Allen became secretary of the association. The adoption of standard time, based upon the Greenwich hour -meridians, on a detailed plan proposed by him, was largely due to the efforts of Mr. Allen. By unanimous resolutions of the conventions, he was accorded their thanks for the accomplishment of the prac- tical part of the work, which was principally done between Aug. 15 and Nov. 18, 1883. The same system was afterwards adopted in Japan, Aus- tralia, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Roumania, Servia, and part of Turkey, for which purpose a large amount of information was furnished by Mr. Allen. Mr. Allen was appointed by President Arthur one of the five delegates to represent the United States at the international meridian conference, held at Washington in October, 1884. Twenty- five nations were represented, and the Greenwich meridian was adopted as the prime meridian and standard time of reckoning. An address delivered by Mr. Allen on “ Standard Time as Adopted in the United States,” was reprinted in many lan- guages, with the proceedings of the conference. On April 22, 1890, he was elected an honorary member of the K. K. geographical society of Vienna, Austria, in recognition of his services in the adoption of standard time. He was selected as one of eight delegates to represent the Ameri- can railway association at the meeting of the international railway congress, held in London, England, in June and July, 1895, at which the railways of thirty-six nations were represented. He was one of the council of the American metro- logical society for introducing the metric sys- tem ; a member of the American economic society; of the American society for the ad- vancement of science ; of the American academy of political and social science, and of the Ameri- can statistical association. ALLEN, William Henry, educator, was born near Augusta, Me., March 27, 1808. After pre- paratory study in the Maine Conference seminary, he entered Bowdoin college, where he was gradu- ated in 1833. He was professor of Greek and Latin in the Methodist seminary at Cazenovia, N. Y., from 1833 to 1836, when he was appointed to the chair of natural philosophy and chemistry in Dickinson college ; and in 1846 he accepted ad- ditional duties as professor of English literature and philosophy, acting, during 1847-’48, as presi- dent of the college. In January, 1850, he re- ceived the appointment of president of Girard college, and in 1862 left there to assume the presi- dency of the Pennsylvania agricultural college, which he held until 1867, when he returned to Girard college, of which he was president until his death. Dr. Allen was chosen president of the American Bible society in 1872. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Union college in 1850, and the same degree by Emory and Henry college, Virginia. He was a frequent contributor to the secular and religious press. He died in Philadelphia, Pa.. Aug. 29, 1882. ALLEN, William Henry, naval officer, was born in Providence, R I., Oct. 21, 1784. At the age of sixteen he joined the navy, and had risen to the rank of 3d lieutenant on the Chesapeake, at the time of her capture by the Leopard in 1807, and was entrusted to draft the letter to Secretary Crowninshield charging Capt. James Barron with unofficer-like conduct during that engagement. In 1812, when the Macedonian was captured by the United States, he was serving as 1st lieutenant on the latter vessel, and the follow- ing year he was made master-commander of the brig Argus, which was captured by the British brig Pelican. Commander Allen was killed in this engagement, Aug. 14, 1813. ALLEN, William Howard, naval officer, was born in Hudson, N. Y., July 8, 1790. His educa- tion was obtained at Hudson academy and Doyles- ton college. Pa., and in 1808 he received a mid- shipman’s appointment in the United States navy. By 1813 he had been promoted as 2d lieutenant of the Argus, and when she was captured by the Pelican off the coast of England, he was detained as a prisoner in that country until after the war. In 1822, after having served as subordinate officer on various other vessels, he was placed in com- mand of the schooner Alligator and sent against the pirates then infesting the waters of the West Indian islands. The expedition was successful, but he was mortally wounded in a hand-to-hand combat in attempting to board a piratical vessel. [73 J ALLEN. ALLIBONE. A monument has been erected to him in his native town, and his heroic and tragic death in- spired a touching poem by his friend Fitz-Greene Halleek. His death occurred Nov. 9, 1822. ALLEN, William Vincent, senator, was born at Midway, Madison county, Ohio, Jan. 26, 1847. At the age of ten he emigrated with his family to Iowa, where he attended the common schools, and for a time studied at Upper Iowa university. Soon after the outbreak of the civil war he volunteered as a private in the 32d Iowa infantry, and served till the close of the war, during the closing months on the staff of Gen. James I. Gilbert. He then read law, was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1869, and practised in Ohio until 1884, when he removed to Nebraska, where in 1891 he was elected a judge of the district court. In 1892 he was permanent chairman of the populist state convention, and was elected to the United States senate in 1893 for the full term, succeeding Sena- tor Paddock. In the senate he attracted notice by his readiness in debate in advocacy of free silver, and his earnest efforts in behalf of the farming interests. ALLEN, Zachariah, manufacturer, was born in Providence, R. I., Sept. 15, 1795. In 1813 he was graduated from Brown university, and after studying law and medicine was, in 1815, admitted to the bar. He engaged in manufacturing in 1822, and his genius and mechanical skill con- tributed greatly to develop and advance the indus- tries of Rhode Island. He invented many ingen- ious applications of motive power, in steam and other machinery, and devised the mutual insur- ance plan afterward generally adopted by New England manufacturers. He is the author of several practical volumes on science. He calcu- lated the mechanical force of the fall at Niagara to be equal to seven million horse power. Among his inventions were, in 1831, the first furnace for heating dwellings, and in 1833. an automatic cut- off valve for steam engines, extension rollers, an improved fire-engine, and a storage reser voir for water-power. He was for many years president of the Rhode Island historical society, and a trustee of Brown university for fifty-six years. His family connections, the strong regard cherished for his upright and attractive character, and his many distinguished public services, made him for years to be looked upon as the most pro- minent and representative person in his state. He was the adviser and benefactor of all educa- tional, charitable, and religious efforts. He pub- lished “ The Practical Tourist ” ; “ Practical Mechanics”; “ Philosopbv of the Mechanics of Nature ” (1851) ; “Solar Light and Heat ” (1879), and other valued works. Brown university con- ferred on him the degree of LL. D. in 1851. (See memoir by Amos Perry. ) He died Marqh 1 7. 1882. ALLERTON, Isaac, Pilgrim, was born in Eng- land about 1583. In 1608, he settled in Leyden, and embarked for America with his wife, Mary, on the Mayflower, in the year 1620. His name is attached to the compact which was drawn up on this memorable voyage. He was a man of property and acquired considerable influence in the colony. He accompanied Myles Standish on his visit of con- ciliation to the Indian chief Massasoit. His wife Mary died Feb. 25, 1621. He became an agent of the colonists and in 1626 was sent to England sev- eral times to obtain supplies, to purchase certain rights for the colonists, and to bring over the rem- nant of the congregation left at Leyden. He obtained a patent for a trading station on the Kennebec river, had a quarrel with the colonists, and in 1631 he was dismissed by the colony. He hired a vessel and tried to establish himself as a trader on the Kennebec grant and at Penobscot, but did not succeed, his station at the latter post being destroyed by the French. He made like attempts, still unsuccessfully, at Machias in 1663. In 1634 he lost a vessel and valuable cargo when returning from France, and in the same year his second wife, Fear, daughter of Elder William Brewster, whom he married in 1626, died of a pestilential fever. In 1635 he had leave to depart from Marblehead. He was chosen first a burgher and afterwards a member of the council of New Amsterdam in 1643. He resided in New Haven from 1643 until his death, which occurred in 1659. His daughter Mary, the last survivor of the May- flower. died in 1699. ALLIBONE, Samuel Austin, author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 1816. He received a liberal education, and was a man of literary taste, but at first did not confine his atten- tion to literature, being in business in his native city. Gradually his leisure hours were spent in literary labor, and, as an amatsuHSie began the great work with which his name is so widely as- sociated and to which he devoted many years of his life. His home was a fine old colonial man- sion, situated on Arch street above Ninth, in Philadelphia, and here he had collected a very large library. He was a devout member of the Protestant Episcopal church, and an earnest Sun- day school worker. He published some contribu- tions relating to theological controversy, but eventually concentrated his attention on the “Critical Dictionary of English Literature, and British and American Authors.” which, a vast undertaking, gave him little time for other em- ployments. In 1854 the first volume was published and its author became an acknowledged authority on the subjects of which it treated. It was seventeen years before the second and third vol- umes appeared. His dictionary contains critical and biographical notices of 46.000 British and [74j ALLISON. ALLISON. American authors. In connection with it he compiled several books of prose and poetical quo- tations and valuable indices to publications of importance. His religious tracts and handbook are also well known. In 1867 lie was made book editor and corresponding secretary of the Ameri- can Sunday school union, retaining the office for six years, and holding it again from 1877 to 1879. His publications, additional to those previously mentioned, are: “ A Review by a Layman of a work, entitled. New Themes for the Protestant Clergy” (1852); “New Themes Condemned” (1853) ; “ An Alphabetical Index to the New Testament” (1868); “Explanatory Questions on the Gospels and the Acts ” (1869) ; “ Union Bible Companion” (1871); “Poetical Quotations, from Chaucer to Tennyson ” (1873) ; “ Prose Quotations, from Socrates to Macaulay” (1876); and “ Great Authors of All Ages, being selections from the prose works of eminent writers from the time of Pericles to the present day” (1880). In 1879, when the Lenox library was newly endowed he was invited to become the librarian. He accepted and removed to New York city, but failing health compelled him to resign his posi- tion in 1888, and he died Sept. 2, 1889. ALLIN, Roger, governor of North Dakota, was born at Brad worthy, Eng., Dec. 18, 1848. When he was quite young his parents settled at Oshawa, Canada, and there his boyhood was spent. He was educated in the common schools and high school of Oshawa, and in 1868 he went to Michigan, where he occupied himself in farming until 1878, when he removed to North Dakota, buying a tract of land from the government. Becoming a citizen of the Uni ted States, he identified him- self with the Republican party, and when the organization known as the Farmers’ Alliance was formed, he was, for a number of years, one of its most active leaders. In 1886 he was elected to the territorial council and re-elected in 1888; and in May, 1889, was chosen a member of the consti- tutional convention for North Dakota, and was active in securing the incorporation of the prohibition law into the constitution. The same year he was elected by the Republicans to represent the 3rd senatorial district in the first State senate, and in 1890 he was chosen lieuten- ant-governor. In 1894 he was nominated by ac- clamation for the governorship of North Dakota, was elected, and took the office in January, 1895. ALLISON, Burgess, educator, was born in Bordentown, N. J., Aug. 17, 1753. When but sixteen years old he began to preach in (he Bap- tist church, and after attendance at the college of Rhode Island in 1777 he settled in his native town, where he preached for a short time, and then founded a very successful classical boarding school. In 1879 he received the honorary degree of A.M. from the college of Rhode Island, and that of D.D. in 1804. In 1796 he relinquished teaching, and invented and introduced into use some valuable improvements on the steam-engine in its adaptation to steam navigation. In 1801, he returned to his teaching and preaching, but the condition of his health soon obliged him to discontinue both. In 1816 he was elected first chaplain of the house of representatives, and from 1816 to 1824 held the same position at the U. S. navy yard in Washington. He contributed fre- quently to magazines, but wrote no books. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 20, 1827. ALLISON, James, editor, was born at Pitts- burg, Pa., Sept. 27, 1823. Was graduated from Jefferson college in 1845, and from the Western theological seminary at Allegheny, Pa., in 1848. After serving as pastor for sixteen years, he be- came, in 1864, editor and proprietorof the Presby- terian Banner. He was a member of the Freed- men’s Board of the Presbyterian Church from its organization in 1865, and treasurer of the board from 1870 to 1889. His degree of D.D. was con- ferred by Jefferson college. ALLISON, Joseph, jurist, was born at Harris- burg, Pa., in 1819, and admitted to the bar in 1843. Shortly afterward he located in Philadel- phia and soon took a leading position at the local bar. He was first elected to the bench in 1851 by a fusion of the native American and Whig parties. After that he was regularly re-elected on the republican ticket, and in his last two elections was indorsed by the democrats. From 1865 Judge Allison was presiding judge of the court of common pleas. He possessed an es- sentially judicial mind, and was deeply versed in the law. His feelings never interfered with the interpretation of the law, and his rulings were rarely reversed. He died Feb. 8. 1890. ALLISON, William Boyd, senator, was born at Perry, Wayne county, O., March 2, 1829. He was of Scotch-Irish ancestry. His father, John Allison, removed from Bellefonte, Pa. , where he was born, to the newly settled state of Ohio, in 1823. In 1845 William Boyd was sent to the academy at Wooster, O., where he remained two .years ; he then studied for a year at Allegheny college, Pa. In 1848 he returned to Wooster, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. In 1855 he was a candidate to the Whig conven- tion that nominated Salmon P. Chase for gov- ernor. In 1856 he supported John C. Fremont for President, and was an unsuccessful candi- date for the office of district attorney for his county. He married a daughter of Daniel Carter, of Wooster, and in 1857 located in Du- buque, la., where he opened a law office and took an active interest in politics, being in 1859 a delegate to the republican state convention. In l"5J ALLSTON. ALLSTON. 1890 lie was chosen a delegate to the Chicago con- vention. When the civil war broke out he was appointed upon Governor Kirkwood’s staff. In 1863 lie was elected representative in the 38th Congress, and was returned to the 39th, 40th, and 41st con- gresses. In 1870 he declined a re-nomin- ation, and contested with George G. Wright, of Des Moines, for a seat in the senate. He failed of an election, but in 1873 defeated Janies Harlan, and took his x seat March 4, 1873. /Z He was re-elected in 1878, ’84, ’90, and ’96. In 1880 President Garfield tendered him the treas- ury portfolio, which he declined. The same posi- tion was urged upon him by President Harrison in 1888. While a representative in Congress he bore an active part in all the war legislation of the period, and as a member of the ways and means committee opposed the tariff act of 1870. 'As a member of the finance committee in the senate he was brought in contact with the great inter- ests of both the east and the west, and while in no sense sectional in his political views, he became recognized beyond the Mississippi as the champion of western interests, mainly by his amendment to the Bland silver bill. In 1893 Mr. Allison was chairman of the American delegates who attended the international monetary conference in Brus- sels, where he acquitted himself with great ability, maintaining the American contention for the use of both metals, and winning the respect of the delegates. Mr. Blaine’s estimate of Senator Allison was well expressed when he said of him, that “a man could scarcely be better qualified by tempei'ament, experience and judgment, as a statesman.” He was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidential nomination before the Repub- lican national convention of 1888, and again in 1896. In the senate he was chairman of the com- mittee on appropriations. ALLSTON, Joseph, governor of South Caro- lina, was born near Charleston in 1778, son of William and Rebecca (Motte) Allston. He was elected to the state legislature, where he served for several years, and was afterwards elected governor, serving from 1813 to 1814. His wife, Theodosia, was the daughter of Aaron Burr, and on that account lie was suspected of being a party to Burr’s disloyalty, and of aiding him in his scheme for foundingan empire in Mexico. He died Sept. 10. 1816. ALLSTON, Robert Francis Withers, gov- ernor of South Carolina, was born in All Saints’ Parish, S. C., April 31, 1801. He was graduated from West Point in 1831, standing highin hisclass, was appointed lieutenant of artillery, served one year, resigning his commission in 1833. Return- ing to South Carolina he practised the profession of civil engineering and also managed an extensive rice plantation. He was surveyor -general of the state from 1833 to 1837, and in 1838 was elected to the legislature as a member of the lower house. He was chosen state senator in 1833, and was from 1847 to 1856 presiding officer of the senate. He was elected governor of the state in 1856, serving two years. He was especially interested in rice culture, and wrote an interesting and use- ful book on the subject. From 1831 to 1838 he was trustee of South Carolina college, and in 1847 published “Report on Public Schools.” In politics he was a “state’s- rights ” man. He died April 7, 1864. ALLSTON, Theodosia Burr, was born in Albany, N. Y., in 1783, daughter of Aaron and Theodosia (Provost) Burr. She was tenderly reared, her father directing his efforts to train her up to become something more than a “ mere fashionable woman with all the attendant fri- volity and vacuity of mind,” and she is admitted to have been the “most charming and accom- plished woman of her day.” She was the mis- tress of her father’s house in Washington when only eleven years old, at a time when he was at the zenith of his political popularity. She re- turned with him to their New York home, and on February 3, 1801, after he had been elected vice-president of the United States, she, in her eighteenth year, was married to Joseph Allston, a wealthy young planter of South Carolina, son of William Allston and relative of Washington Allston. the historical painter. He afterward became governor of the state of South Carolina, and their son, Aaron Burr Allston, was proclaimed by his proud grandfather as the intended heir to the throne of the empire of Mexico, which he dreamed of wresting from the Montezumas. Aaron Burr awoke from that dream to find him- self a prisoner confronted with a charge of treason, while the lovely Theodosia, the petted and beloved leader of the social circles of two capitals, found herself an object of distrust and suspicion, shunned by her nearest friends and derided by those who before had not been so for- tunate as to share her favor. Upon hearing of her father’s imprisonment at Richmond she hast- ened to his side, and through the long trial clung- to him with more than filial devotion, sharing in his disgrace, and by her beauty and heroism charming even tli9 most bitter of his enemies. From her childhood she had been his friend and. ALLSTON. ALLSTON. companion, and in the dark hours of his check- ered career her faith in him and her devotion to him were the only ties that bound him to his fel- low-beings. Subsequently, when her exiled father was weary of his four years’ wanderings in foreign lands, it was through her eloquent appeals to Mrs. Madison, Secretary Gallatin, and other old-time friends, that the way was finally opened for his return to his America. The death of her son, in his eleventh year, before his grandfather’s return, prostrated her completely. In the hope that the companionship of her beloved father would restore her broken health and spirit, her husband obtained passage for her to New York in the Patriot, a coasting schooner. The vessel was never heard from after its departure from Charleston, S. C., in December, 1812, and it was believed to have foundered off the coast of Hat- teras. Some forty years afterward, however, a romantic story found credence and went the rounds of the press, to the effect that a dying sailor in Detroit had confessed that he had been one of a crew of mutineers, who, in January, 1813, took possession of the Patriot, bound from Charleston to New York, and compelled the crew and passengers to “walk the plank.” Charles Burr Todd has written biographical “ Sketches of Rev. Aaron Burr, D.D., Col. Aaron Burr, and Theodosia Burr Allston,” published in New York, 1879. ALLSTON, Washington, artist, was born at Brook Green Domain, in the district of Wacca- maw, S. C., Nov. 5, 1779. When seven years of age he was sent to Newport, R. I. , to prepare for col- lege, and was graduated from Harvard in 1800. His talent for drawing manifested itself at an early age, and his chief pleasure was in drawing and sketching. His first essay at painting was a portrait of the eldest son of Dr. Waterhouse, profes- sor of medicine at Harvard college; and this was fol lowed by portraits of four members of the Channing fam- ily. He had no reg- ular instructor in drawing or paint- ing until after he went abroad in May, 1801. He studied in England at the Royal academy, and afterwards visited Paris, and then Rome, where he remained for several years, during which time he gained for himself a high reputation as a color- ist. He wascalled the “American Titian,” because of the wonderful wealth and harmony of his magi- cal color combinations. In 1809 he returned to America and married Ann Channing a sister of William Ellery Channing. After spending two years in America, he sailed for England in 1811, and established himself in London, where he en- tered upon a career of uninterrupted prosperity. Many of his pupils became artists of note; and lie painted a number of subjects of great merit, among them: “Uriel in the Sun,” “ Jacob’s Feast,” and “The Dead Man Revived by Touching the Bones of Elijah,” a picture which took a prize of two hun- dred guineas from the British institute, and was afterwards bought by the Philadelphia academy. His work at this period shows “ high imaginative power, and a rare mastery of color, light and shade.” He was most influenced and inspired by the Italian masters, though his principal teachers were West and Reynolds. In 1818 he returned to America, and established a studio in Boston, mov- ing some years later to CV mbridgeport. where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1819 he was made associate of the Royal academy. His sec • ond wife, whom he married in 1830, was a sister of Richard H. Dana. The choicest of his works during this period are in Boston, some belonging to the Museum of fine arts, and some to the pri- vate collections of the older families of the city. His “Spanish Girl,” “ Spalatro’s Vision of the Bloody Hand.” “The Death of King John,” “Jeremiah,” “The Witch of Endor,” “Miriam and Rosalie,” are best known in America. His “Belshazzars Feast,” a most ambitious under- taking, was left unfinished at his death, and became the property of the Boston Athenaeum. Allston’s writings display much talent, and his works in both prose and poetry have been highly praised by critics. His “America to Great Britain ” was declared by Charles Sumner to be “ one of the choicest lyrics in the language," and it was incorporated in “ Sybilline Leaves.” Some of his other works are : “ The Sylphs of the Sea- sons,” a poem read before the Phi Beta Kappa at Cambridge, and published in 1813; “The Paint King” and the “Two Painters,” “Monaldi,”a romance of Italian life (1841) ; “ Lectures on Art and Poems” (1850). See “Ware’s Lectures on the Works and Genius of Washington Allston ” (Boston, 1852); and “Artist Biographies. Alls- ton,” by M. F. Sweetzer (Boston, 1879). He died in Cambridge, Mass., July 9, 1843. ALLSTON, William, soldier, was born in Charleston, S. C., in 1757. He married a daugh- ter of Rebecca Motte and was an extensive planter and slave-owner. During the revolu- tionary war, he served with distinction as captain under Marion, and subsequently was elected state senator, to which office he was many times re- elected. He served as presidential elector. His ALMY. ALSOP. son, Joseph Allston. was a governor of South Car- olina. Colonel Allston died on his home planta- tion June 26, 1839. ALLYN, Robert, educator, was born at Led- yard, New London county, Conn., Jan. 25, 1817. He was graduated from Wesleyan university in 1841, and for two years following was teacher of mathematics in Wilbraham academy. In 1842 he joined the New England conference, and from 1843 to 1845 preached at Colchester, Conn., having been transferred to the Providence coiiference. In 1845 he became principal of Wilbraham acad- „emy, resigning the position in 1848 to become principal of the Conference seminary at East Greenwich, R. I. This position lie retained until 1854, being a member of the house of representa- tives of the state in 1852. From 1854 to 1857 he was commissioner of public schools of Rhode Island, and editor of the “Rhode Island School- master.” In 1854 he was again a member of the state legislature and also appointed a visitor to the military academy at West Point. He re- moved to Ohio in 1857 and for two years occupied the chair of ancient languages in Ohio university. From 1857 to 1863 he was president of the Wes- leyan female college at Cincinnati, and from 1863 to 1869 was president of the McKendree college at Lebanon, 111. In 1865 Wesleyan university conferred upon him the degree of D.D., and he received the degree of LL.D. from McKendree college in 1876. In 1874 he was chosen president of the Southern Illinois normal university at Car- bondale. 111., and held that office until his death, which occurred Jan. 7, 1894. ALMY, John Jay, naval officer, was born in Newport, R. I., April 24, 1814. At the age of fifteen he became a midshipman in the navy, being promoted past-midshipman July 3, 1835, and lieutenant, March 8, 1841. From 1846 to 1850 he was on the Ohio in the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific ocean, and he was present at the siege of Vera Cruz and the capture of Tuxpan. From 1851 to 1856 he was connected with the coast survey on Chesapeake bay and the coast of Virginia, and North Carolina. In 1857 he was appointed com- mander of the Fulton, and served first on the coast of Central America and later on an ex- pedition to Paraguay. On April 24, 1861, he was promoted commander, and did service in the North and South Atlantic blockading squadrons, capturing and destroying four blockade runners. He was promoted captain March 3, 1865, and from 1865 to 1867 he was on duty on the coast of Brazil and South Africa as commander of the Juniata. From 1868 to 1869 he was on ordnance duty in the New York navy yard, receiving pro- motion to the rank of commodore Dec. 31, 1869. He was promoted rear admiral in 1873, and was retired April 24. 1877. He died May 16, 1895. ALMY, William, manufacturer, was born in Providence. R. I., Feb. 17,1761. In early life he was a teacher. He married a daughter of Moses Brown, and engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods. His life was full of philanthropic deeds, and he used his wealth in helping others to help themselves. He established the New England yearly meeting boarding - house in Providence, now known as “The Friends’ School.” He had enrolled, and took the entire responsibility for the education of, eighty students. He was a mem- ber of the society of Friends, and was highly esteemed for his upright and benevolent char- acter. He died Feb. 5, 1836. ALSOP, Charles Richard, lawyer, was born in Middletown. Conn., in 1803. He was graduated from Yale college in 1821. after which he studied law for three years under Chancellor Kent, and practised in Middletown and in New York city from 1824 to 1831. In 1832 he entered into mer- cantile business in Middletown, and continued in this until 1846. He was elected mayor of Middle- town in 1843, and in 1855 became a state senator and a member of Yale college corporation. He died March 5, 1865. ALSOP, Joseph W., physician, was born in New York city. Aug. 20, 1838. He was educated in the scientific schools of Yale and Columbia colleges, and obtained his M.D. degree from the medical department of the university of the city of New York. His father was a citizen of Mid- dletown, Conn., and the son established liimself in practice in that city, soon becoming prominent in municipal affairs. In 1881 he was elected to the state senate and served continuously in that body for six years. In 1881 he was made a mem- ber of the state board of agriculture, holding the office until the time of his death. He was elected a trustee of the Connecticut hospital for the insane at Middletown, and later became secre- tary of the board, and after 1881 acted as a director of the Connecticut industrial school for girls. Dr. Alsop was also a director of the Rus- sell library company and of the St. Luke home for aged and indigent women. In 1890 he was nominated for lieutenant-governor of the state. He was deeply interested in agriculture and was one of the most successful stock-breeders in the state. He died at Fenwick, Conn.. June 24, 1891. ALSOP, Richard, author, was born at Middle- town, Conn., Jan. 23, 1761. After studying at Yale college a while he left to go into business, which also he abandoned to devote his time to literature and the study of language. In 1791 he published at Hartford, in connection with Theo- dore Dwight, Benjamin Trumbull. Lemuel Hop- kins and others of the literary club known as the “Hartford Wits,” a series of papers called The Echo ( 1791— "95. ) It is said of these papers ALTGELD. ALTHAM. that they were “ Clever travesties and exaggera- tions of current publications, and pompous state papers, in short, whatever was a mark for polished ridicule. While they were the veriest bombast, they exerted much influence on the thought of the time.” They were published in a volume in 1807. Among his best serious poems was a “Monody on the Death of Washington.” In 1815 he edited “ Captivity and Adventures of J. R. Jewett among the Savages of Nootka Sound.” He died in Flatbush, Long Island, Aug. 20, 1815. ALTGELD, John Peter, governor of Illinois, was born in Prussia in 1848, and early in life came to America with his father’s family, who settled on a farm near Mansfield, Ohio. His edu- cation was scanty, and at the age of sixteen he volunteered in the army, engaging in the final campaigns of Grant. He served with his regi- ment until it was disbanded at Columbus, O., and then worked on his father’s farm, studied in the library of a neighbor and at a private school at Lexington. O., and for two years taught school. He then left home and travelled from state to state earning a precarious livelihood, until, in 1869, he reached St. Louis, where he studied law, and removing to Savannah. Mo. . in 1870, he was admit- ted to the bar. In 1874 he was elected prosecuting attorney for the county. In October, 1875, he resigned and removed to Chicago, 111. In 1876 he was a candidate before the democratic caucus of the state legislature for United States senator. He was fairly successful in his law practice, and his first surplus of $500 he invested in a city lot, which he soon sold at a handsome profit. During the succeeding five years he accumulated a mod- erate sum, and in 1882 he made a real estate deal which astonished even Chicago. He bought seventy-five acres of land in the suburbs for from §2,500 to §3,000 an acre, making a payment down of §30,000 in cash. Two-tliirds of the cash was sup- plied by a friend in Lake View, and the remainder Mr. Altgeld borrowed from other friends, until he found himself in debt nearly §200,000. He sub- divided the property, had the streets improved, and afterwards sold out the land at an immense profit. This was the largest real estate transac- tion that had ever been made in Chicago, and it contributed greatly to Mr. Altgeld’s reputation as a shrewd business man. He subsequently bought §225,000 worth of property in a single purchase, and borrowed at one time §380,000 to improve the same. The Unity building was erected in 1895, and his entire holding of Chicago real estate was estimated in 1896 to be worth from one to five millions of dollars. In 1886 Mr. Alt- geld accepted the democratic nomination for the office of judge of the supreme court, and though the district was accounted Republican by 12,000 votes, he was elected by a fair majority, a result largely due to the perfect organization of his canvass. In August, 1891, he resigned from the bench. The democratic state convention of April. 1892, nominated him for governor of Illi- nois. No Democrat had been elected to that office since 1856, but Altgeld began a campaign which was remarkable for its thoroughness, and he carried the election by a good majority. The most notable act of his administration as gover- nor was the pardon of the anarchists who had been condemned to long imprisonment for com- plicity in the Haymarket murders in Chicago in May, 1886. His action raised a storm of indig- nant protest from all parts of the country. In July, 1894, the riotous railroad strikers in Chicago and vicinity were in possession of the shops and rolling stock of the roads coming into Chicago, and congested the traffic. President Cleveland sent United States troops to the protection of the roads, and General Altgeld protested against the act as interfering with the rights of the state. Mr. Altgeld was one of the Illinois delegates to the Chicago democratic convention of 1896 which nominated William J. Bryan for the presi- dency. The same year he was a candidate for re-election to the governorship and was defeated by an overwhelming vote. ALTHAM, George J., inventor, was born in Fall River, Mass., May 27, 1863; son of Jonas and Mary (Hargrave) Altham. His parents were of English birth, his father having come to America to establish a factory in Fall River. When the son was about six years old his father took him to England, where he was sent to school. He fin- ished his common -school education at Swansea, Mass. He first turned his attention to aerial navi- gation, making at his father’s farm in Swansea, Mass., experiments in aerostation with a view of testing what angle of aeroplane gave the greatest lifting power. To prove this he rigged a machine somewhat like a common derrick, with the arm nearly horizontal. This arm he caused to rotate, and on it was placed an aeroplane set at different angles, with a finely adjusted spring balanoe, that would register the sustaining or floating capacity of the same at the different angles. Mr. Altham by his experiments discovered the simple law in aerostatics that a forward velocity to a mov- ing body in the air is the most important principle in aerial navigation. He then invented a double cylinder engine in which reciprocal motion was converted into rotary motion, and constructed on this principle a model of a new marine engine, which he patented. About 1892 he experimented in a steam turbine to overcome the heat in the bearings caused by increase in speed. He ex- hibited the result at the Massachusetts charit- able mechanics association in 1895, and was [ 79 ] ALVORD. ALVORD. awarded the silver medal. In 1896 he per- fected his hydrocarbon motor, which was pro- nounced practicable for use in a motor carriage. Mr. Altham made experiments with Mexican asphalt, mixing it with peat and producing a fuel which would not “run,” and which was superior to cannel coal in quick combustion and heat-giving properties. “ The Altham fuel” was tried in February, 1896. in fire engines in Boston and other cities, and was highly success- ful. ALTHAM, John, missionary. He came with a companion Jesuit missionary. Leonard Calvert, to Maryland in 1633. He fitted up an Indian hut as a chapel, and preached the gospel through the country as far as the mouth of the Susque- hanna, having first made himself acquainted with the Indian dialects. He obtained great influence over the Indians, which he used to the best ad- vantage of the embyro settlement, and this influ- ence was greatly augmented by his conversion of several powerful chiefs to the Roman Catholic faith. Died in 1641. ALVORD, Benjamin, soldier, was born at Rut- land, Vt., Aug. 18, 1813. He was graduated from West Point in 1833, and served in the Seminole war. In 1839 he was mathematical instructor at the U. S. military academy, and was employed in garrison and frontier duty from 1840 to 1846. He served in the Mexican war, being promoted for meritorious conduct to the rank of major, and was General Riley’s chief of staff in the march from 'Vera Cruz. He was promoted to paymaster in 1854; to brigadier-general of volunteers in 1862; and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army. He was chief of the pay depart- ment from 1872 until 1881, in which year he was placed on the retired list. He wrote a number of essays on matters relating to his profession, and also a treatise on mathematics. He died Oct. 16, 1884. ALVORD, Corydon A., printer, was born in Winchester, Conn., about 1812. In 1845 he re- moved from Hartford, where he had learned the printing trade, and settled in New York city, where he became well-known as a printer of illus- trated books, his specialty being the facsimile reproductions of old records, books and news- papers; a reprint in facsimile of the early records of New York city was partially made by him, but the work was never completed by reason of changes in the comptroller’s office. He waspresi-’ dent of the typothetae, and a member of the typo- graphical society. After amassing a fortune he retired from business in 1871, and made his home again in Hartford. He lost his property through the dishonesty of others, and spent the last years of his life in writing a history of Hartford and Winchester. He died Nov. 28, 1874. ALVARADO, Jean Bautista, governor of Cal ifornia. He led a revolt against the authority of Mexico. On the death of Governor Figueroa in 1835, an extremely unpopular man named Chico was put in authority by the Mexican government. Public opinion obliged him to surrender his posi- tion, and in November, 1836, Alvarado seized Monterey and held that city with a force consist- ing of native Californians and adventurers from the United States. Independence was declared, a legislature assembled, and Alvarado was elected as governor ad interim. For a time Lower Cali- fornia remained loyal to the Mexican rule, but it was not long before Alvarado, by shrewd diplo- macy and by the display of force, won Santa Barbara and Los Angeles to himself. He claimed, therefore, in January, 1837, that the whole of California was united, free, and independent. An emissary of the Mexican government was sent to treat with Alvarado, whose diplomacy converted him to the Californian view and he was sent back as a friend of the new government. To end this indeterminate state of affairs, the Mexican gov- ernment appointed a governor without acquaint- ing Alvarado of its action. Hostilities ensued, an engagement was fought in which one man was killed and the Mexicans were whipped. “This,” says H. H. Bancroft, “was Alvarado’s greatest victory, and the most crushing defeat administered by him to the south.” In 1840 the central government recognized him as governor of what was called the “Department of Califor- nia,” thus re affirming and enlarging his power. For two years his authority was unquestioned; then he was deposed, and a military representa- tive of the Mexican government was put in charge. After his deposition he was engaged in some political intrigues, but nothing of im- portance was effected, and the conquest of Cali- fornia by the United States put an end to all at- tempts at revolution and ended the career of Alvarado. ALVORD, Henry Elijah, educator, was horn at Greenfield, Mass., March 11, 1844. He was educated at Norwich university, where in 1863 he was given the degree of C.E. and B.S. In 1862 he joined the army as a private, and through meritorious service was promoted major in 1865, and at the close of the war was commis- sioned captain of the United States cavalry. In 1872 he was appointed a special Indian courier. In 1886 he accepted the professorship of agricul- ture in the Massachusetts agricultural college at Amherst, and wrote largely for the agricultural periodicals of England and America. He also lectured extensively. He was employed by the United States government and the state of Mass- achusetts in making experiments in agricultural science. AMAT. AMES. ALVORD, Thomas Gold, statesman, was born at Onondaga, N. Y.. Dec. 20. 1810, son of Elisha and Helen (Lansing) Alvord. His paternal an- cestor, Alexander Alvord, immigrated from Som- ersetshire, England, and settled at East Winsor, Conn., in 1631. His maternal ancestor, Abram Jacob Lansing, left Holland in 16 3 0, and located at Fort Orange. He became the patroon of a large grant of land which he called Lan- singburgh. His pa- ternal grandfather, Thomas Gold Alvord. was a soldier in the French and Indian war of 1756. and also served in the Revolu- tionary war, as did his maternal grand- father. His father removed immediately after his marriage to Onondaga county. He returned to Lansingburgh in 1813, and there young Alvord received his preparatory education at the acad- emy. At the early age of fifteen he entered Yale college, where he was graduated at 1828. He then worked in a country store, studied law. and in October, 1832, was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession at Salina, N. Y. In 1846, he devoted himself to the manu- facture of lumber and salt. The lumber supply practically giving out about 1860. he confined himself to the salt manufacture. Mr. Alvord re- presented his district in the New York assembly in 1843. He was again a successful candidate in 1857, and from this time on for twenty-four years he was successively re-elected either as assemblyman or to some other state office. Twice again in 1864 and 1879, he was chosen speaker of the assembly, and he also served as speaker pro tempore in 1852, during a portion of the term of Henry J. Raymond. In 1864 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and he served during 1865-66, and in 1867 and 1868 he was a member and vice-president of the state constitution conven- tion. He was permanent chairman of the state convention which met in Syracuse in 1861. His last term of service in the legislature was in 1882, after which he retired into private life. Afl AT, Thaddeus, R. C. bishop, was born in Barcelona, Spain. Dec. 31, 1811. He pursued his education in the Barcelona diocesan seminary. He entered a Lazarist community as a novice Dec. 30, 1831, and in 1834 took the vows of the order. In 1835 the revolution drove him, with many others, from Spain, and he took refuge in Paris, where he completed his studies, and was ordained in 1838. He was sent to America in the same year, and stationed at the church of the Assumption in New Orleans. In 1841 he was ap- pointed master of novices at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and in 1842 superior of the seminary of the Lazarists at St. Louis, Mo. In 1847 Father Amat was appointed rector of the seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, Philadelphia, and for four years he directed and developed this important institution. He attended the first plenary coun- cil of Baltimore, as theologian, and was there nominated to fill the vacancy in the see of Monterey. He was consecrated second bishop of Monterey by Cardinal Fransoni in the church of the Propaganda at Rome, March 12, 1854. From this time until his death he labored zeal- ously for the interests of his see and the promo- tion of religion, building churches and founding educational and charitable institutions. He as- sisted at the second plenary council of Baltimore, and at the first provincial council of San Francisco, and attended the council of the Vati- can. He built the cathedral at Los Angeles, and dedicated it to St. Bibiano. He was greatly be- loved and respected by both laymen and clerics. He died at Los Angeles, Cal., May 12, 1878. AMBIER, James M. M., explorer, was born in Virginia, in 1848. He was educated at Washing- ton and Lee university, and afterwards was grad- uated with honors from the University of Mary- land. After this he removed to Baltimore, where for three years he practised medicine, then join- ing the navy as surgeon. He went with the ill- fated DeLong expedition, to the Arctic regions, and after heroically refusing to save himself by abandoning his companions he died of starvation and cold on the Lena Delta in November, 1881. AMERICUS VESPUCIUS, navigator. See Vespucci, Amerigo. AMES, Adelbert. soldier, was born at Rock- land, Me., Oct. 31, 1835. He entered West Point in 1856. and was graduated May 6, 1861, as 2d lieutenant 2d artillery, U. S. A., and a week later promoted to 1st lieutenant 5th artillery. He was first assigned to the duty of instructing volunteers at Washington, and afterwards transferred to G riffin’s battery. He was brevetted major for his gallantry in the battle of Bull Run. where he was severely wounded. He served in the peninsular campaign, and was present at the siege of York- town and the battles of Garnett Farms ; and for gallant services at Malvern Hill he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, July 1, 1862. He engaged in the battles of Antietam, Sept. 17, and Fredericks- burg. Dec. 13,1862. His regiment, the 20th Maine, being out of service on account of an epidemic, he served as aid-de-camp to Generals Hooker and Meade in the Chancellorsville campaign. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, May AMES. AMES. 20, 1863, and in the first day’s fight at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, he commanded the 2d brigade, 1st division, 11th corps. When the division com- mander was disabled, General Ames succeeded to the command. For his bravery he received a brevet as col- onel in the reg- ular army. He then joined the forces besieging Charleston, S. C. , and served there and in Florida until the spring of 1864. when he was assigned to the army of the James and or- dered to Fort Monroe. At the battles of Cold Harbor, Darbytown Road, and in the operations about Petersburg and Richmond, he was conspicuously active. He was ordered to join General Butler on an expedition against Fort Fisher, N. C., December, 1864. After the failure of the first attack on the fort made by General Butler and Admiral Porter, a second expedition was organized with the land forces under Gen. Alfred H. Terry. The expedition reached its des- tination Jan. 12, 1865. The troops were disem- barked four miles north of the fort under a heavy bombardment. General Terry advanced his land force to within half a mile of the fort, where he established his headquarters and gave the com- mand of the assaulting party to General Ames. He advanced on the 15th, after the guns of the fort had been silenced by Porter’s fleet, but the garrison manned the parapet and poured a deadly fire on the blue jackets, who sought to storm the North-east bastion ; the first brigade also made a charge. The storming party scaled the parapet and were joined by their comrades. General Ames ordered up Pennypacker’s brigade. His advance was resisted with desperation, and he then brought forward the third brigade, and Colonel Bell led his command over the bridge into the fort, but fell mortally wounded. General Ames was in the fort directing the various forces, and his command rang out, ‘ 1 Advance and drive the enemy from the works.” The range of the fire from the fleet was too uncertain, and General Ames sent an officer to General Terry to signal the fleet to cease firing, and for reinforcements. Abbott’s brigade was ordered up, and under a general assault the garrison gave way and re- treated along the sea -face to Battery Buchanan ; and Fort Fisher, the last of the Confederate strongholds, was captured. For this victory Gen- eral Ames was made a brevet major-general of volunteers and promoted to a captaincy in the 5th artillery, U. S. A. General Ames was in charge of territorial districts in North and South Caro- lina until he was mustered out of volunteer ser- vice, April 30, 1866. He was promoted lieutenant- colonel in the 24th infantry of the regular army July 28, 1866, and was appointed by President Grant, July 15. 1868, provisional governor of Miss- issippi, then in a state of turbulence. He re- signed from the army in 1870, was elected U. S. senator from the reconstructed State of Missis- sippi, and served through the 41st, 42d, and part of the term of the 43d, congresses, until he was elected governor of the state in 1873, when he re- signed his seat as a senator. Dissensions arose during his administration between the Democrats, who constituted the larger body of the white people, and the Republicans, most of whom were lately enfranchised freed men, which resulted in the disorganization of the civil government and the perpetration of outrages and murders. Gen- eral Ames asked President Grant for troops to aid in maintaining order, but was recommended to take all lawful means to preserve the peace by the forces in his own state.” He raised a mil- itia force from among the black men to assist the civil officers, and this course was severely repro- bated by the white citizens of the state. The legislature found articles of impeachment against Governor Ames in 1873, which were dismissed on his agreeing to resign from the governorship. During his administration he saved the state large sums of money in refusing to sanction the issue of bonds for projected railroads, which appeared to be a scheme to rob the state of between one and two million of dollars. General Ames married a daughter of Gen. B. F. Butler, and after leaving the South, resided in Lowell. Mass. AMES, Charles Gordon, clergyman, was born in Dorchester. Mass., Oct. 3, 1828. He spent his early years on a farm and in a printing-office in New Hampshire ; was for a time connected with Geauga seminary, Ohio, as student and teacher ; was ordained as a Free Baptist minister in 1849, and went to the frontier as a missionary. From 1854-’57 he edited the Minnesota Republican at Minneapolis. In 1856 he withdrew from his church, and in 1859 became connected with the Unitarians. He gathered new congregations in Illinois, California, and Pennsylvania, and held pastorates at Albany, N. Y.. Germantown. Pa., and Philadelphia. From 1877-80 he was in Bos- ton as editor of the Christian Register, the leading Unitarian journal. In 1889 he succeeded the Rev. James Freeman Clarke, as pastor of the Church [ 82 ] AMES. AMES. of the Disciples, Boston. Two hundred of his sermons were published, and lie contributed many articles, including several poems, to current liter- ature. A little volume of religious studies, en- titled, “As Natural as Life,” was well received; and an essay on “ George Eliot’s Two Marriages ” passed through five editions. During the war period Mr. Ames delivered many patriotic ad- dresses. He was always actively interested in education, philanthropy and social reform. In 1896 he received from Bates college the degree of D.D. AMES, Edward Raymond, M. E. bishop, was born at Athens, O., May 20, 1806. In 1828 lie entered the Ohio. university at Athens, and re- mained there for two years, earning his board and tuition by teaching. He was the founder of a school at Lebanon, 111., which afterwards grew into MeKendree college. In 1830 he entered the itinerant ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church ; in 1832 was ordained deacon, and in 1834 elder. At the general conference held in Baltimore in 1840, he was a delegate, and was afterwards chosen corresponding secretary to the missionary society for the south and west. In 1844 he was elected presiding elder in the In- diana conference, and served in that capacity for eight years. He received the degree of A.M. in 1844 from the State university of Indiana. In 1848 lie declined an election as president of As- bury university. He was made a bishop in 1852, and died April 25, 1879. AMES, Fisher, statesman, was born at Ded- ham. Mass., April 9. 1758, son of Nathaniel and Mary (Fisher) Ames. He belonged to one of the oldest families in Massachusetts, and in the line of his foreign ancestry was the Rev. William Ames, a famous English divine, who, in search of greater religious lib- erty, emigrated to the Netherlands in the early part of the seven- teenth century. Both the father and grand- father of Fisher were physicians, and the father supplemented his moderate practice by keeping a tavern and publishing an almanac. When Fisher was six years of age his father died, leaving him and an older brother to the care of their mother. Despite her straightened circumstances, the widow deter- mined that Fisher, who early manifested intellec- tual superiority, should have a good education, and soon after the completion of his twelfth year he was admitted to Harvard college, and was graduated in 1774. For some years young Ames taught school and later read law for a time in the office of William Tudor, an eminent lawyer of Boston; was admitted to the bar in 1781, and at once commenced practice at Dedham. He soon became prominently known by writing a series of brilliant political papers, which under the noms des plumes of “ Lucius Junius Brutus,” and “Camillus,” appeared in Boston journals, and attracted a great deal of attention. In 1781 he was sent as one of the Dedham dele- gates to the convention which met to devise measures for the relief of the widespread discon- tent which a depreciated paper currency had created. Young Ames made so able and convinc- ing a speech that the sentiments of the assembly were changed ; his words electrified the conven- tion, and it adjourned without committing itself to the disastrous policy which had been con- templated. This speech made the reputation of the young advocate, and when it became known that he was the author of the pseudonymous ar- ticles in the Boston journals he was immediately sought out by the eminent Federalists of the day, and became prominently identified with them and the principles they represented. In the spring of 1788 he was elected a member of the general court of Massachusetts, and by his valuable services created such universal confi- dence in his ability and integrity, that he was chosen a member of the Massachusetts conven- tion for ratifying the Federal constitution. When the Federal government was established he was sent to Congress as the first representative of the Boston district, being elected over Samuel Adams, the most popular man in New England, and the one who, more than any other individual, was instru- mental in bringing about the Declaration of Independence. No better evidence could be given of the high regard which the contemporaries of Fisher Ames had for his transcendent abilities. He remained in Congress during the eight years of Washington’s administration, and took active and prominent part in the discussion of all the momentous questions which came before that body. His eloquence and statesmanship were unequalled, and his power of moving men was remarkable. In the debates regarding the appro- priation for the Jay treaty in 1796, the Repub- licans who opposed the appropriation were counting on a clear majority of six. Ames was confined to his lodgings by a severe illness, but when the time approached for the vote to be taken on this question, which, in his opinion, involved the validity of the Constitution and the future welfare of the United States, he was driven to the house and, seeing the almost inevit- able probability of defeat, he arose and, by the AME S. AMES. force and eloquence of his speech, so electrified and entranced the assembly, that when he had finished, the Republicans at once moved an adjournment, fearing to put the question to a de- cision, lest the strong feelings aroused should render the members incapable of exercising their calm judgment. The state of Fisher Ames’s health obliged him to retire to private life, at the close of his fourth term in Congress. For a time he practised law. and then devoted his time to the management of his farm and fruitery. He continued to contri- bute essays and articles on various topics, which were then agitating the public mind, to the news- papers. The relation of French politics to those of America was one of the questions which called forth some of his most brilliant productions. When Governor Sumner was in office Mr. Ames accepted a seat in the council of the common- wealth, and delivered a eulogy on Washington, before the Massachusetts legislature. He was chosen president of Harvard college in 1804, but this honor he was obliged to decline on account of his ill health. His writing was epigrammatic and witty, his style graceful and refined ; he was a brilliant conversationalist and a delightful cor- respondent. His writings were collected and published, with a memoir by the Rev. J. T. Kirkland, in 1809; and in 1854, his son, Seth Ames, issued a more complete edition in two volumes, and several of his congressional speeches were published by a grandson in 1891. He died in Dedham, Mass., July 4, 1808. AMES, Frederick Lothrop, capitalist, was born in Easton, Mass., June 8, 1835, the only son of Oliver and Sarah (Lothrop) Ames, his mother being a sister of George Van Ness Lothrop. United States minister to Russia. Frederick prepared for college at Phillips Exeter academy, and was graduated from Har- vard university in 1854. He became a member of the firm of Oliver Ames & Sons in 1863, and its treasurer in 1876, but he had already engaged in exten- sive enterprises on his own account, especially in railroads; and lie became one of the ablest advisers and directors in such enterprises, finally holding directorships in about threescore railroad companies. His busi- ness energies extended to many other fields. making him president of two banks and director in leading telegraph, trust and other companies. He was courteous and dignified, a man con- versant with, and interested in the great ques- tions of the day, with decided literary and artistic tastes. He was devoted to the welfare of Harvard university, giving large sums of money to the Arnold arboretum and the botanical department, serving as fellow and trustee of the university, and as a loyal son was devising liberal things for her benefit , the fulfilment of which only his death prevented. He was interested in horticulture, owned extensive green houses at North Easton, and his collection of orchids was unsurpassed in variety, value and condition. His interest in architecture exercised a marked influence on the public and private buildings in Boston. At North Easton he directed the erection of the Ames free library building, built at his own expense; the railroad station, and his gate lodge, of moss- covered, irregular-shaped stones, all three being Richardson’s designs. He was a liberal patron of fine arts, and possessed superb collections of paint- ings, tapestries, jades and crystals. In politics Mr. Ames was a Republican. He was once elected to the state senate, but cherishing no political aspira- tions his tastes disinclined him to accept any further office. His charities were large, and he not only gave freely of his money, but of his time and influence. He was president of the home for incurables, a trustee of the children’s hospital, of the Massachusetts general hospital, and of the McLean insane asylum, and was constant and faithful in performing his duties to those insti- tutions. His death occurred Sept. 13, 1893. AMES, Frank Morton, manufacturer, was born in North Easton, Mass., Aug. 14, 1833, son of Oakes and Eveline (Gilmore) Ames. He gained a practical knowledge of the shovel business owned by the Ames family, and in 1858 removed to Canton, Mass., to take charge of the business of the Kingly iron and machine company, of which he became president and principal owner. He was for several years trustee of the New Or- leans, Mobile and Texas R.R.. and, later, treas- urer and manager of the South side plantation company of Louisiana, president of the Lamson sewer company, and director in other business enterprises. In 1869 and 1882 he served in the Massachusetts state legislature, and he was elected to the state senate in 1884. AMES, Joseph, artist, was born in Roxbury. N. H., July 16. 1816. During His boyhood and youth he painted portraits, gaining a local repu- tation, and later went to Boston, Mass., where he established a studio. He went abroad to pursue His studies, working principally in Rome, where he painted a portrait of Pius IX. which attracted considerable attention. Upon his return to Amer- [S4] AMES. AMES. ica, he re-opened his studio in Boston, but went from there to Baltimore, and thence to New York city. He was elected a member of the National academy of design in 1870. Some of his most noteworthy pictures are : “Maud Muller,” “ Mir- anda,” the “Old Stone Pitcher,” “The Death of Daniel Webster,” “ Might;” and portraits of Presi- dent Felton of Harvard, Ristori, Emerson, Rachel. Prescott, and Gazzaniga ; his portraits of Ross Winans and a young lady of Baltimore were ex- hibited in 1872. He died Oct. 30, 1872. AMES, Julia A., editor, was born near Odell, Livingston county, 111., Oct. 14, 1861. Herfather was a wealthy citizen of Streator, 111., and the daughter, after finishing the course in the public schools of that place, was graduated from the Illinois Wesleyan university and from the Chicago school of oratory. She became interested in the work of the Woman’s Christian temperance union. She contributed articles to the W. C. T. U. department of the Chicago Inter-Ocean, and later became assistant national superintendent of press- work for the union. Her work on the Union Signal increased so as to demand her un- divided attention, and in 1889 she was given charge of this paper during the editor’s absence. In 1890 she went to Europe, where she was enter- tained by the British woman’s temperance asso- ciation, and before her return she organized a press department in London. She died Dec. 12, 1891. AMES, Lucia T., author, was born at Bos- cawen, N. H., May 5, 1856. When very young her parents removed to Illinois, where they re- mained until Lucia was fourteen years old, when she "went to Boston, Mass. , to study. There she engaged in writing and parlor lecturing. Among the better known of her works are: “Great Thoughts for Little Thinkers, ’! and “ Memoirs of a Millionaire,” both of which are attractive and helpful. AMES, Mary Clemmer (Mrs. Hudson), was born at Utica, N. Y., in 1840, daughter of Abra- ham and Margaret (Kneale) Clemmer. She was educated at the academy, Westfield, N. Y. In 1857 she married a Mr. Ames, a man very greatly her senior, and the union was annulled in 1874. She early began to write poetry, and later became a successful novelist. From 1866 to 1869 Mrs. Ames resided in Washington, where she was en- gaged in journalistic work, writing regular letters for the New York Independent . From 1869 to 1871 she was employed upon the Brook- lyn Daily Union, and in 1872 resumed her connection with the Independent. She was writing a novel in 1879 when she met with a car- riage accident, whereby her skull was fractured, and her literary career closed. She established a charming home in Washington, paying for the property entirely from the earnings from her literary work. June 19, 1883, she was married to Edmund Hudson, editor of the Army and Navy Register, and with him made a tour of Europe. Prominent among her works are : “Ten Years in Washington” (1870); ‘A Volume of Poems” (1872); “Outlines of Men, Women and Things” (1873); “Memorial of Alice and Phoebe Cary”; “Erena” (1870); “A Woman's Right”; “His Two Wives” (1874). An edition of her works was issued in 1885. She died Aug. 18, 1884. AMES, Nathan P., manufacturer, was born at Westfield, Mass., in 1803. He was apprenticed to a cutler and became an expert forger of edged tools. He started business for himself in Chicopee Falls, Mass. , where he opened a cutlery shop in 1829. The establishment soon became famous for its fine swords, and received large orders from the United States government. In 1834 the business was transferred to Cabotville, Mass. , where the corporation of the Ames manu- facturing company was organized, and among other important contracts the establishment fur- nished many of the swords and cannon used by the government in the civil war. Some of the prominent statues erected in New York, Wash- ington, and Boston were cast by the Ames com- pany. Mr. Ames went abroad in 1840, to make himself acquainted with the latest methods in European foundries. He died in Cabotville, Mass. , April 23, 1847. AMES, Oakes, manufacturer, was born in Easton, Mass., Jan. 10, 1804, the eldest son of Oliver and Anna Coffin (Ray) Ames. The son early gained a thorough knowledge of the details of the shovel business, and became overseer of the manufactory. In 1860 Mr. Ames was elected councillor from the Bristol district, and served in the cabinet of Governor Andrew. He was in 1862 elected to represent his district in the 38th Congress, and was re-elected to four succeeding congresses. Prior to 1864 Congress had attempted, by offering land grants and other inducements, to persuade men of enter- prise to open a railroad through the great central plains and so connect the east and west. Gov- ernment interests imperatively needed such a a road. Urged by President Lincoln and others, Oakes Ames undertook this immense and hazard- ous work, risking his entire fortune in the enter- prise, and though the difficulties to be overcome were very great, they were conquered, and on the 10th of May, 1869, the rails of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific were joined, and the east and west united. This was seven years earlier than the terms of the contract required, and in the carriage of mails and the transporta- tion of troops and supplies was of vast service to the government. The necessary limits of this AMES AMES. sketch forbid adequate treatment of the Credit Mobilier affair, about which there has been much misunderstanding. It was simply a con- struction company similar to those by which other railroads were built at that time and after- wards. It was not until this matter was given a political turn that it became a subject of pub- lic scandal. Several representatives and sen- ators in Congress were found to have an interest in it, and it is claimed that Mr. Ames had inter- ested them thus, in order to influence their legis- lation. Congress ordered an investigation, and he was finally condemned and censured by the house of representatives for “ Seeking ” — so reads the resolve — “to procure congressional attention to the affairs of a corporation in which he was interested.” The facts appear to be that no spe- cial legislation was expected or desired. Those congressmen who openly avowed their owner- ship in the stock retained public confidence, while those who, frightened by public clamor, denied their ownership, were politically ruined. Up to that time the honor and integrity of Oakes Ames had never been questioned, and those who knew him best gave no heed to the charge of cor- rupt intent on his part. In the spring of 1883 the legislature of Massachusetts passed resolu- tions of gratitude for his work, and faith in his integrity, and called for a like recognition on the part of the national Congress. Mr. Ames was simple and democratic in his tastes, caring little for the luxuries that wealth commands ; he was a total abstainer from intoxicating drinks, and under a rugged exterior he carried a kind heart. He made a bequest of fifty thousand dollars for the benefit of the children of his native village, which proved of great advantage to them. He died at North Easton, Mass., May 5, 1873. AMES, Oakes Angier, manufacturer, was born in Easton, Mass., April 15, 1829, son of Oakes and Eveline (Gilmore) Arnes. He early gained complete knowledge of the shovel business begun by his grandfather, Oliver Ames, in 1803, and was for many years its painstaking superintendent, and ultimately its president. His business interests extended to many other important enterprises, he being president of the South Side plantation com- pany of Louisiana, and director in the American loan and trust company of Boston, and in other concerns. He served as president of the North Easton savings bank and vice-president of the Easton national bank, and as a trustee of the Taunton lunatic asylum, in which and in similar positions his conservative judgment, business ability and integrity, and his conscientious giving made him an efficient helper. AMES, Oliver, manufacturer, was born in Bridgewater. Mass., April 11. 1779. son of Captain John and Susannah Howard Ames. The history of the Ames family forms an interesting chapter in the industrial annals of New England. Captain John Ames laid the foundation of the family for- tune by the manufacture of shovels in Bridge- water. His son Oliver learned the business, and in 1803 established it in Easton. Hitherto, shovels were very heavy, and of course more durable than lighter ones; but Mr. Ames said, “ Iron is cheaper than muscle,” and henceforth made lighter shovels, by which more work could be accom- plished than with the old style tool. He would never allow an imperfect article to be put upon the market, and lie thus established the great reputation which the Ames manufactures have since maintained. Oliver Ames served the town of Easton three years in the state legislature, and one year in the state senate. He was a man of splendid physique, great force of character and of unswerving integrity. He died at North Easton, Sept. 11. 1863, at the ripe age of eighty-four years. AMES, Oliver, manufacturer, was born in Plymouth, Mass., Nov. 5, 1807, second son of Oliver and Susannah (Angier) Ames. He began AMES FREE LIBRARY. the study of law in Easton, but his health becom- ing impaired he joined in the shovel business with his father and his brother Oakes, a co-part- nership being formed in 1844. With Oakes he became interested in railways and united with him in building the Union Pacific railroad. In 1806 he was elected its president and held that office until March, 1871. His judgment and integrity were of service in winning final suc- cess for this enterprise. Mr. Ames served in the state senate in 1852 and 1857. He was a bank president and a director in many railroads and manufacturing enterprises. He had a clear, cultivated intellect, and was public-spirited and philanthropic. He built the beautiful and costly church at North Easton, which he presented to the Unitarian society, left a fund to build and endow the fine free library, left large funds for the schools and for the roads of Easton, and gave munificent aid to many other enterprises. He died at North Easton, March 9, 1877. AMES. AMMEN. AMES, Oliver, governor of Massachusetts, was born in Easton, Mass., Feb. 4, 1831, son of Oakes and Eveline (Gilmore) Ames. After a public- school and academic education lie entered Brown university for a partial course of study. He gained a practical knowledge of all branches of the shovel manufac- ture, at which he served a full appren- t ices hip. and he became a member of the firm of Oliver Ames & Sons. He held various offices in the state militia, and was chosen in 1857 lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Massachusetts regiment. He was interested in town af- fairs. and served for twelve years as a member of the Easton school committee. Mr. Ames enjoyed a well- deserved reputation as a business man and financier, and was conspicuous in railroad, bank- ing and manufacturing enterprises, by means of which he acquired a large fortune. In 1880 he was elected to the state senate, and was re-elected to the same position in 1881. In 1882 he was elected lieutenant-governor on the Republican ticket, although the candidate for the governorship on the same ticket was defeated by Gen. B. F. Butler, the opposing candidate. Mr. Ames was re-elected to the same office for three successive years, with George D. Robinson as governor. In 1886 he received on the first ballot the almost unanimous vote of the Republican state conven- tion for governor, was elected, and for the two following years was re-elected to that office, which he worthily filled. He was at one time the president of the Merchants’ club of Boston, and he was also president of the Boston art club. Brown university conferred upon him the honor- ary degree of LL.D. in 1892. During the last year of his life he was engaged in the erection of a high-school building for his native town, which was dedicated Dec. 12. 1896, and which is a monument worthy of the donor. He died at North Easton. Oct. 22, 1895. AMES, Samuel, jurist, was born in Provi- dence, R. 1., Sept. 6, 1806. He was educated at Phillips Andover academy, and was graduated from Brown university in 1823. Three years later he was admitted to the Rhode Island bar. and became prominent in public affairs. He was a member of the state legislature for several terms, presiding as speaker in 1844-’45. During what is known as the Dorr rebellion of 1842 he acted as quartermaster of the state troops, and in 1853 was elected by the legislature to represent Rhode Island in the adjustment of the boundary between that State and Massachusetts. He held many public offices, and in 1856 was made chief justice of the state supreme court, holding that office until a few weeks before his death. He was a delegate to the peace convention of 1861. He published “Rhode Island Reports” (vols. 4-7); and “Angell and Ames on Corporations.” He died Dec. 20, 1865. AMMEN, Daniel, naval officer, was born in Brown county, O., May 15, 1820. In 1836 he was appointed midshipman and served in various squadrons until 1849, when he was advanced to the rank of lieutenant. He was attached to the coast survey on several expeditions, and aided in the selection of a naval station on the Pacific coast in 1853-54. He served on the steam frigate Merrimac, which, at the outbreak of the civil war, was in the navy yard at Norfolk. Va., and which was seized by the Virginian state authori- ties in 1861 and rebuilt as an iron-clad for the confederate service. He was made executive officer of the North American blockading squad- ron, and soon after, at the battle of Port Royal, as commander of the Seneca , he hoisted the stars and stripes over the conquered forts. In 1863 he com- manded the monitor Patapsco in the attack on Fort McAllister, and later distinguished himself at Fort Sumter, and, as commander of the Mohican , at Fort Fisher. In 1864 he won especial praise for his prompt suppression of a mutiny which broke out among two hundred and twenty seamen he was convoying to the Pacific squadron, on board the Ocean Queen, a California passenger ship. He was promoted to a captaincy July 26, 1866, raised to the rank of rear-admiral in 1877, and was placed upon the retired list June 4. 1878. He was a delegate to the Paris canal congress, and favored the construction of the Nicaragua canal. He is the author of “ The American Interoceanic Ship Canal Question” (1880); “The Atlantic Coast” (1883) , one of the series entitled “ The Navy in the Civil War ” ; “ Country Homes and their Improve- ment” (1885) ; and “ The Old Navy and the New” (1891), the last named being of an autobiographi- cal character. AMMEN, Jacob, soldier, was born in Botetourt county, Va., Jan. 7, 1808. He was graduated from West Point in the class of 1831, and was ap- pointed assistant instructor in mathematics and subsequently of infantry tactics at the academy. He was on active duty in Charleston harbor during the nullification troubles in South Carolina, and resigned from the army in 1837, going to George- town. Ky.. to accept the position of professor of mathematics in Bacon college, afterwards teach- ing in Jefferson college, Miss., and the University [ 87 ] AMORY. ANDERSON. of Indiana in 1839, ’40, ’43, ’48. He engaged in civil engineering at Ripley, O., from 1855 to 1861, and when the civil war broke out he joined the army as captain of the 12th Ohio volunteers, serv- ing in the campaigns of West Virginia, Tennessee and Mississippi. He gained the rank of brigadier- general of volunteers in July, 1862, and com- manded the district of East Tennessee, when he resigned Jan. 14, 1865. He died Feb. 6, 1894. AMORY, Robert, physician, was born in Boston, May 3, 1842. He was graduated from Harvard university in 1863, and from Harvard medical school in 1866. He went directly to Euroj>e to study, and on his return to America began the practice of medicine in Brookline, Mass. In 1869 he was appointed lecturer on the physiologi- cal action of drugs, at Harvard, and professor of physiology at Bowdoin college in the following year, resigning his chair in 1874. For six years he was medical examiner for Norfolk county. He also served as secretary of the Brookline school committee, and as president and manager of the Brookline gas-light company. Among his pub- lications are, with Dr. E. H. Clarke, “ Physiological and Therapeutical Action of Bromides of Potassium and Ammonium” (1872) ; and with Prof. Edward S. Wood, “ Wharton and Stille’s Medical Jurispru- dence,” fourth and fifth edition (1882); “ Treat- ise on Electrolysis in Medicine,” (1886). He also contributed to London, New York, Philadelphia, and Boston medical journals. AMORY, Thomas Coffin, author, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 16, 1812. He was educated at Harvard college, and in 1834, was made a member of the Suffolk bar. He served in the legislature of Massachusetts, and in the municipal govern- ment of Boston during many years, and at the same time contributed articles to periodicals. His published works include : ‘ ‘ Life of James Sullivan,” governor of Massachusetts (1858) ; ‘‘The Military Service of Major-General John Sullivan ” (1868); “Life of Sir Isaac Coffin; His English and American Ancestors” (1886) ; and a number of poems and sketches published in magazines; and pamphlets on subjects incident to the times of the revolutionary war. His ‘ ‘ William Blaxton, Sole Inhabitant of Boston,” was a poem written at the time of the threatened destruction of the Old South Church, Boston, and did much to save that historic landmark. He died Aug. 20, 1889. AMORY, Thomas J. C., soldier, was born in Massachusetts about 1830. He was graduated from West Point in 1851, afterwards serving in the Utah expedition, and on the frontier from 1851 to 1860. At the outbreak of the civil war, he was made colonel of the 17th Massachusetts volun- teers. He took part in the operations in North Carolina, being regularly promoted in the United States army up to the rank of major, which he reached on Sept. 19, 1864, and was brevetted brig- adier-general of volunteers, Oct. 1. 1864. He died of yellow fever in Newberne, N. C., Oct. 8, 1864. ANDERSON, Adna, engineer, was born in Ridgeway, Orleans county, N. Y., in 1827. He studied mathematics and civil engineering. At the age of twenty he obtained the position of assistant engineer in the construction of the New York. New Haven and Hartford railroad. From 1862 to 1863 he was connected with the military railroad construction corps of the army of the. Po- tomac, and during 1863 was chief engineer of military railroads in Virginia. The following year he was given charge of military railroads in Missis- sippi, and from November, 1864, till the close of the war he acted as chief superintendent and en- gineer of military railroads in the United States. He subsequently held responsible civil positions, and in 1880 was made engineer-in-chief of the Northern Pacific railroad. After the road was completed, [he remained with the company as honorary vice-president till a year before his death, which occurred in Philadelphia, May 14, 1889. ANDERSON, Alexander, wood engraver, was born in New York city, April 21, 1775. He was possessed of artistic tastes, and in early boyhood engraved upon metal surfaces. He was graduated from the medical department of Columbia college in 1796, and in 1798 turned his attention to the art of engraving on wood. He manufactured tools for himself, and executed the first wood en- gravings produced in the United States. His en- gravings were made on both wood and metal until 1820, when he confined himself solely to wood. Among his noted productions were illustrations for Bewick’s “Birds,” the illustrations for Web- ster’s speller, and forty engravings to illustrate an edition of Shakespeare’s works. He continued his work until his eighty-seventh year, being for many years engraver for the American Tract Society. Benson J. Lossing delivered his memorial address, which was published by the New York Historical Society. He died Jan. 17, 1870. ANDERSON, Charles, governor of Ohio, was born at “ Soldiers’ Retreat,” Louisville, Ky., June 1. 1814, son of Robert Clough and Elizabeth (Clark) Anderson, and brother of Richard C. Anderson, United States minister to Columbia, and of Gen. Robert Anderson. He was gradu- ated at Miami university in 1833, and in 1843 was admitted to the bar, establishing himself in prac- tice at Dayton, O. He soon gained a wide prac- tice and was appointed county attorney. In 1844 he became a member of the upper house of the state legislature, and after finishing his term went abroad. On his return he settled in Cincin- nati, and practised there until 1859, when he pur- chased a farm in San Antonio, Texas, where he ANDERSON. ANDERSON. remained until the outbreak of the civil war. Returning to Ohio he volunteered in the Federal army and was appointed colonel of the 93d Ohio volunteers. He was severely wounded in the battle of Stone river, and resigned his commis- sion, returning to Ohio, where in 1863 lie was elected lieutenant-governor, with John Brough as governor. The death of the latter in 1865 gave the gubernatorial chair to Mr. Anderson. He died at Paducah, Ky., Sept. 2, 1895. ANDERSON, Edwin Hatfield, librarian, was born in Zionsville, Indiana, Sept. 27, 1861. He was graduated from Wabash college, Crawfords- ville, - Ind., in 1883, and received the degree of A.M. in 1887. Mr. Anderson won a prize in each year of his collegiate course, including the junior prize essay and the senior Baldwin prize oration. After leaving college he settled in Chicago and began the study of law, but his natural bent asserted itself, and he studied more literature than law, finally devoting himself to library science. He went to Albany, N. Y., and became a student in the library school, conducted by Professor Melvil Dewey, in the state library. He next accepted a position as an assistant in the Newberry library at Chicago. After a year so spent, Mr. Anderson was chosen librarian of the Carnegie free library, at Braddock, Pa., and took charge in May, 1892. In March, 1895, he was appointed librarian-in-chief of the new Carnegie library of Pittsburg. ANDERSON, Elbert Ellery, lawyer, was born in New York city, Oct. 31, 1833, and was gradu- ated at Harvard college, 1852. He was admitted to the bar in 1854, and practised in New York city. He was one of three commissioners ap- pointed by President Cleveland to examine into the relations of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railways to the U. S. government, and wrote the majority report. He was for several years counsel to the committee which conducted successfully the re-organization of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railway. He was originally a member of Tammany hall, but defected and aided in forming the county democracy, co-operating in the movement with W. C. Whitney, Abram S. Hewitt and Edward Cooper. In 1894 he was made receiver of the Chicago, Peoria, and St. Louis rail- road. After determining the condition of the road he resigned the receivership in order to save to the creditors the expense of his salary, which was S6000 a year. In 1875 he was chosen one of the trustees of the public schools of New York city. ANDERSON, Galusha, educator, was born at Bergen, Genessee county, N. Y., March 7, 1832. His father was of Scotch descent, and a strict Presbyterian. The boy, becoming converted to the Baptist faith, determined to become a minis- ter. He was graduated with high honors from the Rochester university in 1854, and from the theological seminary, Rochester, in 1856. He was ordained pastor and took charge of the Baptist church at Janesville, Wisconsin, the same year. His next pulpit was in St. Louis, from 1858 to 1866. In 1866 he went to Newton, Mass., as professor of homiletics in the theological seminary, remaining there for seven years. In 1873 he took charge of the Strong place church in Brooklyn, N. Y., where he preached five years, going thence to the Second Baptist church, Chicago, in 1876. In 1878 he was made president of the Chicago university, and for eight years he endeavored, faithfully, to establish the institution on a firm footing. In 1886 he re- signed, and for a short time preached in Salem, giving up his church there to accept the presi- dency of Denison university, which position he filled very successfully until 1890. He afterwards accepted the chair of homiletics in the Divinity school of Chicago university. Dr. Anderson was the first Rochester alumnus to receive the degree of D.D. from that university. ANDERSON, George B., soldier, was born in Wilmington, N. C., Nov. 6, 1830. He received an appointment as cadet to the military academy and was graduated with the class of 1852 as brevet 2d lieutenant in the 2d dragoons. In 1855 he received his promotion as lieutenant, and in 1858 as adjutant. He remained in the army until the breaking out of the civil war, when he resigned to enter the Confederate service. He was there rapidly advanced to the rank of brigadier-general and directed the coast defences of North Caro- lina. At the battle of Antietam he received a wound, from the effects of which he died Oct. 16, 1862. ANDERSON, Henry James, educator, was born in New York city, Feb. 6, 1799. He was graduated from Columbia college in 1818, and studied at the college of physicians and surgeons, where he was graduated in 1820. He was made professor of mathematics and astronomy in Columbia college in 1825. Here he passed twenty- five years, when he resigned and made extended travels through Europe, Asia, and Africa. In France he made the friendship of Arago, the great astronomer, and in 1848 he was connected with Lieutenant Lynch’s exploring expedition to the Dead sea in the capacity of geologist. While abroad he became a convert to the Roman Catholic faith, and on his return to America he became very prominent in church work, was president of the society of St. Vincent de Paul for many years, aided in organizing the Catholic union of New York, and was one of the founders of the Catholic protectory in Westchester county. In 1851 he was elected a trustee of Columbia col- lege, and in 1866 professor emeritus of the chair ANDERSON. ANDERSON. he had so long occupied. In 1874 lie made the pil- grimage to Lourdes, France, and visited Rome, where he had the honor of being received with special favor by the pope. He afterwards joined the American scientific expedition sent to Australia to view the transit of Venus, and being a volunteer made the trip and provided his in- struments at his own expense. He visited India on his return, and while in the Himalaya moun- tains was stricken with a disease that resulted in his death at Lahore. Oct. 19, 1875. ANDERSON, James Patton, soldier, was born at Knoxville. Tenn., Aug. 6, 1820. During the Mexican war he commanded a Mississippi regi- ment, after which he removed to Washington territory, whence he was sent to the United States Congress as a delegate, 1855-57. At the breaking out of the civil war he joined the Con- federate army as a brigadier-general, and by his gallantry at Shiloh and Stone river he won the rank of major-general, Feb. 17, 1864, and was assigned to the military district of Florida. He afterwards commanded a division in the army of the Tennessee. He died in Memphis, Tenn., 1873. ANDERSON, John A., representative, was born in Washington county, Pa., June 16, 1834. He was graduated from Miami university in 1853, and in 1857 was ordained a Presbyterian min- ister, preaching in San Francisco. In 1862 he joined the army as chaplain of the 3d California infantry, and in the following year was appointed California agent of the United States sanitary commission, in which position he served until 1867. From 1873 to 1879 he held the presidency of the Kansas state agricultural college. In 1878 he was elected to represent his district in the 46th Congress, and was re-elected to the 47tli, 48th, 49th, 50th and 51st congresses. In 1889 he was appointed United States consul-general at Cairo, Egypt, by President Harrison, remaining there until shortly before his death, which occurred in Liverpool, England, May 18, 1892. ANDERSON, John Jacob, educator, was born in New York city, Sept. 30, 1821. He received his primary education at the New York public schools, and at Rutgers college. In 1845 he was appointed principal of one of the large public schools of New York city, and he held this posi- tion for upwards of twenty years, meanwhile having control of the evening schools in the city, and giving numerous lectui'es before educational bodies. It was while thus employed that he wrote his well-known series of school histories, which were literally a growth evolved out of his own experience as a teacher. His first volume — the “Introductory School History of the United States ” — was not written for publication, but was arranged on the catechetical plan, copied by one pupil after another of the class he was fitting for the Free academy, and was used in manu- script. Mr. Anderson in this, his first book, was the pioneer in associating narrative with its geo- graphy. He was the first to insert in his books sectional maps covering every part of the story, and to recommend that these should be reproduced on blackboards, slates and paper, by the pupils. For Ids books exhibited at the International ex- position in Paris in 1875, Dr. Anderson was awarded a medal, the only award made for school histories by the exhibition. The University of the city of New York in 1876 conferred upon him the degree of Pli.D. His publications include: “Pic- torial School History of the United States ” (1863) ; “ Introductory School History of the United States” (1865); “Common School History of the United States”; “Grammar School History of the United States”; “ A Manual of General His- tory”; “A School History of England ” (1870) ; “The Historical Reader” (1871); “The United States Reader” (1872) ; “A New Manual of General History” (1869); “A Pictorial School History”; “A School History of France ” ; “The Historical Reader ” (1872) ; and “ A School History of Greece. ” ANDERSON, Joseph, clergyman, was born in the Highlands of Scotland, Dec. 16, 1836. He removed with his parents to America in 1842, and afterwards resided in Astoria, N. Y., and in New York city. He passed from a New York public school to the College of the city of New York, and was graduated in 1854. He studied at the Union theological seminary and was ordained by the third presbytery of New York in 1858, pastor of the First Congregational church of Stamford, Conn. In 1861 he was called from Stamford to become pastor of the First church in Norwalk. In 1864 lie went to Bath, Me., and in February, 1865, began his ministry with the First church in Waterbury, Conn. He became promi- nent in the ecclesiastical life of the Congrega- tional body in Connecticut; was twice moderator of the general association, and once moderator of the general conference. In 1878 he received the degree of S. T. D. from Yale college, and in 1884 was elected a member of the Yale corporation. He made a special study of the American Indians, their antiquities and languages, and collected an extensive library of books and pamphlets relating thereto ; also a collection of stone implements, rep- resenting all parts of North America. The bibli- ography of members of the American historical association, issued in 1891 by the Smithsonian in- stitution. gives three pages to the list of the titles of Dr. Anderson’s historical papers. His name appears among the members of the American antiquarian. Oriental, Historical and Philological societies. ANDERSON. ANDERSON. ANDERSON, Joseph R., manufacturer, was born at Walnut Hill, Va„ Feb. 6, 1813. Iu 1832 lie was appointed military cadet at West Point, and was graduated in 1836, being promoted in the army to 2d lieutenant of 3d artillery. He served as assistant engineer in the bureau at Washing- ton, D. C., in 1836, and in building Fort Pulaski, Ga., 1836-37. He resigned from the U. S. army Sept. 30, 1837, and became assistant engineer of the state of Virginia. From 1838 to 1841 he was chief engineer of the valley turnpike company, and from 1841 to 1861 was superintendent and proprietor of Tredegar iron manufactory and can- non foundry at Richmond, Va. He was elected to the Virginia house of delegates in 1852, hold- ing the office three years. In 1861 he joined the Confederate army with the rank of brigadier- general, serving through the war in the ordnance department. In 1866 the United States govern- ment confiscated the Tredegar iron works, which had furnished most of the cannon and ammuni- tion for the army of the confederacy. The com- pany was re-organized in 1867, and General An- derson was chosen its president. He died at the Isles of Shoals, N. H., Sept. 7, 1892. ANDERSON, Larz, philanthropist, was born at “Soldiers’ Retreat,” near Louisville, Ky., April, 1803, son of Richard Clough and Elizabeth (Clark) Anderson. He was graduated at Harvard college with the class of 1822. He married a daughter of Nicholas Longworth of Cincinnati, O., in which city he made his home, and became widely known by reason of his public spirit and the liberality and wisdom with which he dispensed in worthy chari- ties out of the abundance of his wealth. He died in Cincinnati, Feb. 27, 1878. ANDERSON, Martin Brewer, educator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Feb. 12, 1815. His father was of Scotch-Irish descent and his mother of English origin, a woman of marked intellectual qualities. After being graduated from Waterville college in 1840, he studied for a year in the theo- logical seminary at Newton, Mass. In 1841 he became tutor of Latin, Greek, and mathematics at Waterville college, where lie was later ap- pointed professor of rhetoric and lecturer on modern history, remaining there until 1850, when he removed to New York city and assumed the editorship of the New York Recorder, a weekly Bap- tist journal. In 1853 he went to Rochester, N. Y., as the first president of the University of Roch- ester, which position he held up to the time of his death, a period of thirty-seven years. He was a man of marked ability as a teacher, writer and speaker. He was a member of the New York state board of charities, member of the social science congress, commissioner of the state reser- vation at Niagara Falls, associate editor of “John- son’s Cyclopaedia,” and honorary member of the Cobden club, England; president of the home mission society and of the foreign mission society- He received the degree of LL.D. from Colby uni- versity. He died Feb. 20, 1890. ANDERSON, Mary Antoinette, actress, was born at Sacramento, Cal., July 28, 1859. The nest year her parents removed to Louisville, Ky., and her father became a soldier in the Confeder- ate service. He died in Mobile, Ala., in 1863, being only twenty-nine years old. His widow married, in 1867, Dr. Hamilton Griffin, a practising physician of Louisville, and Mary was sent to the Ursuline convent to be educated under the care of the Pre- sentation nuns. She made but small pro- gress with her stud- ies, and spent more time on Shakespeare than with her regu lar lessons. When but twelve years old she witnessed a fairy play, and decided that she would like to be an actress. A year later she saw Edwin Booth in Richard III, and it is related that she went home from the performance and frightened a colored servant into hysterics by acting the part in her presence. Her step-father encouraged the girl’s ambition and directed her future education. She took lessons in music, literature and dancing. In 1874 she met Char- lotte Cushman, and was advised by her to con- tinue her study for the stage and “ to begin at the top.” Early in 1875 she received a few prepara- tory lessons from Vanderhoff, and made her first public appearance at McCauley’s theatre, Louis- ville, in the character of Juliet, Nov. 27, 1875. To obtain the use of the theatre she agreed to raise four hundred dollars, and so did by selling tickets about the city for three months previous to the performance. Despite her inexperience and extreme youth she was not made the sub- ject’of severe criticism, although her acting was crude, and, conscious of her faults, she labored assiduously to correct them. She was induced to go to St. Louis to fill an open date for Man- ager DeBar, who, by advertising her as a southern girl, “daughter of a Confederate sol- dier killed in battle,” and thus appealing to public sentiment and curiosity made the engagement a success, which induced Manager Morton to engage her to star through the southern states, a venture which resulted in financial disaster. After her return she filled a week’s engagement in Louisville in January, 1876, interpreting Evadne f91J ANDERSON. ANDERSON. Juliet, Bianca, and Julia. The public found a warm place for her in its big heart, and the critics accused it of being so blinded by the arch beauty of the young actress that it was incapable of correct judgment as to her acting. However, they soon began to speak of her as the “ hope of the American stage.” She played with stock companies in St. Louis, New Orleans and other southern cities; then two weeks with John McCullough in San Francisco, Cal., where for the first days of her engagement she received the most severe criticism. This, however, wore off, and the last nights of her engagement wit- nessed crowded houses and enthusiastic applause. On Nov. 12, 1877, she began what proved to be a very successful engagement in New York city, at the Fifth Avenue theatre, and henceforth she was ranked among the leading actresses of Amer- ica. From this time on her career was a series of brilliant triumphs so far as her audiences were concerned ; and the critics, although denying her technical accuracy, acknowledged that her youth- ful crudities were wearing off. Mary Ander- son at twenty was supremely beautiful, and so winning and sincere that it was impossible to withhold admiration for her beauty, or deny honest liking for her sweet, pure character. It is said Edwin Booth advised her to study such parts as Parthenia. She made a tour of the English provincial cities and appeared in the Lyceum theatre, London, in 1884-’85. One of the events of her tour was the opening, at Strat- ford - on - Avon, of the Memorial theatre, where a distinguished audience gathered to see her first attempt at Rosalind, and her portrait in that character adorns one of the panels in the theatre. In 1885 she returned to America laden with hon ors, and was warmly received. She opened at the Star theatre, New York, as Rosalind, and inter- preted the character frequently in her tour through the United States. In 1886 she revisited Europe, where she remained two years. She ap- peared as Perdita at Henry Irving’s theatre, and made a decided triumph in the part. Her sec- ond tour of England was a continuous ovation, and on her return to the United States in 1888, she added Perdita to her American repertoire. In March, 1889, she was obliged to cancel her en- gagements and disband her company, owing to serious illness. She sailed for Europe in April, and in the following year was married in St. Mary’s chapel, Hampstead, to Antonio de F. Navarro, of New York. She sold her theatrical wardrobe and abandoned the stage. In her “Memoirs” Mrs. Navarro gives the credit of her success to powerful friends, social and political influence, money, skilled manager, and liberal advertising. In closing her book she says: “I have written these pages more for young girls (who may have the same ambitions that Iliad) than anyone else; to show them that the glitter of the stage is not all gold, and thus to do a little toward making them realize how serious an undertaking it is to adopt a life so full of hardships, humiliations, and even dangers.” William Winter published in 1886 • The Stage Life of Mary Anderson.” ANDERSON, Nicholas Longworth, soldier, was born in Cincinnati, O., April 22, 1838, son of Larz Anderson, and nephew of General Robert Anderson. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1858, after which he spent about two years in study at the German universities. Returning to America in 1860, he began the study of law, but on the breaking out of the civil war enlisted as a private. On April 19, 1861, he was commissioned lieutenant and adjutant of the 6th Ohio volun- teers; on June 12, following, he was made lieuten- ant-colonel, and in August of the succeeding year, colonel. He was with the regiment in the West Virginia campaign, and shared in all the marches and battles of Generals Buell, Rosecrans, and Thomas, being wounded at Shiloh, and again at Stone River, and at Chickamauga. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general for gallant conduct at Stone River, and major-gen- eral for distinguished gallantry at Chickamauga. The war over he completed his preparation for the bar, to which he was duly admitted at Cincinnati, where he practised his profession, afterwards re- moving to Washington, D. C. ANDERSON, Rasmus Bjorn, author, was born at Albion, Dane county, Wis., Jan. 12, 1846, son of Bjorn and Abel Catherine von Krogh Anderson. His parents emigrated from Norway in 1836, and settled in the wilds of Wisconsin. They were the first couple that took up land and abode in the township of Albion. Here, when the son was four years old, the father fell a victim to the cholera. The mother lived until 1885, to see her son honored by the country of her adoption. He attended the common schools, and also received instruction from a Norwegian Lutheran clergy- man. The Norwegians had founded a college at Decorah, Iowa, and the boy became one of its first students. His progress was remarkable, and in 1866 he was appointed professor of Greek and modern languages in Albion academy. His suc- cess at this school attracted the attention of the authorities of the university of Wisconsin, and after a term as a post-graduate student in that institution he was in 1869 made instructor in languages, and in 1875 the professorship of Scan- dinavian languages and literature was created for him, which he acceptably filled for ten years. He founded a Scandinavian library at the univer- sity. From 1885 to 1889 he was United States minister to Denmark, receiving the appointment 192J ANDERSON. ANDERSON. from President Cleveland. His works include translations of sagas and folk tales from the Scandinavian, and a translation of the works of Bjorn Bjornson in seven volumes. He published “Julegrave” (1872); ‘‘The Scandinavian Lan- guages” (1873) ; “ Den Norske Maalsag ” ; “Amer- ica not Discovered by Columbus” (1874) ; “ Norse Mythology ” (1875) ; “ Viking Tales of the North ” (1879); “The Younger Edda ” (1880); a trans- lation of Dr. F. W. Horn’s “History of the Liter- ature of the Scandinavian North ” (1885) ; “ Snord Sturluson ” (1889) ; and “ The First Chapter of Norwegian Immigration; Its Causes and Results” (1896). ANDERSON, Richard Clough, lawyer, was born at “Soldiers’ Retreat,” near Louisville, Ivy., Aug. 4, 1788, son of Richard Clough and Elizabeth (Clark) Anderson. He received his education at William and Mary college, from which he was graduated in 1804. He then studied law under Judge Tucker of Virginia, and was admitted to the bar. He returned to Kentucky, where he won reputation as a lawyer. He was prominent in politics, being for a number of years in the state legislature, after which he was elected, in 1816, a representative in the 15th and was returned to the 16th Congress. In 1822 he was again elected to the lower house of the state legislature and was chosen speaker, which office he filled until he was sent as U. S. minister to Colombia by President Monroe in 1823. While at his official post Presi- dent Adams appointed him as minister plenipo- tentiary to the Panama congress. He started out on the journey, but before reaching his destina- tion he died in Tubaco, July 24, 1826. ANDERSON, Richard Clough, soldier, was bora in Hanover county, Va., Jan. 12, 1750. At the breaking out of the revolutionary war he entered the service as captain of the 5th Vii-ginia continentals, and throughout the war he served bravely and efficiently, especially at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. At Trenton, Dec. 24, 1776, he crossed the Delaware river in advance of the main army, forming the advance outpost of the continental troops, and forced back the Hessians. He then served in the south, en- tering Charleston, S. C., with Pulaski’s army in 1779, and aided in the defence of that city. He was also at Savannah. Ga., in October of the same year, and was on board the Wasp when Pulaski was taken north to be treated for the wound he received. He attended the gallant Pole in his last hours and received from him his sword as an evidence of friendship. At the end of the war he received the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and re- moved to Kentucky, then a wilderness infested by hostile Indians. Here he distinguished himself by his bravery and resolution in fighting the savages. In 1788 he was a member of the state convention, and in 1793 a presidential elector. The first cargo of produce ever shipped directly from Kentucky to Europe was sent in a vessel constructed by him and despatched by way of the Mississippi river and New Orleans in 1797. He was married in 1785 to Elizabeth, sister to George Rogers Clark. They had three sons, Richard Clough, Larz. and Robert. Their home near Louisville was known as “Soldiers’ Retreat.” He died Oct. 16, 1826. ANDERSON. Richard Herron, soldier, was born in Statesburgh, S. C., Oct. 7, 1821. He was graduated from West Point in 1842, and commis- sioned brevet 2d lieutenant of 1st dragoons. After serving at the cavalry school for practice in Carlisle, Pa., he was assigned to frontier duty in Arkansas and Iowa. In 1844 he was trans- ferred to the 2d dragoons, and during 1845-46 was in military occupation of Texas and on re- cruiting service. He served from 1846-’48 in the Mexican war, being engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz in March, 1847, the skirmish of La Hoya in June, the battle of Contreras in August, the skirmish at San Augustine in Aug-ust, the battle of Molino del Rey, and the capture of the city of Mexico in September. He was brevetted 1st lieu- tenant for gallant conduct at San Augustine, and in July, 1848, he was promoted full lieutenant. In 1849-50 he was on recruiting service and at the cavalry school for practice at Carlisle, Pa. On March 3, 1855, he was promoted to the rank of captain, and serve! until 1857 on frontier duty He resigned his commission March 3, 1861, and joined the Confederate army, where he was made brigadier-general. The following year he was promoted major-general, and after fighting gal lantly in many important engagements, he won by promotion the rank of lieutenant-general. He lived quietly at his home in Beaufort, S. C. . from the close of the war until the time of his death, which occurred June 26. 1879. ANDERSON, Robert, soldier, was horn at “Soldiers’ Retreat,” near Louisville, Ky.. June 14, 1805, son of Richard Clough and Elizabeth (Clark) Anderson. He was appointed a cadet to the United States military academy, and was gradu- ated from West Point in the class of 1825, receiv- ing commission as 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery. He was stationed at the St. Louis arsenal when the Black Hawk war broke out, and joined General Atkinson as assistant inspector-general on his staff. In his official position he twice mustered Abraham Lincoln out of the service and in again. He also had charge of the Indians captured at Bad Axe, and personally conducted Black Hawk to Jefferson barracks. His adjutant at this time was Lieut. Jefferson Davis. He was instructor at West Point fro nr 1835-37, served in the Seminole war in 1837-’38 ANDERSON. ANDERSON. and was brevetted captain. In the Mexican war lie served on the staff of General Scott as assist- ant adjutant-general, and was wounded in the battle of Molino del Rev. 'He was made major of the 1st artillery in 1857, and took com- mand of the troops stationed in Charles- ton harbor with head- quarters in Fort Moultrie, Nov. 20, 1860. When the polit- ical disturbance in South Carolina reached the point of warlike demonstra- tions, he demanded reinforcements in or- /V? / / 1 / r / der to defend the gov- /CtTZn (uccIm£(u_^ e r n me n t property. Failing to receive support he on the night of Dec. 26, 1860, spiked the guns at Fort Moultrie and burned the carriages, and withdrew the eighty-three men of his command to Fort Sumter, where he made his famous defence. On April 14, 1861, he surrendered the fort to the South Carolinians, marching out with the honors of war, after defending it bravely against a bombardment of thirty-six hours. He sailed with his men for New York city the next day, where he received from the authorities and the nation the honor and thanks justly due for his brave action. President Lincoln imme- diately promoted him brigadier-general in the United States army, and assigned him to the de- partment of Kentucky and subsequently to the department of the Cumberland. His health failed him and he was relieved from active duty in October, 1861, and resigned from active service Oct. 27, 1863. He received promotion as brevet major-general. Feb. 3,^1865. In 1869 he went abroad, hoping to recuperate his health. Gen- eral Anderson was one of the founders of the Soldiers’ Home in Washington. He translated and adapted from the French ‘ ‘ Instructions for Field Artillery, Horse and Foot” (1840), and “ Evolutions of Field Batteries” (1860). He died in Nice, France, Oct. 27, 1871. ANDERSON, Robert Houstoun, soldier, was born in Savannah, Ga., Oct. 1, 1835. He was appointed to the U. S. military academy in 1853, and was graduated in 1857 brevet 2d lieuten- ant of infantry. From 1857 to 1858 he served on garrison duty at Fort Columbus, N. Y. , and on Dec. 29, 1857, was promoted 2d lieutenant of the 9th infantry. From 1858 to 1861 he was on frontier duty at Fort Walla Walla, Washington territory, and resigned May 17, 1861, to join the Confederate army in the civil war. He was commissioned a major, and arose by successive promotions to the rank of brigadier-general for gallant service throughout the war. In 1867 lie was elected chief of police in his native city, where he died Feb. 8, 1888. ANDERSON, Rufus, missionary, was born at North Yarmouth, Me., Aug. 17, 1796. He was graduated from Bowdoin college in 1818 and from the Andover theological seminary in 1822. He was ordained as minister in 1826, and held the position of corresponding secretary to the Ameri- can board of foreign missions for forty-two years, making visits in its interests to the Levant, India, Syria, Turkey and the Hawaiian Islands. From 1867 to 1869 he delivered at Andover seminary lectures on foreign missions. In 1868 Dartmouth college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D., and he was made a fellow of the American Oriental society. His publications include : “For- eign Missions, their Relations and Claims ” ; “Memoir of Catharine Brown” (1825); “Obser- vations upon the Peloponnesus and Greek Islands” (1830); "The Hawaiian Islands, their Progress and Condition under Missionary Labor ” (1864); “Bartimeus, the Blind Preacher of Maui”; “ Kapiolani, the Heroine of Hawaii.” and several publications relating to missions. He died May 30, 1880. ANDERSON, Thomas Davis, clergyman, was born inRoxbury, Boston, Mass., Feb. 26, 1853. He was graduated from Brown university in 1874, and from the Newton, Mass., theological institu- tion in 1877. His first charge was the First Bap- tist church in Portland, Me., where he remained for live years, then removing to Baltimore, where, for the live succeeding years, he preached in the Seventh Baptist church From 1883 to 1889 he was an overseer of Columbian university, Washington, D. C. In 1887 he removed to Prov- idence, R. I., to assume pastoral charge of the Central Baptist church, and in 1890 he was made a fellow of Brown university, and secretary of the corporation. He published a number of sermons in various journals, and is the author of “Memo- rial Address on E. G. Robinson” (1895). He received the degree of D.D. from Brown univer- sity in 1894. ANDERSON, Thomas Mac Arthur, soldier, was born near Chillicothe, Ohio, Jan. 21, 1836. He was educated at Mount St. Mary’s college, Mary- land, and was graduated from the Cincinnati law school. He practised at the bar of Ohio and Kentucky until the breaking out of the civil war. when he enlisted in the 6th Ohio volunteers as a private, April 20, 1861. On May 7 he was pro- moted 2d lieutenant in the 2d U. S. cavalry ; on May 14, captain of the 12th infantry, and was transferred to the 21st infantry Sept. 21. 1886. He was brevetted major Aug. 1, 1864, for his con- [ 94 ] ANDRE. ANDREW. duct in the battle of the Wilderness, and lieuten- ant-colonel, August, 1864, for “ gallant and meri- torious ” service at Spottsylvania. He was twice- wounded, and confined in Libby prison, whence he escaped. He was attorney for the government on the Texas border in the Mexican depredation claims of 1873 ; commanded the infantry in Mac- kenzie’s campaign in 1875, and in 1879 was lieuten- ant-colonel of the 9th infantry. In 1886 he be- came colonel of the 14th infantry, commanding Fort Cuvier in Washington territory. He was commander of the loyal legion for the state of Oregon in 1891, was first president of the legion and of the Washington society of sons of the Aanerican revolution, and first vice-president of the military service institution. He is the author of “Conspiracies Preceding the Rebellion,” and many essays on military subjects. ANDRE, John, soldier, was born either in London or at Southampton, England, in 1751, the son of a Genevese merchant. He was carefully educated and at the age of sixteen entered his father’s counting-room. On March 4, 1771 he entered the British army as second lieutenant, was on a leave of absence in Germany nearly two years, and in 1774 re-joined his regiment in America. In November, 1775, he was taken a prisoner-of-war at St. John’s, and was detained at Lancaster and Carlisle, Pa., until the latter part of 1776, when he was exchanged, going at once to New York and receiving promotion to the rank of captain. In 1777 he was aide-de- camp to Major-General Grey, serving thus on the expedition to Philadelphia, and Brandywine and Germantown. In September, 1778, he ac- companied Gen. Grey in the New Bedford expe- dition, and was sent back to Sir Henry Clinton as despatch bearer. On Gen. Grey’s return to Eng- land, Andrt; was appointed aide-de-camp to Clin- ton with the rank of major. While the British army was in winter quarters in New York city Benedict Arnold wrote a letter to Sir Henry Clinton pretending dissatisfaction with the ac- tions of the patriots. The letter was signed “Gustavus,” and Clinton handed it to Andrd, giving him charge of the matter. Andrd replied over the signature “ John Anderson,” and a cor- respondence ensued. In the latter part of 1779 Lord Rawdon was dismissed from the office of adjutant-general, and Andrd was chosen his successor. In December he accompanied the ex- pedition against Charleston, and shortly after the surrender of the Americans in May. Andrd re- turned to New York, renewing his correspondence with Arnold. This was continued during the summer, and on the night of September 21 Andr£ and Arnold met at Stony Point, and prep- arations were definitely made for the surrender of West Point to the British. Andrd was pro- vided with papers relating to the condition of the works at West Point, plans of the fortress, and the number of men stationed therein. But the sloop-of-war Vulture, in which he had been taken to Arnold, had been compelled to sail down river under fire from the American outposts, and Arulrd was forced to proceed by land. The papers were concealed in his boots, and Andrd, dis- guised in civilian’s clothing furnished by Joshua Smith, a farmer, attempted to pass the American lines by means of a passport furnished by Arnold. He had nearly reached Tarrytown when a party of three militiamen emerged from the bushes, where they had been concealed, and challenged him. The first man was John Paulding, who had only four days before escaped from British captiv- ity, and who was wearing a British uniform. This deceived Andrd, who, supposing himself among friends, expressed his desire to reach New York. He was thereupon arrested and searched, the papers being found in his boots. Large bribes were offered by him to be allowed to pass, but the captors carried him to Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson, who commanded the outposts. Arnold was notified of the capture and barely succeeded in escaping to the British lines. On Sept. 29, 1780, Andrd was tried before a board of distin- guished military officers, and was sentenced to be hanged as a spy. The British endeavored in every possible way to obtain his release or ex- change, but in vain. The young officer met his fate with an equanimity which called forth the warmest praise and sympathy from British and Americans alike. His remains were taken to Westminster Abbey, where upon the sarcophagus is inscribed: “ He fell a sacrifice to his zeal for his king and country, on the second of October 1780, aged 29.” Andre's charming character is well depicted in “ The Life of Major Andrd ” by Winthrop Sargent (1862). For other accounts see life of Benedict Arnold in Jared Sparks’s “American Biography”; “Narrative of the Causes which led to the Death of Major Andr<$.” by Joshua H. Smith (1808), and “ Vindication of the Captors of Major Andre,” by Benson (1817). The three militiamen who captured Andrd — John Pauding, Isaac Van Wart, and David Williams — were awarded by Congress a silver medal and the sum of §200 per annum. • John Andre suffered his ignominious death at Tappan, N. Y., he having been refused his request of meeting his end as a soldier by being shot. A rough boulder marks the spot, on which is cut in deep letters: “ Andrd, executed Oct. 2, 1780.” ANDREW, James Osgood, M. E. bishop, was born in Wilkes county, Ga., May 3, 1794. In 1812 he entered the South Carolina conference; in 1814 was ordained a deacon in the Methodist Episcopal church and was admitted to the ministry ANDREW. ANDREW. in 181G. He preached on various circuits in Geor- gia and South Carolina, and was afterwards in pastoral charge of . churches at Savannah, Ga., Charleston, S. C., Greensboro, Ga., and Athens, Ga. In 1829 he became presiding elder, and in 1832 was made bishop. In 1844 at the general conference in New York he was asked to re'sign his bishopric, or to give freedom to his slaves, of whom he owned several. He decided to give in his resignation, but the southern delegates re- quested him to reserve his decision for a season, and in a body protested against the action of the general conference and repudiated its jurisdiction. Later at the conference meeting at Petersburg, Va., May, 1846, the Methodist church, south, was formed, which severed all connection with the parent body. Bishop Andrew was selected as its senior bishop. In 1866 he was retired from active duty at his own request. He was the author of “Family Government,” and a volume of “Mis- cellanies.” Hediedat Mobile, Ala., Marchl, 1871. ANDREW, John Albion, war governor of Massachusetts, was born at Windham, Me., May 31, 1813; son of a prosperous merchant of that place. He was graduated at Bowdoin college in 1837, studied law in the office of Henry H. Fuller in Boston, was admitted to the bar in 1840, and practised his profession in Boston. He ad- vocated the views of the Whigs, being a per- suasive speaker and an active worker in that party until he joined the anti-slavery party of Massachusetts in 1849. He repudiated the fugi- tive slave law of 1850, and acquired considerable celebrity by his defence of fugitive slaves arrested in Boston and under process of law returned to their owners in Virginia in 1854. He was elected to the lower house of the state legislature in 1858. He was at the head of the Massachusetts dele- gation to the Republican convention held, at Chicago in 1860, and voted at first for William H. Seward, afterwards announcing the change of the vote of part of the Massachusetts dele- gates to Abraham Lincoln. On returning to Massachusetts his popularity was established and lie was nominated for governor and elected, receiving the largest popular vote that had ever been cast for a candidate to that office. A close student of the times and far in advance as to the trend of public affairs, he anticipated civil war and bent all his energies in putting the state in a position to promptly meet any emergency. His purpose was declared in his inaugural address. He not only sought to place the militia of Massa- chusetts in thorough preparation for war, but endeavored to induce the governors of Maine and New Hampshire to co-operate with him. When the President’s proclamation of April 15, 1861, was issued, he was ready with five infantry regi- ments, a battalion of riflemen, and a battery, and they were despatched to the defence of Washington. 'One of these regiments, the famous 6th Massachusetts, was assailed by a mob in pass- ing through Baltimore. , This regiment was the first to touch the southern soil and the first to sprinkle it with its blood. Governor Andrew was equally active in responding to all subsequent calls for troops and in caring for the sick and wounded in the field, and early in 1862 urged upon the government the necessity of emancipa- tion, and the policy of employing colored troops in the war. In that same year he was prominent , at a gathering — which he instigated — of the governors of the loyal states at Altoona, Pa. He formulated a plan and wrote an address which was issued for the encouragement of the national government. By his influence with the secre- tary of war, colored troops were recruited, and the first regiment organized was the 54th Massa- chusetts, which left Boston in May, 1863, and made a good record in the army. Governor Andrew was re-elected four successive years, declining the nomination offered him in 1865 to give atten- tion to private business and to recruit his failing health. During his governorship he advocated a modification in the divorce laws of the state, which prohibited the marriage of a divorced per- son, and despite sharp opposition from the clergy his recommendation was substantially agreed to by act of legislature. Previous to the suspension of the habeas corpus act in 1864 he opposed the action of the Federal government in making arbitrary arrests of southern sympathizers in Massachusetts. He was opposed to capital pun- ishment, and repeatedly recommended its repeal. As governor he sent to the legislature twelve veto messages, all but two of which were sustained. His farewell address, which he delivered to the legislature of Massachusetts, Jan. 5, 1866, advo- cated a temper of good faith and generosity to the south ; one pregnant phrase being, “ demand- ing no attitude of humiliation, inflicting no acts of humiliation,” and excited intense interest at the time, not only in New England, but through- out the country and in Europe. He was president of the first national Unitarian conference held in 1865, and there sought to direct the deliberations of that body to such a statement of faith as should meet the approval of those who accept the birth, life, mission and teaching of Jesus Christ as supernatural. On leaving the office of governor he was tendered, but declined, the presidency of Antioch college, Ohio. Return- ing to private life in 1866, Governor Andrew re- sumed the practice of law. He was married to Eliza Jane Hersey, of Hiugham, Mass., on Dec. 25, 1848, and of this union were born four chil- dren. The best accounts of his life are contained in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “ Men of Our Times,” The Cyclopcedia Publishing Company. ANDREW. ANDREWS. in a memoir of Governor Andrew with “ Personal Reminiscences” by Peleg W. Chandler; in a “ Sketch of the Official Life of John Albion An- drew,” by A. G. Brown ; and in a “ Discourse on the Life and Character of Governor Andrew,” by Rev. E. Nason. Governor Andrew died sud- denly in Boston. Oct. 30. 1867. ANDREW, John Forrester, representative, was born at Hingham, Plymouth Co., Mass., Nov. 26, 1850, son of Gov. John A. and Eliza (Hersey) Andrew. Was graduated from Harvard col- lege in 1872, and obtained his degree of LL.B. in 1875. He was admitted to the Suffolk county Bar the same year, and practised law in Boston. Elected to the lower house of the legislature of Massachusetts in 1880-’81-’82 he served on the judiciary and other committees, and as a mem- ber of the committee on the revision of the statutes in 1882. In 1884 he was elected to the state senate by the Republican party, and in 1885 was re- elected to the same office by the Democrats, also serving on the judiciary committee. He was com- missioner of parks for the city of Boston during the •years 1885-90, and again in 1894. In 1889 he was elected to the 51st Congress from the 3d Massachusetts district on the democratic ticket. During this Congress he served upon the com- mittees on foreign affairs and reform in the civil service. He was re-elected to the 52d Congress by a greatly increased majority. During this Congress he served upon the committee on foreign affairs and was chairman of the com- mittee on reform in the civil service. In 1893 he was nominated to the 53d Congress, but was de- feated. although he ran far ahead of his ticket. He was for many years a member of the New England historic -genealogical society, as well as president of several charitable institutions. He died of apoplexy in Boston, Mass., May 30, 1895. ANDREWS, Allen S., educator, was born in Randolph county, N. C. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812. Allen S. was born near Fuller’s Ford, N. C., the oldest of nine children. He was reared a farmer’s boy, accustomed to active life on a plantation. In his early manhood he was a Methodist preacher con- nected with the North Carolina annual con- ference. He was elected to the professorship of English literature in the Greensboro female college, and at the end of his first year was elected professor of English in Trinity col- lege, N. C., where he completed his education and was graduated in 1854. In the autumn of 1854, he was transferred to the Alabama annual ■conference, and took charge of the collegiate insti- tute at Glenville, Ala. In 1857 he resigned from that institution and returned to the active work of the ministry. In 1871 he was elected president of the Southern university, but after holding that position four years he again returned to the work of the itinerant ministry. In 1883, while pastor of the first Methodist church in Selma, Ala., he was again elected president of the Southern university. In 1870 the Southern university conferred upon him the degree of D.D., and in 1886 both the Southern university and the Agricultural and Mechanical college at Auburn, Ala., gave him that of LL. D. He represented his church in general conference, and in 1880 was a member of the first ecumenical conference of Methodism in London. ANDREWS, Christopher Columbus, states- man, was born in Hillsborough, N. H., Oct. 27, 1829. He was educated in a country academy, studied law, and practised his profession in Newton and in Boston, Mass., until 1854. He then re- moved to Kansas, and afterward to Minnesota. He became locally prominent in politics, and was chosen state senator of Minnesota in 1859. Though he opposed the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, he was an ardent supporter of his adminis- tration, and he enlisted as a private in a Minne- sota regiment. He served throughout the war with bravery and honor, and in March, 1865, was bre vetted major-general. From 1869 to 1877 he was minister to Norway and Sweden, under ap- pointment by President Grant, in 1880 was ap- pointed supervisor of the United States census in the district of Minnesota, and in 1882 President Arthur appointed him consul-general to Brazil. Among his published works are ; “ Minnesota and Dakota ” (1856) ; “ Practical Treatise on the Revenue Laws of the United States” (1858); ‘ 1 Hints to Company Officers on their Military Duties” (1863); and a “Digest of the Opinions of the Attorneys- General of the United States” (1867). ANDREWS, Clement Walker, librarian, was born at Salem, Mass., Jan. 13, 1858. He was edu- cated at the Boston Latin school and Harvard college, from which latter institution he received in 1879 the degree of A.B., and in 1880 that of A.M. He was instructor in organic chemistry at the Massachusetts institute of technology from 1883 to 1892, and librarian of the institute from 1889 to 1895. In September, 1895, he removed to Chicago to accept the position of librarian in the John Crerar library of that city, where he introduced a library system similar to the one he had organized at the Massachusetts institute of technology. ANDREWS, Edmund, surgeon, was born in Putney, Vt., April 22, 1 824. After his graduation from the University of Michigan in 1849 he took up the study of medicine, receiving the degrees of M.D. and A.M. in 1852. From 1851 to 1853 he was demonstrator of anatomy in the university, and in 1853-54 was also assistant lecturer on an- ANDREWS. ANDREWS. atomy. In 1854 and 1855 he was professor of comparative anatomy and demonstrator of human anatomy, resigning to accept a position in the Rust medical college. He went to Chicago in 1856. where he became a prominent surgeon. He aided in founding the Chicago medical college, and was made professor of the principles and practices of surgery and of clinical and military surgery in that institution. At the outbreak of the civil war, he joined the 1st Illinois light ar- tillery as hospital surgeon. After the war he visited the chief European hospitals. He was surgeon-in-chief of Mercy hospital, consulting surgeon of various charitable institutions, and taught the science of surgery in the Northwestern university medical school. He made many valu- able improvements in surgical instruments and his original investigations led to the use of free incision, digital exploration, and disinfection of lumbar abscesses, which treatment had been sup- posed unsafe. He published a work, “ Rectal and Aural Surgery.” which passed through several editions. He was for many years president of the Chicago academy of science, and president of the Illinois state medical society. In 1881 he received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer- sity of Michigan. ANDREWS, Edward Gayer, M. E. bishop, was born at New Hartford, N. Y., August 7, 1825. He was educated at the Wesleyan univer- sity at Middletown, Conn., from which institution he was graduated in 1847, and entered upon his work as a Methodist preacher. He was ordained deacon in 1848 and elder in 1850. In 1864 he went to Cazenovia, N. Y., where for two years he was a professor, and from 1866 to 1874 was principal of the seminary. He was a member of the Oneida conference in 1848, and of the New York East conference in 1864. In 1872 he was elected bishop and ordained at Brooklyn. N. Y. For a number of years his home was in Washing- ton, D. C., whence he removed in 1882 to New York city. ANDREWS, Elisha Benjamin, educator, was born in Hinsdale, N. H., Jan. 10, 1844, son of Erastus and Almira (Bartlett) Andrews. In boyhood he worked on his father’s farm, and his opportunities for early school training were limited. His ambition to prepare himself for college was changed into a patriotic desire to serve his country, when in 1861 President Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand volunteers. A boy of sixteen he enlisted as a soldier in the 4th Connecticut infantry, subsequently the 1st Connecticut heavy art illery. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant in 1868. In the summer of 1864, at the siege of Petersburg. Va., he received a wound that destroyed the sight of his left eye, and incapacitated him for further active service. and he received an honorable discharge in Octo- ber, 1864. He resumed his studies at Power's institute and the Wesleyan academy, and matri- culated at Brown university in 1866, graduating in 1870. He was appointed princi- pal of the Connec- ticut literary insti- tution, Suftield, Conn., remaining there two years. He entered New- ton theological seminary in 1872, was graduated in 1874, and be- came pastor of the First Baptist church at Beverly, Mass., resigning in 1875 to accept the presidency of Deni- son university, Granville, O. His success there led to his election to the chair of homiletics in the Newton theological seminary, in 1879. This position he resigned in 1882 to accept the professorship of political economy and history in Brown university, which position he held until 1888, spending one year of the time in Germany at the universities of Berlin and Munich. In 1888 he became professor of politi- cal economy and public finance in Cornell uni- versity. His varied attainments and his fame as an educator made him a prominent candidate for the presidency of Brown university, and upon the resignation of President Robinson in 1889 he was unanimously chosen. In that responsible position Professor Andrews accomplished a work not in the college only, but before the public, which attested his executive ability, and his thoughtful consideration of vital economic ques- tions. He was one of the commissioners sent by the United States government to the monetary conference at Brussels in 1892. He published treatises, more or less extended, on public affairs and on various questions of the day that were of general interest. Among his published works are: “Institutes of Our Con- stitutional History” (1887); “Institutes of General History” (1889); “Institutes of Eco- nomics” (1889); “Eternal Words,” a volume of sermons (1894); “Wealth and Moral Law” (1894); “ History of the United States” (2 vols., 1894); “An Honest Dollar, a Plea for Bimetal- lism” (1894); “History of the United States during the Last Quarter Century ” (2 vols., 1896). He became a member of the Rhode Island histori- cal society and of the Loyal Legion, and was given the degree of D.D. by Colby university and ANDREWS. ANDREWS. that of LL.D. by the university of Nebraska in 1884. In 1894 be declined the office of co-presi- dent of Chicago university, and in 1896 he visited Europe. ANDREWS, George Leonard, soldier, was born at Bridgewater, Mass., Aug. 31, 1828. In 184T be entered the U. S. military academy at West Point, where be was graduated in 1851 at the head of his class. He was commissioned brevet 2d lieutenant in the U. S. engineer corps, and served three years as assistant to Col. Sylvanus Thayer, during which time he superintended the erection of fortifications in Boston harbor. In 1854 he served as instructor in the department of military engineering at the military academy. He resigned his commission in 1855 and became a civil engineer. On the breaking out of the civil war he entered the vol- unteer army as lieutenant-colonel of the 2d Mass- achusetts infantry, of which he was made colonel June 13, 1862. He commanded the regiment in several skirmishes, and in the battles of Winches- ter and at Cedar Mountain, where his command constituted the rear guard in the retreat. He then fought at Second Bull Run, Chantilly, and Antietam, and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, Nov. 10, 1862, for " distinguished brav- ery.” In 1863 he joined the Red River expedition, served as a brigade commander, and was chief of staff to General Banks from March 6 to July 9, 1863. He took part in the Teche campaign, par- ticipating in the combat at Fort Bisland, the ad- vance upon Opelousas and Alexandria, and the siege of Port Hudson, of which place he received the surrender. He took charge of the organ- ization of the colored troops, at first known as the “Corps d’ Afrique,” having at one time under his command nineteen thousand colored soldiers. From Dec. 28, 1864, to Feb. 13, 1865, he com- manded the military district including Port Hud- son and Baton Rouge, and from Feb. 27 to June 6. 1865, he officiated as provost marshal-general of the army of the Gulf. He was present at the at tacks on the city and defences of Mobile, and was bre vetted major-general of volunteers for “ faith- ful and meritorious services” during these en- gagements. In June, 1865, he was appointed chief of staff to Major-General Canby, serving in that capacity until Aug. 24, 1865, when he was honorably mustered out of service. From 1865 to 1867 he was a planter in Washington county, Miss., and from 1867 to 1871 he served as U. S. marshal for the district of Massachusetts. In 1871 he was appointed by President Grant professor of the French language in the U. S. military acad- emy, and by the operation of law became the pro- fessor of modern languages in 1882. At the age of sixty four years, on Aug. 13, 1892, he was retired from active service. ANDREWS, John, educator, was born in Cecil county, Md., April 14, 1746. He was graduated from the college of Philadelphia in 1765. In 1767 he was admitted to the priesthood of the estab- lished church in London, there being at that date no episcopate in America. He was appointed a missionary of the society for the propagation of the gospel in Pennsylvania. In 1769 he built the church of St. John at York. Pa. His pronounced loyalty obliged him to vacate a parish, which he later held in Queen Anne county, Md., and he re- moved to Yorktown, where he taught in a school. In 1785 he became principal of the Episcopal academy, then newly established in Philadelphia. In 1789 he accepted the chair of moral philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, and was at the same time elected to the office of vice-provost. From 1802 to 1806 he was acting provost; and from 1810 to 1813 provost of the university. He published a work entitled the “Elements of Logic.” He was rector of a church at Bristol, Pa., at the time of his death, March 29, 1813. ANDREWS, Joseph, engraver, was born at Hingham, Mass., Aug. 17, 1806. After learning both wood and copper-plate engraving in Boston he went to Lancaster in 1827, where he engaged in the printing business with his brother, remain- ing there until 1835, when he went to London and studied the art of engraving under Joseph Goodyear for about nine months. While in Europe he made several fine engravings, among which were “ Annette de 1’ Arbre,” by W. E. West, and the head of Franklin, by Duplessis. On a visit to Paris five years later, he engraved six portraits for the historical gallery at Versailles, which were published under the auspices of Louis Philippe. He also produced many fine engrav- ings in this country, among them Rothermel’s “ Plymouth Rock in 1620,” and Stuart’s head of Washington. His best known portraits are those of Trumbull ; John Q. Adams, half-length ; Zach- ary Taylor, full-length ; Jared Sparks, after an un- finished picture by Stuart ; Oliver Wolcott, Amos Lawrence. Thomas Dowse, James Graham, and Charles Sprague. Among his other works are: “Passing the Ford,” after Alvan Fisher; “The Panther Scene from ‘ The Pioneers,’ ” after George L. Brown; “Swapping Horses,” after W. S. Mount; “Parson Wells and His Wife,” after F. O. C. Darley, and “ The Pilgrim’s Progress,” after Hammatt Billings. He died at Hingham, Mass., May 9, 1873. ANDREWS, Judson Boardman, educator, was born at North Haven, Conn., April 25, 1834, son of Silas and Ruth (Yale) Andrews, his mother being a descendant of a brother of Elihu Yale, founder of Yale college. He was graduated from Yale in 1855, after which he spent a few years in the study of medicine at Jefferson medical college ANDREWS. ANDREWS. in Philadelphia. At the outbreak of the civil war he joined the Union army and obtained the captaincy of a company in the 77th N. Y. volun- teers. After serving in the Peninsular campaign he resigned in the summer of 1862, and in 1863 was graduated at Yale medical school. In July, 1863, he returned to the war as assistant surgeon in a Connecticut regiment. In September, 1865, he was mustered out of service, and after prac- tising two years he was made an assistant physi- cian in the New York state lunatic asylum at Utica, N. Y. This position he held until 1880, re- signing then to become superintendent of the New York state hospital for the insane at Buffalo. The following year he was called to the chair of insanity in the Buffalo medical col- lege, and discharged the duties of both positions until 1893, when he resigned. In 1886 he was elected president of the Erie county medical so- ciety, and he was instrumental in establishing the New York state medical society, of which he was made president in 1892. lie was a member of the American medico-psychologjcal associa- tion, and its president in 1892. Dr. Andrews edited the American Journal of Insanity for a number of years. He died at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1894. ANDREWS, Justin, journalist, was born in Worcester county. Mass., in 1819. When a young man he became connected with the Boston Daily Times as a reporter. On Dec. 1,1844. he joined the staff of the Boston Eagle. When the Boston Herald was started in 1846 Mr. Adams became identified with it. returning temporarily to the Times, which paper he left permanently in 1856 to become assistant editor on the Herald, then published by E. C. Bailey. On April 1. 1869, in conjunction with his brother, Charles H. Andrews, E. B. Haskell, R. M. Pulsifer and G. G. Bailey, he bought the interest of E. C. Bailey, and for four years longer remained as one of the Herald’s editors. On Jan. 1, 1873, Mr. Andrews disposed of his interest and retired from news- paper life, after thirty years’ service. He died at his home in Newton, Mass., Aug. 31, 1894. ANDREWS, Lorrin, missionary, was born at East Windsor, Conn., April 29, 1795. He was graduated from Jefferson college, Kentucky, and Princeton theological seminary, and was ordained by the presbytery of New Jersey. In 1827 he went as missionary to the Hawaiian Islands, under the direction of the American board of foreign missions, where he mastered the language and founded a school, and from 1831 to 1841 taught in the seminary, which became the Hawaii uni- versity. In 1840 anti-slavery scruples caused him to sever his connection with the American board, and lie acted as Seamen’s chaplain at Lahaina. In 1845 the government of the Islands appointed [ 100 ] him a judge and secretary of the privy council, which offices he held until 1855. Among his pub- lished literary works may be noted a Hawaiian dictionary, a translation of parts of the Bible into the Hawaiian language, and some works on the antiquities of the Sandwich Islands. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the college of New Jersey in 1858. Dr. Andrews died at Honolulu. Sept. 29, 1868. ANDREWS, Newton Lloyd, educator, was born at Fabius, N. Y., Aug. 14, 1841. He was prepared for college at the Newark. N. J., high school, and was graduated at Madison university in 1862, and from the Hamilton theological semin- ary in 1864. He became principal of the prepar- atory school of the university, and in 1868 was appointed professor of the Greek language and literature in the university. In 1872 he was one of the editors of the “Half-Century History of Colgate University.” He spent the year 1879-80 in study and travel in Europe ; and on his return, by request of President Dodge, assumed, in addi- tion to his professorship, the post of dean of the college faculty. The death of President Dodge in January, 1890, enlarged greatly the range of his administrative duties, and under the title of dean he had charge of the college from January, 1890, until July. 1895, when, upon the election of George W. Smith, LL.D., as president, he resigned as dean, and spent the year 1895-'96 in Europe. While retaining his relation as professor of Greek he was appointed in 1896 to be lecturer on the his- tory of art. ANDREWS, Samuel James, clergyman, was born at Danbury, Conn.. July 31, 1817. He was graduated from Williams college in 1839, and opened a law office in New York city, but after practising a short time he entered the Congrega- tional ministry. He afterwards occupied the position of tutor in Trinity college. Hartford. He finally adopted the Irvingite doctrine, and in 1868 became minister of the Catholic Apostolic church in Hartford. He wrote an analytical study of the gospels under the title of ‘ ‘ The Life of Our Lord Upon Earth.” which has become a standard work. In 1879 he received the degree of D.D. from Union college. ANDREWS, Stephen Pearl, philosopher, was born at Templeton. Mass., March 22, 1812. son of Elisha- Andrews, clergyman. He was educated at Amherst, studied law with his brother at New Orleans and engaged in practice there, when he became first counsel of Mrs. Myra Clark Gaines in her famous suits. He was an ardent advocate of abolition, and in 1839 removed to Texas with the avowed purpose of laboring to overthrow slavery in the state. He conceived the idea of raising sufficient money to purchase alP the slaves in Texas and thus free them, and in 1845 ANDREWS. ANDREWS. visited England in the hope of procuring finan- cial assistance. He was gifted with oratorical powers of a superior order ; and so ably did he present the cause in which his whole heart was enlisted that British capitalists and statesmen looked upon the project with favor and would have supported it financially had not the fear of war with the United States deterred them. Upon his return to America Mr. Andrews joined the abolitionists at Boston. While in England he became interested in phonography, and was active in introducing the system of phonographic re- porting in America. Removing to New York in 1847 he published, in co-operation with A. F. Boyle, a series of phonographic text-books, and edited two journals, the Anglo-Saxon and the Propagandist, which were printed in phonetic type, and devoted to phonography and spelling reform. He was the originator of a system of philosophy which he called “ Integralism,” and of a universal language which he called “Alwato.” While still a young man he claimed to have dis- covered a unity of law in the universe, and on this his system of philosophy and language was based. The elements of his philosophy were pub- lished in a work entitled, “ Basic Outlines of Uni- versology.” According to his system a radical ad- justment of all forms of belief, all ideas, all thought was possible. He was a pioneer in the field of social science, and was regarded as a leader of rad- ical thought on social questions. He instituted a series of conferences known as the “ Colloquium,” for the interchange of religious, philosophical and political ideas between men of widely diver- gent views, and he was for many years a member and vice-president of the “ Liberal club ” of New York, and a member of the American academy of arts and sciences, and of the American ethno- logical society. He was a thorough Greek and Latin scholar, was master of Hebrew. Sanskrit and Chinese, and had more or less intimate knowl- edge of thirty two additional languages. He pub- lished: •• Discoveries in Chinese; or. the Symbol- ism of the Primitive Characters of the Chinese System of Writing as a Contribution to Philology and Ethnology and a Practical Aid in the Acqui- sition of the Chinese Language” (1854); and a new French instructor, introducing a novel method of teaching the French language; ‘•Com- parison of the Common Law with the Roman, French or Spanish Civil Law on Entails and other Limited Property in Real Estate” (1839) ; “ Cost, the Limit of Price ” (1851) ; “ The Constitution of Government in the Sovereignty of the Indi- vidual ” (1851); - Love, Marriage and Divorce, and the Sovereignty of the Individual, a Discus- sion by Henry James. Horace Greeley and Stephen Pearl Andrews, edited by S. P. Andrews ” (1853) ; “Constitution, or Organic Basis of the New Catholic Church” (1860) ; “ The Great American Crisis”; “An Universal Language”; “The Pri- mary System of Universology and Alwato” (1871) ; “ Primary Grammar of Alwato ” (Boston. 1877) ; “ The Labor Dollar ” (1881) ; “ Elements of Universology” (1881); “Ideological Etymology” (1881); and “The Church and Religion of the Future” (1885). He died in New York city, May 21, 1886. ANDREWS, Timothy Patrick, soldier, was born in Ireland in 1795. When lie was very young he immigrated with his parents to America. At the beginning of the war of 1812, Andrews, but then seventeen years old, ran away from home and joined Commodore Barney, who was at that time facing the enemy in Chesapeake Bay. Barney employed him as aide, and the boy after- wards entered the regular army, becoming pay- master in 1822. During the Mexican war he commanded the regiment of voltigeurs, and for his bravery, especially at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, he was made brigadier-general by brevet. He afterwards became deputy paymaster- general in 1861, and in 1862 was promoted pay- master-general. He died in Washington, D. C., March 11. 1868. ANDREWS, William Draper, inventor, was born at Grafton, Mass., May 23, 1818. In 1840 he obtained employment with a wrecking company in New York. Familiarity with pumping appa- ratus led him to make experiments looking to its improvement; and in 1844 he invented a centri- fugal pump, for which in 1846 he received a patent. Later he developed an anti - friction centrifugal pump, which came into universal use. The ‘ • Cataract ” is considered the best of the sev- eral other centrifugal pumps patented by him. He obtained patents also for siphon gang-wells, balanced valves, safety elevatoi-s, boilers, oscillat- ing steam-engines, friction and differential power gearing, to the number of twenty-five in the United States, and nine foreign patents. His pumps were applied with great success to the U. S. monitors in the civil war, as a means of sub- merging the ships in action or lightening them when retreat was necessary, water being pumped at the rate of thirty tons a minute into or out of the water compartments. His pumps were also of very great service in dredging channels through the sand bars at the mouth of the St. Johns river, Fla., in the improvements effected in the deepen- ing of the Mississippi river, and in fixing the foundations for the piers of suspension bridges. In 1885 the water supply of Brooklyn was aug- mented by means of his gang- wells, which supplied daily an average of twenty-five million gallons of water. \arious medals and diplomas were awarded Mr. Andrews in the United States and Europe. [101J ANDROS. ANGELL. ANDROS, Sir Edmund, colonial governor, was born in London, Eng., Dec. 6. 1637, son of Ainias and Elizabeth (Stone) Andros. He distinguished himself in the war with the Dutch, and in 1672 was commissioned major in Prince Rupert’s regi- ment of dragoons. In 1674 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of New York, and in 1677, while on a visit to England, was knighted in token of appreciation of his services. His extremely arbitrary measures, his repeated attempts to extend his jurisdiction, and his rigid enforcement of the revenue laws aroused the in- dignation of the American colonists, and in 1681, upon their complaint, he was recalled. In 1686, he was again sent to America as governor of the New England colonies, and in 1688 he was appointed governor and captain-general of the united dominion, into which James II. proposed to consolidate the colonies of New York, New Jersey and New England. He was authorized to remove magistrates, to appoint the members of his own council and with their advice to levy taxes and control the provincial troops. He de- manded the surrender of the charters of the col- onies, compelled landholders to purchase new titles at exorbitant rates, abolished the general court, restricted the liberty of the press, and at- tempted to enforce obnoxious ecclesiastical laws. Upon the refusal of Connecticut to relinquish her charter, Andros marched to Hartford at the head of sixty soldiers to obtain the document by force. Tradition says that the charter was hidden in an oak, afterward known as the “Charter Oak but Broadhead in his “History of New York” (vol. II.. p. 472) brings forward historical data to prove the incorrectness of the tradition. The secretary of the Connecticut assembly, by order of Andros, closed the record on Oct. 31. 1687, with the state- ment that the viceroy had that day assumed the governorship of Connecticut. Early in 1688 his arbitrary seizure of some land in Maine, belong- ing to the Penobscot Indians, brought on the memorable Indian war of that year. Then came the revolution in England, and when the tidings reached Boston the colonists seized and impris- oned Andros, who was sent to England in 1689, where he was immediately liberated without trial. In 1691 he published a “ Narrative on Pi-oceed- ings in New England.” and this work, republished in London at the time of the American revolu- tion. was usedtoshow the turbulent and seditious spirit of the colonists. In 1692 Sir Edmund was made governor of Virginia. The leading men of this colony were conspicuous for their loyalty to the crown, and Sir Edmund was more at home among them than he had been among the Puri- tans of the north. He succeeded in winning the favor of the people and Help to establish the William and Mary college, Williamsburg, and ruled wisely and well until 1698, when he became involved in a controversy with Janxes Blair, the ecclesiastical head of the colony, and was recalled. From 1704 to 1706 he was governor of the island of Gxxernsey, aixd the remaining years of his life were spent in retirement in London. See W. H. Whitmore’s “Andros Tracts,” with notes and a memoir of Sir Edmund Andx-os (Boston. 1691 and 1773) ; Bancroft’s “History of the United States” (vol. I.); and Palfrey’s “History of New Eng- land” (vol. III.). He died in London. Feb. 24, 1714. ANGEL, Benjamin Franklin, diplomatist, was born in Burlington, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1815. He received an academic education in Geneseo, N. Y., aixd for several years before he reached his majority he wrote leadiixg political editorials in the democratic newspapers of the town. In 1836 he was admitted to the bar aixd afterwards was twice elected surrogate of the county. He later held the offices of supreme court commis- sioner and master and examiner in chancery. In 1852 he was a delegate to the democratic national convention, and in 1853 was appointed by President Pierce consul at Honolulu. In the senate his nomination was rejected while Mr. Angel was discharging his official duties ten thousand miles from home. He returned to the United States by the way of China, the East Indies, Egypt, and through Europe, and wrote intei'esting letters of his tour. In 1857 he was appointed minister to Sweden by President Buchanan, where he remained until 1862. In 1864 he was a delegate to the Chicago democratic convention. In 1873 and 1874 he was president of the New York state agricultural society. He died at Geneseo. N. Y., Sept. 12, 1894. ANGELL, Henry C., oculist, was born at Pi'ovidence, R. I., Jan. 27, 1829. He studied medicine at the Hahnemann medical college, Philadelphia, where he was graduated in 1853. and then spent four years in attendance on the hospitals of Paris, Berlin. London and Vienna. Returning to the United States in 1857 he settled in Boston. He was made professor of opthalmol- ogy in the Boston university school of medicine at its foundation. Px-ofessor Angell published: “ Recoi'ds of William M. Hunt” (1879); “How to Take Care of our Eyes” (1880) ; and “ Diseases of the Eye” (1882). He also contributed on art subjects to the American Art Review and the Atlantic Monthly. He was president of the Phil- harmonic society of Boston, and an honorary member of the Historical society; a member of the Bostonian society, etc. ANGELL, James Burrili, educator, was born at Scituate, R. I., Jan. 7. 1829. He i-eceived liis primary instruction at the local academies and Providence university grammar school; entered [ 102 ] ANGELL. ANTHON. Brown university at the age of sixteen, and was graduated in 1849 with the highest honors in his class. During the year following his graduation he travelled in the South, engaged in civil engineer- ing in Boston, and at Brown university as assis- tant librarian ; going thence to Europe, where he spent two years in study and travel. On his re- turn he became professor of modern languages and literature in Brown university, retaining the chair until 1860, when he resigned to assume the editorship of the Providence Journal , which lie held through the period of the civil war. In 1866 he was chosen the tenth president of the University of Vermont, and in 1871 the fourth president of the University of Michigan. In 1880 he was granted an extended leave of absence, on his appointment by President Hayes as envoy extra- ordinary and minister plenipotentiary to China. In this capacity he negotiated two important commercial and immigration treaties. In 1887 he again resigned his academic duties in order to serve as a member of the joint commission appointed to arbitrate the fisheries dispute between Great Britain and the United States. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Brown university in 1868, and by Columbia college in 1888. Besides numerous lectures, addresses and magazine articles, he is the author of “ Prog- ress in International Law ” (1875); “The Higher Education” (1879); and of “The Diplomacy of the United States” in “Narrative and Critical History of America” (1888). He was appointed U. S. minister to Turkey in April, 1897. ANGELL, Joseph Kinnicut, editor, was born in Providence, R. I., April 30, 1794. He was graduated from Brown university in 1813, studied law, and in 1816 was admitted to the bar. From 1828 to 1831 he was editor of the La w Intelligencer and Revieic, and from 1845 to 1849 reporter of the Rhode Island supreme court, editing and pub- lishing the first reports of the court. His publica- tions include: “ A Treatise on the Right of Prop- erty in TideWaters” (1826); “Inquiry Relative to an Incorporeal Hereditament” (1827); “A Practical Summary of the Law of Assignment ” (1835) ; “ Treatise on the Common Law in Rela- tion to Water Courses ” (1840) ; (3d ed. 1848) ; ‘ • Treatise on the Law Concerning the Liabilities and Rights of Common Carriers ” ; (2d ed. 1845, London ed. 1849); “Treatise on the Limitations of Actions at Law and Suits in Equity and Admir- alty” (2d ed. 1846) ; and a “ Treatise on the Law of Fire and Life Insurance.” In conjunction with Chief Justice Samuel Ames he wrote a “Treatise on the Law of Private Corporations” (4th ed. 1858); and he left incomplete a “Treat- ise on the Law of Highways,” which was finished by Mr. Thomas Durfee and passed through sev- eral editions. He died in Boston. May 1, 1857. ANGUS, Samuel, naval officer, was born in Philadelphia in 1784. He was appointed midship- man Nov. 6, 1799, and was promoted lieutenant Feb. 4. 1807; commander, July 24, 1813; and cap- tain, April 27, 1816. He was on board the Constellation during the engagement of that ves- sel with the French frigate La Vengeance in 1800, and later served on the Enterprise. In 1812 he was seriously injured in the attack near Black Rock, and in the flotilla battle in Delaware bay ; his injuries later resulting in mental impairment, which rendered him unfit for service. He was dismissed June21, 1824, and died at Geneva, N. Y., May 29, 1840. ANTHON, Charles, educator, was born in New York city, Nov. 19, 1797, son of George Christian Anthon, a German physician, who served in the British army in America until the surrender of Detroit in 1788, when he married the daughter of a French officer and settled in New York city. Charles was graduated from Columbia college in 1815, with honors. He was admitted to the bar in 1819, but did not practise law, taking up the study of the classics with a view to the adoption of the profession of pedagogy. He was adjunct professor of Greek and Latin in Columbia college from 1820 to 1830; Jay profes- sor of Greek and Latin from 1830 to 1837 ; rector of Columbia grammar school from 1837 to 1844, and Jay professor of Greek and Latin literature, 1857 to 1867. He published a number of valuable classical works, among which were a new edition of Lempri ore’s “ Classical Diction- ary,” which was published in England ; “ Ancient and Mediaeval Geography,” “ A System of Greek Prosody and Metre.” and various Greek and Latin grammars, readers, etc., which were adopted as college text -books. He also edited and compiled many volumes, consisting of Greek and Roman literature, lexicons, etc., relat- ing to the study of the dead languages. Colum- bia college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1831. He died July 29. 1867. ANTHON, John, jurist, was born in Detroit, Mich., May 14, 1784. son of Dr. George Christian Anthon, a German by birth, and until 1788 sur- geon-general in the British army, when he re- moved from Detroit to New York city. John with his two brothers, Charles and Henry, re- ceived a good education, and was graduated in 1801 from Columbia college with the highest honors, receiving the degree of B.A. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1805. In the war of 1812 he was commander of a military company, and was stationed near Fort Hamilton, N. Y. He was for a time regimental paymaster, and also judge ad- vocate. He was one of the founders of the New York law institute, of which lie was in succession vice - president and president for twenty - four [103 J ANTHONY. ANTHONY. years. He was aLso influential in the establish- ment of the supreme court in New York state. Columbia college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1861. He had two sons, Charles Ed- ward, numismatist, and William Henry, lawyer. He wrote many valuable and authoritative books on legal subjects, among them, - American Pre- cedents of Declarations ” (1810); "The Law Stu- dent, or Guides to the Study of the Law and Its Principles” (1850); ‘-Analysis of Blackstone’s Commentaries,” and “Nisi Prius Reports.” He died in New York city, March 5, 1863. ANTHON, Henry, clergyman, was born in New York city. March 11, 1795. He was graduated at Columbia college in 1813 with the degree of A.M., pursued his theological course under the superin- tendence of Bishop Hobart, was admitted to the diaconate of the Episcopal church in 1815, in 1816 had charge of St. Paul’s church, Tivoli- on-the-Hudson, N. Y., and afterwards was ad- vanced to the priesthood. From 1819 to 1822 he resided in South Carolina, for the benefit of his health, and in the autumn of 1822 assumed pas- toral charge of Trinity church, Utica, N. Y., where he remained until 1829, in which year he became rector of St. Stephen’s church. New York. In 1837 he accepted the rectorate of St. Mark’s in the Bowery, New York city, where he offi- ciated up to the time of his dearth. As a memorial of Dr. Anthon. his parishioners completed the church of All SouLs (Anthon memorial), which was primarily a chapel of St. Mark’s church. A tablet to his memory was erected in the chancel. He published " Historical Notices of St. Mark's Church, from 1795 to 1845” (1845). Columbia college conferred upon him the degree of S.T.D. in 1832. He was a trustee of Hobart college from 1825 to 1836. He died Jan. 5, 1861. ANTHONY, Andrew Varick Stout, artist, was bom in New York city in 1835. He studied drawing and engraving at an early age, and on the formation of the American water-color society was one of its charter members. He became recognized among the few successful engravers of their own creations. Among his best works are his illustrations for Whittier’s “Snow-Bound” (1867) ; “ Ballads of New England ” (1870) ; “Mabel Martin” (1876) ; Longfellow’s “Skeleton in Armor ” (1877) ; and Hawthorne’s “ Scarlet Letter ” (1878). He resided for a number of years in New York and California, and in 1878 settled in Boston, but removed again to New York city, where in 1896 he had charge of the art department in the pub- lishing house of Harper and Brothers. ANTHONY, Daniel Read, journalist, was bom at South Adams, Mass., Aug. 22. 1824. Son of Daniel and Lucy (Read) Anthony, and brother of Susan B. Anthony, the reformer. His first American ancestor, John Anthony, immigrated from Wales, settling at Dartmouth. Mass., in 1646. Daniel Read, his maternal grandfather, served in the Continental army, and accompanied Benedict Arnold to Quebec. His parents removed to Washington county. N. Y., in 1826. and at the age of thirteen he was employed as clerk in his father’s factory, and in 1847 removed with the family to Rochester. Here he taught school for two years, after which he engaged in the insur- ance business. He joined the first party of free- state settlers that left Boston and Worcester under the auspices of the New England emigrant aid society in July. 1854. bound for Kansas, and was one of the founders of the town of Lawrence, Kansas. He returned to New York in 1855 to attend the first Republican state convention held in that state, and remained in Rochester until 1857, when he settled permanently at Leaven- worth. Kansas. He was major of the 7th Kansas volunteer cavalry in September. 1861, was appointed provost -marshal of Kansas city on the 8th of October, and promoted lieutenant -colonel on the 29th. He commanded a regiment at the battle of the Little Blue, which defeated a band of guerrillas four times its strength. In June, 1862. while in temporary command of Gen. Robert B. Mitchell’s brigade in Tennessee, he issued orders forbidding his officers and soldiers under severe penalties to return fugitive slaves to their masters, and refused to countermand the order when charged to do so by General Mitchell, whereupon he was arrested on a charge of insubordination. The U. S. senate sent a mes- sage to President Lincoln asking him to com- municate the reasons for the arrest, and Colonel Anthony was released and restored to his com- mand by General Halleck. He immediately re- signed his commission, however, and returning to Leavenworth resumed his duties as postmaster, to which office he had been appointed by President Lincoln. In March. 1863, he was elected mayor of Leavenworth, and in defending himself against mob violence had several personal affrays that nearly cost him his life. In 1*74. by appointment of President Grant, he again became postmaster of Leavenworth, and was re-appointed by Presi- dent Hayes. President Arthur made him gov- ernment director of the Union Pacific railroad. In 1861 Col. Anthony issued the first number of the Leavenworth Daily Conservative, which an- nounced the admission of Kansas into the union. In September. 1864. he purchased a half interest in the Leavenworth Bulletin, and in the follow- ing June became sole proprietor of that journal, which he conducted until 1871, when it was con- solidated with the Leavenworth Daily Times. In 1876 he became owner of the Leavenworth Com- mercial. and continued his editorship of that journal and the Daily Times until November. [1M1 ANTHONY. AJNTHONY. L887, when lie sold a controlling interest in the plant to an eastern syndicate. In 1889 he again assumed editorial control of the Times, which in the two years of his absence had fallen into pub- lic disfavor. By the wisdom and ability of his management, he soon restored to the journal its old-time popularity. ANTHONY, Edmund, publisher, was born in Somerset, Mass., Aug. 2, 1808. In 1824 he entered the office of the Columbian Reporter at Taunton, Mass., where he learned the trade of printing, continuing in that office until 1831, when he com- menced the publication of the Independent Gazette, which re- mained under his charge, with a change of name, until 1850, when he removed to New Bedford, Mass. He held the office of town clerk of Taun- ton from 1835 to 1845, and that of town treasurer from 1838 to 1844, and was also treasurer of Bristol county for several years. In 1850 he es- . tablished in New Bed- ford The Daily Even- ing Standard and the Republican (weekly) Standard. These publica- tions were continued by Mr. Anthony’s imme- diate descendants, under the firm name of E. Anthony & Sons. In 1864 Mr. Anthony com- menced to publish the Springfield Union, a lead- ing newspaper in western Massachusetts. Soon after returning to New Bedford, he was appointed deputy collector of internal revenue, and later postmaster of New Bedford, holding the latter office until his death. He was a prominent man in municipal affairs, being a member of the city government for several years, and for more than twelve years special justice of the police court. Mr. Anthony’s influence was always thrown on the side of all movements for the welfare of his fellowmen. He died Jan. 24, 1876. ANTHONY, Henry Bowen, statesman, was born in Coventry, R. I., April 1, 1815, son of Wil- liam Anthony, who managed the third cotton manufactory built in Rhode Island. His mater- nal grandfather, James Greene, was a member of the society of Friends and a relative of Nathaniel and Ray Greene. His first American ancestor was John Anthony, of Hampstead, Eng., who came to Boston in 1634 on the Hercules, and located in Rhode Island about 1640. The family were Quakers. Henry Bowen received a liberal education at a private school in Providence, entered Brown university in 1829 and was gradu- ated in 1833, when he joined his brother in the manufacture of cotton in Providence, spending much of his time at Savannah, Ga., where he was a casual contributor to newspapers and magazines. In 1838 he assumed editorial charge of the Provi- dence Journal ; his success as an editor being instant and marked, and in 1840 he acquired an inter- est in the publica- tion. His course in 1841-’42, during the discussions w li i c h arose in the struggle to change the govern- ment of the state, for the avowed purpose of se- curing an enlarged suffrage, and which brought the contestants, known as the “Dorrites” and ‘•Algerines,” to the verge of civil war, was marked by courtesy, sound common sense and prac- ticability; as champion of “Law and Order” he helped to educate public opinion, and was largely responsible for the triumph of his party. He was a genuine son of Rhode Island, and held to its traditions; thinking no change in its landmarks desirable, he wished to preserve the institutions which its history had made mem- orable. He desired no extension of suffrage, and no change of commercial policy. In 1837 he was married to Sarah Aborn, daughter of Christopher Rhodes of Rhode Island. In 1849 he was elected as a Whig to the governorship of the state and held the office for two years, declining a third term. On the death of his wife in 1854 he trav- elled in Europe, and upon his return took up his editorial work. His influence as a journalist extended beyond the borders of his own state, and his faithful labors for many years built up the Providence, Journal. In 1859 the general assem- bly elected him United States senator, and he was re-elected five consecutive terms. He was a firm supporter of President Lincoln. He was chairman of the committee on public printing for twenty-two years, during which time the con- tract system was abolished and the national print- ing office established. He suggested many re- forms and restrictive acts not carried out, and endeavored to have the public printing restricted to the legitimate demands of the government. From 1863 he served on the committee of naval affairs and was for many years its senior member. In March, 1869, he was elected president pro tempore of the senate, and re-elected in March 005 ! ANTHONY. ANTHONY. 1871, serving throughout the 41st and 42d con- gresses; was again elected in 1883, but on ac- count of ill health was obliged to decline. He was orator on the occasion of the presentation by the state of Rhode Island to the national government of the statues of Roger Williams and Nathaniel Greene, which were placed in Statuary Hall in the capitol at Washington. He left to Brown university the “ Harris collection of American poetry,” numbering about six thou- sand volumes. This collection was begun by Albert G. Greene, continued by Caleb Fiske Harris, and completed by Senator Anthony. His addresses, historical and memorial, were collected and pri- vately printed in 1875. They embrace his tribute to Stephen A. Douglas, delivered in the U. S. senate July 9, 1861 ; to John R. Thompson. Dec. 4, 1862; to William Pitt Fessenden, Dec. 14. 1869; to William A. Buckingham, in December, 1875; to Henry Wilson, Jan. 21, 1876; and three ad- dresses on Charles Sumner, — on the announce- ment of his death in tire senate, on his delivery of the senator’s body to the governor of Mass- achusetts, and on the presentation by Senator Boutwell of resolutions of respect to Mr. Sum- ner’s memory. His address on presenting to Congress a bill to provide for repairing and pro- tecting the monument at Newport, R. I., erected to De Tiernay, the commander of the naval forces sent out by France in 1780 to aid the revolution- ary cause, was one of his most notable speeches. The president of the United States, a large num- ber of senators and the officials of his native state and city attended the funeral. A memorial vol- ume was published by the general assembly of the state of Rhode Island in 1885. The date of his death was Sept. 2, 1884. ANTHONY. John Gould, naturalist, was born at Providence, R. I., May 17, 1804. From his boy- hood he applied himself to the study of natural history, and was engaged in commercial business in Cincinnati for more than thirty -five years. In 1863, his publications on natural history having attracted the attention of Professor Agassiz, he became the curator of the conchological depart- ment of the museum of comparative zoology. Here he became a recognized authority on Ameri- can mollusca. In 1865 he was Agassiz’s compan- ion upon the Thayer expedition to Brazil. The following is a sequential list of his publications: “A New Trilobite” (Ceratocephala Ceralepta) (1838); “Fossil Encrinite” (1838): “Description of a New Fossil (Calymene Bucklandii) ” (1839); “Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells” (1839); “Descriptions of Two New Species of Anculotus” (1839); “Description of New Fluvi- ate Shells of the Genus Melania. Lam., from the Western States of North America” (1854); “De- scriptions of New Species of American Fluviate Gasteropods” (1861); “Description of Two New Species of Monocondytoca ” (1865) ; “ Description of a New Exotic Melania” (1865); “Description of a New Species of Shells” (1865); and “De- scriptions of New American Fresh-Water Shells ’’ (1866). He died Oct. 16, 1877. ANTHONY, Susan Brownell, reformer, was born in South Adams, Mass.. Feb. 15. 1820, daugh- ter of Daniel and Lucy (Read) Anthony. Her father, who was a Quaker, removed his family from Massachusetts to Washington county, N. Y., in 1826, where he engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods. His daughters were re- quired to work in his mill, to insure their being able to support themselves, and were at the same time given a liberal education at a Friends’ boarding school near Philadel- phia. In 1835 Susan began to teach school in New York state. Her first speech was made at a meeting of XuX the New York teach- ers’ association in 1847. The speech consisted of three quiet little sentences, but was an act of unparalleled audacity at that day. Miss Anthony’s example wrought a change in the standing of the women teachers in the conventions, where they began to participate in the discussions, and to vote and have a voice in matters pertaining to the pro- fession in which they are so largely in the majority. In 1849 Miss Anthony began to speak in public on behalf of the temperance cause, of which she was an earnest advocate. In 1851. being refused ad- mission to a temperance convention on account of her sex, she called a convention to discuss temper- ance in Albany, N. Y\, and in 1852 was mainly in- strumental in organizing the Woman’s New York State temperance society. She soon realized that the ballot would give to women more power to com- bat intemperance and other evils than any argu- ments that she could wield ; she. therefore, became a woman suffragist and for more than forty years worked steadily for that cause. Miss Anthony’s remarkable executive ability, her logical reason- ing. and her simple, direct, and pertinent aptitude of expression soon gave her national prominence as an advocate of woman’s rights. She was an ardent abolitionist, and in conjunction with her friend and co-worker, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, rendered great assistance to the abolition party during the anti-slavery agitation. They obtained hundreds of thousands of signatures to petitions beseeching Congress to abolish slavery as a war 10fiJ ANTHONY. APPEL. measure. “Send petitions; they furnish the only background for my demands,” said Charles Sum- ner to Miss Anthony. During the years 1854-55, female suffrage conventions were called by her in each county of the state of New York. In 1858, in a report read before a teachers’ convention at Troy, N. Y., she advocated co-education of the sexes, and in 1860 her efforts largely contributed to the passage of an act of the New York legisla- ture giving to married women the guardianship of their children and the control of their own earn- ings. In every step made towards the betterment of woman’s condition. Miss Anthony was the pio- neer. In 1867, with Mrs. Stanton, she organized and carried on a campaign in Kansas, and won many votes in favor of womans’ suffrage. In 1868, in connection with Mrs. Stanton, George Francis Train, Parker Pillsbury and others, she began to publish in New York the Revolutionist. This journal was devoted to the promulgation of women’s rights doctrines, and existed for two years, when it perished for lack of financial sup- port, leaving Miss Anthony with heavy debts, which she cancelled with the proceeds of her lec- tures. In 1872 she was arrested for illegally voting at Rochester, N. Y., and was fined one hundred dollars, which fine she, according to her declara- tion made to the judge, “would never pay.” In 1880 she spoke before the judiciary committee of the _U. S. senate, as she had many times spoken before representative congressional committees. In 1892 she was made president of the National womans’ suffrage association. To her is mainly due the extension of the right of suffrage to women on educational questions and in municipal affairs in some states, and their complete enfranchise- ment in Wyoming, as well as the existence of a committee on woman suffrage in the United States senate with a committee room for its ex- clusive use. ANTHONY, William Arnold, physicist, was born in Coventry, R. I., Nov. 17, 1835. After his graduation from the Yale scientific school he taught in Rhode Island for three years, and in 1860 received his degree from Yale. During the two years that followed he was professor of sciences in the Providence conference seminary at East Greenwich, R. I. He subsequently taught the sciences in Antioch college, Iowa agricultural college, and Cornell university. He made many successful experiments in electricity and devised several practical improvements in mechanical electrical appliances- He contributed frequently to the more prominent scientific journals, and prepared, with C. F. Brackett, an “ Elementary Text-Book on Physics” (1885). He was elected a member of the American institute of electrical engineers, and of the American association for the advancement of science. ANTONIO, Joseph, delegate, was born at Taos, Taos county. New Mexico, Aug. 25, 1846. He received his early education at Lux’s academy in Taos, and attended Bishop Lammy's school at Santa F<5 for two years, when he entered Web- ster college, Missouri, where he was graduated four years later. He then completed a com- mercial course, engaged in mercantile pursuits, and became the proprietor of the noted medic- inal hot springs at Ojo Caliente, New Mexico. He served as county judge of Taos county for six years, was a member of the territorial legislature for a like period, and he was a state senator when elected territorial delegate to Congress in 1884. He represented his territory in the 49th, 50th, 51st, 52d and 53d congresses as a Democrat. He was defeated in the election of 1894 by Thomas B. Catoon, Republican. ANTONY, Edwin LeRoy, representative, was born near Waynesboro, Burke purity, Ga., Jan. 5, 1852. When he was seven years of age his family removed to Texas, settling in Brazoria county and remaining there until after the civil war. In 1867 he took up his residence in Milan county, and two years later entered the Univer- sity of Georgia, from which he was graduated in 1873. In 1874 he was admitted to the Texas bar, and two years later was elected county at- torney, being also ex-officio district attorney of Milan county. In 1886 he was made special judge, and soon afterwards served in the municipal gov- ernment. He was elected a representative from the 7th district to the 52d Congress in 1892. as a Democrat, to fill the unexpired term of Roger Q. Mills, who had been chosen senator. APPEL, Theodore, clergyman, was born at Easton, Pa., April 30, 1823. He was graduated at Marshall college, Mercersburg, Pa., in 1842, and from the seminary of the Reformed church in 1845. Was pastor at Waynesboro’, Pa., and Cove- town, Md., from 1845 to 1851. Was professor of mathematics in Marshall college, pastor of the local church, and editor of the Mercersburg Review from 1851 to 1853. In 1853 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy in Franklin and Marshall college at Lancaster, Pa., and occupied that position until 1877. From 1873 onwards he delivered astronomical lectures in many places with success. From 1878 to 1886 he was superintendent of home missions of the Re- formed church and editor of the Reformed 1 Mis- sionary Herald. After that time he engaged in literary labors. In 1886 he published: “College Recollections,” “Beginnings of the Theological Seminary,” and “ Letters to Boys and Girls about the First Christmas at Bethlehem.” From 1887 to 1894 he acted a.s editor of the Reformed Mes- senger. and published the “ Life of Dr John W. Nevin” in 1889. rioT] APPLETON. APPLETON. APPLE, Joseph Henry, educator, was born Aug. 4, 18G5, son of Joseph H. and Elizabeth Ann (Geiger) Apple. His ancestry was Scotch- lrish and German. He was educated in the pub- lic schools; at Allegheny college, Meadville, Pa. ; and at Franklin and Marshall college. Lancaster, Pa., where he was graduated in 1885. He ac- cepted the principalship of a school at St. Peters- burg, Pa., and in 1887 he became professor of mathematics in the state normal school, Clarion, Pa. In 1891 he was elected associate professor of mathematics in Pittsburg central high school. In 1893 he was called to assume charge of the Frederick female seminary at Frederick, Md. He entered upon the work with a zeal that at once lifted the institution into a new plane of usefulness which is best described by noting its change of name to the Woman’s college of Fred- erick. Mr. Apple was a member of the national guard of Pennsylvania for ten years, holding offices therein of various grades, and at college was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi. In addition to his scholastic work Professor Apple took a private course in theology and was licensed as a preacher by the Reformed church in the United States. APPLE, Thomas Gilmore, educator, was born at Easton, Pa.. Nov. 14, 1839. He was grad- uated from Marshall college, Mercersburg, Pa., in 1850, and in 1853 took pastoral charge of the Ger- man Reformed church, Easton. Pa. He retained his pastorate for twelve years, resigning to accept the presidency of Mercersburg college. In 1871 he was made professor in the Lancaster theological seminary, and from 1878 to 1889, in addition to his professorship in the theological seminary, was president of the Franklin and Marshall college. He was for more than thirty years editor of the Mercersburg Review and of the Reformed Quar- terly Review , and later was called to the chair of church history and exegesis in the theological sem- inary of the Reformed church at Lancaster, Pa. He received the degree of D.D. from Franklin and Marshall college in 1868, and that of LL.D. from Lafayette college in 1878. APPLETON, Daniel, publisher, was born in Haverhill, Mass., Dec. 10, 1785, son of Daniel and Lydia (Ela) Appleton. He began his com- mercial career as clerk in a dry goods store and early established himself in the dry goods busi- ness in Haverhill and later in Boston. In 1825 lie removed to New York city, and locating in Exchange Place opened an establishment for the sale of dry goods and books, in partnership with his brother-in-law, Jonathan Leavitt. In 1830 Mr. Leavitt withdrew from the concern, and William Henry, Mr. Appleton’s eldest son, took his place as head of the book department. Later the dry goods business was abandoned, and Mr. 1108 ] Appleton removed to larger premises in Clinton Hall, corner of Beekman and Nassau streets, where he devoted his capital and energy to im- porting and selling books. In 1830 he made his first venture as a publisher, and issued a volume three inches square, and a half inch thick, with 192 pages, entitled “Crumbs from the Master’s Table,” con- sisting of bible texts compiled by W. Mason. A copy of this book is pre- served in the Ap- pleton family. A still smaller volume, “Gospel Seeds,” ap- peared in the fol- lowing year, and was followed in 1832, the year of the cholera epidemic, by “A Refuge in Time of Plague and Pestilence.” In 1838 Mr. Appleton visited Eu- rope and established the London agency of the house at 16 Little Britain; he also purchased in Paris a number of rare illuminated missals and MSS. specimens of the work of the early monks, which were eagerly bought in America and af- forded the firm a large profit. In 1838 William Henry Appleton was admitted to a partnership, and the firm became D. Appleton & Co., and re- moved to 200 Broadway. In 1840 they issued Tract No. 90 by Dr. Pusey, which was followed by the writings of Drs. Newman, Manning, Palmer, Maurice and others of the Oxford school. In 1848 Mr. Appleton retired, making the proviso that the official signature of the firm should remain Daniel Appleton & Co. A printing house and bindery were established by the firm in Franklin St., N. Y., in 1853. In 1857 the “New American Cyclopaedia ” was begun, the last volume being issued in 1863. The work proved a success, upwards of thirty thousand sets being sold. In 1868, owing to the increase of business, the mechanical departments were transferred to Brooklyn, where an immense block of buildings had been erected to accommodate them. In 1861 the first copy of “The Annual Cyclopaedia” was issued, a volume appearing every year there- after, uniform in style and size with the Ameri- can Cyclopaedia, of which during the years 1873-76 a revised edition was prepared with en- gravings and maps. “ Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography,” a valuable work of refer- ence, in 6 vols., was commenced in 1886 and “Johnson’s Universal Cyclopaedia Revised” in 1893, in 8 vols. The wide range of books pub- APPLETON. APPLETON. lished by the Appletons comprises school text- books, medical and scientific works, Spanish books for the Central and Southern American trade, the literature concerning the civil war, poems, novels; covers, in fact, the whole range of litera- ture. The works of Darwin, Huxley, Spencer, and Tyndall were first printed in America by this firm under royalty agreement with the authors. Owing to the theological prejudices of the time, the publication of these books brought odium upon the Appletons. They were also the first to produce in New York the works of Mine. Muhlbach, one of the most popular novels pub- lished by the house being her “ Joseph II. and His Court,” the sale of which was rivalled by Disraeli’s “ Lothair,” of which eighty thousand copies were sold. Among the firm’s illustrated publications are: “Picturesque America,” “Pic- turesque Europe,” “Picturesque Palestine,” and “ The Art of the World.” The members of the firm of D. Appleton & Co. in 189T were: William Henry, Daniel Sidney, William Worthen, Daniel and Edward Dale Appleton. Daniel Appleton died in New York city, March 27, 1849. APPLETON, Daniel Sidney, publisher, was born in Boston, Mass., April 9, 1824, fourth son of Daniel and Hannah (Adams) Appleton. In 1843 he was graduated at Yale college, studied one year in the Yale law school, and entered his father’s business. He acted as manager of the London branch until 1849, when he was recalled to the United States by the illness of his father, on whose death he was admitted to partnership and assumed direction of the mechanical depart- ments of the house, acting also as its financial adviser. Failing health caused him to sever his connection with the firm some years before his death, though lie continued to hold an advisory interest. He was a member of the Union, the Century, the University, and the New York yacht clubs, and a director in several financial institu- tions. He died Nov. 13. 1890. APPLETON, Francis H., agriculturist, was born in Boston, Mass., June 17, 1847. His family removed to Salem while he was still an infant, and he was there reared and educated, his home being with his maternal grandfather, Nathaniel Silsbee, an East India merchant. His paternal grandfather was William Appleton of Boston. Mr. Appleton entered St. Paul’s school at Con- cord, N. H., in 1859, was graduated from Harvard college in 1869, and becoming interested in agri- culture settled himself at Peabody, Mass., where he cultivated an extensive farm. He was reporter on agriculture for the Massachusetts commission- ers at the Vienna exposition in 1873, and from 1873 to 1875 was curator at the Bussey institute. He became a trustee of the Peabody institute, of the Massachusetts society for promoting agri- culture, and of the Massachusetts agricultural college, and president of the Essex county agri- cultural society ; a member of the local farmers' club, of the state board of agriculture, of the board of control of the state experiment station, an active member of the Massachusetts horticul- tural society, of which he was vice-president, and secretary of the Bay State agricultural society. In 1887 he was elected secretary of the state board of agriculture, but declined the office. He represented the town of Peabody in the lower house of the state legislature of 1891 and 1892, and in the latter year was a delegate to the national Republican convention. In 1896, he became president of the New England agricultural soci- ety, and in the same year was appointed inspector of rifle practice by Governor Wolcott. APPLETON, George Swett, publisher, was born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 11, 1821, third son of Daniel and Hannah (Adams) Appleton. He attended Phillips academy, Andover, Mass., and later went to Europe, where he studied for four years at the University of Leipsic, Germany, after which he travelled, becoming proficient in the Italian, German and French languages. He was a connoisseur of painting and accumulated a fine collection of masterpieces of art. Upon his return to America he was for several years engaged in the book publishing business in Phila- delphia. In 1849 he returned to New York and was admitted to partnership with his brothers in the firm of D. Appleton & Co. His eminent attainments as a scholar and connoisseur of art were of great service to the firm ; of which, in fact, he was the literary counsellor. He instituted and carried on the monthly issue of Appleton s Art Journal for many years; developed the re- sources of the house for publishing foreign classics in the original and in English, and text-books to facilitate the study of foreign languages; and planned the Popular Science monthly. Mr. Appleton died at his home in Riverdale, on the Hudson. July 7, 1878. APPLETON, James, temperance reformer, was born at Ipswich, Mass., Feb. 14. 1785, son of Samuel and Mary (White) Appleton. He was prominent in public affairs, being elected when quite young to the Massachusetts legislature. He held the rank of colonel in the Massachusetts militia during the war with Great Britain, at the close of which he was appointed brigadier-gen- eral. He then removed to Portland. Me., and in 1836 was elected to the Maine legislature, where he served one term, and later was an unsuc- cessful candidate for governor. His speeches on total abstinence, and on the abolition of slavery were able and influential. In 1853 he returned to his native town, where he died Aug. 25, 1862. riogj APPLETON. APPLETON. APPLETON, Jesse, educator, was born at New Ipswich, N. H., Nov. 17, 1772, the fifth in descent from Samuel Appleton, the founder of Ipswich, Mass. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1792, licensed to preach in 179.1, and from the first was regarded as a preacher of more than common power anti promise. He was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Hampton, N. H., February, 1797. He held Arminian views, in spite of which he was highly esteemed in his denomination, and often called to preach before missionary and Bible societies. He instigated the publication of the Piscataqua Evangelical Magazine ; was a trustee of Phillips Exeter academy, and a member of the academy of arts and sciences. He received the degree of D.D. from Dartmouth college. In 1809 he was chosen president of Bowdoin college, and he held that position until his death. He was an excel- lent classical scholar and an impressive preacher. Some of his addresses, with a biographical sketch by Rev. Dr. Nicholls, were published in 1820 ; ser- mons and lectures with a memoir by Rev. B. Tappan, (1822) ; and “ The Works of Jesse Apple- ton. D.D.” (2 vols. 1836). His daughter, Jane, married Franklin Pierce, afterwards President of the United States. Dr. Appleton died Nov. 12, 1819. APPLETON, John, jurist, was born in New Ipswich, N. H., in 1805, and was graduated from Bowdoin college in 1823. He practised law in Sebec, Piscataquis county. Me., in 1826. In 1832 he removed to Bangor. He was appointed reporter of decisions in 1841, associate justice of the sup- reme judicial court in 1852, and chief justice in 1862. In 1883 he retired to private life. He was the author of “Appleton on Evidence,” a compila- tion of matter which he originally wrote for the “ American Jurist.” He died Feb. 5, 1891. APPLETON, John, diplomatist, was born in Beverly, Mass., Feb. 11, 1815. He was graduated from Bowdoin college in 1834, and admitted to the bar in 1837. In 1838 he became editor of the Eastern Argus, published in Portland, Me., and in 1845 he was appointed chief clerk of the navy department at Washington, and later chief clerk of the state department. He was sent to Bolivia as charge d’ affaires in 1848. On his return to the United States in 1849 he began the practice of law in Portland with the Hon. Nathan Clifford. He was elected to represent his district in the 32d Congress in 1850. In 1855 he went to London as secretary of the legation ; in 1855-56 was assistant secretary of state; and in 1860 was appointed U. S. minister to Russia by President Buchanan. He died in Portland. Me., Aug. 22, 1894. APPLETON, John Adams, publisher, was born in Boston. Mass., Jan. 9, 1817, second son of Daniel and Hannah (Adams) Appleton. He spent a part of his early manhood in Michigan, and returned to New York to take the position of head salesman in his father’s business. In 1848 lie was admitted to partnership, and weighty ques- tions of finance or policy were generally referred to him. His duties were general, and no part of the vast establishment escaped his watchful eye. Mr. Appleton brought his two sons, Daniel and Edward D., into the business as soon as their education was completed, Daniel being admitted as a partner in 1880 and Edward Dale in 1884. The tablet to the memory of John A. Appleton in St. John’s church, Stapleton, Staten Island, of which he was senior warden, was erected by the members of the church, and the friends and em- ployes of the firm of D. Appleton & Co., New York. He died at his home on Staten Island, July 13, 1881. APPLETON, John Howard, educator, was born in Portland, Me., Feb. 3, 1844. He is a direct descendant of the Samuel Appleton, who emi- grated from Suffolk, England, to Massachusetts in 1635, and who founded the prominent New England family of his name. He received his early training at the Provi- dence, R. I., high school, and was graduated at Brown university in the scientific course with the degree of bach- elor of philosophy in 1863. He be- came an instruct- or in chemistry at Brown in 1864, and professor of chemistry in 1868. sealer of weights and measures, chemist of the Rhode Island state board of agriculture, chemist for the Providence water works, and in 1891, by special designation of President Harrison, he became a member of the commission appointed to test the coinage of the United States mints. He was a member of several scientific associations and a contributor to various scientific periodicals. He published a series of text -books on chemistry: “Qualitative Analysis”; “Quantitative Analy- sis”; “ The Young Chemist”; '’The Beginner’s Handbook of Chemistry ” (1885) ; “ Lessons in Chemical Philosophy,” and “ The Metals of the Chemist.” These books became extensively used in educational institutions throughout the United States. APPLETON, John James, diplomatist, was born in France in 1789, son of John Appleton, U. S. consul at Calais. He attended Phillips [110J ' Xf He was for manv vears state APPLETON. APPLETON. Exeter academy and was graduated at Harvard college in 1813. President Monroe appointed him secretary of the legation at Brazil, and later he represented the United States at Madrid, Stock- holm and Naples as charge d’affaires. He nego- tiated a treaty with Sweden which was made the basis of subsequent relations between the two governments. He was for a time U. S. cliargd d’affaires at Naples. He resided chiefly in France, his father having left him a large property in that country. He died at Rennes, France, March 4, 1865. APPLETON, Nathan, manufacturer, was born in New Ipswich, N. H., Oct. 6, 1779, son of Isaac and Mary (Adams) Appleton. He received an ordinary education, studied for a time at Dartmouth, but left college to become a clerk in the importing house of his brother Samuel, who admitted him to partnership on the attainment of his majority. In association with other promi- nent business men, he established the Waltham cotton mills in 1813. where he introduced the first power loom used in the United States. Later they purchased water privileges at Pawtucket Falls, founded the Merrimac manufacturing works, and formed the nucleus of a manufacturing centre, which in 1821 became the city of Lowell, Mass. He was also instrumental in founding the Hamil- ton mills. In 1815 he was elected to the state legislature, where he served several terms. In 1830, he was elected a representative in the 22d Congress, and was again elected in 1842 to the 28th Congress. He was a member of the Massa- chusetts historical society, and of the academy of Science and Arts. He published ‘ ' Remarks on Currency and Banking” (1858); and several essays and speeches on kindred subjects, as well as an account of the origin of Lowell and the growth of the cotton industry. He was noted for his benevolence, which his great wealth gave him ample means to indulge. An interesting ac- count of his life has been written by Robert C. Winthrop. He died July 14. 1861. APPLETON, Samuel, philanthropist, was born at New Ipswich, N. H., June 22, 1766, son of Isaac and Mary (Adams) Appleton. As one of the twelve children of a farmer not over well-to-do, he was compelled to begin work at an early age, and had little opportunity for education. But so well did he employ his leisure moments, that at the age of seventeen he taught the village school. When twenty years of age he set out for Maine, where, in the woods, two miles from any dwell- ing, he cleared some land and built a hut. He carried all his implements and provisions to his cabin on his back over a road that he had blazed out for himself. Here for two years he lived alone. The logs he cut in Maine woods brought him money enough to open a store in New [liij Ipswich, and he prospered so well that in 1794 he removed to Boston, where he engaged in the im- porting business. In 1813, in connection with his brother Nathan, Francis C. Lowell, Patrick T. Jackson, Paul Moody and others, he established cotton mills at Waltham and Pawtucket Falls. In 1823 he retired from business, and thenceforth devoted his entire income to benevolent uses. At his death nearly one-half of his great estate, over two hundred thousand dollars, was bequeathed to different charitable objects. He died in Boston July 12, 1853. APPLETON, Thomas Gold, author, was born in Boston, Mass., March 31, 1812, son of Nathan and Maria (Gold) Appleton. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1831, after which he spent many years in foreign travel. He was a noted connoisseur and a liberal patron of the arts, his gifts to the Boston and Cambridge museums and the Boston public library being especially munifi- cent. His water-color sketches of scenes on the river Nile prove him an artist of talent, while his writings, in both prose and verse, are character- ized by a graceful ease and elegance of style that lends a charm even to their charming subjects. A list of his publications includes: “A Sheaf of Papers ” (1874) ; “ A Nile Journal,” illustrated by Eugene Benson (1876) ; “ Syrian Sunshine ” (1877) ; “Windfalls” (1878); and “Chequer Work,” a volume of tales and essays (1879). His “ Life and Letters.” prepared by Susan Hale, was pub- lished in 1885. He died in New York, April 17, 1884. APPLETON, William, representative, was born at Brookfield, Mass., Nov. 16, 1786, son of Joseph Appleton, a clergyman. His early mer- cantile training was acquired in a country store. He went to Boston in 1807, where he engaged in commercial business and accumulated a large fortune. From 1832 to 1836 he was president of the United States branch bank, and of the Provi- dent institution for savings. He held the position of president of the Massachusetts general hospital and was prominent in other philanthropic enter- prises. By his will he left the sum of $30,000 to the Massachusetts hospital, also liberal legacies to similar institutions. He was elected a representa- tive to the 32d Congress in 1850 on the Whig ticket, and was re-elected to the 33d Congress. He was also a member of the special session of the 37th Congress called in July, 1861, and resigned his seat in August, 1861. He died Feb. 20, 1862. APPLETON, William Henry, publisher, was born in Haverhill. Mass , Jan. 27, 1814, eldest son of Daniel and Hannah (Adams) Appleton. He was educated in the public schools of Haverhill, and removed to New York in 1825. He became a clerk in his father’s store in 1830, was made head of the book department, and in 1835 went to APPLETON. ARCE. England as buyer, after which he made frequent trips to the great cities of Europe in the interests of the firm. In 1838 he was taken into partner- ship by his father, and in 1848 became head of the firm. In 1868 he built the Appleton church home at Macon, Ga., for the education of orphan girls, to commemorate the consecration of his friend, John Watrus Beckwith, as second P. E. bishop of Georgia, and left an endowment for the support of the school while it remains under the care of the deaconesses of St. Katherine, so named in memory of his oldest daughter, who died in China. APPLETON, William Hyde, educator, was born in Portland, Me., June 10, 1842. His younger brother was John Howard Appleton, chemist. He prepared for college and entered Harvard university in the class of 1860. After his graduation he studied law, and afterward received the degrees of Master of Arts and Bach- elor of Laws from Harvard. He then served as an instructor in Greek at Harvard for two years, and subsequently went abroad, where he studied in the German universities, returning to America in 1872, to become professor of the Greek and German languages in Swarthmore college. After ten years’ service in that capacity he was given a year’s leave of absence, and in 1881 sailed for an- other period of study abroad. He spent most of his vacation in study in Greece, and returning in 1882 resumed his work at Swarthmore, as professor of the Greek and English languages and literature. In 1888, the degree of Ph.D. was conferred upon him by Swarthmore college in honor of his long and eminently successful connection with the in- stitution. In 1889 he became acting-president of the college, and in the following year was elected president. Preferring his work as teacher, he consented to hold the office only until a successor should be appointed, and in 1891. upon the elec- tion of Charles De Garmo as president, he re- sumed his former duties. He published in 1893 “ Greek Poets in English Verse.” APPLETON, William Sumner, genealogist, was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 11,1840, son of Nathan and Harriot (Sumner) Appleton. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1860, which institution in 1864 conferred upon him the degree of A. M., and in 1865 that of LL.B. Mr. Apple- ton devoted a large part of his time to travel, visiting nearly every part of the world. In 1860 the Boston numismatic society was formed, and Mr. Appleton was made its secretary. He also became prominently identified with the Boston society of natural history, the New England historic -genealogical society, and the Boston art club. He was made a fellow of the American academy and a member of the Massachusetts historical society. Among his published writ- ings are: “Medals of Washington” (1863); “Ancestry of Mary Oliver ” (1867) ; “Memorials of the Cranes of Chiltown” (1868); “Ancestry of Priscilla Baker” (1870); “Genealogy of the Appleton Family” (1874); “ Issues of the U. S. Mint” (1876); “ Records of Descendants of Wil- liam Sumner” (1879); “The Family of Babcock of Massachusetts” (1881); “Augustine Duprd. and His Work for America” (1890); “The Family of Merriam of Massachusetts ” (1892) ; “Early Wills Illustrating the Ancestry of Harriot Coffin ” (1893) ; “ The Sumner Genealogy to 1895”; and “A Century of the Senate of the United States” (1896). He also edited three volumes, the 5th, 21st, and 24th reports, as record commissioner of Boston, and in 1864 and 1865 was editor of the New England Historical and Genealogical Register. APSLEY, Lewis Dewart, representative, was born in Northumberland, Pa., Sept. 29, 1852. When he was fifteen years old he entered the employ of John Wanamaker in Philadelphia. In 1877 he removed to Massachusetts, where with the assistance of friends he purchased an interest in a rubber manufacturing company, which under his management became one of the largest and most prosperous rubber concerns in the state. In 1885 he becamea manufacturer of rubber cloth- ing in Hudson, Mass. Among the prominent positions held by Mr. Apsley may be noted those of president and treasurer of the Apsley rubber company, president of the Millay last company, president of the Hudson board of trade, and a director of the Hudson national bank. In 1892 he was elected to represent his district in the 53d Congress, and was re-elected to the 54th Con- gress. In 1896 he was vice-chairman of the Re- publican national congressional committee, where he served on the labor, agriculture and invalid pension committees, and as chairman of the com- mittee on manufactories, as successor to Represen- tative Page of Rhode Island. ARBUCKLE, Matthew, soldier, was born in Greenbrier Co., Va., in 1775. In 1799 he joined the U. S. army as ensign, and for his faithful and meritorious service was regularly promoted by brevet until in 1830 he attained the rank of briga- dier-general. He was in active service during the Mexican war, and afterwards became com- mander of the seventh military department. He was successful in maintaining peace with the In- dians and enjoyed their confidence. He died at Fort Smith, Ark., June 11, 1851. ARCE, Francisco, pioneer, was born in Lower California in 1822. When a child he was removed to Alta, California. In 1846, at the time of the conquest by the United States, he was an officer in the Mexican army, also occupying the position of secretary to the Californian commander. The so-called “ Arce affair” took its name from him. [ 112 ] ARCHDALE. ARGALL. In June, 1846, he led a band of men who were taking horses from Sonoma to the south. At that time Capt. John C. Fremont was in command of a United States surveying party, and he urged the settlers to attack Arce’s party and capture the horses, which they did, thus beginning the “Bear Flag ” revolt and the United States hostilities against California. Arce died in 1878. ARCHDALE, John, colonial governor, was born in England, son of Thomas Archdale, of Bucks county. His first visit to America was to New England in 1664 as agent for Governor Gorges of Maine, who had married his sister Mary. His second visit, in 1686, was to North Carolina, where for two years he acted as a commissioner for his brother-indaw. In 1695 Lord Ashley was sent by the English proprietors to govern North Caro- lina, the people there being in a turbulent condi- tion, but he declined, and John Arclidale was chosen in his place. Hewatt says: “He was a man of considerable knowledge and discretion, a Quaker, and a proprietor ; great trust was reposed in him, and much was expected from his negotia- tions.” He arrived in the summer of 1695. and was received with great cordiality by the settlers. Governor Archdale restored harmony and peace among the colonists, reconciled them to the jurisdiction of the proprietors, and regulated their policy and traffic with the Indians. Public roads were made, water passages cut. and many improvements introduced. He concluded a treaty of peace between the two Indian tribes, allied re- spectively to the Spanish and British governments, and this increased the feeling of good-will among the Indians toward the English. Archdale en- couraged the planters to cultivate rice, dividing a bag of that cereal, which had been given him, among the men. The experiment was highly suc- cessful. Governor Arclidale carried to England an address from the council to the proprietors, “Expressing the deep sense they had of their lordships’ paternal care for their colony in the appointment of a man of such abilities and integ- rity, to the government, who had been so happily instrumental in establishing its peace and se- curity.” The address recited many of the wise and beneficial actions of the governor. At the close of the year 1696 he embarked for England, appointing Joseph Blake as his successor. In 1698 he was elected a member of Parliament, but his Quaker principles would not permit him to take the oath in the prescribed form, so he was not allowed to take his seat. In 1707 he published an exhaustive and interesting work entitled, “A New Description of the Fertile and Pleasant Province of South Carolina, with a Brief Account of its Discovery, Settling, and Government up to this Time, with Several Remarkable Passages during My Time.” See “An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia,” vol. I., by Alexander Hewatt. ARCHER, Branch T., pioneer, was born in Farquhar county, Va.. Dec. 13. 1790. He became a physician, practising successfully in Virginia. He also served his native state several years as a representative in the legislature. In 1831 he went to Texas, ■where he took an active interest in the politics of that revolutionary period. In 1835 a convention of the American settlers was called for the consideration of Texan independence, over which Archer presided, and he was selected, with Stephen Austin and N. H. Wharton, com- missioner to Washington to obtain aid from the United States government. He became a very prominent figure in Texan politics, being a mem- ber of the first Texan congress, speaker of the house of representatives of the republic, and its secretary of war from 1839 to 1843. He died in Brazoria county. Tex., Sept. 23, 1856. ARENTS, Albert, metallurgist, was born in Clausthal. Germany, March 14, 1840. After re- ceiving a thorough education in the mining schools of Germany and at the University of Ber- lin, he removed to America, where he filled several responsible positions as superintendent of mines, of metallurgical mills, and of smelting works in the mineral sections of the far west. In 1882 he was elected a member of the American institute of mining engineers, and lie prepared a number of valuable technical papers for the journal of transactions of that society. He was the inventor of numerous improvements now widely used among engineers. The more valuable of his inventions are the Arents roasting-furnace, the Eureka lead furnace, and the siphon tap for use on lead furnaces. ARGALL, Sir Samuel, deputy -governor of Virginia, was born in England in 1572. He came to America as early as 1609 on a trading and fishing expedition. The following year he con- ducted Lord Delaware to Virginia, and while in America established trade with the Indians. In 1612 his abduction of Pocahontas occurred. This has been erroneously looked upon as one of Argali’s many acts of treachery and baseness. Powhatan, the Indian chief and father of Poca- hontas, held in captivity a number of English- men whom Argali proposed to liberate by secui'ing Pocahontas as a means of exchange. He went to her uncle, Pastancy, who, in consideration of a copper kettle, agreed to assist him in beguiling the young Indian girl to Argali’s ship. The strat- agem succeeded, and the English prisoners were released. Pocahontas was well treated, and declared her wish to “dwell with the English, who loved her best,” In the latter part of 1613 he went with a vessel of fourteen guns, — under [113] ARGUELLO. ARMISTEAD. order of the new governor of Virginia. Sir Thomas Dale, — to reduce the French settlements of Mount Desert off the coast of Maine, St. Croix, and Port Royal, N. S., and in June, 1614, having accomplished his purpose, he took his French prisoners to England. In May, 1617, he returned to America with the appointment of deputy -gov- ernor of Virginia, and during his two years in this office he made himself exceedingly unpopu- lar by his arrogance and greed. He was recalled in April, 1619. and died in England in 1639. ARGUELLO, Luis Antonio, governor of Cali- fornia, was born in San Francisco, Cal., June 21, 1784, son of Josd Dario and Ignacia Moraga Argii- ello. He entered the military service as cadet of the San Francisco company on Sept. 6, 1799, the following year became an ensign, and in March, 1806, was promoted to the lieutenancy and a few months later his father turned over to him the command of the company. In 1817 he was pro- moted to the rank of captain, and with this rank he held the command of San Francisco until his appointment as governor. In 1818 he made a boat voyage up the Sacramento river, and in 1821 made an expedition to the far north. On Nov. 9, 1822, he was elected president of the provincial deputation, and thus became temporary governor of California in place of Sola, who had previously been elected a deputy to the imperial congress. About November 22 he took possession of the office of governor, and removed from San Francisco to Monterey. The office was, at that time, a very difficult one, the troops being unpaid, and affairs being generally in a very lax and slovenly condi- tion. Argiiello immediately devised a system of taxation by which sufficient means could be raised to pay official salaries and other obligations. His administration was marked by prompt and judi- cious action in all emergencies. In the fall of 1825, Argiiello delivered over the government to Echeandia, his successor, and early in 1826 he re- sumed his position as commandante, but having had a disagreement with Echeandia, that gov- ernor ordered his pay as commandante to cease on April 15, 1826, without giving any explanation. Argiiello died at San Francisco, March 27, 1830. ARMISTEAD, George, soldier, was born at Newmarket, Va., April 10, 1780. He was one of five brothers, all of whom served with distinction in the war of 1812, three being in the regular army and two in the militia. One of his brothers was the third graduate of West Point, and his full length portrait was placed in the library on the academy grounds. His grandfather was a member of the house of burgesses and of the council of the state of Virginia. On his mother’s side he was descended from Col. John Baylor, who was with Washington at Winchester. He entered the army as 2d lieutenant in 1799, passed through the regular grades of promotion, and as major of the 3d artillery was present at the capture of Fort George on Lake Ontario, where he distinguished himself by his gallantry. He was in command of Fort McHenry on Sept. 14, 1814, when it was attacked by the British under Admiral Cochrane, and his defence of the fortification not only saved it and Baltimore from capture, but preserved the entire Atlantic sea- board from further invasion. When the foe ap- proached he alone of all the garrison knew that the magazine was not bomb-proof, and he dared not reveal the fact lest his men should refuse to remain. The strain upon his nervous system during the bombardment was extreme, and his death, which occurred some three years and a half later, was due to its effects. The citizens of Baltimore, in token of their gratitude, presented him with a handsome silver vase in the pattern of a bomb-shell, a set of goblets and a salver; he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel by the President, and was given the old flag that waved over the fort during the engagement, and the sight of which “by the dawn’s early light ” had inspired Francis Scott Key to pen his immortal “Star Spangled Banner.” This flag came into posses- sion of Colonel Armistead’s descendants, who guard it with jealous care and exhibit it only on rare occasions. Colonel Armistead died at Balti- more, Md„ April 25, 1818. ARMISTEAD, Lewis Addison, soldier, was born at Newbern, N. C. , Feb. 18. 1817, son of Walker Keith Armistead, a soldier in the war of 1812, holding the rank of lieutenant-colonel and pro- moted to brevet brigadier-general in 1832. The son studied for two years at West Point, but was not graduated. He was appointed second lieuten- ant in the 6tli infantry on July 10, 1839, and promoted to first lieutenant in March, 1844. He served under General Scott during the war with Mexico, distinguishing himself and receiving brevets for his conduct at Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, and was promoted to the rank of captain in March, 1855. He was later engaged against the Indians in the far west, and received his commission as major for gallantry, during the Indian campaign. He was at Los Angeles at the outbreak of the hostilities between the states, and after much hesitation decided to cast his lot with Virginia, the home of his ancestors, saying to Capt. Winfield Scott Hancock, then a major only by brevet: "Here is my major’s uniform — you may some time have need of it.” He at the same time left in his hands for safe keeping, and to be given to his family in case he should fall in battle, valuable private papers, which General Hancock returned to his sister, the wife of a Federal officer, at the close of the war. Armistead also gave Hancock flU] ARMITAGE. ARMOUR. a little prayer-book, which the general always kept. He returned to Virginia, and was given a brigadier-general's commission in the Confederate army, was severely wounded at Antietam, and fell while leading his brigade in the desperate charge of Pickett’s division at Gettysburg, having almost reached the Federal lines. He was left on the field after the Confederates had been repulsed July 3, 1863, and died in the Federal hospital im- mediately after the battle. ARMI5TEAD, Walker Keith, soldier, was born in Virginia about 1785, brother of George Armistead. He was graduated from West Point in 1803, his class being the second to be grad- uated at the academy, and was promoted 2d lieutenant of engineers. In 1805 he was pro- moted 1st lieutenant and in 1806, captain. From 1808 to 1811, he served as superintending engineer of the Norfolk (Va.) defences, being advanced to a major's commission on July 23, 1810. The fol- lowing year he was at the military academy, remaining there until the outbreak of the war of 1812, when he was assigned to duty on the Niagara frontier as chief engineer of the army. On July 31, 1812, he was promoted lieutenant- colonel, was engaged at Fort Niagara during its bombardment in November, 1812, and in 1813 as engineer of the forces for the defence of the mouth of the Chesapeake bay, including Norfolk and Craney Island. From 1814 to 1818 he served as superintending engineer of the defences of Chesapeake bay and its tributary waters, being promoted colonel and chief engineer of the U.S. army on Nov. 12, 1818. For three years following he was in command of a corps of engineers, in charge of the engineer bureau at Wash- ington, and inspector of the military academy. On June 1, 1821, the army being reorganized, he was promoted colonel, and from 1821 to 1827 -was stationed at the headquarters of the 3d artillery, established at Fort Washington, Md., Boston, Mass., New London, Conn., Upperville, Va., and Fort Monroe, Va., and served in the Florida war against the Seminole Indians from 1836 to 1838. For two years he was on court-martial duty, and from May, 1840, to May, 1841, was in command of the Florida army serving against the Semi- noles. For two years following this he was on the board to select a site for a western armory, and in 1843 and 1844 commanded his regiment at Fort Moultrie, S. C. In the latter part of 1844, he went to Upperville, Va., on sick leave, and died there Oct. 13, 1845. ARMITAGE, Thomas, clergyman, was born at Pontefract, Yorkshire, Eng., Aug. 2, 1819. He was licensed as a local preacher by the Wesleyans, delivering his first sermon in his sixteenth year. He imbibed political opinions which led him to the United States in 1838, settled in New York, [115J entered the Methodist ministry, and labored as a circuit preacher for ten years. Doubts assailed him as to thedootrineof sinless perfection, and in regard to the Methodist church government ; and in 1848 he left that denomination to join the Bap- tists. He was baptized in the Pearl street church, Albany, ordained a few months later, andinstalled as pastor of the Norfolk street church, July 1, 1848. The congregation later erected a new place of worship, the “ Fifth Avenue Baptist church,” where Dr. Armitage ministered to them until his death. In 1850 he was largely instrumental in founding the American Bible Union, of which, in 1856, he became the president. Dr. Armitage was an eloquent and powerful preacher and a cultivated scholar. He was deeply interested in the revision of the scriptures, particularly in .regard to the translation of the Greek word for baptism. His published writings are : ‘ ‘ Lectures on Preaching, its Ideal and Inner Life” (1880), and a “ History of the Baptists” (1886). George- town college, Kentucky, conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1853, and later gave him that of LL.D. He died Jan. 20, 1896. ARMITAGE, William Edmond, 2d bishop of Milwaukee, and 82d in succession in the American episcopate, was born in New York city, Sept. 6, 1830. He was graduated at Columbia college in 1849, and finished a course at the General theological seminary in 1852. He was ordained a deacon, June 27, 1852, and admitted to the priesthood, Sept. 27, 1854. His first curacy was at St. John’s church, Portsmouth, N. H. ; his second at St. Mark’s, Augusta, Me. He next became rector of St. John’s. Detroit, and there officiated until his election as assistant bishop of Milwaukee. He was consecrated Dec. 6, 1866. and labored harmoniously with his diocesan, Dr. Kemper, until the death of that venerable prelate in 1870, when he succeeded him in the bishopric of Wisconsin. He received the degree of S.T.D. from Columbia in 1866. He was an earnest preacher and a polished writer. He died from the effects of a surgical operation at St. Luke’s hospital, N. Y., Dec. 7, 1873. ARMOUR, Philip D., manufacturer, w T as born at Stockbridge, Madison county, N. Y., May 16, 1832. He received a common-school education, and when twenty years old went with a party to California in search of gold, where he remained for several years. Upon his return he settled in Milwaukee, Wis., where he engaged in a grocery and commission business. In 1863 he became associated with John Plankinton in the business of packing pork and beef. In 1875 he removed to Chicago and greatly extended the business. In 1895 his establishment employed twelve thousand persons, to whom it paid in wages nearly seven millions of dollars annually. Mr. Armour also ARMSTRONG. ARMSTRONG. owned a number of grain elevators, and a glue factory. Two of liis best known charities are the Armour mission, and the Armour insti- tute in Chicago, erected by him at a cost of SI. 500.000. ARMSTRONG, David Hartley, senator, was born in Nova Scotia, Oct. 21, 1812. After attend- ing the Maine Wesleyan seminary, he went to St. Louis at the age of twenty-five and there became instructor of the first public school in Missouri. In 1847 he was elected comptroller of St. Louis, filling the position for three years, and subse- quently serving as vice-president of the board of police commissioners. He was appointed post- master of St. Louis in 1854. During the civil war his sympathies were with the Confederacy, and he was imprisoned for expressing his views. At one time he was receiver of the Missouri Paci- fic railroad. In 1877 he was appointed by the governor. United States senator, to fill the unex- pired term of Senator Bogy, deceased, serving until June 27, 1879, when James Shields, who had meantime been elected by the state legisla- ture, took his seat. He died in St. Louis, Mo., March 18, 1893. ARMSTRONG, David Maitland, artist, was born at Newburg, N. Y., about 1837. In 1858, he was graduated from Trinity college, Hartford ; and after studying law and practising it a short time, he abandoned it for art, opening a studio in New York city. He went to Europe, studied genre and decorative painting under the best teachers in Rome and Paris, including Luc Oliver Merson. He held the office of United States consul-general to Italy, during four years, and in 1878 was director of the American art depart- ment at the Paris exposition, receiving at that time the decoration of the Legion of Honor. He subsequently returned to New York, where he re-opened his studio. He became a member of the society of American artists and of the Architectural league. ARMSTRONG, James, naval officer, was born at Slielbyville, Ky., Jan. 17, 1794. At the age of fifteen he entered the U. S. navy as midship- man on the sloop-of war “ Frolic.” This vessel was taken by the British in 1814. On April 27, 1816, Armstrong was promoted lieutenant, and on March 3, 1825, was made commander. His promotion to the rank of captain occurred Sept. 8, 1841, and in 1855 he was assigned to the com- mand of the East India squadron, and two years later was active in the capture of the Chinese barrier forts near Canton. At the beginning of the civil war he was commander of the Pensacola (Fla.) navy yard, which he was soon afterwards compelled to surrender. On April 4. 1867, lie was placed on the retired list, with the rank of com- modore, and died Aug. 25, 1868. rue] ARMSTRONG. James F., naval officer, was born at Salem, N. J.. Nov. 20, 1817. He joined the U. S. navy March 7, 1832, as midshipman, and was assigned to the frigate Delaware, where he served with ability for four years, being trans- ferred to the Boston in 1837, and winning pro- motion to passed midshipman the following year. He was made lieutenant Dec. 8. 1842. and on June 8, 1861, was promoted commander, serving in this capacity on the steamship Sumpter of the blockading squadron. Fort Macon was taken in the spring of the following year, Armstrong taking an active part. On April 4, 1867, he was made captain, on the retired list. He was again on the active list, serving from Sept. 27, 1871, until Sept. 2. 1872, when he was again retired. He died at New Haven, Conn., April 19, 1873. ARMSTRONG, John, soldier, was born in Ireland in 1725. On immigrating to America he made Pennsylvania his home, and in the French and Indian war distinguished himself as a brave and efficient soldier. His first expedition was in 1756, when he led a company successfully against the Kittaning Indians. On the breaking out of the Revolutionary war in 1776, he was made a brigadier-general of the Continental army, taking part in the defence of Fort Moultrie, and com- manding a brigade at Brandywine and German- town. In 1777 he left the army on a question of rank, and in 1778 was a delegate to the Conti- nental Congress. He was again made a delegate in 1787. He died at Carlisle. Pa.. March 9. 1795. ARMSTRONG, John, soldier, was born at Carlisle, Pa., Nov. 25, 1758, son of John Arm- strong. officer in the Continental army. When he was sixteen years old. and pursuing his studies at Princeton college, he enlisted in Colonel Potter’s Pennsylvania regiment. He was aid-de-camp to Gen. Hugh Mercer, at the battle of Princeton, and on the death of that general was made aid- de-camp on the staff of General Gates, and re- mained with him until the close of the campaign against Burgoyne, which ended at Saratoga. He was then made adjutant-general of the south- ern army under General Gates. On Gates being superseded by General Greene. Armstrong was made major and continued on his staff. In 1783 Armstrong wrote the celebrated “ New- burg Letters,” which were circulated anony- mously among the officers of Gates’s command, then stationed at Newburg, N. Y., waiting dis- missal, and in distress for their arrears of pay. The letters were forceful, clear, and remark- ably well written: their object being, as Arm- strong afterwards declared. “to do justice to an ill-used and long-suffering soldiery.” Washing- ton appeared at the second meeting called for by these letters and denounced their author as one who had less at heart the good of his country than ARMSTRONG. ARMSTRONG. of himself. On his return to his native state after the close of the war, Armstrong was chosen secre- tary of state, and also adjutant-general of Penn- sylvania, then governed by a president. He held office through the administrations of Presidents Dickinson and Benjamin Franklin. In 1787 he was elected delegate to the Continental Congress, but after finishing his term he for a time took no part in politics. In 1789 he married Alida, the youngest sister of Robert R. Livingston, chancel- lor of New York, and at once removed to that state, taking up his residence near the Livingston manor in Dutchess county and devoting his at- tention to agriculture. In 1799 he was elected to the United States senate as successor to John Laurance, who had resigned. In 1801 he resigned and was succeeded by De Witt Clinton, who re- signed in 1803, and Armstrong again took the seat, but resigned the nest year. In 1804 Robert R. Livingston, who was then minister to France, resigned, and Armstrong succeeded him in the em- bassy. He held the office six years, and from 1806 he also acted as minister to Spain. On July 6, 1812, he was made brigadier-general, and was placed in command of New York city and its defences. At the beginning of Madison’s second term, in 1813, he was appointed to his cabinet as secretary of war. Henry Adams said of him, “Whatever were Armstrong’s faults, he was the strongest secretary of war the govern- ment has yet seen.” It has been said that the energy he infused into the regular army lasted for half a century. In 1813 the Canadian ex- pedition failed, and three months later the British fired and sacked Washington city. These two disasters were laid at the door of the secre- tary of war, and he was censured, chiefly through the instigation of Monroe, who influenced the President to demand Armstrong’s resignation, and Monroe succeeded him, taking his portfolio Sept. 27, 1814. Armstrong went to Frederick, Md., and later to his farm at Red Hook, N. Y., where he spent his remaining years in literary work. His publications include: “Letters of Verus, ad- dressed to the Native American” (1797); “A Biographical Sketch of the Late Robert R. Liv- ingston” (1820); “Notices of the War of 1812” (2 vols., 1836), and several reviews and treatises. He also contributed to Jared Sparks’s “ American Biography ” the lives of Anthony Wayne and Richard Montgomery, and had completed a mil- itary history of the Revolutionary war, the manu- scripts of which were destroyed by fire. He died at Red Hook, N. Y.. April 1, 1843. ARMSTRONG, Moses K., representative, was born at Milan, O., Sept. 19, 1832. He received his education at Huron institute and Western reserve college, 0., and removed to Minnesota in 1856, where he was elected surveyor of Mower rmj county, and in 1858 was appointed surveyor of United States lands. On the admission of Min- nesota as a state he removed to Yankton on the Missouri river, and on the organization of Dakota in 1861 was elected to the legislature of the terri- tory, being re-elected in 1862 and 1863, serving as speaker during the last year. In 1864 he was editor of the Dakota Union. He was also terri- torial treasurer, clerk of the supreme court in 1865, a member of the territorial senate 1866, and in 1867 president of that body. In 1872 he was elected president of the first national bank of the territory. He was a representative from his dis- trict in the 42d and 43d congresses, and was also employed by the United States government in locating the boundary lines and making surveys in Southern Dakota, and the Northern Red river valley, and was secretary of the peace commission sent to the Sioux Indians. ARMSTRONG, Richard, missionary, was born in Northumberland county, Pa., Sept. 19, 1805. He was graduated from Dickinson college and Princeton theological seminary, and went to the Sandwich Islands in 1832 as a missionary. He served the missions at Nukahiva and Walluka, and in 1840 succeeded Hiram Bingham at Hono- lulu. He attained not a little distinction, and was chosen minister of instruction by the Ha- waiian government. He was also appointed presi- dent of the board of education, and later he acted as privy councillor. He died suddenly, from acci- dent. in Honolulu, Sept. 23, 1860. ARMSTRONG, Robert, soldier, was born at Loudon, Tenn., Sept. 17, 1790. He rendered emi- nent service in the Creek war of 1813-T4, as cap- tain of Tennessee artillery under Jackson. He sustained a severe wound at the battle of Talla- dega, Ala., Jan. 24, 1814, and was promoted brigadier-general for his distinguished gallantry at the battle of New Orleans. In 1836 he was present at the battle of Wahoo, commanding the Tennessee cavalry volunteers. At the close of his military service he was made postmaster at Nashville, Tenn., by President Jackson, holding the office from 1829 to 1845. From 1845 to 1852 he was United States consul to Liverpool, Eng., under appointment by President Polk, and on his return to the United States in 1852 he founded and edited the Washington Union. He was always on the most confidential terms with President Polk, and was bequeathed a sword by President Jackson. He died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 23, 1854. ARMSTRONG, Samuel Chapman, educator, was born at Wailuku, Island of Maui, Hawaii, Jan. 30, 1839, son of Richard and Clarissa (Chap- man) Armstrong, who were among the first mis- sionaries to that group of islands. Shortly after Samuel’s birth his father was appointed minister ARMSTRONG. ARNOLD. of public instruction under the government, in which position he had charge of the entire school system, and controlled the educational facilities of a population of 65,000 people. Samuel was trained in this atmos- phere till his father’s death in 1860, when he removed to the United States, entered Wil- liam’s college, Wil- liamstown, Mass., and was graduated in 1862. He then volunteered in the Union army, raised a company of infantry in Troy, N. Y., and went to the field as captain of the 125th N. Y. volunteers. He was captured at Har- per’s Ferry, exchanged in three months, attached to the army of the Potomac, and received the famous charge of Pickett’s cordons on the third day at Gettys- burg. He was promoted major in July, 1863, and appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 9th U. S. colored infantry, subsequently being promoted colonel and transferred to the 8th U. S. colored troops composed of northern negroes. With a division of the 24th army corps he followed the Confederates under Lee to the surrender at Appomattox, after which, at the request of General Birney, he was promoted brevet briga- dier-general, and ordered to garrison duty on the Rio Grande frontier, Texas. Four months later he was mustered out of the service, but was almost immediately employed by General Howard of the Freedman’s bureau, to settle the race troubles that had sprung up at Hampton, Va., between refugee negroes and returned Con- federate families. He was put in charge of the work of the bureau at that point, with the super- vision of ten counties in eastern Virginia. While so engaged he planned the establishment of a thorough educational system in that locality, which was adopted by the American missionary association, and in 1868 the Hampton normal and agricultural institute for negroes was opened, with General Armstrong as principal. Afterwards his life was wholly identified with that of this humane enterprise, of which he was really the founder. His successful management was com- plimented by the government in 1878, when he was urged to admit a number of Indian children, although such a feature had not been contem- plated in the original plan of the school, which at the time of his death numbered nearly eight hun- dred pupils, — about two hundred Indians and six hundred negroes. He died May 11, 1893. ARMSTRONG, Samuel T., governor of Massa- chusetts, was born in that state in 1784. When a young man he went into business as a bookseller in Boston, where he met with great success and became influential in public matters. Buchanan’s “Researches in Asia” and Scott’s “ Commentary on the Bible” were both published by him. and though the expense was large for the time the books proved profitable. He held the ortices of mayor of Boston and lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, acting as governor during the unexpired term of John Davis. He was a member of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions. He died March 26, 1850. ARNOLD, ABRAHAM B., physician, was born at Jebenhausen, Wurtemburg, Feb. 4, 1820. He came to America when fourteen years of age, and entered the college at Mercersburg, Pa., where he was graduated in 1838. He then studied medicine in New York city, attending at the same time the lectures of the medical depart- ment of the university of Pennsylvania. He was graduated from the medical department of the Washington university at Baltimore in 1848. He then established himself in practice in Balti- more, and in 1872 was elected professor of the theory and practice of medicine in the medical department of Washington university, and when this school was consolidated with the college of physicians and surgeons in 1877 he was ap- pointed to the chair of clinical medicine, and diseases of the nervous system. In 1877 he was elected president of the medical and chirurgieal faculty of Maryland. He was a delegate to the medical congress held at Philadelphia in 1876. and also a member of the American medical association. ARNOLD, Albert Nicholas, clergyman, was born at Cranston, R. 1., Feb. 12, 1814. He was graduated from Brown university in 1838 with the degree of A. M., and at the Newton theologi- cal institution 1841 . He had pastoral charge of the First Baptist church at Newburyport, Mass., from 1841 to 1843. From 1844 to 1855 he was employed in missionary work in Greece, and dur- ing 1856-1857 filled the chair of ecclesiastical his- tory at the Newton theological seminary. In 1858 he accepted a call to Westboro, Mass., where he remained until 1864, resigning to beconfe pro- fessor of Biblical criticism and pastoral theology at the Hamilton literary and theological institu- tion. He held the chair of New Testament Greek at the Baptist theological seminary, Chicago, from 1869 to 1873. In 1875 he was made trustee of Brown university. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the university of Roch- ester in 1860. He wrote “Prerequisites to Com- munion” (1860); and “One Woman’s Mission ” (1871). He died in Cranston, R. I., Oct. 11. 1883. [US] ARNOLD. ARNOLD, ARNOLD, Benedict, governor of Rhode Island, was born in England, Dec. 21, 1615. He came to America and settled in Providence some time previous to 1636. In 1637 was one of the original thirteen heads of families who signed the agree- ment for majority rule. He made a study of the OLD MILL AT NEWPORT. Indian languages, which enabled him to conduct negotiations with the savages, and in 1645 he was appointed as emissary for that purpose. In 1654 he was made assistant for Newport, to which town he had removed the previous year, and in 1657 he purchased with Coddington the island of Quondnoquat, afterwards Jamestown. In that same year he was elected president of Rhode Island, to succeed Roger Williams, who had resigned. In 1660 he was made assistant, and in 1662 was re-elected to the presidency. The fol- lowing year the royal charter was issued, under which he was made first governor of Rhode Island, and to this office he was four times re-elected. His efforts secured the re-establish- ment of friendly relations and final union between Rhode Island and her sister colony . the Providence plantations. He died June 20, 1678. ARNOLD, Benedict, soldier, was born at Norwich, Conn., Jan. 14, 1741; son of Benedict and Hannah (Waterman) Arnold; grandson of Benedict Arnold, who was a member of the assembly in 1695; great-grandson of the Benedict Arnold who succeeded Roger Williams as presi- dent of the colony of Rhode Island under its first charter, 1663-1666, and who was governor under the second charter, 1669-1672, 1677-1678; and great-great-grandson of William Arnold, who came from Leamington, Warwickshire Eng., to Providence, in 1636. His father did business as a cooper, owned vessels which were engaged in the West India and coasting trade, and filled the various local offices of town surveyor, collec- tor, assessor, and selectman. His mother was a woman of exemplary piety and dignity of charac- ter. Benedict as a boy was high-spirited, daring and reckless, the leader of his companions in all their boyish escapades, generous and courageous, always giving his protection to those smaller and weaker than himself. He received a good educa- tion at private classical schools, and was then apprenticed to the Doctors Lathrop, connections of his mother. These physicians did business at Norwich, Conn., as druggists, importing their drugs and supplying the medical stores for the British army during the French war. From this employ he ran away at the age of fifteen to join the provincial troops on the Northern border. Rough experience soon dispelled his romantic ideas of the charm of a soldier’s life, and he re- turned to Norwich, where he remained until 1762, when with the generous assistance of his em- ployers he established a book and drug business at New Haven, in which he was very successful. The sign which he used at this shop is in the possession of the Connecticut historical society. In business he was energetic and ambitious, and soon extended his operations, engaging in trade with the West Indies, owning vessels, which lie sometimes navigated himself, and making fre- quent visits to Quebec and other parts of Canada, whence he shipped horses and cattle to the West Indies. In these various ventures he amassed a considerable fortune. In 1767 he married Mar- garet, daughter of Samuel Mansfield, high sheriff of the county. By this lady, who died June 19, 1775, he had three sons. He was absent in the West Indies at the time of the Boston massacre in 1770, and thus wrote home regard- ing it: “Good God! are the Americans all asleep, and tamely yielding up their liberties ? or are they all turned philoso- phers, that they do not take immediate vengeance on such miscreants ? ” On his return to New Haven, where he was very popular, he was yj elected captain of the "j'*shrt(ruC‘ governor s guard, an independent military com- pany composed of the most ardent and zealous young men of the city. When the news of the battle of Lexington reached New Haven, Arnold, addressing his company and fellow townsmen, called for volunteers to go with him to Boston, and, obtaining ammunition from the selectmen by threats, at the head of a well-drilled company of sixty he marched to Cambridge. His first act was to propose to the committee of public safety an expedition to capture Ticonderoga and Crown [ 119 ] ARNOLD. ARNOLD. Point, the keys to New York and Canada. He was immediately commissioned as colonel, sup- plied with money and other accessories, and authorized to raise four hundred men in western Massachusetts for the service. Learning that another expedition had already started forward on the same errand, he left offi- cers to raise the troops, and, overtaking Col. Ethan Allen’s expedition, claimed the command to which he was entitled by his commission. The volunteers refused to serve except under their own leader, and Arnold was forced to cede the point and accompany the “Green Mountain Boys” as a volunteer. He rode with Allen, and on the 10th of May with eighty -three men they took Ticonderoga. On the 14th a detachment of fifty of the men enlisted for Arnold’s command arrived, and brought with them a schooner, which they had captured at Skenesborough. Ar- nold immediately armed this vessel, sailed down the lake, and captured St. John’s fort ; also a sloop, a number of bateaux, and some valuable stores. He constructed boats to convey the cap- tured guns and stores from the fort to Cambridge, vigorously provided against an expected attack of the British, and was otherwise active and effi cient. But his enemies misrepresented him to the Massachusetts legislature, which sent a commis- sion of inquiry into his conduct, and ordered that he should be made subordinate to Colonel Hinman, sent from Connecticut. Arnold immediately re- signed his commission, discharged his men, and returned to Cambridge in July, 1775. Here he met Washington, whose confidence and friend- ship he enjoyed. To Washington he proposed sending troops by way of the Kennebec and the untrodden wilds of Maine, to co-operate with Gen- eral Schuyler, who was then maturing his plans for the surprise and capture of Quebec. Wash- ington thought well of the enterprise and selected Arnold for its promotion, who left Cambridge with 1,100 men Sept. 11, 1775. Arnold showed admirable capacity as a leader ; liis personal mag- netism and power of inspiring men with enthusi- asm was exhibited to an extraordinary degree in this terrible march through the wilderness. An officer in his command thus wrote of him : “Our commander is a gentleman worthy of the trust reposed in him; a man, I believe, of invinc- ible courage, of great prudence; ever serene, he defies the greatest danger to affect him or diffi- culties to alter his temper; in fine, you will ever find him the intrepid hero and the unruffled Christian.” After a two months’ march, in which almost incredible hardships were endured, he arrived opposite Quebec, with a half-starved rem- nant of his army, a third of which had returned to Cambridge with Enos. Nothing daunted, lie crossed the closely-guarded river by stealth, and climbed the difficult path to the plains of Abraham. His force was not sufficient to storm the city, and as he could not entice the garrison to make a sortie, he was obliged to await the coming of Gen- eral Montgomery, immediately on whose arrival with a small corps the attack on Quebec was made, Dec. 31, 1775. Montgomery was killed at the first fire, Arnold was seriously wounded and forced to retreat. General Schuyler, in writing to Washington of the event, says: “Colonel Arnold has great merit. It has been peculiarly unfortu- nate that one-third of his troops left him. If the whole had been with him when he arrived at Que- bec he would probably have had the sole honor of giving that important place to America.” Arnold was promoted by Congress to the rank of brigadier-general, and maintained the blockade of Quebec till the following spring, when he was re- lieved by General Wooster and given command at Montreal. The Americans, having driven from Canada the British, determined to obtain the supremacy of Lake Champlain. Arnold, who had effected a conjunction with Gates at Ticonderoga, was chosen to superintend the construction of a fleet to aid their designs, and in the encounter which took place between his fleet and that of Sir Guy Carleton near the island of Valcour, Oct. 11, 1776, his bravery and resolute resistance alone prevented the surrender of the defeated Ameri- cans to the British, whom he held at bay until night, when they withdrew. The way of escape for the Americans lay through the British lines, and the intrepid Arnold determined to hazard the attempt. The crippled ships, under cover of a heavy mist, passed the hostile lines in safety and reached Schuyler’s island, some twelve miles away, where they were compelled to lay-to for re- pairs. Here they were overtaken by the Brit- ish. Arnold in the Congress engaged the entire force of the enemy, until his other vessels escaped, when he ran his ship ashore, burned her, and avoiding an Indian ambuscade by taking an un- usual route, reached Crown Point in safety. It was the obstinate resistance of Arnold at this time which discouraged Carleton, and caused him to retire into winter quarters at Montreal, thus making it possible for three thousand men to be detached from the northern army and sent to the assistance of Washington, which enabled him to strike his weighty blows at Trenton and at Prince- ton. Feb. 19, 1777, Congress appointed five major- generals, all of whom were Arnold’s juniors, and none of whom had rendered any conspicuous ser- vice to the country. In view of Arnold’s dis- tinguished services this was an almost incred- ible slight, but Arnold, in this more patriotic and magnanimous than some of his fellow officers did not resign, saying, “ Every personal ARNOLD. ARNOLD. injury shall be buried in my zeal for the safety and happiness of my country, in whose cause I have repeatedly fought and bled, and am ready at all times to risk my life.” In April, 1777„ Tryon invaded Connecticut with two thou- sand troops. Arnold, who was visiting his family at New Haven, joined Generals Wooster and Silliman at Reading, and the following day marched to Ridgefield with four hundred men. More than a hundred volunteers flocked to the standard of this favorite commander, who threw up barricades, and with a force of five hundred offered gallant resistance to the British, who numbered two thousand. His horse fell, pierced by nine balls, and while entangled in the stirrups a soldier with fixed bayonet rushed up to him and cried, “Surrender; you are my prisoner!” “Not yet,” said Arnold, and drawing a pistol shot him dead. Obtaining another horse, he rallied the scattered militia and followed the retreating enemy, they being enabled to reach their ship only after a strong party of marines came to their aid. Arnold’s second horse was shot, and a bullet passed through his own collar. Congress could no longer withhold his promotion, and the new major-general was presented by that body with a horse “ properly caparisoned,” but his rela- tive rank was not restored. General Washington offered him a command on the Hudson, which he declined, obtaining leave to go to Philadelphia and ask Congress for the restoration of his rank, and to vindicate himself from counter charges made against him by certain officers whom he had impeached for misconduct and neglect of duty. The matter was referred to the board of war. which exonerated him from these charges, declaring that his character had been ‘ ‘ cruelly and groundlessly aspersed,” and Congress confirmed its decision, but still did not restore his rank. Arnold sent in his resignation, declaring his love for his country and his readiness to die in her ser- vice, but adding: “Honor is a sacrifice no man ought to make; as I received, so I wish to trans- mit it to posterity.” He rescinded his resigna- tion on learning of threatened danger from Bur- goyne’s advance, and again took to the field to “ do his duty faithfully in the rank he then held, and trust to the justice of his claims for a future reparation.” He joined General Schuyler at Fort Edward. A division of the army was effected, and Arnold took command of one wing and pre- pared to move his forces down the Hudson, when news came to him that in spite of Washington’s letters in his behalf and of his brilliant record of service, the question of his rank had been decided in Congress against him. Mortified and wounded, the proud soldier refrained from resigning by the persuasion of General Schuyler, who appealed to him on the ground of the “absolute necessity 1121 J of his services.” He led an expedition to relieve Fort Stanwix, then besieged by a force of British and Indians under St. Leger, accomplished his purpose by means of a brilliant stratagem, drove St. Leger back to the Lakes and raised the siege of Fort Stanwix. Schuyler was superseded by Gates, and on Sept. 19 occurred the first battle of Bemis Heights, in which Arnold commanded the left wing of the army, and rendered signal service in preventing Burgoyne from marching into Albany a victor. Differences arose at this time between Arnold and General Gates, and Arnold was deprived of his command at the second battle of Bemis Heights; nevertheless he rushed into the midst of the battle and led the Americans to victory, while Gates stayed within his tent. Arnold -was shot in the thigh, being the only com- missioned officer who received a wound. Con- gress sent him a vote of thanks, and restored him to his rank above the five major-generals, who had been appointed over him. His wound still rendering him incapable of active field service, he was assigned to the command of Philadelphia, where he had his headquarters in the Penn House. A pleasing trait of Arnold’s character was ex- hibited at this time in his disinterested kindness and generosity to the children of his friend, General Warren, whose death at Bunker Hill had left them destitute. Arnold contributed liberally to their support until he had induced Congress to provide a proper maintenance for them. In March, 1779, he purchased “Mount Pleasant, ” a beautiful residence on the banks of the Schuyl- kill, and in 1779 married Peggy, daughter of Chief Justice Shippen, and by this marriage came into close connection with several distinguished Tory families. Early in his command at Philadelphia, Arnold’s duty compelled him to execute an arbi- trary and very unpopular military order, which made him the object of personal hostility. He became involved in controversies with President Reed and the Pennsylvania authorities. Charges were made against him and investigated by a committee of Congress, and on all those relating to his honesty he was acquitted ; but two trivial charges of ignoring red-tape formalities were proved ; the committee, however, disregarding these, recommended a verdict of unqualified ac- quittal. His enemies still pursued the matter, and a trial by court-martial was then ordered, and Arnold was sentenced to a reprimand from Wash- ington. Washington discharged this unpleasant duty with all possible consideration, and accom- panied his very mild reprimand with assurances of his continued esteem and favor; but no kind- ness of commander or friend could lessen the sting of a reprimand, which Arnold felt to be wholly undeserved. He spoke intemperately and bitterly against Congress; and the loyalists, eager ARNOLD. ARNOLD. to win so distinguished a soldier and patriot to . their views, soothed him with their sympathy when his proud and haughty spirit smarted under the stinging recollection of the wrongs lie had suffered at the hands of his ungrateful compa- triots. Things were very dark and disheartening for the Revolutionist cause at that time. The army was unpaid, clad in rags, half starved ; there was no money in the treasury, and Congress and the states were divided by factions. Washington wrote May 28, 1780, that he had “almost ceased to hope.” This was the time chosen by the British emissaries and Tories to allure Arnold into the belief that his defection from the patriotic cause would be the means of bringing peace to his country, and that a recon- ciliation with the parent country would effect all, and more than all, that the Americans could hope to gain by continued resistance. On the 31st day of July, 1780, Arnold on his way to Philadelphia from Connecticut, visited Washing- ton in his camp, and was tendered the command of the left wing of the army, which honor he declined on the plea that his wounds still ren- dered him incapable of active service in the field. He then asked for the command at West Point, which was given him, and he was soon estab- lished in his headquarters at Beverly, formerly the residence of Beverly Robinson, one of the instruments of his seduction. Here he continued his treasonable correspondence with the agents of Sir Henry Clinton, and on the 21st of Septem- ber met Adjutant- General Andrd near Stony Point, where they made arrangements for the surrender of West Point. Plans of the works, number of troops and armament were furnished by Arnold, who gave to the English officer also a horse and a passport. Andrd was captured as he was returning to New York after the inter- view, and the treasonable papers concealed in his boots revealed the whole plot. Arnold, hearing by a mere chance of Andre’s capture, fled to New York, where he was protected by the British. He was appointed to a brigadier-generalship in the English army, and later issued “ An Address to the Inhabitants of America.” He offered him- self in exchange for the captured Andre, but Sir Henry Clinton would not permit the exchange. Rewards were offered for his capture, and an attempt to kidnap him, planned by General Washington and Major Lee, was frustrated by an accident . In 1781 Arnold was sent by his new com- mander to conduct a raiding party into Virginia and later in the same year to make an attack on New London. Rewards being offered for his cap- ture. his lifewas constantly in danger, and in De- cember he was sent to England to confer until the ministers upon the conduct of the war. He was accompanied by his family, and had for a fellow voyager Lord Cornwallis, who had been ex- changed. He was received with great favor by the king, at whose request he prepared an article headed, “Thoughts on the American War” (1782). which was a carefully considered plan for reconciliation. Arnold received £1315 to indem- nify him for loss of property incurred by the step he had taken, and Mrs. Arnold was given a pen- sion of £500 per annum and £100 per annum to each of her children. The system of preferment in the British army, and the opposition of the Whigs, prevented his employment in active ser- vice and he resumed mercantile occupations, and in 1787 removed to St. John. N. B.. where he built ships and carried on trade with the West Indies. Arnold, who had been condemned for his extravagant way of living in Philadelphia, and had followed the same course in London, displayed great ostentation in St. John, where his hauteur and reserve made him personally dis- liked. In 1791 he returned to London. General Arnold rendered great service to the British gov- ernment in the West Indies in 1794-’95. but appealed in vain to be put on active service in the war between France and England in 1796. In 1798 the king granted to General Arnold and his family 13.400 acres of land in Upper Canada. His four sons by his second marriage were edu- cated at the Royal military college, and all received commissions in the British army. His life was written by Jared Sparks, in volume III. of his American Biographies, and more fully by Isaac Newton Arnold in his “ Life of Benedict Arnold, his Patriotism and his Treason” (Chi- cago. 1880). He died June 14. 1801. ARNOLD, George, author, was born in New York city. June 24. 1834. Before he arrived at school age his parents removed to Illinois, where he attended the public schools until his fifteenth year: they then settled at Strawberry Farms. N. J. Having a talent for drawing, he entered the studio of a painter in New York, but soon abandoned his purpose of becoming an artist and dovoted himself to literature. His contributions to Vanity Fair and the New York Leader soon brought him into popular favor, and a series of articles, entitled the “McArone Papers.” added to his reputation, and established his fame as a humorist. His poems are remarkable for their sweetness and delicacy of sentiment. His works were collected after his death by William Winter, and published in two duodecimo volumes. “ The Jollv Old Pedagogue” is his best -known poem. He died Nov. 3. 1865. ARNOLD, Isaac Newton, statesman, was born at Hartwick. Otsego county, N. T .. Nov. 30. 1815, son of George W. Arnold, physician, who emi- grated from Rhode Island in 1800 and settled in the wilderness of western New York. In 1835 lie [ 122 ] ARNOLD. ARNOLD. was admitted to the bar, and the following year removed to the village of Chicago, 111. When Chicago was organized as a city, he was elected city clerk, and subsequently held other municipal offices. He was elected to the Illinois state legis- lature in 1842 and 1843, and in 1844 was a presi- dential elector. Again in 1850 he was elected to the state legislature, and in 1860 represented his district in the 37th Congress, and was re-elected to the 38th Congress. He introduced the bill pro- hibiting slavery in the territories, and in Febru- ary, 1864, he offered the first resolution adopted by Congress for an amendment of the constitu- tion, so as to abolish slavery. His most admirable speech was that on the confiscation bill, delivered before the house of representatives, May 2, 1862. He was appointed one of the auditors of the U. S. Treasury in 1865. His “ Life of Abraham Lin- coln and the Overthrow of Slavery,” published in 1867, is greatly prized for its insight into, and ex- planation of, Lincoln’s relation to the events of his administration, an insight which is partially due to the fact that the two men were close per- sonal friends. In 1880 his “ Life of Benedict Ar- nold ” was published. Mr. Arnold was a polished and eloquent speaker, and lectured before literary societies in England and America. He was for a number of years president of the Chicago histori- cal society. He died April 24, 1884. ARNOLD, Lauren Briggs, agriculturist, was born in Herkimer county. N. Y., Aug. 31, 1814. He received an academical education and was graduated from Union college in 1843, and in 1857 lie organized one of the earliest farmers’ clubs in western New' York, and read to it his first essay on dairying. In 1868 he built a model cheese factory, where he had a perfect dairy lab- oratory, which enabled him to make several val- uable discoveries in the chemistry of cheese- making. In 1874, his health having failed, he took a five-acre farm in Rochester, N. Y. He lectured upon dairy husbandry at Cornell univer- sity and before farmers’ organizations, and wrote largely for the agricultural press. In 1886 he was sent by the government to represent the United States at the annual meeting of the Brit- ish dairy association in London. He died March 8, 1888. ARNOLD, Lemuel Hastings, governor of Rhode Island, was born at St. Johnsbury, Vt., Jan. 29, 1792, son of Jonathan Arnold, a surgeon in the Revolutionary war. After his graduation from Dartmouth college in 1811 he devoted three years 1,0 the study of law, going then to Provi- dence, R. I., where he practised for seven years. In 1821 he entered a manufacturing business, in which he w-as quite successful. He represented Providence in the general assembly from 1826 to 1831, when he was elected governor of Rhode [123J Island, serving a second term by re-election. During the Dorr rebellion of 1842- 43 he was a member of the executive council, and in 1844 he was elected to represent his state in the 29 th Congress, w'here he served throughout his term. He died June 27. 1852. ARNOLD, Lewis G., soldier, was born at Morristown, N. J., in December, 1815. He was graduated at West Point in 1837, and was given the rank of 2d lieutenant of artillery. He served in the Florida war in 1837-38; in escort- ing the Cherokee Indians to the west in 1838; and on the northern frontier during the Canadian border disturbances. He fought with conspicuous bravery during the Mexican war, being engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, where he w'as w'ounded. He also served at the battle of Cerro Gordo, the capture of San Antonio and the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, receiving the rank of captain for gallantry in the last en- gagement, and brevet major for conduct at Chapultepec. In 1848 he was assigned to garri- son duty at Fort Monroe, Va., remaining there five years. From 1853 to ,1857 he was en- gaged in the Florida hostilities, and was on gar- rison duty until the beginning of the civil war. In May, 1861, he was promoted major, and in November of the same year received the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel for his services during the bombardment of Fort Pickens, Fla. In January, 1862, he was promoted brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers, and was stationed at various posts in Florida and Louisiana until November, when he was on sick leave. In August, 1863, he was promoted lieutenant-colonel of artillery, and was retired from active service Feb. 8, 1864. He died in South Boston. Mass., Sept. 22, 1871. ARNOLD, Peleg, jurist, was born at Smith- field. R. I., in 1752. He was admitted to the bar and practised his profession in his native state. He served in the general assembly of Rhode Island, and in 1787 was a delegate to the Continental congress, where lie remained two years. He was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of the state soon after his return to Rhode Island, and died in his native town, Feb. 13, 1820. ARNOLD, Richard, soldier, was born in Provi- dence, R. I., April 12, 1828, son of Lemuel Hast- ings Arnold, governor of Rhode Island. He was graduated at West Point in 1850. In 1853 he was a member of the party exploring for the Northern Pacific railroad, and from 1855 to 1861 was aid to General Wool in California. At the outbreak of the Civil war he was commissioned captain in the 5th artillery and did service at Bull Run, and throughout the peninsular campaign under Gen- eral McClellan. He was brevetted major, June 29, 1862, for services rendered at Savage Station. Va., anil in the following November was promoted ARNOLD. ARNOLD. brigadier-general of volunteers. For distin- guished services at Port Hudson he was on July 8, 1863, brevetted lieutenant-colonel in the regu- lar army. He commanded a division of cavalry in the Red River expedition led by General Banks in 1864, and later rendered important help in the reduction of Fort Morgan in Mobile Bay, for which he was commissioned brevet major-general of volunteers, Aug. 2, 1864. At the close of the war he received successively the brevets of colonel, brigadier-general and major-general in the regular army. Dec. 5, 1877, he was made acting assistant inspector-general of the depart- ment of the East, and was major of the 5th ar- tillery at the time of his death, which occurred at Governor’s Island, New York harbor, Nov. 8, 1882. ARNOLD, Richard, violinist, was born at Eilenburg, Prussia, Jan. 10, 1845. His parents immigrated to the United States in 1853, settling at Buffalo and later at Cincinnati, where Richard became the leader of a theatre orchestra at the age of eleven years. He had commenced the study of the violin when he was but four years old, and had played in public before he was seven. In 1864 he returned to Eu- rope, and, entering the class of Ferdinand David at the Leipsic conservatory, spent the three following years in diligent study, graduating at the head of his class in 1867. From 1869 to 1876 he was one of the first violins in Theodore Thomas’ orchestra, and from 1878 to 1891 he was the leader and solo violinist of the New York philharmonic club, when he withdrew to give his time to teaching and solo playing. He was elected a member of the philharmonic society in 1879, a director in 1880, concert-meister in 1885 and vice-president in 1896. ARNOLD, Samuel Greene, historian, was born in Providence, R. I., April 12, 1821. His gradua- tion at Brown university in 1841 was followed by two years’ service in a Providence counting house, after which he visited Europe, and on his return studied law at the Harvard law school, whence he was graduated an LL.B., in 1845. He then travelled extensively in the Orient, in Europe and in South America, settling down to the practice of his profession upon his return to Providence. In 1852 he was elected lieutenant- governor of Rhode Island as a Whig — the only fl24 candidate on that ticket elected. He was again elected to the same office in 1861 and 1862. He was a delegate to the peace convention of 1861, and served as an aide to Governor Sprague with the rank of colonel, commanding a battery of artillery in the early stages of the war. He was chosen U. S. senator to fill the unexpired term of J. F. Simmons, and served from December, 1862, until March. 1863. He afterwards devoted much of his time to historical research. His published works are : ‘ ' The Spirit of Rhode Island History ” (1853); “History of the State of Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations” (7 vols., 1859— ’60) ; and a “History of Middleton, R. I.” (1876); together with many orations, memorials and public addresses. He died Feb. 13, 1880. ARNOLD, Thomas Dickens, representative, was born in Spottsvlvania Co., Va.. May 3, 1798. He studied without a teacher and acquired a fair rudimentary education. At the outbreak of the war of 1812 he enlisted, although but fourteen years old, and served until its close. He then studied law, and after his admission to the bar practised at Knoxville, Tenn. In 1830 he was elected a representative to the 22d Congress, and made himself notorious in that body and else- where by a very personal speech in which he denounced Senator Houston and Maj. M. A. Heard. The latter, who was present, attacked Mr. Arnold when leaving the capitol in company with over two hundred members, and though armed with a horse-pistol and a cane, both of which he used vigorously, Heard was decidedly worsted in the struggle, and Arnold carried off the horse-pistol as a trophy. General sympathy seemed to be with Mr. Arnold, and he was pre- sented with a sword cane, upon which was in- scribed, "Presented to Thomas D. Arnold, for his brave defence against the attack of Morgan Heard.” He was made brigadier-general of the Tennessee militia in 1836, and in 1840 was elected representative to the 27th Congress, serving two years. He died May 26, 1870. ARNOLD, Warren O., manufacturer, was born at Coventry, Kent county, R. I., June 3, 1839. He was educated in the public schools of his native town, and from the age of eighteen till he was twenty-five he followed mercantile pursuits. In 1864 he engaged in manufacturing cotton goods, and afterwards changed his busi- ness to the manufacture of woolens. He had never been in political life until 1886, when he was elected to represent the second Rhode Island district in the 50tli Congress. He was re- elected in 1888, failed of election in 1890 and in 1892, but was elected in 1894 to the 54th Con- gress. He served on the committees on appro- priations, banking, Indian affairs and manufac- tures. 1 ARTHUR. ARTHUR. ARRINGTON, Alfred W., lawyer, was born in Iredell county, N. C., Sept. 10, 1810, son of Archi- bald Arrington, a representative to the 27th and 28th congresses for North Carolina. He received a fair education, and at the age of nineteen entered the itinerant ministry of the M. E. church. He preached with great success in Indiana and Mis- souri until 1824, when he relinquished the min- istry for the study of law. Being admitted to the bar, he practised successfully in Missouri, and in 1836 he removed to Arkansas and was elected to the state legislature. In 1844 he withdrew his name from the Whig electoral ticket, and sup- ported James K. Polk for President. He soon after removed to Texas, and in 1850 he was elected judge of the 12th district court. He left Texas in 1857 for Wisconsin, and finally settled in Chicago, 111., where he acquired eminence as a constitutional lawyer. He was an impassioned speaker. His “Apostrophe to Water” was used by John B. Gough in his lectures with thrilling effect. He wrote under the pen name of ‘ ‘ Charles Summerfield,” and his poems and sketches were largely read. His “Sketches of the Southwest” and the “Rangers and Regulators of Tanaha” were published in 1857 ; and a volume containing a sketch of his character, his memoirs, and a col- lection of his poems, was issued in 1867. He died in Chicago, from overwork, Dec. 31, 1867. ARTHUR, Chester Alan, 21st president of the United States, was born at Fairfield, Frank- lin county, Vt., Oct. 5, 1830, the eldest son of William and Malvina (Stone) Arthur. His father was educated in Ireland, a graduate of Belfast college, who came to America and settled in Vermont, where he became a Baptist preacher. His maternal grandfather, Uriah Stone, was a pioneer settler of New Hampshire, who located in Piermont about 1763. Chester attended school first at Union Village, N. Y., and afterwards at Schenectady. He entered the sophomore class at Union college, when fifteen years old, and during his course taught school for two terms to aid in defraying his expenses. He was graduated with high honors in the class of 1848, entered the law school at Ballston Spa, and after a short term of lectures returned to his father’s home at Lan- sing, N. Y., where he continued his law studies, fitted a class of boys for college, and taught in the academy at North Pownal, Vt., as principal, having not yet reached his majority. In 1853 he entered the law office of Erastus D. Culver in New York city, was admitted to the bar in 1854, and became one of the firm of Culver, Parker & Arthur. Arthur imbibed anti-slavery principles from his father, who was one of the early abolitionists, and became an advocate of that party and was one of those who formed the New York anti-slavery society at the house of Gerrit Smith at Peterboro, N. Y., Oct. 21, 1835. In several notable suits at law he defended the rights of negroes, both as escaped slaves and as citizens, and in these suits was opposed by the most learned legal talent in the country, winning his causes in the highest courts. See “ Lemmon v. People,” and the case of Lizzie Jennings (1855). He was a delegate to the New York state convention at Saratoga in 1856, and was conspicuous in his active support of General Fremont in the presidential campaign of that year. In 1857 he took an active part in the reorganization of the state militia, was made judge-advocate of the 2d brigade, and in 1860 Governor Morgan appointed him engineer-in- chief on his staff, with the rank of brigadier- general. On the breaking out of the civil war he was made acting quartermaster-general of the state. General Arthur displayed remarkable executive ability during his administration of this office, having to provide clothing and trans- portation for nearly 700,000 men furnished by the state of New York to suppress the rebellion. His war account with the National government, although much larger than that of any other state, was the first audited at Washington, and it was allowed without the reduction of one dollar, while the accounts of other states were cut down from one million to ten millionsof dollars. In De- cember, 1861, he was one of a board of engineers, and submitted to the government a report on the harbor defences of the state and the conditions of the Federal forts. In February, 1862, he was commissioned inspector-general, and in May he officially visited the New York troops in McClel- lan’s army, and while on this duty also served as an aide on the staff of Col. Henry J. Hunt, com- manding the artillery reserve of the army, in anticipation of an immediate attack on Rich- mond. He was ordered back to New York in June by Governor Morgan, and acted as secre- tary of the meeting of the governors of the loyal states at the Astor House, New York. June 28, 1862, which prompted the President on July 1, 1862, to call for 300,000 volunteers. At Governor Morgan’s request, General Arthur resigned his commission as inspector-general, and was re-commissioned as quartermaster-general July 10, 1862. The multiplicity of cares laid upon him at this time is shown in his report made at the close of the official year, under date of Jan. 27, 1863. It says: “From August to December 1st, the space of four months, there were completely clothed, uniformed and equip- ped, supplied with camp and garrison equipage, and transported from this state to the seat of war, sixty-eight regiments of infantry, two battalions of cavalry, and four battalions of artillery. ” Horatio Seymour having succeeded Governor Morgan as chief executive of the state, ARTHUR. ARTHUR. General Arthur resigned as quartermaster- general, his resignation taking effect Jan. 1, 1863. In 1862 he formed a law partnership with Henry G. Gardner, which in 1867 was dissolved, and General Arthur practised alone until Jan. 1, 1872, when the firm of Arthur, Phelps, and Knevals was formed. Despite an extensive law practice he retained his interest in city, state and national politics, and so strengthened his position through his membership with political organizations that he was regarded as one of the most prominent and influential leaders of the Republican party. He was for a time counsel to the city department of assessment and taxes, a position which he resigned. General Arthur was appointed by President Grant collector of the port of New York, Nov. 20,1871. His term ex- pired in 1875, and he was promptly re-appointed by the same administration, and his second con- firmation by the U. S. senate was made without referring it to a committee. The Republican state convention of 1876, held March 22 at Syracuse, elected delegates most of whom were pledged to support Senator Conkling for the presi- dential nomination. Alonzo B. Cornell and Chester A. Arthur were his most active advo- cates before the National convention, and not until the seventh ballot was Mr. Conkling's name withdrawn, and sixty -one of the votes of New York given to Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, which secured his nomination. The election was not decided until the following March, 1877, when the electoral commission declared that Mr. Hayes was to be president. He selected for secretary of the treasury John Sherman, who deemed it important that the custom-house ap- pointments should be in the hands of one more friendly to the Hayes administration than Mr. Arthur. Under the operation of civil-service reform, special agents and commissions were ap- pointed by the new administration to make rigid and searching investigation into General Arthur’s official conduct. The commission, known as the Jay commission, reported adversely, and Collector Arthur replied in a letter to Secre- tary Sherman, Nov. 23, 1877. On Dec. 6 Theo- dore Roosevelt was appointed collector, and L. Bradford Prince, naval officer; but the U. S. senate refused to confirm the appointments, and Arthur and Cornell held their respective offices until the adjournment of Congress, July 11, 1878, when they were suspended. Arthur had pre- viously declined to resign as requested by Secre- tary Sherman, notwithstanding he was promised a foreign mission. A petition for his retention was signed by the judge of every court in the city, by all the prominent members of the bar, and by eighty-five per cent of the importing merchants in the collection district; but at General Arthur’s urgent request it was not pre- sented. During his six years of office the percentage of removals was only two and three-quarters per cent per annum. All appointments, except two, to the one hundred positions commanding salaries of two thousand dollars a year, were made on the plan of advancing men from the lower to the higher grades on recommendation of heads of bureaus. The New York delegation to the Chi- cago convention, June, 1880, of which General Arthur was' delegate-at-large, expected to see General Grant nominated for the presidency for a third term. It had no second choice, although several candidates, hopeful of Grant’s defeat, were pushing their own names forward with energy and persistency. The state of Ohio, with the ex- ception of General Garfield’s district, had in- structed delegates in behalf of John Sherman. After a determined contest, which lasted several days, and during which the Stalwart New York delegation stood firm and "302 ” in the convention voted repeatedly and persistently for General Grant, the convention was stampeded by the Sher- man supporters flocking to the standard of James A. Garfield, and New York’s fa vorite went down to defeat. In order to placate the ‘ ‘ Stalwarts,” rather than as an expression of the will of their successful opposition, Chester A. Arthur was unanimously named as the vice-presidential candidate, and Gar- field and Arthur were elected President and Vice- President of the United States, in November, 1880. Mr. Arthur appeared as presiding officer of the senate at its extra session March 4, 1881. He ingratiated himself with the senators, through his easy manners and kindly disposition. He was at this time almost the only confidant Senator Conkling had in Washington. The appointment of William H. Robertson as collector of the port of New York by President Garfield had antagon- ized the New York senators and the Stalwart sup- porters of General Grant ; and the senate, being equally divided politically, the Vice-President was clothed with unusual power and used it in opposi- tion to his former political enemies when their names came before the senate for confirmation. Upon the announcement of President Garfield’s death. Sept. 19. 1881. Mr. Arthur, at the sugges tion of the cabinet, took the oath of office as President of the United States, Sept. 20. 1881, before Judge James R. Brady of the New York supreme court, and immediately repaired to El- beron. where he met the cabinet and arranged for the funeral ceremonies. On September 22 he went to Washington, and in the Vice-President’s room the oath of office was formally administered by Chief Justice Waite. President Arthur, as his first official act, appointed Monday, Sept. 26, as a day of mourning for the late President, and [ 126 ] The Cyclopaedia Publishing Company. ARTHUR. ARTHUR. the next day proclaimed an extraordinary session of the senate, October 10, to elect a President pro tempore. He requested the members of the cabinet of Mr. Garfield to retain their respective portfolios until the regular session of Congress in December. This request was complied with, ex- cept in the case of the secretary of the treasury, who desired that his resignation be accepted, in order that he might become a candidate for the office of senator from his state. President Arthur offered the portfolio to Edwin D. Morgan, the war governor of New York, whose appointment was confirmed by the senate. He declined to serve, and the choice then fell to Charles J. Folger of New York, who was confirmed Oct. 27, 1881. After the meeting of Congress, President Arthur announced further members in his cabinet in the following order: Frederick T. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, secretary of state, from Dec. 12, 1881 ; Robert T. Lincoln of Illinois, secretary of war, from March 5, 1881 (re-appointed from Presi- dent Garfield's cabinet) ; Benjamin H. Brewster of Pennsylvania, attorney-general, Dec. 19, 1881 ; Timothy O. Howe of Wisconsin, postmaster- general, Dec. 20, 1881, who died in office, March 25, 1883, and was succeeded by Walter Q. Gresham ; Frank Hatton of Iowa, postmaster-general, Oct. 14, 1884, to succeed Walter Q. Gresham, who resigned to become secretary of the treasury; William E. Chandler of New Hampshire, secre- tary of the navy, April 12, 1882; Henry M. Teller of Colorado, secretary of the interior, April 17, 1882; Walter Q. Gresham of Indiana, secretary of the treasury, to succeed Secretary Folger, who died in office, Sept. 4, 1884; Hugli McCulloch of Mary- land, Oct. 28, 1884, to succeed Secretary Gresham, who resigned to become United States circuit judge. His administration was marked by no startling conditions calling for extraordinary action. He officially presided at the dedication of the Yorktown, Va., monument, erected to com- memorate the surrender of Cornwallis, in which dedication America’s French allies and German participants were represented. The President, at the close of the celebration, ordered a salute to be fired in honor of the British flag, in recognition of the friendly relations so long and so happily subsisting between Great Britain and the United States, in the trust and confidence of peace and good-will between the two countries for all the centuries to come, and especially as a mark of the profound respect entertained by the American people for the illustrious sovereign and gracious lady who sits upon the British throne.” He made efforts to secure peace between the warring nationalities in South America, and to that end proposed a peace congress, which sug- gestion. however, was not acted upon by Congress. The administration also offered its friendly offices to determine peaceably the boundary lines be- tween Mexico and Guatamala, and relocated the boundary line between Mexico and the United States. Through a commission, in which General Grant and W. H. Trescott acted for the United States, reciprocal treaties affecting commercial relations with various South American countries were made; and treaties of a like nature were made with Santo Domingo, Dec. 4, 1884, and with Spain in reference to Cuba and Porto Rico, Nov. 18, 1884. These treaties were, however, with- drawn by President Cleveland as inexpedient, without affording the senate an opportunity to act upon them. President Arthur proposed a monetary union of the American countries to secure a uniform cur- rency basis, looking to the remonetization of silver. He strongly urged the construction of the interoceanic canal across the isthmus of Panama, and through correspondence with Great Britain assented that the provisions of the Clayton-Bul- wer treaty of April 19, 1850, could not be allowed to interfere with the rights of the United States in controlling such a route in view of the spirit of the “ Monroe doctrine.” On Dec. 1, 1884, a treaty was made with the republic of Nicaragua, which authorized the U. S. government to build a canal, railroad, and telegraph line across Nicaraguan territory by way of the lake and San Jose river. This treaty was rejected by the senate, and be- fore that body could reconsider its vote the treaty was withdrawn by President Cleveland, March 12, 1885. President Arthur obtained from the British government a full recognition of the rights of naturalized American citizens of Irish birth, and all such under arrest as suspects were liberated. A bill passed by Congress, prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers for twenty years, was vetoed by him April 4, 1882, as in viola- tion of a treaty with China. Congress sustained the veto and passed a modified bill, suspending im- migration for ten years, which was amended July 5, 1884, and approved by the President. A law was passed Aug. 3, 1882, by which convicts seeking a home in the United States were returned to Europe, and the importation of contract laborers was prohibited by a law passed Feb. 26, 1885. President Arthur repeatedly advised the suspension of the coinage of standard silver dollars and recommended the redemption of all outstanding trade dollars. The removal of stamp taxes on many articles of merchandise, and on bank checks and drafts, as well as the taxes on surplus bank capital and deposits was recom- mended, and on March 3, 1883, the acts enforcing them were repealed. This resulted in the reduc- tion of the collection districts by one third. Legislation was recommended looking to the construction and maintenance of ocean steam- ARTHUR. ARTHUR. ships under the American flag; and the subject of coast defences was repeatedly brought to the attention of Congress, an annual appropriation of §1.500.000 being recommended for the armament of fortifications. In his last annual message President Arthur urged the appropriation of $60,000,000 to be expended during the next ten years, one-tenth annually, for coast defences, and his plans, con- siderably enlarged, were taken up and carried out by the succeeding administration. He vetoed a river and harbor bill appropriating $18,743,875, on the ground that the sum greatly exceeded the needs of the country ; that the distribution was unequal and for the benefit of particular loca- tions. The bill was passed over his veto. He also vetoed the bill passed July 2. 1884, restoring to the army and place on the retired list, Major-General Fitz John Porter, then under sen- tence of court-martial. This veto was also over- ruled. Important reforms were instituted in the navy, the number of officers was reduced, habit- ual drunkards were discharged, the repair of old wooden vessels was discontinued, and the con- struction of a new fleet of steel ships with mod- ern armaments was begun, under an advisory board appointed for that purpose. During his administration the postal rates were consider- ably reduced and many improvements were initiated in the general mail service. President Arthur appointed Horace Gray of Massachusetts to the vacancy on the bench of the United States supreme court, caused by the death of Justice Clifford of Maine, and he was commissioned Dec. 20. 1881. On the retirement of Justice Hunt of New York. Roscoe Conkling was appointed to the U. S. supreme bench. Feb. 24, 1882, and the appointment confirmed, but lie declined the office on March 3, 1882, and Samuel Blatchford of New York was appointed and confirmed March 23, 1882. In his annual message of 1884, President Arthur recommended a suitable pen- sion to General Grant, and upon the refusal of the general to accept any pension whatever, he by special message, Feb. 3, 1885, urged upon Con- gress the creation of the office of general of the army on the retired list. The bill was passed March 3. 1885, and on its passage the President named to the office Ulysses S. Grant, and the nomination was confirmed the same day in open senate, amid the demonstrations of approval of a crowded chamber. When the Republican na- tional convention met at Chicago, June 3, 1884, President Arthur’s name was presented by the delegations from New York, Pennsylvania, Missis- sippi. North Carolina and Louisiana. On the first ballot he received the votes of 278 delegates, cn the second 276. on the third 274. and on the fourth 207. a plurality of votes nominating James G. Blaine. He at once telegraphed to the successful candidate his congratulations and assurance of his earnest and candid support. The national convention endorsed the administration of Presi- dent Arthur as “ wise, conservative and patriotic — under which the country has been blessed with remarkable prosperity.” The President, as the guest of the citizens of Boston, attended the celebration of the Webster historical society, and made an address in Faneuil Hall, Oct. 11. 1882, and at Marshfield, October 13. At Louisville, Ky., Aug. 2, 1883, he opened the Southern exposition with an address, and at the opening of the New Orleans World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial exposition, he performed the function by telegraph from the national oapi- tol, transmitting his address and starting the machinery by the electric current. On Sept. 25, 1883, he was present at the ceremonies of unveil- ing and dedicating the Burnside monument at Bristol, R. I., and on November 26 of the same year attended a similar ceremony in New York city, when Washington’s statue was first disclosed to public view on the steps of the U. S. sub-treasury building in Wall street. His last official public address was made at the dedication of the Wash- ington monument in Washington city, which was completed during his administration. Mr. Arthur was married Oct. 29, 1859, to Ellen Lewis, daugh- ter of William Lewis Herndon, commodore in the U. S. navy. She died Jan. 12, 1880, leaving two children, Chester Alan and Ellen Herndon. While President, Mr. Arthur’s sister, Mrs. Mary Arthur McElroy. presided over the White House, and the elegance of her hospitality was a marked charac- teristic of his administration. At the close of his official term. March 4. 1885, Mr. Arthur returned to his home in New York city, where he died sud- denly of apoplexy. His funeral was attended by those who had been members of his cabinet, by President Cleveland, Chief Justice Waite, Ex- President Hayes, Generals Sherman, Sheridan, and Schofield, and James G. Blaine. He was buried in the Rural cemetery, Albany, N. Y. The date of President Arthur's death is Nov. 18, 1886. ARTHUR, Timothy Shay, author, was born near Newburg, N. Y., June 6. 1809. His parents moved to Baltimore, Md., where he was educated, engaged in business, and later became editor of the Athenaeum. In 1839 he also edited the Balti- more Literary Monument, and in 1841 removed to Philadelphia, where from 1844 he edited the Ladies’ Magazine, and in 1S50 was editor of The Sons of Temperance Offering. His stories were largely upon temperance topics. In 1852 he founded Arthur’s Home Magazine, which he edited until his death. He wrote, in conjunction with Mr. W. H. Carpenter, a series of histories treating of the separate states; but his tales, ARTHUR. ASBURY. of which lie published over one hundred volumes, were chiefly of a moral or religious nature and were extremely popular, being re-published both in America and England. He wrote many short stories for Arthur's Magazine and the periodicals. His works include: “Steps Toward Heaven”; “ Golden Grains from Life’s Harvest Field”; “ Temperance Tales ” (several volumes) ; “Lights and Shadows of Real Life ” ; “ Out in the World ” ; “ Nothing but Money” ; “ Growlers Income Tax ” ; “Library for the Household” (12 vols. ); “Tales for Rich and Poor” (6 vols.); "Ten Nights in a Barroom”; “ The Good Time Coming. ” He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 6, 1885. ARTHUR, Peter M., labor leader, was born in Scotland about 1831. He came to America when a lad, and learned the blacksmith’s and machinist’s trades. He served his entire appren- ticeship on the New York Central railroad, and was one of the prime movers in the organization of the brotherhood of locomotive engineers in 18C3. He was elected grand chief and engineer of the or- ganization in 1870. The brotherhood has for its motto: “Sobriety, Truth, Justice and Morality,” and its policy to discountenance strikes. It had in 1895 upwards of thirty thousand members, and four hundred and eightv-flve subdivisions, em- bracing every railroad in the United States and Canada. A Canadian journal published this esti- mate of Mr. Arthur: “Among the labor leaders, Mr. Arthur of Cleveland, Ohio, is pre-eminent on account of his moderation, sagacity, and enlight- ened public spirit. He does not admit any essen- tial hostility between labor and capital, but advises arbitration when industrial differences arise, and he advocates peace and harmony between com- peting interests. His friends claim that the ex- ception of the Burlington strike can be easily explained. The men were eager for the strike, but Mr. Arthur withheld his consent until he had done all in his power to remove the cause. After the strike ended he declared that he would never give sanction to another.” He made a consider- able fortune from real-estate investment, and as chief of the brotherhood had a salary of five thousand dollars a year. ASBOTH, Alexander Sandor, soldier, was born in Keszthely, Zala, Hungary, Dec. 18, 1811. He was educated at Oldenburg, served in the Austrian army, studied law at Presburg, was a civil engineer on the works at Banat, and in 1848-’49 he served under Kossuth in the Hungarian war, and fled with him to Turkey, where he shared his imprisonment. On being liberated in 1851 he accompanied Kossuth to America, and engaged in farming, engineering, and manufacturing until the breaking out of the civil war, when he was given a colonel’s commission, and appointed chief of staff to General Fremont. In September, 1861, he was made brigadier-general and commanded the 4th division of Fremont’s army. He served with distinguished gallantry, was in command of a division in General Curtis’s army in Arkansas, and was severely wounded at Pea Ridge. In 1863 he commanded the military district of West Florida, and was wounded at the battle of Mari- anna, Fla. In 1865 he was brevetted major- general for his services in Florida. In March, I860, he was appointed minister to the Argentine Republic and Uruguay. He died in Buenos Ayres, Jan. 21, 1868. ASBURY, Francis, missionary bishop, was born at Handsworth, Staffordshire, England, Aug. 20, 1745. In his fourteenth year he was apprenticed to a trade, and spent his leisure hours in reading and studying. He determined to be a Methodist preacher, and began by holding prayer- meetings in his own neighborhood, preaching with great effectiveness to large numbers of people in his father’s house and in the houses of friends. After some four years of suc- cessful preaching in Derbyshire, Stafford- shire, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire, he was admitted into the Wesleyan con- ference, and appointed to labor on a circuit, according to the Wesleyan custom. In August, 1771, he attended the conference held at Bristol, and when John Wesley called for volunteers for the work in America, young Asbury was among the first to respond. He landed in Philadelphia toward the end of the same year, and at once began his labors on a continent on which there were but three Methodist meeting-houses, and about three hundred communicants. He saw a disposition on the part of the preachers to confine their labors to the cities, and to him is due the introduction of circuit preaching in America. In October, 1772, John Wesley appointed him “general assistant in America,” with power of supervision over the preachers and societies. The next year, however, he was superseded by Thomas Rankin, an older minister, who soon returned to England, intimidated by the spirit of revolution among the colonists. At the first annual confer- ence held at Philadelphia in 1773, the society was found to comprise eleven hundred communicants and ten ordained preachers. At the second con- ference held in May, 1774, the number of com- municants reported was two thousand, while the ranks of the itinerant preachers had been greatly ASBURY. ASHBURNER. increased. Although Asbury sympathized with the colonists in their resistance to British oppres- sion, he became, nevertheless, an object of suspi- cion, because of his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to the state of Maryland. He fled to Delaware, and for two years his work was con- fined within the borders of that small state; but the authorities becoming convinced that his scruples were altogether of a religious nature, he re-entered upon his labors with increased ardor, and at the close of the revolutionary war, the church numbered fourteen thousand commun- icants, with eighty-three ministers. In 1784 Francis Asbury was consecrated by Bishop Coke, who came from England for the purpose, the scattered societies were organized as the Methodist Episcopal church of the United States of America, Francis Asbury being the first bishop of that body consecrated in America. ASBURY CHAPEL. The amount of work accomplished by him was marvellous, and his time was spent in travelling, preaching, establishing new societies, ordaining ministers, raising money for church erection and for sending ministers to destitute places, encour- aging religious education, distributing tracts, and engaging in every good work. He travelled during his life more than 270,000 miles, mostly on horseback, over rough roads, rougher moun- tain paths, and often through dense thickets, where the foot of horse or eye of man had never penetrated. He preached over 16,500 sermons, and ordained more than four thousand preachers, besides discharging the various and multitudinous dirties of his episcopal office. He left sufficient material for three volumes of “ Journals,” which are a faithful picture of his daily life. He died March 31, 1816. ASH BURN, George W., soldier, was born in Georgia. He was a prominent unionist in the midst of secessionists, and when the civil war broke out he raised a regiment of southern men. loyal to the union, and entered the Federal army with the rank of colonel. After the close of the war he went back to Georgia, was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1867, and was active in forming the new constitution. He greatly incensed the opposition by expressing his approval of the terms of reconstruction which Congress proposed. His political enemies en- deavored to lead him into a controversy that would endanger his personal safety, but lie pre- served his equanimity and was finally murdered through the instigation of the men whose opinions he had opposed. General Meade, the U. S. mili- tary commander of the department of the South, investigated the affair and traced the murder to its instigators. Colonel Ashburn was killed April 1, 1868. ASHBURNER, Charles Albert, geologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 9, 1854, son of Algernon Eyre and Sarah (Blakiston) Asliburner. He entered the Towne scientific school of the University of Pennsylvania at the age of sixteen, and was graduated in 1874 at the head of his class. In 1872, while yet an undergraduate, he assisted in the survey on the Delaware river, and in 1873 was one of the organizers of the en- gineers’ club of Philadelphia. He was appointed on the U. S. light-house service survey in Penn- sylvania, and from 1875 to 1879 was assistant geologist in the Pennsylvania surveys. In 1880 he accepted the position of geologist in charge of the survey of anthracite coal fields, and success- fully conducted the work until 1887. After leav- ing the Pennsylvania survey Mr. Ashburner went to Pittsburg as engineer and geologist with the Fuel Gas and Electric Engine company, and con- tinued with this company as an adviser during the rest of his life. In September, 1888, he was elected manager of the New York and Montana mining and milling company, and in December, 1889, was made vice-president and general mana- ger of the Duquesne mining and reduction com- pany, for which he had purchased a large property in southern Arizona the previous year. He made private surveys in Nova Scotia, Quebec, and in the middle, western and southern states, and published works of great geological value. The more important titles include : “The Anthracite Coal Beds of Pennsylvania” (1882); “ Methods in Practical Geology” (1884); “The Geology of Natural Gas in Pennsylvania and New York ” (1885); “The Geology of Natural Gas” (1887); and “American Petroleum” (1888). In 1877 the University of Pennsylvania conferred upon him the degree of M.Sc., and in 1889 that of D.Sc. He was an active member of the American philosophical society, the American institute of mining engineers, the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences, the American association for the advancement of science, the American so- ciety of naturalists, and the engineers’ club of Philadelphia. He died Dec. 24, 1889. [130J ASHBY. ASHLEY". ASHBY, Turner, soldier, was born at “Rose Bank,” Fauquier county, Va., Oct. 23, 1828, son of Colonel Turner and Dorothea (Green) Ashby. He was carefully educated in his home and at the best schools the time and place afforded. He was a firm advocate of slavery, but was strongly opposed to secession. When the news of the John Brown raid on Harper’s Ferry reached him. he raised a company of mounted men, rode to the scene as its captain, and later took an active part in the occupation of the place. In the spring of 1861 he was stationed below Harper’s Ferry in command of the outposts, and in June of that year, at the organization of the 7th Virginia cav- alry, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel. He served under “ Stonewall” Jackson, commanding the vanguard in the Shenandoah Valley campaign and in the battles of Manassas, Bolivar Heights, Kernstown, Winchester, and other engagements, always distinguishing himself by his bravery and good judgment. On May 27, 1862, he was com- missioned brigadier-general. The esteem in which he was held by his superior officer is shown by this passage from General Jackson’s official re- port: “The close relation which General Ashby bore to my command for most of the previous twelve months will justify me in saying that as a partisan officer I never knew his superior. His daring was proverbial, his powers of endurance almost incredible, his tone of character heroic, and his sagacity almost intuitive in divining the purposes and movements of the enemy.” He was killed near Harrisonburg, Va., June 6, 1862. ASHE, John, soldier, was born in Grovely, Brunswick county, N. C., in 1720. He was sent as a representative to the colonial assembly and was speaker of the house from 1762 to 1765. He was a leader in opposing the stamp act, and at the head of an armed force he obliged the stamp master to resign. In 1771 he aided Governor Tryon in putting down the regulators. He soon after became a Whig, was an earnest patriot at the outbreak of the Revolution, and in 1775 led five hundred men, and aided in capturing and destroying Fort Johnson. He was one of the members of the first provincial congress of North Carolina, and for its defence he raised a regiment, providing them equipments at his own expense. In April, 1776, he was promoted brigadier-general and was assigned to the command of the Wil- mington district. In 1778 he fought under Gen- eral Lincoln in South Carolina. In the spring of 1779 he was sent with a force from Savannah to capture Augusta. Out on the march he was sur- prised and routed at Brier Creek by the British soldiers under General Prevost. He made his way to Wilmington, N. C. but in 1781 he was taken prisoner with his family. While in prison he contracted small-pox, from the effects of which he died. The county of Ashe, N. C., and the town of Asheville were named in his honor. He died in Sampson county, N. C., Oct. 24, 1781. ASHE, Samuel A’Court, journalist, was born at Wrightsville Sound, New Hanover, N. C., Sept. 13, 1840; son of William Ashe, a prominent statesman. He received an academic education, and in 1855 entered the naval academy at Anna- polis, where he stood third in his class. In 1861 he volunteered in the Confederate army and served in various capacities throughout the war. On the termination of hostilities, having lost all his property, he obtained employment as a con- ductor on a railroad of which his father had been president, and while so employed studied law. Obtaining a license to practise in 1867, he opened a law office at Wilmington, N. C. In 1870 he was elected to the lower house of the North Carolina legislature. At the expiration of the second session he removed to Raleigh, N. C., and in January, 1873, formed with A. S. Merrimon and Thomas C. Fuller a law partnership that continued until July, 1879, during which time Mr. Ashe’s reputation as an able lawyer spread throughout the state. In 1874 he edited the Crescent, a journal which was influential in securing the dominancy of the conservative party in the state; and in 1876 he served as secretary and later as chairman of the Democratic state committee, retiring in 1880. His health failing, in 1879 he abandoned the law and established at Raleigh a daily and weekly newspaper. The News and Observer, which became a leading paper in the state. In 1885 he was appointed postmaster at Raleigh, by President Cleveland, and while serving in that office he prepared historical articles on the colonial period of North Carolina. He afterwards resumed the editorial management of his paper. ASHHURST, John, physician, was born in Phil- adelphia, Pa., Aug. 23, 1839; son of John Ashhurst. He was graduated from the university of Penn- sylvania in 1857, and during the civil war became assistant surgeon in the U. S. army. In 1877 he returned to the university to accept the chair of clinical surgery, afterwards becoming Barton pro- fessor of surgery. He was the editor of the “ The International Encyclopaedia of Surgery,” in six volumes, and he also wrote many articles on medi- cine and surgery. ASHLEY, Chester, senator, was born at West- field, Mass., June 1, 1790. When he was very young his parents removed to Hudson, N. Y., where he was educated. He studied law, and after being admitted to the bar he began to prac- tise his profession in Illinois in 1817, where he re- mained two years, then removing to Little Rock, a trading station in the territory of Arkansas. In 1844 he was elected United States senator, to fill the ASHLEY. ASPINWALL. vacancy caused by the death of Senator W. S. Fulton, and in 1846 was re-elected for six years. He died in Washington, U. C., April 29. 1848. ASHLEY, James Monroe, representative, was born near Pittsburg, Pa., Nov. 14, 1824. He was self-educated, and when only fifteen years old left home and became a clerk on the store-boats of the Ohio and Mississippi, later entering a print- ing office at Portsmouth, Ohio, taking editorial charge first of the Despatch and later of the Demo- crat. In 1849 he was admitted to the Ohio bar. He went into the business of boat -building, at the same time continuing his connection with the press. Removing to Toledo, Ohio, he became a wholesale druggist. In 1858 he was elected rep- resentative to the 86th Congress, serving as a member of the comixiittee on territories, and on his i-e-election to the 37th Congi-ess he became chairman of that committee, holding that posi- tion during the 38th and 39tli congresses, and thus supervising the oi’ganization of Arizona. Idaho, anti Montana territories. He was re-elected to the 40tli Congress, and was nominated to the 41st, but was defeated in the electioxi. He was a delegate to the Philadelphia loyalists’ convention of 1866. In 1869 he was governor of Montana, and was later lieutenant-governor of Ohio. For several years he was president of the Toledo and Ann Arbor railroad company, besides being in- terested in manufactories. He died Sept. 16. 1896. ASHMEAD, Isaac, printer, was born in Ger- mantown, Pa., Dec. 22, 1790. He learned the trade of printing from William Bradford, and in 1821 established a printing business iix Philadel- phia, where he set up the first power pi-esses ever used in that city, and also introduced there “composition rollers.” He was one of those in- strumental in founding the “ American S. S. Union,” for some yeai's acting as printer to the society, and helped to establish the Presbyterian Quarterly and the American Presbyterian. He died March 1, 1870. ASHMUN, Eli Porter, senator, was born at Blandford, Mass., June 24. 1770. He received a classical education, and for some years he prac- tised law in his native town, whence he was sent several times to the house of representatives of Massachusetts and to the state senate. In 1816 he was elected to the United States senate, from which body he l'esigned in 1818. He i-eceived honorary degiees (A. M.) from Middlebury col- lege, 1807, and from Harvard in 1809. He died May 10, 1819. ASHMUN, George, representative, was born at Blandford, Mass., Dec. 25, 1804. A few years after his graduation from Yale College in 1823, he went to Springfield. Mass., where he practised law, gaining considerable pi-ominence in his profession. In 1833 he was elected to the state 1132 ] legislature, serving four terms in the house of representatives, — one term as its speaker, — and two terms in the senate. He was elected a representative to the 29th Congress in 1845. where by re-elections he remained until 1851. While in Congress he made a reply to the attack of C. J. Ingersoll upon Daniel Webster, 1846; a speech on the Mexican war, 1847 ; and speeches on the revolution in Fi-ance, and on the slavery questions. 1850. When the Republican conven- tion of 1860 was held in Chicago, which gave Mr. Lincoln the presidential nomination. Mr. Ashmun acted as its chairman, and it is said that he afterward influenced Stephen A. Douglas to support the Lincoln administration. During the civil war he was an earnest and influential unionist. He held many offices, through appoint- ment by the President, among them that of government director of the Union Pacific rail- road. He died Jxxly 17, 1870. ASHHUN. Jehudi, missionary, was born at Champlain, N. Y., April 7, 1794. In 1816 he was graduated from the University of Vermont, followed a course of study preparatory to enter ing the Congregational ministry, and was ap- pointed a professor in the Bangor (Me.) Theologi- cal seminary. Removing to Washiixgton, D. C., he joined the Episcopal church, and edited a church magazine called the Theological Repertory. He was made agent of the colonization society, endeavoring to establish a colony of freedmen on the western coast of Africa. In 1822 he went with a body of freed negroes to Liberia, where, after several flei-ce attacks from the savages, he made friends with the principal chiefs, and suc- cessfuly established the colony. He labored bravely and ably there for six years, and was then obliged to return to America on account of ill- health. He published “Memoirs of Samuel Bacon.” and contributed many articles to the African Re- pository. In 1835 R. R. Guidey published a memoir of his life. He died Aug. 25, 1828. ASPINWALL, William H., merchant, was born in New York city. Dec. 16, 1807. He served his mercantile apprenticeship with his uncles. G. G. & S. Howland, and in 1837 became a member of the newly organized house of Howland & Aspinwall, doing a large trade in the Mediterra- nean and Pacific. He retired from active partici- pation in the firm’s affairs in 1850. and instituted a steamship line between the Isthmus of Panama and California, and subsequently obtained from New Granada a concession for a railroad across the Isthmus, which was after apparently insur- mountable obstacles completed and opened Feb. 17, 1855. The eastern terminus of the railroad was for a time called Aspinwall. Mr. Aspinwall resigned the presidency of the Pacific mail steam- ship company in 185S, and travelled in Europe. ASTOR. ASTOR. where he collected a rare gallery of paintings, which collection was sold after his death, many of the subjects selling at phenomenal prices. He died Jan. 18. 1875. ASTOR, John Jacob, merchant, was born at Walldorf near Heidelberg, Germany, July 17, 1768. He was the son of a butcher and inn- keeper at Walldorf, and at the age of sixteen fol- lowed the example of his elder brothers and left home to seek his fortune. In 1779 he repaired to London, and there obtained employment in the house of Astor & Broad wood, manu- facturers of pianos and flutes, where an elder brother was al- ready established , their uncle being head of the firm. In 1783 he took ship for the United States, w here his brother Henry had settled as a butcher in New York, having as his sole capital a small lot of musical instruments. He became interested in the fur trade from the ac- counts of a German furrier, whose acquaintance he made on shipboard. Resolving to learn all that he could of the business, he obtained a situation in the shop of a furrier in New York, and later commenced business for himself on Water street. Industry, enterprise, and business sagacity were marked qualities in the young trader. He visited London and connected him- self with several of the large fur houses, and got his uncle to appoint him agent of Astor & Broadwood in America. He opened the first wareroom for the sale of musical instruments in the United States. He married Sarah Todd, a connection of the Brevoort family, a woman of foresight and ability, who shared in his business enterprises, and before the end of the century they had amassed a fortune of §250,000. He became a shipowner, carrying his furs to Europe in his own vessels and bringing profitable return cargoes. In 1809 he applied to Congress for aid in establishing trading posts from the lakes to the Pacific, as a means of advancing civilization and of rendering American trade free from the monopoly of the Hudson Bay company. A part of his scheme was to purchase one of the Sand- wich Islands, and there establish a line of vessels to trade with India and China. Two ex- peditions were sent to open communication with the Indians of the Pacific coast, and the trading settlement “Astoria” was established at the mouth of the Columbia river, but the 1133 hostilities of 1812 supervened and the plans were dropped. At the close of the war of 1812 Mr. Astor resumed his trading operations, greatly extending his bases of action, but never recurring to his plan of western settlement. He invested his surplus in land which he foresaw would later be merged in the growing city of New York, and as the time grew ripe, erected many substantial buildings. He retired from active participation in business affairs about 1835, and passed the remainder of his life in the per- formance of unostentatious acts of benevolence. Besides many liberal gifts to worthy objects during his lifetime, he left many bequests, the foremost of these being ,$400,000 to found the Astor library, New York, and $50,000 to found the Astor House, Walldorf, Germany, an institu- tion for the education and nurture of needy chil- dren, and an asylum for the aged poor. The house was opened in 1854. His property, which had attained immense proportions, at his death was mainly left to his younger son William Backhouse; the elder son, John Jacob, being demented, was cared for and maintained from the income of a fund of $100,000 set apart for that purpose. John Jacob Astor died of old age at his home in New York city, March 29, 1848. ASTOR, John Jacob, 4th, capitalist, was born in New York city, June 10, 1822, eldest son of William B. and Margaret Rebecca (Armstrong) Astor, and grandson of the first John Jacob Astor. He was graduated from Columbia college in 1839. He then studied at Gottingen, was afterwards graduated at Harvard law school, and practised his profession for a year. His occupation in life was mainly administering the interests of his share of the family estate. Like his father and grandfather, he was conservative in his methods, buying land where he saw good prospects of ac- cretion in value and parting with it very slowly. In 1846 he married Charlotte Augusta Gibbs, of South Carolina, by whom he had one son, William Waldorf. From 1859 to 1869 he was a trustee of Columbia college. In 1861, on the outbreak of the civil war, Mr. Astor offered his services to his country, was commissioned colonel on the staff of General McClellan, and served as aide-de- camp with the army of the Potomac. He also aided, by generous donations of money, in fitting out the quota of New York troops called for in the proclamation of President Lincoln. In 1865 he was promoted brigadier - general by brevet for meritorious conduct during the Peninsular cam- paign. President Hayes offered him the position of U. S. minister to Great Britain, which he de- clined. He promoted with great liberality various beneficent interests with which the name of Astor had been associated, and his practical bene- factions, mainly dispensed through the instrumen- ] ASTOR. ASTOR. tality of his wife, were multifarious. In 1879 he gave to the Astor library three lots of land on Lafayette place, upon which he afterward erected the North library building, the construction of which cost $250,000. To this latter he added a very valuable gift of rare manuscripts and books, and bequests of $400,000 for the purchase of books, and $50,000 as a trust fund for the payment of the trustees. In conjunction with his brother Wil- liam, he presented the reredos and altar to Trinity church, New York, in memory of his father. The New York cancer hospital owes its existence to his liberality, and the woman’s hospital and chil- dren’s aid society were largely benefited. In 1887 after the death of his wife, he gave her magni- ficent collection of laces to the Metropolitan museum of art. He was so quiet and simple in his tastes and habits, so unostentatious, so correct and careful in his expenditures, as to win a name for eccentricity, while his unassuming charity was brightening hundreds of lives. He bequeathed $100,000 to the New York cancer hospital, $100,000 to St. Luke’s hospital, and $50,000 to the Metro- politan museum of art. He died Feb. 22, 1890. ASTOR, John Jacob, 5th, was born at Rhine- beck-on-the-Hudson, N. Y., July 13, 1864, son of William and Caroline (Scliermerhorn) Astor, He was educated at St. Paul’s school. Concord, N. H., and at Harvard college, where he was graduated in 1888. He travelled extensively in the United States, Europe, and Asia, giving pre- ference to the localities unfrequented by tourists, where he found abundant material for the scien- tific researches which were his favorite pursuit. His model farm on the Hudson was made an evidence of the results of intelligent supervision in the breeding of pure-blooded stock. He pre- sented to Trinity church. New York, in memory of his father, William Astor, the six bronze doors, placed in position in 1895, the designs for which were made by Karl Bitter. He was made director of the Park and Plaza banks, Mercantile Trust Co., Title Guarantee & Trust Co., Western Union Telegraph Co., Illinois Central R. R. Co., and a member of the important social clubs of New York. He invented a labor-saving device for the improvement of road-ways, likely to come into general service, and in 1890 published ‘‘A Journey in Other Worlds,” a scientific romance after the style of Jules Verne, his first import- ant venture in literature. He was married in 1891, to Ava. daughter of Edward S. Willing of Philadelphia. ASTOR, William, capitalist, was born in New York city, July 12, 1830, second son of William B. and Margaret Rebecca (Armstrong) Astor, and grandson of John Jacob Astor. In 1849, he was graduated at Columbia college, after which he travelled in the Orient, and returned to take charge of his father’s estate in 1853. He gave largely in charity, but always in secret. He was a devout churchman, a vestryman of Trinity parish, and a generous supporter of struggling churches. He was fond of horses and kept a breeding farm for blooded stock at his place on the Hudson. For a time he was interested in the turf. His favorite recreation was yachting. He bequeathed $50,000 to the Astor library, and $145,000 to other institutions. He married Caro- line Scliermerhorn of New York, and left a son, John Jacob Astor, 5th. He died in Paris, France, April 25, 1892. ASTOR, William Backhouse, capitalist, was born in New York, Sept. 19, 1792, son of John Jacob, 2d, and Sarah (Todd) Astor. He was educated in the public schools and in 1808 was sent to Heidelberg, where he studied until 1810, he then went to Gottingen, where he had as his tutor the Chevalier Bunsen. He returned to New York in 1815 when his father took him into partnership, and embarked in the china trade under the firm name of John Jacob Astor & Son. In 1827 the partnership was dissolved, the Astors retiring from the china trade, and the American fur company began business, with William B. Astor as its president. Mr. Astor married Margaret Rebecca, daughter of John and Alida (Livingston) Armstrong, her mother being a daughter of Robert R. Livingston and her father the secretary of war under President Madison. On the death of his father Mr. Astor retired from commerce and occupied himself with the affairs of his vast estate. He followed the policy of his father in regard to the buying of land and the building of first-class houses. He followed his father’s example also, in regard to his benefac- tions. The Astor library building was finished by him in 1853, and he gave to it in gifts and bequests the sum of $550,000; he also gave $50,000 to St. Luke’s hospital, and left many bequests to charitable objects. His estate at his death was valued at $45,000,000. which was divided between his two elder sons. John Jacob and William, his younger son Henry being disinherited on account of his marriage. Henry, however, was a benefici- ary by the will of his grandmother, and with the Astor prudence he accumulated an independent fortune. William B. Astor died Nov. 24. 1875. ASTOR, William Waldorf, diplomatist, was born in New York, March 31, 1848, son of John Jacob, 4th. and Charlotte Augusta (Gibbs) Astor. and grandson of William B. Astor. He was edu- cated by private tutors in the United States and Europe, and was graduated at the law school of Columbia college in 1875. He was elected a mem ber of the state assembly in 1877 as a Republican, and of the state senate in 1879, serving on the committees on militia, cities, judiciary, com- [ 134 ] ATCHISON. ATHERTON. merce and navigation, and public expenditures. He was a defeated candidate for Congress in 1880, was appointed United States minister to Italy by President Arthur in 1882, to succeed G. P. Marsh, residing in Rome until 1885, when lie was suc- ceeded by John B. Stallo. In 1878 he married Mary, daughter of James W. Paul of Philadelphia, and a niece of Admiral Dahlgren and of Abbott Law- rence of Boston. During her husband’s ministry to Italy, she became famous in Rome for her charming hospitality and her great beauty, Queen Margherita declaring her to be the most beautiful woman in all Italy. While in England she won the friendship of the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lome. Mrs. Astor died near London, Eng., Dec. 23, 1894, and was buried in Trinity church- yard, New York city. Mr. Astor published two Italian romances, “ Valentino ” (1886), and “ Sfor- za, a Story of Milan” (1889). By the death of his father in 1890 he became the head of his family and inherited an estate estimated to be worth $200,000,000. On his property on Fifth avenue, New York, in 1893, he built the Waldorf hotel, at the time the finest and best equipped hostelry in America. He took up his residence in London in 1891 ; in 1893 purchased the Pall-Mall gazette and budget, and in the same year bought the historic estate of Cliveden-on-the-Thames, then in the pos- session of the Duke of Westminster. ATCHISON, David R., senator, was born at Frogtown, Ky., Aug. 11, 1807. He was well educated, and being admitted to the bar in 1830 began the practice of law in Missouri. In 1834 and 1838 he was a member of the state legislature, and in 1841 circuit judge of the Platte county circuit court. In 1843 he was elected U. S. sena- tor, and was re-elected in 1849, retaining his seat until 1855, During this period he officiated frequently as president pro tern of the senate, and by virtue of that position was President of the United States on March 4, 1849. Inaugura- tion day falling on a Sunday in that year, Gen- eral Taylor was not sworn into office until Monday, March 5. Senator Atchison was a zeal- ous pro-slavery advocate, and a prominent leader in the disturbances connected with the admission of Kansas as a state in 1856-57. The last twenty years of his life were spent in obscurity and com- parative poverty. He died in Clinton county, Mo. , Jan. 26, 1886. ATHERTON, Charles Gordon, senator, was born at Amherst, N. H., July 4, 1804; son of Charles Humphrey Atherton, a prominent law- yer. In 1822 he was graduated from Harvard college, and after studying law in the office of his father, he was admitted to the bar in 1825 and began to practise in Dunstable (Nashua, N. H.). For many years he represented his district in the New Hampshire legislature, serving of the house for three years. He was a repre- sentative from New Hampshire in the 25th, 26th and 27tli U. S. congresses. In Congress he intro- duced “the Atherton gag, ” a resolution passed in 1838 and in effect until repealed in 1845, tabling without debate all resolutions on the subject of slavery. In 1843 he was elected United States senator, and served until 1849. He was again elected in 1852, to succeed John P. Hale, but was stricken with paralysis in that same year. He was a member of the New Hampshire historical society and the author of several articles and memoirs of historical value. He died at Manchester, N. H., Nov. 15, 1853. ATHERTON, George W., educator, was born in Boxford, Essex county, Mass., June 20, 1837, and descended from Humphrey Atherton of the Massachusetts colony. He was educated at Phillips Exeter academy, and in 1860 entered Yale college, from which he was graduated in 1863. He served in the civil war, being a 1st lieutenant in the 10th Connecticut volunteers, which formed a part of the Burnside expedition against North Carolina. After the battle of New- bern he was promoted to a captaincy, and took part in the movement from Hilton Head, S. C., against Charleston. He was repeatedly detailed as judge-advocate of regimental and brigade court-martial. In 1863 the impairment of his health led him to resign. He was appointed to a professorship in the Albany boys’ academy, teaching from 1864 to 1867. He then accepted a professorship in St. John’s college, Annapolis, Md. In 1868 he became a member of the first faculty of the Illinois state university, and the same year accepted the newly established chair of history, political economy and constitutional law in Rutgers college, N. J. , where he remained from 1868 to 1882. In 1873 he was a member of the board of visitors to the United States naval academy. In 1875 he was appointed by President Grant a member of the commission to investigate charges of mismanagement and fraud at the Red Cloud Indian agency. In 1876 he accepted the Republican nomination for representative in Congress, and was defeated. In 1878 he was chairman of a commission appointed by the gov- ernor of New Jersey to prepare a revision of the state system of taxation. He was admitted to the bar, practising as a consulting attorney with- out relinquishing his college professorship. The act of 1887, providing for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with land grant colleges in every state in the Union, was largely the result of his efforts. Upon the organization of the “ American Asso- ciation of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations,” Dr. Atherton was chosen its first presi- dent. In 1882 he accepted a call to the presi- as speaker 1435 ] ATKINSON. ATKINSON. dency of the Pennsylvania state college. In 1883 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Franklin and Marshall college. In 1887 he was appointed by the governor of Pennsylvania chairman of a commission created by authority of the legislature of the state to make inquiry as to, and report upon the practicability of intro- ducing manual training into the public school system. ATKINSON, Edward, economist, was born in Brookline, Mass., Feb. 10, 1827. His studies were carried on wholly at private schools, and from early youth he was especially interested in the subject of economics both practical and theoreti- cal. He attained a position as one of the best and most thor- oughly earnest writers on eco- nomic topics. He never wrote as a partisan, but as a scientist, and as he had accumulated a great many valu able facts, he was able to show, by apparently indis- putable figures, that under our moderu civiliza- tion seven persons suffice to serve one thousand with bread, thereby disposing of the proposition of Malthus, that population fa) cU^rzL. increases faster than the means of sustenance. His writings show equally conclusively that there is no reason in nature for poverty ; that in the world there is always enough ; that production is ample to give sustenance to every man, woman and child, especially in the civilized world, and that the mechanism of distribution is also fairly adequate; leaving as the inevitable conclusion that poverty is due either to personal wrong doing or to social malorganization. He abated, also, something of the prejudice against great capitalists by showing that “ the fortune which those great directors of industry have made for themselves bear but the proportion of a small fraction to the labor which they have saved their fellow-men.” A cook-stove invented by him has proved to be a great boon to housekeepers, a ready means of quickly preparing nutritious foods, and a saver of fuel. He became president of the Boston manufacturers’ mutual fire insur- ance company, an association of manufacturers for mutual protection on strictly economic prin- ciples. Mr. Atkinson attained much popularity as a lecturer, and delivered numerous addresses before scientific bodies, and wrote voluminously upon economical subjects. Among the numer- ous scientific bodies before which he delivered addresses are the American social science asso- ciation and the British association for the ad- vancement of science; the topics including such subjects as ‘ ‘ Banking, ” ‘‘Insufficiency of Eco- nomic Legislation,” “What Makes the Rate of Wages, ’ ’ “Application of Science to the Produc- tion and Consumption of Food, ” and “ Prevention of Loss by Fire.” Among his pamphlets and books are “Our National Domain,” “The Railroads of the United States,” “ Argument for the Condi- tional Reform of the Legal Tender Act,” “The Railway and the Farmer,” “The Distribution of Products,” “The Margin of Profits,” “Slow Burning Construction,” “ Labor and Capital — Allies, not Enemies,” “ What is a Bank?” “ The Industrial Progress of the Nation,” “Consump- tion Limited ; Production Unlimited,” “ Influence of Boston Capital upon Manufacturers,” “ Cheap Cotton by Free Labor,” “ The Collection of Reve- nue.” He esteemed his most important work to be “The Science of Nutrition.” ATKINSON, John, clergyman, was born in Deerfield, N. J., Sept. 6, 1835. He entered the New Jersey conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1853. He served as pas- tor nine years in Newark, N. J., and later held charges in Patterson, N. J. ; Chicago, 111. ; Bay City and Adrian, Mich., and Newark, N. J., where he remained twelve years, and later settled at Haverstraw-on-the-Hudson, New York. He received the degree of M. A. from Dickinson college in 1869, and that of D. D. from the Illinois Wesleyan university in 1877. He was for many years a contributor to the periodical press, and is the author of “ The Living Way ” (1856) ; “ Me- morials of Methodism in New Jersey ” (1860) ; also of the well-known hymn, “ We shall meet beyond the River” (1867); “The Garden of Sorrows” (1868) ; “ The Class Leader ” (1874) ; “ Centennial History of American Methodism ” (1884) ; and “ The Beginning of the Wesleyan Movement in America” (1896). ATKINSON, Louis E., representative, was born in Delaware township, Juniata county, Pa., April 16, 1841. He received an academic educa- tion, and was graduated from the medical college of the university of the city of New York in 1861. In September of the same year he entered the medical department of the United States army and served in this capacity throughout the war. He was mustered out in December, 1865, but injuries received while in service rendered him unfit to practise his profession, and he was admitted to the bar in September, 1870. In 1883 he was elected as a Republican to represent the 18th Pennsylvania district in the 4Sth, and was re-elected to four succeeding congresses. [136J ATKINSON. ATLEE. ATKINSON, Thomas, third bishop of North Carolina and 58tli in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Dinwiddie county, Va., Aug. 6, 1807. He was educated at Yale and afterwards at Hampden-Sidney college in Vir- ginia, where he was graduated in 1825. He studied law and practised for nine years, when he turned to the church, pursued his theological course, and was admitted to the diaconate, Nov. 18, 1836. He was consecrated to the priesthood in St. Paul's, Norfolk, Va., May 7, 1837, where he served for a short time as assistant minister, and for a period of two years as rector. His next charge, 1839-1843, was St. Paul’s, Lynchburg. In 1843 he became rector of St. Peter's, Baltimore, and in 1852 rector of Grace Church in the same place. Here Dr. Atkinson remained barely a year, being elected to the episcopal office in 1853. He was consecrated bishop of North Carolina at St. John’s chapel, New York, Oct. 17, 1853. During the civil war Bishop Atkinson took an active part in the measures adopted to establish the Episcopal church in the confederate states, but when reconstruction took place he was one of two southern bishops who took their seats in the general convention of 1865. In December, 1873, Rt. Rev. Theodore Benedict Lyman was given to the venerable prelate as assistant. In 1846, he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Trinity college; in 1862 the University of North Carolina conferred upon him the Doctorate of Laws, and in 1867, on the occasion of his visit to England to attend the Lambeth conference, he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from the university of Cambridge, England. The life of Bishop Atkinson was one of devout consecra- tion to the charges he had assumed. He was a preacher of great eloquence. His published works were sermons on special occasions, lectures, charges, etc., a charge on “ Sacramental Confes- sion,” and a pamphlet in reply to the criticism of the Roman Catholic bishop of Richmond on the above charge. He died at Wilmington, N. C., Jan. 4, 1881. ATKINSON, William Parsons, educator, was born in Boston, Aug. 12, 1820. He was graduated from Harvard college in 1838, and soon after his graduation began to teach. He was appointed professor of English and history by the Massachusetts institute of technology at its organization in 1868, becoming sole instructor in English studies. As a teacher he was very suc- cessful, being by nature and education peculiarly adapted to the profession. He was a fellow of the American academy, and editor of the Massa- chusetts Teacher. In 1889 he tendered his resig- nation to the institute of technology, and in accepting it the executive committee expressed their deep regret and their appreciation of his services. He delivered many able lectures before literary societies, his last course consisting of five lectures before the young men's Christian union, Boston, on the “Boyhood of Famous Authors.” He wrote many valuable works, among which are “ Classical and Scientific Studies,” and “ The Great Schools of England,” a lecture on “ The Right Use of Books,” “ History and the Study of History; three Lectures, ” and a lecture on “The Study of Politics.” He died March 10, 1890. ATKINSON, William Yates, governor of Georgia, was born in Oakland, Mei'iwether county, Ga., in 1856; son of John P. Atkinson. He was prepared for college at the Senoia high school, and was graduated from the University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. , in 1877. He was admitted to the bar in 1878, and settled himself in the practice of his profession at Newman, Ga. In 1879 he was appointed solicitor-general of the Coweta circuit, by Governor Colquitt, and held the office for three years. In 1886 he was elected to the lower house of the state legislature on the Democratic ticket, was four times re- elected, and in 1892 was chosen speaker of the house. In 1890 he was elected president of the state Democratic convention, and chairman of the state Democratic executive committee in 1890 and in 1892. In 1890 he was chosen a trustee of (his alma mater) the University of Georgia. He was elected governor of Georgia in 1894, and re- elected to a second term in 1896. Governor Atkinson was known as an able leader of his party, and one of the most eloquent orators of his state. During his legislative terms he was prom- inent in initiating and securing many important measures whereby he saved the state the expendi- ture of large sums of money. He was chiefly instrumental in establishing the Georgia normal and industrial college for girls at Milledgeville, Ga. ATLEE, Washington Lemuel, surgeon, was born in Lancaster, Pa. , Feb. 22, 1808 ; son of Col. William Pitt and Sarah (Light) Atlee. After studying medicine with his brother, an eminent physician of Philadelphia, lie entered the Jeffer- son medical college, from which he was gradu- ated in 1829. For several years he practised in the village of Mount Joy, but returned in 1834 to Lancaster, where for ten years he devoted his time to both practical and theoretical work in his profession. From 1845 until 1853 he occupied the chair of medical chemistry in Pennsylvania col lege, but was obliged to abandon this work that he might give his attention to his large and growing practice. He was elected in 1874 presi- dent of the Philadelphia county medical associa- tion, and the following year held the same office in the Pennsylvania medical association, and that of vice -president of the American associa- ATTUCKS. ATWATER. tion. Dr. Atlee’s contributions to the medical profession are extensive and valuable. His works are largely periodical articles, and he also published: “Memoir of Wm. R. Grant, M. D.” (1858); “General and Differential Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors” (1873); “Struggles and Triumphs of Ovariotomy” (1875), and “Fibroid Tumors of the Uterus ” (1876). See “ In Memo- riam, Washington Lemuel Atlee,” by Thomas Murray Drysdale, M. D., published in the Trans- actions of the American gynecological society (1879). He died Sept. 7, 1878. ATTUCKS, Crispus, martyr, was born in the vicinity of Cochituate lake, Framingham, Mass., about 1723. His ancestors were probably Natick Indians, who had intermarried with negro slaves. He was a man of imposing stature, being six feet and two inches tall. March 5, 1770, be- cause of real or fancied insolence from a detach- ment of soldiers, commanded by Captain Preston of the 29th regiment, a party of men and boys, armed with sticks and missiles, and led by Crispus Attucks, bore down upon the “redcoats,” who were stationed in front of the custom house on King street. Believing that the soldiers would not dare to fire, the mob pushed aside the muskets with sticks, threw stones and snow-balls, and filled the air with taunts of cowardice. A soldier was knocked down, and on regaining his position, he saw Attucks, the black giant, armed with a club, and heard the war-whoop inherited from his Indian ancestors. It was scarcely possible for a human being to endure this without retali- ating, and the soldier raised his musket and fired, killing him. Then other soldiers fired into the mob, and several men were killed or wounded. Three days later the four victims of the massacre were borne with unparalleled pomp to the burial-ground, where they were placed in one vault. The shops were closed, and all the bells were ordered to be tolled. Inaccurate and inflamed accounts of the affair were spread throughout the colonies, and Crispus Attucks, the disorderly slave, was heralded as a martyred patriot. Patrick Carr, who died of his wounds on the 14tli, was buried on the 17th in the same vault. Later Captain Preston and the soldiers were brought to trial for murder. John Adams defended them. Two were convicted for man- slaughter and slightly branded ; the others were acquitted. In 1888 a ten thousand dollar monu- ment was erected on Boston common, to the memory of Crispus Attucks, Samuel Maverick, James Caldwell, Samuel Gray, and Patrick Carr, ‘ ‘ the first martyrs in the cause of American liberty, having been shot by the British soldiers, March 5, 1770.” See the article on Attucks in the American Historical Record for 1872, and George Bancroft’s “ History of the United States." ATWATER, Amzi pioneer, was born at New Haven, Conn., May 23, 1776. In 1794 he went to Westfield, Mass., where he studied mathematics and surveying, and the following year started for western New York. On his route he met an expedition led by Moses Cleveland on its way to survey the Western reserve of Ohio, and he became lineman and assistant surveyor for the party, with which he remained two years, run- ning township lines for it and for the Holland land company in western New York. He settled in Mantua, Ohio, in 1800, and when Portage county was organized, in 1808, he was elected its first county judge. He died June 22, 1851. ATWATER, Caleb, author, was born at North Adams, Mass., Dec. 25, 1778. After his gradua- tion from Williams college in 1804 he became a lawyer, and in 1811 removed to Circleville, Ohio, where he became prominent in local politics, serving in the Ohio legislature, and also as Indian commissioner. He published: “ Remarks made on a Tour to Prairie du Cliien ” (1831) ; “ Writ- ings of Caleb Atwater” (1833); “Western Antiquities ” (1833) ; “ History of Ohio, Natural and Civil " (1838), andan “ Essay on Education ” (1841). He was a contributor to the transac- tions of the American antiquarian society. He died at Circleville, Ohio. March 13, 1867. ATWATER, Lyman Hotchkiss. educator, was born at New Haven, Conn., Feb. 20, 1813. He was graduated from Yale college in 1831, and after three years’ study in Yale theological sem- inary he went to Fairfield, Conn., where for twenty years he had charge of the Congrega- tional church, leaving in 1854 to accept the chair of mental and moral philosophy at Princeton college. In 1869 he was made professor of logic and of moral and political science. He con- tributed extensively to current literature and was for a number of years editor of the Princeton Review. He was the author of “ Manual of Ele- mentary Logic” (1867). He died Feb. 17. 1883. ATWATER, Wilbur Olin, chemist, was born at Johnsburg, N. Y.. May 3, 1844. He was grad- uated from Wesleyan university in 1865, and was successively principal of Colchester acad- emy, Yt., 1865; High school, Spencer. Mass., 1866; High school. Westport, N. Y. In 1868-'69 he studied in the Sheffield Scientific school at Yale college, and there received the degree of Pli.D.. in 1869. He spent two years in Europe, chiefly in the study of chemistry and kindred subjects, at the German universities. In 1871 he returned to the United States, and accepted the chair of chemistry at the University of Tennessee. In 1873 he removed to Orono. Maine, to take a sim- ilar position at the Maine Agricultural and Mechanical college, and later in the same year became instructor of. and from 1874 to 1881 rissj * ATWILL. ATWOOD. professor of, chemistry at Wesleyan university. From 1875-’77 he was director of the Connecticut agricultural experiment station. Professor Atwater wrote authoritative articles on agri cultural and chemical subjects, which were pub- lished in agricultural reports of several states, Popular Science Monthly , and the publications of the American association for the advancement of science. He published several volumes of reports of work at agricultural experiment stations, “ Commercial Fertilizers at Home and Abroad ” (1874) ; “ Farm Experiments with Fertilizers” (1878); “Fertilizers: Co-operative Experimenting, etc.” (1882). In conjunction with G. B. Goode, he wrote “The American Menhaden.” His scientific writings found ac- ceptance in European journals. Professor At- water made thorough investigation, under the auspices of the Smithsonian institution, of the chemical composition and nutritive values of American foods, and also made exhaustive experiments in vegetable physiology. He was made a member of the American association for the advancement of science. ATWILL, Edward Robert, first bishop of West Missouri, and 155th in succession in the American episcopate, was born at Red Hook, Dutchess county, N. Y., Feb. 18, 1840. He was graduated at Columbia college in 1862, and at the General theological seminary in 1864. Ordained a deacon by Bishop Potter, July 3, 1864, he was advanced to the priesthood by the same prelate, April 1, 1865. During his diaconate he officiated as curate at St. Luke's, New York, and immediately on taking full orders, became rector of St. Paul's, Williamsburg, L. I. ; he was next curate to the bishop of Vermont, at St. Paul's, Burlington, and in 1867 became rector of that parish. In 1882 he was chosen rector of Trinity church, Toledo, O., where he remained until advanced to the episcopal office. He received the degree of S. T. D. from the university of Vermont in 1883, and was consecrated first bishop of the new diocese of West Missouri, Oct. 14, 1890, his see comprising an area of 36,720 square miles, and embracing a population of 1,388,531 souls. He published a tract on “ Con- firmation,” and numerous sermons and addresses. ATWOOD, Charles B., architect, was born at Charleston, Mass., May 18, 1849. and in 1866 became a pupil in an architectural office in Boston. After passing through the scientific school at Harvard, he established himself as an architect, and won many first prizes for designs for public buildings. In 1875 he went to New York city. He designed the interior decora- tions of many of the palatial residences through- out the country, notably that of Mrs. Mark Hopkins, in San Francisco, and the residences of William H. Vanderbilt and David Dows in New York city. He won the prize of five thousand dollars for the best design for a new city hall in New York. He planned the public library building in Boston, and furnished the designs for the house of Mrs. Mark Hopkins, in Great Bar- rington, Mass. In 1891 he went to Chicago, where he designed the Art Palace at the World's Fair, now the Columbian Museum, also the peristyle, and the great terminal station. He died at his home near Chicago, Dec. 19, 1895. ATWOOD, Charles Edwin, physician, was born at Shoreham, Vt., July 21, 1861, a lineal descendant of Capt. John Parker, the first patriot soldier to fall at Lexington in the Ameri- can Revolution. He was taken to Ithaca, N. Y., at an early age, where he was graduated at Cornell university in 1879. He received his M. D. degree from the Bellevue Hospital medical college in 1881. He was appointed assistant physician to the Hudson River state hospital at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1884. In 1887 he was transferred to the Utica state hospital, and in 1892 received the appointment of physician in charge of the male department of the Blooming- dale asylum, the insane department of the New York Hospital. Dr. Atwood was for over four years associate editor of the American Journal of Insanity. He became a member of the Ameri- can social science association, associate member of the American medico psychological association, clinical assistant in the department of neurology at the Vanderbilt clinic of the Columbia college of physicians and surgeons, and served as an expert in medico-legal cases in the New York courts. ATWOOD, Isaac Morgan, clergyman, was bornat Pembroke, Genesee county, N. Y., March 24, 1838. At the age of twenty-one he became pastor of a Universalist church in New York state, afterwards holding pastorates in Maine and Massachusetts. After twenty years of preaching he was elected president of the Canton theological school, St. Lawrence university, at which institution he was also given the chair of theology and ethics. He received the degree of A.M. from St. Lawrence university in 1872, and that of D.D. from Tufts college in 1879. Among his published works are: “ Have we outgrown Christianity?” (1870); “ Glance at the Religious Progress of the United States ” (1874) ; “ Latest Word of Universalism ” (1881); “Walks about Zion ” (1881) ; “ Revelation, or Manual of Faith and Duty ” (1888), and “ The Balance Sheet of Bibli- cal Criticism ” (1895). In 1867 he became editor of the Boston Universalist, acting as such for five years. He assumed the editorship of the Christian Leader in 1873. [ 13 !)] AUCHMUTY. AUDUBON. AUCHMUTY, Richard Tylden (ok-mu-te), philanthropist, was born in New York city in 1831. He received a collegiate education, and then studied architecture with James Renwick, with whom he was associated as a partner for many years. He served with distinction through the civil war, and soon afterwards retired from his architectural profession, and devoted himself to the development of Lenox, in Berkshire county, Mass., as a summer resort for people of means and leisure. As a philanthropist he under- took to cope with the labor problem. He saw the inevitable result of the monopoly which foreign skilled labor was establishing in certain trades, and he quietly set about applying a remedy. In 1881, in connection with his wife, he established a training school in New York city, where indi- gent young men are given instruction in certain branches of industry — such as plastering, plumb- ing, tailoring, blacksmithing, carpentry, and house, sign and fresco painting. The school was liberally endowed by Mr. Auchmuty and his wife, at its opening, and when incorporated in 1889, it received from them an additional benefaction of one hundred and sixty thousand dollars, to which J. Pierpont Morgan afterwards added the gift of five hundred thousand dol- lars. The institution was established on a very modest basis, its avowed object being “to enable young men to learn the science and practice of certain trades thoroughly, expeditiously, and economically, speed of execution to be acquired at real work after leaving the school. ” During the first year, thirty pupils received instruction, but the fame of the institution, still in its experi- mental stage, spread so rapidly that the roll for the second year included ninety-eight names, while that for the third year rose to 207. Colonel Auchmuty’s experiment was a practical success at the end of the third year. The annual list of graduates numbers about six hundred, and the plan of the school has been adopted by many other cities. AUCHMUTY, Robert (ok-mu-te), lawyer, was born in Scotland, and was the first one of his name to become an American. He immigrated from Ireland, to which country his father re- moved in 1099. settled in Boston early in the eighteenth century, and was admitted to the bar about 1715. In 1730 he was made judge of the admiralty court. In 1740 he was appointed a director of the Land bank, and the next year went to England as Massachusetts agent to settle the boundary dispute with Rhode Island. It is said that while in England he planned the expe- dition against Cape Breton ; he certainly pub- lished there a pamphlet entitled, “The Impor- tance of Cape Breton to the British Nation, and a Plan for taking the Place.” He died in 1750. AUDENRIED, Joseph Crain, soldier, was born at Pottsville, Pa., Nov. 6, 1839. He was graduated from West Point in 1861, and was promoted 2d lieutenant of 1st cavalry. On the same day he was transferred to the 6th cavalry with the rank of 1st lieutenant. He engaged in drilling volunteers at Washington, and served in the Bull Run campaign as aide-de-camp to Gen- eral Tyler. From March to August, 1862, he was engaged in the Virginia peninsular campaign as acting assistant adjutant-general of the 1st cavalry brigade. He was promoted captain of staff, Aug. 20, 1862, and in September was bre- vetted captain for gallantry at the battle of Antietam. From December, 1862, to April, 1863, he served in the Rappahannock campaign, and in the battle of Fredericksburg was aide-de-camp to General Sumner. In April, 1863, he was on the staff of Major-General Wool, and from June 20 to Oct. 1, 1863, was aide-de-camp to General Grant. He was transferred to General Sherman’s staff, and was engaged in the battle of Missionary Ridge, the Atlanta campaign, the siege of Atlanta, the march to the sea, and the capture of Savannah. On Sept. 1, 1864, he was brevetted major for gallant and meritorious services in the Atlanta campaign, and in March, 1865, he received the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel for his con- duct during the war. He was promoted captain of staff, July 1, 1866, and served with the division of the Mississippi, the division of the Missouri, and at army headquarters of the general com- manding. In 1869 he was made colonel of staff. He died in Washington, D. C., June 3, 1880. AUDUBON, John James, ornithologist, was born near New Orleans, La., May 4, 1780; son of a French naval officer, who married Anne Moy- nette, a native of New Orleans. When the lad was quite young his parents removed to Hayti, where his mother was killed in the negro insur- rection of 1791. Au- dubon, senior, then took His children to France, where he married and settled his familyat Nantes. Young Audubon re- ceived his education in the French ly- ceums. He early showed marked tal- ent in faithfully tr ansferring to paper the outlines of the birds of the forest and afterwards coloring them, depending on his memory for the delicate shadings. He was encouraged by his parents in his propensity to rove the woods and fields, gathering specimens and sketching the birds he ruo] AUDUBON. AUDUBON. could not capture, and to develop his artistic talent he was given the advantage of study under the celebrated painter David His father was desirous that he should enter the navy, but seeing the bent of his inclinations, sent the boy, in 1797, to his farm at Mill Grove, near Philadelphia, where he employed himself in collecting and assorting ornithological specimens. In 1808 he was married to Lucy Bakerville, the daughter of an Englishman who had settled on an adjoin- ing farm. Before giving his consent to the mar- riage her prudent father demanded that young Audubon should learn some business that would serve to support a family. To this end Audubon went to New York, and for a time engaged in commercial pursuits, meantime making a visit to his home in France, where he added largely to his collection of birds. Upon his return, he sold the Mill Grove place, with the money bought a stock of goods suitable for the needs of the western settlers, and with his wife, and a French- man named Rosier as a partner, he journeyed to Pittsburg, and there took a flat-boat down the Ohio river to Louisville, Ky., where they estab- lished a store; Audubon, however, spending much of his time in excursions in the country. The business did not prosper and they removed to Hendersonville, and soon after to St. Genevieve, Mo. , where Audubon sold his interest in the busi- ness and returned with his wife and son Victor to Hendersonville, where his son John was born, and where he continued his search for rare birds, sketching with the aid of a telescope those not readily approached. His finances ran low and his wife and children were in actual want. In this dilemma he returned to Louisville, and engaged in making crayon portraits, which gave him a small income. Here he first met Alexander Wilson, the celebrated ornithologist, who was endeavoring to secure subscribers for his proposed book on American birds. He asked Audubon for his subscription and was shown his collections of drawings, the number, variety and truthful color- ing of which greatly impressed Wilson. Audubon next removed to Cincinnati as a better field for portrait work, and here he became curator of the museum, and was well paid for preparing, mounting and classifying the collection of birds. He left Cincinnati, Oct. 12, 1820, alone on an extended excursion down the Mississippi river to add to his collection and draw such portraits as might be ordered, earning enough sometimes to send a few dollars to his wife, but oftener being without employment or money. In December, 1821, his wife and children joined him in New Orleans, and he entered into a business venture in partnership with his brother-in-law, in which they were unsuccessful, his wife being forced to accept a position as governess, in order to obtain money for the education of her children. Later she opened a private school at Bayou Sara, La. , in which her husband assisted for a time by teach ing music and drawing. During all his failures and his vicissitudes his wife's devotion to him and her belief in his genius never flagged. She felt that he would triumph in the end, and her patience and tender sympathy were saintly. From 1822 to 1824 he continued his wanderings, collecting specimens, drawing portraits, and teaching drawing, music, French, dancing and fencing. In 1824 he made a journey along the Atlantic sea coast as far as Philadelphia, where he met Charles Lucien Bonaparte (Prince Canino), who was preparing a volume on American birds, which was soon to be published. Audubon exhib- ited his wonderful collection of drawings to the prince, who was amazed and delighted at their beauty, and urged him to have them published. With this end in view Audubon, at the suggestion of the prince, visited Europe in 1826, in order to secure assistance for the enterprise. He exhibited his drawings, and they at once obtained for him a warm reception and substantial aid, such men as Barons Cuvier and Humboldt, Sir David Brewster, Sir John Herschel, Lord Jeffrey, Sir Walter Scott and Professor Wilson (“Christopher North”), receiving him with an enthusiasm which was in marked contrast with the coldness of the treatment accorded him in his native land. To obtain subscriptions for a proposed work, priced at one thousand dollars, was no easy task, even in England, but Audubon secured one hun- dred and seventy names. Between the years 1827 and 1838, the four volumes of his “ Birds of America” were published in London; while between the years 1832 and 1839 the five volumes of his “ Ornithological Biographies, or an account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States of America, accompanied by Descriptions of the Objects represented in ‘ The Birds of America,’ ” were published in Edinburgh. “The Birds of America ” consisted of 435 handsome plates, containing some 1,300 figures of birds of life-size and color, surrounded by objects native to their environment. During the twelve years in which these works were in course of publication their author made several trips to America in quest of fresh material. In 1840 he returned to the United States and settled in a beautiful park on the bank of the Hudson river, which afterwards became part of New York city, under the name of Audubon Park. Here he spent the remaining years of his life. Accompanied by his sons, Victor Gifford and John Woodhouse, and the Rev. John Bachman of Charleston, S. C., he continued his excursions in search of specimens. His genius was now universally recognized. The leading scientific societies of Great Britain, France, and ri4ij AUER. AULICK. America elected him to membership, and he was the recipient of many other honors. Between 1840 and 1844 he was occupied in preparing and publishing a smaller and cheaper edition of his great work. With the assistance of his sons and the Rev. John Bachman he late in life undertook and partly completed a second great work, “ The Quadrupeds of America,” for which they had been collecting material for many years. The work (published in 1846-’54) consists of six vol- umes, three of which are filled with plates and three with letter-press. During the last four years of his life he was able to accomplish but little work, owing to constantly recurring sea- sons of mental alienation. His wife published his biography (1868). See also Dunlap’s ‘‘ His- tory of the Rise and Progress of the Art of Design” (1834); and C. C. Adams’ “Journal of the Life and Labors of John James Audubon.” He died, Jan. 17, 1851. AUER, John Gottlieb, second P. E. missionary bishop of Cape Pahnas, Africa, and 101st in suc- cession in the American episcopate, was born at Neubulach, Germany, Nov. 18, 1832. He was trained at the Mission school at Basle, Switzer- land, and entered upon his missionary work in 1858, as instructor at a school in Akrapong, on the West African coast. In 1862 he joined the Cape Pahnas mission of the American church, and was ordained as priest and deacon at Caralla, Africa, in 1862. He was given the degree of S. T. D. by Columbia college in 1873, and consecrated bishop of Cape Palmas in St. John's church, George- town, D. C., April 17, 1873. His zealous and efficient labors were lent to his missionary episco- pate for but a few months. He died at Caralla, Africa, Feb. 16, 1874. AUGUR, Christopher Colon, soldier, was born in New York city in 1821. He was graduated from West Point in 1843, with the brevet rank of 2d lieutenant. For two years following he was in garrison at Fort Ontario, N. Y., receiving the full commission of lieutenant in September, 1845. During the war with Mexico he rendered dis tinguished service, being engaged in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. In 1847 he was made aide-de-camp to Brig. -Gen. Cush- ing. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in Febru- ary, 1847, and until 1855 was in garrison and on recruiting service at various points. In August, 1852, he was promoted captain, and in 1855 he was engaged as a scout against the Yakima Indians at the Two Buttes, Washington territory. He received the rank of major by promotion in May, 1861, and that of brigadier- general in November of the same year. He served throughout the civil war, and was brevetted colonel for his con- duct at Cedar Mountain, where he was severely wounded. In 1863 he was in command in the action of Port Hudson Plains, and in the siege of Port Hudson, and as president of military com- mission at Washington. From Oct. 13, 1863, to Aug. 13, 1866, he was in command of the depart- ment of Washington. He was promoted lieu- tenant-colonel July 1, 1863, brevet brigadier-gen- eral March 13, 1865, brevet major-general March 13, 1865, and colonel March 15, 1866. He was mustered out of volunteer service Sept. 1, 1866, and from January, 1867, to November, 1871, he was in command of the department of the Platte. He was promoted brigadier -general March 4, 1869, and from 1872 tol875 commanded the department of Texas; from 1875 to 1878, the department of the Gulf ; and from 1878 to 1885 the departments of the South and of the Missouri. He was retired July 10, 1885. AUGUR, Hezekiah, sculptor, was born in New Haven. Conn., Feb. 21, 1791. He was a shoe- maker and enjoyed few educational opportunities. He became a wood carver and invented a wood- carving machine and a number of other ingenious devices, including a machine for weaving worsted lace. He then developed a taste for sculpture and made some wonderfully accurate copies of a head of Apollo, a bust of Washington and a statue of Sappho. His “ Jephtha and his Daughter,” said to be his best work, is in the Trumbull gallery at Yale college. The honorary degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by Yale college in 1833. He died at New Haven, Jan. 10, 1858. AUGUSTUS, Jphn, philanthropist, was born in Boston about 1785. He was a shoemaker in moderate circumstances, but he devoted a large part of his time and means to reclaiming and be- friending the criminal and outcast classes. It was his custom to visit the Boston police courts every morning, and to become bail for those charged with petty crimes, whom he thought capable of being reformed ; and such was his judgment of character that he was very seldom mistaken. This he did for many years, and the amount of good he thus accomplished was beyond computation. He used to say that “ the blessing of the friendless is the only coin that is current in the ‘upper country.’” He died poor, but greatly respected and beloved, June 21, 1859. AULICK, John H., naval officer, was born at Winchester, Va., in 1789, and joined the United States navy as midshipman in 1809. He was assigned to service on the Enterprise, and in 1812 he was present at the capture of the British privateers Mars and Fly, and the ship Boxer. He was subsequently in service on the Saranac, the Brandywine, the Constitution, and other well-known vessels, and in 1843 was ap- pointed commander of the navy yard in Wash- ington. holding the position for three years. In 1847 he was placed in command of the Vin- [H2] AUSTIN. AUSTIN. cennes, and later of the East India squadron. He was retired in 1861, and in the following year was placed on the retired list with the rank of commodore. He died April 27, 1873. AURINGER, Obadiah Cyrus, clergyman, was born at Glens Falls, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1849. He received his preparatory education in the public schools, and afterwards extended his study in science and literature. For some years he served on a United States man-of-war in the tropics of America. Leaving the sea in 1875, he engaged in agricul- tural pursuits, after- wards taking a three years’ course in the- ology under private tutors. In 1890 he was ordained a cler- gyman in the Pres- byterian church, and in 1895 became pastor of the Third church of Troy, N. Y. He contributed poems to the Century and other periodicals, and published a volume of poems, “ Scythe and Sword ” (1887). AUSTIN, Benjamin, statesman, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 18, 1752. He was a frequent contributor to the newspapers, writing principally articles opposing the administration of John Adams, which subjected him to much criticism. Under the pen names of “ Honestus ” and “ Old South ” he wrote numerous articles for the Inde- pendent Chronicle , some of which were published in book form in 1803. He was appointed commis- sioner of loans for Massachusetts by President Jefferson, and was elected at different times to both houses of the state legislature. He died in Boston, May 4, 1820. AUSTIN, Jane Goodwin, author, was born at Worcester, Mass., Feb. 25, 1831, daughter of Isaac Goodwin, lawyer, antiquary and genealo- gist. Her mother was a poet and song-writer, and a lover of traditions and anecdotes, and many of the stories embodied in Mrs. Austin’s later works were first heard at her mother’s knee. Both of her parents were descended from May- flower pilgrims. Possibly no other writer has done as much as she to keep fresh in the minds of succeeding generations the customs and tradi- tions of the Pilgrim Fathers. How thoroughly she understood the Puritan character is shown in her four latest works: “The Nameless Noble- man ” (1881, 1889); “ Standish of Standish ” (1889) ; “ Dr. Le Baron and His Daughters ” (1890), and “ Betty Alden ” (1891), which cover the period from the landing of the pilgrims in 1620 to the revolution in 1775. At the time of her death she was working on a fifth volume, which was to complete the series. The “ Name- less Nobleman ” in the book bearing that title was Francois Le Baron, the great-grandfather of her mother. Other books of her composition are : “Fairy Dreams” (1859); “Dora Darling” (1865); “Outpost: a Novel” (1866); “Tailor Boy” (1867); “Cypher” (1869); “The Shadow of Moloch Mountain” (1870); “Moon Folk: a True Account of the Home of the Fairy Tales ” (1874) ; “ Mrs. Beauchamp Brown ” (1880) ; “ Nantucket Scraps ” (1882), and “ The Desmond Hundred,” Round Robin Series (1882). In addi- tion to these works she wrote a great number of stories and some poems for the leading magazines and newspapers. She died in Boston, Mass., March 30, 1894. AUSTIN, Jonathan Loring, statesman, was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 2, 1748. He was grad- uated from Harvard college in 1766, going then to Portsmouth, N. H., where he entered upon a mercantile career. He was appointed major in Colonel Langdon’s regiment at its organization, served on General Sullivan’s staff, and until October, 1777, was attached to the Massachusetts board of war as its secretary. He was sent to France with despatches for the American com- missioners, remained with Dr. Franklin as his private secretary, and was sent by him to> England as his agent. Upon his return he carried despatches ^rom the commissioners to Congress, arriving in Philadelphia in May, 1779. The following year he returned to Europe to obtain a loan for the state of Massachusetts. He was captured on his vessel, and upon his arrival in England was released. Failing to negotiate the loan, he returned to America in 1781. He was selected as the orator at the Boston Fourth of July celebration in 1786. He afterwards was elected to the Massachusetts senate, serving a number of terms. He also held the offices of state treasurer and secretary of state. He died in Boston, May 10. 1826. AUSTIN, Samuel, educator, was born in New Haven, Conn., Oct. 7, 1760. He was graduated at Yale college in 1783, and, entering the Congrega- tional ministry, officiated as pastor of the churches at Fair Haven, Conn., and Worcester, Mass. In 1815 he was chosen president of the University of Vermont. He resigned this position in 1821, and from that time until 1825 had charge of a small congregation at Newport, R. I. Yale and the College of New Jersey made him A. M. in 1783 and 1785, respectively, and Williams gave him the degree of D. I). in 1807. His published writings include, beside occasional sermons and addresses, “ A View of the Church,” “Contro- versial Letters on Baptism ” (2 series, 1805- '06)* AUSTIN. AVERY. and a “ Dissertation on Christian Theology ” (1826). He also collected and edited the “Works of Jonathan Edwards” (8 vols., 1809). He died at Glastonbury, Conn., Dec. 4, 1830. AUSTIN, Stephen F. , pioneer and “ father of Texas,” was born in Virginia, Nov. 3, 1793; son of Moses Austin. He was graduated with distinc- tion at Transylvania university, Ky. ; was elected to the territorial legislature of Missouri in 1813, and annually re-elected until 1819, when he removed to Arkansas, where he was appointed circuit judge. His father had received from Mexico a large grant of land near the boundary of Texas, for colonization purposes, conditional on his locating three hundred families. At his death, in 1820, Stephen, in pursuance of his father’s request, proceeded immediately to colonize the tract. After many delays and much difficulty, he finally had the grant confirmed and planted on the present site of Austin a colony of some two hundred families. He was consti- tuted governor by Mexico, and, as such, pos- sessed dictatorial power; but he governed with justice and clemency. In 1833 the American settlers became discontented, and Austin was appointed by the colony as a commissioner to carry a petition for a separate government for Texas. The Mexican government, however, fail- ing to consider the petition, Austin wrote to his people in October to form themselves into a sepa- rate colony, without awaiting Mexico’s consent. This letter being intercepted, Austin was thrown into prison for many months. President Santa Anna, in May, 1834, called a council to hear the petition. Austin appeared before it, and by his eloquence won a promise of the repeal of the decree forbidding citizens of the United States from immigrating into Texas. The council also promised to establish a postal system and to sta- tion four thousand soldiers at Bexar to protect the frontier ; but declined the prayer for separa- tion. Austin was detained as a prisoner, but at the end of two years was allowed to return to his colony. At their first consultation, in 1835, Aus- tin advised that any attempt by the Mexican government to disarm the colonists should be met by armed resistance. To this the colonists gladly acceded. Austin endeavored to effect a reconcili- ation, but all terms were haughtily rejected by the Mexicans ; he determined to make no further overtures for peace, hostilities followed, the revo- lutionists were victorious at Gonzales, Conception and San Antonio, and Austin was made com- mander-in-chief of the army by acclamation, and forthwith sent to Gen. Sam Houston for aid in carrying on the revolution. Austin was sent as commissioner to Washington in November, 1835, to appeal to the United States government for aid, and made a favorable impression at the national capital. In 1836 the independence of Texas was declared, Sam Houston was elected first president of the republic, and he appointed Austin secretary of state. He died Dec. 27, 1836. AVERELL, William Woods, soldier, was born in Cameron, Steuben county, N. Y., Nov. 5, 1832. He was a grandson of Capt. Ebenezer Averell of the revolutionary army. Was graduated from West Point in 1855, was promoted 1st lieutenant in the 3d cavalry mounted rifles, May 14, 1861. after active service on the Indian frontier, where in a night attack by the Navajo Indians in 1859 he was severely wounded. His first service in the civil war was at the first battle of Bull Run and in the defence of Washington. In August, 1861, he was promoted colonel of the 3d Pa. volunteer cavalry attached to the army of the Potomac. For his gallant service in several engagements he was brevetted major, March 17, 1863, and at this time made his name famous in a series of cavalry raids in West Virginia, and was brevetted lieu- tenant-colonel after the battle of Kelly’s Ford; colonel. Dec. 15, 1863; brigadier-general, March 13, 1865; and for meritorious conduct in the battle of Moorefield, Va., he was brevetted major- general. He was made captain in the regular army July 17, 1862, and resigned from the service May 18, 1865. He served as consul-general to the British provinces during 1868-"69,and on his return to the United States became president of the Asphalt Pavement Company, New York. He made several discoveries and inventions, includ- ing a method of converting ore into cast-steel at a single operation, an improved asphalt pavement, a machine for placing underground electric con- ductors, and insulating conduits for electric wires, and later was appointed inspector-general of the soldiers' homes of the United States. AVER1LL, John T., representative, was born at Aina, Maine, March 1, 1825. He completed his studies at the Maine Wesleyan university, and soon afterwards engaged in a manufacturing enterprise in Minnesota. He became prominent in politics, and in 1858 was elected to the state senate, serving two years. In 1862 he entered the Union army as lieutenant-colonel of the 6th Minnesota regiment, and was mustered out in 1865 as brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1870 he was elected a representative to the 42d Con- gress, and was re-elected to the 43d, serving as chairman of the committee on Indian affairs. He died in St. Paul, Minn., Oct. 4, 1889. AVERY, Elroy McKendree, author, was born at Erie, Monroe county, Mich., July 14, 1844; son of Casper Hugh and Dorothy (Putnam) Avery. He is descended from Christopher Avery, who immigrated to Massachusetts with John Win- tlirop in 1630 : from Stephen Hopkins, the May- flower pilgrim, and from Gov. Thomas Dudley AVERY. AVERY. of Massachusetts Bay. His early years were passed in comparative poverty. He attended the public schools of Monroe, and when sixteen years of age he taught a winter school in an adjoining town. While thus engaged the civil war broke out, and he gave up the ferule for the musket. He volunteered in the 4th Michigan infantry as a private, and, later, in the 11th Michigan cavalry, serving throughout the war and attain- ing the grade of ser- geant-major. While at the front he wrote letters to the Detroit Tr ib u n e, which attracted much attention and were widely quoted. Returning home, he spent two years in preparing for col lege, meanwhile earning his o w n support, and in Sep- tember, 1867, en- tered Michigan uni- versity. He paid his way at college for two years by acting as correspondent for the Detroit Tribune and as city editor of the Ann Arbor Courier, meanwhile taking high rank in the college reci- tation room. In the fall of 1869 he accepted the position of principal of the high school at Battle Creek, Mich., but this he soon resigned, a friendly loan enabling him to re-enter the university. He was graduated in 1871, and soon afterwards received the appointment of superintendent of the public schools of East Cleveland, Ohio. After the annexation of East Cleveland to Cleveland he served several years as principal of the East high school, and in 1878 became principal of the City normal school, then the apex of Cleveland’s pub- lic school system. In 1880 he entered the scien- tific lecture field with an object lesson on the then new electric light. After two years in this field he began the organization of Brush electric light and power companies— a work for which lecturing had given him peculiar qualifications. He was a life member of the American economic association ; life member and trustee of the Ohio state archaeological and historical society, and of the Western Reserve historical society ; mem- ber of the American historical association ; fellow of the American association for the advancement of science ; and second president of the Ohio Con- ference of charities and correction. In the fall of 1893 he was elected to the Ohio senate, and in 1895 was re-elected. He received the degrees Ph.D., from Hillsdale college ; Ph.B. and Pli.M., from the University of Michigan in 1875, and LL.D. in 1895. In 1876 he published Avery's “ Ele- ments of Physics,” which was immediately adopted for use in the high schools of Cleveland; in 1878, ‘‘Elements of Natural Philosophy,” introduced into hundreds of high schools in the United States and Canada; “ Elements of Chem- istry,” “The Complete Chemistry,” “First Principles of Natural Philosophy,” “Modern Electricity and Magnetism,” “Teacher’s Hand- book,” “Physical Technics,” “Words Correctly Spoken” (1886); “School Physics” 1895; and “Elementary Physics” (1897). After 1884 the greater part of his time and energy were given to the preparation of a “Popular History of the United States.” AVERY, George Whitefield, physician, was born in Hartford, Conn., Sept. 27, 1836. In 1861 he obtained his M.D. degree from the Yale medi- cal school, and entered the army as assistant surgeon of the 9th Connecticut volunteers. His first important service was at the St. James hospital at New Orleans, La., where he was chief surgeon appointed by General Butler. Subse- quently he held a like position in the Marine hospital, and in 1864 became surgeon of the New Orleans volunteers. He remained with this regiment two years, and after the war continued to reside in New Orleans for five years, rendering great service to the city during the yellow fever and cholera epidemics, and effecting several much-needed sanitary reforms. He returned to his native city in 1871, and aside from his private practice was for many years a physician at the American asylum for the deaf and dumb. He died in Hartford, Conn., Feb. 23, 1893. AVERY, Isaac Wheeler, lawyer, was born at St. Augustine, Fla., May 2, 1837; son of Isaac Wheeler and Mary (King) Avery. After a care- ful preliminary education under the tutelage of the Georgian historian, the Rev. George White, he entered the Oglethorpe university, Georgia, whence he was graduated in 1854. He then taught school, and in 1856 became legislative correspondent of two of the leading Democratic dailies of the state. He then studied law, and in 1860 gained admission to the Savannah bar. He aided in the capture of Fort Pulaski in January, 1861, and then enlisting in the 8th Georgia infantry as a private, he served throughout the war. He was promoted through the several ranks to that of brigadier-general of cavalry. In 1862 he was captured by Sheridan, but was soon specially exchanged at Corinth. He received a severe wound at the battle of New Hope church, which prevented his return to the army up to the close of the war. In 1864 Colonel Avery resumed the practice of law at Dalton, Ga In 1868 he married Emma Bivings, and in 1869 removed to [ 145 ] AVERY. AXTELL. Atlanta and became editor-in-chief of the Con- stitution. In 1872 he was elected by the Demo- crats a delegate-at-large to the presidential convention, and was also a member of the state Democratic executive committee, and its secre- tary and manager the same year. From 1877 to 1883 he was secretary of the Georgia execu- tive department, and from 1885 to 1889 was chief of the public debt division. U. S. treas- ury. In 1892 he began his work of estab- lishing direct lines for commerce between the southern ports of North America and foreign countries. This resulted in lines between Brunswick, Ga., and Liverpool; between Charleston, S. C., and Savannah, Ga., and the Mediterranean ports and Liverpool ; between Savannah and South America; lines from New Orleans, La. ; Newport News, Va. ; Norfolk. Va. ; Port Royal, S. C. ; Mobile, Ala. ; Galveston, Texas ; Port Arthur, Texas ; and Pensacola, Fla. ; to Cuba, Liverpool, and the Mediterranean ports, and the increase of foreign trade through the south of hundreds of millions of dollars. As a journalist General Avery displayed his ability in the able management of the Atlanta Constitution and in other journalistic enterprises. In 1893, as com- missioner-at-large for the Cotton States and International exposition held at Atlanta, Ga., in 1895, he visited the United States and South America and Mexico, and gained from each of the respective republics such favor as resulted in the appointment of commissioners to the exposition and the exhibits of foreign industries and resources, which were features of the fair. He published, “ Digest of the Georgia Supreme Court Reports ”(1866), and “ A History of Geor- gia ” (1881). AVERY, Samuel P., art connoisseur, was born in New York city, March 17, 1822; son of S. P. and Hannah Ann Avery. After receiving a public-school education he entered the service of a bank-note company to learn the art of engrav- ing. Subsequently he took up wood-engraving, and was engaged for many years in making illustrations for leading periodicals, and in com- piling books which lie illustrated and published. He was an enthusiastic advocate of the develop ment of an American school of art, and in 1867 was appointed commissioner in charge of the American fine arts department at the Paris exhi- bition. In 1868 he established himself in New York as an art dealer, and became prominently identified with the art interests of the country. He made frequent visits to Europe, and was the means of introducing the works of many renowned foreign artists into American galleries. He was largely instrumental in establishing the Metropolitan museum of art, was a trustee of that institution from its foundation in 1870, chairman of its art committee, and a contributor of many valuable additions to its collections. He was a member of the Union League, Century and other clubs, president of the Grolier club, and a life member of the historical, geographical, archaeological, and kindred societies of New York. He founded the Avery architectural library at Columbia college, in memory of his son, Henry Ogden Avery, who was a promising architect, and who died April 30, 1890. He served for many years as a trustee of the Astor library, the Tilden Foundation and the New York public library. He is the author of “ Progress of the Fine Arts in New York during Fifty Years,” in Lossing’s ‘‘ History of New York City.” Columbia college conferred upon him the degree of M. A. in 1896, ‘ ‘ for services to art and the art interests of this country.” AVERY, Waitstill, revolutionary patriot, was born at Groton, Conn., May 3, 1745. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1770, removed to Mecklenburg county, N. C., was admitted to the bar, and took an active part in the political agita- tion that followed the battle of the Alamance. In 1775 he was a member of the celebrated Meck- lenburg convention, signed the “Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence,” and was a mem- ber of the Hillsborough congress. In 1776 he was elected to the state congress, and in 1777 was appointed the first attorney- general of the state. In the following year he was given com- mand of a regiment of state troops, and served with credit in that capacity till the close of the war. He died in Burke county, N. C., in 1821. AXTELL, Samuel Beach, governor of Utah, was born in Franklin county, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1809. His father was born in New Jersey, but removed to Ohio, and was one of the earliest settlers in Franklin county. He was a farmer and had twelve children. His grandfather (Axtell)wasa colonel of a New Jersey regiment in the war of 1812, and his great-grandfather (Axtell) was a major in the revolutionary army. The family trace their lineage to Daniel Axtell, the regi- cide, who was beheaded under Charles II. of England. Samuel studied at Oberlin, supporting himself by manual labor. He was graduated at the Western Reserve college, and admitted to the bar in Ohio. In the gold excitement of 1848 he sought his fortune in California, and engaged in practical mining. As soon as counties were organized he was elected district -attorney of Amador county, and was twice re-elected. He removed to San Francisco in 1860, and was elected to represent his district in the 40th Con- gress in 1866 as a Democrat, and re-elected to the 41st Congress. He was an admirer of General Grant, united with the Republican party, and in 1874 was appointed governor of Utah, and fU6j AYER. AYRES. in the next year was transferred to New Mexico, becoming governor in 1875. In 1876 lie was one of the judges at the centennial exposition at Philadelphia. He was governor of New Mexico in troublous times, during the “ Lincoln county war,” and the reign of violence in Colfax county; and as he earnestly espoused the side which he considered right in these controversies, he was vigorously opposed by the other side. He vetoed the bill to incorporate the Jesuit Fathers of New Mexico on the ground of its illegality, as well as impropriety ; and while it passed over his veto, it was subsequently annulled by Congress. In the fall of 1878 he was superseded as governor by Gen. Lew Wallace, and in 1882 he was appointed chief justice of New Mexico, assuming the office in August of that year. On the bench he was always solicitous to secure substantial justice, and he had little patience with precedents that interfered with equity. He insisted on dignity in his court, and fearlessly imprisoned the lawyers and others who resisted its decree in a celebrated mining case. He resigned in May, 1885. In 1890 he was elected chairman of the Republican territorial committee, and actively conducted the campaign. He died at Morris- town, N. J., Aug. 7, 1891. AYER, Frederick, manufacturer, was born at Ledyard, Conn., Dec. 8, 1822; brother of James Cook Ayer. At an early age he became clerk in the store of Tomlinson & Co., of which firm he was in 1842 made partner. After three years he en- tered into copartnership with Dennis McCarthy, and in 1855 removed to Lowell. Mass., where he entered the firm of which his brother, James Cook Ayer, was the head. At the incorporation of the firm in 1877, as the J. C. Ayer company, he was made treasurer, which office he resigned in 1893. In 1871, when the Tremont mills and the Suffolk manufacturing company were in a state of bankruptcy, a controlling interest was pur- chased by James C. and Frederick Ayer, who com- bined the two under the name of the Tremont and Suffolk mills. The company soon attained unquestioned prosperity. Mr. Ayer became president of the Lowell and Andover railroad, and director of the Keweenaw association. In 1885 he purchased the Washington mills, Law- rence, Mass., afterwards incorporated as the Washington mills company, and succeeded his brother, in 1878, as president of the J. C. Ayer company. AYER, James Cook, chemist, was born at Groton, Conn. , May 5, 1818. He attended the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and was graduated from the medical department with the degree of M.D. He opened a laboratory at Lowell, Mass. , where he compounded various special remedies which found a ready sale, and he met with such success that he became immensely wealthy, accumulating over fifteen million dollars. His almanac, one of his many means of advertising, was distributed in enormous numbers throughout Europe and America. He advertised extensively and kept his remedies constantly before the public. He was afflicted with brain trouble late in life, which developed into insanity, and caused his death, July 3, 1878. AYRES, Daniel, physician, was born at Jamaica, N. Y., in 1824; son of Daniel Ayres. He attended Wesleyan university and after three years’ study entered Princeton, where lie was graduated with the degree of A.B., in 1842, and in 1845 began the practice of medicine in Brook- lyn, New York, in which he was eminently suc- cessful. In 1856 the Wesleyan university accorded him the degree of LL.D. In 1857 he was appointed professor of surgery in the Long Island medical college, and in 1875 professor emeritus in the same institution. His interest in scientific study led him, in 1890, to donate twenty-five thousand dollars to Wesleyan uni- versity for the establishment of a chair of biology, and later he made the munificent gift of $250,000 to the same institution, with no restrictions except that the money should be devoted to the promotion of scientific study in the university ; he also gave ten thousand dollars towards the endowment of the Hoagland laboratory in Brook- lyn. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 19, 1892. AYRES, Romeyn Beck, soldier, was born at East Creek, Montgomery county, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1825. He was graduated from West Point in 1847, and served in the Mexican war in the 3d artillery at Fort Preble. In May, 1861, he was promoted captain, and participated in the early engagements about Washington. He served as chief of artillery in W. F. Smith’s division in the 6th army corps in the campaign before Richmond, and in the Maryland campaign, terminating with the battle of Antietam, when he was placed on sick leave. He re-joined the army before Fred- ericksburg, and was at Chancellorsville. He was made brigadier -general of volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862, and at Gettysburg he commanded a division of the 5th corps, and afterwards was ordered to New York to help suppress the draft riots in July, 1863. He then served under Grant in the battle of the Wilderness and in the final struggle that ended with the surrender of Lee. His promo- tions in the volunteer army were: major for Gettysburg, lieutenant-colonel for the Wilder- ness, colonel for Petersburg, brigadier-general for Five Forks, and major-general for gallant ser- vices during the war. He was promoted lieuten- ant-colonel in 1865, and in July, 1879, colonel in the regular army. He died at Fort Hamilton, N. Y., Dec. 4, 1888. U BABBITT. BABCOCK. B. BABBITT, Isaac, inventor, was born at Taun- ton, Mass., July 26, 1799. His early occupation was that of a goldsmith. He investigated and experimented with alloys until he produced britannia-ware, in 1824, the first manufactured in America. In 1834 he engaged with the Alger iron works, Boston, and while there perfected his most important invention, “Bab- bitt ” metal, an alloy of four parts copper, eight of antimony, and twenty-four of Banca tin, used for reducing the friction of axles in heavy machinery. He was awarded for the invention a gold medal by the Massachusetts mechanics’ association, and the sum of twenty thousand dollars by Congress. He patented the formula in England in 1844, and in Russia in 1847. He subsequently made a fortune as a manufacturer of soap. He died in Somerville, Mass., May 26, 1862. BABBITT, Lawrence Sprague, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 18, 1839, son of Edwin B. Babbitt, and grandson of Lawrence Sprague. He was graduated from the military academy at West Point in June, 1861, with the rank of 2d lieutenant of artillery, and was with his class ordered immediately to Washington, D. C., to assist in drilling volunteers. He partici- pated in the action at Blackburn’s Ford, July 18, 1861, and in the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, for his conduct in the latter being brevetted 1st lieutenant. He was promoted to the full rank, March 3, 1863, in March, 1865, was brevetted captain, and in November was assigned to the command of the Vancouver arsenal in Washing- ton territory. He was promoted captain Dec. 22, 1866, and in April, 1871, was made commanding officer in the St. Louis arsenal. He acted as chief ordnance officer, department of the Colum- bia, in the spring of 1877, and participated in the Indian campaigns of 1877 and 1878. He was pro- moted major May 10, 1878, and commanded Fort Monroe, Va., arsenal from 1880 to 1888. From 1888 to 1891 he commanded the San Antonio, Texas, arsenal, being promoted lieutenant -colonel Sept. 15, 1890, and in 1891 he was transferred to the Benicia arsenal in California. BABCOCK, Charles, educator, was born at Ballston, N. Y., in 1829. He was graduated from Union college in 1847, and studied and practised architecture. From 1858 to 1862 he taught in St. Stephen’s college, Annandale, N. Y., and later was ordained to the Episcopal ministry. From 1862 to 1871 he served as a missionary in Orange county, N. Y., and was then appointed professor of architecture at Cornell university, and organized the department, providing for it a thorough course of study. His practical knowl- edge of architecture was turned to account in several of the buildings on the Cornell campus, notably Sage hall for women, and Sage chapel, which were endowed and presented to the uni- versity by Henry W. Sage. In 1896 he was ap- pointed director of the college of architecture in Cornell university, upon the reorganization of the old architectural department into the new college of architecture. BABCOCK, James Francis, chemist, was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 23, 1844. He received his education at the Boston high school and the Law- rence scientific school, at which last he was gradu- ated in 1862. In 1863 he opened a chemical laboratory in Boston, and acquired such distinc- tion in his profession as to be frequently called as an expert in patent litigation, and by the state on important criminal cases. In 1870 he was appointed professor of chemistry in Massachu- setts college of pharmacy, and after serving in that position five years, received, in 1875, a like appointment in the Boston university, which he filled until 1880. He was state assayer of Massa- chusetts from 1875 to 1885. He made numerous contributions to the literature of food adultera- tion, and is the author of the article on “ Blood Sfains ” in Hamilton’s “ Legal Medicine.” He was a popular lecturer on scientific subjects, and the inventor of the “ Babcock chemical fire extinguisher. ” BABCOCK, Joseph Weeks, representative, was born at Swanton, Vt. , March 6, 1850 ; grandson of Joseph Weeks, who was a representative in the 24th and 25th congresses. He removed to Iowa with his parents in 1856, where he received a common-school education at Mt. Vernon and Cedar Falls. In 1881 he settled at Necedali. Wis., and began business as a lumberman, and in 1896 he was manager of one of the largest lumber companies that have made the Northwestern pine regions famous. After filling several local offices he was elected to the Wisconsin assembly in 1883, served as chairman of the committee on incorporations, and was re-elected in 1890, and in this capacity was instrumental in passing a number of laws which proved beneficial to the state. He was elected a representative to the 53d Congress in November, 1892, and in March, 1894. was appointed chairman of the national Republi- can congressional committee. He was re-elected to the 54th and 55th congresses. In 1896 His speeches on “History of Money and Financial Legislation in the United States,” and “Three Evenings with Silver and Money ” were published in pamphlet form. [ 148 ] BABCOCK. BACHE. BABCOCK, Orville E., soldier, was born at Franklin, Vt., Dec. 25, 1835. He entered the military academy at West Point in 1856, and was graduated in 1861 as 2d lieutenant in the corps of engineers. He served during the civil war, first in drilling volunteers, then as assistant engineer in the construction of the defences at Washington, D. C., and from June to August, 1861, acted as aide-de-camp to Major-General Banks on the upper Potomac and Shenandoah Valley. In November, 1861, he was promoted lieutenant, and from Feb. 24 to March 4, 1862, he was at Harper's Ferry, constructing and guard- ing the pontoon bridge across the Potomac for General Banks’s movement to Winchester. He served in the Virginia peninsular campaign, being engaged in the siege of Yorktown, and for his ser- vices during that siege he was brevetted captain. On June 1, 1863, he was promoted to the full rank, and in November was brevetted major for his gallantry at the siege of Knoxville, Tenn. From May to December, 1864, he was aide-de- camp to General Grant in the Richmond cam- paign, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted colonel and brigadier-general for his services during the war. From April 9, 1866, to March 4, 1869, he served at the headquarters of the general commanding the armies of the United States, and until 1877 was under the orders of the President at the executive mansion, being superintending engineer of public buildings and grounds, and certain public works in the District of Columbia, and also of the Washington aqueduct, the chain bridge over the Potomac river, of the Anacosta bridge, of the construction of the east wing of the building for the state, war and navy departments, and of the 5th lighthouse district. From March 3, 1873, to March 3, 1877, he was colonel, ex-officio, by act of Congress. He was drowned at Mosquito Inlet, Fla., June 2, 1884. BABCOCK, Rufus, clergyman, was born at Colebrook, Conn., Sept. 18, 1798; son of Rufus Babcock, who had been a soldier in the revolu- tionary war, and was pastor of the Baptist church at Colebrook from 1794 to 1842, and who married a daughter of Capt. Timothy Moore, under whom he had served as a soldier. After his graduation from Brown university, in 1821, he became a tutor at the Columbian college, Washington, D. C., remaining there for two years, pursuing at the same time his theological studies. He then entered the Baptist ministry in 1823, holding pastorates at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1823-’26; Salem, Mass., 1826-'33, retiring in 1837 to become pastor of Spruce street church, Philadelphia, Pa. ; thence to New Bedford, Mass. ; Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ; and Paterson, N. J. From 1833 to 1836 he was presi- dent of Waterville college. He was correspond- ing secretary of the American and foreign bible society, president of the American Baptist publi- cation society, and from 1828 to 1875 a trustee of Brown university. His publications include : “ Claims of Education Societies” (1829) ; “ Review of Beckwith on Baptism” (1829); “Making Light of Christ ” (1830) ; “Memoirs of Andrew Fuller” (1830); “Sketches of George Leonard, Abraham Booth and Isaac Backus ” (1832) ; “ History of Waterville College ” (1836) ; “ Tales of Truth for the Young” (1837); “Personal Recollections of J. M. Peck ” (1858) ; and “Emigrant’s Mother” (1859). He was also editor of the Baptist Memorial. He received the degree of D.D. from Bowdoin college, 1834. He died at Salem, Mass., May 4, 1875. BACHE, Alexander Dallas, physicist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa. , July 19, 1806; son of Richard and Sarah (Franklin) Baclie and great-grandson of Benjamin and Deborah (Read) Franklin. He received his education in Philadelphia, was ap- pointed to the U. S. military academy, and on his graduation in 1825, though the youngest pupil, was at the head of his class. He was appointed assistant instructor in engineering at the mili- tary academy, and at the end of a year was assigned to engineer duty in the construction of Fort Adams, Newport, R. I. In 1828 he accepted the chair of natural philosophy and chemistry at University of Pennsylvania, which position he retained for thirteen years. He was a member of the Franklin institute, having joined the society in 1828. He contributed to its journal and served on important committees. From 1831 to 1839 he was a member of the board of managers, and from that time until 1843 acted as corresponding secre- tary. In 1836 he became the first president of Girard college. The college building had not been finished, and Mr. Baclie was sent to Europe to investigate the best educational methods of the old world. On his return, two years later, he published a large volume reporting the results of his study. “This report,” says Joseph Henry, “ has done more, perhaps, to improve the theory and art of education in this country than any other work ever published.” The college was still, however, in a state of incompletion, and in order to use his time to advantage, Professor Bache undertook to reorganize the Philadelphia high school. This was accomplished in a year, and he then became principal of the high school and superintendent of the public schools of Phila- delphia, In 1842 he returned to his former chair at the University of Pennsylvania, but the fol- lowing year left it to succeed Mr. Hassler, super- intendent of the United States coast survey. This survey, though begun in 1807, had accom- plished very little, extending only from New York harbor to Point Judith, and south to Cape Henlopen. Professor Bache, with the intuitive 1149 ] BACHE. BACHE. talent for organization which won him his title of “chief,” set various expeditions at work, under efficient leadership, eacli to survey a section of the coast, thus having the whole work accom- plished simultaneously. In a memoir of Professor Baclie, published by the National academy of sci- ences, his biographer says: “ He commenced the exploration of the Gulf Stream, and at tire same time projected a series of observations on the tides, on the magnetism of the earth, and the direction of the winds at different seasons of the year. He also instituted a succession of researches in regard to the bottom of the ocean within soundings, and the forms of animal life which are found there, thus offering new and unexpected indications to the navigator. He pressed into service, for the determination of the .longitude, the electric telegraph ; for the ready reproduction of charts, photography ; and for multiplying copper-plate engravings, the new art of electro- typing. Of his work in the coast survey he pub- lished reports which are included in twenty large volumes and are of great value.” But while devoting so much of his time and attention to this important work, Professor Bache also held many prominent and responsible offices. He was superintendent of weights and measures, a com- missioner on the lighthouse board, a regent of the Smithsonian institution, vice-president of the United States sanitary commission, president of the American philosophical society, and of the American association for the advancement of science. In 1863 the National academy of sciences was organized by Congress, and Professor Bache, as the acknowledged leader of science in this country, was elected its first president. In 1864 his health began to give way under the tremen- dous mental strain to which it had been subjected. He published, “ Observations at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory of Girard College ” (3 vols., 1840-’45). His death occurred in New- port, R. I., Feb. 17, 1867. BACHE, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 12, 1769; son of Richard and Sarah (Franklin) Baclie, and grand- son of Benjamin Franklin. When a boy he went abroad with his grandfather, where he attended school and also learned the trade of printing Returning to the United States lie entered the University of Pennsylvania, and was graduated in 1787 with the degree of A. M. He established the General Advertiser, and subsequently changed its name to the Aurora and General Advertiser. This journal became very prominent, and during the administrations of Washington and Adams it used all its influence against the policy of their administrations. On Sept. 10, 1798. Mr. Bache was married to Margaret Hartman Markoe. He published a volume entitled ‘ ‘ Remarks Occa- f 150J sioned by the Late Conduct of Mr. Washington as President of the United States ” (1796). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 10, 1798. BACHE, Benjamin Franklin, surgeon, was born at Monticello, Va., Feb. 7, 1801; son of Wil- liam and Catharine (Wistar) Bache, grandson of Richard and Sarah (Franklin) Bache, and great- grandson of Benjamin Franklin. He was edu- cated at Princeton, was graduated in 1819, and took his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1823. He entered the navy as surgeon in 1824, and served in Pensacola navy yard and with the Mediterranean and Brazil squadrons. He held the chair of chemistry in Kenyon college in 1838- 41, and was for some years director of the New York naval hospital. He was retired in 1871 with the rank of commo- dore, and died in New York city. Nov. 2, 1881. BACHE, Franklin, physician, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 25, 1792; son of Benjamin Franklin and Margaret H. (Markoe) Bache, grandson of Richard and Sarah (Franklin) Bache, and great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin. He was graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1810, taking hisM. D. degree in 1814. In 1824 he was appointed practising physician at the Walnut street prison, and two years later accepted the chair of chemistry at the Franklin institute, holding the former position until 1836, and the latter until 1832. From 1829 to 1839 he was physi- cian to the Eastern penitentiary in Philadelphia. Dr. Bache was elected a member of the Philadel- phia medical society in 1852, of the American philosophical society in 1819, and its president from 1853 to 1855, and was a fellow of the college of physicians and surgeons, U. S. A., 1814-T6. In 1841 he was made professor of chemistry at Jefferson college, continuing in this position during the rest of his life. His “ Pharmacopoeia . ' ’ arranged in conjunction with Dr. George Bacon Wood, developed, in 1833, into “ The Dispensatory of the United States of America,” which reached its sixteenth edition in 1890. He was one of the editors of the North American Medical and Surgical Journal from 1823 to 1832, and was the author of “ A Supplement to Henry's Chemistry " (1823); “Letters on Separate Confinement of Prisoners ” (1829-'30) ; “ Introductory Lectures on Chemistry” (1841— *52) ; and a “System of Chemistry for the Use of Medical Students.” He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 19, 1864. BACHE, Hartman, civil engineer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa,, in 1797; son of Benjamin Franklin and Margaret H. (Markoe) Bache. He was graduated from the military academy at West Point in 1818, and was promoted in the army to brevet captain of staff, serving on the surveys in Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. On -July 24, 1828, he was brevetted major for BACHE. BACHMAN. faithful service ten years in one grade, and on Aug. 1, 1832, was brevetted major of staff. He was promoted to the full rank of major on the corps .of topographical engineers in July, 1838, being engaged on the Florida reef defences; in the construction of the Brandywine screw-pile lighthouse and ice harbor, Delaware ; as a member of the board of topographical engineers for lake harbors and western rivers ; as lighthouse engineer for Delaware and Chesapeake bays ; as lighthouse engineer for the Pacific coast, and as inspector in charge of military roads on the Pacific coast. On Aug. 6, 1861, he was promoted lieutenant- colonel, and on March 3, 1863, was made colonel, serving as superintending engineer of Forts Mifflin and Delaware. He was brevetted brigadier-gen- eral on March 13, 1865, and was retired from active service, March 7, 1867. He died in Phila- delphia, Pa., Oct. 8, 1872. BACHE, Richard, merchant, was born in Eng- land, Sept. 12, 1737. He came to America shortly after his brother Theophylact, and settled in Philadelphia, where, on October 29, 1767, he was married to Sarah, only daughter of Benjamin Franklin. He was very successful in business, and through Franklin’s influence attained promi- nence in political affairs, being secretary, comp- troller and register-general, and from 1776 to 1782 colonial postmaster-general. He was also president of the Republican society of Philadel- phia, and a prominent protestant against the injustice of the stamp act. He died in Berks county, Pa., July 29, 1811. BACHE, Sarah (Franklin), was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., Sept. 22, 1744; daughter of Benjamin and Deborah (Read) Franklin. She was married Oct. 29, 1767, to Richard Baclie, and was dis- tinguished for her benevolence, especially during the revolutionary war. Funds were contributed by men of wealth and patriotism, with which material was purchased to clothe the suffering soldiers. Mrs. Baclie organized a party of more than two thousand women and girls to sew the garments, and she also spent much time in hos- pital work. She was a woman of a beautiful nature, and the Marquis de Chastelleaux said of her: “ If there are ladies in Europe who need a model of attachment to domestic duties and love to their country, Mrs. Bache may be pointed out to them as such. Simple in her manners, she possesses all the benevolence of her father.” She died Oct. 5, 1808. BACHMAN, John, naturalist, was born in Dutchess county, N. Y. , Feb. 4, 1790. At the age of twenty-three he was licensed by the Lutheran synod of New York, having been previously elected pastor of three congregations in his own neighborhood in Dutchess county. In 1815 he went to South Carolina for his health, and for about fifty years preached at the Lutheran church at Charleston. There he became associated with Audubon, and aided him in writing his books on ornithology. The three- volume work on quadru- peds was written almost wholly by him and illustrated by Audubon and liis sons. His two eldest daughters married Audubon’s sons. In 1835 Mr. Bachman received the degree of D. D., and in 1838 the University of Berlin conferred upon him the degree of Ph.D., and the South Carolina college at Columbia that of LL.D. Among his published works are: “Account of Experiments Made on the Habits of the Vultures Inhabiting Carolina” (1834); “Two Letters on Hybridity ” (1850) ; “ Defence of Luther and the Reformation ” (1853) ; “ Characteristics of Genera and Species, as Applicable to the Doctrine of the Unity of the Human Race” (1854); “ Notice of the Types of Mankind by Nott and Gliddon ” (1854); “Catalogue of Phsenogamous Plants and Ferns Growing in the Vicinity of Charleston. South Carolina;” “Examination of Professor Agassiz’s Sketch of the Natural Pro- vince of the Animal World,” and in conjunction with J. J. Audubon, “The Viviparous Quad- rupeds of North America ” (3 vols., 1846-'53). He died in Charleston, S. C., Feb. 25, 1874. BACHMAN, Max, sculptor, was born in Bruns- wick, Germany, Feb. 27, 1862; son of John Her- mann Bachman, author of various scientific and industrial works. Max was educated primarily at the industrial school, Berlin, and afterwards entered the Royal academy in the same city where he studied under Professor Wolff. Like most youths of versatile talent, his inclinations were at first indeterminate ; music, painting, com- posing, the plastic and histrionic arts had each claims upon his many-sided nature, but his success as an amateur actor had almost determined him to choose the stage, when he was obliged to enter the army according to the German law. When he removed to the United States, in 1885, his culti- vated talents gave him a brilliant introduction in art circles in Boston, Philadelphia and New York. His teutonic stability, comprehensive grasp of his subject, and his versatility as a color- ist, sculptor, and musician, afforded him ability to conceive and perpetuate an idea, whether grotesque or sublime, in the plastic medium which is the most common exponent of his art. His work as a cartoonist marked a departure in the art of the caricaturist, and was a significant advance of a branch already exemplified by the great masters of the pencil in America and Europe. Great cartoons had not hitherto been achieved in clay, but Max Bachman began a new work in harmony with the spirit of the age. Some of his larger works include the four figures representing Europe, Asia, Africa and America, [ 151 ] BACKUS. BACKUS. supporting the cornice of the World building in New York, and his panels in the State normal art school of Massachusetts — the twenty or more figures being of heroic size. In 1895 lie was married to Eleanor May Brown, a sculptor of ability, and a pupil of her husband for three years. Her Bacchante, exhibited at the Boston art club in 1895, evoked much favorable criticism. In 1895 Mr. Bachman exhibited a bust of Cupid at the exhibition of the Architectural league in New York. BACKUS, Azel, educator, was born at Nor- wich, Conn., Oct. 13, 1765. He was graduated from Yale college in 1787, and, although brought up a Congregationalist, acquired deistic beliefs at college. Through the influence of his uncle, Rev. Charles Backus, he refrained from entering the army and became a Presbyterian minister. He served the church at Bethlehem, Conn., where he remained the pastor until 1812, when upon the founding of Hamilton college, Clinton, N. Y., he was elected its first president, holding the office up to the time of his death. Princeton and Hamilton conferred on him the degree of S.T. D. in 1810, and Yale the same degree in 1816. He died at Clinton, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1816. On his tombstone has been carved his biography in Latin, the translation of which is as follows: “Here lies buried, Azel Backus, D.D., a man of remarkable piety and learning, a zealous minister of the gospel, a distinguished presi- dent of Hamilton college; a man of extraordinary diligence, and greatly endeared to the members of the institution. In him were conspicuous the highest benevolence towards his fellow-men, incorruptible integrity and uncompromising truth. His wife survives to lament his loss; and we who knew him mourn also. The cor- poration of Hamilton college have erected this monument to the memory of their beloved and venerated president. He was pastor of the church in Bethlehem, Conn., twenty-two years, president of Hamilton college four years. He departed this life Dec. 28, A. D. 1816, aged fifty-two years.” BACKUS, Charles Chapman, financier, was born in Charlton, Saratoga county, N. Y., March 13, 1816, seventh in lineal descent from William Backus, who lived at Saybrook, Conn., as early as 1637, and was, with his son Stephen, among the original settlers of Norwich in 1659. In 1745 and and 1756, Timothy Backus, the great-grandfather of Charles C. Backus, maintained successfully a religious contention exercising all New England. His grandfather, Elisha Backus, fought at the battle of Bunker Hill, and was a major in the Amer- ican revolutionary forces, and his father, Elisha Backus, was an American colonel in the second war with Great Britain. Charles C. married, in 1840, Harriet Newell, daughter of Edward Baldwin [152J of Utica, N. Y. At the age of twenty-three he en- gaged in the book and publishing business at Utica, N. Y., as one of the firm of Bennett, Backus and Hawley, who also issued there the Baptist Register, which subsequently was merged in the Examiner of New York city, and became the leading paper of the Baptist denomination in the country. In 1840, Livingston, Wells & Pomeroy established an express business between New York city and Buffalo, and engaged Bennett, Backus & Hawley to act as their agent in Utica. The “express ’’consisted in the conveyance of money packages between the banks along the line of the New York Central and Hudson River rail- roads, and Mr. Henry Wells was the sole mes- senger, his freight being carried in a hand-bag. The income at first was so small that, time and again. Mr. Wells was on the point of abandon- ing the enterprise, but Mr. Backus encouraged him to persevere, for he foresaw the vast capacities of the business, if extended, to in- clude the carrying of merchandise. This was eventually done, and Mr. Backus became inter- ested in it, and soon afterwards conceived and organized with others the American express company. Mr. Backus was one of the original pro- moters of the House telegraph system, and these interests demanding much of his time, he aban- doned the book concern, and in 1850 removed to New York city in order to be at the centre of business operations. About 1861 Mr. Backus was placed, on behalf of the stockholders of the New York Central railroad, upon an examining committee, to inspect the road’s financial affairs and general management. The disclosures aris- ing from his thorough inquiry effected the instal- lation of Dean Richmond as the new president of the road, and made an entire change in the finan- cial method sand conduct of this great corporation. After 1865 Mr. Backus was constrained by im- paired health to forego much of his earlier activity, yet his earnest interest in affairs, his valuable advice to others, find his kindly benefactions, kept him known and welcomed among business men. BACKUS, Franklin Thomas, lawyer, was born at Lee, Mass., May 6, 1813. He spent his boyhood in working on a farm to support his widowed mother, and at the age of thirteen went to Cleveland, Ohio. He obtained employ- ment in a lawyer's office, gained an elementary education and earned his way through Yale college. After his graduation in 1836 he studied law in Cleveland for three years, and was admit- ted to the bar. In 1841 he was prosecuting attorney for Cuyahoga county, and was elected state representative in 1846, and state senator in 1848. In 1861 he was a delegate to the peace con- ference at Washington. He died May 14, 1870. BACKUS. BACON. BACKUS, Isaac, clergyman, was born at Nor- wich, Conn., Jan. 9, 1724; son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Tracy) Backus. He was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Middle- borough in 1748, and continued as pastor and evangelist until 1756, when he assumed charge of a newly formed Baptist church in the same town. From 1765 to 1799 he was a trustee of Rhode Island college. In 1774 he was chosen agent of the Baptist churches of Massachusetts, and in this capacity was sent to Philadelphia to enlist in behalf of the Baptists the protection of the Con- tinental Congress. President Manning of R. I. college presented a memorial, petitioning for relief from the persecution and oppression to which the Baptists were at that time subjected, and Mr. Backus made several addresses in behalf of religious freedom. In 1789 he made a tour through Virginia and North Carolina for the purpose of strengthening the Baptist denomina- tion in that section. He published: “ History of New England with Particular Reference to the Denomination of Christians called Baptists ” (1777, 2d ed., 2 vols., 1871); “An Abridgement of the Church History of New England, 1602- 1804 ” (1804), and “ Church History of New England from 1620 to 1804 ” (1844). He died Nov. 20, 1806. BACKUS, James, pioneer, was born at Nor- wich, Conn, July 14, 1764; son of Elijah and Lucy (Griswold) Backus At the age of twenty-four he joined the colony which, under General Rufus Putnam, founded Marietta, and thus was one of the first settlers of Ohio. As agent of the Ohio company he made the first surveys in Marietta, and he is said to have built, at the junction of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers, the first frame house that was erected in Ohio, then the Northwest Territory. He was both a civil and military officer in the new settlement, as his journal shows. He was a man of means, and devoted his money without stint to the benefit of the set- tlement. He erected the first saw and grist-mill at Marietta, and had driven from New England the first yoke of oxen that ever trod the soil of Marietta, Ohio. The mill crank and saw, the grist-mill spindle, and the other irons were made by his father at the Backus iron works, Norwich, Conn. He remained at Marietta about three years, and in March, 1791, he returned to Yantic, to succeed his father in the management of the Backus iron works, which had been established by his grandfather, and carried on by his father, both prior and subsequent to the war of the revolution. He was widely known as a man of character, great energy and executive ability. In 1793 he was married to Dorothy Church, daughter of Charles Church Chandler, of Wood- stock, Conn. He died Sept. 29, 1816. BACKUS, William Woodbridge, philanthro- pist, was born at Norwich, Conn., Oct. 22, 1803; son of James Backus, a well-to-do farmer. He always lived on the estate upon which his first American ancestor erected his domicile, about 1660. He engaged exclusively in agriculture, successfully cultivating his large grain and stock farm. He was a man of cultivated mind and fine literary tastes. By steady accretion he became possessed of large means, and these he dispensed with open hand in both public and private charity. He gave to the city of Norwich §75,000 to endow the “ W. W. Backus hospital.” He never married, and by his will bequeathed his property to various Norwich institutions ; to the united workers, §20,000; to the free academy, §25,000; to the young men’s Christian associa- tion, §20,000; to the Otis library, §15,000; to the first Congregational church of Norwich, §1,000; to the Bean Hill Methodist church, §500; to Grace chapel, Yantic, §500, and the rest of his estate, with the exception of a liberal bequest to the Connecticut home missionary society, he left to the Backus hospital. He died July 13, 1892. BACON, Augustus Octavius, senator, was born in Bryan county, Ga., Oct. 20, 1839. He received a high-school education in his native state, and after his graduation from the university of Georgia, in 1859, he studied law in that insti- tution for a year. At the breaking out of the civil war he joined the Confederate army as adju- tant, being afterwards commissioned captain, and assigned to general staff duty. In 1866 he was admitted to the bar, and began to practise law at Macon, Ga., acquiring a wide reputation as an able lawyer. He was several times a mem- ber of state Democratic conventions, being presi- dent of the convention in 1880, and in 1884 was delegate at large to the national convention. In 1868 he was a presidential elector, and in 1871 was elected to the Georgia house of representa- tives, serving there, by successive re-elections, fourteen years, acting two years as speaker pro tempore, and eight years as speaker. In 1894 he was elected to the United States senate, and was prominent in the 54th Congress as an advocate of Cuban independence making a notable speech, Jan. 13, 1897, that attracted wide attention and comment. BACON, David W., first bishop of Portlaud, Me., was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1814. His education, begun in the parochial schools of New York, was completed at Mount St. Mary’s college and seminary, Emmittsburg, Md. He was ordained a priest in New York in 1838, and became pastor of the Church of the Assumption in Brooklyn. He was an indefatigable and enthusiastic worker, and lent unwearied efforts to promote the growth of the Roman Catholic [1531 BACON. BACON. church in that city. Not content with making his congregation at the Assumption the largest in Brooklyn, he, in 1852, bought land in a new district and built the Church of St. Mary, the Star of the Sea at the time the largest edifice in the “city of churches,” where he was a successful pastor for three years. In 1855, the new diocese of Portland, Maine, was erected, and Father Bacon was consecrated its first bishop. His unremitting efforts for the prosperity of his see were crowned with success, but they were strenu- ous, and his health becoming seriously impaired, he visited Europe in August, 1874. On his arrival at Brest he was carried from the ship to a hos- pital, and from thence back to the ship, and died in St. Vincent’s hospital, New York, the day after reaching home. Nov. 4, 1874. BACON, Delia, author, was born at Tallmadge, Ohio, Feb. 2, 1811, daughter of David Bacon, missionary, and sister of Leonard Bacon, theolo- gian. She was a teacher, and while so engaged in Boston delivered a series of lectures. She published “Tales of the Puritans” and “ The Bride of Fort Edward” (1839). Her next work, and one which became well known, was “ The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare U nfolded, ’ ’ with introduction by Nathaniel Hawthorne, in which she attempted to show that Lord Bacon was one of the principal authors of the plays commonly credited to Shakespeare. She died in Hartford, Conn.. Sept. 2, 1859. BACON, Edmund, lawyer, was born in Vir- ginia, January, 1776. When very young he attended school at Augusta, Ga. , and while yet a boy delivered, at the request of the citizens, an address of greeting to Washington, who was passing through the city. This youthful effort won praise from the citizens and a gift of a number of law books from Washington. After studying law in Litchfield, Conn., he was admit- ted to the bar. and began to practise in Savannah, Ga. He won a large and lucrative practice, and a reputation as a sound, skillful lawyer. He was employed as attorney in settling the estate of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, near Savannah. Later he removed to Edgefield, S. C., where he remained the rest of his life. He was a man of delightful personality, and was as popular in private life as in his profession. He died at Edgefield, S. C., Feb. 2, 1826. BACON, Edward Payson, merchant, was born at Reading, Steuben county, N. Y. , May 16. 1834; son of Joseph F. Bacon, who removed with his family to Geneva, N. Y., in 1838. It was the boy’s ambition to prepare for the ministry, but the duty of assisting his invalid father in main- taining the family determined him to accept a position as a clerk in a railroad office. In 1854 he was made chief clerk in the general freight office of the Erie railway, in New York city, and in 1855 held a similar position with the Michigan southern railroad company at Chicago. In 1856 he was appointed local freight agent of the Milwaukee and Mississippi railroad company, at Milwaukee, Wis., and continued for nine years in the employ of that company and its suc- cessor, filling the posi- tions of general freight agent, auditor and gen- eral ticket agent, each of which departments he organized. The sys- tem of accounts, and the method of conduct- ing the freight and ticket business, after- wards adopted by all the western roads, orig- inated with him, and constitute the basis of the extended systems in general use in that sec- tion of the country. In 1865 Mr. Bacon engaged in the grain commission business at Milwaukee, and organized the firm of Bacon & Everingham, with a very moderate capital, and in a few years the house was among the first in the trade, and one of the strongest in the country. Mr. Bacon helped to organize the Young Men's Christian association in the city of Milwaukee in 1857, and ■was its first vice-president, and from 1879 to 1881 its president, during which time plans were formed for the erection of one of the finest and most practical buildings for association work in the west. He was a member of the Milwaukee chamber of commerce from 1865, and a member of its board of directors from 1883 to 1893. serving two years as vice-president, and two years as president. He served as delegate to various com- mercial conventions, and for several years as member of the National board of trade, of which he was a vice-president from 1884 to 1889. He was delegated to represent the chamber of com- merce of Milwaukee before congressional commit- tees to oppose the free coinage of silver, and the passage of the “anti-option” bill, and his argu- ments and statistics on the latter subject were effectively quoted in debate before the senate. Mr. Bacon was a trustee of Beloit college, and actively interested in aiding individual young men in securing a liberal education. After the great fire in Milwaukee, Oct. 28, 1892, Mr. Bacon was among the first of the citizens to afford prompt relief to the sufferers. BACON, Ezekiel, jurist, was born in Boston. Mass., Sept. 1, 1776. After his graduation from Yale college, in 1794. he studied law at Litchfield, Conn., and after his admission to the bar settled rmj BAOON. BACON. at Stockbridge, Mass., where he soon acquired a good practice. He became interested in politics, and represented his district in the state legisla- ture in 1806 and 1807. The following year he was elected as a representative to Congress, and served through the 11th, 12th and 13th con- gresses. In 1813, he was appointed chief justice of the court of common pleas for western Massachu- setts, and President Madison made him first comp- troller of the United States treasury. In 1816 he took up his residence in Utica, N. Y., where he held many prominent public offices, including those of member of assembly, judge of the court of common pleas, and member of the state consti- tutional convention of 1821. In 1843 he published “ Recollections of Fifty Years.” Yale conferred on him the degree of A.M. in 1870. He died in Utica, N. Y., Oct. 18, 1870. BACON, Leonard, clergyman, was born in Detroit, Mich., Feb. 19, 1802, son of David Bacon, a missionary among the Ojibbewa Indians, and according to Farmer's ' ‘ History of Michigan, ” the son, when an infant, barely escaped falling a vic- tim to the ferocity of a drunken Indian, but was saved by the heroism of the mother. At the age of fourteen he was sent east, where he was pre- pared for college at Hartford. He entered the sophomore class of Yale college in 1817, was graduated in 1820, and after a four years’ course at the Andover theological seminary, he entered the Congregational ministry, and in 1825 became pastor of the Central Congregational church in New Haven, which position he retained until his death, fifty-six years later. In September, 1866, he accepted the chair of revealed theology in Yale theological seminary, was made pastor emer- itus of the Central church, and in 1871 was chosen lecturer on ecclesiastical polity and church his- tory. He upheld the ancient traditions and prac- tices of the early Puritan church, and was con- servative on all questions relating to the church polity, giving, besides, earnest and attentive con- cern to all important questions of the day. After 1823 lie was a pronounced abolitionist. He held decided opinions on the question of slavery, and his views, promulgated in a series of essays, col- lected and published in 1846, were referred to by Abraham Lincoln as being the source of his own clear and sober convictions on the subject. He was a stanch defender of the Union, and as stanch an opposer of those abolitionists who denounced it. He gave his influence to obtain the repeal of the “ omnibus ” clause in the Connecticut divorce law. He was editor of the Christian Spectator , published at New Haven from 1826 to 1838. In 1843 he established The New Englander Review, afterwards The New Englander and Yale Revieiv, and was connected with it up to the time of his death. In 1848. in conjunction with Henry C. Bowen and Drs. Storrs, Leavitt and Thompson, he founded the Independent and performed a share of the editorial duties until 1863. when he resigned his active labors, but remained a con- tributor. In March, 1874, he was moderator of the council of Congregational churches which met at Brooklyn, N. Y., and assisted in preparing a rebuke addressed to Plymouth church for irregularly dropping Theodore Tilton from its membership, and in 1876 filled a like position in the advisory council convened at the request of the Plymouth church to consider matters in regard to the Beecher-Tilton scandal. Dr. Bacon was fond of historical study, particularly as pertaining to the Puritans. In addition to his manifold contributions to the contemporary press, he published many pamphlets and reviews, as well as several works on religious, biographical, historical and other subjects. He received from Hamilton college, in 1842, the degree S. T. D., and from Harvard, in 1870, that of LL.D. Among his published books are: “Select Practical Writings of Richard Baxter,” with a life of the author (1831, 2d ed., 1836); “A Manual for Young Church Members” (1833); “Thirteen Historical Discourses on the Completion of Two Hundred Years from the Beginning of the First Church in New Haven” (1839); “Slavery Discussed in OccasionalEssays from 1833 to 1846 ” ; “Christian Self-Culture” (1863); “Historical Discourse at Worcester, Mass., Sept. 22, 1863”; “Four Commemorative Discourses” (1866); “The Genesis of the New England Churches” New York (1874); “Sketch of the Rev. David Bacon” (1876). He died at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 24, 1881. BACON, Leonard Woolsey, clergyman, was born in New Haven, Conn., Jan. 1, 1830; son of Leonard Bacon, pastor of First church, New Haven. He studied at Yale college, where he was graduated in 1850, and then pursued a course in theology at both Andover and Yale, and medi- cine at Yale college, being given his M. D. degree in 1856. He preached in Congregational and Presbyterian churches in Rochester, N. Y., Stamford, Conn., Brooklyn, N. Y.. and Baltimore, Md. He then spent five years in European travel, and in 1879 became pastor of the Park Congrega- tional church, Norwich, Conn. In 1885 he was chosen pastor of the Woodland Presbyterian church, Philadelphia, Pa., and afterwards had pastoral charge of the Ancient Independent church, Savannah, Ga., for several months, returning in December, 1887, to Norwich, Conn. His published works include: “The Life, Speeches, and Discourses of Father Hyacinthe ” (1872); “ Church Papers ” (1876); “The Vatican Council” (1872); “A Life Worth Living: Life of Emily Bliss Gould ” (1878) ; “ Sunday Observ- es] BACON. BADEAU. ance and Sunday Law ” (1882) ; “ The Hymns of Martin Luther” (1883); “The Church Book: Hymns and Tunes ” (1883), and “ The Simplicity that is in Christ ” (sermons, 1886). Yale college gave him his S.T.D. in 1879. BACON, Nathaniel, colonist, was born in England about 1630. He studied law at the Inns of Court in London, and when twenty years old came to America. He settled in Virginia on a large tract of land near the head of the James river, and was appointed a member of Governor Berkeley’s council. At that time the Indians were making much trouble, and the white settlers were insufficiently protected by a few poorly constructed forts. Bacon was made leader of the colonists who determined to march against the savages. His appointment was not confirmed by Berkeley, who did not favor the movement. Bacon marched without the commission, and at the head of ninety men he fought and conquered the troublesome savages. On May 29, 1676, Gov- ernor Berkeley proclaimed Bacon a rebel and had him captured and brought to trial. He was acquitted of the charges brought against him, resumed his seat in the governor's council and received the promise of a commission as general for the war against the Indians. This appoint- ment the governor refused to ratify, and when his policy became intolerable to the settlers, and he refused to carry out his promises of reform. Bacon returned at the head of his command, forced him to issue the promised commission and began vigorous operations against the Indians. The governor again proclaimed General Bacon a rebel, and on Aug. 6, 1676, he marched upon Williamsburg, issued a counter proclamation against the governor, and drove him across the bay to Accomac. The people swore fealty to Bacon, who repelled the fresh attacks of the Indians, and in September returned, drove out the governor’s forces, burned Jamestown, and forced Berkeley to take asylum on a British ship. Bacon held the women, wives of the partisans of the governor, as hostages, and planned to attack and capture Accomac, but died before his plans could be carried out. Ingram succeeded to the command of the rebels, but was soon after recon- ciled to Berkeley, and after Bacon’s chief adhe- rents were executed. Bacon’s rebellion came to an end. He died Oct. 1, 1676. BACON, Samuel, clergyman, was born in Sturbridge, Mass., July 22, 1781. In 1808 he was graduated at Harvard college and studied law, which profession he followed in Pennsylvania. He next essayed journalism, being editor of the Worcester, Mass. , sEgis, and afterwards editor of the Lancaster, Pa., Hive. He was ordained to the priesthood of the Protestant Episcopal church, and in 1819 sailed for Sierra Leone, Africa, in charge of a company of negroes, whom it was his appointed mission to settle as a colony, he being one of a committee of three sent by the United States government, under the auspices of the American colonization society, for that pur- pose. The settlement was effected at Campelar, on the Sherboro river, where two of the agents died. Mr. Bacon, whose health had become seriously impaired, was carried to Kent, on Cape Shilling, where he died May 3, 1820. BADEAU, Adam, soldier, was born in New York city, Dec. 29, 1831. He was educated at private schools, and became a regular contributor to the press, notably to Noalis Sunday Times, over the pen-name of “ The Vagabond.” In 1862 he volunteered in the army, and was attached to the staff of Brigadier-General Thomas W. Sher- man. In 1863 he was severely wounded at Port Hudson, and the following year was appointed military secretary to General Grant, with thef rank of lieutenant-colonel, soon afterwards being promoted to colonel. He accompanied General Grant through the Wilderness and Appomattox campaigns, and continued a member of his staff until 1869, when he was retired with the rank of captain and the brevet rank of brigadier-general U. S. A. He was appointed secretary of legation at London in 1869 by President Grant, and the next year went to Spain with government despatches. President Grant then made him consul-general in London, which office he held for about ten years. During that time he accom- panied General Grant on a portion of his tour around the world. In May, 1882, President Arthur appointed him consul-general at Havana, where he remained two years. When being denied an opportunity of proving certain charges he had formulated against the state department, he resigned and sought to reinstate himself in his former military position. This was not allowed, on the ground that he had vacated it when he entered the diplomatic service. In 1SSS he sued the Grant estate for moneys which he declared to be due to him for literary services in aiding General Grant in writing his “ Memoirs, ” but the case was decided against him in the courts. His principal publications are a collection of essays : “ The Vagabond ” (1859) ; a “ Military History of Ulysses S. Grant,” in three volumes (1867— ’SI ) ; “ Conspiracy; a Cuban Romance ” (“ Aristocracy in England” (1886), and “ Grant in Peace” (18S6). He died at Ridgewood, N. J., March 19, 1895. BADGER, George Edmund, senator, was born at Newbern, N. C., April 17, 1795. He entered Yale college in the class of 1S13, remaining two years, but owing to pecuniary inability, did not graduate. He received his A. 51. degree in 1825, and his LL.D. in ISIS. He was licensed to prac- tise] BADGER. BADGER. tise law at the age of nineteen. In 1816 he was elected to the North Carolina legislature, and in 1820 appointed a judge of the superior court, which office he resigned in 1825, and returned to the practice of law. He supported William H. Harrison in the presidential campaign of 1840, and on his inauguration, March 4, 1841, President Harrison appointed him secretary of the navy, which position he resigned when Tyler came to the presidency. He was elected by the legislature of North Carolina in 1846 to the seat in the U. S. senate made vacant by the resignation of W. H. Haywood, and elected for the full senatorial term in 1848. President Fillmore named him associate justice of the U. S. supreme court in 1853, but the senate refused to confirm the nomination. In 1854, upon his retirement from the senate, he took up the practice of law at the state capital. In 1861 he was a member of the secession conven- tion, but spoke in favor of remaining in the union. In a letter introducing him to Mr. Justice Story at the time of his appointment to the U. S. supreme bench, Daniel Webster wrote: “He is your equal and my superior.” He died at Raleigh, N. C., May 11, 1866. BADGER, Joseph, soldier, was born at Haver- hill, Mass., Jan. 11, 1722; son of Joseph and Hannah (Peaslee) Badger. He was a farmer, served in the militia, and held the ranks of ensign, lieutenant and captain, successively. At the age of twenty-three he was made a deputy sheriff, and afterwards justice of the peace. . Jan. 31, 1740, he was married to Hannah Pearson, and their son Joseph married Elizabeth, daughter of William Parsons of South Hampton. In July, 1763, he removed to Gihnanton, N. H., where he was one of the proprietors and first settlers. He was first magistrate, and on July 10, 1771, received the appointment of colonel of the 10th N. Id. regi- ment. In 1771 he acted as a muster-master for the state, was elected a delegate to the pro- vincial congress, and was made brigadier -general in the state militia, June 27, 1780. He served on the governor’s council from 1784 to 1791. In December, 1784, he was appointed judge of the probate court, holding the office for thirteen years. In 1788 he was a member of the New Hampshire convention that adopted the federal constitution. He was very influential in found- ing and erecting the academy at Gilmanton, was one of its trustees, and president of the board of trust until his death, which occurred April 4, 1803. BADGER, Joseph, clergyman, was born at Gihnanton, N. H., Aug. 16, 1792; son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Parsons) Badger. He was edu- cated in Canada, and in 1812, yielding to his con- victions, was baptized and began to preach. Two years later he was ordained by the Baptists, but floTJ did not connect himself with that body. He preached in New Hampshire and New York State with much success, forming churches which called themselves “Christians.” In 1825 he edited the Palladium, the organ of the sect called “ Christians.” He died May 12, 1852. BADGER, Oscar C., naval officer, was born at Windham, Conn., Aug. 12, 1823. He was appointed to the U. S. navy from Pennsylvania as a midshipman," Sept. 9, 1841. As a midshipman on board the Saratoga, in 1843, he was attached to a landing party from that ship, and took part in the attack upon the Bereby villages on the west coast of Africa. He served on board the Mississippi with the Gulf squadron during the Mexican war, and participated in the attack upon Alvarado in 1846. Subsequently, in 1855, as lieutenant he commanded a party from the U. S. sloop John Adams, which attacked and destroyed the town of Vutia, Fiji Islands. His services during the civil war were particularly meritori- ous. While in command of the steamer Anacostia, in l86l-’62, he was engaged in a number of attacks upon Confederate batteries on the Potomac river and Aquia creek, and in the bombardment of Yorktown, Va., and the defences at Gloucester Point. He was promoted lieutenant-commander July 16, 1862, and commanded the ironclads Patapsco and Mont auk in the attacks on the batteries and forts on Morris Island and on Forts Wagner, Gregg and Sumter, in Charleston har- bor. While performing the duties of fleet-captain on board the ironclad Weehawken in a night engagement with Forts Moultrie and Sumter, he was severely wounded, his right leg being shat- tered by a metallic splinter, caused by a round shot striking the turret of the Weehawken. His efficient and faithful services were recognized in an official report made to the navy department by Admiral Dahlgren, under date of Sept. 2, 1863, and by the navy department in communication addressed to Commodore Badger, under date of Jan. 7, 1864. After the close of the war he was on shore duty until July, 1866, when he was promoted commander. During a cruise on the Peoria he received a vote of thanks from the legis- latures of St. Kitts and Antigua for services ren- dered to the authorities of those islands. In 1872 he was promoted captain, and on Nov. 15, 1881, commodore, and was placed on the retired list in 1885. BADGER, William, governor of New Hamp- shire, was born at Gilmanton, N. II., Jan. 13, 1779; son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Parsons) Badger. In early manhood he followed mercan- tile pursuits, but soon became prominent in political life, being elected a state representative in 1810, to the state senate in 181 1, and acting as president of that body two years later, at which BADIN. BAGLEY. time he was made associate justice of the court of common pleas, which position he held until 1821, when he became high sheriff of Stafford county. He was elected governor of New Hamp- shire in 1883, 1834 and 1835. He died at Gilman- ton, N. H., Sept. 21, 1852. BADIN, Stephen Theodore, missionary, was born in Orleans, France, in 1768. His parents were poor, and at much sacrifice gave him a classical education at the College Montagu in Paris, after which he entered the Sulpitian acad- emy at Tours to be fitted for the priesthood. He immigrated to the United States in 1792, where lie was ordained by Bishop Carroll, in the cathedral at Baltimore, Md., in 1793, the first ordination of a Roman Catholic priest in America. He studied English at the college in Georgetown, and was then given a mission in Kentucky, at that time in the diocese of Baltimore, that extended over a territory covering hundreds of miles, which, in the unsettled state of the coun- try he was obliged to traverse on horseback. In 1796 he was proffered the rectorship of St. Gene- vieve, but it did not suit the good missionary to give up a life of hardship for one of ease while work remained to be done. He had been for three years the only priest in Kentucky, when Bishop Carroll, in 1797, appointed him vicar -general and gave him an assistant, who was taken from him by death in the following year. Other assistants given him either died or withdrew, and in 1803 Father Badin’s work was rendered more arduous by the rapid increase of Catholic immigration. In 1805 he published “ Principles of Catholics.” In 1806 he inaugurated a mission at Louisville, and in 1811 he built the church of St. Louis in that city. In 1812 his Protestant friends were mainly instrumental in providing him with funds to erect the church of St. Peter in Lexington. A difference between himself and Bishop Flaget, in regard to the title of certain church property, in 1808, caused Father Badin to leave Kentucky in 1819. He spent nine years in Europe, and on his return again took up missionary work, this time in Michigan, under Bishop Fenwick, where he labored for more than a year among the new settlers, when he was sent to the Pottawatomie Indians on St. Joseph’s river, Indiana, where he spent the years 1830 to 1836 in Christianizing and civilizing these primitive people. The remaining years of his life were spent in Cincinnati, where lie lived with Bishop Purcell. Father Badin, during his missionary labors, travelled over one hundred thousand miles on horseback mostly through the wilderness. He wrote “ Carmen Sacrum,” the “Epicedium,” and “ Sanctis- simse Trinitatis Laudes et Invocatis, ” Latin poems in hexameter verse, all of which were translated and published. He died in 1853. BADLAM, Ezra, soldier, was born at Milton, Mass., May 25, 1746; brother of Stephen Badlam, a general in the revolutionary war. He served as a captain of artillery at the siege of Boston, fought at Trenton and Princeton, and fell into the hands of the British at White Plains in 1780. He was afterwards released and promoted to the rank of colonel at the end of the war. He took an active part in putting down Shays’ rebel- lion. He died in Dorchester, Mass., April 5, 1788. BADLAM, Stephen, soldier, was born at Mil ton, Mass., March 25, 1748; brother of Ezra Badlam, revolutionary soldier. He entered the colonial service at the outbreak of the revolution, in 1775, and was given the rank of lieutenant of artillery. He was later assigned to duty in the department of Canada, as commander of artillery, with the rank of major. He took possession of the eminence opposite Ticonderoga on learning of the signing of the Declaration of Independence and named it Mount Independence. In August, 1777, he fought under Willet at Fort Stanwix, N. Y., and in 1799 was made a brigadier-general. He was a brave soldier and a man of sterling qualities, and a friend and confidant of General Washington and Alexander Hamilton. He died at Dorchester, Mass., Aug. 25, 1815. BAER, John Willis, secretary, was born on a farm near Rochester, Minn., March 2, 1861. The first eighteen years of his life were spent in Cleve- land, Ohio, where he acquired a good elementary education. In 1879 he engaged in newspaper work in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and in 1881 was em- ployed with the Van Dusen elevator company, Minneapolis. In 1890 lie was elected to the secre taryship of the United States Society of the Christian Endeavor, and at the general conven tion at St. Louis in June, 1890, was largely instru mental in making the gathering a notable success. The secretary’s office was established in the gen- eral rooms of the United States society at Boston, and Mr. Baer took up his residence in that city and became connected with the First Presby terian church in Boston. BAGLEY, John Judson, governor of Michigan, was born at Medina, N. Y., July 24, 1832. After attending school at Lockport, N. Y. , he was taken by his parents to Constantine, Mich., in 1840, where he cont inued his education. He left school at the age of thirteen to enter a country store as clerk, and remained in that employment one year. In 1847 he began work in a tobacco factory in Detroit, and in 1854 started a like business on his own account, which was very successful, and furnished him with capital with which to start other enterprises by which a fortune was accumu- lated. Among his many public offices were those of police commissioner, alderman, and member of the board of education in Detroit. He also held BAILEY. BAILEY. positions of trust in many large corporations and banks. From 1808 to 1870 lie acted as chairman of the Republican state committee, and in 1872 was elected Governor of Michigan. His admin- istration was remarkable l'or a large number of innovations and reforms, among which were the establishment of the lisli commission, and the board of health, and a change in the manage- ment of the reform school, in which he evinced particular interest. At his suggestion the hoys were placed upon their honor, and not locked up hut made to behave well under mild compulsion. For a number of years before his death, he gave a dinner each year to the inmates of the school, and distributed among them lilting presents. He died in California, Dec. 27, 1881. BAILEY, Ebenezer, educator, was horn at West Newbury, Mass., June 25, 1795. He was gradu- ated at Yale with the class of 1817, and entered upon the profession of teaching, in which he was eminently successful. Among his prominent educational charges were Franklin grammar school, and the girls’ high school, Boston. He was concerned in the inception of the American institute of education, and was afterwards con- nected with the school in various positions. He contributed largely to several periodicals, was editor of “ The Young Ladies Class Book ” (1821) ; “ Blakewell’s Philosophical Conversations ”(1822), and “First Lessons in Algebra” (1822). lie received a prize for a memorial ode on the death of George Washington. Harvard college con- ferred on him the honorary degree of A.M. in 1822, and Yale gave him that of A.M. in 1829. He several times sat in the Boston city council; acted as director of the Mechanics institute and of the house of reform, and as president of the Boston lyceum. He died in Lynn., Mass.. Aug. 5, 182!). BAILEY, Gamaliel, abolitionist, was born at Mount Holly, N. J., Dec. 2, 1807. He studied medicine and after receiving his diploma in 1828 made a voyage to China as ship’s doctor. Upon his return ho engaged in newspaper work on the Methodist Protestant of Baltimore, Md. Upon the outbreak of Asiatic cholera in 1821 lie served as hospital surgeon at Cincinnati, O. lie was in Cincinnati at the time of the anti-slavery agita- tion among the studentsof Lane seminary, which caused the resignation of Lyman Beecher, tins withdrawal of a majority of the students, and the founding of Oberlin college. He sympa- thized warmly with the abolition party in the seminary, and in 1826, in connection with James G. Birney, he established the Cincinnati Philan- thropist to advocate unconditional emancipation. Of this journal he became chief editor. It was the earliest anti-slavery organ in the west, and was regularly issued every week for seven years, although on three distinct occasions its office was raided by a mob, and its type and material were scattered or destroyed. In 1846 he was selected by the American anti-slavery society to conduct the National Era, a new abolition organ issued in Washington, D. C. In the management of this journal he showed rare editorial ability; and he was zealously seconded by the ablest writers in the anti -slavery ranks, among whom was Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose “Uncle Tom’s Cabin ” was first published in the National Era. The journal attained a wide circulation, and had a prosperous career, though its office was several times threat- ened with destruction. In 1848 it was for three days besieged by a mob, which was only finally dispersed by the remarkable coolness and address of Mr. Bailey. He died before he could see the consummation of the great agitation he had been largely instrumental in arousing. His death occurred at sea, .June 5, 1859. BAILEY, (iuilford Dudley, soldier, was born at Martinsburg, N. Y., June 4, 1824. He was educated for the profession of arms, and after his graduation from West Point in 1856, was at- tached to the 2d artillery. After some frontier experience, he was stationed at Fort Leavenworth during the Kansas conflict in 1857-’59. When the state of Texas seceded in 1861, lie was stationed at Fort Brown, and with his superior officer, Cap- tain Stoneman, refused to surrender, when Gen- eral Twiggs proposed to turn over the com- mand to the Confederates. He reported for duty at Washington, was assigned to Hunt’s battery and did gallant service at Fort Pickens Fla., 1861. He returned to New York, where he recruited the 1st N. Y. light artillery, and as colonel joined the army of the Potomac, Septem- ber, 1861, and served in the Peninsular campaign as chief of artillery in General Casey’s division. He was killed at the battle of Seven Pines, meet- ing death while directing the firing of his guns. His body was conveyed to the cemetery at Pough- keepsie, N. Y., where a monument was raised to his memory. He died May 21, 1862. BAILEY, Jacob Whitman, naturalist, was horn at Auburn, Mass., April 29, 1811. His early edu- cation was attained at Providence, R. I., and he received a cadetship to West Point where he was graduated in 18:52. lie was assigned to active duty in the army as 2d lieutenant in the artillery service, where for six years ho served in the forts of Virginia and South Carolina. In 1824 he re- turned to West Point as assistant professor of chemistry, geology and mineralogy. Of these branches he was soon made full professor, and in the course of his work became greatly interested in microscopy. In this study he made many im- portant investigations, which have given him a wide reputation as a naturalist. The “ Bailey BAILEY. BAILEY. indicator.” so largely used among scientists, was invented by him. He was chosen president of the American association for the advancement of sci- ence in 1856, and his writings relating to his line of work are numerous and valuable. Among the journals to which he contributed are : Transactions of the Association of Geologists and Naturalists, the American Journal of Science and Art, The Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, and Journal of Microscopic Science. His micro- scopic objects, embracing over three thousand slides and about forty -five hundred specimens of algae, with his books and papers, fie bequeathed to the Boston society of natural history. He died at the Military academy, West Point, N. Y., Feb. 26. 1857. BAILEY, James Anthony, showman, was born at Detroit, Mich., in 1847. His parents died when he was ten years old, and at the age of thirteen he left his home, owing to a disagree- ment with his guardian. He obtained employ- ment with Robinson & Lake’s circus, and on the death of Mr. Robinson in 1862, he was engaged by James Cooper, the showman, as advance agent for his travelling circus. In 1868 he was given an interest in the establishment, and at his sugges- tion the circus made a very successful tour to Australia. From Australia they went to Van Dieman’s Land, but there met with heavy losses. Returning to the United States he purchased a bankrupt circus and added it to his own. thus making it “the largest show on earth.” In 1881 he entered into partnership with P. T. Barnum. and the firm became ‘ ‘ Barnum & Bailey — Equal Owners.” Mr. Bailey next bought a controlling interest in the Forepaugh circus, and, on the death of Mr. Barnum in 1891, became sole director of the show. BAILEY, James E., senator, was born in Montgomery county, Tenn., Aug. 15. 1822. He was fitted for college and was graduated from the University of Nashville. After his admission to the bar in 1843. he practised his profession in Clarkesville, and in 1853 was elected to the state legislature as a member of the house of represen- tatives. In 1861 he joined the Confederate army and served bravely throughout the civil war. In 1872 he was appointed by the governor of Tennes- see a member of the court of arbitration, and in January, 1877, was elected by the legislature of Tennessee to the United States senate as a Democrat to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Andrew Johnson. Senator Bailey served until March 3, 1881. BAILEY, James Montgomery, humorist, was born in Albany, N. Y., Sept. 25, 1841. His boy- hood was passed in Albany and New York city, and he received a limited education in public schools. He learned the trade of a carpenter, and followed it until the breaking out of the civil war, when he enlisted in the 17tn Connecticut volunteers, and served as private until the close of the war. His letters from the army printed in the Danbury (Conn.) Times gained him a local reputation, and in company with a printer, whose acquaintance he had made in a military prison at Richmond, he went to Danbury, and in 1855 purchased the Times, which was consol- idated with the Jeffersonian in 1870, under the name of the Danbury News. Mr. Bailey’s bright local paragraphs began to be widely copied, the Danbury News gained a reputation as a humor- ous paper in a few months, and its editor sud- denly sprang into popularity. In 1874 he visited Europe, and on his return to America, he went upon the lecture platform, but soon retired, and subsequently devoted himself entirely to his newspaper. His books comprise : “The Danbury Newsman,” being a brief but comprehensive record of the doings of a remarkable people (1872); “Life in Danbury” (1873); “The Dan- bury News Man’s Almanac and other Tales” (1884) ; “ They All Do It; or. Mr. Miggs of Dan- bury and his Neighbors ” (1876); “England from a Back Window: with Views of Scotland and Ireland” (1878); “Mr. Phillips’ Goneness” (1879); “The Danbury Boom: with a Full Account of Mrs. Cobleigli’s Action Therein ” (1880), and in 1896 a “History of Danbury. Conn.. 1684— 1896 ” was published from notes and MS. left by him and compiled with additions by Susan Benedict Hill. He died March 4, 1894. BAILEY, Joseph, soldier, was born at Salem. O.. April 28, 1827. He joined the army during the first months of the civil war, serving as captain of a Wisconsin regiment in Maryland. His regi- ment served under Gen. B. F. Butler, in the cap- ture of New Orleans, where he was made acting engineer of the defences of the city. He was promoted major, and a month after lieutenant- colonel. on the succession of Gen. N. P. Banks to the command of the army of the gulf. Colonel Bailey went with General Banks on his Red River expedition. The army with twelve gun-boats and thirty transports were ascending the river under the command of Admiral Porter, and when General Grant issued the order on April 25. 1864. to close the campaign and take the army to augment the forces of General Sherman, who was east of the Mississippi, the commanders were in a quandary. The forces were at Alexandria, whither they had retreated after the defeat at Sabine Cross Roads, and below the rapids the water was not in any place higher than six feet. Engineers were consulted, but their answers were all the same : the fleet could not be moved until the water rose, of which there was no immediate prospect. Admiral Porter could see [ 160 ] BAILEY. BAILEY. no alternative but to remote the stores and destroy the fleet. When this course was about to be carried out. Colonel Bailey, who was an officer ilia cavalry regiment, suggested to General Banks, that the river might be dammed; and though the plan seemed impracticable, still it was decided to make the attempt. "It was commenced.” wrote Admiral Porter, in an official despatch to Washington, “ by running out from the left bank of the river a tree-dam, made of the bodies of very large trees, brush, brick and stone, cross- tied with other heavy timber, and strengthened in every way that ingenuity could devise. This was run about three hundred feet into the river. Four large coal-barges were then filled with brick, and sunk at the end of it. From the right bank of the river, cribs built with stone were huilt out to meet the barges.” Beginning the apparently fruitless and endless task on May 1st, in twelve days the water was sufficiently deep to allow the fleet to move down the river. Colonel Bailey received a promotion to the rank of brevet brigadier-general in return for his timely service, and a purse of three thousand dollars from the officers of the fleet. Admiral Porter wrote of the affair to the secretary of the navy : “ There seems to have been an especial Providence look- ing out for us, in providing a man equal to the emergency. His proposition looked like mad- ness, and the best engineers ridiculed it; but Colonel Bailey was so sanguine of success, that 1 requested General Banks to have it done.” In November, 1864, he was promoted brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers, and on July 6, 1865, he resigned, afterwards removing to Newton county, Mo., where he was made sheriff of the county, and where he was murdered by two criminals whom he had arrested, and was taking to court for trial, March 21, 1867. BAILEY, Liberty Hyde, educator, was born at South Haven, Van Buren county, Mich., March 15, 1858, son of Liberty Hyde Bailey. He was graduated in 1882 from Michigan agricultural col- lege. and for two years was assistant to Prof. Asa Gray of Harvard university. In 1885 he took the cliair of horticulture and landscape gardening at Michigan agricultural college, and became horti- culturist of the Michigan experiment station upon its organization a year or two later. In 1886 he assisted in preparing a report on botanical work in Minnesota. In 1889 he was appointed professor of general and experimental horticulture in Cor- nell university, and horticulturist of Cornell uni- versity experiment station. He was also employed by the U. S. government department of agricul- ture. Among his published writings are a series of papers on the “ Relationship between American and Eastern Asian Fruits,” published in the annual reports of the U. S. department of agriculture; also, “ Talks Afield about Plants and the Science of Plants ” (1885) ; “ Field Notes on Apple Culture” (1886); "The Horticulturist’s Rule-Book” (1889, 3d ed., 1895); "The Nursery Book” (1891); “ Cross-Breeding and Hybridizing” (1892); Amer- ican Grape Training ” (1893) ; and " Plant Breed- ing” (1895). BAILEY, Rufus William, educator, was born at North Yarmouth, Me., April 13, 1793. He pur- sued his collegiate course at Dartmouth, where he was graduated in 1813. He then took a divinity course at Andover, and was licensed as a preacher, serving at Norwich Plain, and also teaching moral philosophy in the military academy. He held the pastorate of a church in Pittsfield, Mass., from 1824 to 1828, when he went south and was occupied as a teacher in the Carolinas and Vir- ginia until 1854, in which year he was given the chair of languages in Austin college, Texas, hold- ing it from 1854 to 1856, and was president of that institution from 1858 to 1863. He received the de- gree of D.D. from Hampden-Sidney college in 1859. While living in Texas he published a series of newspaper articles in opposition to slavery, and he was also the author of a number of vol- umes on religious and educational subjects, con- sisting of a book of newspaper letters called " The Issue”; “The Mother’s Request”; "The Family Preacher ” ; "A Primary Grammar ” ; a collection of sermons; a “Manual of English Grammar”; and “The Scholar’s Companion” (1841), which last passed through more than eighty editions. He died in Huntsville, Texas, April 25, 1863. BAILEY, Silas, clergyman, was born at Stir- ling, Mass., June 12, 1809. After his graduation from Brown university in 1834, he became prin- cipal of Worcester, Mass., academy, remaining there for five years, and then taking pastoral charge of a Baptist church at East Thompson, Conn. In 1842 he resigned his pastorate to be- come agent of the missionary union, N. Y., hold- ing that office until 1845, when he removed to Westboro, Mass. There he held a pastorate for one year, resigning to accept the presidency of Granville college, Ohio. In 1852 he was elected president of Franklin college, Ind., but was com- pelled to resign on account of illness, and in 1863 went to Lafayette, Ind., to assume charge of a church. Here he remained for three years, and then occupied the chair of metaphysics and the- ology at Kalamazoo college, Michigan, until 1869. In 1849 Madison university conferred upon him the degree of D.D. and in 1871 he re- ceived that of LL. D. from Franklin college. In 1873 he started on a tour through Europe, and died in Paris, France. He left his library and a part of his estate to Franklin college. He pub- lished numerous sermons, addresses and pam- phlets. The date of his death is June 30, 1874. [1611 BAILEY. BAILEY. BAILEY, Theodorus, naval officer, was born at Chateaugay, N. Y., April 12, 1805, nephew of Theodorus Bailey, senator, and a grandson of John Bailey, the first man to hoist the revolution- ary flag in New York. At the age of thirteen he joined the navy as midshipman and served on the coast of Africa, in the Pacific and the West Indies. He was promoted lieutenant March 3, 1827, and in 1833-’36 he made a cruise around the world in the Vincennes, later making a similar cruise in the Constellation. He was given com- mand of the Lexington in 1846, serving on the Mexican and Californian coasts, where he block- aded and captured San Bias and did other excel- lent service. He was promoted commander in 1849, and in 1855 with the St. Mary's joined the Pacific squadron, being promoted captain on De- cember 15 of the same year. He reached Panama during the troubles there and quelled them suc- cessfully. In 1861 he was ordered to join Farra- gut at the mouth of the Mississippi river, and was given command of the Colorado. The frigate was found to be too heavy to cross the bar, and many of the guns and officers were transferred to lighter vessels. Captain Bailey obtained com- mand of the leading division in the passage of the forts below New Orleans sailing to that city in the Cayuga witfi Lieut. George H. Perkins; and was sent to the city of New Orleans by Admiral Farragut to demand from the mayor an uncondi- tional surrender. He was received by an armed and angry mob, and his mission was quoted as “one of the most gallant acts performed during the whole war.” He was chosen by Farragut as the bearer of the despatches and reports to the government at Washington announcing the vic- tory, and was promoted commodore July 16, 1862. In June, 1862, he was placed in com- mand of the East Gulf squadron, as acting rear-admiral, and as such rendered important service in the blockade of Florida, stopping the illicit trade that was being carried on with the West Indian ports, and capturing about 150 blockade runners. In 1866 he was promoted rear- admiral, commanding the Portsmouth, N. H., navy yard from 1865 to 1867. He was retired Oct. 10, 1866, and died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 10, 1877. BAILEY, Wesley, reformer, was born at Fayetteville, Onondaga county, N. Y., in 1808, son of Elijah Bailey, who for some years preached and edited a religious paper in that town. When a young man he assisted in editing his father’s paper, and prepared himself for the ministry, to which he was subsequently ordained. In 1845 he was induced by a number of the prominent aboli- tionists of Utica to remove to that city and estab- lish a newspaper devoted to the cause in which they were enlisted. This resulted in the Liberty Press, which soon won recognition throughout the country as a leading organ of the liberty party of that day. After the political campaign of 1848 in which the journal vigorously supported the Van Buren Free-Soil ticket, Mr. Bailey changed the name of his paper to that of Teetotaler, and entered earnestly into the support of the total abstinence movement. He served for several terms as the chief executive officer of the order of the sons of temperance, then a powerful organ- ization, and was one of the founders of the Re- publican party. In 1856 he was a candidate on the Fremont state ticket for state prison inspector. In 1860 he removed to Decorah, Iowa, and in com- pany with one of his sons, A. K. Bailey, estab- lished the Republican, a successful paper. An- other son, E. Prentiss Bailey, afterwards became editor of the Utica, N. Y., Observer. Wesley Bailey died Feb. 26, 1889. BAILEY, William H., lawyer, was born in North Carolina, Jan. 22, 1831. He was admitted to the bar in January, 1852, and in 1856 was elected attorney-general of North Carolina. In connection with his practice, he taught a law school, until the breaking out of the civil war, when he joined the Confederate army, and was present at the battle of Great Bethel Church. Va., which he claims, as the first Confederate victory, had more effect in prolonging hostilities than any other event. During the war he was act- ing assistant adju- tant-general, judge advocate, and was also appointed re- ceiver under the" Confederate government. He was county solici- tor at different periods of his life. In 1882 he was elected a representative to the legislature of North Carolina and served as chairman of the judiciary committee. He was also one of the code commissioners of the state. He removed late in life to Houston, Texas, where his son edited the Houston Daily Herald. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Rutherford college, N. C. Mr. Bailey gained a local fame as a humorist in verse. He also wrote several law-books. “The Conflict of Judicial Decis- ions”; “Onus Probandi”; “Self-Taught Law”; and “ The Detective Faculty,” and edited “The Fifth North Carolina Digest,” and many articles legal, historical, and biographical for the maga- zines and newspapers. 162 J * ff: BAILEY. BAINBRIDGE. BAILEY, William Whitman, botanist, was bom at West Point, N. Y., Feb. 22, 1843, son of Jacob Whitman Bailey, professor of chemistry, geology, and mineralogy at the military academy. He received liis early training at the school for officers’ children, and upon the death of his father in 1857, he removed to Providence, R. I., where he entered the university grammar school. He entered Brown university in 1860, and in 1862 joined the 10th regiment R. I. volunteers in the defence of Washington. Returning to college he was graduated in 1864, and remained at the university during the following year as assistant in the chemical laboratory. During a part of 1866 he was assistant chemist at the Manchester (N. H.) print works; then (1866-67) assistant in chemistry at the Massachusetts institute of technology, and in May, 1867, was appointed botanist to the U. S. geological explor- ation of 40th parallel under Clarence King. Failing health compelled his return to the east in 1868, and for a time he was deputy secre- tary of the state of Rhode Island. From 1869 to 1871 he was assistant librarian at the Provi- dence athenaeum. During a part of 1872 he engaged in journalism in New York, and until 1877 was a private teacher of botany, meanwhile studying that science at Columbia college and at the Harvard summer school. He was appointed instructor in botany at Brown university in 1877, and was given the chair of botany in 1881. He was made a member of the Torrey botanical club, Boston society of natural history. New England botanical club, the Rhode Island horticultural society, the New York microscopical society, the Appalachian mountain club, a fellow of American association for advancement of science, and a member of several military and social organi- zations. He was appointed, June, 1896, by Presi- dent Cleveland a member of the board of visitors to the United States military academy, and served as secretary of the board. Among his published writings are; "The Botanical Collector’s Hand- Book” (1881); “My Boyhood at West Point” (1891); “Botanist Note-Book” (1894); “Among Rhode Island Wild Flowers ” (1895) ; and con- tributions in prose and verse to many periodicals and to the daily press. BAINBRIDGE, William, navalofficer, was born at Princeton, N. J., May 7, 1774, the fourth son of Absalom Bainbridge, who was fifth in descent from Sir Arthur Bainbridge of Durham county, England, whose son settled in New Jersey. Wil- liam was of an adventurous disposition, and shipped at the age of fifteen before the mast. When only eighteen he was appointed first mate of a vessel. On the first voyage a mutiny arose among the crew, who seized the captain and would have thrown him overboard had not young Bainbridge and the second mate fought and conquered the mutineers. He was made com- mander in the following year, and in 1796, while off the island of St. Johns, on the ship Hope, a British schooner of eight guns and thirty men attacked him. The enemy did not show her colors until the first fire had been returned. The Hope was equipped with only four guns and eleven men, but the enemy was com- pelled to strike her flag. In 1798 he was appointed lieutenant and commander of the Retaliation , and ordered to cruise in the West Indies with the brig Nor- folk and the frigate Montezuma to protect American commerce against French cruisers. In November, 1798, they sighted two French frig- ates, one of which, the Insurgent, began to fire upon the Retaliation, which, taken by surprise, struck her colors. He craftily saved the other ships from capture by representing them to be of very heavy armament. Lieutenant Bainbridge was taken by his captoi's to Guadaloupe, the gov- ernor of which place returned to him his vessel ; he effected the release of a large number of Americans held as prisoners and subjected to cruel treatment, and with them he sailed to the United States, where he was promoted to the rank of nxaster, 1798, and given command of the brig-of-war Norfolk, of eighteen guns. He reported to the government the ill-treatment received by American prisoners at Guadaloupe, and this resulted in the retaliation act that led to war with France. In command of the Norfolk, Bainbridge was ordered to the West Indies. He returned in August, 1799, and sailed again in Sep- tember for Cape Francois, leaving in October, on the 8th of which month he captured the Fi'ench lugger Republican. In May, 1800, Captain Bain- bridge took command of the frigate George Washington to carry tribute to Algiers, when he was compelled by the Dey to convey an ambas- sador to Constantinople with presents to the sultan, together with upwards of two hundred Turkish passengers. When Bainbridge remonstrated, the Dey replied, “ You pay me tribute by which you become my slaves, I have, therefore, a right to order you as I may think proper.” Bainbridge, in his repoi’t, said: “ I hope I may never again be sent to Algiers with tribute unless I am author- ized to deliver it from the mouth of our cannon.’ BAINBRIDGE. BAIRD. In May, 1801, Bainbridge was given command of the frigate Essex, of the squadron commanded by Commodore Richard Dale, sent out by the United States to cruise against the Barbary states. He sailed to Gibraltar, appearing off the cities of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, and during the win- ter and spring of 1802 cruised in different parts of the Mediterranean. In July, 1802, he returned to New York, and afterwards superintended the building of the brig Syren and the schooner Vixen. In May, 1803, he was given command of the frigate Philadelphia, of forty-four guns, and cruised in the Mediterranean under Commo- dore Preble. In August of the same year, he captured the Moorish cruiser Meshboha, of twenty-two guns and one hundred and twenty men. In November, 1803, while at Ti-ipoli, Bain- bridge ran his vessel, the Philadelphia, upon rocks in the harbor, and before he could wear her off, he was attacked by the Tripolitans, obliged to surrender, and with his officers and crew, con- fined in prison for nineteen months. The Phil- adelphia was burned by Lieutenant Decatur on Feb. 15, 1804, at the suggestion of Bainbridge through Commodore Preble. After peace was made Bainbridge returned to the United States. At the outbreak of the war of 1812 he was made commander of the frigate Constitution, and of a small squadron consisting of the frigate Essex, Capt. David Porter, and the sloop-of-war Hornet. Capt. James Lawrence. On Dec. 29. 1812, lie captured the frigate Java, being severely wounded in the engagement. He received for this exploit formal expressions of appreciation from the states of Massachusetts and New York, and from both houses of Congress. Congress appropriated fifty thousand dollars to be divided among the crew as prize money, a gold medal for the commodore and a silver one for each officer. Commodore Bain- bridge was placed in charge of the Charlestown navy yard, wherein August he laid the keel of the line of battle ship Independence, of seventy-four guns. While Bainbridge remained in Boston the Chesapeake sailed out and encountered the British frigate Shannon, by which she was captured, with all the naval signals. A new signal code, was prepared by Commodore Bainbridge and the United States navy have since continued to use his system. When the British fleet appeared before Boston in 1813 and blockaded the harbor, a conflict of opinion arose between the people of Massachusetts and the national government as to the defence of the sea coast and the ownership of the forts and vessels of war in the territory. The Federal government was defended by Bainbridge, who insisted that the citizens of Boston had no interests separate from those of the nation, and that he should maintain the national honor and protect its property, let the consequences be what they might. His firmness led to the strengthen- ing of the navy, the sloops of war Frolic and Wasp were built under his direction, and he did much to improve the condition of the navy yard. In 1815 he took command of the Mediterranean squadron, consisting of twenty vessels. Peace was declared with Algiers soon after, and for six years he remained in command, and settled numerous disputes with the Barbary states. In 1815 he established in the Boston navy yard the first naval school. In 1817 he was one of a com- mittee to select sites for navy yards. In 1819 he presided over the first board of examiners, before whom appeared young officers for promotion. He commanded the new line of battle ship Columbus, November, 1819. and sailed in her to assume direction of the Mediterranean squadron. In 1821 he was in command of the Philadelphia navy yard, and fitted out the ship-of-the-line, North Carolina. In 1823 he was in command at the Charlestown navy yard, and the same year was made naval commissioner. He acted as Decatur’s second in his fatal duel with Barron, and afterwards resigned as naval commissioner and served at various navy yards until his death, which occurred in Philadelphia, July 28, 1833. BAIRD, Absalom, soldier, was born at Wash- ington. Pa.. Aug. 20. 1824. His primary educa- tion fitted him for entrance to Washington college, where he was graduated in 1841. He studied law. afterwards entered the military academy as a cadet in 1844 and was graduated in 1849. promoted to 1st lieutenant in 1853, and until 1859 was assistant professor of mathematics at West Point. At the outbreak of the civil war he com- manded a battery in the defences of Washington and was promoted captain by brevet, May 11, 1861. He was assigned to the adjutant -general’s depart- ment as assistant, and in July, 1861, was made adjutant-general in Tyler’s division and took part in the Manassas campaign, including Blackburn’s Ford and Bull Run. He was promoted captain Aug. 3, 1861, and major Nov. 12, 1861. and served as chief of staff of the 4th army corps in the Peninsular campaign, engaging in the siege of Yorktown and the battle of Williamsburg. He was commander of a brigade in the army of the Ohio in 1862. of the 3d division of the army of Kentucky in the operations of Gen eral Rosecrans in Tennessee. He received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for gallantry in battle at Chicamauga, and that of colonel after the battle of Chattanooga, where he commanded a division of the 14th army corps. In 1865 he was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry at the battle of Atlanta, and in September of the same year was brevetted major-general for his service in the field during the entire war. He was made major-general of volunteers for service [ 164 ] BAIRD. BAIRD. at Jonesboro and Resaca in the Atlanta campaign and after various services, in the capacity of in- spector-general, he was by the action of the law retired Sept. 22, 1885. BAIRD, Charles Washington, clergyman, was born at Princeton, N. J., Aug. 28, 1828 ; son of Rob- ert and Fermine Ophelia A. (Du Buisson) Baird. His father was a missionary and temperance ora- tor. He was graduated from the University of New York in 1848, as class poet, and took a three years’ course of study at the Union theological seminary, New York. After his graduation in 1852 he was ordained as minister in the Presbyterian church, 1853, and made chaplain of the American chapel in Rome, Italy, which office he retained until 1854, and in 1859 became pastor of the Ber- gen Hill Reformed Dutch church in Brooklyn, N. Y., going from there to Rye, N. Y., in 1861, where, until his death, he was pastor of the Presbyterian church. The University of the city of New York conferred upon him the degree of A.M. in 1860, and that of D.D. in 1876. He was a member of the American historical associa- tion, of the New York. Rhode Island, Westchester and Virginia historical societies, the Huguenot society of America and the Huguenot society of London. He is the author of “ Eutaxia, or the Presbyterian Liturgies” (1855); “ A Chapter of Liturgies” (1856); “A Book of Public Prayer ” (1857); “Chronicle of a Border Town. History of Rye, Westchester Co., New York, from 1860 to 1870 ” (1871); “ Plistory of Bedford Church” (1882); “History of the Huguenot Emigration to America” (2 vols., 1885); “The Scholar's Duty and Opportunity,” an oration (1886), and several translations, addresses and magazine articles. He died at Rye, N. Y., Feb. 10, 1887. BAIRD, Henry Carey, economist, was born at the United States arsenal, Bridesburg, Philadel- phia, Pa., Sept. 10, 1825; son of Thomas J. Baird, an officer in the U. S. army. Both his maternal and paternal grandfathers came to America as political refugees from Ii-eland. His mother’s father, Matthew Carey, was a pioneer publisher of Philadelphia, and friend of Benjamin Franklin. He attended school until his sixteenth year, when he entered the publishing house of Carey & Hart of Philadelphia, of which his uncle, Edward L. Carey, was the head, and after a four years’ apprenticeship, he, in 1845, became a member of the firm, inheriting his uncle’s intei'est upon his death. In 1849 he withdrew from the firm and established that of Henry Carey Baird & Co., and engaged in the publication of books on technical, industrial and economic subjects. During the financial crisis of 1857 he stud- ied the writings of his uncle, Henry Charles Carey, on the tariff and currency questions, with the result that he adopted his views and devoted no both time and money to their promulgation. He wrote and distributed, at his own expense, thousands of tracts and pamphlets, contri- buted numerous articles on economic subjects to various cyclopaedias, and in 1876 discussed the currency question in the Atlantic Monthly with James A. Garfield. He was one of the founders and a leader of the Greenback party, leaving the Republican party on account of its financial policy. In 1876 his arguments before the ways and means committee of the house of representa- tives were largely instrumental in defeating a bill for the issue of five hundred million dollars, thirty -year four and a half per cent bonds, which had passed the senate by a vote of fifty-five ayes to five nays, a measure which would have been an expense to the government of several hun- dred thousand dollars. BAIRD, Henry Martin, educator, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 17, 1823; son of Robert and Fermine Ophelia Amaryllis (Du Buisson) Baird. In 1850 he was graduated at the Uni- versity of the city of New York with valedictory honors. During 1851-'52 lie studied at the Uni- versity of Athens ; from 18o3 to 1855 he attended the Union theological seminary, N. Y. ; from 1855 to 1859 he continued his theological studies at Princeton theological seminary, Princeton, N. J., at the same time acting as tutor in the College of New Jersey. In 1859 he was made professor of Greek language and literature at the University of the city of New York. In 1866 he was ordained a minister of the Presbyterian church, and in 1873 was elected corresponding secretary of the American and foreign Christian union, holding the office until 1884. He also served as first vice- president of the American society of church history ; president of Yonkers historical society, and member of many prominent societies, both in America and in Europe. He received the degrees A. B., 1850, and A. M., 1854, from the University of the city of New York; Ph. D., 1867, from the College of New Jersey; D. D., 1877, from Rutgers college, and LL.D., 1882, from the Col- lege of New Jersey. His publications include: “Modern Greece” (1856); “Life of the Rev. Robert Baird, D.D.” (1866); “History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France ” (1879) ; “ Ber- nard Palissy ” (1882) ; “ The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre ” (1886), and monographs of great historical interest, among which may be noted: “ The French Synods of the Desert” (1888); “ Camisard Uprising of the French Protes- tants ” (1889) ; “ Diplomatic Services of Benjamin Franklin” (1890); “ The Chambre Ardente, and French Protestantism under Henry II.” (1891), and “Influence of the Protestant Re- formation on Civil and Political Institutions ” (1892). 5J BAIRD. BAIRD. BAIRD, Henry Samuel, lawyer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, May 1G, 1800. At the age of five he was brought to America and was given a good education. He was graduated from a law school, and in 1823 began the practice of his profession at Mackinaw, Mich. He remained there but one year, changing his residence to Green Bay, Wis. At the beginning of the Black Hawk war he entered the military service, with the rank of quartermaster -general. After the close of this war he returned to Green Bay, represented his district in the first legislative council of Wisconsin territory, held various local polit- ical offices, and in 1861 was elected mayor of Green Bay. He contributed valuable articles to the Wisconsin historical society, of which he was vice-president. He died April 28, 1875. BAIRD, John, constructive engineer, was born in Scotland in 1820. In 1840 he emigrated to Canada and began the study of mechanics; in 1843 he removed to the United States, and settled in Troy, N. Y., as mechanical designer in the Burden iron works, and later was made manager of the shops. In 1850 he became general manager in the Delamater iron works in New York city, and in 1857 the Cromwell steamship company employed him to design iron vessels intended to run between New York and New Orleans. For this company, under Mr. Baird’s direction and from his designs, was built the first iron steamship ever launched in America. He remained in the employ of the Cromwell steam- ship company for twenty years. In 1887 Mr. Baird became vice-president of the Metropolitan elevated railway company of New York, and supervised the construction of the Sixth and Second avenue lines. After the elevated rail- roads were leased to the Manhattan company, Mr. Baird retired from the vice-presidency, and employed himself in securing patents for his vari- ous inventions for engines and boilers. He patented more than thirty such inventions, five of which he perfected within the last two months of his life. He died Oct. 18, 1891. BAIRD, Robert, reformer, was born in Fayette county, Pa., Oct. 6, 1798. His classical studies were pursued at Uniontown, and he was gradu- ated at Jefferson college, Pa., in 1818. He studied theology at Princeton, N. J. , and was licensed to preach in 1822. He served as tutor in the College of New Jersey, and in 1822 founded a grammar school at Princeton, which he conducted until 1827, when he became interested in the effort to supply every family in New Jersey with the Bible. In connection with the missionary society of New Jersey he did much to lay the foundation of the present school system of that state. He next spent five years in the service of the Ameri- can Sunday-school union, visiting all parts of the country in the interests of that institution. In 1835 he left the United States, and for over eight years labored for the establishment of a mission of Christian benevolence in southern Europe, and for a revival of the Protestant faith, and the advancement of the cause of temperance in the northern countries. He returned to the United States in 1843, and continued the work on which he had been engaged in Europe. In 1846 he was a delegate to the evangelical alliance in London, and the same year was present at the World’s tem- perance convention in Stockholm. In 1862 he again visited Europe, and did important service to the cause of the Union in public addresses to large audiences in London and elsewhere in Great Britain. He labored zealously throughout a long career, for the promotion of temperance and all other Christian reforms. He wrote numerous books, with a reformatory or religious tendency, some having been translated into nearly every European language. His “ History of the Albigenses, Waldenses and Vaudois ” is a stand- ard work. His principal publications include: “A View of the Valley of the Mississippi” (1832); “History of the Temperance Societies ” (1836) ; “ Memoir of Anna Jane Linnard ” (2d ed., 1837); “Transplanted Flowers” (Memoirs of Mrs. Rumpff and the Duchesse de Broglie, 1839) ; “Visit to Northern Europe” (1841); “A View of Religion in America ” (1842) ; “ Protestantism in Italy” (1845); “The Noblest Freedom” (1848) ; “ Impressions and Experiences of the West Indies and North America in 1849 ” (1850) ; “ The Christian Retrospect and Register ” (1855). See his life, written by his son, Henry M. Baird. He died March 15, 1863. BAIRD, Spencer Fullerton, naturalist, was born at Reading, Pa. , Feb. 3, 1823 ; son of Samuel Baird. He was graduated at Dickinson college, Pa., in the class of 1840, and studied medicine at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York city. In 1845 he was elected to the chair of natural history at Dickinson college, and a few years later accepted the professorship of chemis- try in addition. In 1850 he was made assistant secretary, and upon the death of Professor Henry, in May, 1878, succeeded as secretary of the Smithsonian institution. The specimens which he had accumulated were given as a foundation for the museum at the institution. On the estab- lishment of the U. S. department of exploration lie was given full authority over it, and to his wise and zealous care is due its success. He annually prepared reports which have been of the greatest value. He not only efficiently discharged the regular duties of his position, but he imparted to the leaders of government expeditions some of his own enthusiasm in the work and its object. He took pleasure iu sending out natural history f!66j BAKER. BAKER. parties, taking charge of the specimens they collected and editing their reports. He also collected many valuable specimens which he added to those brought in by the parties, and these laid the foundation of the United States museum at Washington. In 1871 he was chosen U. S. commissioner of fish and fisheries, and was so successful in his work of protecting and pro- moting the culture of fish in the rivers and lakes of America that some European countries fol- lowed his teachings. He received the honorary degree of M.D. from the Philadelphia medical college in 1848, and in 1856 Dickinson college con ferred upon him the degree of Pli.D., and in 1875 he received the degree of LL. D. from the Colum- bian university. For a number of years he occu- pied the position of a trustee of Columbian university, and also of the Corcoran gallery of art in Washington. During the years 1850 and 1851 he was secretary of the American associa- f tion for the advancement of science, and in 1864 was made a member of the National academy of science. He received many honorary medals from foreign societies, a medal from the Accli mation society of Melbourne in 1878, from that of France in 1879; the first honor prize for the International fish exhibit in Berlin in 1880; and the order of St. Olaf from the King of Norway and Sweden. More than twenty-five kinds of animal life have been named in his honor, as well as several extinct species. Prof. George Brown Goode’s bibliography of his works from 1843 to 1882 include 1,063 titles. Among his most widely used works are his translation of Heck’s “ Bikler Atlas”; the “ Iconographic Encyclo- paedia” (4 vols., 1852); ‘‘Catalogue of North American Reptiles ” (1853); “ Mammals of North America” (1859); “Birds of North America,” with John Cassin (1860); “Review of American Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Insti- tution” (1864— ’66); “Distribution and Migrations of North American Birds” with Thomas M. Brewer and Robert Ridgway (5 vols., 1874— '84). From 1870 to 1878 he was scientific editor of Harper and Brother’s publications. Robert Ridgway, after Prof. Baird's death, published his ornithological studies under the title of “Man- ual of North American Birds” (1887). He died at Wood’s Hol^Mass., Aug. 19, 1887. BAKER, Abijah Richardson, clergyman, was born at Franklin, Mass., Aug. 30, 1805, son of David and Jemima (Richardson) Baker. In 1830 he was graduated from Amherst college, and from Andover theological seminary in 1835. In the latter year he became an instructor in the Phillips Andover academy, and in 1836 was installed pastor of the Medford (Mass.) Congre- gational church. There he remained for thirteen years, when he resigned to accept a call to Lynn, Mass., in 1851. He organized the Central church of that city. This pastorate he resigned in 1857 and resided for a time at Wellesley, removing thence to South Boston, Mass. His published writings include: “A School History of the United States, containing Maps, a Chrono- logical Chart, and an Outline of Topics for a More Extensive Course of Study ” (1843) ; “ A Question Book on the Topics in Christ’s Sermon on the Mount ” (3 vols., 1862), and “ The Catechism Tested by the Bible ” (1851). This was translated into fifteen languages, and reached a publica- tion of over a million. He also assisted his wife in editing “ The Mother’s Assistant ” and “ The Happy Home.” He was married in 1835 to Harriet Newell, daughter of Rev. Leonard and Abigail (Wheeler) Woods. His sons in 1897 were located as follows: George Stuart Baker, D.D., rector of St. Luke’s hospital, N. Y. ; Charles Richard Baker, D.D. , rector of the Church of the Messiah, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; William Henry Baker, M.D., ex-professor of gynaecology in Harvard university, Boston, Mass. ; Walter Abijah Baker, D.D., rector of St. John the Bap- tist’s church, Baltimore, Md., and the Rev. Frank Woods Baker, rector of St. Paul’s church, Cin- cinnati, Ohio. He died April 30, 1876. BAKER, Benjamin Franklin, musician, was born at Wenliam, Mass., July 10, 1811. Early in life he removed to Salem, Mass., where he studied music, and in 1831 began teaching. In 1833 he travelled in a concert company, and in 1839 was made musical director in Dr. William Ellery Channing’s church in Boston, holding that position eight years. In 1841 he held his first musical convention, which was repeated each year and became very popular. He was for a number of years vice-president of the Han- del and Haydn society, and from 1842 to 1848 was teacher of music in the Boston grammar schools, having eight thousand pupils under his care every week. The public schools of Lawrence and Lowell are indebted to him for the intro- duction of music into their course of study. The Boston Musical Journal was edited by him, and in 1857 he founded the Boston music school, both of which ended with his death. He was actively engaged during his life in writing and publishing music, and in manufacturing musical instruments. He died in Boston, March 11, 1889. BAKER, Charles Joseph, banker, was born at Baltimore, Md., May 28, 1821, son of William and Jane (Jones) Baker. His preparatory edu- cation was obtained at the Franklin academy, Reisterstown. In 1835 he entered the grammar school of Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., and was graduated in 1841. In 1842, in partnership with his brother, Henry J. Baker, lie established a paint, oil, and glass business, which developed BAKER. BAKER. through various phases into the successful busi- ness houses of Baker Brothers & Co., New York and Baltimore. In 1859 Mr. Baker was elected a director of the Franklin bank, and in 1860 became its president. He became president of the Canton chemical company in 1870, which office he resigned in 1877. He was interested in other large commercial enterprises, and was instrumental in procuring the construction of the Union railroad and tunnel, which gave the Northern Central and Western Maryland rail- roads a tide-water terminus at Canton, and proved of immense service to the commercial and manufacturing interests of Baltimore. He took an active part in the municipal reform movements of 1859 and 1860, and became a mem- ber of the city council of Baltimore, and its presi- dent. At the time of the civil commotions follow- ing the 19th of April, 1861, he was acting mayor of Baltimore during the imprisonment of Mayor George William Brown, and continued to occupy the position of acting mayor, until the council was dissolved by military order. Mr. Baker was a liberal contributor to the organized charities of Baltimore, and an active promoter of the benev- olent work of the Methodist Episcopal church. He died Sept. 24, 1894. BAKER, Charles Simeon, representative, was born at Churchville, Monroe county, N. Y., Feb. 18, 1839. He received an academic education, was a teacher in 1856-\57, studied law and was admit- ted to the bar in December, 1860. He served dur- ing the first year of the civil war as lieutenant 27th N. Y. volunteers, but being disabled at the first battle of Bull Run, was honorably discharged. He was a member of the New York assembly in 1879, 1880, and 1885, and also of the state senate in 1884-’85, and he was successively elected to the 49th, 50th, and 51st congresses. BAKER, Edward Dickenson, senator, was born in London, Eng., Feb. 24, 1811. He was brought by his father to Philadelphia in 1815. Being left fatherless at an early age, he supported himself and his brother by following the occupa- tion of a weaver. In 1830 he removed with his brother to Springfield, 111., where lie studied law, was admitted to the bar, and established himself in practice. His oratorical ability brought him into prominence, and in 1837 he was elected a member of the state legislature. In 1840 he took his seat in the state senate. In 1842 he was one of three Whig candidates for the office of represen- tative in Congress from Illinois before the nomin- ating convention, John J. Harding and Abraham Lincoln being the rival candidates, and Harding was nominated ami elected to the 28th Congress. In 1844 the three same candidates, presented themselves, and Baker was nominated and elected a representative to the 29th congress. In 1846 the three candidates again presented their names, and Abraham Lincoln was elected to the 30th Congress. He volunteered for service in the Mexican war in 1848, raised a regiment in Illinois, and fought gallantly in the battles between Vera Cruz and the city of Mexico. General Shields being incapacitated in the engagement at Cerro Gordo, Colonel Baker was given the command of his brigade and led it during the remainder of the campaign. Returning to Illinois at the close of the war he was elected a representative to the 3lst Congress in 1848. In 1850 he declined a nom- ination to the 32d Congress and became interested in the Panama railroad. He removed in 1851 to California, where he led the bar as the most eloquent orator in the state. In 1860 he took up his residence in Oregon, and was elected in the same year U. S. senator. He took his seat, March 4, 1861. At the extra session of Congress, called July, 1861, Senator Baker supported the admin- istration in an able and eloquent speech. He addressed a mass meeting in Union Square, New York, after the firing upon Fort Sumter, urging eloquently the preservation of the Union. He volunteered for active service, and raised in Philadelphia and New York the “ California ” regiment and commanded a brigade at the battle of Ball’s Bluff, where he fell from his horse, mor- tally wounded, Oct. 21, 1861. BAKER, George Augustus, painter, was born in New York city in 1821. The son of an artist, bred in an atmosphere of art, his talent soon became manifest, and when quite a young man he gained favor as a successful painter of minia- tures on ivory. From 1844 to 1846 he studied in Europe with good results, and devoted his time after his return almost wholly to the painting of life-size portraits. His best results were in painting portraits of women and children, in which line he was unexcelled by contemporary artists, and his pictures commanded large prices. Among his works, outside of portraits, may be mentioned, ‘ • The May Queen, ” “ Wild Flowers ” and “Love at First Sight.” He was a mem- ber of the National academy of design, elected in 1851. He died April 2. 1880. BAKER, Harriet Newell Woods, author, was born at Andover. Mass., Aug. 19, 1815; daughter of the Rev. Leonard and Abigail (Wheeler) Woods. Her father was president of Andover theological seminary. She was educated at the Abbott female academy, Andover. In 1835 she was married to the Rev. Abijali R. Baker. She began to write juvenile stories about 1850, under the pen names of Mrs. Madeline Leslie and “Aunt Hattie.” Her books, which comprise nearly two hundred volumes, include the follow- ing: “ The Courtesies of Wedded Life" (1855); “ Tim the Scissors Grinder ” (1861); “ The Leslie BAKER. BAKER. Stories ” (3 vols., 1865); “Worth and Wealth” (1865); “The Sisters at Service ” (1879); “True and False Pride ” (1879); “ The Sunshine Series ” (6 vols.); “Fashion and Folly ” (1880) ; “Happy Home Series” (6 vols.); “The Governor's Par- don”; and, with Abijah R. Baker, “Theology in Romance ” (2 vols.). She died in Brooklyn, N. Y., April 27, 1893. BAKER, Isaac D., publisher, was born April 1, 1819. He was brought up as a dry goods merchant. In 1846 he aided in establishing the publishing house of Baker and Scribner, now Charles Scribners’ Sons. The firm met with almost unprecedented success, publishing the works of such eminent writers as Donald G. Mitchell, Charlotte Elizabeth, J. T. Headley, N. P. Willis, R. H. Dana, J. G. Holland, Mrs. Kirk- land, and Mrs. Ellet. Mr. Baker retired from the firm on account of ill-health, and died Nov. 23, 1850. BAKER, James H., educator, was born at Harmony, Me., Oct. 13, 1848. After a varied experience in teaching district and grammar schools, he entered Bates college at Lewiston, Me., in 1869, and was graduated in 1873, the second in his class. After his graduation he was appointed principal of the Yarmouth high school, and at the close of the second year he resigned to assume charge of the high school at Denver, Col. In 1891 he accepted the presi- dency of the university of Colorado, assuming the duties of the office, Jan. 1, 1892. President Baker received the degree of LL.D. from Bates college in 1892. He was president of the National council of education in 1892, and is the author of a text-book on psychology. BAKER, Lafayette C., secret service officer, was born at Stafford, Genesee county, N. Y., Oct. 13, 1826, son of Remember Ethan Baker, a prominent lawyer, and grandson of Remember Baker, the “Green Mountain boy” and compan- ion of Ethan Allan. In 1839 Lafayette’s father took him to Michigan, then a wilderness, where he helped in building their rude dwelling, and culti- vating the land about it. He worked as a mechanic in New York and Philadelphia during his early manhood. In 1853 he emigrated to Cali- fornia, where, in 1856, he joined the noted vigilance committee, formed for the purpose of subduing the ruffians of San Francisco. At the breaking out of the civil war he went to Washington, and offered to undertake a per- ilous journey into the south, to ascertain the state of affairs among the Confederates. His offer was accepted, and unmounted and un- accompanied, he succeeded in accomplishing his mission, though only by the greatest difficulty, having been imprisoned and taken before Presi- dent Davis. He worked for the government [ 1 « 9 ] in the capacity of detective for a year, and for his services was commissioned colonel and made the head of the secret service bureau. At the time of President Lincoln’s assassination, Mr. Baker brought about the capture of the assassin and his accomplices, in a very short time, being of the party which captured Booth in Virginia. In 1865 he was commissioned brigadier -general. He is author of an interesting volume entitled “ History of the United States Secret Service ” (1867). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 2, 1868. BAKER. Lewis, statesman, was born in Bel- mont county, Ohio, Nov. 7, 1832. He was pre- siding officer of the West Virginia senate in 1870, and in 1884 a member of the national convention which nominated Grover Cleveland to the presi- dency. He then removed to Minnesota and became editor of the St. Paul Globe, and in 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland min- ister plenipotentiary to Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Salvador. BAKER, Lucien, senator, was born in Ohio, in 1846, and at an early age was taken by his parents to Michigan, where his education was acquired. In 1869 he removed to Kansas and set- tled in Leavenworth, where he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised his profession. He was elected to the United States senate as a Republican in 1895. BAKER, Marcus, explorer, was born at Ostemo, Kalamazoo county, Mich., Sept. 23, 1849. He was graduated from the University of Michi- gan in 1870, and during 1871 was professor of mathematics in Albion college. In 1871 he re- turned to the University of Michigan as instruc- tor of mathematics. In 1873 he was appointed assistant on the United States coast survey, holding the position from 1873 to 1886, after which time he was geographer of the United States geological survey. He thoroughly explored the Pacific coast and Alaska. He was superintendent of the United States signal service observatory at Los Angeles, Cal., from July, 1882, to August, 1884. He is the author of many valuable scien- tific articles; also in conjunction with William H. Dali, compiled material for a “ Coast Pilot of Alaska” and contributed the “Alaska Coast Pilot, Appendix 1, Meteorology and Biblio- graphy ” (1879). Articles by Mr. Baker are to be found in each annual report of the U. S. geological survey. BAKER, Nathaniel Bradley, governor of New Hampshire, was born at Hillsboro, N. H., Sept. 29, 1818. He was prepared for college at Phillips academy at Exeter, and entered Harvard at the age of fifteen. After his graduation in 1839 he began the study of the law, and in 1842 was ad- mitted to the bar and began to practise. For a time he edited the New Hampshire Patriot, but BAKER. BAKER. on his appointment as clerk of the court of com- mon pleas he discontinued his journalistic work. After serving a year in this capacity he performed similar duties in the superior court of judicature for Merrimac county'. He became well known in political circles, and held office as representa- tive in the state legislature, speaker of the house, 1851-’52, presidential elector in 1852, and gov- ernor of New Hampshire 1854-’55. In 1856 he changed his residence to Clinton, Iowa. After practising his profession there for three years he was sent to the state legislature. In 1861 he was appointed adjutant-general of Iowa, which office he held until his death. Sept. 11, 1876. BAKER, Osmon Cleander, M. E. bishop, was born at Marlow, Cheshire county, N. H., July 30, 1812. He attended an academy at Wilbraham, Mass., from 1827 to 1830, and from 1830 to 1833 studied at Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn., leaving in liis senior year. From 1834 to 1839 he was instructor at, and from 1839 to 1844 principal of, Newbury seminary, Vt. In 1839 he joined on trial the New Hampshire conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and until 1844 was employed as a local and itiner- ant preacher. In 1844 he decided to resign his scholastic work and to devote his time to pastoral duties. He was stationed at Rochester, N. H., in 1844; Manchester, N. H.. 1845; and was pre- siding elder of Dover district in 1846. In 1847 he was made professor in the Methodist general biblical institute, Concord,- N. H., which position lie filled acceptably until 1850, when he became president of the institute. In 1852 he was elected a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church at the general conference. In 1837 the Wesleyan university conferred upon him the degree of A.M., and in 1852 that of D.D. He published “ The Last Witness ” (1853) ; “ A Guide Book in the Administration of the Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church ” (1855) ; and a “ Sketch of the Rev. Jason Lee ” (1861). He died at Coucord, N. H., Dec. 20, 1871. BAKER, Peter Carpenter, publisher, was born at North Hempstead, N. Y., March 25, 1822. After receiving an academic education he, as a lad, obtained a position in New York city in a book firm, where he remained for several years. He then learned the printing business under William E. Dean, and superintended the exten- sive establishment of John F. Trow, publisher of the New York city directory, thus becoming thoroughly acquainted with the business of making and selling books. In 1850 he joined with Daniel Godwin in forming the law-pub- lishing firm of Baker & Godwin, which existed until 1865, when Mr. Baker founded the firm of Baker, Voorhies & Co. He edited The Steam Press, an uncompromising union journal, pub- lished during the civil war. He also suggested the De Groot statue of Franklin in Printing- house square, New York, made from type metal contributed from worn-out fonts of the various printing-houses in the city. His publications consist of monographs, addresses and orations, including “ European Recollections” (1861), and “ Franklin ” (1865). He died May 19, 1889. BAKER, Remember, pioneer, was born at Woodbury, Conn., about 1740. He served during the French and Indian wars in the campaign against Canada and was present at Ticonderoga, when Abernethy fell in 1758. He removed to Vermont in 1763 and settled in Arlington, where he built the first grist mill on the grants north of Bennington, and was prominent in the defen- sive action of the settlers against the encroach- ments of the New Yorkers. Governor Try on of New York outlawed him, and in March, 1772, a dozen New Yorkers broke into his house and carried him off. He was rescued by his own party later in the day, after lie had been shamefully maltreated by his captors. He served as a eap- •tain under Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga in 1775. While employed as a scout by Schuyler in the campaign against Canada, he was killed by Indi- ans near St. Johns, August, 1775. BAKER, William, representative, was born in Washington county, Pa., April 29, 1831. His first American ancestors came from England and settled in Virginia, and during the revolu- tion were stanch patriots. In 1793 his paternal grandfather with his family migrated to the frontier of Pennsylvania, and there on the old homestead William spent his youth. His oppor- tunities for an education were limited, and it was not until he became of age that he was free to acquire a collegiate education. He made his way through college, teaching school and farming at intervals for support, and in 1856 he was gradu- ated at Waynesburg college. Two years later he married, and soon after moved to Iowa, where he became principal of the public schools in Coun- cil Bluffs. Returning to Pennsylvania in 1866 lie engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1878 when he removed to Kansas, and engaged in farming and stocki’aising. In 1890 he was elected to represent the 6tli Kansas district in the 52d Con- gress, the first candidate supported by the Peo- ple's party in opposition to both Republican and Democratic nominees. He was returned to the 53d and 54th congresses. BAKER, William Bliss, artist, was born in New York, N. Y., in 1859. He displayed ar- tistic talent in his early boyhood, and at the age of seventeen became a student at the Na- tional academy of design, where he continued for four years, taking a first prize in the antique school the year before leaving, and a third prize BAKER. BALCH. in 1884 of one hundred dollars for his painting, “Woodland Brook." Among his other works are: “Pleasant Day at Lake George" (1883); “October Morning" (1884); “Solitude" (1885): and “ Under the Apple Trees ” (1886). BAKER, William H., artist, was born in 1825. and until he was forty-two years old made his home in New Orleans, where he was engaged in business. He became interested in art, study- ing it first as an avocation, and later adopting it as a vocation. Though painting some from the ideal, his principal work was portrait painting. In 1865 he opened a studio in New York city, and exhibited his work in the National academy of design. In 1869 he accepted the position of principal of the free school of design of the Brook- lyn art association, and was very successful in his educational work. Among his best examples are : “ Cupid Disarmed" (1866); “Cupid Repri- manded” (1871); “ Red Riding-Hood” (1871); “Cherry Time" (1872); “Lillies of the Field” (1873) ; “ Truants from School " (1875), and a por- trait of Bishop Quintard of Tennessee. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 29, 1875. BAKER, William Mumford, author, was born in Washington, D. C., June 27, 1825, son of Daniel Baker, clergyman. In 1846 he was graduated at Princeton, and pursued a theo- logical course under his father at Princeton seminary. He held pastoral charges in Presby- terian churches at Galveston and Austin, Texas, from 1850 to 1865; at Zanesville, Ohio, and New- buryport. Mass., and in South Boston, Mass., from 1874 to his death. He wrote much for contem- porary literature, and in 1858 published the “ Life and Labors of Rev. Daniel Baker," and in 1866, under the pen-name of G. F. Harrington, “Inside: a Chronicle of Secession.” This book, which vividly portrayed southern life and senti- ment, was written from actual observation during his residence in Austin, attained a wide cir- culation and was followed by “ Oak Mot " (1868) ; “ Mose Evans” (1874); “Carter Quarterman " (1876); “ A year Worth Living" (1878); “Colo- nel Dunwoodie ” (1878); “The Virginians in Texas” (1878); “ Thirlmore ” and “The New Timothy " (1879) ; “His Majesty, Myself" (1879): “Blessed Saint Certainty” (1881); “The Ten Theophanies : or, the Manifestations of Christ before His Birth in Bethlehem " (1883) ; “The Making of a Man " was published in 1884. He died in South Boston, Mass., Aug. 20, 1883. BAKER, William Spohn, author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 1824, son of Geoi-ge Nice Baker, lieutenant of artillery company in the war of 1812, and Pennsylvania state represen- tative and senator from 1823 to 1837. William Spohn was educated at private schools, afterwards studied and practised the profession of convey- ancing, but retired in 1860, and turned his at- tention to art and literary pursuits. Mr. Baker was one of the directors of the Philadelphia school of design for women, 1874A87 ; of the Pennsylvania acad- emy of the fine arts, 1876-‘90, and its vice- president, l885-‘90, and one of the vice- presidents of the His- torical society of Pennsylvania; a member of the Amer- ican philosophical so- ciety; of the Amer- ican historical asso- ciation, and other societies. In prepar- ing materials for his rj. contributions to iv, S. Washingtoniana he brought together a remark- able collection of the portraits, medals, and biographies of Washington. He published “ Origin and Antiquity of Engraving” (Phila- delphia, 1872; Boston, 1875); “American En- gravers and their Works” (1875); “William Sharp, engraver, and his Works ” (1875); “En- graved Portraits of Washington " (1880) ; “ Char- acter Portraits of Washington" (1887); “ Me- dallic Portraits of Washington” (1884); “Bib- liotheca Washingtoniana " (1889) ; “ Itinerary of General Washington, 1775-1783 ” (1892); “Early Sketches of George Washington, 1775-1795”* (1894) ; and “Washington After the Revolution,” (1784-1799) ; Pennsylvania Magazine of History , vol. xviii. , etc. He wrote numerous papers on historical subjects. BALCH, George Beall, naval officer, was born in Tennessee, Jan. 3, 1821. He was taken to Alabama by his parents, and in 1837 was ap- pointed a midshipman for that state. He served on the Cyane, and studied at the Philadelphia naval school, and in June, 1843, was promoted passed midshipman, and stationed at the naval observatory until the opening of the Mexi- can war in 1845, when he was attached to the squadron under Commodore Conner, and was actively employed in most of the naval engage- ments of the war. He served in the Mosquito fleet, and participated in the taking of Vera Cruz. From l848-'50 he served in the Mediterranean squadron and at the naval observatory, Washing- ton. In 1850 he was promoted to a lieutenancy, and was attached to the Pacific squadron and occupied in cruising in foreign and United States waters. In 1860, while in command of the Sabine , he rescued nearly four hundred men from the sinking U. S. transport Governor, and in Decem- ber, 1861, volunteered to lead the party which [171] BALCH. BALDWIN. captured Tybee Island. He was promoted com- mander, July 16, 1862, and did gallant and effi- cient service on various occasions ; notably upon the Black river, in repelling an attack by two Confederate fox-ts in which his ship, the Pawnee, was struck forty-six times, and in an engagement with the Confederate forts on the Stono river and later on Tagoda creek, S. C. , when he silenced the batteries and drove the Confederates from their breastworks. He was promoted captain July 26, 1886; was made commodore in 1872, and in 1878 was promoted rear-admiral. He was sta- tioned at the navy yard at Washington from 1865 to 1868, commanded the flag-ship Albany during 1868 to 1869 ; employed on various shore services from 1870 to 1878; superintendent of the naval academy from 1879 to 1881, and commander of the Pacific squadron from 1881 xxntil 1883, when he was placed on the retired list. BALCH, Thomas, author, was born at Lees- burg, Loudon county, Va., July 23, 1821. He studied at Columbia college, read law in the office of Stephen Cambreleng, New York, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1850. In 1852 he removed to Philadelphia, served in the city councils and presided over some of its most important com- mittees. At the request of the Historical society of Pennsylvania, he edited ‘ ‘ The Shippen Papers, ' ’ ‘ ‘ Letters and Papers relating to the Provincial history of Pennsylvania,” the “Maryland Pa- pers,” and “The Examination of Joseph Gallo- way for the Seventy-sixth Society.” In 1859 he went to Europe, and remained upwards of ten years, making Paris his headquarters, collecting material for his work, entitled “ Les Franqais en Amerique pendant la Guei-re de P Independence des Etats Unis, 1773-1783.” In 1865 he proposed in a letter to Horace Greeley, published in the New York Tribune, a court of international arbi- tration as a measure of averting war, which is believed to have been the first step in this direc- tion. In it was laid down the code of rules observed by the Geneva tribunal. Returning to the United States he devoted himself to literary labor. In September, 1876, he read before the Social science association at Saratoga, a paper in favor of a double standard in coinage, and a paper before a similar association in Philadelphia on “ Free Coinage and a Self-adjusting Ratio.” An account of many of his writings may be found in an obituary, by John Austin Stevens, in the Magazine of American History for June, 1877 He died in Philadelphia, March 29, 1876. BALDWIN, Abraham, statesman, was born at Guilford, Conn., Nov. 6, 1754. In 1772 he was graduated from Yale college, and in 1775 was appointed tutor, which position he held until 1779. In 1777 he was made chaplain in the army, serving throughout the remainder of the war in this capacity. In 1784, through the influence of General Greene, he removed to Savannah, Ga., where he was admitted to the bar and was elected to the state legislature. He founded the Univer- sity of Georgia, secured for it a grant of 40,000 acres of land, drew up the charter, and was its president for a number of years. In 1787 he was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of the United States. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1785 to 1788. From 1789 to 1792 served as a repre- sentative in the United States Congress, in 1799 was elected to the senate, and re-elected in 1805, retaining his seat until the time of his death, and serving as president pro tempore 1801 and 1802. He educated and supported his six fatherless half-brothers and sisters, and assisted several poor young men to obtain an education. He died in Washington. D. C., March 4, 1807. BALDWIN, Ashbel, clergyman, was born in Litchfield, Conn., March 7, 1757. He was gradu- ated from Yale college in 1776, and served as a quartermaster in the revolutionary army. He was ordained a deacon by Bishop Seabury, Aug. 3, 1785. This is memorable as being the first Protestant Episcopal ordination which took place in the United States. In 1786, he was priested and appointed rector of St. Michael’s church, Litchfield, Conn., a position which he held until 1793, leaving it to take charge of Christ’s church, Stratford, where he remained until 1824. He also held parishes in Wallingford, Meriden. North Haven axxd Oxford, until the infirmities of age obliged him to retire in 1832. He acted as secre- tary of the general convention and of the dioce- san convention of Connecticut. He died at Rochester, N. Y., Feb. 8, 1846. BALDWIN, Augustus Carpenter, jurist, was born at Salina, Oixondaga county, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1817. He removed to Michigan when that state was admitted to the union in 1837, and went immediately to Oakland county, where for the next five years he taught school and studied law, history and general literature. He was admitted to the bar in 1842 and established himself in his profession at Milford. Oakland county, but his growing practice required his presence at the county seat, and in 1849 he removed to Pontiac, where he afterwai'ds resided. He was elected to the house of representatives of the state in 1843 and 1845, serving as speaker pro tempore in 1846. In 1862 he was chosen a representative to the 38th Congress as a Democrat and favored the adoption of the Thirteenth amendment to the constitution abolishing slavery. He was mayor of Pontiac in 1874, and from 1868 to 1886, was a member of the board of education of that city. In 1875 he was elected judge of the sixth judicial circuit of Michigan for the full term of six years. He pre- BALDWIN. BALDWIN. sided for four years of his term, when he resigned and returned to Ids regular practice at the bar. Judge Baldwin was a delegate to the national Democratic convention at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, delegate-at-large to the Chicago convention in 1864, delegate to the national peace convention in Philadelphia in 1866, and at different times a member of the Democratic state central committee. He was made a trustee of the Eastern Michigan asylum at Pontiac for the term expiring Jan. 1, 1899. BALDWIN, Charles H., rear-admiral, was born in New York city, Sept. 3, 1822. In 1839 he was graduated from the Annapolis naval acad- emy, and appointed midshipman on the frigate Brandywine. He received promotion to passed- midshipman in 1845, and was attached to the Congress, on which frigate he remained through- out the Mexican war. In 1853 he received a lieutenant’s commission, resigning in 1854 to act as commander of a Vanderbilt steamer which ran to the Pacific coast. In 1861 he re-entered the navy, and was appointed commander of the Clifton, which was in several engagements, not- ably the capture of New Orleans, and the first attack on Vicksburg. During these engagements Commander Baldwin rendered gallant service, and in acknowledgement of this, was promoted to be commander of the Vanderbilt in 1862, on which steamer he also gave valuable service. He received steady and well-earned promotion, was captain of the fleet of the North Pacific squad- dron in 1868-’69, was promoted captain in 1869; inspector of ordnance at Mare Island, Cal.. 1869- ’71; was made commodore, Aug. 8, 1876; a mem- ber of the board of examiners, 1876- 79, and Jan. 31, 1883, was commissioned rear-admiral, and given the command of the Mediterranean squadron. He was retired in 1884, and died Dec. 17, 1888. BALDWIN, Henry, jurist, was born at New Haven, Conn., Jan. 14. 1780, half-brother to Abraham Baldwin, statesman. He was graduated from Yale college in 1797, and gaining admission to the bar. he began to practise law at Pitts- burg, Pa. In 1816 he was elected a representative in the loth Congress as a Federalist, and was re- elected to the 16th and 17th congresses, resigning in 1822. In 1830 he was appointed a justice of the U. S. supreme court, and in the same year Yale college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D., Jefferson (Pa.) college giving him a like honor in 1843. He was the author of “ A General View of the Origin and Nature of the Constitu- tion and Government of the United States,” (1837). He died in Philadelphia, April 21, 1844. BALDWIN, Henry Porter, governor of Michi- gan, was born at Coventry, R. I., Feb. 22, 1814. He came from Puritan ancestors who early settled in Connecticut. His education was mainly due to his own application, as after attending the common schools he was obliged to work in a country store from his twelfth to his twentieth year. He went to Detroit in 1838, and there en- gaged in mercantile pursuits with marked success. He was a member of the convention that met in 1854 and organized the Republican party. In 1861 he was elected state senator, serving two terms. In 1868 he was chosen governor of Michigan, and again in 1870. He was the projector of the state capitol at Lansing, and was instrumental in secur- ing an appropriation to be applied to the enlarge- ment of the University of Michigan. In 1876 he was a member of the national Republican conven tion, and in 1879 was appointed to the United States senate, to succeed Zachariah Chandler, deceased, and filled the remainder of the term. He took active interest in politics and all public matters up to his death, Dec. 31, 1892. BALDWIN, John Denison, journalist, was born in North Stonington, Conn., Sept. 28, 1809. He was self - supporting after his fourteenth year, acquired an academical education, and studied law and theology in New Haven. In 1833 he was licensed to preach and held a Congregational pastorate in North Branford, Conn., for several years. He ultimately adopted the profession of journalism, was editor of the Hartford Repub- lican, the Boston Commonwealth, and from 1859 owned and edited the Worcester Spy. In 1862 he was elected a representative for the 38th Con- gress, and was twice re-elected. His published works were: “ Raymond Hill.” a volume of verse ( 1847 ), “ Pre - Historic Nations ” ( 1869 ), and “ Ancient America ” (1872). He died in Worces- ter, Mass., July 8, 1883. BALDWIN, John Stanton, editor, was born at New Haven, Conn., Jan. 6, 1834, son of John Denison Baldwin, editor. He learned the trade of printing, while passing through the various grades of the Connecticut schools. Going to Boston he was made business manager of the Daily Commonwealth, an anti-slavery paper, of which his father was chief editor. The Common- wealth office was the meeting-place of many famous Massachusetts men. In 1858 he was associated with his father in the ownership of the Worcester Spy, a paper which was established in 1770. During the war he raised a company at the request of Governor Andrew, and went to the front as a captain of the 51st regiment. He became the chief owner and editor of the Spy on the death of his father in 1883. He held important municipal offices and sat in the Massa- chusetts legislature. BALDWIN, Loammi, engineer, was born at Woburn, Mass., Jan. 21, 1745. He received an ordinary education, and having a talent for BALDWIN. BALDWIN. mathematics, studied that branch at Harvard, and fitted himself for a civil engineer and surveyor, which calling he followed until the opening of the revolutionary war. He entered the army as a major, was present at the battles of Lex- ington, Long Island and Trenton, was pro- moted to the rank of colonel, but ill- health com- pelled him to leave the army in 1777. He was sheriff of Middlesex county from 1780 to 1794, and a member of the Massachusetts state legislature in 1778, 1779, 1780. He was one of the largest owners of the Middlesex canal, and its superintendent from 1794 to 1804. The American academy of sciences elected him to membership. He died in Woburn, Mass., Oct. 20, 1807. BALDWIN, Roger Sherman, statesman, was born at New Haven, Conn., Jan. 4, 1793, son of Simeon Baldwin, who was a direct descendant from one of the original New Haven settlers, and married a daughter of Roger Sherman, one of the signers of the declaration of independence. Roger was graduated at Yale college with high honors in 1811, and after studying law in his father’s office he took a course in the then famous law school conducted by Judges Reeve and Gould at Litchfield, Conn. After his admission to the bar in 1814, he commenced practice in New Haven and soon attracted attention by his bril- liant successes. His wide knowledge of law and his thorough command of all the minutiae of his cases were considered remarkable for so young a man. lie was associated with John Quincy Adams before the United States supreme court in 1839 in the defence of the slaves rescued from the ship Amistad by an American vessel, after the slaves had overpowered the Spanish crew and were drifting on the high seas, claimed by Spain, and his masterly conduct of the case, which Adams left almost entirely to him, won many en- comiums of praise from bench and bar, including such authorities as Chancellor Kent. In 1837 and 1838 he sat in the upper house of the Connecticut state legislature. In 1840 and 1841 lie was a repre- sentative in the general assembly; in 1844 and 1845 was governor of the state, and from 1847 to 1851 was a United States senator appointed by the governor on the death of Senator J. W. Hun- tington, Nov. 1, 1847, and elected on the assem- bling of the state legislature, to fill the unexpired term ending March 4, 1851. He was a presidential elector-at-large in 1880, and voted for Abraham Lincoln for president and was appointed a dele- gate to the peace congress of 1861 by Governor Buckingham. He received the degree of LL.D. from Trinity college in 1844, and from Yale in 1845. He died at New Haven, Feb. 19, 1863. BALDWIN, Simeon, jurist, was born at Nor- wich. Conn., Dec. 14, 1761. He was graduated from Yalecollege in 1781, studied law and was admitted V ^ to the bar in 1786. He was elected in 1802 as a representative from Connecticut to the 8th Con- gress. and in 1806 lie was made judge of the supreme court of that state. He was a member of the commission which located the Farmington canal in 1822, and in 1826 was elected mayor of New Haven. He died May 26. 1851. BALDWIN, Simeon Eben, educator, was born at New Haven, Conn., Feb. 5, 1840, son of Roger Sherman and Emily (Perkins) Baldwin, and great-grandson of Roger Sherman, signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was gradu- ated at Yale college in 1861, studied law at Yale and Harvard law schools, was ad- mitted to the bar in 1863, and began to practice his profes- sion at New Haven. In 1869 he was ap- pointed an instructor in the Yale law school, and was made professor of constitu- tional and mercantile law, corporations, and wills in 1872. In 1877 he was a p - pointed by the legis- lature on a commission to revise the educational laws of Connecticut, and in 1873 on a commis- sion to revise the general statutes. He was the originator of tfie movement to introduce code pleading in his state, and was on the commission appointed for that purpose in 1878. In 1885 he served on the commission to recommend a better system of taxation, and drew the report, the result of which was a large addition to the reve- nues of the state. In 1884 he was elected presi- dent of t He New Haven colony historical society, He was one of the promoters of the New Haven park system and vice-president of the park com- mission. He was also vice-president of the state bar association, and in 1890 was made president of the American bar association. In 1893 he was elected an associate judge of the supreme court of errors of Connecticut. Harvard conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1891. He is the author of " Baldwin’s Digest of the Connecticut Law Reports” (2 vols.), and of addresses and pamphlets. BALDWIN, Theron, clergyman, was born at Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801, son of Elisha and Clarissa (Judd) Baldwin. He received his educa- tion at Yalecollege, from which he was graduated in 1827 with high honors. The following two years he devoted to the study of theology, and in 1829 was ordained to the ministry, beginning his work as missionary in Western Illinois college. [ 174 ] BALDWIN. BALL. where he remained until 1837. Both the Illinois college and the Monticello female seminary were founded by him, and he was principal of the latter from 1837 to 1843. He also founded the society for the promotion of collegiate and theo- logical education in the west, of which he was for twenty-seven years the energetic and efficient secretary, his headquarters being in the Bible house in New York, and his residence at Orange, N. J. Yale college conferred upon him the degree of A.M. in 1831, and Marietta the degree of S.T.D. in 1862. He died at Orange, N. J., April 10, 1870. BALDWIN, William H., philanthropist, was born at Brighton, Mass., Oct. 20, 1826. After acquiring a business education he obtained em- ployment first in a store in Brighton, and later with a wholesale dry goods house in Boston. In 1850 the firm of Baldwin, Baxter & Curry was organized, with Mr. Baldwin as senior partner. He severed his connec- tion with the firm in 1865, to engage in the dry goods com- mission business. He was interested in various philan- thropic movements, and especially in the welfare of young men. At the organ - ’if" ft/ ' ization of the Young Men’s Christian Union in Boston in 1868 he was elected its first president, and under his enthusiastic and efficient management the membership of the Union increased to more than five thousand members. Mr. Baldwin became also very active in other philanthropic work, being president of the Children’s mission to the destitute; vice-president of the National Unita- rian church temperance society, and a director of the Massachusetts society for the prevention of cruelty to animals. In addition to these offices he served as a trustee of the Franklin savings bank, a member of the Boston memorial associa- tion, and director of the Unitarian Sunday-school society. BALESTIER, Charles Wolcott, author, was Jjorn in Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1861. After attending Cornell university he gave his attention to journalism. He edited an unsuccessful illus- trated newspaper in New York called Time, and wrote short stories for New York newspapers. He left New York to become managing editor of the London Tid Bits, and wrote several books which met with success. Their titles include: “James G. Blaine. A Sketch of his Life, with a Brief Record of the Life of John A. Logan” (1884); “A Patent Philter” (1884); “A Victori- ous Defeat” (1886); “Reffey”; “My Captain”; “The Average Woman” (1892); “Benefits For- got” (1894); and with Rudyard Kipling, “The Maulahka; a Story of West and East” (1892). He died in Dresden, Saxony, Dec. 6, 1891. BALL, Ephraim, inventor, was born at Green- town, Ohio, Aug. 12, 1812. After receiving a very limited education he began in 1827 to serve an apprenticeship with a carpenter, which trade he followed until he was twenty -eight years old. He then invented "Ball’s blue plough,” of which he manufactured and sold a large number. Among his other valuable inventions are an im- proved stove, the “ Ohio mower and reaper.” the “ New American harvester,” and the “Buckeye machine.” Unfortunately the inventor of these implements lost control of the patents, and, miss- ing the enormous profits, died in poverty at Can- ton, O., Jan. 1, 1872. BALL, Thomas, sculptor, was born at Charles- town, Mass., June 3, 1819, son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Hall) Ball. He attended the Mayhew school, but the death of his father in 1831 cut short his education, and he apprenticed himself to a wood - engraving company, but before the expiration of the first year commenced to study portrait painting, his first productions being min- iatures in oil. He also painted some life-sized portraits, that of his mother gaining the first prize at an exhibition of the Mechanics associa- tion. At this time he was a member of the Handel and Haydn society, frequently appearing as a soloist in their concerts, and in 1851 the society presented him with a watch and a purse containing one hundred dollars in gold, as a “tribute” to his “ vocal merits.” The first of his more ambi- tious paintings, “Christ in the Temple with the Doctors,” was exhibited at the Baltimore acad- emy, and gained him an honorary membership, and also a medal at an exhibition at Washington. This subject was purchased by the American art union, as was also his “ King Lear.” Almost his first work in clay, the head of Jenny Lind, was a wonderful success, and his cabinet busts became popular. His first life-sized bust was that of Daniel Webster, which he finished just before the death of that statesman. This creation pro- duced a great sensation, and Ames and Harding both painted their celebrated portraits from it. In October, 1854, lie married Nellie Wild of Bos- ton, and with his bride visited Florence, where his first public order was executed, “ The Signing of the Declaration of Independence,” after Trum- bull’s painting, for one of the panels of Green- ough’s statue of Franklin, and in 1885 also pro- duced his “Shipwrecked Sailor-boy,” a bust of dtoj BALL. BALLARD. Napoleon, a statuette of Washington Allston, and a figure of Pandora. In 1856 he returned to Boston, where he modelled his second panel for the Franklin statue, “The Signing of the Treaty of Peace in Paris.'’ Among his busts are those of Henry Clay, Rufus Choate, Dr. Peabody, William H. Prescott, Henry Ward Beecher, and President Lord of Dartmouth. Dartmouth col- lege conferred upon Mr. Ball the degree of A.M. In 1859 he received the order for his equestrian statue of Washington. In 1865, on the occasion of his return to Florence, Mr. Ball was presented with a purse of fifteen hundred dollars by the King’s chapel congregation, Boston, he having held the situation of basso in the quartette choir of that place of worship for fifteen years. In 1866 he made a statue of Edwin Forrest as “Corio- lanus” for Philadelphia, and in 1867 his “ Eve Stepping into Life” and “ La Petite Pensde. ” In 1873 he revisited America, and received the com- mission for the marble statue of Gov. John A. Andrew for the State House. After this came “Love’s Memories,” and “St. John, the evan- gelist,” which Hiram Powers considered Mr. Ball’s best work. During 1874, he modelled the eman- cipation group for the city of Washington, and in 1875-’76 he completed a duplicate of the group for Boston, as well as the colossal statue of Daniel Webster for Central Park, New York, erected at a cost of sixty thousand dollars. His next work was a statue of Charles Sumner and the School street, Boston, statue of Josiali Quincy. He next modelled a small group representing Thomas Jef- ferson presenting to John Adams the draft of the Declaration of Independence, and a figure of the Christ with a little child, which was very highly approved by the Italian sculptor. Duprd. In 1883 he produced his “ Paul Reveres Ride.” In 1883 he again visited America, where he modelled busts of Hon. Marshall Jewell and P. T. Barnum. He returned to Florence a few months later, and employed himself during the next two years in producing ideal medallions and portrait-busts, and in modelling small statues of Lincoln and Garfield. In 1885 he modelled the statue of Daniel Webster, presented to Concord. N. H., by B. P. Cheney, and unveiled in that city June 17, 1886. His next work was the “David,” which he modelled in the winter of 1885-’86. and afterwards put into marble for Edward F. Searles, of Great Barring- ton. In the autumn of 1886 he completed the large statue of P. T. Barnum. In 1889, when the sculptor was visiting Boston, Mr. Searles gave him the commission for his colossal statue of Washington, for the town of Methuen, Mass. The child figures at the feet of the statue repre- sent the sculptor’s grandsons. Mr. Ball published, in 1891, an autobiography entitled, “ My Three- Score years and Ten.” BALLANTINE, William Gay, educator, was born in Washington, D. C.. Dec. 7, 1848. He was graduated at Marietta college in 1868, and at the Union theological seminary. New York, in 1872. During 1869 and 1870, he acted as an assistant on the geological survey of Ohio. He studied at the University of Leipsic in 1872-73. and in the latter year spent six months with the American Palestine exploring expedition in the Holy Land. He served as professor of chemistry and natural science at Ripon college from 1874 to 1876; as assistant professor of Greek at Indiana university from 1876 to 1878; and as professor of Hebrew and Greek of the New Testament in Oberlin theo- logical seminary from 1878 to 1880; and while acting in this capacity was ordained as a congre- gational clergyman. He was professor of old testament language and literature in Oberlin col- lege from 1880 to 1891, and was president of Ober- lin college from 1891 to 1896. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from Marietta college in 1885, and that of LL.D., from the Western Re- serve university in 1891. He edited the “ Oberlin Jubilee” (1833— ’83) ; was one of the editors of the “Bibliotheca Sacra ” 1884— 1891, and in 1896 published “Inductive Logic.” BALLARD, Bland, pioneer, was born at Fred- ericksburg. Va., Oct. 16, 1761. When he was eighteen years old he emigrated to Kentucky, and became one of its earliest settlers. He joined a volunteer force which, under Colonel Bowman, was attempting to free the district of the sav- ages, and served in the expedition into Ohio. A year later he took part in George Rogers Clark’s raid against the Piqua towns, and in 1794 he was with General Wayne at the battle of the Fallen Timbers. He was a man of great bravery, and became one of the most renowned of Indian fighters. In 1780 he was employed by George Rogers Clark to explore the banks of the Ohio river from the Falls, at what is now Louis- ville to the mouth of the Salt river, and thence to the site of the present town of West Point. Ballard’s most harrowing experience was while witnessing the slaughter of his father, mother, and two sisters by a party of fifteen Indians. A younger sister escaped, after being scalped and left for dead. Ballard was too late to save their lives, but from his place of concealment killed nearly half of the Indians. After peace had been restored, Ballard was sent several times as a rep- resentative to the state legislature. The county of Ballard, Ky., and its capital. Bland ville. were named in his. honor. He died Sept. 5, 1853. BALLARD, Harlan Hoge, educator, was born at Athens, Ohio, May 25, 1853. He was edu- cated at the Detroit, Mich., high school, and at Williams college, Mass., from which institution he was graduated as A.B. in 1874, and later ri76j BALLOU. BALLOU. received the degree of A.M. In 1875 he became principal of the Lenox (Mass.) high school, hold- ing the position five years, and resigning to accept that of principal of the Lenox academy, where lie remained from 1880 to 1886, when he was made librarian of the Berkshire athenaeum. In 1875 he founded and became president of the Agassiz association, an organization which spread from a school in Lenox to every part of the world. Professor Ballard was elected secretary of the Berkshire historical society and a fellow of the American association for the advancement ■of science. He edited the Swiss Cross and the Observer, and is author of “Three Kingdoms”; a “ Handbook of the Agassiz Association”; “Open Sesame”; “Handbook of Blunders designed to Prevent 1,000 Common Blunders in Writing and Speaking” (1885); “The World of Matter. A Guide to the Study of Chemistry and Mineral- ogy ” (1892); and with S. Proctor Thayer, “The American Plant Book ,” (1879). BALLOU, Hosea, clergyman, was born in Richmond, N. H., April 30, 1771, son of Maturin and Lydia (Harris) Ballou. He was the youngest of eleven children. His father, a Baptist preacher, had moved to New Hampshire from Rhode Island where his ancestors had dwelt since the days of Roger Williams In making the move into the almost un- broken wilderness of New Hampshire, the father was actuated by a desire to im- prove the worldly prospects of his large family by becoming a landholder. He received no salary for his pastoral ser- vices, depending for support on what his farm would yield, in return for his own hard labor in ploughing, sowing and reaping. So poor was he that he could not provide sufficient food or clothing for his chil- dren, nor could he offer them any further educa- tional advantages than such desultory instruction as he — himself but slightly educated — could give in the few leisure moments which his toil- filled days afforded. Pen, ink, and paper were unknown luxuries in the household, and the only books in the family library were a Bible, a small English dictionary, an old almanac and a worn pamphlet containing the story of the tower of Babel. But Hosea’s passion for knowledge was so irresistible that greater obstacles would not have hindered him. The Bible was his only text- book and his only guide to the fields of history, U77J philosophy, poetry, and literature; over its pages he pored whenever released from his work on the farm, and he thus acquired a verbal familiarity with its contents which was invaluable to him in after years. During a revival in 1789 he joined the Baptist church, but was soon afterwards led by his study of “predestination,” “election,’ “eternal reprobation,” and “ total depravity” to doubt the tenets of the Baptist belief. He now came out boldly and put the questions that had been so long revolving in his mind to the author- ities of the Baptist church. No answers were forthcoming, and he was excommunicated as a dangerous heretic. At the age of nineteen he, for the first time, attended school. With the earnings he had accumulated in two or three summers of toil in neighboring villages he paid his tuition at a private school for a few weeks, and at Chester- field (N. H.) academy for one term. He then began to preach universalist doctrines, supporting himself by teaching school during the week or by performing farm labor. At first he believed and taught, as all so-called Universalists of the time believed and taught, that salvation was for all, but only on the Calvinistic basis of atonement and imputed righteousness. By degrees, how- ever, and after much careful study of the scrip- tures, he formulated the belief, now accepted by nine-tenths of the Universalist denomination, that “The Bible affords no evidence of punishment after death.” He preached with rare power and eloquence and had a marvellous gift, not only for impressing the hearts of his hearers with the truths he uttered, but of stamping upon their memories the very words he used. He labored in various parts of New England during the first twenty years of his ministry, and in 1817 he accepted a call to the School Street church of Boston, where he remained until his death. He ranked among the most gifted and able preachers of his time, being regarded in his own denomination as an oracle. To meet the growing demands of the infant denomination, he wrote and published numberless hymns, essays, tracts, pamphlets, and controversial papers, which he scattered liberally. In 1819 he founded the Uni- versalist Magazine, acting as editor for several years. In connection with his grand-nephew, Hosea Ballou, 2d, he established, in 1831. the Universalist Expositor, which afterward became the Universalist Quarterly. After resigning the editorship of the Expositor, in 1833, he continued writing articles for it, and also for the Universa- list Magazine. The amount of labor he accom- plished was phenomenal. His published works, it is estimated, would fill one hundred duodecimo volumes, and he preached more than ten thou- sand sermons. His most noteworthy publications are: “Notes on the Parables” (1804); “A Trea- BALLOU. BALTES. tise on the Atonement” (1806) ; and an “Examin- ation of the Doctrine of a Future Retribution” (1846); See “Biography of Hosea Ballou” by his son Maturin M. Ballou (1852); and “Hosea Ballou ; a Marvellous Life Story ” by Oscar F. Saf- ford, D.D. (1889). He died in Boston. June 7. 1852. BALLOU, Hosea, 2d, clergyman, was born at Guilford, Vt., Oct. 18, 1796, son of Asahel and Martha (Starr) Ballou. He was educated at the schools of Halifax, Vt., whither his parents re- moved about 1797, and later studied under a tutor, Rev. Mr. Wood, but owing to his father’s views on religious education, he did not receive a college training. He studied for the Universalist minis- try under his grand-uncle, Hosea Ballou, at Ports- mouth. N. H., and in 1815 assumed pastoral charge of a church in Stafford, Conn. In 1821 he was appointed pastor of the Universalist church at Roxburv, Mass., and was associated with his grand-uncle and Thomas Starr King in the editorship of the Universalist Magazine, which later became the Trumpet, and of the Universalist Expositor , later known as the Uni- versalist Quarterly, which was founded July 1, 1830, and long exerted a powerful influence in the Universalist denomination. In 1852 he resigned his pastorate at Roxbury, and accepted an invitation to serve the church at Medford, Mass. In 1853 he was elected first president of Tufts college, an institution which he had been largely instrumental in founding, and the early prosperity of which was mainly due to his able administration. In 1843 he succeeded Dr. Channing as overseer of Harvard college. In 1843 Harvard conferred upon him the degree of A.M., and in 1845 that of D.D. His nephew, Hosea Starr Ballou, published his biography in 1896. Mr. Ballou published, “The Ancient His- tory of Universalism from the Time of the Apos- tolic Fathers to the Reformation” (1829). A second edition of this work was published in 1842. In 1833 he edited and published Sis- mondi’s “History of the Crusades.” He died at College Hill, Somerville, Mass.. May 27. 1861. BALLOU, Maturin Murray, journalist, was born in Boston, April 14, 1820. son of Hosea and Ruth (Washburn) Ballou. He was graduated from the Boston high school and passed his exam- ination for Harvard, but did not enter college. For five years he was a clerk in the post-office, and for another five years was employed in the United States treasury department. In 1838 he became a contributor to the Olive Branch, a weekly publication. He established and edited for thirteen years Gleason’s Pictorial, the first illus- trated paper issued in America, and also edited Ballou’s Monthly ; was chief editor for a number of years of the Boston Globe, and editor and proprietor of Ballou’s Pictorial. 7’ he Flag W, of Our Union and the Boston Sunday Budget. His pecuniary success in this line of literary labor was ample, enabling him to carry out, to the fullest extent, an earnest passion for foreign travel, and he visited Japan, China, India, Africa, and the Polar regions. He produced a number of volumes on various subjects, but is best known as the author of several books of travel, namely : “ Due West, or Round the World in Ten Months”; “Due South, or Cuba, Past and Pres- ent”; “Under the Southern Cross,” being a record of travel in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the South Pacific; “Aztec Land,” descriptive of Mexico and its cities; “The New Eldorado, a Summer Trip to Alaska ”; and “ Foot- prints of Travel,” adapted to the use of public schools. More than fifty thousand copies of this book have been issued. Mr. Ballou's latest vol- ume was entitled, “Equatorial America,” relating to the principal capitals of South America. His “ Treasury of Thought,” forms an encyclopaedia of quotations from ancient and modern authors, and passed its thirteenth edition. The work is carefully classified, and is a popular book of refer- ence among professional writers, clergymen and lawyers. He died in Egypt, March 27, 1895. BALLOU, Moses, clergyman, was born at Monroe, Mass., March 24, 1811, grandson of Hosea Ballou. He was graduated from the academy at Brattleboro, Vt., and later studied theology. Like several of his ancestors he adopted the Univer- salist belief, and entered the ministry in 1835. He preached at Portsmouth, N. H., and then re- moved to Connecticut, where he held pastorates in New Haven and Hartford. His subsequent charges were in New York and Philadelphia and Atco, N. J.. and his work throughout his ministry was conscientious and successful. He is the author of “A Memoir of the Rev. Merritt San- ford” (1850); and of a review of ••The Conflict of Ages,” by Dr. Edward Beecher, entitled "The Divine Character Vindicated ” (1854). He died in Atco, N. J.. May 19, 1879. BALTES, Peter Joseph, R. C. bishop, born at Enshein, Rhenish Bavaria, April 7, 1827. He studied at the college of the Holy Cross, Worces- ter. Mass., passed from thence to St. Ignatius college, Chicago, and completed his education by a course at Laval university, Montreal. In 1853 he received his ordination as a priest, and after seventeen years of faithful service in that capacity, was consecrated bishop of Alton in 1870. He wrote and published, in 1875. a book of " Pas- toral Instruction,” of which a third and enlarged edition was printed in 1880. He founded the Ec- clesiastical college of the sacred heart at Ruina. 111., and endowed his diocese with many schools and charitable institutions. He died at Alton, 111., Feb. 15, 1886. 'SI BALTIMORE. BANCROFT. BALTIMORE, Sir George Calvert, lord, was born in Kipling, Yorkshire, England, in 1582. When he was about fifteen years old he was graduated from Oxford university, and after spending a few years in travel he was made clerk of the privy council and later secretary of state. While holding the latter office he won the favor of James I., by whom he was made a knight in 1(517, and later a peer of Ireland. It was also from the hands of this monarch that he received his grant of land in southern Newfoundland, where he founded a colony, which lie visited, but did not remain on account of the extreme cold. After visiting the southern part of the American coast, he urged Charles I. to grant him another patent, consisting of the tract of land now covered by Maryland and Delaware. Lord Balti- more intended to found a state which should be governed by an assembly, and should have an hereditary landed aristocracy. See Winsor’s ‘•Narrative and Critical History of America.” Lord Baltimore died April 15, 1632. BANCROFT, Cecil Franklin Patch, educator, was born at New Ipswich, N. H., Nov. 25, 1839. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1860, and at the Andover theological seminary in 1867, and continued his studies in Germany. In 1874 he received the degree of Ph.D. from the Uni- versity of the state of New York, and in the same year Williams college conferred upon him the degree of Litt.D., and in 1892 Yale university made him an LL.D. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1867 ; was principal of Appleton academy, Mt. Vernon, N. H., from 1860 to 1864; of an educational institution in Ten- nessee from 1867 to 1872, and became principal of Phillips Andover academy in 1873. He was president of the Dartmouth alumni and of the head masters’ association. BANCROFT, Edward, author, was born at Westfield, Mass., Jan. 9. 1744. Having a natural love for adventure, he left home at an early age, and shipped on a vessel. A second voyage took him to Guiana, where he engaged in the practice of medicine. He afterwards went to England where he devoted himself to literary work. Through the influence of Benjamin Franklin he became a writer on the Monthly Review. He was suspected of aiding in the attempt to burn the Portsmouth dock-yard and was obliged to take refuge in France, in 1777, where, through his ac- quaintance with Silas Deane, commissioner of the Continental Congress, he obtained intelligence about American Continental affairs of use to the British government, and he imparted his knowl- edge to the British ministry. He was in the employ of both the English and Continental gov- ernments as a spy. He accumulated a large for- tune by securing patents from England and France for exclusive right to import yellow oak bark for dyeing purposes. He was a member of the Royal college of physicians in London, and a fellow of the Royal society. His publications include “ Natural History of Guiana” (1769); “Remarks on the Review of the Controversy between Great Britain and Her Colonies ” (1771); “ Charles Went- worth”; “Experimental Researches Concerning Permanent Colors” (1794); “Philosophy of Per- manent Colors ” (2 vols., 1813), and many short articles. He died in England, Sept. 8, 1820. BANCROFT, Frederick, librarian, was born in Galesburg, 111., Oct. 30, 1860. He was graduated from Amherst college in 1882, studied law and political science at Columbia college, and went to Europe, where he spent a semester in Gottingen university. After taking his degree he occupied two and a half years in the study of history, political economy and diplomacy at Berlin, Freiburg ( Baden ) and in the Ecole des Sciences Politiques at Paris. In Freiburg lie was a special student in United States history of the historian Von Holst. In the spring of 1888 he was lecturing at Amherst col- lege on the political history of the civil war and reconstruction, when he was appointed by Secre- tary Bayard the chief of the bureau of rolls and library in the department of state. In 1885 he printed for private circulation “The Negro in Politics. Especially in South Carolina and Missis- sippi.” While in Berlin and Paris, he was the occasional correspondent of the New York Evening Post and the Epoch. In 1889 he won a prize lec- tureship in the Columbia school of political sci- ence, and lectured on the diplomatic history of the United States. Dr. Bancroft contributed to Harper’s Weekly and to the Political Science Quarterly, and wrote a “Life of William H. Seward.” He received the degrees of A.B. and A.M. from Amherst and that of Ph.D. from Columbia in 1885. BANCROFT, George, historian, was born at Worcester, Mass., Oct. 3, 1800, son of Aaron Ban- croft, a C'ongregational-Unitarian minister and author of a “ Life of Washington.’’ His child- hood was passed in an atmosphere of cultivation, and he early developed a love of study. Between the ages of eleven and thirteen he attended Phillips Exeter academy, and thence proceeded to Harvard, where, during his first year, he had Edward Everett for his tutor. Mr. Everett, being appointed professor, went to Gottingen to further fit himself for his office, and from there wrote to Harvard advising that some brilliant young man should be sent to Germany to study, in order that the teaching at Harvard might be strengthened. Young Bancroft, on his grad- uation in 1817, was chosen and sent. At Gottin- gen he had Eichhorn, Blumenbaeh and Heeren BANCROFT. BANCROFT. Hum. uuPw ' — ^ for his teachers. Heeren was the greatest his- torical critic in Europe at that time, and his influence is traceable in Bancroft’s political course as well as in his historical writings. Mr. Ban- croft received the degree of Ph.D. from Got- tingen in 1820 and proceeded to Berlin, where lie studied un- der Schleiermacher and S a v i g n y, and under Schlosser at Heidelberg ; having SJM thus made the round of the German uni- versities, he travelled in France, Italy, and England, and during his tour met Cousin, Constant, Humboldt, Manzoni, Bunsen, Ni e b u h r, Goethe, Byron and other distinguished men. He then went back to his tutorship at Harvard, but find- ing himself trammelled in his attempts to intro- duce German methods of instruction he resigned, and in company with Dr. Cogswell founded the Round Hill school at Northampton, Mass., which was a success educationally, though not finan- cially. Here he prepared text-books for the pupils, and labored faithfully to carry out his educational theories; published a volume of poems and gave to American literature transla- tions from the German, notably Heeren’s “Pol- itics of Ancient Greece ” and his “ History of Political Systems of Europe.” In 1834 the initial volume of his great work was issued, and exhibited in a lucid and philosophical manner the principles of American history for the first time. It was received by those who had waited for it with satisfaction — a satisfaction which was augmented when the second and third vol- umes made their appearance. In 1838 Mr. Ban- croft was made collector of the port of Boston, and in 1844 was nominated for governor of Massa- chusetts on the Democratic ticket, but was not elected ; in the following year he became secretary of the navy under President Polk and established during his short term of office the naval academy at Annapolis, as well as instituted various other reforms, proving himself, in this as in all other undertakings, both able and efficient. During the war with Mexico his orders alone compassed the acquisition of California by the United States and he also, while acting secretary of war. gave the order to General Taylor to march into Texas. In 1846 lie was sent as minister to England, where his learning and literary achievements greatly enhanced the respect with which he was received — a respect which was not abated upon a more [i intimate acquaintance ; statesmen and men of letters vied in paying him attention, and counted it a pleasure to afford him every facility for prosecuting his historical researches. Archives were everywhere open to him, and during his residence in that country he gathered a rich store of material, Lord Lansdowne allowing him to use freely the papers left by Lord Shelburne, then in the former’s possession. Before his re- turn to America in 1849, the University of Oxford gave him the degree of D.C.L. When lie reached home he took up his residence in New York, and for eight years devoted himself to the continuation of his great historical work. His life was methodical and regular. He had settled hours for work and for relaxation or ex- ercise, and pursued an undeviating system as to the disposal of his time; he was thus enabled to get through an enormous amount of work, writing and publishing volumes five to ten during the years 1850 to 1874. An ardent patriot during the civil war, lie was chosen by Congress to deliver a eulogy on Abraham Lincoln. In 1867 he went as minister to the German Empire. As such he negotiated with Bismarck, mainly through his great personal influence with that statesman, a treaty by which German citizens settled in America were relieved from compulsory military service in Germany, and allowed to throw off their allegiance to that country on becoming citizens of the United States. Eng- land followed Prussia's lead in forbearing to claim perpetual allegiance from those who had left her soil. In 1868, just fifty years after his taking the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Bonn, that institution bestowed upon him the degree of LL. D. , upon which occasion he received congratulations from all parts of the world. Mr. Bancroft performed other valuable services dur- ing his diplomatic career in Germany, and was recalled from that country in accordance with his own request in 1874. By this time the tenth volume of the history had been issued from the press, and he assumed with unabated ardor the completion of the task he had set himself, in pro ducing an exhaustive history of what he consid- ered a “a nation among nations.” Almost half a century of persevering and unremitting labor had already been given to the research necessary for such a work, no possible source of informa- tion being allowed to go unexplored, Mr. Ban croft having travelled from state to state in search of documents necessary to confirm the facts lie so faithfully endeavored to set forth in their right complexion. Although there are many adverse opinions as to the quality of Mr. Bancroft’s production, it is on all sides conceded that his portrayal of events is conscientious and disinterested; his talent for marshalling facts SO] BANCROFT, BANCROFT. in narrative form unexcelled; indeed his truth was never called in question except as to certain facts which related to some of the prime actors in the statesmanship of the revolution. Mr. Bancroft as an impartial historian had neces- sarily to express himself in regard to those whose living descendants felt their pride mortified by his disclosures or his strictures, and he was bitterly assailed by pen and tongue. He did not flinch from such censure; he had spared no trouble in his regard for accuracy, and he was too large-minded to quail before the hail of un- popularity which stung him after his publication of what is undubitably the masterpiece of his work — the history of the revolution. He is ac- cused of mendacity in his use of quotations ; he is also charged with clinging to error, in that he ignored the work of younger investigators in the later editions of his volumes ; his style is con - sidered inflated and rhapsodical to a degree that is tedious • but these minor defects do not detract from the value of his work as a whole, nor from the ability and power evinced in its achievement. How he was regarded by the great minds of his day is shown by the fact that a partial list of the honors showered upon him by learned societies, as well as by the great univer- sities in Europe and America, fill more than half a column in the quinquennial catalogue of Har- vard. He founded exhibitions at Exeter and Worcester, and a scholarship at Harvard which he affectionately named after his old tutor, John Thornton Kirkland. Some of his minor works are: “The Necessity, Reality and the Promise of the Progress of the Human Race ”; “A Plea for the Constitution of the United States”; “ The Culture, the Support and the Object of Art in a Republic”; “The Office, Appropriate Culture and Duty of the Mechanic ”; “ Eulogies on Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, Prescott and Wash- ington Irving”; and numerous other orations delivered on various occasions and afterwards published. He furnished the biography of Jona- than Edwards for the American Cyclopaedia. Mr. Bancroft was a man of fine presence, and possessed in a remarkable degree the quality of youth; age did not seem to touch him; his vigor, his upright carriage, his vivacity and joyous bearing did not desert him as his years increased. During the latter years of his life he spent his time between Washington and his Newport home. ( See “ Allibone’s Dictionary of Authors.” ) He died at Washington, Jan. 17, 1891. BANCROFT, Hubert Howe, historian, was born in Granville, Ohio, May 5, 1832, son of Ash- ley and Lucy (Howe) Bancroft. His ancestors immigrated to America from England two cen- turies previously and settled in Connecticut, whence his father removed to Ohio. He devoted some time in preparing for college, but in his six teenth year decided to enter business life, and was employed by his brother-in-law, a bookseller in Buffalo, N. Y. In 1851 he joined his father, who was mining in California, and remained there nearly four years, accumulating s u ffi- cient money to enable him to establish him- self in San Francisco as a bookseller and stationer, afterwards adding publishing, printing and book- binding departments. The business soon ex- tended from Canada to Mexico, and branches were established in Ha- waii, China and Japan. As early as 1859 Mr. Bancroft determined to make use of the vast amount of valuable historical material which would eventually be lost sight of for want of a recorder to put it into readable shape. At first his intention was to produce a comprehensive history of California, but his researches led him to enlarge his plans, and to make a history which should embrace the western half of North America, including all of Mexico and Central America. He travelled throughout Europe and America in search of material, and established agencies in all the principal cities. Hundreds of living witnesses to the early history of the coast were interviewed, government and family archives were searched, and thousands of stray documents were collected and filed. The first results of this vast amount of labor was “ The native Races of the Pacific States of North America ” in five volumes, the last of which ap- peared in 1876. His “ History of the Pacific States of North America ” (34 vols., 1882-'90), comprises the following, each volume complete in itself : “Central America, " vols. 1-3 ; “Mexico,” 4—9; “North Mexican States and Texas,” 10- 11; “Arizonaand New Mexico,” 12; “ Cali- fornia,” 13-19; “Nevada, Colorado and Wyom- ing,” 20; “Utah,” 21; “The Northwest Coast,” 22-23; “Oregon,” 24—25; “Washington, Idaho, and Montana,” 26; “British Columbia,” 27; “ Alaska,” 28; “ California Pastoral,” 29; “ Cali- fornia Interpocula, ” 30; “Popular Tribunals,” 31-32; “Essays and Miscellanies,” 33; “Liter- ary Industries,” 34. He is also the author of “ A Brief Account of the Literary Undertakings of Hubert Howe Bancroft ” (1882) ;“ History of Utah, 1540-1887” (1890); “Chronicles of the Builders of the Commonwealth” (6 vols., 1891— ’92); “Resources and Development of Mexico” (1893) ; and “ The Book of the Fail'. ” D8U BANGS. BANKHEAD. BANGS, Francis Nehemiah, lawyer, was born in New York city, Feb. 28, 1828, son of Nathan and Mary (Bolton) Bangs. His father was a cler- gyman, manager of the Methodist book concern and editor of the Christian Advocate. After his preparatory course at Wesleyan university, 1841- '43, he was graduated from the University of the city of New York in 1845, as class orator, studied law at Yale law school, 1845-’47, and in 1850 was admitted to the bar in New York. Immediately afterwards he went into partnership with John Sedgwick, and the firm became widely known from its connection with some of the most noted lawsuits of the time, including the Ketclium forgeries of 1865, the suits of the Mobile and Ohio railroad, the Milwaukee and St. Paul, the New York and Oswego Midland, and the N. Y. ele- vated railways, the Ocean bank robbery, the dis- pute regarding the police commissioners’ removal, and the trial of Senator Sessions for bribery. In 1863 as a private and quartermaster's sergeant in the 17th regiment, N. G. S. N. A*., he served at Fort McHenry, Baltimore. He was married March 12, 1855, to Amelia Frances, daughter of Mordecai Bull, and had sons, Francis Sedgwick, William Nathan, and John Kendrick. Mr. Bangs was a member of the New York historical society and president of the New York bar association. He died in Ocala, Fla., Nov. 30, 1885. BANGS, Nathan, clergyman, was born at Strat- ford, Conn.. May 2, 1778. He received a meagre education, but before he was twenty years old had fitted himself to teach school. When twenty- one he went to Canada and there employed him- self as a teacher and land surveyor for some three years, until he joined the Methodist church and became one of its itinerant preachers in the prov- inces. He acted in this capacity until 1820 when he removed to New York city, and joined the New York conference, serving at various churches, and was married to Mary Bolton. In 1820 the general conference selected him as agent of the Methodist book concern, which at the time was deeply in debt and suffering from inefficient management. He soon paid the debts of the con- cern, and put its affairs on a business basis. He also edited the Methodist Magazine , and in 1828 assumed editorial control of the Christian Advo- cate. and of the various book publications of the concern, increasing its business to a remarkable extent. In 1832 the general conference made him editor of tire Methodist Quarterly Review , which that year replaced the Methodist Magazine. He was the founder of the Methodist missionary so- ciety, and was elected its first secretary in 1836, when he relinquished supervisory control of the book concern. In 1841 lie was elected president of the Wesleyan university at Middletown, Conn. , but after serving in that capacity for about a year Vi he resumed pastoral relations with the New York conference. From that time on until his death, he was engaged in pastoral work or in literary labor. Among his more important publications are : “ History of the Methodist Episcopal Church from its Origin in 1776 to the General Con- ference of 1840” (4 vols.), “Christianism, ” “Errors of Hopkinsianism,” “ Predestination Examined.” “ Reformer Reformed,” “ Methodist Episcopacy." “ Life of Rev. Freeborn Garrettson,” “ Authentic History of the Missions under the Care of the Methodist Episcopal church,” ‘ The Original Church of Christ,” “ Essay on Emancipation,” “ State and Responsibilities of the Methodist Epicopal Church,” ‘‘The Necessity, Nature, and Fruits of Sanctification : in a Series of Letters to a Friend” (1851), “ Life of Arminius, “Scriptural Vindication of the Orders and Powers of the Ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church,” and numerous sermons. His life has been fully written by Abel Stevens. He died in New York city. May 3. 1862. BANKHEAD, James, soldier, was born in Virginia in 1783, son of James Bankhead, a revo- lutionary officer. His tastes pointed to a military life and he joined the army as captain of the 5th infantry, June 18. 1808, and rose by successive steps to the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the 3d artillery, April 26, 1832. He saw active service and won brevet rank as colonel for distinguished bravery in the Florida campaign, and afterwards in the Mexican war received a like honor for con spicuous gallantry at Vera Cruz in command of the 2d artillery, when he received the brevet rank of brigadier-general, March 29, 1847. In the fol- lowing year he was commander of Orizaba, a department in Mexico, and at the time of his death had charge of the military department of t lie east. His son, John Pine Bankhead, was a U. S. naval officer during the civil war. General Bankhead died in Baltimore. Md.. Nov. 11, 1856. BANKHEAD, John H., representative, was born at Moscow, Marion county, Ala., Sept. 13. 1842. During the civil war lie served four years in the Confederate army and was three times wounded. He represented his native county in the general assembly of Alabama during 1865, ’66 and "67, and was a member of the state senate lS76-'77. He was elected a member of the house of representatives of the state under the new constitution and served 1880-'81. and at the end of his term was appointed warden of the state penitentiary, serving 1881 to 1885. In 1886 he was elected a representative to the 50th Congress as a Democrat, and was re-elected to the 51st. 52d, 53d, 54tli, and 55th congresses. BANKHEAD, John Pine, naval officer, was born in South Carolina. Aug. 3. 1821. son of James Bankhead, an army officer in the Mexican S] BANKS. BANKS. war, and grandson of James Bankhead, a soldier of the revolutionary war. At the age of seven- teen he entered the navy as a midshipman, and after fourteen years of faithful service won pro- motion to the rank of lieutenant. His first station in the civil war was on board the Susquehanna-, later he commanded the Pembina at the capture of Port Royal, and was commanding the Florida when Fernandina was taken March 4, 1862. He received his commandership in the same year and was appointed to the Monitor. He displayed both bravery and presence of mind when that ship foundered off Cape Hatteras, Dec. 31, 1862, and to his efforts was mainly due the preserva- tion of the crew. He was the last to leave the already half -sunken vessel. After the close of hostilities, he was attached to the East India squadron as commander of the Wyoming . He re- ceived his captaincy in 1866. The declension of his health caused his resignation early in 1867, and he died on shipboard on his way home when near Aden, April 27, 1867. BANKS, David, law publisher, was born in Newark, N. J., in 1796. He fitted himself for the legal profession, and practised in partnership with Charles Brainard until 1819, when he entered into co-partnership with Stephen Gould in establishing a law-book store and publishing concern. Their business, ably managed, rapidly increased, and developed finally into one of the largest law-publishing houses in the United States. He was alderman of New York city for ten years and for a time president of the board. He died in New York city Oct. 13, 1871. BANKS. Linn, statesman, was born in Madison county, Va. For twenty successive years he was speaker of the Virginia house of delegates. Re- signing in 1838 he was elected a representative to the 26th, and was re-elected to the 27th Congress. He resigned in September, 1841, and was thrown from his horse and drowned while fording Con- way river, Jan. 14, 1842. BANKS, Nathaniel Prentiss, statesman, was born in Waltham, Mass., Jan. 30, 1816. He re- ceived a common-school education and at an parly age was employed in a cotton mill. Subsequently he became editor of a local paper, then studied law, and in 1849 was chosen to represent his native town in the legislature of Massachusetts. By a coalition of the Democratic and Free Soil parties he was elected speaker of the state as- sembly in 1851, and re-elected, in 1852. In 1853 he became chairman of the Massachusetts con- stitutional convention, and in 1852 was elected to the 33d U. S. Congress as representative from Massachusetts, and was re-elected to the 34th Congress as a candidate of the American or “ Know-Nothing ” party. When Congress assem- bled in December, 1855, Representative Banks was named as speaker of the house, and after a prolonged contest was elected and took the chair Feb. 2, 1856. As presiding officer of the repre- sentative body of Congress he made the remark- able record of having been sustained in all his rulings. He was again elected to the 35th Congress as a Republican, and served until Dec. 4, 1857, when he re- signed to take his seat as governor of Massachusetts, hav- ing been elected to that office in Novem- ber as a Republican. He was re-elected to that office in 1858 and again in 1859, and in 1860 he succeeded George B. McClellan as president of the Illinois Central rail- road. When the civil war began he resigned, was commissioned major-general of volunteers, and commanded the 5th corps of the army of the Potomac. His first battle was Winchester, March 23, 1862. In April and May of that year he was left with two divisions to guard the Shenan- doah valley, General Shields's division being with- drawn. Banks, with eight thousand men, was attacked by " Stonewall ” Jackson's entire corps, and on May 26 he made a masterly retreat, escaping with some difficulty by crossing the Potomac at Williamsport, and thus saved his entire force from capture. He joined the army of Virginia under General Pope at Cedar Moun- tain, Aug. 9, 1862, and his corps there held the advance against a vastly superior force of the Confederates for two days, when being reinforced he drove the Confederates to the Rapidan. Gen- eral Banks was employed in the defence of Wash- ington and afterwards commanded an expedition which sailed from New York in November and December, 1862, to New Orleans, where he assumed command of the department, succeeding Gen.B.F. Butler. He took possession of Baton Rouge, made an expedition up the Teclie country, and invested Port Hudson in connection with the fleet of Farragut. In July, 1863, the news of the surren- der of Vicksburg was received, and on the 9th of that month the garrison of Port Hudson sur- rendered to the investing forces of General Banks. Early in 1864 his army, reinforced by ten thousand men and accompanied by a strong naval force, under Gen. A. J. Smith, under- took the Red river campaign. The combined force led by General Banks advanced rapidly up the Red river as far as Sabine cross-roads, where they encountered the Confederate forces under 1183 ] BANVARD. BARAGA. Gen. Richard Taylor, and were driven back to Pleasant Hill; but on the following day, when the Confederates renewed the attack, they were repulsed and the Federal forces enabled to retire to Alexandria, where they awaited the gunboats stranded above by reason of the subsidence of the spring freshets. When the boats were released by Colonel Bailey's dam, the combined land and naval forces fell back to the Mississippi river. The failure of the expedition was charged to Gen- eral Banks, who, however, disclaimed the respon- sibility of the undertaking. In May, 1864, he was relieved of his command, resigned his com- mission and returned to his native state. He was elected a representative to the 39th Congress in 1865 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of D. W. Gooch, and was re-elected in 1866-'68-'70 and again elected in 1874. In 1879 he was ap- pointed U. S. marshal for the district of Massa- chusetts by President Hayes, and served until 1888, when he was again elected to represent his district in the 51st Congress. Harvard college conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1858. He died in Waltham, Mass., Sept. 1, 1894. BANVARD, John, painter, was born in New York city, Jan. 21, 1821. At the age of fifteen, he journeyed to Kentucky, where, wandering from place to place, he developed his talent for painting by transferring the faces and scenes incident to his journey to canvas, which he exhibited. His trips up and down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers decided him in 1841 to paint a panorama of the Mississippi river. He made his drawings with the utmost care upon a canvas half a mile long, and painted in the landscape. He exhibited this panorama all over the country, and it met with such favor that he took it abroad. He spent many years in travel, and wrote num- erous books about the countries through which he journeyed. During the civil war the gov- ernment found his careful study of the Mississippi river very useful, and it was largely by infor- mation furnished by him to General Fremont and General Pope that the capture of Island No. 10 was accomplished. Mr. Banvard wrote many poems, which have appeared in American and English periodicals. He published : ‘ ‘ Description of the Mississippi River,” “Pilgrimage to the Holy Land,” “ Amasis, or the Last of the Pharaohs,” “ The Private Life of a King,” “ The Tradition of the Temple ” (1883). He also wrote dramas, two of which were produced on the stage, “Amasis,” and “Carrinia.” He died May 16, 1891. BANVARD, Joseph, author, was born in New York city, May 9, 1810, brother of John Ban- vard. He was educated primarily at the South Reading academy, was graduated from the Newton theological institution in 1833, and was ordained pastor of the Second Baptist church, Salem, Mass., where he preached for eleven years. He afterwards preached in Boston five years, West Cambridge two years, New York three years, Pawtucket, R. I., five years, Wor- cester, Mass., five years. In 1866 he was chosen president of the National theological institute, Washington, D. C. At the end of the year he became pastor of the Baptist church at Paterson, N. J., where he remained ten years, and at Neponset, Mass., in 1876. He is the author of “ The Christian Melodist ; a collection of Hymns” (1850); “Plymouth and the Pilgrims” (1851); “Romance of American History” (1852); “ Novelties of the New World” (1852); “The American Statesman, or Illustrations of the Life and Character of Daniel Webster ” (1853) ; “Priscilla; or, Trials for the Truth” (1854); “Wisdom, Wit and Whims of the Old Philoso- phers” (1854); “Tragic Scenes in the History of Maryland and the Old French War ” (1856) ; “ Old Grips and Little Tidd ” (1871) ; “ First Ex- plorers of North America” (1874); “Southern Explorers and Colonists ” (1874); “ Soldiers and Patriots of the Revolution ” (1876), and a juvenile library of eight volumes. He was chosen an honorary member of the Boston society of nat- ural history and of the historical society of Wis- consin, vice-president of the Worcester county, Mass., natui-al history society, and president of the historical society of Passaic county, N. J. He received the honorary degree of A. M. from Columbian college, and that of D.D. from Shurt- leff college. BARAGA, Frederick, Roman Catholic bishop, was born in Treffen, Carniola. He was educated at home until nine years of age, when he com- menced his studies at the college of Laibacli in his native province. He was distinguished for his linguistic ability and proficiency in general studies. He applied himself to the study of law at Vienna, graduating brilliantly in 1821. His inclination was, however, for the priesthood, and he entered the ecclesiastical seminary of Laibach to take a theological course. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1823. For the next seven years Carniola was the scene of his mis- sionary labors, and during that time he prepared many books of devotion in the Sclavonic tongue for popular use, greatly improving his native language thereby. He determined to devote him- self to American missions, and sailed from Havre in December, 1830, arriving in Cincinnati, Jan. 18, 1831, and first located at Arbre Croche, a vil- lage of the Ottawa Indians on Lake Michigan. Here he labored for two years, meanwhile com- piling and printing a prayer and hymn book in the Ottawa language. He went to Grand river in the autumn of 1883, and remained there BARBEE. BARBER. for sixteen months, when he repaired to Lapointe, and for eighteen years his labors were spent among the Indians of Lake Superior. Father Baraga's desire being to insure the permanence of his work among those untutored people, in the winter of 1836-’37 he compiled “The Prayer and Hymn Book and Catechism,” “Extracts of the History of the Old and New Testaments, with the Gospels of the A" ear,” in the same language; and his “Treatise on the History, Character, Manners and Customs of the North American Indians,” in German, also a devotional book in the Sclavonic language. In 1837-’38 he paid a visit to Europe to secure funds for his mission, and had his Indian books printed in Paris. In 1843 he transferred his residence to the “ Ance,” where he composed his great philological works, a gram- mar and a dictionary of the Otchipwe (Chip- peway) language. In 1853 Father Baraga was consecrated titular bishop of Amyzonia, and made Vicar- Apostolic of Upper Michigan. His missionary labors continued, as before, and in 1854 he visited Europe and brought back with him twelve new laborers for the field. In 1855 he attended the provincial council of Cincinnati, and for the next few years the labors of his diocese engrossed his attention. In 1856 he was made bishop of St. Mary ; and in 1865, when the see was transferred to Marquette, bishop of Marquette and St. Mary. The health of the venerable mis- sionary had long been failing, when in 1866 he was struck with apoplexy in Baltimore, while in attendance at the national council. His condi- tion improved sufficiently to enable him to return to his bishopric, where he died two years later, having performed a work of inestimable value in creating a literature of what had hitherto been the uncultivated language of savage people. He died at Marquette, Mich., Jan. 6, 1868. BARBEE, William J., author, was born at Win- chester, Ky., in 1816. His education was obtained at Paris, Ky., and at the Miami university, in Ox- ford, Ohio. After his graduation he began the study of medicine, and for nearly ten years prac- tised that profession in Cincinnati, but he subse- quently became a school teacher and a Campbellite preacher. Among his published writings are: “The Scriptural Doctrine of Confirmation”; “Tiie Physical and Moral Aspect of Geology” (1859); “The Cotton Question; its Production and Consumption ” (1866) ; “ The First Principles of Geology” (1867); and “ Life of the Apostle Peter.” BARBER, Francis, soldier, was born at Princeton, N. J., in 1751 He was graduated from Princeton college in 1767, and two years later accepted the position of principal of the Elizabethtown (N. J.) academy. He joined the revolutionary army in 1776 with the rank of 1 major of artillery, and received promotion first to lieutenant-colonel, and later to assistant in- spector-general, serving under Baron Steuben. He was present at many important battles, in- cluding Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine and Germantown, receiving serious wounds at Monmouth. He was taken to a hospital, and while convalescent succeeded in gaining impor- tant information which was exceedingly useful to the patriots. In 1779 he was promoted adju- tant-general, and the following year was ap- pointed by General Washington to levy stores in New Jersey. The following year when insur- rection broke out in some of the troops he was sent to subdue the soldiers, accomplishing the task with tact and success. He was present at several engagements in Lafayette’s Virginia campaign in 1781, notably at York town, serving efficiently throughout the war. He died in Newburg, N. Y., Feb. 11, 1783. BARBER, Francis M., naval officer, was born at Sandusky, Ohio, in 1845, and was graduated from the naval academy, Annapolis, Md., in 1865, at the age of twenty. After his graduation he saw service on various ships, cruising in the waters of Europe, Asia, Africa and the West Indies, being steadily promoted from acting mid- shipman in 1861, to midshipman, 1862; ensign, 1866; master, 1868; lieutenant, 1869; lieutenant- commander, 1879, and in 1889 receiving the rank of commander. He was instructor at the United States torpedo station, Newport, from 1871 to 1875, at the same time superintending the manufacture of high explosives. When the Alarm was fitted for sea he was her first com- mander, and acted in the Naval advisory board that constructed the Atlanta, Boston, Chicago and Dolphin. In October, 1893, lie was granted leave of absence. His published writings include contributions to current literature on naval sub- jects, and several lectures, among which are lectures on “The Whitehead Torpedo” (1874); “ Drifting and Automatic Movable Torpedoes, Submarine Guns and Rockets ” (1874) ; and “Submarine Boats and their Application to Torpedo Operations ” (1875). BARBER, John J., artist, was born at San- dusky, Ohio, Sept. 21, 1840. In 1862 he obtained admission to the bar, but never practised the law, joining the army the following year. Under the hardships of army life his health became im- paired, and lie was compelled to return home, where he began to paint, first as an avocation and later as a vocation. He may be called a wholly self-taught painter. In 1871 he estab- lished a working studio at Columbus, Ohio, where he painted many successful pictures, several of which were exhibited at the National academy of design in New York city. Among the better 1R5J BARBER. BARBOUR known of his paintings are: “Elysium of the Herd ” ( 1881) ; “ Pride of the Eastwood Jerseys ” (1882); “The Thirsty Herd ” (1883) ; “Jersey Herd” (1883); “The Passing Shower” (1884); and “ The Cool Retreat ” (1885). BARBER, John Warner, historian, was born at Windsor, Conn., Feb. 2, 1798. When a young man he conceived the plan of a history prepared from personal recollections of participants in the stirring scenes incident to the early settlement of the United States. By travelling through the historical places he gathered the material and carried out his plan in “ Historical Scenes in the United States,” written in collaboration with Henry Howe of New Haven, Conn., who accom- panied him on his travels, and published in 1827. He also prepared and published: “History and Antiquities of New Haven ” (1831); “Religious Events” (1832); “Historical Collections of Connecticut ” (1836), and of Massachusetts (1839) ; “ History and Antiquities of New Eng- land, New York and New Jersey ” (1841) ; “Elements of General History” (1844); “In- cidents in American History” (1847); “Relig- ious Emblems and Allegories ” (1848) ; “ European Historical Collections" (1855); “Our Whole Country, Historical and Descriptive” (1861); in collaboration with Henry Howe of New Haven, he issued: “Historical Collections of New York (1841) ; New Jersey (1844) ; Virginia (1844) ; Ohio (1847),” and in conjunction with Elizabeth G. Barber, “ Historical, Poetical and Pictorial American Scenes ” (1850). He died in New Haven, Conn., June 13, 1885. BARBOUR, James C., statesman, was born in Orange county , Va., June 10, 1775; son of Col. Thomas Barbour. He studied law while deputy sheriff, and was admitted to the bar in 1794. He was a member, and part of the time speaker, of the Virginia house of delegates from 1796-1812, and framed the anti-duelling act. In 1812 he was elected governor of Virginia, and in 1815 to the United States senate. He was secretary of war under President John Q. Adams, and in 1828 was sent as minister to England, being recalled by President Jackson in 1829. He was president of the Whig convention in 1839, which nominated General Harrison for president, and was a vigorous opposer of the doctrines of the Democratic party. He died June 8, 1842. BARBOUR, John S., senator, was born in Culpepper county, Dec. 29, 1820. He was edu- cated at the University of Virginia from which he was graduated in 1842, and soon began the practice of law in his native county'. Born of a family of politicians, y r oung Barbour became prominent in the politics of Culpepper county', and in 1847 at the age of twenty-seven was sent to the house of delegates of the Virginia legislature. He was re-elected to serve in three successive sessions of that body. Then for nearly thirty years he was engaged in large business enterprises. In 1852 he was elected president of the Orange and Alexandria railroad and served in that capacity until the road was merged in the Virginia Midland railroad, when he was made president of that road until 1883, when he resigned. In 1880 he was elected to represent his district in the 47th Congress and was re-elected to the 48th and 49th congresses. The Virginia legislature in 1889 elected him as a Democrat to the United States senate to succeed Harrison H. Riddleberger, whose term expired March 3, 1889. Senator Barbour served as a mem- ber of the regular senate comm ittees on pensions, inter-state commerce, education and labor, District of Columbia, and organization conduct and expenditures of the executive departments, as well as of the select committees to investigate the Potomac river in front of Washington and to establish a university of the United States. He died May 14, 1892. BARBOUR, Philip Norbourne, soldier, was born near Bardstown, Ky r ., in 1817. In 1834 he was graduated from the military academy at West Point with the brevet rank of 2d lieuten- ant, and was promoted to the full rank in 1836, serving on frontier duty in Iowa and Louisiana until 1840. In 1838 he was promoted 1st lieuten- ant and from 1840 to 1842 served in the Florida war. In April, 1842, he was brevetted captain for his services in the war against the Florida Indians, and until June, 1843, served as acting assistant adjutant-general of the department of Florida. He was promoted captain Nov. 26. 1845, and served in the military occupation of Texas in 1845 and 1846. He was actively engaged in the war with Mexico, and for his action in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma he received the brevet rank of major. He also served in the battle of Monterey, and while cheering his men to the charge, he was struck by a ball and died Sept. 21, 1846. BARBOUR, Philip Pendleton, jurist, was born in Orange county, Va. , May 25, 1783, son of Col. Thomas Barbour. He received a classical education, was admitted to the bar and practised successfully'. He was elected a representative from Virginia to the 13th Congress, and was re- elected to the five succeeding congresses, serving from Sept. 19. 1814, to Feb., 1825. In 1821 he was speaker of the house of representatives, and in 1825 was appointed judge of the Virginia general court for the eastern district, the position hav- ing been left vacant by the death of Judge Holmes. In 1827 he was elected as a representa- tive to the 20th Congress, and was re-elected to the 21st, serving until 1830, when he resigned. [ 186 ] BARD. BARKER. At the National Democratic convention, which met at Baltimore in 1832, he received forty -six votes as candidate for the vice-presidency. He was appointed associate justice of the su- preme court, March 15, 1836, by President Jack- son, holding the office until his death, which occurred at Washington, D. C., Feb. 25, 1841. BARD, Samuel, physician, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., April 1, 1742, son of John Bard. His paternal grandfather was driven to America by the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and settling at Burlington, N. J., became one of the judges of the supreme court. Samuel Bard en- tered King’s college at the age of fourteen. In 1861 he went to Europe to complete his education, and was graduated at Edinburgh in 1865 with high honors. He then practised medicine in New York city, and within a year established a medical school in connection with King’s col- lege, in which he held the chair of the theory and practice of physics. At the first commence- ment of Columbia college (formerly King’s) in 1769, Dr. Bard delivered an address to the gradu- ates which moved influential men to establish the New York hospital. His work was somewhat interrupted by the revolutionary war, but he soon regained his large practice, and was the family physician of General Washington during his stay in New York. In 1792 he became pro- fessor of natural philosophy in Columbia college, and in 1798 retired from active professional life, residing at Hyde Park on the Hudson, where he built an Episcopal church and contributed largely to its support. He was much interested in agriculture, being instrumental in forming the agricultural society of Dutchess county, of which he was elected president in 1806. In 1811 he was elected an honorary member of the col lege of physicians and surgeons in Philadelphia, and in the same year was made president of the New York college of physicians and surgeons. In 1816 Princeton college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. The titles of his books include : “ De Viribus Opii ” (1765); “A Compendium of the Theory and Practice of Midwifery ” (1807, 5th ed., 1819), and “ The Shepherd’s Guide.” He died in Hyde Park, N. Y., May 24, 1821. BARD, William, underwriter, was born in New York city, Oct. 6, 1777 ; son of Samuel and Mary (Bard) Bard. Through his marriage with a daughter of Edward Prime he was brought into intimate association with the prominent mer- chants of New York, and was induced to embark in the insurance business. In 1830, in connection with T. B. Wakeman and others, he obtained from the legislature an act of incorporation for the New York life insurance and trust company, of which he was for many years president. He died Oct. 17, 1853. BARDWELL, Willis Arthur, librarian, was born at Williamstown, Mass., Oct. 15, 1840; son of Joseph Bardwell, fourth in descent from Robert Bardwell, his first American ancestor, who came to Boston from London in 1670, just in time to take active part in the Indian wars by which the colonists were harassed during the years that fol- lowed his arrival. When Willis was seven years old his father died, and the next twelve years of his life were spent in farm labor during the summers, and attending school in winter. At the age of nineteen he went to Brooklyn, N. Y., and engaged in the book business as clerk, con- tinuing with one concern for ten years. In January, 1869, he obtained the position of assist- ant to Mr. S. B. Noyes, librarian of the mercantile library of Brooklyn, and acted in that capacity until 1885, when upon the death of Mr. Noyes he was appointed acting librarian. In 1888 he was made librarian. The library in 1896 consisted of 130,000 volumes. BARKER, Fordyce, physician, was born at Wilton, Maine, May 2, 1819. He was of English descent, and his father was a physician. After being prepared for college in his native town, he was sent to Bowdoin college, where he was gradu- ated in 1837. He then entered the Harvard medical school to study for his fa- ther ’ s profession. Having graduated there in 1841, he went to Europe to complete his studies in Edinburgh and Paris. He returned to America in 1844, and in 1845 settled at Norwich, Conn. Patients came to him slowly, but before a year had expired he was j. . appointed professor of obstetrics in the medical department of Bowdoin college. Early in his medical career, Dr. Barker decided to make obstetrics a special study, and a paper he had read on that subject before the Connecticut state medical association having attracted wide at- tention, he was, in 1850, called to the chair of midwifery in the New York medical college, and when Bellevue hospital was opened in 1852 he was appointed its obstetrical physician. Eight years later he was made professor of midwifery and the diseases of women in the Bellevue medical col- lege. Dr. Barker had been but a short time in New York when he attracted attention by re- moving a fibroid uterus tumor, that being the P87J BARKER. BARKER. first time such an operation had been performed successfully in the United States. He afterwards gave up his connection with Bellevue medical college and became a practising physician. In 1856 he was elected president of the New York state medical society, and from 1878 to 1884 was president of the New York academy of medicine. He is the author of several medical works, in- cluding a series of lectures on “ Puerperal Dis- eases ” (1872), which was translated into German, French, Italian and Spanish; and a treatise on “ Seasickness ” (1870). He received the degree of LL.D. from Bowdoin college, Edinburgh university and Columbia college. He was a member of the New York obstetrical society, of the New York pathological society, of the New York medical and surgical society, and of the American gynecological society. He was also honorary fellow of the royal medical society of Athens. He died in New York city May 29, 1891. BARKER, George Frederick, physicist, was born at Charlestown, Mass., July 14, 1885. He was graduated at Yale scientific school in 1858, and during his senior year was appointed assist- ant in chemistry to Professor Silliman. After his graduation he was made assistant to Dr. John Bacon of Harvard medical college. He held the chair of natural sciences in Wheaton (111.) college during 1861, and in 1862 accepted the acting pro- fessorship of chemistry in Albany medical college, where he took a medical course, receiving the degree of M.D. in 1863. In 1864 he was professor of natural sciences in the Western university of Pennsylvania; in 1865 he became demonstrator of chemistry in the medical department of Tale university, and the following year, in the absence of Professor Silliman, occupied his chair. In 1867 he took charge of the department of physio- logical chemistry and toxicology at Yale, and in 1873 was given the chair of physics at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. In 1881 he was one of the United States commissioners to the interna- tional electrical exhibition in Paris, and a delegate to the international congress of electricians. The French government decorated him with the insignia of the Legion of Honor, with the rank of commander. In 1884 President Arthur appointed him a member of the United States electrical commission, and he was employed as an expert in the suit against the American Bell telephone company. His lecture on the ‘ ‘ Correla- tion of Vital and Physical Forces ” was published in 1871, and later was republished in French. Among his other published writings are “ The Forces of Nature” (1863); “Text-book of Ele- mentary Chemistry ” (1870); “The Chemical Discoveries of the Spectroscope ” (1873); “ The Conversion of Mechanical Energy into Heat by Dynamo- Electric Machines” (1880), and “Phy- sics ” (1892). In 1872 he was made vice-president of the American association for the advancement of science, and president in 1879, and in 1876 he was elected a member of the National academy of sciences. He was editor of the journal of the Franklin institute, and for a number of years edited the ‘ 1 Annual Record of the Prog- ress of Physics,” published in the Smithsonian reports. He was associate editor of The Ameri- can Journal of Science, established in 1818, and a contributor to the American Chemist and the “Proceedings” of the American philosoph- ical society. BARKER, Jacob, financier, was born at Per- kins, Swan Island, Maine, Dec. 17, 1779, of Quaker ancestry and distantly connected with Benjamin Franklin. In 1785 his mother, who had buried her husband in 1780, returned to her home in Nantucket. Here Jacob was educated, and in 1797 he entered the office of Isaac Hicks, a com- mission merchant of New York. In 1800 lie engaged in business as a commission merchant, in partnership with Joseph Minturn and John Bard. His energy and business capacity were great, and so well did he apply them that in a few years he was next to the largest ship-owner in the United States, having extensive business connections in most of the countries of Europe. His commerce in ships was especially large, and brought him into intimate connection with the admiralties of most of the large countries. He imported the first marine steam-engine used in the Clermont, the first steamboat built by Robert Fulton. Mr. Barker was elected to the state senate, and distinguished himself by his zeal and patriotism in all national questions, by his prac- tical judgment, and by his knowledge of law as it related to trade and finance. He ardently supported Jefferson, advocating the embargo and non importation acts, though their effect was to entail upon him immense losses. He also favored the purchase of Louisiana, and although he was adverse to the declaration of war against England in 1812, he supported the war policy when it was declared. During the war his ships were all captured, but he was still possessed of ample means and almost unlimited credit, by means of which he was enabled to assist the depleted treasury of 1813 by a loan of § 5 , 000 , 000 . On the re-establishment of peace, Mr. Barker started the Union, a newspaper advocating the election of DeWitt Clinton as governor. In 1815 he founded the “ Exchange " bank of New Tork. Owing to financial vicissitudes in 1834 he removed to New Orleans, where he re built his shattered fortunes. He engaged in the banking business, was admitted to the Louisiana bar, and became actively prominent in politics. As a member of the Society of Friends he was opposed to slav- flS8] BARKER BARKER. ery, and when the civil war broke out he sup- ported the north to the detriment of his own fortunes. He was elected in 1864 a representative in the 39tli Congress, but did not take his seat, as Louisiana was not re admitted to the Union. The last four years of his life were spent at the home of his son, Abraham Barker, in Phila- delphia, where he died Dec. 26, 1871. BARKER, Wharton, financier, was born in Philadelphia, May 1. 1846, son of Abraham and Sarah (Wharton) Barker, and a grandson of Jacob Barker, who was a cousin of Benjamin Franklin, the mothers of both being Folgers. His maternal grandfather, William Wharton, was one of the most distinguished mem- bers of the Society of Friends. He was sent to the La- tin school of Dr. Charles Short, en- tered the university of Pennsylvania in 1862, and was grad- uated with the de- gree of A. B. in 1866. In 1869 he re- ceived the degree of A. M. from that institution, and in 1880 was elected a member of its board of trus- tees, holding the position of treasurer of the board from 1882 to 1890. He was made a member of the American philosophical society, the Academy of natural sciences, Academy of the political and social sciences, the His- torical society of Pennsylvania, the Union league club and the Manufacturers club. In 1875 he organized the Penn club, and was its president for a number of years. In 1870 he founded The Penn Monthly, of which he was the principal owner and chief editorial manager until 1881, when the publication was discon- tinued. In 1880 he founded and became editor and publisher of The American. He wrote many able papers on public questions at issue, and was a leader in several important crises in the politics of his state, taking an active part in the Garfield campaign in 1880, and the Harrison campaign in 1888. He became, early in 1893, the acknowledged leader of the bimetallists in the east, and through the columns of The American and by letters and addresses worked to advance the cause. To him is due largely the organized and sustained movement that made the contest between the gold monometallists and the bi- metallists of such interest in the year 1896. In 1878 he was selected by the Russian government to purchase and build cruisers for the imperial navy. Under his direction the Cramps built the Europe, Asia, Africa and Zabiaca. In July, 1875, Alexander II. conferred upon him the cross of St. Stanislaus, second order. In 1879 he made a survey of the coal and iron fields in the Doritz country in the south of Russia, at the request of the Grand Duke Constantine and Prince Dolgo- rouki. The system of railroads, the mines and the iron and steel plant he proposed would have required the expenditure of more than $15,000,000, and this money he was prepared to furnish. The concessions were under discussion for some months. The imperial council, then under the direction of the emperor, concluded to grant the concession, and Prince Dolgorouki cabled Mr. Barker to that effect. The emperor died before concessions were granted, and Alexander III. did not confirm the action of his father. In 1887 the Chinese minister to the United States, Chang Yen Hoon, opened negotiations with him, look- ing to building and operating extensive lines of railroad, telegraph and telephone in China. He sent an agent to China to meet the viceroy, Li Hung Chang, and the “ Great Chinese Con- cessions ” were granted by that official to Mr. Barker. Special envoys were sent to America to complete these negotiations. The Concession was modified by envoys and Mr. Barker, and went back to Peking for confirmation, which never came because of the distrust occasioned by the passage of the exclusion act by the United States. He visited China in the autumn of 1895, on the invitation of Li Hung Chang and other great officials whom he met at Shanghai and Peking. Mr. Barker was elected president of the Finance company of Pennsylvania, and director of the Investment company of Phila- delphia. In 1867 he married Margaret Corlies, daughter of Joseph Baker of New York. BARKER, William Morris, 4th missionary bishop of Olympia and 166th in succession in the American episcopate, was born at Towanda, Pa., May 12, 1854. He was educated primarily at his father's classical school in Germantown, Pa., and was graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania in 1873. He pursued his theological course at the Berkeley divinity school, on the completion of which he became a teacher in the Bishop Scott grammar school, Portland, Ore. He entered the diaconate, June 4, 1879, and was appointed curate at St. John’s, Troy, N. Y. He was advanced to the priesthood, Feb. 15, 1880, after which he was, for a short time, curate at St. John's, Washington, D. C., and then until 1887 he was rector of St. Paul’s church in the same city. In 1887 he removed to Maryland, and assumed the charge of St. Luke’s, Baltimore, where he remained until 1819, when he became [1891 BARKSDALE. BARLOW. rector of St. Paul's, Duluth, and president of St. Luke's hospital in that city. His degree of D.D. was conferred by the Seabury divinity school in 18yd. He was consecrated bishop June 25, 1893, and assigned to the missionary jurisdiction of Western Colorado. After a little more than a year's service he was transferred to Olympia, to succeed Bishop Paddock, who died March 4, 1894. This change was effected at a meeting of the house of bishops in New York city, October, 1894. BARKSDALE, William, soldier, was born in Rutherford county, Tenn., Aug. 21. 1821. He was educated at the university of Nashville, and after a law course in Columbus, Miss , was ad- mitted to the bar in 1839. He practised his pro- fession and was also editor of the Columbus Democrat , and in its columns he was ardent in his advocacy of state rights. In the Mexican war he served as a non-commissioned officer in the 2d Mississippi regiment. He was a member of the state convention of 1851. In 1852 he was elected to represent his district in the 33d Con- gress, and was re-elected to the 34th, 35tli and 36th congresses. He was a pro-slavery Democrat, and made himself conspicuous on the occasion of the assault of Preston S. Brooks on Charles Sum- ner by preventing the interference of bystanders. On the secession of Mississippi, he resigned his seat in Congress and entered the army as colonel of the 13th Mississippi volunteer regiment, served in Virginia, and was made a brigadier-general. He was in action under Early at Gettysburg, as com- mander of the 3d brigade, and was killed on the field July 2, 1863. BARLOW, Francis Channing, soldier, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 19, 1834. He re- ceived a liberal education, and was graduated at Harvard in 1855, at the head of his class. He studied law in New York city, meanwhile becom- ing an editorial writer for the New York Tribune. When the civil war broke out, he enlisted as a private in the 12tlx regiment N. Y. S. M., which was among the first to report for the defence of Washington. His regiment was mustered in for three months, by the end of which time he ranked as lieutenant. On receiving his discharge he joined the 61st N. Y. volunteer regiment as lieu- tenant-colonel. During the siege of Yorktown he was promoted colonel. At the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, he so distinguished himself as to win the commission of brigadier-general, receiving his commission Sept. 19, 1862. He was severely wounded at the battle of Antietam, after his command had captured two sets of Confed- erate colors and three hundred prisoners. He recovered from his wound in time to take part in the battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863, where he commanded a brigade in the 11th army corps. He was wounded and taken prisoner on the field of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, his name being among the first in the lists of the leaders reported by the Confederates as killed. Following Gettysburg came an exchange, a long waiting for recovery and participation in the campaign of the Wilder- ness and the movements “by the left flank” of the army of the Potomac, through Spottsyl vania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, and across the James to Petersburg. At Spottsylvania General Barlow, commanding the 1st division, 2d corps, under General Hancock, stormed the Confederate works, captured three thousand prisoners, including Generals ! Ed. Johnson and G. H. Steuart. He was at Petersburg when the siege was raised, and at the final surrender of General Lee and his army. Soon after the close of the war he was mustered out of the United States volunteer service and took up his residence in New York. He was elected secretary of state for New York, serving from 1865 to 1868. He then served as United States marshal by appointment of General Grant until October. 1869. He was elected at- torney-general of New York in 1872, and after- wards resumed the practice of law in New York city. General Barlow married Arabella Griffith Mrs Barlow was agent for the sanitary commis- sion in the field during the civil war, and died, from disease contracted in the performance of her self-imposed duties, July 27, 1864. A window in Memorial hall, Harvard college, is dedicated to Phillips Brooks and his classmate, Francis Channing Barlow. He died in New York city Jan. 11, 1896. BARLOW, Joel, author, was born at Redding, Conn., March 24, 1754. He was graduated at Yale college in 1778 as class poet. During his college course he served in the patriot army during vacations and fought at White Plains, N. Y. He entered the ministry after graduating and served as chaplain in the army until the conclusion of the war, when he settled at Hartford, and was admitted to the bar in 1786. He subsequently en- gaged in literature, and attained notoriety upon the publication of his epic poem, “ The Vision of Columbus,” in 1787. He went to Europe to find customers for the Scioto land company, con- trolling 3,500,000 acres of government kind in Ohio. He failed in his efforts, and became inter- ested in politics in France as a Girondist, con- tributing largely to the political literature. In 1791 he went to London, where he was one of a circle of artists, wits, poets and journalists, who formed among the American colony the Constitu- tional society, which was intensely republican in tone, and his “ Advice to the Privileged Orders,” published in London, was proscribed by the gov- ernment. He took refuge in France, and in 1792— ’93 joined the deputation of the national [190J BARLOW. BARNARD. convention organized to erect Savoy into the 84th department of France, and was defeated in the election for deputy. While at Chambery he wrote “ Hasty Pudding. ” He returned to Paris, wrote “ The Columbiad” and preparedthe ground- work for a history of the American revolution and one of the French revolution, and in 1795 was appointed by President Washington consul at Algiers, and he succeeded in negotiating a treaty of peace with the Dey, and in redeeming the American captives held by Barbary. In 1 805 he returned to America, declined all political honors and devoted himself to literature. In 1811 he was appointed United States minister to France, sailed on the Constitution, Commodore Hull, and after nine months of skillful diplomacy received an invitation from Napoleon, then engaged in his Russian campaign, to meet him at Wilna, Poland, to sign the treaty already agreed upon. He be- came involved in the retreat of the French army from Russia, and, overcome by cold and privation, died at Yarmisica, in Poland, Dec. 24, 1812. BARLOW, Samuel Latham Mitchell, lawyer, was born at Granville, Mass., June 5, 1826, son of Samuel Bancroft Barlow, physician. He was de- scended from English stock, which first settled in Massachusetts in 1620. The family removed to New York city while Samuel was very young, and in 1840 he obtained a position in a law office, and remained with the firm seven years. In 1847 he established an office of his own and attained a high reputation at the bar. In 1852 he became a member of the firm of Bowdoin, Larocque & Bar- low. He adjudicated a difficulty between Cor- nelius Vanderbilt and William H. Aspinwall, arising from a Panama-Nicaragua enterprise, which made the millionaires friends and future co-operators. Mr. Barlow’s reputation rapidly widened, and he was much sought as a rail- road lawyer. Shortly after the Franco-Prussian war, a contract was made by Commodore Gar- rison and some others to send about §1,600,000 worth of arms to the French government. But the agreement having been made with Gam- betta, Thiers, then in authority, refused to pay so large a sum. Barlow arranged the matter amicably, and within three months the arms were received and paid for. The lawsuit which took the control of the Erie railway from the hands of Jay Gould was the most famous and one of the most successful ever undertaken by Mr. Barlow. The stockholders sued Gould for 810.000. 000, placing their interests in the hands of Mr. Barlow. After consulting with his lawyers, Mr. Gould decided to compromise by paying 89.000. 000, and when the railway was turned over to the stockholders, Mr. Barlow was made direc- tor and private counsel. Mr. Barlow was a Democrat in politics and as one of the largest [191J stockholders, controlled the New York World until 1869. He was one of the founders of the Manhattan club, a member of the Century asso- ciation and of the Grant monument association, and a liberal patron of the line arts. He made a notable collection of rare and costly books and works of art, his library being especially rich in Americana. He maintained a fine stock farm and country residence at Glen Cove, Long Island, where he died suddenly July 10, 1889. BARLOW, Thomas Harris, inventor, was born in Nicholas county, Ivy., Aug. 5. 1789. He was of limited education. He built a steamboat at Augusta, Tenn., about 1820, and in 1827 con- structed a miniature steam locomotive, with car attached, to carry two passengers and with power to ascend a grade of eighty feet to the mile. He operated it in a room on an oval track, the first Western railway train in America. In 1835 he constructed a large locomotive with two up- right cylinders and lever beams, both engines attached to one axle with crooks at right angles, and upright boilers. This he expected to run from Lexington to Frankfort, but owing to the peculiar construction of the rails, it was abandoned. In 1845, while teaching his grand-children the motion of the heavenly bodies, he conceived the idea of a small planetarium. After three years of patient labor the instrument was finished, and sold to Girard college, Philadelphia. Others were soon constructed, and one was exhibited at the World’s Fair in New York, in 1851, and sold for two thou- sand dollars. West Point military academy bought one of larger size, as did Annapolis naval acad- emy, and one was sent to New Orleans. It is one of the most exact and remarkable machines ever invented, showing the motions of the solar sys- tem, the dates of the eclipses, and of the transit of Mercury and Venus. In 1855 he obtained a patent for a rifled cannon, which, being tested at the Washington navy yard, developed remarkable accuracy and range. Previous to this he invented an automatic nail and tack machine. He died in Cincinnati. O. , Feb. 22, 1865. BARNARD, Charles, author, was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 13, 1838; son of C. F. Barnard, clergyman. As a boy he attended public schools and aided his father in his mission work at the War- ren Street chapel. He studied for the ministry, but ill-health forbade his completing his course, and for a short time he carried on a florist’s busi- ness. He then became assistant editor of the Boston Journal of Commerce, musical editor of the Boston Post, and head of the “ World’s Work Department ” in the Century Magazine. He was made superintendent of instruction of the Chau- tauqua town and country club, a branch of the Chautauqua university. Among his amateur operas and dramas are: “The Triple Wedding,” BARNARD. BARNARD. “ Too Soon,” “ Eugenea,” “ The Dreamland Tree,” and “ Katy Neal.” He also helped to write the play “We, Us and Co.” His published books include: “My Ten Rod Farm”; “Farming by Inches”; “The Strawberry Garden”; “ A Simple Flower Garden”; “ The Tone Masters” (3 vols, 1871); “The Soprano” (1872); “ Legilda Roman- ies 1880); “Knights of Today” (1881); “Coop- eration as a Business” (1881); “A Dead Town” (1884); “Talks About the Weather” (1885), “Talks About the Soil” (1886); “Talks About Our Useful Plants” (16), and “Graphic Method in Teaching” (1889). BARNARD, Daniel Dewey, lawyer, was born at Sheffield, Mass.. July 16, 1797. His education was received at Williams college, and after his graduation in 1818, he took up the study of law in Rochester. N. Y., where he was admitted to the bar in 1821. He won a wide reputation at the bar of western New York. In 1826 he was elected district attorney of Monroe county, and in 1828 was chosen to represent his district in the 21st Congress. He then went abroad, and on his return made his home in Albany, N. Y., where he served one year in the state assembly. In 1838 he was elected a representative for the Albany district to the 26th Congress, and was re-elected to the 27th. 28th and 29th congresses, and served in the 29th Congress as chairman of the judiciary committee. In 1850 President Fill- more appointed him U. S. minister to Prussia, where he represented his country for three years. He died in Albany, N. Y., April 24. 1861. BARNARD, Edward Emerson, astronomer, war born in Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 16, 1857. At the age of eight, the fatherless lad began to earn his living in a photograph studio. He was fond of study, and a book on practical astronomy roused his interest in that subject. From the maps and charts of this book he learned some of the wonders of the sky. As a telescope was his first want, he mounted the object lens of a com- mon spy-glass in a paper tube made by himself, and with this crude but ingenious instrument he secured an observation of the crescent form of Venus, the disks of the other planets and phen- omena so strange that he longed for better views. In 1877 by rigid economy he was enabled to pur- chase a five-inch telescope. With this instru- ment, the young astronomer began to study Jupiter and to seai'cli for comets. In 1886 he dis- covered Comet IV., and by 1887 had become world renowned as the leading discoverer of comets. In 1883 he left his occupation as photographer to accept a fellowship in astronomy at Vanderbilt university. He took a course in English, French, German, mathematics and physics at the uni- versity, and was graduated from the school of mathematics in 1887. The faculty placed him in charge of the observatory connected with the university when he began his course and he became a diligent observer. H. H. Warner of the Warner observatory in Rochester, N. A’., had offered a prize of two hundred dollars for the discovery of each new comet, and Barnard received three of these prizes. The money thus obtained enabled him to buy books and apparatus needful in his work. In 1S88 Professor Barnard accepted a position in the Lick observatory. His observations at the Vanderbilt university had covered a wide range. He had studied asteroids, nebulae, double stars, planets, the moon, sun- spots, meteors, occ-ulations and eclipses. With increased zeal he continued this wide field of study at Lick university. In 1890 he observed a double transit of the first satellites across the disk of Jupiter, and in July, 1892. he began to use the large telescope on that planet and soon aston- ished the astronomical world by discovering a new moon revolving about Jupiter. This moon appeared as a faint speck of light and had escaped the observation of astronomers for three hundred years. The discovery made the superior- ity of the Lick telescope manifest. The making of photographs of the milky way interested Mr. Barnard more than any other work that he under- took. His plates revealed facts that materi- ally changed astronomical computations. Older astronomers estimated the number of suns in the milky way at about 20.000.000. Mr. Barnard asserted that he could photograph 200,000.000 in a five-minute dry-plate exposure, and that his finished photographs revealed 500.000,000 suns. Photography greatly assisted Professor Barnard in the study and discerning of comets, besides being fruitful in unlooked-for directions. He was made a fellow of the Royal astronomical society of London in 1887. His observations are recorded in the standard astronomical journals of the world. His treatises are entirely of original observations; hence his contributions give new knowledge to the world. In 1893 the French academy of science awarded to him the Lalande gold medal for his discovery of the 5th moon of Jupiter, and in the same year he received the Donalioe medal for his photographic discovery of a comet in 1892. In 1894 the French academy of science gave him its highest honor in the bestowal of the Arago medal, worth a thousand francs, for his discovery of Jupiter’s fifth satellite. This medal has only been given to two others, Prof. Asaph Hall for his discovery of two moons of Mars in 1877. and Leverrier for his discovery of Neptune in 1846. BARNARD, Frederick Augustus Porter, educator, was born at Sheffield, Berkshire county, Mass., March 5, 1809; son of Robert Foster and Augusta (Porter) Barnard. He was graduated [ 192 ] BARNARD. BARNARD. at Yale college in 1828; taught in a grammar school, in Hartford; was tutor in Yale college, and a teacher in the asylum for deaf mutes at Hartford and in the New York institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb. From 1837 to 1848 he was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the University of Alabama, and afterwards professor of chemistry. In 1854 he was ordained to the priesthood of the Episcopal church, and removed to Alabama, where he was made professor of astronomy and mathematics in the University of Mississippi. Two years later he was elected president and chancellor of the university. Upon the threat- ened outbreak of civil war he went to Labrador to observe the eclipse of the sun, and in 1862 journeyed to the southern hemisphere to carry out astronomical researches. In 1862 he was appointed director of the printing and lithograph- ing of the maps and charts of the coast survey, which office he held until 1864, when he was chosen president of Columbia college in New York city. In 1867 he was United States com- missioner to the Paris exposition, and on his return he published a valuable “Report on Machinery and the Industrial Arts.” He was again commissioned to the Paris exposition of 1878. President Barnard transformed Columbia college into one of the great universities of the United States. The law school, the school of mines, the school of political science, and the Barnard college for women were housed and almost founded through his exertions. The wide range of his scholarship admirably fitted him to sympathize with the many departments of a great university, and in addition to the schools already established by his influence, at the time of his death he was planning for a school of letters and philosophy. He originated a system of the teaching of the deaf and dumb, and was editor- in-chief of “Johnson’s Cyclopaedia,” many articles on the exact sciences and mathematics being from his pen. President Barnard won many scientific honors. He was one of the original incorporators of, and foreign secretary to, the National academy of sciences from 1874 to 1880; president of the American metrological society, also of the American association for the advance- ment of science, of the Board of experts of the American bureau of mines, of the American institute, and also an honorary correspondent to many foreign scientific associations. In 1855 Jefferson college, Miss., gave him the degree of LL.D. ; Yale conferred the same degree in 1859; the University of Mississippi gave him the de- gree of S.T.D., 1861. and in 1872 the University of the state of New York that of L. H.D. He published a “Treatise on Arithmetic” (1830); oneon “ Analytical Grammar ” (1836) ; “ Letters on Collegiate Government ” (1855) ; “ A History of the United States Coast Survey" (1857); “Recent Progress of Science” (1859); “The Metric System” (1871); “Mono-Metallism, Bi- Metallism, and International Coinage ” (1879); “Two Papers on Academic Degrees” (1880); “ Imaginary Metrological System of the Great Pyramid ” (1884), and “ Theory of Magic Squares and of Magic Cubes,” in National academy of science (1888). He died in New York city and is buried in the old cemetery at Sheffield, Mass. The date of his death is April 27, 1889. BARNARD, Henry, educator, was born at Hartford, Conn., Jan. 24, 1811. He was edu- cated at the district school, the academy, Munson, Mass., Hopkins grammar school, and at Yale college, where he was graduated in 1830 with the degree of A.M. During his last two years at Yale he acted as assistant librarian. On leaving college he began to study law, but accept- ing an invitation giv- en by President Day of Yale, took charge of an academy at Wellsboro, Pa. He ^ did not enjoy teach- i n g , and in a few months returned to the law. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1835, and spent the x- year 1836 in Europe, where he studied the / educational, social and municipal systems, visited Pestalozzi's school at Yverdon, and made the acquaintance of Carlyle, Lord Brougham, De Quincey, Wordsworth, Chalmers, Lockhart, Combe, and other leading men. He returned to the United States late in 1836, and in 1837 was elected to the lower house of the state legislature, holding his seat until 1840. Mr. Barnard was an orator of great power, and his earnest and for- cible speeches were influential in bringing about various reforms in the treatment of criminals and in the care of the insane. In 1838 he was success- ful in amending and obtaining the passage of a bill providing for the better local supervision of schools, which had been defeated in the senate the previous session. This bill provided for a state board of school commissioners; Mr. Bar- nard was made a member of the board and served as its secretary from 1838 to 1842. He also, during those years, made a tour of the United States, addressed ten state legislatures, and lec- tured and held conferences in every state but Texas, with the object of elevating public senti- [ 193 ] BARNARD. BARNARD. ment in regard to education. His work, “ Edu- cational Development in the United States,” of which thirty thousand copies were sold, was the fruit of this tour. In 1843 Governor Fenner of Rhode Island appointed Mr. Barnard superin- tendent of schools in that state. In 1849 nervous exhaustion caused him to resign his position, and after a short period of rest he became, in 1850, superintendent of the Connecticut state schools, an office which he filled until 1854. Dr. Bar- nard's valuable labors in behalf of popular edu- cation met with appreciation in America and abroad. Dr. Wimmer, a German educator, de- scribed him as “ the veritable reformer of popu- lar education,” and Professor Le Roy, of Liege university, wrote of him in 1855 as “ that inde- fatigable apostle of progress and distinguished administrator. ” In 1855 he began the publication of the Journal of Education , and during the years 1856 and 1857 he was chiefly occupied with his work on that periodical. In 1858 he accepted the position of chancellor of the University of Wisconsin and agent of the normal regents. “ His chief purpose in accepting the position,” wrote James L. Hughes, “was to bring about a state unity of all educational forces, from the kindergarten to the university, and make the complete system free.” He inaugurated the Teachers’ institute in Wisconsin. In 1866 he was elected president of St. John's college, An- napolis (founded in 1784), which had been closed during the war, and while reorganizing the college he was appointed the first United States commissioner of education. In his first report, Jufie, 1868, Dr. Barnard anticipated almost every measure of educational reform that was after- wards adopted in the United States. As com- missioner of education he organized the bureau of education. Dr. Barnard established the first state system of libraries, and the credit is due to him for the inception of a national organization of teachers. He advocated throughout his life the equal education of the sexes. In 1852 he received the degree of LL.D. from Yale college, and in 1853 a like degree from Harvard college; Columbia college in 1887 conferred upon him the degree of L.H.D. Dr. Barnard’s literary work was voluminous. He established The Connecticut School Journal , which he edited for eight years, and issued during the years 1843 to '49 the Rhode Island School Journal. Of the thirty-one volumes of the American Journal of Education issued under his supervision, the “Encyclopaedia Brittanica ” says, “ The Journal is by far the most valuable work in our lan- guage on the history of education.” He issued seven volumes of “ Papers for Teachers,” and over eight hundred educational tracts, in which he expended forty thousand dollars of his private means. A corporation was organized in July, 1891, for the purpose of publishing the Journal of Education and Dr. Barnard's many other writings. “ The Henry Barnard Society ” was also organized, membership to which entitles holders to special reduction in the price of his publications. Among his published books are: “School Architecture” (1839); “National Edu- cation ” (1840); “ Practical Illustrations of School Architecture”; “ Report on Public Schools in Rhode Island ” (1845 and 1848); “Documentary History of Public Schools in Providence”; “ Education and Employment of Children in Factories”; “Normal Schools and Teachers’ Institutes ” (1850) ; “ National Education in Europe ” (1854); “ Normal Schools in the United States and Europe ” ; “History of Education in Connecticut from 1638 to 1854”; “Educational Biography” (1857); “Papers for Teachers”; “Military Schools”; “Technical and Scientific Education”; “American Pedagogy”; “Dis- courses on the Life and Character of T. H. Gallaudet, with History of the American Asylum”; “ Hints and Methods for the Use of Teachers”; “American Teachers”; “Ele- mentary and Secondary Instruction in Switzer- land, France, Belgium, etc.”; “English Pedagogy ” ; “ German Teachers and Educational Reformers”; “Life of Ezekiel Cheever, and Notes on the Free Schools of New England”; “Kindergarten and Child Culture Papers”; “ Object Teaching and Oral Lessons on Social Science and Common Things ” (1861); “ Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism ” (1861) ; “ Primary Schools and Elementary Instruction ” ; “ School Codes ” ; “Science and Art”; “Superior Instruction in Different Countries,” and “The American Library of Schools and Education ” (1886); a col- lection of 52 volumes, which contain eight hun- dred treatises, all of which are also published individually. His 86th birthday was celebrated in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 25, 1897, many well- known educators being present at the exercises and at the banquet. BARNARD, Isaac D., senator, was born at Aston, Pa., July 18, 1789. He was educated in the public schools of his native town, and in 1811 studied law at Chester, but soon abandoned Blackstone to fight the British, and distinguished himself at Fort George, Canada, in 1813, and at Lyons Creek in 1814. In 1815 he left the army, studied law, and in 1816 obtained admission to the bar at Winchester, Pa. ; the following year he received the appointment of deputy attorney- general, and in 1S20 was chosen state senator. He was elected secretary of state for Penn- sylvania in 1826, and in 1827 was elected United States senator, holding the seat until 1831. when he resigned. He died Feb. 28, 1834. BARNARD. BARNARD. BARNARD, John, clergyman, was born in Boston. Mass., Nov. 6, 1681. His parents caused him to be baptized on the day of his birth and educated him for the ministry. He entered Har- vard college in July, 1696, taking his degree in 1700. He studied divinity during his college course, and preached his first sermon in 1699. He began pastoral work as assistant to Dr. Cole- man in Boston. In the spring of 1707 Governor Dudley appointed him chaplain of one of the regi- ments sent to take Port Royal, Nova Scotia, then held by the French. In 1709 he sailed for Barba- does and London, and while in England had several advantageous proposals to remain, includ- ing a chaplaincy under Lord Wharton, which he did not accept, as he could not subscribe to the thirty-nine articles of the established church. Returning to America he preached from place to place in Massachusetts, but did not settle until 1714, when he accepted a call to Marblehead. He was afterwards invited to become pastor at the old North church in Boston, but remained at Marblehead until his death. In 1742, during the theological controversy throughout the churches of New England, he declared himself as not in sympathy with Whitefield's extreme Calvinism, and he is credited with being an original Trini- tarian-Congregationalist. Mr. Barnard was a man of scholarly attainments, of eloquence and magnetism, and of purity and beauty of charac- ter. Among his published writings are: “A History of the Strange Adventures of Philip Ashton” (1725); “A Version of the Psalms” (1752), and many sermons and addresses. He died at Marblehead, Mass., Jan. 24, 1770. BARNARD, John Gross, soldier, was born at Sheffield, Mass., May 19, 1815. He was gradu- ated from W est Point in 1833, and was appointed to duty at Newport, R. I., in the engineer corps with the rank of brevet 2d lieutenant. He was afterwards engaged on fortifications at Pensacola and New Orleans and had attained a captaincy in 1848. During the Mexican war he was constructing engineer, the fortifications of Tampico being built under his direction, and he made the topographical maps of the country around the city of Mexico pre- paratory to its capture. For these services he received a brevet major’s commission on Slay 30, 1848. In the Tehuantepec survey for a railroad across the isthmus in 1850 he acted as chief engineer by appointment of President Fillmore, and in 1852 he surveyed the mouths of the Mis- sissippi river. In 1854 he was instructor of practical engineering at the military academy, of which, in 1856, he was made superintendent. He was afterwards given charge of the defences of New York city. In 1858 he was promoted major of engineers. In 1861 he was appointed f!95J chief engineer of defences of Washington and afterwards of the army of the Potomac, serving thus until 1864, when he was placed on General Grant’s staff and given the management of the engineering department of the entire army. On March 31, 1863, he was promoted lieutenant- colonel of engineers, and at the close of the civil war he was made colonel of engineers, and bre- vetted major-general U. S. army “for gallant and meritorious services in the field. ” He served as a member of the joint board of army and navy officers in harbor defences, torpedoes, etc., and as senior member of the board of engineers for fortifications up to the time of his death. The University of Alabama gave him the degree of A.M. in 1838, and Yale college conferred upon him that of LL.D. in 1864. Among his pub- lished works are : ‘ 1 Survey of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec” (1852); “Phenomena of the Gyroscope” (1858); “ Dangers and Defences of New York” (1859); “ Notes on Sea-Coast De- fence” (1861); “The Confederate States of America and the Battle of Bull Run” (1862); “ Reports of the Engineer and Artillery Opera- tions of the Army of the Potomac” (1863); “Eulogy on General Totten” (1866); “Report on the Defences of Washington” (1871); “The North Sea Canal of Holland and Improvement of Navigation from Rotterdam to the Sea”; ‘ ‘Problems of Rotary Motion presented by Gyro- scope, the Precession of the Equinoxes, and the Pendulum, ’ ’ and numerous reports and memoirs. He died in Detroit, Mich., May 14, 1882. BARNARD, William Stebbins, entomologist, was born at Canton, 111., Feb. 28, 1849. He was educated at Canton high school and University of Michigan, and graduated at Cornell university (BS.) in 1871, and at the University of Jena (Ph.D.)in 1873; also studying at the University of Leipsic. In 1871 he accompanied Agassiz to Brazil as assistant geologist. In 1874 he was teacher and lecturer on protozoa at Cornell university, and at Anderson summer school, Penikese Island. He was professor of natural science in the Mississippi agricultural college, 1874— ’75 ; lecturer on zoology in the Illinois state summer school, 1875; pro- fessor of natural science at the Wisconsin state normal school, 1876— ’77 ; at Oskaloosa college, 1877-’78; zoologist of the Woodruff scientific expedition, 1878; assistant professor of ento- mology, and lecturer on the zoology of inverte- brates at Cornell university, 1879— ’81 ; assistant in the entomological division United States de- partment of agriculture, 1881-'86, and professor of natural history, Drake university, 1886- ’87. He was the author of a “ Catalogue of the Inverte- brates ”(1876), and a contributor to the American Quarterly Microscopical Journal, and the Ameri- can Naturalist. He died Nov. 13, 1888. BARNES. BARNES. BARNES, Albert, clergyman, was born in Rome, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1798. The greater part of his boyhood was passed at work in a tannery, and though able to secure but limited school- ing, his thoughtful nature led him to read much. At the age of seventeen he left his father’s em- ploy to begin the study of law. After attending the Fairfield, Conn., academy, earning his board and tuition by means of teaching a district school, he prepared to enter Hamilton college, from which he was graduated in 1820. Having abandoned his purpose of becoming a lawyer, he entered Princeton, N. J., theological seminary in April, 1824; he was licensed to preach, and in February, 1825, was ordained and installed at the First Presbyterian church in Morristown, N. J. During his five years’ pastorate of that church his parishioners became devotedly at- tached to him. In 1880 he resigned to take charge of the First Presbyterian church in Philadelphia, and he was installed in his new pastorate June 25, 1880. On the publication of his “ Notes on the Epistle to the Romans ” he was tried for heresy before the Presbytery and acquitted, and he thereupon changed the phraseology of the sen- tences in the work that called forth the charge. When the case was brought before the synod he was condemned, and was forbidden to preach for six months At the end of this time an appeal was made to the general assembly, and he was acquitted. His “ defence ” was published in New York, and his trial as reported, in Phila- delphia. This charge and trial was the occasion of the organization of the new-school Presby- terians. Mr. Barnes was a man of eminent ability as a preacher, of clear mind and beautiful character. He was loved by his people, toward whom he was sympathetic and tender. He was a conscientious and interested student, reading the scriptures in the original, and studying phil osophy, history and the natural sciences. He wrote “Scriptural Views of Slavery ” (1846) ; “ The Way of Salvation” (1863); “Manual of Prayers”; “The Atonement”; “Claims of Episcopacy”; “Church Manual”; “Practical Sermons for Vacant Congregations and Families” ; “Closest Companion” (1854); “ How shall Man be Just with Godi” (1855) ; “ Miscellaneous Essays and Reviews” (1855); “The Church and Slavery ” (1856); “Way of Salvation Illus- trated ” (1856) ; “ Inquiries and Suggestions in regard to the Foundation of Faith in the Word of God”; “Life at Three-score” (1858); “The Atonement ” ; “ Lectures on the Evidences of Ghristianity in the Nineteenth Century ” (1868), and “ Prayers for Family Worship.” More than a million copies of his notes on the New Testa- ment were sold before the edition of 1872. He died in Philadelphia, Dec. 24, 1870. BARNES, Alfred Smith, publisher, was born at New Haven, Conn., Jan. 28, 1817, son of Eli and Susan (Morris) Barnes, descended from the original settlers of Fair Haven and New Haven. Conn. The son was brought up to work on a farm in the summer and attend school dur- ing the winter. When about sixteen years of age he ob- tained employment in the book store of Daniel F. Robinson. He removed with the firm of D. F. Robin- son & Co. to New York city in 1835 and in 1838, when he arrived at the age of twenty-one, he entered into part nersliip with Prof. Charles Davies, the well-known mathe- matician. In 1838 they removed to Hartford, and founded the house of A. S. Barnes & Co., publishers of mathematical text - books. Mr. Barnes personally canvassed the state of Con- necticut for patronage for their school books, and finding the manufacturing facilities at Hartford limited, the house was removed in 1840 to Philadelphia, and in 1844 to New York where they published “ The National Series " of standard school books, which became generally adopted in schools, some of the volumes at- taining a sale of over one million copies. In 1848 Professor Davies retired from the firm, and shortly after his place was taken by Henry L. Burr, a brother-in-law of Mr. Barnes, and upon his death, in 1865, Mr. Barnes’s eldest son, Alfred, and his brother, John C. Barnes, were admitted as partners, the latter retiring in 1873. In 1867 Henry W. Curtiss and Mr. Barnes's second son. Henry, and later his nephew, Charles J. Barnes, were made partners. In 1874 his third son, Edwin, came into the firm, and in 1884-'85 his fourth and fifth sons, Richard and William, were admitted. Mr. Barnes founded, and for six years published the Magazine of American History. He was in every way public-spirited and liberal in his benefactions to all worthy objects, including the Y. M. C. A., the Faith Home for incurables, and the Academy of music of Brooklyn ; the Brooklyn library, the Long Island historical society and the various Presby- terian boards of missions. He donated a building costing $45,000 to Cornell university, for the use of the Christian associations, called Barnes hall, and $25,000 to the Home for Incurables in Brooklyn. He was married in 1841 to Harriet, daughter of [ 196 ] BARNES. BARNES. Gen. Timothy Burr of Rochester, N. Y., who bore him live sons and live daughters. She died in 1881 and in 1883 he was married to Mary Matthews Smith, who survived him. (See an ex- tended notice in Dr. Stiles's “ History of King’s county.”) He died Feb. IT, 1888. BARNES, Catherine Weed, photographer, was born in Albany, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1,851; the daughter of William and Emily P. Barnes and the grand-daughter of Thurlow Weed. She received an academical education at Albany and entered Vassal - college, but did not graduate. Miss Barnes travelled extensively in America as well as abroad, and after 1886, when she took up photography as a pastime, she never went with- out her camera. She became a practical worker in the studio and laboratory, and in camera work not only made exposures and developed the plates, but made lantern slides, managed her own oxy-hydrogen lantern, and experimented with the various printing methods constantly being brought out. She became an active mem- ber of the New York society of amateur photo- graphers, of the New York camera club, and honorary member of the Brooklyn academy of photography, the first woman honorary member of the Chicago camera club, a member of the Postal photographic club, and a member of the Sorosis club. She wrote for the different photo- graphic periodicals, and in 1890 became one of the editors of the American Amateur Photog- rapher. She also edited a special department in Outing, and contributed photographic articles for Frank Leslie’s Weekly. At the Boston exhibition of 1888 she received a diploma, and at the one in New York in 1891, a silver medal for lantern slides. In 1892 she addressed the photographic convention of the United Kingdom at Edinburgh, Scotland. BARNES, Daniel Henry, educator, was born at Canaan, Columbia county, N. Y., April 25, 1785. After his graduation from Union college in 1809, lie spent two years in studying Hebrew under an eminent instructor. In 1811 he removed to Poughkeepsie, where he became principal of the academy, and in the same year began the study of divinity, with the intention of becoming a Baptist minister. He received his preacher's license in 1813, and in 1814 went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he taught a school for several years, hoping to see it grow into a Baptist college. Disappointed in this he, in 1816, became principal of the Union college classical school, many of his pupils afterwards attaining distinction, and in 1819 professor of languages in the Baptist theologi- cal seminary, New York city. This institution was A few years later he became associate principal of the high school for boys in New York city. In 1827 he refused an election to the presidency of Waterville college, Me., and also that of Colum- bian college, Washington, D. C. He was eminent as a conchologist, and contributed to the Ameri- can Journal of Science and Art papers on “Geological Section of the Canaan Mountain,” “ Memoir of the Genera Unio and Alasmodonta, ” “ Five Species of Chiton,” “ Magnetic Polarity,” “Reclamation of Unios,” and “Memoir on Batrachian Animals and Doubtful Reptiles.” He also rendered service in preparing the original edition of “ Webster’s Dictionary.” He died at Troy, N. Y., Oct. 27, 1828. BARNES, David Leonard, civil engineer, was born near Providence, R. I., Aug. 23, 1858. He was graduated from Brown university in 1879, and studied engineering at the Massachusetts institute of technology. From 1882 to 1887 he was chief draughtsman and mechanical engi- neer at the Rhode Island locomotive works, and in 1887 became a consulting engineer for New York and Chicago, having his principal office in the latter city. He established a very wide prac- tice, covering mechanical, civil and electrical engineering, and was consulting engineer for several western and southern railroads, foreign manufacturers, and for the Railroad Gazette, New York, of which periodical he was for about eight years previous to his death on the editorial staff. In 1890 he was awarded by Brown uni- versity the degree of A.M. by special vote. He was a member of the American society of me- chanical engineers; American association for the advancement of science ; American society of civil engineers; treasurer of the Western society of engineers, and vice-president of the Western railway club. He revised the second edition of “ Compound Locomotives ” by Arthur Tannatt Woods, published in 1893, and was the author of various scientific and technical papers. He died in New York city, Dec. 15, 1896. BARNES, Frances Julia Allis, reformer, was born at Skaneateles, N. Y., April 14, 1846. She was educated at Packer institute, Brooklyn, in which city she lived several years. In Septem- ber, 1871, she was married to Willis A. Barnes, and resided in New York city until 1874, when they removed to Chicago, where Mrs. Barnes became interested in the temperance cause, and for five years worked with Frances E. Willard, corresponding secretary of the National woman's Christian temperance union, and with the Chi- cago, W. C. T. U. In 1879 she returned to New York city and in 1880 was appointed superinten- transf erred to Hamilton, N. Y., and Mr. Barnes * dent of the National young women's Christian established an English and classical school in temperance union. In 1887 the Oak and Ivy New York city, in which he was very successful. Leaf, the organ of the Y. W. C. T. U., appeared, [197J BARNES. BARNES. to which she constantly contributed. In 1890 she was chosen fraternal delegate to the annual meeting of the British women’s temperance association held in London. In 1891 she was made the World’s superintendent of the Y. W. C. T. U., and under her care the work grew to a total membership of thirty thousand in the United States alone. Mrs. Barnes’s work included the delivering of addresses and organizing of new local unions. After 1885 she was president of the Loyal legion temperance society of New York city. BARNES, George Thomas, representative, was born in Richmond county, Ga., Aug. 14, 1833. He was educated at the Richmond county academy, and at the University of Georgia, Athens, where he was graduated in August, 1853. He then studied law and was admitted to the Georgia bar in 1855, and practised in Augusta. He served in the Confederate army as an officer in the artillery in the first year of the war, in Georgia, and in 1862 and 1864 in Virginia. He was a member of the house of representatives of the state of Georgia in 1860, ’61, ’63 and '65, and was elected to represent the 10th Georgia district in the 49th, 50th and 51st congresses, being succeeded in the 52d Congress by Thomas E. Watson. As a member of the National Democratic executive committee in 1876 and 1880 he ably represented the party in Georgia, and was chosen as delegate-atdarge to the Na- tional Democratic conventions of 1868, ’76 and '80. BARNES, James, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., in 1806. In 1829 he was graduated from West Point, remaining at the academy as assist- ant instructor for one year. He was then assigned to service at Fort McHenry, Md., with the rank of lieutenant of artillery, and in 1832 took part in the Black Hawk expedition. After serving at Charleston harbor during South Caro- lina’s threatened nullification, he returned to West Point, where for three years he was assist- ant instructor. He resigned from the United States army in 1836 and for more than twenty years devoted his time to civil engineering, in which he gained a wide reputation. Many of the large railroads of the country were constructed under his supervision. At the outbreak of the civil war he volunteered in the Union army, and was given the rank of colonel. In Novem- ber, 1862, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and saw active service in the cam- paigns of 1862 and 1863. At the battle of Gettys- burg he was severely wounded. During 1863 and 1864 he commanded the defences of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va., and later was in command at St. Mary’s district and Point Lookout. For his service during the war he was brevetted major-general of volunteers in March, 1865, and in January, 1866, he was mustered out of service. His army life had so undermined his physical strength that he died at Springfield, Mass., Feb. 12, 1869. BARNES, Joseph K., surgeon, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 21, 1817. He studied at Northampton , Mass., entered Harvard college in the academic department, but left the school on account of ill-health. He then studied medi- cine, and was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1838, practised in Philadelphia until 1840, when he was appointed assistant sur- geon in the United States army, and detailed to service at the military academy. His first field service was in Florida, in the Seminole war, under General Harney ; from 1842 to 1846 he served at Fort Jessup, La., and later during the Mexican war under Generals Taylor and Scott, being attached to a cavalry brigade. In 1854 he re- turned to West Point, where he remained until 1859, when he was transferred to Oregon. On the outbreak of the civil war he was summoned to Washington and placed on duty in the surgeon- general's office, remaining there for two years, when he was made medical inspector with the rank of colonel. In September, 1863, he suc- ceeded Dr. Hammond as surgeon-general and was promoted brigadier-general. At the time of President Lincoln’s assassination, General Barnes was the first physician called to his bedside, and the same evening he attended Secretary Seward and his son. He was one of the consulting physi- cians to President Garfield. He was a trustee of Peabody educational fund and commissioner of the Soldiers' home. The royal medical societies of London, Paris and Moscow made him an honorary member. In 1882 he was retired, and he died in Washington, D. C., March 25, 1883. BARNES, Phinehas, politician, was born at Orland, Me., Jan. 11. 1811. He was prepared for college at Phillips academy. Andover, Mass., and was graduated from Bowdoin college in 1830. He was clerk in a bookstore; edited a paper in Bangor, and from 1834 to 1839 occupied the chair of Greek and Latin at Waterville college. He then studied law; was admitted to practice and established a large business in Portland, being solicitor of the Grand Trunk railroad, and trustee of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence railroad. He filled numerous offices of trust and responsibility, acting as a trustee of the Maine general hospital, and of the state agricultural college, an overseer of Bowdoin college, a director of the Portland savings bank, and for several years editor of the Advertiser. In 1860 he was nominated by the Whigs on the Constitutional Union ticket for governor of Maine, but was not elected. He died in Portland, Me.. Aug. 21, 1871. [1981 BARNEY. BARNEY. BARNES, Thuriow Weed, journalist and pub- lisher, was born in Albany, N. Y., June 28, 1853, son of William and Emily (Weed) Barnes. He learned the printing trade in Albany, and was graduated from Harvard college in 1876. He was active as a journalist, being connected with the Albany Evening Journal, and as chairman of the Republican county committee until 1883, when he retired from active political life in Albany, and prepared and published a life of his grand- father, Thuriow Weed. He spent two winters in India, and travelled extensively in the East. In 1887 he became a partner in the publishing firm of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. of Boston, resid- ing in the city of New York, and engaging in literary work. BARNEY, Hiram, lawyer, was born in Jeffer- son county, N. Y., May 30,1811. He was gradu- ated from Union college in 1834, and then studied law, and was admitted to the bar. In 1840 he settled in New York city, and in 1849 became associated in legal practice with Benjamin F. Butler and his son, William Allen Butler. Benj. F. Butler having soon afterward retired from active practice, James Humphrey of Brooklyn became associated with the business, and the firm was continued under the name of Barney. Humphrey, & Butler, and afterward — on Mr. Humphrey’s election to Congress — under the title of Barney, Butler & Parsons, which was succeeded, on Mr. Barney’s retirement, by the firm of Butler, Still- man & Hubbard. Mr. Barney was appointed collector of the port of New York by President Lincoln, and served during the first three years of Lincoln’s administration, when he resigned, and declined an appointment to a foreign mission. Mr. Barney was first married to Susannah, daugh- ter of Lewis Tappan, the abolitionist, and after her death to Miss Kilburne of Keokuk, la. In 1830 he became identified with the temperance and anti- slavery cause, and was chairman of the executive committee of the young men’s anti-slavery society in New York city. In 1840 he was nominated as a representative to Congress by the anti-slavery party, but received only three hundred and fifty votes. In 1848, when the anti-slavery party formed the Free Soil party, Mr. Barney was a presidential elector. In 1852 he was on the elec- toral ticket for Hale and Julian. When the Republican party was formed, in 1856, Mr. Barney was a delegate to the Philadelphia convention that nominated Fremont and Dayton. At that convention he voted for Sumner instead of Fre- mont. In 1860 he attended the convention at Chicago that nominated Lincoln and Hamlin, and he succeeded in raising 835,000 in New York, which he sent to the state committee in Illinois to assist in carrying that state. He died at Kingsbridge. N. Y. , May 18, 1895. [199J BARNEY, Joshua, naval officer, was born at Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1759, the son of a farmer. His boot learning was meagre, for at the age of ten he left school, and went to sea on a small brig. For three years he served as a seaman’s apprentice, and while on the last voyage to Italy the captain died, and young Barney took his place, successfully finishing the trip and taking the vessel back to Baltimore. At the beginning of the revolutionary war, he joined, as master’s mate, the sloop Hornet, which in 1775 was one of the squadron commanded by Commodore Hop- kins in his expedition against New Providence. While with this fleet he saw much active service, and on its return to Philadelphia he was trans- ferred to the Wasp, participated in his first sea fight in the engagement with the British brig Tender, his gallantry winning him his promotion as lieutenant. As commander of the sloop Sachem, he captured a British privateer, was made prize-master, and was soon after captured. Upon being released, he in 1777 was assigned to the Andrea Doria and cruised in the West Indies. In 1778 he was first officer on the frigate Virginia, which was captured in attempting to pass the mouth of the Chesapeake, and, after an imprison- ment of five months, was exchanged and was made second officer of a privateer, which brought a valuable prize into Philadelphia in 1779. Again he was taken prisoner with his crew, exchanged and joined the sloop of war Saratoga, and while heading a boarding party captured the Charming Molly, a British ship with a crew outnumbering his three to one, was placed in command of the prize, recaptured, carried to New York, and sub- sequently to England, whence he managed to es- cape after three months’ confinement in a British prison, a price being set on his head. Return- ing to Philadelphia in 1782 he was made com- mander of the Hyder All, and succeeded in capturing the British ship General Monk off Cape May, N. J., after a fight of only twenty-six minutes. In 1782, Congress, in recognition of his services, conferred upon him the rank of commo- dore, and the state of Pennsylvania presented him with a handsome gold-hilted sword. He continued to render valuable services to the country; cruised in the frigate Washington to the West Indies, and afterwards to France as bearer of government despatches to Franklin, and on his return delivered to Congress the news of the preliminary treaty of peace with the United States and the large sum of money loaned by France. In 1793 he returned tc his native city, where he entered into commercial business. In 1794 he went with Monroe to France and carried the American flag to the national convention. He joined the French navy in the West Indies, as commander of a squadron protecting its com- BARNUM. BARNUM. merce from the British, and remained in the French service until 1808, when he returned to Baltimore. When the war of 1812 broke^out he again entered the navy as commander of a privateer. In 1814 he commanded the gunboat flotilla, defending the Chesapeake bay. He dis- tinguished himself by his gallantry in the battle of Bladensburg, where he was severely wounded, taken prisoner, and exchanged .after six weeks imprisonment. He was presented with a sword, by the city of Washington, in acknowledgment of his services. He was sent on a mission to England, but was obliged to return on account of his health. He received the appointment of naval officer of the port of Baltimore in 1817, and lived upon his farm in Elkridge. He started for the west to take possession of a large tract of land he had purchased in Kentucky, and on his journey thither died at Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 1, 1818. BARNUM, Henry A., soldier, was born at Jamesville, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1833. He was edu- cated at the Syracuse institute, graduated in 1856, and admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he vol- unteered as a private in the 12th New York vol- unteer regiment. He was commissioned captain and fought in the battle of Bull Run, and during the Peninsular campaign. For his services in these engagements he received the rank of major. At the battle of Malvern Hill he served on the staff of General Butterfield, was wounded and left on the field for dead. He was found by the Confederates, taken prisoner, and confined in Libby prison, from which he was liberated in July, 1862. Soon after his release he was pro- moted colonel, and commanded his regiment in the battles of Gettysburg and Lookout mountain, and also throughout the Atlanta campaign, being wounded at Lookout mountain, where his regiment captured eleven battle flags. Before Atlanta he was again wounded, and on Sherman’s famous march to the sea Colonel Barnum was commander of a brigade. In 1865 he was made major-general of volunteers “for his gallantry and fearlessness during the entire war,” and resigned from the volunteer army in January, 1866, refusing a commission as colonel in the reg- ular army. He was elected inspector of state prisons in New York, and in 1869 was made deputy tax-commissioner, holding the office three years. In 1885 he was elected to the state assembly, and was afterwards appointed harbor master of the port of New York, where he served five years, having been reappointed to the office in 1889 by President Harrison. Congress, by special vote in 1890, awarded him a pension of one hundred dollars per month, that being the largest pension ever allowed an officer of his rank. He died in New York city Jan. 29, 1892. BARNUM, Phineas Taylor, showman, was born at Bethel. Conn., July 5, 1810, the son of a country store and tavern keeper. His father died when he was quite young, and he went to New York to find employment. Having accumu- lated some money, he opened a small store in Bethel, and became connected with the lottery chartered by the state for the purpose of building the Groton monument opposite New London. In 1829 he established and edited The Herald of Free- dom, was charged with libel and imprisoned sixty days. In 1834 he removed to New York city, and placed on exhibition an old slave woman called Joyce Heth, advertised as the nurse of George Washington, and one hundred and sixty years old. He paid one thousand dollars for the right to exhibit her, advertised her extensively, and realized large returns. Thereafter Barnum trav- elled through the Southern states, exhibiting sev- eral small shows. In 1841 he bought Scudder’s American museum, entirely on credit, and by shrewd management he was able to pay for it within a year. This became known as “ Barnum's Museum,” and was a favorite resort for many years. In 1842 he brought before the public Charles S. Stratton, of Bridgeport, Conn. , a dwarf whom he named Gen. Tom Thumb and exhibited in America and Europe with great success. In 1849 he engaged Jenny Lind for one hundred and fifty nights, at one thousand dollars per night, brought her to America, and provided a concert company to assist her. This venture returned him a large profit. In 1855 he retired from the show business and built an elegant home in Bridgeport, Conn. Here he entered into several local business schemes which eventually absorbed his fortune- He again visited England with Tom Thumb, re- turning in 1857, and his earnings enabled him to extricate himself from his financial difficulties. He once more took charge of the old museum which was burned on the 13th of July, 1865. Another museum in a different locality was quickly extemporized, which was also burned. In 1871 he established a vast travelling menagerie and circus, which attracted much patronage and earned him a large fortune. He was four times a member of the lower house of the Con- necticut legislature, and Mayor of Bridgeport for many years. He was a man of decided public spirit, and his benefactions, which were most lib- eral, included a public park in Bridgeport and a stone museum building for Tufts college, filled with specimens of natural history. He also de- livered popular lectures in all parts of the country for many years, and wrote his own life, which had a wide circulation, and is entertaining as any romance. He also published in 1845, “ The Hum- bugs of the World,” and in 1876, “ Lion Jack. " He died at his home at Bridgeport. April 7, 1891. [ 200 ] BARNUM. BARR. BARNUM, William H., senator, was born at Lime Rock, Litchfield county, Conn., Sept. 17, 1818. He received liis primary education at the common schools, and at the age of eighteen en- gaged as clerk in a country store. He became in- terested in politics from hearing the farmers’ discussions, informed himself generally on the issues of the day, and he soon acquired a local reputation as authority on political questions. In 1836 he engaged in the iron business, smelting and manufacturing car wheels. In 1853 he was elected to the lower house of the state legislature, meanwhile dividing his time between politics and business, to the detriment of neither. In 1866 he went to Philadelphia as delegate from Connecti- cut to the Union national convention. The same year he was elected a representative to the 40th Congress, and was re-elected to the 41st, 43d, 43d and 44th congresses. In 1876 he was elected to the United States senate, to succeed J. E. English, elected governor of the state, where he remained until March 4, 1879. From 1876 until 1888 he was chairman of the National Democratic committee, which position he filled with efficiency and suc- cess. He died March 20, 1889. BARNWELL, Robert Woodward, statesman, was born at Beaufort, S. C., Aug. 10, 1801, son of Robert Barnwell, a soldier of distinction in the war of the Revolution, and a member of the con- vention that framed the Constitution of the United States. The son was graduated from Harvard college in 1821. and was admitted to the bar of his native state in 1824. In 1828 he was elected a representative to the 21st Congress, and was re-elected to the 22d Congress. In 1835 he was made president of the South Carolina college, filling the position until 1841, when ill-health compelled his resignation. Upon recovering his health, he declined re-election, and upon the death of Senator Elmore in 1850 he was appointed United States senator, and was suc- ceeded in 1851 by R. H. Rliett, elected by the legislature. He was an advocate of secession, and was a commissioner from South Carolina to Washington in 1860 to determine the ownership of United States property in the seceding state. In the Montgomery convention, which originated the Confederate states government, he cast the vote which elected Jefferson Davis president, and was afterwards elected a Confederate states senator. He died Nov. 25, 1882. BARR, Amelia Edith, author, was born at Ulverton in Lancashire. Eng., March 29, 1831, daughter of William Huddleston, a clergyman noted for his learning and refinement, and from whom she received the principal part of her some- what unmethodically conducted education. From her mother’s people she inherited the tendency to the mystical in religious matters, which is a [201 J feature of all her works. In her nineteenth year she married Robert Barr, a Scotchman, and four years later immigrated to America, settling in Galveston, Texas, after travelling quite exten- sively through the country. Her husband and three sons were victims of the yellow fever scourge of 1867, and finding herself left to the necessity of providing a support for her three daughters, she adopted literature as a profession, removed to New York city, where she obtained such literary work as writing advertisements, paragraphs, items of gossip for current news- papers, and all sorts of odds and ends for the New York Ledger. Henry Ward Beecher became interested in her and her heroic efforts to keep her family together, and assisted her in a number of ways, giving her work on the Christian Union and introducing her to influential friends. She taught school for two years, all the time devoting her leisure moments to the study of literature as a craft, and then became a regular contributor to various publications. Her articles were mainly descriptive and historical, but she also contributed stories, most of which were after- ward collected and published in book form. In 1884 an accident confined her to her room for some weeks, and during this enforced leisure she wrote “ Jan Vedder’s Wife,” her first novel, which was published in 1885. Its immediate popularity de- cided her to devote herself exclusively to novel writing. The scenes of her novels are laid in various parts of England, in Scotland, in W T ales, in the Netherlands, on the high seas, in Mexico, and in the United States, and with all this wide range of territory, the local coloring of her scenes is ever faithful even in minute details. Her most popular books include: “The Young People of Shakespeare’s Dramas” (1882); “Scottish Sketches” (1883); “Cluny MacPherson” (1883); “ The Lost Silver of Briffault” (1885) ; “The Hal- lam Succession ” (1885) ; “Between Two Loves,,” "The Bow of Orange Ribbon,” “ A Daughter of Fife,” and “The Last of the Macallisters,” pub- lished in 1886 ; “ Paul and Christina,” “The Squire of Sandal-Side,” in 1887; "Master of his Fate,” “Remember the Alamo,” “A Border Shep- herdess,” “Christopher and Other Stories,” in 18S8; “Feet of Clay, ” in 1889; “Friend Olivia,” in 1890; “The Beads of Tasmer,” “Love for an Hour is Love Forever,” “A Sister to Esau,” “ A Rose of a 'Hundred Leaves,” and “ She Loved a Sailor, in 1891; “Michael and Theodora,” and “ The Preacher’s Daughter,” in 1892 ; " The Lone House, "Girls of a Feather." "The Mate of the ‘ Easter Bell ’ and other Stories,” and “ A Singer from the Sea,” in 1893; “Bernicia,” in 1895, and “A King of the Nets,” in 1896. The Century magazine of 1896 published a serial from her pen depicting life in the Hebrides. BARRETT. BARRETT. BARRETT, Edward, naval officer, was born in Louisiana in 1828. From 1841 to 1846 lie served as a midshipman, chiefly abroad. He then entered the naval academy at Annapolis and was graduated the same year. He served through the Mexican war, and at its close was assigned to the African coast station in 1848. as commander of the sloop Jamestown. In 1855 he was advanced to the grade of lieutenant, and after a few years more of service was made instructor of gunnery. He was subjected to court-martial in 1862, on a charge of disloyal conduct, but the evidence fully exonerated him, and he was given command of the gunboat Massasoit , having been promoted lieutenant-commander. He then commanded the ironclad monitor Catskill, and captured the blockade-runner Deer. He ascended the Yangtse- Kiang river to Hankow, and commanded the man- of-war that tested the jetties of the Mississippi river when completed by Eads. He is the author of “Dead Reckoning; or, Day’s Work” (1863); “Temporary Fortifications: Prepared for the Naval Service” (1863); “Naval Howitzer v (1863); and the editor of “The Carlyle Anthol- ogy,” selected and arranged with the author’s sanction. He died in March, 1880. BARRETT, George Carter, jurist, was born in Ireland, July 28, 1838, son of a clergyman of the church of Ireland, who in 1846 was appointed a missionary to the Muncey and Oneida Indians in Canada. His son George accompanied him and in 1851 was adopted by an uncle, George C. Barrett, a successful lawyer of New York city. He received a good education and subsequently studied law in his uncle’s office. Upon attaining his majority, he was naturalized by Chief-Judge Daly. On his admission to the bar in 1859 he entered into co-partnership with his uncle, and four years of successful practice followed. In 1863, supported by both political parties, he was elected justice of the sixth district court of New Y T ork city; this office he filled until 1867, when he was promoted to the bench of the court of common pleas. Judge Barrett took an active part in the overthrow of the “ Tweed-ring,” and was one of the callers of the mass meeting held in Cooper Union, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1871, at which the “committee of seventy” was appointed. He was counsel for that committee and as such pro- cured from Judge Barnard the famous order enjoining Richard B. Connelly from acting as comptroller of the city. On Oct. 19, 1871, he was nominated as a justice of the New York supreme court, and was elected by a majority of more than forty-four thousand votes. Judge Barrett’s first term expired Dec. 31, 1885, and in the pre- ceding October he was re-nominated by Tammany Hall, and elected. In 1896, when the appellate branch of the supreme court of New York was organized, Judge Barrett was made one of the five justices. He wrote the play “ An American Marriage,” which had a successful run at Wal- lack’s theatre in 1883. BARRETT, John P., electrician, was born near Auburn, N. Y., in 1837. He removed with his parents to Chicago in 1844. and when twelve years old went to sea as a ship’s boy, rising to the position of an able seaman. In a storm off the coast of Chili he fell from aloft, and was crippled for life ; but after nearly two years of suffering, in a San Francisco hospital, he regained his health, returned to Chicago in 1862, and was appointed fire watchman in the tower of the city hall. On the introduction of the fire telegraph in 1865, he was appointed assistant operator, and during his connection with it, improved the fire alarm tele- graph system which became generally adopted throughout the country. As chief electrician of the Cliicago fire department he improved the box system until it was automatically perfect. His “joker” in the engine houses, was so con- structed as to instantly i-elease the horses from their stalls at the sound of the alarm, and to rouse all the firemen from their beds, while his “still switch” served to call only apart of the men, while the others were allowed to sleep un- disturbed. He also turned his attention to the police patrol system, the underground telegraph, the bridge telephone, the lighting of Chicago’s streets and river, and in recognition of his great services in these various departments he was ap- pointed chief electrician to the World’s Colum- bian exposition of 1893. BARRETT, Lawrence, actor, was born at Paterson, N. J., April 4, 1838. He sprang from an obscure family, his father being an Irish immigrant, too poor to educate him properly, but the boy possessed an insatiable craving for reading, and lost no opportunity to study history and literature. His first work in a theatre was as a call-boy in Detroit, and there his love for the drama was awakened. His spare moments were occupied in reading plays and his acute observation readily grasped the details of the actor’s art . F rom call-boy he worked his way up to a speaking part, and in January, 1857, though not nine- teen years old, he made his first appearance in New York city as Sir Thomas Clifford, in the “ The Hunchback, play- r 202 1 BARRETT. BARRETT. ing in the Chambers street theatre. Mr. Burton, who had just opened a new house, afterwards called Winter Garden theatre, was pleased with Barrett’s acting and engaged him to play minor parts in the new theatre. In the season of 1862-’63, he had risen to the part of leading man, supporting Edwin Booth, Mary Provost, Mrs. D. P. Bowers, and others. In 1864 he went south with Lewis Baker, and undertook the management of the old Varieties theatre in New Orleans, La. There he played for the first time such parts as Hamlet and Richelieu, and Eliot Grey in Lester Wallack’s “Rosedale.” He made his first trip abroad in 1867, returning in the latter part of that year, and afterward taking a sea journey to California. In February, 1869, he played Hamlet in Maguire’s opera house in San Francisco. While in that city he undertook, in connection with John McCul- lough, the management of the new California theatre, retaining his interest for nearly two years. He returned to New York in the summer of 1870 and played Cassius at Niblo’s theatre, with E. L. Davenport as Brutus, and Walter Mont- gomery as Marc Antony. The following winter he played with Edwin Booth at Booth’s theatre, acting Laertes, Othello and De Mauprat to Booth’s Hamlet, Iago, and Richelieu, and also appearing as Leontes in “Winter’s Tale.” In June, 1871, he first acted James Harebell in “The Man of Airlie ” at Booth’s, and in December assumed the management of the new Varieties theatre in New Orleans, La., remaining in New York to act Cas- sius in Edwin Booth’s revival of “ Julius Csesar.” He went to New Orleans in March, 1872, and played with great success in many roles, among them Hamlet, Richelieu, Shylock, Richard III.. Cassius, Raphael in “ The Marble Heart,” Alfred Evelyn in “ Money,” Dazzle in “ London Assur- ance,” Manuel in “ The Romance for a Poor Young Man,” Harebell. Romeo, and King Lear. Returning to Booth’s in 1875 he added to his rep- ertoire “Daniel Druce, Blacksmith,” by W. S. Gilbert, Mr. Barrett taking the title roll. In 1877 he went to Cincinnati, O., playing “A Counter feit Presentment,” and in 1878 played “ Yorick’s Love” in Cleveland, both Mr. Howell’s plays. In 1881 he went to Chicago, and in 1882 to Phila- delphia, attracting large and enthusiastic audi- ences. He played in the Lyceum theatre, London, in the spring of 1884, and in the fall of the same year again appeared in New York city, having two new plays — “ A Blot on the ‘ Scutcheon,” by Robert Browning, and “The King’s Pleasure,” by Theodore de Banville. In the fall of 1886 he became the manager of Edwin Booth’s tours, and in 1887-88 and 1888-89 played with that actor in “Julius Caesar,” “Othello,” “Hamlet,” and other plays. He made four tours of Europe, but was received with some coldness by English a udiences. The best critics hesitated to call Mr. Barrett great, or called him great with some reservations. His art was acquired rather than original, and acquired only by the most assid- uous labor of an earnest and highly intellectual man. His appearance on the stage cannot better be described than by the words of William Winter, written shortly after Barrett’s death: “ His coming was always a signal to arouse the mind. His mental vitality impressed even un- sympathetic beholders with a. sense of fiery thought struggling in its fetters of mortality and almost shattering and consuming the frail temple of its human life. His stately head, silvered with graying hair, his dark eyes deeply sunken and glowing with intense light, his thin visage, pallid with study and pain, his form of grace, and voice of sonorous eloquence and solemn music (in com- pass, variety and sweetness, one of the few great voices of the current dramatic generation), his tremendous earnestness, his superb bearing, and his invariable authority and distinction, all those attributes united to announce a ruler and leader in the realm of intellect. ’ ’ Lawrence Barrett was said to be essentially the student and scholar of the theatre, and it is undeniable that he was a man of unusual intellectual power. But the chief characteristic of his nature was his un- swerving adherence to what he believed to be right. A biographer said of him, “ He never spoke a false word or knowingly harmed a human being in all his life.” He was a prominent member of the Players’ club in New York, the author of “ Edwin Forrest ” (1881), and “ Charlotte Cush- man ” (1889). He died in New York city, March 20, 1891. BARRETT, William E., representative, was born at Melrose, Mass., Dec. 29, 1858. He was graduated from Dartmouth college in 1880, and became assistant editor on the Messenger, St. Albans, Vt., where he remained for two years. In 1882 he connected himself, with the Boston Daily Advertiser, and was sent to Washington as regular correspondent for that paper. In 1886 Mr. Barrett left Washington to take the position of president of the Advertiser newspaper com- pany, publishers of the Advertiser and Evening Record. He was elected a representative to the Massachusetts legislature in 1887, ’88, ’89, '90, ’91, ’92 ; became speaker of the house in 1889, and was re-elected every year to 1892 without opposition. In 1891 he was the Republican nominee for gov- ernor. He was elected a representative to the 54th U. S. Congress on the Republican ticket, and made himself conspicuous by his attitude on the Venezuelan matter, and by his efforts for the impeachment of Mr. Bayard, United States ambassador to Great Britain. He was re-elected to the 55th Congress in 1896. f 203 J BARRIGER. BARRON. BARRIGER, John Walker, soldier, was born in Shelby county, Ky., July 9, 1832. On graduating from West Point military academy in 1856 lie was promoted 2d lieutenant of 2d artillery, and until the outbreak of the civil war served in garrison and on frontier duty. In May, 1861, he was promoted 1st lieutenant, and in July of that year was brevetted captain for his services at the battle of Bull Run. On Aug. 3, 1861, he was made captain of staff, and for three months was chief of commissary depart- ment for the state of Indiana and later for West Virginia. He was inspector in the department of the Ohio from April to November, 1863, and chief commissary of the army of the Ohio until August, 1865. At the close of the war he was brevetted major and lieutenant -colonel for ser- vices during the civil war, and subsequently served in North Carolina and at Louisville, Ky. , as purchasing and depot commissary, as chief of commissary department of the Platte, and as assistant to the commissary -general of sub- sistence at Washington, being given the rank of major in November, 1875. He was promoted assistant commissary-general with the rank of colonel, July, 14, 1890, and colonel, Dec. 27, 1892. He was commissioned colonel of the sub- sistence department in 1894. He is the author of “ Legislative History of the Subsistence Depart- ment of the United States Army from June 16, 1875, to August 15, 1876.” BARRINGER, Rufus, soldier, was born in Cabarrus county, N.C., Dec. 2, 1828, son of Gen. Paul Barringer and grar. dson of Paul Barringer, who came from Wurtemburg, Germany, in the early part of the eighteenth century and settled in North Carolina. Rufus was graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1842. He read law with his brother at Concord, N. C. , finished his legal trai n i n g under Chief Justice Pear- son at Mocksville, N. C. , and opened a law office at Con- cord. He was Whig in politics, and in 1848 was elected to the lower house of the state legisla- ture, w here he urged the construc- tion of a railroad from Charlotte to Danville, and otherwise advocated a progressive system of internal improvements, including the North Carolina railroad. The following session lie represented his district in the state senate. His growing practice claimed his entire attention until 1860 when, as a Whig elector, he made an energetic canvass in behalf of Bell and Everett. He opposed secession, but when war became inevitable, lie prepared to assist in the defence of his native state, raised a company of cavalry, afterwards Company F, 1st North Carolina cavalry, was commissioned captain May 16, 1861 ; major, Aug. 26, 1863, and three months later he was promoted lieutenant-colonel. In June, 1864, he was commissioned brigadier- general, and succeeded to the command of the North Carolina cavalry brigade consisting of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 5tli regiments. General Bar- ringer was in seventy-six actions, received three wounds, and had two horses killed under him. He was conspicuous in the battles at Willis's church ; at Brandy station, where he was severely wounded; Auburn Mills and Buckland Races, where he led the charge; Davis Farm, where he was commander ; and he was in command of a division at Reams’ station. His brigade was distinguished at Chamberlin Run, March 31, 1865, where it forded a stream a hundred yards wide, saddle-girth deep, under a galling fire, and attacked a division of Federal cavalry, driv- ing them from behind their breastworks. This was the last decisive Confederate victory. On April 3, 1865, while making an effort to extricate one of his regiments from a perilous position at Namozine church, Va., General Barringer was captured, and was held as a prisoner of war until August, 1865. Upon returning to North Carolina he advocated qualified negro suffrage, as a southern policy, and co-operated with the Republicans until 1888, when he followed Presi- dent Cleveland for tariff reform. In 1875 he was a member of the state constitutional con- vention, carrying the Democratic county of Mecklenburg for the Republicans, and in 1880 he was their candidate for lieutenant-governor. He engaged in the practice of law at Char- lotte, N. C., until 1S84, when he retired from the bar to superintend the large landed and farming interests he had acquired. He wrote on war subjects, and while on his death-bed dictated “A History of the 1st North Carolina. " He died Feb. 3, 1895. BARRON, James, naval officer, was born in Virginia in 1769. He began his career in the navy of his native state during the war of the revolution, entered the navy of the United States in 1798 as a lieutenant, and was pro- moted to a captaincy in the year following, for important services on board the United States, under Commodore Barry, to the command of which frigate he afterwards succeeded. After an active and useful service of nine years, during [ 204 ] BARRON. BxYRROW. •which he acquired a high reputation for courage and seamanship, he hoisted his flag on board of the Chesapeake , as commander of the Mediter- ranean squadron. The ship had been hurriedly fitted for sea, in anticipation of a war with France, its stores had been hastily trundled on board, and its men were wholly undisciplined; when just outside of Hampton roads, on June 22. 1807, Captain Barron encountered the British frigate Leopard , some ten miles east of Cape Henry. The Chesapeake was hailed by the Leopard and Captain Humphrey sent on board an officer with Admiral Berkeley’s instructions to search the frigate for deserters from the Brit- ish navy. Commodore Barron refused to allow him to do so. and just eight minutes after the British officer left the Chesapeake with the commander's response, the Leopard , being then less than two hundred feet distant, poured her whole broadside of solid shot and canister into the American frigate. The vessels were not, on the whole, unequally matched, but the Chesapeake , taken by surprise, was wholly un- prepared to fight. The gun deck was encum- bered with lumber, the cables were not yet stowed away, four of the guns did not fit perfectly to their carriages, and only five of the powder horns used in priming the guns were filled. The Leopard followed up its advantage by discharg- ing three full broadsides into the Chesapeake , by which three men were killed and eighteen wounded. At the end of fifteen minutes of un- resisted massacre, the commander of the Ameri- can vessel struck his flag, and, as it touched the tatfrail. one gun was fired from the Chesa- peake. An English officer then came aboard, and, mustering the ship’s company, picked out and carried off Ratford, a British sailor, together with three other deserters not included in Admi- ral Berkeley’s order to Captain Humphrey. In- formed by Commodore Barron that the Chesa- peake was his prize, Captain Humphrey declined to take possession, declaring that with the seiz- ure of the deserters his duty had been accom- plished. The Chesapeake returned to Norfolk, and Barron's conduct was investigated by a naval court martial. The outcome of his long trial was a decision that he was blameless in every particular, except in failing to instantly prepare for action on reading Admiral Berke- ley's order. For this mistake, which his own orders from the secretary of the navy ex- tenuated if they did not warrant, Barron was condemned to suspension for five years from the service without pay. Even after returning to duty he was excluded from active sea ser- vice, principally through the influence of Com- modore Decatur. Barron challenged him and in 1820 they met and Decatur was killed and Bar- ron severely wounded. This unfortunate affair increased Barron's unpopularity and the remain- der of his life was passed in “waiting orders.” He became senior officer of the navy in 1839, and died at Norfolk, Va., April 21, 1851. BARRON, Samuel, naval officer, was born at Hampton, Va., about 1763, brother of Commo- dore James Barron. His first naval training was received from his father, who had been a com- mander of the Virginia navy during the revolu- tion. In 1798 he was placed in command of the Augusta , the vessel having been prepared by the Norfolk, Va., citizens as a defence against the French. During the war with Tripoli he took an active part, being sent in 1805 with a squad- ron of ten vessels to relieve Commodore Preble, his flag-ship being the President. He assisted Hamet the deposed bashaw, but upon the cap- ture of Derne, Tripoli, April 27, 1805, by Cap- tain Hall, he desisted from further aid, fearing the new bashaw would retaliate by massacring Captain Bainbridge and his crew, then in captiv- ity. He transferred his command to Capt. John Rodgers, and returned to the United States to regain his health and was made commandant of the Norfolk navy yard. He died Oct. 29, 1810. BARRON, Samuel, naval officer, was born at Hampton, Va., in 1802. He was commissioned midshipman, U. S. N., Jan. 1, 1812, and was pro- moted lieutenant, March 3, 1827. His next pro- motion was on July 15, 1847, when he was made commander, and he became a captain, Sept. 14, 1855. He was dismissed May 22, 1861. and was given the rank of commodore in the Confederate navy. He commanded Fort Hatteras, and, being compelled to capitulate, was taken prisoner by the Union forces, and remained in captivity for about a year. After being exchanged in 1862, lie was sent to London to equip vessels as blockade runners and privateers for the Confederates, and remained there until the close of the war. He then became a farmer in Virginia. He died Feb. 20, 1888. BARROW, Alexander, senator, was born at Nashville, Tenn., in 1801. xYfter attending the military academy at West Point for a short time he began the study of the law at Nashville, Tenn., and was admitted to the bar. He prac- tised his profession in Louisiana for a time, and then devoted himself to agricultural pursuits. He was elected and several times re-elected to the Louisiana state legislature, and was elected to the United States senate in 1841, serving from May 31, 1841, until his death, when he was suc- ceeded by Pierre Sould. He died Dec. 29, 1846. BARROW, Frances Elizabeth (Mease), author, was born in Charleston, S. C., Feb. 22, 1822. She was educated in New York city, where, in 1848, she was married to James BORROWS. BARROWS. Barrow, Jr. In 1853 she began to write under the pen name of “ Aunt Fanny,” her books being healthy in sentiment and exceptionally well adapted to interest and instruct the young. Many of them had a large circulation in America, and were translated into some of the European languages. The stories were first published separately and then collected in the following series : “ Little Pet Books” (3 vols., 1860 ; 5th ed.,1876); “ Good Little Hearts : or, Stories about Children who Tried to Be Good and Do Good” (4 vols., 1864); “Night-Cap Series ” (6 vols.); “Pop-Gun Stories” (6 vols.), and “The Six Mitten Books ” (6 vols.). BARROWS, John Henry, clergyman, was born at Medina, Mich., July 11, 1847, son of John M. and Catherine (Moore) Barrows. He was edu- cated at Olivet college, Mich., and at Yale, Union, and Andover theological seminaries. In 1881 he became pastor of the first Presbyterian church, Chicago, 111. He was the principal or- ganizer and promoter of the World’s parliament of religions held in connection with the Colum- bian exposition at Chicago in 1893, the report of which was edited by him, and published in two volumes in 1893. In 1895 he resigned his pastor- ate in Chicago and made a tour through India for the purpose of visiting the principal universities of that country, and of delivering, in behalf of the University of Chicago, a series of lectures on. Christianity. He wrote: “ Seven Lectures on the Credibility of the Gospel Histories” (1891); “ Henry Ward Beecher, the Shakespeare of the Pulpit” (1893), and “I Believe in God, the Father Almighty ” (1893). BARROWS, Samuel June, representative, was born in New York, May 20, 1845. His mother being left a widow with six children, the boy at eight years of age entered the printing-office of his cousin, Colonel Hoe, the inventor of the Hoe press. Young Barrows attended night school, and by his own efforts became proficient in teleg- raphy and stenography, and when still quite young was employed as a reporter on a New York daily newspaper of some repute. In 1867 he became private secretary to Wm. H. Seward at Washington, D. C., and afterwards held the same relation to Hamilton Fish. While in Wash- ington, he studied at Columbian university, and then went to Leipzig, Germany; returning to America, he entered Harvard divinity school, graduating in 1875. His summer vacations he spent in railroad surveying and as a newspaper correspondent on the western plains, where he met and travelled with General Custer in his last campaign. In 1876, he became pastor of the Meeting House Hill church. Dorchester, Mass., and was its pastor until 1888, when he be- came editor of the Christian Register. He subsequently took a very active interest in prison reform. In 1895 he was secretary of the American delegation to the Paris prison con- gress, and when, in 1896, the United States became a member of the international prison commission, President Cleveland appointed Dr. Barrows the U. S. commissioner, and as such he joined the other commissioners in Switzerland, August, 1896, where they met to arrange for the quinquennial congress in Brussels in 1900. In November, 1896, he was elected a representative to the 55th Congress from the 10th Massachu- setts district. At a meeting held in Boston, in 1896, to express sympathy with the Cretans, Mr. Barrows made a stirring speech in modern Greek. He acquired reputation as a Greek and Sanskrit scholar, and published several books in the writing of which he was greatly assisted by his wife, Isabella C. Barrows: “ The Doom of the Majority of Mankind” (1883); “A Baptist Meeting House” (1885); “The Staybacks in Camp” (1888). BARROWS, William, clergyman, was born at New Braintree, Mass., Sept. 19, 1815. He at- tended Phillips academy from 1834 to 1836, and was graduated from Amherst in 1840, after which he taught in St. Louis until 1843, when lie entered the Union theological seminary. On the completion of his course in 1845 he was ordained in the Congregational ministry and installed at Norton, Mass. In 1850 he was placed over the church in Grantville, near Wellesley Hills. Thence he moved in 1856 to become pas- tor of the Old South church, Reading, Mass. In 1869 he was made secretary of the Congregational Sunday-school publishing society, and filled this office until 1873, when he was elected to the sec- retaryship of the Massachusetts home missionary society. He relinquished this work in 1880 to devote himself to the educational and religious wants of the western frontier, where he had already made eleven long tours. He was a lec- turer on prehistoric America and on the colonial and pioneer history of the United States, and he wrote much on these subjects for periodicals. In 1869 lie published: “ Twelve Nights in a Hun- ter's Camp”; in 1875, “The Church and her Children." and in 1876, “ Eight Weeks on the Frontier ” (1876). In 1881 he accepted the pas- torate of a church at New Braintree, where he remained until 1885 during which time he pub- lished: “ Purgatory Doctrinally, Practically and Historically Opened,” and “ Oregon : the Strug- gle for Possession” (1884), of which the 8th edition was printed in 1893. In 1887 he issued “ The Indians’ Side of the Indian Question, and “The United States of Yesterday and of To-morrow.” He was for seven years editor of the Congregational Review. He died Sept. 9, 1891. BARRY. BARRY. BARRY, John, naval officex - , was born at Ta- cumshane, Wexford, Ireland, in 1745. He went to sea when a mere boy, and became a skilful sailor. He shipped for America in 1760, and settled in Philadelphia, where he became engaged in the shipping business, and by shrewd manage- ment accumulated a fortune. His business was at the height of its prosperity at the breaking out of the revolution, but his sympathies were so strongly with the colonists that he sacrificed his interests and enlisted in the Continental navy. He rendered efficient and important service as commander of various vessels, the first being the Lexington, with which lie captured the Edward, this being the first capture effected by the Amer- ican navy. After commanding the Effingham for a short time, she was locked up in the Dela- ware river by the British occupation of Philadel- phia, and he volunteered to do land duty, and was placed in command of a volunteer company at Trenton. In 1777 he made a night attack in small boats and captured one of the enemy’s war vessels on the Delaware river. Later he was assigned to General Cadwalader’s staff as aide. He was offered a tempting bribe of money and a position in the British navy if he would surrender the Effingham to the enemy. He indignantly refused all these offers, and the vessel was after- wards burned. The following year he com- manded the Raleigh, and in 1781, as commander of the Alliance, he took Colonel Laurens to France, returning in the latter part of the year. On his return voyage, after a hard struggle, he captured the British ships Trepasa and Atalanta, and during the encounter sustained a serious wound. In 1782 he made another trip to France to convey Noailles and Lafayette, and later cruised in the West Indies and engaged the enemy in several well-contested sea fights. In 1794, when the new United States navy was organized, he was given the rank of commodore, and ranked as senior officer. The frigate United States was con- structed under his supervision, and for some years he was her commander. He died Sept. 13, 1803. BARRY, John R., R. C. bishop, was born in the barony of Forth, County Wexford, Ireland, 1799. He came to America before the completion of his ecclesiastical course, which he resumed at the seminary at Charleston, under Bishop England. After his ordination to the priesthood, in 1825, he became rector of the church of the Holy Trinity in Augusta, Ga. Here he did inestimable service during the epidemic of cholera in 1832, caring for the sick in his own house, and afterwards con- verting it into an asylum for the orphaned sur- vivors of the victims of the pestilence. In 1839 Bishop England appointed him vicar of his see, and in 1844 he became vicar-general of the dio- cese of Charleston, and superior of the Theologi- cal seminary. He established the first Catholic parochial school in Georgia. He attended the sixth council of Baltimore in 1846, and in 1853 went as vicar-general to Savannah. Here he again exerted his humanity during the epidemic of yellow fever ; and when Bishop Gartland suc- cumbed to its ravages, he was appointed adminis- trator of the diocese; as such he attended the eighth council of Baltimore. He was consecrated bishop in 1857. He never recuperated the strength he had spent so freely for others, and the gradual declension of his health caused him to visit Europe, where he died Nov. 21, 1859. BARRY, John S., governor of Michigan, was born in Vermont in 1802. He received an ordinary education, and while still a youth settled in Atlanta, Ga., and in 1832 went to Michigan, where he established himself in business at Con- stantine. He helped to formulate the constitu- tion of Michigan on its admission to the Union in 1836, and was elected to the state senate, and re- elected in 1840. He was elected in 1841 governor of his state and served for three terms: 1842- ’46, and 1850-52. He was again named as a candidate for gubernatorial honors in 1860, but was not elected. He was a firm supporter of the “ Wilmot Proviso,” and an ultra Democrat in his principles. In 1864 he was a member of the Democratic national convention that nominated George B. McClellan for president. He died in Constantine, Mich., Jan. 14, 1870. BARRY, William, author, was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 10, 1805. After graduating at Brown university, in 1822, he devoted himself to the study of law, but changed law for theology, and after a course of two years at the Cambridge divinity school, went abroad to pursue his studies in Gottingen and Paris. He was ordained a Unitarian minister in 1830, and for five years was pastor of the South church, Lowell, Mass. From 1835 to 1844 he preached at Framingham, Mass. Ill-health then compelled him to surrender his charge, and he spent three years travelling in Europe and Asia. On his return he took charge of a church in Lowell, and in 1851 resigned to take another trip to Europe. He went to Chicago in 1856 and organized the historical society of which he was secretary and librarian until 1868. He published several works, among them : “ Rights and Duties of Neighboring Churches” ; “Thoughts on Christian Doctrine” (1855); “A History of Framingham, Mass.” (1847) ; “Antiquities of Wis- consin ” (1857), and “ Letters from the East.” He died in Chicago, III., Jan. 17, 1885. BARRY, William Farquhar, soldier, was born in New York city, Aug. 8, 1818. In 1838 he was graduated from West Point with the brevet rank of 2d lieutenant of 4th artillery, given the rank of 2d lieutenant of 2d 12071 BARRY. BARSTOW. artillery, July 7, 1838, and that of 1st lieutenant, Aug. 17, 1842. In 1846 he was ordered to Mexico, having in the interim served on garrison duty. He was aide-de-camp to General Worth during part of the Mexican campaign, and saw active service at the battle of Tampico. During the years 1 849-’ 51 he was stationed at Fort McHenry; was promoted to a captaincy in the 2d artillery in 1852, served in the Florida campaigns in 1852-’53, and took part in the suppression of the Kansas disturbances of 1857-'58. He served ac- tively throughout the civil war, first as chief of artillery in the army of the Potomac. As a briga- dier-general of volunteers he was present at Yorktown, Gaines’s Mill, Mechanicsville, Charles City Cross Roads, Malvern Hill and Harrison’s Landing. In 1863 he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 1st artillery, and was for a time in charge of the artillery of the defences of Washington. From March, 1864, to June, 1866, he served as chief of artillery on General Sherman’s staff. Sept. 1, 1864, he received brevet rank as colonel and as major-general of volunteers for distin- guished bravery at Rocky Ridge. He was made brevet brigadier-general of the United States army March 13, 1865, and brevet ; maj or- general for gal- lant service in the field. He was appointed colonel of the second United States artillery in 1865, and during 1866 was in command of the northern frontier, being at that time mustered out of volunteer service. From 1867 to 1877 he was commander of the school of artillery at Fort Monroe, and in 1877 he was transferred to Fort McHenry. He published, in conjunction with Gen. J. G. Barnard, “ Reports of the En- gineer and Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac, from its Organization to the Close of the Peninsular Campaign” (1863). He died at Fort McHenry. July 18. 1879. BARRY, William Taylor, statesman, was born at Lunenburg, Va., Feb. 5. 1785. When he was very young his parents removed to Kentucky, where his education was received, and where he pursued the study of law. After his admission to the bar, he became widely known as an able law- yer. He served in both houses of the state legis- lature, and was elected a representative to the 12th U. S. Congress in 1810. During the cam- paign of 1813 he acted as Governor Shelby’s aide, and distinguished himself by gallant service at the battle of the Thames. In 1813 he was elected to fill a vacancy in the United States senate, caused by the death of Senator G. Walker, but resigned his seat on his appointment as judge of the supreme court of his state in 1816. He was state secretary, chief justice of the state, and lieu- tenant-governor. General Jackson, on his acces- sion to the presidency, appointed Judge Barry postmaster-general, March 9. 1829, and then first made the incumbent a cabinet officer. There was much opposition to his administration, notably by Representative W. C. Johnson of Maryland, and he resigned his portfolio April 10, 1835, to accept the office of minister to Spain. He did not, however, arrive at his destination, being taken ill in Liverpool, where he died Aug. 30. 1835. BARRY, William Taylor Sullivan, lawyer, born at Columbus, Miss., Dec. 12, 1821. He re- ceived a classical education, was graduated from Yale college in 1841, and after being admitted to the bar. practised law in his native place. He was elected to the lower house of the Mississippi legislature in 1849, serving until 1851. Two years later he removed to Sunflower county, where he had planting interests, and in 1852 was elected as a representative to the 33d Congress. In 1855 he returned to Columbus and re-established his law practice, was elected a representative in the state legislature, and was speaker of the house in 1855. At the Democratic national convention at Charleston. S. C., in 1860, he withdrew with other slave-holding members. In 1861 he was president of the secession convention of Mississippi, and a member of the provisional Confederate congress from Feb. 4, 1861, to January, 1862. He recruited and commanded the 35th Mississippi volunteers in 1862, and with it defended Vicksburg, took part in the Georgia campaign, and was captured at Mobile, April 25, 1865. After the war he returned to the practice of his profession. He died at Columbus, Miss., Jan. 29, 1868. BAkSTOW, William Augustus, governor of Wisconsin, was born at Plainfield, Windham county, Conn., Sept. 13. 1813. He spent the first sixteen years of his life at his home, attending the village school in winter and working on the farm in summer. In 1829 he entered the store of his brother at Norwich, Conn., and in 1834 started in the business of milling and forwarding with another brother at Cleveland, Ohio. In 1839 Mr. Barstow removed to the territory of Wisconsin, establishing a flouring mill at Prairie- ville. He soon became prominent in local politics, holding the offices of postmaster and county com- * missioner. After changing his residence to Madi- son, the state capital, he was, in 1849, elected secretary of state. He was influential in secur ing the charter of the Milwaukee and Mississippi railroad, and was one of its first directors. In 1853 he was elected governor of the state. His administration was censured for various attempted reforms. He was nominated for re-election in 1855, but his election was contested by his oppo- nent. Coles Bashford, the case being tried before the supreme court and decided against Mr. Barstow. In 1857 he removed to Janesville, and engaged in banking, but later returned to the busi- ness of milling. In August, 1861, he recruited, BARTHOLDI. BARTLETT. equipped, mounted, and armed a cavalry regiment, and in February. 1862, he was made colonel. The regiment went to Fort Leavenworth. Kansas, and in June, 1862, Colonel Barstow was appointed provost martial-general of Kansas. He remained with his regiment in the southwest until Febru- ary. 1863, when his health incapacitated him from further field duty, and he was assigned to court- martial duty in St. Louis. He was mustered out and honorably discharged March 4, 1865. He died Dec. 14. 1865. BARTHOLDI, Frederic Auguste, sculptor, was born at Colmar. Alsace. April 2, 1834. He removed to Paris while a boy, and first studied painting with Scheffer, but in a short time aban- doned painting for sculpture, to which he after- wards applied himself. He made his first exhibit when thirteen years old, and produced his “ Fran- cesca di Rimini ” when eighteen. In 1856-’58 he made an Oriental tour with Gerome, and during the Franco-German war served in the army with the painters Regnault and De Neuville. His works include portrait busts of Erckmann and Chatrian ; a monument to Martin Schongauer ; “La Maledic- tion d’Alsace le Vigneron”; “ Vercingetorix ” ; “ Lafayette Arriving in America,” which was set up in Union square, N. Y., in 1876; “ The Young Yine Grower ” ; “ G^nie Funfebre ” ; “ Peace,” and “ Genius in the Grasp of Misery,” contributed to the United States centennial exhibition; “The Lion of Belfort”; “ Gribeauval,” and “Liberty Enlightening the World.” He made several trips to the United States; suggested Bedloe’s Island as the site for his colossal statue ; was present at its dedication, and has received the cross of the Legion of Honor. In 1890 he protested against the proposed use of Bedloe’s Island as an immi- gration depot, and suggested that it should be adorned with the statues of great Americans. He finished in 1895 a bronze group representing Washington and Lafayette which was set up in the Rue Etats Unis, Paris, and unveiled Dec. 1, 1895. BARTHOLDT, Richard, representative, was born in Germany, Nov. 2, 1853. He immigrated to the United States when a boy, received a classical education, learned the printing trade, and adopted the profession of journalism. He was connected with the Brooklyn Free Press and New York Staats-Zeitung as reporter and legislative corres- pondent, and afterwards joined the editorial staff of the Staats-Zeitung. In 1884 he returned to St. Louis as editor-in-chief of the St. Louis Tribune. In 1889 he was elected to the Board of public schools of St. Louis, where he distin- guished himself by his exertions for the intro- duction of physical culture into the public schools, for a thorough revision of the course of study, and for better text-books. introducing these improvements, and in 1891 was elected president of the board. In 1892 he was elected on the Republican ticket as a represen- tative for the 10th congressional district of Missouri in the 53d Congress, and was re-elected to the 54th and 55th congresses. BARTINE, Horace F., representative, was born in New York city, March 21, 1848. He attended the public schools until fifteen years of age. when he enlisted as a private in the 8th New Jersey regiment, and served throughout the civil war. He was wounded at the battle of the Wilderness, and was engaged in nearly all the battles that led to the surrender at Appomattox. In 1869 he removed to Nevada, and until 1876 was employed as a mill- hand, and in the manufacture of sulphate of cop- per for milling purposes, in the meantime studying at night to supply the defects of his early educa- tion. After 1876 he devoted his evenings to the study of law, and in 1880 was admitted to the bar. and became a practitioner in all the courts, state and Federal, in Nevada. He served two years as district attorney of Ormsby county, and in 1888 he was elected by the Republican party as representative-at-large from Nevada to the 51st Congress, and was re-elected to the 52d Congress. He was not a candidate in 1892. In the election of 1894 he was defeated by Francis G. Newlands, silver-party man, who had represented the state in the 53d Congress. BART LET, William, philanthropist, was born at Newburyport, Mass., Jan. 31, 1748. He received a common school training, and starting in business penniless, he amassed a large fortune which he used for the good of his fellow men. In the spring of 1808 he contributed twenty thousand dollars for the purpose of founding Andover theological seminary, and later in the same year added ten thousand dollars to this amount. In 1809 he erected the president’s house, which he gave to the institution, and early in the following year built a residence for one of the professors. Meanwhile he gener- ously contributed funds for needy students. In 1817 he offered to build a handsome chapel for the seminary, requesting with characteristic delicacy that no mention be made of himself in connection with the gift. In 1820 he erected another building for the use of the seminary. In addition to his gifts to the seminary he contrib- uted largely to temperance work, foreign and home missions, and educational efforts and insti- tutions. He died Feb. 8, 1841. BARTLETT, Elisha, physician, was born at Smithfield, R. I., Oct. 6, 1805. After his grad- uation from the medical department of Brown university in 1826. he was appointed lecturer on anatomy at the Berkshire medical In 1838 he went to Dartmouth col- pathological He was successful in institution. [ 209 ] BARTLETT. BARTLETT. lege, where for two years lie filled the chair of the theory and practice of medicine and patho- logical anatomy. He was subsequently professor in the Transylvania college, Lexington, Ky., in the University of Maryland, and in the Univer- sity of New York. In 1852 he was appointed to the chair of materia medica and medical juris- prudence in the College of physicians and sur- geons, New York, holding the position until the year of his death. From 1843 to 1852 he lec- tured at the Vermont medical college. Among his published works are the following: “ His- tory, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Typhoid and Typhus Fever - ' (1842) ; “ History, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Fevers of the United States” (1847); “Inquiry into the Degree of Certainty in Medicine” (1848) ; “ Brief Sketch of the Life of William Charles Wells” (1849); “ Discourse on Times, Character, and Writings of Hippocrates” (1852), and “Simple Settings in Verse for Six Portraits and Pictures in Mr. Dickens’s Gallery ” (1855). He was also editor of the Monthly Journal of Medical Literature in Lowell. He died in the house in which he was born, July 18, 1855. BARTLETT, Homer Newton, musician, was born at Olive, Ulster county, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1846; a direct descendant of Josiah Bartlett, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He early showed an aptitude for music, and at five years he could play the violin, and when eight years old performed in quartette concerts. He soon began to compose, and lie fore he was fourteen years of age he had written several pieces for the violin and piano, as well as some songs and duets. His musical education was acquired under Amer- ican instructors. Among the more noteworthy of his compositions are : “ The Last Chieftain,” “ O Lord God, Hear My Prayer,” “ On Wings of Liv- ing Light,” “ The Fountain and Autumn Violets ” ; a book for Masonic work, containing odes and an- thems for ritual, festival and other occasions; sev- eral works for orchestra and military bands ; an oratorio entitled “Samuel”; an opera, called “ Juca Manco,” and “ La Vallibre,” an opera in three acts. His numerous pianoforte works in- clude the popular compositions: “The Grande Polka de Concert”; “Polka de Salon”; “Polon- aise”; “La Grace”; “ Le Reve” ; “ Dance of the Gnomes”; “Valse Impromptu”; “Grande Ga- votte”; “ L’Aurore,” and “Reverie Poetique.” Anton Seidl played his instrumentation of Chop- in’s “Military Polonaise” several times. As an organist and teacher, Mr. Bartlett attained success and popularity. BARTLETT, Ichabod, lawyer, was born at Salisbury, N. Id., July 24, 1786. He was grad- uated at Dartmouth in 1808, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1811. and commenced practice in Durham, N. H. He removed to Ports- mouth, N. H., in 1816, and rapidly rose to distinc- tion, being frequently successful in cases in which Daniel Webster or Jeremiah Mason was the opposing counsel. He held a number of pub- lic offices; was clerk of the state senate (1817— ’18) ; state representative ( 1820— ’21 ) ; speaker of the state house of representatives (1821); state solicitor for Rockingham county ( 1819— ’21) ; a representative in the 18tli, 19th, 20tli, and 21st national congresses ; and again a state represen- tative in 1830, 1851, and 1852. In 1825 lie declined the appointment of chief justice of the newly ‘established New Hampshire court of common pleas, and in 1832 he was defeated in the election for the governorship on the Whig ticket. He was a member of the convention which in 1850 revised the state constitution. His death oc- curred at Portsmouth, N. H., Oct. 19, 1853. BARTLETT, John, publisher, was born at Ply- mouth, Mass., June 14, 1820. He acquired a good education and in 1836 entered a publishing establishment in Cambridge, Mass. In 1849 he became manager of the business and conducted it for ten years. In 1862 he was appointed vol- unteer paymaster in the United States navy. In 1865 he entered the Boston publishing house of Little, Brown & Go., of which he became senior member in 1888. In 1871 Harvard con- ferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of Arts, and he was made a fellow of the Amer- ican academy of arts and sciences. Mr. Bartlett prepared “ Familiar Quotations ” ; “ New Method of Chess Notation”; “The Shakespeare Phrase Book”; a “Catalogue of Books on Angling."’ and a “New and Complete Concordance of Shakespeare’s Works.” BARTLETT, John Russell, author, was born in Providence, R.I., Oct. 23, 1805. He received a plain business education, and while still in his boyhood was placed in a banking house in his native city, where he rose through the several grades to the posi- tion of cashier. His leisure was em- ployed in scientific Study, to which end he became associ- ated w i t li t h e Franklin society ; and was actively instrumental with others in establish- ing the Providence Athenaeum. He subsequently engaged in the book business in New York city under the firm name of [ 210 ] BARTLETT. BARTLETT. Bartlett & Welford, and while residing in New York acted as corresponding secretary of the New York historical society, and also became a mem- ber of the American ethnographical society. From 1850 to 1853 he acted on the commission for determining the boundary between Mexico and the U. S., and from 1855 to 1872 was secretary of state for Rhode Island. He was for several years librarian of the John Carter Brown library and collated an exhaustive catalogue which was pub- lished in four volumes. His publications are : “The Progress of Ethnology” (1847); “A Dic- tionary of Americanisms ” (1850, of which two later editions were issued in 1859 and 1877) ; ‘ 1 Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations ” (ten volumes 1856-' 65) ; “ Bibliography of Rhode Island ” (1864) ; “ Index to the Acts, etc., of the General Assembly of Rhode Island, 1758-1862 ” (1863); “Literature of the Rebellion” (1866); “Memoirs of Rhode Island Officers in the War of the Rebellion ” (1867); “Primeval Man” (1868); “History of the Wanton Family of Newport, R. I. " (1878), and “ Genealogy of the Russell Family ” (1879). He died May 28, 1886. BARTLETT, John Russell, naval officer, was born in Providence, R. I., Sept. 26, 1843; son of John Russell Bartlett, author. He entered the naval academy in 1859, and in 1861, on board the sloop Mississippi , was present at the engage- ments at Forts Jackson and St. Philip, at the cap- ture of New Orleans and the attack on Vicks- burg. He was transferred to the Susquehanna , having in the meantime been promoted ensign and then lieutenant. He assisted at both attacks on Fort Fisher, his gallantry at the latter engage- ment receiving commendatory mention in the reports, both of Commodore Godon and of Lieutenant-Commander Blake. Promotion as lieutenant-commander followed, and he spent the two succeeding years, 1867 to 1869, at the naval academy. He was commissioned com- mander in 1877, and assigned to duty as hydrograplier to the bureau of navigation at Washington, D. C. BARTLETT, Josiah, signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born at Amesbury, Mass., Nov. 21, 1729. He received an academic educa- tion and a thorough course in medicine, and in 1750 commenced practice in Kingston, N. H. His methods of medical treatment were original, and largely acquired while doctoring himself through a protracted fever. His experience being in direct opposition to the usages of the profession, he de- parted from the “ old school, ' ’ and his success won him a large practice. He introduced Peruvian bark into use in 1754 In 1765 he became a mem- ber of the colonial legislature of New Hampshire and held the office by annual re-election until the revolution. While in the legislature he op- posed the royalists, and the governor made an unsuccessful attempt to win him over to his sup- pi >rt by appointing him a magistrate and com- missioning him a lieutenant-colonel of militia. His zeal in the cause of the colonies was not abated, however, and in 1775 he was deposed from both offices. He was a member of the com- mittee of safety which conducted the affairs of government after the departure of Governor Wentworth from the colony in 1775, and he was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1775 and 1776, being the first to cast a vote for the Declaration of Independence and the second to sign it. He resigned as delegate to Congress shortly after he was appointed general naval agent, and later accompanied General Stark to Bennington, having been charged with the medi- cal supplies of the New Hampshire troops. In 1778-’79 he was again a delegate to Congress, and in November, 1779, resigned his seat to accept the office of chief justice of the court of com- mon pleas of New Hampshire. He became muster-master in 1780; justice of the superior court of the state in 1782; chief justice in 1788, and in the latter year served as a delegate to the convention called to ratify the federal constitu- tion. Though declining an election to the first United States Congress as a senator in 1789 on the plea of age, he accepted the presidency of the state when it was offered him by the legislature in 1790, and after serving for three years, being re-elected by popular vote each year, he became in 1793 the first governor of the state under its new constitution He received the honorary degree of A.M. and M.D. from Dartmouth col- lege, and was for many years the president of the New Hampshire medical society, which he had been chiefly instrumental in founding. He retired from public life in 1794, and died at Kings- ton, N. H., May 19, 1795. BARTLETT, Joseph J., soldier, was born at Binghampton, N. Y., in 1820, and there passed his early years. At the breaking out of the civil war he was appointed captain in the 27th regiment New York volunteers, by distin- guished service in the field, rose to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, Oct. 4, 1862, and was made major-general by brevet, Aug. 1, 1864. He participated in nearly every engage- ment of the army of the Potomac, and became known as “ the Hero of a Hundred Battles.” General Bartlett was appointed United States minister to Sweden and Norway, by President Johnson in 1866, holding the office for two years. Upon his return he was appointed second deputy commissioner of pensions and held the posi- tion up to the time of his death, which occurred at Washington, D. C., in 1894. BARTLETT. BARTLETT. BARTLETT, Samuel Colcord, educator, was born at Salisbury, N. II., Nov. 2a, 1817, the son of a farmer. He worked on the farm and pre- pared himself for college. He was graduated at Dartmouth, 1836, and at Andover theological seminary in 1842. In 1843 he was pastor at Mon- son, Mass. ; in 1846 professor of intellectual phil- osophy at Western Reserve college, Hudson, Ohio ; in 1852 pastor of a Congregational church at Manchester, N. H. ; 1857, pastor at Chicago, 111., one year, and professor of biblical literature in the Chicago theological seminary, which professorship he retained until 1877. In 1877 he was made president of Dartmouth college, which office he resigned in 1892. In 1874 Dr. Bartlett crossed the desert of El Till to Palestine, having in view the comparison, in detail, of all the circumstances and conditions of this region with the biblical narrative of the journey of the children of Israel. In 1879 he published “ From Egypt to Palestine through Sinai, the Wilderness and the South Country an “ Historical Sketch of the Missions of the American Board " in 1880; “ Sources of History in the Pentateuch ” (1882) ; and in 1894 a volume of anniversary discourses. He was a frequent contributor to the Bibliotheca Sacra, the Neiv Englander, the North American Revieiv, and the Princeton Review. He also fur- nished contributions to the American edition of Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible. He resigned the presidency of Dartmouth in 1892 to de- vote himself to literary work. Dartmout h college conferred upon him the degree of D. D. and also that of LL.D. BARTLETT, William Francis, soldier, was born at Haverhill, Mass., June 6, 1840. He came of soldierly descent, one of his great-grandfathers having been an officer of the 3d Massachusetts regiment in the Revolutionary war, and another active at the siege of Louisburg. At the outbreak of the civil war, he was a member of the junior class in Harvard college, joined the 4tli bat- talion Mass, volunteer militia, April 17, 1861, and was on garrison duty at Fort Independence until May 25, when the battalion was relieved and he returned to college. On July 10, 1861, he was commissioned a captain in the 20th Mass, volun- teers, and reported at Washington, Sept. 15. He was in the battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct, 21, 1861. On April 24, 1862, while watching the enemy through a field glass before Yorktown, lie was shot in the left knee, and bis leg had to be ampu- tated. On Sept. 6, 1862, he accepted the com- mand of Camp Briggs, the recruiting station of the 49th Mass, regiment, near Pittsfield, Mass., and was commissioned colonel of this regiment Nov. 10, 1862. He embarked with his regiment, Jan. 24. 1863, and arrived at New Orleans, Feb- ruary 7. He was in the first assault on Port r-21-21 Hudson, May 27, 1863, and in the assaulting columns, about three thousand strong, he being unable to walk, was the only mounted man, and was twice wounded. Governor Andrew then offered him the colonelcy of a colored regiment but he declined, and he was mustered out with his regiment, Aug. 22, 1863, and was made colonel of the 57th Mass, volunteers. The citizens of Winthrop, Mass., presented him with a sword March 21, 1864. On April 20, 1864, he reported to Annapolis, his regiment becoming part of the 1st brigade, 1st division, 9th army corps. In the second day’s fight of the Wilderness, May 6, lie was wounded above the right temple. For liis gallantry on this occasion he received his com- mission as brigadier-general, dated June 20, 1864. He commanded the 1st brigade Ledlie's division, 9th army corps, in front of Petersburg, and was taken prisoner July 30, after the mine explosion, and sent to Danville, Va. He was exchanged Sept. 24, 1864, but did not take the field until June 19, 1865, when he commanded the 1st divi- sion, 9tli army corps, at Tenallytown near Wash- ington. He was married Oct. 14, 1865, to Agnes Pomeroy of Pittsfield, and sailed with his wife for a tour in Europe, visiting England, France and Italy, and, returning in June, 1866, was mus- tered out of the United States service in July and engaged in business. In 1875 he was nomi nated lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts by the Democratic party, and was the next year offered the nomination as governor by the Repub- licans, both of which honors he declined. He died Dec. 17, 1876. BARTLETT, William Frederic Vincent, clergyman, was born in Portland, Maine. Aug. 20, 1831. He was graduated at Yale college in the class of 1853, receiving bis A.M. degree in 1856. and at Union theological seminary in 1859. He received the degree of S.T.D. from Central uni- versity, Ky., in 1876. Dr. Bartlett early re- linquished the oppor- tunity of a lucrative business to become a minister of the gos- pel. During the civil war be resided near Natchez, Miss., and exposed himself to the hardships of the siege of Port Hudson in order to do the duty of a Christian minister to the First Alabama regiment. , j. ~ His health, greatly impaired in consequence, was restored by years of rest and travel, after which he resumed charge. BARTLETT. BARTOL. in 1874, of the First Presbyterian church of Lex- ington, Ky. His character and ability se- cured him great influence in Kentucky, where he was greatly loved and respected, and where he became familiarly known as the “ Bishop.” BARTLETT, William Holms Chambers, mathematician, was born at Lancaster, Pa., in 1804. His parents removed to Missouri in his in- fancy, and he received an appointment to West Point from that state in 1822. His genius for mathematics manifested itself in the early days of his cadetship, and during the last two years of his course at the academy he was assistant professor of mathematics. He was graduated in 1826 with highest honors, being one of the few students to pass through the rigid course without demerit marks. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant of engineers, and assigned to duty as assistant pro- fessor of engineering at the academy. In 1829 he was detailed on engineering duty, in the erection of coast defences and fortifications; in 1834 returned to West Point as acting professor of nat- ural and experimental philosophy, and was made full professor in 1836. In 1840 he visited the principal observatories of Europe, having been commissioned to procure astronomical instru- ments, and to observe new methods with a view to the improvement of the course of instruction at West Point. He was an honored member of many scientific associations, and was one of the original incorporators of the National academy of sciences. Princeton college conferred upon him the degree of A.M. in 1837, and Geneva ( now Hobart) college, that of LL.D. in 1847. He is the author of “ A Treatise on Optics” (1839); “Synthetical Mechanics” (1850-’58); “Acoustics and Optics ” (1852-’59) ; “ Analytical Mechanics” (1853-’59), and “Spherical Astronomy” (1855- ’58), and a series of text books originally designed for the West Point cadets. Colonel Bartlett, at his own request, was retired in 1871, and for the subsequent twenty-two years held the position of actuary to the Mutual life insurance company of New York. He died at Yonkers, N. Y., Feb. 11, 1893. BARTLEY, Elias Hudson, chemist, was born at Bartley ville, N. J., Dec. 6, 1849. He was graduated B.S. at Cornell university in 1873. After teaching science at the Princeton high school for one year, he became instructor in chemistry at Cornell in 1874-’75. For the three years following he occupied the chair of chemis- try at Swarthmore college, delivering in 1877 and 1879 lectures on chemistry before the Franklin institute in Philadelphia. In 1878 and 1879 he studied at the Jefferson medical college, and after obtaining his degree he practised for a year on Long Island. In 1882 he was appointed chief chemist to the department of health in Brooklyn, N. Y., also becoming, in 1883, the inspector of the New York state board of health. In 1885 he was given the chair of chemistry and toxicology at the Long Island college hospital, in which insti- tution, in 1886, he was made lecturer on children’s diseases. He wrote “Text-Book of Medical Chemistry ” (1885, 3d enlarged edition, 1894), and became a contributor to the “Reference Hand- Book of Medical Sciences ” and to other sanitary and medical journals. BARTLEY, Mordecai, governor of Ohio, was born in Fayette county, Pa., Dec. 16, 1783. In 1809 he went to Ohio and engaged in farming, and at the outbreak of the war of 1812 he joined the army of General Harrison with the rank of cap- tain, from which he received promotion to that of adjutant. In 1817 he was chosen to represent Richmond county in the state senate, and the following year received the appointment of regis- trar of the land office of Virginia military district school lands. This office he held until he was elected a representative to Congress in 1822. He served in the 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st congresses. He was elected governor of the state in 1844, as a Whig, and served one term. In the Mexi- can war he personally superintended the raising of troops, although as a Whig he was opposed to the war. In 1856 he joined the Republican party, but took no active part as a politician, devoting himself to his farm and the practice of law. He died in Mansfield, Ohio, Oct. 10, 1870. BARTOL, Cyrus Augustus, clergyman, was born in Freeport, Me., Aprd 30, 1813. He re- ceived a liberal education, graduating at Bowdoin college in 1832, and at Cambridge divinity school in 1835. He early showed a fine spiritual percep- tion which, despite a reserve that was almost shy- ness, united with a very genial, sympathetic nature, made him peculiarly fitted for pastoral work. He was made colleague with Dr. Charles Lowell, pastor of the West church (Unitarian) in Boston. This church was distinguished for its liberality in religious views, and for its devo- tion to freedom. Mr. Bartol became sole pastor in 1861, on the death of Dr. Lowell. His earlier views were largely in accord with the teachings of Channing, but afterwards they harmonized more nearly with what is known as Free reli- gion. The contrast between the first book pub- lished by him, “Discourses on the Christian Spirit and Life ” (1850) and “ Radical Problems ” (1872), not as to topics, but as to trend of thought, is quite marked. Sensitive to the welfare of others, Dr. Bartol gave much time, thought and labor to the anti-slavery cause, and to general philan- thropy and reform. He spoke his mind fearlessly on all suitable occasions, and because of the ex- quisite spirituality of his thought, and his tender- ness and purity of life, he had much influence, BARTON. BARTON. even with those who differed from him in opinion. His published works are: “ History of the West Church and its Ministers ” (1858) ; “ Church and Congregation” (1858); “Word of the Spirit to the Church” (1860); “The Unspotted Life” (1864); “ Discourses on the Christian Spirit and Life”; “ Discourses on the Christian Body and Form " ; “ Pictures of Europe ” ; “ Radical Prob- lems ” (1872) ; “ The Rising Faith ” (1874) ; “Principles and Portraits'” (1880); “Spiritual Specifics ” (1884) ; occasional essays and poems and innumerable sermons and discourses. In 1888 he resigned his pastorate at the expiration of fifty years’ service. BARTON, Clarissa Marlowe (Clara Barton), philanthropist, was born at North Oxford, Mass., Dec. 25, 1821 ; daughter of Captain Stevens and Dolly (Stone) Barton. Her father fought under “ Mad Anthony Wayne ” against the Indians in the West, and her mother was a daughter of Cap- tain Stone of Oxford. After her academic edu- cation acquired at Clinton, N. Y., she became a teacher. At her own risk Miss Barton founded the first free school in New Jersey, which she opened with six pupils at Bordentown, and by the end of the first year her pupils had increased from six to six hundred, and she had erected a new schoolhouse, costing four thousand dollars. Failing health compelled a relinquishment of her school, and in 1854 she became a clerk in the U. S. patent office, which position she held until the breaking out of the civil war, when she devoted herself to caring for wounded soldiers on the battle field and in camp and hospital. Per- sonal solicitation brought to her supplies in abundance, and when the army moved in 1862, she took the field, and in her quiet, self-contained way, among hospitals and camps prosecuted her work. Military trains, and hospital and camp appointments were at her service. She was pres- ent at the battles of Cedar Mountain, second Bull Run. Antietam and Fredericksburg, was eight months at the siege of Charleston, was in the hospital on Morris Island, at Fort Wagner, and afterwards in front of Petersburg and in the Wilderness, and in hospitals about Richmond. Her labors were not over when the war ended. Under the authority and at the request of Presi- dent Lincoln she undertook the task of searching for the 80,000 men marked “ missing ” on the muster rolls of the army, She went to Ander- sonville to aid in supervising the identification of the dead and the erection of tablets over their graves. She saw gravestones placed over the bodies of 12,920 men. and tablets marked with the word “ unknown ” over foqr hundred. She devoted four years to this work and to telling to hundreds of thousands of interested listeners the story of her army life and work, and then, with [214 1 health broken by overwork, she in 1869 visited Europe for rest and recuperation. While in Swit- zerland in 1869 she learned of the society of the Red Cross, established under a treaty signed by every power of Europe, making its members non- combatant and neutral, and licensing them to care for the wounded of whatever creed or national- ity, whether friend or enemy. She promptly joined this society, and under its emblem did much volunteer hospital work during her five years abroad. In recognition of her services in the Franco-Prussian war she was decorated with the golden cross of Baden and the Iron cross of Germany. After the capitulation of Strasbourg she entered that city with the German army and assisted materially in relieving the destitu- tion of the thousands of starving and homeless people ; materials were found for thousands of garments, and women who were hungry and suf- fering from lack of clothing were set to work to make them and were paid for their labor. During the days of the commune she labored to assist the needy by the distribution of food and cloth- ing. She returned to America in 1873 and secured from Congress a ratification of the European treaty, which established the society of the Red Cross in the United States in 1881. The same year President Garfield appointed (Miss Barton president of the American association of the Red Cross, under the treaty of Geneva. Fore- seeing an era of peace for this country, she pro- posed the famous “American amendment." which allowed the Red Cross society to work when fire, flood, famine, pestilence, or any other disaster sufficient to call for public relief, should occur. Hitherto the society had had but one ob- ject, the relief of the wounded in time of war, but her amendment, which also granted protection to Red Cross agents, was agreed to by the confer- ence at Berne, was signed March 16. 1882. and gave the American branch a much broader field of usefulness. Miss Barton personally directed the relief work of the Red Cross at the scene of the Michigan forest fires and of the Mississippi and Ohio floods in 1882 and 1883; and again in 1884. of the Louisiana and Mt. Vernon cyclones: of the Charleston earthquake, and of the Texas drought. At the Johnstown, Pa., flood she was on the ground on the first train, and with a force of fifty men and women she remained there for five months, administering relief to the destitute. Her work on the Sea Islands of South Carolina, after the terrible ravages of the cvclone and tidal wave, was one of the most difficult and extensive of her many relief operations. The “ American amendment " has not been adopted by any other country, though into foreign lands the blessed- ness of its ministrations has been convincingly demonstrated. In the famine in Russia in The Cyclopaedia Publishing Company BARTON. BARTON. 1891-'92 the American Red Cross society took an active part, under the direction of Miss Barton, in the great work of relief, collecting and distribut- ing supplies of food and clothing. In January, 1896, Miss Barton, after making a personal appeal to the people of the United States and England for funds, sailed for the scene of the Armenian outrages. Reaching Constantinople in February, she, with her five assistants, immediately began work, the Sultan having yielded a reluctant consent to her request that the Red Cross society be permitted to do what it could to relieve the distress existing in his empire. She was required to place the crescent above the cross on the badge worn by herself and her associates, and having acceded to this demand, she met with prompt and cour- teous assistance from the Turkish government. Her task ended, she left Turkey and proceeded on a visit to Germany, returning to America in October, 1896. In June, 1896, she was decorated with the Order of Melusine by his Royal High- ness, Guy de Lusignan, Prince of Jerusalem, Cyprus and Armenia. Miss Barton accumulated a collection of rich jewels presented in token of appreciation of her noble efforts. She received a handsome jewel from the Duchess of Baden, a medal and jewel from the Empress of Germany, a decoration of gems from the Queen of Servia, and a brooch and pendant of diamonds given as a loving tribute by the grateful people of Johns- town for her assistance in their time of need. Miss Barton was on three occasions a ppointed by the government to represent the United States in international conferences held in Euro]>e to discuss measures of relief in war, and she was the first woman to represent a government in an international conference. In 1883 at the re- quest of the senate committee on foreign rela- tions, she prepared a “ History of the Red Cross Association. ” BARTON, Edmund Mills, librarian, was born in Worcester, Mass., Sept. 27, 1838; son of Ira Moore and Maria Waters (Bullard) Barton. He attended the public schools of Worcester and the Elmer Valentine boarding school at Northbor- ough, Mass., until the age of sixteen, and spent the three years immediately following in acquir- ing a business training with a dry -goods jobbing house in Boston. After a short mercantile life in St. Louis and New York city, he returned to Worcester to assist in the care of an invalid father, and there remained from the opening of the civil war until May 1, 1863. After careful preparation, he went to the headquarters of the army of the Potomac, visiting the hospitals en route and laboring in the field hospitals after the disastrous battle of Chancellorsville. He then visited Gen. John A. Dix at Fort Monroe and accompanied him upon his expedition to Bot- tom Bridge, near Richmond. The battle of Gettysburg called him at once to that field for hospital work, and there he was commissioned field relief agent of the United States sanitary commission under the authority of the secretary of war, and was assigned to the care of the 5th army corps, army of the Potomac. This position he held until the end of the war. accompanying the surgical staff of the Maltese cross corps on all general move- ments and special raids. He returned to Worcester about July 1, I860, where, after some months of travel, he entered the service of the American antiquarian society as assistant libra- rian, April 1, 1866. On Aprif 24, 1883, he was unanimously elected librarian to succeed Samuel Foster Haven, who for forty-three years had held the position with distinguished honor. For his literary work see “ Bibliography of the Works of Members of the American Historical Association,” of which he was a life member, as he also was of the American antiquarian society, of the American library association, and of the Massachusetts library club. BARTON, Thomas, clergyman, was born in County Monaghan, Ireland, in 1730. He was educated at the University of Dublin, immigrated to the United States, and settled himself as tutor in the academy at Philadelphia, afterwards the University of Pennsylvania. He went to Eng- land in 1754 for ordination, and after taking orders returned to America and became rector of the St. James Episcopal church, Lancaster, Pa., which cure he held for over nineteen years. He married Miss Rittenhouse. a sister of the cele- brated astronomer and mathematician. Un- willing to take the oath of allegiance after the declaration of independence, he removed to New York, where he died, May 25, 1780. BARTON, William, soldier, was born at War- ren, Bristol county, R. I., May 26, 1748. He acquired a rudimentary education, was appren- ticed to a hatter, and entered into business for himself. He volunteered in the Continental army after the battle of Bunker Hill, and in December entered formally as a corporal, soon gaining the rank of captain, and in July, 1777, he fixed upon a feasible plan for surprising and taking captive General Prescott. Ascer- [ 215 ] BARTON. BARTRAM. taining that the British general was quartered at a house on the west side of the island, and taking with him five officers, forty-five privates, and a black servant, he reached the house after dark, secured the sen- tinel, and breaking in the door of the room in which Prescott was sleeping, they took him prisoner. On July 25, 1777, Con- gress presented him with a sword in ac- knowledgment of his services, and in Octo- ber he was given the commission of brevet colonel. In 1778, when ^ T , the British retreated /j from Warren, Colonel Barton received a wound which prevented his taking active part in the military actions of the following year. He was a member of the state committee that adopted the constitution of the United States, a member of the legislature and inspector of customs. Some time after the close of the war he became involved in a lawsuit in Vermont regarding a township in Orleans county, which he claimed to have bought. His title, however, being disputed, lie was required to pay the costs, which he refused to do. He was con- sequently held in Danville for fourteen years. He boarded at the hotel, where he was well treated and apparently contented. In 1824, when Lafayette visited this country, he was surprised and shocked to learn that Barton was held a prisoner and at once paid the debt without his knowledge, and Colonel Barton returned to Warren. He wrote a book entitled “ Capture of Richard Prescott - ’ (1777). He died Oct. 22, 1831. BARTON, William Paul Crillon, botanist and physician, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 17, 1786; nephew of Thomas Pennant Barton, and grand-nephew of Benjamin Smith Barton. He thus came of a family of students. He was graduated at Princeton in 1805, and three years later was given an M.I). from the University of Pennsylvania. He practised his profession for a time in his native city, but discontinued June 28, 1809, to accept an appointment as surgeon of the United States navy. In this work he was eminently successful, establishing the naval bureau of medicine and surgery, of which he was made the chief. In 1815 he succeeded his uncle in the chair of botany at the University of Pennsylvania, and later became similarly con- nected with Jefferson medical college. Dr. Barton was a scientist of great ability, and his writings are evidences of his zeal in rendering available knowledge of the medical and general botany of the United States. He was an interesting and magnetic lecturer, and a thorough and suc- cessful teacher. He was a member of the American philosophical society and president of the Linntean society. He was a fellow of the College of physicians in Philadelphia, and senior surgeon in the navy. Among his published writings are: “Chemical Properties and Exhil- arating Effects of Nitrous Oxide Gas ” (1808) ; a translation of Gregory’s “ Dissertation on the Influence of a Change in Climate in Curing Dis- eases” (1815) ; “ Florae Philadelphia Prodromus ” (1815) ; “ Vegetable Materia Medica in the United States” (2vols., 1817-’25) ; “Plans for Marine Hospital in the United States ” (1817) ; “ Compendium Florae Pliiladelpliiae ” (2 vols., 1818); “Flora of North America” (1821-’23); “ Letter to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Relative to Introducing the Pro- fessorship of Botany into the Medical Faculty ” (1825) ; “ Outlines of Lectures on Materia Medica and Botany” (2 vols., 1827— ’28) ; “Hints to Naval Officers Cruising in the West Indies ” (1830); “Medical Botany”; “Audi Alteram Partem ” (1838) ; “ Address to Congress Respect- ing the Use of Liquors in the Navy” (1843); and “History of the Navy Hospital Fund” (1843). He died in Philadelphia, Feb. 29, 1856. BARTRAM, John, botanist, was born at Marple, Delaware county, Pa., March 23, 1699. His first intention was to become a physician, and he devoted some time to studying for that profession, but his natural tastes inclined him toward botany, and he founded, near Philadelphia, the first botanical garden in this country. H is suc- cess was so marked that Linnaeus called him the most accomplished natural botanist of the world, and in America he became known as “ the father of American botany.” He made long excursions and collected many valuable speci- mens. He was held in so high esteem abroad, that he was made American botanist to George III. He is the author of “ Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil, Rivers, Productions, Animals and Other Matters Worthy of Notice, Made by Mr. John Bartram in his Travels from Pennsylvania to Onondaga, Oswego, and the Lake Ontario in Canada” (1751), and he also contributed to several scientific journals, notably a paper on his visit to East Florida in 1765-"66. He died at Kingsessing, Pa., Sept. 22, 1777. BARTRAM, William, botanist, was born in Kingsessing, near Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 9. 1739; son of John Bartram, the “father of American botany. ” Being bred in an atmosphere of natural science, he acquired a taste for botany, and the business life which he first entered was soon 121(5] BARUS. BASCOM. exchanged for the study of that science. He published in 1792 a book entitled “ Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogules, or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Choctaws.” He became famous as a scientist. He was unmarried, and lived quite alone. His home was tilled with rare plants and flowers, and was frequently visited by strangers. In 1797 William Dunlap paid him a visit, which he describes: “ Arrived at the botanist’s garden, we approached an old man, who, with a rake in his hand, was breaking the clods of earth on a tulip bed. His hat was an old one, and flopped over his face ; his coarse shirt was seen near his neck, as he wore no cravat or kerchief ; his waistcoat and breeches were both of leather, and his shoes were tied with leather strings. We approached and accosted him. He ceased his work and entered into conversation with the ease and politeness of nature’s nobleman; his counte- nance was expressive of benignity and happiness. This was the botanist, traveller and philosopher we had come to see.” Alexander Wilson was greatly aided in his scientific work by Mr. Bar- tram, whose ornithological studies were very extended. His publications include: “Anec- dotes of a Crow,” “Description of Certhia,” “Memoirs of John Bartram,” “ Observations on the Creek and Cherokee Indians,” and a list of American birds He died July 22, 1828. BARUS, Carl, geologist, was born in Cincin- nati, Ohio, in 1856. He was graduated at the Woodward high school, Cincinnati, in 1874, then entered the Columbia school of mines, New York, and completed a three years’ course in two years. In 1876 he went to Germany and re- mained nearly five years in Wurzburg, studying physics, and for the last year acting as assistant to the professor in charge. He took the degree of Ph.D. in Wurzburg in 1880. In 1881 he returned to America and entered the service of the United States geological survey, at first working in the west. In 1888 was engaged at the physical laboratory, Washington, in working up problems in dynamic geology — more particu- larly the questions of the behavior of matter under conditions of high temperature combined with enormous pressure. From August, 1893, to January, 1895, he was physicist at the Smith- sonian institution, engaged in aeronautical research. In June, 1895, he was elected Hazard professor of physics at Brown university. Dur- ing 1894 and 1895 he acted as a member of the congressional committee of seven for drawing up specifications for the electrical standards of the United States. He published very many scienti- fic papers and bulletins — the latter issued by the geological survey — the former printed in the American Journal of Science, the London Philo- sophical Magazine and Die Journal der Physiko Chemical. BASCOM, Henry Bidleman, educator, was born at Hancock, N. Y., May 27, 1796. He received his license to preach in 1813, and for some years thereafter his work lay on the Ohio frontier. After serving in Tennessee and Ken- tucky, he was, in 1823, appointed chaplain to Congress, and in 1827 he was elected first presi- dent of Madison college, Pa. , where he remained until 1829. From 1832 to 1841 he held the chair of moral science and belles lettres at Augusta college, and in 1842 became president of Transyl- vania university, which office he retained until his death. In 1845 he was a member of the Louisville convention which organized the Meth- odist church, south, and was the author of its report, and chairman of the reconciliation com- mittee. From 1846 to 1850 he was the able editor of the Southern Methodist Quarterly Review. He was made bishop of the M. E. church, south, in May, 1850. His complete works were published after his death, which occurred at Louisville, Ky., Sept. 8, 1850. BASCOM, John, educator, was born in Genoa, N. Y., May 1, 1827. He was graduated from Williams college in 1849, and in 1854 entered the theological seminary at Andover, where he was graduated in 1855. For the following nineteen years he occupied the chair of rhetoric at Wil- liams college, leav- ing to accept the position of presi- dent of the Uni- versity of Wiscon- sin, which he filled from 1874 until 1887. He was in 1896 pro- fessor of political economy at Wil- liams college. His published works are chiefly on philo- sophic and relig- ious themes. He warmly defended the intuitive philosophy, accepting, however, many modifications arising from our enlarged physical knowledge. His principal service as a worker and educator lies in this direction. His books include : “ Political Economy ” (1859); “iEsthetics ” (1862); “ Philosophy of Rhetoric” (1865); “Principles of Psychology” (1869); “Science, Philosophy and Religion” (1871); “ Philosophy and English Literature ” (1874) ; “ A Philosophy of Religion ” (1876) ; “ Compara- tive Psychology” (1878); “Ethics” (1879); (2171 BASHFORD. BASKETTE. “ Natural Theology ” (1880) ; “ Science of Mind ” (1881); “ The Words of Christ” (1884); “Prob- lems in Philosophy ” (1885) ; “ Sociology ” (1887) ; “ Tlie New Theology ” (1891) ; “ Historical Inter- pretation of Philosophy” (1893), and “Social Theory ” (1895). BASHFORD, Coles, governor of Wisconsin, was born at Alden, N. Y., Jan. 34, 1816. After the usual preliminary course, he studied law at the Wesleyan seminary, Lima, N. Y., was admitted to the bar in 1841, and became promin- ent in politics in three different states, acting as district attorney for Wayne county, N. Y., 1847-’50; removed to Oshkosh, Wis., was a member of the Whig state convention of Wis- consin in 1851 ; state senator in the Wisconsin legislature, 1852-’55; the first Republican gov- ernor of Wisconsin, 1855-’57; removed to Tucson, Arizona ; was attorney-general of the territory, 1864-’67; delegate to Congress, 1867-'69, and secretary of the territory, 1869-'76. He died April 35, 1878. BASHFORD, James Whitford, educator, was born in Fayette, Lafayette county, Wis., May 25, 1849. His father was a Methodist minister, and he was reared on a Wisconsin farm, receiving a good common-school education and was gradu- ated with honor from the University of Wiscon- sin, with the class of 1873. He had to con- tend with financial difficult ies and a pro- tracted illness dur- ing his college course, serving dur- ing the time as prin- cipal of the Fayette high school and also teaching one season during his sopho- more year, by reason of which he did not complete his course P, O'O until the age of twen- ty - ty-four. He projected and was editor of the University Press , while in college, the pioneer college weekly of the state, by which he paid his debts, and after completing his studies was made tutor of Greek in the uni- versity. During his freshman year at college he united with the Methodist Episcopal church, and decided to adopt the ministry as a profession. Accordingly he entered the school of theology of Boston university in 1874, to prepare for his life work, and having completed the prescribed course in 1876, he continued his studies in the same university, and graduated in the school of oratory in 1878, and in the school of all sciences in 1879, securing the degree of Ph.D. He then officiated as pastor of the Harrison Square church, Jamaica Plain (Boston), until 1880. In that year he married Jane Field and with his wife travelled in Europe, and again in 1887 they made an extensive tour of Italy, Greece and German}’. He subsequently filled pastorates at. Auburndale, Mass., Portland, Me., and, Buf- falo, N. Y., and delivered courses of lectures on systematic theology in the University of Den- ver and De Pauw. Owing to his exceptional ability and attainments, he was offered the presidency of several leading colleges, and, in 1889, left his pastorate to accept the presidency of the Ohio Wesleyan university, where an annual attendance of nearly twelve hundred students gave him a broad field for the use of his literary and pedagogic powers. In 1890 the North- western university conferred on him the degree of D.D. As a member of the board of trustees of the Ohio anti-saloon league he exerted a powerful influence in the temperance cause. He contributed liberal articles to the periodical liter- ature of the church, and is the author of “The True Church,” “Christianity and Education,” “The Bible Women,” and a course of lectures on “ Systematic Theology.” BASKERVILL, William Malone, educator, was born in Fayette county, Tenn., April 1, 1850. He received his collegiate training at Ran- dolph-Macon college, Va., and went from there to the University of Leipsic, from which he was graduated with the degree of Ph.D. in 1880. On his return to America, he was called to the chair of Latin and French, in Wofford college, S. C., from which he had received the degree of A.M. in 1878; and in 1881, he was elected adjunct- professor of the English language and literature at Vanderbilt university; during that collegiate year he also had charge of the French and German ; the following year he was made full professor, and devoted himself exclusively to the chair of Eng- lish. His publications include: “ Epistola Alex- andri ad Aristotelem, ” “A Handy Anglo-Saxon Dictionary ” — in conjunction with Prof. J. A. Harrison; “An Outline of Anglo-Saxon Gram- mar ”; an edition of “ Andreas,” and an “ Eng lisli Grammar” — in conjuncton with J. W. Sewell. His popular writings are: “ The Study of English,” “Higher Education of Women," “Thackeray,” “Southern Writers,” including Joel Chandler Harris; “Maurice Thompson," “ Sidney Lanier, ” etc. , etc., “Southern Litera- ture," “English Writers of To-day” — a series of articles for the Chautauquan, and some etymological work for the Century and other dictionaries. BASKETTE, Gideon Hicks, journalist, was born at Middleton. Rutherford county, Tenn.. March 11, 1845. He was educated at Murfrees- 1218 ] BASS. BASSETT. boro, liis collegiate course being interrupted by the civil war. He enlisted in the Confederate army at the age of sixteen, serving until the close of the war. He then entered mercantile life, and in 1874 became editor of the Murfrees- boro News, which he conducted until 1882, when he was chosen editor of the Nashville American. He subsequently was editor of the Chattanooga Democrat and later held an editorial position on the Cincinnati News, from which place he re- turned to Chattanooga to take charge of The People’s Paper, a tri-weekly literary journal. This position he held until 1884, when he became managing editor of the Nashville Evening Ban- ner. In the following year he assumed its chief editorship, and the presidency of the Nashville Banner Publishing Co. BASS, Edward, first bishop of Massachu- setts, and 7th in succession in the American episcopate, was born at Dorchester, Mass., Nov. 23, 1726. He was graduated from Harvard col- lege in 1744, and for several years occupied himself as a teacher. He was licensed as a Congregationalist preacher, but in 1752, lie accepted the tenets of the established church, and in May of that year was ordained deacon at the chapel of Fulham Palace, by the bishop of London ; he received his ordination as a priest at the hands of the same prelate, May 24, 1752. He was sent as a missionary to Newburyport, Mass., by the Venerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and became incum- bent of St. Paul's church. At the opening of the revolutionary war, he, in deference to the public sentiment, omitted the prayer for the King, but when the Continental Congress requested that clergymen no longer use the royal collects, he closed his church for twelve months, and did not open it even then till urged by the sight of his congregation gradually going over to the dis- senters. He refused to read the Declaration of Independence in church, and called himself a “ Tory, and inimical to the liberties of America,” buc notwithstanding his efforts to make his action clear with the society his past due stipend was refused and his name dropped from the roll. Finding him driven from the support of the soci- ety, his friends in America nominated him for bishop. The first election was not recognized, but after another attempt he was consecrated, May 7, 1797, first bishop of Massachusetts, by Bishops White, Provoost and Claggett. His jurisdiction was later extended to New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and V ermont. He was awarded the degree of D.D. by the Pennsylvania university in 1789. He published several sermons and addresses, and a pamphlet on his connection with the Venera- ble society. He died at Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 10, 1803. BASSETT, Homer Franklin, librarian, was born at Florida, Berkshire county, Mass., Sept. 2, 1826, son of Ezra and Keziah (Witt) Bassett. He removed with his father to Rockport, Ohio, in 1836, doing farm work to procure an education at the Berea seminary. In 1848 he entered Ober- liu, intending to take a full course of study, but ill-health compelled him to leave school in 1849, and he returned to New England. He became a student of the natural sciences, and in 1853 established a school in Wolcott, Conn. In 1868 he became the principal of a private school in Waterbury, Conn., still making a specialty of the study of natural history, and particularly of insect life. In 1872 he was appointed librarian of the Silas Bronson libi'ary in Waterbury, founded in 1870. The library under his prede- cessor comprised about 13,000 volumes, which number was more than quadrupled in 1895. In 1894 a new library building was erected. Mr. Bassett was awarded the degree of M.A. by Yale university in 1894. He wrote: “Description of Several New Species of Cynips and of Diastro- phus,” in the “Proceedings of the Entomological society of Philadelphia, ” and ‘ ‘ Waterbury and her Industries ” (1889). BASSETT, James, missionary, was born at Glenford, Ontario, Can., Jan. 31, 1834. He was educated at Wabash university, after which he pursued a theological course at Lane seminary, graduating in 1859. During the civil war he served in the Union army, after which he entered the Presbyterian ministry in New Jersey. He was assigned to missionary duty by the Presbyterian Board in 1871. He penetrated the interior of Turkey and of Persia, and during a residence in those countries covering many years obtained an insight into the knowledge of the manners and customs of their peoples, much of which he has given to the world through the medium of his various publications: “Among the Turcomans’’ (1880) ; “Hymns in Persian ” (1884) ; “ Grammat- ical Note on the Simnuni Dialects of the Persian” (1884) ; “ Persia, the Land of the Imams ” (1886). He also translated the gospel of St. Matthew into the Gaghatti Tartar dialect. In 1894 he returned to the United States. BASSETT, Richard, governor of Delaware, was born in Delaware. In 1787 he was a member of the Continental Congress and met with the convention which formed the Federal constitu- tion. In 1789 he was elected U. S. senator, and was the first to vote for the location of the capi- tal on the Potomac. He held the office of senator until 1793, and in 1796 was made presidential elec- tor, casting his vote for John Adams. From 1798 to 1801 he was governor of Delaware, and then acted as United States circuit judge for one year. He died in September, 1815. BATCHELDER. BATE. BATCHELDER, Richard N., soldier, was born at Meredith, N. H., July 27, 1832. He was ap- pointed regimental quartermaster of the 1st N. H. regiment, April 30, 1861. He was promoted captain and assistant quartermaster, and assigned to duty as chief quartermaster of the corps of observation in August, 1861 ; chief quartermaster second division, second corps, army of the Po- tomac, March, 1862; lieutenant-colonel and chief quartermaster, second corps, army of the Po- tomac, January, 1863; acting chief quartermas- ter, army of the Potomac, June, 1864; colonel and chief quartermaster, army of the Potomac, August, 1864. Here lie had charge of the im- mense baggage trains of that great force, com- prising some five thousand wagons and thirty thousand horses and mules, on the campaign from the Rapidan to the James. He was brevetted major, lieutenant-colonel and brigadier-general of volunteers, and major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel. United States army, for faithful and meritorious service during the war. He was ap- pointed captain and assistant quartermaster in the regular service in February, 1865, and from that date until 1889 he served as assistant and chief quartermaster at various depots, posts and departments. He received seven brevets for faithful and meritorious services during the war, and medals of honor were awarded him by Con- gress under the act of July 12, 1862, and under that of March 3, 1863, for “such officers, non- commissioned officers and privates as have most distinguished or who may hereafter most distin- guish themselves in action.” He was brevetted “for most distinguished gallantry in action against Mosby’s guerrillas, between Catlett's and Fairfax stations, Va., Oct. 13-15, 1863, while serving as lieutenant-colonel and quartermaster of volunteers, chief quartermaster of the second army corps.” On July 10, 1890, he was appointed quartermaster-general of the army by President Harrison. During his six years of service in that capacity he handled forty-three millions of dollars. On account of age he was retired from active service July 27, 1896. BATCHELDER, Samuel, manufacturer, was born at Jaffrey, N. H., June 8, 1784. In 1808 he entered the cotton manufacturing business in Ipswich, N. H., and later transferred his interests to Lowell, Mass. He thoroughly understood both the practical and theoretical sides of his business, and became very influential among manufactur- ing men and elsewhere. He was president of five large manufacturing establishments at one time, with an aggregate capital of rive million dollars. Aside from making a number of useful inventions and improvements in machinery, ho was the author of “ Responsibilities of the North in Relation to Slavery,” published in 1856. and I* wrote, when he was nearly eighty years of age, a “History of the Progress of Cotton Manufac- tures in the United States.” He died at Cam- bridge, Mass., Feb. 5, 1879. BATCHELOR, Joseph B., lawyer, was born in Halifax county, N. C., in 1825. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1845, and two years later received a license to practise law. In 1855 he was appointed to the office of attorney- general of North Carolina, which office he held for two years. He was a leading member of the North Carolina legislature of 1860 that voted for the call of the convention which passed the ordi- nance of secession. He gave largely of his ample means for the vigorous prosecution of the war. At the close of the war he engaged in the prac- tice of his profession at Raleigh, N. C. In 1879 Mr. Batchelor began legal proceedings by which about $700,000 were saved to the state of its interest in the North Carolina railroad. Soon after the adoption of the “Code of Civil Pro- cedure ” he secured the passage of the act of the legislature that is styled “ Batchelor’s Stay Law,” which was a necessity to prevent the utter ruin of the agricultural and laboring classes of the state after the construction given by the courts to the “Code of Civil Procedure.” He was also largely influential in securing the establishment of the orphan asylum at Oxford. In 1891 the University of North Carolina conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. BATE, William B., senator, was born near Castalian Springs, Tenn.. and after receiving an academic education, engaged as clerk on a steamboat. At the breaking out of the Mexican war he volunteered as a private, serving thus until its close, when, returning to his native state, he was elected to the lower house of the Tennessee legislature. In 1852 he was graduated from the Lebanon law school, going thence to Gallatin, where he began to practise law. From 1854 to 1860 he acted as attorney-general for the Nashville district, during which time he declined a nomination as representative in Con- gress. In 1860 he was a Democratic presidential elector. The following year lie joined the Con- federate army as a private, and was promoted through the ranks of captain, colonel, and brig- adier-general to that of major-general, serving throughout the war. At its close he returned to Tennessee and again began to practise law. In 1868 he was a delegate to the Democratic national convention, and he served for twelve years on the national Democratic executive committee for Tennessee. In 1876 he was a Democratic elector for the state at large, and was elected governor of Tennessee in 1882 and 1884. He was elected United States senator in 1887, to which office he was re-elected in 1893. >oj BATEMAN. BATES. BATEMAN, Ephraim, senator, was born at Cedarville, N. J., in 1770. He studied and prac- tised medicine in his native town, and for a num- ber of years served in the state senate. He was elected a representative to the 14th Congress on the Democratic ticket, and was re-elected to the 15th. 16th, and 17th congresses. On Dec. 7. 1826, hav- ing received an equal number of votes with Theo- dore Frelinghuyson in the election for United States senator to fill the vacancy left by the death of Senator Mcllvaine, Mr. Bateman made himself senator, his position as president of the council of the state legislature giving him the casting vote. The incident caused much discussion, but the senate afterwards declared his action to be per- fectly legal. He died at Cedarville, N. J., Jan. 29. 1829. BATEMAN, Kate Josephine, actress, was born in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 1842. She at a very early age began her theatrical career, appearing for many years with her sister as one of the “Bateman Children.” When just passing out of her teens, she began to attract much atten- tion, one of her best roles being that of “ Leah, the Forsaken. ” After several years of remark- able success in America, she went to Europe, where she attained equal distinction. There in 1866, she was married to Mr. George Crowe, and for two years retired from the stage, having accumulated considerable wealth by her profes- sional work and good management of her funds. In 1868 she returned to the stage in London, playing “Mary Warner in 1872 she had great success as “ Media,” as she had in 1875 when she acted “Lady Macbeth,” to Mr. Irving’s “Mac- beth.” In 1876 she retired. BATEMAN, Luther C., editor, was born in Waldoboro, Me., Jan. 14, 1849, son of Alfred and Julia (Borneman) Bateman. His early youth was a constant struggle with poverty, and his educa- tion was obtained in the intervals of hard toil. Though but fifteen years of age he served during the last year of the civil war, and in 1866 fol- lowed his father to California, where he remained, engaged in various occupations, until 1869. Upon his return to the east he took a course at the Fowler & Wells phrenological insti- tute, N. Y., and after his graduation in 1870 became a scientific lecturer, achieving great pop- ularity. He belonged to the Greenback party and subsequently joined the Populist party, in which he became an enthusiastic worker. He founded and became editor of the Maine Popu- list. He served the party as candidate for gov- ernor of Maine on the Populist ticket at the successive elections, and twice was placed on the ticket as representative in Congress, failing of election each time, but entering the succeed- ing campaign with unabated enthusiasm. As a Populist, a Granger, a Knight Templar, a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a Knight of Labor, his influence extended to a large body of men belonging to the laboring class of his native state. BATEMAN, Newton, educator, was born in Fairfield, N. J., July 27, 1822. He was gradu- ated from Illinois college in 1843 ; was principal of a select school in St. Louis, Mo., in 1845-'46; professor of mathematics in St. Charles college, Mo., from 1847 to 1851; superintendent of pub- lic schools in Jacksonville, 111., from 1851 to 1857, and during three years of that time was county superintendent of schools of Morgan county ; in 1858 was principal of Jacksonville female acad- emy, and in the fall of that year was elected state superintendent of public instruction, hold- ing that office for fourteen years. He was a mem- ber of the Illinois state board of health from 1877 to 1891, and a part of the time president of the board. He acted as president of Knox college from 1875 to 1893, and on his retirement was elected president emeritus and professor of men- tal and moral science. BATES, Arlo, author, was born at East Machias, Me., Dec. 16, 1850. He was educated at the common schools of his native town, and was graduated from Bowdoin college in 1876. He then went to Boston, Mass., and began work as a journalist. From 1878 to 1880 he was editor of the Broadside, and from 1880 to 1893 of the Boston Sunday Courier, at the same time being Boston correspondent of the Book Buyer, the Providence Journal, and the Chicago Tribune. In 1893 he was elected professor of English in the Massachusetts institute of technology. His published works include: “Patty’s Perversi- ties” (1881); “The Pagans” (1884): “A Wheel of Fire" (1885); “Berries of the Brier” (1886): “Sonnets in Shadow ” (1887) ; “A Lad’s Love” (1887); “The Philistines" (1889); “Albrecht” (1890); “The Poet and His Self” (1891); “A Book o’ Nine Tales ” (1891); “ Told in the Gate ” (1892); “In the Bundle of Time” (1893), and “ The Torch Bearers ” (1894). He also edited “ Old Salem ” (1886), a book left unfinished by his wife (“Eleanor Putnam”), author of “A Woodland Wooing.” BATES, Barnabas, postal reformer, was born at Edmonton, England, in 1785, and at a very early age was brought to America. Here he studied for the ministry, and became connected with the Baptist denomination, changing his views shortly afterwards to those of the Uni- tarians. He received the appointment, through President J. Q. Adams, of collector of the port of Bristol, R. I. In 1825 he established a Unita- rian journal in New York called the Christian In- quirer, which was published weekly. He was 41 BATES. BATES. acting postmaster in the New York postoffice, under President Jackson, and it was while oc- cupying this position that he first became inter- ested in the subject of postage. He gave careful attention to the rates of postage in other coun- tries, and by means of newspaper and magazine articles, lectures and pamphlets, he succeeded in calling public attention to the disadvantage of high postal rates. The land postage was reduced, but he died before accomplishing what he had hoped for in regard to ocean rates. His death occurred Oct. 11, 1853. BATES, Charlotte Fiske (Madame RogC), author, was born in New York, Nov. 30, 1838. She was educated in the public schools of Cam- bridge, Mass., and was occupied in private teach- ing for twenty-five years in that city. From her eighteenth year she contributed to periodicals, some of her first articles appearing in Our Young Folks. In 1879 she issued a volume of verse, “ Risk, ” and other poems. She assisted Mr. Longfellow in the preparation of “ Poems of Places," translating several poems from the French for that volume, and dedicated in mem- ory of him “ The Cambridge Book of Poetry and Song,” a compilation published by her in 1882. Sire became a favorite lecturer and gave pleasura- ble readings from her own works. In 1891 she married Edouard Koge of New York. Her pen work continued to be published under her maiden name. BATES, David Stanhope, civil engineer, was born near Morristown, N. J., June 10, 1777, son of David Bates, an officer in the revolutionary army. He acquired an excellent education, abandoned his contemplated theological course, and made an extended study of mathematics. In 1810, he removed to Constantia, Oneida county, N. Y., where lie engaged as a surveyor, and soon after was appointed superintendent of the iron- works at Rotterdam. His evenings were passed in studying law, and he became judge of the common pleas of Oneida county. In 1817 he was appointed assistant engineer on the Erie canal, and until 1824 was employed by the state as division engineer. In 1825 he was made chief engineer of the system of canals of Ohio, and under his supervision six hundred and seventy miles of canal and feeder lines were located dur- ing one season. From 1825 to 1828 he also acted as chief engineer of the Louisville and Portland canal company. In March, 1829, he was appointed chief engineer in charge of the sur- veys and location of the Chenango canal from Utica to Binghampton, N. Y., and in 1830 sur- veyed the shore of the Alleghany river for a canal from Rochester to Olean. The following year lie made surveys for the location of a rail- road from Canandaigua to Rochester, and after- 122 ; wards constructed upon this route the Auburn and Rochester railroad. He next constructed the railroad from Rochester to Carthage, and was made engineer of the Niagara river hydraulic company. He then made surveys for a water power on the Niagara river, and in 1834 was made engineer-in-chief for surveying the Erie and Kalamazoo railroad in Michigan. He died in Rochester, N. Y., Nov. 28,1839. BATES, Edward, statesman, was born at Bel- mont, Goochland county, Va., Sept. 4, 1793, son of Thomas Fleming Bates. His education was acquired chiefly at Charlotte hall academy in Maryland. In 1812 he procured an appointment as midshipman, but was dissuaded by his mother from accepting it, and joined the militia of his native state. In 1814 he removed to Missouri, then a territory, and after studying law for two years began to practise in the town of St. Louis. He was soon appointed prosecuting attorney for his district, and held various local offices. In 1820 he was elected a member of the state constitutional convention, and was afterwards made prosecuting attorney, attorney -general, and district attorney. In 1822 he was elected to the state house of rep resentatives, and in 1827 took his seat as rep- resentative in the 20th U. S. Congress. In 1830 and in 1834 he served in the Missouri state legis- lature, and in 1847 was a delegate to the Chicago internal improvement convention. Meanwhile lie had established a large law practice in St. Louis, and through the able discharge of his various official duties had become known as a man of executive ability. The position of secre- tary of war was offered to him in 1850 by Presi- dent Fillmore, but he declined it. He was made judge of the land court of St. Louis in 1853 and in 1856 he was chairman of the Baltimore Whig presidential convention. He became a member of the Free Soil party and in 1859 his name was proposed as a presidential candidate, receiving, in the Republican convention of the following year, forty-eight votes on the first ballot. He was appointed by President Lincoln attorney- general, resigning the office in 1864 to resume his law practice in Missouri. He died in St. Louis. Mo., March 25, 1869. BATES, Isaac Chapman, statesman, was born at Granville, Mass., May 14. 1780. He was grad- uated from Yale college in 1802, studied law and practised at Northampton, Mass. He was elected to the state legislature, serving in both branches as well as on the executive council. In 1826 lie was elected a representative to the 20th Congress, and was re-elected to the 21st and 22d congresses, as an anti-Jackson Democrat. He was presidential elector in 1836 and again in 1840. In 1842 he became a United States senator, having been chosen to fill the vacancy BATES. BATTELLE. caused by the death of Senator John Davis. He was opposed to the admission of Texas and was chairman of the senate committee of pensions. He was a protectionist, and in 1844 advocated that policy in a speech in the senate. He died in Washington, D. C., March 16, 1845. BATES, Joshua, banker, was born at Wey- mouth, Mass., in 1788, only son of Joshua Bates, who was a colonel in the revolutionary army. The family was among the first to immigrate to New England, the name appearing as early as 1633 among the settlers of Plymouth county. There being no suitable school in Weymouth, he received his education from the town clergyman studying with him until he was fifteen years old. He then entered the employ of William Gray, of Boston, and won the respect of his employer by his remarkable business ability. The famous merchant asked his advice on matters usually considered too intricate for the comprehension of a boy. When only twenty-one years of age he was sent to London as agent of the firm, and here he still further won its admiration by his keenness and sagacity. He afterward estab- lished a banking-house in partnership with a son of Sir Thomas Baring, the business later being merged in the famous house of Baring Brothers & Co. In the points at issue between the gov- ernment of Great Britain and that of the United States, which grew out of the war of 1812, he was chosen as umpire by the joint commission, and His decisions were unquestioningly accepted by both parties. He was a lover of books, and a public benefactor in his discriminating charities. In 1852, when he learned of the establishment of the free public library in Boston, he donated $50,000 for the purchase of books of acknowledged stand- ard, to be at all times accessible to the public and kept in a room where at least one hundred readers could be comfortably seated. This bene- faction resulted in “Bates Hall,” in Boston Public Library, named in his honor. Mr. Bates afterwards added to his gift his library of over thirty thousand volumes, making his aggregate donation to the library amount to over 8100,000. He died in London, Eng., Sept. 24, 1864. BATES, Martin W., senator, was born at Salisbury, Conn., Feb., 24, 1787. He received a good English education and then began the study of medicine, which Ire later abandoned for that of law. After obtaining admission to the bar he began to practise at Dover, Del. He was elected a member of the state legislatui'e, being re-elected for several terms. In 1850 he was appointed a member of the state constitutional convention of Delaware. He was elected to the United States senate to succeed J. P. Comegys, who had been appointed to the vacancy occa- sioned by the death of J. M. Clayton. Senator Bates served from December, 1858, to the end of Senator Clayton's term, March 4, 1859, acting on the committees of pensions and revolu- tionary pensions, and died at Dover, Del., Jan. 1, 1869. BATES, Samuel Penniman, educator, was born at Mendon, Mass., Jan. 29, 1827. He was engaged in teaching at Milford, Mass., when six- teen years old, and, fitting himself for college, was graduated from Brown university in 1851 with the degree of A. M. He was occupied as a pri- vate tutor in 1851 and 1852. For five years fol- lowing he acted as principal of the academy at Meadville, Pa., and as instructor of a class of teachers to whom he lectured on the theory and practice of teaching, this being an embryo nor- mal school, and from 1857 to 1860 was superin- tendent of schools in Crawford county, Pa. This office lie resigned to become deputy superin- tendent of public instruction in Pennsylvania, and in 1866 he was appointed state historian by Governor Curtin. From 1874 to 1881 he acted as superintendent of schools in Meadville, Pa., travelling in England, Scotland, and on the con- tinent of Europe in 1877. He was president of the public library association from 1872 to 1880, a member of the Pennsylvania historical society, and a member of Crawford county historical society. His published writings include: “ Insti- tute Lectures on Mental and Moral Culture ” (1859); “Method of Teachers’ Institutes” (1862) ; articles on “ Physical Culture” (1862- "63); “Liberal Education” (1864); “ History of the Colleges of Pennsylvania ” ; “ History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers” (5 vols., 1866-'73); “ Lives of the Governors of Pennsylvania ” (1873) ; “ Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania ” (1875); “Battle of Gettysburg” (1878); “Life of Gen- eral O. B. Knowles” (1878); “History of Craw- ford County, Pennsylvania ” (1878) ; “ Battle of Chancellorsville ” (1882); “History of Pennsyl- vania”; “History of Greene County, Penn- sylvania”; “Digest of School Laws”; and contributions to volume twelve of the Encyclo- paedia Brittannica. He received ihe degree of LL.D. from Westminster college in 1862, and from Alleghany college in 1877. BATTELLE, Gordon, clergyman, was born at Newport, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1814. After his graduation from Alleghany college, in 1840. he studied for the Methodist ministry, and in 1842 was given a preacher’s license. The following year he was offered the position of principal of the Clarksburg, Va., academy, and accepted it, during which time he continued preaching and was made deacon and presiding elder. In 1856 he was elected a member of the general conference, and again in 1860, and at the outbreak of the civil war lie be- came a visitor to the camps located in western BATTERSHALL. BATTEY. Virginia. He was a pronounced abolitionist, and used his influence toward freeing West Virginia from slavery. He was a member of the Constitu- tional convention which met Nov. 24, 1861, and framed the constitution of the new state. He was chaplain of the 1st Virginia regiment from November, 1861, until the time of his death, which occurred in camp, Jan. 7, 1862. BATTERSHALL, Jesse Park, chemist, was born at Troy, N. Y., May 26, 1851. After a par- tial course of study at the Columbia college school of mines, he worked in some of the best German laboratories, where he became practically con- versant with the latest discoveries in chemistry and physics, and added to his theoretical knowl- edge by attending the lectures of Marignac at Geneva. In 1873 the University of Tubingen con- ferred upon him the degree of D.Sc., and shortly afterwards he returned to America and settled in New York city. He spent several years in the laboratories of various New York commercial houses, but in 1879 he accepted the position of superintendent of analysis at the government lab- oratory in New York city. He wrote frequent articles on chemistry for scientific periodicals, and a book entitled “ Adulteration of Food and Drink and Its Detection” (1887). He also trans- lated Naquet’s “Legal Chemistry” (1876). He was a member of several prominent scientific associations, including the American and London chemical societies. He died Jan. 12, 1891. BATTERSHALL, Walton W., clergyman, was born at Troy, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1840, son of Lud- low A. and Eustatia (Ward) Battershall. His father was a prominent merchant and president of the Union bank of Trov, N. Y., until 1866, when he removed to New York city. The son was graduated from the Kimball union acad- emy, Meriden, N. H., in 1858, and from Yale col- lege in 1864, as class poet, with the degree of M. A. He studied theology under Bishop Potter, who was at that time rector of St. John’s, Troy, in which church Dr. Battershall was ordained deacon. He was graduated from the General theological seminary, N. Y., in 1866, when he was also advanced to the priesthood. After serving two years as assistant minister at Zion church, N. Y., he took the rectorship of St. Thomas’ church, Ravenswood, N. Y., whence he was called to Christ church, Rochester, in 1869, where he served as rector for five years, being also a member of the standing committee of the diocese of western New York. In 1874 he was called to the rectorship of St. Peter’s church, Albany, N. Y. He received the degree of D.D. from Union col- lege in 1878. He served for several years as trustee of Hobart college, Geneva, a delegate to the triennial conventions, and a member of the diocesan board of missions. |224j BATTEY, Robert, surgeon, was born in Rich- mond county, Ga.. Nov. 26, 1828, son of Cephas and Mary (Magruder) Battey. He was educated at Augusta, Ga., and at Phillips academy. An- dover, Mass., and studied medicine at the Phila- delphia college of pharmacy, the University of Pennsylvania and the Jefferson medical college, graduating from the college of pharmacy in 1856. and from the Jefferson medical college in 1857. Soon after graduation he began practice at Rome. Ga., residing there during the rest of his life, except during an interval of two years, in which he filled the chair of obstetrics in the Atlanta medical college, and edited the Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal. In 1858 he devised a new and successful method of treating club foot by means of curved splints and roller bandage. In 1859 he suggested and successfully performed a new operation for the cure of vesico-vaginal fistula. He originated and introduced to the pro- fession a new combination known as iodized phenol, for the cure of chronic uterine diseases. In 1859 he visited Europe for study in the hospi- tals of Great Britain and France, and returned to America in time to take part in the civil war. In July, 1861, he was commissioned a surgeon in the Confederate states army with the rank of major, and served till the close of the war. In June, 1869, he performed successfully the opera- tion of perineal cystotomy for chronic cystitis, suggested by Dr. Willard Parker of New York. On Aug. 17, 1872, he originated and successfully performed at Rome, Ga., a new operation in surgery, since known as Battey's operation for the removal of the ovaries, afterwards recognized and performed all over the civilized world. In 1872 he discovered that water introduced by the rectum may (the subject being etherized) be read- ily passed into the living body, throughout the colon, the small intestines and stomach, coming out at the mouth; the entire practicability of which was afterwards demonstrated, first on the cadaver at the Atlanta medical college in Decem- ber, 1873, and later in actual practice by the pro- fession. In 1882 he established at Rome, Ga., one of the largest private infirmaries in the United States. He was president of the American gyne- cological society, of the medical association of Georgia, and of the tri-state medical association ; and a member of the American medical associa- tion, and -of the British gynecological society. He was also honorary fellow of the obstetrical society of Edinburgh, Scotland, the American gynecological society, the Philadelphia college of pharmacy, and the medical society of Virginia. He contributed papers to medical societies and journals in Europe and America. In 1S59 the Jefferson medical college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. He died Nov. 8, 1895. BATTLE. BATTLE. BATTLE, Archibald J., educator, was born at Powelton, Hancock county, Ga., Sept. 10, 1826, son of Dr. Cullen Battle, a prominent Baptist lay- man in Georgia, one of the founders of Mercer university, and widely known for his wealth and benefactions. The son was graduated from the University of Alabama in 1846, and first en- gaged in educational work as principal of the Eufaula academy. He was tutor of ancient lan- guages at the University of Alabama, 1847-52, and held a chair in the East Alabama female col- lege in 1852-’55. He entered the Baptist ministry in 1853 as minister of the Tuskegee Baptist church, and in 1855 assumed the pastorate of the Tusca- loosa Baptist church. In 1856 educational work again claimed him. and he returned to the Uni- versity of Alabama to become professor of Greek. He founded the Alabama Central female college, of which he was president in 1860. At the close of the civil war he re-established and became president of the Judson female institute, Marion, Ala., 1865-71, after which he was president of Mercer university from 1871-89. In 1872 the doc- torate of divinity was conferred upon him by Howard college, Ala., and Columbian college, Washington, D. C., and by the University of Georgia in 1873. In 1883 Mississippi college con- ferred on him the degree of LL.D. He published “The Human Will,” “Lectures on Memory,” “ Imagination.” “ Man the Image of God.” “ The Sun,” and “The Sabbath of Creation.” In 1890 he left Macon to accept the presidency of Shorter college, Rome, Ga. BATTLE, Kemp Plummer, educator, was born near Louisburg, Franklin county, N. C., Dec. 19. 1831, son of William Horn and Lucy (Plummer) Battle. He was graduated at the university of North Carolina in 1849, with first honors in a class of distinguished graduates. Immediately there- after he was elected tutor in the university, but, on being admitted to the bar in 1854, he resigned, and soon acquired an extensive legal practice. In politics he was an old-line Whig, and a decided friend of the union, and in consequence of his powerful presentation of the dangers and disasters which would attend secession, he came, in 1860, within only three votes of an election to the legis- lature in a strong Democratic county. A cam- paign document prepared by him was so highly approved by the Whig executive committee, that fifty thousand copies of it were printed and cir- culated; but when President Lincoln, in April, 1861, called upon North Carolina for her quota of the seventy-five thousand men to assist in coer- cing the seceding states, Dr. Battle, in common with nearly all the Whig leaders, cast his lot with the southern Confederacy. He was elected to the secession convention of North Carolina, and signed the ordinance just below the name of [ 225 ] George E. Badger. In 1866 he was elected treas- urer of the state, and again in 1867 ; and in 1876 he was chosen president of the University of North Carolina, filling the office with great ability until June, 1891, when he resigned it to take the more congenial position of professor of history. In 1870 he was appointed state superintendent of public instruction. He also filled the office of director of the insane asylum and president of the state agricultural society. As a delegate to the general convention of the Episcopal church in 1865, he aided in reuniting that denomination throughout the United States. He was for many years treas- urer and trustee of the St. Augustine normal school for the colored race. The degree of LL.D. was awarded him by Davidson college. N. C. Dr. Battle is the author of various historical monographs, among which are: “History of the Supreme Court of North Carolina” (1883); “ History of the City of Raleigh ” (1893) ; “ His- tory of the University of North Carolina.” “ Trials and Judicial Proceedings in the New Testament.” •■The Colonial Laymen of the Church of England in North Carolina,” and “ Fifty Years’ History of the Episcopal Church in Nortli Carolina." BATTLE, William Horn, jurist, was born in Edgecombe county, N. C., Oct. 17, 1802, son of Joel and Mary (Johnston) Battle. He was grad- uated at the University of Nortli Carolina at the age of eighteen; then began the study of law under Chief Justice Henderson, and at the age of twenty-one was admitted to the bar. He repre- sented Franklin county in the legislature in 1833 and 1834. and. associated with Mr. Devereux, re- ported the decisions of the supreme court of N. C., from 1834 to 1840. In 1835 he was ap- pointed one of the commissioners to revise the statutes of the state. He was appointed a judge of the superior court in 1840; in 1843 was elected professor of law in the University of N. C., and in 1848 was appointed associate justice of the supreme court, but failing an election by the legis- lature at the next session, was by it elected a judge of the superior court. In 1852 he was again elevated to the supreme bench, which dis- tinguished position he held with great credit until a new court was established in 1868. In 1873 Judge Battle, by selection of the legislature, again collated the statute law under the title of “Battle’s Revisal.” He ranked very high as a jurist, and is said to have had a most reten- tive memory, being able to recall in a moment the names of all the leading cases in England and the United States. He was married June 4, 1825, to Lucy Martin, daughter of Kemp Plummer, who was descended from Col. Nicholas Long, com- missary-general of N. C. in the revolutionary war. He died at Chapel Hill, N. C., March 14, 1879. BAUSMON. BAXTER. BAUQHER, Henry L„ educator, was born in Abbottstown, Pa., about 1805. In 1825 he was graduated from Dickinson college, Carlisle. He became a Lutheran preacher and held a pastorate at Boonesboro, Md. In 1830 lie was principal of a classical school at Gettysburg. The school was made a college in 1832, and he was given the chair of Greek and belles let t res. In 1850 he was made president of the college, and so remained till his death, April 14, 1868. BAUSMON, Benjamin, clergyman, was born at Lancaster, Pa., Jan. 28, 1824. He was educated at Marshall college, Pa., and studied theology at the seminary at Mercersburg, Pa., leaving the latter in 1852. His first pastorate was at Lewisburg, Pa. In 1858 he became editor of the Reformed Mes- senger. He subsequently held pastorates at Chambersburg and Reading. He was delegated by his denomination to the Reformed diet at Lu- beck in 1856. and to the council of the alliance of Reformed churches at Belfast in 1884. His lead- ing published works are : “ Sinai and Zion "(I860), and “ Wayside Gleanings in Europe ” (1876). BAXTER, Annie White, county clerk, was born in Pittsbui'g, Pa., March 2, 1864. Her edu- cation was commenced in Newark, Ohio, and completed in the High school at Carthage, Mo., where she was graduated in 1882, and in the autumn of the same year became assistant clerk in the county clerk’s office. Her efficient services were so well appreciated that in November, 1885, she was sworn and appointed a regular deputy clerk of the county court. She was married to Mr. C. W. Baxter of Carthage in 1888. and with- drew for a time into private life. In 1890 she was nominated by the Democrats for county clerk, the farmers of the county casting their votes for her regardless of party, and the miners at Joplin Hocking to the polls singing “Little Annie Rooney ” and voting for their favorite, and she was elected with a majority of 463 votes, being the first woman in the United States elected as county clerk. Her election was contested, but was confirmed by the courts, and she served the full term of four years. BAXTER, Elisha, governor of Arkansas, was born in Rutherford county, N. C., Sept. 1. 1827. After receiving a common-school education he removed to Batesville, Ark., and in 1853 became mayor of that town. He was a state legislator in 1854 and in 1858; a colonel in the Federal army in 1863, commanding the 4th Arkansas mounted infantry, and a judge of the third district court of Arkansas from 1868 to 1872. He was elected a United States senator in 1867, but was not per- mitted to take his seat, Arkansas not having been re-admitted into the Union. In 1872 he was de- clared the successful candidate for governor of the state and entered upon the duties of his office [ 226 ] when his opponent, Joseph Brooks, contested the election, and applied in turn to the United States circuit court, the state legislature and the state supreme court for redress, and being unsuccess- ful, brought suit in the circuit court of the state in 1874, and obtained a judgment in the absence of Governor Baxter’s counsel. Brooks then un- dertook to forcibly take possession of the office. An armed encounter between the adherents of the two claimants took place, and blood was shed before the United States troops arrived on the scene and put an end to the disturbance. After a legal opinion from Attorney-General Wil- liams, the Baxter government was recognized by President Grant. Although he had been elected for four years he relinquished his office when, at the end of his second year, a change in the state constitution reduced the term of the governor’s tenure of office from four years to two. for which he was criticised by his party. BAXTER, Henry, soldier, was born at Sidney Plains, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1821. He received a dis- trict school education, went to California in 1848, crossing the plains with a party of thirty men and ox-teams, being captain of the pioneers. He afterwards settled in Michigan, where, at the opening of the civil war, he raised a company, was assigned to the 7tli Michigan infantry, made captain, and in the following year was promoted lieutenant-colonel. At Fredericksburg he was wounded while making a sortie to dislodge Con- federate sharpshooters, and was promoted briga- dier-general of volunteers, March 12, 1863. He was afterward wounded at Antietam and in the Wilderness, had two horses shot under him, and many times distinguished himself for bravery in action. At the end of the war was brevetted major-general of volunteers. President Johnson appointed him United States minister to Hon- duras in 1866, and he returned to the United States in 1869. He died Dec. 30, 1873. BAXTER, James Phinney, philanthropist, was born at Gorham, Me., March 23, 1831. He received his early education in the schools of Portland, at an academy at Lynn, Mass., and finished his studies under private tutors. Abandoning his intention to enter the legal pro- fession, he engaged in mercantile enterprises which proved successful, and his wealth enabled him to gratify his philanthropic spirit. He organized and was the first president of the associated charities of Portland, of the Portland society of art. and of the Gorges publication society : and he built and donated to the city its public library building, in which the Maine historical society has accommodations for its library and collections. He accepted many offices of trust, including trus- tee of the Portland savings bank, vice-president of the Portland trust company, president of BAXTER. BAYARD. Merchants national bank, one of the board of overseers of Bowdoin college, president of the Maine historical society, the Portland public library, and the Portland publishing company. Throughout his ac- tive business life he found time to devote to study and authorship. His early contributions were to the New York Home Journal and other first-class publi cations. He became widely known as a lecturer, and several poems de- livered by him on public occasions were widely published, including one delivered in 1882, on the occasion of the celebration of the seventy- fifth anniversary of the birth of the poet Long- fellow by the Maine historical society, and another on the celebration of the eighty-fourth anniversary of the birth of the venerable Profes- sor Packard, Longfellow’s tutor, at Bowdoin college. In 1889, on the occasion of the centen- nial celebration by the city of Portland of the adoption of the Federal constitution, he delivered the oration. At the World’s congress in Chicago in 1893, he read before the American historical association a paper on “ The Present Status of Pre-Columbian Discovery,” which elicited warm commendation. He was elected mayor of the BAXTER LIBRARY. city of Portland in 1893, and to his administration Portland owes her model high school building, the introduction of manual training into her public schools, and many important reforms in municipal management. In 1881 Bowdoin col- lege conferred upon him the honorary degree of A.M. His published books include: “Idyls of the Year, Poems” (1884); “George Cleeve and His Times” (1885); “The British Invasion from the North” (1887); “ Documentary History of Maine” (1889); “Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine” (1890); “Christopher Levitt, the Pioneer Colonist of Casco Bay ” (1893), and “The Pioneers of New France in New England” (1894). BAXTER, John, jurist, was born in North Carolina in 1819. He practised law in North Carolina until 1857, when he took up his resi- dence in Knoxville, Tenn. He was several times elected to the house of representatives of the state legislature, was speaker, and a judge of the supreme court. He was a firm Union man during the civil war, and a member of the Republican party. He acted as chairman of the judiciary committee of the state constitutional convention in 1870, and in 1877 was made a judge of the sixth judicial district by President Hayes. He died April 2, 1886. BAXTER, Lydia, poet, was born at Peters- burg, Rensselaer county, N. Y., Sept. 2, 1809. She is chiefly known as the author of “ The Gates Ajar,” and other Sunday -school hymns, which became widely known and very popular. In 1855 she published a book of poems, prin- cipally of a religious character, entitled “ Gems by the Wayside. ” She died in New York city, Jan. 23, 1874. BAXTER, Marion Babcock, lecturer, was born at Litchfield, Mich., April 12, 1850, daugh- ter of A. E. Babcock, an Adventist preacher. Her mother was a woman of rare gifts and marked Christian character. At twenty years of age she delivered her first public address at Jonesville, Mich. It attracted wide and favor- able attention, and fixed her vocation as a lec- turer. From that time she was constantly before the public, speaking to large audiences in all parts of the country, temperance generally being her theme. She became a prominent member of the women’s Christian temperance union, and also of the national W. C. T. U. lec- ture bureau. In 1891 she was elected state presi- dent of the White Rose clubs of Michigan, a partisan organization of women, for the support of the Prohibition party. She has written several poems. BAYARD, George Dashiell, soldier, was born at Seneca Falls, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1835, son of Samuel J. Bayard. His parents removed to Iowa, and his early education was acquired at a mil- itary school in that state, where he became an expert swordsman under the instruction of [ 227 ] BAYARD. BAYARD. Colonel Korponay, an exiled Hungarian soldier. He entered the United States military academy, where he was graduated in 1856, and assigned to the 1st cavalry. He passed some years in frontier duty and in 1861 was appointed cavalry instructor at West Point. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in the 3d cavalry, 16th March, and captain in the 4th cavalry, Aug. 20, 1861, and granted leave of absence to join the vol- unteer service as colonel of the 1st Pennsyl- vania cavalry, Sept. 14, 1861; was promoted brigadier-general April 28, 1862, and was dis- tinguished for his daring in reconnoissances during the campaigns of the Shenandoah, North- ern Virginia, and Rappahannock. He fell at Fredericksburg, fatally wounded, and died the day after the battle, Dec. 14, 1862. BAYARD, James Asheton, 2d., statesman, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 28, 1767; son of Dr. James Asheton. His descent is traced directly from Anna Bayard, sister of Peter Stuy- vesant. He was early orphaned and was brought up by his father’s twin-brother, Col. John Bayard. He was educated at Princeton, graduating in 1784, after which he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and established himself in his profes- sion at Wilmington, Del. He was elected a representative to the 5th U. S. Congress in 1796, on the Federalist ticket, and was re-elected to the 6th, 7th and 8th congresses. He took a lead- ing part in the large questions that came before the house, notably, in his management of the impeachment of William Blount of North Caro- lina for his share in instigating the Creek and Cherokee Indians to aid the British in their ef- forts to conquer the Spanish possessions in Lou- isiana. He was instrumental as the leader of the Federalist party in the house of represen- tatives in securing, with the aid of Hamilton, the election of Jefferson as president in 1801. He was appointed minister to France by Adams early in 1801, but declined to serve after the senate had confirmed the appointment. He was well versed in constitutional law, and keen to resent any in- fringement of its principles, always opposing with much vigor any measures which appeared to lead to that end, as he did the repeal of the judiciary bill in the 7th Congress. He was elected United States senator in 1804, to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of William Hill Wells, and was re-elected in 1807. During his senatorial career he strenuously opposed the declaration of war against Great Britain, and in 1813 was appointed by President Madison on the joint commission with John Quincy Adams to negotiate peace through the mediation of Russia ; on the refusal of England to accept Russia as a mediator he was made a member of the new commission appointed Jan. 18, 1814. which met at Ghent, where the treaty of peace was signed. Dec. 24, 1814. He had taken a very prominent part in the negotiations at Ghent, and was on the eve of a journey to London with the other com- missioners to arrange a treaty of commerce, the preliminaries of which had already been contem- plated, when he was seized with severe illness which necessitated his return to America. He died in Wilmington, Del., Aug. 6. 1815. BAYARD, James Asheton, 3d, statesman, was born in Wilmington. Del., Nov. 15, 1799, second son of Janies Asheton Bayard, statesman. He received a classical education, studied law. and was admitted to the bar. In 1837 he was made United States attorney for Delaware, hold- ing the office for four years. He was elected United States senator in 1851 as a Democrat to succeed Senator Wales, a Whig, and was re- elected in 1857 and 1863, and on March 4tli of that year, being asked to take “ the iron-clad oath,” he protested, considering it a violation of the constitution and an indignity to his state. He then took the oath, resigned his seat in the senate, G. R. Riddle being elected to fill the vacancy, and after his death, in 1867, the legis- lature elected Mr. Bayard to fill out the unex- pired term, and at the same session elected his son, Thomas Francis, as his successor on March 4, 1869. Senator Bayard was a very promi- nent factor in all the affairs of the United States during his connection with the senate. He was strictly upright in public and private life, and was a man of marked ability. He died at Wil- mington. Del., June 13, 1880. BAYARD, John, patriot, was born at Bohemia Manor, Cecil county, Md., Aug. 11. 1738. He was the fourth in descent from Samuel Bayard of Amsterdam, whose widow accompanied her brother, Peter Stuyvesant. when he came as governor to New Amsterdam, in 1647. The fam ilies were doubly related, as Peter Stuyvesant married Judith, the sister of Samuel Bayard. The Bayards, however, were not Hollanders, but of French Huguenot extraction. Mrs. Bayard brought with her to the new world her four young children. Samuel, the son of Peter, and grandson of the original Samuel, settled in 1698 at Bohemia Manor, Md., having broken with his family on ac count of religious differences. John went with liis twin-brother. James Asheton. to Philadelphia in 1756. where he entered commercial life and became a prosperous merchant. He seems to have pos sessedinits full measure the uprightness of char- acter which has distinguished the family. In 1770 his brother, James Asheton. a physician, died, leaving four children, whom he adopted and edu- cated with his own. John Bayard was prominent in public affairs, was one of the first members of theSonsof Liberty, founded in 1766. anda member BAYARD. BAYARD. oftlie provincial congress in 1744. In conjunction with a friend he fitted out a privateer, and his firm furnished many of the arms used by the patriots of the revolution. He was chosen colonel of one of the regiments raised in his city in 1775, and the following winter saw active service fighting at Brandywine, Germantown and Princeton, and received personal compliments from Washington for his bravery in battle. He served on the state board of war in 1777, and in the same year was made speaker of the state assembly, being re- elected in 1778. He was a member of the state revenue committee in 1780, the year follow- ing was chosen one of the supreme executive council, and in 1785 took his seat in the Con- tinental Congress, which met in New York. At the close of the revolutionary war the losses he had sustained obliged him to sell his property in Cecil county, Md., and having ceased to do busi- ness in Philadelphia, he removed to New Jersey and settled at New Brunswick, where he was re- nowned for his generous hospitality. In 1790 he was chosen mayor of New Brunswick, and was afterwards presiding judge of Somerset county court of common pleas. For several years he was interested with others in the manufacture of cotton at Paterson, but retired from business in 1795. Colonel Bayard was thrice married: to Margaret Hodge, who died in 1780 ; to Mrs. Hodg- son, widow of John Hodgson, who died in 1785; and to Johannah, sister of Gen. Anthony W. White, of New Brunswick. He was a consistent Federalist and somewhat of an aristocrat. He died in New Brunswick, N. J., Jan. 7, 1807. BAYARD, Nicholas, colonial official, was born in Alphen, Holland, about 1644; son of Samuel Bayard, a rich merchant of Amsterdam, and after the death of his father came to America with his mother and his uncle, Peter Stuyvesant, the last governor of New Amsterdam, in 1647. Nicholas was educated by his mother, a culti- vated woman of great natural ability. He was private secretary to his uncle, the governor, and about the same time was chosen clerk of the common council, and surveyor of the province. He took for his wife, in 1666, Judith Verlet, a sister of his mother’s second husband, who had, in 1662, been imprisoned as a witch in Hart ford, Conn. In 1673 Nicholas Bayard held office as secretary of the province, and when the Eng- lish for the second time obtained possession of New York, in 1685, he was mayor of that city, and also sat in Governor Dongan’s council, and framed the Dongan charter, granted in 1685. When Andros, the reinstated governor, came to New York in 1688, Bayard met and escorted him with a regiment of militia of which he was colonel. As a prominent personage in the gov- ernor's council and commander-in-chief of the [2 militia, he inspired the insurrectionist Leisler with peculiar animosity, and when the rebellion which the latter headed was at its height, Bayard was compelled to flee for his life, taking refuge in Albany. Returning from Albany to visit his sick child, he was arrested and imprisoned, but was released on the arrival of Governor Slough - ter, and made a councillor. Colonel Bayard was implicated in the Captain Kidd piracies, in con- nection with Lord Bellomont, the new governor. He went to England, where he proved himself guiltless of the imputation. Later, however, he narrowly escaped death, being accused by the followers of his old enemy, Leisler, of a scheme to establish popery and slavery in New York; he was foimd guilty of high treason and sentenced to death by Chief Justice Atwood, but at this crisis the wheel of fortune again revolved ; King William died, the chief justice fled, and Colonel Bayard's position and property were restored to him. With Lieutenant Lodowick he wrote and published a “ Journal of the Late Action of the French in Canada,” of which only two copies of the original edition are preserved. It was repub- lished in 1866. He died in New York city in 1707. BAYARD, Richard Henry, statesman, was born at Wilmington, Del., Sept. 8, 1796; the eldest son of James Ashetcn Bayard, Federalist. After his graduation from Princeton, in 1814, he studied law and was admitted to practice in Wilmington. In 1836 lie was elected to a seat in the U. S. senate, made vacant by the resigna- tion of Arnold Naudam, and resigned September, 1839, to accept the chief justiceship of Delaware, being re-elected in December, 1839, for the full term, which he served out. His last public office was that of charge d'affaires at Brussels, which he held from 1850 to 1853. He married a grand daughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 4, 1868. BAYARD, Samuel, jurist, was born in Philadel- phia, Pa., Jan. 11, 1767 ; the fourth son of John and Margaret (Hodge) Bayard. After his graduation from Princeton college, in 1784, as valedictorian, he studied law and established an excellent practice in his native city. He became interested and prominent in politics, and was made clerk of the supreme court of the United States in 1791. From 1794 to 1798 he represented the United States government in London, as its agent, to prosecute American claims before the admiralty courts. Upon his return he practised law at New Rochelle, N. Y., receiving the appointment of presiding judge of Westchester county. From 1803 to 1806 he resided and practised in New York city, and the year after his removal to that city helped to establish the New York historical soci- ety. He also aided in the organization of the American Bible society and the New' Jersey 29 ] BAYARD. BAYLES. Bible society. He removed to Princeton, N. J., in 1806, and was a member of the house of assembly. Among his published works are: “A Digest of American Cases on the Law of Evi- dence ” ( 1810) ; “ An Abstract of the Laws of the United States, which Relate to the Duties and Authority of Judges of Inferior State Courts and Justices of the Peace ” (1834), and “ Letters on the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper ” (1835). He died in Princeton, N. J., May 12, 1840. BAYARD, Thomas Francis, diplomatist, was born at Wilmington, Del., Oct. 29, 1828; son of James Asheton Bayard, senator. In 1841 he en- tered Dr. F. L. Hawks’s famous school, St. Thomas hall, at Flushing, L. I., where he remained until the school finally closed, in 1843. On his return from school he passed a year and a half in the counting-room of h i s brother-in-law, Augustus Van Cort- land Scliermerhorn, in New York city, re- moving at the end of that time to Philadel- phia, where he en- tered the employ of S. Morris Wain, a mer- chant. He returned to Delaware in 1848, where, after studying law, he was admitted to the bar, in 1851. His first public office was that of -United States attorney for Dela- ware, to which he was appointed in 1853, and which he resigned in 1854, and removed to Phila- delphia, where, in co-partnership with William Shippen, Jr., he resinned the practice of the law. Upon the death of Mr. Shippen, in 1856, Mr. Bayard returned to Wilmington, Del In 1861 he made a memorable peace speech at Dover, Del., and succeeded his father as United States senator on the expiration of his term, March 3, 1869, his election being on the same day and by the same legislature that elected his father to fill out the short term made vacant by the death of Senator Riddle. He was re-elected in 1875 and in 1881. During his senatorial career, which lasted until 1884. he was prominent on the most impor- tant committees of that body. In 1 876— *77 he was one of t lie commission to decide the electoral vote of the disputed stat es. He was nominated as a can- didate before the Democratic convention for the presidency of the U. S. in 1880 and 1884. In 1885 President Cleveland appointed him secretary of state, and he served with great ability through- out Cleveland’s first administration, at the close of which, in 1889, he retired to private life. In 1230J 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland ambassador to Great Britain. Lord Salisbury, in 1896, sent Mr. Bayard an advance copy of the official reply of Great Britain to the inquiry of the U. S. government concerning the Venezuelan dispute, and this courtesy was considered symp- tomatic of the high measure of esteem accorded him in British official circles. In 1895 Lord Sack- ville, the British minister, who had been recalled at the demand of President Cleveland in 1889 for an official indiscretion in writing a political letter during the presidential campaign of 1888, issued a pamphlet attacking Mr. Bayard; the British press and people strongly condemned Lord Sackville’s action, the result being an acces- sion of popularity on the part of Mr. Bayard. In December, 1895, Representative Barrett of Massa- chusetts asked for the impeachment of Mr. Bay- ard for “ high crimes and misdemeanors," because of utterances in certain speeches made at Edin- burgh, Scotland, and Boston, England, which were construed into an attack on the policy of protection. The words “by impeachment or otherwise ” being struck out, the amended resolu- tion, after the preamble had been withdrawn, was adopted and referred to the committee on foreign affairs. The freedom of the city of Dun- dee, Scotland, was presented to Mr. Bayard, Nov. 13, 1895, and at the opening of the Haashalter water-color exhibition in London, Mr. Bayard made the inaugural speech. The degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon him by Oxford uni- versity, June 24, 1896, and he was further honored in the peaceful adjudication of the Venezuelan difficulties by arbitration. BAYLES, James C., journalist, was born in New York city, July 3, 1845. In 1862 he entered the army and served for two years with the rank of 2d lieutenant. He was compelled to resign at the end of that time on account of illness, and in 1865 he began his career as a journalist by assuming editorial charge of the New Y’ork Citizen. He remained in this position for two years, then edited the Commercial Bulletin for a year; for the ensuing three years he was editor of the Iron Age, and in 1874 founded and edited The JSIetai Worker. Besides his regular work in journalism he experimented in physics and chem- istry, becoming an active and interested member of the American institute of mining engineers, of which he was twice made president, and he contributed several papers to its “Transac- tions.” Among them are : " Explosion from L T n- known Causes,” “ Spirally-Welded Steel Tubes ” and “ Spirally -Welded Tubing. " His articles on sanitary reform attracted much attention, and resulted in improved sanitary conditions in New Jersey. The sewer system in New Jersey being so faulty as to need extensive alterations, BAYLEY BAYLEY. it was decided to construct an entirely new sys- tem, and Mr. Bayles was made a commissioner to plan and carry on the work. He was a forcible and pithy speaker, presenting his subject in in- teresting and comprehensive form. He lectured extensively in New York. New Jersey and else- where. and in 1886 lectured before the Sibley school of engineering, Cornell university. He held various offices of honor and responsi- bility. among them that of president of the New Jersey state sanitary association. Among his published writings are: “House Drainage and Water Service in Cities, Villages, etc., With Considerations of Causes Affecting the Healthful- ness of Dwellings” (1878); “The Study of Iron and Steel (1884) ; “ Causes of Industrial Depression ” (1884) ; “ Industrial Competition (1885) ; “ Iron Manufacture in the Southern States” (1885); “The Engineer and the Wage- Earner ” (1885); “Professional Ethics” (1886), and “ The Shop Council ” (1886). BAYLEY, James Roosevelt, R. C. archbishop, was born in New York city, Aug. 23, 1814; grand- son of Dr. Richard Bayley, professor of anatomy of Columbia college. His preparatory education was acquired at Mount Pleasant school near Amherst, after which he entered Trinity college, Hartford, where he was graduated in 1835. His first idea was to make medicine his vocation, thus following his father and grandfather, who had both attained eminence in that profession. He abandoned the study at the close of his first year, since his preference had turned unmistakably towards the church, and resolved to study for the ministry, accomplishing his purpose under the tuition of Rev. Samuel F. Jarvis at Middleton, Conn. He was ordained a priest and appointed rector of the Protestant Episcopal church in Harlem, a position which he filled during the years 1840-'41. When the cholera broke out, Mr. Bayley was distinguished for the activity and humanity of the aid he rendered the sufferers. Religious doubts which had long assailed him caused him at the end of the year 1841 to resign his rectorship and repair to Rome, and on April 28, 1842, he was received into the Roman Catholic church. He began a theological course in the Seminary of St. Sulpice, but was recalled to America by Bishop Hughes, who ordained him a priest in 1844. In 1845 he became vice-president of St. John’s college, Fordham, and in 1846 its president. In this year he was made pastor of a church on Staten Island, near the quarantine station, and chaplain of the fever ships anchored there. As private secretary to Bishop Hughes he gave valuable assistance in maturing the bishop’s plans to promote the growth of the diocese of New York. He also collated and arranged valuable historical matter concerning the early days of the [ 231 ] Catholic church in New York. He was, at the suggestion of Bishop Hughes, made first bishop of Newark in 1853, and rapidly converted it from a weak missionary district into one of the most prosperous of the American dioceses. Bishop Bayley founded Seton hall college, at Orange, N. J., in 1856, and a theological seminary, which was later attached to the college. He established St. Elizabeth’s convent at Madison, N. J., for the education of young girls, having brought from Europe a colony of nuns whom he placed in charge. He introduced into his diocese the re- ligious orders of the Passionists, Dominicans, and Augustinians, and founded the priory of the Benedictine monks. He travelled in Europe and the Holy Land, and was present at Rome, in his official capacity, at the canonization of the Japanese martyrs, in 1862; at the centenary of the Apostles in 1867 ; and of the Ecumenical council in 1869. The notes taken during his travels were given to his flock in the form of lectures. In 1872 he was, by a papal brief, trans- lated to the archiepiscopal see of Baltimore, the highest honor the church had to offer in the United States, and in October, 1872, was installed in the cathedral at Baltimore and invested with the pallium by Archbishop McCloskey of New York. His work ever continued earnest and enthusiastic, though his health steadily declined. He was consecrated apostolic delegate in 1875, and was appointed by the Holy Father to confer the beretta upon Cardinal McCloskey, and the same year to bestow the pallium on Archbishop Wood of Philadelphia. In 1876 he consecrated St. Mary’s cathedral, having succeeded in entirely freeing it from debt. In 1877 Archbishop Bayley repaired to the hot baths at Vichy, hoping to re- gain a measure of health. He was, however, obliged to return to America worse than when he left, and soon afterwards died. His best known literary works were a sketch of the “ History of the Catholic Church on the Island of New York,” “ Memoirs of Simon Gabriel Brutd, First Bishop of Vincennes,” and “Pastorals for the People. ” He died in New Jersey Oct. 3, 1877. BAYLEY, Richard, physician, was born at Fairfield, Conn., in 1745. He acquired his medi- cal training in bis native country and his hospital experience in England, and began practice as a physician and surgeon in New York city in 1772. After practising three years, during which time he introduced radical changes in the ordinary treatment of croup, he returned to Lon- don and studied there for a year. Upon his re- turn he attached himself to the British army in the capacity of military surgeon under General Howe, retaining his commission until 1777, when he resigned and resumed bis private practice in New York city. In 1792-'93 he occupied the chair BAYLIES. BAZIN. of anatomy at Columbia college, and in 1793 be- came professor of surgery in the same institu- tion. He delivered several courses of lectures on surgery, and published the results of his experi- ence in practice in “A View of the Croup ” (1781), and “ An Account of the Epidemic Fever which Prevailed in New York in 1795 ” (1796). As health officer of the port of New York he established stringent laws of quarantine, and made general improvements in sanitary matters under his control. He maintained, in 1797, that yellow fever was not contagious, but due entirely to local causes. He died of ship fever on Staten Island, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1811. BAYLIES, Francis, lawyer, was born at Taunton, Mass., Oct. 16, 1783; son of William Baylies, M.D., one of the founders of the Massa- chusetts medical society. He received an academic education, and after studying law was admitted to the bar and began practice. He was made register of probate for Bristol county in 1812, holding the office for eight years. In 1820 he was elected a representative from Massachu- setts in the 17th U. S. Congress, and was re-elected to the 18th and 19th congresses. On his return home he was made a member of the house of rep- resentatives in the state legislature, and held his seat by re-election until 1832, when he was ap- pointed by President Jackson as charge d'affaires to the Argentine Republic. In 1835 he was again elected to tire state legislature, and served one term. He is the author of “ Historical Memoir of the Colony of New Plymouth ” (2 vols., 1830). He died Oct. 28, 1852. BAYLIES, William, physician, was born ax Uxbridge, Mass., Dec. 5, 1743. He was graduated from Harvard university in 1760, and after study- ing medicine established a large practice at Dighton, Mass. He was a man of progress and activity, aiding in establishing the Massachusetts medical society, and holding membership in the Massachusetts state historical society and the Academy of arts and sciences. He was also prom- inent in politics, being elected in 1775 a mem- ber of the Massachusetts provincial congress, and a member of the state convention which adopted the Federal constitution. In 1783 he represented his district in the State senate, and was a repre- sentative in the 9th and 10th U. S. congresses from 1805 to 1809. He died at Dighton, Mass., June 17, 1826. BAYLOR, Frances Courtenay, author, was born at Fayetteville, Ark., Jan. 20, 1848. She travelled in Europe from 1865 to 1867, when she returned to the United States and wrote for the periodicals. In 1873~'74 she resided in England, gathering literary material. Her book, “ On Both Sides,” brought her fame, and she afterwards published “ Juan and Juanita ” (1886), and “ Be- hind the Blue Ridge” (1887), which were like- wise successful, passing through many editions in America and England. BAYLOR, George, soldier, was born at New- market, Va., Jan. 12,1752. He joined the revolu- tionary army at the beginning of the war, serving first as aide-de-camp to General Washington. He was given a horse by Congress, in appreciation of his services both in the attack on the Hessians at Ti-enton, N. J., and in his prompt announce- ment to Congress of the news of the victory. In January, 1777, he was promoted colonel, and in 1778 was captured by General Grey at Tappan, N. Y., with his entire command, after sixty- seven had been killed, and he was held a pris- oner for some time. Subsequently he was placed in command of the Virginia cavalry, and served until the end of the war. A serious lung wound, received at Tappan, finally resulted in his death in Bridgetown, Barbadoes, W. I., whither he had gone in search of health. He died in March, 1784. BAYLOR, Robert Emmett Bledsoe, jurist, was born in Lincoln county, Ky., May 10, 1793. Several of his ancestors were military officers in the Continental army. His law studies were in- terrupted by the war of 1812, in which he took an active part, but upon the restoration of peace he resumed them, was admitted to the bar, and soon enjoyed a comfortable practice. He became a member of the Kentucky state legislature in 1819, but resigned the office in 1820, upon his removal to Alabama. In 1824 he was elected to the Alabama legislature, and from 1829 to 1831 represented his district in the 21st Congress. As commander of a regiment of Alabamians he ren- dered brilliant service in quelling the disturb- ances on the state borders during the Creek war. Later he removed to Texas, then a republic, and was made a judge of the district and supreme courts. After annexation he took an active interest in the growth and development of the state and its institutions, and was a member of the convention which formulated the state con- stitution, and for a quarter of a century he was one of the district judges of the new state. Bay- lor county and Baylor university were both named in his honor, and to the latter he gave a large tract of land and a handsome sum of money. He died at Gay Hill, Texas, Jan. 6, 1874. BAZIN, John S., R. C. bishop, was born at France, 1796. He acquired his education and was ordained in France. Removing to the United States in 1830, he was assigned to the diocese of Mobile, Ala., under Bishop Portier, where his benevolence and urbanity procured him the es- teem and respect of all classes of the community, regardless of sect or creed. After his appoint- ment as vicar-general of Mobile he devoted his time largely to the founding of charitable institu- 1 232 J BEACH. BEACH. tions, in which, he was eminently successful. In 1846, feeling the need of more, help in his educa- tional enterprises, he journeyed to France, and there procured Jesuit fathers to take charge of St. Joseph's college at Spring Hill, and a company of Brothers of the Sacred Heart for St. Mary’s male orphan asylum. In 1847 he was nominated by the sixth council of Baltimore for the see of Vincennes, rendered vacant by the resignation of Bishop De La Hailandiere. He was consecrated at Vincennes, and died there April 23, 1848. BEACH, Alfred E., journalist, was born at Springfield, Mass., in 1826; son of Moses Y. Beach, who established the New York Sun. After obtaining an academic education at Monson, Mass., he entered his father’s office, where he ac- quired a practical knowledge of newspaper work. In 1846 he founded, with Orson D. Munn, a former schoolmate, the firm of Munn & Co., publishers, as- suming control of the Scientific American, which at that time was the only weekly journal of a scientific character published in America. For nearly fifty years Mr. Beach was active in the ed- itorship of the Scien- tific American, and in the direction of the extensive patent business of the firm. With his inherent taste for mechanics and all branches of science he was well adapted for the business he had chosen. His sympathy with inventors and men of genius rendered him very helpful to that class of people. About 1852 he invented a type-writing machine, which was exhibited in operation at the World's fair, crys- tal palace, New York, and at the American in- stitute exhibition in New York city from 1852 to 1855. It received the gold medal of the institute as one of the most ingenious and important in- ventions then exhibited. The machine had a keyboard, a pot of type-bars, an ink ribbon and a spacing bar, the paper being moved by the keys. About the year 1865 Mr. Beach devised a system of carrying letters by means of underground pneumatic tubes from the street lamp-posts directly to the central post-office, and invented many devices to perfect it. This led to the or- ganization of the Beach pneumatic transit com- ' pany, of which he was president. In 1867, at the American institute fair in Fourteenth street. New York, he had in operation, suspended from the ceiling, a section of a pneumatic elevated railway in which many persons rode. The success of this experiment so convinced him of the value of pneumatic power for the propulsion of cars that he soon conceived the idea of constructing a tunnel under Broadway, and planned a system of underground railways for New York. In 1869, legislative authority having been granted, he constructed a section of underground railway ex- tending from Warren street to Murray street. This work was executed while traffic was going on overhead, by means of the Beach hydraulic shield, the first example of the machine which was afterwards used in the construction of the great railway tunnel under the St. Clair river at Port Huron, the underground railway tun- nels in London and Glasgow, the Hudson river tunnel, and similar works. In 1860 Mr. Beach founded and maintained a private school, with a full corps of teachers, at Stratford, Conn., where he resided up to 1870, and soon after the close of the civil war he founded the Beach insti- tute at Savannah for the education of freedmen. He died in New York city Jan. 1, 1896. BEACH, Mrs. H. H. A. (Amy Marcy Cheney), musical composer, was born at Henniker, N. H., Sept. 5, 1867. She came of a musical family, who carefully fostered the talent displayed almost from her cradle. Her mother was her first teacher. From the time her hands could reach the keyboard of the piano she would find melo- dious combinations of notes and play the little airs she had heard. Reading music seemed to be instinctive with her, and when a mere child she could read at sight almost anything put before her. She also improvised with remarkable taste, and composed several little airs with odd and pretty accompaniments. At as early an age as was deemed expedient she was placed under the best Boston instructors, and her progress was phenomenal. In 1883 she played in Boston the G-minor concerto of Moscheles, with grand or- chestra. She was married in 1885 to Dr. Henry Harris Aubrey Beach, a prominent Boston phy- sician. Mrs. Beach composed a Mass in E-flat, which was performed in 1892 by the Handel and Haydn society, and which has been pronounced one of the grandest musical compositions ever produced by a woman. In 1893 “ Festival Jubi- late,” written for the World’s Columbian expo- sition at Chicago, attracted much favorable comment. During the season of 1895-"96 she played with the Boston symphony orchestra. Among her compositions are a scena and aria, “ Eilende Wolken,” for contralto, with orches- tral accompaniment ; cantatas for male and female voices, with and without orchestra, and more than sixty shorter works for piano, violin and one or more voices ; a sonata for piano and violin, and the” Gaelic ” symphony, performed in 1896 by the Boston symphony orchestra. F 233] BEACII. BEAL. BEACH, Moses Yale, publisher, was born at Wallingford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1800. He learned the business of cabinet making, and failed in estab- lishing a manufactory at Northampton, as he did also in his effort at steamboat building at Spring- field, Mass. Soon after he made an attempt to propel balloons by gunpowder explosion, and to establish a line of steamers between Springfield and Hartford. He then engaged in the business of paper-making, to which he was able to make a valuable addition by inventing a rag-cutting machine, which was adopted in many paper- mills. After delays in obtaining a patent he realized enough from his invention to enable him to purchase a paper-mill in Ulster county, N. Y., which was not successful. In 1835 he secured an interest in the New York Sun. In the course of a few years he gained complete control of the paper, from which he realized considerable wealth. In 1846 President Polk sent Mr. Beach to Mexico to arrange a treaty of peace, but this commission failed, by reason of a false rumor of the defeat of General Taylor by Santa Anna. In 1857 Mr. Beach retired from active work as pub- lisher of the New York Sun. and returned to Wallingford, where he died July 19, 1868. BEACH, William Augustus, lawyer, was born at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., Dec. 9, 1809. He at- tended Partridge’s military school at Norwich, Vt., and on leaving that institution studied law with his uncle, Judge Warren, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. He soon secured an active and successful practice, a n d w a s appointed district - attorney o f Saratoga county, ac- quiring in this office a thorough knowledge of criminal law, as well as a reputation as an orator. In 1851 he removed to Troy, N. Y., where his repu- tation as a sound law- yer had preceded him. He was the leading counsel for the plain- tiff in the celebrated Albany Bridge case, brought to prevent the construction of a bridge across the Hudson river. He defended Canal Commissioner Dorn, who was impeached for malfeasance in office be- fore the court for the trial of impeachment, and secured his acquittal, and in 1867 be was associ- ated with James T. Brady in the defence of Gen- eral Cole, charged with the murder of L. Harris Hiscock. He later removed to New York city, where his name was associated with some of the most important litigations of the period. He was the leading counsel for the plaintiff in the celebrated Tilton-Beecher trial, appeared also in the Vanderbilt will case, in the defence of Judge Barnard in his trial for impeachment, and in the trial of E. S. Stokes for the murder of James Fisk, Jr. He died in Tarrytown, N. Y., June 28, 1884. BEADLE, William Henry Harrison, edu cator, was born at Liberty, Parke county, Ind., Jan. 1,1838. He was graduated at the University of Michigan in 1861, received the degree of A.M. in 1864, and then completed the law course and received that of LL.B. in 1867. He served in the Union army from 1861 until 1866, receiving regu- lar promotions and three brevets, the last being that of brigadier-general, March 15, 1865. After the civil war he served as private secretary to Governor Howard of Dakota, then as U. S. sur- veyor-general of the territory, member of the ter- ritorial legislature, as the superintendent of public instruction, and as regent or trustee of several educational institutions in the territory. He was an instructor in the Yankton Congrega- tional college, superintendent of the Indian in- dustrial training school at Salem, Oregon, and in 1889 was called to the presidency of the State normal school at Madison, S. Dakota, which in- stitution he placed upon a high grade of thor- oughness and excellence. The township system of school organization first advocated by Mr. Beadle was adopted in most counties of Dakota, and he succeeded in creating a sentiment for the protection of the school lands donated to the state by the United States, whereby a great state school fund should be accumulated. He wrote the article upon education in the state constitu- tion, secured a prohibition of the sale of these lands at less than two dollars an acre, which Congress extended to the other five new states in enabling acts, viz. : North Dakota. Washington, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. He also advo- cated the leasing of the lands upon twenty-five or fifty year leases, the rental to be re appraised every five years. BEAL, George Lafayette, soldier, was born at Norway. Maine, May 21, 1825; son of Ezra F. Beal. Early in life he was a bookbinder, and later on express messenger on the Grand Trunk railroad, leaving this position when the military company with which he was connected responded to the call for troops in 1861. He served in the civil war first as captain of the 1st Maine regi ment, and later as colonel of the 10th Maine vol- unteers. At the end of his enlistment he was commissioned colonel of the 29th Maine volun- teers. was shortly afterwards brevetted brigadier- general. and Nov. 30, 1864. was given full grade commission as brigadier-general of volunteers. 1 234 1 BEAL. BEALL. He was severely wounded in the battle of Antietam, and served with distinction in the battles of Red River and the Shenandoah. His brigade was the first to advance and break the enemy's lines at Cedar Creek after Sheridan had covered twenty miles of his famous ride. At the close of the war he returned to his native town and engaged in business. He was foremost in the building of the Norway branch railroad. General Beal served as adjutant-general of Maine for four years, and as state treasurer for six years. He died at Norway, Me., Dec. 11, 1896. BEAL, William James, botanist, was born at Adrian, Mich., March 11, 1833. He was fitted for college at the Raisin valley seminary, and en- tered the University of Michigan in 1855, gradu- ating in 1859. He then taught school for about three years, and in 1862 entered Harvard uni- versity, w here he took a post-graduate course under Agassiz and Gray. In 1868 he accepted the pro- fessorship of natural history in the Uni- versity of Chicago, and in 1870 he was given the chair of botany and horticul- ture in the Michigan agricultural college, which he held until 1883, when he was /i/)i/) /? transferred to the //z-y dj professorship of bot- any and forestry. He became a member of numerous scientific soci- eties, and contributed many original papers to the American Naturalist, the American Journal of Science, and to the reports of the Michigan board of agriculture and tbe several state soci- eties. In 1875 he made a collection of grasses and woods for the Centennial exhibition at Phila- delphia, which received much attention and won two diplomas. He was president of the Michigan state teachers' association in 1881, and president of the society for the promotion of agri- cultural science in 1880-'81 He published “A New Botany ” (1881), and the “ Grasses of North America” (vol. i., 1887; vol. ii. , 1896), both of which are highly esteemed by scientific men. Speaking of the latter work, Prof. A. J. Cook says: “ He is without doubt the best authority on the Graminece in the United States and one of the highest authorities in the world. His work on this family of plants is not only scientific and exhaustive, but is wonderfully accurate, so that both the scientist and tbe practical man can rely on it as a certain guide.” BEALE, Edward Fitzgerald, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C., Feb. 4, 1822, grandson of Thomas Truxton, U. S. N. He was ap- pointed a midshipman in the navy and was graduated from the U. S. naval school in Phila- delphia in 1842. He saw his first actual service on the Pacific coast under Commodore Stockton during the war with Mexico. He attained distinction for his services in making his way through the enemy’s lines to procure relief for Kearney’s command, and for this gallant exploit was presented with a sword by his fellow officers. At the close of the Mexican war he resigned his commission in the navy and became superinten- dent of Indian affairs for California and New Mexico. He subsequently attained the rank of brigadier-general, and quelled an Indian insurrec- tion in California. President Lincoln made him surveyor-general of California in 1861, and in 1876 President Grant appointed him minister to Austria. He remained there but one year, re- turning to devote his remaining years to the care of his California estates. He died April 22, 1893. BEALE, Joseph, surgeon, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., Dec. 30, 1814; son of Joseph and Margaret (McDowell) Beale. He received a classical and medical education in the University of Pennsylvania, from which institution he was graduated in 1832. After practising his profes- sion for a time he entered the United States navy as assistant surgeon in 1837, and afterward rose to the positions of medical director in 1871, and surgeon-general in 1873. He was placed on the retired list in 1876. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 22, 1889. BEALL, Benjamin Lloyd, soldier, was born in the District of Columbia in 1800 ; son of Major Beale of Maryland. His education was acquired in the common schools and in the U. S. military academy at West Point. He volunteered in t lie army in June, 1836, and went to Florida to fight the Seminole Indians, having the rank of captain. The following year he was given the brevet rank of major, and received the full rank of major of dragoons in February, 1847. He served bravely throughout t lie war with Mexico, winning the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel for his action at Santa Cruz. He was promoted lieutenant- colonel in March, 1855, and served in California with the rank of general, constructing frontier defences, and later was assigned to duty on Van- couver's Island. In 1861 he served as muster- master in Baltimore, Md., and during the same year was promoted to a colonelcy in the 1st United States dragoons. In 1862 he was retired from active service. He had two sons in the Federal, and one in the Confederate service in the civil war. He died in Baltimore, Md., Aug. 16, 1863. [235J BEALL. BEARD. BEALL, John Young, spy, was born in Vir- ginia, Jan. 1, 1835. He was educated at the Uni- versity of Virginia, Charlottesville, and at the breaking out of the civil war was the owner of a large plantation and over one hundred slaves, and was said to be heir -apparent to Lord Egelby, an English nobleman. He entered the Confed- erate service as captain of Company G, 2d Vir- ginia regiment, which was attached to T. J. Jack- son’s brigade, and was afterwards transferred to the Confederate navy, becoming acting master, March 31, 1863. On the morning of Sept. 19, 1864, he, with three other men, boarded the steamboat Pliilo Parsons on Lake Erie, ostensibly to take a pleasure trip. In the afternoon, when the boat had nearly reached Kelly’s Island, about six miles from the Ohio shore, the men covered the officers in charge of the boat with revolvers, and imprisoning them in the cabins, took possession. They threw freight overboard, examined the ship’s papers, robbed the clerk, and ran the boat to Middle Bass Island, where the passengers were put ashore. Soon after this a freight and pass- enger steamboat, the Island Queen, came along- side of the boat, and was promptly seized and sunk. As soon as the news reached the outside world, officers were sent to arrest Beall and his party. He escaped capture for a time by taking up his residence on the American side of the Suspension Bridge, and by disguising his personal appearance. He made observations on the de- fences of the frontiers, and was the instigator of a foray in St. Albans, Vt., which was accom- panied with incendiarism and murder. He had many sympathizers in the south, with whom he was in communication. He was finally arrested on Dec. 16, 1864, at Suspension Bridge, N. Y. The charges against him were violation of the law of war by seizing the Philo Parsons and the Island Queen, for “ undertaking to carry on irregular and unlawful warfare as a guerrilla, without lawful authority and for unlawful purposes,” and for acting as a spy. Of these he was found guilty and was sentenced to be hanged. An effort to save Beall was made by President Davis, who issued a proclamation assuming responsi- bility for. the act, and declaring that the seizure of the vessels had been effected by his authority. But this could not help one who had ventured into the enemy’s country and made war while wearing no badge of service. He was hanged on Governor’s Island, N. Y., Feb. 24, 1865. BEALL, Samuel Wooton, pioneer, was born at Montgomery, Md., Sept. 26, 1807 ; son of Major Beall of Maryland. After his graduation from Union college, in 1827, he began the study of law, at the same time acting as receiver for the sale of public lands in the northwest. He resided for nearly seven years in Wisconsin. At the end of this time he removed to Cooperstown, N. Y., where, with his talented wife, Elizabeth Feni- more, daughter of J. Fenimore Cooper, he enter- tained at “ Woodside,” Cooper, Irving, Webb and others of the notable authors of the day. But tiring of civilized life, he again went to Wiscon- sin, where he spent his time in farming, and where he later became very prominent in polities. He served twice as a delegate to the state consti- tutional convention, and from 1850 to 1852 as lieutenant-governor of Wisconsin. Meanwhile, the death of his mother had placed the homestead in his native state in his hands. The property consisted of a plantation of little value and nearly forty slaves, and Mr. Beall at once freed the slaves and sold the property to support them while they were finding employment. In 1852 he was appointed Indian agent, and served in this office efficiently. He led a party to Pike's Peak in 1859, and aided in founding Denver, Col., and was sent to Washington to procure a charter for the city. He resided in Denver until 1861, when he joined the army as lieutenant-colonel of the 18th Wisconsin regiment, and took part in the various engagements of that regiment. Being disabled by wounds received at the battle of Vicksburg, he served until the close of the war in the invalid corps, when he removed to Helena, Montana, where he was shot during a quarrel, and died Sept. 26, 1868. BEAN, Nehemiah S., inventor, was born at Gilmanton, N. H., in 1818. He worked during his youth as a machinist, and in 1847 became connected with the Amoskeag company machine shop, in whose employ he remained until 1854, when he removed to Lawrence to take charge of the locomotive works of the Essex manufactur- ing company. In 1857-’58 he constructed the first steam fire-engine, and in 1859 he invented and built the “ Amoskeag,” the first of a class of steam fire-engines which were afterwards used in all parts of the world; for twenty years he superintended their manufacture in the Amoskeag works, about six hundred being made under his direction. He died at Manchester, N. H., July 20, 1896. BEARD, Alanson W., merchant, was born in Ludlow, Windsor county, Vt., Aug. 20, 1825. His father, who was a farmer, removed to Stock bridge, Vt., in 1835, when the lad was ten years of age. When seventeen years old, he was teacher of a district school, continuing to teach for five winters. He then engaged as a country storekeeper in Pittsfield, Vt., where from 1848 to 1854 he was postmaster. In 1853 he became a salesman in a clothing house in Boston, and three years later he engaged in the same business on his own account. He was for many years a member of the Massachusetts Republican state committee, [236 1 BEARD. BEARD. being the chairman in 1875 and 1876, and again in 1885. In 1870 and 1871 lie was elected to the Massachusetts house of representatives from Brookline, and in 1884 and 1885 from Boston. His practical knowledge having led him to believe that the taxation of real-estate mortgage notes was unjust, he began an agitation against it in 1871, and for ten years followed up the discussion until in 1881 he secured the passage of an act which removed the objectionable feature from the laws of Massachusetts. He was a member of the national Republican conventions of 1868 and 1888. In 1878 he was appointed collector of the port of Boston, and in 1889 he was re-appointed to the same office. BEARD, Daniel Carter, illustrator, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 21, 1850; son of James H. and Mary C. (Carter) Beard. His paternal grandmother was the first white woman to set foot on the land now occupied by the city of Chicago. His education was acquired in his native city and in an academy at Covington, Ky. , and his first employment was as a surveyor for a New York map publishing house. His outdoor life developed in him an interest in animals, of which he submitted several drawings to a pub- lisher. These at once attracted attention and praise, and his illustrations were accepted by St. Nicholas. Harper's Weekly , and Young People , the Youth's Companion, the Scientific American and other publications. He also contributed to these magazines articles on boys’ sports and natural his- tory. He studied for four years at the art students’ league in New York city, and soon became well known to the public and to publishers through his literary and artistic work. Some of his best work is to be seen in the illustrations of Mark Twain's “ A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court." He was especially fond of alle- gorical and symbolical drawing and delicate caricaturing. Among his many admirable pictures are: “Ghosts of the Camp Fire,” “A Light for his Pipe,” and “The Moonshiners.” Mr . Beard was made a member of several promi- nent art clubs and of the American natural his- tory society. A list of his bpoks includes: “ What to Do and How to Do It — The Ameri- can Boys’ Handy Book ” (1882) ; “ Six Feet of Romance ” and “ Moonblight,” and “ American Boys’ Book of Sport” (1896). He is also the author of the “Tom, Dick and Harry Stories,” published in St. Nicholas. BEARD, George Miller, physician, was born at Montville, Conn., May 8, 1839. After attend- ing the Phillips Andover academy he entered Yale college, where he was graduated in 1862. In 1866, having taken the course at the College of physicians and surgeons of New York, lie re- ceived the degree of M.D. He served during a [237 part of the civil war as an assistant surgeon in the navy, and after the close of the war returned to New York city, where he established a large practice, especially giving his attention to ner- vous diseases. He also devoted much time to the investigation of clairvoyance, spiritualism, ani- mal magnetism, etc., discovering many imposi- tions commonly practised under these names. The now common treatment of electricity as a stimulant was first practised by Dr. Beard. Among his publications are : “ General Electriza- tion ” (with Dr. Rockwell, 1867) ; “ The Longev- ity of Brain Workers” (1867); “Our Home Physician ” (1869) ; “ Stimulants and Narcotics " (1871) ; “ Eating and Drinking ” (1871) ; “ Clinical Researches in Electro -Surgery ” (with Dr. Rock- well, 1873) ; “ Legal Responsibility in Old Age ” (1874); “Hay Fever” (1876); “The Scientific Basis of Delusions,” “ Mental Therapeutics,” and “ Physiology of Mind Reading ” (1877) ; Two monographs, “ The Scientific Study of Human Testimony and Experiments with Living Human Beings,” and “The Psychology of Spiritism” (1878-’79) ; “ Writer’s Cramp ” (1879) ; “ Problems of Insanity ” (1880) ; “ Nervous Exhaustion ” (1880); ‘‘Sea Sickness, its Nature and Treat- ment” (1880), and many papers, treatises and lectures. He died in New York, Jan. 23, 1883. BEARD, James Henry, artist, was born at Buffalo, N. Y., June 14, 1812; son of Capt. J. H. Beard, the pioneer master of a brig on Lake Erie. When he was a child his parents removed to Painesville, Ohio, where he had the ordinary backwoods facilities for an education. His artis- tic genius was fired by the sight of a rudely carved figurehead on a small Lake Erie craft. He made for himself a paint stone and muller to grind his colors; he also made his stretchers, prepared his canvas, made his brushes, his easel and palette, and indeed all the materials he used, and at fourteen years of age began to paint por- traits, in which he became very adept, having for sitters, before he was twenty -five, Presidents Harrison and Tyler, Henry Clay, Salmon P. Chase and John Quincy Adams, and other dis- tinguished men of that day. He was married to Mary Carolina, daughter of Colonel Carter, a gol- dier in the war of 1812. His first original com- position, “The North Carolina Immigrants,” which was exhibited at the National academy of design in 1846, gave him an extended reputation, and won for him an honorary membership to the academy. He enlisted in the Union army at the outbreak of the civil war, and saw service in the corps of Gen. Lew Wallace, attaining the rank of captain. In 1870 he settled in New York, and was elected to a fellowship in the National academy of design. His most popular pictures are those of animals, most of which have been ] BEARD. BEARDSLEE. engraved by Knoedler. “ Out All Night," “ Our Mutual Friend,” “Streets of New York,” were dog pictures, which sold for from §3.500 to §7,000. “ A Peep at Growing Danger,” "The Widow,” “The Parson’s Pets,” “Attorney and Clients,” “ There’s Many a Slip,” “ Consultation,” “ Blood will Tell,” “Don Quixote and Sancho Panza,” “Don't You Know Me?” “Heirs at Law,” “ Which lias Pre-emption?” “ You Can't Have this Pup,” “My Easter's all Spoilt," “I don’t Believe One Word of It,” “The Detected Poacher,” “ Don't You Come Here,” “The Mis- sissippi Flood,” “A Barnyard,” "'Ll Ter Gim- me Some? Say!” are the titles of some of his prominent pictures. In his eightieth year Mr. Beard painted “ The Last Victim of the Deluge,” which was exhibited with his portrait of General Sherman at the fall exhibition of the National academy of 1891, and attracted a great deal of attention and comment. His four sons, James Carter, Henry, Frank, and Daniel, adopted art as their profession and be- came noted artists. He died in New York city April 4, 1898. BEARD, Richard, clergyman, was born in Sumner county, Tenn., Nov. 27, 1799, was gradu- ated at Cumberland university, Tenn., in 1832, and was professor of Latin and Greek there until 1838, when he was elected professor of languages in Sharon college, Miss. In 1848 he was elected president of Cumberland college, remaining in that office until 1854, when he resigned to accept the professorship of systematic theology in the same institution. For several terms he was mod- erator of the general assembly. His principal published works were: “ Lectures on Theology ” (3 vols., 1870), and “Why I am a Cumberland Presbyterian ” (1874). He was the leading theo- logical scholar of his organization. He died in Lebanon, Tenn., Dec. 2, 1880. BEARD, William Holbrook, painter, was born at Painesville, Ohio, April 13, 1825; son of J. IT. Beard, a pioneer captain on Lake Erie, and brother of James H. Beard, the well-known artist. From his earliest childhood he showed a strong love for drawing and painting, but received little encouragement from his family. He began by drawing animals, and by persistent and intelli- gent study of nature he mastered many techni- calities which years of instruction might not have given him. At the age of twenty-one he began to travel from place to place as a portrait-painter, and after spending a few years thus he went to New York city and took a short course of instruc- tion from his brother. He opened a studio at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1850. and became very success- ful, making a specialty of animal pictures. He remained in that city' for ten years, meanwhile making a journey to Europe and studying in f2 Rome, Switzerland and Dusseldorf. In 1860 he removed to New York city', and two years later , was made a National academician. He opened his studio in the Tenth street studio building. Though a painter of great versatility, Mr. Beard's hap- piest work is shown in his pictures of allegory' and animals, many of the latter being of a humorous and satirical nature. Among the better known of his pictures are: “ Kittens and Guinea Pig ” (1859) ; “ The Astronomers,” “ Su- sanna and the Elders ” (1860) ; “ Bears on a Bender ” (1862) ; “ Bear Dance ” (1865) ; “ March of Silenus ” (1866); “Raining Cats and Dogs” (1867) ; “ Fallen Land-Mark ” (1867) ; “ Death of Chivalry,” and “The Good Shepherd”; “He Leadeth Me Beside the Still Waters” (1869); “Pets on a Spree,” and “Dickens and his Characters” (1871); “The Wreckers” (1874); “ Runaway Match ” (1876) ; “ Worn Out ” (1876); “Divorce Court” (1877); “ Bulls and Bears in Wall Street” (1879); “Voices of the Night” (1881); “In the Glen” (1882); “Cattle Upon a Thousand Hills” (1883); “Overboard!” ’ A Witches’ Night,” “ Spirit of the Storm ” (1893) ; and “ Undine,” “ The Coming of Day ” (1894); “The Sky was Full of Forms,” “ Birth of the Elf” (1895); “Banished” (1895); the seasons — “ Spring,” “Summer,” “ Fall,” “ Win ter” (1895); the elements — "Air,” “Earth,” “ Fire,” “ Water ” (1895). BEARDSLEE, Leslie A., naval officer, was born at Little Falls, N. Y., Feb. 1, 1836. He was appointed midshipman, March 5, 1850, and served in the East Indies until January, 1855, participated in one battle and several skirmishes with the Chinese at Shanghai, and from October, 1855, to June, 1856, was stationed at the naval academy at Annapolis. He was promoted passed midship- man June 20. 1856; master. Jan. 22, 1858, and lieutenant. July 23, 1859. From 1860 to 1863 he was on the sloop Germantown on the coast of Africa. He was promoted lieutenant-commander July 16, 1862, serving until 1863 with the North Atlantic squadron. He participated in the attack on the defences of Charleston harbor, April 7. 1863, and in October. 1864. assisted in capturing the Confederate steamer Florida, of which vessel he was made commander, taking her to Hampton Roads, Va. From 1865 to 1869 he served in the West Indies, in the East India squadron, and in the Pacific squadron. On June 12. 1869, he was commissioned commander. He served in the hydrographic office in the navy department at Washington, 1869-’70; on the steam-tug Palos. April. 1870, to January, 1871; in the hydrographic office. 1871-72 ; in the navy yard at Washington. 1872-75: on the United States board for testing iron, steel and other metals, 1875-79 ; commanding the sloop Jamestown , 1879- 80. He was promoted BEARDSLEY. BEARDSLEY. captain Nov. 26, 1880. and commanded the receiv- ing-ship Franklin, the steam frigate Powhattan, and the receiving-ship Vermont at various periods until November, 1891, when he was placed in command of the naval station at Port Royal, S. C. He was made rear-admiral on the retiredlist Feb. 24, 1897, on which date an international water carnival was given in his honor in the bay of San Diego, Cal., in which three British and six United States naval vessels took part, and a land parade which included upwards of sixty thousand soldiers and sailors. BEARDSLEY, Arthur, educator, was born in Esopus, Ulster county, N. Y., Nov. 1, 1843; son of Jonathan and Laura (Coutant) Beardsley. His first American ancestor, William Beardsley, sailed from London in the ship Planter, in April, 1635. and became one of the original proprietors and one of the first settlers of Stratford, Conn. His mother was descended from Jean Coutant, a Huguenot refugee, who settled at New Rochelle, N. Y., about 1690. He attended the Dutchess county academy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., entered Bowdoin college, Brunswick, Me., in 1862, but through a change in his plans he left there in 1864 and went to the Rensselaer polytechnic institute, Troy, N. Y., where he was graduated in 1867 with the degree of C.E. He was appointed assistant civil engineer of the Hoosac tunnel, then one of the great practical schools of engineering. He resigned in June, 1868, and spent the following year in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. , as a civil engineer and architect. In June, 1869, he was appointed instructor of civil enigneering, physics and in- dustrial mechanics in the University of Minne- sota, and in June, 1870, was made professor of civil engineering and industrial mechanics in the same university. In June, 1872, he accepted the chair of applied mathematics and physics in Swarthmore college, Pennsylvania. In 1888 his professorship was endowed as the “ I. V. William- son Professorship of Engineering. ' ’ He organized and took entire charge of the manual training work and the department of mechanical arts in Swarthmore college, and designed and built sev- eral college and other buildings and residences at Swarthmore and elsewhere. He was made a member of the American society of civil en- gineers. American society of mechanical en- gineers. Franklin institute (chairman for 1892 and 1894 of its committee on science and the arts; member of the board of managers, and of the committee on publications, editing the journal of the Franklin institute) ; Rensselaer society of en- gineers, Societe des ingenieurs civils de France, Society of naval architects and marine engineers, historical society of Pennyslvania, American association for the advancement of science (fel- low), etc. He was librarian of Swarthmore col- lege from 1877 until 1888, and vice-president of the same from 1881 until 1886. He visited Europe in 1886 to study foreign technical schools and systems; received, in 1889, the honorary degree of Ph.D. from Swarthmore; was special agent of the lltli U. S. census (building- stones, etc.), in 1890), and was appointed postmaster at Swarth- more in 1895. BEARDSLEY, Eben Edwards, clergyman, was born at Stepney, Conn. , in 1808 ; the son of a prosperous farmer and landholder. He was grad- uated from Trinity college, Hartford, in 1832, as honor man of his class. After serving for three years as master of a classical school in Hartford, and as tutor in Trinity college, he was ordained to the priesthood of the Episcopal church, his first incumbency being that of St. Peter's church, Cheshire, Conn. He continued in charge of this parish until he was elected principal of the Episcopal academy in that place, an office which lie held for several years. In 1848 he accepted the rectorship of St. Thomas's church, New Haven, and continued there until the time of his death, a period of forty-three years. Trinity college conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1854, and Columbia college that of LL.D. in 1874, in recognition of his valuable contributions to the history of the college in his “ Life and Cor- respondence of Samuel Johnson, D.D., Missionary of the Church of England in Connecticut and First President of King’s College, New York ” (1874), and “ Life and Times of William Samuel Johnson, president of Columbia college, New York ” (1876). In historical research of the church in Connecticut he became a recognized authority. He published the “History of the Episcopal Church in Connecticut, from the Settlement of the Colony to the Death of Bishop Brownell, in 1865” (2 vols., 1865), and the “Life and Cor- respondence of the Rt. Rev. Samuel Seabury, D.D., First Bishop of Connecticut, and of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America” (1881). Besides his parochial and literary labors , Dr. Beardsley took the deepest interest in diocesan and general ecclesiastical affairs. For thirty-four years he was a member of the standing committee, and for twenty-three years a delegate to the general convention of the church from Connecticut, and in 1880 to 1883 he was president of the House of deputies. He died Dec. 21, 1891. BEARDSLEY, Levi, lawyer, was born at Hoosic, Rensselaer county, N. Y., Nov. 13, 1785; son of Obadiah and Eunice (Moore) Beardsley. When he was about four years old he removed with his father to Otsego county, and after at- tending the district school and working for a time on his father's farm, he enlisted at the age of eighteen in the militia. In 1810 he removed to BEARDSLEY. BEATTY. Cherry Valley, where he read law, and in 1812 was admitted to the bar in the court of common pleas, soon establishing a good practice. In 1825 he was elected to the state assembly, serving through the session of 1826, and in 1829 was elected to the state senate for four years, acting during the last year as president of that body. In 1834 he was again elected to the senate, in 1839 removed to Oswego, N. Y., and in 1842 went to Columbus, Ohio, returning in 1846 to New York city, where he opened a law office. In 1852 he published a volume of “ Reminis- cences.” He died March 19, 1857. BEARDSLEY, Samuel, jurist, was born in Hoosic, N. Y. , Feb. 9, 1790; brother of Levi Beardsley, jurist. After acquiring an academic education he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1815, and practised for a time at Rome, Oneida county, of which he was appointed district-attorney. In 1822 he was elected to the state senate, resigning his seat in that body to accept the office of first judge of Oneida county. From 1828 to 1830 he was U. S. attorney for north- ern New York, receiving his appointment from President Jackson. In 1830 he was elected as a Democratic representative to the 22d Congress, and re-elected to the 23d and 24th congresses, Serving from December, 1831, to July, 1836, when he was appointed attorney -general to the state of New York. He was elected a representative to the 28tli Congress in 1842, but served less than a year, resigning his seat February, 1844, to become associate justice of the supreme court of the state of New York. From this position he rose to that of chief justice in 1847, succeeding Judge Bronson. He was an able jurist and statesman, and while in Congress made several strong and eloquent speeches. He received the degree of LL.D. from Hamilton college in 1849. The remainder of his life was passed in Utica, where, though declining public offices, he made himself conspicuous in all public movements, social or political. He was a delegate to the national Democratic convention which met in Cincinnati in 1856, and was the controlling factor in the nomination of James Buchanan. He died in Utica, N. Y., May 6, 1860. BEASLEY, Frederick, educator, was born near Edenton, N. C., in 1777. He was educated at Nassau hall. Princeton, N. J., and was gradu- ated in 1797, serving as tutor in the college until 1800, while pursuing his theological course. He received ordination as a priest of the Episcopal church in 1801, and was rector successively of St. John’s, Elizabethtown, N. J. (1803) ; St. Peter’s, Albany, N. Y. (1804), and St. Paul’s, Baltimore, Md. (1809). He was provost of the University of Pennsylvania from 1813 till 1828, and also held the chair of mental and moral philosophy. During this time he acquired distinction as the author of a metaphysical work in defence of the philosophy of Locke. The degree of S.T.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Pennsyl- vania and by Columbia college in 1815. In 1829 he resigned his collegiate offices and accepted a cure in Trenton, but in 1836 the impairment of his health caused his retirement to Elizabeth- town, where he pursued in privacy his theological and literary studies. Some of his published works are: “ An Examination of the Oxford Divinity,” “ A Search of Truth in the Science of the Human Mind,” “American Dialogues of the Dead” (1815) ; “ A Vindication of the Argument in Proof of the Being and Attributes of God ” (1825) ; “ Review of Brown’s Philosophy of the Human Mind” (1825); “A Vindication of the Fundamental Principles of Truth and Order in the Church of Christ,” a reply to certain views of Dr. Manning (1830). His writings are vol- uminous, and largely relate to metaphysics and moral science. He died Nov. 2, 1845. BEATTY, Charles, missionary, was born in the north of Ireland about 1715. He received an excellent classical education in his native coun- try, and when quite a youth emigrated to Amer- ica. Being penniless, he was obliged to peddle from door to door to earn his bread, and while fol- lowing this business called at the Log college, which was situated in Bucks county, Pa,, about twenty miles north of Philadelphia. Beatty saw Mr. Tennant, the founder and principal, and astonished him by addressing him in good Latin. Further conversation showing that the youth was bright and well educated in spite of his ignoble calling, Mr. Tennant advised him to sell the con- tents of his pack and return to the Log college to finish his education. The kind offer was ac- cepted, and at the age of twenty -seven Mr. Beatty was ordained to the ministry. He was a popular evangelical preacher, settling first at the church at Neshaminy, the pulpit having been left vacant by the death of Mr. Tennant. Later he left his church to go among the Indians as a missionary. He believed, and tried to prove, that the Ameri- can Indians were descendants of the lost tribes of Israel. In 1761 he was appointed by the synod an agent for the widows’ fund, established for the benefit of the families of poor Presbyterian ministers. In 1763 he was appointed a trustee of the College of New Jersey. On Aug. 12, 1766. he started on a two months' missionary tour with George Duffield. an account of which was pub- lished in the “ Journal of Two Months’ Tour among the Frontier Inhabitants of Pennsylvania ” (1878). He was afterwards appointed to collect funds for the College of New Jersey, and in pursuance of this object he went to the island of Barbadoes, where he died Aug. 13, 1772. [240J BEATTY. BEAUREGARD. BEATTY, John, soldier, was born near San- dusky city, Ohio, Sept. 16. 1828. After attending the common schools and acquiring a fair education he entered a hanking house at Cardington. Though always more or less identified with local politics, he did not hold office until 1860, when he was made a presidential elector. At the begin- ning of the civil war he entered the Union army as private in the 3d Ohio infantry and won speedy promotion from private to the ranks of captain, lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and, in 1863, brigadier- general. He saw active service in the West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama campaigns, and had two horses shot under him while commanding his brigade at Murfreesboro. He also opened the fighting at Chickamauga. In 1864 he retired from the army. He was elected to a vacant seat as a representative from Ohio in the 40th Congress, and was re-elected to the 41st and 42d, serving from Feb. 5, 1868, to March 13, 1871. He acted as presidential elector at large for the Republican party in 1884. He is the author of an autobiographical book entitled “The Citizen-Soldier; or, Memoirs of a Volun- teer ” (1879), and “ The Belle o' Becket’s Lane ” (1882). BEATTY, Ormond, educator, was born in Mason county, Kentucky, Aug. 13, 1815; son of Adam and Sarah (Green) Beatty. He was grad- uated from Centre college in 1835, and after spending a year at Yale he returned to take the chair of natural and physical science in the col- lege. In 1847 Centre college conferred upon him the degree of A.M., and in 1868 he received that of LL.D. from the College of New Jersey. From 1847 to 1852 he was professor of mathematics. In 1870 he was elected president of the college and professor of metaphysics, and held that office until June 19, 1888. Ho died June 24, 1890. BEATTY, Samuel, soldier, was born in Mifflin county, Pa., Dec. 16, 1820, and received a com- mon school education in Jackson, Ohio. He served in the Mexican war, was sheriff of his county in 1857 and 1859. He was made colonel of the 19th Ohio volunteers in 1861, brigadier- general in 1862, commanding a division at Stone River, Tenn., and attained the rank of brevet major-general in 1865. In 1866 he was retired, and died in Jackson, Ohio, May 26, 1885. BEAUCHAMP, William, circuit preacher, was born in Kent county, Del., April 26, 1772, son of a Methodist preacher who removed to Virginia and settled on the Monongahela river in 1788. The son acquired a good education, and in 1790 taught school in Monongahela. The following year he began to preach, and in 1793 left his father's house and travelled the circuit with the presiding elder. In 1794 he joined the itinerancy, and travelled two years on the Alleghany circuit, being ordained as deacon in 1796. He was after- wards in Pittsburg. New York. Boston. Province- town. Mass., and in Nantucket. In 1807 he re turned to Virginia and remained there until 1815, when he removed to Chillicothe. Ohio, to become editor of the Western Christian Monitor, at that time the only existing Methodist periodical. In 1817 he removed to Illinois, where he founded a settlement, and built up the town of Mt. Carmel, and, says a biographer, “Showed himself the truly great man in all the details of this new business, planning public measures and economi- cal arrangements, devising mechanical improve- ments, for which he had rare genius, directing the instruction of the youth and simplifying its modes, ministering as pastor to the congregation, and meanwhile advancing in his own personal studies and improvement.” In 1822 he was at St. Louis, in the itinerant ministry, and in 1823 was made presiding elder of the Indiana district, which included eleven large circuits. As a preacher he was gifted with overpowering elo- quence, though his style was quite free from any element of the sensational, and he was designated the “ Demosthenes of the West.” He was the author of “Essays on the Truth of Christian Religion” (1811). He died Oct. 7, 1824. BEAUMONT, John G., naval officer, was born in Pennsylvania, Aug. 27, 1821. At the age of seventeen he became a midshipman in the U. S. navy, and after thirteen years of service was pro- moted master. His next promotion occurred Aug. 29, 1855, when he was made lieutenant. He was promoted commander in 1862, and as such served on the Aroostook of the North Atlantic blockading squadron. He commanded a moni- tor in the attacks on the forts in Charleston harbor, S. C., and in the reduction of Fort Wag- ner, and was connected with the North Atlantic squadron as commander of the Mackinaw in the two assaults on Fort Fisher. He was promoted captain in 1872, and died Aug. 2, 1882. BEAUREGARD, Pierre Gustave Toutant, sol- dier, was born near New Orleans, La.. May 28, 1818. He was graduated from West Point, July 1, 1838, was promoted 2d lieutenant 1st artillery, and transferred to the engineer corps, July 7, 1838. He was employed in construction service at Fort Adams, Barataria Bay and Fort McHenry until the breaking out of the Mexican war in 1845, when he was sent to superintend the construction of fortifications at Tampico, and was present at the siege of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Chapultepec, and at the capture of the city of Mexico, where he was wounded while storming the “Causeway Battery,” Sept. 13, 1847. For his gallantry in these actions he was brevetted major. He was promoted to a captaincy of engineers, March 3, 1853. At the close of the Mexican war r 24 1 j BEAUREGARD. BEATEN. he was placed in charge of t lie " Mississippi and Lake Defences” in Louisiana. In November, 1800, he became the superintendent of the mili- tary academy at West Point, a position which he held but a few days, owing to the crisis in the affairs of the country, and to the state of his own con- victions. Two months later he resigned his commission in the United States army, and entered the ser- vice of the Confeder- acy with the rank of brigadier-general. He was assigned to the command of the South Carolina troops at Charleston, S.C.,andin April. 1861, opened fire on Fort Sumter, which surrendered after a bombard- ment of thirty-six hours. At Manassas, July 21, 1861, where he had command, in conjunction with Joseph E. Johnston, he was victorious, and in the spring of 1862 he stepped into the breach, when Gen. A. S. Johnston was killed at Shiloh, and conducted an orderly retreat , halting his army at Corinth, which position he was obliged to evacu- ate after holding it stubbornly for six or seven weeks. After a short leave of absence, made necessary by illness, be was again given command of the defences of Charleston, S. C., with the full rank of general. With scant and utterly in- adequate resources, he held over three hundred miles of assailable coast line against the formid- able attacks of land forces under Generals Gill- more and Hunter and the combined naval forces of Admirals Dupont and Dahlgren, from Sep- tember, 1862, to April, 1864. In 1864, when Grant was investing Richmond, General Beauregard was summoned to the assistance of Lee. He defeated General Butler at Drury's Bluff, and made a brilliant defence at Petersburg. In Octo- ber, 1864, as commander of the military division of the west, he made a futile attempt to check the march of the Federal army through Georgia, and joined forces with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina, where both officers surrendered to Sherman in April, 1865. After peace was restored he became president of the New Orleans, Jackson and Mississippi railroad. In 18T0 he was appointed adjutant-general of the state of Louisiana and later became the manager of the Louisiana state lottery. (See “ Military Opera- tions of General Beauregard in the War between States, 1861-65,” by Col. Alfred Roman.) Gen- eral Beauregard wrote and published: “The Principles and Maxims of the Art of War ” (Charleston, 1863) ; a “Report of the Defence of Charleston” (Richmond, 1864); and “A Com- mentary on the Campaign and Battle of Ma- nassas” (New York, 1891). His death occurred in New Orleans, Feb. 20, 1893. BEAVEN, Daniel Thomas, R. C. bishop, was born at Springfield, Mass., in 1849. He received his primary education in the common schools of his native town, and subsequently pursued his classical course in the college of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass., being graduated from this in- stitution in 1870 with high honors. He was professor at Loyola college, Baltimore, for the following two years, and in 1872 entered the Montreal college for his ecclesiastical course. On Dec. 25, 1872, Mr. Beaven was ordained a priest and placed himself at the disposal of Bishop O’Reilly. He was first appointed assistant to Rev. J. Carson at Spencer, Mass., filling this po- sition until July, 1879, when he succeeded to the pastorate. Soon after he became pastor, he decided to erect a magnificent new church, but active operations were not begun until May 10, 1882, when he was enabled to lay the corner- stone. In 1887 the handsome edifice, St. Mary’s of Spencer, was dedicated, Bishop O’Reilly offi- ciating. Father Beaven remained at Spencer for thirteen years, and the good effects of his ministry have left an indelible stamp upon the place and people. In October, 1889, he was appointed to take charge of the church of the Holy Rosary at Holyoke, Mass., and served there until he received his appointment to the bishopric of Springfield. He was consecrated with impos- ing ceremonies on Oct. 18, 1892, at St. Michael’s cathedral, Springfield, Mass. Bishop Beaven became noted for his scholarly attainments and executive ability. As a lover of free institutions he publicly proclaimed his devotion to the Ameri- can republic on all suitable occasions. He re- ceived the degree of D.D. from Georgetown college. BEAVER James, Addams, soldier, was born at Millerstown, Pa., Oct. 21, 1837. When fifteen years old he became a pupil in the Pine Grove academy, and before he was seventeen he entered the junior class of Jefferson college, where lie was graduated with honor in 1856. He studied law with Hon. H. N. McAllister in Bellefonte, was admitted to the bar in 1S58, and became a partner with his preceptor. While pursuing his legal studies he joined the Bellefonte Fencibles, Capt. Andrew G. Curtin. He gave close attention to tactics, and was made 2d lieutenant of the com pany. On the breaking out of the civil war the Bellefonte Fencibles reported at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg. April 18, 186!. At the close of their three months’ term of enlistment Lieutenant Beaver aided in recruiting the 45th Pennsylvania [ 242 ] BEAVER. BECK. regiment, and was made its lieutenant-colonel. As colonel of the 148th regiment Pennsylvania volunteers he reported to General Hancock at Falmouth, Va., Dec. 18, 1862, and was assigned to the 1st brigade, 1st division, 2d army corps. He was severely wound- ed at Chancellors - ville, May, 1863. He then served as an emergency man on the staff of General Couch, and was assigned to duty as c o m in andant of Camp Curtin. On July 15 he rejoined his regiment. He was in action at Auburn Mills, Oct. 14, and at Mine Run, Nov. 26, 1863. In the battle of the Wilderness, May 7, 1864, Colonel Beaver guarded the rear of the army as it advanced on Spottsylvania, and he received the thanks of General Hancock for bringing in every man. Before reaching Spottsylvania his regiment was cut off, the woods on fire threaten- ing the rear and the Confederate line converging upon it in front. Colonel Beaver swung the line of the regiment so that the right rested on the river, and after pouring volley after volley upon the enemy, he, under a withering fire, forded the river. Two days later, in the battle of Spottsylvania, his regiment lost, by wounds or death, one man in every five, and for his heroism Colonel Beaver was assigned to the command of the 3d brigade, hut declined, preferring to remain with his regiment. On June 1, 1864, Colonel Beaver, with his regiment, was at Cold Harbor, stationed on the left of the line, and after a des- perate charge the works were carried, and three hundred prisoners, three guns and a flag were captured, and Colonel Beaver took command of the brigade, General Brooke being wounded. On June 16, 1864, in charging the Confederate re- doubts, Colonel Beaver was dangerously wounded. At Ream's station, Aug. 25, 1864, he went to the field in an ambulance, was assigned to com- mand his old brigade, and was scanning the skirmish line, when a shot crushed his right thigh. His leg was amputated at the hip. On Nov. 10, 1864, he was promoted brevet brigadier-general “for Highly meritorious and distinguished conduct throughout the campaign, particularly for valu- able service at Cold Harbor, while commanding a brigade.” On Dec. 22, 1864, he was mustered out of service “ on account of wounds received in battle.” General Beaver resumed the practice of his profession. In 1865 he was the Republican can- L -43 J didate for the state legislature. He gained 759 votes from Democrats, but was defeated by 141 votes. General Beaver was married, Dec. 26, 1865, to Mary, daughter of H. N. McAllister. He was president of the board of trustees of Pennsylvania state college ; trustee of Washington and Jeffer- son college, and one of the commission that built the insane asylum at Warren, Pa. He was chosen delegate to the national Republican convention that met in Chicago in 1880, and was chairman of the Pennsylvania delegation. His first choice as candidate was General Grant, but when General Garfield was nominated he seconded the nom- ination. General Beaver was nominated for governor by acclamation at the Republican convention that met in Harrisburg, June 10, 1882, but because of internal dissensions in regard to party management and the nomination of an in- dependent Republican ticket, the entire Demo- cratic ticket was elected. He was again the unanimous choice of his party for governor in 1886, and was elected by a plurality of over forty thousand. He was inaugurated Jan. 18, 1887, and served until January, 1891. Upon his retirement he returned to the practice of his profession, and to the development of large business interests requiring his personal attention. The legislature in 1895, in view of the burdens resting upon the supreme court of Pennsylvania, which is the court of last resort in that state, provided for the organization of another appellate court. In November, 1895, General Beaver was elected a judge of the superior court of Pennsylvania as organized July 1, 1895, to serve for ten years from the first Monday of January, 1896. BECK, James Burnie, senator, was born in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Feb. 13, 1822. He came to the United States with his father, a hard- working Scotch farmer, some twenty-two years later, and settled in Lexington, Ky., in 1845, where he obtained employment as overseer of a farm. He had received an academical education in Scotland and entered the Transylvania uni- versity law school, where he was graduated in 1846. He formed a partnership with John C. Breckinridge and practised law at Lexington, Ky. In 1866 he was elected as a representative to the 40th, and re-elected to the 41st, 42d, 43d and 44th congresses on the Democratic ticket. In 1876 he was elected to the United States senate and was appointed member of the commission to define the Mary land- Virginia boundary. He took his seat in the senate on March 4, 1877, and retained it until his death. During his congressional life Senator Beck served on many important com- mittees, and took a prominent part in many notable debates. He was specially interested in economical questions pertaining to the tariff and the currency. He died May 3, 1890. BECK. BECKER. BECK, John Broadhead, physician, was born at Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1794; son of Caleb Beck and brother of Tlieodoric Romeyn Beck. He was educated by his uncle, John B. Romeyn, a Dutch Reformed clergyman, and was graduated at Columbia college in 1813. He studied medicine and established himself in prac- tice in New York city, taking high rank in his profession. He was for seven years editor-in- chief of the New York Medical and Physical Jour- nal , and occupied, at different times from 1826 to 1851, the chairs of materia medica, botany and medical jurisprudence in the N. Y. college of physicians and surgeons. He was for ten years physician of the N. Y. hospital. His most im- portant writings are: “ Medical Essays ” (1845); “Infant Therapeutics” (1849), and “Historical Sketch of the State of Medicine in the Colonies ” (1850). He assisted his brother in the prepara- tion of " Medical Jurisprudence ” (1823), a work that became a standard authority. He died at Rhinebeck. N. Y., April 9, 1851. BECK, Theodoric Romeyn, physician, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., April 11, 1791; son of Caleb Beck, of English descent. He obtained his education at Union college, where he was graduated in 1807. He then studied medicine at the College of physicians and surgeons in New York city. After taking his degree, in 1811, he began his practice in Albany. He accepted the chair of medicine and was lecturer on medical jur- isprudence in the College of physicians and sur- geons of western New York, at Fairfield. The trustees of Albany academy made him principal in 1817, which position he held for thirty-one years. He was professor of medical jurisprudence at the college at Fairfield from 1826 to 1836, and professor of materia medica for the following four years. In 1840 he was appointed to fill a similar chair in the Albany medical college, where he remained for fourteen years. Meanwhile he held positions as president of the New York state medical society, manager of the State lunatic asylum and president of its board of managers, and editor of the American Journal of Insanity. He wrote numerous scientific articles which were published in periodicals. He was, the author of “ An Inaugural Dissertation on Insanity ” (1811), and, in connection with his brother John, “ Ele- ments of Medical Jurisprudence ” (2 vols., 1823), which reached its twelfth edition in 1863. He died in Utica, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1855. BECKER, George Ferdinand, geologist, was born in New York city, Jan. 5, 1847. He was graduated at Harvard, with the class of 1868, pursued his scientific studies at Heidelberg, where lie was made doctor of philosophy in 1869. passing the final examinations of the Royal school of mines at Berlin in 1871. He was connected for some time with the U. S. geological survey, being stationed in the California division, and later was appointed special agent in connection with the precious metal department of the census bureau. He made many valuable contributions to the literature of science, including: “ Atomic Weight Determinations: a Digest of the Investigations Published since 1814” (1880); “Geology of the Comstock Lode and the Washoe District " (1882) ; “ Statistics and Technology of the Precious Metals ” (with S. F. Emmons, 1885) ; “ Geomet rical Form of Volcanic Cones” (1885); “Notes on the Stratigraphy of California" (1885); “ Cretaceous Metamorphic Rocks of California " (1886) ; “ A Theorem of Maximum Dissipativity " and “ A New Law of Thermo-Chemistry ” (1886) : “ Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slopes” (1886); “Finite Homogeneous Strain, Flow and Rupture of Rocks ” (1893), and “ Gold Fields of the Southern Appalachians " (1895). BECKER, Thomas A., R. C. bishop, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., in 1832, of German and Protes- tant parents. He received his early education in his native city, where his thoughts were first turned to Roman Catholicism. As his mind be- came more mature he read books on the subject, and, finally being convinced, he was baptized, re ceived into the Roman Catholic church, and de cided to devote his life to the priesthood. With this end in view he went to the Propaganda at Rome, where he received the title of D.D. In 1859 Mr. Becker was ordained a priest, and shortly afterwards returned to the United States. After reaching America he was assigned to the diocese of Richmond, attending Martinsburg and Berkeley Springs. It was during this service that the civil war devastated the territory around Richmond. Father Becker was untiring in his ministrations to the wounded soldiers, and made no distinction between those of the North and South, for politics played no part in his creed. At the close of the war he was removed to Baltimore, where he was for a time on duty at St. Peter's church. Father Becker was subsequently made professor of theol- ogy, ecclesiastical history, and sacred scriptures in Mt. St. Mary’s college, Emmittsburg, Md. He was one of the chief secretaries of the plenary council that assembled in Baltimore in 1866, the largest of the kind that had been held since the general council of Trent. Father Becker's next appointment was at the cathedral in Riclunond. where he remained until he was created bishop of the new diocese of Wilmington. Del., Aug. 23, 1868. Bishop Becker had the distinction of being the man who originated the idea of a Catholic uni- versity for the United States; he began the agitation soon after he became a member of the hierarchy, and never ceased until the idea became f244] BECKWITH. BECKWOURTH. an assured fact. He was a prolific contributor to tlie reviews and periodicals, his most striking contributions being a series of articles, published in the American Catholic Quarterly Review, on the idea of a true university. On March 26, 1886, Bishop Becker was transferred by pontifical letters to the diocese of Savannah, Ga., to suc- ceed Bishop Gross. BECKWITH, Amos, soldier, was born in Vermont, Oct. 4, 1825. He was graduated at West Point, July 1, 1850, and began his career as brevet 2d lieutenant of artillery. From 1850 to 1853 he served in the Seminole war, and from 1853 to 1861 he was engaged in garrison duty at Forts Monroe, McHenry, Key West, Barrancas and Leavenworth. In 1864-'65 he was in active field service under General Sherman, and after the close of the war was engaged in commissary duty in the western and southern states. For active and efficient services in the commissary department during the civil war he was regularly promoted until on March 13, 1865, he was given the brevet ranks of major-general and of briga- dier-general. He died Oct. 26, 1894. BECKWITH, Edward Griffin, soldier, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., June 25, 1818. After graduating from West Point, in 1842, he served in garrison at Savannah, as 2d lieutenant of 3d artillery, until 1846, when he was appointed for recruiting service. He was promoted 1st lieu- tenant June 18, 1846, and took an active part in the Mexican war ; was present at Tampico and Vera Cruz, and was engaged in the Pacific rail- road survey from 1853 to 1857, and in constructing military roads in Nebraska and Kansas, 1857-’59. He was promoted captain May 12, 1855, and during the civil war served in the commissary depart- ment from 1861 to 1865, with the exception of a few weeks (Sept. 16 to Nov. 16, 1863), when he acted as provost-marshal-general of the depart- ment of the Gulf, and again when placed for a short time (from August, 1863, to January, 1864) in command of the defences of New Orleans. On Feb. 8, 1864, he was promoted major, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general of volunteers. He was continued in the service of the commissary department after the close of the war, and was mustered out May 31, 1866. BECKWITH, James Carroll, artist, was born at Hannibal, Mo., Sept. 23, 1852; son of N. M. Beckwith, U. S. commissioner-general at the Paris exposition of 1867. He studied at the Academy of design in Chicago, and in 1871 began to study at the National academy, New York. In 1873 he went to Paris, where he studied for five years under Car- olus Duran, and in the Paris school of arts under Yvon. He returned to the United States in 1878, organized a class for the Art students’ league. New York, for drawing from the antique, and opened a studio. In 1879 he exhibited at the National academy of design, and at the exhibi- tions of the American society of artists. In 1877 “ Head of an Old Man ” appeared at the Salon in Paris, and he exhibited at the same place “ Girl Reading,” and in 1890, “Mr. Isaacson.” “The Falconer ” was shown at the Paris exposition in 1878, and three portraits appeared at the exposi- tion of 1889, for which he received a bronze medal ; he also exhibited at the Royal academy in 1892. Mr. Beckwith was a member of most of the American art clubs, and president of the National free art league. BECKWITH, John Watrus, 2d P. E. bishop of Georgia, and 86th in succession in the Ameri- can episcopate, was born in Raleigh, N. C., Feb. 9, 1831. He was graduated at Trinity college, Hartford, in 1852, was ordained a deacon in 1854, and was admitted to the priesthood May 20, 1855. His first charge was at Calvary church, Wades- boro, N. C. , but he soon removed to Maryland and became rector of All Hallows parish, Washington county. At the opening of the civil war he went to Alabama as rector of Trinity church, Demop- olis, and in 1865 accepted the rectorship of Trinity church, New Orleans, where he remained until he was elevated to the episcopacy. He received the degree of S.T.D. from Trinity college, Hartford, in 1867, and from the University of Georgia in 1868. He was consecrated bishop of Georgia in St. John’s church, Savannah, April 2, 1868. Bishop Beckwith was untiring in his labors for the spiritual and material development and pros- perity of his see, and wielded no small influence in the councils of the church, as well as in its jurisdiction. Besides his addresses, Lenten charges, and controversial discourses, Bishop Beckwith contributed an interesting monograph on Bethesda college to the “ History of the Ameri- can Episcopal Church, ” by Bishop Perry of Iowa. He died at Atlanta, Ga., Nov. 23, 1890. BECKWOURTH, James P., pioneer, was born at Fredericksburg, Va. , April 26, 1798. His father was a major in the revolutionary army, and his mother a negro slave. About the year 1805 lie removed to f^t. Louis, Mo., and settled on the spot afterwards known as “ Beckwourth’s Settle- ment.” When young Beckwourth was about ten years old he was sent to St. Louis, where he at- tended school for four years, and was then apprenticed to a blacksmith in that city. At the age of nineteen he joined an expedition of about one hundred men to go up the Fever river and negotiate a treaty with the Sac Indians ; and that being done, he remained in the vicinity for more than a year. He next became connected with General Asldey’s Rocky Mountain fur company. In 1823 he carried important despatches to the BEDEL. BEDFORD. mountains for General Ashley. After terrible sufferings and many years spent among the In- dians, during which time he was made a chief of the Crows, he returned to his family at St. Louis, and later went to Florida, where he carried de- spatches for the United States, and was engaged in fighting the Indians. He went to Mexico, and in 1844 accompanied a trading expedition to Cali- fornia. At the breaking out of the California revolution against Governor Micheltorena, in 1845, lie took an active part. He was engaged by the United States government to convey de- spatches to Chihuahua, and afterwards from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to California. Some time after 1849 he discovered a pass through the Sierra Nevada mountains, which was named “ Beck wourth’s Pass,” and in 1852 became a trader in Beckwourth’s Valley. He died in 1867. BEDEL, John, soldier, was born in the Indian Stream district, in northern New Hampshire, July 8, 1822; son of Moody Bedel, general in the U. S. army. Upon the outbreak of the Mexican war he enlisted as a volunteer soldier, and in 1849 was promoted to a captaincy. After the close of the war he studied law, was admitted to the bar. and began practice at Bath, N. H., in 1850, and from 1853 to 1861 held a position in the treasury de- partment at Washington. During the civil war he was actively engaged as colonel of the 3d New Hampshire volunteers. He was captured at Foi't Wagner, July 18, 1863, and held for one year and five months as a prisoner of war. After beiixg paroled he was made brevet brigadier-genxfral, and in July, 1865, was mustered out of service. He represented Bath in the state legislature and was several times the Democxatic candidate for the governorship of the state. He died in Bath. N. H., Feb. 26, 1875. BEDELL, Gregory Thurston, 3d P. E. bishop of Ohio and 67th in succession in the Amei’ican episcopate, was born at Hudson, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1817; son of the Rev. Gregory Townsend Bedell. He received his preparatory education at the school of the Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg, Flushing, L. I., was graduated from Bristol college, Pa., in 1836, and entered the Theological seminary of Virginia in 1837, having spent the interim in /teaching. He recei ved his diaconate at the hands of his uncle, Bishop Channing Moore, July 19. 1840. and the same prelate advanced him to the priesthood, Aug. 29. 1840. His first charge was Holy Trinity, West Chester, Pa., and in 1843 he assumed the rectorship of the Church of the Ascension, in New York city. Norwich university confeiTed upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1856. On Oct. 13, 1859, he was consecrated assistant bishop of Ohio, and on March 13, 1873, oix the death of Bishop Mcllvaine, he succeeded him as bishop of Ohio. After serving sixteen years, Bishop Bedell, byi-easonof increasing infirmities, tendered his l-esignation, and it was accepted by the house of bishops, Oct. 18, 1889. Bishop Bedell, by inheritance axxd choice, affiliated with the evangelical branch of the church. His episcopate was laborious and abundantly successfxxl. Many of his sermons were published, as well as a pas- toral oix “Ritual Uniformity,” “ Notes of the Oriental Churches,” “A Manual of Pastoral Theology,” “A Centenaxy of the American Episcopate,” and other works too numerous to mention, with which he enriched the literature of the church. He was the delegate from tlxe American house of bishops to the meeting of the Venerable society for the propagation of the gospel in London, England, upon the occasion of the centenary commemoration of the consecx-ation of the first prelate of the Protestant Episcopal church in America, and preached the sermon at St. Paul's cathedral. He died March 11, 1892. BEDELL, Gregory Townsend, clergyman, was born on Staten Island, Oct. 28, 1793. He at- tended the Episcopal academy, Cheshire, Conn., and in 1811 was graduated fi'oni Columbia college, and ordained to the priesthood of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1814. His first parish was at Hudson, N. Y. ; his next, at Fayetteville, N. C. The southern climate proving unfavox-able to his health, he removed, in 1822, to Philadelphia, where he became celebrated as a preacher, and was mainly instrumental in building up the parish of St. Andi’ew. He is the author of several sacred poems and musical compositions. Among lxis published works are: “Bible Studies,” “Is it Well:” “It is Well,” “ Ezekiel’s Vision, ” “Way Marks, ”“ On wax'd ; or, Christian Piogression.” He died at Baltimore, Md.. Aug. 30, 1834. BEDFORD, Gunning, patriot, was born fix Philadelphia about 1730. He served in the French and Indian war of 1755, with the rank of lieu- tenant, and became a major in the Continental army in March, 1775. The following year he was wounded at the battle of Wlxite Plains, having at that time the rank of lieutenant -colonel, and on June 18th of tlxe same year was made xnuster- master-general. In 1783 he was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress, serving two years. He became governor of Delaware in 1796, and died while in office at New Castle. Del., Sept. 30. 1797. BEDFORD, Gunning, Jr., jurist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1747. He was a cousin of Gunning Bedford, patriot. After graduating from the College of New Jei’sey, in 1771, as vale- dictorian, lie studied law. was admitted to the bar, and began practice at Dover. Del. , removing later to Wilmington. He served during the revo- lutionaiy war as a soldier, and was for a time aide-de-camp to General Washington. He was a member of the Delaware house of representatives. BEDFORD. BEE. a member of the Continental Congress (1783- 86), and of the convention that framed the constitution of the United States. He was also elected attorney -general of Delaware. In 1789, and again in 1793, he was a presidential elector. In 1789 he was appointed U. S. district judge by President Washington, and this position he held until his death, which occurred March 30, 1812. BEDFORD, Gunning S., physician, was horn in Baltimore, Md., 1806; a grand-nephew of Gun- ning Bedford, Jr. , jurist. He was graduated from Mount St. Mary's college, Emmittsburg, Md., in 1825, as honor man, and from Rutgers medical college in 1829. During 1831 and 1832 he studied in the hospitals of Europe, and upon his return spent some three years teaching in the medical colleges at Charleston, S. C., and Albany, N. Y. He made a specialty of obstetrics, and after his removal to New York, in 1836, he established a considerable practice. The custom of holding obstetrical clinics where indigent women may obtain free medical advice and treatment was initiated in the United States by Dr. Bedford. He was also instrumental, in connection with Dr. Valentine Mott, in establishing the University medical college, New York, in 1840, and he was professor of obstetrics in that institution until 1862. His “ Diseases of Women and Children ” and his “ Principles and Practice of Obstetrics ” passed through several English and American editions, were translated into French and Ger- man, and became standard authorities. He translated and edited Cliailly’s “Midwifery,” Magrier's “ Anatomy, ” Bandelocque on “ Puer- peral Fever,” Boisseau on “ Cholera,” and several other French works of great importance. His death occurred in New York city, Sept. 5, 1870. BED1NGER, George Michael, representative, was born in Virginia about 1750. He emigrated to Kentucky, when that state was a wilderness, and settled near what became known as Blue Licks. In the engagement against Chillicothe, in 1779, he served as adjutant, and three years later was major at the battle of Blue Licks. He also fought in Drake’s regiment in 1791, later in the same year was commander of the Win- chester battalion of sharpshooters in the St. Clair expedition, and from April 11, 1792, to Feb. 28, 1793, commanded the third sub-legion of United States infantry. In 1792 he was a member of the state house of representatives, and was elected a representative in the 8th and 9th U. S. congresses. He died at Lower Blue Licks, Kv., in 1880. BEDINGER, Henry, diplomatist, was born near Shepherdstown, Va., in 1810; son of George Michael Bedinger. representative. He was admit- ted to the bar in 1832, and established himself in his profession at Shepherdstown, removing later to Charlestown. Va. He represented his district in the 29th and 30th U. S. congresses from 184 - 5_'49. He served during 1853 as U. S. charge d'affa ires at Denmark, and was then appointed res- ident minister at Denmark, where he was instru- mental in bringing about the treaty abolishing Sound Dues. He returned to America, Aug. 10, 1858, and died in his native town, Nov. 26, 1858. BEDLE, Joseph Dorsett, governor of New Jersey, was born at Middletown Point, N. J., Jan. 5, 1831. After acquiring an academical edu- cation he spent some time in the study of the law with William L. Dayton, Trenton, N. J.. and at the Ballston Spa (N. Y. ) law school ; was admitted to practise in the supreme court of New Jersey in 1853. He practised for a short time in Middle- town Point, and opened a law office at Freehold, N. J., in 1855, where he remained ten years. In 1865 he was appointed by Governor Parker a justice of the New Jersey supreme court. His cir- cuit being in the northern part of the state, he made his home in Jersey City. He was reap- pointed as justice in 1872, and was elected by the Democratic party governor of the state in 1874. The College of New Jersey conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1875. After his term of office as governor had expired, in 1878, he retired from public life and practised his profession until his death, which occurred Oct. 21, 1894. BEE, Bernard E., soldier, was born at Charles- ton, S. C., about 1823. In 1845 he was graduated from the military academy at West Point and was brevetted 2d lieutenant of infantry. He served in the military occupation of Texas in 1845-’46, and in the Mexican war from 1846-'48, being engaged in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco and Chapultepec, receiving for his service in the last-named engagement the brevet rank of cap- tain. He afterwards served in garrison and on frontier duty in Utah, Dakota and Minnesota, until March 3, 1861, when he resigned to join the Confederate army. He was given the rank of brigadier-general, and commanded the South Carolina troops at the battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21, 1861. During this battle his brigade became demoralized and began to fall back in confusion. He rode up to Gen. T. J. Jackson, who commanded a Virginia brigade, and said: “They are beating us back.” “Then,” said Jackson, “we will give them the bayonet. ” General Bee rode back to his command, and with the words: “ Look at Jackson! There he stands like a stone wall! Rally behind the Virginians,” he led his men to another charge. The sight of Jackson’s troops gave them courage, and the in- cident gave Jackson the immortal sobriquet, “Stonewall.” Bee was killed at the head of liis brigade while cheering on his men. The date of his death is July 21, 1861. 17 ] BEEBE. BEECHER. BEEBE, Bezaleel, soldier, was born at Litch- field, Conn., April 28, 1741. He joined Rogers's Rangers in 1758, was with them in the sharp skirmish near Wood Creek when Putnam was captured, and afterwards served at Montreal in 17(50. After the war he returned to his home, but again took the field in 1775, immediately after the battle of Lexington, and marched to Lake Cham- plain with a force to protect the lake. He par- ticipated in the movements of 1776 in New York and New Jersey as a captain in Colonel Hinman's regiment, was taken prisoner at the capture of Fort Washington, N. Y., and was no sooner ex- changed than he was again captured, spending more than a year as a prisoner of war in New York city. He was promoted major in 1777, lieu- tenant-colonel in 1780, colonel in the Continental army in 1781, and afterwards commanded the Connecticut troops raised for the defence of the sea coast. After the war he occupied a seat in the Connecticut legislature for a number of terms. He died in Litchfield, Conn., May 29, 1824. BEECHER, Catherine Esther, educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I., Sept. 6, 1800; daughter of Lyman and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. She was the eldest of thirteen children, and by lier mother's death the care of her father’s house- hold devolved upon her when she was sixteen years of age. She was educated at the Litchfield (Conn.) seminary, and in 1822 opened a school for young women at Hartford, Conn., which was very successful, and was the first school attended by her brother, Henry Ward Beecher. This work she continued for ten years. Becoming dissatis- fied with existing text-books, she set about preparing others on subjects which pressed im- mediately upon her attention. One book, a treatise on mental and moral philosophy, was never published. An edition, however, was printed, and held to be of such value as to be used as a college text-book. When her father assumed the presidency of Lane theological sem- inary in 1832, she went to Cincinnati with him, and there established a young ladies’ school; but her health failed, and after two years the enter- prise was abandoned. She continued actively engaged in the cause of education ; travelled long distances to interest and instruct educators in their work ; organized societies in which teachers could learn not only the details of instruction, but broaden their views so as to embrace more varied study for their own advancement, and a better knowledge of the capabilities of children and youth. She was especially eager “ to unite American women in an effort to provide a Chris- tian education for two million children in our own country.” Her gradually increasing physical weakness unfitted her for active labors, but her keen thought and subtile power of analysis con- tinued, and by speech or pen incited others to do what she had strength only to conceive. In later life she connected herself with the Episcopal church. She was the author of many books relat- ing, for the most part, to the training of women, among them: ‘"Letters on the Difficulties of Religion” (1836); “The Moral Instructor” (1838) ; “ Treatise on Domestic Economy ” (1842) ; “ A Memoir of George Beecher ” (1844) ; “ Duty of American Women to their Country ” (1845) ; “Truth Stranger than Fiction” (1850); “True Remedy for the Wrongs of Women, with a History of an Enterprise having that for its Object” (1851); “Common Sense Applied to Religion” (1857) ; “ An Appeal to the People, as the Author- ized Interpreters of the Bible ” (1860) ; “ Religious Training of Children in the School, the Family and the Church ” (1864) ; “ The American Woman's Home” (1869); “ Woman's Profession as Mother and Educator, with Views in Opposi- tion to Woman's Suffrage ” (1871) ; “ Housekeeper and Health-keeper” (1873), and a “Domestic Receipt Book,” which had a large sale. She died in Elmira, N. Y., May 12, 1878. BEECHER, Charles, clergyman, was born at Litchfield. Conn., Oct. 7, 1815; son of Lyman and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. When he was a little more than eleven years old his father moved to Boston. There he had the advantage of the Latin school, afterwards studying at Lawrence acad- emy, Groton. Mass., and from that institution went to Bowdoin college, graduating in 1834. His theological course followed in Lane seminary, Ohio, of which his father was president. For seven years he followed mercantile pursuits in New Orleans and Indianapolis, and in 1844 he was installed pastor of the Second Presbyterian church in Fort Wayne, Ind., where he remained nearly seven years, and which he left to take the pastor- ate of the First Congregational church in Newark, N. J., in 1851. He resigned his charge in Newark, and removed to Georgetown, Mass., in 1857, where he became pastor of the First Congrega- tional church. From 1870 to 1877 he resided in Florida, acting as superintendent of state educa- tion for two years. In 1885 he was acting pastor in Wysox, Pa. Among Mr. Beecher's published works were : “ The Incarnation : or. Pictures of the Virgin and her Son ” (1849) ; “ David and his Throne” (1855); “Pen Pictures of the Bible” (1855); “Autobiography and Correspondence of Lyman Beecher ” (1863) ; “ Redeemer and Re- deemed ” (1864); “Spiritual Manifestations” (1879) ; “ Eden Tableau ” (1880), and “ Patmos ” (1896). He also selected hymns and music for the “ Plymouth Collection.” He was a thor- oughly competent musician, and was employed as organist in prominent churches during his mercantile life, lS37-’43. [ 248 ] BEECHER. BEECHER. BEECHER, Edward, educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I., N. Y., Aug. 27, 1803; the second son of Lyman and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. He was prepared for college under his father's care, and was graduated at Yale college in 1822, after which he pursued his theological studies at Andover, Mass., and at New Haven, Conn. In 1825 he was tutor in the Hartford high school and at Yale college. All through his life he was a practical advocate of physical culture, and he, while at college, wrote an article on “ The Duty of an Equitable Culture of All the Powers,” a strong plea for healthy college sports, published in the Christian Spectator. He began his career as minister at the Park street Congregational church in Boston in 1826, and continued in that pastorate until 1830, when he became first presi- dent of the Illinois college at Jacksonville. After fourteen years’ service in that capacity he re- turned to Boston in 1844, assumed the charge of the Salem street church, which he retained until 1855, when he accepted a call from the Congrega- tional church at Galesburg, 111. , where he remained until 1870. He was a professor of Biblical exegesis for several years in the Chicago theological sem- inary. In 1872 he went to Brooklyn to assist his brother, Henry Ward Beecher, in the editorial management of the Christian Union , and pur- posed to retire permanently from the ministry. He had been a contributor to periodicals for many years, and editor-in-charge of the Congregation- alist for half a dozen years. Throughout the Tilton scandal he stood by his brother, watching the case with the utmost vigilance, and by his very presence sustaining the courage of the de- fendant. In 1885 he assumed charge of the Con- gregational church at Parkville, near Brooklyn, continuing his residence in the city. He made daily visits to his parish. He was run over by a railroad train while returning from a week-day service, and one leg was so crushed that it had to be amputated. He entirely recovered from the shock and operation, despite his advanced age, he being at the time eighty-five. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon Mr. Beecher by Marietta college in 1841. His best known works are: ‘‘The Conflict of Ages ” and ‘‘The Concord of Ages,” in which he announces the view that man is in a progressive state— the present life being the outcome of a former one, and the preparation of another life after death. Evil, however, will continue in the future life, and the struggle between it and goodwill still go on until some far-off future, when evil will be finally subdued, and universal harmony be forever established. The utterance of such radical views in regard to the future life necessarily made a profound impression upon the thought of the day and aroused much comment. His publications include: “Address on the Kingdom of God” (1827) ; “ Six Sermons on the Nature, Importance and Means of Eminent Holiness throughout the Church” (1835); “Statement of Anti-slavery Principles ” (1837) ; “ History of the Alton Riots ” (1838) ; “ Baptism: its Import and Modes ” (1850) ; “ The Conflict of Ages ” (1853) ; “ The Concord of Ages” (1860); “History of Opinions on the Scriptural Doctrines of Future Retribution ” (1878), and “ The Papal Conspiracy ” (1885). He died at his home in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 28, 1895. BEECHER, Eunice White (Bullard), author, was born at West Sutton, Mass., Aug. 26, 1812; daughter of Dr. Artemus Bullard. She acquired her education at Hadley, Mass., and taught school for a time. She was married Aug. 3, 1837, to Henry Ward Beecher, and went with him to a small parish at Lawrenceburg, Ind. Two years later they removed to Indianapolis, where they remained until Mr. Beecher’s call to Plymouth church, Brooklyn, N. Y. She wrote: “From Dawn to Daylight : a Simple Story of a Western Home” (1859); “Motherly Talks with Young Housekeepers” (1875); “Letters from Florida” (1878); “All Around the House” (1878); “Home” (1883), and, with William C. Beecher and Rev. Samuel Scoville, an “ Authentic Biog- raphy ” of her husband. She died March 8, 1897. BEECHER, Frederick Henry, soldier, was born in New Orleans, La., June 22, 1841; son of Charles Beecher and grandson of Lyman Beecher. After his graduation from Bowdoin college, in 1862, he enlisted in the 16th Maine volunteers, and was made sergeant of his company. He was promoted to be 2d and 1st lieutenant, and served in the army of the Potomac. His first battle was Fredericksburg. At Gettysburg he sustained severe wounds, and was transferred to the veteran reserve corps. When a lieutenant and acting adjutant-general, he was on duty in the Freedmen’s bureau in Washington. At the end of the war he was given a lieutenant’s commission in the regular army, was assigned to frontier duty in Kansas, and saw active service in Indian campaigns. In July, 1866, lie was promoted 1st lieutenant, U. S. A., and was killed in an encounter with the Indians near Fort Wal- lace, Kansas, Sept. 17, 1868. BEECHER, Henry Ward, clergyman, was born at Litchfield, Conn., June 24, 1813; fourth son and ninth child of Lyman and Roxana (Foote) Beecher, grandson of David, and sixtli in descent from John, the first American ancestor, who came with his mother, the widow Hannah Beecher, to Connecticut from Kent, England, in 1638. His paternal ancestors were of sturdy yeo- man stock, noted for their physical strength — honest, God-fearing men; his mother was the daughter of Eli and Roxana Ward Foote, Episco- BEECHER. BEECHER. palians and loyalists, Eli being descended through Nathaniel Foote, who came to Connecticut with Hooker’s company, in 1636, from James Foote, who was knighted for his loyalty to King Charles. His mother died when Henry 7 was three years old, and he found an ex- cellent and careful parent in his father’s second wife, Hannah Porter. His early env ironment was such as to foster inde- pendence and sturdi- ness of character. There were no in- dulgences in the large, simple house- hold ; plenty of work, much wholesome fun, strict discipline — the whole steeped in an atmosphere of theology. The little boy at four years of age at- tended the district school, and at ten was sent to the school kept by his sister Catherine, where he was the only boy 7 among thirty or forty 7 girls. There was nothing precocious in his development ; he was not particularly apt as a scholar ; but was a healthy boy, full of fun and spirit, having a faculty of repartee which delighted his school- mates. In 1826 his family removed to Boston, his father being appointed pastor of the Hanover street church in that city. Henry 7 attended the Mount Pleasant institute, where he made a special study of mathematics, incited thereto by his desire to enter the navy. His religious con- victions at this time were deepened while attend- ing some revival meetings, and he resolved to become a preacher of the gospel. He entered Amherst college in 1830, where he made his mark chiefly outside the class-room, drawing and lead- ing his fellow students by 7 that personal magnet- ism which was afterwards so large a part of his power as a preacher. In logic and in class de- bates he outshone his class-mates, being especially noted for the quality of his extemporaneous speeches. He took a course of elocutionary train- ing, specially needed because of some slight defect in his utterance, and also became interested in the science of phrenology 7 , which he always re- garded as useful to the preacher in enabling him to understand just how to impress certain people. His college life was a time of religious ferment; opinions which had long been growing reached their culmination, and resulted in the division of both Congregational and Presbyterian churches into two parties. “My whole life,” wrote Mr. Beecher. “ has more or less taken its color from the controversy which led to the division of the old-school and the new-school Presbyterians.” He was graduated from Amherst in 1834, and pursued his theological course at Lane seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, where his father was professor of systematic theology. While a student here, bis first editorial work was done on the Cincinnati Journal, in the columns of which he advanced his anti slavery 7 views. Here he first witnessed the fierce partisan feeling between the Abolition- ists and the upholders of the “ divine institution ” of slavery. He saw the freedom of the press im- perilled and the city 7 in danger of mob law, and he patrolled the streets himself for some days armed as a special policeman. He also taught a large Bible class, and began to formulate his plans for pastoral work. He completed his course in 1837, and was given the pastorate of a church at Lawrenceburgli, Ind., where he had a congrega- tion of nineteen women and one man. He was here subjected to a rigorous examination on “ doctrines ” by the elders of the church, and was pronounced orthodox, but was rejected because he would not subscribe himself as belonging to the old-school Presby 7 terians. The matter was adjusted by the congregation affiliating with the new-school Presbyterians, and the y T oung pastor maintained his relations with it for two years. In 1839 he accepted the pastorate of a church at Indianapolis, Ind. Here he conducted several re- vivals, preaching daily 7 sometimes for eighteen consecutive days. He found his recreation in horticulture, and was editor of the agricultural department of the Indianapolis Journal. He established a depot of the underground railway at his house, where he succored and comforted runaway 7 slaves, and at night drove them on to the next place of refuge. In 1847 he assumed pastoral charge of the Plymouth Congregational church, Brooklyn, N. Y. His first sermon preached there, June, 1847, was an exposition of his views in regard to slavery, which he considered a thing altogether accursed ; abolitionism was a principle not yet popular at the north, and be- cause of his vigorous and caustic utterances against slavery, Mr. Beecher found his life endangered, and was obliged to walk in the middle of the street after dusk, through fear of ambushed assail- ants, and at one time a mob was organized to tear down his church, but was diverted from its pur- pose by some trifling circumstance. His genius as an orator increased the church, and rapidly brought him into prominence. He was an omniv- orous reader, and his mind was stored with mines of information and apt illustrations. He was unconventional in the pulpit, and moved men to laughter as well as tears. “ All the bells in my belfry shall ring to call men to God. he said. He minimized law, and magnified love as the chief factor in the religious belief. He r-250] BEECHER. BEECHER. taught God as the Father of the whole human race — a pitying, loving Father. Frequently he brought to the platform on which he preached some poor victim of the cruel laws of slavery, and held an auction to procure the price of ransom. In 1848 the Plymouth church adopted a strictly evangelical creed. In 1849 the original edifice was destroyed by fire, and a new one was erected with a seating capacity of three thousand, the regular members at the time of Mr. Beecher s death num- bering 2,400. Mr. Beecher early became distin- guished as a lecturer and public speaker, and so numerous were the calls made upon him that he was frequently obliged to decline engagements at five hundred dollars a night. On the organiza- tion of the Republican party he affiliated himself with it. He delivered many political sermons, and was particularly active in 1856 in addressing political meetings throughout the northern states. He paid his first visit to England in 1850, to re- cuperate his health. In 1861 Mr. Beecher became the editor of the New York Independent. He was the pioneer in catholicity of thought in re- ligious journalism, his editorial writing being extremely characteristic; he chose, as subjects, matters interesting to the people, believing in God's action in the common affairs of life, and wrote so as to awaken inspiration, treating of his subjects from the Christly standpoint of re- sponsibility for and helpfulness to others. He wrote at this time his famous article, “ Shall we Compromise? - ’ being absolutely against any measure of compromise himself ; and lie bitterly denounced Webster for his retrogression. In 1863 he visited Europe and did inestimable service to the northern cause by his speeches before large audiences in England, Scotland and Ireland. He took an active part in the presidential cam- paign of 1864, when Mr. Lincoln was the candidate for a second term. In April. 1865, he delivered an anniversary address at Fort Sumter, at the request of the government. In 1870 The Chris- tian Union was established in New York, and Mr. Beecher became its editor. During the years 1872, 1873 and 1874 he delivered three courses of lectures on preaching in the Yale divinity school. In 1874 his sometime friend, Theodore Tilton, the editor of the Independent, brought gross charges of immorality against him, from which he was exonerated by the church, and on the civil trial the jury failed to agree. In 1878 Mr. Beecher openly stated that the doctrine of eternal punish- ment was opposed to his belief, and in 1882 he withdrew from the Congregational association of churches, followed by the entire congregation of Plymouth church. He gave his hearty support to Mr. Cleveland in the presidential campaign of 1884, by which action he antagonized many of his political friends. In 1886 he again visited Eng- land, where he was overwhelmed with kind atten- tions, and where he delivered numerous addresses. Many of the papers contributed by him to the New York Independent, the New York Ledger, etc. , were afterwards collated and issued in book form. The following is a list of his more important works: “Lectures to Young Men (1844, 2d ed., 1850); “Star Papers; or, Experi- ences of Art and Nature” (1855); “New Star Papers” (1858. These were republished in Eng- land under the title “Summer in the Soul”); “ Freedom and War : Discourses Suggested by the Times” (1863); “ Eyes and Ears ” (1864); “Aids to Prayer ” (1864) ; “ Norwood ; or. Village Life in New England” (1867): “ Overture of Angels” (1869) ; “ Lecture-Room Talks " (1870) ; “ Jesus the Christ; Earlier Scenes ” (1871) ;“ Yale Lectures on Preaching” (1872-’74) ; “A Summer Parish” (1874); “Evolution and Religion” (1885). The second volume of ‘ 'Jesus the Christ ” was published after his death. He edited the Plymouth “ Collec- tion of Hymns and Tunes” (N. Y., 1855), and “ Re- vival Hymns ” (Boston, 1858). Twenty volumes of his sermons were published, as well as many separate addresses and sermons: “Army of t lie Republic,” “ The Strike and its Lessons,” “ Doc- trinal Beliefs and Unbeliefs” (1882); “Com- memorative Discourse on Wendell Phillips,” “ A Circuit of the Continent ” (1884); “ Letters to the Soldiers and Sailors ” ( 1866— *84) . Many compila- tions from his writings and sermons and various biographies of him have appeared, the most com- plete being the “ Authentic Biography,” by Wil- liam C. Beecher and the Rev. Samuel Scoville, in collaboration with Mrs. Beecher. A mural tablet was erected in his honor in Plymouth church, Brooklyn, Jan. 13, 1893. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 8, 1887. BEECHER, James Chaplin, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 8, 1828; son of Lyman and Harriet (Porter) Beecher. He was educated under his father at Lane seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, and after graduating at Dartmouth, in 1848, pursued his studies in theology at Andover, and was ordained a Congregational minister, May 10, 1856. He went as missionary to Canton, China, and was chaplain of the Seamen’s Bethel in that place and in Hong Kong until 1861. He then returned to the United States to take part in the civil war, and was commissioned as chaplain of the 1st New York infantry, serving in 1861— ’62. He was then commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 141st N. Y. regiment, serving about a year, when he was transferred to the 35th U. S. colored troops, promoted as colonel and served from 1863 to 1866, when he was mustered out of the volunteer ser- vice as brevet brigadier -general. He returned to the ministry, and was settled in Oswego, N. Y., from 1867 to 1870; in Poughkeepsie from 1870 to 51 ] BEECHER. BEECHER. 1873, and then in Brooklyn in 1881-'82. During these years his health had gradually given way to mental disorder. It was hoped a course of the water-cure treatment would be of benefit, but it failed, his sufferings increased, and he ended his own life at Elmira, N. Y., Aug. 25, 1886. BEECHER, Lyman, clergyman, was born in New Haven, Conn., Oct. 12, 1775; son of David Beecher. The Beecher family came to Connecti- cut in 1638, and settled at Quinnipiac, naming it New Haven. The first American-born ancestor was Joseph Beecher. His son Nathaniel was a blacksmith, and his anvil stood on the stump of the old oak from which Master John Davenport gave the first Connecticut sermon. Then came David, also a blacksmith and farmer, who was connected with the patriot army near the close of the revolutionary war. His third wife was the mother of Lyman. She dying soon after his birth, the motherless child was adopted by, and passed the first sixteen years of his life with his uncle, Lot Benton, of Guilford, Conn. Lyman entered Yale college in 1793, a healthy, stout, farmer’s boy, eighteen years old. On entering college, Beecher was undecided whether to study law or theology. In his second college year he became interested in personal religion, but was so depressed in spirits as to be hypochondriacal, and was a long time deciding whether he would ever preach or not. Dr. Timothy Dwight was president, and had great influence on young Beecher, which he acknowledged twenty -five years later, to the joy of the good old doctor. He gained no honors as a student; had little taste for mathematics, but could talk, and was chosen by his class to deliver the valedictory address on presentation day, six weeks before commencement, in 1797, when he was graduated. During his college course he had made the acquaintance of Roxana Foote, who became his wife shortly after his ordination. Beecher, after being examined and licensed, was called to the Presbyterian church, East Hampton, N. Y., at a salary of three hundred dollars, with a kind of parsonage-right, after five years increased to four hundred dollars. His first sermon that attracted public attention was on “Duelling,” delivered after the death of Alexander Hamilton. It was reprinted as a campaign document during the candidacy of Henry Clay for the presidency. He remained in East Hampton over eleven years, eking out his income by conducting a boarding- school for young ladies, in which enterprise he was assisted by his wife. His increasing family necessitated a change of locality, and he removed to Litchfield, Conn., in 1810, and became pastor of the Congregational church. His salary was eight hundred dollars per year. Soon after he was established he took up the cause of temper- ance, being especially moved to do so by what he deemed the disgraceful scenes lie witnessed at the meetings of ministerial associations, where the reverend gentlemen were in the habit of freely using intoxicating liquors. Out of his efforts in behalf of temperance came the Massachusetts temperance society, formed in 1813. Then came his volume, “Six Sermons on Intemperance,” which was very effective and popular. Six years after he had taken up his residence in Litchfield his wife Roxana died. At the close of the year 1817 he took for his second wife Harriet Porter of Portland, Maine, the union lasting almost twenty years. After her death, in Cincinnati, in 1835, he married as a third wife Mrs. Lydia Jackson of Boston, Mass. , who survived him. At the end of sixteen years’ labor in Litchfield, Mr. Beecher found himself in sore distress on account of pecuniary difficulties, and resigned. He received a call from the Hanover street church, Boston, Mass., where for six years he labored, preaching, lecturing and advising in the care of the churches. At this time the contest between the Puritan theology and Unitarianism was at its height. He threw himself into it with charac- teristic zeal ; his own church sustaining him, and his clerical brethren approving and assisting. He claimed that Unitarianism had seized Harvard college ; that funds donated for the promulgation of a Puritan faith were devoted to a system of faith that antagonized Puritanism ; that a fund for maintaining an annual sermon on the Trinity was paid for lectures controverting the doctrine of the Trinity; that the Hollis professorship of divinity at Cambridge was employed for the furnishing of a class of ministers whose sole dis- tinctive idea was declared warfare with the ideas and intentions of the donor. This theological controversy was at times most bitter. Some in- dication of the trend of popular feeling is given in an incident connected with the burning of Hanover street church, four years after his set- tlement over it. It is said the firemen would make no effort to extinguish the flames, refused to work the engines, and, parodying Watts's hymns, sang; — “ While Beecher’s church holds out to burn, The vilest sinner may return.” Events, however, proved the fruitfulness of the vine he had so carefully and patiently nurtured ; for from this church sprang four others: mem hers from it founded Salem street church at the North End, and Pine street church at the South End — the latter became afterwards the Berkeley street church ; other members helped to organize a church in Cambridgeport, and after the burning of the church edifice on Hanover street, another of stone was built on Bowdoin street, which building was afterwards purchased by the P. E. church, and became the Church 1S52J BEECHER. BEECHER. of the Advent, being now known as the Church of St. John the Evangelist. Mr. Beecher’s labors here were brief. At the close of sis years’ happy and successful work in Boston he went to Cincinnati, Ohio, to become pastor of the 2d Presbyterian church in that city, and president of the Lane theological seminary at Walnut Hill, near the- city. He had previously received and declined a call from the 5th Presby- terian church in Philadelphia. Public interest in the establishment of Lane seminary as a strategic point from which to promulgate a devout theology throughout the opening west, and the confidence in Dr. Beecher’s ability to make it a noble and beneficent success were so great that contribu- tions were made for it, and Arthur Tappan of New York promised the interest of twenty thou- sand dollars if Dr. Beecher would undertake the work. He was active president for twenty years, and nominally president to the close of his life. At the time he left Boston Dr. Beecher’s appear- ance and habits were peculiar. He was eccentric in many ways, was careless in dress, short-sighted, toothless and of astonishing absence of mind. If his watch was wound up it was rarely right ; if he had spectacles on his nose, another pair would be on his head, and he would be “ fumbling in his pockets for a third.” If he borrowed a pencil he would use it and pocket it, then another and another, until some one would inquire how many he had. His home life, too, was eccentric. He practised gymnastic exercises with pole or lad- der ; he sawed wood ; he shovelled sand from one side of the cellar to the other ; he swung dumb- bells ; then an hour or so before evening service he would return to his study to make sundry notes ; never ready till the church bell tolled and the messenger came for him, at last hurrying off with cravat awry and coat collar turned up, yet master of the situation, a preacher stirring the minds of men, moving their hearts, pleading, warning, entreating, till the whole audience as one man responded. Afterwards on his return home he would be full of fire, sparkling with fun, and perhaps get down the old violin and play “ Auld Lang Syne,” or ‘‘Bonny Doon,” or a “College Hornpipe,” with sometimes a double- shuffle as accompaniment, and finally go to bed. “ I must,” he said, “ let off steam gradually, and then I can sleep like a child.” During his life in Ohio there came about the conflict between two parties in the Presbyterian church, known as “ Old School ” and “ New School.” Dr. Beecher was a representative “ New School ” man. His views were so pronounced that in 1835 he was brought before the presbytery for trial. Rev. Dr. J. L. Wilson, his prosecutor, formulated charges against him, which were, in substance, for heresy, slander and hypocrisy. The specifications L253J under the several charges were explicit. Dr. Beecher gave a general denial, and ably defended himself on each point, declaring he had taught in accordance with the Word of God and the Con- fession of Faith, and that if his teachings should differ in any particular from the Confession of Faith, they included nothing at variance with the principles underlying such confession. In fact, he defended himself with the astuteness of a skilled lawyer, and this under depressing circum- stances; in his home his wife was dying, in the seminary many cares burdened him, and in ti e church he had to meet and parry attacks which those whose prejudices had been excited made against him. After a session lasting many days, after meeting the close examination of the pres- bytery, and the arguments of Dr. Wilson, his prosecutor, he finally won his case, and an opinion was given by the presbytery that the charges were not sustained. In 1850 Dr. Beecher returned to Boston, hoping to revise, at his leisure, his writ- ings; but the weight of seventy-five years was too heavy; he had lost his intellectual vigor, though his physical strength endured. Only now and again did the old fire flash up and then die away. Prof. Calvin E. Stowe, his son-in-law, writes: “ The day he was eighty-one he was with me in Andover, and wished to attend my lec- ture in the seminary. He was not quite ready when the bell rang, and I walked on in the usual path without him. Presently he came skipping across lots, laid his hand on the five-barred fence, which he cleared at a bound, and was in the lecture room before me.” Dr. Beecher finally took up his residence in Brooklyn, near his son, Henry Ward Beecher, and there spent the rem- nant of his days, losing slowly the use of his fac- ulties, but his face never lost its expression of strength and sweetness. His published writings are: “Remedy for Duelling” (1809); “Six Sermons on Temperance” (1842); “Sermons on Various Occasions,” “Views in Theology,” “ Skepticism,” “ Lectures on Various Occasions,” “ Political Atheism,” etc. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1863. BEECHER, Thomas Kennicutt, clergyman, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Feb. 10, 1824; the eldest son of Lyman and Harriet (Porter) Beecher. He was graduated from Illinois college, Jacksonville, in 1843, his half brother, Edward, being at the time president of the institution. He was master of a grammar school in Philadelphia for two years, and then principal of the High school at Hartford, Conn. In 1852 he formed and assumed the charge of the New England Congre- gational church at Williamsburg, Brooklyn. L. I. In 1854 he accepted a call from the Independent Congregational church of Elmira, N. Y., after- wards known as the Park church. Here his BEECHER. BEEKMAN. success throughout a long pastorate was very marked. At first he had a small congregation, with many financial and other burdens, and no suitable church building; and afterwards a church of nearly one thousand members, a Sunday-school with as many children in attend- ance, and a church building well fitted for wor- ship, instruction, and social home-church life, where he introduced novel and successful methods of church work. During the civil war he was for a time chaplain of the 141st New York volunteers. Mr. Beecher was always broad- minded, generous-hearted, genial and unpreten- tious, an all-round man in religion, politics and social intercourse ; not the slave of any past opinions, but suiting his methods and views to the present. His writings consisted principally of editorials and articles furnished the Elmira Advertiser & Gazette under the head of •‘Mis- cellany.” In 1870 he published a volume of lectures entitled “Our Seven Churches, ” one of them on the Episcopal church having an especially large and separate circulation. In 1853 he visited France and England ; in 1864-’65, South America ; in 1873, England ; and in 1884, California. His life work was largely confined to Elmira, where he was several times an unsuccessful candidate for political office. BEECHER, William Henry,. clergyman, was born at East Hampton, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1802; the eldest son of Lyman and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. His father directed his studies until he entered Andover theological seminary. He was ordained a clergyman in the Congregational church in 1830, and took his first pastorate at Newport, R. I. In 1833 Yale college conferred upon him the honorary degree of A.M. He went to Ohio in 1837 and located in Putnam, Muskingum county. He remained in the Western Reserve some yeai's, engaged in missionary work, and re- turned to New York to fill a pastorate at Batavia. He returned to Ohio and preached at Toledo, where he established a church, of which he was pastor for several years, and was made president of Illinois college, Jacksonville, in 1843. The climate undermined his health, and he returned east and labored in Reading and North Brookfield, Mass., at which latter place he also served as post- master. Upon the death of his wife he took up his residence with his daughters, Mary and Rox- ana, in Chicago, where he died June 23, 1889. BEECHER, Willis Judson, educator, was born at Hampden, Ohio, April 29, 1838. He was prepared for college in the academy at Vernon Centre, and was graduated from Hamilton college in 1858. From 1858 to 1861 he was a teacher in the Whitestown seminary, when he took the course in the Auburn theological seminary, grad- uating in 1864. He served as pastor of the Pres- to byterian church in Ovid, N. Y., 1864-‘65; was professor of moral science and belles lettres, Knox college, Galesburg, 111., 1865-’69; was pastor of the First Church of Christ, Galesburg, from 1869 to 1871, and in the latter year was chosen profes- sor of the Hebrew language and literature in the Auburn theological seminary, Auburn, N. Y. He is the author of “ Farmer Tompkins and his Bibles,” issued by the Presbyterian board in 1874, and of various biographical and mortuary papers, catalogues and statistics, sociological essays, papers on temperance and on education, religious and theological miscellany, book reviews and dis- cussions of Old Testament topics. In 1883-'89 he edited the Old Testament department of the “ American Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Brittannica, writing the articles on the Bible. Canon of Scripture, and various books of the Old Testament. He edited the Presbyterian depart- ment of the revised edition (1895) of “ Johnson’s Cyclopaedia.” In 1889-'90 he published a series of twelve articles on the “ Postexilian History of Israel,” in the “ Old and New Testament Stu- dent,” and in 1893-'94 he prepared the Critical Notes on the Old Testament lessons for the Sunday School Times. BEEKMAN, Gerardus, colonial governor, was born in New York, Aug. 17, 1653, son of Wilhelmus and Catalina (DeBoog) Beekman. He was a physician of wealth and good standing, and at the time of Leisler’s administration was a justice of the peace. He was a firm friend of Leisler, of whose council he was made a member in Decern her, 1689, and during the troubles in the following year caused by Leisler’s rash and obstinate acts, Dr. Beekman became anxious and feared that the result would be bloodshed. Accordingly he took things into his own hands, called together the people of King’s and Queen’s counties, who drew up a peace address, and Beekman then personally carried it to Leisler, hoping to bring him to a rational view of affairs. He failed utterly, and soon after Governor Sloughter’s arrival, March 30, 1691, Governor Leisler and members of his council — among them Dr. Beekman — were, through the instigation of Sloughter. condemned to death, be- ing charged with treason and murder ‘ • for holding by force the king’s fort against the king’s gov- ernor after the publication of his commission, and after demand had been made in the king's name, and in the reducing of which lives have been lost.” Beekman petitioned for pardon, pleading that his presence at the fort was solely to dissuade Leisler from firing upon the king’s soldiers, and begging leave to attend to certain patients who were very ill. In 1693 the prisoners appealed to Governor Fletcher, who finally liber- ated them, obliging them to give bonds that they would not leave the province. In May, 1702, Dr. 54J BEERS. REHRENDS. Beekman was made a member of Lord Corn- burys council. In 1709 Lord Lovelace, then governor, died suddenly, and Ingoldsby, the lieutenant-governor, became acting governor. As soon as possible Ingoldsbv’s commission was revoked, and Dr. Beekman was appointed to till the office until the new governor, Robert Hunter, arrived in New York, June, 1710, when Dr. Beek man became president of his council, retaining the office until his death. Oct. 10, 1723. BEEKMAN, James William, author, was born in New York, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1815. He be- longed to the historic family of Beekman, his first American ancestor, Wilhelmus Beekman, being among the first settlers of the New Netherlands. After graduating from Columbia college in 1834 he studied law but never practised, his indepen- dent fortune permitting him to enjoy perfect leisure and to indulge his taste for travel. While abroad he studied the various European systems of government, and after his return served two terms as state senator, being elected for his first term in 1850. Early in 1861, at the great Union meeting held in New York, he was commissioned, with Tliurlow Weed and Erastus Corning, to visit the President and insist upon the relief of Gen- eral Anderson and his garrison at Fort Sumter. He occupied various positions of trust, was one of the early members of the New York historical society, before which he read a number of valuable papers, and also delivered an address before the St. Nicholas society on “The Founders of New York,” which was afterwards published in 1870. See “Memoir of James William Beek- man,” by Edward F. Delancey (1877). He died in New York, June 15, 1877. BEERS, Ethelinda Eliot, author, was born at Goshen, Orange Co., N. Y., Jan. 13, 1827, a direct descendant from John Eliot. She was a frequent contributor to the magazines and news- papers when quite young, and she adopted the pen name “ Ethel Lynn.” She was married to Wil- liam H. Beers and thereafter wrote her name Ethel Lynn Beers. The best known of her poems is “All Quiet Along the Potomac.” which was first published in Harper's Weekly under date of Nov. 30, 1861, and which experienced the not usual honor of a disputed authorship — several poetical aspirants claiming the poem as their own. As none of the claimants had equally meritorious verses to show, by which to substantiate their claims, Mrs. Beers was readily accorded its authorship. Among her other published poems were. “Which Shall it Be?” “Weighing the Baby,” and other children’s verses, which were widely read and copied. A complete collection of her poems, entitled “ All Quiet Along the Potomac and Other Poems,” was published in 1879. She died at Orange, N. J., Oct. 10, 1879. BEERS, Henry Augustin, educator, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., July 2, 1847. He was edu- cated at the Hartford, Conn., high school, and at Yale college, where he was graduated in 1869. He then spent two years in the study of law in New York city, and was admitted to the bar in 1870. In 1871 he was appointed a tutor at Yale; in 1875, assistant professor of English, and full professor in 1880; also professor of English literature in the Sheffield scientific school. Yale conferred on him the degree of A.M. in 1887. He was a frequent contributor to the magazines, and published: “A Century of American Literature ” (1878) ; “ Odds and Ends,” a volume of verse (1878); “Life of N. P. Willis” (1885); “Selections from Willis’s Prose Writings ” (1885); “The Thankless Muse” (verse, 1885) ; “ An Outline Sketch of English Literature” (1886); “From Chaucer to Tenny- son ” and “A Suburban Pastoral” (1894) ; and “ The Ways of Yale in the Consulship of Plaucus” (1895.) BEGOLE, Josiah W., governor of Michigan, was born in Livingston county, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1815. His ancestors were French refugees to Maryland, and both his maternal and paternal grandfathers migrated to New York state be- cause of their aversion to slavery. He received an academic education, and in 1835 went to Michi- gan, then an unsettled territory, took up land where Flint city was afterwards built, married, and soon transformed his tract into a well-cultivated and valuable homestead. Having been instructed in anti-slavery principles, he became identified with the Republican party, and acted prominently in the public life of the state from the time of its admission to the Union. He held various local offices, was treasurer of his county from 1856 to 1862, and was elected to the state senate in 1870, holding prominent positions on committees He was a member of the National republican conven- tion held at Philadelphia in 1872, and in that year was elected a representative to the 43d Congress. He was elected governor of the state in 1882, served his full term with universal acceptance, and refused re-nomination in 1885. In 1884 he became first vice-president of the Michigan equal suffrage association, established in that year. He died June 6, 1895. BEHRENDS, Adolphus Frederick, clergy- man, was born at Nymwegen, Holland, Dec. 18, 1839. His family removed to America while he was very young. He was graduated at Denison university, Ohio, in 1862, and at the Rochester (Baptist) theological seminary, N. Y., in 1865. In the latter year he took charge of a Baptist church at Yonkers, N. Y., and in 1873 was made pastor of the First Baptist church at Cleveland, Ohio. In 1876 lie became pastor of the Union Congrega- tional chur3fh at Providence, R. I., and in 1883 he 12i5J BELASCO. BELKNAP. succeeded the Rev. Dr. H. M. Scudder in the charge of the Central Congregational church at Brooklyn, one of the largest churches in the coun- try. Dr. Behrends is the author of “Socialism and Christianity” (1886), and “The Philosophy of Preaching ” (1890). BELASCO, David, playwright, was born in San Francisco, Cal., in 1858, of English parents. His boyhood was passed in Vancouver, British Columbia, under the care of a Catholic priest. He was graduated from Lincoln college, California, and accepted an offer from a theatrical company that was to play in western towns. He travelled with them in the capacity of general utility man, and returning to San Francisco in 1878 he was appointed stage director of the Baldwin theatre, the Bush Street theatre, and the Grand Opera House, respectively. As a playwright he was uniformly successful, as attested by the popularity of his “ Hearts of Oak.” “ La Belle Russe,” “May Blossom,” “Lord Chumley,” “Valerie,” “The Wife,” “The Charity Ball” (written in collabora- tion with Henry de Mille) ; “Men and Women,” “The Girl I Left Behind Me,” and “The Heart of Maryland.” BELCHER, Jonathan, colonial governor, was born at Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 8, 1681, son of Andrew Belcher, a member of the Provincial council. He graduated at Harvard in 1699, and afterwards visited England, where he remained six years. Upon his return to his native land he settled in Boston as a merchant, became a mem- ber of the Provincial council, and, in 1729, was ap- pointed by the general assembly agent of the prov- ince in England, and while there, in 1730, wascom- GOVERNOK BELCHER’S HOUSE. missioned governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. His administration was unpopular by reason of his extravagant style of living and de- mands for a large salary. In 1741 his enemies succeeded in having him removed, whereupon he repaired to the British court, and had little trouble in regaining the favor of the king, who had been his warm personal friend. In 1747 he was appointed governor of New Jersey, a position which he held until his death. He enlarged the charter of the College of New Jersey, was its chief friend and benefactor in its early days, and bequeathed to it his valuable library. He died at Elizabethtown, N. J.. Aug. 31, 1757. BELDEN, James Jerome, representative, was born in Fabius. N. Y., Sept. 30, 1825, son of Royal Denison Belden, direct descendant of Richard Bayldon. of Yorkshire, England, who came to Wethersfield, Conn., in 1635. In 1850 he went to California, where he engaged in commercial affairs. In 1853 he returned to Syracuse, N. Y., where he mar- ried Anna, daughter of Robert Gere. Mr Belden, in connec- tion with his brother (A. Caldwell Belden) , Robert Gere, and Dr. Henry D. Denison, had large contracts in the construction of public works in the United States and Canada. His firm built the first street railways of Detroit, the Syracuse North- ern railroad, and part of the West Shore railroad, the Groton reservoir, improved Hell Gate and the canals of the State of New York, and enlarged the Welland canal. He was elected Mayor of Syracuse in 1877, serv- ing two terms. In 1886 he was elected as a rep- resentative to the 50th Congress, was re-elected to the 51st, 52d and 53d, declined a nomination to the 54th, and in 1896 was elected to the 55th Congress. In 1880 he, with his brother, founded the Robert Gere Bank in Syracuse. In New York city and Syracuse, N. Y., where he had large real-estate interests, he was well known for his quiet benevolence. He was trustee of the Syra- cuse university, charter member and officer of the order of the Founders and Patriots of America, and member of the Sons of the American revolution. BELKNAP, Charles Eugene, representative, was born at Massena, St. Lawrence count}', N.Y.. Oct. 17, 1846. He removed with his parents to Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1855; was educated in the common schools of Grand Rapids; left school Aug. 14, 1862, and enlisted in the 21st regiment, Michigan infantry, as a private; was promoted for meritorious conduct in battle, and received a captain’s commission Jan. 22, 1864. when only seventeen years old. He served until June. 186.>. with the army of the Cumberland, and was wounded seven times. He returned to Grand BELKNAP. BELKNAP. Rapids, on being mustered out of the volunteer service, and was for seven years a member of the board of education, one year mayor, and a mem- ber of the board of control of state school institu- tion for the deaf for four years. He was elected in 1888 to represent his district in the 51st Congress on the Republican ticket, declining a renomina- tion in 1890, but accepting a nomination to fill a vacancy in the 52d Congress on Oct. 12, 1891, when he was elected by sixteen hundred majority in a strongly Democratic district. In November, 1892, he was elected to the 53d Congress. He was author of the “ Legends and Myths of the Chippewa Indians,” “Flower and Plant Myths,’ and “War Memories.” BELKNAP, George Eugene, naval officer, was born at Newport, N. H., Jan. 22, 1832. In October, 1847, he entered the navy as midshipman from New Hampshire, and was attached to the brig Porpoise, in the African coast squadron. In 1850 he was transferred to the frigate Raritan of the Pacific squadron, and in 1856 to the East India squadron. He was promoted past-midship- man, 1853; master, 1855; lieutenant, Sept. 16, 1855; lieutenant-commander, 1862, and com- mander, 1866. He took an active part in the capture and destruction of the barrier forts in the Canton river, China, in 1856. At the outbreak of the civil war he was conspicuous in the re-enforce- ment of Fort Pickens, April, 1861, and com- manded the New Ironsides in the investment of the Confederate forts in Charleston harbor, 1862-’64. He commanded the Seneca in the North Atlantic squadron in 1864, and the ironclad Ca- nonicus in the attack on Howlett House battery, Va., and in the first and second attacks on Fort Fisher, firing the last shot at the evacuation of Charleston, in 1865. He then, with the Canon- icus, proceeded to Havana, Cuba, in search of the Confederate Stoneiuall. He commanded the Hart- ford (flagship) in the Asiatic squadron in 1867-’68. He was ordered in 1873 to the steamer Tuscarora to make deep-sea soundings in the North Pacific between the United States and Japan, to de- termine the feasibility of laying a submarine cable between the two countries. The methods he employed in obtaining soundings at great depths were original and highly successful, and for his valuable discoveries concerning the topog- raphy of the ocean-bed he received public recog- nition from eminent scientists in all parts of the world. At the time of the disturbance connected with the election of King Kalakaua in Honolulu, Commander Belknap was senior naval officer of the station and landed forces from the Tuscarora and the Portsmouth for the purpose of restoring and maintaining order. He was in command of the Pensacola navy yard until 1881, when he went to South American waters in the Alaska to pro- tect the interests of the United States in the diffi- culty between Chili and Peru. He was comman- dant at various times of the navy yards at Norfolk, Pensacola and Mare Island, superintendent of the naval observatory, Washington, and president of the torpedo board. He was promoted com- modore in 1885, and in 1889 was made rear-ad- miral in command of the Asiatic station with headquarters at Yokohama, Japan. He returned to the United States in 1892, and was placed on the retired list Jan. 22, 1894. He published “ Deep Sea Soundings ” and various magazine articles, and was honored by the Royal scientific societies of Europe and the principal geographical and scientific societies of America, for his investi- gations and discoveries. BELKNAP, Jeremy, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., June 4, 1744. He was graduated from Harvard in 1762, applied himself to the study of theology, and was ordained pastor of a Congre- gational church at Dover, N. H., in 1767. Here he remained for twenty years, during which time he published one of the three volumes of his “History of New Hampshire,” the other two volumes appearing in 1791 and 1792. In 1786 he received and accepted a call to the Federal street church of Boston, a charge which he held until his decease. He was the originator and founder of the Massachusetts historical society. He re- ceived the degree of S.T.D. from Harvard in 1792, and became one of its overseers in that year. Dr. Belknap enjoyed a high reputation as a writer, and his books, as well as his published sermons and magazine articles, were very populai . His works include: “ A Life of Watts ” (1793); two volumes of “ American Biographies ” (1794-'98) ; a collection of psalms and hymns (1795), which passed through several editions, and “ The For- esters; or, a Description of the Manners of the People of the Several States” (1796). He pub- lished a number of essays on the African trade, upon civil and religious liberty, and upon the state and settlement of the country. A “ Life of Dr. Belknap,” with selected letters, was published by his grand daughter in 1847. He died in Boston, Mass., June 20, 1798. RELKNAP, William Worth, soldier, was born in Newburg, N. Y., Sept. 22, 1829; son of William Goldsmith Belknap, an army officer who won dis- tinction under General Taylor in the war with Mexico. After his graduation at Princeton col- lege in 1848 he studied law in Georgetown. D. C., was admitted to the bar, removed to Keokuk, Iowa, where he practised, and in 1857 was elected to the lower house of the state legislature. Upon the outbreak of the civil war he entered the vol- unteer army as major of the 15th Iowa infantry. He fought bravely at Corinth, where he was seri- ously wounded; at Shiloh. Vicksburg, and in the [ 257 ] BELL. BELL. Atlanta campaign, winning promotion on the battlefield. He received the commission of brig- adier-general in July, 1864, and succeeded to the command of an Iowa brigade. His brevet rank of major-general of volunteers was accorded him on March 13, 1865. On his being mustered out at the close of the war he refused a commission in the regular army, and was appointed collector of internal revenue in the district of Iowa. On Oct. 13, 1869, he was appointed secretary of war in the cabinet of President Grant, and retained that position in Grant’s second administration until March 7, 1876, when, upon being charged with corruption in office, he resigned, after earnest protestations to the President that he was guilt- less of any complicity in the matters charged. Afterwards the house of representatives presented him to the senate for impeachment, but the pro- ceedings were quashed for Aant of jurisdiction, and the vote taken upon his guilt resulted in thirty-seven ayes and twenty -three nays. Sen- ator Carpenter, who defended Secretary Belknap, declared the entire innocence of his client, and purposed, should he outlive the ex-secretary, to clear his memory and place the blame where it belonged. Carpenter’s death in 1881 prevented this act of justice Mr. Belknap, after leaving the cabinet, made his home in Philadelphia, but in 1876 returned to Washington, where he took up the practice of law. On Oct. 13, 1890, he was found dead in his room, and the attending phys- icians gave the date of his death as Oct. 12, 1890. BELL, Agrippa Nelson, physician, was born in Northampton county, Va., Aug. 3, 1820. He received an academical education, and pursued his medical course at the Tremont street medical school, Boston, in the medical school at Harvard college, and at the Jefferson medical college in Philadelphia, where he received his degree March, 1842. He practised as a physician at Franktown, Ya. In 1847 he was commissioned as surgeon in the navy, served in tire Gulf squadron during the Mexican war, and was for a time attached to the yellow fever hospital on Salmadina Island, near Vera Cruz. He served on the Spanish Main, in the West Indies, on the west coast of Africa and at the New York navy yard, and resigned from the navy in 1855. He resumed the practice of medicine at Brooklyn and attained distinction for his services in 1856, when yellow fever prevailed at Bay Ridge and Fort Hamilton. He early advocated the use of steam for disinfecting purposes. In 1861 the New York commissioners of quarantine employed Dr. Bell as medical superintendent of the floating hospital for the special care of yellow fever in the lower bay. From 1870 to 1873 he was, by appoint- ment of Governor Hoffman, supervising commis- sioner of quarantine. In 1873 he established the Sanitarian, a monthly magazine devoted to the interests of public health. On the national board of health, June, 1879, Dr. Bell was chosen as one of the inspectors of quarantine, and assigned to duty on the Atlantic coast, but in August of the same year he was transferred to New Orleans on the outbreak of yellow fever in that city. From New Orleans Dr. Bell proceeded, to Vicksburg, and thence to Memphis, where he organized and instituted the house-to-house inspection service which resulted in the purification of that city. The honorary degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by Trinity college, in 1859. The New York state medical society, American medical associa- tion, American public health association, Ameri- can climatological association. Kings county med- ical society, Kings county medical association and New York medico-legal society made him a regu- lar member, and he was made honorary member of the Connecticut state medical society, and of the Societe Francaise d'bygiene, and correspond- ing member of the Epidemiological society, London. Dr. Bell’s publications include : “Quar- antine” (1856); “ Knowledge of Living Things ” (1860) ; “ Malignant Pustule ” (1862) ; “ Disinfec- tion of Vessels” (1863); “How Complete is the Protection of Vaccination ‘ ” (1864); “Medical Progress ” (1870). BELL, Alexander Graham, inventor, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3, 1847 ; son of Alexander Melville and Eliza Grace Bell. His education was conducted with a special view to his continuance of the life-work of his father and grandfather, both of whom had achieved notable success in the invention and improvement of methods for instructing persons born deaf and dumb, or with some impediment of speech. He attended the Edinburgh high school and the Ed- inburgh university, after which he entered the London university, where he remained some three years, when ill-health compelled him to resign his studies. In 1870 he accompanied his father to Canada, where he again took up his studies, and two years later removed to Boston, Mass., where he was employed as a teacher of deaf-mutes, and later became professor of vocal physiology in Bos- ton university. As early as 1867 he began the study of the problem of conveying articulate sounds by electricity, and devised a number of more or less perfect contrivances, before evolving the telephone, which he exhibited for the first time at the Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia, in 1876. He filed an application for a patent for a speaking telephone, Feb. 14, 1876. Companies were organized, exchanges established, and by 1879 the Bell telephone had become a com mercial and social necessity, not only in America, but in Europe. Mr. Bell and his backers reaped large fortunes, despite the fact that hundreds [25S| BELL. BELL. of thousands of dollars were spent in defend- ing the validity of the patent and in prose- cuting infringers. Mr. Bell invented in 1887 his photophone, an instrument by means of which a vibratory beam of light is substituted for a wire in conveying speech, and he subsequently devoted much time and study to the subject of multiplex telegraphy, and to that of recording speech by means of photographing the vibrations of a jet of water, by imparting its vibrations to a beam of light. In conjunction with C. Stunner Tainter and Dr. Chichester Bell, he made improvements in the recording and reproduction of speech, as embodied in the graphophone. Mr. Bell was elected a member of various scientific associations and contributed many valuable papers on var- ious scientific subjects. As a member of the National academy of sciences he contributed an elaborate memoir on the threatened “ Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race.” In 1890 he founded an association of articulation teachers of the deaf, the first convention of which was held at Lake George, N. Y., in June, 1891. He estab- lished the Volta bureau in Washington, D. C., as a permanent centre of information on all subjects relating to the deaf and dumb. He was mar- ried to Miss Hubbard, a deaf-mute of whose education he had charge. In 1896 Harvard uni- versity conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL*D. BELL, Alexander Melville, educator, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, March 1, 1819; son of Alexander Bell (born 1790, died 1866), who was a teacher of speech and vocal physiology in Lon- don, and author of a treatise for the cure of stam- mering, and brother of David Charles Bell, who followed the family profession in Dublin, Ireland, while he occupied the field in Edinburgh, Scot- land. He lectured in Edinburgh, in connection with the university, and also with New college, from 1843 to 1866 ; he then removed to London, where he lectured in University college. In 1870 he became lecturer in the Queen's university, Kingston, Canada, and in 1881 removed to the United States. In 1849 he published “ A New Elucidation of the Principles of Speech and Elocution,” and subsequently “ Stenophono- graphy,” and other works of shorthand; “Vis- ible Speech and Universal Alphabetics, ” “ Line Writing on the Basis of Visible Speech, ” “ Sounds and their Relations, ” “ Faults of Speech,” “ Prin- ciples of Elocution,” “Standard Elocutionist,” “Essays and Postscripts on Elocution,” “World “English and Speech-Reading and Articulation Teaching.” BELL, Charles H., naval officer, was born in New York city, Aug. 16, 1798. In 1812 lie became a midshipman in the U. S. navy, serving in 1812 and 1813 under Commodore Decatur; in 1814 under Commodore Chauncey on Lake Ontario, and in 1815 was again with Commodore Decatur on board the Macedonian in the operations against Algiei’s. He was promoted lieutenant March 28, 1820, and in 1824 was in command of the Fer- ret, capsized in mid-ocean. He was saved after twenty-three hours’ struggle with the elements. In 1829 he was with the squadron in the West Indies, operating against the pirates. With a boat’s crew he cut out the Federal from under the guns of Fort Guadeloupe. On Sept. 10, 1840, lie was promoted commander, and while cruising on the African coast in the Yorktown , in 1844-’46, he succeeded in taking three slave ships, on one of which were nearly a thousand captive Africans. He received the rank of captain, Aug. 12, 1854, and five years later was placed in command of the Norfolk navy yard. In 1860 he joined the Med- iterranean squadron, and the next year was ordered home. He served from 1861 to 1864 in command of the Pacific squadron. On July 16, 1862, he was promoted commodore, and in May, 1865, was detailed on special duty on the James river, remaining there until the surrender of the Confederate forces at Appomatox. He was made commandant at the Brooklyn navy yard, serving in that post for three years, when he was retired from active service. He received the rank of rear-admiral on July 25, 1866, and died in New Brunswick, N. J., Feb. 19, 1875. BELL, Charles Henry, governor of New Hamp- shire, was born in Chester, N. H., on Nov. 18, 1823; son of John Bell, governor in 1829-'30. He was graduated from Dartmouth college in 1844, prac- tised law in Chester, Great Falls, and Exeter; and was for ten years county solicitor. He was a representative in the state legislatures of 1858, 1859, ajid 1860, the last year being speaker; was state senator in 1863 and 1864, the last year being president of the senate; was representa- tive to the 43d Congress and president of the state Republican convention in 1878. In March, 1879, lie was appointed by Governor Prescott. United States senator to fill the vacancy made by the expiration of Senator Wadleigh’s term before the convening of the legislature, in June, 1879. He was governor of New Hampshire from June, 1881, until June, 1883, being elected as a Republican. He was president of the state constitutional con- vention in 1889. As a historian and author Gov- ernor Bell gained wide reputation, and was president of the State historical society for many years. Among his more prominent publications were: “Men and Things of Exeter, N. H.”; “Exeter in 1776”; “Phillips Exeter Academy”; ‘ ‘ Memorial of John T. Gilman, M. D. ” ; “ Memoirs of John Wheelwright,” and “The Bench and Bar of New Hampshire.” He died at Exeter, N. H., Nov. 12, 1893. f 2591 BELL. BELL. BELL, Charles Keith, representative, was born at Chattanooga, Tenn., April 18, 1853. He received a common-school education and was admitted to the bar in 1874. The same year he removed to Texas, locating at Hamilton. In 1880 he was elected district attorney ; in 1884, state senator; in 1888, district judge; in 1892 he was elected as a Democratic representative to the 53d Congress, and in 1894 was re-elected to the 54th Congress. BELL, Clark, lawyer, was born at Rodman, N. Y., March 12, 1832. He was educated at Franklin academy, admitted to the bar in 1853, practised in Hammondsport and Bath, N. Y., and in 1864 removed to New York city, where he was engaged as a corporation lawyer, notably for the Union Pacific railway. After 1870 he devoted his special attention to medical jurisprudence, and published a number of pamphlets on that subject: “The Coroner System and its Needed Reforms” (1881); “Suicide and Legislation” (1882); “The Rights of the Insane” (1883); “ Madness and Crime ” (1884) ; “ Shall we Hang the Insane who Commit Homicide?” (1885), and “ Classification of Mental Diseases as a Basis of Insanity” (1886). He founded the Medico-Legal Journal in 1883. BELL, Henry Haywood, naval officer, was born in North Carolina about 1808. In 1823 he was appointed a midshipman in the U. S. navy. He was attached to the Grampus when that vessel was detailed to protect American commerce against the pirates in Cuban waters. He served in the East India squadron, and in 1856, while commanding the San Jacinto of that fleet, he participated in the capture and destruction of the four barrier forts on the Canton river, China. He held the rank of captain at the opening of the civil war, and was appointed fleet captain of the Western Gulf squadron. He commanded a division of the fleet at the capture of New Orleans, and took formal possession of that city by raising the stars and stripes over the custom house. He was present at the taking of Port Hudson, and was promoted to the rank of com- modore July 16, 1862, commanding the Western Gulf blockading squadron until 1864. He was placed in charge of the Asiatic squadron in 1865, and July 25, 1865, was made rear-admiral. He was retired at his own request April 12, 1867. While awaiting his successor, Rear -Admiral Rowan, he put out in a boat from the Hartford with Lieutenant Reed and thirteen men, to pro- ceed up the Osaka river, Japan, in pursuit of a piratical craft. Owing to the existence of a dan- gerous sand-bar, at the mouth of the river, the boat was overturned, and the admiral, with Lieutenant Reed and ten of the men, was drowned, Jan. 11, 1868, BELL, Hiram Parks, representative, was born in Jackson county, Ga., Jan. 27, 1827. After receiving an academic education he taught school for two years, studied law. and in 1849, after his admission to the bar, established himself as a law- yer at Cumming, Ga. He was a member of the Georgia state convention of 1861, and opposed the secession ordinance. He entered the Confederate army, resigning his seat in the state senate to do so, and rendered gallant and meritorious services, for which he was promoted colonel. He was dangerously wounded at the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, Miss., Dec., 1862, and resigned from the army soon afterward. In 1864 he was elected a representative to the 2d Confederate States con- gress, and in 1872 he was elected to the 43d U. S. Congress, and in 1876 to the 45th Congress. H«-“ served as delegate to a number of Democratic con- ventions, and took a prominent part in both na- tional and state politics. BELL, James, senator, was born at Frances- town, Hillsborough comity, N. H., Nov. 13, 1804. son of Samuel Bell, governor of New Hampshire. He was graduated at Bowdoin college in 1822. studied law with his brother, Samuel Dana, and at Litchfield, Conn., was admitted to the bar in 1825, and practised his profession at Gihnanton, Exeter, and Gilford, N. H. He served a term in the state house of representatives in 1846. was a member of the state constitutional convention 1850, and received the Whig nomination for gov- ernor of the state in 1854, and again in 1855, but failed of an election; was elected U. S. senator in 1855, holding his seat until his death, which occurred at Laconia, N. H., May 26, 1857. BELL, John, statesman, was born near Nash ville, Tenn., Feb. 15, 1797. He was graduated from Cumberland college in 1814. studied law. and was admitted to the bar in Williamson county when nineteen years old. He settled in the practice of law at Franklin, interested himself in local and state politics, and evinced such marked ability that in 1817 he was elected to the state legislature, although he had not yet reached his majority. At the conclusion of his term of service he refused a renomination, removed to Nashville, where he entered into partnership with Judge Crabb, and established a considerable busi- ness. His ability both as speaker and writer brought him prominently before the people in 1826 as a candidate for representative to the 20th Congress. His political opponent was Felix Grundy, a man of popular gifts, of great aptness in -public speech, and a particular favorite of An- drew Jackson. Mr. Bell, after a twelve months canvass, was elected, and was successively re- elected to the six following congresses. He was a conservative, and opposed the radical propo- sitions of both Andrew Jackson and John C. BELL. BELL. Calhoun, while on general politics agreeing with them. During the exciting events of Jackson’s administration, Representative Bell came to the front as chairman of the judiciary committee and of the committee on Indian affairs. In 1832 he opposed protection, but afterwards adopted the policy. His defection from the Democratic party was from the time he opposed the removal of deposits from the United States banks. He had southern proclivities, if not prejudices; but he was a man of generous sympathies, broad views of the inter dependent relations of state and nation, and of a judicial type of mind. He held to the constitution and recognized what he esteemed as the duty of compromise. Mr. Bell, as a slaveholder, opposed the Wilmot proviso and Senator Douglas in his doctrine of squatter sov- ereignty. He defended the territorial rights of the south, and was outspoken on the divine right to hold slaves as property, but voted for the acceptance of the petition asking for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. He spoke and wrote against the Lecompton constitution, and in the great debate in the senate, March, 1858, made the emphatic statement : ‘ ' On the question whether Kansas shall be a free or a slave state, as a representative of southern interests, my pref- erence of course is for a slave state.” With all this he was consistent in advocating above all and before all, that the integrity of the Union should be maintained. Mr. Bell was elected speaker of the house of representatives June 2, 1834, in a close contest with James K. Polk, de- feating him by one vote, and serving throughout the second session of the 23d Congress. Upon the accession of William H. Harrison to the presi- dency, in 1841, lie was made his secretary of war. He resigned, and was succeeded, Oct. 12, 1841, by John C. Spencer, appointed by Presi- dent Tyler. He was elected by the legislature of Tennessee to a seat in the U. S. senate, and served two terms, from 1847 to 1859. In the momentous crisis of 1860 he headed the Bell and Everett presidential ticket, representing the Whig party, of which he was one of the founders, and the new constitutional union party, opposing both the Democratic parties headed by Douglas and John- son, and Breckinridge and Lane, and the Republi- can or Lincoln and Hamlin party. At the out- break of the civil war Mr. Bell made an effort with other prominent public men of his state to hold Tenness'ee in a condition of neutrality, denouncing both secession by the south and coercion by the north, but events succeeded each other rapidly, and, as he had long foreseen, the north took a stand in which the south could not acquiesce. Although he deplored what he considered the necessity of secession, he advo- cated it as a right, and declared himself in favor of the independence of the southern states, though scarcely a week before he had published an address to the state advocating peace meas- ures. Both during the war and afterwards Mr. Bell remained in retirement. He died at Cum- berland Iron Works, Tennessee, Sept. 10, 1869. BELL, John C., representative, was born in Grundy county, Tenn. , Dec. 1 1 , 1851 . He attended the public schools, and further pursued his studies for two years at Alto, and two years at Boiling Fork, Tenn. ; read law in Winchester, Tenn. ; was admitted to the bar in 1874, and the same year removed to Colorado and commenced the practice of law at Saguache. He was appointed county attorney of Saguache county, and served until May, 1876, when he resigned and removed to Lake City, Col. , then the most thriving city in the great San Juan mining region; was elected county clerk of Hinsdale county in 1878; was twice elected mayor of Lake City, and in August, 1885, resigned that position and removed to Montrose. In November, 1888, he was elected judge of the seventh judicial district of Colorado for a period of six years; in the fall of 1892 was nominated for Congress from the second district of Colorado, first by the Populist and afterwards by the Democratic convention, and was elected to the 53d Congress. He took an active part in favor of free silver in the debate on the repeal of the Sherman act. He was re-elected to the 54th and 55tli congresses. BELL, Louis, soldier, was born at Chester, N. H., March 8, 1837; son of Samuel and Lucy (Smith) Bell. He was educated at the academies of Derry and Gilford. He was admitted to the bar, and in 1857 opened an office in Farmington, N. H. In 1859 lie was appointed justice of the police court of the town, and in 1861 solicitor for the county of Strafford ; meanwhile holding the office of brigade judge-advocate, with the rank of major. In April, 1861, he was appointed cap- tain in the 1st N. H. regiment. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel in August, 1861, His abilities as an executive officer winning the recognition of Gen. Thomas W. Sherman, who appointed him inspector-general and chief of staff. On March 11, 1862, lie was commissioned colonel. He was stationed at St. Augustine, Fla., for a time, and later, as commander of a brigade, he took a con- spicuous part in the heavy operations on Folly and Morris islands, including the siege of Fort Wagner and the bombardment of Fort Sumter and Charleston, S. C. He was active in several minor engagements, and in January, 1865, led a brigade in the successful assault on Fort Fisher, where, on Jan. 15, he received a mortal wound. The secretary of war conferred upon him the brevet of brigadier-general to date from Jan. 15. He died near Fort Fisher, N. C., Jan. 16, 1865. BELL. BELLEW. BELL, Luther Vose, physician, was born at Chester, N. H., Dec. 20, 1806; son of Samuel Bell, who was governor of New Hampshire from 1819 to 1823. Luther was graduated from Bowdoin college in 1823, studied medicine with a brother, who was practising in New York, and received the degree of M.D. from Dartmouth college in 1826. He began to practise in New York, but removed to New Hampshire in 1830. He acquired reputation as a medical writer, and for two of his theses obtained Cambridge Boylston prizes. He was interested in mental diseases, to which specialty he gave most of his attention. In 1837 he accepted the superintendency of the McLean insane asylum at Somerville, Mass. He was com- missioned to visit Europe by the trustees of the Butler hospital, Providence, R. I., in 1845, in search of improved methods for caring for the insane. He first noted the disease known as Bell’s disease, and was considered an expert in insanity. He was a member of the state council in 1850, and a member of the committee which revised the state constitution in 1853. He was nominated as representative in Congress in 1852, but not elected ; and in 1856 was an unsuccessful candi- date for gubernatorial honors. He resigned his position at the McLean asylum in 1856. At the opening of the civil war he volunteered and was assigned as surgeon to the lltli Massachusetts volunteers, being attached to General Hooker's command at the time of his death. Among his published writings were: “An Attempt to In- vestigate some Obscure Doctrines in Relation to Small Pox ” (1830), and “External Exploration of Diseases ” (1836). He died near Budd’s Ferry, Md., Feb. 11, 1862. BELL, Samuel, governor of New Hampshire, was born at Londonderry, N. H., Feb. 9, 1770; grandson of John Bell, who emigrated from Ire- land to New Hampshire in 1722. In 1793 he was graduated at Dartmouth, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1796. He was actively interested in politics, his first elective office being that of a member of the state house of represen- tatives in 1804. He served three terms, and was speaker during the last two. In 1809 he was elected a member of the executive council, and later served for three years as judge of the supreme court of New Hampshire ( 1816— '19) . He was elected governor of the state in 1819, remain- ing in office five years, and in 1823 was elected to the U. S. senate, where he held his seat till 1835. The latter part of liis.life was passed on his farm in Chester, N. H., where he died Dec. 23, 1850. BELLAMY, Edward, reformer, was born at Chicopee Falls, Mass., March 26. 1850. After a partial course at Union college he studied in Germany, and returning to the United States was admitted to the bar at Springfield, Mass. Pre- ferring journalism to the practice of his profession, he attached himself to the New York Evening Post as an editorial writer, and later filled a like position on the Springfield Union. To recuperate liis health he passed the year 1877 in the Sand- wich Islands. In 1878 appeared “ A Nantucket Idyll,” his first novel; and just ten years later “ Looking Backward ” was given to the world. This book was enthusiastically received, four hundred thousand copies being sold in the United States alone, during the first three years of its publication. The work was translated into the German, French, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, Rus- sian, Polish, Hungarian, Italian and other tongues, and the sales in Great Britain and Germany were nearly as large as in the United States. Mr. Bellamy became very prominent in a political movement, favoring the nationalization of com- merce and of all industries for the equal benefit of the people. The movement also favored an en- largement of the functions of the municipalities, to include compulsory education, the lighting and heating of houses, and the control of all systems of public transit. He also favored a plan whereby the manufacture and sale of intoxicants should be made a public monopoly, conducted without profit by agents having fixed salaries independent of sales. In 1893 Mr. Bellamy published a pamphlet entitled, “ How to Employ the Unem- ployed in Mutual Maintenance,” and in 1894 another entitled, “ The Progress of the National- ists.” BELLAMY, Joseph, clergyman, was born at Cheshire, Conn., in 1719. In 1735 he completed his course at Yale college, and after studying theology two years entered the Congregational ministry in 1737. During his whole career he held the same pastorate, at Bethlehem, Conn., where he founded a theological seminary which was very successful. The University of Aberdeen conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1768. Among his publications are: “ True Religion Delineated” (1750); “ Theron, Paulinus and Aspasia ” (1759); “A Letter to Scripturista ” (1760); “The Nature and Glory of the Gosi>el ” (1762) ; “ The Law our Schoolmaster, ” “ The Half Way Covenant ” (1769), and “ Four Dialogues between a Minister and his Parishioner (1769). He also published numerous sennons and essays. He died March 6. 1790. BELLEW, Frank W. P., “Chip,” was born in 1862; son of Frank Bellew, caricaturist. To avoid confusion between the two, the son adopted the pseudonym “ Chip " to indicate that he was a “ chip of the old block." He was a regular and popular contributor of humorous drawings to Puck. Judge. Life and similar periodicals. Per- haps the best known feature of his work was his dog. which, under his clever pen. assumed [262 j BELLOWS. BELLOWS. expressions of mild surprise, disdain, anger, contempt, contentment and even mirth. Chip's humor also consisted in perverting some familiar quotation or phrase with ludicrous effect. He died in New York city, Nov. 9, 1894. BELLINGHAM, Richard, colonial governor of Massachusetts, was born in England about 1592. He was one of the patentees named in the charter of the colony, and came to America in 1634. The following year he was elected deputy governor of Massachusetts, and in 1641 a majority of six votes over John Winthrop made him governor. The choice was not agreeable to the general court, and the first order they made was to repeal a standing law for allowing one hundred pounds annually to the governor. In 1654 he was again elected gov- ernor; in 1664 he was made assistant major- general, and in the same year was summoned with several others to England for an examination of the management of their affairs. They refused to obey the summons, and the government gave them no further trouble, the king having been appeased by a shipload of masts sent from Massa- chusetts. In 1641 Governor Bellingham married for his second wife Penelope, sister of Herbert Pelham under very peculiar circumstances. The young lady, but sixteen years old, was engaged to be married to a friend of the governor’s, with his consent, “ when on a sudden the governor treated with her and obtained her for himself.” The marriage ceremony he performed himself without previously publishing the banns. He was charged with a breach of the order of court, but refused to leave the bench to answer to the charge, and there being but few magistrates present he escaped without public censure. Hubbard says: “He was a great judiciary, a notable hater of bribes, firm and fixed in any reso- lution he entertained.” In 1656 his sister, Mrs. Ann Hibbins, was burned as a witch. In 1665 he was, upon the death of Governor Endicott, elected governor, and held the office up to the time of his death. Governor Bellingham lived to be the only surviving patentee named in the charter. By his will he bequeathed his property after the decease of his wife, a son, and his grand daughter, to the use “ of godly ministers and preachers ” of the Congregational faith. The will was set aside by the court as depriving his family of their rights. His death occurred Dec. 7, 1672. BELLOWS, Albert F., painter, was-born at Milford, Mass., Nov. 29, 1829. His childhood was passed in Salem, Mass. , and in 1845 he obtained a position in the office of a Boston architect. His taste and aptitude for drawing made him emi- nently fitted for this business, and at the age of nineteen he became a partner in a firm of good standing. After remaining in business a short time he adopted painting for a profession, and was for some years principal of the New England school of design. He soon after went abroad and divided his time between New York and the art centres of Europe. He was elected an associate of the National academy in 1859, academician in 1861. He was one of the first members of the American society of painters in water colors, and in 1868 was made an honorary member of the Royal Belgian society of water colorists, which honor cannot be given without a unanimous vote of the members of the institution. Before going abroad he confined his work chiefly to oils, in which he was less successful than in his later water colors. Among the best of these are : “ Study of a Head” (1876); “Autumn Woods” (1876); “Sunday Afternoon in New England” (1876) ; “ New England Homestead ” (1878) ; “ The Willow Wagon,” “ Sunday in Devonshire,” and “ The Village Elm.” Several of his pictures have been reproduced in steel or copper-plate engravings. The Art Journal for March, 1877, says: “Bellows’ soft river banks, his trees trem- bling with light, and the quiet skies of summer have long made his paintings loved, and they have also served to develop the taste for water colors among us.” He died at Auburndale, Mass., Nov. 24, 1883. BELLOWS, Benjamin, soldier, was born at Walpole, N. H., Oct. 6, 1740. When quite a young man he became prominent in local politics, and in 1759 he was elected town clerk, holding the office for seventeen years. He served in the legislature several terms, and in 1781 refused an election to the Continental Congress. As presi- dent of the state electoral college in 1788 he cast his vote for George Washington, and in the same year sat in the state convention which ratified the Federal constitution. As presidential elector in 1796 he voted for John Adams. He rendered brave and efficient service throughout the war of the revolution, in which he held the rank of colonel, and in the state militia made his way from corporal to brigadier-general. He died in Walpole, N. H., in June, 1802. BELLOWS, Henry Adams, jurist, was born at Walpole, N. H., Oct. 25, 1803; son of Joseph and Mary (Adams) Bellows. He was educated at the academy at Windsor, Vt., studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1826. He practised in his native town, removing to Littleton, N. H., two years later, where he practised until 1850, when he removed to Concord, N. H. He gained a high reputation as a lawyer. On Sept. 23, 1859, he was appointed associate justice of the supreme judicial court, to succeed Judge Perley, and was appointed chief justice, Oct. 1, 1869. He served two terms in the state legislature, but did not hold other political office. He died in Concord, N. H., March 11, 1873. BELLOWS. BELLOMONT. BELLOWS, Henry Whitney, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., June 11, 1814. After a preparatory course at Round Hill school he at- tended Harvard college, graduating in 1832. He pursued a theological course at the Cambridge divinity school, and became pastor of the First Unitarian Congrega- tional church in New York city in 1839. This church w a s afterwards known as the Church of the Unity, and later as All Souls church. He was a gifted orator and attained celeb- rity both as preacher and lecturer. His writings are dis- tinguished for their clearness and purity of style. He estab- lished in 1846 a weekly Unitarian publication en- titled The Christian Inquirer, and was also con- nected with the Liberal Christian and the Christian Examiner. He received the degree of D.D. from Harvard in 1854. He was president of the U. S. sanitary commission, of which great charity he was a prime mover and to which he gave much of his time during the continuance of the civil war and thereafter until 1866. Dr. Bel- lows was a broad-minded and philanthropic man, full of zeal for his profession, but also entering fully into the public life of his day with large interest and sympathy. His lectures were mainly upon social topics, some of them being delivered at the Lowell institute, Boston, and afterwards published. He issued in 1860 a volume of twenty- five sermons, entitled “ Restatements of Christian Doctrine,” and a book of travels, “The Old World in its New Face ; Impressions of Europe in 1867-1868 ” (2vols., 1868-"69). Among his other books are: “Historical Sketch of the Union League Club of New York ” (1879), and “ Twenty - four Sermons Preached in All Souls Church, N.Y., 1865-1881 ” (1886). He was pastor of All Souls church, New York city, until his death, Jan. 30, 1882. BELLOMONT, Richard Coote, earl, col- onial governor, was born in 1636; son of Sir Charles Coote, raised by Charles II. to the peerage of Ireland under the title of the Earl of Mont- rath, in 1660, to which title Richard succeeded. The first mention of Richard Coote is as a mem- ber of parliament for Droitwich, England. When James II. acceded to the English throne Lord Coote left England, and for several years a member of parliament. He was a Whig, a leader in the movement to establish Protestant succession, and a friend to the Prince of Orange. Soon after the accession of William and Mary, Coote was appointed treasurer and receiver- general to the queen and, on Nov. 2, 1689, was made Earl of Bellomont. In 1695 William III., having learned that piracy was being carried on in New York, unrestrained and even secretly encouraged by the governors, summoned Bello- mont and appointed him governor of New York and New England. As soon as his appoint- ment was made public, his London house was besieged by men, who were materially inter- ested in New York, and among these was “ Colonel Robert Livingston, a man of consider- able estate and fair reputation, who has several employments in that province.” By his advice the earl, wishing to find a method of suppressing piracy in New York, engaged Captain William Kidd, who, Macaulay says, was “ well acquainted with all the haunts of the pirates, who prowled between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Malacca.” An expedition was fitted out with Kidd at the head, and the money necessary for the enterprise was raised in England. On Oct. 10, 1695, an agreement was signed to the effect that all prizes taken from the French should be disposed of according to law, and all those taken from pirates should be divided between the owners and the crew. Bellomont arrived in New York on April 2, 1698. Finding that Fletcher, his prede- cessor, had left affairs in a very bad condition, he ordered the seizure of vessels engaged in illegal traffic, dissolved Fletcher's assembly and called a new one. His reforms did not seem popular, and he wrote the king: "I am obliged to stand entirely upon my own legs ; my assistants hinder me, the people oppose me, and the merchants threaten me. It is indeed uphill work.” Matters were finally somewhat quieted in New York, and he started for Boston in May, 1699. There he was received with marked cordiality. He was awarded a larger salary for his stay in New England than any of his predecessors had received, the sum be- ing £1,875 sterling. Meanwhile, the fact that Cap- tain Kidd had turned pirate became known to Bellomont, who exerted his influence to effect his capture. At last, on July 1, 1699, Kidd landed in Boston, was arrested and confined in prison. Bellomont then visited New Hampshire, where again he received a royal welcome. He made a speech to the assembly, which favorably im- pressed the people, and during the three weeks of his stay there he reorganized the courts and adopted measures satisfactory to the people. In 1700 he left Massachusetts for New York, and in resided on the continent. He was ordered to re- turn in 1687, and the following year became again that year issued a decree ordering all “ Jesuits and popish priests, and other spiritual or ecclesias- f->64j BELMONT. BELMONT. tical persons ” to leave tlie province before Nov. 1, 1700, and decreeing that any such person found in the province after that date should be “ liable to perpetual imprisonment, and to death, if taken after having escaped from prison.” During the remainder of his rule he planned improvements for the city, negotiated treaties with the Indians, and worked earnestly for the general welfare of the provinces under his control. See “ Life of Bellomont,” by Frederic De Peyster (1879). He died in New York city, March 5, 1701. BELMONT, August, banker, was born in Alzey, in the Palatinate, Rhenish Prussia, Dec. 6, 1816. His father was a wealthy landed proprietor, and gave his son an excellent education. The boy, when he was fourteen years old, went into the service of the Rothschilds at Frankfort-on-tlie- Main. He began with- out a salary, and his first duties were to sweep the offices. Under the tutelage of the princely bankers h e developed a re- markable aptitude for financial affairs. After three years he was ; transferred to the branch house at Naples. There he successfully carried on important negotia- tions with the papal government. In Italy he developed a taste for art, and gave his leisure to a study of the paintings and statues of the great galleries and palaces of Naples. He remained in Naples three years, and then went to Havana to look after the Rothschilds’ interests in Cuba. From Havana he went on to New York city to assume charge of the interests of the Rothschilds in America and establish himself in business as a banker. In 1837 he rented a small office in Wall street and laid the foundation of the banking house of August Belmont & Co. He was twenty- one years old, with six years’ business experience and a boundless ambition. He met with rivalry and opposition, but as his bills of exchange were on the Rothschilds he maintained his stand. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States, joined the Democratic party, and voted for Polk and Dallas in 1844. In the same year tire Austrian government appointed him consul-general of that empire for the United States. He held this post until 1850, when lie re- signed, owing to his disapproval of the manner in which Austria treated Kossuth and the Hungari- ans. He was sent to Holland in 1853 as charge d'affaires, and the next year was appointed resident minister by President Pierce, and made for himself a reputation as a diplomat by securing to the United States the privilege of sending con- suls to the colonies of the Dutch East Indies. At the close of President Pierce's administration Mr. Belmont returned to New York city. During the controversy that preceded the civil war he advocated peace and compromise. He was a delegate to the national Democratic con- vention at Charleston in I860, and there supported Senator Douglas, and was elected chairman of the national Democratic committee by the con- vention that met at Baltimore and nominated Douglas and Johnson. He declared that the election of Lincoln was no excuse for dissolv- ing the Union, and he used all his influence with the moderate statesmen of the southern states, begging them not to follow the example of South Carolina; he also proposed compromise meas- ures to the Republican leaders. When Fort Sumter was fired upon, Mr. Belmont became as strongly interested in prosecuting the war as he had previously been in preventing it. He helped raise the first German regiment in New York, and on May 15, 1861, presented it with a flag. In opening the Democratic national convention of 1864 he spoke strongly in favor of a change in the administration, but even more strongly in favor of prosecuting the war for the main- tenance of the Union. Mr. Belmont continued as chairman of the Democratic national com- mittee after the campaign of 1864, and opened the convention of 1868 which nominated Seymour and Blair. In 1872, when Horace Greeley, the nominee of the Liberal Republicans, was accepted by the Democrats as their candidate, Mr. Bel- mont resigned and retired from active political life. Early in his residence in New Y T ork Mr. Bel- mont was the challenged party in a duel brought about by his championing a lady, an entire stranger, for whom he resented a real or fancied insult. Duelling was then in fashion, and Bel- mont accepted the challenge. He was wounded in the left leg below the knee, and his opponent was shot through the heart. The young banker, in 1849, was married to the innocent cause of the duel, Caroline Slidell Perry, a daughter of Com- modore Matthew C. Perry, and niece of Commo- dore Oliver H. Perry, the hero of Lake Erie. They had four sons, Perry, August, Oliver Hazard Perry, and Raymond, and one daughter, who married S. S. Howland. In 1850 he expended two hundred thousand dollars for a collection of forty pictures of old Dutch and Spanish masters. He died in New York city, Nov. 24, 1890. BELMONT, Perry, diplomatist, was born in New York city Dec. 28, 1851 ; son of August and Carolina Slidell (Perry) Belmont. He was edu- cated at the Rectory school, Hamden Conn., and at Harvard college, where he was graduated in f 26 ol BELO. BEMAN. 1872. He then studied civil law at the University of Berlin, meanwhile extending his knowledge of the languages and literature of Europe. Return- ing to America, he entered the Columbia law school, and received his degree of LL.B. in 187G. Shortly afterwards he entered upon the practice of his profession in New York city, and in 1880 was elected a representative to the 47th Congress, was returned by successive re-elections to the 48th and 49th congresses, when, in 1888, he was appointed U. S. minister to Spain by Presi- dent Cleveland. During his congressional career he set his face resolutely against the government or its officials taking any pecuniary interest in schemes or enterprises, as in the case of the Peru guano deposits, the Nicaragua canal bill, the Hawaiian sugar question, and the Congo confer- ence. He introduced and carried through the bill indemnifying the Chinese for the massacre at Rock Springs, the bill summoning the maritime conference and the bill for the improvement of the consular service, and he constantly advocated the abolition of the tariff on works of art imported for educational purposes. He presented the bill which placed the United States government first among the nations to co-operate with the French republic in making the universal exposition of 1889 a success. The French republic recognized this service by creating Mr. Belmont a commander of the Legion of Honor. In 1896 Mr. Belmont was a delegate to the national Democratic conven- tion, but with the other delegates from New York refused to support the ticket and platform adopted by the convention. BELO, Alfred H., journalist, was born at Salem, N. C., May 27, 1839. His boyhood and youth were spent in North Carolina, and when the civil war broke out he volunteered for active service in the Confederate army, and was elected to the captaincy of the first company from his native county of For- syth. He served dur- ing the operations in Virginia, earning a colonel’s commission and the reputation of a brave officer. Twice he was severely wounded, at Gettys- burg in 1863, and again the following June, when Grant made his fierce attack on the Confederate lines at Cold Harbor. He was with Lee when that general surrendered at ^ Appomattox. Leaving the scene of the disaster, he determined to seek a home in the new southwest, and he rode on horseback from Virginia to Texas, reaching the latter state in June, 1865. He accepted a position on the Galveston News, which journal he pur- chased in 1875. In 1881 Colonel Belo formed a stock company, authorized by its charter to pub- lish newspapers at Galveston and such other points in the state of Texas as they might select. He duplicated the News and issued it simultane- ously at Galveston and Dallas. Each paper had its own local department, the same editorial writ- ers, the same branch offices in New York, Wash- ington, Chicago and elsewhere, and the same press service throughout Texas. Matter was consolidated at either Galveston or Dallas, accord- ing to convenience, and transmitted from one office to the other, three hundred and fifteen miles distant, by telegraph. The two journals were thus enabled to command a complete equip- ment. BEMAN, Nathan Sidney Smith, clergyman, w r as born in New Lebanon, Columbia county. N. Y., Nov. 26, 1785; son of Samuel and Silence (Douglass) Beman. When he was a child his parents removed to Hampton, Washington county, N. Y.; where his elementary education was acquired. In 1803 he entered Williams col- lege, remaining there one year, and continuing his course at Middlebury college, where he was graduated in 1807. He then became preceptor of Lincoln academy, New Castle, Maine, meanwhile studying theology. He was licensed to preach. June 14, 1809, and was ordained pastor of the Third Congregational church in Portland. Maine, March 14, 1810. Two years later he went south to recover his health, and settled at Mt. Zion, Ga. , where he organized a Presbyterian church and established an academy. He was elected to the presidency of Franklin college, Athens. Ga.. in 1818, holding the office one year. Returning north in 1822, he began to preach in the First Presbyterian church in Troy, N. Y., and held the pastorate for a period of forty years. He was elected a trustee of Middlebury college in 1 824. and in 1846 he declined an election to the presi- dency. Williams college conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1824, and Middlebury college gave him that of LL.D. in 1852. In 1863 he was dismissed from his pastorate at his own request, and by vote of his people was given a life annuity of one thousand dollars. His published writings include numerous sermons, addresses and dis- courses, and the following volumes: "The Old Ministry” (1839); "The Influence of Freedom on Popular and National Education," “Letter.' to John Hughes” (1851); “Episcopacy Exclu- sive: a Review of Dr. Coit's Sermon and Pamphlet" (1856), and “Four Sermons on the Atonement.” He died Aug. 8. 1871. [ 266 ] BEMAN. BENEDICT. BEAIAN. Wooster Woodruff, educator, was born at Southington, Conn., May 28, 1850. He was prepared for college, entered the University of Michigan in 1800, and was graduated in 1870, receiving his A.M. degree in 1870. During the year 1870— '71 lie was instructor in Greek and mathematics in Kalamazoo college, Mich. He was instructor of mathematics in the University of Michigan from 1871 to 1874; assistant professor from 1874 to 1882; associate professor from 1882 to 1887, and was made professor in charge of the department in 1887. He became a fellow of the American association for the advancement of science, and was the secretary of Section A in 1890. He was a member of both the London and New York mathematical societies. He assisted Professor Olney in the preparation of his series of text-books, and is the author of “ Keys to Olney's Introduction to Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry and University Algebra.” He made numerous contributions to the “ Academy,” “Analyst,” “Educational Notes and Queries,” “Annals of Mathematics,” and “Bibliotheca Mathematica.” BEMIS, Edward Webster, educator, was born at Springfield, Mass., April 17, 1860. He was graduated from Amherst college in 1880, re- ceiving the class honors in history and political economy. After spending three years in resi- dent study at the Johns-Hopkins university, and two years in Minnesota as an editorial writer in the St. Paul Pioneer Press he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1885 from the Johns-Hopkins uni- versity. During the winters of 1887-'88 and 1888-'89 he conducted university extension courses in Buffalo, St. Louis and other cities, they being the first lectures of the kind ever delivered in America, their decided success initiating the university extension movement which afterwards became so prominent a feature in popular educa- tion. After giving short lecture courses at Ohio university, Mt. Holyoke seminary and at Am- herst, Vassar and Carleton colleges, during 1886, 1887 and 1888, and having charge of economics and history at Vanderbilt university during the spring sessions of 1888 and 1889, Mr. Bemis was elected adjunct professor in charge of these departments at the Vanderbilt university, in June, 1889. This post he resigned in June, 1892, to accept the ]>osition of university extension associate professor of political economy in the University of Chicago, which he held until 1895. In 1896 Professor Bemis entered upon his duties as associate editor of the “ Bibliotheca Sacra.” He is the author of “Co-operation in New England” (1886); “Co-operation in the Middle States" (1888); “ History of Co-operation in the United States” (1888); “Municipal Ownership of Gas in the United States” (1891); “Local Government in Michigan and the Northwest” (1893); “Local Government for South and Southwest” (1893); "Popular Election of United States Senators” (1898); “Relation of Labor Organizations to the American Boy, etc.” (1894), and of numerous papers on social and economic subjects. BENDIX, John E., soldier, was born on a steamboat on the St. Lawrence river, Aug. 28, 1818. When a young man he was employed in a machine shop in New York city, and in 1847 joined the 9th regiment, N. Y. S. M. When the regiment volunteered for three months’ service, in 1861, he went with it to the defence of Wash- ington. When mustered out lie organized the 7th regiment, N. Y. volunteers, and was elected its colonel. He served throughout the civil war, taking part in the battles of Antietam, Fredericks- burg and the Wilderness, and in all the operations of the army of the Potomac up to the time of the surrender of General Lee. He received pro- motion to the rank of brigadier-general in 1865. He died in New York city, Oct. 8, 1877. BENEDICT, Abner Raleigh, soldier, was born in New York city, Nov. 13, 1839, son of Abner and Harriet (Kohler) Benedict. He was educated in the public schools and in the Uni versity of Vermont. In 1801 he volunteered as a private in the 12th New York regiment. In August he received a lieutenant’s commission, and won his first brevet at Gaines’s Mill. He served gallantly at second Bull Run, at Antietam, and at Fredericksburg, where lie was shot through the lungs, Dec. 14, 1862, gaining a brevet as major for liis action. His wound was thought to be mortal, but lie reported at Washington in less than three months. He rejoined his regiment at Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg the com- mand of the regiment devolved upon him. He was for a time commander of the 4th infantry as the body-guard at General Grant's headquar- ters, during the Petersburg campaign. Later lie was stationed at Plattsburg, N. Y. He died of the wound received at Fredericksburg, June 15, 1867. BENEDICT, David, historian, was born at Norwalk, Conn., Oct. 10, 1779; son of Thomas and Martha (Scudder) Benedict. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a shoemaker in New Canaan, Conn., and was then employed for a short time as a journeyman. In 1802 he en- tered the academy at Mt. Pleasant, Sing Sing, N. Y., where he was prepared for college. In 1806 he was graduated from Brown university, and in a short time was ordained to the Baptist ministry. His first pastorate was in Pawtucket, It. I., where he remained until about 1831, mean- while devoting much time to historical research relative to the Baptist denomination. From BENEDICT. BENEDICT. 1818 to the time of his death he was a trustee of Brown university, and in 1851 Shurtleff college conferred upon him the degree of D.D. He was a writer of force and originality, and his books had a wide circulation. Among these are: “ General History of the Baptist Denominations in America and all Parts of the World ” (2 vols., 1813) ; “ Abridgment of Robinson's History of Baptism ” (1817) ; “ Abridgment of History of the Baptists ” (1820) ; “ History of All Religions ” (1824); “Address before the Grand Lodge of Rhode Island ’’ (1830) ; “ Fifty Years among the Baptists ” (1860) ; “ Compendium of Ecclesiastical History,” “ History of the Donatists ” (1874), and “ Conference Hymn Book.” He was also the author of several poems. He died at Pawtucket, R. I., Dec. 5, 1874. BENEDICT, Erastus Cornelius, educator, was born at Branford, Conn., March 19, 1800; son of Joel Tyler and Currance (Wheeler) Bene- dict. In 1803 his parents removed to New York, where he acquired a good English education at an early age, and taught school for a short time. In 1821 he was graduated from Williams college with the degree of A.M., and shortly after his graduation accepted a position in Jamestown, N. Y., as principal of an academy. From there he went to fill a similar position at Newburg, N. Y., and returned in 1824 to Williams college, where for a few months he acted as tutor. He was admitted to the bar in 1824, began the prac- tice of the law, and was soon made deputy clerk of southern New York. He was for fifty years a leading authority on admiralty law, and though his practice was large, he was actively interested in local and state politics. He held several municipal offices in New York city, being assist- ant alderman and president of the board of edu- cation, and a member of the state assembly in 1848 and 1864. In 1855 he became a trustee of Williams college and a regent of the University of the state of New York, which office he held until his death. In 1865 Rutgers college con- ferred upon him the degree of LL.D. In 1872 he was elected to the state senate, and in 1878 was made chancellor of the University of the state of New York. He was active in philanthropical work, was attached to numerous benevolent soci- eties, and for many years acted as governor of the New York state woman's hospital. He was a mem- ber of the prominent historical societies, and was corresponding secretary and first vice-president of the American geographical society. Among his published' writings are: “American Ad- miralty ” (1850) ; “ A Run Through Europe ” (1860); “The Hymn of Hildebert and other Mediaeval Hymns” (1861), and numerous speeches and addresses in pamphlet form. He died in New York city, Oct. 22, 1880. BENEDICT, George Grenville, soldier, was born at Burlington, Vt., Dec. 10, 1827; son of George Wyllys and Eliza (Dewey) Benedict. In 1847 he was graduated from the University of Vermont, and in 1853 became editor and joint proprietor of the Burlington Free Press. In 1862 he enlisted in the 12th Vermont volunteers, serv- ing in the war until July 14, 1863. In January of that year he became 2d lieutenant and aide-de- camp on the staff of the 2d Vermont brigade. In 1863 Congress bestowed upon him a medal of honor “ for distinguished conduct in the battle of Gettysburg,” and in 1866-'67 he served on the staff of Governor Dillingham. In 1869 he was elected state senator, holding the office for two years, and acting for the following three years as postmaster of Burlington. He accepted the ap- pointment of state military historian of -Vermont in 1880, which position he retained until 1887. He was made secretary of the University of Vermont and of the State agricultural college in 1865. He served as president of the Vermont press association in 1886. He wrote “The Battle of Gettysburg, and the Part Taken therein by Ver- mont Troops” (1867), and “ Vermont in the Civil War ” (1886-’88). BENEDICT, George Wyllys, educator, was born at North Stamford, Conn., Jan. 11, 1796; son of Joel Tyler and Currance (Wheeler) Benedict. After his graduation from Williams college, in 1818, he went to Westfield, Mass., where he re- mained for a short time as principal of the acad- emy. He then returned to Williams college, and until 1821 held the position of instructor, going then to New York state to become principal of the Newburg academy. After three years' work there he accepted the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy in the University of Vermont. After more than twenty years of pedagogic labor the condition of his health induced him to engage with Ezra Cornell, the founder of Cornell uni- versity, in the construction of the telegraph line between Troy and Canada Junction. He after- wards raised the capital of the Vermont and Boston telegraph company, and was contractor for the construction of the first line from Boston to Burlington. In 1853, with his second son, he purchased the Burlington (Vt.) Free Press, and he edited and managed that journal until 1866, when his youngest son purchased his interest. He served in the Vermont state senate in 18 54 and 1855. The University of Vermont conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1857. He was president of the first editors’ and publishers' association in Vermont, and a vice-president of the Vermont historical society. He was married June 5, 1823. to Eliza, daughter of Stephen and Elizabeth (Owen) Dewey, of Sheffield. Mass. He died in Burlington. Vt., Sept. 24, 1871. [2CSJ BENEDICT. BENHAM. BENEDICT, Lewis, soldier, was born at Albany, N. Y., Sept. 2, 1817; son of Lewis and Susan (Stafford) Benedict. He was prepared for college at Aurora, N. Y., and at the Albany academy, and was graduated from Williams college in 1837, with the degree of A.M. He then studied law in Canandaigua for three years, and was licensed attorney-at-law in January, 1841, being subsequently admitted as counsellor in the state and federal courts. He began to practise in Albany, and in 1845 was made city attorney, serving another term by re-election. He received the appointment of judge-advocate-general on the staff of Gov. John Young in 1847, and the follow- ing year was elected surrogate of Albany county. In 1849 Governor Hamilton Fish appointed him judge-advocate-general on his staff, and in 1860 he served as a member of the state assembly. In 1861 he volunteered in the army, and received the commission of lieutenant-colonel. He en- dured many hardships, being confined in Libby and Salisbury prisons. In August, 1862, he was exchanged, and was commissioned colonel of volunteers. In January, 1863, he was made act- ing brigadier-general, and served with bravery and sagacity, particularly in the assault on Port Hudson, and in the Red River campaign. For his service at Port Hudson he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. He fell in the battle of Pleasant Hill, La., April 9, 1864. BENET, Stephen Vincent, soldier, was born at St. Augustine, Fla., Jan. 22, 1827. After studying at the University of Georgia he was graduated at West Point, in 1849, with the rank of brevet 2d lieutenant. He served as assistant ordnance officer at Watervliet arsenal, N. Y., during the year 1849-'50, and for the three years following was on special duty in the ordnance bureau at Washington. In July, 1851, he was promoted 2d lieutenant. From 1854 to 1859 he was assistant ordnance officer at the St. Louis arsenal, Mo., and from 1859 to 1861 was principal assistant professor of geography, history and ethics at W est Point. He served during the civil war, and from 1861 to 1864 was instructor of ordnance and the science of gunnery. Aug. 3, 1861, he was promoted to the rank of captain. He was brevetted, March 13, 1865, major and lieutenant-colonel for faithful and meritorious ser- vices in the ordnance department. He was retix-ed by operation of law, Jan. 22, 1891. In 1855 the University of Georgia conferred upon him the degree of A.M. He is the author of a “ Treatise on Military Laws, and the Practice of Courts- Martial'’ (1862); “Electro-Ballistic Machines and the Schultz Chronoscope ” (1866; 2d ed., 1871), and a translation of Jomini’s “ Political and Military History of the Campaign of Water- loo " (1853). He died Jan. 22, 1895. BENEZET, Anthony, philanthropist, was born at St. Quentin, France, Jan. 31, 1713, son of John Stephen Benezet, who sought refuge in Holland in 1685, and removed to London, where he joined the Society of Friends, in 1731, emigi-ated to America, and made his home in Philadelphia. Anthony spent some years in business, and in 1742 became an instructor in the Friends’ English school. In 1755 he established a school for the instruction of women, and in 1756 was chosen one of the overseers of the pub- lic schools of Philadelphia. He was elected in 1757 a manager of the Pennsylvania hospital. In 1780 he was largely instrumental in procuring the enaction of the law which provided for the gradual abolition of slavery in Pennsyl- vania. He founded a school for the benefit of the negroes, and expended a lai-ge amount of money for their good, stipulating in his will that on the decease of his wife his money should be used as a fund for the school. He is the author of “A Short Account of that Part of Afi-ica Inhabited by the Negroes” (2d edition, 1762); “ A Caution and Warning to Great Bi-itain and her Colonies in a Short Representation of the Calamitous State of the Enslaved Negroes in the British Dominions” (1766) ; “Some Historical Account of Guinea” (1771); “ The Care of our Fellow-Creatures, the Oppressed Africans, Recom- mended to the Serious Consideration of the Legislature of Great Britain, by the People Called Quakei’s ” (1774), and “ Some Observations on the Situation and Chai-acter of the Indian Natives of this Continent ” (1784). He died in Philadel- phia, Pa., May 3, 1784. BENHAM, Andrew Ellicott Kennedy, naval officer, was born in New York in 1832. He entered the navy Nov. 24, 1847, as midshipman from the state of New York. His earliest service was on board the Plymouth and the Dolphin in the East Indies. He was at home in 1852, attached to the Saranac, and in 1853 attended the naval academy, Annapolis. He was promoted past- midshipman June 10, 1853; lieutenant. Sept. 16, 1855, and serving on the St. Mary's in the Pacific squadron until 1857. He served on the coast survey and Paraguay expedition, 1858-’59, and in 1860 was attached to the Crusader of the home squadron. He took part in tlie battle of Port Royal, November, 1861, on the Bienville, and in 1862 was promoted lieutenant-commander. July 16, 1862, he commanded the gunboat Penob- scot in the Western Gulf blockading squadron. After duty at the Brooklyn navy yard he was de- tailed to the Susquehanna in 1867, was pro- moted commander June 9, 1867, and did duty as lighthouse inspector, as commander of the monitor Canonicus, and afterward of the Saugus. In 1878 he became captain, and was placed in BENIIAM. BENJAMIN. command of the Richmond , on the Asiatic station, and then was assigned to duty at the Portsmouth navy yard, and later to the command of the light- house district of New York. In 1885 he was made commodore and commanded the Mare Island navy yard, California. Upon his promotion as rear- admiral, in 1890, he was assigned to the command of the East India squadron, and in 1894 of the South Atlantic station, but the special duty of towing the Columbus caravels from Spain to Havana prevented him from reaching his station, and Admiral Stanton had charge in Brazilian waters until he made the mistake of saluting Admiral Mello's flag in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro. Admiral Benham, then in command of the North Atlantic squadron, was sent to take command at that port, and by his decisive course in giving protection to American interests he won the decided approval of the government and people of the United States. He was retired April 10, 1894. BENHAM, Henry Washington, soldier, was born in Connecticut in 1816. He was graduated from West Point with the highest honors in 1837, and the following year received promotion to 1st lieutenant of engineers and engaged on fortifica- tion works. He won a brevet for his bravery at Buena Vista, and in 1848 was promoted to a cap- taincy. In 1853 he was placed on the United States coast survey, and in that service visited Europe. In 1861 Captain Benham was made en- gineer of the department of the Ohio, and fought in the battle of Garrick's Ford, Va. , July 13. 1861, winning a brevet as colonel. His action at New Creek and Carnifex Ferry made him brigadier- general. In South Carolina and Georgia he was with the storming parties that captured James Island and Fort Pulaski in 1862, and thereafter was transferred to the north, where he superintended the construction of defensive works. In 1864 he had charge of the pontoon department of the army of the Potomac. In 1865 he attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel of engineers, of brigadier-general, of major-general by brevet in the U. S. army, and of full major-general of volun- teers. After the war he was engaged on en- gineering work, and invented the picket shovel, and the rapid construction of pontoon bridges by means of “ simultaneous bays.” In 1882 he was retired from service, and died June 1. 1884. BENJAMIN, John Forbes, soldier, was born at Cicero, Onondaga county, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1817. In 1845 he removed to Texas, where he remained until 1848, going then to Shelby ville. Mo. He was admitted to the bar, and soon after beginning his practice he was elected to the state legislature, serving in 1850, and again in 1852. He was prom- inent in politics, holding several local offices, and in 1856 was chosen a Democratic presidential elector. The practice of his profession was in- terrupted by the civil war, in which he enlisted at its outbreak. He was promoted from a private soldier to the rank of captain, and later to that of major. In the same year. 1862, he was pro- moted lieutenant-colonel. In 1863 and 1864 he was provost-marshal for the 8tli district of his state, and in the latter year was elected a representa- tive to the 39th, and was re-elected and served in the 40th and 41st congresses. He then settled in Washington, D. C., where he resumed his law- practice, and conducted a bank. He died in Washington March 8, 1877. BENJAMIN, Judah Philip, lawyer, was born in St. Croix, W. I., Aug. 11, 1811. He was of English -Jewish parentage, and passed his early years in New Orleans, La., and Wilmington, N. C. He studied at Yale for three years, and read law in New Orleans, where he was admitted to the bar in 1834, and became a member of the law firm of Sli- dell, Benjamin & Conrad, which soon acquired an extensive practice. In 1845 he was a member of the convention to revise the state constitution, and in 1853 was elect- ed to the U. S. senate as a Whig ; but during the anti-slavery agita- tion he became a Democrat. In a con- troversy on the floor of the senate he antagonized Jefferson Davis and would have been involved in a duel with that senator, had not Mr. Davis made an apology in the presence of the assembled sena- tors. He was re-elected to the senate in 1859, but withdrew with John Slidell at the secession of Louisiana in 1861. During his term he advocated the Kansas-Nebraska bill of 1854, but afterwards declared that the decision of Judge Taney in the Dred-Scott case had set aside the principle of popular sovereignty. In February, 1861. he was appointed attorney-genei'al of the provisional government of the Confederate states, and in August, 1861, was transferred to President Davis's cabinet as secretary of war, to succeed L. P. Walker; but being subsequently accused of incompetence by the Confederate congress, lie resigned, and was appointed secretary of state, which portfolio he held until the Confederacy was broken up. He fled from Richmond on the over- throw of the Confederate government, escaped to the Bahamas, and thence to England, in Septem- ber, 1865. He then studied English law. entering Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1866, and was called to the BENJAMIN. BENJAMIN. bar the following summer. He was promoted Queen's counsel in 1872, and acquired an exten- sive practice. His best-known argument was delivered before the court for crown cases, on behalf of the captain of the Franconia, and his last great case was a suit against the London and Northwestern railway. Later he appeared only before the House of Lords and the privy council. He retired from practice in 1883, and after a notable farewell banquet at the Inner Temple, London, he removed to Paris, where he died May 8, 1884. BENJAMIN, Nathan, missionary, was born at Catskill. N. Y., Dec. 14, 1811. In 1831 he received his diploma from Williams college, and then spent three years in the study of theology at the Andover seminary. In 1835 he went to Turkey and Greece as missionary of the American board of foreign missions, going thence to Argos, and spending the years from 1838 to 1845 in Athens. During the last two years he was acting United States consul. He then returned to his native country, where he remained two years, resuming his missionary labors in 1847. In December of that year he reached Smyrna, where for five years he worked faithfully, superintending the publication of the Bible and religious literature in the Armenian tongue. In 1852 he went to Constantinople, where he continued the same work and also regularly preached until his death, three years later. His publications consist princi- pally of translations from English to Armenian and Greek; and The Morning Star, the first Armenian newspaper, was founded and managed by him. He was married to Mary Gladding Whalen of Providence, R. I., author of “The Missionary Sisters ” (1859). His death occurred in Constantinople, Turkey, Jan. 27, 1855. BENJAMIN, Park, poet, was born at Dem- erara, British Guiana, Aug. 14, 1809. His father was a native of Connecticut, who removed to Demerara. where he owned a plantation known as La Penitence. He was also an extensive ship- owner. controlling a fleet of vessels plying be- tween that port and New York. The son at an early age lost the use of one of his legs in conse- quence of surgical malpractice, and was obliged to use crutches for the remainder of his life. He was sent to Connecticut to be educated, and when sixteen years old entered Harvard college, but at the close of his sophomore year removed to Trinity college, Hartford, where he was gradu- ated in 1829. He then studied law in Boston, and was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1832 ; but, his tastes inclining him to literature, he became editor of the New England Magazine, then in its infancy. In 1837 he removed to New York, and, with Charles Fenno Hoffman, started the American Monthly Magazine. Subsequently Mr. 1271 J Benjamin was associated with Horace Greeley on the New Yorker, the literary partnership ending when Mr. Greeley established the New York Tribune. About this time, in connection with Jonas Winchester as publisher, he estab- lished the New World, a mammoth weekly, which had a highly successful career of about five years, during which, at different times, Mr. Benjamin was associated with Epes Sargent and Rufus W. Griswold in its editorial management. In 1849 he entered the lecture field and continued in it for the remainder of his life. He is better known as a poet than as a journalist or a lecturer; there is scarcely a good collection of poetry in the language in which some of his poems do not appear, those best known being: “The De- parted,” "Old Sexton,” “The Nautilus,” and “ Consolation,” and some of his sonnets had the rare honor of being included in Leigh Hunt’s “Book of the Sonnet.” He died in New York city from the effects of a surgical operation, Sept. 12, 1864. BENJAMIN, Park, author, was born in New York city, May 11, 1849; son of Park Benjamin, journalist. He was educated at Trinity school, New York, and was graduated in 1867 at the U S. naval academy, Annapolis, Md. He served two years in the Mediterranean under Admiral Farragut, and upon attaining the grade of en- sign in 1869 he resigned, to enter the Albany law school, where he was graduated in 1870. His practical experience was gained in the office of William M. Evarts in New York city. After being admitted to the New York bar he practised until 1872, when he accepted an as- sociate editorship on the Scientific American, in order to qualify himself as a patent expert. In 1878 he became editor-in-chief of “ Appleton’s Cyclopedia of Applied Mechanics ” (published in 1880; revised edition, 1891). In 1877 he received the degree of Ph.D. from Union college. He was employed as counsel in very many important patent cases, and was frequently called before the United States courts as an expert on scientific subjects in important cases involving the applica- tion of electrictiy, to which he gave special attention. During 1891 he edited and prepared for publication, “ Modern Mechanism,” as a sup- plement to “ Appleton’s Cyclopedia of Applied Mechanics.” His “Shakings Etchings for the Naval Academy ” appeared in 1867, and he after- wards wrote voluminously on electricity and cognate subjects. His articles in the Forum on the “ Possibilities of Electricity,” “ The Dawn of Electricity,” “ Communication at Sea,” and “ The New System of Naval Warfare,” attracted earn- est public attention. He was the first to suggest and advocate execution by electricity, an article by him on that subject appearing in the Scientific BENJAMIN. BENNER. American as early as 1873. Among his principal contributions to scientific literature are: “Wrinkles and Recipes ” (1875) ; “The Age of Electricity” (1886); “The Voltaic Cell, its Con- struction and its Capacity” (1893), and “The Intellectual Rise in Electricity ” (1895). He also wrote several books and short stories, which show marked literary ability. These include. ‘ ‘ The End of New York” and “The Story of the Telegust. ” BENJAMIN, Samuel Qreene Wheeler, artist, was born at Argos, Greece, Feb. 13, 1837, son of Nathan and Mary Gladding (Wheeler) Benjamin. In 1845 his parents brought him to America, where he attended school, re-crossing the Atlantic two years later upon the return of his parents to their mission. He lived several years at Smyrna, and then at Constantinople, where his father estab- lished the first newspaper published in the Armen- ian language. He was at Constantinople during the Crimean war, and sent illustrations of naval scenes of the conflict to the Illustrated London News. After the death of his father he returned to America, and entered Williams college, where he was graduated in 1859. He read law for a time, and was then appointed assistant librarian in the New York state library at Albany, where he remained until 1865. During the civil war he raised a com- pany of cavalry, and was a member of the re- serve corps, but was never called into active service. After leaving the state library he took up marine painting professionally. He opened a studio in Boston, and met with success, removing to New York in 1878. He exhibited in the National academy and in various other art exhibitions, and sold paintings in London, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, etc., also making numerous book and magazine illustrations. He was art editor of the Magazine of Art, of the Library Table, and of the Mail and Express, and contributed to nearly all of the important American maga- zines, besides writing literary reviews for a leading weekly paper. In January, 1883, he was appointed by President Arthur first United States minister to Persia. Among other transac- tions at that post he prepared a code for the lega- tion, established a precedent regarding the tenure of reality by foreigners in that country, obtained permission for the building of the first Protestant church in Persia, and demanded and obtained an apology from the Persian government for an affront to the U. S. legation. He returned in June, 1885, after the inauguration of President Cleveland. In 1863 he married Clara Stowell of Brookfield. Mass., who died in 1880. In 1§82 he married Mrs. Fannie Nichols, of Alton, 111., the author of “ The Sunny Side of Shadows ” and vari- ous essays. He published “Constantinople, the Isle of Pearls, and Other Poems” (1860) ; “ Ode on the Death of Abraham Lincoln ” (1865) ; “ The Turk and the Greek ”(1867) ; “ Tom Roper” (1868) ; “ The Choice of Paris, a Romance of the Troad ” (1870) ; metrical translation of “Muretus’s Advice to a Son” (1870); “What is Art: or, Art Theories and Methods Concisely Stated” (1877); “Con- temporary Art in Europe” (1877) ; “The Atlantic Islands” ( 1878); “The Multitudinous Seas” (1879; “Art in America” (1879); “Our Ameri- can Artists” (1st series 1879, 2d series 1881); “The World’s Paradises” (1880); “Troy: its Legend, History, and Literature” (1880); “A Group of Etchers ” (1882); “Cruise of the Alice May in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Adjacent Waters” ( 1885 ); “Persia and the Persians ’ (1886); “The Story of Persia” (1887); “Sea- Spray, or. Facts and Fancies of a Yachtsman” (1888), and a history of modern painting in the “ Iconographic Encyclopaedia.” Among his well- known paintings are : “ Home of the Sea Birds” (1875); “ Porta da Cruz, Madeira” (1876); “The Corbidre, or Sailors’ Dread” (1876); “The Wide, Wide Sea” (1877); “ Yachts struck by a Squall " (1879); “Among the Breakers” (1879), and “In the Roaring Forties” (1882). BENJAMIN, Samuel Nicoll, soldier, wasbcrn in New York city, Jan. 13, 1839. At the age of seventeen he was appointed a military cadet at West Point, where he was graduated in 1860 with the rank of 2d lieutenant. A few days later he was promoted 1st lieutenant and served through out the civil war. He was seriously wounded at the battle of Spottsylvania in May, 1864, and until September was in the hospital and on sick leave of absence. He was promoted to the rank of captain in June, and was brevetted Aug. 1. 1864, “ for distinguished and gallant conduct at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va.” In September he became assistant professor of mathematics at West Point, holding the position for about a year. In March, 1865, he was promoted major, and in May he received the brevet rank of lieu- tenant-colonel. In September, 1865. he was placed in command of a company in San Francisco harbor. Cal. In 1866 he was made recorder of the artillery board at Washington, D. C., and then returned to West Point as assistant professor of mathematics, In 1869 he was assigned to Fort Monroe. Virginia, in the artillery school for prac- tice. On March 1, 1875, he was made assistant in the adjutant-general’s office, and in 1885 held the same post in the division of the Atlantic serving on Governor’s Island, New York, where he died May 15. 1886. BENNER, Philip, manufacturer, was born in- Chester county, Pa., May 19, 1762. After tne war of the revolution, throughout which he served, he removed to Coventry, Pa., where he established a successful iron business, and in 1/J2 BENNET. BENNETT. began his iron works in the “ Rock Forge lands.” Two years later he built a forge, and in a few years added another forge, a grist-mill, a nail mill and the best machinery that the time pro- duced. He was the first one to manufacture the “ Juniata iron.” He became very wealthy, and was noted for his liberality and public .spirit. He was a major-general of the Pennsylvania state militia and attained prominence in politics, and on two occasions was chosen Democratic presi- dential elector. He owned and conducted a newspaper in the interest of Andrew Jackson’s candidacy for president. He died in Centre county. Pa., July 27, 1832. BENNET, Richard, colonial governor. In October, 1650, the ‘‘Long Parliament” passed an ordinance prohibiting trade with Virginia and other places, and Bennet was a Roundhead who had fled from Virginia to Maryland, to the pro- tection of Lord Baltimore, and thence to London, was appointed one of three commissioners to reduce Virginia to submission. They arrived in March, 1652, and on the 12th the capitulation was ratified, by which it was agreed that the colony of Virginia should be subject to England. Not long after this, Bennet and William Clayborne proceeded to reduce Maryland, and on April 30, 1652. they organized a provincial government subject to the control of England. Bennet was chosen governor. In March, 1655, he was super- seded by Edward Digges. In 1666 Bennet, as major-general, commanded the militia of three of the four military districts of Virginia. He was a member of the council as late as 1674, but there is no record of the date of liis death. BENNETT, Alice, physician, was born at V rentham, Mass., Jan. 31, 1851, daughter of Francis I. and Lydia (Hayden) Bennett. After receiving a common-school education she began to teach in country schools, following this occu- pation from 1868 to 1872, entering in the latter year the Woman’s medical college of Pennsyl- vania. whence she was graduated in 1876. During the spring and summer of that year Dr. Bennett worked in a dispensary in the poorest quarters of Philadelphia, and in October she returned to the medical college as demonstrator of anatomy, at the same time establishing a practice and study- ing for a Ph. D. degree, which the University of Pennsylvania conferred upon her in 1880. Shortly after her graduation she was made superintendent of the women’s department of the Pennsylvania state insane hospital, which position she held until 1896, resigning to devote herself to private practice. Dr. Bennett was a member of the American medical association, the Pennsylvania state medical society, the American academy of political and social science, the Philadelphia medi- cal jurisprudence society, the Philadelphia neu- [273 rological society, and the Montgomery county medical society, of which last she was chosen president in 1890. She was one of the first women to make a special study of insanity, and was the very first to occupy a practical chairman- ship of a great institution. In 1893 she became a member of a commission appointed by the governor to erect a new hospital for the insane in Pennsylvania. BENNETT, Edmund Hatch, educator, was born at Manchester. Vt., April 6, 1824. son of Milo Lyman Bennett, justice of the supreme court of Vermont. He was educated at the Burr seminary, and was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1843. He entered upon the study of the law in the office of his father, and in 1847 was admitted to the Vermont bar. In 1848 he re- moved to Massachusetts, was admitted to the Suffolk bar and began practice at Taunton where he took up his residence. In 1858 he was appointed judge of probate and in- solvency, holding the office until his resignation in 1883. From 1865 to 1867 he was mayor of Taunton, and in 1889 he delivered the address in honor of the 250th anniversary of the foundation of that city. From 1865 to 1871 he was lecturer at Harvard law school. In 1872 he received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Vermont, and was afterwards made dean and professor at the Boston university law school. In 1896 he was chairman of the Massachusetts commis- sion on “Uniformity of Legislation” through- out the United States, and also chairman of the commission to revise the Massachusetts statutes. He was married, June 29. 1853, to Sally, daughter of Samuel L. Crocker, and their son. Samuel C. Bennett, was professor and assistant dean of the Boston law school. He edited many legal works, including all those of Judge Story: “English Law and Equity Reports ” (30 vols.); “ Cushing’s Reports” (vols. IX. to XII.) ; “ Massa- chusetts Digest”; “Bingham on Infancy”; “ Blackwell on Tax Titles”; “Leading Criminal Cases ” (2 vols. ) ; “ Greenleaf’s Reports ” (8 vols. ) ; ‘ ‘ Goddard on Easements ” ; “ Benjamin on Sales ” ; “ Pomeroy’s Constitutional Law ” ; “ Indermauer’s Principles of Common Law ” ; “ Fire Insurance Cases” (5 vols., etc.). He was co-editor of the American Law Register, and contributor to other legal periodicals. BENNETT, Emerson, author, was born at Monson. Hampden county, Mass.. March 16, 1822. His early life was spent on a farm, where his father died in 1835, after which, by his own efforts, he acquired an education, and on going to New York in 1839 began writing for periodicals. He removed to Cincinnati and later to Philadel- phia, and attracted some notice by his poems and stories. Among his numerous books are: BENNETT. BENNETT. “Vicla” (1852); “Waldo Warren” (1852); “ Clara Moreland ” (1853); “The Artist’s Bride” (1857) ; “Prairie Flower”; “ Lena Leoti”; “ Ellen Norbury”; “The Outlaw’s Daughter” (1874); “Villeta Linden” (1874), and “The Phantom of the Forest” (1874.) BENNETT, Henry Stanley, clergyman, was born at Brownsville, Pa., April 16. 1838. He was graduated from Oberlin college, Ohio, in 1860, and finished his theological course at the same college three years later. He was called to the Second Congregational church of Wakeman, Ohio, and or- dained. Nov. 17, 1863. He was a member of the National Guards called out by Governor Brough. This company was stationed in Fort Stevens at the time of the Confederate attack on Washing- ton under Gen. Jubal Early. From 1867 to 1892 he was secretary of the faculty, professor of German, and university pastor at Fisk university. From 1868 to 1869 he was a member of the board of education of Nashville. In 1869 he began the work of training young men for the ministry. He was one of the original members in the State teachers’ association of Tennessee, and for several years contributed educational papers to the local press of the state capital. In 1878 he made the tour of England and continental Europe, visiting Scotland, England, France, Italy, Switzerland, Holland and Belgium. Pro- fessor Bennett’s work was among the colored people, especially in the direction of their higher culture. He died Aug. 5, 1895. BENNETT, James Gordon, editor, was born in the village of New Mill, in Keith, Scotland, Sept. 1, 1795, of French extraction, his ancestors having emigrated to Scotland from the banks of the Seine. After receiving his preparatory education at a school in Keith, he was sent to a Catholic seminary in Aberdeen, to be fitted for the priesthood. He pursued the usual college course for three years, and then determined to go to America. Hearrivedat Halifax, N. S., in 1819, where he taught book-keeping. Being unsuccess- ful, he went to Boston, where for three years he was employed as a proof-reader. Then followed a year’s work in New York, writing stray bits and paragraphs for various newspapers, after which he accepted a position on the Charleston (S. C. ) Courier, his principal work being the translating of articles from Spanish - American journals. Drifting back to New York, he attempted- to es- tablish a commercial school, and also tried to get a footing in the journalistic world, but was for a time unsuccessful in all his efforts. He did reporting, paragraphing, and editing, and then became, in 1827, the Washington correspondent of the New York Enquirer ; there he made quite a reputation for himself and the Enquirer by his accurate accounts of the proceedings of Congress, 127 - and by his spicily interesting descriptions of Washington life and people. He was a careful and interested student of the political history of the country, and when at this time he entered politics as a member of the Tammany society, he was a valuable addition to the Democratic party. In 1829, at his instance, the Courier and the En- quirer were consolidated, and Mr. Bennett became associate editor, and a recognized leader in poli- tics. A change in the policy of the Courier and Enquirer instituted by the chief editor, James Watson Webb, compelled him to withdraw from its editorial staff in 1832, and he migrated to Phila delphia, where he bought an interest in the Pennsylvanian, of which he became the editor. Editors in those days were mostly mere secre- taries, writing at the dictation of political chief tains who had their own ends to serve. Mr. Bennett’s nature was of too individual and inde- pendent a stamp for him to act as a tool for any man or body of men. and as a result he made a host of enemies among the Philadelphia politi- cians, who now assailed him with such vehemence, that he withdrew from the Pennsylvanian and returned to New York, where he invested his fifteen years’ experience, together with five hun- dred dollars, his savings, in establishing a small four-page journal, which he sold for a cent a copy, and called it the Neiv York Herald. Of this paper he was sole editor, reporter, contribu- tor, book-keeper, and clerk. His office was in a cellar on Wall street, and he shared the profits of the venture with two young printers. The prin- ciples on which the Herald was founded were the outgrowth of Mr. Bennett’s observation and expe- rience in the field of journalism. The paper was free from all party control ; the acquisition of news from all parts of the world at any cost was its chief aim; it gave publicity to all forms of fraud, and especially to the tricks of the stock jobbers; it was a disseminator of facts, not opinions, and it sustained every enterprise calculated to elevate mankind, and unite all nations in commerce and civilization. On June 13, 1835, Mr. Bennett printed an article in which he discussed the state of the money market, which attracted wide atten- tion by reason of its novelty and candor, and the money article became, after partisan opposition had been overcome, a necessary part of the con- tents of every newspaper. In July, 1835, the “ office ” was burned out, and the young printers deserted the venture. On August 31, Mr. Bennett re-issued the Herald, as sole proprietor. He orig- inated, through the incident of the great fire in New York, Dec. 16, 1835, the reporting in detail of public occurrences, and he engaged special correspondents in every quarter of the globe to report the news. He established the practice of reporting sermons and the proceedings of public BENNETT. BENSON. meetings : introduced the custom of interviewing persons who had taken a prominent part in any great occurrence ; first used the telegraph for re- porting, and originated the system of distribution by carriers. It was by constantly adding novel features that he managed to keep the Herald be- fore the public eye ; and though the paper offended all parties and creeds, the circulation increased rapidly, and at the end of a very few years, the journal had become the most valuable newspaper property in the country. Mr. Bennett had an iron constitution, which, conserved by his strictly temperate habits, enabled him to accomplish pro- digious work without experiencing fatigue. He had the journalistic instinct to discriminate as to news most acceptable to his readers, and im- pressed his personality on his paper by directing every detail of management and item of news as well as the general shaping of popular thought and opinion. He died in New York city, leaving the Herald to his son, James Gordon Bennett, whom he had personally trained to the task of its continuance. The dateof his death is June 1, 1872. BENNETT, James Gordon, publisher, was born in New York city, May 10, 1841, son of James Gordon and Henrietta Agnes (Crean) Bennett. When he was about fourteen years of age he accompanied his mother to Europe and l’eceived the principal part of his education abroad. He was summoned to New York by his father in 1866, where he gained a practical knowledge of news- paper publishing. His talents and tempera- ment were suited to the business, and at his father’s death in 1872, the Herald passed into his con- trol. The journal lost none of its individ- uality by this change, and Mr. Bennett added name, f a m e, and contributors to it, by engaging in a series of enterprises which were remarkable for boldness of conception, bril- liancy of execution, and vital effectiveness of result. Among his achievements the Stanley - Livingstone and the Sir Samuel Baker search- parties, the Jeanette polar expedition, all of which he fitted out at his own expense ; the remarkable feat of furnishing the English government and press with news of the memorable and victorious march of the Anglo-Abyssinian expedition, sev- eral days in advance of the regular despatches ; [ 275 ] the publishing in England of storm warnings cabled from the United States, and the laying of the Bennett-Mackay cable to compete with the French and English lines, are indicative of his enterprise. Mr. Bennett devoted all his time, talents, and energies to the interests of the Her- ald , the paramount object of all his ambitions. Residing in Paris, he superintended the conduct not only of the main establishment in New York, but also of the London and Paris branches, being in hourly communication, by cable, with his business agents and associate editors in every part of the world. In 1892-’93 he erected a building for his journal in New York city, the complete and elegant equipment of which is a startling contrast to the lowly subterranean cavern in which the Herald was born, May 6, 1835. Mr. Bennett’s interest in sports of all kinds, and espe- cially in yachting, was marked by successive sur- prises and personal daring. With his schooner, the Henrietta , he won, in 1866, a race from Sandy Hook to the Needles, Isle of Wight, against two competing yachts, making the trip in thirteen days, twenty-one hours, and fifty-five minutes. In 1870 he took part in a memorable race from Queenstown to New York, and this time his yacht, the Dauntless, was beaten by the English yacht Cambria by two hours. 4s an expert polo player he acquired an American and Eu- ropean reputation, and through the Herald he edu- cated the public to an appreciation of athletic sport and made it popular. BENNETT, Milo Lyman, jurist, was born at Sharon, Conn., in 1790. He was graduated from Yale college with the class of 1811, studied law, and began practice at Burlington, Vt. In 1839 lie was elected associate justice of the supreme court of Vermont, and with the exception of one year he was re-elected to that office annually till his death. “ He was,” says L. E. Chittenden in “ Personal Reminiscences,” “a judge whom no inducement could swerve one hair's-breadth from his judicial duty.” He received the degree of LL.D. from Dartmouth college in 1851. His death occurred July 7, 1868, BENSON, Egbert, jurist, was born in New York city, June 21, 1746. He was graduated from King’s college in 1765, studied law, and practised in his native city. He served on the revolu- tionary committee of safety, was a member of the provisional convention of 1776, and from 1777 to 1787 was attorney-general of New York. In 1777 he was elected to the first state legislature, and in 1784 was sent as delegate to the Conti- nental Congress, where he remained four years. When the 1st U. S. Congress assembled, in 1789, he represented his state, and was re-elected to the 2d Congress, serving until 1793. From 1792 to 1802 he was regent of the University of the state of BENSON. BENTON. New York, and in 1794 was appointed judge of the supreme court, serving until 1801. In 1801 he was appointed chief judge of the United States circuit court, serving one year. In 1812 he was elected a representative to the 13th U. S. Congress, but resigned in 1814. He was a trustee of Columbia college from 1804 to 1815, and first president of the New York historical society. Union college made him LL.I). in 1779; Harvard college in 1808, and Dartmouth in 1811. He is the author of “ Vindication of the Captors of Major Andre ” (1817), and “ Memoir on Dutch Names of Places” (1835). He died in Jamaica, L. I., N. Y., Aug. 24, 1833. BENSON, Eugene, artist, was born at Hyde Park, on the Hudson, N. Y., in 1837. His studies were pursued chiefly at New York, Paris and Venice. His pictures are conscientiously painted, and have much real merit. Mr. Benson at one time gave some attention to journalism, con- tributing to the Atlantic Monthly and other prominent Boston and New York periodicals. Among his pictures are : “ The Strayed Maskers ” (1873); “Renunciation” (1876); “ Bazaar at Cairo” (1877); “Hay Boats,” “Peasants of Cadore at Religious Worship ” (1876) ; “ Thoughts in Exile,” “A Reverie,” “Marketplace, Egypt,” “Study of a Girl in Blue,” “The Reverential Anatomist,” “ Hashish Smokers, Jerusalem," “ Slave’s Tower ” (1878), and the “ Last Worship- per. ” He published “ Gaspara Stain pa; the Story of her Life ” and “ Art and Nature in Italy ” (1881). BENTON, James Gilchrist, soldier, was born at Lebanon, N. H., Sept. 15, 1820; son of Calvin Benton, noted for having first introduced merino sheep into New England. He was graduated at West Point in 1842 as brevet 2d lieutenant of ordnance, and assigned to duty as assistant ordnance officer at Watervliet arsenal, Troy, N. Y. In 1847 he was promoted 2d lieutenant of ordnance, and in 1848 was assigned to the ordnance bureau in Washington, to aid in prepar- ing the “ System of Artillery for the Land Ser- vice ” and the “ Ordnance Manual.” In March, 1848, he was promoted 1st lieutenant, and in 1849 was at Harper's Ferry armory, Va. From 1849 to 1852 he was in charge of the San Antonio ordnance depot, Texas, and the following year was made assistant inspector of arsenals and armories. In 1853 he was commanding officer of the Charleston (S. C.) arsenal, and the next four years devoted himself to experiments for a new rifled musket. He was a member of the ordnance board, and in July, 1856, was made captain of ordnance. From 1861 to 1863 he was principal as- sistant to the chief of ordnance at the Washington arsenal, of which he was given command in 1863. On March 13. 1865. he was promoted lieutenant- colonel and colonel by brevet for faithful and meritorious services in the ordnance department. In 1866 he was transferred to the command of the Springfield (Mass.) armory, and superintended the construction of the Springfield rifle models. In 1873 he was sent to Europe to investigate the cannon in use there. He invented numerous im- provements in fire-arms, and wrote valuable re- ports on ordnance. He is the author of “A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery for the Use of the Cadets of the United States Military Academy ” (1880). He died in Spring- field, Mass., Aug. 23, 1881. RENTON, Maecenas E., lawyer, was born in Obion county, Tenn., Jan. 29, 1849; a grand- nephew of Thomas Hart Benton, senator. He was graduated at the College of Christian Broth- ers at St. Louis, Mo., and at the Cumberland uni- versity law school at Lebanon, Tenn. He was admitted to the bar, and in 1870 removed to Neosho, Mo., where he practised his profession and took an active part in political affairs as a Democrat. His reputation as an orator and as a criminal lawyer extended beyond his state. Under President Cleveland’s first administration he was appointed United States district attorney for the western district of Missouri, and lie be- came widely known throughout the country by reason of his being the first Federal office-holder who was removed for “ pernicious activity in politics.” He wrote a letter of explanation to Attorney-General Garland, in which he said : “If the making of political speeches is a crime, I offer no defence ; but if it is alleged that in so doing I neglected my official duties, I challenge investi- gation.” This language was at once converted into a campaign aphorism, and its author was reinstated by President Cleveland, who wrote him a complimentary letter* upon the subject He forwarded his resignation to Washington on the inauguration of President Harrison, who refused to at once accept it, and Mr. Benton con tinued in office for a considerable period under a Republican administration. He presided over the Democratic state convention of 1890. Among his civil clients he numbered the noted old Indian millionaire, “ Splitlog.” In 1896 he was elected a representative from the 15th Missouri district to the 55tli U. S. Congress. BENTON, Nathaniel S., politician, was born in Cheshire county, N. H.. Feb. 19, 1792. He joined the army in the war of 1812 and attained to the rank of adjutant and judge-advocate-generai After the war he was admitted to the bar and practised in Little Falls. N. Y. For seven years he served as surrogate of Herkimer county, and. in 1828 he was elected a state senator. In 1831 lie was appointed district attorney fog the northern district of New York, and continued in the office r-276] BENTON. BENTON. for ten years. Meanwhile he was elected county judge and secretary of state. In 1836 he was made auditor of the canal department, holding the position until 1868, and while in the office introduced many needed reforms. He died in Little Falls, N. Y., June 29, 1869. BENTON, Thomas Hart, statesman, was born near Hillsborough, N. C., March 14, 1782; son of Jesse and Anne (Gooch) Benton. His father was a lawyer and private secretary of Governor Trvon. Thomas obtained a good education, and when he was sixteen years of age his mother, a widow, moved to Tennessee and took possession of forty thousand acres of land near Nash- ville, which was part of her hus- band’s estate. With his three brothers he en- gaged in cotton planting, but their first crop was ruined by a heavy frost, and Thomas abandoned plant- ing to take up the study of law and was admitted to the Tennessee bar. He sat for one term in the state legislature, where he secured the passage of a law for the reform of the judicial system of the state and another by which the right of trial by jury was given to slaves. During the war of 1812 he served as an aide-de-camp to Andrew Jackson, then major- general of the Tennessee militia, and marched with the Tennessee troops to the defence of the Lower Mississippi. While serving under General Jackson the friendly relations which had so long existed between them suffered a severe strain, which lasted for a number of years. William Carroll and Jesse Benton, a brother of Thomas, became involved in a dispute, and a duel was fought in which Jackson was Carroll's second. Jesse sent an offensive account of the affair to Thomas, and on Sept. 4, 1813, Jackson, with some friends, chanced to meet the Bentons in the streets of Nashville. Jackson strucK Thomas Ben- ton with a horsewhip; knives and pistols were then freely used, and Jackson received a ball in his left shoulder, while Jesse Benton was cut severely with a dirk and a sword cane. Mr. Benton earned his colonelcy in Jackson’s army by raising a regiment of volunteers, and in 1813 President Madison appointed him lieu- tenant-colonel in the U. 8. army and sent him to Canada on his first duty. His observation while [ 277 J there of the antagonistic relations between the French and English residents, added to his in- terest in the French settlers, who by the “ Louisi- ana purchase ” had found themselves so sum- marily transferred to the dominion of their tradi- tional enemies, the English. At the close of the war Colonel Benton resigned his commission and removed to Missouri, which at that time was a frontier territory and the only ground held by the whites west of the Mississippi. At St. Louis he established the Missouri Inquirer , a pro-slavery journal, which he made so effective an agent in the bringing about the famous Missouri compro- mise, that when the state was admitted to the Union, in 1821, he was sent to Congress as her first senator, and for thirty consecutive years he held his seat in that body. As editor of the In- quirer he was involved in several duels, in one of which he killed his opponent, a Mr. Lucas. It is said that he “ looked the man to death before he killed him,” but it is certain that he regretted the affair very deeply afterwards, as he destroyed all letters and papers referring to it. As a United States senator he made it his first business to study the Spanish language, so as to deal fairly with the matter of the acquired territory. Among the many measures advocated by him while in Congress were the granting of pre emptive rights to actual settlers : a periodic re- duction of the price of public land proportioned to the length of time it had been on the market ; a donation of homesteads to certain persons ; the opening to occupancy of the mineral and saline lands of Missouri ; the repeal of the salt tax ; the establishment of post-roads and military stations from Missouri through the Indian territory to New Mexico ; the opening to navigation of west- ern rivers and lakes, and the cultivation of ami- cable, treaty-keeping relations with the Indians and their removal to reservations as civilization crowded upon them. He voted for Clay's protec- tion tariff during Monroe's second administration and opposed internal improvements when di- rected by the national government to the benefit of favored states, and was ever a zealous advocate of state rights. He was at this time a Jacksonian Democrat, his political opponents being known as National Republicans and afterwards as Whigs. He was the friend of the pioneer, knowing his needs, sympathizing with his hardships, and working valiantly to help him. He was promi- nent in the regulation of the affairs of the far west, and when his daughter Jessie married John Charles Fremont he had in him a most efficient ally. Colonel Benton was one of the first advo- cates of a railroad to the Pacific. He saw that the way to India lay not across the Atlantic, but across the Pacific, and when pointing westward he made his famous declaration, ‘‘There is the BENTON. BERDAN. east, and there is India,” men thought him crazy, but a bronze statue of the senator was erected on an eminence in Lafayette Park. St. Louis, Mo., on whose high pedestal is inscribed those prophetic words. Benton became during Jackson’s administration one of the most conspicu- ous public men in the country. During the politi- cal agitation caused by President Jackson’s de- termination to overthrow the United States bank, Senator Benton was one of the strongest and most persistent defenders of the measure for placing the currency of the country on a metallic basis, and from the financial policy enunciated in Ins speeches at the time he received his sobriquet of “Old Bullion.” Speaking on the transfer of the government from the hands of the old Federal or revolutionary leaders and the pla- cing it in the hands of the plain people, Benton characterized it, as “ saving the country from the deplorable conditions in which the enlightened classes had sunk it.” He opposed Senator Samuel A. Foote's resolution to limit the sales of public lands to such lands as were in the market, which he claimed brought the east against the west. This debate gave rise to the nullification announcement by Senator Hayne of South Caro- lina and the reply of Daniel Webster. He moved the famous “expunging resolutions,” by which the vote of censure against General Jackson was struck from the journal of the senate, and opposed the spoils system born of the Jackson administra- tion. He participated in the discussion over the Oregon boundary, the annexation of Texas, and other important matters which came before the country. Upon the bill for the settlement of the Oregon boundary he said: “I grant that she (England) will take offence, but that is not the question with me. Has she a right to take offence? That is my question! And this being decided in the negative, I neither fear nor calcu- late consequences. ” When Calhoun proposed the division of the treasury surplus between the states, Senator Benton opposed the measure and defeated it. He caused the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia and Alabama to the Indian territory in 1836, and supported the petition offered by the Quakers for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. Colonel Benton was responsible for President Polk's acceptance of latitude 49° north as the Oregon line, instead of latitude 54° 40', and thus the United States relinquished territory which would now make its Pacific coast possessions continuous to Alaska. He prevailed upon President Polk to vigorously prosecute the Mexican war. and the president proposed to make him lieutenant- general of the army to carry out the policy he advocated, but subsequently relinquished the idea. He labored for the maintaining of the [2TS] Union from the beginning to the end of his career. Not his southern birth, nor his repre- sentation of a southern state, nor his slave-holding interests prevailed to carry him into the secession current. He opposed the state-rights coterie from nullification days down to the compromise of 1850, and it was his opposition to Calhoun's resolutions that cost him his seat in the senate. Benton and Calhoun were the bitterest of enemies after the nullification episode. Calhoun, on one occasion when Benton had violently opposed him, remarked that he had expected Benton's support “ as a representative of a slave-holding state.” Benton replied that he “ had no right to expect any such thing.” “ Then.” said Mr. Calhoun, “ I shall know where to find that gentleman hereafter.” To which Mr. Benton replied: “I shall be found in the right place, on the side of my country and the Union.” In 1852 he was elected a representative to the 33d U. S. Congress, where he at first supported the administration of President Pierce ; but, when the Calhoun party obtained the ascendency he withdrew his support, and made a memorable speech in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska bill. In 1854 he was again a candidate for Congress, but failed of an election, and in 1856 he was defeated in the race for the governorship of Missouri. In the presidential election of 1856 he opposed the candidacy of his son-in-law, John C. Fremont, and supported Buchanan, fearing the election of Fremont would be fatal to the permanence of the Union. In 1856 he retired to private life, and devoted himself to literary work. He completed his “ Thirty Years' View ; or, a History of the Workings of the Ameri- can Government from 1820 to 1850,” the first vol- ume of which had been published in 1854. Hav- ing finished this work, he commenced abridging and revising the debates in Congress from the foundation of the government up to the year 1856. He lived long enough to finish the work as far as to the conclusion of the great compromise debate of 1850, in which he, with Clay. Calhoun. Webster and Seward, had taken a conspicuous part. The last pages were dictated in whispers after he had lost the power of speaking aloud, and the work was published in fifteen volumes. He was the author of “ An Examination of the Dred Scott Case." He died in Washington, D. C., April 10, 1858. BERDAN, Hiram, inventor, was born at Ply- mouth, Mich., in 1823. His father was an exten- sive landowner and stock raiser near Rochester. N. Y.. who sent him to Hobart college, where he made remarkable progress in mathematics and spent his leisure time in the construction of in- genious machinery. He entered a machine shop in Rochester as an apprentice. His creative power here displayed itself, and before he was BERG. BERGH. twenty years old lie had wrought out the rough idea which led to the invention of a reaping machine. A few years later he invented a “ mechanical bakery," which was put into opera- tion in five cities, but the bakers’ unions would not allow the machine to be used. When the civil war broke out Mr. Berdan turned his atten- tion to the construction of fire-arms. He in- vented a cap to the metal cartridge, which was adopted throughout the world. He also invented the Berdan rifle, which was used by the United States government. In April. 1861. he organized the 1st U. S. sharpshooters, and was commissioned its colonel. The men in four of the companies of this regiment were from New York state, and were especially chosen by Col. Berdan, being, like himself, expert marksmen. The regiment was armed with Berdan repeating rifles, and used the cartridges invented by him. For Chancellors- ville he was brevetted brigadier-general of volun- teers, and for Gettysburg received the brevet of major-general, March 13, 1865. He retired from the service in January, 1864, and went to Russia to superintend the manufacture of his sharp- shooting rifles for the use of the Russian army. In 1888 he returned to America to prosecute the government for infringement on his patent in their Springfield rifle, placing the damage at five hundred thousand dollars. In 1892 the court of claims gave him a judgment against the govern- ment for such infringements for one hundred thousand dollars. He invented torpedoes and tox*- pedo boats designed to evade nets, and a “ dis- tance fuse " for a sharpened shell. The last ten years of General Berdan's life were occupied in modelling and perfecting what he styled his twin-screw armored, semi-submarine gunboat.’’ He died in Washington, D. C. , March 31, 1893. BERG, Joseph Frederick, clergyman, was born in Antigua, W. I., in 1812; son of a Moravian missionary laboring in England, where the boy's early education was obtained. When a boy of thirteen, his parents brought him to America and settled in Nazareth, Pa., when he resumed his studies in the Moravian school of that town, where he was graduated, and remained as pro- fessor of chemistry for several years. In 1835 he was ordained by the synod of the German Re- formed church, removed to Philadelphia in 1837, and was there licensed to preach in the Race street German Reformed church, retaining his pastorate for fifteen years, and then resigning to accept a call from the Second Reformed Dutch church of Philadelphia. For nine years he labored faithfully and successfully, accepting, in 1861, the chair of didactic and polemic theology in New Brunswick theological seminary. He was a clear thinker, a strong writer and an earnest and elo- quent speaker. His books include : “ Lectures on [ 2 ‘ Romanism” (1840); “Papal Rome” (1841); “ History of the Holy Robe of Treves " (1843) ; “ Oral Controversy with a Catholic Priest ” (1843); “ Old Paths ” (1845); “ Plea for the Divine Law against Murder” (1846); “Reply to Arch- bishop Hughes on the Doctrines of Protestant- ism ” (1850); “Expose of the Jesuits,” “The Inquisition, ” “ Farewell Words to the Ger- man Reformed Church” (1852); “Prophecy and the Times” (1856); “The Stone and the Image ” (1856) ; “ Demons and Guardian Angels ” (1856), and “ The Olive Branch ” (1857). He died in New Brunswick, N. J., July 20, 1871. BERGH, Henry, philanthropist, was boim in New York city, May 8, 1820; son of Clii'istian Bergh, an extensive shipbuilder. The son was educated at Columbia college, but left before he completed his course, residing for five years in Europe with his young wife. In 1862, while still in Europe, he was appointed secretary of legation and acting vice-consul at St. Peters- burg by President Lincoln, and in 1864 he resigned the position on account of ill-health. While in St. Petersburg he had witnessed the cruelty shown to dumb creatures, and on reaching Eng- land made himself known to Lord Harrowby, then president of the Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals. In 1864 he returned to America, and resolved to devote his time to the protection of animals. The first American society of this class was incorporated, with Mr. Bergh as its president, on April 10, 1866. It employs every moral, social, personal and legislative agency, and looks after matter's of vital concern to health. In 1871 Louis Bonai'd, a Frenchman, bequeathed $150,000 to the society. The associa- tion has a large and influential membership, and in New York its officers are special policemen, with authority to arrest any person found inflict- ing cruelty upon animals. In the face of ridi- cule and opposition Mr. Bergh created a reform recognized as one of the beneficent movements of the age. He delivered lectures, and oi'ganized branch societies in the principal cities, and ad- dressed the Evangelical alliance and Episcopal convention on the subject. His efforts resulted in a new canon being instituted by the general convention, requiring Episcopal clei'gymen to preach once a year on mercy to animals. In 1886 thirty-nine states of the Union, Brazil and the Argentine Republic had adopted the original laws enacted at the suggestion of Mr. Bergh by the legislature of New York. In 1874 he was influen- tial in founding a society for the prevention of cruelty to childi'en. Mr. Bergh wrote several plays, one of which, “Love’s Alternative,” was acted in Philadelphia. He also wrote “ Streets of New York,” “ The Portentous Telegram,” and “ The Ocean Paragon.” He died March 12, 1888. ■9] BERKELEY. BERKELEY. BERKELEY, George, philosopher and divine, was born near Thomastown, Kilkenny, Ireland, March 12, 1684. He was a precocious child, and at the age of eleven was placed in the second form of a school which has been called the Eton of Ire- land. He was further educated at Trinity, Dub- lin, and in 1707 was made a fellow of that college. He took holy orders in the established church, and in 1713 accompanied the Earl of Peterborough on an embassy to the King of Sicily and the Italian states. In 1724 he was made dean of Derry. He now began to concern himself in a plan to provide for the supplying of the church in America, and to that end hoped to establish a college at the Bermudas, for the advancement of religion and learning in the new world. Sir Robert Walpole, then prime minister of England, opposed the scheme as chimerical, but the logic and force of Dean Berkeley were such that he persuaded the English government to promise a grant of twenty thousand pounds for the purpose specified in his pamphlet, “ A Proposal for the Better Supply of the Churches in our Foreign Plantations, and the Conversion of the Savage Americans to Christ, by a College to be Erected in the Summer Isles.” In 1728 he set sail, hoping at once to begin the erection of “ St. Paul's College,” and to become its president on its com- pletion. He landed at Newport, R. I., Jan. 23, 1729, thinking to arrange for the deportation of stores to his settlement in Bermuda. He had brought his wife with him, and the various mem- bers of his household, and he bought a small farm, giving it the name of “ Whitehall,” where he settled down with the equanimity of a philos- opher and waited for the promised endowment, occupying himself meanwhile with writing and studying. Here he produced “Alciphron; or, the Minute Philosopher,” and here his eldest son was born, and a daughter, Lucia, who died an in- fant and was buried in Trinity churchyard at Newport. Content to wait quietly in this island retreat for hopes that were never to be realized, he was visited by many leaders of thought and learning who had recognized his great mental powers and accepted his philosophy, and these men gave him a full idea of what was taking place at the several centres of America in education and religion. From them, more notably from Samuel Johnson, afterwards president of Columbia college, Dean Berkeley acquired an interest in Yale college, which remained with him to the time of his death. He wished for the transference of the site of the proposed college from the Bermudas to the mainland, but was warned by Walpole that the mention of such a change would frustrate his plans. He had long wearied of waiting for the promised support, and at length, becoming convinced that he should never receive it, he returned to England in Sep- tember, 1731. He divided between Yale and Harvard colleges the books of his private library, and in the year following his return home he transferred his title in his Whitehall farm to Yale college, to be applied to the maintenance of three scholarships and various prizes for those who should excel in Latin composition The Berkeley prizes have been awarded with unfailing regularity at Yale since 1733. In 1762 the White- hall farm was leased by the foundation for a period of 999 years. Dean Berkeley also enriched Yale, which he hoped would become an Episcopal college, with a collection of valuable books, con- sisting largely of the writings of the great classi- cists in the original tongues, but including also modern English literature, the literature of the sciences, and great historical works. He also sent some valuable books to Harvard college, and recommended that an Episcopal college be founded in New York. Yale preserves two of his autograph letters in her archives, and several from his widow and son. In 1734 he was con- secrated bishop of Cloyne, and some years later was offered, and declined, the bishopric of Clogher. A chronicler says of him his works should be particularly interesting to Americans on account of his “ relation to America, and of the adoption of two distinctive parts of bis philosophy by two American contemporaries — Samuel Johnson and Jonathan Edwards.” His works have by some writers been divided into three groups: 1. Pure philosophy: “A New Theory of Vision” (1709); ‘‘The Principles of Human Knowledge ” (1710) ; “ The Three Dialogues ” (1713) ; “ Theory of Vision; or. Visual Language” (1733); 2. Applied philosophy: “ Alciphron; or, the Minute Philosopher,” “ Siris; a Chain of Philosophical Reflections” (1740); 3. Miscellaneous: “ Arithmetica ” (1707, written before his twentieth year) ; “ Miscellanea Math- ematica ” (1707); ” De Motu ” (1721); “Passive Obedience ” (1712) ; Essays (contributed to Guardian, 1713) ; “ Essays towards Preventing Ruin of Great Britain” (1720); “A Proposal for the Better Supply, etc.” (1725); "Verses on Prospect of Arts and Learning in America “The Analyst” (1734); “A Defence of Free Thinking” (1735); "A Discourse to Magistrates and Men in Authority ” (1736) ; “ A Letter to Roman Catholics of Cloyne - ’ (1745); " A Word to the Wise” (1749). In the Battell chapel at New Haven a memorial window has been placed to his memory; the Berkeley divinity school at Middletown, Conn., testifies to the esteem in which he was held by its founder, Bishop Wil- liams, and the site of the State university of Cali- fornia is called Berkeley in his honor. At New- port he was instrumental in the founding of the BERNARD. BERNAYS. Redwood library, and also gave an organ to Trinity church, and a beautiful memorial chapel has there been erected to his memory, which was dedicated in 1886 by Bishop Clark. Much that is interesting in regard to his life and works will be found in “ Life and Works of Berkeley,” by Professor Fraser, also in “ Beardsley’s Ecclesi- astical History of Connecticut,” and Noah Porter’s discourse on “ Bishop George Berkeley.” He died at Oxford, England, Jan. 14, 1753. BERNARD, Sir Francis, colonial governor, was born at Nettleliam, Lincolnshire, England, about 1714. His education was acquired at West- minster school and at Oxford university, where he was graduated in 1736, with the degree of M.A. He became a lawyer, and was afterwards made a bencher of the Middle Temple. He prac- tised on the midland circuit for some years, and held the positions of steward of the city of Lincoln and recorder of Boston, England. In 1758 he was appointed governor of the province of New Jersey, and in 1760 held the same office over Massachusetts Bay. For some time his ad- ministration was successful, but when the de- fenders of the rights of the people questioned the authority of the king, he. being loyal to the Eng- lish crown, gained the ill-will of the colonists. His lamentable lack of tact in doing what he con- sidered his duty, together with his harsh attitude towards the colonists, probably hastened the war of the revolution. He made an obnoxious speech soon after the repeal of the Stamp Act, and later was the means of further inciting the wrath of the people by requesting that British troops be sent to Boston. The general assembly in 1768 invited other colonies to join with them in pro- testing against the duties on imports. This act Governor Bernard requested them to revoke, and upon their refusal he prorogued the assembly. Ten months later a new one was formed, which petitioned that the troops be withdrawn. This was refused, and the assembly at once ceased to transact business. Meanwhile, the British gov- ernment approved Bernard’s action and rewarded him by making him a baronet in 1769. The gen- eral court of Massachusetts Bay at length ex- pressed to the king their dissatisfaction with his administration, and petitioned for his removal, on the ground that he had treated the representa- tive body with contempt by his speeches and other public acts; that he had negatived lawfully elected counsellors of unblemished character for no sufficient reason ; that he had interfered with and unduly influenced elections; that he had misrepresented the attitude of the colonists to the crown; that he had dissolved the assembly, deprived the colonists of their charter rights, and in many other ways acted in an un just, unfriendly and arbitrary manner. These charges Governor Bernard either denied or explained, but the Eng- lish government thought best to recall him, ostensibly to consult on the condition of the pro- vince, and though holding the title of governor he remained in England, and two years later was replaced by a new official. He edited in 1752 “ Antonii Alsopi Aedis ChristiOlim Alumni Oda- rum libri duo.” He assisted Harvard college in replacing the six thousand volumes destroyed when the college library was burned in 1764, bequeathing to it his private library. His “ Letter Books ” were purchased by Jared Sparks in 1848 for six hundred dollars. His writings include: “Letters to the Ministry” (1769); “Letters to the Earl of Hillsborough” (1769), and “ Select Letters on the Trade and Govern- ment of America, and the Principles of Law and Polity Applied to the American Colonies ” (2d ed., 1774). He died in Aylesbury, England, June 16, 1779. BERNAYS, Augustus Charles, surgeon was born at Highland, 111., Oct. 13, 1854. He wasedu- cated at McKendree college, Lebanon, graduating in 1872. He studied medicine at Heidelberg, Ger- many, where he took his degree of M.D. with honors in 1876. The following year he studied surgery in England, and was made a member of the Royal college of surgeons. He returned to the United States and established himself in St. Louis, Mo. In 1883 he accepted the chair of anatomy and clinical surgery in the college of physicians. Dr. Bernays became a leader in sur- gical science, being fertile in the discovery of new paths and courageous in exploring and fol- lowing them out, and made valuable additions to the literature of the profession. He served as professor of anatomy, surgical pathology, and clinical surgery in the Woman’s medical college of St. Louis, and the Marion Sims college of medicine. He was elected a member of various medical societies, and life member of the Anatomische Gesellchaf, the American association of the academy of sciences, and the German surgical society of Berlin. His first monograph, “ On the Development of the Auriculo-Ventricular Valves of the Heart,” appeared in 1876, and was followed by that on “ the Development of the Knee Joints, and of Joints in General.” These have been much quoted and were followed by others of great value: “ Kolpohystererectomy, a New Method of Removing the Entire Womb for Cancer of this Or- gan,” appeared in 1883; “Ideal Cholecystolomy, a successful Case of the Removal of Gall-stones,” in 1886; “ A New Operation for Treatment of Can- cers of the Stomach, with report of three cases ” (1887); “Taparatomy, for the treatment of Gun- shot Wounds of the Intestines,” and “ A new oper- ation for the treatment of Retroflexion of the Uterus” in 1891. BERRIAN. BERRY. BERRIAN, William, clergyman, was born in New York city in 1787. He was graduated at Columbia college in 1808, and ordained to the priesthood of the Episcopal church in 1810. He accepted a curacy in Trinity parish, New York, in 1811; became rector of the church in 1830, trustee of Columbia college in 1832, and of Hobart college in 1848, holding these offices up to the time of his decease. In his fifty-one years of service as rector of Trinity church he had also the oversight and direction of the several chapels connected with the parent church. He edited the works of Bishop John Henry Hobart, with a memoir (three volumes, New York, 1833), and published an “Historical Sketch of Trinity Church,” New York, as well as numerous devo- tional works, and “ Travels in France and Italy” (1820). Columbia gave him the degree S.T.D. in 1828. He died Nov. 7, 1862. BERRIEN, John Macpherson, jurist, was born near Princeton, N. J., Aug. 23, 1781, son of Maj. John Berrien, an officer in the Contin- ental army. His mother was a sister of John MacPherson, who was an aide-de-camp to General Lafayette, and subsequently served on the staff of General Lachlan McIntosh. Major Berrien settled in Georgia in 1782, but his son John passed his school days in New York and New Jersey, and was graduated at Nassau hall, Princeton, in the class of 1796. He studied law and was ad- mitted to the Georgia bar in 1799, practising in Chatham county. In 1809 he was appointed so- licitor-general of the eastern district of the state, and two years later was elected judge of his cir- cuit, holding the judgeship until 1821. Soon after the beginning of the war of 1812 he entered the army as major of cavalry. The legislature of Georgia in 1812, to relieve the debtor class among the citizens of that state, passed laws which practically closed the doors of the courts to creditors. At a convention of the judges of the state, four cases were presented and a unani- mous opinion, prepared by Judge Berrien, was rendered that the laws impaired the obligation of contracts, and were therefore unconstitutional. This is held as the ablest exposition made on that question. On the expiration of his term as judge he was elected a member of the state senate. In 1824 he was elected to the senate of the United States. He resigned his seat as senator in 1829, and was appointed attorney general in the cabinet of President Jackson. In June, 1831, he resigned with the other members of the cabinet, receiving a letter from the President expressing his ap- proval of his zeal and efficiency, and tendering him the mission to Great Britain, which he declined. He returned to his home at Savannah and re- sumed the practice of law. In 1841 he was returned to the United States senate, taking his seat the 4th of March, and serving for a time as chairman of the judiciary committee. In 1845 he was made judge of the supreme court of Georgia, and in 1847 was once more elected to the United States senate, resigning his seat in May. 1852, when, being in his seventy-first year he retired to private life. In 1844 he was a dele- gate from Georgia to the national Whig conven- tion at Baltimore that nominated Henry Clay for President. His speech in the senate on the constitutionality of the bankrupt law won gen- eral commendation, and drew from Mr. Clay a graceful compliment in open session of the senate. His argument on “the right of instruc- tion ” was complimented by Mr. Justice Story, who proposed to insert it in a new edition of his work on the Constitution. He was one of the board of regents of the Smithsonian institution. Washington. The college of New Jersey con- ferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1829. The county of Berrien, in the state of Georgia, is named in his honor. He died in Savannah, Ga., Jan. 1, 1856. BERRIEN, John Macpherson, naval officer, was born in Savannah, Ga., in 1802; son of John Macpherson Berrien, attorney -general in the cabi- net of Andrew Jackson, and grandson of Major John Macpherson, a Continental soldier. He was appointed to the navy as midshipman, and was on the Constellation in 1827 in the West Indies. After serving on the frigate Gnerriere in the Pacific squadron and on the sloop Vincennes he was promoted lieutenant in 1837, and assigned to the Natchez of the West India squadron. He was at the capture of Tabasco, Mexico, as commander of the Bonito , and in 1856 was commissioned commander. Subsequently he served in the Portsmouth, N. H.. navy yard, and two years later commanded the Jo7m Adams in Hong Kong. China. In 1862 he was promoted captain and made assistant inspector of ordnance at Pittsburg, Pa. He served in Boston harbor and at the Norfolk, Va., navy yard, in 1865; was commis- sioned commodore, Sept. 20, 1866 ; appointed inspector of light houses, 1866-'69; and was retired in December of that year. He died in Philadelphia, Nov. 20. 1883. BERRY, Abraham J., physician, was born in New York city, in 1799. and became prominent as a physician. In 1832, when Asiatic cholera was raging in New York, he refused to follow the advice of his friends and the examples of most of his brother practitioners, but worked with in- domitable energy to conquer the plague, and for his zeal and sacrifice received the thanks of the municipality. Dr. Berry was elected the first mayor of Williamsburg, N. Y., when that village was incorporated as a city, his family having been the original owners of at least half [2S2] BERRY. BESSEY. of the ground on which the city was built. He promoted the interests of the city and instituted the ferry system with New York. At the out- break of the civil war he entered the army as surgeon of the 38th N. Y. infantry, though his age excluded him from any obligation to do so. An incident occurred at White House, Ya., which showed the character and courage of the man. In 1862, when the army under General McClellan made their retreat to Harrison's Landing, the sick and wounded, about three hundred in num- ber, with Dr. Berry in charge, were left behind by some oversight ; he undertook the work of conveying his patients by train to the new head- quarters on the James river, and on the way he gathered over five hundred other sick and wounded men and brought the eight hundred into hospital camp. He died at his home in Brooklyn, from overwork and fever contracted in the swamps of Virginia, Oct. 22, 1865. BERRY, Hiram George, soldier, was born at Thomaston, Maine, Aug. 27, 1824. He was prom- inent in local politics, holding office as representa- tive in the state legislature and mayor of Rock- land. He organized a volunteer militia company in the city, known as the Rockland guards and celebrated for its efficiency in drill and discipline. In 1861 he was made colonel of the 4th Maine in- fantry, served in the first battle of Bull Run and with McClellan in the peninsular campaign, with distinguished gallantry, and was promoted brigadier -general, April 4, 1862. He was given command of the 3d brigade, 3d division, 3d army corps, and fought at Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, the seven days' fight, 2d Bull Run and Chantilly. In January, 1863, he was made major-general of volunteers and commanded the 2d division, 3d army corps. At Chancellorsville he displayed especial bravery in carrying out the following order of General Hooker: “Go in, general; throw your men into the breach; don't fire a shot — they can't see you — but charge home with the bayonet. ” The division for three hours alone withstood the onslaught of the Confederates, and finally drove them back, regaining for the Federal army their lost ground. The fight was renewed the next morning, and Berry's division received the first assault. Heading one of his brigades, he led a bayonet charge several times successfully, but was shot and mortally wounded. He died on the battlefield of Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863. BERRY, James Henderson, senator, was born in Jackson county, Ala., May 15, 1841. In 1848 the family removed to Carrollton, Ark., where the son attended school and worked on the farm and clerked in a store. In 1861 he entered the Confederate army as lieutenant in the 16th Arkansas infantry, fought at Pea Ridge and Iuka, and lost a leg at Corinth in October. f2S3j 1862, while under Van Dorn in his attack on Rosecrans. When Port Hudson surrendered, in 1863, he was sent to Texas and Arkansas, and when the war was over retired to his home in Carrollton. He was elected to the legisla- ture of Arkansas in August, 1866, and admitted to the bar the same year. In 1869 be removed to Bentonville. and in 1872 was elected to repre- sent Benton county in the state legislature, and was speaker of the house during the extraordinary session of 1874. In 1876 he was chairman of the state Democratic convention, and was judge of the circuit court in 1878. He was elected governor of Arkansas in 1882, and in March, 1885, was elected to the United States senate to fill a vacancy, caused by the resignation of Senator Garland. He was re-elected in 1889, and again in 1895. BERRY, Nathaniel Springer, governor of New Hampshire, was born at Bath. Maine. Sept. 1, 1796; son of Abner and Betsy (Springer) Berry. His father was a shipbuilder ; his grandfather, John Berry, was a captain in the Continental army ; his maternal grandfather, Nathaniel Springer, was an artillery captain in the revolutionary war and was killed in battle. In 1812 he began a five years' apprenticeship to a tanner, and at the age of twenty-two he entered upon a leather manufacturing business at Bristol, N. H. He was successful in business and prominent in local politics, serving many terms in the state legisla- ture. For nine years he acted as judge of the court of common pleas, and in 1856 lie was appointed judge of probate, remaining in this office until 1861, when he was elected by the Republidan party governor of New Hampshire. He was re-elected the following year, and was one of the war governors who signed the letter of June 28, 1862, urging President Lincoln to call for volunteers to put down the rebellion. He died at Bristol, N. H., April 27, 1894. BERRY, William James Courtnald, librarian, was born in Jersey City, N. J., May 28. 1847. After his graduation from the Englishtown (N. J.) academy, he devoted some time to the study of law, and was admitted to the bar, after being graduated from Columbia college law school in 1876. He then entered the employ of a prominent law-publishing house in New York city. In 1870, when the New York bar associa- tion was organized, he became its first librarian, and held the position for over twenty-seven years. BESSEY, Charles Edwin, botanist, was born at Milton, Wayne county, Ohio, May 21, 1845. After taking an academic course in his native town he entered the Michigan agricultural col lege, where he was graduated in 1869, and later took a special course at Harvard. He then BETHUNE. BIBB. became pi’ofessor of botany in Iowa agricultural college, serving from 1870 to 1884, when he accepted a position as professor of botany and horticulture in the University of Nebraska. In addition to his duties as professor he served as acting chancellor of the university from 1889 to 1891. He acted as editor of the botanical depart- ment of the American Naturalist from 1880; was president of Iowa academy of sciences from 1875 to 1884 ; president of the society for the promotion of agricultural science, 1883 to 1885, and was made a fellow of the American association for the advancement of science. He was the asso- ciate editor of the botanical department of the second edition of Johnson’s Cyclopedia in 1893. His principal publications are: “Report on Insects ” (1873— ’74) ; “Geography of Iowa ” (1876) ; " The Erysiphei of North America " (1877) “ Botany for High Schools and Colleges ” (1880) ; “Essentials of Botany” (1884); “Reports of the State Botanist of Nebraska ” (1887 to 1892) ; “ Preliminary Reports on the Native Trees and Shrubs of Nebraska” (1891). He received the degree of Ph.D. from the Iowa university in 1879. BETHUNE, George Washington, clergyman, was born in New York city, March 18, 1805. His father emigrated from Scotland, and became a prominent merchant of New York, and his mother — also of Scotch descent — was a daughter of Isabella Graham, the philanthropist. The son was graduated at Dickinson college in 1822, studied theology at Princeton, and was ordained in the Presbyterian ministry in 1825. In the fol- lowing year he united with the Dutch Re- formed church, in which he held pastorates at Rhinebeck and Utica, N. Y., Philadelphia, Pa., Brooklyn. N. Y., and New York city, for a period of thirty-five years, during which time he wrote several volumes in both prose and verse, which gave him a national reputation. He was a grace- ful poet, an eloquent orator, a keen wit, an en- thusiastic disciple of Izaak Walton, and a good man. In 1859 he visited Italy, where he regained his failing health, and at Rome preached in the American chapel. He returned to New York in 1860. His last public effort in this country was a patriotic speech delivered at the great union meeting held in Union Square, New York, di- rectly after the fall of Fort Sumter, in which he earnestly advocated the preservation of the Union. Among his published works are : “Lays of Love and Faith,” a collection of hymns, “ Orations and Discourses,” “ Memoirs of Joanna Bethune,” “ Fruits of the Spirit,” “ Early Lost, Early Saved,” “ British Female Poets, with Bio- graphical and Critical Notices, ” and " The His- tory of a Penitent.” He died suddenly of apoplexy in Florence, Italy, April 27. BETTS, Samuel Rossiter, jurist, was born at Richmond, Mass., in 1787. He was graduated from Williams college in 1806, and soon after was admitted to the bar at Hudson, N. Y. His practice was interrupted by the war of 1812, in which he served as an officer, and was made judge-advocate on the staff of Governor Tomp- kins of New York. In 1814 he was elected a rep- resentative to the 14th U. S. Congress. He de- clined a re-nomination and continued the practice of law in Sullivan county and at the state capital From 1823 until a few years before his deatli he was judge of the United States district court, and during his service on the bench he was a model of integrity and wisdom. His knowledge of the legal technicalities, and the breadth of mind and keen judgment displayed in his decisions, won him the respect of the greatest men in the pro fession. He codified the maritime laws of the United States and established a well-ordered sys- tem of procedure. In 1830 Williams college con- ferred upon him the degree of LL.D. He is the author of a valuable book on “ Admiralty Prac- tice ” (1838). He died in New Haven, Conn.. Nov. 3, 1868. BEVERLEY, Robert, historian, was born in Virginia about 1675. He is chief!}' known as the author of a “ History of the Present State of Vir- ginia,” a comprehensive work of four volumes, which was published in London in 1705. It ran through three English editions, and was trans- lated into French, illustrated with fourteen wood-cuts, and published in Amsterdam. A revised edition was issued at Richmond. Va., in 1855. In 1697 Mr. Beverley was elected clerk of the Virginia council, under Governor Andros. The habeas corpus act was first put in operation in America in behalf of Mr. Beverley. He died in 1716. BIBB, George M., jurist, was born in Prince Edward county, Va., Oct. 30, 1771. He was graduated at Nassau hall, Princeton. N. J.. in 1792, adopted the legal profession, and in 1798 removed to Lexington, Ky., where he was elected a member of the state legislature and afterwards served for three terms as chief justice of the state. He prepared “ Reports of Cases at Com- mon Law and in Chancery in the Kentucky Court of Appeals” (1808— ’ll) . In 1811 he was elected to the U. S. senate as successor to Henry Clay, and resigned his seat in 1814. In 1829 he was again elected to the senate, succeeding Richard M. Johnson, and serving as a colleague of Henry Clay. 'From 1835 to 1844 he was chan- cellor of the court of chancery, but resigned to become U. S. secretary of the treasury under President Tyler, which position he held until 1845. From that time till his death, at the age of eighty-three years, he practised law in the 1862. [ 284 ] BICKNELL. BIDDLE. District of Columbia, serving for a time as assist- ant in the U. S. attorney-general’s office. As one of the last representatives of the gentlemen of the old school, he refused to adopt the fashions of the day, but adhered to the small clothes of an earlier generation. He died in Georgetown, D. C., April 14, 1859. BIBB, William Wyatt, governor of Alabama, was born in Virginia, Oct. 1, 1780. He was grad- uated from William and Mary college, and from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1801. He resided for some years in Georgia, where he served in both houses of the state legislature. He was elected a representative to the 9th U. S. Congress as a Democrat, in place of Thomas Spalding, resigned, and was re-elected to the 10th, 11th and 12tli congresses, serving from Jan. 26, 1807, to March 3, 1813. In 1813 he was elected U. S. senator to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of W. H. Crawford, appointed minister to France, and served until 1816. He then removed to Alabama territory, of which he was made governor in 1817. On the admission of Alabama as a state in 1819 he was elected its governor, serving until his death, at Fort Jackson, Ala., July 9, 1820. BICE, Hiram H., educator, was born in Utica, N. Y., in 1865, and was educated in the Free academy of that city, at Hamilton college, Clin- ton, X. Y., and at Johns Hopkins university. From the last-named institution he received the degree of A. B. in 1889. After his graduation he taught in New York state and in Illinois, and was subsequently made professor of Greek in Black- burn university at Carlinville, 111. He was made a member of the American philological and historical associations, and of the Oneida county {X. Y.) historical society, and one of the local honorary secretaries of the Egypt exploration fund. He contributed to The Open Court of Chicago, Biblia of Meriden, Conn., and the New York Evangelist , and to numerous publications of a similar character. BICKNELL, Evelyn Montague, artist, was born at Riverdale, X. Y., July 14, 1857. In early life he engaged in commercial pursuits, but art being more congenial, he abandoned business in 1881 and devoted himself to the study of painting, taking lessons first at the Art league of New York, and subsequently from well-known mas- ters in Europe. He made many sketches while in France and England, and returning to America in 1886, he opened a studio in New York city and achieved success in marine painting. He ex- hibited in all the important exhibitions for many years, several of his pictures being shown at the New York academy of design. Air. Bicknell was made a member of the New York water color club and other art associations. BICKNELL, Thomas W., educator, was born at Barrington, R. I., Sept. 6, 1834; son of Allin and Harriet Byron (Kinnicut) Bicknell. He was graduated at Tbetford academy in 1853, and entered Amherst college, remaining there one year. He was then employed in teaching school, and in 1857 entered Brown university, where he was graduated with the degree of A.M. in 1860. In 1859 he was elected to the house of represen- tatives of Rhode Island, serving in that body during his last year at college. From 1860 to 1860 he was occupied in teaching, and from 1869 to 1875 was commissioner of schools of Rhode Island. He was instrumental, during his term, in securing various educational reforms. In 1873 he was Rhode Island commissioner to the Vienna exposition. In 1875 the New England Journal of Education was founded, Mr. Bicknell became its editor, and in the following year its owner and publisher. In 1876 he established The Primary Teacher : in 1878, Good Times ; in 1880, Educa- tion , a bi-monthly ; and for nearly ten years he was editor of the Rhode Island Schoolmaster. The New England bureau of education was founded by him in 1876. He was also editor-in- chief of The American Teacher , begun in 1883. He was president of the Rhode Island Institute of instruction, of the American institute of in- struction, of the national council of education, which he was chiefly instrumental in organizing in 1880, of the National teachers’ association in 1884, of the interstate commission on Federal aid, and a member of the International congress of education in 1886. In 1883 he represented Massachusetts in the interstate congress at Louisville. He lectured extensively on educa- tional subjects, his address on “ School Super- vision ” and “ Civil Service Reform in Educa- tion ” being published by the American institute. He was twice elected (1888 and 1889) to the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature. He is the author of “ A Memoir of William Lord Noyes ” (1868); “ A History of Barrington” (1870), and “ John Myles and Religious Toleration in Massa- chusetts ” (1892). In 1880 Amherst college gave him the degree of M.A. BIDDLE, Charles John, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1819; son of Nicholas Bid- dle. In 1837 he was graduated from Princeton college and devoted the following three years to the study of the law, gaining admission to the bar in 1840. He joined the army as captain of voltigeurs at the outbreak of the Mexican war, and served in all of the important engagements, including the capture and occupation of the city of Mexico, receiving “ for gallant and meritorious services ” the brevet rank of major. From the close of the Mexican war to the beginning of the civil war he practised law in Philadelphia, enter- BIDDLE. BIDDLE. ing the Union army in 18G1 as colonel of the 13th regiment Pennsylvania reserve corps, and while in the field he was elected by the Democrats a repre- sentative to the 37th Congress, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of E. Joy Morris, serving from Dec. 2, 1862, to March 3, 1863. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election to the 38th Congress. He afterwards gave much of his atten- tion to journalism, editing and managing the Philadelphia Age. He is the author of “ The Case of Major Andrd ” (1868), written in defence of General Washington, which attracted favorable comment. He died at Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 28, 1873. BIDDLE, Clement, soldier, was born in Phila- delphia. Pa., May 10, 1740. He was a member of the Society of Friends, and in 1764 was leader of a company of Quakers, who joined the militia in order to assist friendly Indians in resisting the famous “ Paxton Boys.” Mr. Biddle was a signer of the non importation agreement in 1765, and was identified with all the patriotic movements of the time, helping to form the revolutionary state constitution of 1776. Before the outbreak of the revolutionary war he helped to organize, and commanded, a company of Quakers, and in June, 1776, joined the “ flying camp,” an organi- zation of ten thousand men, authorized by Con- gress, and later was made its deputy quarter- master. As such he received the swords of the Hessian prisoners captured at the battle of Tren- ton. He took part in the engagements at Prince- ton. Germantown, Brandywine and Monmouth, and was with Washington’s army at Valley Forge. In 1780 he resigned from the army, but was still prominent in the affairs of the infant republic, aiding in the formation of the Federal constitution of 1787. The same year General Washington appointed him to the office of United States marshal of Pennsylvania. In 1781 he was made quartermaster-general of the Pennsylvania troops, and was active in suppressing the whiskey insurrection of 1794. He died in his native city, July 14, 1814. BIDDLE, Clement Cornell, soldier, was born in Philadelphia. Oct. 24, 1784; son of Clement Biddle, the Quaker soldier. In his youth he served for a time in the navy. Later he studied law, was admitted to the bar and engaged in prac- tice. In 1807 he was commissioned by President Jefferson captain of dragoons in the army then being organized in anticipation of trouble with Great Britain incident to the Chesapeake outrage of that year. Great Britain disvowed the attack and Captain Biddle returned home. In 1812, as captain of the “ State Fencibles, ” a company of volunteers which he had organized, he took part in several engagements, and was later appointed colonel of the 1st Pennsylvania infantry. He was a diligent student of economics, and issued an annotated edition of J. B. Say's “ Political Economy " shortly after the war of 1812, besides editing Prinsep's translation of the same work. He was present at the free-trade convention held at Philadelphia in 1831, and was at that time influential in shaping the financial policy of the government. He died Aug. 21, 1855. BIDDLE, Craig, jurist, was born in Philadel- phia, Jan. 10, 1823 ; the youngest son of Nicholas Biddle, financier, and maternal grandson of John Craig. He was educated at Princeton college, where he was graduated in 1841, and was admit- ted to the Philadelphia bar Dec. 2, 1844. Taking an active interest in politics as an adherent of the Whig party, he was elected to the Pennsyl- vania house of representatives for the years 1849 and 1850. He was afterwards clerk of the com- mon council of Philadelphia. At the outbreak of the civil war he was commissioned major on the staff of General Patterson, served through the three months' campaign in the Shenandoah Valley, and was then transferred to the staff of Governor Curtin. Upon the election of Judge Paxon to the supreme bench he was appointed, in January, 1875, to fill the vacant chair in the com- mon pleas. In the succeeding June he was nomi- nated as the Republican candidate for the full term, and received the highest majority on the ticket. At the conclusion of his term of office he was renominated by both parties, and unani- mously elected in November, 1885. He was for ten years president of the Philadelphia agricul- tural society, and owned the fine old country seat in Andalusia, that had been in the family for five generations. Judge Biddle made his opinions noted for brevity and clearness. Not a few of his decisions have defined the law upon questions of much intricacy and doubt, notably in the case of Brinkley vs. Brinkley, where the law of mar- riage in Pennsylvania was laid down with terse- ness and force; also the case of the Common- wealth vs. Fletcher, where the popular belief that drunkenness is an excuse for murder was exploded in language so forcible and clear as to do away with an error dangerous alike to the peace and safety of every citizen. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Princeton col- lege in 1891. BIDDLE, Horace P., jurist, was born in Fail- field county, Ohio, March 24, 1811. He received an elementary English education and acquired a fair knowledge of the European and several of the Eastern languages. He studied law, and was admitted to the Ohio and United States courts. He then “ travelled the circuit " in Ohio and in 1839 opened an office in Logansport, Ind. He served as presiding judge of the circuit court dur- ing nineteen years, as supreme judge during six BIDDLE. BIDDLE. years, and as a member of the constitutional con vention of Indiana in 1850. He at the same time carried on a line of studies in philosophy, science and literature. In January, 1881, he retired from all active participa- tion in the current affairs of life to his “Island Home,” in the Wabash river, where, amidst his library, which he playfully called his “eight thou- sand friends,” he de- voted himself to liter- ary pursuits. During the first year of his retirement he pub- lished: “ Elements of Knowledge,” “ Bid- dle's Poems,’’ “ American Boyhood,” “ Glances at the World,” “ Last Poems," and “ Prose Miscellany. ” “ Musi- cal Scale ” and his first book of poems, had been published in 1852 and in 1858, respectively. Mr. Biddle constantly experimented in matters of sci- ence, particularly in reference to music. He had around him the entire viol family, from the double bass to the kit. He invented a new in- strument of the viol kind, which he named " Tetrachord ” — a method of stringing and tun- ing applicable to viols of all kinds and sizes, and to any pitch. He also invented the double action Eureka, an instrument of the harp kind, by which he presents, with forty-three strings, a consecutive chromatic scale of six octaves, hav- ing seventy-three notes, without any pedals or stops. BIDDLE, James, naval officer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 18, 1783. At the age of seventeen he joined the United States navy, and three years later was serving as midshipman in the frigate Philadelphia when she was wrecked and captured near Tripoli, and all on board held as prisoners, during the war with the Barbary states. Upon his release he was assigned to ordinary duty until 1812, when he entered active service on board the sloop-of-war Wasp, and when that vessel captured the Frolic he was given com- mand of the prize. Both ships were badly dam- aged, and before they were able to get under sail they were captured by the British seventy-four pounder, Poictiers. After his exchange, in 1813, he was promoted master-commandant, given com- mand of the gunboat flotilla in the Delaware, but 'subsequently transferred to the Hornet , with which he ran the blockade at New London, Conn., and sailed to Tristan d’Acunha. On March 23, 1815. he met the Penguin and succeeded in captur- ing and destroying the British brig, being him- self severely wounded. Upon repairing damages he soon encountered an English line-of -battle ship, and only escaped by throwing overboard all his guns. He reached New York after peace had been declared, and found a promotion to post - captain, a gold medal from Congress, and a silver service from Philadelphia awaiting him. A state dinner was also given in his honor by New York. After the close of the war he remained in active service, being commander of squadrons in several foreign [torts, and negotiated commercial treaties with Turkey and with China. In 1817 he was sent by the U. S. government to take formal pos- session of Oregon. From 1838 to 1842 he was gov- ernor of the Philadelphia naval asylum, and dur- ing his term of office there he introduced a course of instruction to unassigned midshipmen, and was the first naval officer to propose a naval school. He died in Philadelphia, Oct. 1, 1848. BIDDLE, Nicholas, naval officer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 10, 1750; the sixth son of William Biddle, a reputable merchant. He early imbibed a passion for tire sea, and at the age of thirteen he entered the merchant service and made a voyage to Quebec, returning from which he sailed again for Jamaica and the Bay of Hon- duras. Having accomplished its business, the vessel set sail for Antigua, but on the night of Jan. 2, 1766, it struck on a rock and went to pieces, the crew escaping by a boat to a desolate island some ten miles distant. They were desti- tute of subsistence, and the boat was unfit to carry them all to a place of safety. Four must be left behind. Lots were cast, and one of these lots fell upon the boy Biddle. There for sixty days he, with his three companions, underwent all the horrors of starvation before a passing ves- sel took them off, and he was conveyed to his native city. He again reshipped in the merchant service, and so continued till 1770, when he secured a midshipman’s warrant in the royal navy, where in two years he had gained the rank of lieutenant, when, throwing away his rank and position, he shipped as a coxswain on the Carcase, sent out by the Royal society for exploration to the north pole. There he had as a messmate Horatio Nelson, afterwards the renowned British admiral. Returning home at the end of two years, young Biddle found the colonies at war witli Great Britain, and he at once offered his services to the Continental Congress. They had no navy — not a single frigate, sloop-of-war, or gunboat — and a solitary armed galley was the sole protection for the commerce of Philadelphia. Captain Biddle was made fleet captain and given command of the Andrea Doria, a brig of fourteen guns, with a crew of a hundred and thirty men. His vessel was one of a fleet fitted out for an ex- pedition against New Providence under Commo- [28-J BIDDLE. BIDDLE. dore Hopkins, commander-in-chief of the navy. Captain Biddle, on the return to New London, Conn., where the vessels were to refit, captured two small British cruisers and engaged the ship of the line, Glasgow, which, being a superior sailer, escaped. Being refitted, the Andrea Doria set sail on a cruise against British commerce along the coast of Newfoundland. When but a few days out he captured a transport with four hun- dred troops, intended to reinforce General Gage at Boston. He also made prize of several vessels laden with stores and other supplies for the Brit - ish troops, and sent them into New London, put- ting on board prize crews. This had so depleted his own force that when he returned to port he had only five of the original crew with which he had left New London. Stimulated by the success of Captain Biddle’s sea forays upon the enemy, Congress rapidly built and equipped the Ran- dolph, a frigate of thirty-two guns, and gave him command of it— the first frigate built by the United States. He set sail from Philadelphia in February, 1777, with a motley crew of all nations. He had been at sea but a few days when he dis- covered a mutiny among the foreign element in the crew, which greatly outnumbered the native, its object being to overpower the officers and hand the ship over to the enemy. Captain Biddle went among the mutineers, and with amazing intrepidity quelled the mutiny, the men going submissively back to duty. No sooner had order been restored than a violent storm struck the ship, carrying away every one of her masts. He put into Charleston, S. C., to refit, and the patri- otic citizens of that place, who had heard of his exploits, supplied him with a fresh crew, and bent all their energies to put his ship again in effective condition. He had been but three days at sea when he fell in with four British ships — three of them richly laden, the fourth, the True Briton, a man-of-war of twenty guns, whose com- mander had expressed an earnest desire to en- counter the Randolph. He began the action at long range, but Captain Biddle reserved his fire until the vessels almost touched, when he gave the True Briton a tremendous broadside, at which she struck her flag without further resist- ance. The ships under convoy being cap- tured, he returned to Charleston with his four valuable prizes, after an absence of but seven days. The city, and soon the entire country, was electrified with news of the brilliant achieve- ment, and the Charlestonians at once fitted out for the heroic Biddle a squadron of four vessels— the ship General Moultrie, the brigs Fair Ameri- can and Poll y, and the sloop Notre Dame, and General Pinckney, then in command of the colonial troops at Charleston, gave him a body of infantry men to serve as marines. The little squadron set sail from Charleston late in Febru- ary, 1778, and at three o’clock in the afternoon of March 7 they descried in the distance a huge ship which proved to be His British Majesty’s ship of the line Yarmouth, Captain Vincent, mounting sixty -four guns. According to the estimate of Capt. Charles Stewart, this ship was a match for three vessels like the Randolph, but Commo- dore Biddle had discovered its character too late to avoid so unequal an encounter. The Yarmouth . in approaching her antagonist, had manoeuvred so as to get the Randolph between herself and the Moultrie, and the latter ship poured her answer to the Yarmouth's broadside into her sister ship. In the hottest of the action Commo- dore Biddle was dangerously wounded, but he re- fused to leave the deck, saying: “Bring me a chair — carry me forward — there the surgeon will dress my wound. ” While his wound was being dressed he continued to animate his men, who were firing three broadsides to the Yarmouth's one. Then a shot entered the magazine of the Randolph — there was a sudden flash, a terrific explosion, and the good ship, with her gallant crew, went down. Out of a crew of about three hundred and twenty only four escaped with their lives, and they were tossed about upon a fragment of wreck for four days, half starved and dying with thirst, when they were rescued by Captain Vincent of the Yarmouth, he having suspended a chase to come to their rescue. Captain Biddle was but twenty-eight years of age when he met his heroic end. His loss was accounted a national calamity. His death occurred March 7, 1778. BIDDLE, Nicholas, financier, was born in Philadelphia, Jan. 8, 1786 ; son of Charles Biddle, a revolutionary patriot, and nephew of Nicholas Biddle, the gallant naval hero. The ances- tors of the Biddle fam- ily came over with Wil- liam Penn, and took an active and promi- nent part in defend- ing the colonists against the hostile I n d i a n s and other troubles incident to the earlj r colonial days. Young Nicholas was sent to an academy for his preparatory edu- cation, and his intel- I/O / [a lectual p o w ers ma- //, / J iM/ClsCCs- tured with such rapid- ity that he entered the University of Pennsyl- vania at an abnormally early age. and would have taken his degree in 1709 had it not been considered well to keep the boy of thirteen BIDDLE BIDDLE. for a few years longer at his studies. He was sent to the College of New Jersey, where he was graduated in 1801, at the age of fifteen, with the valedictory honors. He de- voted himself to the study of the law, but being too young for admission to the bar, he, in 1804, accepted the position of secretary to John Arm- strong, the United States minister to France. As a member of the United States legation he witnessed the coronation of Napoleon, and afterwards, when the diplomatic relations be- tween France and the United States became in- volved, he was deputed to audit and pay certain claims preferred against the United States, the Louisiana purchase money furnishing the funds. After four years of Parisian life lie made a tour through Italy and the countries of the Levant, where he studied the modern Greek tongue, and to refresh his classic lore abode for a time at Delplios and Athens. Then, returning by way of Paris, he joined James Monroe, then U. S. minis- ter to England, as his secretary. The friendship he thus formed with Monroe lasted to the end of that statesman's life. It is related that on a visit with Monroe to Cambridge, when conversing with certain of the professors on subjects of rela- tion between the Homeric and modern Greek tongues, young Biddle astonished them by his familiarity with both the living and dead idioms, and his knowledge of modern Greek being superior to that of the Cambridge professors, he had them at a disadvantage, to the gratification of Monroe's national pride. He returned to Philadelphia in 1807, was admitted to the bar, married, and began the practice of the law; but finding it irksomely uncongenial to his tastes, he soon abandoned it for literature and politics, and for the expensive occupation of gentleman farm- ing at his beautiful estate, “ Andalusia,” on the banks of the Delaware. He became the associate editor of the Portfolio , then the only literary journal of repute in the country, and after the death of Dennie, its proprietor, was sole editor for a number of years. He was elected to the state legislature in 1810, where his talents and states- manship gave him influence and standing in that body. His first speech was one advocating the re-chartering of the United States bank, and brought him great repute as a financier, securing the commendation of Chief Justice Marshall. Then came the war of 1812, during which he was a consistent advocate of all reasonable war meas- ures. Unruffled by the exacerbation of party feeling, his wise and moderate understanding of the public situation, which called for undivided and unanimous patriotism, was of great service to the government. He was in advance of his times in his ideas regarding popular education, as is evinced by a bill embodying the present com- mon-school system of the state of Pennsylvania, drawn by him in 1814, but not passed and adopted until 1836. In 1819 President Monroe signed the bill of incorporation of the re-chartered United States bank, and appointed Nicholas Biddle one of the twenty-five government directors; and when Langdon Cheves resigned the presidency of the bank, in 1822, Mr. Biddle succeeded him. His conduct of the affairs of the bank met the unqualified approval of the entire country. Dur- ing the first years of his connection with the bank. President Monroe, by authority of Congress, ap- pointed him to prepare a ‘ 1 Digest of the Commer- cial Laws of the World,” which was for very many years a standard authority. Presidents Monroe and John Quincy Adams placed no obstacles in the way of the prosperity of the United States bank ; but in 1829 President Jack- son inaugurated the “ bank war,” which eventu- ated in the decline of the credit of the bank. Jackson objected to its re-charter on the grounds that he feared “ political corruption,” and vetoed, in 1832, a bill which had passed both houses of Congress for anticipating its re-charter, when its existence would end, in 1836, and in the following year withdrew the government deposit of ten million dollars on his own responsibility, causing a financial depression which overwhelmed the entire nation. Nothing but the financial ability of such a man as Nicholas Biddle could at this crisis have sustained the reputation of the bank, and the assertion of Mr. Biddle’s friends that his refusal to use the influence of the bank to the furtherance of partisan ends had secured the hostility of the President gained credence. The state of Pennsylvania presented to Mr. Biddle a magnificent memorial service of plate in recogni- tion of lus ability. In 1837 the bank suspended, a misfortune which had been induced by Jack- son's unfortunate financial policy, and Biddle’s spirit was so wounded by the censure of unthink- ing persons who charged as due to him that which he had for many years averted by his masterly skill, that in 1839 he resigned his onerous position, having succeeded in placing the stock at par ; in 1 841 the bank failed. The publications concern- ing the “ bank war ” are numerous, and perhaps one of the most important is a collection of the letters of Mr. Biddle, in which he explains and vindicates his conduct of the bank’s affairs. His public services were not confined to the manage- ment of the United States bank. During suspen- sion of interest payment on Pennsylvania’s debt, he published a series of “ Essays with Suggestions for its Payment,” some of which the legislature adopted. July 4, 1833, he laid the cornerstone of Girard college, as president of board of trus- tees; Sept. 30, 1835, he delivered an eloquent address to the alumni of Princeton college on [ 289 ] BIDDLE. BIDWELL. “ Duties of the American,” and his eulogy on Jefferson before the Philosophical society was a polished, effective production. He was trustee of the University of Pennsylvania and of Girard college ; president of the Agricultural and Horti- cultural societies ; and the buildings of the United States bank and Girard college evince his archi- tectural tastes. The College of New Jersey con- ferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1835. He died at his country seat near Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 1844. BIDDLE, Thomas, soldier, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., Nov. 21, 1790. At the outbreak of the war of 1812 he joined the army with the rank of captain of artillery, and was conspicuous at Fort George, Stony Creek, and at the reduction of Fort Erie, where he commanded the artillery and received a severe wound. After bravely fighting in the desperate battle of Lundy’s Lane, July 25, 1814, and receiving a painful wound, he brought from the field as a trophy a field-piece which he captured from the enemy. In 1814 he was given the brevet rank of major for his gallantry, and later in the same year was appointed to the staff of General Izard as aide. He met his death in a duel fought at St. Louis, Mo., in which lie killed Spencer Pettis, his opponent, Aug. 29, 1831. BIDWELL, Daniel D., soldier, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1816, and was connected with the city government and the state militia. At the outbreak of the civil war he joined the Federal army as a private in the 65th N. Y. volunteers, gaining promotion to the rank of captain, and shortly afterwards formed the 74th N. Y. volun- teers, of which he was commissioned colonel. He served meritoriously in the more important battles of the war, notably in the peninsular cam- paign, and at the battles of Harrison’s Landing, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He twice commanded a brigade, and was promoted brigadier -general in 1864. He distinguished himself for gallantry in the Shen- andoah campaigns in 1864, and a few months later fought at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va., where he was killed, Oct. 19, 1864. BIDWELL, John, pioneer, was born in Chau- tauqua county, N. Y., Aug. 5, 1819. When lie was ten years of age his father moved to Erie, Pa. ; two years later to Ashtabula county, Ohio, and in 1834 to Darke county, Ohio. In 1836 the son returned to Ashtabula county, where, in the Kingsville Academy, he completed his scholastic education. After spending nearly two years in Missouri, in the spring of 1841, lie helped to form the first party to cross the Rocky mountains direct to California. After a six months’ journey full of romantic adventures, the expedition reached its destination, and young Bidwell was employed with General Sutter, who had begun a settlement and afterwards erected Fort Russ near the Sacramento river. He spent more than a year at Bodega in charge of Sutter’s interests, enlisted in defence of California against the in- surrection of the native chiefs, Castro and Alva- rado, in the revolt of 1844 and 1845, and acted as aide-de-camp to General Sutter till the war ended by the expulsion of the Mexi- can governor, Micliel- torena. In 1846 Gen- eral Fremont began the war which gave California to the United States. One of Fremont’s first acts after the war was thought to be closed, was to appoint young Bidwell. then only twenty-seven years of age, magistrate of San Luis Rey district, with principal headquarters at San Diego. In 1848 Mr. Bidwell was the first man to discover gold on Feather river, and the next year he was chosen a member of the first state constitutional convention of California. The same year he was elected to the first state senate. In 1850 he was appointed by Governor Burnett one of the commissioners to convey to Washington city the block of gold-bearing quartz, California’s contribution to the Washington monument. In 1855 he was again a candidate for the state senate. He was a delegate to the national Democratic presidential convention at Charleston in 1860 as a Douglas Democrat. In 1863 he was appointed by Gov. Leland Stanford to command the fifth brigade California militia, and served in that capacity till the close of the civil war. In 1864 he was a delegate to the Balti- more national convention, which re -nominated President Lincoln for the presidency, and in the same year was nominated and elected a represen- tative to the 39th United States Congress. In 1875 he was an unsuccessful candidate for gover- nor of California on the Anti-monopoly or Non- partisan state ticket. He was a delegate to the Anti-Chinese convention, held in Sacramento in March, 1886. April 4, 1888, he was chosen to preside at the state prohibition convention; in 1890 he was the Prohibition candidate for gover- nor, and in 1892 he was nominated for the presi- dency of the United States by the Prohibition party. BIDWELL, Walter Hilliard, journalist, was born at Farmington, Conn., June 21. 1798, son of William and Mary (Pelton) Bidwell. He was graduated first from Yale college and later from BIDWELL. BIERSTADT. Yale divinity school. His first pastorate was over the Congregational church in Medfield, Mass., where he remained from 1833 until 1838, when he was forced to abandon the ministry on account of the loss of his voice. In 1841 he assumed editorial charge of the American Na- tional Preacher, a Philadelphia journal, and while engaged in this work also became editor and proprietor of the New York Evangelist , the Eclectic Magazine and the American Biblical Repository. For a short time he had charge of the American Theological Review. In 1867 he received from Secretary Seward the appointment of special United States commissioner to western Asia, and he spent several months in travelling through that part of the old world. He died Sept. 11, 1881. BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de. (See LeMoyne, Jean Baptiste, Sieur de Bien- ville.) BIERMAN, E. Benjamin, educator, was born near Reading, Pa., Dec. 1, 1839, son of Benjamin and Anna (Bertram) Bierman. He was educated in the public schools of his native county, and in the Reading classical academy, where he was prepared for the junior class in college. During the last year of his connection with the academy, he was an associate instructor. In 1864 he was elected principal of the pub- lic high school of Hamburg, Pa., which position he held for three successive years. In 1867 he was given the degree of M.A. by Lafayette college, and the same year the trustees o f Lebanon Valley college, Ann- ville, Pa., unani- mously called him to the chair of English language and literature. This professorship he held for five years, when, on the re-organization of the faculty, he was transferred to the depart- ment of mathematics and astronomy, which place he filled during the following eight years. In 1880 he severed his connection with the college, and removed to Philadelphia for the purpose of attend- ing lectures in its professional schools and the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and during a residence of nearly ten years he attended upwards of nearly twenty different courses in philosophy, history, lit- erature, medicine, political economy, ethics, etc. In 1890, he was elected president of Lebanon Val- ley college. In 1892, Ursinus college conferred upon him the degree of Ph.D. BIERSTADT, Albert, painter, was born at Diisseldorf, Germany, Jan. 7, 1830. When he was about two years old his parents removed to the United States and settled in New Bedford, Mass., where lie received his early education. While yet very young he occasionally amused himself by making crayon sketches, and showed not a little talent. In 1851 he began to paint in oils, and two years later returned to Diis- seldorf, where he remained four years, studying in the academy, where he acquired technical skill, but exhibited no striking proof of talent. During his first summer he made a sketching tour, and painted the “Old Mill,” which gave a hint of his ability. On his next sketching trip he painted “Sunshine and Shadow,” which was several times exhibited and was for many years ranked as his best work. A winter in Rome followed his study at Diisseldorf; then came sketching tours through the Apennines, and in Switzerland. In 1857 he returned to New York city, and in 1858 set out with an expedition to sketch in the Rocky mountains. That his trip was successful is shown by the quality of the paintings he produced from the sketches then made. Of these “In the Rocky Mountains,” “ Great Trees of California,” and the “ Valley of the Kern River,” are in the Hermitage of St. Petersburg. In 1860 he was elected to the National academy ; in 1867 he was sent to Europe upon a government commission to make studies for a painting of the “ Discovery of the North River by Hendrick Hudson,” and was then and on his sub- sequent visits given high honors. He was made chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1867; and was given the crosses of St. Stanislaus in 1869 and 1870. The following year he was elected to the academy of fine arts in St. Petersburg, and won medals from Bavaria, Belgium, Austria, and Germany. Among his principal works are: Lai’amie Peak” (1861); “Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak ” (1863), a 6x10 canvas sold to Mr. James McHenry for §25,000 ; “North Fork of the Platte” (1864); “Looking Down the Yosemite” (1865); “El Capitan on Merced River” (1866); “ Storm in the Rocky Mountains, Mount Rosalie” (1866), owned by Mr. T. W. Kennard, valued at §35,000; “Valley of the Yosemite” ( 1866); “Settlement of California” and “Discovery of the North River by Hendrick Hudson” in the Capitol at Washington, D. C. ; “Emerald Pool on Mt. Whitney” (1870); “Mount Hood” (1870); “ Valley of Kern River, California” (1875) ; “Estes Park, Colorado,” sold to the Earl of Dunraven for §15.000. and exhibited at the Royal academy in 1878; “Mountain Lake” (1877); “Geysers” (1883 ); “Storm on the Matterhorn” (1884); “Valley of Zermatt, “On the Saco, New [291] Switzerland” (1885), and Hampshire” (1886). He BIGELOW. BIGELOW. exhibited at his studio in New York city in 1896, several large paintings: “ The Landing of Colum- bus ” from a study made on what is supposed to be the exact spot, a San Salvador coast view, with delightfullyrealistic surf, and a canvas 6x10, from studies taken in 1895 of Mt. Engadine in the Alps. BIGELOW, Erastus Brigham, inventor, was born at West Boylston, Mass., April 2, 1814, the son of a cotton weaver. From his childhood he evinced unusual inventive ability, and several ingenious and practical devices were made by him, while yet a boy, including a hand-loom for suspender-webbing. In his twenty-fourth year he invented an auto- matic loom w li i c li turned out finer counter- panes than had hitherto been produced in this country ; and the fol- lowing year he s u c- ceeded in bringing out a highly successful power carpet 1 o o m , which did away with the slow process of hand weaving. In 1851 he ex- hibited at the London exhibition, his power- loom, which could weave as fine Brussels tapestry and velvet tapestry carpets as could be produced in Europe. His factories in Clinton, Mass., com- prising the Bigelow carpet company, the Lancas- ter quilt company, and the Coach-lace factory, employed a large number of skilled workmen, and produced goods of high quality. He was much interested in the subject of the tariff, and advo- cated the stamp system of taxation. He was an active member of the Boston historical society from 1864. His published works consist of “ Sten- ography” (1832); “The Tariff Question Con- sidered in Regard to the Policy of England and the Interests of the United States” (1863), and “Inventions of Erastus Brigham Bigelow, pat- ented in England from 1837 to 1868”; this work was in six large volumes, and contained printed specifications of eighteen patents. He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 6, 1879. BIGELOW, Frank Barna, librarian, was born at Amherst, Mass., Feb. 7, 1869; son of Orvis F. and Mary Helen (Pingry) Bigelow, and grand- son of Judge William Morrill Pingry of Vermont. He was educated at the schools of Amherst, and was graduated from Amherst college in 1891. In February, 1892, he was appointed assistant libra- rian at the Columbia college library, and in May 1895, transferred his services to the New York society library, to succeed Wentworth S. Butler, made librarian emeritus. BIGELOW, Frank Hagar, scientist, was born at Concord, Mass., Aug. 28, 1851. He was gradu- ated at Harvard university in 1873, and during the three following years was employed as assist- ant to Dr. B. A. Gould in the astronomical observatory at Cordoba, in the Argentine Repub- lic; and in 1876 and 1877 was under Professor Newcomb at the U. S. naval observatory, Wash- ington. Theological studies occupied him until 1880, when he was ordained to the priest- hood of the Protestant Episcopal church, and became rector at Natick, Mass., but owing to a pulmonary difficulty he abandoned parish work. He was again at Cordoba in 1881-'83, permanently regaining his health in that interval : and for the following six years he was professor of mathematics and astronomy in Racine college. Wisconsin. In 1889, he entered the nautical almanac office in Washington under his former chief, Professor Newcomb, and was connected with the eclipse expedition to West Africa in that year. He invented an important process for taking star transits by photography, which has proved of great value to astronomers. In Octo- ber, 1891, Mr. Bigelow was appointed to the newly created professorship of meteorology in the U. S. weather bureau. His most important paper is a “ Monograph on the Solar Corona," published by the Smithsonian institution in 1889. BIGELOW, Hobart B., governor, was born in North Haven, Conn., May 16, 1834. He attended the district school and a local academy until he was seventeen years of age, when he was appren- ticed to the machinist’s trade, became foreman, and finally acquired an interest in the business. The Bigelow company of New Haven was after- wards established, and became one of the most important foundry, boiler and machine works in Connecticut. He filled successively various offices in the city government of New Haven, be- coming mayor in 1879. As such he rendered important service in creating a system of parks and the planning of harbor improvements. In 1881 be was elected governor of Connecticut by a large vote, based solely" on his well-earned per- sonal popularity. He died Oct. 12, 1891. BIGELOW’, Jacob, physician, was born at Sudbury, Mass., Feb. 27, 1787. He was graduated from Harvard college in 1806, and soon after began the study of medicine. He received his degree in 1810, and in a short time established a large practice in Boston. He also devoted much attention to the study of botany, regarding which subject he wrote quite profusely. He was the founder and designer of Mount Auburn cemetery, a physician in the Massachusetts general hospital for twenty years, and for forty years occupied the chair of materia medica in Harvard college. He also held the office of president of the Massa- 1202 ] BIGELOW. BIGELOW. chusetts medical society, and of the American society of arts and sciences. Dr. Bigelow is the author of many valuable volumes on various sub- jects, among which are: “ Florula Bostoniensis ” (1814) ; " American Medical Botany ” (3 vols., 1817-'21) ; “ The Useful Arts Considered in Con- nection with the Applications of Science" (1849) ; “ Nature and Disease ” (1854) ; “ A Brief Exposi tion of Rational Medicine ” (1858) ; “ History of Mount Auburn” (1860); ‘‘Modern Inquiries” and “ Remarks on Classical Studies ” (1867). He died in Boston, Jan. 10, 1879. BIGELOW, John, author, was born in Malden, Ulster county, N. Y., Nov. 25, 1817. He entered Union college at an early age, and was grad- uated in 1835. On leaving college he entered the office of Robert and Theodore Sedgwick, New York city, and in 1839 began the practice of law. He became a frequent contributor to leading journals, and editor of the Plebeian and the Demo- cratic Review. His articles attracted much at- tention, especially those on “ Constitutional Reform”; “The Reciprocal Influences of Relig- ious Liberty and Physical Sciences,” and “Ex- ecutive Patronage.” In 1844 he prepared a work entitled “ Commerce of the Prairies,” and was otherwise engaged in literary pursuits. He was appointed inspector of Sing Sing state prison by Governor Wright in 1845 and held the office three years. During his term of service he made three important reports to the state legislature con- cerning a more discreet and economical manage- ment of the institution. He gave up the prac- tice of law in the fall of 1849, and became joint editor and proprietor, with William Cullen Bryant, of the New York Evening Post. He vis- ited the island of Jamaica in 1850 and after- wards collected his letters to the Evening Post, and published them in book form under title, “ Jamaica in 1850; or the Effect of Sixteen years of Freedom on a Slave Colony.” Pie also visited Hayti, and made a careful study of the resources and government of that island, which was given to the Evening Post in a series of let- ters. In 1856 he wrote a biography of John C. Fremont. In 1859 and 1860 he was in Europe, and during his absence continued to write to the Post sketches of his travels, articles on the politi- cal questions of the day, and carefully studied essays on conspicuous Frenchmen, such as Mon- tesquieu and Buffon. In 1861 he was appointed consul-general to Paris by President Lincoln, and while there he published his “ Les Etats-Unis d Amerique en 1863.” In 1865, Mr. Bigelow was appointed charge d'affaires, and as soon as the sentiments of the French government could be ascertained, he was confirmed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to France, and served as such until 1867. Return- 15 ing home he was elected secretary of state for New York and served during 1867 and 1868. He re-visited Europe in 1870, taking up his residence in Berlin, and during the period of the Franco- Gemnan war remained in that city. He then returned home and was in 1875 appointed a com- missioner of state canals by Governor Tilden. In the same year he was re-elected secretary of state. In 1874 he compiled a “Life of Frank- lin ” based upon the “Autobiography of Dr. Franklin,” which, after much diligent search, he had found in France. In 1886, under the authority of the New York chamber of com- merce, he made an important report concerning the Panama canal, in recognition of which he was elected honorary member of the chamber. In this year he also received from Racine college, Wisconsin, the degree of LL.D. By the will of Samuel J. Tilden, Mr. Bigelow was appointed his biographer and a trustee of the bulk of his estate set apart for the establishment of a public librai’y in New York city. After Mr. Tilden's death, Aug. 4, 1886, the will was broken by the heirs, after a memorable litigation, the court of appeals making the final decision, Oct. 27, 1891. One of the heirs, Mrs. William B. Hazard, a niece, relinquished to the trustees over two million dollars of her share of the estate to aid in carrying out her uncle’s wishes. On Feb. 22, 1895, a joint committee, representing the Tilden fund and the Astor and Lenox libraries, agreed to the establishment of a great public library, to be known as the New York public library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden foundations, incorpor- ated by act of the legislature, and on May 27, 1895, Mr. Bigelow was elected president of the consolidated board of trustees and was after- wards appointed chairman of the executive com- mittee and of the committee on library books. He wrote and published: “Les Etats-Unis d'Amerique en 1863 ” (1863) ; “ Some Recollec- tions of the Late Antoine Pierre Berryer ” (1869) ; “ The Wit and Wisdom of the Haytians ” (1876) ; “ Molinos the Quietist ” (1882) ; “ The Life of William Cullen Bryant ” (1886) ; “ Emanuel Swedenborg ” (1888) ; “ France and the Confed- erate Navy, 1862-1868 ” (1888) ; “ The Life of Samuel J. Tilden” (2 vols., 1895), and “The Mystery of Sleep ” (1896). BIGELOW, Melville Madison, author, was born near Eaton Rapids, Mich., Aug. 2, 1846. He descended in the seventh generation from John Bigelow, or Bageley, who came from Wrentham, England, to Watertown, Mass. , as early as 1636. He was graduated at the University of Michigan in 1866, and was lecturer on equity and insur- ance in that institution 1887-’88 and ’89. He continued his studies at Harvard university, and obtained the degrees of A.M. and Pli.D. in 1879. BIGELOW. BIGELOW. He was for many years a lecturer in the law school of Boston university, of the University of Michi- gan and of the Northwestern university, Chicago. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the Northwestern university in 1896. He devoted himself to literature, and is the author of several works on law, those best known being “Estoppel” (5th ed., 1891); “Elements of Torts ” (6th ed., 1896), and “ Fraud ” (1892). Two of his works on the history of English law, “ Placita Anglo Normannica ” and “History of Procedure in England,” were published in Eng- land and received there with marked favor. Another of Mr. Bigelow's books, “ Elements of Torts,” was adopted as a text-book at the Uni- versity of Cambridge, England, and republished, with proper changes for the English student, by the Cambridge university press, the only honor of the kind as yet accorded to an American author. He is also author of “ Rhymes of a Barrister,” published in 1884; and he edited several editions of Story on “Equity Jurisprudence;” Story on “ Conflict of Laws, ” and Story on the “Consti- tution.” BIGELOW, Poultney, journalist, was born in New York city, Sept. 10, 1855; son of John Bige- low, author. He was graduated from Yale col- lege in 1879, and after taking a course graduated at the law school of Columbia college and in the universities of Germany, where he had as a class- mate William II., afterwards emperor. He was then admitted to the New York bar. He prac- tised but a short time, entering journalism in 1882, as a member of the editorial staff of the New York Herald. He afterwards became editor and proprietor of Outing, and made frequent contributions to the principal journals and maga- zines of the country. He travelled extensively in Europe, made a canoe voyage down the Danube, and contributed to European as well as to American publications. In 1892 he was ex- pelled from Russia while gathering material for a book on that country. In December, 1895, he was sent on a mission to Germany by the New York state insurance department. Among his works are: “The German Emperor” (1889); “ The German Emperor and his Eastern Neigh- bors ” (1892); “ Paddles and Politics down the Danube” (1892); “The Borderland of Czar and Kaiser; Notes from both sides of the Russian Frontier ” (1895) ; “ History of the German Struggle for Liberty” (2 vols., 1896), and “ White Man's Africa ” (1896). BIGELOW, Timothy, soldier, was born at Wor cester, Mass., Aug. 2, 1739. He learned the trade of a blacksmith, and afterwards carried on the business. Being a strong champion of the rights of the colonists lie became associated with the leading patriots of the day. In March, 1773. he was a member of the local committee of corre- spondence, and in December of the same year he organized the “Political Society.” It is said that in these bodies measures were secretly made which broke the control of the Tories in the town. He was a prominent member of the Sons of Liberty and of the Whig club in Boston, becom- ing intimately associated with Warren, Otis, and other leading patriots. During the first two sessions of the provincial congress he acted as a delegate, and when the minute-men of Wor- cester were organized he was elected their leader. On April 19, 1775, he marched to Cambridge, and soon afterwards was commissioned major. So well did he drill the men that General Washing- ton is reported to have remarked, on reviewing the company at Cambridge, “ This is discipline, indeed.” In September he volunteered in the expedition to Quebec, under Benedict Arnold, and during the expedition was ordered to ascend a mountain to make observations, and the moun- tain has since borne the name of Mount Bigelow. On December 31, while attacking Quebec, he was captured with others, and after eight months’ imprisonment was exchanged. He was afterwards given the rank of lieutenant colonel, and on Feb. 8, 1777, became colonel of the 15th Massachusetts regiment. He was with General Gates at the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga; in the Rhode Island Expedition; at Verplanck's Point; Peekskill; Valley Forge, and West Point. He was on duty for some time at West Point after the close of the war, and then commanded the national arsenal at Springfield On returning to his home lie found His property gone, and his family involved in debt. He ob- tained a grant of land in Vermont, where the town of Montpelier was afterwards built, but his creditors became impatient, demanding the money, which necessity had forced him to owe them, and which his patriotic services to them and to their country made it impossible for him to pay, and he was thrown into jail, where he died March 31, 1790. BIGELOW, Timothy, lawyer, was born in Worcester, Mass., April 30, 1767; son of Timothy Bigelow, soldier. Early in life he was employed in a printing-office, and in 1779 was with his father in the revolutionary army in the Rhode Island campaign. He remained with him until the regiment was ordered south, when he re- turned home to study r . He was graduated with high honors from Harvard college in 1786 and three years later was admitted to the bar. Until 1806 he practised his profession at Groton. Mass., being chosen to represent the town in the gen- eral court from 1792 to 1797. and acting as sena tor from 1797 to 1801. In 1802 he was a member of the council, and again in 1804 was sent to the BIGGS. BILLINGS. state legislature. In this body he served for eighteen successive years, having changed his residence in 1806 to Medford and his law office to Boston. He was chosen speaker of the house in 1805, in 1808, in 1809, and from 1812 to 1819. In his thirty-two years at the bar he is recorded as having argued fifteen thousand cases. In 1820 he was made a member of the council, holding that office until his death, which occurred May 18, 1821. BIGGS, Benjamin T., governor of Dela- ware, was born near Summit Bridge, Del., Oct. 1, 1821. In his early years he worked on a farm, and at the same time went to school at Penning- ton seminary, and later taught school and entered Wesleyan university, but his health did not permit of his graduation. He was primarily an “old Whig,” but he became a Democrat in 1856. He was nominated as a representative to the 37th Congress in 1860, but was not elected. He was elected in 1868 to the 41st Congress and was re-elected in 1870 to the 42d Congress. In 1888 he was elected governor of Delaware. As governor he conducted the office without regard to the wishes of his constituents and gave offence to his political opponents. During his adminis- tration the iron bridge at Lewes was built and the post-office at Dover. He was a zealous Methodist and his hospitable home in Middletown was the headquarters for the clergy of his church. He died at Middletown, Del., Dec. 25, 1893. BIGLER, David, Moravian bishop, was born at Hagerstown, Md., Dec. 26, 1806. From 1831 to 1836 he worked as a missionary in the West Indies, and then returned to America and became pastor of a Moravian church in Philadelphia. Thence he went to New York city, and later re- turned to Pennsylvania and settled at Bethlehem, where, in 1864, he was made a bishop. His last charge was at Lancaster, Pa., where lie died July 2, 1875. BIGLER, John, governor of California, was born in Cumberland county, Pa., Jan. 8, 1804. He was of German descent. He entered the printing business at an early age, and edited for some time the Centre Democrat at Bellefonte, Pa. He devoted his spare time to reading law, and was admitted to the bar. From 1846 to 1849 he practised as a lawyer in Illinois, removing in the latter year to California. In 1852 he was elected governor of that state, was re-elected in 1853 for a term of two years, and was nominated in 1856 for a third term, but was defeated. He died Nov. 13, 1871. BIGLER, William, governor of Pennsylvania, was born at Shermansburg, Pa., in December, 1814. He was a brother of John Bigler, governor of California, and at the age of fifteen entered his brother’s printing-office, at Bellefonte, Pa. After remaining there for four years he estab- lished a paper of his own, the Clearfield Demo- crat, which he began in the smallest possible way, but which developed into an influential jour- nal, and made his name well known. He disposed of the paper in 1836, and five years later was elected state senator, holding his seat until his election as governor of Pennsylvania in 1851. He was elected to the U. S. senate in 1855, and was a member of the Democratic national con- ventions of 1860, 1864 and 1868. He introduced a bill in the 37th Congress; and advocated it before the senate, providing that the Crittenden compromise be submitted to popular vote in the several states. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1873 and a member of the board of finance of the Centennial expo- sition, 1876. He held other important public offices, and died at Clearfield, Pa., Aug. 9, 1880. BILLINGS, Frederick, lawyer, was born at Royalton, Vt., Sept. 27, 1823; son of Oel and Sophia (Wetherbe) Billings. When he was quite young his parents removed to Woodstock. He attended the Kimball union academy and was graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 1844. From 1846 to 1848 he served as secretary of civil and military affairs to Gov- billings library. ernor Eaton. He was admitted to the bar in 1848, and soon after accompanied a brother-in-law to San Francisco. While they were in New York, waiting for a steamer to the Isthmus of Panama, news came of the discovery of gold in California, and young Billings was the first lawyer to dis- play his sign in the embryo city of San Francisco. On his passage out Mr. Billings met Archibald C. Peachy, a young lawyer from Virginia, and soon after their arrival in San Francisco they formed a partnership as Peachy & Billings. Later Lieut. Henry Wager Halleck was taken into the partnership, and also Trenor W. Park of Ver- mont, and for many years Halleck, Peachy, Billings & Park were the leading law firm of San Francisco. Mr. Billings at the outbreak of the war did signal service in preventing the secession of the state, and the legislature of [ 295 ] BILLINGS. BILLINGS. California, by resolution, requested President Johnson to give him a cabinet position. He was among the founders of the College of California, and in 1866 was urged to take its presidency. He returned east and settled at Woodstock, where he made bis estate the most beautiful home in Vermont. Mr. Billings was one of the first to encourage the building of an overland railroad to California, and his counsel was sought by con- gressional committees investigating the subject. He became an active participant in building the Northern Pacific railroad and rendered val- uable service in re-organizing the road after the failure of Jay Cooke in 1873. He was for some years president of the company and organized the land department of the road. He retired from the presidency in 1881, but continued in the board of directors for some years. He was one of the original promoters of the enterprise to build a ship-canal across the isthmus by the way of Lake Nicaragua, and was chairman of the ex- ecutive committee of the Maritime canal company of Nicaragua, and a director in the construction company. He was also a director in the Farmers’ loan and trust company, the American exchange bank, the Delaware and Hudson canal company, and the Manhattan life insurance company of New York, and of the Rutland (Vermont) Valley, Connecticut river and Passumpsic railroads; a trustee of the Presbyterian hospital, trustee of the brick church, Fifth avenue, N. Y., a member of the New York chamber of commerce and of various clubs, including the Union league, Cen- tury, Lawyers’ and Down Town association. Mr. Billings’ gifts to the University of Vermont amounted to a quarter of a million dollars, and included the Billings library building, with an endowment fund of 850,000, and the library of G. P. Marsh, consisting of about 12,000 volumes. He also gave 850,000 to D. L. Moody’s Mount Hermon school for boys, in memory of his son Ehrick, and 850,000 to Amherst college to endow a professorship in memory of his son Parmly, who was graduated there. He was married in 1862 to Julia, daughter of Dr. Eleazar Parmly, of New York city. Mr. Billings died at Wood- stock, Vt., Sept. 30, 1890. BILLINGS, George Herric, metallurgist, was born at Taunton, Mass., Feb. 8, 1845. In 1847 his parents removed to Ohio, and thence a few years later to Pittsburg, Pa., where he attended school. In 1860 he was sent by his father to Calhoun, Ky., where he took charge of the machinery and acted as clerk in an oil property in which his father was interested. The out- break of the civil war caused a cessation in the business and lie returned to Pittsburg, where lie volunteered as a private in the 45th Pennsylvania regiment. Being under the [ 296 ] acceptable age he was not enrolled, and secured employment in an iron mill. With his earnings he purchased books on natural philosophy and physics, which he studied with interest, testing his knowledge by chemical experiments. In 1863 he went to Boston, where he secured a posi- tion in one of the iron foundries, devoting, as be- fore, his spare time to study, and attending an evening draught- ing school. He then attended the free course in chemistry given by the Lowell in- stitute at the Massach u s e 1 1 s institute of tech- nology, and with the facilities offered there for practice he gained a practical knowledge which secured for him a position as metallurgical chemist with the Norway iron and steel com- pany. While occupying this position he devised a process of manufacturing compressed steel shafting, and also devoted much time and study to investigating the influence of the various metals alloyed with iron. Mr. Billings was elected a member of the American institute of mining engineers, which is indebted to him for many valuable papers contributed to its “ trans- actions.” BILLINGS, John Shaw, librarian, was born in Switzerland county, Ind. , April 12, 1838. He was graduated from Miami university in 1857, receiving an A.M. in 1860. He took the degree of M.D. from the Ohio medical college in 1860, and in November of the following year entered the U. S. army as acting assistant surgeon, in charge of hospitals at the national capital. In March, 1863, he joined the 5th army corps and was on duty at the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He was detailed to hospital duty in New York harbor in October, 1863, and in February, 1864, became medical inspector of the army of the Potomac. He was on duty in the surgeon-general’s office at Washington from December, 1864. His promotions during his fieid service were assistant surgeon and brevet cap- tain. In 1865 he was brevetted major and lieu- tenant-colonel, and in 1876 was promoted surgeon U. S. army. He was on special duty with the treasury department in 1870, in connection with the re-organization of the Marine hospital service. He was vice-president of the national board of BILLINGS. BINGHAM. health from 1879 to 1880, and in charge of the vital statistics of the tenth census, and of vital and social statistics for the eleventh census. He de- livered the American address at the international medical congress of London in 1881 ; the address on medicine at the British medical association, 1886; the presidential address of the first congress of American physicians and surgeons, 1888; the Lowell lectures on the history of medicine, Bos- ton, 1887-'88, and the Cartwright lectures on vital and medical statistics, N. Y., 1889. He re- ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from Edin- burgh in 1884, and from Harvard in 1886; that of M.D. from Munich in 1889, and that of D.C.L. from Oxford in 1889. He was made a member and treasurer of the National academy of sci- ences, member and vice-president of the Ameri- can statistical association, member and president of the American public health association, of the Philosophical society of Washington, and of the congress of American physicians and surgeons; member of the ^.cademy of natural sciences, of Philadelphia, of the American philosophical society of Philadelphia, of the American surgical association, the American academy of medicine, the American medical association, and other medical and scientific bodies. He was also chosen the American member of the permanent committee of the international congress of hygiene, and honorary member of the Statistical society of London, the Royal medical society of London, the Arztlich Verein in Munchen, the Medical society of Sweden, the Socidtt} Fran^aise d'Hygiene, the association of American physi- cians, the State medical societies of New York, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maryland, Cali- fornia, and other local societies at home and abroad. For a short time he was a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, resigning Jan. 8, 1896, to accept the position of superintending librarian of the New York public library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden foundations, consolidated. Dr. Billings was special guest at a banquet given on Feb. 14, 1896, by the Metropolitan club of New York to the directors of the library in celebration of the amalgamation of the three libraries. He is the author of “ Reports in the Medical and Surgical History of the War,” also of a “ Report on Cryptogamic Growths in Cattle Diseases,” a “ Report on Barracks and Hospitals,” “Bibliography of Cholera” (1875); “ Report on Hygiene of the United States Army,” “ Mortality and Vital Statistics of the United States,” “ Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-Gen- eral's Office,” “Literature and Institutions” (1876); “Index Medicus,” a monthly classified record of the current medical literature of the world, (1879 et seq . );“ Medical Bibliography” (1883); “ Principles of Ventilation and Heating, and their Practical Application ” (1884, 3d ed., 1893) ; “ The National Medical Dictionary,” writ- ten in collaboration with W. O. Atwater, M.D., Frank Baker, M.D., and others (2 vols., 1890); “ Description of the Johns Hopkins Hospital” (1890) ; “ Vital Statistics of the Eleventh Census” (1894); “The History and Literature of Sur- gery ” (1895) ; “ Suggestions to Hospital and Asy- lum Visitors” (1895); “Bacteria of River Waters” (1895); “Report on Social Statistics of the United States ” (1895), and numerous papers in scientific periodicals. BILLINGS, Josh. (See Shaw, Henry Wheeler). BILLINGS, William, musical composer, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 7, 1746. When a young man he amused himself in his leisure hours by writing down the music which was ever running in his mind. Before that time all music used in the United States was brought from Europe. The airs which Billings wrote were of a merry, joyous nature, and at once sprang into popularity. He had received no in- struction in the rules of harmony and composi- tion, and his songs were lacking in correctness and finish, but they were harmonious, and more intricate in construction than those then in use. In 1770 he published “ The New England Psalm- Singer,” and in 1778 “The Singing Master’s Assistant.” During the revolutionary war he wrote many popular patriotic songs and in 1779 published “ Music in Miniature.” Then followed “ The Psalm-Singer’s Amusement ” (1781) ; “ The Suffolk Harmony” (1786); “The Conti- nental Harmony ” (1794), and numerous songs, hymns and anthems. He died Sept. 26, 1800. BINGHAM, Harry, lawyer, was born at Con- cord, Vt., March 30, 1821; son of Warner and Lucy (Wheeler) Bingham. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in the class of 1843, and received the degree of LL.D. from that institu- tion in 1880. He studied law at Bath, N. H. , was admitted to the bar in 1846, and in September of the same year estab- lished himself in the practice of his pro- fession at Littleton, N. H., where he ac- quired reputation as an able and painstak- ing lawyer. He was well versed in all branches of the law, and was frequently called upon to furnish r pLlxJi hi, opinions upon mat- ^ » ters not in litigation. From 1870 he was the chief legal adviser of the Concord railroad system, the [ 297 ] BINGHAM. BINGHAM. committee on resolu- of the national com- Mr. Bingham was an management of its affairs in connection with all questions of litigation and legislation forming his most important professional responsibilities ; the success of the road in these matters attests his judicious administration. A Democrat in principle lie early became interested in politics, and for many years was one of the recognized leaders of his party in New Hampshire. He rep- resented Littleton in the state legislature almost continuously for twenty-two years and served two terms as state senator from the Grafton district. He was a member of the state con- stitutional convention of 1876, and chairman of the committee on legislative department, exer- cising a weighty influence in the deliberations of the convention. He was twice the candidate of the Democratic party for representative in Congress, and was seven times after 1866 a can- didate before the legislature of New Hampshire for United States senator. He was a delegate to five national Democratic conventions, serving in every instance on the tions, and was a member mittee from 1868 to 1872. able speaker and debater, many of his arguments were published and he contributed largely to legal literature. BINGHAM, Henry H., representative, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1841. After his graduation from Jefferson college in 1862 he began to study law, but soon joined the Federal army as lieutenant in the 140th Pennsylvania Volun- teers. He served until the close of the war, being wounded at Gettysburg in 1863, at Spottsyl- vania in 1864, and at Farmville, Va.. in 1865. In July, 1866, he was mus- tered out of service with the brevet rank of brigadier- general of volun- teers. He received the appointment of postmaster of Philadelphia in March, 1867, from President Johnson and resigned in he having been elected clerk of the courts of oyer and terminer and quarter sessions of the peace at Philadelphia, to which office he was re- elected in 1875. In 1872 he was delegate-at-large to the Republican national convention, held at Philadelphia, and was a delegate from the first congressional district in the national Republican convention at Cincinnati in 1876, at Chicago in 1 18' 1884 and 1888, at Minneapolis in 1892, and at Chicago in 1896. He was elected in 1878 a rep- resentative to the 46th United States Congress, and re-elected to the 47th and following con- gresses to the 55th, inclusive. BINGHAM, Hiram, Jr., missionary, was born in Honolulu, Sandwich Islands, Aug. 16, 1831, son of Hiram Bingham, a missionary of the A. B. C. F. M. He was brought to America by his father in 1841, and was graduated from Yale college in 1853. He was ordained to the Congre- gational ministry in 1856, chose the missionary field and was assigned to Micronesia by the A. B. C. F. M., where he labored for nearly eighteen years. For two years he had command of the missionary ship Morning Star. He translated the Bible from the Hebrew into the language of the Gilbert Islands. In this great work, which he completed in 1890. he was materially aided by his wife. Afterwards he was stationed at Honolulu as missionary of the A. B. C. F. M. BINGHAM, John A., repres<*ntative, was born at Mercer, Pa., in 1815. He was educated at Franklin college, studied law, and in 1840 began to practise. In 1846 he was district attorney for Tuscarawas county, Ohio, holding the office for three years. In 1854 he was elected a representa- tive from Ohio to the 34th Congress and was re elected to the 35th, 36th and 37th congresses. In the impeachment trial of Judge Humphreys for high treason on May 22, 1862, Mr. Bingham acted as chairman of the managers of the house. He failed of election to the 38th Congress, declined an appointment by President Lincoln as United States district judge for the southern district of Florida, and, in 1864, accepted the appointment as judge-advocate in the Federal army, and later in the same year that of solicitor in the court of claims. When the conspirators against the lives of President Lincoln and the members of bis cabinet were tried, he was special judge-advocate. In 1864 he was elected a representative to the 39th Congress, and was re-elected to the 40tli, 41st and 42d congresses, serving until March 3, 1873. lie was one of the managers in the impeachment trial of President Johnson. He was appointed minister to Japan May 2, 1873, by President Grant, where he remained twelve years. BINGHAM, Judson David, soldier, was born at Massena Springs, N. Y., May 16. 1831. Remov ing to Indiana he was appointed a military cadet to West Point, and was graduated from there in July, 1854, with the rank of 2d lieutenant of artillery. He was assigned to service at Fort Wood. New York, and in 1855 to Barrancas bar- racks, Florida. From March, 1856. to August. 1863, he was 1st lieutenant of artillery, served on the Coast Survey in the garrison at Fort Mon- roe. Virginia, and in 1859 was a member of the 298 ] BINGHAM. BINNEY. expedition to Harper’s Ferry to suppress John Brown's raid. In 1860 lie served on frontier duty at Fort Ridgely, Minn., and went on the expedi- tion to Yellow Medicine. He was promoted to be assistant quartermaster in 1861, and from August of that year to February of the next he had charge of the train and supplies of General Banks’s command in Maryland. In March, 1862, he was placed in charge of the quartermaster’s depot at Nashville, Tenn. From January, 1863, to April, 1863, he was chief quartermaster of the 17th Army corps, and for the following four months of the army of the Tennessee, being present at Lake Providence and Milliken’s Bend. La., and at the siege of Vicksburg. He also served in the expedition to Meridian, and in Sherman’s march through Georgia. In March, 1865, he received the brevet ranks of major, lieutenant- colonel and colonel, and in April that of brigadier- general. From 1864 to 1866 he was inspector of the quartermaster’s department, and in 1867 was made chief quartermaster of the de- partment of the lakes. In 1875 he was made deputy quartermaster-general, and in 1883 colonel and assistant quartermaster-general. He was retired May 10, 1895. BINGHAM, Kinsley S., senator, was born at Camillus, N. Y., Dec. 16, 1808. He received an academic education, and for a few years was en- gaged in teaching school. He was employed in a lawyer's office in New York state when a young man, but in 1833 removed to Michigan and de- voted himself to agricultural pursuits and to local politics. For eight years he held a seat in the state house of representatives, and in 1846 was elected as a representative to the 30th and was re-elected to the 31st and 32d congresses. In 1854 he was chosen governor of Michigan. In 1859 he was elected to the United States senate, and died at Oak Grove, Mich., Oct. 5, 1861. BINGHAM, William, senator, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1751. In 1768 he was gradu- ated from Philadelphia college. He went to Mar- tinique as agent of the Continental congress, and was subsequently appointed as consul at St. Pierre. In 1787 he was a delegate to the Continental con- gress, and in 1795 was elected to a seat in the United States senate, serving throughout the 4th, 5th and 6th congresses. He wrote a “ Letter from an American, now Resident in London, to a Member of Parliament, on the subject of the Restraining Proclamation” (1784); and “A De- scription of Certain Tracts of Land in Maine” (1793). He died in England, Feb. 7, 1804. BINNEY, Amos, naturalist, was born in Bos- ton, Mass., Oct. 18, 1803. He was graduated from Brown university with the degree of A.M. in 1821, and obtained an M.D. from Harvard col- lege in 1826. He practised in Boston for a short time, but later became a merchant. He was an interested student of the sciences, particularly that of natural history, devoting much time to investigation of the habits of American land mollusks, and was active in the organization of the Boston Society of natural history, of which he was elected president in 1843. He was also a member of the American Association of geolo- gists and naturalists. He served for some time in the Massachusetts legislature. He wrote very extensively on the subjects in which he was inter- ested, being a frequent contributor to many of the leading American scientific journals. He is the author of “Terrestrial and Air-Breathing Mollusks of the United States (1847-’51.) He died in Rome, Italy, Feb. 18, 1847. BINNEY, Horace, lawyer, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., Jan. 4, 1780, son of Dr. Barnabas and Mary (Woodrow) Binney. He was of Scotch and English descent. His first American an- cestor, John Binney, emigrated from Hull, Bos- ton Bay, England, to America, settling in Hull, Mass. The grandfather of Horace was Barnabas Binney, a shipmaster and merchant of Boston, and his father was one of the first thirty gradu- ates of Brown university, and later was a sur- geon in the revolutionary army, attached to the Massachusetts line, whence he was transferred to the Pennsylvania line, and settled in Phila- delphia. In 1786 Horace was sent to the Friends’ almshouse school in Philadelphia, and shortly afterwards entered the grammar school of the University of Pennsylvania. He was graduated at Harvard in 1797, at t lie head of his class. His first intention was to follow the profession of his father and step-father, but he finally decided to become a lawyer, and in the fall of 1797 was re- ceived as a student into the office of Mr. Jared Ingersoll. in Philadelphia. On March 31, 1800, he was admitted to the bar of the court of common pleas, and in 1802 was admitted to the bar of the supreme court of the state. He was elected a member of the state legislature in 1806. His private practice soon became very large, and he was obliged to decline all political honors. Be- tween the years 1807 and 1817 he prepared six volumes of reports, condensing the decisions of the supreme court of Pennsylvania from 1799 to 1814. This valuable work greatly enhanced and widened his reputation. In 1808 he was chosen a director of the first United States bank, and continued to act as a director and as a trustee for many years, arguing in its interest his first case in the supreme court of the United States. Before he was fifty years old lie was twice offered a seat on the bench of the supreme court of the state, and was tendered a judgeship in the U. S. supreme court. These honors he declined, pre- ferring active law practice. About the year 1832 BINNEY. BIRCH. President Jackson removed from the United States bank the deposits of the treasury, and vetoed the bill for its recharter. This aroused indignation in the friends and officials of the bank, and led Mr. Binney to accept a seat as rep- resentative in the 23d Congress, where he vigor- ously opposed the acts of the administration. His last appearance in the courts was in 1844, when he was appointed by the city council to argue the Girard will-case in the supreme court of the United States. In this case an attempt was made to invalidate the will of Stephen Girard, who had left his fortune for the establishment and maintenance of a college for orphans. In the argument Mr. Binney was matched against Mr. Webster, and, while the latter brought all his eloquence to defend the Christian religion, the only plea advanced against the validity of the will, Mr. Binney confined himself to a lucid exposition of the law of charitable bequests, and its application to the case. In 1850 he withdrew entirely from professional labor and devoted his time to study, keeping in touch with modern thought, and making occasional contributions to current literature. During the civil war he sustained all the acts of President Lincoln, and when that official suspended the writ of habeas corpus by proclamation, without the consent of Congress, Mr. Binney published three pam- phlets supporting the president’s action. He received the honorary degree of A.B. from Brown university in 1797, and that of LL.D. from Har- vard in 1827. He was a member of the Ameri- can philosophical society, of the Massachusetts historical society, and a fellow of the American academy. Among his publications are: “An Eulogium upon the Hon. William Tilglnnan, late chief justice of Pennsylvania” (1827); "An Eulogy on the Life and Character of John Mar- shall ” (1835) ; “ Remarks to the Bar of Philadel- phia on the Occasion of the Deaths of Charles Chauncy and John Sergeant ” (1853) ; “ Inquiry into the Formation of Washington’s Farewell Address” (1859); and “The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus under the Constitution ” (1862-'65). He died Aug. 12, 1875. BINNEY, Horace, lawyer, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., Jan. 21. 1809; son of Horace and Elizabeth (Cox) Binney. He was graduated at Yale college in 1828 with the highest honors, and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1831. He became interested in city affairs and was president of the sanitary commission. He founded the Union league of Philadelphia in 1861, of which he was president. He was married May 14, 1839, to Eliza Frances, daughter of William and Maria (Templeton) Johnson, of New York. Yale college conferred upon him the degree of A.M. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 3, 1870. BINNEY, John, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 23, 1844; son of Horace and Eliza Francis (Johnson) Binney. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1864, and at Berkeley divinity school at Middletown, Conn., in 1868. He was ordained a deacon June 5, 1868, and a priest May 28, 1869. From June 5, 1868, to Jan. 1, 1870, he was assistant in St. James Episcopal church, New London, Conn., and until 1874 was rector of Christ church, Norwich, Conn. On Jan. 1, 1874, he accepted the Hebrew professorship in the Berkeley divinity school. He was married May 20, 1869, to Charlotte Bick- well, daughter of Samuel L. Bush of Brookline, Mass. Hobart college conferred upon him the degree of D.D. BIRCH, Thomas, artist, was born in London, England, about 1779. When a young boy he came to America and occupied his time by making very clever sketches. He executed a number of good portraits in his studio in Philadelphia, and also became noted for his beautiful paintings of water scenes. The war of 1812 offered a good field for his talents, and he did excellent work in his paintings of several naval conflicts, the best of which represent the battle between the United States and the Macedonia, and that of the Con- stitution and the Guerriere. He died in Phila- delphia, Jan. 14, 1851. BIRD, Robert Montgomery, author, was born at Newcastle, Dec. 16, 1803. He was educated in Philadelphia as a physician, but soon turned his attention to literature, producing three very pop- ular tragedies — “The Gladiator,” “Oraloosa,” and the “ Broker of Bogota.” During the years 1834 to 1839 he published several novels which at- tained a wide popularity, notably, “ Calavar,” “ The Infidel,” “The Hawks of Hawk Hollow,” “Nick of the Woods,” “Sheppard Lee,” “Peter Pilgrim,” and “Robin Day.” Towards the close of his life he became editor of the North American Gazette at Philadelphia. He died Jan. 22, 1854. BIRGE, Henry Warner, soldier, was born at Hartford, Conn., about 1830. He was serving as aide on the staff of Governor Buckingham, when the civil war broke out, and organized the first regiment raised in Connecticut. May 22, 1861, he was made major of the 4th Connecticut volun- teers, the first three years’ regiment mustered, and served in Maryland and Virginia. He was promoted colonel of the 13th Connecticut regi- ment, Nov. 5, 1861, and on March 17, 1862, the regiment left for ship Island in the Gulf of Mexico, to join General Butler’s expedition against New Orleans. He afterwards was placed in command of the defences of New Orleans, and in September commanded a brigade under Major-General Beck- with. In October he took an active part in the battle of Georgia Landing, and later commanded [S00J BIRNEY. BIRNEY. a brigade in the La Fourche campaign, and pro- ceeded on the first Red river campaign under General Banks, and was present at the siege and surrender of Port Hudson on July 8, 1863. He volunteered to lead the “ forlorn hope” organized to assault that stronghold. Colonel Birge was promoted brigadier-general on Oct. 6, 1863. In 1864 he commanded a brigade under General Banks in the second Red river campaign, and after serving actively in several engagements was placed in command of Baton Rouge, La. In August, 1864, he was ordered north with the 2d division of the 19th corps, and commanded the division under General Sheridan in the Shenan- doah Valley, Va., and served in the engagements that followed, and in the early part of 1865 was sent to command the fortifications at Savannah, Ga. On Feb. 25, 1865, he was brevetted major- general, a promotion recommended by General Sheridan for gallant action at Cedar Creek. He resigned his commission Oct. 18, 1865, and upon his return to Connecticut he received the thanks of the state legislature. He died June 1, 1888. BIRNEY, David Bell, soldier, was born at Huntsville, Ala., May 29, 1825, son of James Gill- espie Birney, abolition leader. He studied law in Cincinnati, Ohio, where his father was publishing a newspaper, and removed with him to Bay City, Mich., where he engaged in business. At the out- break of the civil war he was practising law in Philadelphia, but abandoned his profession to join the army, He recruited largely at his own expense the 23d Pennsylvania volunteer regiment, of which he was made lieutenant-colonel, and afterwards colonel, being promoted from this rank in successive steps to that of brigadier-general and major-general of volunteers. He served gallantly at Yorktown, Williamsburg, Manassas, Fredericks- burg. and Chancellorsville, and upon the death of General Berry he succeeded him as commander of the division. His commission as major-general was received May 23, 1863, and at the battle of Gettys- burg he commanded the 3d corps after General Sickles was wounded, and on July 23, 1864, was made commander of the 10th corps. He returned home with greatly impaired health, and died Oct. 18, 1864. BIRNEY, James, diplomatist, was born at Danville, Ky., in 1817, eldest son of James G. Birney, abolitionist. He was educated at Centre college, Ky., and at Miami university, Ohio, where he was graduated in 1836. From 1837 to 1838 he was professor of the Greek and Latin languages at Miami university. He studied law at New Haven, Conn., and subsequently entered upon the practice of that profession at Cincinnati, Ohio. While at New Haven, he mar- ried Miss Moulton, step-daughter of Nathaniel Bacon of that city. In 1857 Mr. Birney removed [ 301 ] with his family to Lower Saginaw (now Bay City) Mich., and interested himself in the development of the place. He was a prominent Republican, and in 1858 was elected to the state senate. In 1860 he was elected lieutenant-governor of the state and before the expiration of his term of office was appointed by the governor one of the circuit judges. This position he held for four years. After leaving the bench he resumed the practice of law. In 1871, Mr. Birney established the Bay City Chronicle as a weekly newspaper, and in 1873 it was issued as a daily. In Decem- ber, 1875, President Grant appointed him min- ister resident at the Hague, which post he held during two administrations. Mr. Birney s eldest son, James Gillespie, died from wounds received at Gettysburg, after serving through the war with gallantry. James Birney died in May, 1888. BIRNEY, James Gillespie, abolitionist, was born at Danville, Ky., Feb. 4, 1792. His father, an Irish Protestant, emigrated from Ulster when sixteen years old, and became a manufacturer, farmer, and banker. After a careful preliminary education at Transylvania university, the son entered Princeton col lege, where he was graduated with honor in 1810. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1813, and began the practice of his profession in his native town. In 1816 he was elected to the state legislature and became prominent by his opposition to and defeat of a proposed measure to demand of n the states of Ohio and Indiana the return of fugitive slaves escaping to these states. He favored gradual emancipa- tion as the wisest solution of the slavery problem, and the efforts of his whole life were given to this object. He engaged in cotton planting near Huntsville, Ala., from 1818 to 1823, when he re- sumed the practice of law at Huntsville, and was appointed solicitor of the northern circuit. As a member of the legislature of Alabama he was instrumental in causing the incorporation in the constitution framed in 1819, of a clause empower- ing the general assembly to free slaves by pur- chase, forbidding the bringing of slaves into the state for sale, and securing to slaves more humane treatment. In 1826 he was elected solicitor- general of Alabama, and in 1828 was presidential elector on the Whig (Adams) ticket. He was deputed by the trustees of the state university to select a president and faculty for the university, BIRNEY. BIRNEYh and for this purpose visited the north, extending Ins visit to Massachusetts. He returned to Ken- tucky in 1833, hoping to effect a system of gradual emancipation in that state, and so possibly influ- ence Virginia and Tennessee as to maintain the balance of power in the free states. Public senti- ment, influenced by Henry Clay, had changed during Mr. Birney’s absence from Kentucky, and he found few supporters. He freed his own slaves in 1834, and in the following year established the anti-slavery society of Kentucky; in the same year he took an active part at the meeting of the American anti-slavery society, and a year later made public announcement of his determination to establish an anti-slavery journal to be issued weekly at Danville, Ky. He could not find a printer or publisher courageous enough to brave public opinion, and he established himself and family at Cincinnati, and there issued the Phil- anthropist, which soon obtained a respectable circulation in spite of the opposition it en- countered, the types and machines being several times broken and scattered by mobs. The cour- age of its proprietor and editor, his temperate, candid, and logical utterances, carried this pilot- boat of abolition through the perilous waters of that stormy time. Mr. Birney gave much of his personal attention to the work of propagating abolitionist principles, and to this end made a tour of the free states, everywhere seeking to awaken the people, his able coadjutor, Dr. Gama- liel Bailey, remaining in charge of [the Philan- thropist. In 1837 the American anti-slavery society, realizing his efforts in behalf of its cause, elected him as its secretary, which necessitated his removal to New York. His influence at the anti-slavery conventions was conservative and temperate. In 1839 he freed from bondage twenty- one slaves of his deceased father’s estate, paying to his co-heir twenty thousand dollars in requital for her interest in the human “property.” In 1840 he visited England as one of the vice-presi- dents of the world’s convention, and in May was nominated as the abolition candidate for the presi- dency by the Liberty party, and received about seven thousand votes. In 1843 lie was again nominated, and in 1844 received 62,300 votes. His vote in 1844 would have been much larger, had it not been for the circulation of the "Gar- land forgery,” which gave Ohio to his opponent, Henry Clay. In 1844 he removed to Lower Sagi- naw, now Bay City, Mich. An unfortunate acci- dent in 1842, resulting in paralysis, caused his withdrawal from public life, but he still continued to use his pen for the cause he had so much at heart. His writings included: “Ten Letters on Slavery and Colonization” (1832-’33) ; "Six Es- says on Slavery and Colonization” (1833).; "Let- ter on Colonization” (1834); “Letters to the Presbyterian Church” (1834); “Addresses and Speeches ” (1835) ; “ Vindication of the Abolition- ists ” (1835); "Letter to Colonel Stone”’ (1836) ; “Address to Slaveholders” (1836); “Argument on Fugitive Slave Case” (1837); “Letter to F. H. Elmore” (1838); “Report on the duty of Political Action” (1839); "Political Obligations of Abolitionists”’ (1839); “American Churches the Bulwarks of American Slavery ” (1840) ; “ Speeches in England ”(1840) ; “ Examination of the Decision of the United States Supreme Court in the Case of Strader et al v. Graham” (1850), besides magazine and newspaper contributions. Four of his sons and one grandson served as soldiers throughout the civil war, in the Federal army. He died at Eaglewood, N. J. , Nov. 25, 1857. BIRNEY, William, abolitionist, was born near Huntsville, Ala., May 28, 1819, the second son of James G. Birney. He was educated at Centre and Yale colleges and was admitted to the Ohio bar, practising law at Cincinnati, Philadelphia, New Y T ork city, and in Florida. At the age of eighteen he was an anti- si a v e r y lec- turer. He passed five years in Eu- rope, begin- ning w i t h 1847, in the pros edition of advanced studies in law, languages and history, sup- porting him- sel f mean- while by writing for the New York and Lortdon journals, and for the English magazines. In 1848 he was a successful candidate at a govern- ment competitive examination, for one of the new professorships of English literature in the University of France and performed its duties for one year in the Lycde at Bourges. He then resigned and went to Berlin to pursue his studies. In the French revolution of February, 1848, being in Paris and a member of a students’ political society there, formed to promote Republican ideas, he commanded at a barricade in the Rue St. Jacques, and was one of the first to enter the Tuil- leries after the flight of Louis Philippe. Having returned to this country he raised, at the out- break of the civil war. a volunteer company in New Jersey, was elected its captain, and rose through all the grades to the rank of brevet major-general. For the last two years of the war he commanded a division which was grad- uallv increased to sixteen regiments. In 1863. 1302 ] BISBEE. BISHOP. having been detailed by the war department to organize colored troops, he enlisted, ecpiipped, drilled and sent to the field seven regiments, in doing which he opened three slave prisons in Baltimore and freed a large number of slaves belonging to Confederate officers. His numerous enlistments left few able-bodied slaves in Mary- land. and hastened the abolition of slavery in that state. After the defeat of the Union troops at Olustee, Fla., being placecj in command of that district, he made a secret and rapid move- ment by Black Creek to the rear of the Confed- erate stronghold at the Baldwin railroad crossings, forced the troops holding it to retire by night into Georgia, and took the works with military stores and arms. He took part in numerous skirmishes and in the principal battles in Vir- ginia, including the first and second Bull Run, Petersburg, Fredericksburg, Chantilly and Chan- cellorsville. In the army he was known as a skilful tactician, a vigilant and trustworthy officer, and a disciplinarian, effecting the best results by strictness without severity. In 1853 he founded and for two years edited the Register, a daily paper at Philadelphia, and led the suc- cessful movement for the consolidation of the numerous separate “ liberties” of that city into one municipal government. He appeared about that time on the lecture platform in the best courses in several of the large cities. He was for about four years attorney for the District of Columbia, Washington, D. C. His numerous anonymous contributions to the press include the fortnightly letters from Washington, signed “ Escott Holt,” published for several years in the New York Examiner. He was a collaborator in “Waite’s History of the Church, for the First Two Centuries of the Christian Era.” In January, 1890, he published “James G. Birney’s Life and Times, the Genesis of the Republican Party,” a politico-biographical work. BISBEE, Marvin Davis, educator, was born at Chester, Vt., June 21, 1845. He received an academic education, and in 1871 was graduated from Dartmouth college, later studying theology at the Andover theological seminary. From 1874 to 1881 he preached, first in the Congregational church at Pennacook, N. H., and then in the Chapel church at Cambridgeport, Mass. He be- came editor of the Congregationalist in 1881, anti remained in that position for five years, resigning to accept the chair of bibliography at Dartmouth college. He made frequent contributions of prose and verse to reviews, magazines, and newspapers. He edited a volume of verse entitled “Songs of the Pilgrims”; and also a “ Bibliography of Dartmouth College and Hanover” (1894). B1SCOE, Ellen B., (See Hollis, Ellen L.) BISHOP, Anne (Madame Anna Bishop), vocalist, was born in London, June 12, 1814. Her father, a drawling-master named Riviere, gave her a good musical education, and in 1824 she was elected a student at the Royal academy of music, where she remained until, in 1831, she became the second wife of Henry Rowley Bishop, the celebrated English composer, after which she sang at the Philharmonic concerts, at Vauxliall, at oratorios, and at country festivals. In 1839 she left her husband and her three little children, eloping with Boclisa, a harpist, who had been the leader of an orchestra in London. By his advice she devoted herself to Italian music, and with him she visited the principal towns in Europe, and sang at more than two hundred and fifty concerts, taking St. Petersbxxrg, Novgorod and Odessa on her route. From 1843 to 1846 she sang in Italy with great success. Madame Bishop next visited America, where she was at first coldly re- ceived on account of her connection with Boclisa, but her genius won her recognition and she became a great favorite with the music-loving public. Her next trip took her to Australia, where Boclisa died in 1855. Her husband, Sir Henry Bishop, who was knighted by the queen in 1842. the first musician so honored, also died in April of the same year. In 1856 she married a New York merchant, Martin Schultz, with whom she visited Lima, Chili, and Peru, crossing the Andes and meeting with numerous adven- tures. In 1866 she was shipwrecked while on her way from Honolulu to China, and after many hardships was rescued by a ship bound for Manilla, where she sang, as she did later in China. Owing to the loss of her voice, in 1868, she retired into private life. Expatriated by her irretrievable misstep, she visited nearly all parts of the world and died in New York city, March 18, 1884. BISHOP, Joseph Bucklin, journalist, was born on a farm in Seekonk, Mass, (afterwards East Providence, R. I.), Sept. 5, 1847. He was graduated from Brown university in 1870, paying his expenses through college by teaching school and reporting for Providence newspapers. He entered the office of the New York Tribune as a reporter in the fall of 1870, and in six months was promoted to the editorial staff, of which he continued a member for thirteen years, resigning in August, 1883, to accept a position as editorial writer on the New York Evening Post. He was made American correspondent of the London Daily News in 1881, and contributed to the Cen- tury, Scribner’s, Forum, and other magazines on topics relating to political science, including bal- lot reform, and corrupt practice legislation. He is the author of “Money in City Elections” (1887), and “Cheap Money ” (1892). BISHOP. BISHOP. BISHOP, Levi, lawyer, was born at Russell, Hampden county, Mass., Oct. 15, 1815, son of Levi and Roxana (Phelps) Bishop. At the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to learn the trade of tanning. Two years later he went to Michigan, where he purchased three hundred acres of land in Calhoun county, clearing, by its subsequent sale, more than one thousand dollars, with which, in 1837, he established himself in business in Detroit. He joined a volunteer company, and on the fourth of July, 1839, a premature explosion from a cannon shattered his right hand, necessi- tating its amputation. He then studied law. and in December, 1842, was admitted to the bar, prac- tising in Detroit. In 1846 he was made a member of the board of education, and was president of the board from 1851 until his resignation in 1858, when he was elected a regent of the state uni- versity at Ann Arbor, holding the position until 1863. Mr. Bishop was the originator of the De- troit pioneer society and its president until his death. In 1877 he was made historiographer of Detroit, and as such wrote a large number of papers published under the title, “ Historical Notes.” He translated several French historical works, treating of the pioneer settlements of the northwest, and was the author of “ The Dignity of Labor” (1864); and of “ Teuchsa Grondie,” a legendary poem (1870.) He was a delegate to the International congress of Americans at Luxembourg, France, in 1876, and in 1880 became corresponding member of the Royal historical society of Great Britain. He died at Detroit, Mich., Dec. 23. 1881. BISHOP, Washington Irving, mind-reader, was born in New York city in 1847. It is claimed that he was born with a capacity for mind-read- ing. From early life he was subject to cataleptic fits, and sometimes remained several days in the trance state. While a youth he was a clerk in a drug store and cultivated his gift of reading the thoughts of others. His first public exhibition was in New York, when about twenty years of age, and was highly successful. This was followed by a trip to Europe and exhibitions in many of the large cities. He then visited Mexico, Havana, and some South American cities. Among his marvellous feats was the writing down of the number of a bank note which was in the pocket of another person, the discovery of a hidden article, and the telling of a word or number of which the other was thinking at the time. In all these cases the party operated upon concen- trated his thoughts on a certain point, while Bishop was blindfolded and held one of his hands. He, while blindfolded, drove a team of horses through various streets, to a’ house in which some article of which his companion was thinking was concealed, and also performed many other wonderful feats. He was not a believer in spiritualism, and made no pretence of receiving any superhuman help, and amused himself with exposures of what he declared to be the frauds of some professional spiritual mediums. At a meeting of the Lambs’ club in New York, after performing the difficult feat of writing a name, which had been selected from the club-book by two members who alone knew the name, or the book from which it was chosen, he fell in a cataleptic fit which resulted in his death. May 13, 1889. BISHOP, William Darius, was born at Bloom- field, N. J., Sept. 14, 1827. After graduating at Yale in 1849 he studied law for a time and then became connected with a railroad com- pany. He acted as superintendent of the Nauga- tuck railroad from 1854 to 1855, when he was made president of the road, resigning that office in 1857, when he took his seat as a represen- tative from Connecticut in the 35th Congress. In 1859 he was appointed by President Buchanan U. S. commissioner of patents, and resigned the office in January, 1860. He was elected to the Connecticut state legislature in 1866, and held other important state offices at various times. In 1867 he became president of the New York. New Haven and Hartford railroad, which position he held until 1880. In 1883 he was again made president of the Naugatuck road, and in 1884 assumed the presidency of the Eastern railroad association. BISPHAM, George Tucker, educator, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 24, 1838; son of Joseph and Susan Ridgway (Tucker) Bispham. His early education was received in the public schools of Philadelphia and at the University of Penn- sylvania, where he was graduated in 1858. He then studied law under the Hon. John Cadwala- der and William Henry Rawle, Esq., and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in June, 1861. He soon acquired an extensive practice and in 1875 formed a legal co-partnership with the Hon. Wayne MacVeagh, afterwards attorney-general in the cabinet of President Garfield. In 1884 lie was elected professor in the law department of the University of Pennsylvania, and was trans- ferred to the chair of equity jurisprudence in that institution. He was made solicitor for the city of Philadelphia, and from 1881 held the same position in the Saving fund society. In 1886 he was appointed counsel for the Pennsylvania railroad company, and also for the Girard life and trust company, the Westmoreland coal company, and the Pennsylvania fire insurance company. He is the author of several standard legal works, among them “Bispham’s Principles of Equity ; he edited “ Hill on Trustees,” “ Adams' Equity, and “ Kerr on Receivers.” [304j BISPHAM BISSELL. BISPHAM, Henry Collins, artist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 9, 1841; son of John B. and Martha (Collins) Bisphatn. At the age of thirteen he began to study art under Edmund B. Lewis, and was afterwards placed under the instruction of William T. Richards. In 1862 he, with the entire sketching class of Philadelphia, volunteered in the Union army and accompanied the reserve brigade of Philadelphia through the valley of Pennsylvania and into Maryland. Re- turning to Philadelphia, he opened a studio, painting chiefly pictures of war and battle scenes. His first large picture, ‘‘A Cavalry Raid,” was purchased for seven hundred and fifty dollars. He also gave much attention to wild animals, and among other pictures he painted a life-size portrait of a lion for Edwin Forrest, the trage- dian. In the spring of 1865 he went abroad and studied a year in France and Italy. On his re- turn he settled in New York and remained there until 1878. He was elected a member of the Century association, to which he presented “ A Roman Bull,” painted in 1867. In 1878 he went abroad for his health, and the following year exhibited in the Paris salon a large picture of the lion “ Sultan,” painted from life, sending the same picture in 1880 to the Royal academy in London. This picture was afterwards presented to the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts. “ La Valine du Var ” was exhibited in the Paris salon in 1880. In the winter of 1880 he opened a studio in Rome. Among the better known of his pictures are; ‘‘Dead in the Desert” (1868); " Deer Pursued by Wolves,” “ A Roman Wine- Cart ” (1868) ; “ In the Fields,” “ To the Front ” (1869) ; “Lion’s Head,” “ The Stampede ” (1873) ; “ Crouching Lion ” (1873) ; “ Tigress” (1878), and “ Landscape and Cattle ” (1878). He died in Rome, Italy, Dec. 22, 1882. BISSELL, Edwin Cone, educator, was born at Schoharie, N. Y., in 1832. He was graduated from Amherst college in 1855, and four years later from the Union theological seminary. In 1859 he accepted a call to the Congregational church at Westham pton, Mass., and remained there five years, going thence to San Francisco, where for another five years he presided over a church. From 1870 to 1873 he was pastor at Winchester, Mass., and in the latter year was sent as a missionary to Austria, where he re- mained until 1878. He accepted the chair of Hebrew language and literature at Hartford theological seminary in May, 1882. Among the more important of Iris publications are: “Histori- cal Origin of the Bible ” (1873) ; “ The Apocrypha of the Old Testament ” (1880) ; “ The Pentateuch : its Origin and Structure: an Examination of Recent Theories” (1885), and “Biblical An- tiquities” (1888). BISSELL, Evelyn L., surgeon, was born at Litchfield, Conn., Sept. 10, 1839. Benjamin Bis- sell, Ids great-grandfather, served with distinc- tion in the French, Indian and revolutionary wars, and died in 1821. His father was a major in the U. S. army, and served in the Mexican and civil wars. He was educated at Russell's mili- tary school in New Haven, Conn., and studied medicine at Yale medical school, graduating in 1860. He served as surgeon of an Atlantic steamer until the opening of the war, when he joined the Union army as second assistant surgeon of the 5th Connecticut volunteers. He was with Gen- eral Banks in the Shenandoah valley, was taken prisoner at Winchester, Va., May 25, 1862, and was forced by the Confederates to do surgical duty, they doubting, on account of his youth, that he was a surgeon. His signature to the first cartel there, also signed by six others, caused medical officers to be recognized as non- combatants. He was released on parole July 6tli, and returned to his regiment by order of General Banks, he however protesting against it as jeop- ardizing his honor and his life in case he should be recaptured, which in fact occurred on Aug. 8, 1862, at Cedar Mountain. He was placed in soli- tary confinement and ultimately sent to Libby prison. His case was brought to the notice of Secretary Stanton and a requisition made for him by the war department, Nov. 20, 1862, resulted in his unconditional release. General Dix of Fortress Monroe next assigned Mr. Bissell to the hospital ship Euterpe, and after fulfilling his duty there he was ordered by the secretary of war to return to his regiment at Frederick city, Md., with which he took part in the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Kelly’s Ford. He served afterwards with the army of the Cum- berland in charge of field hospital, and took part in many engagements. He served on the staffs of Generals Hooker and Thomas, and later was appointed by General Sherman to duty at Nash- ville until the close of the war, when he returned to New Haven and engaged in private practice. In 1868 he was appointed surgeon of the 2d regi- ment C. N. G. ; and in 1872 resigned to serve the Peruvian government as surgeon in charge of the men engaged on public work in Lima and on the Oroya railroad, remaining there until 1875, Twice re-appointed as surgeon to the 2d Con- necticut regiment, he became surgeon -general upon the staff of Governor Waller in 1883 and 1884. He was also appointed one of the examin- ing surgeons of the U. S. pension department, registrar of vital statistics of New Haven, a mem- ber of its board of health, a police commissioner, and affiliated himself with numerous professional societies ; the G. A. R. , Loyal Legion and other organizations. [ 305 ] BISSELL. BISSELL. BISSELL, John W., educator, was born at Prescott, Canada, Aug. 4, 1843. He was prepared for college at Rock river seminary, 111., and grad- uated at the Northwestern university, Evanston, 111., in 1867. In 1867 he was appointed Professor of Latin and Creek in Northern Indiana college, South Bend, Ind., and in 1868 and 1870 he was principal of the Brookston academy, Ind. He then, until 1872, was pastor of Simpson church, Chicago, and of the Methodist Episcopal church at New Hampton, Iowa; when he was elected professor of natural science in Upper Iowa uni- versity. In 1873 he was chosen president of that institution. In 1880 he received the degree of D.D. from the Iowa Wesleyan university, and in 1884 was member of the general conference of the M. E. church. BISSELL, William Henry, statesman, was born at Hart wick, Otsego county, N. Y., April 25, 1811. He obtained an education through his own efforts, earning the money in winter that enabled him to attend school in the summer. He was graduated at the Philadelphia medical college in 1835, practised for two years in Steuben county, N. Y., and for three years in Monroe county, 111., and was elected to the Illinois legis- lature, where he made quite a reputation as a ready and able debator. He turned his atten- tion to the study of the law, was admitted to the bar, practised in Belleville, 111., and was elected prosecuting attorney of St. Clair county in 1844. During the Mexican war he served as captain of a company in the 2d Illinois volunteers, and took an active part in the battle of Buena Vista. He represented Illinois in the national house of rep- resentatives in the 31st, 32d and 33d congresses, from December, 1849, to March 3, 1855, and his emphatic opposition to the Missouri compromise involved him in a controversy with southern Democrats. The question as to the bravery of the soldiers from the north as compared with that shown by the south in the Mexican war led to a debate with Jefferson Davis, and resulted in Mr. Bissell being challenged by Mr. Davis. He accepted the challenge, and chose muskets as the weapons to be used at thirty paces. The friends of Mr. Davis interfered at this juncture and the duel was never fought. On the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, Mr. Bissell separated from the Democratic party and was elected gov- ernor of Illinois on the Republican ticket, serving by re-election from 1856 until his death, which occurred at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860. BISSELL, William Henry Augustus, 2d bishop of Vermont and 88th in succession in the American episcopate, was born at Ran- dolph, Vt., Nov. 10, 1814; son of Dr. Ezekiel and Elizabeth (Washburn) Bissell. He received his primary education in the Randolph public schools and academy, and was graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 1836. For a time he taught the classics in Bishop Hopkins's school for boys, and at the same time studied for the ministry. In the fall of 1837 he established a private school in Detroit. In 1838 he applied for holy orders in the diocese of New York and taught in the Troy Episcopal institu- tion. On Sept. 29, 1839, he was ordained deacon in Calvary church, New York city, by Bishop Onderdonk, and on July 12, 1840, priest by the same bishop in Troy, N. Y., and received the ap pointment of assistant in Christ church, which position he held until the following year, when he took charge of Trinity church. West Troy. He remained there until 1845, when he was called to the rectorship of Grace church, at Lyons, N. Y. In 1848 he accepted a call to the rector- ship of Trinity church, Geneva, N. Y., and there continued until his election as bishop of the diocese of Vermont in 1868. He was elected a member of the standing committee of the dio- cese of western New York in 1850, an office which he continued to hold for sixteen years. He was married Aug. 29, 1838, to Martha, daugh ter of Phineas Moulton, and five children were born to them. The University of Vermont conferred on him the degree of D.D. in 1875, as did Hobart college and the Northwestern univer- sity. He was consecrated bishop of Vermont at Christ church, Montpelier, June 3, 1868, and he died holding that position, May 14, 1893. BISSELL, Wilson Shannon, lawyer, was born in New London, Oneida county, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1847. When he was five years old his parents removed to Buffalo. He was graduated from Yale college with honors in the class of 1869, and studied law with A. P. Lanning of Buffalo, who subsequently formed a co - partnership with Grover Cleveland and Oscar Folsom, whose daughter Mr. Cleveland afterwards married. In 1871 Mr. Bissell was admitted to the bar, and in the fall of 1872 he formed a partnership with Ly man K. Bass, and about a year later Mr. Cleve- land became a member of the firm, which thereafter was known as Bass, Cleveland & Bissell. Mr. Bass removed to Colorado on ac count of ill health, and Mr. Cleveland was elected governor of the state of New York, the firm being thereby dissolved, Mr. Bissell re-organized it as Bissell, Sicard, Brundage & Bissell. As senior member he became known as one of the ablest railroad lawyers in the country, and served as president of several minor railroads in the western part of New York and in Pennsylvania, as well as director in a number of railroad and commercial corporations. He declined a cabinet position in Mr. Cleveland's first administration as well as a seat on the supreme bench. He served [ 306 ] BITTER. BLACK. as Democratic presidential elector at large in 1884. as delegate to several successive presiden- tial and state conventions, and in 1890 was a member of a commission to propose amendments to the judiciary articles of the constitution of the state of New York. When President Cleveland selected his cabinet for his second term he ap- pointed Mr. Bissell postmaster -general, March 6, 1893. and he served in that capacity until Feb. 27, 1895, when he resigned to resume his law practice. BITTER, Karl Theodore Francis, sculptor, was born in Vienna, Austria, Dec. 6, 1867. De- termining at the early age of fourteen years to follow his artistic bent he left the Latin school, which he was then attending, and entered the Vienna school of industrial arts, later attend- ing the academy of fine arts. Following the example of Michael Angelo, he studied stone carving and took practical lessons as an artisan in that line. Upon coming of age he left Austria in order to avoid the loss of time that army service would entail and, after studying with Kaffsack, Echtermeyer and others in Germany, he sailed for America and, arriving in New York in Novem- ber, 1889, he soon obtained employment with a firm of architectural sculptors. In 1891 his design for the Astor memorial doors, six in number, illustrating scriptural subjects, which were cast in bronze and placed at the three entrances to Trinity church, N. Y., by John Jacob Astor, 5th, won the award in a competition with other sculp- tors. His ability was at once recognized by the architects and art patrons of New York, and he executed many commissions, among them being the decoration of the interior of the New York palace of C. P. Huntington and the Newport villa of Cornelius Vanderbilt, the altar of Grace church, Utica, N. Y., a pair of bronze lions, Buffalo, N. Y., the erection of many memorials and monuments in churches and cemeteries, the sculpture on the Administration building and the Manufacturers’ and Liberal Arts building of the World’s Columbian exposition at Chicago, 1893. BIXBY, John Munson, lawyer, was born at Fairfield, Conn., in February, 1800. He studied law and, establishing himself in New York, entered upon a practice which proved so lucra- tive that he was able to retire in 1849 with a handsome foi-tune, which he invested in real estate on Fifth avenue and Broadway, which property increased in value rapidly, and at the time of his death it paid an annual rental equal to the original sum invested. He is the author of two novels, “ Standish the Puritan ” (New York, 1850), and “ Overing, or the Heir of Wy- cherly ” (1852), both published under the pen name “ E. Grayson.” He died Nov. 22, 1876. BIXBY, Moses Homan, clergyman, was born at Warren, Grafton county, N. H., Aug. 20, 1827; son of Benjamin and Mary (Cleasby) Bixby. His father was of English and his mother of Scotch- Irish descent, the former being a direct descend- ant of Gov. Simon Bradstreet. The son acquired an academic educa- tion and also attended the Baptist college in Montreal. In Septem- ber, 1849, he was or- dained at Williston, Vt., and after labor- ing there for about four years, he sailed in January, 1853, for Burmah, as a mission- ary of the American Baptist missionary union. He remained in Burmah four years, the failure of his wife’s health compel- ling his return. In 1857 he settled in Providence, and in 1860 resigned his pastorate to return to Burmah, where for eight years he worked with marked success, establishing missions and win- ning the good will of the natives. Returning to America in 1869 he again established himself in Providence, where in 1870 he organized a church. Within ten years the rapid growth of the society made it necessary to enlarge the edifice three times, and in 1892-’93 a stone church was built, one of the finest in New England, the church membership having increased from fifty-six members to nearly twelve hundred. For sixteen successive years Dr. Bixby served on the Provi- dence school committee. He was a trustee of Brown university, of Newton theological insti- tution, of the Worcester academy, of the Derby academy, of the Hartshorn memorial college, and of the Virginia union university, and a member of the Phi Beta Kappa society of Brown uni- versity. Dartmouth college conferred upon him the degree of A.M., and the Ceritral university of Iowa that of D.D. BLACK, Frank S., governor of New York, was born at Limington, York county, Me., March 8, 1853 ; son of Jacob and Charlotte B. Black. He was educated at the village school, Alfred, the Limerick academy, and the academy at West Leb- anon, and was graduated from Dartmouth college in 1875, an honor man. He paid his academic and college expenses by working on a farm and teach- ing. The same year he removed to Johnstown, N. Y., where he edited the Journal and studied law. Soon after he went to Troy, N. Y., where he divided his time between journalism and the study of the law, and in 1879 he was admitted 13071 BLACK. BLACK. to the bar. and established himself in practice in Troy. He was retained in a notable murder case as counsel of a special investigating com mittee and secured the conviction of the accused in the face of great political opposition. This gave him wide notoriety and increased his law practice. He was appointed attorney to the receiver of the Troy steel and iron company, and the Gilbert car works. In 1894 he was elected to represent the Troy district in the 54th Con- gress and in 1896 was nominated by the Republi- cans for governor of New York, and was elected with his ticket by the largest popular majority ever given to a state executive. BLACK, James, prohibitionist, was born in Lewisburg, Pa., Sept. 16, 1823; son of John Black, a prominent railroad contractor. In 1835 he removed with his parents to Lancaster. He re ceived his early education in the common schools, and in 1841 entered the Lewisburg academy, where he was graduated in 1843. He studied law with James F. Linn of Lewisburg, and in 1845 completed his legal training under William B. Fordney of Lancaster, being admitted to the bar in 1846. From 1850 to 1852, Mr. Black was financial agent of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence railroad then in process of construction. In 1869 he was associated with others in the organization of the Ocean Grove association, N. J. From 1869 to 1883 he was in the employ of the Mutual life insurance company of New York. He was in- terested in agriculture and sheep raising, and conducted two model farms at Black Barron Springs, Pa. He early became interested in tem- perance reform; joined the Washingtonian society in 1840, and in 1846 helped to organize the Conestoga division of the Sons of Temper ance. His first public speech in favor of tem- perance was made at Conestoga Centre, Pa. , in 1852, when temperance was made a political issue in Pennsylvania. Mr. Black became the ac- knowledged leader of the Prohibition movement in Lancaster, and from 1853 to 1856 was a mem- ber of the state central committee of the Prohi- bition party. In 1859 he conceived the idea of a temperance publication society, and outlined his plan in an able article written for the Ameri- can Temperance Union. The civil war prevented the immediate consummation of his purpose, and at a national temperance convention held in 1865 Sir. Black presented his views afresh and they were accepted and carried out in the formation of the “ National temperance society and Publi- cation house.” In 1857 he, with others, organ- ized Lancaster lodge of Good Templars. In I860 he was elected G.W.C. Templar for the state and served three terms. In 1864 was elected R. W. G. C. and prepared a memorial to President Lin- coln for the abolition of the whiskey ration, and wrote his celebrated “Cider Tract.” In 1867 lie secured a convention of the Sons of Temperance and Good Templars in Harrisburg for political action, or prohibition in the state; was instru- mental in the organization of the “ National Prohibition Party ” in 1869 and served as chair- man of the national Prohibition committee from 1876 to 1880. In 1872 he was nominated for pres- ident by the national Prohibition convention at Columbus, Ohio, the first presidential candidate nominated by his party. Aside from newspaper articles, reports and platforms, lie published: “ Is There a Necessity for a Prohibition Party,” (1876); “A History of the Prohibition Party” (1880), and ‘‘ The Prohibition Party ” (1885). He died at Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 16, 1894. BLACK, James Rush, physician, was horn near Glasgow, Scotland, March 3, 1827. He emi grated to America with his parents about 1835, settled in Ohio, was educated at Granville college and was graduated from the medical school of the University of New York in 1849. During the civil war he served as surgeon of the 113th Ohio infantry and as medical director on the staff of General Gilbert. Afterwards in his medical practice he made hygiene and a?tiology specialties. He was made a member of the American medi cal association, the Ohio state medical society and various local medical bodies. In 1876 he gave up his general practice to accept the chair of hygiene in the Columbus medical college. His “Ten Laws of Health and Guide to Protection against Epidemic Diseases " is accepted as an excellent handbook. BLACK, James William, educator, was born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 31, 1866. He received his early education in the public schools of Balti- more, and was graduated at the City college in 1885, with a first-grade Peabody prize, and at the Johns Hopkins university in 1888, where he re- ceived the degree of A.B. and a university scholarship. He then pursued postgraduate studies in history, economics and historical juris prudence at the Johns Hopkins university, and was awarded t lie degree of Pli.D. in 1891. In the summer of that year he was appointed pro- fessor of history and economics in Georgetown, Ky., but he resigned in 1892, when he was made associate professor of political economy in Ober- lin college. In 1894 he accepted the chair of his- tory and political economy in Colby university He published “ Maryland's Attitude in the Strug- gle for Canada,” was made a member of the American historical association, of the Maryland historical society, of the council of the American economic association, and of the Marne historical society and a member of the “ Commission of Colleges in New England on examinations for admission to college.” BLACK. BLACK. BLACK, Jeremiah Sullivan, statesman, was born in the Glades, Somerset county, Pa., Jan. 10, 1810; son of Henry and Mary (Sullivan) Black. His father was a representative in the 27th U. S. Congress and died in 1841. His paternal grand- parents were James and Jane (McDonough) Black. His early edu- cation was derived from that admirable academic system then existing in Scotch- Iris h communities. H e studied classics and mathematics at Brownsville in Fay- ette county, and was ; a student at law un- der Chauncey For- ward, a representa- tive in Congress. He was admitted to the bar in 1831, and in 1842 was made presi- dent-judge of the Franklin Bedford and Somer- set district. Nine years later he became one of the judges of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, and then chief justice of the state to succeed John Bannister Gibson, who died May 3, 1853. His decisions were held by members of his pro- fession to be ornaments to the reports and were distinguished by virility of style. It was during these years that lie delivered his masterly eulogy on Andrew Jackson, and his eloquent forensic address in honor of the memory of Judge Gibson, in which the following sentence blends modest allusion to himself and high praise of his pre- decessor. “ When,’’ said Judge Black, “ he was superseded by another as the head of the court, his great learning, venerable character and overshadowing reputation, still made him the only chief whom the hearts of the people would know.” President Buchanan selected him as his attorney-general March 5, 1857. He rendered con- spicuous service while in this office, in protect- ing settlers under the government patents in Cali- fornia against fraudulent land grants, purporting to be of Mexican origin. "When General Cass re- signed his portfolio of secretary of state in Decem- ber, 1860, President Buchanan appointed Judge Black to that position. He opposed the secession movement, favored the reinforcement of Fort Sumter, declared the union of the states inde- structible and indissoluble, and so instructed the representatives of the republic abroad, and vigor- ously defended the just powers of the general government, the liberties of the people and the fife of the nation. His term of service expired with the administration of Mr. Buchanan, and he returned to the practice of law. He re- mained a stanch Democrat, but was held in respect as a statesman and patriot by every Re- publican. He was frequently called into impor- tant cases as counsel, notably for Andrew Johnson in impeachment trial, Samuel J. Tilden, the Vanderbilt will case, the Milliken case and the McGarrahan claims. He was a man of devout faith and joined the “ Disciples of Christ or “ Campbellites, ” about the time he married Mary F. , daughter of Chauncey Forward, in 1838. He occasionally presided at the political rallies of his townsmen. On one such occasion, as he took the chair he said : “ I hardly intended to be here to-night, but I saw in a little newspaper, that Judge Black would now have to show his hand in this campaign. There they are — my hands — there is no stain on them. They never held a bribe.” He published, in 1882, “ Christian Religion,” a reply to certain arguments of Robert G. Ingersoll; and in 1885 a volume entitled “ Essays and Speeches of J. S. Black ” was issued. He died in York, Pa., Aug. 19, 1883. BLACK, John Charles, statesman, was born at Lexington, Miss., Jan. 27, 1839. At the break- ing out of the civil war he was a student in Wabash college, Ind., and volunteered in the Union army. His conspicuous bravery won for him early promotion. He was commissioned li e u t e n ant-colonel, June 9, 1862; colonel, Feb. 1, 1863, and brev- et brigadier-general, March 1 3, 1 8 65. Throughout the war lie displayed qualities that commanded the admiration and com- mendation, not only of his i m medidie command, but of his i superior officers. He was prominent with his regiment in thir- teen battles and skir- mishes and in two great sieges. He was wounded at Pea Ridge Ark., and again at Prairie Grove, Ark. These wounds being in his arms, he was incapacitated for field service and entered the invalid corps. At the close of the war lie resigned his commis- sion and returned to his home in Danville, 111. It was his purpose to return to Crawfordville and complete his collegiate course, but he concluded to immediately take up the study of law at Chi- cago, and in 1867 he was admitted to the bar of the supreme court of Illinois, and to that of the supreme court of the United States in 1869. His remarkable oratorical gifts won him immediate recognition. Important and complicated cases [ 300 ] BLACKBURN. BLACKBURN. intrusted to him were conducted with ability and success. He was a delegate to the national Democratic convention at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1872, the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor of Illinois in 1872, for repre- sentative in Congress in 1876 and for U. S. sena- tor in 1879. On March 6, 1885, President Cleveland appointed him commissioner of pensions, his term of service expiring with Mr. Cleveland’s adminis- tration. when he returned to the practice of his profession in Cliicago. 111. In November, 1892, he was elected representative-at-large from Illinois to the 53d Congress. Here he commanded the at- tention of the house by his exhaustive and able speeches on the tariff, the federal election law, pensions, and the Hawaiian imbroglio. He took exception to the purchasing clause of the Sher- man silver bill, and voted for the coinage of the seigniorage, as contemplated by Bland's bill. He was a consistent but conservative advocate of silver. BLACKBURN, Gideon, educator, was born in Augusta county, Va., Aug. 27, 1772. He was licensed to preach by the Abingdon presbytery in 1792 and soon after established churches at Marysville and in se veral surrounding places. In 1803 he undertook a mission to the Cherokee Indians and in 1811 settled in East Tennessee, becoming principal of Harpeth academy, preach- ing at the same time and organizing several churches. From 1823 to 1827 he preached at Louisville, Ky., and in the latter year became president of Centre college, holding the office until 1830. He then removed to Versailles, where he preached and acted as agent of the Kentucky state temperance society. In 1833 he went to Illinois and in 1835 began to raise money for Illinois college, a work which resulted in the theological school at Carlinville, 111. In 1805 the College of New Jersey conferred on him the de- gree of D.D., and Dickinson college gave him those of A.M. and S.T.D. He died in Carlin- ville, 111., Aug. 23, 1838. BLACKBURN, Joseph Clay Styles, senator, was born in Woodford county, Ky., Oct. 1, 1838. He received a preparatory training at Sayres institute, Frankfort, Ky., and after graduating from Centre college, Danville, Ky., in 1857, he studied law in Lexington, Ky., was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Chicago in 1858. He returned to Woodford county, Ky., in 1860, and joining the Confederate army in 1861 served through the war, after which he resumed his practice. In 1871— "73 he was a mem- ber of the Kentucky legislature; in 1874 was elected a representative in the 44th Congress by the Democrats, and was re-elected to the 45th, 46th, 47th and 48th congresses. He was elected in 1885 to the United States senate, and again in 1891. In 1896 he was a delegate to the national Democratic convention that met at Chicago, and there supported the nominations made by the convention, and in the canvass that followed was one of the most prominent supporters of the ticket, and made the campaign tour of the north- ern states with Mr. Bryan. BLACKBURN, William Jasper, editor, was born in Randolph county, Ark., July 24, 1820. He was self-educated, attended the district school a short time and Jackson college., Tenn., for one year. He learned the printer's trade, and after working in Louisiana and Arkansas, he settled in Homer, La., where he established Blackburn's Homer's Iliad and conducted it for many years. Though a southerner by birth, he was an ardent anti-slavery man, and his office was repeatedly mobbed during the civil war. His paper was the only Union journal published in the gulf states, and he was the only southern editor to denounce the action of Preston S. Brooks in assaulting Charles Sumner. He was a dele- gate to the state constitutional convention in 1867, a representative in the 40th Congress, and a state senator from 1872 to 1876. He returned to his native state in 1877, purchased the Little Rock Republican , assumed editorial control, and in its columns bravely advocated Republican doctrines in the face of an overwhelming Demo- cratic majority. BLACKBURN, Samuel, lawyer, was born in Virginia in 1758. In the house of delegates he originated the anti-duelling law of Virginia, which was the first passed in the country. Among other penalties it prohibited the duellist from holding any office in the state. By his will he manumitted all his slaves and provided for their transportation to Liberia He died in 1835. BLACKBURN, William Maxwell, educator, was born at Carlisle, Ind., Dec. 30. 1828. He was educated at Hanover college and Princeton theological seminary, graduating from the latter in 1853. After holding various pastorates in the Presbyterian church, he was from 1868 to 1881 professor of church history in the McCormick theological seminary of Chicago, resigning in 1881, to accept the pastorate of the Central church of Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1884 -he was elected to the presidency of the University of North Dakota, and after successful work in or ganizing that new institution, he resigned in 1885 to become the first installed president of Pierre university in South Dakota. He, in addition to his duties as president, was professor of mental, moral and political sciences. The institution was largely in debt and this he succeeded in paying off, and establishing the university on a perma- nent and substantial basis. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Wooster university. [310J BLACK HAWK. BLACKMAR. Ohio, in 1894. Between 1861 and 1866 he wrote nine Sunday-school books, chiefly for the Pres byterian board of publication, and in 1866 a work on the Reformation in Switzerland. He also published a “ Life of St. Patrick ” (1867) ; “ Admiral Coligny, and the Rise of the Hu- guenots ” (1868), the first historical biography of Coligny based on original documents written in the English language; and “The History of the Christian Church from its Origin to the Present Time ” (1879). BLACKFORD, Eugene Gilbert, pisciculturist, was born in Morristown, N. J., Aug. 8, 1839. He attended the Brooklyn public schools until his fourteenth year, when he engaged as office boy, freight clerk, railroad clerk, dry goods clerk and bookkeeper, and in 1867 established himself as a fish dealer in Fulton market. The business in- creased rapidly, from one stand to twenty-two, finally including a large wholesale department. In 1872 Mr. Blackford first began to study pisci- culture, and he soon became an authority on the subject. His fame spread abroad, and natural- ists from all parts of the world sent to him for items of information, for specimens, and for sta- tistics. He was for many years president and treasurer of the American fish culturist associa- tion, and he served on the fish and fisheries commission of the state of New York from 1879 to 1892. He was the manager of the fish exhibit at the Centennial, and of the American exhibits at the International fish exhibition held in Berlin in 1880. His own exhibits received med- als both at Philadelphia and Berlin. In 1875 he held his first trout exhibit, in New York, which attracted large crowds of admiring spectators. He introduced into the New York market several varieties of fish much prized by epicures, and he originated a number of highly successful meth- ods of freezing, storing and shipping fish. He wrote a number of valuable papers on the subject of legislative protection of fisheries, and was in- strumental in establishing, at Cold Spring, L. I., N. Y., the hatching stations for both sea and fresh-water fish. BLACK HAWK, Indian chief, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., in 1767. He was chief of the Sac and Fox Indians, and while quite young led several parties of warriors in successful raids on the Osage and Cherokee tribes. He was made grand chieftain of the Sacs when he was about twenty-one years old; in 1804 he vigorously op- posed the contract made between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States, whereby, for an annual stipend of one thousand dollars, the Indians were to relinquish their rights to about seven hundred miles of territory along the Mis- sissippi river. For a short time during the war of 1812, Black Hawk, with five hundred war- 1311] riors, fought on the British side, but he soon withdrew from the war because of many dis- heartening defeats. In 1823, when, led by Keokuk, the greater part of the Sacs and Foxes emigrated to the reservation beyond the Missis- sippi, Black Hawk and a few followers would not go, although the land on which they were living had been signed away to the whites by several of the Indian chiefs. They remained on the east- ern side of the Mississippi, planting their crops and living peaceably until the white men declared that they must leave, and emphasized the command by confiscating their crops. The Indians at once took measures to secure revenge and were driven back by the militia to the west of the Mississippi, they, meanwhile, destroying every white settlement that came in their way. Finally the small remaining forces of the red men were captured by the whites, and Black Hawk himself and his two sons were imprisoned in Fort Monroe. In 1833 they were liberated, but Black Hawk was no longer chief of the Sacs and Foxes, Keokuk having been given his place. A “ Life of Black Hawk,” dictated by him to J. B. Patterson, was published in 1834. W. J. Snelling and Benjamin Drake have also written accounts of his life. He died while encamped on the Des Moines river, Oct. 3, 1838. BLACKMAR. Frank Wilson, educator, was born in Erie county, Pa., Nov. 3, 1854. In 1874 he completed the course of instruction in the Northwestern state normal school at Edinboro, Pa. After teaching one year in his native state he went to California, where he continued in the profession for three years. At the end of this period he entered the University of the Pacific, from which he took his degree in 1881. After graduation he taught one year in the San Jose high school and was then called to fill the chair of mathematics in the university, which he held for four years. He entered the Johns Hopkins university in 1886, where he pur- sued special studies for three years. He was in- structor in history, 1887-'88, and of history and politics, 1888-'89. He received the degree of Pli. D. in June, 1889. At the close of his course of study at Johns Hopkins he was elected professor of his- tory and sociology in the University of Kansas Dr. Blackmar, aside from his regular university work, has actively engaged in the movement for BLACKSTONE. BLACKWELL. the education of the great body of citizens, through university extension. His principal publications include: ’‘History of Federal and State Aid to Higher Education in the United States,” “ Spanish Colonization in the South- west,” ’‘The Study of History and Sociology,” “ Spanish Institutions of the Southwest,” be- sides numerous essays, addresses, and magazine articles. BLACKSTONE, William, pioneer, was born in England about 1590-95. He was educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, and ordained a priest of the church of England. He is described as a man of marked decision of character, and of great intelligence, who came to the colony soon after the landing of the first pilgrims, to escape the domination of Archbishop Laud, though he lived and died a member of the church. He was as averse to dictation and arbitrary creeds in the new world as in the old, so he separated himself from the colonists and settled on the peninsula of Shawmut, now Boston. Here he planted gardens and orchards, and is said to have raised the first apples produced in Massachusetts. He was the sole proprietor of an area of eight hundred acres until the arrival of Winthrop in 1630. Though Shawmut was included in the grant held by the governor and company, they paid Blaokstone a quitclaim of thirty pounds as the prior possessor. His aversion to the dictatorial and arbitrary methods of the Puritans led him to vacate his clearing and move “west” to “ Wawepoonseag,” R. I., on a spot about two miles north of Paw- tucket, near that now occupied by the railroad station at Lonsdale. He built himself a house which he called “ Study Hill.” Here he was again the first white settler, and planted an or- chard, raising the first apples grown in Rhode Island. His solitude was broken by the advent of settlers, but, though he took no part in the found- ing of the colony, and was inimical to the princi- ples of Roger Williams, lie lived on peaceful terms with those about him, and was in the habit of preaching to the people of Providence. The Blackstone river takes its name from him. The w T ell lie dug and the cellar he stoned could still be seen in 1897. though his once well-tilled garden was dotted by oaks over a hundred years old. He was buried near his house in a lot with his wife, his own grave being marked by a round white stone. The Lonsdale company's mill was built on this site, and in making the excavations for the foundations the body of Blackstone was exhumed, May 6, 1886. He died in 1675. BLACKWELL, Antoinette Louisa Brown, author, was born at Henrietta, Monroe county, N. Y. , May 20, 1825. She was educated in the pub- lic schools and academy of her native town, and in [312 j 1847 was graduated at Oberlin (Ohio) college, teaching school in the vacations to defray her ex- penses. After completing her college course she remained at Oberlin and was graduated from the theological school in 1850. She was denied a license to preach, because of her sex, but occa- sionally appeared in the pulpit and on the lecture platform. She became a stanch abolitionist and an advocate of woman's rights. She was ordained pastor of the Congregational church of South Butler and Savannah, N. Y. , in 1853, but resigned after officiating one year. She afterwards be- came identified with the Unitarian denomina- tion. She was married in 1856 to Samuel C. Blackwell, of Elizabeth, N. J. She is the author of “ Studies in General Science" (1869); “The Island Neighbors " (1871) ; “ The Market Woman,” “ The Sexes Throughout Nature” (1875) “The Physical Basis of Immortality ” (1876), and ” The Many and the One ” (1886). BLACKWELL, Elizabeth, physician, was born in Bristol, England, Feb. 3, 1821 ; daughter of Samuel Blackwell, a wealthy sugar refiner. When she was ten years old her father lost his fortune, and in 1832 the family removed to the United States. She resided in New York city until 1838, when they went to Cincinnati, Ohio. Elizabeth determined to become a physician, and in 1847 she made application for ad- mission to all the schools of medicine in the country, and was finally admitted to the college at Geneva, N. Y., where she was graduated in 1849, receiving the first medical diploma ever awarded to a woman. She then became a resi- dent pupil at the hospital of the Maternity in Paris, France, at the same time taking thorough courses of study under private tutors. During 1850 and 1851 she “ walked " St. Bartholomew's hospital in London, and studied at the woman's hospital. She began her professional life in New York city in the latter part of 1851, and in a short time established a good practice. Two years later, with her sister. Dr. Emily Blackwell, she founded the New York infirmary for women and children. In 1858 and 1859 she lectured in Eng- land on the subject of women as physicians, and in the latter year was placed on the register of English physicians. At the outbreak of the civil war she aided in organizing the Ladies' central relief association, which afterwards became a part of the sanitary commission. In 1869 she was appointed a lecturer in the medical college of the New York infirmary, and at the close of that year removed to her native country. She accomplished many reforms in London, where she remained until 1878, removing then to Hastings, England. She is the author of " The Laws of Life in Relation to the Physical Edu cation of Girls ” (1852) ; “ How to Keep a House- BLAIKIE. BLAINE. hold in Health,” “ The Moral Education of the Young.” “Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of their Children ” (1879); “Rescue Work in Relation to Prostitution and Disease” (1882); “Wrong and Right Methods of Dealing with Social Evil ” (1883), and “ Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women ” (1895). BLACKWELL, Lucy Stone. (See Lucy Stone.) BLAIKIE, William, athlete, was born in York, Livingston county, N. Y., May 24, 1843. He was graduated from Harvard college in 1866 and from the law school in 1868. In 1869 he took the Har- vard oarsmen to England and acted as their treasurer, and upon his return he became pardon clerk in the office of the U. S. attorney-general at Washington, and afterward for two years was assistant in the office of the United States dis- trict attorney of the second judicial circuit at New York. In January, 1873, he opened a law office in New York city, and for eight years held the office of commissioner of the United States court of claims. From his Harvard days Mr. Blaikie took an active interest in athletics and in physical training, writing and lecturing exten- sively on the subject. His most noteworthy pub- lications are, “ How to get Strong and How to Stay So ” (1879), and “ Sound Bodies for our Boys and Girls ” (1884). BLAINE, James Gillespie, statesman, was born at West Brownsville, Pa., Jan. 31, 1830; son of Ephraim Lyon and Maria (Gillespie) Blaine, grandson of James Blaine, and great-grandson of Ephraim Blaine, who served as a commissary- general under Washington, with whom he was on terms of personal friendship. Maria Gillespie was the daughter of Neal Gillespie, who came from Donegal, Ire- land, an educated and cultivated man and a. Roman Cath- olic. The son re- ceived his early ed- ^ ucation from his ^ ‘ ' father and mater nal grandfather, and had the advantage of preparing for college at a school kept by a culti- vated Englishman, to whom he was sent when eleven years of age. In 1845 he entered Wash- ington college, and was graduated in 1847, deliv- ering an oration and the English salutatory. He was for a time a teacher at the Western military institute, Blue Lick Springs, Ky., and there he met Harriet Stanwood, to whom he was married within a few months. On his return to Pennsyl- vania he studied law for a short time, and in 1852-’ 54 taught the higher branches in the Penn- sylvania institution for the blind at Philadelphia. In 1854 he removed to Augusta, Me., bought an interest in the Kennebec Journal and as its edi- tor acquired reputation as a writer on political subjects and became prominent in the state. In 1856 Mr. Blaine was sent as a delegate to the first Republican national convention, which nominated John C. Fremont for the presidency, and on his return to Maine he delivered his maiden political speech. In 1857 he severed his connection with the Journal, and assumed edi- torial control of the Portland Advertiser. In 1858, on his election to the state legislature, he abandoned journalism as a pursuit, though he edited the Kennebec Journal during the cam- paign of 1860. Mr. Blaine sat in the state legisla- ture from 1858 to 1862, acting as speaker of the house during his last two terms. In 1858 he was made chairman of the state Republican com- mittee, a position which he held until 1878. In 1862 he was elected as a representative to the 38th and was re-elected to the 39th. 40th, 41st, 42d, 43d and 44th congresses, and acted as speaker during the 41st and 42d congresses. His convic- tions, as expressed to his constituents on his first nomination for Congress, he maintained during the troublous times which followed ; he said : “ The great object with us all is to subdue the rebellion speedily, effectually and finally. In our march to that end we must crush all inter- vening obstacles. If slavery or any other insti- tution stands in the way it must be removed. Perish all things else, the national life must be saved.” He became eminent for his part in the debates on all considerable questions during the civil war, making few long speeches, but excel- ling in the frequent skirmishes common in the house, for which his nimble mind, his alert com- prehension and his wide knowledge of the sub- jects discussed peculiarly fitted him. He was largely instrumental in formulating an equitable basis for the reconstruction of the Union, the 14th amendment to the constitution being the embodiment of ideas to which he bad given utter- ance in the house. The “ Blaine Amendment ” providing for the rehabilitation to state rights of any of the seceding states, which should es- tablish equal suffrage without regard to race and color, though defeated at first, finally passed both branches of Congress in 1867. Mr. Blaine strenuously opposed the proposition to pay the national debt in greenbacks. His authoritative maintenance of the position that naturalized citizens are entitled to the same measure of protection abroad as native-born Americans, led [313J BLAINE. BLAINE. to the Anglo-American treaty of 1870, which fol- lowed the American idea as opposed to the one held by the English government up to that time, “ once a subject, always a subject.” From 1869 to 1876 Mr. Blaine, being speaker of the house, seldom took part in debate; one of the conspicuous exceptions to this rule was his vacating his chair to oppose the bill giving Gen- eral Grant the right to pronounce “ martial " law in the southern states and to suspend the habeas corpus act, as measures for the extinction of the famous Ku-klux Klan. Jan. 6, 1876, Mr. Blaine offered an amendment to the Amnesty bill pre- sented to the house by Mr. Randall, Dec. 15, 1876, which amendment read as follows: K Be it enacted, etc. That all persons now under the disabilities imposed by the 14th amendment to the constitution of the United States, with the exception of Jefferson Davis, late president of the so-called Confederate states, shall be relieved of such disabilities on their appearing before any judge of a United States court and taking and subscribing in open court the following oath,” etc. The ground he took in the debate which followed was that Mr. Davis was responsible for the cruelties charged against the keepers of the Federal prisoners at Andersonville. He said: “ I only see before me, when his name is pre- sented, a man who, by the wink of his eye, by a wave of his hand, by a nod of his head, could have stopped the atrocities at Andersonville. Some of us had kinsmen there, most of us had friends there, all of us had countrymen there; and in the name of those kinsmen, friends and countrymen, I here protest, and shall with my vote protest against calling back and crowning with the honors of full American citizenship the man who organized that murder.” This speech made for Mr. Blaine many implacable enemies and had the effect of rousing much partisan feel- ing. Charges were made that he had received bribes, notably of Union Pacific and Kansas Pacific railroad bonds. Some letters which had fallen into the hands of a clerk named Mulligan written by Mr. Blaine to Warren Fisher of Bos- ton, were the groundwork upon which these charges were framed, and against which Mr. Blaine defended himself ably, and with notable and dramatic effect. In 1876 he was the strongest Republican candidate for nomination as Presi- dent and lacked only twenty -eight votes of a majority when the supporters of the several other candidates united and gave the favoring balance to Mr. Hayes. Mr. Blaine was elected to the senate in 1876 to fill the unexpired term of Lot M. Morrill, who became secretary of the treasury in President Hayes’s cabinet . He at once took an active part in all the current questions before the senate; he opposed the appointment of 13H] an electoral commission to determine the va- lidity of the presidential election, urging that Congress could not confer upon a commission powers which it did not itself possess. He was strong in his opposition to the Bland silver bill, being in favor of a bimetallic currency and the maintenance of full weight in coining silver. His tariff views were firmly defined and were not controlled by party limitations ; he favored protection as a necessary measure for the encour- agement of American industries. He did much to promote the shipping industries of the United States, and in 1878 proposed the subsidizing of a line of mail steamers to Brazil, justly contending that French and English commerce had been greatly augmented by the granting of subsidies to various ocean steamship lines. Nor was his voice uncertain in the strife that arose in the senate in 1879 in regard to the presence of United States troops at the polls, and the resistance of the Democrats to the passage of the appropriation bills, when he stigmatized the attempt to with- hold appropriations, as a threat to the executive, as revolutionary. He regarded purity of the ballot as an important factor in the government of the people, by the people, and was active in the meas- ures taken to maintain rightful government in Maine, when in 1879 an attempt was made to usurp the functions of the newly elected state officials. Mr. Blaine favored the bill for the exclusion of the Chinese in 1879 on the grounds that their admission menaced the well-being of the native laboring population and would cause the lowering of the standards of wages and of living, for those who obtained a support by unskilled labor, to the level of the Chinese coolie. “ For one,” he said, “ I will never consent by my vote or by my voice to drive the intelligent working-men of America to that competition and that degrada tion. ’ ’ Mr. Blaine was again an unsuccessful candi- date for nomination for the presidency in 1880, and was chosen by President Garfield as his sec retary of state. One of his first acts as secretary was to inspire the calling of a congress of dele- gates from the South American republics, to co- operate with the United States in establishing a system of arbitration looking to the peaceful settlement of all questions arising between the independent nations of the American continents. The primary issue was the cessation of hostilities between Chili and Peru, and the secondary, and by no means least important one, the furthering of the commercial interests and relations of the United States with the various countries. The shooting of President Garfield, and his lingering illness, necessarily caused the abeyance of all active measures; his death brought about Mr. Blaine's withdrawal from the cabinet, and this BLAINE. BLAIR. measure, with others formulated and partially operated by Secretary Blaine, was nullified by the change of policy of his successor. Of these measures, one was his deputing William H. Tres- cott to offer the friendly intervention of the United States in securing terms of peace be- tween Chili and Peru, and the other his corres- pondence with Great Britain with a view to obtaining the abrogation of certain clauses in the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, because they were not in harmony with later agreements made by the United States with Columbia. The British gov- ernment replied that the treaty should be re- spected and maintained, and Mr. Blaine’s further contention that “ it is the intention of the United States to consider the isthmus canal question as an American question to be dealt with and decided by the American governments ” became a dead issue with his departure from office. For almost a quarter of a century Mr. Blaine had served his party and his country with unswerv- ing fidelity, and for the first time found leisure in 1881 to transcribe a work which had long been in his mind, “Twenty Years of Congress," an historical resumd of the chief political events in the early history of the country, followed by an exhaustive and analytical account of the two decades, 1860 to 1880. In 1882 he was chosen to pronounce the eulogy on Garfield before the 47th Congress, Feb. 27, 1882. In 1884 he was nominated for President by the Republican national convention; the Democratic candidate being Mr. Cleveland. Mr. Blaine’s popularity made him a very strong can- didate, and the campaign was noted for its bitter and acrimonious character. Mr. Blaine spoke almost entirely upon industrial questions, chiefly those connected with protection, and delivered a number of remarkably strong addresses, and on his defeat reiterated his often uttered opinion in previous years — that in the “solid south” the Re- publican vote had been suppressed by the Demo- crats. He resumed work upon his ‘ ‘ Twenty Years in Congress,” the second volume of which appeared in 1886. He was actively prominent in the political canvass in Maine in 1886, and spent the years 1887 and ’88 in Europe. His name was used at the national Republican convention which met at Chicago in 1888. He promptly sent a communication to that body refusing to accept a nomination and urging the protection policy as the basis of the Republican platform. President Harrison made him secretary of state and he re- turned to the United States. His foreign policy was much the same as that of his previous sec- retaryship. A conference of twenty-six nations was held at Washington to establish a uniform system of marine signals and to determine on various matters of maritime interest; represen tatives of all the independent governments on the two American continents also met at Washing- ton, and took a forty days’ trip through the more important manufacturing states to view the in- dustries of the United States ; reciprocal treaties, at Mr. Blaine's instigation, were made with Germany, France, Austro-Hungary, Saint Do- mingo, Costa Rica, Spain on behalf of Cuba, Brazil, British Guiana, and the British West In- dies. His measures in regard to the seal fisheries disputes were attended with a measure of success and he prepared the demand of the United States, which was laid before the arbitration commis- sion, which met by consent of the nations to effect a settlement of the questions at issue. On the fourth of June, 1892, Mr. Blaine resigned his portfolio, assigning as his reason a desire for rest. At the national Republican convention, which met three days after this resignation, his name was freely used as a candidate. Heavy domestic sorrows pressed upon him and doubtless ac- celerated the termination of a fatal malady from which he had long suffered. President Harrison called upon* Congress to honor his obsequies ; but the people whom he had so long served needed no such call. Several biographies of him have been written: notably, “Life of James G. Blaine,” by H. J. Ramsdell; “Biography of James G. Blaine,” by Wolcott Balestier; and a “Life of James G. Blaine,” by Gail Hamilton. He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 27, 1893. BLAIR, Austin, governor of Michigan, was born at Caroline, Tompkins county, N. Y., Feb. 8, 1818; son of George Blair, who was among the first settlers of Tompkins county. He was pre- pared for college at Cazenovia academy and matriculated at Hamilton, but in his junior year transferred himself to U nion college, where he was graduated in 1839, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. He then went to Eaton Rapids, Mich., and was elected county clerk. In 1844 he re moved to Jackson, and two years later was elected to the state legislature. He was a member of the judiciary committee, helped to revise the stat- utes, was active in securing the abolition of capital punishment, and opposed the color dis- tinction in the exercise of the elective franchise, which lost him his seat in the succeeding legis- lature. The same year he joined the “ free soil ” movement, and was a member of the Buffalo con vention in 1848, which nominated Martin Van Buren for the presidency. In 1854 he was active in the formation of the Republican party at Jack- son, being upon the platform committee. This was two years before it became a national organ- ization at the Philadelphia convention of June, 1856. In 1852 he was elected prosecuting attor- ney of Jackson county, and in 1854 a member of the state senate. He was a member of the BLAIR. BLAIR. convention in 1860 that nominated Abraham Lin- coln for the presidency, and in the same year was elected governor of Michigan. He was re-elected in 1862, and served nearly the entire period of the civil war He was the first to receive the popular sobriquet of “ War Governor.” Michi- gan, from a population of 750,000, sent 90,000 men to the front, and Governor Blair's herculean efforts in his difficult and continuous task of equipping, forwarding and sustaining the troops broke down his health In 1866 he was elected to represent his district in the 40th Congress. He was re elected to the 41st and 42d congresses, serving in the 42d as chairman of the committee on claims On this committee he opposed the Republican administration, and in 1872 supported Horace Greeley for the presidency. In 1883 he was elected a regent of the state university, and held the position until 1890. He died Aug. 6, 1894. BLAIR, Francis Preston, statesman, was born at Abingdon, Va., April 12, 1791; son of James Blair, attorney -general of Kentucky. He was graduated at the Transylvania university in 1811, and soon afterwards was appointed clerk of the supreme court of Kentucky. In 1828 he was elected by the legislature president of the bank of Kentucky. This office he resigned in 1830, when invited by President Jackson to establish the Globe newspaper at Washington, as the organ of his administration. As editor of the Globe, and as a member of the famous “ Kitchen Cabinet,” Mr. Blair exerted a wide influence during the eight years of the Jackson administra- tion. He became first known as a political writer during a controversy that arose in Kentucky over the attempt of its legislature to destroy the business of the United States bank by taxing its bratfch.es. The contest lasted ten years. It involved the right of a state to change the laws enforcing contracts, to abolish imprisonment for debt, to extend the replevin laws, and other im- portant questions. Mr. Blair advocated the power of a state to change existing laws without reference to pre-existing contracts, and to keep the judicial system under control by repeal and modification. He was beaten at the time, but when these questions became national, as they did in the controversy over the United States bank, his views were sustained by a large ma- jority of the American people. Mr. Blair con- tinued to conduct the Globe during the Jackson and Van Buren administrations, but on the ac- cession of Mr. Polk he surrendered his editorial position, declined a foreign mission, and retired to his farm at Silver Spring, Md. After that he took no further part in politics than to strenu- ously oppose the extension of slavery in the new territories, and to do all that a private citizen could do to prevent an armed collision between [ 316 ] the north and south. During the civil war he was a zealous upholder of the Union, and believed that a satisfactory and honorable adjustment of the controversy might be accomplished by bring- ing together the leaders or officials on both sides. He obtained a pass to Richmond and unofficially visited President Davis and other leaders of the rebellion and finally brought about, at much personal inconvenience, what is known as the Hampton Roads conference, which resulted in a failure to secure even the basis of an under- standing. Mr. Blair opposed the reconstruction policy of President Johnson, and he thereafter supported the principles of the Democratic party, although not always approving the measures adopted. He died at Silver Spring, Oct. 18, 1876. BLAIR, Francis Preston, soldier, was born in Lexington, Ky., Feb. 19, 1821; son of Francis Preston Blair, statesman. He was graduated at Princeton in 1841, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. After practising two years at St. Louis, Mo., his health failed and he joined a party of trappers and spent the following two years in the Rocky Mountains. He enlisted as a private and served through the Mexican war, after which he returned to St. Louis and resumed the prac- tice of his profession. He took an active part in politics, as a Free Soil Democrat, and from 1852 to 1856 served his district in the Missouri legisla- ture. He acted for a time as editor of the Missouri Democrat. He attached himself to the Republican party upon its organization in 1856, was sent as a representative from Missouri to the 35tli Congress, and while there favored the plan for colonizing Central America with negroes from the United States. In 1858 he was a candi- date for re-election and contested his seat in the 36tli Congress, won it, and then resigned. In the election following he was defeated, but was elected to the 37th and 38th congresses. Mr. Blair, addressing a gathering of prominent Union men at St. Louis in November, 1860, urged the necessity of protecting the local arsenal, which contained sixty-five thousand stacks of government arms, from seizure by the state authorities. An independent military force was organized and he assumed command, and guarded the arsenal until May 10, 1861, when, without awaiting orders from Washington, he captured the state militia under General Frost. He then joined the Union army as colonel of volunteers and was promoted brigadier-general in August 1861, and major-general, November. 1862. In 1863 he resigned his seat in Congress and com- manded a division in the Vicksburg campaign : also at the battles of Lookout Mountain and Mis- sionary Ridge, and led the 17th army corps in Sherman's campaigns of 1864— ’65. He opposed the reconstruction measures of Congress, and when BLAIR. BLAIR. President Johnson nominated him as revenue collector at St. Louis and afterwards as U. S. minister to Austria, he was rejected in each in- stance by the senate. He returned to the Demo- cratic party and was its vice-presidential candi- date in 1868. In 1871 he was again elected to the Missouri legislature, but the legislature, a few weeks later, elected him U. S. senator to fill the unexpired term of Senator Jewett, deceased, and he resigned his seat in the state legislature. In 1873 he was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election and afterward became state superin- tendent of insurance for Missouri. In 1848 he published the “ Life and Public Services of Gen- eral William 0. Butler.” He died July 8, 1875. BLAIR, Henry William, senator, was born in Campton, N. H., Dec. 6, 1834. In the intervals of farm labor he attended the village school and the Plymouth academy, and at the age of seven- teen began to teach. He was admitted to the bar in 1859, and a year later became prosecuting attorney for Grafton county. He volunteered in the army in 1861, was chosen captain of the 15th X. H. volunteers and had achieved the rank of lieutenant -colonel when, in 1863, he was ob- liged to resign on account of a severe wound received at the siege of Port Hudson. In 1866 he was elected to the N. H. house of representa- tives and to the N. H. senate in 1867 and again in 1868. He was a representative in the 44th and 45tli U. S. congresses, and after declining a re- election in 1878, was chosen United States senator in 1879 and again in 1885. He was appointed by President Harrison minister to China in 1891, but as he was about to start for that country the Chinese government notified the officials at Washington that it was unwilling to accept Mr. Blair as minister, owing to language used by him against the Chinese in various speeches. During his senatorial career he was especially interested in the educational, temperance, labor and finan- cial measures which came up for discussion. He was the author of the “ Blair Common School Bill,” calling for an immense appropriation to be distributed among the states in proportion to their illiteracy, and he twice succeeded in passing the bill through the senate, but never succeeded in obtaining the concurrence of the house of repre- sentatives in the measures proposed. The amount of the appropriation in the original bill was §105,000,000; the senate passed the bill in the 48th Congress, reducing the amount to §77,000,000, and again in the 49th Congress, making the amount §79,000,000. The first bill presented by him to the U. S. senate prohibited the manufacture and sale of distilled liquors in the United States after 1890, This radical measure gave him a wide reputation among temperance advocates, but failed in receiv- ing any considerable support. BLAIR, James, educator, was born in Edin burgh (it is believed) in 1656. He took holy orders in the established church of Scotland, hold- ing a benefice until dissatisfaction caused him to migrate to England. In 1685 he was induced by the Bishop of London to undertake missionary work in Virginia, where he gained the confi- dence of the provincial government as well as of the planters, and in 1689 the highest ecclesiastical office in the province, that of commissary, or rep- resentative of the Bishop of London, was bestowed upon him. This office carried with it not only the privilege of a seat in the colonial council, but also the duty of presiding over the trials of clergy- men who were ‘‘charged with crimes or misde- meanors.” Being, as he said, ‘‘deeply affected by the low state of learning and religion in Vir- ginia,” he set on foot a subscription for the pur- pose of establishing a college at Williamsburg. The project, which was a revival of an earlier effort on the part of the Virginians to secure a seminary or college, received enthusiastic support, and in an address, prepared by Commissary Blair, the assembly proposed the plan to William and Mary. The sovereigns, upon its presentation, expressed their hearty approbation, granted a charter for the college, and appointed Blair its first president in 1692, giving towards its endow- ment nearly £2,000 out of quit-rents of the colony then in the hands of the secretary. They donated 20,000 acres of land to be tilled for the support of the college, and also levied a tax of a penny a pound upon all tobacco exported from Virginia and Maryland ; and further gave to the founda- tion the office of surveyor-general, with all fees and emoluments pertaining thereto. Emulating the royal example, the general assembly, in the fourth year of Anne, laid duties on all ‘‘raw hides, tanned hides, and upon all deer skins and furs exported,” said tax to accrue to support of William and Mary college. Owing to many vex- atious delays the building was not ready for occupancy until 1700. In 1705 the building was destroyed by fire. The friends of the institution were disheartened, and Dr. Blair’s efforts to secure funds for another building were not suc- cessful until 1723. In 1710 Dr. Blair became rec- tor of Williamsburg, discharging the duties of that office, together with those connected with his college presidency . He bequeathed his library to the college, as well as £500 for the estab- lishment of a scholarship. His “ Our Saviour’s Divine Sermon on the Mount: Explained and recommended in Divers Sermons and Discourses” (4 vols. 8vo.) was published in 1722, re-issued in 1727, and again in 1740. In 1727 he assisted in the compilation of ‘‘The State of his Majesty’s Colony in Virginia.” He died at Williamsburg, Va., Aug. 1, 1743. BLAIR. BLAISDELL. BLAIR, John, statesman, was born in Wil- liamsburg, Va., in 1089, son of Dr. Archibald Blair, and a nephew of the Rev. James Blair, first president of William and Mary college. He occupied many important positions in the govern- ment, was a burgess from James City county in 1736, was later a member of the council, and from January, 1758, to June 7, 1768, was president of that body ; he acted as governor of the colony. He died at Williamsburg, Va., Nov. 5, 1771. BLAIR, John, jurist, was born at Williams- burg. Va., in 1732, son of John Blair, statesman. After graduating from William and Mary college lie studied law at the Temple in London, Eng., and upon his return to America commenced prac- tice at Williamsburg. He became a member of the house of burgesses in 1765. On the dissolu- tion of the assembly in 1769, he was one of the patriots who, with Washington, met at the Raleigh tavern and signed the non-importation agreement. He was a member of the committee which, in June, 1776, drew up a code of laws for the government of the state, and upon the estab- lishment of the judiciary became in turn judge of the court of appeals, chief justice, and finally in 1780 judge of the high court of chancery. He was a member of the convention which framed the Federal constitution, voting for its adoption, and subsequently for its ratification by the state convention. In 1789, by appointment of Wash- ington, he became a justice of the United States supreme court and held his seat until 1796, when he resigned. He died at Williamsburg, Va., Aug. 31, 1800. BLAIR, John Insley, capitalist, was born in Warren county, N. J., Aug. 22, 1802. His oppor- tunity for school education was extremely limited, but he early displayed the trading propensity, and at the age of eleven he became a clerk in a country store, so continuing until he was nine- teen, when he engaged in business on his own account, at the place afterwards named for him, Blairstown, N. J. His business as country store- keeper soon spread into a number of branches, and he added milling, cotton manufacturing, iron mining and railroad building, in which he extensively engaged, accumulating a vast fortune. He built the greater portion of the Lackawanna, Delaware and Western railroad, investing his own money and keeping every dollar of his securities. When Scranton, Pa., was a wilder- ness he bought land in and around the place, and saw it grow to a city of nearly one hundred thousand people. Mr. Blair built on his own ac- count half the- railroads in Iowa. He rebuilt Grinnell college, Iowa, and the entire town of Blairstown, N. J. He was an unsuccessful candi- date for governor of New Jersey, and was present at every Republican national convention up to 1896. His practice in building up the West was to lay the route of a new road, mark the town sites along the line and buy up the most available land before the public knew of the project. When the town was located Mr. Blair was found to own all the lots for sale. He contributed over one million dollars to educational institutions, connected for the most part with the Presbyterian church, and built more than one hundred churches in the towns lie laid out at the west. His wealth was estimated at fifty million dollars in 1896. BLAIR, Montgomery, statesman, was born in Franklin county, Ky.. May 10, 1813, the eldest son of Francis Preston Blair, statesman. He was graduated from West Point in 1835, and after a few months’ service in the Seminole war he re. signed his commission in 1836, and began the practice of law in St. Louis, Mo. In 1839 he was appointed United States district attorney for Mis- souri, and from 1843 to 1849 was a judge of the court of common pleas. In 1852 he removed to Maryland, and in 1855 was appointed solicitor of the United States in the court of claims, but, having joined the Republican party after the repeal of the Missouri compromise, he was re- moved from office in 1858 by President Buchanan. He presided over the Maryland Republican con- vention in 1860, and in 1861 President Lincoln appointed him postmaster-general. While hold- ing this office he instituted several salutary changes and reforms, and at one time attracted attention by an order excluding from the mails certain newspapers which had been presented by the grand jury of New York as disloyal sheets. The matter was brought before Congress, and the action of the postmaster-general was approved. In 1864, his views becoming too conservative to suit the demands of the Republican party, his resignation from the cabinet was requested and accepted, and thenceforth he identified himself with the Democratic party, and in 1876-77 vigor- ously protested against the validity of Mr. Hayes’s title to the presidency, as secured by the decision of the electoral commission. He died at Silver Spring, Md., July 27, 1883. BLAISDELL, James J., educator, was born at Canaan, Grafton county, N. H., Feb. 8, 1827, son of Elijah Blaisdell. a distinguished member of the New Hampshire bar. He entered Dart- mouth college in 1842. and was graduated in 1846. The next year he spent in teaching in Montreal. Canada, after which for nearly three years he studied law with his father in Lebanon. After practising that profession for a short time, lie decided to enter the ministry, and was grad- uated from Andover theological seminary in 1852. He became pastor of the Third Presbyterian church, Cincinnati. Ohio, and remained in that pastorate seven years. In 1859 he was called to BLAKE. BLAKE. Beloit college, as professor of rhetoric and Eng- lish literature, from which position he was trans- ferred in 1865 to the chair of mental and moral philosophy. Professor Blaisdell was identified from early life with the work of public instruction in the common schools. He was superintendent of schools in Lebanon, N. H., from 1847 to 1849, and in Beloit, Wis., from 1864 to 1869. He was a dili- gent and thoughtful student of social ques- tions, and made fre- quent addresses on methods of penal ad- mi n i s t r a t i o n and kindred subjects. In the civil war he was chaplain of the 40th regiment of Wisconsin volunteers, a regiment largely made up from volunteer teachers and students from Wisconsin colleges. He took an active part in temperance reform, and was an earnest advocate of prohibition. He received the degree of D.D. from Dartmouth college in 1873, and from Knox college in the same year. He was president of the Wisconsin home missionary society, president of the Wisconsin children’s home society, and chairman of the committee on reformatories and penitentiaries. He died at Ken- osha, Wis., Oct. 9, 1896. BLAKE, Clarence John, physician, was born in Boston. Mass., Feb. 23, 1843. He was educated in the public schools of that city, and studied medicine at the Harvard medical school, where he was graduated in 1865. He spent the follow- ing four years in study abroad, and in 1867 received the Vienna degree of obstetrical magis- trum. Upon his return to America he resumed his residence in Boston, and in 1869 entered upon the active practice of medicine. He became con- nected with nearly all the medical societies of Massachusetts, and in 1876 was elected president of the American otological society. He was ap- pointed professor of otology in Harvard medical school, aural surgeon of the Massachusetts char- itable eye and ear infirmary; president of the Medical improvement society, and of the Boston society for the advancement of physical educa- tion. In 1876 Dr. Blake was elected Fellow of the American association for the advancement of science. In 1874, Professor Bell consulted him in regard to the use of an imitation of the human ear as a phonautograph for use in the “ electrical transmission of articulate speech,” and Dr. Blake suggested the use of the human membrana tym- pani instead of an artificial ear, his suggestion being followed by Professor Bell in a series of experiments which led to the invention of the telephone. He wrote many valuable papers for the medical journals upon his specialty of the treatment of the ear. During the years 1879 to 1882 he conducted the editorial depart- ment of the American Journal of Otology. In 1881 he was elected a Fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences. BLAKE, Eli Whitney, educator, was born in New Haven. Conn.. April 20, 1836. He was grad- uated at Yale in 1857, after which he attended for a year the Sheffield scientific school, and passed several years in Europe, studying chemistry and physics in the universities of Heidelburg, Mar- burg, and Berlin. Returning to America he was made professor of chemistry and physics in the University of Vermont and State agricultural college in 1866-67. From 1868 to 1870 he was pro- fessor of physics and mechanic arts at Cornell university, and during a portion of the same time was acting professor of physics at Columbia col- lege. From 1870 to 1895 he filled the chair of physics at Brown university. He was a Fellow of the American association for the advancement of science, and a member of other scientific bodies. He died Oct. 2, 1895. BLAKE, Francis, inventor, was born at Need ham, Mass., Dec. 25, 1850. He received a pub lie school education, and at the age of sixteen became connected with the government coast survey. Here he acquired scientific knowledge and experience that was of great future service. He made a hydrographic survey of the Susque- hanna river in Maryland, and a like survey of por- tions of the coasts of Florida and Cuba. In 1868 he assisted in the determination of the transcon- tinental longitude between San Francisco and the observatory of Harvard. college. They employed a metallic circuit of seven thousand miles with thirteen repeaters, and the experiment resulted in a signal being sent from Harvard observatory to San Francisco and back again in eight-tenths of a second. Many other interesting and impor- tant experiments were made, both in Europe and in all parts of A merica. In accepting his resignation from the coast survey, April 9, 1878, Supt. C. P. Patterson said : “ So loath am I to sever entirely your official connection with the survey, that I must request you to allow me to retain your name upon the list of the survey as an ‘ extra observer,’ under which title Prof. B. Peirce, Professor Lov- ering, Dr. Gould, Professor Winlock and others, have had their names classed for many years.” A few weeks after, Mr. Blake began experiment 8 on a transmitter for the telephone, and in Novem- ber, 1878, the Blake transmitter was first used by [ 319 ] v4 I , . BLAKE. BLAKE. the American Bell telephone company. It was reported in 1896 that more than 215,000 Blake transmitters were in use in America, and at least as large a number in the old world. Previous to 1897, Mr. Blake had been granted twenty patents in the line of electrical improvements, and had been made a member of the National conference of electricians, of the American institute of elec- trical engineers, of the corporation of the Massa- chusetts institute of technology, of the Boston society of civil engineers, a Fellow of the Ameri- can association for the advancement of science, and of the American academy of arts and sciences. BLAKE, George Smith, naval officer, was born in Worcester, Mass., in 1803. He entered the United States navy at the age of fifteen as midshipman on board the ship of the line Inde- pendence. He was next assigned to the schooner Alligator and aided in the capture of a ship from Portugal, returning to the United States as her commander. On March 3, 1827, he was commis sioned lieutenant and served in the West Indian squadron, in the Philadelphia navy yard, and on the coast survey. In 1846 he received a com- mendatory letter from the secretary of the navy for his wise action during a severe storm off Flor- ida, and the following year became commander. His next promotion was Sept. 4, 1855, when he was made captain. In 1858 he was appointed superintendent of the naval academy at An- napolis, and when the academy was temporarily removed to Newport, in 1861, Secretary Welles requested that Captain Blake remain in charge. When the national stores at Annapolis were in danger of being confiscated by the Confederates, the prompt and wise action of Captain Blake pre- vented the capture and he remained in command of the naval academy until 1866. He was pro- moted commodore July 16. 1862, and served as light-house inspector from 1866 to 1869. He died in Longwood, Mass., June 24, 1871. BLAKE, Homer Crane, naval officer, was born in Dutchess county, N. Y., Feb. 1, 1822. Shortly after his birth his parents removed to Ohio where he grew up on His father’s farm. In his eighteenth year lie was appointed midshipman, and served on the frigate Constellation, of the East Indian squadron, making a three years’ cruise around the world. The next year was spent on the African coast in active service against the slave traders, and in 1845 he entered the naval academy and was graduated in 1846, and again attached to the East Indian squadron with the rank of passed midshipman. In 1855 he was commissioned lieutenant and ordered to the Paraguay expedition, after which he served in the Pacific squadrons until the breaking out of the civil war. In 1861-62 he was attached to the home [32 squadron, and in 1863, with a commission as lieu- tenant-commander, was placed in command of the Ha tier as. In an action between the Hat- ter us and the confederate cruiser Alabama, the former was crippled and sunk, and Blake and his crew were taken prisoners and carried to Jamaica. He was paroled and then exchanged, and after his return to the United States was placed in command of the gun-boat Utah of the North Atlantic squadron. He rendered bril- liant services in several important engagements, and was commissioned commander in 1866 and captain in 1871. He acted as commander of the naval rendezvous in New York harbor from 1873 to 1878 and was promoted to the rank of commo- dore in 1879. He died Jan. 21, 1880. BLAKE, John Lauris, clergyman, was born at North wood, N. H.. Dec. 21, 1788. He learned the trade of cabinet making, pursuing his studies meantime until he prepared himself for college. In 1812 he was graduated from Brown university, and in 1813 was licensed as a Congregational min- ister. In 1815 he was admitted to holy orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, and in the same year organized a parish, St. Paul’s, at Pawtucket, where he remained five years. Returning to New Hampshire in 1820 he became pastor of the churches at Concord and Hopkinton, and he es- tablished, in the former city, a young ladies’ sem- inary which he moved to Boston in 1822. This school was discontinued in 1830. Dr. Blake was rector of St. Matthew’s church, Boston, from 1824 to 1832, when he resigned to give his attention to literary work. He edited the Literary Adver- tiser and the Gospel Advocate for a number of years and took an active interest in the Bos- ton public schools, serving on the school com-' mittee. His published books include: “A Text Book of Geography and Chronology” (1814); “ Anecdotes of American Indians” (1835) ; “ Bio- graphical Dictionary” (1835, 13th ed., 1856); the work was thoroughly revised and republished under the title, “Universal Biographical Diction- ary ” ; “The Family Encyclopa?dia of Useful Knowledge and General Literature ” (1834) ; “Farm and Fireside” (1852); “Farmer’s Every Day Book” (1852); “Evidences of Christianity ” (1852) ; “ Modern Farmer ” (1853) ; and “ A Cyclo- paedia of Modern Agriculture” (1856). He also wrote a number of small books for children’s libraries, including, “Book of Nature Laid Open ” ; “ Wonders of the Earth,” and “ Wonders of Art " (1852.) He died in Orange. N. J.. July 6. 1857. BLAKE, Lillie Devereux, reformer, was born in Raleigh, N. C., Aug. 12, 1835. Her father and mother were both descendants of Jonathan Ed- wards. Upon the death of her father in 1837 her mother removed to New Haven. Conn., where the daughter received every advantage of early oi BLAKE. BLAKE. education, and under the instruction of tutors took the regular Yale college course at home. In 1855 she was married to Frank G. Q. Umstead, a young Philadelphia lawyer, who died in 1859, leaving her with two young children. Prior to this time she wrote a story, “A Lonely House,” which ap- peared in the Atlantic Monthly, and she published “ South wold,” a novel, which met with success. She now became dependent on her pen for sup- port, having lost the fortune which she had in- herited. Her second novel, “Rockford” (1862), was followed by a number of romances. In 1866 she was married to Grenfill Blake, a New York merchant. Her interest in woman’s enfranchise- ment was thoroughly enlisted in 1869, and after that time she devoted a large share of her time, energy, and talents to the cause, — arranging con- ventions, holding public meetings, addressing legislative bodies and congressional committees, making lecture tours, and writing articles. In 1873 she addressed a formal appeal to the trustees of Columbia college for the admission of women to the college courses on a footing with men, and she presented at the doors of the institution a class of girl students, qualified to pass the regular entrance examination. Though the class was not admitted. Barnard college, opened some yea^s later, was the direct result of the agitation thus begun. Mrs. Blake was a member of the dele- gation, which, on July 4, 1876, made public proclamation at Philadelphia, of the “Woman’s Declaration of Rights.” She held the office of president of the New York state woman’s-suffrage association from 1879 to 1884. Among the many successful beneficent measures championed by her were: securing matrons to take charge of women detained in police stations ; the employ- ment of women as census takers ; providing seats for saleswomen, and compelling the employment of woman physicians in every insane asylum ad- mitting women patients. She founded the “ Society for political study,” and originated the “Pilgrim mothers’ dinner.” In 1886 Mrs. Blake was elected president of the New York city woman suffrage league. She published: “The Hypocrite : Sketches of American Society” (1874) ; “Fettered for Life” (1874); “Woman’s Place To-day, ’’and “A Daring Experiment” (1892). In 1896 she was again widowed. BLAKE, Lucien Ira, educator, was born at Mansfield, Mass., .Sept. 12, 1856. He was gradu- ated at Amherst college in 1877, received the de- gree of Ph.D. at the University of Berlin in 1883, and during his second year at the university, the first award of the John Tyndall fellowship. Soon after his return to America, he was appointed assistant in mathematics in the Adelphi academy, Brooklyn. N. Y.. and was afterwards made full professor of physics and electrical engineering at the Rose Polytechnic, Terre Haute, Ind. In 1887 he resigned to accept the professorship of physics and electrical engineering at the State university of Kansas. In 1892-'93 he delivered courses of lec- tures upon electricity and its modern applications before university extension classes in Kansas city, Mo. ; Topeka, Kan. ; and Wichita, Kan. In 1894 he was appointed constructing electrical engineer of the U. S. light-house board, and invented a system of telephonic communication without wires for light ships, which was applied under his personal direction to the Scotland light ship off Sandy Hook, N. Y., and operated by the light- house department. His publications include: “Uber die electrische Neutralitat des von ruhigen electrisi rten Flussigkeitsflseclien aufsteigenden Dampfes,” “ Wiedermann’s Annalen der Physik und Chemie ” (Band 19) 1883, and, in American scientific journals, articles on the “Production of Electricity by Evaporation,” “The Evaporative Power of Kansas Coals,” the “Method of Tele- graphic Communication Between Ships,” “The Theory of the Artificial Production of Rain” in 1891, and “ The Effect of the Electrical Current Upon Friction Between Metallic Surfaces.” BLAKE, Mortimer, clergyman, was born in Pittston, Me., June 10, 1813; son of Ira Blake, a native of Wrentham, and descendant of John Blake of Sandwich, who removed to Wrentham with the returning settlers after its destruction in King Philip’s war. He was graduated at Amherst college in 1835. For three years he was principal of Hopkins academy, Hadley, Mass., and for sixteen years was pastor of the First Con- gregational church, Mansfield, Mass., in 1868 receiving the degree of D.D. from Amherst col- lege. For twenty nine years he was pastor of the Winslow Congregational church, Taunton, Mass. He was a member of the Massachusetts historical society, and president of the Old Colony historical society. He was a member of the school board, a trustee of Bristol academy, Taun- ton, and president of the board of trustees of Wheaton female seminary, Norton, Mass. He was an officer of the Home missionary society, and secretary of the Congregational publishing society, Boston, Mass. He pub- lished “ Gethsemane and Calvary ” ( 1844 ) ; “ Address at the Erection of the Emmons Monu- ment at Franklin. Mass. ” (1846); “Import of the Covenant ’ (1846); “The Maine Preventive” (1852) ; “ History of the Mendon Association ” (1853); “History of Franklin” (1880), besides several pamphlets, sermons and magazine arti- cles. In 1837 he was married to Harriet Louisa Daniels; two sons were born to them, — Percy Mortimer, a sanitary engineer of Boston, and Lucien Ira, professor of physics of Kansas state university. He died Dec. 22, 1884. BLAKELEY. BLANC. BLAKE, William Phipps, mineralogist, was born in New York city, June 1, 1826; son of Eliliu and Adeline Nancy (Mix) Blake. He was gradu- ated from Yale in 1852 with the degree of Ph.B., and the following year was appointed mineralo- gist and geologist of the United States Pacific rail- road survey. In 1861 he was mining engineer in an expedition to Japan, afterwards going to China and Alaska in the same capacity. He was co-founder of the first school of science in Japan, established in 1862. In 1863 lie received the degree of M.A. from Dartmouth college, and in 1864 was given the chair of mineralogy and geology in the College of California. He was an executive officer of the centennial commission of 1876 ; a member of the international jury in 1878, and prepared a " Bibliography of the Paris Uni- versal Exposition of 1867 ” (1870). In 1878 he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. His published works include: “Geographical Notes upon Russian- America and the Stickeen River ” (1868); “Civil Engineering and Public Works” (1870); “ Notices of Mining Machinery and Vari- ous Mechanical Appliances in Use Chiefly in the Pacific States and Territories ” (1871) ; “ Ceramic Art : a report on Pottery, etc., with table of Marks and Monograms ” (1875), and various re- ports and prefaces. He edited the Mining Maga- zine from 1859 till 1860; “ A Brief Account of the Life and Patriotic Services of Jonathan Mix of New Haven” (1886), and “Centenary of Ham- den, Conn.” (1888). BLAKELEY, Johnston, naval officer, was born near Seaford, Ireland, in October, 1781 ; son of John Blakeley. He immigrated to America with his father when he was very young, making his home at Wilmington, N. C. In 1790 he at- tended school in New York city and in 1796 be- came a student in the University of North Carolina, but did not graduate. In February, 1800, he obtained the appointment of midshipman in the U. S. navy; on Feb. 10, 1807, was made lieutenant, and in 1813 he was given command of the brig Enterprise, employed in defending the U. S. coasting trade. On July 24, 1813, he be- came master commander, and in August assumed command of the sloop-of-war Wasp. On May 1, 1814, he left Portsmouth, N. H., on a cruise, and on June 28 effected the capture of the British brig Reindeer, after her captain and twenty -five of her men were killed and forty-four of her crew wounded. The engagement lasted but a few min- utes and the IFo.sp'.s losses were small, Fearing the recapture of the Reindeer by the enemy, Blakeley decided to burn his prize at sea, and Congress awarded him a gold medal in recog- nition of his gallant action. On Sept. 1, 1814, he destroyed the brig Avon, and a few days later two other vessels were captured and scuttled. On [* Sept. 21, 1814, he captured the brig Atalanta. For these services Blakeley was promoted captain on November 24 of the same year. The last news of his vessel, the Wasp, was that she was seen and spoken at sea on Oct. 9, 1814. She probably foundered in a gale. The legislature of North Carolina made provision for his widow and au- thorized her to draw upon the state treasurer for such sums of money as might be required for the education of his daughter. BLANC, Anthony, R. C. archbishop, was born at Sury, France, Oct. 11, 1792. He was ordained a priest in 1816 and shortly after accompanied Bishop Dubourg to America. He was appointed to the mission at Vincennes, where he labored for fifteen years with great zeal and activity. He erected two log churches, the first in that coun- try. In 1820 he was relieved from missionary work and stationed at New Orleans, and after- wards at Natchez, Point Coupe, and Baton Rouge. In 1831 he was made associate vicar-general of the diocese of New Orleans. On the death of Bishop De Neckere, in 1833, he was appointed ad- ministrator of the diocese, and in 1835 was con- secrated bishop of New Orleans. The diocese at this time embraced the states of Louisiana and Mississippi, and in 1838 Texas was added. Bishop Blanc promoted the erection of that part of his diocese, embracing the state of Mississippi, into the diocese of Natchez, July 28, 1837, and Texas was by him erected into a vicariate apostolic and in 1847 into the diocese of Galveston. Bishop Blanc's charge was administered with energy and success, and troubles arising from the sys- tem of lay trusteeship were finally overcome by his moderation and firmness. He opened a theo- logical academy for the training of native clergy, and introduced Lazarists and Jesuits into the diocese ; also the Christian Brothers and several other educational orders. The churches during his jurisdiction increased from twenty-six to seventy -three ; lie erected three colleges, nine free schools, thirteen orphan asylums, eight acad- emies for young ladies and founded three con- vents. In 1850 the archdiocese of New Orleans was created, and Bishop Blanc was advanced to the dignity of archbishop July 19, 1850. His wisdom, force of character and learning made him a useful member of the Catholic hierarchy in the United States. In his prelatical capacity he took part in the 3d, 4th. 5th. 6tli and 7th councils of Baltimore ; attending the first plenary council in 1852 ; and called and presided over as metro- politan the first provincial council of New Orleans in 1856. In 1855 he was present at the council at Rome. His whole life was actively employed in promoting the welfare and progress of the church and of those committed to his charge. He died at New Orleans, La.. June 20, 1860. M] BLANCHARD. BLANCHARD. BLANCHARD, Albert Gallatin, soldier, was born in Charlestown, Mass., in 1810. He was graduated from West Point in 1829. After serv- ing on frontier duty and in recruiting service he resigned with the rank of 1st lieutenant in 1840, and entered into business at New Orleans. In the Mexican war he again entered the army as captain of a regiment of Louisiana volunteers, which he commanded at the battle of Monterey and the siege of Vera Cruz. He was admitted to the regular army with the rank of major, May 27, 1847, and served as superintendent of recruiting service at New Orleans, in addition to his duties as commander of his regiment, until the disband- ing of the troops in 1848. After the war he taught school for a time in New Orleans, and later became connected with the surveying de- partments of several cities and railroads. In 1861 he entered the Confederate army with the rank of brigadier-general. Returning to New Orleans after the war he engaged as a civil engineer and survevor. He died at New Orleans, La., June 21, 1891. BLANCHARD, Charles A., educator, was born at Galesburg, Knox county, 111., Nov. 8, 1848. He was educated at Wheaton (111. ) college, of which his father was at that time president, graduating in 1870. For the two subsequent years he was general agent and secretary of the national Christian association, opposed to secret societies, and in this service lectured in nineteen different states and in Canada. He studied at the Chicago theological seminary, and was ordained pastor of the College church, Wheaton, in 1878, occupying the pulpit of this church for five years. He also preached statedly in the First Presby- terian church, Paxton, 111., the Bridge street Con- gregational church, Streator, 111., and for more than a year preached at the Chicago avenue church, Chicago, 111. In 1872 he was made prin- cipal of the preparatory department of Wheaton college, and occupied the position until 1874, when he was appointed professor of English lan- guage and literature. In 1878 he was elected vice-president, and in 1882 president of the col- lege. He received the degree of D.D. from Monmouth college, June, 1896. BLANCHARD, Newton Crain, senator, was born in Rapides Parish, La., Jan. 29, 1849. He received an academic education, and was gradu- ated from the law department of the University of Louisiana in 1870. He began practice at Shreveport, La., in 1871. In 1879 he was elected a delegate to the state constitutional convention. Subsequently he was appointed a state trustee of the University of the South at Sewanee, Tenn., and in 1880 was elected a representative from Louisiana to the 47th Congress, and to each suc- ceeding Congress up to and including the 53d, [32< from which he resigned to become United States senator, under appointment from Governor Foster to succeed Edward Douglass White, appointed associate justice of the U. S. supreme court, tak- ing his seat March 12, 1894. On the meeting of the state legislature in May, 1894, he was duly elected for the remainder of the term. He was instrumental in procuring from Congress an ap- propriation for building the long line of levees on the lower Mississippi river; also for securing in the river and harbor act of 1892 the authoriza- tion of the expenditure of ten million dollars in four years' time on the lower river. BLANCHARD, Thomas, inventor, was born at Sutton, Mass., June 24, 1788; fifth son of Sam- uel Blanchard, a farmer. When thirteen years of age he invented a machine for paring apples. He was soon after this employed by his brother in the making of tacks, and invented a machine to save himself the trouble of counting the tacks. In his intervals of leisure he learned the use of blacksmith’s tools, and also acquired skill in turning and carving wood, which proved useful in preparing the models of his inventions. At the end of six years of experiments he produced, in 1812, a machine which turned out five hun- dred tacks a minute, more perfectly than they could be made by hand. He sold the patent rights of this machine for five thousand dollars, which enabled him to fit out a shop. He next invented a machine for turning and finishing gun barrels at one operation, the finishing hav- ing hitherto been accomplished by hand with much labor. He overcame the difficulty of turning the breech, which had two flat and two oval sides, by means of a wheel placed in the arbor of the lathe and operated by a lever. The government immediately ordered one of these machines for the United States armory, at Springfield, giving him a royalty of nine cents on every gun barrel turned by his lathe. He was employed at the armory for five years and made many improvements in the stocking of arms, inventing for this purpose as many as thirteen different machines. His next inven- tion was an eccentric lathe for turning irregular forms, one of the most valuable mechanical devices that has been given to the world, one of its applications being the pantagraph, an in- strument for reproducing statuary. He set up a pantagraph in Washington, and obtaining plaster casts of the heads of Webster, Clay, Cal- houn and others, reproduced them in marble, and exhibited the busts in the rotunda of the capitol. When it was found that these busts, which were as much like the original as any skilled hand could have shaped them, had been made by machine, the members of Congress were aston- ished, and when he asked for a renewal of his * BLANCHET. BLAND. patent, which had expired, and explained that he had derived no profit beyond that expended in litigation in defending it, a resolution was intro- duced into the senate by Webster, and the patent was renewed for a number of years. Rufus Choate, who had been retained as opposing counsel, wittily remarked, ‘ 1 Blanchard had turned the heads of Congress and gained his point.” In 1825 Mr. Blanchard built a steam car- riage to travel on common roads, which was easily controlled, could turn corners and climb hills. In 1826 he invented a steamboat which would ascend the rapids on the Connecticut, between Spring- field and Hartford, an improvement which ren- dered possible the navigation of many of the western rivers. In 1830 he built a steamboat to voyage between Pittsburg and Olean Point, where the fall was six hundred feet, and the river in many places extremely rapid. He next contrived a process for bending timber without weakening the fibres of the wood on the outer circle, which proved of more financial value to the inventor than the lathe. He also invented a machine whereby envelopes could be cut and folded at the same time. He took out in all more than twenty-five patents, realiz- ing large amounts from some of them. He died in Boston, Mass., April 16, 1864. BLANCHET, Augustine Magloire Alex ander, R. C. bishop, was born at St. Pierre, Quebec, in 1797; brother of Francis Norbet Blan- cliet. He was educated at the little and great seminaries of the Sulpicians at Quebec. He was ordained in 1821, and began his labors in the missionary field in Canada. Later he was made canon of the cathedral in Montreal, where he remained till he was nominated bishop of the newly erected diocese of Walla-Walla in 1846. He was consecrated by Bishop Bourget on Sept. 27, 1846. In 1847 he went to his diocese, taking with him four Oblate fathers as well as two secular priests ; here he remained for one year, doing meritorious work among the Indians, until the outbreak of the Cayuse war. On May 31, 1850, he was appointed first bishop of the dio- cese of Nesqually, comprising the territory of Washington. Bishop Blanchet took up his resi- dence at Vancouver, Wash., where he built a cathedral and erected churches at Olympia and Steilacoom on the Cowlitz river, and among the Chinooks. Failing health induced him to resign in 1879, and he was made titular bishop of Ibora. He founded twenty-four churches, as well as colleges at Vancouver and Walla-Walla; several charitable and educational institutions, managed by the Sisters of Mercy, and planted flourishing Indian missions at Yakima, Fort Colville, and Tulalip. He died at Vancouver, Wash., Feb. 25, 1887. 13-: BLANCHET, Francis Norbet, R. C. arch- bishop, was born in the parish of St. Pierre, Rivibre de Sud, Province of Quebec, Sept. 3, 1795; brother of Augustine Magloire Alexander Blan- chet. He was educated in the little semin- ary of Sulpicians at Quebec, and made his theo- logical course at the great seminary of the same order. He was ordained priest by Archbishop Plessis of Quebec in 1819, and until 1827 had charge of the mission of Richibucto in New Brunswick, meanwhile building three churches in the wilderness. He was then assigned to the church of St. Joseph de Soulanges at the Cedars, in the district of Montreal. Here he remained until 1826. After the establishment of the Hud- son Bay company in Oregon there was a large influx of Canadian Catholics into the territory, and the archbishop of Quebec sent Fathers Blan- chet and Demers to take pastoral charge. Father Blanchet was situated at Vancouver. In 1843 he was made vicar -apostolic, and received his consecration as bishop at the hands of Bishop Bourget, assisted by Bishops Gaulin and Turgeon, at Montreal, July 25, 1844. At the close of 1844 he had founded nine missions, built eleven churches, established a school for girls and one for boys ; and had fifteen priests in place of two, as well as sisters in charge of various works of charity. In 1846 the Pope formed the vicariate of Oregon into an ecclesiastical province, with seven suffragan sees, and Bishop Blanchet was made archbishop on July 24 of that year. In 1878 he received Bishop Seghers as coadjutor, and in 1880 he retired from active life. He was known as the “ Apostle of the Oregon. ” He died at Portland, Ore., June 18, 1883. BLAND, Richard Parks, politician, was born in Ohio county, Ky., Aug. 19, 1835. The Bland family were among the earliest settlers of that part of Virginia which afterwards became the state of Kentucky, and an ancestor, Col. Tlieo- doric Bland, was on Washington's staff during the revolutionary war. His father was a farmer who died in 1842, leaving no property. The son obtained his education at the Hartford academy. His first occupation was teaching school in Ken tucky and afterwards in Missouri, and in 1855 he went to California, and spent the next ten years in that state and in Utah, fighting the Indians, teaching school, and studying law. He became interested in mining properties in California and Nevada, and settled in Virginia city in 1860. where he practised law and served as treasurer of Carson county until the admission of the terri- tory as a state in 1864, when he returned to Missouri, and, with his brother, C. C. Bland, continued the practice of law at Rolla, removing from there to Lebanon, Mo., in 1868. In 1873 lie was married to a daughter of Gen. E. Y. Mitchell BLAND. BLATCHFORD. of Rolla, Mo. In 1872 he was elected a repre- sentative from the 8th Missouri district to the 43d Congress and was re-elected to the 44tli, and each succeeding Congress to the 53d, inclu- sive. He was defeated in the election of 1894, by Joel D. Hubbard, Republican, by seventy votes and was elected in 1896 to the 55th Congress. He was an advocate of free silver, and in the 45th Congress introduced a bill pro- viding for the purchase of the silver bullion sufficient to coin at least two million dollars a month in silver dollars of 412J grains each, mak- ing such coinage legal tender. The bill became known as the “ Bland Silver Bill.” He opposed monopolies and corporations; took a decided stand against U. S. troops at the polls ; was in favor of freedom and equality of the states; in opposition to protective tariffs, and in opposition to national banks; in favor of thp restoration of bimetallism as it existed prior to 1873, and the issuing of all money by the government. He received 235 votes as candidate for president on the first ballot made by the Democratic national convention at St. Louis in 1896. BLAND, Theodoric, soldier, was born in Prince George county, Va., in 1742. He was fourth in line of descent from Pocahontas, his mother being Jane Rolfe. At the age of eleven he was sent to England to be educated, pursuing his preliminary studies at Wakefield, and obtain- ing his A.M. and M.D. degrees at Edinburgh uni- versity. He returned to the United States in 1764 and engaged in the practice of his profession. He led the band of volunteers who reclaimed by force the arms and ammunition which Governor Dunmore had removed from the public arsenal to his palace, and, under the pseudonym “ Cassius,” he published several letters denouncing the action of the governor. He took an active part in the enrollment of troops and when, in 1877, he joined the main Continental army he was ap- pointed lieutenant-colonel. He later rose to the rank of colonel, and gained the friendship and respect of the commander-in-chief by his wise and gallant action. He fought in the battle of the Brandywine and Saratoga, and was given command of the prisoners in their long march to Charlottesville, Va. He sat for one term in the Virginia senate during the war period, and in the Continental Congress from 1780 to 1783. He opposed the adoption of the Federal constitution, but represented Virginia in the 1st Congress. His death was the first to be publicly announced in the house of representatives. The “ Bland Papers,” collected and edited by Charles Camp- bell ( 1840— ’43) , contain many valuable memorials of the revolution, and are accompanied by a memoir of Theodoric Bland. He died in New York city, June 1, 1790. BLASHFIELD, Edwin Howland, artist, was born in New York city, Dec. 15, 1848. He was prepared for college, and pursued his art studies in Paris, under Ldon Bonnat, with the advan- tage of criticism from Gerome and Chopee. He exhibited in the Paris salon continuously from 1875 to 1880 and again in 1887, 1891 and 1892, also at times in the Royal academy, London, and other foreign exhibitions. His achievements include the following: “ The Emperor Commodus ” (salon, 1877); ‘‘The Roman Ladies’ Fencing Lesson” (salon, 1878); “The Siege” (salon, 1879); “In- spiration ” (Royal academy, 1887) ; ceiling can- vases for the house of H. McK. Twombly, N. Y., decoration of a dome in the Liberal Arts and Manufactures building, World’s fair, Chicago, “Christmas Bells” (salon, 1892), and (World’s Columbian exposition); “The Angel with the Flaming Sword ” (salon, 1891) and (World's Columbian exposition); “The Choir Boys ” (salon, 1891) ; decoration of drawing-room for Collis P. Huntington, N. Y. ; panel decoration, lawyers’ club, N. Y. ; decoration of the great dome, main rotunda of congressional library, Wash- ington, D. C. (1895) ; design for United States two-dollar treasury note (1896), and decoration of a grand piano for Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel. His paintings for the dome of the con- gressional library in Washington, “ The Human Understanding ” and the “ Knowledge of the Ages,” including the preliminary sketches, oc- cupied him for an entire year. In addition to his larger works, Mr. Blashfield painted a number of portraits, gave a series of lectures on art at Harvard college, and lectured at Yale college. He was elected a member of the National acad- emy of design; of the Society of American artists; of the Architectural league; of the Society of mural painters, and an honorary member of the American institute of architects. He was president of the Society of American artists, and vice-president of the Architectural league. He received medals at the Paris exposi - tion universelle, World’s Columbian exposition, and the Cotton states exposition, Atlanta, Ga. In conjunction with his wife he contributed to Scribner's and the Century. BLATCHFORD, Richard Milford, lawyer, was born at Stratford, Conn., April 23, 1798; son of Samuel Blatchford, a dissenting English minister, who came from Devonshire to the United States in 1795. In 1818 he was gradu- ated from Union college, and a few years later was admitted to the New York bar. He soon acquired a wide practice, and in 1826 was made counsel and financial agent for the bank of Eng- land ; afterwards holding a similar position in the United States bank. In 1856 lie served in the New York state legislature. He was a stanch BLATCHFORD. BLAVATSKY. supporter of the Union throughout the civil war, and served on several important civic commit- tees. In 1862 he went to Rome, Italy, as minister- resident to the states of the church, remaining there one year. On his return to New York he filled many positions of trust, being a commis- sioner of Central park until 1870, and commis- sioner of public parks during 1872. He died at Newport, R. I., Sept. 3, 1875. BLATCHFORD, Samuel, jurist, was born in New York city, March 9, 1820, son of Richard Milford Blatchford, counsel of the United States bank. He was graduated at Columbia college in 1837, and in 1838 became private secretary to Governor Seward, which position he held for three years. He was admitted to the bar in January, 1842, and commenced practice in his native city, removing, in 1845, to Auburn, N. Y., where he became law partner of William H. Seward and Christopher Morgan. In 1852 he commenced the publication of the decisions of the second circuit of the U. S. court, under the name of “ Blatchford ’s Reports,” which were continued until 1888, and two years later returned to New York. In May, 1867, he was appointed by President Johnson judge of the district court for the southern district of New York. (His opinions in the district court are reported in the first nine volumes of Benedict’s District Court Reports, and his opinions in the circuit court while district judge are reported in Vols. 5 to 14 of Blatcliford’s Circuit Court Reports.) On March 4, 1878, he was appointed by President Hayes judge of the second judicial circuit in place of Alexander S. Johnson, deceased (and his opinions from March, 1882, in the circuit court are reported in Vols. 14 to 26 of Blatchford ’s circuit court reports, and in the Federal Reporter.) On March 22, 1882, President Arthur appointed Judge Blatchford associate justice of the United States supreme court. In 1867 he was made a trustee of Columbia college, receiving at the same time the degree of LL.D. Mr. Justice Blatchford died at Newport, R. I., July 7, 1893. BLAUVELT, Augustus, clergyman, was born at Covert, N. Y., April 7, 1832. After his gradu- ation from Rutgers college in 1858 he studied theology, and in 1861 became pastor of Bethany chapel, Philadelphia. He remained there but a short time, removing to New York city. In 1862 he was sent to China, where for two years he en- gaged in missionary work. After his return to America he resumed his pastoral work, and for some years was in charge of the Reformed church at Bloomingdale, N. Y., but relinquished this work in order to give his time wholly to writing. He was an advanced thinker, and wrote papers expressing heretical opinions, which were published in Scribner's Monthly and caused his ex- communication from the Dutch Reformed church. He contributed to leading periodicals, and wrote “The Kingdom of Satan” (1868) ; and “The Present Religious Crisis ” (1882). Under the strain of mental labor he became insane. BLAVATSKY, Helena Petrovna, theosophist, was born at Ekaterinoslaw, Russia, July 20, 1831, daughter of Colonel Peter and H£l£ne (Fadeef) Hahn. Through both her parents she was con- nected with some of the oldest families of nobles in Germany and Russia. Her education was very incom- plete. At the age of seven- teen she was married to Gen. Nice- phore V. Bla- vatsky, gov- ernor of E r i v a n, a province in the Cauca- sus . In a few months she left her husband and star ted on Mr/! a tour of travel. She was remarkably apt at learning lan- guages, and mastered about forty European and Asiatic tongues. She also studied mysticism in all its phases, visiting for this purpose all parts of India, Canada, the United States, and Mexico. In 1875, after some years in Russia and elsewhere, she started the theosophical society in New York city, Col. Henry S. Olcott, U. S. army, being president, and Madame Blavatsky corres- ponding secretary. The avowed aims of the society were : the forming of a nucleus for a uni- versal brotherhood of mankind ; the study of the Aryan languages, literature, religions, and sci- ence; the exploring of the hidden mysteries of nature and the latent powers of man, and the vindicating of the importance of such study and inquiry. The society rapidly grew in strength and numbers in America. In December. 1878. Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott were “sum- moned ” to India, where they founded a theo- sophical society. In 1891 this society had 279 branches in various parts of the world. While Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott were in Bombay, they edited and published, from 1879 to 1885, the Theosophist. In the latter year she re- signed her position as editor, and also her secre- taryship of the theosophical society, and removing to London she established and for some years edited Lucifer, a monthly. Reported exposures of her impostures did not prevent the growth of the [3-26] BLEDSOE. BLEECKER. society, and the loyalty of her followers. The anniversary of her death, known by theosophists as “White Lotus day,” is commemorated. Her published works include : “ Isis Unveiled: a Mas- ter-Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology” (1877); “The Synthesis of Science, Religion, and Philosophy ” ( 1888) , and “The Voice of the Silence” (1889). (See “The Occult World ” (1884), and “ Memoirs of Madame Blavatsky ” (1886), both by A. P. Sinnett). She died May 8, 1891. BLECKLEY, Logan E., jurist, was born at Clayton, Rabun county, Ga., July 3, 1827. In 1838 he was clerk and read law in the office of his father, who was a lawyer and clerk of the courts, and was admitted to the bar in April, 1846. He was not successful as a lawyer, and from 1848 to 1851 he was employed as book-keeper in the state railroad office at Atlanta. In 1851 he was ap- pointed secretary to Governor Town. In March, 1852, he opened a law office in Atlanta, and in 1853 was elected solicitor-general, his circuit em- bracing eight counties. After the breaking out of the civil war he served for a short time as a private soldier. In 1864 he was appointed su- preme court reporter and published the 34th and 35th Georgia reports. In 1867 he resigned his office, but continued to practise until appointed to the supreme bench in 1875. He resigned his seat in 1880, and retired to private life until January, 1887, when, on the death of chief justice Jackson, he was returned to the bench as lids suc- cessor. He delivered a number of literary ad- dresses, including: “Truth in Thought and Emo- tion,” “Truth in Conduct,” and “Truth at the Bar.” BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, educator, was born in Frankfort. Ky., Nov. 9. 1809. He was graduated at West Point in 1830, and served on the frontier until 1832, when he resigned from the army. In 1833-34 he was teacher of the French language and of mathematics in Kenyon college, Ohio, and in 1835-’36 was professor of mathematics in Miami university. In 1835 he en- tered the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church and served as rector of various Ohio parishes. Before he entered the church he studied law, and in 1838 began its practice at Springfield, 111., continuing it in Washington, D. C., until 1848. He then accepted the profes- sorship of mathematics in the University of Mis- sissippi, and remained there until 1854, when he transferred his services to the chair of mathe- matics in the University of Virginia. During the civil war he took part with the Confederates, en- tering the service as colonel, and being trans- ferred to the war department at Richmond as chief of the bureau and acting assistant secre- tary of war. He went to Europe in 1863 to collect material from which he prepared his work on the United States constitution, in which he defended the acts of the Confederate leaders as not violat- ing that instrument. He returned in 1866 to Baltimore, where he took up the publication of the Southern Review and turned it from a political to a religious journal, making it the organ of the Methodist Episcopal church, south. He was elected principal of the Louisa school, Baltimore, in 1868, and was ordained to the ministry in the Methodist church, south, in 1871. He was the author of “ An Examination of Edwards on the Will” (1845); “A Theodicy, or Vindication of the Divine Glory ” (1853) ; “ Liberty and Slavery ” (1857) ; “ Is Davis a Traitor? or was Secession a Constitutional Right Previous to the War of 1861?” (1866); and “ Philosophy of Mathematics” (1866). He died Sept. 8, 1877. BLEDSOE, Jesse, senator, was born in Cul- pepper county, Va., April 6, 1776. He was edu- cated at the Transylvania seminary in Kentucky, and was subsequently admitted to the bar. He was appointed by Governor Scott secretary of state in 1808, and in 1812 represented his district in the Kentucky legislature. In 1813 he was sent to the U. S. senate, and held his seat until 1815. Two years after the expiration of his term he was elected to the state senate and served in that body until 1820, when he was made a presidential elector. In 1822 he became circuit judge in the Lexington district and afterwards accepted the chair of law at Transylvania university. He subsequently resided in Mississippi, removed in 1835 to Texas, and died near Nacogdoches, Texas, June 30, 1837. BLEECKER, Ann Eliza, poet, was born in New York city in October, 1752 ; youngest daughter of Brandt Schuyler of New York. Until her mar- riage at the age of seventeen, to John J. Bleecker, she resided in her native city, but removed soon after to Tomhannock, a small place near Albany, N. Y. She was driven with her children from her home when Burgoyne entered the city, and took refuge in Red Hook, but returned after many hardships. She wrote many poems and prose tales, most of which were not published until after her death. These may be found in “ Post- humous Works of Ann Eliza Bleecker in Prose and Verse,” collated by her daughter, Margaretta V. Faugeres. Her death occurred Nov. 23, 1783. BLEECKER, Anthony, author, was born in New Y T ork city in October, 1770; son of Anthony Lispenard Bleecker. His father owned a large estate in New York city. In 1791 he was grad- uated from Columbia college, and subsequently was admitted to the bar. Preferring literary work to the practice of law he became well known as a contributor of both prose and verse to cur- rent literature. He published the “ Narrative of [327 J BLENNERHASSETT. BLISS. the Brig Commerce,” which had a wide circula- tion. He aided in organizing, and was an in- terested and active member of, the New York historical society. In 1810 he was elected a trus tee of the New York society library, retaining the office until the year before his death, which occurred March 13, 1827. BLEECKER, Harmanus, lawyer, was horn in Albany, N. Y., Oct. 19, 1779. He was edu- cated at Union college, but left the school to practise law in his native city, and in 1810 was elected as representative to the 12th Congress, and while in that body strenuously opposed and did all in his power to prevent the war of 1812. He was a regent of the University of the state of New York from 1822 till 1834. In 1839 Presi- dent Van Buren appointed him minister to the Hague. He died in Albany, July 19, 1849. BLENKER, Louis, soldier, was born at Worms, Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, July 31, 1812. He attained the rank of lieutenant for service in the Bavarian legion, which accom- panied King Otho to Greece, and later was a leading member of the revolutionary government of 1849 at Worms, as well as burgomaster, and commander of the national guard. Upon the overthrow of the revolutionist cause, he retired into Switzerland, and being ordered to quit that country in September, 1849, he emigrated to the United States, where he engaged in business in New York city. In 1861 he was commis- sioned colonel of the 8th N. Y. regiment of volunteers, which he had organized, and, at the first battle of Bull Run, the brigade to which his regiment was attached covered the retreat with great skill and gallantry. In recognition of his bravery on this occasion he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. In the early part of the peninsular campaign he was ordered to western Virginia, where he fought in the bat- tle of Cross Keys, June 8, 1862, but upon the arrival of General Fremont he was superseded by General Sigel, was ordered to Washington, and mustered out of service in March, 1863. General Blenker spent the remaining months of his life in retirement on his farm in Rockland county, and died from the effects of internal injuries, caused by the fall of his horse during the Virginia campaign. He died Oct. 31, 1863. BLENNERHASSETT, Harman, adventurer, was born in Hampshire county, England, Oct. 8, 1764. He graduated at Trinity college in Dublin with honor, receiving the degrees of B.A. and L.L.B. in 1790. He inherited an ample fortune and travelled in France, where he was infected with Republican ideas. He married Adeline Agnew, daughter of the governor of the Isle of Man; disposed of his estates, bought a supply of philosophical apparatus, an extensive library, and in 1797 sailed for America. He visited dif- ferent sections of the country, and in 1798 he bought Backus Island, in the Ohio river. A spacious house was built among the majestic forest trees, and fitted up with pictures, statues and costly furniture. Blennerliassett spent his time in study and scientific experiments. In 1805 Aaron Burr, disappointed in his political aspirations, and covered with odium on account of his duel with Alexander Hamilton, had re- solved upon a bold scheme that included the conquest of Mexico, and perhaps the acquisi- tion of part of the United States. In 1805 he visited the hospitable home on Backus Island, and succeeded in interesting his host in his ambi- tious project. The fortune the latter had brought from England was dwindling, he had a growing family to provide for, and here was an oppor- tunity to gain power and wealth. He spent large sums provisioning boats, and purchasing arms, ammunition, and provision for the expedition. To quote Wirt, “ His imagination was dazzled by visions of diadems and titles of nobility.” He cast his lot with Burr without further objection and became his obedient tool. The people he had enlisted began to grumble, and President Jeffer- son, on receiving reliable information, issued a proclamation against the scheme. Blenner- hassett became frightened, fled from his island home and joined Burr at the mouth of the Cum- berland river. His home was destroyed by a party of men under Colonel Phelps. Burr and Blennerliassett were arrested, but were almost immediately discharged, and the latter started for home, but was again arrested at Lexington, Ky., and thrown into prison. Henry Clay de- fended him, but did not procure his discharge, and he was taken to Richmond to await trial for treason. Nothing being proved against Burr, his fellow-conspirators were discharged. Blenner- hassett settled in Natchez, and engaged in raising cotton, but this was a failure. In 1819 he moved to Montreal, hoping to receive an appointment as judge, which he did not get, then sailed for Ireland in order to recover his estates there, but without success; and, poor and disheartened, he retired to the island of Guernsey. His wife wrote “ The Deserted Isle ” and “ The Widow of the Rock.” After her husband's death she returned to the United States and petitioned Congress for a grant of money. The petition was presented by Henry Clay, but Mrs. Blenner- hassett died before it was reported upon. Har- man Blennerliassett died on the island of Guernsey, in 1831. BLISS, Aaron T., representative, was born at Peterborough, Madison county, N. Y., May 22, 1837. He was educated at the district school. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Federal [32SJ BLISS. BLISS. army, served upwards of three years, and rose to the rank of captain. He spent six months of this time in the prisons at Andersonville, Charleston, Macon and Columbia, from which last he made his escape, and, after eighteen nights of perilous travel through hostile territory, reached the Union lines. In 1865 he removed to Michigan, and engaged in the manufacture of lumber at Saginaw. In 1883 he was elected to the state senate, and in 1888 a representative to the 51st Congress. After the expiration of his congres- sional term he devoted his attention to his lum- ber business. BLISS, Cornelius Newton, merchant, was born in Fall River, Mass., Jan. 26, 1833. In 1846 he removed to New Orleans, La., where he was employed in the counting-house of his step-father, Edward S. Keep. Returning to Massachusetts, he accepted a position in the wholesale dry goods house of James M. Beebe & Co. of Boston, of which he afterwards became a partner. Upon the dissolution of the firm, in 1866, Mr. Bliss be- came connected with the commission house of John S. and Eben Wright & Co., of Boston, from which firm he later established a branch house in New York city, and on the death of John S. Wright was admitted into partnership, the firm name being Bliss & Fabyan. Another branch house was established in Philadelphia, and in 1881 the firm name changed to Bliss, Fabyan & Co. , a large business being transacted and many important mills represented, among them the Pepperell, Andx-oscoggin, Otis and Bates mills, and the American printing company. Mr. Bliss was made president of the fourth national bank, a di- rector of the Central trust company, of the Equit- able life assurance company, of the Union league club, and a governor and treasurer of the society of the New York hospital. He served as a dele- gate to Republican conventions, city, county and state, and in 1884 he was made head of the state committee to the national Republican convention in Chicago. He was a member of the executive committee and treasurer of the national Republi- can committees in the campaigns of 1892 and 1896. He was made secretary of the interior by President McKinley on the organization of his cabinet, March 4, 1897. BLISS, George, lawyer, was born in Spring- field, Mass., Nov. 16, 1793. In 1813 he was gradu- ated from Yale college and in 1816 he opened a law office at Monson, Mass. In 1822 he returned to Springfield, and in 1827 was made a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives. He was twice re-elected, and in 1835 became pres- ident of the state senate. He was a prominent railroad man, at one time acting as president of the railroad running between Worcester, Mass., and Albany, N. Y. In 1853 he was elected again to the state legislature, and filled the speaker’s chair during his term. The last twelve years of his life were spent quietly in Springfield, where his death occurred April 19, 1873. BLISS, George, Jr., lawyer, was born in Springfield, Mass., May 3, 1830; son of George and Mary S. Bliss. His father and grandfather were prominent lawyers of western Massachu- setts. The son received his early education at home and in Europe. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1851. During his college course he was associated with David A. Wells in the publication of the “Annual of Scientific Discovery ’’ and of “ Things not Gener- ally Known.” After his graduation he spent two years in Eu- rope, studying at the University of Berlin and in Paris, and travelling through Sweden, southern Ger- many, Switzerland, northern Italy, Spain and Portugal. Returning to the United States, he studied law in Springfield, Mass., and at the Harvard law school, and en- tered the office of William Curtis Noyes, in New York. In the following year he was admitted to the bar. During 1859 and 1860 he was private secretary to Governor Morgan of New York, and in April, 1861, was made a member of his staff. In 1862 he was appointed paymaster -general of the state, with the rank of colonel. In the same year, as captain in the 4th New York heavy artillery, he was detailed to the staff of Major- General Morgan, commanding the department of New York. In 1862 and 1863 he organized, under authority of the secretary of war, the 20th, 26th and 31st regiments of United States colored troops, representing in this service the Union league club of New York. In 1866 he became the attorney of the metropolitan board of health and metropolitan board of excise, and with Dor- man B. Eaton, as counsel, carried the litigation as to the constitutionality of the boards, and to enforce the acts creating them to a successful close, the final decisions in both being reached only in the court of appeals. Pending the litiga- tion in the excise cases, a thousand injunctions were granted in the common pleas court alone. On Jan. 1, 1873, he was appointed United States attorney for the southern district of New York, which position lie held for more than four years. Notable among the important cases during this period were the Robert Des Anges and Lawrence [ 829 ] BLISS. BLOCK. conspiracy cases. In 1881 and 1882 he was, by appointment of President Garfield, the active counsel of the government in the trial at Wash- ington of the celebrated “Star Route Cases.” His associate counsel were Richard T. Merrick, Benjamin Harris Brewster and William W. Ker. The cases were twice tried in Washington before a jury, each trial occupying from four to five months. In the first, though some of the minor accused were convicted, the verdict was unsatis- factory and was set aside by consent ; the second trial resulted in an acquittal, procured, in the opinion of the prosecution, by unprofessional means, and the law upon which the prosecution was based was subsequently affirmed by the su- preme court of the United States. The trials put a final end to a system of frauds by which the government was robbed of many millions of dollars. Mr. Bliss published three editions of the “ Law of Life Insurance, ” and four editions of the “ Annotated New York Code of Civil Proced- ure,” which has become the standard authority on that subject. At one time he contributed to the North American Review and was for many years a newspaper writer, chiefly on political subjects. He drew and secured the passage of the first original tenement-house act for the city of New York. He was one of the three com- missioners who, in 1879 and 1880, under the authority of the legislature, prepared the compila- tion known as the “ Special and Local Acts relat- ing to the City of New York,” and later drew the “ New York Cify Consolidation Act.” BLISS, Philip Paul, musician, was born in Clearfield county, Pa., July 9, 1838. In 1856 he taught school at Hartsville, N. Y. Being pos- sessed of remarkable vocal powers, he decided to pursue a musical career. In 1860 he attended a musical academy at Genesee, N. Y., and composed songs which acquired a local popularity. He became popular as a music teacher in the west, and prominent in the musical conventions con- ducted by Bradbury, Root and others, after- wards becoming a successful conductor of such gatherings. He devoted his time to that branch of labor, until he made the acquaintance of Mr. Moody, and became engaged in evangelistic work. Meantime he had become widely known as a writer of hymns and melodies, some of which attained remarkable popularity, notably, “ I am so glad that Jesus loves me,” “Almost Per- suaded,” and “ Hold the Fort.” He was killed in a railway accident at Ashtabula, Ohio, Dec. 29, 1876. BLISS, Porter Cornelius, journalist, was born in Erie county, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1838; son of Asher Bliss, an Indian missionary. He received an academic education, and was a student at Yale college. When a young man he travelled among the Indian tribes to study their manners and customs. He was private secretary to James Watson Webb, U. S. minister to Brazil, in 1861, and afterwards entered into journalism at Buenos Ayres as editor of the River Plate Magazine. In 1865 President Lopez of Paraguay appointed him historiographer for that country. In 1866 he became private secretary of Mr: Washburn, the United States minister to Paraguay. Dur- ing the war between Paraguay and Brazil the authorities, believing Bliss to be a spy employed by Brazil, confined him in prison for three months, until rescued by the United States gov- ernment. He then engaged in journalism in Washington, D. C. From 1870 to 1874 he served as secretary of legation in Mexico, and upon his return to New York was employed for three years as an editor on “Johnson's Cyclopaedia. ' and in 1877 became editor of “ The Library Table.” Two years later he was sent to South America by the New York Herald, as special correspondent. He wrote numerous papers of historical value, and is the author of a History of the Russo-Turkish war, published in 1877. He died in New York, Feb. 2, 1885. BLISS, William Wallace Smith, soldier, was born at Whitehall, N. Y., August, 1815. He was graduated from West Point in 1833 with the rank of brevet 2d lieutenant. He served dur ing the operations against the Cherokee na- tion, and was promoted 2d lieutenant in 1834. and two years later to the rank of 1st lieutenant. From 1834 to 1840 he was assistant professor of mathematics at West Point, and then served in the Florida war. In 1839 he was made assistant adjutant-general, and in 1840 was chief-of -staff of the commanding general. He served in the Mexican war, and was brevet - ted lieutenant-colonel in 1847. In 1848 Dart- mouth college conferred upon him the degree of A.M., and in 1849 he received, from the state of New York, a gold medal in appreciation of his gallant services at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma. Monterey, and Buena Vista. He was made a member of the Northern antiquaries of Copen hagen, Denmark, in 1851, and an honorary mem- ber of the American ethnological society in 1849. From March 4, 1849, to July 9, 1850, he was pri- vate secretary to President Taylor and after wards married his youngest daughter, Elizabeth. For three years prior to his death he was sta- tioned at New Orleans as adjutant-general of the western division. He died Aug. 5, 1853. BLOCK or BLOK, Adriaen, explorer, was the discoverer of Block Island. Having been detained through the winter on Manhattan Island, by the burning of his vessel and cargo of furs, he built a yacht there which he called Onrust or Restless. This was the first vessel [ 330 ] BLODGET. BLOOMER. built at New Amsterdam, and the first decked vessel built in the American colonies. In 1614 he sailed eastward through Hurl gate and the Sound, and discovered the Housatonic and the Connecticut rivers, and the islands between the Sound and the ocean, one of which he called after his own name. He found on the island a tribe of Indians, who were evidently Narra- gansetts, but who called themselves Manisees. He said, “ they received us kindly, regaling us on hominy, succotash, clams and game,” and a writer says, “ in return for this the captain, on his departure, substituted his own harsh and barbarous patronymic for the beautiful and poetic name of Manisees, meaning ‘ Little God's World.’ ” Dutch maps after that had the name “ Adrian’s Eylandt, ” or “ Block’s Eylandt. ” The name Rhode Island was originated by him, as from the prevalence of red clay on its shores he called it “ Roodt Eylandt.” BLODQET, Lorin, physicist, was born near Jamestown, N. Y., May 25, 1823. He was edu- cated at Geneva college, New York, and ac- cepted the position of assistant investigator on climatology at the Smithsonian institution in 1851. From 1852 till 1856 he was attached to the Pacific railroad survey; in the latter part of 1856 he was employed at the war office. He pub- lisned a valuable work on the climatology of the United States, and of the temperate latitudes of the North American continent, embracing a full comparison of these with the temperate latitudes of Europe and Asia, with isothermal and rain charts, including a summary of meteorological observations in the United States. This work, published in 1857, was highly eulogized by Baron Humboldt and other scientific men. He as- sisted in the surveys of the Pacific railroad, 1852 to 1856, and was secretary of the Philadelphia board of trade for a number of years, at the same time editing the North American. From 1866 to 1875 he held positions in the United States treasury department. He wrote “The Com- mercial and Financial Resources of the United States " (1864), and “ Census of the Manufactures of Philadelphia ” (1883). BLODGET, Samuel, inventor, was born at Woburn, Mass., April 1, 1724. He saw active service in the French and Indian wars, and later resided for some time in New Hampshire, where he was appointed a judge of the court of com- mon pleas. He invented a device to raise the cargoes of sunken ships, and used it successfully, but on going abroad he met with no success in his endeavors to prosecute similar attempts, and returned to America, where for a time he en gaged in manufacturing cotton-duck, and later began work upon the Blodget canal in the Merri- mac river. He died Sept. 1, 1807. , r 33l] BLOODGOOD, Delavan, naval surgeon, was born at Springville, N. Y., Aug. 20, 1831. He was graduated at Madison university in 1852, attended the college of physicians and surgeons, New York city, took his degree at the Jeffer- son medical college, Philadelphia, in 1857, and on March 13 of that year was made assistant sur- geon in the navy. He was promoted passed assist- ant surgeon, Oct. 24, 1861, and surgeon, Jan. 24, 1862. He served efficiently throughout the civil war, and in 1867 was on the Jamestoicn at Panama during the yellow fever epidemic. On Feb. 23, 1875, he was promoted medical inspector, and on Aug. 22, 1884, medical director, being assigned to duty at the naval laboratory in Brook- lyn, N. Y., where he served until his retirement, Aug. 20, 1893. For thirteen years he served on the sea and for twenty-two years on the shore. He was made a member of many prominent societies, among them the Hamilton club of Brooklyn, the Society of colonial wars, the Hol- land society, the Saint Nicholas society of Nassau Island, the Saint Nicholas club of New York city, and the American medical association. BLOODWORTH, Timothy, statesman, was born in North Carolina in 1736. He was a poor boy and his education was wholly self -acquired. He served for many years in the house of repre- sentatives of his native state, and in 1786 was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress. In 1788 and 1789 he was a state senator and in 1790 was elected a representative to the 1st Congress. In 1793 and 1794 he was again elected to the state house of representatives, and from 1795 to 1801 was a United States senator. He was afterwards made collector of customs at Wilmington, and died at Washington, N. C., Aug. 24, 1815. BLOOMER, Amelia Jenks, reformer, was born at Homer, Cortlandt county, N. Y., May 27, 1818; daughter of Ananias and Lucy (Webb) Jenks. She received a common -school education, and in 1837 became a governess, continuing in this occu- pation until 1840, when she was married to Dex- ter C. Bloomer, a lawyer and journalist. They took up their residence at Seneca Falls, N. Y., where Mr. Bloomer edited the village paper, to which his wife became an anonymous con- tributor, writing on political, social and tem- perance topics. On Jan. 1, 1849, The Lily. wholly a woman's paper, was started, edited by Mrs. Bloomer, who wrote for its columns many articles on temperance and woman’s rights. In the spring of 1849, Mrs. Bloomer accepted the position of deputy to her husband, who was postmaster of Seneca Falls, N. Y., and efficiently discharged the attendant duties, at the same time continuing to publish The Lily. Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Frances D. Gage, Mary C. Vaughan and others became contributors to BLOOMFIELD. BLOUNT. the paper. In 1851 an article appeared in a news- paper, entitled “Female Attire,” advocating a change from long skirts to a costume of Turkish pantaloons and a skirt reaching a little below the knee. Mrs. Bloomer in an editorial in The Lily indorsed the writer's views. Soon after this Mrs. Elizabeth Smith Miller, daughter of the Hon. Gerrit Smith, appeared on the street in full Turkish trousers and very short skirts. Then Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton adopted a similar costume, and a few days later Mrs. Bloomer followed their example. To her astonishment the newspapers began to comment upon it, and the name “ Bloomer Costume ” was given to the short dress in spite of her repeatedly disclaiming all right to being the originator, and giving Mrs. Miller credit as the first to wear such garments in public. Many women adopted the “ Bloomer costume,” and Mrs. Bloomer became known throughout the country. Her paper, The Lily, grew in prosperity, new subscribers coming in by hundreds. In 1853 she made a successful lecture tour through the west. In December of that year Mr. Bloomer purchased an interest in the Western Home Visitor, at Mount Vernon, Ohio, and The Lily was subsequently published there, Mrs. Bloomer also assuming the assistant editorship of the Visitor, a weekly family paper. In 1855 she sold The Lily and removed to Council Bluffs, Iowa. On Jan. 8, 1856, she lectured before the Nebraska legislature, taking for her subject “Woman Suffrage,’* with the result of the bringing in of a bill in favor of that movement, which passed the lower house. In 1859 Mrs. Bloomer laid aside the costume which bore her name and returned to the long skirts. Some years later she retired from active public life, but continued to write for the press and occa- sionally to lecture. (See “ Life and Writings of Amelia Bloomer, ” by D. C. Bloomer.) She died at Council Bluffs, Iowa, Dec. 30, 1894. BLOOMFIELD, Joseph, governor of New Jersey, was born at Woodbridge, N. J., about 1755. He joined the revolutionary army, and served throughout the war, gaining the rank of major. He then resumed his study of the law, and began practice at Burlington, N. J. In 1801 he was elected governor of New Jersey, holding the office until 1812. During the war of 1812 he served in the army with distinction, having the rank of brigadier -general. In 1816 he was elected a representative to the 15th Congress, serving through the 16th Congress. He died at Burlington, N. J., Oct. 3, 1823. BLOOMFIELD, Maurice, philologist, was born in Austria, Feb. 23, 1855. He received his early education at the old University of Chicago, and was graduated at Furman university in South Carolina in 1877. He next went to Yale uni- versity for special instruction, and in 1878 was elected fellow of the Johns Hopkins university, where he remained one year, obtaining at the end the degree of Ph.D. for successful studies in San- skrit, comparative philology and the Semitic languages. He then went abroad for two years of study at the Universities of Berlin and Leipzig. In 1881 he was called to the chair of Sanskrit and comparative philology at the Johns Hopkins uni- versity. He edited for the first time the Kainpka- Sutra, the ritual book of the Atliarva-Veda ; published six series containing about thirty con- tributions to the interpretation of the Veda, and contributed to journals articles on Buddhism and Hindu antiquities and languages. He also printed a number of articles on the comparative grammar of the Indo-European languages and general linguistic science. He was made a member of the German and American oriental societies, being one of the directors of the latter. BLOUNT, William, governor, was born in Burke county, N. C., Feb. 21, 1744. He came of a patriotic North Carolina family. He was made a member of the state assembly in 1780 ; a dele- gate to the Continental Congress, 1782; a member of the Federal constitutional convention in 1787, and a signer of the constitution of the United States. President Washington gave him guber- natorial jurisdiction of the newly formed “ Terri- tory southwest of the river Ohio,” and on the admission of Tennessee to the Union, in 1796, he was elected to the United States senate, but was expelled from that body in the following year on a charge of inspiring the Creeks and Cherokee Indians to take possession of Louisiana for the benefit of England. He was at once elected to the Tennessee senate, and made president of that body. General M. J. Wright has written his bio- graphy, and an account of him may be found in the “ Annals of Tennessee " by Ramsay. He died March 21, 1800. BLOUNT, Will ie, governor of Tennessee, was born in Burke county, N. C., in 1767 ; son of Jacob Blount, member of the provincial assemblies of 1775-’76. In 1790 he became private secretary to his brother, William Blount, who was then gov- ernor of the territory south of the Ohio. When the state of Tennessee was formed in 1796 out of this territory he was elected to the legislature as representative from Montgomery county. In 1809 he was elected governor of Tennessee, hold- ing the office six years. He died Sept. 10. 1835. BLOXHAM, William D., governor of Florida, was born in Leon county. Fla., July 9. 1835. His father was one of the pioneer settlers of that country, having removed from Virginia in 1825. The son was sent to a preparatory school in Vir- ginia at the age of thirteen, and afterward to William and Mary college, where he was gradu- BLOW. BLUNT. ated in June, 1855. He settled on a plantation in Florida, where a fondness for politics led him early into political life. In 1861 he was elected to the state legislature. He opposed the recon- struction measures of Congress after the war, and was presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1868. In 1870 he was unanimously nom- inated as lieutenant- governor by the state Democratic conven- tion, to fill a vacancy, and was elected after a spirited canvass, the first Democrat elected in Florida after the war. In 1872 he was nominated as the Democratic candidate for governor without opposition, but was defeated. In 1876 he was appointed secre- tary of state under the administration of Governor Drew. In 1880 he was again nominated for governor. Resign- ing the position of secretary of state, he made an active canvass of the state, and was elected by over five thousand majority, and served as gov- ernor until Jan. 6, 1885. His administration was very successful, and under it Florida de- veloped more rapidly than in any previous period of her history. In May, 1885, President Cleveland appointed Governor Bloxham minister to Bolivia, but he declined the position, and in November, the same year, accepted the appointment of U nited States surveyor-general for the district of Florida, which he held until October, 1889. Mr. Bloxham was, in August. 1892, unanimously nom- inated by the Democratic state convention for comptroller of the state of Florida, and was elected for a term of four years by over 23,000 majority — the largest majority ever given in the state At the Democratic state convention held at Ocala, Fla., in June, 1896, he was unanimously nominated as the Democratic candidate for the governorship, and in October was elected for a term of four years. BLOW, Henry T., statesman, was born in Southampton county, Va., July 15, 1817. At the age of thirteen he removed to Missouri, and was graduated from the St. Louis university. He en- gaged in the wholesale drug business, and as a lead-miner, with financial success. He was an active abolitionist, and after serving some years in the state senate of Missouri he was appointed, in 1861, by President Lincoln minister -resident at \ enezuela. In 1862 he was elected a repre- sentative from Missouri to the 38th Congress on the Republican ticket, and was re-elected to the 39th Congress. In 1869 he was appointed, by President Grant, U. S. minister to Brazil, and after his return to the United States in 1871 lie resided in Washington, D. C. ; and in 1874 was appointed by President Grant a member of the commission for governing the District of Colum- bia. He died Sept. 11, 1875. BLUNT, Edmund, hydrographer, was born at Newburyport, Mass., Nov. 23, 1799; son of Ed- mund March Blunt. In 1816 he surveyed New York harbor, and made the first correct chart of those waters. Three years later he surveyed the Bahama banks, and afterwards made important surveys of the Nantucket shoals, the New Jersey and Long Island coasts from Barnegat, N. J., to Fire Island, L. I., and on the isthmus from the mouth of the San Juan river to the Pacific ocean. In 1832 he was made first assistant on the newly established United States coast survey, and did important work by introducing an im- proved light-house system. He prepared many maps and charts, in connection with his brother, George W. Blunt, with whom he was associated in the publishing firm of E. & G. W. Blunt. He invented the dividing-engine, and wrote “ The Merchant and Seaman’s Expeditious Measurer ” (1845). He died Sept. 2, 1866. BLUNT, Edmund March, author, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., June 20, 1770. He was a bookseller, and the publisher of the Newburyport Herald, and wrote the “ American Coast Pilot ” (1796), which has, during its century of ex- istence, readied its thirty -second edition, Jiaving been translated into many European languages. He wrote many books on subjects of interest to seamen, and issued a number of charts. He published “Stranger's Guide to New York City" in 1817. He died in Sing Sing, N. Y. , Jan. 2, 1862. BLUNT, George W., hydrographer, was born at Newburyport, Mass., March 11, 1802; son of Edmund March Blunt, author. In 1816 he went to sea and lived the life of a sailor for six years. On his return he settled in New York, and established a publishing house, making a specialty of nautical works. For seven years he was em- ployed in making new and more accurate surveys of New York harbor and of the Bahama banks. In 1845 he was made a member of the pilot commission, and in 1856, when the light-house board was established, he was appointed a mem- ber. He edited, and several times revised, the " American Coast Pilot." He is the author of "Atlantic Memoir,” “Sheet Anchor,” “Pilot Laws and Harbor and Quarantine Regula tions of New York ” (1869), and a “Plan to Avoid the Centre of Violent Gales ” (1867). He died in New York city, April 19, 1878. 133:5 J BLYTHE. BOARDMAN. BLUNT, James G., soldier, was born at Tren- ton. Me., July 20, 1826. He went to sea in 1841, but returning in 1846 he began the study of medicine, and took his degree three years later at the Starling medical college, Columbus, Ohio, After practising in Ohio for several years he re- moved to Kansas, where he became prominent in politics. In 1861 he joined the army, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was promoted to brigadier-general in April. 1862, and to major- general the following November. He served with distinguished gallantry in many engage- ments, notably those of Old Fort Wayne, Cane Hill. Fort Van Buren, Honey Spring and New- tonia. After the close of the war lie returned to Kansas, where he resumed the practice of his profession. He died in 1881. BLYTHE, James, educator, was born in Meck- lenburg county, N. C., Oct. 28, 1765. After re- ceiving a classical education he devoted a few years to the study of theology, and in 1793 was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry. His pastorate was at Pisgali, Kv., where he remained several years, resigning to accept the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy at the newly founded University of Transylvania. In 1802 he was made president of that institution, a posi- tion which he resigned in 1818 to found a semin- ary for young ladies, filling at the same time the chair of chemistry at Transylvania, and being further active as associate pastor of a Lex- ington church. From 1832 to 1836 he acted as president of South Hanover college, afterwards having charge of a church. The College of New Jersey conferred on him the honorary degree of D.D. in 1805. He died May 20, 1842. BOARDMAN, George Dana, missionary, was born at Livermore, Me., Feb. 8, 1801; son of the Rev. Sylvanus and Phebe Boardman. He was prepared for college at the North Yarmouth, Me. , academy, and was a member of the first class that was formed at Waterville college, where he was graduated in 1822. He then studied at An- dover theological seminary, and was ordained to the Baptist ministry at North Yarmouth, Me., Feb. 16, 1825. He married Sarah Hall, July 4, 1825, sailed for Calcutta the same month, accom- panied by his wife. They soon mastered the Bur- man language and planted the first Baptist mission in Burmah. In 1827 they removed to Amherst, Burmah, thence to Maulmain, and in 1828 to Tavoy, where his labors were very fruitful. He won the cooperation of some of the natives, and made many converts among the Burmese and the Karens. After his death his widow became the wife of Adoniram Judson, the missionary. (See King's “ Memoir of George Dana Boardman,” 1875). He died near Tavoy, Burmah, Feb 11, 1831. BOARDMAN, George Dana, clergyman, was born at Tavoy, Burmah, Aug. 18, 1828; son of George Dana and Sarah (Hall) Boardman, and grandson of the Rev. Sylvanus Boardman. At the age of six he was sent to the United States, where he was educated. He was graduated at Brown university, 1852, and at Newton theological institution, 1855, in which year he was ordained to the Baptist ministry. He held pastorates at Barnwell, S. C., 1855-’56; at the Second church, Rochester, N. Y., 1856-'64; at the First church, Philadelphia, Pa., 1864-'94, and was president of the American Baptist missionary union, and of the Christian arbitration and peace society. He was chaplain of the University of Pennlsy vania. 1892-'93. He received the degree of D.D. from Brown University in 1866, and that of LL.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1889. BOARDMAN, Henry Augustus, clergyman, was born at Troy, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1808. After his graduation from Yale college in 1829, as honor man, lie studied theology at Princeton, and in 1830 was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry. He took pastoral charge of the 10tli Presbyterian church in Philadelphia, and filled that pulpit for more than forty years. He devoted much time to literary work, and published “ Corre- spondence with Bishop Doane on the Oxford Tracts” (1841); ‘‘ The Prelatical Doctrine of the Apostolical Succession Examined ” (1844) ; “ The Importance of Religion to the Legal Profession " (1849) ; “ The Bible in the Family ” (1851) ; “ The Bible in the Counting-House” (1853); “Dis- course upon the Low Value set upon Human Life in the United States ” (1853) ; “ The Great Question : Will you consider the subject of Per- sonal Religion? (lsted., 1855); “ Discourse on the American Union ” (1858); “The Book” (1861); “ Earthly Suffering and Heavenly Glory ” (1875) ; “The Christian Ministry not a Priesthood,' “Vanity of a Life of Fashionable Pleasure," “ On High Church Episcopacy,” “ On Cultivat- ing the Christian Temper,” “The Society of Friends, and the Two Sacraments,” and “The Doctrine of Election."’ He died June 15, 1889. BOARMAN, Charles, naval officer, was born in Maryland. He served in the navy for a num- ber of years and was well trained at the Wash- ington naval school before the beginning of the war of 1812. At first he was placed on the Erie as midshipman, and later was transferred to the brig Jefferson. He was promoted steadily through the ranks of lieutenant and commander to that of captain. In 1844 he was assigned to duty on the Brandywine, serving with this ves- sel six years. After serving in the civil war he was retired, in 1867, as commodore. In 1876 lie was promoted a rear-admiral on the retired list, and died in Martinsburg, W. Va., Sept. 13, 1879. [ 334 ] BOATNER BOEHLER. BOATNER, Charles J., representative, was born at Columbia, in the parish of Caldwell. La. , Jan. 23, 1849. Losing liis father at an early age, lie resided with his uncle, and had the benefit of private instruction until I 860 . In 1866 he ob- tained employment in the clerk's and sheriff’s offices, and was admitted to the bar in 1870. In 1876 he was elected to the state senate and served until 1878, after which he resigned and moved to Monroe, La. In 1888 he was elected a repre- sentative in the 51st, and was re-elected to the 52d, 53d and 54th congresses. BOCOCK, Thomas S., representative, was born in Buckingham county, Va., in 1815. He was graduated at Hampden-Sidney college, and after his admission to the bar practised law at Appomattox court-house, Va. He was a mem- ber, for several years, of the Virginia house of delegates, and attorney for the state in 1845 and 1846, being elected in the latter year a repre- sentative in the 30th Congress on the Democratic ticket. He sat for seven successive terms, until the ordinance of secession was enacted. In 1861 he was elected a representative in the Confed- erate congress, and was made speaker of the Con- federate house of representatives on Feb. 18. 1862. He died Aug. 5, 1891. BODFISH, Joshua P., theologian, was born in Falmouth, Mass., March 29, 1839; son of William and Elizabeth Bodfish. His ancestors were among the first settlers on Cape Cod. Father Bodfish was brought up in the Orthodox church, but studied and took orders in the Episcopal church, officiating for some time as assistant rector at All Saints church, Philadelphia. He was baptized into the Roman Catholic church by Bishop Domenec of Pittsburg, Pa., in 1863, pursued his theological course at the semi- nary of our Lady of the Angels, Niagara, and at Seton Hall, N. J., joined Father Hecker’s Paulist community in New York, and was ordained priest Nov. 30, 1866. For ten years he was occupied with mission work in connection with the Paul- ists, and organized and built up the Young men’s Catholic institute in New York. In 1876 he became attached to the cathedral in Boston, first as chancellor of the diocese and secretary to Arch- bishop Williams and later as rector of the cathe- dral. In 1888 lie was appointed rector of St. John’s church, Canton, Mass. He was one of the founders of the Bostonian society, a director of the Bunker Hill monument association and a mem- ber of the New England Historical genealogi- cal society, and of the St. Botolph Club and the “Thursday Evening Club.” BODWELL, Joseph R., governor of Maine, was born at Methuen, Mass., June 18, 1818. His family were in such straitened circumstances that at the age of eight he began to earn his own living; thus his education was almost wholly self - acquired. He was always scrupulously honest in all his dealings, but was keen, business-like and persevering, and succeeded in acquiring con siderable wealth. In 1852 he began the business of quarrying granite in Penobscot Bay, enlarging his works year by year; in 1870 opening quarries in Hallowell, from which he realized large profits. He was elected to the state legislature a number of terms, and in 1886 was chosen governor of Maine by the Republican party. It is said that lie gave in charity an average of one hundred dollars per day. He died at Hallowell, Me., Dec. 15, 1887. BOEHLER, Peter, Moravian bishop, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, Dec. 31, 1712 ; son of John Conrad and Antoinette Eliza- beth Boeliler. He studied theology at the Uni- versity of Jena. In 1732, Count Zinzendorf, reorganizer of the society of United Brethren (Moravians), visited the university, and Boeliler became associated with him in his work. In his junior year he became a tutor, and in 1736 was appointed junior professor in the university. In 1737 he was ordained a minister of the Moravian church, and in 1738, by special ap- pointment of Count Zinzendorf, he became pastor of the church at Savannah, Ga., and a missionary to the negroes of Carolina and Georgia. I 11 England, on his way to his Ameri- can missionary field, he made the acquaintance of John and Charles Wesley. John Wesley writes: “ On my return to England, January, 1738, being in imminent danger of death, and very uneasy on that account, I was strongly con- vinced that the cause of that uneasiness was un- belief, and that the gaining a true, living faith was the one thing needful for me. But still I fixed not this faith on its right object. I meant only faith in God, not faith in or through Christ. Again I knew not that I was wholly void of this faith; but only thought I had not enough of it. So that when Peter Boeliler, whom God prepared for me as soon as I came to London, affirmed of true faith in Christ that it had those two fruits inseparably attending it, ‘ Dominion over sin and constant peace from a sense of forgiveness,’ I was quite amazed, and looked upon it as a new gospel. ’ ’ The Peter Boeliler chapel erected in London by Wesleyans is a memorial of this inci- dent. Peter Boeliler arrived at Savannah on Oct. 15, 1738, after a voyage of five months’ duration, and found the Moravian settlement reduced to twelve persons. In 1740, in conse- quence of the war with Spain, they were obliged to leave the colony, their religious principles precluding them from bearing arms. They set- tled at Bethlehem, Pa., where only Boehler’s wise counsel and encouragement held the little BOEHM. BOGARDUS. band together. In 1741 he visited Europe, and, after preaching and teaching with great effect, he again sailed for America in March, 1742, ac- companied by a large colony of Moravians. He resumed his pastoral duties at Bethlehem and soon a new settlement was founded at Nazareth, Pa. In 1748 he was chosen a bishop, and made a pilgrimage to Herrnhut for the purpose of consecration. He was appointed overseer of the church in England, Ireland and Wales, and spent some five years there. In 1753 he returned to America, where he remained until 1764, mean- while visiting Herrnhut to attend the general synod of the church, where he was appointed as- sistant superintendent of the American province. In 1764 he returned to Europe, where he was a delegate to the Marienborn synod, a member of the old directory, and in 1769 became a mem- ber of the new board called the unity’s elders’ conference. (See ‘ ‘ Memorials of the Life of Peter Boehler ” (London, 1868), by T. P. Lockwood.) He died in London, England, April 27, 1774. BOEHM, Henry, clergyman, was born in Conestoga, Pa., June 8, 1775; son of Martin Boehm, a Methodist preacher. He joined the Methodist ministry and began itinerant preach- ing in 1800. A few years later he went with Bishop Asbury, then in ill-healtli, on his tours. Mr. Boehm did successful work among the Ger- man settlers. At one time he was presiding elder of the Schuylkill district, and later accom- panied Bishops George and McKendree in their travels. It is said that he rode more than one hundred thousand miles on horseback during his itinerant life. He lived to be one hundred years old, retaining possession of his facidties up to the last. A month after his one hundredth birthday he wrote a preface to a new edition of his “ Rem- iniscences of Sixty-four years in the Ministry,” first published in 1865. He died Dec. 28, 1875. BOGARDUS, Annetje Jansen, emigrant, was born in Holland in 1600. She came to Albany, N. Y., in 1630 with her first husband, Roelof Jan- sen. The Jansens afterwards moved to New Amsterdam, where, in 1636, they were given a grant of sixty-two acres of land on Manhattan Island by Governor Van Twiller. Jansen died soon after, and his widow married the Rev. Everardus Bogardus in 1638. After his death she acquired a patent of the grant from Stuyvesant in her own name, and in 1671 her heirs, with the exception of Cornelius Bogardus, conveyed the estate to Governor Lovelace, and in 1705 it was granted by Queen Anne to Trinity church. Various unsuccessful attempts were made by the descendants of Cornelius Bogardus, the non- conveying heir, to regain his share of the prop- erty. Annetje Jansen Bogardus died in Bever- wyck, N. Y., March 19, 1663. BOGARDUS, Everardus, clergyman, was born in Holland. In 1633 he came to America and settled in New Amsterdam as minister to the colony. Being a man of pronounced views, high principles and public spirit he denounced certain acts of Governor Van Twiller's and Governor Kieft’s administrations, and, being in reprisal traduced to the home government, he set sail for Amsterdam in 1647, hoping to clear himself from the charges, but was shipwrecked and drowned in Bristol Channel, Sept. 27, 1647. BOGGS, Charles Stum*t, naval officer, was born at New Brunswick, IS. J., Jan. 28, 1811. He joined the United States navy at the age of fif- teen and saw service in the Mediterranean, West Indies, and the Pacific ocean. Beginning as a midshipman he won promotion to the rank of lieutenant in 1837, and to that of commander in 1855. In 1858 he was appointed light-house in- spector on the Pacific coast, and at the outbreak of the civil war he commanded the Varuna, one of the two vessels in the gulf squadron upon which the Confederate gun-boats made their principal attacks. This engagement was one of the most desperate and daring in the war. Captain Boggs was afterwards assigned to the navy yard at Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1866 he re- ceived promotion to the rank of commodore, and in 1870 was commissioned rear-admiral. After serving as commander of the European squadron, and for a short time as inspector of light -houses, lie was placed on the retired list in 1873. He died in New Brunswick, N. J., April 22, 1888. BOGLE, James, artist, was born at George- town, S. C., in 1817. When nineteen years of age he removed to New York city, and for some time studied portrait painting under Prof. S. F. B. Morse. He achieved success in this branch and painted the portraits of many of the great men of the time, among them being Calhoun, Webster, Clay, John A. Dix and Henry J. Ray- mond. In 1850 he was made an associate of the National academy, and in 1861 he was elected an academician. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y.. Oct. 11, 1873. BOGY, Lewis V., senator, was born at St. Genevieve, Mo., April 9, 1813. At the age of twenty -two he was graduated from the Lexing- ton, Ky., law school, and, after practising for some time in St. Louis, Mo., was elected to the legislature of that state. In 1867 and 1868 he was commissioner of Indian affairs. He was instru mental in developing the mineral resources of the state and in the establishment of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain railroad, of which he was president for two years. In 1873 he was elected to a seat in the United States senate as a Democrat, and remained there until his death, which occurred at St. Louis, Mo.. Sept. 20, 1877. BOHLEN. BOK. BOHLEN, Henry, soldier, was born at Bremen, Germany, Oct. 22, 1810. He removed to America and settled in Philadelphia, where he established a prosperous liquor business. At the outbreak of the civil war he volunteered in the army, and served, first as colonel of the 75th Pennsylvania volunteers, and later as brigadier-general. He was distinguished for his gallant and fearless action at Cross Keys, in the Shenandoah valley, under Sigel, and in covering the retreat of the Federal army across the Rappahannock, where he was killed, Aug. 22, 1862. BOIES, Horace, governor of Iowa, was born in Aurora, N. Y., in 1827. He was admitted to the bar at Buffalo in 1852, and two years later was elected to the assembly from his native county. In 1867 he removed to Iowa, where he became one of the leaders of the bar of the state. Up to 1881 he acted with the Republican party, but, though himself a total abstainer, he could not follow the Republicans in their adhesion to pro- hibition, and be also differed with them on the maintenance of a protective tariff. He was twice elected governor of Iowa as a Democrat, his first election, in 1889, breaking a line of thirty-five years’ supremacy of the Republican party. He was one of the presidential candidates balloted for in the Chicago national convention of 1896, which nominated William J. Bryan. BOK, Edward William, journalist, was born at Den Helder. near Amsterdam. Holland, Oct. 9, 1868, son of William J. H. Bok. He came to America at the age of six. At the age of fif- teen he began to make a collection of autograph letters and documents of famous persons, which soon attracted attention, grew to more than twenty-five thou- sand pieces, and became known as the finest and best selected autogra- phic compilation owned by a private individual in the U nited States. At the age of nineteen he founded and edited cC &tr/c The Brooklyn Maga- zine, of which he made a success in little more than a year, when he sold it. Henry Ward Beecher soon after this became attracted to the young man, and put much of his literary work into his hands. Some weeks pre- vious to Mr. Beecher’s death Mr. Bok conceived the idea of a series of weekly newspaper letters by the eminent divine. Of these the young liter- ary manager made a success. From this grew the syndicate known as ‘‘The Bok Syndicate Press,” employing over eighty famous authors of America and Europe, These ventures were all conducted during his evenings. During business hours he held positions with publishing houses as private secretary, and as manager of the advertising de- partment. In October. 1889, he became editor- in-chief of The Ladies’ Home Journal of Phila- delphia. In 1891 he secured a joint proprietorship in The Ladies’ Home Journal. In 1888 he began publishing a weekly letter called “Bok’s Literary Leaves,” printed simultaneously in thirty -five newspapers of America and Canada. His writings include : “ The Beecher Memorial : In Memory of Henry Ward Beecher ” (1888) ; and “ Successward ” (1895, 2d ed. 1896). He edited a volume entitled, “ Before He is Twenty ” (1894). BOK, William J. H., linguist, was born on the Island of Texel, in the kingdom of the Netherlands, Jan. 7, 1829. son of William Bok. chief justice of the supreme court. He was edu- cated for the legal profession, graduated from the University of Utrecht, and soon after entered upon the practice of his profession at Den Helder. In the Netherlands he held positions as vice- consul of Great Britain from 1855 to 1859; vice- consul of the German Empire, vice-consul of France from 1864 to 1870; also for a time as vice- consul of Russia. He came to America in 1870, and engaged in business as introducer of patents, but soon associated himself with the Western Union Telegraph Company as translator, for which position he was peculiarly well qualified, as he read and spoke with facility eight modern lan- guages. He died Feb. 2, 1881. BOK, William John, journalist, was born in Den Helder, near Amsterdam, Holland, May 11. 1861, son of William J. H. Bok. He came to America at the age of nine and was educated in Brooklyn, N. Y. He entered journalism and became secretary of the Brooklyn Magazine com- pany, of which his brother, Edward William, was editor-in-chief. In 1881, in connection with his brother, and with the assistance of Henry Ward Beecher, he established the “ Bok Syndicate Press,” of which he later he became sole conduc- tor and owner. He wrote extensively for the newspaper press, and assisted his brother in pre- paring the “ Beecher Memorial.” BOKER, George Henry, author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 6. 1823, son of Charles S. Boker. He was graduated at Princeton col- lege in 1842, and for some years travelled abroad. On his return from Europe in 1847, he published his first book, “ Tbe Lessons of Life, and Other Poems.” His first decided suc- cess was “ Calaynos,” a tragedy founded on a Span- ish theme, issued in 1848. This was pirated in London, brought out there on the stage, played through the provinces, and successfully produced in America after being revised by the author. [337J BOLLER. BOLLES. Two later tragedies, ‘ ‘ The Betrothal ” and “ Fran- cesca de Rimini,” met with equal success. In 1871 President Grant appointed Mr. Boker minis- ter to Constantinople, where he remained four years, and during that time secured redress for wrongs done American subjects by the Syr- ians, and successfully negotiated two treaties, one having reference to the extradition of crimi- nals, and the other to the naturalization of sub- jects of either power in the dominions of the other. In 1875 he resigned the Turkish mission to accept that of minister to Russia, remaining at St. Petersburg two years. In 1877 he resigned and returned to the United States. He was one of the founders of the Union league club in Philadelphia, and served as its secretary and presi- dent. His published works include: “Poems of the War” (1864) ; “Street Lyrics” (1869) ; “Kon- igsmark, and Other Poems” (1869); “The Book of the Dead” (1882), besides many short poems and sonnets. He died Jan. 2, 1890. BOLLER, Alfred Pancoast, civil engineer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 23, 1840, son of Henry John and Anna Margaretta (Pancoast) Boi- ler. In 1858 he was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with the degree of A.M. , and con- tinued his studies at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute, at Troy, N. Y. , from which he received the C.E. degree in 1861. The following year he was employed in the Lehigh coal and navigation company as assistant engineer, and until 1885 was connected with some of the largest railroads in the United States as engineer. He afterwards contracted to build several large bridges in New York, at Newark, N. J., and at New London, Conn. He was elected a member of the Ameri- can institute of civil engineers, and of the Amer- ican institute of mining engineers. He published ‘ ‘ Practical Treatise on the Construction of Iron Highway Bridges.” BOLLES, Albert S., editor, was born at Montville, Conn., March 8, 1845. He was fitted for college, studied law at the Albany law school, and was admit- ted to the bar at the age of twenty. He im- mediately formed a partnership with his preceptor, John T. Wait, of Norwich, Conn. , which was con- tinued until he was elected judge of the probate court for the district of Norwich in 1869. In 1862 he was elected to represent Nbrwich in the state legislature, and soon after- ward became editor of the Norwich Daily Bulletin, and was appointed lecturer on political economy in the Boston university. He then became editor of the Bankers' Magazine, New York, and was elected professor of mercantile law and practice in the Wharton school of finance and economy, University of Pennsylvania; still, however, re- taining editorial control of the Bankers' Maga- zine. He received the degree of Ph.D. from Middlebury college, Vt., in 1882. In 1887 he was appointed chief of the bureau of industrial statistics of Pennsylvania. He is the author of “Financial History of the United States” (3 vols.), “ Practical Banking,” “ Industrial History of the United States,” “Conflict Between Labor and Capital,” and several legal works on banking. In 1896 Lafayette college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. BOLLES, John Augustus, lawyer, was born at Ashford, Conn., April 16, 1809. He was gradu- ated from Brown university with the degree of A.M., in 1829, and became principal of the prepar- atory department of Columbia college. In 1833 he practised law in Boston. In 1843 and 1844 he was secretary of state of Massachusetts, and after- wards was a member of the Massachusetts board of education, and in 1852 a commissioner of Bos- ton harbor. He served in the civil war, gaining the brevet rank of colonel, and from 1865 to 1878 was solicitor and judge-advocate of the navy de- partment at Washington. He contributed to the North American Review, Christian Review. Chris- tian Examiner, New England Magazine and At- lantic Monthly, also edited the Boston Daily Journal for some time, and wrote “ A Treatise on Usury and Usury Laws ” (1837), and “ Essay on a Congress of Nations” (1839). He died in Washington, D. C., May 25, 1878. BOLTON, Charles Edward, lecturer, was born at South Hadley Falls, Mass., May 16, 1841. He was graduated at Amherst college in 1865, and the same year engaged in business pursuits in Cleveland, Ohio. He made several journeys to Europe, and in 1873 organized the “ Cleveland Educational Bureau,” which was originated to give lectures and concerts of a high character to the people at a nominal price. He gave illus- trated lectures, descriptive of his travels in Europe and in America, in the various cities from Maine to California. He was married to Sarah Knowles, the author, and had one son Charles Knowles Bolton. BOLTON, Charles Knowles, author, was born at Cleveland, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1867 ; son of Charles Edward and Sarah (Knowles) Bolton. In 1890 he was graduated from Harvard college, and. after spending some months in foreign travel. lie returned to the United States and received the appointment as assistant librarian at the [33S| BOLTON. BOMBERGER. Harvard college library. He contributed to numerous high-class periodicals, and published “ The Descendants of William Bolton of Reading, Mass." (1888); “The Boltons of Old and New England" (1889); “A Night's Tragedy at San Carlos” (1889); “The Gossiping Guide at Har- vard, and Places of Interest at Cambridge ” (1892) ; “ Saskia, the Wife of Rembrandt ” (1893) ; “On the Wooing of Martha Pitkin” (1894); “The Harvard University Library” (1894); “Genealogical Research in Libraries” (1895); “ The Reign of the Poster ” (1895), and “What the Small Town May Do for Itself ” (1896). BOLTON, Henry Carrington, chemist, was born in New York city, Jan. 28, 1843; son of Jackson and Anna (North) Bolton. He was graduated from Columbia college in 1862. He then studied for a year in Paris, first in the laboratory of the Sorbonne, and later in the laboratory of the Ecole de Mddicine under Adolph Wurtz. In 1863 he went to Germany, remaining there two years, studying first in the university laboratory, under Bunsen, then taking a summer semester under Friedrich Wohler in Gottingen, and later in the private laboratory of Prof. A. W. Von Hofmann in Berlin. The Pli.D. degree was conferred upon him by the Georgia Augusta university in Gottingen. In 1867 he travelled over North America, and in 1868 opened a laboratory in New York for private research, and the instruction of a few pupils. In 1872 he was appointed assistant in analytical chemistry at the Columbia college school of mines, and for five years was in charge of the laboratory of quantitative analysis. From 1877 to 1887 he was professor of chemistry in Trinity college, Hartford, Conn., and while there formed a mineral collection of nearly three thousand specimens. In 1885 he was appointed as assay commissioner by President Cleveland. In l866-'70 he published papers giving the re- sidts of his researches in the salts of uranium. He also assisted Henry Morton, of the Stevens institute of technology, in investigating the fluorescent and absorption spectra of uranium salts, publishing the results in 1873. While con- nected with Trinity college he published papers showing the power of organic acids in decompos- ing minerals, and their usefulness as a means of determining varieties based upon definite reactions. The advantage of dry citric acids over liquid acids for field work was first demon- strated by him. In 1882 he was chosen vice- president of the American association for the advancement of science. Dr. Bolton was made an active member of the Lyceum of natural history, of New York city, in 1867, and from 1876 to 1877 was corresponding secretary; from 1887 to 1892, recording secretary ; from 1892 to 1893, vice-president, and in 1893, president of the New York academy of sciences. In the American association for the advancement of science he held office as secretary of the chemical section, secretary of the council, general secretary and vice-president. In 1887 he aided in founding the American folk-lore society. In 1887 he resigned his chair in Trinity college and removed to New York city. In 1892 Dr. Bolton was elected non- resident professor of the history of chemistry in Columbian university, and gave a course of nine lectures in March, 1893. He founded the Ology club in Hartford, and the Luna society of New York city. His more important works include, “ The Book of the Balance of Wisdom ” (1876) ; “ Application of Organic Acids to the Examina- tion of Minerals ” (1877-’83) ; “ The Students’ Guide in Quantitative Analysis” (1882); “An Account of the Progress of Chemistry " (4 vols., 1883-’89) ; “ The Counting-out Rhymes of Chil- dren. A Study in Folk-Lore ” (1888) ; “ Con- tributions of Alchemy to Numismatics” (1890); “ A Select Bibliography of Chemistry, 1492-1892 ” (1893); “The Porta Magica, Rome” (1895); “The Smithsonian Institution: Its Origin, Growth and Activities” (1896), and “Bad Feat- ures of Periodicals” (1896). He also edited “Scientific Correspondence: Ninety -seven let- ters addressed to Josiah Wedgwood, Sir Joseph Banks, etc.” (1892). BOLTON, Sarah Tittle, poet, was born at New- port, Ky., Dec. 18, 1815; daughter of Jonathan B. Barrett. Her husband, Nathaniel Bolton, was a journalist, and the editor of a paper to which she occasionally contributed poems. From 1855 to 1857 she resided in Geneva, where her husband had been sent as United States consul, and while there contributed frequently to several journals in America. She is the author of “ Pad- dle your own Canoe,” “ Left on the Battle-field,” and “The Union Forever.” Collections of her poems were published in New York (1865) and Indianapolis (1886). She died Aug. 4, 1893. BOMBERGER, John Henry Augustus, edu- cator, was born at Lancaster, Pa., Jan. 13, 1817. After his graduation from Marshall college in 1837, and from the theological seminary at Mercei'sburg the following year, he was ordained in the German Reformed church, and from 1840 to 1845 preached at Waynesborougli, Pa. From 1845 to 1854 he was stationed at Easton, Pa., and from 1854 to 1870 at Philadelphia. In 1870 he became president of Ursinus college, College- ville, near Philadelphia, which institution he had been active in founding. He was the leader of the unliturgic branch of his denomination in the east, and was an able controversialist. His contributions to the literature of the church were: “ Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical f339J BOMFORD. BONAPARTE. Encyclopaedia,” translated from Herzog, and condensed (1856-’58) ; “ Five years at Race street Church” (1859), and “Reformed not Ritualistic” (1867). He died at Collegeville, Pa., Aug. 19, 1890. BOMFORD, George, soldier, was born in New York in 1780. He was graduated at West Point in July, 1805, with the rank of 2d lieutenant of engineers. He received promotion to 1st lieu- tenant in 1806, and to captain in 1808. In 1810 he was appointed superintending engineer of the works on Governor’s Island, in New York harbor. During the war of 1812 he served on ordnance duty with the rank of major, and to his skill and inventive talent the country was largely indebted. He established workshops in which gun-carriages were constructed, ammunition prepared and many kinds of pyrotechny fabricated. He intro- duced bomb cannon under the name of “ Colurn- biads, ’ ’ and at the close of the war he was given the rank of lieutenant -colonel of ordnance. In 1821 he was made lieutenant -colonel of artillery, and in 1825 received the brevet rank of colonel. In May, 1832, he was promoted colonel and chief of ordnance of the United States army. Until 1842 he commanded the ordnance corps and was at the head of the ordnance bureau in Washington; for the following six years he was inspector of arsenals, ordnance, arms, and munitions of war, and made many valuable inventions and experi- ments on the best form for pieces of heavy ord- nance. He died in Boston, Mass. , March 25, 1848. BOMFORD, James V., soldier, was born on Governor’s Island, N. Y. harbor, Oct. 5, 1811; son of George Bomford, military engineer. He was appointed a military cadet at West Point in 1828, and was graduated with the brevet rank of 2d lieutenant in 1832. He served on the Black Hawk expedition, and afterwards on en- gineer duty. In 1837 and 1838 he took part in the Florida war, and was on duty in various parts of Florida until 1845, when he went to Texas. He served bravely throughout the war with Mexico, being present at most of the principal engage- ments, and for gallant conduct at Contreras and Clmrubusco received the brevet rank of major. For service in the battle of Molino del Rey he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, and until 1860 he was on duty in Texas. He was promoted to the rank of major in 1860, and served during the civil war, excepting one year spent in a Confederate prison. He was promoted to a colonelcy in 1864 for meritorious action at Perry ville, Ky., and after the war he served at various posts until retired June 8, 1874. He died Jan. 6, 1S92. BONACUM, Thomas, R. C. bishop, was born in Tliurles, County Tipperary, Ireland, Jan. 29, 1847. In 1848 he immigrated with his parents to the United States. He received his preliminary training for the priesthood at the Salesianmn of Milwaukee, Wis. ; he was then sent to the College of St. Vincent at Cape Girardeau, where he fin- ished his theological studies. Fr. Bonacmn was elevated to the priesthood on June 18, 1870, in the church of the Holy Name of Jesus, at St. Louis, Mo. He was first sent on the mission to the unsettled parts of Missouri, but was afterwards relieved of his work and given time to continue his studies. In 1881 he was appointed pastor of the church of the Holy Name of Jesus, at St. Louis, and was afterwards chosen theologian of Archbishop Kenrick at the third council of Balti- more. In 1887 he was made first bishop of the diocese of Lincoln, Neb., erected Aug. 2. 1887. In this new field Bishop Bonacmn actively encouraged Catholic immigration to the state. At his suggestion the clergy united in a circular letter calling attention to the fertility of the soil in Nebraska, the cheapness of fares and easy methods of transit, and invited immigration. The diocese had, in 1896, fifty priests, forty-two churches with, and forty -six without, resident pastors, five chapels, forty-one stations, eight convents, thirteen parochial schools and about twenty -three thousand Catholics. BONAPARTE, Elizabeth Patterson, was born in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 6, 1785; the daughter of William Patterson, who came a poor boy from Ireland to Maryland, where he became a promi- nent merchant, and one of its wealthiest citizens. She was a beautiful girl of eigh- teen when she met Jerome Bonaparte at a social gathering in Baltimore, and despite the opposition of her father, a marriage was speedily ar- ranged, the ceremony taking place, with all legal formalities on Christmas Eve, 1803, when the groom had but just passed his nineteenth birthday. Mr. Pat- terson’s fears that the marriage would be offensive to the first consul proved to be well grounded. Attempts were unsuccessfully made through Robert R. Livingston, the American minister at Paris, and other influential persons, to reconcile Napoleon to his brother’s marriage. He ordered Jerome to return immediately to France, "leav- ing in America the young person in question. Jerome refused to obey, and a year was spent in travel and in residence at Baltimore. Mean- while Napoleon had proclaimed himself emperor, and in 1805 Jerome, hoping for a reconciliation BONAPARTE. BONARD. with his brother, took his wife to Europe. They reached Lisbon in safety, but there Jerome was arrested and taken to France, his wife not being allowed to land. Her message to the em- peror was: “Madame Bonaparte demands her rights as a member of the imperial family.” She then proceeded to England where a boy was born to her and christened Jerome Napoleon. The emperor refused to recognize the marriage, but promised Elizabeth an annual pension of twelve thousand dollars, providing she would return to America and renounce the name of Bonaparte, which conditions she accepted. She returned to Europe on occasional visits, where she was the centre of attraction, winning attention, not only from her husband's mother and other members of the family, but also from the Duke of Welling- ton. Madame de Stael, Byron, and even Louis XVII., who invited her to appear at court, but as she still received a pension from the exiled emperor, she declined. Her husband married Catherine, the daughter of the King of Wiirtem- berg, and soon after was made King of West- phalia. He then sent to America for his son, Jerome Napoleon. Madame Bonaparte refused to give him up, scornfully declining the offer from her husband of a ducal crown with an income of forty thousand dollars a year. The son frequently visited his father’s family in Europe, where he was treated as a son and a brother. His subse- quent marriage with Miss Williams of Baltimore caused his mother great anger. His cousin, Em- peror Napoleon III. invited him to France, where he was legitimized and received as a member of the family. He declined a duchy, refusing the condition attached of surrendering the name of Bonaparte. On the death of King Jerome, in 1860, Elizabeth Patterson, as his American wife, unsuccessfully contested his will. The last eigh- teen years of her life were spent in Baltimore. She left a fortune of one million five hundred thousand dollars to two grandsons, Jerome Napoleon and Charles J. Bonaparte. (See “ Life and Lettex-s of Madame Bonaparte,” by Eugene L. Didier.) She died in Baltimore, April 4, 1879. BONAPARTE, Jerome Napoleon, was born at Camberwell, England, July 7, 180.5; son of Jerome and Elizabeth (Patterson) Bonaparte. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1826, and studied law, but never engaged in its prac- tice. His legitimacy was acknowledged by Louis .Napoleon, but he preferred a residence in Amer- ica, whei-e he was married to Susan May Wil- liams, of Baltimore, in opposition to the wishes of his mother, who had selected for his wife a daughter of Joseph Bonaparte. By his marriage and his inheritance from his mother lie acquired one of the largest estates in Maryland. He died in Baltimore, Md., June 17, 1870. BONAPARTE, Jerome Napoleon, soldier, was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1832; son of Jei'ome Napoleon and Susan May ( Williams) Bonaparte. He was graduated from the West Point military academy in 1852, and, until his resignation two years later, served on the west- ern frontier with the mounted rifles. In 1854 he entered as 2d lieutenant the seventh dragoons of the Imperial French army. He served in the Crimean war in 1854-’55, as engineer at Balaklava, Inkenxxann, Tcliernaia and the siege of Sebastopol, and for distinguished services was promoted to a colonelcy, decorated by the Sultan of Turkey with the Medjidie order, made knight of the Legion of Honor of France, and received the Crimean medal from the Queen of England. He afterwards served with distinction in the Algerian and Italian cam- paigns. Colonel Bonaparte was in the guard of the Empress of France from 1867-’71, but upon the fall of the empire he with difficulty escaped with his life from the Commune in Paris. At the close of the war in 1871 he returned to America, and was married in the same year at Newport, R. I., to Mrs. Caroline Edgar, formerly Miss Appleton, grand-daughter of Daniel Webster. He died at his summer home at Pride’s Crossing, Mass., Sept. 3, 1893. BONARD, Louis, miser, was born at Rouen, Fi-ance, in 1809. In 1851 he came to America and took a cheap lodging in New York city. There he lived in the most miserable poverty, with little food and no fire, until he fell ill, when he summoned Henry Bergh and disclosed his owner- ship of a trunk full of treasure, consisting chiefly of watches and precious jewels, the value of which amounted to one hundred and fifty thou- sand dollars, which he desired to bequeath to the Society for the prevention of ci-uelty to animals. The gift was accepted by Mr. Bergh in behalf of the society. The miser died in New York city, Feb. 20, 1871. BOND, George Phillips, astronoixxer, was born at Dorchester, Mass., in 1825; son of William Cranch Bond, astronomer. In 1845 he was graduated from Harvax'd college. His first knowl- edge of astronomy was acquired under the in- struction of his father. Ixx 1859 he was appointed to the chair of astronomy at Harvard, at the same tinxe taking chax-ge of the college observatory. In 1862 he wrote a learned and valuable work oxx Donati’s comet, for which he was awarded a gold medal by the Royal astronomical society of London. He is the author of “ A Treatise on the Construction of the Rings of Saturn,” “Ele- ments of the Orbits of Hyperion axxd the Satellite of Neptxxne,” having participated in the discov- ery of both, and made extensive contributions to the memoirs of the American academy. He died at Canxbridge, Mass., Feb. 17, 1865. [ 341 ] BOND. BONHAM. BOND, Henry, physician, was born at Water- town, Mass., March 21, 1790; son of Henry and Hannah (Stearns) Bond, and grandson of Wil- liam Bond, a colonel in the revolutionary army. When he was very young he removed with his parents to Maine, and was prepared for college at Hebron academy. He was graduated from Dartmouth college in 1813 and studied medicine until 1815, when he was made a tutor. He re- signed in 1816, and in December of that year received his M.D. degree. He practised at Con- cord, N. H., until 1819, going then to Philadel- phia, where he studied for a year in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. He then began practice in Philadelphia, where he spent the rest of his life. He was a prominent member of many medi- cal and scientific societies. In 1825 he was elected a fellow of the Philadelphia college of physicians, its secretary in 1832, and a censor in 1844. He devoted much time to genealogical in- vestigations, and prepared “ Genealogies of the Families and Descendants of the Early Settlers of Watertown, Mass., including Waltham and Wes- ton ” (1856). He died May 4, 1859. BOND, Hugh Lennox, jurist, was born in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 16, 1828; son of Thomas Emerson Bond, Sr., journalist. He was grad- uated from the University of the city of New York in 1848, and he was admitted to the Balti- more bar in 1851. He became a judge of the criminal court in 1860, and held that office for eight years, during which time he took a promi- nent part in public movements. He was a stanch Unionist, despite the fact that Maryland’s sympa- thies were largely with the south. In 1870 he was appointed, by President Grant, judge for the fourth judicial circuit of the U. S., and in this capacity he presided in the famous Ku-Klux trials in North and South Carolina. In 1876 he decided the case of the South Carolina presiden- tial electoral board, which had been sentenced to imprisonment by the supreme court and had been released on habeas corpus. Judge Bond gave as his decision that the state court had no authority to arrest the board for “officially exercising a Federal function.” He retained his seat upon the bench of the fourth circuit until his death, which occurred Oct. 27. 1893. BOND, Shadrack, governor of Illinois, was born in Maryland. He removed to the territory of Illinois, settling at Kaskaskia, where he served in the legislature of the territory, and in 1812 was sent as a delegate to the house of representa- tives, where he remained two years. In 1814 he was elected receiver of public moneys. In 1818, on the admission of Illinois into the Union as a state, he was elected its first governor and held the office by re-election until 1822. He died April 13, 1832. BOND, Thomas Emerson, journalist, was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1782. He became a successful physician, practising in his native city, and for some years was a professor in the Mary- land medical college. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, in which he preached for some time. He edited the Balti- more Itinerant, a Methodist journal, and from 1840 to 1852 the Christian Advocate and Journal. In the discussion which caused the division of the Methodist Episcopal denomination, in 1830, he was very prominent, writing many influential papers on the subject. He is the author of “ Narrative and Defence of the Church Au- thorities ” (1828). He died March 14. 1856. BOND, Thomas Emerson, journalist, was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1813; son of Dr. Thomas Emerson Bond. He preached in the Methodist church for a few years, and later be- came a physician, but practised but a short time, leaving his profession to become assistant editor of the Christian Advocate and Journal, of which his father was editor. He later became a mem- ber of the southern Methodist church, his sym- pathies during the civil war being with the south. The Ejnscopal Methodist and the Southern Christian Advocate were both established by him, and he acted as assistant editor of the latter for many years. He died Aug. 18, 1872. BOND, William Cranch, astronomer, was born at Portland, Me., Sept. 9, 1789. In 1802 he was apprenticed to his father, a watchmaker, and continued in the business during half a cen- tury. Early in life he evinced a deep interest in astronomy, and established at Dorchester one of the earliest private observatories in America. In 1815 he was commissioned by the corporation of Harvard college to examine and make plans of the observatories in England, and to collect information relative to the selection of instru- ments proper to a contemplated astronomical observatory for the college. In 1838 he was appointed by the government to conduct a series of astronomical and meteorological observations, in connection with the exploring expedition to the South seas, under the command of Lieut. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. In 1839 the corpora- tion of Harvard college engaged him to superin- tend the erection of the observatory, of which he was director from 1840 until his death. He became especially well known among astrono- mers by his observations on Saturn, having, in connection with his son, George Phillips, discov- ered a satellite of that planet, and also the moon of Neptune. He died Jan. 29, 1859. BONHAM, Milledge L., governor of South Carolina, was born in Edgefield county. S. C., May 6, 1815. In 1834 he was graduated from the University of South Carolina, and three years [ 342 ] BONNER. BONTECOU. later was admitted to the Columbia bar. He began practice in Edgefield county. He served as commander of a South Carolina battalion dur- ing the war with Mexico, and in 1848 was made state solicitor for the southern circuit, holding the office two years. In 1856 he was elected a representative to the 35tli Congress, and re- elected in 1858, serving until the withdrawal of the South Carolina delegation in 1860. He served in the Confederate army as brigadier-general at Blackburn's Ford and Manassas, and was a rep- resentative in the Confederate congress. In 1862 he was elected governor of South Carolina, holding the office two years, when he returned to the army, serving until the surrender. He then resumed his practice at Edgefield C. H. , and took no active part in politics. He died at White Sulphur Springs, Va., Aug. 28, 1890. BONNER, Robert, publisher, was bona near Londonderry, Ireland, April 28, 1824, of Protes- tant ancestry. He began his business cai-eer as a printer’s apprentice in the office of the Hartford Courant, and in 1844 became assistant foreman and proofreader on the New York Evening Mir- ror. With his earnings he purchased, in 1851, a small sheet called the Merchants' Ledger and, converting it into a family story paper, changed its name to the New York Ledger. His methods of advertising were both unique and ingenious, and these, together with the good taste displayed in the selection of the litei’ature with which he filled his columns, soon won for the paper an un- precedented popularity. Edward Everett, Hor- ace Greeley, Henry Ward Beecher, Longfellow, Biwant, Chaides Dickens, James Parton, Fanny Fern, Alice and Phoebe Cary, and Harriet Beecher Stowe were among his corps of contri- butors, and the sums paid for articles were liberal in the extieme. Dickens received §5000 for his “Hunted Down,” a story which ian through but three numbers of the paper; Ed- ward Everett received 824,000 for a series of articles, and Henry Ward Beecher was paid 830,000 for his novel, “Noi’wood.” Mr. Bonner gave large soims of money to the many charitable and educational institutions in which he was interested, Princeton college being among his beneficiaries. He gave to Rev. Dr. John Hall’s church 8100,000, and to Henry Ward Beecher, to liquidate a mortgage on his home in 1859, 810,000. A connoisseur in the matter of horse-flesh, he purchased many famous trotters and withdrew them from the race-course at an expense to him of over 8500,000, his purchases including Dexter, Pocahontas, Edwin Forrest, Peerless, Rarus, Maud S. and numerous others. BONNEVILLE, Benjamin L. E., explorer, was born in France about the close of the eigh- teenth century, immigrated to America, and was graduated at the military academy in 1815. He served in garrison and frontier duty until 1831, when lie set out on a five years’ exploring tour beyond the Rocky Mountains. (See “The Ad- ventures of Captain Bonneville, U. S. A., in the Rocky Mountains and the Far West. Digested from his journal and illustrated from various other sources,” by Washington Irving.) In the war with Mexico he distinguished hitnself at Contreras and Churubusco, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallantry. In 1855 he was promoted to colonel, and in 1861 was placed upon the retired list. He served in Missouri through- out the civil war, as superintendent of recruiting service, as chief mustering and disbursing officer, as commander of Benton and Jefferson bar- racks, and as commissary of musters. In 1865 he was made brevet brigadier-general. He died at Fort Smith, Ark., June 12, 1878. BONNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer, was born at Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1831. He began the praetice of law at Peoria, 111., in 1852. In 1860 he located in Chicago, where he became an eminent lawyer, and suggested and brought out many reforms in local, state and national affairs. In 1885 he was elected president of the national law and oi’der league in New York, and held the same office in the Illinois state bar association. Among his published writings are: “Rules of Law for the Carriage and Delivery of Pei'sons and Property by Railway” (1864) ; and “A Summary of the Law of Marine, Fire, and Life Insurance” (1865). BONTECOU, Reed Brockway, surgeon, was born at Troy, N. Y., April 22, 1824, son of Peter and Samantha (Brockway) Bontecou. He was educated at the Poultney academy, Vt., and at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute, Troy, N. Y. He then studied medicine at the University of New York. He spent the year 1846 in a scientific exploration of the valley of the Amazon river in South America, and on his return resumed his medical studies at the Castleton medical college, Vt., where he was graduated in May, 1847. He rendered valuable service in the epideaaiics of cholera at Troy in 1848 and 1858. In April, 1861, he was ap- pointed surgeon of the 2d N. Y. volunteers, and in September of the same year was placed in charge of the Hygeia general hospital at Fort Monroe, Va., which position he held till its destruction in 1862. He engaged in the battle of Big Bethel, June 10, 1861, and was a witness of the conflict between the Monitor and Merri- mac in Hampton Roads. Soon afterwards he was placed in charge of the military hospitals at Beaufort, S. C., as chief medical officer. He was in charge of the hospital steamer Cosmo- politan, during the siege of Charleston, and BOOLE. BOONE. collected the sick and wounded, forwarding them to northern ports. In October, 1863, he was chief surgeon of the Harewood hospital at Wash- ington, D. C., where he served until it was discontinued in May, 1866. He was brevetted colonel of volunteers March 13, 1865, and in June, 1866, he was mustered out of service. He was a principal contributor to the ‘ ‘ Surgical History of the War,” and to the “ Army Medical Museum.” In 1866 he resumed his profession at Troy, N. Y., and was made surgeon to the Marshall infirmary of that city, and attending surgeon to the Watervliet arsenal. Dr. Bon- tecou was elected a member of the New \ork state medical association ; of the American medical association; of the Medical society of the state of New York; of the American surgical association, and was one of the council of the military and naval department of the 9th inter- national medical congress at Washington, D. C., 1887 ; a delegate to the lOtli international medi- cal congress at Berlin, 1890, and in 1891 and 92 president of the Medical society of the county of Rensselaer. BOOKER, Joseph Albert, educator, was born at Portland, Ark., Dec. 26, 1859; son of Albert and Mary (Punsard) Booker. His father and mother were negro slaves. He was educated at the public schools and at a normal school in Arkansas, and was graduated from the Roger Williams university, Nashville, Tenn., in 1886, with the degree of A.B. In 1887 he was elected president of the Arkansas Baptist college, an in- stitute for the education of negro youths. BOOLE, William H., reformer, was born in Shelburne, Nova Scotia, April 24, 1827. He re- ceived his education in the schools of New York, and abandoned law to learn ship-building from his brother-in-law, Donald McKay, the famous builder of clipper ships at East Boston, Mass. After he had perfected himself as a naval archi- tect, he joined the New York east conference of the M. E. church, and became an active minister of that organization. Early in the civil war he served for a tune as chaplain in the famous “ Sickles’s Brigade,” but an accident, caused by a fall from his horse, compelled him to resign. Re- turning to New York he continued his labors in the ministry. In 1870 Mr. Boole leased a notorious resort for sporting men on Water street, and opened it as a rescue “ Home for Women.” For eight years this work was carried on, and hundreds of abandoned men and women were reformed, and over forty-six thousand dollars was contributed unsolicited. In 1877 Mr. Boole made a tour to California and the Pacific coast, preaching to immense crowds. On this trip he visited Salt Lake City, where he preached against Mormonism, in the presence of Brigham Young, Orson Pratt, G. Q. Cannon, and the entire body of Mormon elders, surrounded by five thousand Mormons and Gentiles. The sermon was an unanswerable logical attack upon the false tenets of the Mormon faith and aroused a storm of mingled applause and indignation. Immediately following the women’s crusade in the west Mr. Boole began his investigation into the subject of liquor legislation. Two lectures, “ The Barbarism and Usuiqration of Liquor Legislation,” and “ The Great Impeachment, ” were delivered by him before many of the annual conferences of his own denomination. His unique satire on the liquor traffic, entitled “ The Great National Snake Exhibition,” circu- lated more than a quarter million copies. He was pastor of the South second church of Brook- lyn for three years, and later had charge of Wil- lard street M. E. church in New Y ork city. He died at Staten Island, N. Y., Feb. 24, 1896. BOOMER, George Boardman, soldier, was born at Sutton, Mass., July 26, 1832. He learned engineering and the construction of bridges, and followed this occupation in St. Louis, Mo. At the breaking out of the civil war he joined the army, and served gallantly in several important engagements, notably those of Iuka and Champion Hills. He was colonel of the 22d Missouri volun- teers and died at Vicksburg, Miss., May 22, 1863. BOONE, Daniel, pioneer, was born near Bristol, Bucks county, Pa., Feb. 11, 1735; son of Squire and Sarah (Morgan) Boone. When he was three years old he was taken by his father to Reading, and from there, in 1748, to the valley of the South Yadkin river, North Carolina. At a log school house he ac- quired the rudiments of education, which embraced nothing more than a slight drill in reading, writ- ing and arithmetic. His new home was a rough frontier set- tlement, aboimding in game and infested by hostile Indians. Here he learned the secrets of the forests and fields and the habits of the animals. He helped his father to clear the land, build the cabins, and cultivate the farm. He was married in 1755 to Rebecca Bryan, daughter of a neighboring farmer, and took his wife into the wilderness, where he had built a cabin. There they remained until white settlers began to gather on the banks of the Yadkin. Boone’s love of solitude made him [344J BOONE. BOONE. impatient to be off, and the opportunity which soon presented itself found him ready to improve it. A hunter by the name of John Finley came into his district, and, with his romantic accounts of a recent excursion into the far west, easily persuaded Boone to accompany him on an expe- dition. A party of six men was formed, with Boone at the head. During their journey all were killed by the Indians but Boone and his brother Squire. In 1771 they decided to settle on the bank of the Kentucky river. Daniel returned to his home in North Carolina for his wife and children, and remained there two years, starting- back on Sept. 25, 1773. They were joined on their way by five families and a band of about forty men. The party was beset by Indians, and sev- eral of their number, including the eldest son of Boone, were killed. They did not reach their destination, but stopped on the Clinch river, where a settlement had been already established. About this time Lord Dunmore was engaged in the campaign known as Dunmore's war against the Indians, and having heard of Boone’s bravery and skill in dealing with the savages he ap- pointed him captain of a garrison. In April, 1775, Boone erected a stockade fort at Boones- borough, on the left bank of the Kentucky river. Here his son Enoch was born — the first white male child born in Kentucky. In 1777 the supply of salt became exhausted, and it was decided to send a party of men to the Lower Blue Licks, on Licking river, to manufacture a supply. Thirty men led by Captain Boone started on Jan. 1, 1778, reached their destination and began their enterprise successfully, but on February 7 they were attacked by Indians, and the whole party forced to surrender. They were carried to Detroit and brought before the British com- mander, who released all save Boone, whom the Indians were determined to keep. In April lie was adopted by Blackfish, a Shawanese chief. The ceremony was ludicrous but exceedingly uncomfortable ; the hairs of his head were plucked out one by one, leaving only a round tuft, or “scalp-lock,” which was gaily decorated with ribbons and feathers. Then the victim was thoroughly washed and rubbed in the river to take all his white blood out, his head and face painted, he was lectured by the chief, feasted, and was pronounced one of the tribe. The In- dians treated him with kindness and he remained with them until June, when he was alarmed to learn that 450 warriors were about to march against Boonesborougli. On the morning of the sixteenth he made his escape. In four days he reached Boonesborough, a distance of 160 miles, and warned the garrison. The attack was post- poned until early September, when nearly 500 Indians, with a party of Canadians, bore down upon the little garrison of between sixty and seventy men and commanded them to surrender. This they refused to do, and, despite the tre- mendous odds, the Indians were repulsed. As soon as he could be spared, Boone returned to North Carolina, whither his wife and children had gone during his captivity with the Indians. In 1780 they returned to Boonesborough, and in the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782, Boone narrowly escaped being killed. He had many desperate adventures with the savages, and his life was only saved by his ready wit in emergencies. On the survey of Kentucky after its admission to the Union in February, 1792, a dispute arose as to the title of Boone’s land. It was carried to the courts and Boone lost the case. He left Ken- tucky, and for a few years lived at Point Pleas- ant on the Kanawha river, removing in 1795 to Missouri, then under the Spanish government. He was granted 8,000 acres of land in the Femme Osage district, and held it until 1804, when it fell into the hands of the United States, and all but 850 acres of it w r as confiscated. Boone retained the full use of both mind and body until he died. (See “ Life of Daniel Boone ” in Jared Sparks’s “ American Biography ” ; also the biographies by John Filson and T. Flint.) He died in Cliarette, Mo., Sept. 26, 1820. BOONE, Thomas, colonial governor, succeeded Francis Bernard as governor of New Jersey in 1760. In 1762 he became governor of South Caro- lina, holding that office until 1765. Governor Boone was considered ‘ ‘ arbitrary and imperi- ous,” and gained the ill-will of the colonists by “taking upon himself to be the sole judge of elections.” BOONE, William Jones, 1st bishop of the China mission and 45tli in succession in the American episcopate, was born at Waiter- borough, S. C., July 1, 1811. He was graduated at the College of South Carolina, 1829 ; studied law under Chancellor de Saussure, and was admitted to the bar in 1833, but his inclination turning to the church he began a theological course at the Seminary of Virginia, and, as a further preparation for missionary work, he pur- sued a medical course at the College of South Carolina. He was admitted to the diaconate in 1836, and consecrated to the priesthood by Bishop Bowen, “March 3, 1837. He was immediately elected as missionary to China, and sailed for that country in July of the same year. He was elected missionary bishop of China by the general convention in October, 1844, and was consecra- ted in St. Peter’s, Philadelphia, Oct, 26, 1844. He returned to China in December of the same year, where he labored until his death. He visited America in 1852, and again in 1857, for the recup- eration of his health. Bishop Boone secured an [ 345 ] BOORMAN. BOOTH. accurate translation of the Holy Bible and the prayer-book into Chinese, in which language and literature his scholarship was eminent. He died at Shanghai, China, July 17, 1864. BOONE, William Jones, 4th bishop of China mission and 135th in succession in the American episcopate, was born at Shanghai, China, May 17, 1846; son of William Jones Boone, first bishop of China mission. He obtained his primary in- struction from members of the Chinese mission, and was sent to the United States for the com- pletion of his education. He was graduated from Princeton in 1865, after which he pursued his theo- logical studies at the divinity schools of Philadel- phia and Virginia, and was ordained as deacon in St. Paul's church, Petersburg, Va., July 26, 1868; received his appointment as a missionary to China in 1869, and was admitted to priest’s orders at Hankow, China in 1870. He was ap- pointed to the mission at Uncliay, China, where he remained for ten years, and then became chaplain and principal of the theological depart- ment of St. John’s college. He was chosen mis- sionary bishop of China, to succeed bishop Schereschewsky, and was consecrated at the English cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Shanghai, Oct. 28, 1884. His literary work was limited to translations, and pastoral and missionary papers. He died at Shanghai, China, Oct. 5, 1891. BOORMAN, James, merchant, was born in the county of Kent, England, in 1783. In 1795 he removed with his parents to America, where, after serving an apprenticeship with Devi <5 Bethune, a prominent New York merchant, lie became his partner, and afterwards with John Johnston formed the firm of Boorman & Johnson, dealers in Swedish iron and Virginia tobacco. He was one of the projectors of the Hudson river railroad and its first president. He was one of the founders of the Bank of Commerce. He greatly enriched several New York char- itable and educational institutions, and died Jan. 24, 1866. BOOTH, Ballington, reformer, was born in Brighouse, Yorkshire, England, July 28, 1857, second son of Gen. William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army, and author of “ In Darkest England and the Way Out.” On Sept. 16, 1886, he was married to Maud, daughter of the Rev. Samuel Charlesworth. She was born in Lymps- field, Surrey, England, Sept. 13, 1865, and on her husband’s appointment as commander of the Sal- vation Army in America, in 1887, she accom- panied him to his new post and became closely associated with him in his work. Soon after his arrival in the United States Mr. Booth became a naturalized citizen. In the fall of 1895 Mr. and Mrs. Booth were publicly reprimanded by Gen. William Booth, for receiving financial support from fashionable churches, and thus raising the social standard of the Army, and in January, 1896, Ballington Booth was ordered to leave America. This he declined to do, but resigned his com- mission and with his followers formed "The Volunteers of Amer- ica,” organized in mil- itary style, having as its model the United States army, and as its ideal the constitution of the United States of America. It was in- . augurated March 9, 1896, and before the end of the first year had three regiments of ten battalions each ; 150 staff officers, 130 officered organized posts, and 400 commanding officers. Its weekly paper had a paid circulation of over 20,000 copies. The volunteers sought to co-operate with all exist- ing evangelical churches and religious organiza- tions, the sacraments of the holy communion and baptism being administered by the commander-in- chief and properly qualified and ordained staff officers. To this end, Commander Booth was or- dained in 1896 a “ Presbyter of the Church of God in General.” BOOTH, Edwin Thomas, actor, was born at Booth Farm, Bel Air, Harford county, Md., Nov. 13, 1833; son of Junius Brutus and Mary Ann (Holmes) Booth. His first scholastic instruction was received from Miss Susan Hyde, afterwards secretary of the Peabody institute at Baltimore, and, though his subsequent attendance at school was desultory, he acquired a fairly good English education. He early began to accompany his father on his periodical theatrical tours, which devolved upon the son the no slight duty of caring for the health and comfort of the eccentric actor. A strong affection grew up between the two. The boy was grave beyond his years, observanc. thoughtful, and extremely sympathetic. His in- herited talent and his early association with theat rical life created in him a desire to become an actor, and, overcoming his father’s opposition, he made his debut at the Boston museum as Tressel in Richard III., Sept. 9, 1849. The result was evi- dently not unpleasing to his father, for Edwin con- tinued to play, appearing September 27. as Cassius to his father’s Iago, at the Providence museum September 29, as Wilford to his father's Sir Edward Mortimer in “ The Iron Chest" : December 25, as Laertes to his father's Hamlet, at the Old Drury, Pittsburg, Pa,, and May 22, 1850, again playing Wilford. In 1851 the elder Booth was [ 346 ] BOOTH. BOOTH. billed in Richard III. at the National theatre, N.Y., and being suddenly indisposed sent his son to play the title role. No apology had been made, and the audience was at first disappointed and un- gracious, but before the end of the performance warmed into enthusi- asm and called the young actor before the curtain. Soon after this he entered into an engagement with Theodore Barton of Baltimore, to play various parts at a sal- ary of six dollars per week. In this he proved a failure, and in 1852 accompanied his father to join his brother, J. B. Booth, Jr., in California. They played two weeks at the Jenny Lind theatre in San Francisco, Edwin playing Wilford in “The Iron Chest”; Allworth in “A New Way to Pay Old Debts”; Laertes in “ Hamlet ” ; Gratiano in “ Merchant of Venice”; Richard in “Richard III.”; Edgar in “ King Lear, ” and Cassio in “ Othello.” At Sacra- mento the three Booths held benefits on three succeeding nights: the first night being the elder Booth's benefit, he played “ Richard II.,” the fol- lowing night J. B. Booth, Jr., played Othello to his father’s Iago; the third night, being Edwin’s benefit, he played Jaffier to his father's Pierre. The elder Booth returned to the east and Edwin remained in California, growing daily poorer in purse and richer in experience. California was just then in a state of financial depression, and young Booth found the difficulty of making en- gagements only exceeded by the difficulty of re- ceiving pay for them. His companion was D. C. Anderson, who shared with him the discom- forts of the camping-out life, which they were compelled to adopt. Their lodging-house was first a tent erected in the sand lots, and after a two-roomed shanty called by them the “ Rancho,” where they cooked their own food and did their own marketing. At Sacramento he played with Catherine Sinclair Forrest, the divorced wife of Edwin Forrest, acting Raphael to her Marco in “ The Marble Heart.” He also supported her at San Francisco. A successful tour to Australia, New Zealand and the Sandwich Islands was made in 1855, and the following year he returned to the United States and began a starring tour. His first appearance after his return was in Balti- more as Richard. On one occasion, while play- ing in Detroit, the proof of a handbill intended for his manager accidentally fell into his hands. He struck from it all the adjectives written be- fore his name, and wrote, "Announce me as simple Edwin Booth, nothing more.” The announcement bill appeared : Engagement for one week only of Simple Edwin Booth." Later he played in Richmond, Va., under the manage- ment of Joseph Jefferson, and there met Miss Mary Devlin of Troy, N. Y., who afterwards became his wife. In the early spring of 1857 lie appeared in Boston as Sir Giles Overreach in “A New Way to Pay Old Debts,” and on May 4, he presented Richard III. at the Metropolitan theatre, New York, making a brilliant success in both cities. In the fall of 1857 he visited the principal cities of the south, also fulfilling an engagement at the Howard Athenaeum, Boston, supported by Barrett and McCullough. He was married to Mary Devlin, July 7, 1860, and during the year played at the Arch street theatre in Philadelphia. In December he began a series of performances with Charlotte Cushman at the Academy of music in Philadelphia, playing Wolsey to her Katherine in “ Henry VIII.,” Macbeth to her Lady Macbeth, Shvlock to her Portia, and Petrucliio to her Katherine. In September, 1861, Mr. and Mrs. Booth went to England, where their only daughter, Edwina, was born, Dec. 9, 1861. The London engagement had been hastily arranged, and various circum- stances combined to make his reception a cold one. His Richard failed utterly, as did his Shy- lock and Sir Giles. Just before his return, how- ever. he redeemed himself by playing Richelieu, winning from his critical audience storms of applause. This was unfortunately his last per- formance during that visit to London. He pro- ceeded thence to Manchester, where Henry Irving was a member of his company. After a visit to Paris he returned to America. On Sept. 2, 1862, he opened the season at the Winter Gar- den theatre, New York, and afterwards played for a short time with Charlotte Cushman in Phila- delphia. For some months after the sudden death of his wife, Feb. 9, 1863, he did not appear on the stage. In the fall of 1863 he purchased, with J. S. Clark, the Walnut street theatre in Philadelphia. On March 28, 1864. he produced “ The Fool's Revenge,” at Niblo's Garden, N. Y., and in August, with J. S. Clark and William Stuart, he took a lease of the Winter Garden theatre. It was in that year that his fame as Hamlet was substantiated. On Nov. 26, 1864, he began his famous presentment of that character for one hundred consecutive nights. He played Sir Edward Mortimer in Boston, April 14, 1865, and the following morning received the news of Lincoln’s assassination at the hand of his brother, John Wilkes Booth. His intention thereupon was to leave the stage permanently, [ 347 ] BOOTH. BOOTH. but on Jan. 3, 1866, at the urgent solicitation of his friends, he appeared at the Winter Garden theatre as Hamlet, and was received with great enthusiasm. In that month he took a lease of the Boston theatre, and after an extended engagement in that city he went to Philadelphia, where he interpreted Othello, Romeo, Shylock, Richard III., Ruy Bias, Don Caesar de Bazan, Hamlet, Richelieu, Petruchio, Sir Giles and others. On Feb. 1, 1866, he played Richelieu at the Winter Garden, and on Jan. 28, 1867, began a seven weeks’ run of “ The Merchant of Venice.” The theatre was burned March 23, 1867, and Booth lost many articles of value, and all his properties. For two years he travelled to raise the money for “ Booth’s Theatre,” which he erected on 23d street, New York, at a cost of over one million dollars, and which was opened Feb. 3, 1869, with “ Romeo and Juliet,” Booth playing Romeo to Miss McVicker's Juliet; “ The Moor of Venice ” followed, with Edwin Adams and Booth alternating as Othello and Miss McVicker as Desdemona. After Miss Mc- Vicker’s marriage to Booth, June 7, 1869, she retired from the stage. Edwin Adams was Booth’s leading man during the season of 1869, Lawrence Barrett occupying the same position the following season. In 1873 the theatre was leased to J. B. Booth, Jr., who lost heavily on the venture. On Oct. 25, 1875, Booth produced for the first time “Richard II.,” at Daly's Fifth avenue theatre, afterwards playing “ King Lear.” He travelled through the south and west until June, 1876, and in September went to San Francisco, where he met with ex- ceptional success. He next visited New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and Boston. In April, 1878, while playing Richard II. in Chi- cago, a lunatic by the name of Mark Gray fired upon him. Booth walked to the footlights after the third shot and pointed out the man. One of the bullets missed him very narrowly, and was afterwards worn on his watch-chain, bearing the inscription, “ From Mark Gray to Edwin Booth, April 23, 1879.” In the fall of 1879 he played at Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, beginning a brilliant engagement at the Park theatre in Boston in March, 1880. In June he sailed for Europe with his wife and daughter, and spent some months in travel. He began his London engagement on Nov. 6, 1880, as Hamlet, at the New Princess theatre, afterwards playing Richelieu, Bertuccio, Othello, Iago, Petruchio, Shylock and King Lear. In the season of 1881-'83 he played at the Lyceum theatre with Henry Irving, and in the summer of 1882 played at the London Adelplii. In 1883 he played in German cities with brilliant results, speaking English in a German company. Returning to the United States he repeated his former successes, acting with Mr. Barrett in “Hamlet,” “ Julius Caesar,” “ The Merchant of Venice,” “ Othello, - ’ and “ Richelieu,” until Barrett’s death in March, 1891. In 1890 Booth made a tour through the country with Madame Modjeska, under Bar- rett’s management. His last appearance on any stage was made at the Brooklyn academy of music, April 4, 1891, as Hamlet. He afterwards lived in quiet at his home in The Players’ club, New York city, of which he was the founder, and to which he gave more than a quarter of a million dollars. He died there June 7, 1893. BOOTH, James Curtis, chemist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 28, 1810. He was gradu- ated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1829. After a special course in chemistry in Europe he returned to America, and opened a laboratory in Philadelphia, where, in addition to his private classes, he accepted the chair of ap- plied chemistry in the Franklin institute, hold- ing the position until 1845. In 1849 he became superintendent of smelting and refining precious metals in the United States mint. He experi- mented with the nickel ores of Pennsylvania, and at his suggestion, in 1857, a proportion of that metal was used with other alloys in the coinage of cents of that year. Jan. 7, 1888, he resigned from the mint. He was one of the geological surveyors of Pennsylvania, and later took charge of a similar survey of Delaware. In 1867 Lewisburg university gave him the degree of LL.D., and in 1884 Rensselaer polytechnic in- stitute conferred upon him that of Ph.D. Among his published works are: “Annual Re- port of the Delaware Geological Survey ” (1839). “ The Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the State of Delaware ” (1841) ; and “ Recent Im- provements in the Chemical Arts” (1852). He also assisted in bringing out the “ Encyclopaedia of Chemistry, Practical and Theoretical ” (1850). He also edited and annotated a translation of Regnault's "Elements of Chemistry. ” In 1883-'84 he was president of the American chemical society. He was a member of the American philosophical society, and of several other learned and scientific bodies. He died March 21, 1888. BOOTH, John Wilkes, actor, was born in Bel Air, Md., in 1838; son of Junius Brutus and Mary Ann (Hohnes) Booth, and the brother of Junius Brutus and Edwin Booth. He was edu- cated for the stage, but his erratic life pre- vented him from rising much above mediocrity. His first appearance on the stage was as Rich- mond in “ Richard III.,” at St. Charles theatre, Baltimore, in 1856, and his last as Pescara in “The Apostate,” at Ford's theatre, Washing- ton, D. C., in 1865. In the civil war his sympa- thies were with the south. Early in 1865 he [34S1 BOOTH. BOOTH. conspired with other southern sympathizers to kill President Lincoln and the members of his cabinet. On the appointed night, April 14, 1865, he entered Ford's theatre, where the President was in attendance, gained access to his box and shot him from behind, then leaped to the stage, shouting, “ Sic Semper Tyrannis. The south is avenged ! ” and despite a broken leg caused by a fall, his spur becoming caught in the folds of a flag as he jumped from the box, he made good his escape on horse-back. He was concealed by southern sympathizers, and after eleven days was found in a barn at Bowling Green, Va. He refused to surrender and was shot by Boston Corbett, a soldier of the searching party. His body was secretly buried by the government authorities, but after two years it was surren- dered to his brother Edwin, and re-interred in the family plot in Baltimore cemetery. The date of his death is April 26, 1865. BOOTH, Junius Brutus, actor, was born in London, England, May 1, 1796; son of Richard Booth, a successful solicitor. He received a classical education, and, after trying sculpture and painting, entered his father’s office to study law. This proving uncongenial, his friends pro- cured him a commission in the navy. He had not joined his ship when it was ordered to Nova Scotia to take part in the hostilities against the United States in 1812. The father was an ardent Republican, and at his request young Booth resigned his commission. He became interested in amateur theatricals, and his success deter- mined him to follow the profession of an actor. He played at a minor theatre in one of the prov- inces, and in 1814 made a tour of Holland and Belgium. The histrionic talent of the youth was so markedly brilliant that friends endeavored to procure for him a London engagement. The time was not ripe for this, and he made another provincial contract. On March 8, 1815, he was married to Mary Christine Adelaide Delaunoy, at St. George’s, Bloomsbury, having come to London to fill an engagement at Covent Garden; but finding he was cast only for inferior parts he declined to act, and returned to Worthing, where he had been playing Richard III. with conspicu- ous success. Edmund Kean was then at the zenith of his fame, and when Booth appeared as his substitute in the character of Sir Giles Overreach in a “ New Way to Pay Old Debts,” the audience, indignant at his audacity, received him with coldness, but before the end of the play he had taken the house by storm. His fame spread and he was called to London, where, Feb. 17, 1817, he made his first appearance at Covent Garden theatre in the role of Richard III. Here he completely satisfied the critical metropolitan audiences, but was induced by [ 349 ] Edmund Kean to join the Drury Lane company to play Iago to Kean's Othello. This was a clever ruse on the part of the elder actor, and Booth was fortunate in finding flaws in the contract, which enabled him to free himself from the engagement. He returned to Covent Garden, where his reappearance was hailed with tumul- tuous applause ; here he played on alternate nights Richard III. and Sir Giles Overreach, adding to his characters those of Posthumus in “ Cymbe line”; Othello and Sir Edward Mortimer in “ The Ii'on Chest. ” London theatre-goers were divided into two parties, ” Boothites ” and “ Keanites, ” and their extreme partisanship led to a riot, Feb. 25, 1817. At the close of the sea- son, July, 1818, he made a tour of Scotland and the provinces, and in the ensuing autumn de- lighted the Covent Garden audiences with his interpretation of Shylock, and later depicted the roles of Brutus, Richard and Horatius at the Coburg theatre. In 1820 he added to his reper- tory, Lear, which was admittedly one of the finest of his characterizations. In 1820 he played Cassius and Lear at Drury Lane. Jan. 18, 1821, he married Mary Ann Holmes, at the residence of the Honorable Mrs. Chambers, in London, started on a wedding trip to the West Indies, and appeared unannounced in the United States, landing at Norfolk, Va., June 20, 1821. After a successful season at the Park theatre in New York, and in the larger cities of the south, Mr. Booth, in 1822, purchased a small estate near Bal- timore, where, in the pauses of his occupation, he obtained the solitude for which he longed, and here he brought his father, who remained until his death. In 1825 he made an unsuccessful pro- fessional tour to London, his wardrobe and properties being destroyed by the burning of the Royal theatre. He returned to the United States and, after a short engagement at the Park the- atre, New York, where he played “Selim” and “Pescara,” he, in 1828, opened the Camp street theatre in New Orleans, where he enacted French roles with amazing success; his acting of Orestes in Andromaque giving peculiar delight to the French-speaking audiences. In 1831 he leased the Adelplii theatre in Baltimore, where he ap- peared in several new characters: Falkland in “The Rivals,” Luke in “ Riches,” Penruddock, Selim, Richard II., and Roderick Dhu. A severe domestic affliction, the death of two of his children, overthrew his reason at this time, and he was sub- ject to recurrent fits of insanity during the rest of his life. In his lucid intervals his genius shone unimpaired, though he had allowed the vice of intemperance to fasten itself upon him. In 1836, after playing Shylock to packed houses in New York, he went to England with his family, where he appeared in London, but the death of his son. BOOTH. BORDEN. Henry Byron, caused him to return to the United States, where lie attempted suicide on his way to the south. After this he resided in Baltimore in winter and on his farm in summer. He made a yearly trip to Boston and New Orleans, where lie was always enthusiastically welcomed, and occasionally played in other cities. July 18, 1851, a divorce was granted in the Baltimore county court to Mary Christine Adelaide Booth, and Junius Booth was remarried May 10, 1851, to Mary Ann Holmes, the mother of his children. His last appearance in New York was in 1851; his last tour one to California, where he played with his sons, Edwin and Junius Brutus, Jr. It was his determination to retire upon his return to the south, but while giving in New Orleans a series of farewell performances he contracted an illness which proved fatal. He died Nov. 30, 1852. BOOTH, Mary Louise, author, was born at Millville (L. I. ),N. Y., April 19, 1831. Her father was a school teacher at Williamsburg. L. I., and at an early age she became his assistant. She abandoned this work, however, to give her time to literary work. She became a popular contrib- utor to periodical literature, and published many translations from the French. When Harper’s Bazar was established in 1867 she became its editor, and held the position during the rest of her life. For several years she was engaged in preparing a “ History of the City of New York,” which, on its publication in 1859, attracted much favorable comment. Her published works, con- sisting chiefly of translations, include the follow- ing: Cousin’s “Secret History of the French Court under Richelieu and Mazarin : or. Life and Times of Madame de Chevreuse ” (1859) ; Gas- parin’s “ The Uprising of a Great People. The United States in 1861” (1861), and “America before Europe: Principles and Interests ” (1862) ; Cochin's “ The Results of Slavery ” (1863) ; Gasparin's “Reconstruction” (1865); the Coun- tess de Gasparin’s “ Human Sorrows, ” “ Vesper,” and “Camille”; Laboulaye’s “Paris in Amer- ica” (1865), and “Fairy Book” (1867), and Martin’s “History of France” (2 vols., 1866). She also compiled the “ New and Complete Clock and Watch-maker’s Manual ” (1860). She died in New York city, March 5, 1889. BOOTH, Newton, senator, was born at Salem, Ind., Dec. 25, 1825; was graduated from the Asbury university in 1846, and four years later was admitted to the bar, when he removed to California, where he engaged in business in Sac- ramento. He returned to his native state in 1857 and settled in Terre Haute, where for three years he practised the law, but preferring Cali- fornia as a residence he removed to that state, and soon attained prominence in politics as an [ 350 ] opponent of the railroad monopoly. In 1863 he was elected a state senator, and from 1871 to 1875 was governor of the state. In the latter year he was elected to the United States senate, and during his term he opposed Chinese emigra- tion, but favored full protection to those already admitted. The last years of his life were spent in travel. He died at Sacramento, July 14, 1892. BOOTHMAN, Melvin Morelli, representative, was born in Williams county, Ohio, Oct. 16, 1846. He lived on his father's farm until his eighteenth year, when he enlisted in the 38th Ohio infantry, Jan. 4, 1864. On the last day of the Atlanta campaign, Sept. 1, 1864, he received a severe wound, which necessitated the amputation of his leg. Returning to his home, he worked his way through school, receiving the degree of LL.B. from the law department of Michigan university in April, 1871. In October of the same year Mr. Boothman was elected treasurer of Williams county, and after the expiration of his second term, he established himself in the practice of law. He was elected a representative to the 50th and 51st congresses. BORDEN, Gail, inventor, was born in Nor- wich, N. Y., Nov. 6, 1801. In his early years he migrated with his parents from place to place, residing in Kentucky and in Indiana; in 1829 he removed to Texas. He was a delegate to the San Felipe convention, which met in 1833 to petition the Mexican government for a separa- tion from Coahuila ; was superintendent of offi- cial surveys under General Austin, and manager of the San Felipe land office. He compiled the first topographical map of the territory em- braced in the colony of Texas, and he made the first surveys of the city of Galveston. In 1835 he and his brother established the Texas Tele- graph and Land Register, the publication of which was continued for about half a century. It was the only paper issued in Texas during the Texan war for independence. He was the first collector of the port of Galveston, under the newly formed republic, and he acted for twelve years as agent of the Galveston city company, a corporation holding the greater part of the land on which Galveston was built. In 1849 he became interested in providing simple, nutri- tious and easily portable food supplies for emi- grants and exploring parties. After much experimenting he produced Borden's pemmican, meat biscuit, and condensed milk. The pemmi- can was first used by Dr. Kane on his arctic expedition. The meat biscuit was awarded "the great council medal ” at the World's fair, Lon- don, in 1852, and won for Mr. Borden, at the same time, an election to honorary membership in the London society of arts. He applied for a patent for the condensed milk in 1853, but it was BORDLEY. BORIE. not until 1856 that he succeeded in demonstrating to the satisfaction of the commissioner of patents that there was any difference between milk evaporated in the open air and “ the production of concentrated sweet milk by evaporation in vacuo, the same having no sugar or other foreign substance mixed with it." He next produced a condensed meat juice, and he established ex- tensive works near Columbus, Colorado county, Texas. Condensed tea, coffee, cocoa and fruit juices were subsequently manufactured by him with great success. He died Jan. 11, 1874. BORDEN, Simeon, inventor, was born at Freetown, Mass., Jan. 29, 1798. He devoted his time to the study of mathematics. He became an excellent machinist, and an amateur surveyor, making his own instruments with great ingenu- ity. In 1830 Mr. Borden invented an appliance in surveying by which the measurement of the base line could be more easily determined. In 1831 he joined the new survey of the state of Massachusetts, and after three years, upon the resignation of Mr. Stevens, he was given sole charge of the survey. The field work was com- pleted in the spring of 1838. He then began to compile the map, which work was not completed until 1841. In 1844, when a dispute as to bound- ary arose between Rhode Island and Massachu- setts, Mr. Borden acted as surveyor, and subsequently established the correct boundary line. His last important engineering work was the connection of the palisades on one side of the Hudson river with Fort Washington on the other, by overhead telegraph lines. He published the engineer's report of the Worcester and Keene surveys in 1846, and “ Useful Formulae, Adapted to the Operations of Locating and Constructing Railroads” (1851). The map of Massachusetts, prepared under the advice of the Massachusetts commission to the Centennial exhibition of 1876, was compiled by H. F. Walling from Mr. Bor- den's material. He died Oct. 28, 1856. BORDLEY, John Beale, author, was born at Annapolis, Md., Feb. 11, 1727. He practised law in Baltimore county, and in 1753 was appointed chief clerk of the court for that county. In 1766 he was made judge of the provincial court. In 1767 he became judge of the admiralty court and remained in this position for nine years. He was actively interested in the subject of agricul- ture, making many novel experiments in hus- bandry". The first agricultural society formed in America was organized by him in 1793. He wrote “ Forsyth on Fruit-trees .with Notes,” “ On Rotation of Crops ” (1792) ; “ Essays and Notes on Husbandry and Rural Affairs, with Plates ” (1799-1801), and “ A View of the Courses of Crops in England and Maryland ” (1784). He died Jan. 26, 1804. BOREMAN, Arthur Ingraham, governor of West Virginia, was born at Waynesburg Pa., July 24, 1823. Early in life he went to western Virginia, where, at the age of twenty-two, he was admitted to the bar, and while practising his profession at Parkersburg, Va., he became interested in political matters, and was elected a member of the house of delegates of Virginia in 1855, serving in that body by successive re- elections until 1861. At the extra session of that year he opposed the secession of the state, and was [(resident of the Union convention which met at Wheeling, and helped to organize the state of West Virginia. He was appointed judge of the circuit court in October of that year, and held that office two years. In 1863 lie was elected governor of the state, holding that office by re-election until 1869, when he resigned, hav- ing been elected to the U. S. senate as a Republi- can. BORQESS, Caspar Henry, R. C. bishop, was born at Addrup in the Grand Duchy of Olden- burg, in 1826. He was brought to America in 1834 and settled in Philadelphia, where his early education was acquired. His classical course was pursued at St. Charles seminary, and his theological at St. Xavier’s college in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1848 he was ordained and labored at Columbus, Ohio, until 1858. In 1859 he became rector of St. Peter’s cathedral in Cincinnati, where he was stationed for more than ten years. On April 24, 1870, he was consecrated titular bishop of Caledonia, and the following year was appointed bishop of Detroit, to succeed Bishop Lefevre, deceased. He resigned his bishopric April 16, 1887, and died in Detroit, Mich., May 3, 1890. BORIE, Adolph E. , banker, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., Nov. 25, 1809; son of John Joseph Borie, a Frenchman. After receiving from the University of Pennsylvania the degree of A.M. in 1826, he went abroad, where he studied and travelled. After his return to his native country he entered commercial life in his father’s counting-room, and subsequently became a mem- ber of the firm of McKean, Borie & Co. He was president of the bank of commerce, Philadelphia, from 1848 till 1860. Mr. Borie was a stanch Unionist during the civil war, and was an organ- izer and officer of the Union club (afterwards the Union league club, of Philadelphia), the first founded in America. His generous donations during the war were of material assistance to the country. He was secretary of the navy to which office he was appointed by President Grant, March 5, 1869, and which he resigned after three months’ service, owing to the de- mands of his private business. He was elected a trustee of Pennsylvania university in 1858 [351 j BORLAND. BOSTWICK and a member of the American philosophical society in 1872. He accompanied General Grant in his tour around the world 1877-’78, and died in Philadelphia, Feb. 5, 1880. BORLAND, Solon, senator, was born in Vir- ginia. He was educated as a physician in North Carolina and practised at Little Rock, Ark. When the Mexican war broke out he was commissioned major in Yell’s cavalry, and in January, 1847, was taken prisoner. He afterwards served as aide-de-camp to General Worth until the capture of the city of Mexico, Sept. 14, 1847. On his re- turn to Arkansas he was appointed U. S. senator by the governor to fill the unexpired term of Ambrose H. Sevier, resigned, and at the expira- tion of the term in 1849, he was elected for a full senatorial term, but resigned March 8, 1853, to accept from President Pierce the position of min- ister to Nicaragua, having also in charge, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and San Salvador. He served for a year, when he returned to the United States and resigned. He was assaulted while at San Juan de Nicaragua, on his way home, while attempting to prevent the arrest of a man charged with murder. This incident led to the bombardment and destruction of Greytown, by the U. S. sloop-of-war Cyane, July 13, 1854. On his return Mr. Borland declined the governorship of New Mexico, proffered by President Pierce, and he resumed the practice of medicine at Little Rock. When the state legislature passed the ordinance of secession, May 6, 1801. he organized troops under direction of Governor Rector, and took possession of Fort Smith. He afterwards raised the 3d regiment, Arkansas cavalry, was commissioned colonel, and was subsequently promoted brigadier -general. He was serving in the Confederate army in Texas when he died, Jan. 31. 1864. BOSBYSHELL, Oliver Christian, soldier, was born at Vicksburg, Miss., Jan. 3, 1839. He was educated in the public schools of Schuylkill county, Pa., and started life as a telegraph messenger boy. When the civil war broke out he enlisted at Pottsville, April 16, 1861, for thirty days, and on April 18, as he marched through Baltimore amidst a turbulent mob, was assaulted, and claimed to be the first soldier wounded in the war. The same evening he arrived with his com- pany in Washington city. The commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in 1891, presented each of these first defenders with a medal of honor. At the ex- piration of his term he re-enlisted, was com- missioned 2d lieutenant, and was advanced to the rank of major, gaining distinction at the battles of New Berne, second Bull Run, Chan- tilly, South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericks- burg. Tn the spring of 1863 he was made provost marshal at Lexington, Ky, He was then ap- [ 352 ] pointed acting assistant adjutant-general of his brigade, and served in the East Tennessee cam- paign, in the battles of Blue Springs, Campbell’s station, and at the siege of Knoxville. In 1864 he served with Grant in the campaign from the Wilderness to Peters- burg as acting assistant adjutant-general of the 1st brigade, 4th (colored) division, 9th army corps, which shared in the Petersburg mine fight of July 30, 1864. He com. manded his regiment the battle at the Weldon railroad, and had charge of the left wing at Pop- lar grove church, on Sept. 30, 1864. He was mustered out of service Oct. 1, 1864. Returning to Pottsville, Pa., he engaged in the banking business, and in 1869 was appointed register of deposits in the United States mint at Philadel- phia. He was made assistant coiner in 1872, and in 1877 was appointed coiner. In 1879 President Harrison appointed him to the superintend- ency of the mint, which position he resigned in 1894. In 1878 he was elected major of the 2d regiment national guard of Pennsylvania, was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1879, and made colonel in 1890. He was elected commander of Post 2, G. A. R. of Philadelphia, in 1879. He was one of the founders of the Pennsylvania society of the sons of the revolution. In 1884 he became one of the directors of the Fidelity mutual life association, in 1887 was elected vice- president of the company, and in 1894 became its treasurer. BOSTWICK, Arthur Elmore, librarian, was born at Litchfield, Conn., March 8, 1860; son of Dr. David Elmore and Adelaide (McKinley) Bostwick. His first American ancestor, Arthur Bostock (or Boswick), came to America from Cheshire, England, about 1630, and settled in Southampton (L. I.), N. Y., afterwards remov- ing to Connecticut. Arthur Elmore Bostwick was prepared for college at the Litchfield (Conn.) institute, and was graduated at Yale college in 1881, receiving the Ph.D. degree in 1883. He was the first holder of the Silliman fellowship in physics. He was substitute instructor at Yale in 1883- ! 84, and teacher in the Montclair, N. J., high school. 1884—’86. From 1886 to 1888 he was on the editorial staff of Appleton’s cyclopaedia of American biography. In 1890 he became assist- ant editor of the Forum, and from 1892 to 1896 was associate editor of the Standard Dictionary. In 1893 he accepted the position of scientific BOTTA. BOTTOME. editor of the Literary Digest, and in April, 1895, he became librarian-in-chief of the New York free circulating library. He was made a member of the Author’s club, New York city. BOTELER, Alexander Robinson, representa- tive, was born at Shepherdstown, Va., May 16, 1815. He was graduated at Princeton in 1835, and was afterwards made a member of the as- sembly of Virginia. In 1858 he was elected a representative in the 36th Congress, and was de- feated, as speaker of the house, by James L. Orr, by a few votes. He was one of the strongest advocates of the famous Crittenden compromise resolutions, and resigned his seat in the U. S. Congress in 1861 to become a member of the pro- visional and Confederate congresses. He served inthearmy of Virginia on “ Stonewall ” Jackson's staff, and after Jackson’s death as an aide to Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. He was appointed by President Grant a commissioner for West Virginia to the Centennial , exposition at Philadelphia, 1876, and by President Arthur one of the tariff commis- sioners, after which Attorney-General Brewster made him an attorney in the department of justice. He died at Shepherdstown, W. Va., May 8, 1892. BOTETOURT, Norborne Berkeley, colonial governor of Virginia, was born in England about 1717. In 1768 he succeeded Sir Jeffrey Amherst in the governorship of Virginia. The assembly passed resolutions condemning the measures of government, and in consequence Governor Botetourt called the burgesses before him and said: “ I have heard of your resolves, and augur ill of their effects. You have made it my duty to dissolve you, and you are dissolved accord- ingly.” The members met at the Raleigh tavern, and formed a non importation agreement. The governor used all his influence to promote the interests and restore the peace of the colonies. His death, which was deeply regretted by the Virginians, occurred Oct. 15, 1770. BOTTA, Anne Charlotte (Lynch), author, was born at Bennington, Vt., Nov. 11, 1815. She was educated in Albany, N. Y. , and at an early age began to contribute poems and stories to various periodicals. She lived for a short time in Providence, R. I., but afterwards settled in New York, where, in 1855, she married Professor Botta of the New York university. She estab- lished a salon, where literary people, artists and musicians came to meet the distinguished for- eigners who visited New York. She was promi- nently active in measures taken to relieve the women and children of Paris during the Franco- Prussian war. She prepared an album, designed to be sold for this cause, composed of contribu- tions from the pens and pencils of the most cele- brated artists of America, with photographs and autographs. This was subsequently sold for five thousand dollars, and the sum constitutes an endowment to the French academy, the accumu- lated interest of which every five years is a prize for the best essay on the “ Condition of Woman.” A collection of her poems was published in 1848, illustrated by noted American artists, and “Leaves from the Diary of a Recluse” ap- peared first in The Gift in 1845. Besides in- numerable essays, sketches and stories she com- piled a “ Handbook of Universal Literature ” (1860), which holds high rank as an educational text-book. She was a prominent member of the Nineteenth century club, the Afternoon club, and other societies devoted to art and literature. She died in New York city, March 23, 1891. BOTTA, Vincenzo, educator, was born at Cavalier, Maggiore, Piedmont, Nov. 11, 1818. He pursued his college course at the University of Turin, and afterwards held the chair of phil- osophy at his alma mater. He became a mem- ber of the Sardinian parliament in 1849, and in the ensuing year was commissioned with Dr. Parola to report to his government upon the sys- tem of education in Germany. In 1853 he re- moved to the United States and accepted the chair of Italian language and literature in the University of New York, and was married in 1855 to Anne Charlotte Lynch, a well-known author. Dr. Botta was a member of the Union league club for thirty years and was one of its vice-presidents. He was also a member of the Century association and several scientific and literary societies. The degree of Pli.D. was given to him by the University of Berlin, in recogni- tion of his services to Germany. His best known works are: “ Account of the System of Educa- tion in Piedmont,” “ Discourse on the Life, Char- acter and Policy of Cavour ” (1862) ; “ Dante as a Philosopher, Patriot and Poet ” (1865) ; “ An Historical Account of Modern Philosophy in Italy,” and “ An Introduction to Dante.” He died in New York city, Oct. 5, 1894. BOTTOME, Margaret (McDonald), reformer, was born in New York city, but lived in Brooklyn from her childhood. She became early interested in religious and charitable work in Brooklyn, N. Y., where her father held an official position. She accompanied him weekly to the almshouse and prison, and systematically visited the sick and poor of the Brooklyn districts. Her mar- riage to the Rev. Frank Bottome opened to her a wider field. About 1876 she commenced giv- ing Bible talks in drawing-rooms to society women of New York city, and finally organized the great order of the King’s Daughters, of which she was annually chosen president. In 1896 she was elected and accepted the additional responsi- bility of the presidency of the Woman's branch [ 353 ] BOTTS. BOUCICAULT. of the Medical missionary society. Mrs. Bot- tome’s most effective personal work is shown in her “ Bible Talks.” Some of these “ Talks ” were published first in the Silver Cross Magazine, the organ of the King’s Daughters, and later in book form, under the title of “ The Guest Chamber.” BOTTOMLEY, Thomas, clergyman, was born in Connonly, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, June 2, 1805. He joined the Wesleyan Methodist connection when he was twelve years old, and was licensed as a local preacher when he was seventeen. In 1828 he came to America and located at Paterson, N. J., where he was licensed to preach in the M. E. church, on Feb. 28, 1829. From Paterson lie went to Richmond, Va., later settling at Ellicott’s Mills, Md. In 1832 he was ordained deacon by Bishop McKendree, at Baltimore. In March, 1840, he was admitted into the travelling connection, on trial, by the Baltimore conference, and was ordained elder by Bishop Waugh, who transferred him to the Ar- kansas conference. On the way to his new mis- sion his wife's illness compelled them to stop at Louisville, Ky., where, becoming much at- tached to the people, he decided to remain, and at the session of the Kentucky conference for 1840 he joined that body. In the division of the conference in 1846 he became a member of the newly organized Louisville conference, where he served during his lifetime. He was a mem- ber of the general conference of 1874. He preached for more than seventy -two years, and attended fifty-four conferences. He died at Hopkinsville, Ky., Sept. 27, 1894. BOTTS, John Minor, statesman, was born at Dumfries, Prince William county, Va. , Sept. 16, 1802. Both his parents perished at the burning of the theatre at Richmond, where they were residing, leaving him orphaned at the age of nine years. He began the study of law when very young, was admitted to the bar in 1820, and practised successfully until 1826, when he aban- doned the profession to engage in agricultural pursuits. From 1833 to 1839 he served in the state legislature, and from 1839 to 1843 as repre- sentative in the 26th and 27th congresses, and from 1847 to 1849 in the 30th Congress. He was a stanch supporter of Henry Clay, and labored for his election in the presidential campaign of 1844. In 1852 he resumed his law practice at Richmond, and in 1856 joined the Native Ameri- can party. He retired to his farm, near Culpeper Court House, upon the beginning of the civil war. He remained faithful to the government, and opposed secession with fervid earnestness. In 1862 he was arrested, by order of the Confed- erate government, on suspicion of being engaged in preparing a secret history of the rebellion. A rigid search failing to disclose the suspected man- 1354] uscript he was released after eight weeks' soli- tary confinement in prison. The suspicions had been well founded, however, for at that time he had in preparation “ The Great Rebellion, its Secret History, Rise, Progress and Disastrous Failure,” published in 1866. Mr. Botts was a delegate to the southern loyalists’ convention at Philadelphia, in 1866, and he was one of the signers of the bail-bond of Jefferson Davis in 1867. He died at Culpeper, Va., Jan. 7, 1869. BOUCHER, Jonathan, clergyman, was born at Blencow, Cumberland, England, March 12, 1738. In 1754 he removed to America and en- gaged as a teacher. He afterwards took holy orders, became rector of Hanover, then of St. Mary’s parish, Va., and also of St. Anne, Annapo- lis, and Queen Anne, St. George's Co.,Md. He was, however, obliged by his parishioners to leave America, because of his opposition to the spirit of independence, and he returned to England in 1785, where he obtained a cure at Epsom. He is the author of “ The Cumberland Man” (1792); "A View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution ” (1797), and ” Two Assize Sermons” (1799). He occupied the last four- teen years of his life by working on a glossary of provincial and archaic words, which was, in 1831, purchased from his heirs by the English publishers of Webster's dictionary, for use as a supplement in that work. In 1802 he published “Linguae Anglicanae Veteris Thesaurus.” He died in Epsom, England, April 27, 1804. BOUCICAULT, Dion, playwright, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 26, 1822. He was of French parentage, and his father, a merchant, had him carefully educated, intending him to become a civil engineer and architect. The son, however, abandoned this profession, and before leaving his teens wrote a drama entitled “ London Assur- ance,” which was highly successful. His talent as a playwright lay not in literary work, nor in originality of thought and plot, but in happy dialogue, in clever mechanical stage settings, and in startling and impressive incidents. Among the more popular of his dramas are : “ The Colleen Bawn,” “ Love in a Maze," “Used Up,” “The Corsican Brothers,” “ Louis XI.," and “ The Long Strike.” It was said that “After Dark” de- pended for its success upon the movement of a sham train, and “ Flying Scud ” upon puppet horses. It is undeniable that the stage devices of Mr. Boucicault were at that time unequalled. His faculty of writing dialogue, witty or pathetic as the occasion might require, was an admirable point in his plays, for which he received larger prices than had ever before been given to a play- wright. In 1853 he married Agnes Robertson, a London actress, and after his marriage he also began to act, attaining some popularity. He BOUCK. BOUDINOT. went to Washington in 1838, where he opened a theatre, and in 1839 he established the “ 31 inter Garden” of New York. Two years later he went to London, remaining there four years. He then returned to America, where he spent the rest of his life. Among his plays not already men- tioned are: “Dot,” and “The Relief of Luck- now ” (1863) ; “ The Trial of Effie Deans ” (1864) ; “Arrah-Na-Pogue ” (1865); “ Rip Van Winkle (1865); “The Parish Clerk” (1865); “Hunted Down” (1866); “Foul Play,” with Charles Reade (1867) ; “How She Loves Him” (1867); “ Lost at Sea ” (1869) ; “ The Rapparee ” (1870) ; “ Babil and Bijou” (1872); “Daddy O'Dowd ” (1873); “Janet's Pride,” “Faust and Marguer- ite,” “ Paul Lafarge,” “ A Dark Night's Work,” “ The Dead Secret,” “Andy Blake,” and “The Shaughraun.” He died Sept. 18, 1890. BOUCK, William C., governor of New York, was born in Schoharie county, N. Y., in 1786. He early became prominent in politics, holding local offices, and was several times elected to the state assembly. In 1820 he was made a state senator, and in 1821 became canal commissioner, holding the office for nearly twenty years. He was elected governor of New York in 1842, and served throughout the term. In 1846 he was a mem- ber of the state constitutional convention. His last public office was as assistant treasurer of the city of New York, from 1846 to 1849. He died in Schoharie county, N. Y., April 19, 1859. BOUDINOT, Elias, philanthropist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 2, 1740; son of Elias and Catherine (Williams) Boudinot. He received an excellent education, and, after studying law with his brother-in-law, Richard Stockton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, he was admitted to practice in New Jersey, Nov. 9, 1760. On Sept. 11, 1770, he was licensed as ser- geant-at-law, and in 1790 Yale college conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. On June 11, 1774, he was made a member of the com- mittee of correspondence for Essex county, N. J. In 1775 he was one of the deputies who attended the provincial congress of New Jersey. In 1777 he was elected commissary -general of prisoners, and while holding this office, failing to receive sufficient money from Congress to satisfy the pressing necessities of the prisoners, he drew generously from his own resources and bor- rowed from his friends. In December, 1777, he was elected a delegate to the Continental Con- gress, and in the spring of 1778 was appointed by General Washington to meet a British commis- sioner and arrange an exchange of prisoners. He also effected an exchange of General Lee, who had been taken prisoner in December, 1776. He retained the office of commissary -general of prisoners until 1779, and his term in Congress [ 355 ] having ended in 1778, he was again elected in 1781, holding his seat until 1784. In November, 1782, he was chosen president of Congress, and in this official capacity signed the treaty of peace with England. In 1788 he was elected a repre- sentative to the 1st U. S. Congress, serving by re-election in the 2d and 3d congresses. In 1795 President Washington appointed him director of the U. S. mint ; in 1805 he resigned the office, and retired from all public duties, and devoted himself to the study of biblical literature at his home in Burlington, N. J. He was one of the founders of the American Bible society in 1816, and its first president. He left many generous bequests for benevolent objects, in which he was interested. During his lifetime he gave to the American Bible society the sum of 810,000; to Princeton college, of which he was a trustee, a natural history cabinet worth 83,000, and gener- ous sums to various missions. Among his pub- lished works are: “The Age of Revelation” (1790); “The Age of Reason” (1793); “Second Advent of the Messiah” (1815); “A Star in the West ” (1815), and “ A Life of the Rev. William Tennent ” (1806). (See “ Life of Elias Boudinot,” by J. J. Boudinot, 1896.) He died Oct. 24, 1821. BOUDINOT, Elias Cornelius, soldier, was born near Rome, Ga., Aug. 1, 1835; son of Elias Boudinot, a Cherokee Indian, descended from a long line of tribal chiefs. His father was educated at a mission school in Cornwall, Conn., and his mother was a daughter of Benjamin Gold, a well-known citizen of Connecti cut. His father's In- dian name was Kille- kee-nah, and being an unusually intelligent boy, he attracted the attention of Elias Bou- dinot, the philanthro- pist, who gave him per- mission to adopt his name. In 1839, having removed to Arkansas, he was assassinated by a rival faction of the Cherokees, known as the Ross party, and an uncle of young Boudinot sent him to Manchester, V t. , where he acquired a thorough education, and entered the corps of civil en- gineers. In 1853 he returned to Arkansas and became very prominent as a lawyer, and in Indian politics. At the outbreak of the civil war he joined the Confederacy, and was made major of a regiment of Cherokee Indians, whose opera- tions included the battles of Oak Hill and Elk Horn, and the campaign in the Red river country. After the war he devoted his whole energy to BOUGHTON. BOURNE. the improvement of his tribe, which he ably represented at Washington. He was a talented musician and a fine linguist. He was a member of a prosperous law firm at Fort Smith, Ark., where his death occurred Sept. 27, 1890. BOUGHTON, George Henry, artist, was born in Norfolk, England, in 1833, son of William and Mary Boughton. When he was nearly three years old his parents settled in Albany, N. Y., where he was educated. In 1850 he opened a studio, and in 1853 he made a sketching tour through Scotland, Ireland and the English lake country. Returning to the United States, he settled in New York city, and in 1858 exhibited at the National academy “ Winter Twilight.” In 1859 he went to Paris to further study art, and in 1861 visited London, where, meeting an artist friend, he was induced by him to remain there. He became an interested student of New England Puritanism, and his pictures of Puritan types won high praise from critics. In English art he chose chiefly subjects concerning children of the soil. He also made several visits to Holland, re- sulting in numerous paintings of Dutch scenes, and in the book “ Sketching Rambles in Holland ” (1885), written by Mr. Boughton and illustrated in conjunction with Edwin Abbey. In 1871 the National academy of design elected him an academician. In 1879 he was made an associate of the Royal academy, and he was elected acade- mician in 1896, to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Lord Leighton. Among his paintings are : “ Passing into the Shade ” (British institute, 1863); “ Through the Fields ” and “ Hop-Pickers Returning — Twilight” (Royal academy, 1863); ‘‘The Interminable Story ” and “Industry” (Royal academy, 1864) ; “ A Breton Haymaker ” and “Wandering Thoughts” (1866); “The Swing, Brittany ” and “ Wayside Devotion, Brittany ” (1866) ; “ The Early Puritans of New England” (1867); “Breton Pastoral” (1868); “ The Age of Gallantry ” (1870) ; “ The March of Miles Standish ” (1870); “Colder than Snow” (1871) ; “ A Chapter from Pamela ” (1871) ; “The Canterbury Pilgrims” (1875); “Milton Visited by Marvell” (1875); “The Primrose Gatherers ” (Philadelphia centennial, 1876) ; “ The Edict of William the Testy ” (1877); “Priscilla” (1879) ; “ Evangeline ” (1880) ; “ Hester Prynne,” “Rose Standish,” “A Dead City of Zuyder Zee ” (1881) ; “ A Dutch Seaside Resort ” (1882) ; “ Suspected of Witchcraft” (1883); “ A Field Handmaiden — Brabant” (1884); “The Return of the Mayflower,” “A Dutch Ferry,” “The Vision at the Martyr’s Well ” (1893), and “ The Ordeal of Purity ” (1894). Mr. Boughton illus- trated the edition of “ Rip Van Winkle ” and “ The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” published in 1893. BOULIGNEY, Dominique, senator, was born in Louisiana in 1773. He was admitted to prac- tise law, and began his professional labors at New Orleans, La. In 1824 he was elected to succeed Senator Johnson, who had resigned his seat in the United States senate, and served in that body until 1829, when he was succeeded by Edward Livingston. He died in New Orleans, La., March 5, 1833. BOULIGNEY, John Edward, representative, was born at New Orleans, La., Feb. 17, 1824. He was a nephew of Dominique Bouligney, and be- came a prominent lawyer in his native city. In 1858 he was elected a representative in the 36th Congress and served until March 3, 1861. He was the only man in Congress who represented a seceding state who did not resign his seat. He died in Washington, D. C. , Feb. 20, 1864. BOURGADE, P., R. C. bishop, was born in France in 1845. He received his education at the College of Billom, and at the seminary of Puy de Dome, where he met Bishop Salpointe, who, as vicar apostolic of Arizona, was travelling through France in search of young men who were willing to become missionaries in America. Young Bourgade, then in deacon’s orders, volun- teered his services, and upon his arrival in Amer- ica proceeded to Tucson, Arizona. In 1870 he was ordained a priest. He was first assigned to missionary work at Yuma, where the founda- tions of the church of the Immaculate Concep- tion were laid. His health soon broke down, and, by the advice of Bishop Salpointe, he went to France for rest. He returned to America in 1875, and transferred his labors to the diocese of Dal- las, as pastor of the mission at San Elizario, Texas, with control of the various missions in that locality. He remained there for six years, when he was removed to Silver City, Arizona. In 1885 Bishop Salpointe was appointed coad- jutor of Sante Fd, and Father Bourgade was elected as his successor. He was consecrated at Sante Fd, New Mexico, on May 1, 1885, with the titular rank of bishop of Taumaco. The territory over which he presided was established as a vicariate apostolic in 1869, and comprised the whole of the Arizona territory and the extreme south of the territory of New Mexico. BOURNE, Benjamin, jurist, was born in Bristol, R. I., Sept. 9, 1755; great -great -grandson of Richard Bourne, the Indian missionary. He was graduated from Harvard college in 1775, and after studying law began to practise in Provi- dence, R. I. In 1776 he was appointed quarter- master of the 2d Rhode Island regiment, and was a member of a petition committee from Rhode Island to the Continental Congress in 1789. He was the first representative in Congress from Rhode Island after the adoption of the constitu- [ 356 ] BOURNE. BOUTELLE. tion, and served from Dec. 17, 1790, to 1796, when he resigned. He was appointed and confirmed judge of the United States district court in Rhode Island in 1801, and died Sept. 17, 1808. BOURNE, Edward Emerson, jurist, was born at Wells, Me., March 19, 1797. In 1816, after receiving preparation in the South Ber- wick academy, he was graduated from Bowdoin college. He then studied law in his native town and in Philadelphia, and in 1819 was admitted to the York county bar. In 1820 he removed to York, but the next year returned to Kennebunk, where he occupied various local offices, and in 1826 was sent to the state legislature, where he served until 1831. Declining renomination, he devoted himself wholly to his profession. In 1838 he became state's attorney, and again in 1841. In 1856 he was made judge of probate and remained in this office until 1872. In 1866 he was elected a member of the New England historic genealogical society. He was a trustee of Bow- doin college, from which he received the degree of LL.D. in 1872. He wrote a full history of the towns of Kennebunk and Wells, and he contri- buted largely to various historical publications. He died in Kennebunk, Me., Sept. 23, 1873. BOURNE, Edward Gaylord, educator, was born at Strykersville, N. Y., June 24, 1860. He was graduated at Yale college in 1883, being awarded one of the Foote scholarships, and three years later was appointed instructor in medieval history, and lecturer on political sci- ence in that institution. In 1888 he was called to Adelbert college, Cleveland, Ohio, where, in 1890, he was made professor of history. In 1895 he was chosen professor of history in Yale uni- versity, and in 1896 became one of the editors of The Yale Review. Among his writings are: “ The Demarcation Line of Alexander VI.,” and “Prince Henry the Navigator,” in The Yale Review, “Seneca and the Discovery of Amer- ica ” in The Academy, “ Alexander Hamilton and Adam Smith ” in the Harvard Quarterly Journal of Economics-, and “Leopold von Ranke” in The Sewanee Review. He published “The His- tory of the Surplus Revenue of 1837 ” (1885). BOURNE, Richard, missionary, was born in England. He removed to America and estab- lished himself at Sandwich, Mass., where he con- ducted services. About the year 1658 he went to Marshpee, where he studied the language of the Marshpee Indians and devoted his time to missionary work among that tribe. In 1660 he purchased, with his own resources, a deed of Marshpee, which he presented to the Indians of that place. He established a church and on Aug. 17, 1678, he was ordained its pastor by John Eliot, the “ Apostle of the Indians.” He died at Sandwich, Mass., in 1682, [35- BOUTELLE, Charles Addison, representa- tive, was born at Damariscotta, Me., Feb. 9, 1839. He was educated at the public schools at Bruns- wick and at Yarmouth academy, and early adopted the profession of his father, who was a shipmaster. On his return from a foreign voyage in the spring of 1862 he volunteered in the navy, and, being appointed acting master, he served in the north and south Atlantic and west gulf squadrons ; took part in the blockade of Charles- ton and Wilmington, the Pocotaligo expedition, the capture of Saint John’s Bluff, and occupation of Jacksonville, Florida, and while an officer of the U. S. steamer Sassacus was promoted lieuten- ant for gallant conduct in the engagement with the Confederate ironclad Albemarle, May 5, 1864. He afterwards, in command of the U. S. steamer, Nyanza, participated in the capture of Mobile, and in receiving the surrender of the Confederate fleet. He was subsequently assigned to com- mand of the naval forces in Mississippi sound, and was honorably discharged at his own re- quest, Jan. 14, 1866. He was then engaged in the shipping and commission business in New York city, and in the spring of 1870 assumed editorial charge of the Bangor Whig and Courier, and four years later, on the death of the proprie- tor, he acquired the controlling ownership of that journal. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention at Cincinnati in 1876; was president of the Maine Blaine club at the na- tional convention of Chicago in 1880; represented Maine on the Republican national committee at the national convention of 1884, when Mr. Blaine was nominated, and was chairman of the Maine delegation in the national convention of 1888. He was nominated in 1880 as Republican candi- date for representative in the 47th U. S. Congress from the fourth Maine district, but failed of an election, was elected representative-at-large in 1882 to the 48tli Congress, and elected from the fourth district to the 49th and succeeding con- gresses to the 55th, inclusive. He served as a mem- ber of the committee on naval affairs, of which he was chairman in the 51st, 54th and 55th con- gresses. He obtained appropriations for the first three heavy battle -ships of the new navy; for a triple screw commerce-destroying cruiser of the highest speed ever attempted, and for the perfection of nickel-steel armor plating. During his service on that committee he led in the move- ment for the production of all war materials in the United States, which resulted in the establish- ment of the steel-armor and gun-forging plants at Bethlehem, Pa., at the Carnegie works in Pennsylvania and elsewhere, in the equipment of a gun factory at the Washington navy yard, and in providing for maritime and coast defences. I BOUTON. BOUTWELL. BOUTELLE, DeWitt Clinton, artist, was born in Troy, N. Y. , April 6, 1820. He had few oppor- tunities to cultivate his talent in his boyhood, but by observation and earnest study became an excellent painter. In 1839 lie produced his first picture, which he sold for five dollars, and after- wards re-bought for fifty. The American art union purchased many of his early paintings. He worked for some time in his native city, and afterwards removed to New York, thence to Philadelphia, and finally opened a studio at Beth- lehem, Pa. He became an associate of the Na- tional academy in 1853, and in 1862 a member of the Pennsylvania academy. Among the better known of his paintings are : “The Trout Brook Shower ” (1851) ; “ Morning in the Valley of the Battenkill,” “ Niagara, ” and “Terrapin Tower, Niagara.” He died Nov. 5, 1884. BOUTON, John Bell, author, was born at Con- cord, N. H., March 15, 1830; son of Nathaniel and Mary Ann P. (Bell) Bouton, and a grandson of Gov. John Bell of New Hampshire. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1849, and qualified himself for the legal profession, but before admission to the bar, became associate editor of the Plaindealer, Cleveland, Ohio, and was a contributor to Godey's, Peterson's and other American magazines. Removing to New York in 1856 he was editorially attached to the New Yorker, American Times, and Momus, and finally joined the staff of the N. Y. Journal of Commerce, with which he remained connected as editor, owner, and director until 1889. For many years he was scientific editor of ‘ ‘ Apple- ton's Annual Cyclopaedia.” He retired from active journalism in 1889. Among his pub- lished works are: “Life of George Lippard ” (1856); “Loved and Lost” (1857); “Round the Block"’ (1864, 5th ed. 1868) Treasury of Travel and Adventure,” a “ Memoir of Gen. Louis Bell” (1865); “ Roundabout to Moscow ; a Euro- pean Journey ” and “ The Enchanted, an Authen- tic Record of the Origin of the New Psychical Club” (1891). BOUTON, Nathaniel, clergyman, was born in Norwalk, Conn., June 29, 1799; son of William and Sarah (Benedict) Bouton. After serving three years’ apprenticeship to a printer he en- tered Yale college, where he was graduated in 1821. He finished a theological course at An- dover seminary in 1824, and in 1825 was ordained pastor of the First Congregational church in Concord, N. H., where he remained for forty- two years. He was president of the New Hampshire historical society, and a trustee of Dartmouth college, from which he received the degree of S.T.D. in 1851. He was married, first, in 1825, to Harriet, daughter of John, and great-grand-daughter of Roger Sherman : second. in 1829, to Mary Ann P., daughter of Gov. John Bell; and third, in 1840, to Elizabeth Ann, daugh- ter of Horatio G. Cilley, of Deerfield, N. H. Among his published works are: “Help to Prayer ” (1832) ; “ History of Education in New Hampshire ” (1833) ; “ Memoir of Mrs. Elizabeth Macfarland ” (1839); “The Fathers of the New Hampshire Ministry” (1848); “Historical Dis- course on the two hundredth Anniversary of the Settlement of Norwalk, Connecticut ” (1851) ; “ History of Concord, New Hampshire, 1725- 1823 ” (1856) ; “ Collections of New Hampshire Historical Society ” (vols. 7 and 8, 1850-’56) ; an annotated edition of Rev. Thomas Symmes's “ Account of Captain John Lovewell's Great Fight with the Indians at Pequawket, May 8, 1725 ” (1861), and “Discourse Commemorative of a Forty Years’ Ministry ” (1865). His autobi- ography was edited by his son, John Bell Bouton, and published in 1879. He died June 6, 1878. BOUTWELL, George Sewall, statesman, was born at Brookline, Mass., Jan. 28, 1818; son of Sewall Bout well, a farmer. His first American ancestor, James Boutwell, came from England, settled in Lynn, and became a freeman in 1638. In 1835 he removed from Lunenburg to Groton Centre, where he was clerk in a store. He studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar, but did not leave his business, in which he had been made a partner, until 1855. He supported the Van Buren ticket in 1840, and the follow- ing year was elected to the general court as a Democrat, where he served from 1842 to 1845, and from 1847 to 1851, and took rank as a leader of his party in the state. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for represen- tative in Congress in 1844— '46, and '48, and for governor in 1849 and '50. In 1851 he was elected governor of Massachusetts and was re-elected in 1852. Immediately after the expiration of his second term he was elected a member of the state board of education, and was its secretary for six years. He was also made state commis- sioner of banks, railways, Boston harbor, and of the department of internal revenue, which last he organized at the request of President Lincoln. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1853. In 1854 he was one of the leaders in the movement to establish the Repub- lican party, and in 1856 supported Fremont for BOUVIER. BOWDEN. the presidency. In 1857 he was elected a mem- ber of the American academy of arts and sciences, and in 1861 of the Phi Beta Kappa society. He was a delegate to the Republican convention at Chicago in 1860, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the presidency, and the following year was a delegate to the Washington peace congress. He was elected as a representa- tive to the 38th, 39th and 40th congresses. He favored the impeachment of President John- son in speeches in Congress, and was made chair- man of the committee appointed to draw up articles of impeachment, and was a manager of the trial. He was appointed, in 1869, as secre- tary of the treasury in the cabinet of President Grant. While holding this office he proposed the plan which was adopted for refunding the na- tional debt. He resigned from the cabinet in 1873, having been chosen U. S. senator to suc- ceed Henry Wilson, elected vice-president. In 1877 lie was appointed by President Hayes a member of the commission to revise the statutes of the United States, finishing the work in the following year. Two years later he received an appointment from the president as government attorney in the claims of France against the United States, and succeeded in settling the matter by the payment of §625,000 instead of $35,000,000, the amount claimed. In 1884 Presi- dent Arthur named him as secretary of the treasury, to succeed Chas. J. Folger, deceased, but he declined the portfolio. He engaged in the practice of the law at Washington, D. C. , and later in Boston. Harvard college conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1851, and made him an overseer. He published “Thoughts on Edu- cational Topics and Institutions ” (1859) ; “ A Manual of the Direct and Excise Tax System of the United States ” (1863) ; “The Tax-Payer's Manual ” (1866) ; “ Speeches and Papers ” (1867) ; “Why lam a Republican ” (1884) ; “ The Lawyer, the Statesman and the Soldier ” (1887) ; “ The Constitution of the United States at the End of the First Century ” (1895), and “ The Venezue- lan Question and the Monroe Doctrine ” (1896). BOUVIER, John, jurist, was born at Codogno, Italy, in 1787, of Quaker parentage. When a young man he came to America, and began work as a clerk in a Philadelphia book-store, but re- moving to Brownsville, Pa., he engaged in jour- nalism. For several years he was publisher of the American Telegraph, and at the same time stud- ied law. In 1818 he obtained admission to the bar, and in 1823 returned to Philadelphia, of which city he was appointed recorder in 1836, and associate judge of the court of criminal ses- sions in 1838. He was an eminent law-writer, and his works received high commendation from many of the foremost jurists in America. He prepared, in his leisure hours, while studying for admission to the bar, an abridgement of Black- stone’s Commentaries, and afterwards “ A Law Dictionary, adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America ” (2 vols., 1839) ; a new edition of Bacon’s Abridgment of the Law (10 vols. 1841-45), and “The Insti- tutes of American Law” (4 vols., 1851). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 18, 1851. BOWDEN, John, clergyman, was born in Ire- land, Jan. 7, 1751. When very young he accom- panied his father, who was a British soldier, to America. He was graduated from King’s college in 1772, and, after pursuing a course of theo- logical study, went to England for ordination. Upon his return to New York he became a curate at Trinity church. He fled to Norwalk, Conn., at the outbreak of the revolution, and being there warned to leave, on account of his sup- posed loyalty to England, he crossed the Sound in a boat to Long Island and thence to New York city, then in the possession of the British. In 1784 he became rector of the church at Norwalk, Conn. In 1789 he visited St. Croix, but gaining no benefit to his health he settled in Stratford, Conn., in 1791. He became the principal of the Episcopal academy at Cheshire, which position he held for six years. He received the degree of S.T.D. from Columbia in 1795. In 1796 he was chosen bishop of Connecticut, but his infirm physical condition prevented his assuming the office. In 1802 he was elected to the chair of moral philosophy, belles-lettres, and logic in Columbia college, which professorship he held until liis death. He wrote two letters to Ezra Stiles, president of Yale college, on church gov- ernment, and published “ Essentials of Ordina- tion,” “Apostolic Origin of Episcopacy” (2 vols.); “Observations on the Catholic Con- troversy,” and an address to the Episcopal church in Stratford, urging the use of the altered book of common prayer. He died July 31, 1817. BOWDEN, Lemuel Jackson, senator, was born at Williamsburg, Va., Jan. 16, 1815. After his graduation from William and Mary college he studied law, and practised at the Virginia bar, becoming prominent in politics. He was elected to the state legislature for three terms, and twice served as delegate to the Virginia constitutional convention, and in 1860 was a presidential elector. In 1863, when the state government for eastern Virginia was organized, he was elected to the United States senate, and died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 2, 1864. BOWDITCH, Henry Ingersoll, physician, was born at Salem, Mass., Aug. 9, 1808; son of Na- thaniel and Mary (Ingersoll) Bowditch. He was graduated at Harvard in 1828, and studied medi- cine a year in the Massachusetts general hospital, BOWDITCH. BOWDITCH. and in 1832 went to Paris, where he studied under Louis, receiving his M.D. degree in 1833. He became an abolitionist in 1835, and was chief instigator of the “Anti-man-hunting league.” He was connected with the Massachusetts gen- eral hospital from 1838 to 1845 as admitting phy- sician, and from 1846 to 1864 as visiting physician. In 1863 he was first visiting physician at the Carney hospital, and later at the Boston city and the New England hospitals. He was teacher of auscultation and percussion in the Boylston medi- cal school from 1852 to 1855. From 1859 to 1867 he was professor of clinical medicine in the Har- vard medical school, and in 1876 was elected pres- ident of the American medical association. In 1848 he was elected a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences and contributed to its proceedings: “On the Lymnaea ” (1848); “ On the Results of Investigations as to the Preservation of the Teeth” (1849), and “ On Pulmonary Consumption” (1870). He was in- strumental in creating the Massachusetts state board of health, the first in America, and on its formation, in 1869, he was made president, hold- ing the position until 1879. He was a member of the principal medical and scientific societies in the United States. A complete list of his works may be found in a biographical sketch of Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, by C. F. Folsom, in the Pro- ceedings of the American academy of arts and sciences, vol. xxviii. He died Jan. 14, 1892. BOWDITCH, Henry Pickering, physician, was born in Boston, Mass. , April 4, 1840 ; son of Jonathan Ingersoll » and Lucy Orne (Nichols) Bowditch, and grandson of Nathaniel Bowditch. In 1861 he was graduated from Harvard college, and entered the United States army with the rank of 2d lieutenant in the 1st Mass, cavalry. In January, 1862, he was sent to Port Royal, S. C. , on picket and scouting duty ; was promoted 1st lieutenant June 28, 1862, and captain May 13, 1863. In November, 1863, he was wounded at New Hope church, and was discharged for disability the following February. He again entered the army March 26, 1864, with the rank of najor in the 5th Mass, cavalry, and fought until the close of the war, resigning June 3, 1865. He resumed his studies, first at the Lawrence scientific school and later at Harvard medical school, taking his degree in 1868. He then went to Europe for study and travel, returning in 1871 to become assistant professor of physiology at Harvard medical school, being made full pro- fessor in 1876, and dean of the faculty in 1883. He was elected a member of the American acad- emy of arts and sciences, and of the National academy of sciences. He wrote many able medi- cal papers and is the author of “ The Growth of Children” (1877); “Hints for Teachers of [360 J Physiology ” (1889) ; “ Is Harvard a University ?” (1890); “Are Composite Photographs Typical Pictures ?” (1894), and “ The Advancement of Medicine by Research ” (1896). BOWDITCH, Nathaniel, mathematician, was born at Salem, Mass., March 26, 1773; son of Habakkuk and Mary (Ingersoll) Bowditch. His first American ancestor, William Bowditch, emi- grated from Exeter, England, and settled in Salem in 1639, where his only son, William, was collector of the port, who also left a son, William, a shipmaster, whose son, Ebenezer, followed the same occupation. Ebenezer was the father of Habakkuk, who became a shipmaster and cooper. Nathaniel Bowditch at the age of ten was taken into his father’s cooper shop. Two years later he was apprenticed to a ship chandler. Without an instructor he became proficient in mathe- matics, acquired some knowledge of navigation and surveying, and studied Latin in order to read Newton’s “ Principia.” In 1795 he went to sea as a clerk. In 1796, ’98, and '99 he sailed as supercargo, and in 1802-'03 he made his fifth and last voyage as master and supercargo. Every spare moment was devoted to study, and, beside perfecting himself in the French, Italian, Portu- guese and Spanish languages, he advanced in mathematics. On May 28, 1799, he was chosen a member of the American academy of arts and sciences, and in May, 1829, he was elected presi- dent of the academy, as successor to John Quincy Adams. In 1804 he was made president of the Essex fire and mariue company, which position he held until he removed to Boston in 1823. During 1805, '06, and '07 he was engaged in mak- ing a survey of Salem, Marblehead, Beverly, and Manchester. In 1806 he was elected Hollis professor of mathematics in Harvard college, which he declined. In 1818 he declined the chair of mathematics in the University of Virginia, and in 1820 the chair of mathematics at West Point. In 1823 he removed to Boston, where lie became actuary of the Massachusetts hospital life insurance company, with a salary of five thousand dollars per annum. Mr. Bowditch was a member of the Edinburgh royal society, the Royal society of London, the Royal Irish society, the Royal astronomical society of London, the Royal society of Palermo, the British association, and the Royal academy of Berlin, as well as of the chief scientific societies of America. In July, 1802, he received the honorary degree of A.M., and in 1816 that of LL.D., from Harvard college. From 1826 to 1833 he was trustee of the Boston athenaeum. Between 1814 and 1817 he translated four volumes of La Place’s “ Celestial Mechanics,” the original manuscript copies of which were placed in the Boston public library, together with a bust of the translator, and the BOWDITCH. BOWDOIN. desk at which he did his work. He also pub- lished the “ New American Practical Navigator ” (1802), which was the result of an attempt to correct the previous standard manual, in which he discovered over eight thousand errors. A “ Memoir of Nathaniel Bowditch,” by Nathaniel I. Bowditch (1839) ; “ Discourse on the Life and Character of Nathaniel Bowditch,” by Alexander Young (1838), and a eulogy, with an analysis of his scientific writings, by Prof. Pickering (1838), make record of his life work. He was twice married; his first wife died seven months after their marriage, and in October, 1800, he was married to his cousin, Mary, daughter of Jonathan Ingersoll. He died in Boston, Mass., March 16, 1838. BOWDITCH, Nathaniel Ingersoll, author, was born at Salem, Mass., June 17, 1805; son of Nathaniel and Mary (Ingersoll) Bowditch. He was graduated from Harvard college in 1822, and admitted to the bar in October, 1825. He prac- tised for a short time with his brother-in-law, Franklin Dexter, but severed the connection to devote his time to his specialty, conveyancing, in which he soon became a recognized authority. In 1827 he was elected secretary of the Massa- chusetts general hospital ; in 1836, chairman of the board of trustees, and from 1850 to 1861 vice- president. In 1860 he established at Harvard college sixteen scholarships, four for each class, each with an annual income of $250. This en- dowment was $70,000. He published: “ Memoir of Nathaniel Bowditch ” (1839) ; “ The Ether Con- troversy (1848) ; “ A History of the Massachu- setts General Hospital” (1851; 2d ed., 1872); “Wharf Property or the Law of Flats” (1852); “Suffolk Surnames” (1857), and fifty-live large volumes of land titles. In 1880 a collection of his “Gleaner Articles,” from the Boston Tran- script, was published. He died at Brookline, Mass., April 16, 1861. BOWDOIN, James, governor of Massachu- setts, was born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 7, 1726; grandson of Pierre Baudouin, a French Hugue- not, who immigrated to America in 1687 and settled in Boston in 1690. James was graduated from Harvard in 1745. Two years later the death of his father put him in possession of a fortune, which assured his independence in following his inclinations in regard to his life work. Naturally of a studious bent, he became interested in scien- tific subjects, and in 1850 visited Philadelphia, and made the acquaintance of Benjamin Franklin, who communicated his ideas on electricity to the young man. The friendship thus formed was cemented by a frequent correspondence of a scientific as well as of a friendly nature. In one of his letters to Franklin, Mr. Bowdoin advanced the theory that the luminosity of the sea is caused by the presence in it of phosphorescent animalcula, a theory which Franklin endorsed, and which has since been generally accepted. This correspondence was later on read by Frank- lin before the Royal society, and afterwards pub- lished by him. Mr. Bowdoin, in 1753, became a member of the general court of Massachusetts, a position which he held until 1756, when he was made a member of the council. As a councillor he was determined and zealous in his opposition to the encroachments of the royal governors. This roused the ire of Bernard, who, in 1769, re- fused to confirm his election. He was, however, immediately elected to the assembly, and in 1770, when Hutchinson became governor, he resumed his seat in the council, and maintained it until 1774. The answers of the council to the insolent assumptions of Bernard and Hutchinson were largely drafted by James Bowdoin, as those of the assembly were by James Otis and Samuel Adams. Hutchinson himself says, “ Bowdoin was without a rival in the council,” and he was called by Lord Loughborough “ the leader and manager of the council of Massachusetts.” In 1774 his election as councillor "was again nega- tived, this time by Governor Gage, and a few months later “ His Majesty’s Council ” ceased to exist; Bowdoin was elected to the Continental Congress, but ill-healtli prevented his taking his seat. In August, 1775, the provincial congress assembled at Watertown ; a body of twenty -eight councillors was elected, and he was chosen its president. In 1779 lie presided over the conven- tion which framed the constitution of Massachu- setts, a convention made noticeable by the men of learning, talents and patriotism who composed it. During 1785 and 1786 he was governor of Massachusetts. In his first address he made suggestions which resulted in the legislature passing resolutions, July, 1785, recommending a convention of delegates from all of the states. During his governorship occurred the famous Shays’ rebellion, and its speedy suppression was altogether due to his vigorous and timely meas- ures. The public treasury lacking funds to sup- ply the expenses of the four thousand militia put into active service, Governor Bowdoin headed a subscription list and the amount neces- sary was furnished by the people of Massachu- setts. His energy on this occasion was odious to certain partisans, and no doubt caused his defeat in the next gubernatorial election, when he was a candidate against Hancock. He was a mem- ber of the convention which formulated the Fed- eral constitution in 1787. Mr. Bowdoin was a per- sonal friend of George Washington, and was held in esteem by all who were foremost in the public affairs of that critical era. His political activi- ties did not prevent his interest in the polite arts. BOWEN. BOWEN. He helped to found and liberally endowed the American academy of arts and sciences, of which he was first president; and the Massachusetts humane society, in part, owed its origin to him. He received the degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh university and was made a fellow of Harvard college and of the Royal societies of London and Edinburgh. He was the author of a poetical paraphrase of Dodsley's “ Economy of Human Life ” and of some Latin and English epigrams and poems, which were incorporated in a volume published by Harvard college, entitled “ Pietas et Gratulatio,” as well as of several papers on scientific subjects. Bowdoin college, so liberally endowed by his son James, was named in his honor. He died in Boston, Nov. 6, 1790. BOWEN, Clarence Winthrop, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 22, 1852; son of Henry Chandler and Lucy Maria (Tappan) Bowen, grandson of Lewis Tappan, the abolitionist; a great-great-grand-nephew of Benjamin Frank- lin, and a descendant of John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians. After graduating from Yale college in 1873, Mr. Bowen took a post-graduate course of study, receiving the degree of M.A. in 1876, and that of Ph.D. in 1882. He then travelled in Europe, where he became a correspondent of The Independent. When he visited Spain in 1883 he had conferences with King Alphonso XII., Cas- telar, the Duke of Yeragua, a descendant of Columbus, and other Spanish statesmen, regard- ing the four hundredth anniversary of the dis- covery of America by Columbus. Mr. Bowen was the first one to begin the agitation of the celebration of 1892. Besides pamphlets and magazine articles, Mr. Bowen has written the following books : “ Boundary Disputes of Connec- ticut ” (1882); “Woodstock, An Historical Sketch ” (1887), and “The Memorial Volume of the Centennial of Washington’s Inauguration ” (1892). Mr. Bowen was one of the organizers, in 1884, of the American historical association, and was elected its treasurer. In 1896, after the death of his father, he was elected publisher of 77 te Independent. BOWEN, Francis, educator, was born at Charlestown, Mass., Sept. 8, 1811. He was pre- pared for college at Phillips Exeter academy, and was graduated from Harvard in 1833. Two years later he was made instructor of intellectual philosophy there, anil in 1839 resigned, to visit Europe, where he remained for two years engaged in study and travel. In 1843 he assumed the business and editorial management of the North American Review, and his work did much to gain for the magazine its high reputation. He deliv- ered lectures before the Lowell institute in 1848, ’49, '50 and ’52. In 1850 he was appointed Mc- Lean professor of history at Harvard college, but the overseers rejected the appointment, owing to his political views, as expressed in the North American Review. In 1853 he was named as Al- ford professor of natural religion, moral phil- osophy and civic polity in Harvard, as successor to Dr. Walker, who had been elected president, and the nomination was almost unanimously confirmed by the overseers. Among his published writings are: “Critical Essays on the History and Present Condition of Speculative Phil- osophy ” (1842); “Lowell Institute Lectures'’ (1849); “Documents of the Constitution of England and America from Magna Charta to the Federal Constitution of 1789 ” (1854) ; the lives of Steuben, Otis, Sir William Phipps, and Ben- jamin Lincoln, in Sparks’s “ Library of American Biography,” “ Principles of Political Economy ” (1856, 4th ed., 1865); “Treatise on Logic” (1864); “ American Political Economy” (1870); ‘ ‘ Modern Philosophy, from Descartes to Schop- enhauer and Hartmann” (1877); “Gleanings from a Literary Life, 1838-1880 ” (1880), and “A Layman's Study of the English Bible” (1886). He also edited Georg Weber’s “Out- lines of Universal History,” “Virgil, with English Notes ” (1842) ; Dugald Stewart's “ Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind” (1854); De Tocqueville’s “American Institutes,” and “ Democracy in America” (2 vols., 1862); and Sir William Haipilton's “Metaphysics” (1866). He died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 21, 1890. BOWEN, George Thomas, chemist, was born at Providence, R. I., March 19, 1803. After his graduation from Yale in 1822 he spent three years in the study of medicine, and was called to the chair of chemistry in the University of Nashville, Tenn., in 1825. Experiments in chem- istry made by him while in college were pub- lished in two volumes, “ On the Electro-Magnetic Effects of Hare’s Calorimeter,” and “ On a Mode of Preserving in a Permanent Form the Coloring Matter of Purple Cabbage as a Test for Acids and Alkalies” (1822). He retained his profes- sorship at Nashville until his death, which occurred Oct. 25, 1828. BOWEN, Henry Chandler, journalist, was born in Woodstock, Conn., Sept. 11, 1813. In 1833 he went to New York city as clerk with the dry-goods firm of Arthur Tappan & Co. In 1838 he formed, with another clerk. Theodore McNamee, the firm of Bowen & McNamee. He afterwards was head of the firm of Bowen, Holmes & Co. The outbreak of the civil war compelled the firm to retire from business. He was married June 6, 1843, to Lucy Maria, daughter of Lewis Tappan. At the time of the fugitive slave law excitement, in 1852, Mr. Bowen’s firm was boycotted in the south and [ 362 ] BOWEN. BOWEN. elsewhere on account of his denunciation of the law, and the letter, in which he refused to sign the call for the Castle Garden meeting, in support cf the fugitive slave law, became fam- ous on account of the sentence in which lie said that the firm of Bowen & McNamee had “ its goods, but not its principles for sale.” Mr. Bowen was a member of the “Albany Conven- tion ” of Congregationalists in 1852, which abro- gated the “ Plan of Union ” with Presbyterians. Later he, with others, organized the Congrega- tional union, to which lie gave the sum of §5,000. At the Albany convention Mr. Bowen pledged the sum of $10,000 to aid in building Congrega- tional churches on condition that §40,000 more should be raised by the churches, and over §60,000 was raised. He was one of the original founders of the Broadway Tabernacle, and of the church of the Pilgrims and Plymouth church, Brooklyn. He heartily adopted the anti-slavery views of Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and, with a view to providing an organ for liberal and anti-slavery Congregationalism, he established The Inde- pendent in 1848, under the editorship of Dr. Leonard Bacon, Dr. Joseph P. Thompson, Dr. R. S. Storrs, and Dr. Joshua Leavitt. When the original editors retired he made the paper un- denominational, under the editorship of Mr. Beecher. After 1871 he was himself editor, as well as proprietor and publisher, withdrawing from all other business. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 24, 1896. BOWEN, Herbert Wolcott, diplomatist, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 29, 1856; son of Henry Chandler and Lucy Maria (Tappan) Bowen. His early education was acquired at the Brook- lyn collegiate and polytechnic institute, and under private instruction in Paris and Berlin. He was graduated from Yale college in 1878, and from the Columbia college law school in 1881, being admitted to the bar in the latter year. In 1888 he was appointed consul at Barcelona, Spain, by President Harrison, and in 1892 Presi- dent Cleveland appointed him consul general at the same post. He is the author of “In Divers Tones” (1890); “Losing Ground. A Series of Sonnets” (1892), and “International Law. A Simple Statement of Its Principles ” (1896). BOWEN, James, soldier, was born in New York city in 1808; son of a successful merchant, who left to him a large fortune. When the Erie railway company was organized he was made its first president. In 1848 he was elected to the state assembly, and subsequently filled various civic offices, including that of president of the first board of police commissioners of New York city. In 1861-’62 he recruited several regiments of volunteers, which were formed under the brigade which he commanded. In December, 1862, he was made provost-martial- general of the department of the gulf. He resigned in July, 1864. and in March, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers. He after- wards was made commissioner of charities of New York city. He was a man of sterling qualities, and numbered among his intimate friends such men as Daniel Webster, William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed. He died at Hastings-on-the-Hudson, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1886. BOWEN, John S., soldier, was born in Georgia in 1829. He was appointed military cadet at West Point in 1848, and after his graduation in 1853 was given the rank of brevet 2d lieutenant of mounted riflemen. From 1853 to 1855 he served at the cavalry school for practice at Carlisle. Pa., and in 1855 was on frontier duty at Fort Mc- Intosh, Texas. He resigned his commission May I, 1856, and was an architect at Savannah, where he joined the Georgia militia as lieutenant- colonel. In 1857 he removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he followed 1 lis profession and served in the state militia until the outbreak of the civil war, when he was captured while acting as chief of staff to General Frost of the state militia, was paroled, raised the 1st Missouri in- fantry, and with it joined the Confederate army, and served in the battle of Shiloh, where he com- manded a brigade and was severely wounded. He surrendered with the forces defending Vicks- burg, and died at Raymond, Miss., July 16, 1863. BOWEN, Nathaniel, 3d P. E. bishop of South Cai’olina and 17th in succession in the Amer- ican episcopate, was born in Boston, 51 ass., June 29, 1779; the son of a clergyman who had rejected Congregationalism to enter the priest- hood of the Episcopal church. The family mi- grated to South Carolina, in 1787, where he was educated, graduating from Charleston col lege in 1794. He was tutor for several years at the college, when he went to Boston, and re- ceived his theological training at the hands of Dr. Parker. He was ordained deacon in 1800, and admitted to the priesthood in 1802. He was for a short time pastor of St. John’s church. Provi- dence, R. I., after which he became curate of St. Michael's church, Charleston, and in 1804 suc- ceeded to the rectorship ; here he labored assidu- ously for five years, doing work that was of eminent service to the interests of the church in South Carolina. In 1809 he was appointed rector of Grace church, New York, a charge which he administered with great success until he was elected bishop of South Carolina, and consecrated Oct. 18, 1818. He assumed witli his duties as bishop the rectorship of St. Michael’s church, Charleston. S. C., and for the next twenty years gave himself to his work with untiring fidelity. He was not only a powerful and eloquent BOWEN. BOWERS. preacher, but possessed great executive ability and personal magnetism. He printed and issued “ Six Sermons on Christian Consolation," and two volumes of his sermons and addresses were published after his death, which took place in Charleston, S. C., Aug. 25, 1839. BOWEN, Sayles Jenks, philanthropist, was born at Scipio, Cayuga county, N. Y., Oct. 17, 1813. He was appointed to a clerkship in the treasury department at Washington in 1845, and remained in this position until 1848. He was afterwards engaged in the prosecution of claims against the government, aud in 1861 was ap- pointed commissioner of police for the District of Columbia. He was also made disbursing officer for the U. S. senate in 1861, collector of internal revenue for the District of Columbia in 1862, and postmaster of Washington in 1863. In 1868 he was elected mayor of Washington, serv- ing two years. He was the first to suggest the establishment of public schools for colored chil- dren in the city, and he drew up bills which after- wards became laws. The city authorities op- posed the schools, and refused to obey the act of Congress requiring them to pay a share of the school fund. Unwilling to have the schools discontinued, Mr. Bowen used his private means to defray the expenses, sustaining the schools for nearly a year, and expending over twenty thousand dollars of his own money. He was the first executive officer in the district to bestow offices of trust on colored men, and he prepared every bill passed by Congress which had for its object the amelioration of the condition of the colored race. Mr. Bowen was a regent of the Smithsonian institution. He died in Washing- ton, D. C., Dec. 16, 1896. BOWEN, Thomas M., senator, was born near Burlington, Iowa, Oct. 26, 1835. In 1853 he was admitted to the bar and was elected to the legis- lature of his native state in 1856. In 1858 he removed to Kansas, where, on the breaking out of the civil war, he was captain of a volunteer company and afterwards organized and com- manded the 13th Kansas regiment and served in the southwestern campaigns. In 1863 he was brevetted brigadier-general for meritorious con- duct, and commanded a brigade in Arkansas up to the close of the war. He was chosen a dele- gate from Kansas to the national Republican convention in 1864. In 1865 he settled in Arkansas and was president of the constitutional convention of that state. After its readmission into the Union he was elected an associate judge of the supreme court of the state. In 1871 Presi- dent Grant appointed him governor of the terri- tory of Idaho, which position he resigned, returned to Arkansas, and was an unsuccessful candidate for U. S. senator in 1873. He then removed to Colorado and was elected a district judge, serv- ing four years. He became interested in mining property and accumulated valuable properties. In 1882 he was elected to the state legislature and in 1883 to the United States senate, serving to the end of his term in 1889, when he retired to private life. BOWERS, Edward C., naval officer, was born at Middletown, Conn., June 7, 1809. He went to sea as a boy, and, after serving in the merchant marine for a number of years he served in the Peruvian and Greek navies, respec- tively, and on his return to the United States was appointed midshipman on the sloop-of-war St. Louis, attached to the Pacific squadron, Feb. 2, 1829. In 1832 he was acting lieutenant on the schooner Dolphin, Pacific squadron, and in 1833-‘34 served in the Boston navy yard. July 3, 1835, he received promotion to passed midship- man, and from 1836 to 1838 was attached to the frigate Constellation, West Indian squadron. In 1839 he sailed on the flag-ship Ohio, Mediter- ranean squadron, and the following year was assigned to the receiving ship Boston. On April 26, 1841, he was commissioned as lieutenant, and from 1842 to 1845 was assigned to the Boston. In 1846 he was ordered to the steamer Princeton, in the Gulf of Mexico, and was transferred first to the Electra, and later to the Decatur, cruising in the latter vessel on the coast of Africa during the years 1847-'50. He was afterwards attached to the Plymouth and to the New York. On Sept. 13, 1855, he was placed on the reserve list, and was promoted commander July 21, 1861. In the civil war he returned to active service, and after its close was made captain on the retired list, April 4, 1867. BOWERS, Elizabeth Crocker, (Mrs. D. P. Bowers) actress, was born at Ridgefield, Conn., March 12, 1830; daughter of an Episcopal clergy- man. She made her debut in the character of “ Amanthis ” at the Park theatre, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1845, and in 1847, while filling an engagement in Philadelphia, married David P. Bowers, a popu- lar actor of that city. She became very popular at the Arch street theatre, Philadelphia. In June, 1857, Mr. Bowers died, and Mrs. Bowers for a time retired from the stage. In December. 1857, she leased and successfully managed the Walnut street theatre until 1859, when she leased the academy of music, Philadelphia. In 1860 she married Dr. Brown of Baltimore and spent two years in London, where she repeated her American triumphs. Her first appearance was as Julia in “ The Hunchback,” her best-known part at Sadler’s Wells theatre, London. Later she assumed the role of Geraldine D'Arcy in “ Woman ” at the Lyceum, and after two suc- cessful years returned to America to the Winter BOWERS. BOWIE. Garden, N. Y. Dr. Brown died in 1867, and for many years thereafter she starred in “ Led Astray,” “ Lady Audley’s Secret ” and other similar dramas, supported by James C. Mc- Collom, to whom she was married in January, 1883, and upon his death, in November following, she retired for a time, after which she visited the principal cities of the United States with a new company, and in April, 1886, joined the Booth-Sal- vini combination, and played with these tragedians in classic drama. She was afterwards with A. M. Palmer's company, and subsequently made her home with her son-in-law, Frank V. Bennett, of Washington, where she died, Nov. 6, 1895. BOWERS, Stephen, reformer, was born in Dearborn county, Ind., March 3, 1832. He re- ceived a common school education, and early in life joined the Methodist church, of which he be- came a preacher in the Indiana conference in 1856. In 1862 he enlisted in the Indiana infantry as a private and was promoted 1st lieuten- ant, and afterwards chaplain. He led his company in several battles in Kentucky in which he rendered efficient service. In August, 1863, he re- signed on account of failing health, due to exposure, and after his return from the armj' he continued in the active work of the ministry for more than twenty years, filling some of the most important positions in the Indiana conference and on the Pacific slope. He was awarded the degree of M. A. by the Indi- ana state university, and that of Ph.D. by the Willamette university, Oregon. In 1867 he was connected with the United States geological sur- vey, with headquarters at Santa Barbara, Cal., was afterwards engaged in scientific work for the bureau of ethnology in Wisconsin, and was for several years connected with the mineralogi- cal and geological survey of California. He sub- sequently devoted his time to journalistic work, and was made editor of the California Weekly Voice, a journal devoted to prohibition and the protection of the home. In the autumn of 1888 he canvassed southern California for the Republi- can party, but on its failure to enforce the tem- perance plank of the Chicago platform, he, in 1892, joined the People’s party, and rendered the Populists good service. He was nominated by the party as a presidential elector-at-large in 1892. His writings, with the exception of a few published volumes, are fragmentary, though embracing a wide range, including theology, philology, geology, archaeology, and social science ; and as a member of various scientific and other societies in America and in Europe he became recognized as a leading theologian, scientist and reformer. BOWERS, Theodore S., soldier, was born in Pennsylvania, Oct. 10, 1832. He learned the printing trade in Mt. Carmel, 111., and in 1861 succeeded to the editorship of the Register. He entered the civil war as a private after he had raised and organized a company of volunteers. He was detailed on recruiting duty, and then appointed clerical assistant to Brig. -Gen. U. S. Grant. In March, 1862, he was promoted 1st lieutenant, and in the following November was appointed captain and aide-de-camp on the staff of General Grant. He was left in command of department headquarters when the army de- parted on the Tallahatchie expedition ; and when Van Dorn made a raid, Captain Bowers burned the records, was taken prisoner, refused to give his parole, and escaped after a fevr hours’ confine- ment. In recognition of his faithfulness and bravery lie was presented with a handsome sword, and received the commendation of Gen- eral Grant. He was promoted to the rank of major, Feb. 19, 1863, and appointed judge- advocate; assistant adjutant-general after the fall of Vicksburg; quartermaster and captain July 29, 1864; major in regular army, January, 1865, and colonel U. S. army, March 13, 1865. Colonel Bowers was instantly killed while attempting to board a moving train at Garrison’s station, N. Y., March 6, 1866. BOWIE, James, soldier, was born in Burke county, Ga., about 1790. At an early age he removed to Louisiana, and in a melde between the friends of the principals in a duel that took place on a sand bar opposite Natchez, Tenn., in August, 1827, in which six were killed and fif- teen wounded, Bowie, being wounded by one of the opposite party, brought forth a rude knife, made from a large file, and with it took the life of his antagonist, Major Norris Wright. The knife was sent to Philadelphia, where a cutler fashioned it into the “ Bowie Knife ” and re- turned it to the owner. Other knives were manu- factured after this pattern, and became very popular in the southwest. At the time of the Texan struggle for independence, Mr. Bowie, who had immigrated to that section, took active part in the revolution, being conspicuous in the engagements of San Saba in 1831, at Concep- tion and Nacogdoches in 1835, and was com- mander with the rank of colonel at Grass Fight Oct. 25, 1835. He was killed at the taking of the Alamo, March 6, 1836. f.365] BOWIE. BOWLES. BOWIE, Oden, governor of Maryland, was born at Fair view, Prince George county, Md., Nov. 10, 1826; son of William D. and Eliza Oden Bowie. His ancestors were among the early set- tlers of the state. He was educated at the pre- paratory department of St. John’s college, Annapolis, and at St. Mary’s college, Baltimore, where he was graduated in 1845 as valedictorian. He enlisted for the Mexican war as a private ; am I as lieutenant at the battle of Monterey was the surviving officer of the command, Colonel Watson dying in his arms. His gallantry in this engagement secured him the appointment of senior captain of one of the ten Voltigeur regi- ments added to the regular army. Shortly after his promotion, Captain Bowie resigned his com- mission on account of disease contracted in ser- vice in 1847. He was elected to the Maryland house of delegates, and was returned for several terms. He entered the state senate in 1867, and in November of that year was elected governor of Maryland, but in consequence of a provision of the new state constitution which had been adopted, Governor Swann, his predecessor, was allowed to serve out his full term of four years, and Governor Bowie did not enter upon the exec- utive duties of his office until January, 1869. While in the senate in 1867 he was instrumental in securing the building of the Baltimore and Potomac railroad, as an extension of the Penn- sylvania system to Baltimore and Washington, and on the completion of the road, in 1871. be- came its president. In 1873 lie was elected presi- dent of the Baltimore city passenger railway company. He was president of the Maryland jockey club, and became widely known as one of its most active members. He married Alice Carter, a descendant of Lord Baltimore, and they had seven children. Their residence, Fairview, is one of the noted ancestral homes of America, comprising an estate of one thousand acres, with a mansion house, built about 1800, to take the place of the original residence, then destroyed by fire. He died at Fairview, Md., Dec. 4, 1894. BOWIE, Robert, governor of Maryland, was born in Prince George county, Md., about 1750. He served in the revolutionary war as captain of flying artillery, and after its close held various political offices. He was elected governor of Mary- land in 1803, and held the office three years. In 1808 he served as a presidential elector, and three years later was again elected to the governor- ship of the state in 1811. He died Jan. 8, 1818. BOWLES, Samuel, 2d, journalist, was born at Springfield, Mass., Feb. 9. 1826; son of Samuel Bowles, founder of the Springfield Rejiublican, which he established in 1824. After being edu- cated at a private school, he entered his father's establishment, and passed through the successive [ 366 ] stages of apprenticeship with great facility, and in 1844 persuaded his father to initiate the publication of a daily paper in Springfield. This was a radical venture for those days; Boston being the only town in Massachusetts with a daily newspaper. The Daily Republican appeared first on March 27, 1844, in December of the next year the paper was changed from an evening to a morn- ing issue; Mr. Bowles, Sr., devoted himself to the business interests, and his son assumed the edi- torial management, assisted by Dr. J. G. Holland, who was connected with the Republican for eigh- teen years. Mr. Bowles possessed the journalistic instinct in a marked degree ; was an organizer of ability, and knew how to find his forces and how to use them. He attracted talented writers to his columns, and introduced to the literary world many new ones. In 1856 the New York Tribune pronounced the Republican the “ best and ablest country journal ever published on this conti- nent.” In 1855 Mr. Bowles presided at the con- vention which met to inaugurate the Republican party. In 1872 the Republican supported Mr. Greeley for president, and thereafter became an independent organ. Under the management of Mr. Bowles the Republican exerted a national influence during the civil war, and acquired a prominence afterwards successfully maintained. It was the first newspaper to advocate free suffrage for both white and colored persons ; was among the leaders to champion the cause of woman suffrage, and always favored a judicious measure of free trade. In 1865 Mr. Bowles visited the Pacific Slope, in company with prominent newspaper and railroad men, and, in 1868, made a second trip as far as Colorado. In the same year he was arrested on a charge of libel preferred by James Fisk, whose question- able speculations he had condemned in his journal. Mr. Bowles made frequent journeys to Europe and embodied his experiences of travel in some very pleasing books, which first appeared as letters in the paper. ” Across the Continent,” a rescript of his journey to California, appeared in 1865; "The Switzerland of America” (1869); “ The Pacific Railroad Open : How to go, What to see ” (1869) ; “ Our New West ” (1869). He was a trustee of Amherst college. His eldest son. Samuel, succeeded him as proprietor and pub- lisher of the paper he had made. His life, writ- ten by George S. Merriam, was published in 1885. He died in Springfield, Mass., Jan. 16, 1878. BOWLES, Samuel, 3d, publisher, was born at Springfield, Mass., Oct. 15, 1851; son of Samuel Bowles, second proprietor of the Springfield Re- publican. He attended the public and private schools of his native city, and then studied and travelled two years in Europe, and extensively in America, subsequently taking a special course BOWLIN. BOWMAN. at Yale college. He received his journalistic training under the special direction of his father, and began his business career in 1873, as an assistant in the edi- torial department of the Springfield Re- publican. In 1875 he was made its busi- ness manager, and at the death of his father in 1878 be- came its editor-in- chief and publisher. In his management he upheld its char- acter and fully ob- served its traditions. He was made a di- rector of the Public library association of Springfield, and through his journal advanced the interests of education and public affairs. BOWLIN, James Butler, diplomatist, was born in Spottsylvania county, Va., in 1804. He was given a common-school education and worked as a mechanic. In 1825 he removed to Greenbrier county, and two years later was admitted to the bar. He practised his profes- sion there for six years, going to St. Louis, Mo., in 1833, where he soon acquired a large practice. He established the Farmers' and Mechanics' Ad- vocate, and became district-attorney and judge of the criminal court. In 1836 he was elected to the state house of representatives, and in 1842 was elected as a representative to the 28th Congress and was re-elected to the 29th, 30tli and 31st congresses. He was appointed in 1854 U. S. minister to Colombia by President Pierce, and commissioner to Paraguay by President Buch- anan in 1858. BOWMAN, Alexander Hamilton, soldier, was born in Wilkesbarre, Pa., May 15, 1803; son of Capt. Samuel Bowman, who attained distinction during the revolutionary war. After graduating at West Point, in 1825, third in his class, he received promotion in the corps of engineers as 2d lieutenant, and remained at the academy a year as assistant professor, when he was ordered to the department of the Gulf of Mexico, as assistant engineer of harbor defences and im- provements. From 1834 to 1839 he was engaged in the construction of a military road from, Memphis, Tenn., to the St. Francis river, Ark., and in improving the navigation of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, after which he engineered the construction and repair of forts and defences in Virginia and South Carolina. In 1851-’52 he was at West Point as instructor of practical mili- tary engineering. In 1853 he became chief engi- neer of the construction bureau of the U. S. treasury department and was engaged for eight years in the construction of government build- ings in various parts of the country. He re- ceived promotion at regular intervals, attaining the rank of lieutenant -colonel of engineers March 3, 1863. From March, 1861, to July, 1864, he was superintendent of the U. S. military academy, when he became a member of a com- mission appointed to select sites for naval estab- lishments on western rivers. In June, 1865, he was one of the board of engineers for the im- provement and preservation of the coast defences in the vicinity of Boston, Mass. He died at Wilkesbarre, Pa., Nov. 11, 1865. BOWMAN, Edward Morris, musician, was born at Barnard, Vt., July 18, 1848. His musical education was begun in early boyhood. He studied the piano and organ in America under William Mason and John P. Morgan, and in Eu- rope, in 1872-'74, under Franz Bendel, August Haupt, Edouard Rohde, C. F. Weitzmann and Batiste, and was made an associate of the Royal college of organists in 1881. He aided in the organization of the Music teachers’ national as- sociation, and was twice its president, and filled the same office seven terms in the American col- lege of musicians. He was a member of the committee on legislation for music in the public schools, and is the author of several essays, as well as editor of Weitzmann’s Manual of Musi- cal Theory.” In 1891, on the death of Dr. Fred- eric Louis Ritter, he was appointed professor of music at Vassal - college, a position which he re- signed in 1895, in order to devote himself to pro- fessional duties in New York city. He was elected and served as president of the Virgil Clavier practice company, as associate editor of the Pianist and Organist, as president emeritus of the American college of musicians, and as a member of the Manuscript society and other musical organizations. In September, 1895, Mr. Bowman undertook the organization of a chorus choir of two hundred voices for the Baptist Temple in Brooklyn, N. Y. BOWMAN, Francis Caswell, musical critic, was born in New York city, N. Y., Dec. 26, 1831. He was graduated at Brown university in 1852, and practised law in his native city a few years. When the civil war broke out he went to Wash- ington with the 7th regiment N. Y. S. M., and afterwards helped to organize and conduct the United States sanitary commission. He founded the Mendelssohn glee club of New York city. For several years he was musical critic on the New York Evening Post, and for seventeen years oc- cupied the same position on the Sun. He was a frequent contributor to musical publications. He died in New York city, Oct. 29, 1884. BOWMAN. BOWNE. BOWMAN, George B., educator, was born in Berks county, N. C., May 1, 1812. His early edu- cation was that which fell to the lot of the farm- er's sons of his generation. At an early age he immigrated to Missouri, and settled in a small town not far from St. Louis as a Methodist preacher, and soon built up a flourishing church. In 1841 he went to Dubuque, Iowa, and preached to the small and scat- tered congregations in the sparsely set- tled districts of Iowa, building new churches and form- ing new organiza- tions throughout the state. In 1851 he built a brick church, which was soon followed by a seminary building in Mt. Vernon, Iowa, which became the founda tion of Cornell college. He not only induced others to render it financial support, but con- tributed freely of his own means, the largest gift being that made by him for the erection of Bow- man Hall, a home for young women. Long exposure to hardships of pioneer work in the rigorous climate of Iowa so impaired his health that it became necessary for him to relinquish regular work in the conference, and in 1864 Dr. Bowman removed to San Josd, Cal., where he continued to do active work in building churches throughout the state. He was a member of the board of trustees of the University of the Pacific, and liberally aided it in its early life. He died in San Jos£, Cal., in 1888. BOWMAN, Samuel, assistant bishop of Penn- sylvania and 64th in succession in the Amer- ican episcopate, was born at Wilkesbarre, Pa., May 21, 1800. He was educated by private instructors, and his theological course was made under the direction of Bishop White. He was ordained deacon in 1823, and priest, 1824. The first years of his ministry were spent in Lan- caster county. In 1825 he became rector of Trinity church, Easton, Pa., and in 1827 returned to Lancaster county as assistant to the Rev. Joseph Clarkson, upon whose decease, in 1830, lie succeeded to the rectorate of St. James parish, Lancaster, remaining in this charge until his death. In 1843 he received his degree of doctor of divinity from Geneva college, and in 1847 he was elected by the general convention bishop of Indiana, but declined to serve ; shortly after de- clining the nomination of provincial bishop of Pennsylvania. He was chosen, in 1858, as as- sistant to Bishop Alonzo Potter and consecrated bishop, Aug. 25, 1858, and while on a visitation in the western section of the diocese he died by the wayside near Butler, Pa., his body being found Aug. 3, 1861. BOWMAN, Thomas, M. E. bishop, was born near Berwick, Columbia county, Pa., July 15, 1817; son of John and Sarah (Brittain) Bowman He was prepared for college at Wilbraliam acad emy (Mass.) and Cazenovia seminary (N. Y.), and was graduated as valedictorian of his class at Dickinson college. Pa., in 1837, After studying law for a year he prepared himself for the min- istry, and was admit- ted to the Baltimore conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in the spring of 1839. Then from 1840 to 1843, he was teacher in the gram- mar school of Dickin- son college, and in 1848 was appointed principal of Dickin- son seminary at Wil- liamsport, Pa. He organized and presided over this institution for ten years, leaving it with a liberal property and about four hundred students. In 1858 he was elected president of Indiana As- bury, afterwards De Pauw, university, at Green- castle, Ind. Over this institution he presided fourteen years, leaving it much advanced in property, endowment fund, and students. Dur- ing 1864 and 1865 he served as chaplain to the U. S. senate, and in 1872 he was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church by the general con- ference, which met in Bx-ooklyn, N. Y. As bishop he has presided over all the conferences in the United States, and over the conferences and mis- sions of his church in Europe, India, China, Japan, and Mexico. He has dedicated over one thousand churches, of which at least one has been located in each state and territory of the United States, and one in every foreign country which he has visited. His degree of D.D. was conferred in 1856 by t lie Ohio Wesleyan university, and that of LL.D. by Dickinson college. He was retired by the general conference which met at Cleve- land, Ohio, in May, 1896, and took up his resi- dence at St. Louis, Mo. BOWNE, Borden Parker, educator, was born in Leonardville, N. J. , Jan. 14. 1847; son of Joseph and Margaret (Parker) Bowne. He grad- uated from the University of the city of New York, 1871, with high honors. He taught for BOYCE. BOYD. one year, served in 1878 as Methodist pastor in Wliitestone, N. Y. , and then pursued his studies abroad at the Universities of Halle and Paris, 1873-’74, and Gottingen, 1875. He then was as- sistant professor of modern languages in the University of the city of New York. 1875-’76, at the same time religious editor of the New York Independent. In 1876 he was elected professor of philosophy and dean of the Boston university. The Ohio Wesleyan university conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1881. Besides numerous review articles, he published the following books : “The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer” (1874); “Studies in Theism ” (1879); “Metaphysics” (1882) ; “ Introduction to Psychological Theory ” (1887); “Philosophy of Theism” (1888); “The Principles of Ethics ” (1892). He became widely recognized as a trenchant and effective writer. Of his “Metaphysics,” his preface says, “Leib- nitz furnishes the starting point; Herbart the method, and the conclusions reached are those of Lotze. ” BOYCE, James Petigru, clergyman, was born at Charleston, S. C., Jan. 11, 1827. His father, who was of Scotch-Iris® descent, was a wealthy merchant, and the son was able to acquire a thorough classical education. In 1847 lie was graduated from Brown university with the de- gree of A.M., and in 1851, having studied theo- logy at the Princeton seminary, he was ordained a Baptist minister. Previous to his entering Princeton, he edited for a short time the Southern Baptist. In 1851 he became pastor of a church at Columbia, S. C., resigning this pastorate in 1855 to accept the chair of theology at Furman university. In 1858 he founded the Southern Baptist theological seminary, and the following year severed his connection with Furman uni- versity to become professor of theology and chairman of the faculty in the new seminary. In 1861 he became chaplain in the Confederate army, and in 1862 was elected to the South Caro- lina legislature, being re-elected in 1864. In 1864 and 1865 he was aide-de-camp, acting as provost marshal of Columbia. After the close of the war he resumed his duties at the Southern Baptist theological seminary, and in 1873 was made its president. He was trustee of Columbia college, of Furman university, and of Greenville Baptist female college ; moderator of the Charles- ton Baptist association ; president of the South Carolina Baptist convention, and for eight years president of the Southern Baptist convention; director of the Greenville national bank, of the South Carolina railroad company, of the Granite- ville iron company, Augusta, Ga., and of the East Tennessee iron manufacturing company. Columbia university conferred on him the de- gree S.T.D. in 1859; Union university, Murfrees- borough, Tenn., LL.D. in 1872, and Brown uni- versity LL.D. in 1887. Among his publications are: “Inaugural Address” (1856); “Doctrines and Uses of the Sanctuary ” (1859) ; “ Brief Catechism of Bible Doctrine ” (1864) ; “ Life and Death, the Christian’s Portion ” (1869), and “ Ab- stract of Systematic Theology ” (1887). He died at Pau, France, Dec. 28, 1888. BOYD, James R., author, was born at Hunter, N. Y., in 1804. After his graduation from Union college in 1822 he studied theology at Princeton for four years, when he went to Scot- land, and spent several months at the University of Edinburgh, under Dr. Chalmers. He was or- dained to the Presbyterian ministry, but preached only a short time, becoming pastor and professor of moral philosophy at Hamilton college, and shortly afterwards removing to Geneva, N. Y. , where he devoted the remainder of his life to literary work. He wrote “ Elements of Rhetoric and Literary Criticism,” and “ Eclectic Moral Philosophy,” and edited several standard works with copious notes, which have been widely used among students. He died Feb. 19, 1890. BOYD, John Parker, soldier, was born at New- buryport, Mass., Dec. 21, 1764. He joined the Continental army in 1786, but soon withdrew from the service, and subsequent ly went to India, where he remained from 1789 to 1806, organizing mercenary troops and hiring them out to serve in the interests of various princes. Soon after his return to America he was made colonel of the 4th U. S. infantry regiment, receiving his com- mission Oct. 7, 1808. He served in the fight at Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811, and was made brigadier- general Aug. 26, 1812, serving with this rank until the close of the war. He was an active participant in the capture of Fort George, in 1813, and in the battle of Clxrysler's Field, near Mon- treal, in November of the same year, held the enemy in check until reinforced. Returning to Boston at the close of the war, he received the appointment of naval officer of that port, and died while holding that office. He wrote “ Docu- ments and Facts Relative to Military Events during the Late War ” (1816). His death occur- red in Boston, Mass., Oct. 4, 1830. BOYD, Linn, statesman, was born at Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 28, 1800. His boyhood was passed in Kentucky, where his father was a farmer. In 1827 he was elected to the state legislature and re- mained in office five years. In 1834 he was elected as representative to the 24th Congress. He was consecutively elected from 1838 to 1854, serving in the 26th and seven succeeding congresses. He was speaker of the house of representatives during the 32d and 33d congresses, and served for one year as lieutenant governor of Kentucky. He died in Paducah, Ky., Dec. 16, 1859. [3691 BOYDEN. BOYESEN. BOYD, Sempronius Hamilton, diplomatist, was born in Williamson county, Tenn., May 28, 1828; son of Marcus Boyd, who, in 1840, removed his family to Springfield, Mo., where the son re- ceived an academical education. He went to California, where he remained from 1849 till 1855, when he returned to Springfield, where lie was admitted to the bar in 1857, was elected clerk of the city council, city attorney, mayor, clerk of probate and common pleas court, prosecuting attorney for the county, judge of the twenty-first judicial circuit of Missouri, and representative in the 38th and 40th congresses. During the civil war he, as colonel of the 24th Missouri infantry, “ Lyon Legion,” and then as colonel of the 46th Missouri infantry, served under Generals Lyon, Sigel, Halleck, Rosecrans, Davidson and Curtis in Missouri. In 1890 he was appointed United States minister resident and consul-general to the court of the kingdom of Siam, by President Harrison, and in 1893 he returned home on sick leave, leaving his son. Dr. Robert M. Boyd, United States charge, d'affaires to the same kingdom. He was founder and president of the First national bank of Springfield, Mo. BOYDEN, Seth, inventor, was born in Fox- borough, Mass., Nov. 17, 1788. His early life was spent on his father's farm ; later he engaged with a blacksmith, and at the age of twenty -one made nails and cut files with machines of his own con- struction. Later he improved a machine for leather splitting, invented by his father. In 1813, with his brother, Uriah Atherton, he estab- lished a leather business in Newark, N. J., which, in 1819, included the manufacture of an improved patent leather. Fiona 1831 until 1835 he engaged in manufacturing malleable-iron castings, and later became interested in building steam-engines, for which he invented several important im- provements. In 1849 he disposed of his many inventions and went to California, where he was unsuccessful in his projects. Two years later he returned to New Jersey and engaged in agricul- ture. He produced a variety of strawberries theretofore unequalled in size and flavor, and later patented a hat-body doming machine. He lived an active, laborious life to the end of his days, but failed to secnre commensurate reward for his valuable inventions. He died in Middle- ville, N. J., March 31, 1870. BOYDEN, Uriah Atherton, inventor, was born at Foxborough, Mass., Feb. 17, 1804; brother of Seth Boyden, inventor. He learned his trade at a blacksmith’s forge, and was afterwards em- ployed in railroad construction. He removed to Lowell, Mass., where he studied hydraulic engi- neering, especially with reference to the con- struction of the turbine water-wheel then in use. He finally succeeded in producing a wheel wast- [3- ing but five per cent, of the water, and it was largely adopted throughout the world. This achievement led liiiai to acquire a thorough knowledge of chemistry and physics, and to this end he removed to Boston in 1850, where he pur- sued his studies. The Boyden library in his native town received from him a gift of one thousand dollars, and he also built there a soldiers’ memorial building. He gave an equal sum to the Franklin institute, to be awarded to “ any resident of North America who should determine by experiment whether all rays of light or other physical rays were or were not transmitted with the same velocity.” He died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 17, 1879. BOYESEN, Hjalmar Hjorth, author and edu- cator, was born at Frederiksvaern, Norway, Sept. 23, 1848. He was educated at the Drammen Latin school and at Leipsic, Germany, and took his degree of B.A. at the University of Norway, Christiania, in 1868. The year following he came to the United States, where his father had set- tled two years before, and, after making a tour of the New England states, he became editor of the Fremad, a Scandinavian weekly, pub- lished at Chicago, 111. In 1870 he accepted a professorship of Greek and Latin at Urbana university, Ohio, mainly with the object of per- fecting himself in the language of his adopted country, and at that time commenced writing his first novel, “ Gunnar.” He spent the year 1872-’73 at Leipsic in the study of philology, and in 1874 was given the chair of German litera- ture at Cornell university, which professorship he held until his appointment in 1881 as in- structor in German at Columbia college. In 1882 he was promoted as Gebhard professor of the German language and literature, and in 1890 he was made professor of Germanic languages and literatures. His three sons were made wards of Columbia college, in recognition of distinguished educational services rendered by their father. He was a voluminous and versatile writer, his English being forcible and flexible; nearly all of his books have been translated into German, and some of them into French, Italian, and Danish. The following is a sequential list of his published works: “Gunnar” (1874); “A Norseman’s Pil- grimage ” (1875); “Tales from Two Hemi- spheres ” (1876) ; “ Falconberg ” (1878) ; “ Goethe and Schiller, Their Lives and Woi-ks, with a Com- mentary of Faust ” (1878) ; “ Ilka on the Hilltop ” (1881); “Queen Titania ” (1882); “Idyls of Norway ” and other poems; “ A Daughter of the Philistines” (1883); “The Story of Norway” (1886); “The Modern Yikings ” (1888); “The Light of her Countenance ” (1889); “Vagabond Tales ” (1890) ; “ The Mammon of Unrighteous- ness ” (1891); “ Bovliood in Norway” (1892); o) BOYLE. BOYNTON. “The Norseland Series ” (1894); “Comment on Writings of Ibsen ” (1894) ; “ Literary and Social Silhouettes ” (1894) ; “ Essays on Scan- dinavian Literature” (1895); “Essays on Ger- man Literature”; “The Golden Calf,” a novel. He was one of the founders of the Authors' club, New York. He died in New York city, Oct. 4, 1895. BOYLE, Jeremiah Tilford, soldier, was born May 22, 1818. After his graduation from Prince- ton in 1839 he devoted himself to the law, and until the outbreak of the civil war practised his profession in Kentucky. He then volunteered in the Union army and was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1862 he was made military governor of Kentucky, resigning in 1864 to become president of the Louisville city railway company, and in 1866 president of the Evansville, Henderson and Nashville railroad. He died in Louisville, Ky., July 28, 1871. BOYLSTON, Zabdiel, physician, was born at Brookline, Mass., in 1680; son of Thomas Boyls- ton, a graduate of the medical school of the Uni- versity of Oxford. He studied medicine under his father and Dr. John Cutter, and practised in Boston, soon becoming widely known as a physi- cian. He was also an enthusiastic naturalist. When small pox raged in Boston, in 1721, Dr. Cotton Mather called to Dr. Boylston’s attention the new way of checking the disease by inocula- tion. Dr. Boylston inquired into the method and made known to Boston doctors his intention of giving it a trial. The doctors publicly de- nounced it and declared it to be murder. Popu- lar feeling was so aroused against him that the people threatened to hang him, and once a lighted hand grenade was thrown into the room where he was sitting with his family. He was obliged to conceal himself for two weeks, and even after the fury of the people had partially abated, the only way in which he could visit his patients was by going disguised and at night. He tried his theory on the members of his own household, and he was summoned before the town authorities. He urged the physicians who condemned him to visit his patients and judge from the results of his treatment, but they re- fused. He inoculated every one whom he could persuade to undergo the operation, and during the year personally treated two hundred and forty-seven cases, only six of which died. Of the patients who did not receive inoculation more than one in six died. In 1823 he went to London by invitation of the court physician, Sir Hans Sloane, and it is said that he inoculated the Princess Caroline, and afterwards other mem- bers of the royal family, but this is not certainly known. He remained in London for some years, and while there, by request of the Royal [3- society, of which he had been made a fellow, he published an account of his practice of inocula- tion in America. He died at Brookline, Mass., March 1, 1776. BOYNTON, Charles Brandon, clergyman, was born at Stockbridge, Mass., June 12, 1806. He was a student at Williams college from 1827 to 1830, and afterwards became locally prominent in politics, representing his district in the state legis- lature. He studied law and afterwards the- ology. In 1840 he was ordained to the Presbyter- ian ministry, holding his first pastorate at Housa- tonic, Conn. After preaching in several small parishes he removed, in 1846, to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was pastor for about thirty years. He was twice elected chaplain of the U. S. house of representatives during the 39th and 40th con- gresses, and afterwards preached in Washington. Marietta college conferred upon him the degree of D.D. Among his published writings are: “ Journey through Kansas, with sketch of Ne- braska ” (1855) ; “ The Russian Empire ” (1856) ; “The Four Great Powers- — England, France, Russia and America ; their Policy, Resources, and Probable Future” (1866), and “ History of the Navy during the Rebellion ” (1868). He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 27, 1883. BOYNTON, Edward Carlisle, soldier, was born at Windsor, Vt., Feb. 1, 1824. He was appointed a cadet of the United States military academy. July 1, 1841, and was graduated in 1846. He served with General Taylor at Monterey and at the seizure and occupation of Saltillo in 1846, and under General Scott he participated in the siege of Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, in the seizure and occupation of Puebla, and in the skirmish at Amazoque, and also at Oka Laka in 1847. He was severely wounded in the action at Churubusco, and was promoted 2d lieutenant, Feb. 14, and 1st lieuten- ant, Aug. 20, 1847 ; and received brevet rank as captain for “ gallant and meritorious services at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico.” In 1848 he was acting assistant quar- termaster at West Point, and from 1848 to 1855 assistant professor of chemistry, mineralogy and geology. In 1855 he accompanied the expedi- tion against the Seminole Indians in Florida. He resigned from the army Feb. 16, 1856, having been appointed to the chair of chemistry, min- eralogy and geology in the University of Missis- sippi, where he remained until 1861, when he was re-appointed to the United States army as cap- tain in the 11th infantry, September 23, and assigned to duty at the military academy, first as adjutant and then quartermaster, which posi- tion he held till the end of the war, when he was brevetted major for efficient and faithful service. He resigned from the army in 1872. The degree 1 ] BOYNTON. BOYTON. of A.M. was conferred upon him by Brown uni- versity in 1856. He w r rote the “ History of West Point and the Origin and Progress of the Uuited States Military Academy ” (1863), and compiled the military and naval terms in Webster’s army and navy dictionary. He also wrote a “ Guide to West Point and the United States Academy,” and “ Greek Fire and other Inflammables,” ‘‘Ex- plosive Substitutes for Gunpowder,” “ Photo- graphy as applied to Military Purposes,” “ Quantitative and Qualitative Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Limestone,” “ Manual on Blowpipe Analysis.” He was an honorary member of the Historical society of Pennsylvania, of the Ameri- can academy for the advancement of science, and president of the Historical society of Newburg Bay and the Highlands from 1883 to 1888. From May, 1874, he was a member of the board of trustees of Washington’s headquarters, New- burg, and discovered, compiled and published the most complete collection of Washington’s orders at Newburg in existence. He died at Newburg, N. Y., May 13, 1893. BOYNTON, Henry Van Ness, journalist, was born in West Stockbridge, Mass., July 22, 1835; son of Charles Brandon Boynton, clergyman. He was educated at Woodward high school, and the Kentucky military institute, being graduated from the latter in 1858. He afterwards became professor of mechanics and astronomy in the military institute, holding the chair until shortly before the breaking out of the civil war. He was commissioned major of the 35th Ohio infantry in July, 1861, and commanded that regiment as lieutenant-colonel from July, 1862, until its three years’ term of service expired, and was brevet- ted brigadier-general for conduct at the battle of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge. At the close of the war he was appointed Washington correspondent of the Cincinnati Gazette , and after the consolidation of the Commercial and Gazette remained in charge of the office. He afterwards became Washington correspondent of the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune. He origi- nated the project for establishing the Chicka- mauga and Chattanooga national military park, and drew the bill embodying his plan, which was passed in each house of Congress without a dis- senting vote. Upon the creation of the commis- sion to establish the park he was chosen its general assistant and historian. He was one of the commissioners to establish the Rock Creek park in the District of Columbia, for which Congress appropriated one million two hundred thousand dollars, and with which the commission obtained a tract of sixteen hundred acres by condemnation. He is the author of “Sherman’s Historical Raid: the Memoirs in the Light of Record ” (1875). BOYNTON, Nathan S., soldier, was born at Port Huron, Mich., June 23, 1837. He enlisted in 1862 as a private in the 8th Michigan cavalry. He cut off the retreat of Gen. John Morgan in Kentucky, and served under Burnside in the east Tennessee campaign. At Athens, Tenn., he took possession of a Confederate printing-office, and he issued therefrom the first number of the Athens Union Post; the second number was ready for the press when the town fell into the hands of the enemy, the printers were captured and sent to Andersonville, and the types pied, but tlie editor, who was on duty at headquarters, escaped Lieutenant Boynton was at the siege of Knox- ville, and served during the Georgia campaign, two-thirds of his regiment being killed, wounded or captured in Stoneman's raid at Macon. Ga. After a service of three years, Major Boynton was commissioned major in 1865, and was mus tered out of service at the close of the war. He established himself at Marine City, Mich., where he for several years was deputy assessor of inter nal revenue. In 1868 he was elected to the lowet house of the state legislature. In 1869 he re moved to Port Huron, where for three years he edited and published the Port Huron Press. He was twice elected mayor of Port Huron, and served for two years as president of the board of education, and as superintendent of the water works. He invented the Boynton fire-escape, and liook-and-ladder truck, and the Boynton sy>- tem of wire rope trussing for ladders. In 1883 he retired from business. BOYTON, Paul, swimmer, was born in Dub lin, Ireland, June 29, 1848. From his youth lie was an expert swimmer, and by the time he was twenty-five had saved seventy people from drowning. He came to America prior to the civil war, and served with distinction in the United States navy until 1865. In 1867 he en gaged in the life-saving service on the Atlantic coast. He organized a life-saving brigade to operate during the bathing season at Atlantic City, N. J., where twenty had been the average number of persons drowned during the bathing seasons, but not a single casualty occurred dur ing the superintendence of Captain Boyton He invented a rubber life-saving dress, which was inflated by the mouth, and which had a projiel ling paddle capable of making one hundred strokes a minute. To test its efficacy, he had himself lowered from the steamship Queen, off the Irish coast during a severe storm, in Octo- ber, 1874. After being seven hours at sea. buf- feted by the strong waves, he landed on the coast of Ireland, forty miles from his point of starting. With this dress he gave exhibitions in England before the Queen, and subsequently' in various parts of Europe and America. In May, 1875, he 13721 BOZEMAN. BRACE. *■ crossed the British Channel in twenty-four hours, and he also traversed with the same ap- paratus the other principal rivers of Europe, and crossed the Straits of Gibraltar. In America he performed various feats, paddling 100 miles in twenty-four hours; swimming 2,342 miles in eighty days, from Oil City, Pa., to the mouth of the Mississippi ; descending the Connecticut river from Canada to Long Island Sound, and between Sept. 17 and Nov. 20, 1881, making a trip of 3,580 miles down the Missouri river. During the war between Chili and Peru he was in com- mand of the Peruvian torpedo service, and, fall- ing into the hands of the Chilians, he was con- demned to be executed, but, escaping to the shore, he swam to a passing vessel and was soon in safety. He described his experiences in “ Roughing it in Rubber ” (1886). BOZEMAN, Nathan, physician, was born in Butler county, Ala., March 26, 1825. He was graduated from the medical department of the University of Louisville, Ky., 1848, and in 1850 began practice at Montgomery, Ala., some years later becoming a specialist in gynaecology. He successfully performed many difficult operations never before attempted, and in 1858 made a trip to Europe, where he introduced his methods in many of the prominent hospitals of England, Scotland and France. In 1858 he went to New Orleans, La., where he founded a private hospital, and he devised a useful self-retaining speculum and a portable operating chair. He again went to Europe in 1874 and remained three years, demonstrating to surgeons the advantage of his operations. He was assistant demonstrator of anatomy in 1848 at the University of Louisville; attending surgeon to the Charity hospital at New Orleans in 1861 ; consulting surgeon to St. Mary’s hospital, Hoboken, in 1867, and consulting sur- geon to St. Elizabeth hospital, New York city. At the beginning of the civil war he was commis- sioned a surgeon in the Confederate army, and was a member of the medical board for the ex- amination of surgeons. He was elected to a membership in various medical societies of Amer- ica, and a fellow of the New York academy of medicine. BOZMAN, John Leeds, lawyer, was born in Oxford, on the eastern shore of Maryland, Aug. 25, 1757. His ancestors on both sides were among the early settlers on the east of Chesapeake Bay, claiming rights there prior to Lord Baltimore’s charter. His early education he received from Luther Martin, then just from New Jersey, and subsequently prominent in the history of Mary- land, and his law studies were completed at the Middle Temple, London. Returning to Maryland he won a wide reputation as a lawyer, and held the office of deputy attorney-general of Maryland for some years. Among his published works are; “ Observations on the Statute of Jac. 1, ch. 16, in Relation to Estates Tail,” “A New Arrange- ment of the Courts of Justice of the State of Maryland” (1802); “Essay on the Colonization Society” (1822), and “History of Maryland, from 1633-1660 ” (1837). He died, the last of his race in America, April 23, 1823. BRACE, Charles Loring, philanthropist, was born at Litchfield, Conn., June 19, 1826; son of John Pierce Brace, educator. He was graduated at Yale college in 1846, and studied theology at Yale divinity school and at the Union theological seminary. In 1850 he made a pedestrian tour in England and Ireland and through a part of France and Germany, penetrating into the in- terior of Hungary, then little visited by tourists, where he was arrested and thrown into prison as an agent of the Hungarian revolutionists in America, and obtained his release only after a long court-martial and a month’s confinement, and then through the intervention of the U. S. department of state. While abroad he studied the management of schools and prisons, and became interested in philanthropical work. He returned to America in 1852, and, in co-operation with Mr. Pease, Mrs. Olin and others, set out to minister to the poor and degraded at the Five Points and extended his work to the prisons and almshouses of New York city. Through his efforts the Children’s aid society was established in 1853, and he was made the secretary and principal executive officer. Through its means, up to the time of his death, 75,000 homeless, friendless children had been transplanted from the streets of New York to homes in the far west ; 300,000 children had been trained in its indus- trial schools ; and in its lodging houses for boys, and girls’ temporary homes, 200,000 boys and girls found a refuge, and were helped to employ- ment and homes. All of these lodging-houses grew out of the Newsboys’ lodging-house, founded by him in 1854, which, in fitting memory of its founder, is known as the “ Brace Memorial Lodging-House.” In 1856 Mr. Brace attended the international convention of children’s chari- ties in London, and made a third visit to Europe in 1865, to investigate the sanitary methods of the great cities. His fourth visit was as a delegate to the international prison congress, which met in London in 1872. He was an edi- torial writer on the New York Times for over twenty years, and also wrote and published the following books: “Hungary in 1851” (1852); “ Home Life in Germany ” (1853) ; “ The Norse Folk ” (1857) ; “ Short Sermons to Newsboys ” (1861); “Races of the Old World” (1863); “The New West” (1868); “The Dangerous Classes of New York, and Twenty Years’ Work T373J BRACE. BRACKETT. Among Them” (3d ed., 1880); “Free Trade as Promoting Peace and Good-will Among Men ” (1879) ; “ Gesta Christa, or, a History of Humane Progress under Christianity ” (3d ed., 1885), and “ To the Unknown God” (1889). Shortly after liis death an endowment fund, in connection with the Children’s aid society, was established to his memory, known as the “ Brace Memorial Fund.” He died at Campfer, Switzerland, Aug. 11, 1890. BRACE, John Pierce, educator, was born at Litchfield, Conn., Feb. 10, 1793. He was gradu- ated from Williams college with the degree of A.M. in 1812, and devoted his time to study and teaching. In 1832 he settled in Hartford, as prin- cipal of the Hartford female seminary. Under his guidance the seminary, which had already acquired a wide reputation under the charge of his niece, Catherine E. Beecher, became one of the leading schools of its class in New England. He finally abandoned this work, however, to as- sume editorial management of the Hartford Courant, already a journal of excellent standing, and to which he gave a still higher literary and scientific reputation. Among his books are: “Lecture to Young Converts,” “Tales of the Devils,” and “ The Fawn of the Pale-faces.” He was a ripe all-round scholar. His son, Charles Loring, became a noted philanthropist and re- former. He died Oct. 18, 1872. BRACKENRIDGE, Hugh Henry, jurist, was born near Campbelltown, Scotland, in 1748; the son of a poor farmer who immigrated to the United States in 1753. He earned his way through col- lege and was graduated from Princeton in 1771. After teaching for five years he entered journal- ism, and for some time had editorial charge of the United States Magazine of Philadelphia. He studied theology, and during the revolutionary war acted as chaplain in the army. After being admitted to the bar, in 1781, he opened a law office at Pittsburg, Pa. He was interested and active in the political controversies of the time, and during the famous “ whiskey insurrection ” of 1794 he was a strong advocate of a peaceable ad- justment of the difficulty. In 1799 he was made judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. “ The Rising Glory of America,” which he wrote in conjunction with Philip Freneau, while at col- lege, was published in 1772; “Bunker Hill, a drama, in 1776; “ Incidents of the Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania,” in 1795; “ Eulogium of the Brave who fell in the Contest with Great Britain,” in 1778; “Modern Chivalry, or the Adventures of Captain Farrago and Teague O’Reagan, his Servant,” in 1796; “ Gazette Publi- cations Collected.” in 1806. and “ Law Miscel- lanies,” in 1814. His son. Henry Marie, was also a well-known author. He died at Carlisle, Pa., June 25, 1816. BRACKETT, Albert Gallatin, soldier, was born in Cherry valley, N. Y., Feb. 14, 1829. When a boy of seventeen he went to Indiana, where he, upon the outbreak of the war with Mexico, joined the volunteer force enlisted from that state, and was given the rank of 1st lieuten- ant and assigned to Lane’s brigade. After ser- ving bravely in the several battles in which the brigade was engaged, he was honorably dis- charged July 16, 1848. In 1855 he raised a com- pany of Indiana and Illinois volunteers for frontier service against the Comanche Indians on the Texas border. At the beginning of the civil war he was stationed at Texas as captain of cav- alry, and escaped when General Twiggs surren- dered to the Confederates. He repaired to Washington, where lie was in command of the cavalry at the battle of Blackburn Ford in 1861, and also at Bull Run. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in August, 1861, and commanded the 9th Illinois cavalry in the Arkansas campaign, where he served with distinguished bravery, and at its close was given the rank of major in the regular army, June 28, 1862. The following year he was attached to the department of the Missouri as chief of cavalry, and in 1864 to the department of the Cumberland as inspector gen eral of cavalry. He afterwards received the brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and later was given the full commission. His subse- quent service was mostly in the west against the Indians. He was made colonel of the 3d cavalry in 1879, and later was commander of Fort Davis, Texas. He was retired at his own request, being over sixty -two years of age, Feb. 18, 1891. He is the author of “ General Lane’s Brigade in Cen tral Mexico ” (1854), and “ History of the United States Cavalry” (1865), besides several short articles. He died June 25, 1896. BRACKETT, Edward Augustus, sculptor, was born in Yassalborough, Me., Oct. 1. 1819. was noted for his characteristic busts of Longfel- low, Bryant, Dana, Sumner, Choate, Allston, Phillips, Garrison. General Butler, and many others. His most important ideal work is a life- sized group in marble entitled. “The Ship- wrecked Mother and Child,” which was exhibited in Boston and New York in 1852. was for many years in the Boston Athenaeum. BRACKETT, John Quincy Adams, governor of Massachusetts, was born at Bradford N. H . June 8, 1842; son of Ambrose S. and Nancy B. Brackett. He was prepared for college at Colby academy, New London, N. H.. entered Harvard in 1861, where he was elected class orator, and was graduated with honors in 1865. He entered the law course at Harvard, and in 1868 was ad- mitted to the Suffolk bar. In 1871 and again in 1882 he was president of the Mercantile library BRxVCKETT. BRADBURY association. In 1874 he became judge-advocate of 1st brigade, M. V. M. on the staff of Gen. I. S. Burrell, holding the position for two years. After 1808 he took an active part as a speaker in most of the Republican cam- paigns in Massachu- setts. From 1873 to 1876 he was a mem- ber of the Boston common council, and was its president in the latter year. In 1876 he was elected to the Massachusetts house of representa- tives, was returned the succeeding four years, and in 1883 he was again elected, and was returned in 1884 and 1885. He was speaker of the house in 1885 and 1886. In 1886, ’87 and ’88 he was elected lieutenant-governor of the state, and as acting governor represented the commonwealth at the centennial of the settlement of Ohio in Septem- ber, 1888, and, owing to the protracted illness of Governor Ames, served as acting governor during much of 1889, taking part as such in the dedica- tion of the monument of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth, and at the reception to President Har- rison by the commonwealth of Massachusetts. In January, 1890, he was inaugurated governor of Massachusetts. After his retirement from the executive chair, he devoted himself to a con- stantly increasing practice of the law. He w r as married June 20, 1878, to Angie M., daughter of Abel G. Peck of Arlington, Mass. BRACKETT, Joshua, physician, was born at Greenland, N. H., May 5, 1733. He was gradu- ated from Harvard college in 1752, and after- wards studied theology, but after preaching a short time studied medicine, and was very suc- cessful in his practice. In 1783 he was chosen an honorary member of the Massachusetts medical society, and aided in founding the medical society of New Hampshire, of which he was afterwards president, and to which he presented 143 valuable books on medicine. At the beginning of the revolutionary w T ar he was appointed judge of the maritime court of New Hampshire and held the office until the adoption of the federal consti- tution. He left fifteen hundred dollars to Har- vard college to establish a chair of botany and natural history. An account of him may be found in “Thacher’s Medical Biography,” and “ Adams Annals of Portsmouth.” He died at Portsmouth, N. H., July 17, 1802. BRACKETT, Walter M., artist, was born at Unity, Me., in 1823, brother of Edward Augustus Brackett, sculptor. He began his professional work in Boston in 1843, where he was at first a portrait painter. He afterwards devoted his time wholly to the painting of game fish. An art critic in a leading journal said of him: “Walter M. Brackett is acknowledged by all to stand without an Amer- ican peer at the head of his special department of painting. One artist only, Rolfe of England, is ever named as his rival as a painter of fish.” He joined the Boston art club at its organization, serving as president for several years. A series of his paintings which portray the process of catching a salmon: “The Rise,” “The Leap,” “The Last Struggle,” and “ Landed,” exhibited at the Crystal Palace of London, were purchased by Sir Richard Potter. BRADBURY, James Ware, senator, was born at Parsonsfield, York county, Me., June 10, 1802; son of Dr. James Bradbury, and a lineal descend- ant from Thomas Bradbury, who was born in Essex county, England, baptized Feb. 28, 1611, and came to New England in 1634 as an agent for Sir Ferdinando Gorges, proprietor of the original prov- ince of Maine. While securing an education he taught school every win- ter. He entered Bowdoin college as a soph omore in 1822, and was grad- uated in 1825, when he took charge of the Hallowell acad- emy, studied law, and opened a school at Effingham, N. H., the first normal school in New Eng- land. In April, 1830, he opened a law office at Augusta, Me., and edited a Democratic news- paper for a year. In 1844 he was elected a delegate to the national Democratic convention at Baltimore by the friends of Mr. Van Buren. After several days" balloting, upon consultation, the friends of Van Buren determined to present the name of James K. Polk of Tennes- see. The presentation speech was made by Mr. Bradbury, and Mr. Polk was unanimously nomin- ated. Mr. Bradbury, as chairman of the Dem- ocratic state committee, took an active part in the campaign, the first in which “ Stump speak- ing ” became general in Maine, and the state was carried on the issue of the annexation of Texas. He was an elector-at-large, and when the electors f 375 J BRADBURY. BRADBURY. met to cast their votes he was made president of the board. In June, 1846, he was elected United States senator, and gave hearty support to Presi- dent Polk's administration in all its measures to strengthen and support the army, and for the ratification of the treaty of peace with Mex- ico. He opposed the bill reported by Senator Clayton, in 1848, for the government of Oregon and California, and when the legislature of Maine instructed her senators to vote in favor of the “ Wilmot Proviso ” upon all bills for the govern- ment of the territories, he obeyed this instruction. At the next session the state legislature instructed the senators to vote against all bills that did not have the proviso incorporated in them, and this he declined to do, on the groimd that he did not feel authorized to leave the people of a territory without any government for such a reason. In 1850 he acted with the conservatives, and vigor- ously supported Clay's compromise. Early in 1849 he introduced a resolution for the appointment of a board of commissioners on claims. He was on a special committee and had charge of the bill to indemnify the sufferers by French spolia- tions. He served on the judiciary committee from the commencement of his term to the end. He was also chairman of the committees on printing and on retrenchment, but President Taylor’s systematic and wholesale removals of the Democrats in most of the departments at Washington, and largely throughout the coun- try, called from Mr. Bradbury a resolution that the president be requested to lay before the senate all the charges filed in any of the depart- ments against individuals who had been re- moved from office since the previous 4th of March, and the records disclosed that there had been much less proscription under Demo- cratic administrations than under the admin- istrations of their opponents. He declined to be a candidate for re-election to the senate. He served as an overseer of Bowdoin college from 1846 to 1851, when he was elected one of the trustees; and from 1872 was chairman of the finance committee, and made the annual reports without an exception. In 1872 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the college. He became a member of the Maine historical society in 1846, and was successful in obtaining from the state the grant • of half a township of timber land. In 1874 he was elected president of the society, and was annually re-elected for fifteen years. He was a corporate member of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions, a bank director, a railroad director, and chairman of the building committee of the Au- gusta public library, actively filling these oner- ous positions when he was upwards of ninety-five years of age. BRADBURY, Theophilus, jurist, was born at Newbury, Mass., Nov. 13, 1739. He was grad- uated from Harvard college in 1757, taught at Falmouth, Me. , and was admitted to the bar in 1761. He remained in Maine for eighteen years, and then returned to his native town, where he became prominent in politics. He served in both branches of the state legislature, and was elected a representative in the 4th U. S. Congress, was re-elected to the 5tli Congress, and resigned in 1797 to become a judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts. He was a presidential elector in 1801, and died in Newburyport, Mass. , Sept. 6, 1803. BRADBURY, William Batchelder, musician, was born at York, Me., Oct. 6, 1816. From his childhood he displayed remarkable aptitude for music. At the age of fourteen he began to study the piano and organ, and after four years had become an excellent performer on the latter. He removed to New York city in 1840, and estab- lished large classes in that and surrounding cities. Although many melodious compositions had come from his hand he felt that he was not sufficiently a master of the rules of composition and harmony, and in 1847 he went abroad, and spent several years in hard study under the Ger- man teachers. He composed many songs, which had an enormous sale, and wrote numerous mag- azine articles on the subject of music. Among his publications are: “Esther, or the Beautiful Queen,” a cantata (1857) ; “ The Golden Chain ” (1861) ; “ The Key-note ” (1863) ; “ The Shawm ” (1864); “The Jubilee” (1865); “The Temple Choir,” and “Fresh Laurels” (1867). A piano manufactory was established and conducted by Mr. Bradbury and his brother, and their pianos and organs became popular. He died in Mont- clair, N. J., Jan. 7, 1868. BRABDURY, William Frothingham, edu- cator, was born in "Westminster, Mass., May 17, 1829. He was graduated at Amherst in the class of 1856, of which he was valedictorian. He was appointed sub-master of the Cambridge (Mass.) high school, having previously acquired the neces- sary experience by teaching during the winter months of the eight years preceding his gradua- tion. He became a Hopkins classical teacher in 1865, and, after acting as head master at intervals for several years, he was, in 1881, elected to fill that office. In 1886, when the classical depart- ment became the Cambridge Latin school, he was appointed head master of that institution. Professor Bradbury published a series of text- books on mathematics, and in 1882 a history of the Cambridge high school. BRADDOCK, Edward, British general, was born at Perthshire, Scotland, about 1695. He secured a commission in the Coldstream guards in 1710, and in 1754 had been advanced to the 1376 ] BRADEN. BRADFORD. rank of major-general. In the same year he was appointed commander of the forces sent to arrest the encroachments of the French in America, and with an army of two thousand regulars and provincials, he, for a time, made his headquarters at Alexandria, Va. George Washington accom- panied him as an aide. On July 8, 1755, they reached the Monongahela river and essayed an ad- vance upon Fort Duquesne. Franklin and Wash- ington had warned him of the craftiness of the foe ; and he so far listened to their advice as to throw out advance and flank parties to prevent surprise. The advance guard was attacked by nine hundred French and Indians, who, using the wood for an ambuscade, wrought havoc in the ranks of the British. Braddock, unused to skir- mishes, refused, with characteristic obstinacy, to imitate the enemy’s tactics. His bravery may not be questioned ; four times was his horse shot under him, and at last he fell in trying to effect a rally. The survivors retreated under Washing- ton, the only staff officer unharmed. The loss was 63 out of 86 officers, and 914 out of 1,373 pri- vates. The action took place July 9, and Brad- dock was carried from the field and died at Great Meadows four days later ; his last words being, “We shall know better how to deal with them another time.” Washington read the burial ser- vice over his grave. The date of his death is July 13, 1755. BRADEN, John, educator, was born in New York, N. Y., Aug. 18, 1826. He was educated in the public schools and at the Ohio Wesleyan uni- versity at Delaware, Ohio, graduating in 1853. He was licensed to preach in the Methodist church, serving in the Cincinnati conference. From 1859 to 1861 he was president of the Linden Hill academy, Clarke county, Ohio, and from 1861 to 1867 preached on the circuit. He was then elected president of Central Tennessee college, Nashville. He was married Oct. 16, 1856, to Laurania P. Collin, of Hillsdale, N. Y. The Ohio Wesleyan university conferred on him the degree of D.D. BRADFORD, Alden, author, was born at Duxbury, Mass., Nov. 19, 1765; son of Gamaliel Bradford, a revolutionary soldier, and descended from Gov. William Bradford. He was gradu- ated at Harvard college in 1786, and was for a time pastor of a Congregational church at Wiscasset, Me. In 1812 he was elected secretary of state of Massachusetts, which office he held for twelve years. He was the author of various works of a historical, biographical, and antiquarian character, including a “ History of Massachusetts from 1764 till 1820,” and “History of the Federal Government” (1840). He was also editor of the Boston Gazette. Bowdoin college gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1837. He died Oct. 26, 1843. BRADFORD, Alexander Warfield, jurist, was born in Albany, N. Y., in 1815; son of John M. Bradford, a celebrated divine. He was gradu- ated at Union college in 1832. He became widely known as a brilliant lawyer while yet a very young man, held the office of surrogate for three terms, and was a law writer of high repu- tation. “ Bradford's Reports,” in six volumes, became authoritative in the legal profession. Ten volumes of legal reports, and four volumes of “ Reports of Surrogates’ Cases,” were published by him. He was co-editor with Dr. Anthon of The Protestant Churchman, and editor of Ameri- can Antiquities. He died Nov. 5, 1867. BRADFORD, Amory Howe, clergyman, was born at Granby, N. Y., April 14, 1846. After his graduation from Hamilton college in 1867, he was graduated at the Andover seminary in 1870, and was ordained to the Congregational ministry on Sept. 28, 1870. After his ordination he studied at Oxford university, England, and then assumed pastoral charge of the Congregational church at Montclair, N. J. He was secretary of the Amer- ican institute of Christian philosophy, and in 1892 became editorially connected with The Outlook. In 1892 and 1893 he lectured at Andover in the Southworth course. He received the degree S.T.D. from Hamilton. Among his published writings are: “Spirit and Life” (1888): “Old Wine; New Bottles” (1892); “Lectures at Andover ” (1893— ’94) ; “ The Pilgrim in Old Eng- land ” (1893) ; “ Heredity and Christian Prob- lems ” (1895), and many shorter articles for periodicals. BRADFORD, Andrew Sowles, printer, was born in Philadelphia in 1686; son of William Bradford, first printer in Philadelphia and New York. In 1712 he started in the printing busi- ness, and for more than ten years was without a competitor in Philadelphia. He established a paper called the American Weekly Mercury in 1719, and two years later employed Benjamin Franklin, then a boy of fifteen, to set type in the office. He was postmaster of Philadelphia in 1732, and, in connection with his printing busi- ness, he managed a thriving book-store. He began the publication of the American Magazine the year before his death, which occurred at Philadelpaia, Pa., Nov. 23, 1742. BRADFORD, Augustus W. , governor of Mary- land, was born in Maryland in 1805. He was active as a lawyer and politician, and during the civil war was a Unionist. He was a member of the peace congress in 1861, and was elected gov- ernor of Maryland in 1862, serving four years. During his governorship he secured from the state the constitution of 1864. He was surveyor of the port of Baltimore under President John- son, and died March 1, 1881, 1377 ] BRADFORD. BRADFORD. BRADFORD, Gamaliel, 5th, was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 15, 1831; son of Gamaliel Bradford (4th), a physician; member of the Massachusetts medical society ; graduate of Har- vard college in 1814, and for some years before his death the superintendent of the Massachu- setts general hospital. He is a descendant in the eighth generation of William Bradford, the first governor of Plymouth colony. The first Gamaliel was a member of the governor’s council in Massa- chusetts in the first half of the eighteenth cen- tury. The second Gamaliel was a colonel, and the third a lieutenant in the war of the revolu- tion. It is through this ancestry that Gamaliel 5th derives his title to membership in the Massa- chusetts society of the Cincinnati, of which he is the treasurer. The fifth Gamaliel has (1897) a son, the sixth, and a grandson the seventh of the name. Gamaliel 5th graduated at Harvard col- lege in 1849. In 1851 he entered, as a clerk, the banking house of Blake Brothers & Company; was admitted to a partnership in 1858, and con- tinued in that position until Jan. 1, 1868, then retired from business and devoted himself to the study of political science, and the theory and practice of modern popular government, especially in relation to that of the United States, federal, state and city. He contributed extensively to magazines and newspapers in support of his views. In 1897 he was engaged upon a work on popular government, embodying the results of many years of study and ex- perience. BRADFORD, John, journalist, was born in Fauquier county, Va., in 1749. He served two years in the war of the revolution, and was later present at the battle of Cliillicothe. He removed to Kentucky in 1785, locating in Fayette county, on Cane Run. near Lexington. In 1787, with his brother, Fielding, he established the Kentucke Gazette , the first newspaper published west of the Alleghanies, which was issued under that title until 1786, when its name was changed to the Kentucky Gazette. The press and equipment for this enterprise were brought from Philadel- phia. In 1786 he became public printer ; in 1792 was one of the electors of the senate, and chair- man of the town trustees. He was elected to the legislature in 1797, and also to that of 1801. John Bradford was made cashier of the bank, which was the result of the famous act of 1801, incor- porating the first life insurance company, in an obscure clause of which were concealed full bank- ing privileges, and assigned his interest in the Gazette to his son. He was at one time chairman of the board of trustees of Transylvania uni- versity, and when nearly eighty years of age he was elected to the shrievalty of Fayette county and held the office till his death, in 1830. BRADFORD, Joseph, playwright, was born near Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 24, 1843. He attended the naval academy at Annapolis. From 1862 to 1864 he served in the navy in the civil war, and later became an actor. He abandoned his true name — William Randolph Hunter — and adopted the maiden name of his mother. After acting successfully for a few years he wrote for periodicals, and was the author of several plays which became well-known. He is the author of “ Our Bachelors,” “One of the Finest,” and “ The Cherubs,” besides many admirable poems. He died April 13, 1886. BRADFORD, Joseph M., naval officer, was born in Sumner county, Tenn., Nov. 4, 1824. He became a midshipman in the United States navy at the age of sixteen, and, after serving fifteen years, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. In 1863 he was assigned to service on the South Atlantic blockading squadron, as fleet captain. In July, 1866, he was promoted to the rank of commander, and was placed on the retired list in March, 1867. He died in Norfolk, Va.. April 14, 1872. BRADFORD, Thomas, printer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 4, 1745; son of Col. Wil- liam Bradford, revolutionary soldier, and great- grandson of William Bradford, first printer in New York. He was a graduate of the College of Philadelphia, and subsequently learned the print- ing trade in the office of his father, who ad- mitted him into partnership on the Pennsylvania Journal. He also assisted in editing that paper, and ten years after his father’s death changed its name to True American. At the breaking out of the revolutionary war he joined the Con- tinental army with the rank of captain, from which he was soon promoted to that of com- missary-general. His printing-office was finely equipped, and did the printing for Congress after the war. He died May 7, 1838. BRADFORD, Vincent Loockerman, philan- thropist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 24. 1808; son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Loocker- man) Bradford. His father was a direct descendant of William Bradford, printer, who came to America in 1682, and his mother was of old Knickerbocker stock, her ancestor, Govert Loockerman, having come from Holland with Wouter Van Twiller, governor of the New Nether- lands, in April, 1633, and married Maria Jansen, daughter of Roelf Jansen and Annetje Jans. He received a thorough preliminary education, and was graduated with the highest honors from the University of Pennsylvania in 1825. receiving the degree of A.M. in 1828. He was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in April. 1829. He removed to Niles, Michigan, in 1835, and in 1837 was elected to the state senate. In 1843 he returned to Phila- [3TS] BRADFORD. BRADFORD delphia, where he formed a law partnership with his father, which continued until the death of the latter in October, 1851. Mr. Bradford was a successful railroad lawyer, and in 1859 he was elected president of the Philadelphia and Tren- ton railroad company. He continued in this office by annual re-elections until January, 1872, and in the same year was elected to the chair of civil law in the Washington and Lee university, Lexington, Va., but declined the honor on ac- count of ill-health. In 1874 the university con- ferred upon him the degree of LL.D., and in 1880 that of D.C.L. In his will Mr. Bradford, after providing certain annuities for personal friends and relatives, gave one-half of his estate to endow the Bradford chair of civil law and equity juris- prudence, and the Bradford chair of constitu- tional and international law in the Washington and Lee university, adding to the gift his large and valuable law library, and his gallery of paint- ings. The will requires that the law library and paintings shall be maintained by the university by the annual appropriation of $400 and $500 re- spectively for additional works. He died at his home in Philadelphia, Aug. 7, 1884. BRADFORD, William, colonial governor, was born in Austerfield, Yorkshire, England, in March, 1588. His father, a yeoman, died when the son was very young, leaving him a consider- able property. He was a child of studious and thoughtful nature, and when about twelve years old was deeply impressed by hearing the scrip- tures read. Later he joined the band of worship- pers known as Separatists, which was accustomed to assemble at the house of William Brewster in Scroobv, an adjacent village, and which met the disapproval of the members of the King's church. Persecution followed and James I. declared that he would “ harry them out of the land, or worse.” In this emergency they decided to remove to Holland, where they could worship God as they wished. They assembled with their goods and chattels at Boston, England, with the vessels chartered and ready to start. But James, having succeeded in “ harrying them out of the land ” now proceeded to do “ worse,” and by treachery of the captain they were be- trayed, seized by the king's forces, seven of them cast into prison, and their little property con- fiscated. Bradford, because of his youth, was released sooner than the others. He proceeded to Zealand, where he was accused of being an English fugitive. On making known the cause of his leaving England, he was liberated and joined his friends in Amsterdam, where he learned the trade of silk dyeing. At the end of three years he came into possession of his inheri- tance, which he converted into money, and estab- lished himself in business. In 1609 the colony removed to Leyden, where they remained for about ten years. Bradford was strongly in favor of making another change. They were undecided whether to choose Guinea or the New World, but finally decided on the latter, and their elder, William Brewster, succeeded in obtaining for them a patent of land in Virginia. Returning to England they made preparations to embark, pur- chasing two small vessels, the Speedwell and the Mayflower. The former proved to be unsea- worthy, and as many of her passengers as possi- ble were transferred to the Mayflower. It had been the intention of the pilgrims to settle near the Hudson river, but arriving off the coast of New England, and being somewhat intimidated by the shoals and breakers, they decided to enter Cape Cod harbor, and on Nov. 11, 1620, before going into the harbor, they drew up an agree- ment as to their form of government, and chose for their governor John Carver. Then followed weary exploring tours in search of some favor- able place to settle. Bradford was one of the foremost in these hazardous journeys, and on his return from one of them was met with the sad news that his wife had been accidentally drowned. At last, on Dec. 21, 1620, the little band landed on Plymouth Rock. Even the most robust were scarcely able to bear up under the hardships and privations that followed. The number of deaths increased with alarming rapid- ity, six dying in December, eight in January, seventeen in February, and thirteen in March. In April the Mayflower returned to England, and shortly afterwards Governor Carver died. William Bradford was chosen his successor. For thirty -seven years he held this office, with the exception of the three years' term of Edward Winslow and the two years' term of Mr. Prince. BRADFORD. BRADFORD. His thorough understanding of Indian character, and his prompt action, tact and bravery, saved many lives and won for him the love and respect of his people. Had it not been for the Indians the pilgrims would have starved, for new emi- grants were arriving at intervals, bringing with them no provision, and the alarming inroads made on their scanty stores caused a severe famine in the settlement. Governor Bradford sent out expeditions to trade with the savages, and in ahnost every instance the colonists were treated with fairness. In 1829 a new and larger patent of land was granted them in the name of “ William Bradford, his heirs, associates, and assigns,” confirming the laws they had drawn up and giving them many privileges for which they had not dared to hope. Little by little the judicious management of the governor lessened the extreme misery and want of the colonists. The friendship of the Indians kept them many times from starvation, and the furs and other products for which they traded were readily turned into money on being taken to England. Though in his youth Governor Bradford had been given scant opportunities for acquiring knowledge, later in life he had studied the lan- guages in order that he might, as he quaintly expressed it, “ see with his own eyes the ancient oracles of God in their native beauty.” French and Dutch, Latin, Greek and Hebrew were all familiar to him, and he was also a student of history, philosophy and theology. His pen was as busy as his brain, and though but one of his works was published during his life, many others have been handed down as valuable, both from a historical and literary point of view. The first book was “ A Diary of Occurrences,” embracing the time between the landing of the pilgrims at Cape Cod, Nov. 9, 1620, and Dec. 18, 1621. He was assisted in writing it by Edward Winslow and it was printed in London in 1622. In his will he mentioned some manuscripts of which he said, “ I commend unto your wisdom some small books written by my own hand, to be improved as you shall see meet.” These were published in the collections of the Historical society of Massa- chusetts, and include: “Some observations of God’s merciful dealings with us in this Wilder- ness” (1794) ; “A Word to Plymouth ” (1869-'70) ; “Of Boston in New England,” and “A Word to New England ” (1838), and “ Epitaphium Meum.” In “ Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1602 to 1625,” published by Alexander Young, in 1841, are the following writings from the hand of Bradford: a part of the “ History of the Plymouth Planta- tion," the “ Diary of Occurrences, ” “ A Dialogue, or the Sum of a Conference between some young men born in New England and sundry ancient men that came out of Holland and Old England,” “A Memoir of Elder Brewster,” and a fragment of Bradford's letter book. His “ History of the Plymouth Plantation ” at one time existed in the original manuscript in the New England library, but was probably lost during the war with Eng- land. For additional facts regarding Bradford's life and writings see “ The Life of William Brad- ford,” by Cotton Mather; “American Bio- graphy,” by Jeremy Belknap; “The Pilgrim Fathers,” by W. H. Bartlett; “ Historical Memoir of the Colony of New Plymouth,” by Francis Baylies; “Chronicles of the Pilgrims,” by Young, and “ History of Massachusetts,” by Hutchinson. Governor Bradford died at Ply- mouth, Mass., May 9, 1657. BRADFORD, William, printer, was born in Leicester, England, in 1658, and belonged to the company who, under the leadership of William Penn, came to America in 1682. He set up the first printing-press in Philadelphia in 1685, and the same year published “ Kalendarium Penn- silvaniense ” for 1686. In partnership with two others he built a paper mill on the SchuylkilL river in 1690, and would doubtless have contin- ued in Philadelphia had it not been for his sharp thrusts at the New England churches. His “ Ap- peal to the People ” in 1691, and other tracts were held to be so flagrantly libellous and seditious, that all his publications, his press, type, etc., were confiscated. He was tried before the courts ; conducted his own case, and escaped by disagree- ment of the jury. Being invited to establish a printing-press in New York, he set up the first press in that province in 1693, and printed the laws of the colony. Aside from his ordinary printing business, he had the position of public printer, not only of New York but of New Jersey, and for thirty years he was the only printer in the colony, and held the office of public printer for more than fifty years. He retained an inter- est in the press he set up in Philadelphia until 1712, when his son, Andrew Sowles, took charge of it, and became the public printer. Mr. Brad- ford's unusual vitality and vigor is indicated by the fact that when sixty-seven years old he started the New York Gazette. Tins was in October, 1725. The Gazette was the fourth news- paper in the colonies. Three years later (1728) he built a paper mill in Elizabethtown, N. J. He died in New York city, May 23, 1752, and was buried in Trinity churchyard. BRADFORD, William, soldier, was born in New York, 1719. He was a grandson of William Bradford, the first printer of New York, and was a partner for a while with his uncle. Andrew Sowles, in Philadelphia. He went to England in 1741; secured printing material and a library, and on his return to Philadelphia began the publica- BRADFORD. BRADFORD. tion of the Pennsylvania Journal, Dec. 2, 1742. In 1754 he established a coffee-house after the fashion of those in London, and in 1762 initiated a marine-insurance office in conjunction with a Mr. Rydd. He assailed the stamp act, and de- nounced the pretentious claims of the British government in the columns of his paper. He was a member of the Pennsylvania militia in the revolutionary war; was commissioned major, afterwards colonel ; fought at Princeton and was wounded at Trenton. He helped defend Fort Mifflin, Nov. 16, 1777, when bombarded by the British fleet. He sacrificed money and health for his country, and when the British troops evacuated Philadelphia he returned an invalid. The Pennsylvania Journal continued under the management of his son Thomas. It became after- wards the True American. He died in Philadel- phia, Pa., Sept. 25, 1791. BRADFORD, William, statesman, was born at Plymouth, Mass., Nov. 4, 1729; a lineal descendant of Governor Bradford. He studied medicine and practised that profession at War- ren, R. I., but afterwards located himself at Bristol, where he studied law, was admitted to the bar and attained eminence in the legal pro- fession. He was active in political life, and in 1773 was made deputy -governor of Rhode Island ; he held other offices, and later was elected a dele- gate to the Continental Congress, but did not serve. His beautiful mansion at Bristol, R. I., was burned by the cannonade of the British, Oct. 7, 1775, though a cessation of the firing was effected by his intervention with Captain Wallace, on board the Rose. He was elected to the U. S. senate in 1793, and acted as president pro tempore of that body for a short time in the 5th Congress, and resigned his seat before the expiration of his term. He died in Bristol, R. I., July 6, 1808. BRADFORD, William, artist, was born in Fairhaven, Mass., in 1824. He began his art career by making drawings and paintings of whaling-vessels, the first money he received for the work being twenty-five dollars for a drawing of the whaler, Jireh Perry. Marine subjects became his specialty, and he was fortunate in securing Van Beest, the best foreign marine artist in the country, for a studio mate. The in- fluence of Van Beest's methods upon those of Bradford were salutary, a certain set mannerism of Bradford's style being softened without de- stroying his habit of fidelity to detail. After his separation from Van Beest, he began to study nature as exhibited on the eastern coast, from Rhode Island to Labrador, and produced a series of marine pictures unrivalled for accuracy of detail and perfection of finish. For his “ Sealers Crushed among the Icebergs," a magnificent pro- duct of his Labrador studies, he received the then 1381 ] unusual price of ten thousand dollars, from Le- Grand Lockwood, the New York millionaire. Years later he was enabled to visit the Arctic zone, and the pictures, resulting from his stud- ies of the ice formations there, were among the finest productions of his brush. He was peculiarly happy in his storm effects, produ- cing with marvellous truthfulness to nature the aspect of the sea and the tumultuous motion of the waves. He visited the Pacific slope and spent seven years in studying and painting in the Yosemite and Mariposa val- leys of California. In 1870 he visited England, where his work was received with enthusiasm. “ The Steamer “ Panther ’ off the Coast of Green- land, under the Midnight Sun,” painted by special commission from Queen Victoria, was placed in the library at Windsor castle, and other of his paintings in the galleries of Princess Louise, Lord Dufferin, the Duke of Argyle, the Duke of Westminster and the Baroness Burdett- Coutts. No collection of any size in America is without an example of his work. Among his best-known pictures are his “ Fishing Boats in the Bay of Fundy,” “ Shipwreck off Nantucket,” ‘‘Lighthouse in St. John Harbor,” “Fishing Boats at Anchor,” “ Sudden Squall in the Bay of Fundy,” “ A Stiff Breeze in the Harbor of East- port,” “ The Coast of Labrador,” “ Boarding the Sloop,” “ Sunset in the North,” “ Arctic Scene,” and “ Whalers after the Nip in Melville Bay ” (1889). In 1873 three hundred and fifty copies of his superb volume on “ The Arctic Regions ” were brought out in London by special subscrip- tion, Queen Victoria and the Duke of Argyle being among the patrons and subscribers. He died in New York city, April 25, 1892. BRADISH, Luther, statesman, was born at Cummington, Mass., Sept. 15, 1783. He was graduated at Williams college in 1804, and studied law. He made a European tour, and upon his return to America was commissioned by the United States government to gather information concerning the commerce of the Levant, pending the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Porte. He sailed on the U. S. ship-of-war Columbus, and after executing this commission he continued his travels until 1826, when he returned to New York and settled in Franklin county, where he had a large landed interest, and represented his county in the state assembly, 1827-’30, and again 1835-’38, serving as speaker during his last term. In 1830 he was an un- successful candidate for representative in Con- gress. He was elected lieutenant-governor of the state in 1839 and served until 1843, and in 1840 was defeated in the contest for the gov- ernorship on the Whig ticket. In 1855 Wil- liams college conferred on him the degree of BRADLEE. BRADLEY. LL.D. During President Fillmore’s administra- tion lie was assistant United States treasurer at New York. He then retired to private life, making his home in New York city, and occupied his time in various philanthropic projects. He was president of the American Bible society for many years, and of the New York historical society from 1850 until his death, which occurred at Newport, R. I., Aug. 30, 1863. BRADLEE, Caleb Davis, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 24, 1831; son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Williams) Bradlee. His paternal grandfather, Nathaniel Bradlee, was one of the so-called “ Indians ” who threw the tea overboard in Boston harbor, and his maternal grandfather, Caleb Davis, was the first speaker of the Massachusetts house of represe ntatives under the state con- stitution, and one of the presidential elec- tors, who, in 1789, cast the vote of Massachu- setts for George Washington. Mr. Bradlee's prepara- tory education was acquired at the Chauncy hall school in Boston, and in 1852 he was gr aduate d from Harvard college. While an undergraduate he founded the Biblical literature society, which afterwards became the Boston young men’s Chris- tian union. He then studied theology and became pastor of the Allen street Congregational church, Cambridge, in 1854. June 7, 1855, he was married to Caroline, daughter of George Gay, of Boston, Mass. In 1855 he received the degree of A.M. from Harvard, and in 1861 he assumed charge of the church of Our Father in East Boston. In 1864 he became pastor of the church of the Re- deemer in Boston ; in 1868 was made one of the faculty of the Boston school for the ministry ; in 1873 he accepted the charge of the Christian unity society, and in 1876, of the church at Harrison Square. In 1890 lie served for one year as pastor of a new church in Dorchester. He was made a member of the Royal Asiatic society of Shanghai, China; the Royal society of northern antiqua- ries, Copenhagen, Denmark; the Royal academy of heraldry, Pisa, Italy ; the Clarendon historical society, Edinburgh, Scotland, and the prominent historical societies of the United States, besides numerous literary societies and clubs. In 1892 he assumed the pastorate of Christ church in Brookline, Mass., and in November, 1896, lie re- signed on account of feeble health, his resignation taking effect May 1, 1897. He is the author of several volumes of poems; a collection of ser- mons entitled, “ Sermons for all Sects” (1888); “ Sermons for the Church ” (1893) ; “ Recollec- tions of a Ministry of Forty Years, 1854-1894” (1895). He died in Brookline, Mass., Mayl, 1897. BRADLEY, Denis M., first R. C. bishop of Manchester, N. H., was born in Ireland, Feb. 25, 1846. His parents immigrated to America and set- tled in Manchester, N. H., in 1854, where he received his preliminary education in the paro- chial schools, studying subsequently at the Holy Cross college, Worcester, Mass. In 1867 he en- tered St. Joseph’s seminary at Troy, N. Y. . where he pursued his philosophical and theological studies, being ordained a priest June 3, 1871. He was appointed rector of the cathedral in Port- land, Me., and served also as chancellor of the diocese under Bishops Bacon and Heal}' until June, 1880, when lie was made pastor of St. Joseph’s church at Manchester, N. H. On June 11, 1884, he was consecrated as the first bishop of that diocese. Through his active and zealous work parochial schools were established and vari- ous religious communities of men and women introduced. He erected a college, an orphan asylum, and a hospital, and materially enlarged the cathedral. BRADLEY, Isaac Samuel, librarian, was born at Albany, N. Y., Oct. 21, 1853. He was at an early age taken by his parents to Madison. Wis., where he was graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1875, and in the same year was appointed assistant librarian of the state histori- cal society of Wisconsin. His eighteen years’ faithful service as assistant proved his capacity to fulfill the arduous duties implied in the case of a collection of over one hundred and eighty-five thousand books and pamphlets, and in 1892, on the retirement of Mr. Durrie, he was appointed librarian. BRADLEY, Joseph P., jurist, was bom at Berne, near Albany, N. Y., March 14, 1813, the eldest son of Philo and Mercy (Gardiner) Bradley. His first American ancestor, Francis Bradley, came to New Haven in 1638, as a member of Gov- ernor Eaton’s family. He entered the freshmen class at Rutgers, in New Brunswick, N. J., in 1833, and was graduated in 1836 with the highest honors, immediately after which he entered the office of Archer Gifford, a practising lawyer in Newark. Mr. Gifford was collector of the port of Newark, and Young Bradley became his assistant, and with the moderate salary thus afforded him was enabled with great economy to complete his studies. He was licensed as an attorney by the supreme court of New Jersey in 1839, and as counsellor in 1842. In 1840 he opened an office in Newark, N. J., where he remained in practice [3821 BRADLEY. BRADLEY. until 1872. He assisted Gov. William Penning- ton in an investigation of the affairs of the Cam- den & Amboy railroad company, in which the state of New Jersey was a stockholder, and prepared an elaborate and exhaustive report. Practice and fame now followed ; he became the counsel and one of the directors of the New Jersey, Trenton, and Philadelphia, and of the Camden and Amboy railroads, and was also made counsel of the Delaware and Raritan canal company, and of other large and influential corporations. There was hardly an important cause in New Jersey in which he was not engaged, his services being eagerly sought, not only in civil but in criminal cases, and he was counsel for the defendant in some of the most remarkable murder cases that ever occupied the courts of New Jersey. Mr. Bradley was strong in an argument before the bench. He was for many years actuary of the Mutual benefit insurance company, and president of the Mutual life insurance company of New Jersey. He was a thorough mathematician, and when he needed relaxation from the severe studies of his profession he resorted to his favor- ite study, calculating the eclipses of the sun and moon, investigating the transit of planets, and calculating calendars for forty centuries to come. He was a profound theologian and thor- ough scientist. Justice Bradley was a Whig in early life and afterwards a conservative Repub- lican. In the civil war his position as director and counsel of the railroads between New Jersey and the south gave him opportunity to greatly facilitate the movement of troops and supplies to the army, and he personally conducted several regiments to the front. In 1862 he was the Re- publican candidate from the 6th congressional district of New Jersey to the 38th Congress, but failed of an election. In 1868 he was an elector- at-large from New Jersey on the Grant and Col- fax ticket. Mr. Bradley was appointed associate justice of the supreme court of the United States in March, 1870, by President Grant. He was assigned to the southern circuit and subsequently succeeded Mr. Justice Strong to the 3d circuit, em- bracing Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Justice Bradley was a member of the electoral commission which met to determine the presi- dential election of 1876, and was the last to read his opinion. The commission was equally divided, each member having expressed an opinion in consonance with his political affilia- New Jersey. His widow and three children, a son and two daughters, survived him. His many opinions, scattered through forty volumes of the reports of the decisions of the supreme court, are imperishable monuments of his legal ability. In 1859 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Lafayette college. He died Jan. 22, 1892. BRADLEY, Luther Prentice, soldier, was born in New Haven, Conn., Dec. 8, 1822. After re- ceiving a common-school education he removed to Illinois. In 1861 he entered the Union service as lieutenant-colonel of the 51st Illinois volun- teers. which regiment he had organized. He was assigned to the army of the Mississippi under Gen- eral Pope, and was present at the capture of New Madrid and Island No. 10. In April, 1862, he commanded the 51st Illinois volunteers, and was engaged in the operations of the left wing of General Halleck’s army. He afterwards com- manded at Decatur, Ala., and being ordered to Nashville, he remained in garrison until the arrival of General Rosecrans and the army of the Cumberland. He was promoted colonel Oct. 15, 1862; in December joined Sheridan’s division, and was present at the battle of Stone river, com- manding the 3d brigade during a portion of the engagement. He engaged in the Tullahoma cam- paign against General Bragg’s army, was present at the battle of Chickamauga where he received a severe wound, and obtained leave of absence. He recruited the ranks of the 51st Illinois, joined the 4th corps, and was present at Dalton, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, At- lanta, and Jonesborough, Ga. He was again severely wounded in repulsing the advance of Hood’s army at Spring Hill, Tenn., and after a second leave of absence he rejoined the army of the Cumberland in March, 1865. He was pro- moted brigadier -general, July 20, 1864, and re- signed June 30, 1865. On July 28, 1866, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 27th U. S. in fantry. He was brevetted colonel for Chicka- mauga, and brigadier - general for Resaca, on March 2, 1867. He served as lieutenant-colonel and after 1879 as colonel, on the plains, in Wyom- ing, Kansas, New Mexico, and other places from 1866 until Dec. 8, 1886, when he was retired by law. BRADLEY, Stephen Row, senator, was born in Wallingford, Conn., Feb. 20, 1754, son of Moses and Mary (Row) Bradley, and grandson of Stephen Bradley, who served under Cromwell tion, and when Justice Bradley read his opinion, «, and came to America in 1637. Stephen Row and sustained it with a lengthy argument that was printed as a part of the proceedings of the commission, the work of the body closed, and Mr. Hayes was declared elected by a majority of one electoral vote. He was married in 1844 to Mary, daughter of Chief Justice Hornblower of was graduated at Yale in 1775. He entered the revolutionary service as captain of a company of Cheshire volunteers and took part in all the skirmishes around New York. He afterward served as quartermaster and aide on the staff of General Wooster, and was with that patriot when 13831 * BRADLEY. BRADSTREET. he fell at Danbury in 1777. He retired from the army in 1779 with the rank of major, and remov- ing to Vermont was admitted to the bar, took an active part in the organization of the government of the state, and was the author of “ Vermont’s Appeal to a Candid and Impartial World.” This document, which he prepared at the request of the governor and council, Dec. 10, 1779, is one of the most remarkable papers on the Vermont records. Mr. Bradley was more than once ap- pointed to act as agent for the state in negotia- tions with Congress to obtain recognition of the independence of the state. He was several times elected to the popular branch of the state legisla- ture, of which he was speaker in 1785. In 1788-’9 he was judge of the supreme court. In 1791 he was sent to the United States senate for the short term expiring in 1795. He failed of election the next term, but was again elected in 1801 and re-elected in 1807, serving till the close of his term, when he retired to private life. Dartmouth and Middle- bury colleges each conferred the degree of LL.D. upon him. S. G. Goodrich (Peter Parley) mar- ried his daughter. He died at Walpole, N. H., Dec. 9, 1830. BRADLEY, Warren Ives, “ Glance Gaylord,” author, was born at Forrestville, Bristol, Conn., March 20, 1847. He pursued his studies under the tuition of his uncle, Professor Newton Man- ross, and at a very early age began to write for newspapers and magazines. His principal success, however, was achieved through the writing of children’s story books. These include : The Rainsford Series, in three volumes, “ Gilbert Starr and His Lessons” (1866); ‘‘Gilbert’s Last Summer at Rainsford, and what it Taught” (1867), and “Will Rood’s Friendship” (1867); “ Boys at Doctor Murray’s” ( 1866 ); “Uncle Donnie’s Home” (1866); “Gay Cottage” (1867); “Culm Rock, the Story of a Year” (1867); “After Years,” a Sequel to “Culm Rock” (1867); “ Donald Deane ” (1868) ; “Miss Patience Hatha- way” (1868); “Jack Arcombe, the Story of a Waif ” (1868) ; and “ Mr. Pendleton’s Cup” (1868). “ Culm Rock ” gained him a prize of 8350 in a com- petition. He died at Forrestville, Bristol, Conn., June 15, 1868. BRADLEY, William O’Connell, governor of Kentucky, was born near Lancaster, Garrard county, Ky., March 18, 1847, son of Robert M. and Ellen (Totten) Bradley. His father was a distinguished lawyer. The civil war wrecked the father, financially, and the son, at the age of fourteen, joined the Union army, first as recruiting officer in Pulaski county, and later as a private sol- dier at Louisville. His father secured his release and he entered his law office, becoming so well qualified to practise that at the age of seventeen, by special act of the general assembly, he was licensed, and rapidly rose in the profession. He entered politics in 1869, and in 1870 was elected prosecuting attorney. In 1872 and 1876 he was the unsuccessful candidate to the 44tli and 45th congresses, In 1884 President Arthur selec- ted him to prosecute the ‘ ‘ Star Route ” cases, but the attorney- general denied a full prosecution and he withdrew. In 1887 he was nominated by the Republicans for gover- nor and reduced the Democratic majority of 45,000 to less than 17,000. During this campaign he charged corruption in the state government, resulting in the discovery of a defalcation of 8247,000. In 1895 he was again nominated for governor, this time by acclamation, and was elected by a majority of 8,912, the first Republican ever elected governor of Kentucky. He served in every Republican national convention for more than twenty years as delegate or delegate at-large, and was elected several terms as national committeeman, and as national executive commit- teeman. He seconded the nomination of General Grant at the Chicago convention in 1880 in an elo- quent speech, and won renown at the Chicago con- vention in 1884, by delivering a speech which de- feated the proposed rule to cut down the basis of southern representation. He was twice given the complimentary vote of his party for United States senator, once while ineligible on account of his youth. He was married July 11, 1867, to Margaret, daughter of Dr. Benjamin F. Duncan, of Lan- caster. In 1896 he was a prominent candidate for the presidency before the St. Louis conven- tion, and was offered the United States senator- ship by the Republican legislature of Kentucky in 1897. BRADSTREET, Anne Dudley, poet, was born in Northampton, England, about 1612, daughter of Thomas and Dorothy Dudley, and the wife of Simon Bradstreet. Both her father and her hus- band were colonial governors of Massachusetts. She was married in 1628, and two years later came to America with Governor Bradstreet. Though soon the mother of eight children, she found time to write verses, and in 1640 published in Boston a volume under the curious title of “Several Poems Compiled With a Great Variety of Wit and Learning,” to which was added an ex- haustive sub-title. The volume brought her great applause at home, and was published in England [3S4] BRADSTREET. BRADWELL. in 1650, with the title “ The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, etc.” It was several times republished, and some of the succeeding editions contained verses of more merit than any in the original collection. J. H. Ellis edited and published her writings under the title “ Works in Prose and Verse,” by Anne Bradstreet (1867). Among her descendants were the jurists, Richard and Francis Dana; the poets, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Richard Henry Dana, and Richard Henry Dana, Jr. She died Sept. 16, 1672. BRADSTREET, John, soldier, was born in Horbling, Lincolnshire, England, in 1711. He entered the English army when quite young, and was ordered to America. In the expedition against Louisburg he was lieutenant-colonel of Pepperell’s (York, Me.) regiment, and his knowledge of the topography of the place and its conditions con- tributed largely to the success of the undertaking. He became a captain in 1745, and a year later was appointed lieutenant-governor of St. Johns, New- GOVERNOR BRADSTREET HOUSE. foundland. In 1755 he was appointed adjutant- general to Governor Shirley, and conveyed a large quantity of stores and provisions from Albany to Oswego, successfully resisting an attempt made by a strong party of French to gain possession of them. He was one of the attacking party at Ticonderoga and at Fort Frontenac, 1758; served with General Amherst in his Ticonderoga expedi- tion of 1759, and later participated in the In- dian wars in the west. He concluded the Detroit treaty of peace with the Indians in 1764, and in 1772 was promoted major-general. “An Impar- tial Account of Lieutenant-Colonel Bradstreet’s Expedition to Fort Frontenac ” was published in 1759. He died in New York city, Sept. 25, 1774. BRADSTREET, Simon, colonial governor, was born in Horbling, England, in March, 1603. He was educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, and immigrating to Massachusetts in the summer of 1630, he was made assistant judge of the first court established in the colony. He became one of the founders of Cambridge and of Andover, himself residing at Salem, Ipswich, and Boston. In 1653 he opposed the proposed making of war on [ 385 ] the Hollanders of New York and the eastern tribes of Indians. In 1662 he was sent with Mr. Norton by the colony, to England, to congratulate Charles II. upon his accession, and to act as agent for Massachusetts. In 1670 lie was chosen assist- ant, and in 1678 deputy-governor, and held the position until 1679, when he succeeded Sir John Leverett as governor. He held this office until 1686, when the charter was annulled, and Joseph Dudley appointed president of New England. On the imprisonment of Andros, three years later, he was again chosen governor, and served in that capacity until May, 1692, when a new chai'ter was enforced, which deprived the people of the right of choosing their chief magistrate. He was then nearly ninety years of age, and had held office with universal approval for upwards of sixty years. He died in Salem, Mass., March 27, 1697. BRADWELL, James B., was born at Lough- borough, Eng., April 16, 1828. His parents immi- grated to America in 1829, locating at Utica, N. Y., and in May, 1834, removed to Cook county, 111. His education was obtained in an academy at Chicago, and at Knox college, Galesburg, 111. His limited means did not enable him to pursue a full course, and for a number of years he worked as a mechanic in Chicago. He invented a process for half-tone engraving, and made the first half-tone cut ever produced in Chicago. — that of Chief Justice Fuller of the supreme court. While supporting himself as a mechanic, he studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar. In 1861 he was elected judge of Cook county for the term of four years, and was re-elected in 1865. In 1873 he was elected to the legislature of Illinois and was returned in 1875. He held numerous offices of charitable and other institutions, and presided over the convention that organized the American woman suffrage association at Cleve- land. He also served as president of the Chicago press club ; of the Chicago bar association ; of the Illinois state bar association ; of the Chicago photo- graphic society ; of the Chicago soldiers’ home, and chairman of the arms and trophy department of the N. W. sanitary commission and soldiers’ home fair of 1865. He was one of the founders of the Union league club of Chicago, and president of its board of directors. He was the first judge to hold that the civil rights of slaves, being suspended during slavery, revived upon emancipation. His wife, Myra (Colby), was founder and editor of the Chicago Legal News ; his son, Thomas Brad well, his daughter, Bessie Bradwell Helmer. his son-in- law, Frank A. Helmer. and his nephew, James A. Peterson, all being members of the Illinois bar. After the death of his wife, which occurred in 1894, Judge Bradwell and his daughter, Mrs. Frank A. Helmer. assumed the editorship of the Chicago Legal News. BRADWELL. BRADY. BRADWELL, Myra (Colby), lawyer, was born in Manchester, Vt., Feb. 12, 1831, daughter of Eben and. Abigail (Willey) Colby. Her childhood was passed in Western New York, whence, in 1843, her parents removed to Schaumburg, a town near Chicago. Her education was acquired at a sem- inary iu Elgin, where she later became an instructor, afterward teaching in Cook, Kane, and Lake counties, Illinois, and in private and public schools in Memphis, Tenn. In 1852 she was married to James B. Brad- well, a Chicago law- yer, and studied law under the instruction of her husband. In 1858 she was refused admission to the bar, on the ground of her being a woman. The case was carried to the supreme court of the United States with the same result. Twenty years later she received, without renewed request, a license to practise in Illinois. In 1868 she began the publication of the Chicago Legal News, which she continued to con- duct, up to the time of her death. Mrs. Bradwell was actively interested in philanthropic work, being one of the founders of the Illinois industrial school for girls, and devoting much time to private charities. She was a member of the woman’s branch of the Illinois centennial association, vice- president of the first woman suffrage convention in Chicago, a member of the board of lady man- agers of the World’s Columbian exposition at Chicago in 1893, and chairman of the committee on law reform of its auxiliary congress. She was the first woman member of the Illinois state bar association, and the first woman in the United States to apply for admission to the bar. In 1894 the Chicago board of education named one of its public schools the Myra Bradwell school in her honor, the dedicatory exercises being held June 27, 1895. She died in Chicago, 111.. Feb. 14, 1894. BRADY, Hugh, soldier, was born in North- umberland county, Pa., in July 1768. He became an ensign in 1792, and was engaged with General Wayne in the warfare against the Indians in the west. He was promoted lieutenant in 1794, captain in 1799, colonel in 1812, and in the latter year distin- guished himself by his bravery in leading his troops at the battle of Chippewa. He took a con- spicuous part in the battles of Lundy’s Lane and Niagara, and was wounded in both engagements. In 1825, he was made brevet brigadier-general- In 1835 be was stationed at Detroit, where he ren- dered effective service, for which he was brevetted major-general, May 30, 1848. He died at Detroit. Mich., April 15, 1851. BRADY, James Topham, lawyer, was born in New York city, April 9, 1815; son of Thomas S. Brady, a well-known lawyer. He studied under direction of his father, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1836. He soon rose to the fore- most rank of his profession, being noted as one of the most brilliant members of the New York bar. He was appointed district -attorney of New York in 1843, and in 1845 became corporation attorney for the city. Although more than or- dinarily successful in causes of all kinds, he was especially skilled in conducting criminal cases, and rarely failed to obtain a favorable verdict for his client. He earned a world -wide notoriety for his successful defence of Daniel E. Sickles, when on trial for the assassination of Philip Bar- ton Key. During His long career before the New York courts his services were retained in main- important cases, and, busy as he was, he never refused to aid any poor unfortunate whose means would not permit the employment of competent counsel. He took an interest in politics and fre- quently made speeches on national questions, but his profession so absorbed his time as to preclude his acceptance of public offices and trusts which were frequently offered him. In 1865 he was ap- pointed a member of a commission to investigate the operations of Generals Butler and Banks in the administration of the Gulf department, but the report was never made public. He was a graceful writer, and, besides his frequent con- tributions to magazines and journals, he pub- lished “ A Christmas Dream ” (1846). He died in New York city, Feb. 9, 1869. BRADY, John R., jurist, was born in New York city in 1821 ; son of Thomas S. Brady and brother of James T. Brady. His parents came to America from Ireland in 1812. His father was a lawyer of reputation, and liis sons were educated under his direction. John R. studied law in tne office of City Recorder Riker, and began his career at the bar in partnership with his brother and Mr. Maurice. In 1855 he was elected judge of the court of common pleas, by a majority of more than eight thousand, and at the end of his term he was again elected by an enormous vote. In 1869 lie was promoted to the supreme court, and in 1872 was created a general-term judge of part one of the supreme court. His interest in political affairs was very great, and he had many friends among political leaders. On the death of President Garfield, Vice-president Chester A. Arthur took the oath of office as president of the United States before him. He was a founder of [ 380 ) BRAGDON. BRAGG. the Manhattan club, a member of the Tammany society, and of the Friendly sons of St. Patrick. Judge Brady was a picturesque figure in New York, in its judicial, political and social life. With an unshakable determination to see full justice rendered, lie combined an invariable ten- dency to secure to every person the advantage granted by the law. In civil matters he inclined to what was obviously just, in preference to ad- hering to legal technicalities. He died in New York city, March 16, 1893. BRADY, Matthew B., photographer, was born in Warren county, N. Y., in 1823. In his youth he studied the art of portrait painting, intending to make that his life work, but through the in- fluence of Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor, him- self a portrait painter, Mr. Brady became inter- ested in the invention of Daguerre, studied his process and, in partnership with Morse, opened a small gallery in New York in 1846, where he com- menced making daguerreotypes. Success was immediate, the most distinguished men and women of the time became his patrons, and in 1851 he had a large collection of daguerreotypes for which he received the first prize at the Lon- don exhibition of that year. In 1855 he discarded the daguerreotyping and adopted the new photo- graphing process at both his New York and Wash- ington galleries. At the beginning of the civil war he sent a corps of well-equipped experts to the front and they succeeded in obtaining some thirty thousand views, many of the battlefields before, during and after some of the most famous engagements. His collection of battle scenes was afterwards purchased and used by the gov- ernment in illustrating its official history of the war of the rebellion. His collection of portraits is extremely interesting as he photographed nearly every man and woman who appeared conspicuously before the public in his day. The Prince of Wales and his suite sat for him several times during their visit to America in 1860, and the faces of Lincoln, Seward, Chase, Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Andrew Jackson, Hor- ace Greeley, Dolly Madison, Mrs. Polk, Washing- ton Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, J. Fenimore Cooper, Bayard Taylor, Jefferson Davis and a host beside, appear repeatedly in his album. Mr. Brady died in New York city, Jan. 15, 1896. BRAGDON, Charles Cushman, educator, was born at Auburn, N. Y., Sept. 6, 1847; son of Charles Powers and Sarah Woodman (Cushman) Bragdon. His paternal ancestors were Welsh, and his mother was a descendant of Robert Cush- man of the Mayflower. He was graduated from the Northwestern university, Evanston, 111., in 1865, having taught at the Elgin, 111., academy during 1863 and 1864. In 1867 he became a teacher in Dickinson seminary, Williamsport, [3S71 Pa., and in 1868 accepted a like position in the Cincinnati Wesleyan college. He remained there four years, resigning in 1872 to spend two years in study in Germany. In 1873 and 1874 he taught at Aurora, 111., and in the latter year became principal of Lasell seminary for young women at Auburndale, Mass. BRAGG, Braxton, soldier, was born in War- renton, Warren county, N. C. , March 22, 1817; brother of Thomas Bragg, statesman. He was graduated at West Point in 1837 and took a con- spicuous part in both the Seminole and Mexican wars as lieutenant of artillery. His gallantry and bravery won him steady promo- tion. He attained the rank of captain by brevet for the de- fence of Fort Brown, that of major of artillery for brav- ery at Monterey, and in 1847 that of lieutenant-c o 1 o n e 1 for gallantry at the battle of Buena Vista. In January, 1856, lie resigned his commission and re- tired to his planta- tion in Louisiana. Upon the breaking out of the civil war he re- ported for service in the Confederate army ; was appointed brigadier-general and placed in com- mand of the forces at Pensacola, Fla. In return for brilliant services in the Pensacola campaign he was raised in February, 1862, to the rank of major-general, was engaged in the battle of Shiloh, and, on the death of Gen. Albert Sydney Johnston, he was promoted general, and suc- ceeded General Beauregard as commander of the department of the Mississippi. In August, 1862, he left Chattanooga, passed through east Ten- nessee and entered Kentucky at the head of forty- five thousand men, expecting to capture Louis- ville. General Buell reached Louisville in ad- vance, and compelled him to retire after having fought the battle of Perryville. This was the beginning of a series of reverses that befell his command. He was placed under arrest for a short time, but was restored and given command of the army, opposing General Rosecrans. He was defeated at Murfreesboro, Jan. 2, 1863, losing nine thousand men killed and wounded. On Sept. 19-20, 1863, he again encountered Rosecrans at Chickamauga, and, though he won the victory, he lost fifteen thousand men in the two days of the battle. In November of the same year he met with disastrous defeat in the battle of Cliatta- BRAGG. BRAINARD. nooga, and was deprived of his command for the loss of Mission Ridge. At the invitation of Presi- dent Davis he then repaired to Richmond, to act as military adviser to the president. In 1864 he led a small force from North Carolina to Georgia, in an unsuccessful attempt to intercept General Sherman. After peace had been established, he accepted the position of chief engineer for the state of Alabama, and had entire charge of the improvements in Mobile harbor. He died in Galveston, Texas, Sept. 27, 1876. BRAGG, Edward Stuyvesant, soldier, was born in Unadilla, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1827. His early education was received at the village schools and academy, and in 1843 he entered Geneva college, where he pursued the classical course for three years. He read law in the office of Judge Noble of Upadilla, was admitted to the New York bar in 1848, and, after practising for a time, re- moved to Fond-du-Lac, Wis. From 1845 to 1856 he served as district-attorney of Fond-du-Lac county, and in 1860 was sent as a Douglas Democrat to the Charleston convention. He entered the Union army in 1861 as captain, and was successively commissioned major, lieu- tenant-colonel and colonel, being mustered out of service in 1865 with the rank of brigadier-gen- eral, after having borne a gallant part during the entire war, being present in every engage- ment of the army of the Potomac, except the Peninsular campaign, Gettysburg, and Five Forks. In 1866 he was appointed postmaster of Fond-du-Lac by President Johnson, and in that same year was sent as a delegate to the loyalists’ convention at Philadelphia. He sat in the state senate for one term, 1867-’68, and in 1868 was a delegate to the soldiers’ and sailors’ convention that endorsed the nomination of Horatio Seymour for president. In 1876 he was elected a Demo- cratic representative from Wisconsin to the 45th Congress and was re-elected to the 46th and 47th congresses. In 1884 he presided over the na- tional Democratic convention that nominated Grover Cleveland for president, and seconded the nomination in a brilliant speech. The same year he was elected to the 49th Congress. He served as delegate to the Democratic national conventions which nominated Horatio Seymour, Horace Greeley, Samuel J. Tilden, W. S. Han- cock, Grover Cleveland and W. J. Bryan for the presidency. BRAGG, Thomas, statesman, was born in Warrenton, Warren county, N. C.. Nov. 9, 1810. He was a brother of Braxton Bragg, soldier. After graduating at a local academy, he took a course at the military academy at Middletown, Conn. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1831, and. settling in Jackson, N. C., commenced practice. He served one term in the popular branch of the state legislature in 1842-’43, was elected governor of the state in 1854 and re-elected upon the expiration of his term. In 1859 he was elected as U. S. senator from North Carolina, and in July, 1861, he was expelled from the senate, having meanwhile ac- cepted the position of attorney-general in the cabinet of Jefferson Davis. In 1863 he resigned from the cabinet and returned to his home and the practice of his profession. He took some interest in local politics after the establishment of peace, and in 1870 took an active part in the impeachment of Governor Holden. He died at Raleigh, N. C.. Jan. 21, 1872. BRAGG, Walter L., lawyer, was born in Lowndes comity, Ala., Feb. 25, 1838. He was educated* at Harvard college. He resided at Camden, Ark., where he practised law. When hostilities began between the states in 1861 he entered the Confederate army, and served throughout the war. and at its termination set- tled in Alabama, and resumed the practice of law. He was chairman of the Democratic state executive committee of Alabama in 1874-‘75 and ’76. In 1876 he was a delegate to the national Democratic convention and represented Alabama on the national committee. In 1877 he was appointed commissioner to settle the bonded debt of the city of Montgomery. In 1878 he was elected the first president of the Alabama state bar association. In 1880 he was elector-at-large for the state on the Hancock and English ticket In March, 1881, he was elected president of the Alabama railroad commission by the legislature, to which office he was again elected in 1883. his second term expiring in March. 1885. In January, 1889, Mr. Bragg was appointed an interstate com- merce commissioner by President Cleveland. He died at Spring Lake, N. J., Aug. 21, 1891. BRAINARD, David Legg, soldier, was born in Norway, Herkimer county, N. Y., Dec. 21. 1856. His preliminary education was acquired at the Norway village school, and he afterwards attended the state normal school. He enlisted in the U. S. army in 1876, and was assigned to Fort Ellis, Montana, and engaged in Indian war- fare under General Miles, being wounded at Muddy Creek, May 7. 1877. In July, 1879, he was promoted sergeant, and in 18S1 was ordered to Washington at the request of Lieutenant Greely and detailed to join the Lady Franklin Bay ex- ploration party. In his position as first sergeant he was chief of the enlisted men of the party, and had charge of provisions and of all out-door or field work. He assisted Lieutenant Lockwood in his geographical expeditions, and was one of the three men who camped for two days on the northwest coast of Greenland, in latitude 83° 24' 30" and longitude 40° 46' 30", the most nortli- [3SSJ BRAINE. BRAINERD. erly point of the globe ever reached by man up to that time (1882). They discovered the vast inlet, which was named by them “ Greely Fiord.” The sufferings of the party at Camp Sabine were indescribable. An unusually severe winter set in and they were obliged to construct a camp out of stones, snow, canvas and the remains of an old boat. Their food supply gave out and the remnant of the party that was rescued by Captain Schley, in June, 1884, was only kept alive by the efforts of Brainard, who placed nets under the ice, and thus contrived to catch a small quantity of fish each day. When the rescuers arrived, Lockwood had been dead seventy-three days, and Brainard and his few surviving companions were just about to succumb. Sergeant Brainard kept account of the food supplies during this try- ing time of privation, and Lieutenant Greely has made especial mention of his heroism in this connection: “ I firmly believe,” wrote he, “ that not one ounce of unauthorized food passed his lips during all that terrible winter. That a starv- ing man for months could daily handle such amounts of food and not take for himself speaks volumes for his moral courage.” The Royal geographical society of Great Britain awarded Sergeant Brainard a testimonial in the form of a gold watch with accompanying diploma, while the United States government conferred upon him a commission as 2d lieutenant of cavalry “ in recognition of the gallant and meritorious services rendered by him in the arctic expedition of 1881— ’84. ” BRAINARD, John Gardiner Calkins, poet, was born at New London, Conn., Oct. 21, 1796; son of Jeremiah G. Brainard, judge of the Con- necticut supreme court. He was graduated from Yale college in 1815, and entered the law office of his brother, William L. Brainard. In 1819 he was admitted to the bar, and opened a law office at Middletown, Conn., but was unsuc- cessful in practice, and in February, 1822, he be- came editor of the Connecticut Mirror in Hart- ford. In the columns of this paper he published many of his early poems, but while the literary tone of the journal was of a high order, treat- ment of current topics in his editorial column was hasty and weak. He resigned his position in 1827. and resided for a time on Long Island. His publications are: “ Occasional Pieces of Poetry ” (1825), and “ Literary Remains of John G. C. Brainard,” with a sketch of his life, by J. G. Whittier (1832, 3d ed., 1846). He died in New London, Conn., Sept. 26, 1828. BRAINE, Daniel Lawrence, naval officer, was born in New York city, May 18, 1829. He was educated in the New York public schools and in the Newburg seminary, and in 1846 was appointed midshipman from the state of Texas. During [3891 the Mexican war he was attached to the home squadron, and was in the naval engagements at Alvarado, Tabasco, Tuspan, Laguna, Tampico, anil Vera Cruz. In 1849-’50 he was attached to the Pacific squadron; in 1851-’52 he studied at the naval academy ; from 1852 to 1855 was on a cruise on the Mediterranean, and from 1858 to 1860 was engaged in the suppression of the slave trade on the west coast of Africa. He was appointed com- mander of the Monticello, when, in April, 1861, she was fitted out by the New York union defence committee and sent to provision Fort Monroe and blockade the Virginia ports. The Monticello , a month later, participated in the first naval en- gagement of the war at Sewall’s Point, and soon afterwards led successful attacks on Forts Hat- teras and Clark. In 1862 he was commissioned lieutenant-commander, and was in command of the Pequot in the expeditions against Fort Fisher, Fort Anderson, and the Cape Fear river forts. His “ cool performance of duty ” in these engage- ments won the commendation of Rear-Admiral Porter, at whose suggestion he was promoted commander in 1866. Until 1868 he was on duty in the New York navy yard ; during 1868-'69 he commanded the Shcimokin, and from 1869 to 1873 he was in charge of the equipment department of the Brooklyn navy yard. In 1873 he commanded the Juniata, one of the vessels in the fleet sent in search of the Polaris expedition, and later in the same year he secured the release of the one hun- dred and two Virginius prisoners confined at Santiago de Cuba. He won promotion in 1874 and 1885, and in 1886 he reached the rank of rear- admiral. From 1886 to 1889 he was in command of the South Atlantic squadron, and from 1889 until his retirement in 1891 he was in command of the Brooklyn navy yard. BRAINERD, Cephas, lawyer, was born at Had- dam, Conn., Sept. 8, 1831. He is a descendant of Daniel Brainerd who was one of the original settlers of that town in 1668. In 1853 he began the study of the law in New York under William E. Curtis, subsequently chief justice of the supe- rior court, and two years later was admitted to the bar, and entered upon the practice of his profession in that city. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln arbitrator of the mixed court, for the suppression of the • slave trade. While acting in this capacity he became a close student of international law, and subsequently joined the Society for the codification of inter- national law, whose headquarters were in Lon- don. For about ten years he delivered lectures on that branch, in the law department of the uni- versity of thecity of New York. He participated from the beginning, in the ten years’ struggle be- fore the judiciary committee of the house of rep- resentatives, between the uninsured shipowners BRAINERD. BRAINERD. and the insurance companies, for precedence in the distribution of the Geneva award, and a final victory for the ship-owners rewarded his efforts, and those of Ixis co-laborers. His legal practice was varied, involving nearly all of the more important branches of the law, including those affecting rail- roads, and corporations generally, trusts, wills, and real property. His connection with cases involving seizures under the Moiety law led to his preparation of a series of amend- ments to customs reve- nue laws regulating such seizures, which were introduced into Congress in 1870. No final action was then taken, but in 1874, as one of the counsel for the committee of the chamber of commerce, lie engaged in the effort made before Congress to secure the repeal of the whole Moiety system. The bill then pre- sented included, among other propositions, most of those originally advocated by Mr. Brainerd. This effort was successful, and met with suitable recognition from the entire mercantile com- munity. Mr. Brainerd was an active member of the N. Y. prison association from 1864 to 1877, and its recording secretary for the ten years after 1867. He was also connected with the Young Men’s Christian association from 1853, and was chairman of its international committee almost from its organization in 1866. He retired from this committee in 1891, after twenty-five years of service. BRAINERD, David, missionary, was born at Haddam, Conn., April 20, 1718; son of Hezekiah and Dorothy (Hobart) Brainerd. His father was a member of the king's council for the colony, and his mother was a daughter of the Rev. Jeremiah Hobart. Hereditary ill-health predisposed him to a melancholy turn of mind, and when seven or eight years of age he “ experienced religion.” In 1739 he entered Yale college, but his career was cut short by an unfortunate occurrence. While in his junior year he was asked by a fellow stu- dent his opinion of a tutor, and replied, “ He has no more grace than this chair.” The remark was repeated to the faculty. Brainerd was pro- nounced expelled unless he “ should make a public confession, and humble himself before the college.” which he declined to do. He after- wards complied with the condition, but was re- fused re-admission to the college. In 1742 lie was licensed to preach, and in 1743 he was appointed missionary to the Indians at Kaunameek, near Albany, N. Y., by the society for propagating Christian knowledge. His health was very deli- cate, but he endured uncomplainingly all the hard- ships of missionary life. The Indians being few in number, Brainerd persuaded them to remove to Stockbridge, where he placed them under the care of the minister, and in May, 1744, started for Newark, N. J., where he was ordained June 11. He began his labors at an Irish settlement, twelve miles from the Forks of the Delaware, and preached to the Indians in the surrounding country. His ill-health compelled him to sit while addressing his people. In 1745 he was sent by the society to the Indian town of Cross- weeksung, N. J., and there conducted a remark able revival. He labored there until 1747, bap- tizing nearly seventy persons. On May 28, he visited Northampton, Mass., as the guest of Jonathan Edwards, to whose daughter, Jeruslia, he was betrothed. He remained there until his death, which occurred three months later. He published a journal under the title “ Mirabilia Dei inter Indicos ” (1746). (See “ David Brainerd, the Apostle of the North American Indians,” by Jesse Page; “ The Life of David Brainerd,” by John Styles (1842), and his life in “The School Library,” vol. iv., 1839). He died at Northamp- ton, Mass., Oct. 9, 1747. BRAINERD, John, missionary, was born at Haddam, Conn., Feb. 28, 1720, son of Hezekiah and Dorothy (Hobart) Brainerd. He was gradu- ated at Yale college in 1746, and was licensed to preach April 11, 1747, by the New York presby- tery. He began his labors at Bethel, near Cran- berry, N. J., where his brother David had been preaching. In February, 1748, he was ordained, and was commissioned to take the place of David by the Society for the propagation of Christian knowledge. In September, 1749, he took the de- gree of A.M. from New Jersey college. He was enrolled as a member of the presbytery of New York in 1751. In his work among the Indians he was met by serious obstacles, and misunderstand- ings arose between him and the society. Although the troubles arose from the perturbed state of affairs and not through any fault of his. he was requested to relinquish the work. He was after- terwards, however, reinstated. He drew largely from his private resources to aid the Indians, advancing over two thousand dollars that should have been paid by the society. His impaired health forced him to give up the work, and he took charge of a church at Newark, N. J. He later preached at Mount Holly and in the country towns sur- rounding Egg harbor, N. J. From 1777 until the time of his death he was stationed at Deerfield N. J., where he died March 18. 1781. [390J BRAMAN. BRANCH BRAINERD, Thomas, clergyman, was born in Leyden, N. Y., June 17, 1804, son of Jesse and Mary (Thomas) Brainerd. He was educated at the Lowville academy, taught school for a time, and afterwards read law. In 1828 he en- tered Andover theological seminary, and was graduated in 1831. His first pastorate was at Cincinnati, where he preached with great success until 1833, when he became editor of the Cincin- nati Journal, at the same time preaching occa- sionally. In 1830 he was appointed commissioner to the general assembly, and in 1837 was called to the Pine street church in Philadelphia, where he remained during the rest of his life. He was a supporter of the so-called “ new-school” theologi- cal movement, and an intimate friend of its leader. Dr. Lyman Beecher. He is the author of “Life of John Brainerd, the Brother of David Brainerd, and His Successor as Missionary to the Indians of New Jersey ” (1866). See Mary Brainerd’s “ Memoir of Thomas Brainerd” (1870). He died at Scranton, Pa., Aug. 21, 1866. BRAMAN, Benjamin, microscopist, was born in Norton, Mass., Nov. 23, 1831. He was graduated at Brown university in 1854, was tutor in the University grammar school for one year, instructor of Latin at the University of Michigan the follow- ing year, and was graduated at Andover theologi- cal seminary in 1859. He became pastor of the Congregational church at Shutesbury, Mass., in 1860. In 1862 he was the principal of the academy at Westport, Mass. In 1863- ’64 he taught at Astoria, N. Y., and subsequently engaged in teaching drawing in the Cooper Union, N. Y. He was president of the New York microscopical society, corresponding secretary of the Torrey botanical club, member of the New York academy of science, and editor of the Journal of the New York Microscopical Society. He died in Norton, Mass., Jan. 20, 1889. BRAMLETTE, Thomas E., governor of Ken- tucky, was born in Cumberland county, Ky., Jan. 3, 1817. He received his education in the county schools, was admitted to the bar in 1837, became state’s attorney in 1848, and district judge in 1856. This latter office he resigned in 1861$ and raising the 3d Kentucky infantry, he entered the Union army as colonel of volunteers, resigning his commission in 1863, having been elected gov- ernor of the state. He remained in office until 1867. He then resumed the practice of his pro- fession at Louisville, Ky., where he died Jan. 12, 1875. BRANCH, John, statesman, was born in Hali- fax county, N. C., Nov. 4, 1782. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1801, was admitted to the bar, and soon rose to eminence in his profession. He became judge of the superior court, was elected to the state senate in 1811, and re-elected each year until 1817, when lie became governor of North Carolina. Upon the expiration of his term he was again returned to the legis- lature, and in 1823 was elected to the United States senate, where he remained until 1829, when he was appointed by President Jackson as secre- tary of the navy. On the dissolution of the cabinet in 1831, Mr. Branch was elected as a representative from Carolina, to the22d Congress, and in 1834 was again elected to the state senate. In 1843 he was appointed governor of the terri- tory of Florida, and after serving until the election of a governor under the new state con- stitution, he retired to private life. He died at Enfield, N. C., Jan. 4, 1863. BRANCH, Lawrence O’Brien, soldier, was born in Halifax county, N. C., July 7, 1820, son of John Branch, secretary of the navy. He was graduated from Princeton college in 1838. He was admitted to the North Carolina bar, and open- ed an office at Raleigh, whence he was elected in 1854 a representative in the 34th Congress by the Democrats. He was twice re-elected, his last term of office ending March 3, 1861, When North- Carolina seceded in May, 1861, he joined the Con- federate army, and was promoted brigadier- general. When Newbern was taken by General Burnside, General Branch was commanding offi- cer. He then opposed the advance of the Federal troops into North Carolina and afterwards joined the army of Northern Virginia under General Lee. He was killed at the battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. BRANCH, Mary Lydia Bolles, poet, was born in New London, Conn., June 13, 1840; daughter of John R. and Mary (Hempstead) Bolles. Her education was obtained at the New London girls’ high school and at Lincoln F. Emerson’s school in Boston, Mass. She subsequently attended several courses of lectures by Prof. Louis Agassiz to the Harvard students at Cambridge, where she was usually the only lady in attendance ex- cept Mrs. Agassiz. She was married in 1870 to John L. Branch, a lawyer of Plainsville, Ohio, who, in 1874, removed to New York and was editor of The Surrogate. Mrs. Branch was a fre- quent contributor of short stories and poems to the leading literary newspapers and magazines of the period between 1870 and 1895. She was a member of the New York women’s prison associa- tion, of the Froebel society, Brooklyn, and of one of the conferences of the Brooklyn bureau of charity. Her poem, “ The Petrified Fern,” which was suggested by the fossil ferns in the Agassiz collection at Cambridge, was included in William C. Bryant's “ Library of Poetry and Song,” Rossiter Johnson's “Famous Single Poems,” Whittier’s “Songs of Three Centuries,” and in other standard collections. BRANDT. BRANNAN. BRANDT, Carl Ludwig, artist, was born near Hamburg, in Holstein, Germany, Sept. 22, 1831 ; son of an eminent physician. His first drawing lessons were received from his father, and he studied in the best schools of Europe before immi- grating to the United States in 1852. He estab- lished a studio at Hastings-on -the -Hudson and another at Savannah, Ga. , indulging in frequent extended visits to Europe for study and in- spiration. He was chosen a national academician in 1872 and in 1883 became director of the Telfair academy of arts and sciences, Sa- vannah, Ga. He has been especially successful with portraits, and numbered among his sitters John Jacob Astor, Mr. and Mrs. William B. Astor, George S. Appleton, Gen. H. R. Jackson, Dr. John W. Draper and others. In 1881 he painted a full-length portrait of his wife, which was exhibited at the academy in 1882 and at the International Exhibition in 1883. Dr. F. Pecht, writing of this portrait in his “ Modern Art at the International Exhibition,” says: “The most skilful of all these ladies' portraits is the one in full figure by Carl L. Brandt, in fact a most charming picture, a masterpiece good enough for Netsclier.” Mr. Brandt has done some creditable work as a sculptor, a colossal bust of Humboldt being his most notable work. His best known paintings are: “ A Dish of Alpine Strawberries ” (1869); “The Fortune Teller” (1869); “Return from the Alps ” (1874) ; “ Monte Rosa at Sunrise,” “ Bay of Naples during Eruption of Vesuvius in 1867,” “Resignation," and “ The Golden Treas- ures of Mexico. ” BRANNAN, John Milton, soldier, was born in the District of Columbia in 1819. He entered West Point in 1837, was graduated in 1841, served on the northern frontier during the border dis- turbances, and in the Mexican and Seminole wars, winning distinction and gradual promotion for meritorious conduct. He entered the civil war with the rank of brigadier-general of volun teers, was appointed brevet lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at the battle of Jacksonville, Fla., in 1862; major in the regular army in August, 1863, and brevet colonel in September, 1863, for meritorious service at the battle of Chickamauga. He was active in the Tennessee and the Georgia campaigns, being present at the most important engagements of each, and receiving two brevets in recognition of his services. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866, and after enjoying a short leave of absence was placed in command of Fort Trumbull, Conn. He was at Ogdensburg, N. Y., during the Fenian disturb- ances of 1870, and at Philadelphia during the rail- road riots of 1877, commanding United States troops at both places. He was retired from active service in 1882. BRANNAN, Samuel, pioneer, was born at Saco, Me., in 1819. After learning the printer's trade he travelled through the country, working as a compositor. He became a Mormon elder and preacher, and between the years 1842 and 1846 he published two Mormon journals, the New York Messenger and The Prophet. When in 1845 the Mormons determined to emigrate beyond the western limits of “ this wicked nation,” Brannan was commissioned to act as leader of the battalion, which was to sail from New York for the Mexican province of California. The party arrived at San Francisco just after the proc- lamation of July, 1846, and were much vexed at finding the flag of the United States floating over the town. They had hoped that by being first in the field they might be able to demand concessions from the United States, should she finally gain possession of the territory. Brannan soon became a leading spirit in the town, and worked zealously for its growth and improve- ment. He published The Star, a Mormon journal, the first newspaper published in San Francisco. He opposed the abandonment of the Mormon set- tlements in California, and thus antagonized Brigham Young. This caused him to forsake the Mormon ranks, and he established himself in a general merchandise business, and when the discovery of gold brought thousands to the west he rapidly acquired wealth. He took a con- spicuous part in the efforts to quell the Sacra- mento squatter riots of 1850, having previously joined in the attempts to prevent the movement. In 1851 lie was, however, a prominent member and executive leader of the vigilance committee in San Francisco, going to the farthest extreme in that popular movement against crime. In 1859 lie purchased an estate, known as “ Calis- toga,” on which he established a distillery, and he expended vast amounts of money on the development of the estate and the country sur- rounding it. Late in life misfortunes came upon him, and he became bankrupt. In his prosperous days he had espoused the cause of Mexico in her struggle against Maximilian and the French in- vaders, and had contributed large sums of money to aid her in her defence. In recognition of his assistance he was granted a large tract of lands in Sonora. His attempts at colonizing this terri- tory after his failure in California also proved unsuccessful. BRANT, Joseph (Thayendanega), Indian, was born on the banks of the Ohio in 1742; son of Mohawk, chief of the Wolf tribe, and grandson of one of the five sachems or Indian kings who visited London in the reign of Queen Anne (1710). Sir Richard Steele mentions them in the Tatler of May 13. 1710, and Addison gives them place in a number of the Spectator. His 1392 ) BRANT. BRAWLEY. Indian name is interpreted Two-sticks-of-wood bound-together, denoting “the strong.” He fought in the memorable battle of Lake George in 1755, and was with Sir William Johnson in the Niagara campaign of 1759. Through the influ- ence of Sir William he was sent in 1759 to the “Moor Charity School,” Lebanon, Conn., which school later (1770) became by transfer the foun- dation of Dartmouth college. In 1763 Brant was in the Pontiac war, and proved himself a skilful and brave warrior. Soon after, he married the daughter of an Oneida chief and settled at Cana- joharie. The country was at peace for about three years, and Brant was at home helping in mission work, in translating portions of the Bible into Mohawk, and acting as secretary to Guy Johnson, superintendent of Indian affairs. When hostilities broke out between England and the colonies, Brant went, at the head of two hun- dred and twenty Indians, to Canada. He went w T ith Colonel Johnson, commander of the British forces, to England in November, 1775, and received much notice in London, setting forth the grievances of the Six Nations in a speech before Lord George Germain in March, 1776. On his return in 1777, he joined with a company of three hundred Hurons and Six Nation Indians the expedition of General St. Leger against Fort Stanwix, and at the battle of Oriskany, Aug. 6, 1777, he surprised and almost utterly destroyed the party under General Herkimer. In the at- tack on Cherry valley he has been accused of ex- treme cruelty, but there are numerous instances of his kindness to captives, to those especially who were brother Free Masons. In the fall of 1779 he accompanied the expedition from Fort Niagara against General Sullivan, and then took up his winter quarters at Niagara. Here he mar- ried his third wife, according to the ritual of the Episcopal church, she having been bound to him at the time only by the ties of Indian marriage. In 1780 he captured Captain Harper and a small party in his command. When peace was declared between the United States and Great Britain in 1783, the Mohawks went to Quebec to arrange for a settlement in the royal dominions. He visited England again in 1785, was received with much consideration, obtained funds reimbursing his nation for losses sustained in helping the British cause, and also contributions towards the erection of an Episcopal church. He re- turned early in 1786. Despite the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, hostilities between the United States and the Indians still continued. Brant discouraged continuing the war, and with one hundred and fifty Mohawks went to western Ohio and helped defeat General St. Clair. He visited Philadelphia in 1792, at the solicitation of high officials, and 73931 was presented to President Washington and cordially received. A few years before his death he built a fine dwelling on a tract of land at the head of Lake Ontario, presented him by the British government. The place became known as Wellington square. He translated the gospel of St. Mark into the Mohawk language, and as- sisted Col. Daniel Claus in translating the “ Book of Common Prayer.” On Oct. 13, 1886, a fine statue of this chieftain was unveiled at Brant- ford, Ontario. He died Nov. 24, 1807. BRASTOW, Lewis O., educator, was born at Brewer, Me., March 23, 1834. After his gradua- tion at Bowdoin in 1857, and at the Bangor theo- logical school, 1860, he became the pastor of a church at St. Johnsbury, Vt. In 1873 he ac- cepted a call to Burlington, Vt., and the pastoral relation continued until 1885, when he became professor of homiletics in Yale theological sem- inary. He received the degree of D.D. from Bowdoin in 1880. BRATTLE, William, loyalist, was born at Cambridge, Mass., about the year 1702; son of William Brattle, clergyman. He was gradu- ated from Harvard in 1722, studied theology and preached for a time, after which he studied law and practised that profession. He was elected to the state legislature, and was also a member of the governor’s council ; captain of the artillery in 1733; a medical practitioner, and major-general of militia. He was a loyalist, and when the British troops withdrew from Boston he repaired with them to Halifax, N. S., where he died in October, 1776. BRAWLEY, William H., representative, was born at Chester, S. C., in 1841. He was gradu- ated from the South Carolina college in 1860, and at the breaking out of the war he entered the 6th regiment S. C. V. as a private. While serving in the ranks he lost an arm at the battle of Seven Pines, and was retired from military service. He then went to Europe, where he remained until December, 1865, when he returned to Chester, S. C., and was admitted to the bar in 1866. He was elected solicitor of the 6th circuit in 1868, was re-elected in 1872, and in 1874 he resigned this office and removed to Charleston, where he practised law. He was elected to the state legislature from Charleston county in 1882. His speeches on the railroad law and his appeal in 1886 in behalf of the sufferers from the Charleston earthquake were conceded to be the ablest argu- ments ever made in the South Carolina legis- lature. In 1890 he was elected as representa- tive from the first district to the 52d Con- gress. He was re-elected to the 53d Congress and resigned in 1894 to accept the judgeship of the United States court for the district of South Carolina. BRAXTON. BRAY. BRAXTON, Carter, statesman, was born at Newington, Va., Sept. 10, 1736. His father was wealthy. His mother was the daughter of one of the presidents of the Royal council of Virginia. He graduated at William and Mary college, and at the age of nineteen married Judith Robin- son. He was one of the richest men in the county of King and Queen. He lost his wife within two years of his marriage, and went to England, where he remained until 1760. The year follow- ing he married the daughter of Richard Corbin of Lanneville, royal receiver-general of the cus- toms of Virginia. In 1765 he took his seat in the house of burgesses. He was present when Patrick Henry presented his resolutions on the stamp act, and, stirred by the fiery eloquence of that impetuous orator, unhesitatingly supported them. He was a member of the Virginia conven- tion in 1769, and when it was suddenly dissolved by Lord Botetourt, signed the non-importation agreement. Lord Botetourt died in 1770, and until the arrival of his successor, Braxton acted as high sheriff of the country, but refused to serve under Lord Dunmore. In 1774 Dunmore dissolved the assembly, and Braxton was one of the eighty-nine protesting members who recom- mended the general convention at Williamsburg, which was held in August, 1774, at which dele- gates were elected to the Continental Congress. Mr. Braxton was chosen, Dec. 15, 1775, delegate to Congress, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Peyton Randolph, and as such voted for and signed the Declaration of Independence. He was in Congress only one session, leaving Aug. 11. 1776, Virginia having voted to reduce the number of delegates from seven to five. He re- sumed his seat in the Virginia legislature and held it until 1786, when he was appointed as member of the council of state, and continued as such until 1791. After an interval of two years, he was again elected to the executive council, and served until his death. He became largely engaged in commerce, and during the revolution his ships were captured, and his last years were embittered by financial troubles. He died in Richnjond, Va., Oct. 10, 1797. BRAY, Thomas, missionary, was born in Mar- ton. Shropshire, England, in 1656. He was grad- uated at All Souls, Oxford, in 1678, and after receiving holy orders served for several years as curate and vicar in various small livings. In 1690 he delivered a course of “ Catechetical Lec- tures,” which were published by the ‘‘authorita- tive injunctions ” of Dr. Lloyd, bishop of Litchfield and Coventry, to whom the volume was dedicated. This work brought Bray into prominence and se- cured for him the notice of Dr. Compton, bishop of London, who in 1695 selected him to act as his suffragan in the territory of Maryland, which had been divided into thirty-one parishes with a pro- posed clergyman in each parish, and a suffragan or commissary to be appointed by the bishop of London, to act as general supervisor. Complica- tions having arisen in regard to the law establish- ing the Church of England in the colonies, Mr. Bray was called upon to assist in the adjustment of the difficulty, and as a result of investigations and inquiries he addressed the following com- munication to the bishops: “ Since none but the poorer sort of clergy, who cannot sufficiently supply themselves with books, can be persuaded to leave their friends and change their country for one so remote ; and since without a compe- tent provision of books they cannot answer the ends of their mission ; if your lordships think fit to assist me in providing parochial libraries for the ministers that may be sent, I shall be content to accept the commissary’s office in Mary- land.” His plans at once received the counte- nance and hearty support of the bishops, and he procured a generous supply of books for his Mary- land undertaking, Queen Anne having donated four hundred pounds for the establishment of a library at Annapolis, and he had also succeeded in urging a number of young curates to accom- pany him to the new world as missionaries, the prospect of a helpful supply of books acting as an inducement to some who would not otherwise have consented to face the hardships and sacri- fices involved. Arriving in America in March 1700, Dr. Bray at once set about the work of or- ganizing the church, and providing for the settle- ment and maintenance of the clergy. Some thirty-nine libraries, some of them containing as many as a thousand volumes, were established by him in the territory extending from Massachu- setts to the Carolinas. In 1706 he accepted the offer of the living of St. Bartolph, Aldgate With- out, which he had refused in 1696. on account of his Maryland appointment. “ The Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge," and “ The Society for the propagating of the Gospel in Foreign Parts ” were the outgrowth of his library schemes, and to the latter of these asso- ciations, which was chartered by the king in 1701, the Protestant Episcopal church in America owes its early growth and prosperity. Dr. Bray’s exertions in the cause of Christianity were untir- ing, and the amount of good he accomplished is inestimable, since its effects have proved peren nial. He was the author of “ An essay toward promoting all Necessary and L T seful Knowledge, both Human and Divine, in all Parts of his Majesty’s Dominions” (1687): ‘‘Bibliotheca Parochialis, or a Scheme of such Theological Heads as are Requisite to be studied by every Pastor of a Parish " (1697): two circular letters to the clergy of Maryland, “ A Memorial on the [ 394 ] BRAYMAN. BRECK. Present State of Religion on the Continent of North America,” and ” Acts of Visitation at Annapolis” (1700-1701); “Bibliotheca Cate- chetica ” (1702) ; a sermon, “ For God or Satan ” (1708) ; “ A Martyrology, or History of the Papal Usurpation ” (1712) ; “ Directorium Mis- sionarium ” (1726) ; “ Primordia Bibliothecaria ” (1727); “ A Life of Mr. John Rawlet.” See “ Public Spirit illustrated in the Life and Designs of Dr. Bray” (1769), and the annual reports of the association. He died in London, England, Feb. 15, 1730. BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer, was born at Buffalo, N. Y. , May 23, 1813. He was reared on a farm, learned the printer's trade and in 1834-'35 edited the Buffalo Bulletin. He was admitted to the bar in 1836, and removed to Monroe, Mich. He served as city attorney of Monroe in 1838, and in 1841 edited a newspaper. In 1842 he estab- lished himself in the practice of law at Spring- field, 111. In 1843, as a special commissioner under the government, he adjusted the Mormon disturbances at Nauvoo and was employed as counsel in the prosecution of the offenders, and conducted the negotiations which resulted in the withdrawal of the Mormons from Illinois. He revised and published the statutes of Illinois in 1844-'45. He became the attorney of the Illinois Central railroad in 1851, and afterwards a pro- moter of railroad enterprises throughout Missouri, Arkansas, and the southwest. He joined the Fed- eral army in 1861, as major of the 29th Illinois volunteers, became colonel in the following year, and fought in the battles of Belmont, Fort Don- elson, and Shiloh. For especial gallantry at these engagements he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. He was in command at Bolivar, Tenn., when General Van Dorn's attack was so effectively repulsed. He re-organized the returned Ohio regiments at Camp Dennison; was in command at Natchez from July, 1864, to May, 1865 ; was appointed presiding officer of the commission which met to examine into the cotton claims, and was mustered out of service with the rank of major-general of volunteers at the close of hostilities, when he revived railroad interests in the south. In 1872-’73 he edited the Illinois State Journal ; in 1873 he removed to Ripon, Wis., and practised law until 1877, when he was appointed by President Hayes gov- ernor of Idaho. At the expiration of his term in 1880 he resumed the practice of his profession at Ripon, Wis. He subsequently settled in Kansas City, Mo., where he died Feb. 27, 1895. BREARLEY, David, jurist, was born near Trenton, N. J., June 11, 1745. He practised law at Allentown, N. J. He was arrested for high treason against the king, but was rescued by a mob of his patriotic fellow-townsmen ; joined the revolutionary army, and had risen to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, when, in 1779, he resigned the service to accept an appointment as chief justice of New Jersey. He was a member of the con- stitutional convention of 1787, and entered a vigorous protest against any inequality in the representation of the states and against the joint ballot of the houses of Congress. He was the presiding officer of the state convention, which ratified the Federal constitution, and a member of the committee appointed to determine upon the duties and powers of the president and the length of liis term of office. In 1788 he was a presidential elector, and in 1789 was appointed judge of the United States district court of New Jersey. He was one of the compilers of the prayer-book published by the P. E. church in 1785. He died at Trenton, N. J., Aug. 16, 1790. BREBEUF, Jean de, Jesuit missionary, was born in France, March 25, 1593. He came to America with Champlain in 1626, and spent his after life among the Huron Indians, learning their language, adapting himself to their mode of living, and converting numbers of them to Christianity. He was in England during the years 1629 to 1632, but returned in the latter year and penetrated to Lake Huron. He founded sev- eral Christian villages, notably those of St. Ignatius and St. Louis. When the town of St. Louis was taken by the Iroquois, Brebeuf and his associate. Lallemand, were besought by their Christian converts to fly; but they refused, were taken prisoners and put to death by the most ter- rible tortures. Father Brebeuf 's writings have great historical value. In the “ Jesuit Relation of 1635-'36 ” he gives a full account of the Hurons, their customs, l^pguage, etc., which has been translated by Albert Gallatin and published in the memoirs of the American antiquarian society. Several of his letters were published in Paris in 1870. He translated Ledesma's catechism into the Huron tongue, and it was printed at the end of an abridged account of Champlain’s voyages, published about 1640, the first printed specimen of the Huron language. He met his death in the country of the Hurons, March 16, 1649. BRECK, Daniel, jurist, was born in Topsfield, Mass., Feb. 12, 1788; son of Rev. Daniel Breck, chaplain in the revolution, and brother of Samuel Breck, merchant. He obtained his education under difficulties, and was graduated at Dart- mouth college in 1812. In 1814 he removed to Richmond, Ky, where he practised law and be- came judge of the county court. He was elected to the state legislature from 1824 to 1834, during which time he originated the system of internal improvements, the Richmond branch of the state bank, of which he became pi’esident, and f 305 J BRECK. BRECKINRIDGE. was interested in other important measures. He was appointed judge of the supreme court of Kentucky in 1843, retiring in 1849 to serve as a representative in the 31st Congress. He was then re-elected president of the Richmond bank. Transylvania university confei'red on him the degree of LL.D. in 1843. He died Feb. 4, 1871. BRECK, James Lloyd, missionary, was born in Philadelphia, June 27, 1818. He studied under Dr. Muhlenberg at Flushing, N. Y., was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1838, and at the General theological seminary, New York, in 1841. With William Adams and John H. Hobart, two of his divinity school classmates, he engaged in mission work in the west, under direction of Prior Cadle, an army chaplain sta- tioned at Fort Crawford, Wis., who within one year left them, when they purchased a large tract of land on the shores of the Nashotah lakes, and founded the Nashotah theological seminary in 1842. The ascetic founders, however, made the mistake of attempting to impose their own too severe code of regulations upon the students, and the venture proved a failure. In 1851 Mr. Breck removed to Minnesota, where he established mis- sions for work among the Chippewas, and in 1858 he founded a system of schools for both sexes at Faribault, Minn., and later a theological semi- nary at the same place. California was his next field of labor, and upon his arrival there he set him- self to the work of establishing schools. He settled at Benicia, and St. Augustine’s college, grammar school, and divinity school were estab- lished and placed under the management of a board of trustees. Work was then begun on St. Mary’s hall, a young ladies’ seminary, but Dr. Breck did not live to see its completion. He was the author of “A Communication on Parish Sisterhoods” (1863), and “ Disciplines, Instruc- tive and Devotional, to be used in Preparation fcr Baptism, Confirmation and the Communion.” He died at Benicia, Cal., March 30, 1876. BRECK, Samuel, soldier, was born at Middle- borough, Mass., Feb. 25, 1834. He was gradu- ated at West Point in 1855; engaged against the Seminoles in 1855-’56, and was assistant professor of geography, history and ethics at the military academy from September, 1860, to Dec. 3, 1861, when he was appointed assistant adjutant- general on the staff of General McDowell, who was in command of a division in the defence of Washington. He was later appointed to the de- partment of the Rappahannock, being present at the occupation of Fredericksburg, and taking part in the Shenandoah valley expedition. In 1862 he was transferred to the adjutant-general’s department at Washington, and placed in charge of rolls, returns and books, of all business relating to the enlisted men of the regular and volun- teer troops, and of the compilation and publica- tion of the “ Volunteer Army Register.” From 1870 to 1877 he was on duty as assistant adjutant- general of the department of the Pacific, with headquarters at San Francisco, and after Dec. 24, 1877, acted in the same capacity at Washing- ton, D. C., in New York city, and at various posts in the western states. BRECKINRIDGE, Clifton R., diplomatist, was born at Lexington, Ky., Nov. 22, 1846; son of John C. Breckinridge, vice-president of the United States. He received a common school education, and served as a private in the Con- federate army, and as midshipman in the navy. At the close of the civil war he was for two years a clerk in a commercial house. He then attended Washington college, Virginia, for three years, and subsequently became a cotton planter in Arkansas. In 1882 he was elected a represen- tative to the 48th Congress from the state at large, and was re-elected to the 49th and four succeeding congresses. He resigned before the close of the term. He was a prominent member of the ways and means committee, and an advo- cate of Wilson’s tariff bill. In July, 1894, he was appointed by President Cleveland minister to Russia, to succeed Hon. Theodore Runyon, deceased. BRECKINRIDGE, Janies, statesman, was born near Fincastle, Va., March 7, 1763; son of Robert Breckinridge, and grandson of a Scotch covenanter who escaped to America upon the restoration of the Stuarts. He was educated at William and Mary college, and was admitted to the bar in 1787. He was leader of the Federal party in Virginia, and was a representative in the lltli and three succeeding congresses. He aided Jefferson in founding the University of Virginia, and was one of the leading promoters of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. His brother, John Breckinridge, was U. S. attorney-general in the cabinet of Jefferson. He died near Fincastle, Va., Aug. 9, 1846. BRECKINRIDGE, John, statesman, was born in Augusta county, Va., Dec. 2, 1760; son of Robert Breckinridge, who died at Fincastle, Botetourt county, in 1771. He entered William and Mary college in 1778, where he con- tinued for two years, and he was about to commence his third year when he was apprised of his election to represent his county in the Virginia house of delegates. He was but nine- teen years of age; the people had selected him despite his youth, but the house of delegates set aside the election because he was not of legal age. The hardy frontiersmen promptly re-elected him. and the house of delegates again annulled the choice, but when the people a third time de- manded his admission, the " selected wisdom of [39GJ BRECKINRIDGE. BRECKINRIDGE. Virginia " gave him a seat despite his nonage. His constituents kept him in the house of dele- gates until 1785, when, having been admitted to the bar, he moved to Albemarle county, and began to practise in the courts of Charlottesville. He rose rapidly in his profession, was elected representative to the 3d U. S. Congress in 1792, and resigned his seat the same year, having decided to remove his residence to the newly admitted state of Kentucky. He located on a tract of about twenty-five hundred acres, some six miles north of Lexington, which, in honor of his wife, Mary Cabell, he called “ Cabell's Dale,” and opened there a law office and also one in Lexington, intending to devote himself to the practice of his profession. From 1797 to 1800 he was a member of the legislature, and during his last term speaker of the house. He was defeated as candidate for U. S. senator by the Federalist candidate, Humphrey Marshall, by a few votes; and Governor Shelby, in 1795, appointed him attorney -general of Kentucky. The criminal code of Kentucky at this time prescribed the death penalty to no less than one hundred and sixty crimes, extending it to some trivial offences, juries could not be found to convict an offen- der except in cases of aggravated criminality; and while in the legislature Mr. Breckinridge seemed a revision of the code so as to abolish the death penalty for all crimes except murder in the first degree. He introduced in the Kentucky house of representatives on Nov. 8, 1798, certain reso- lutions strongly condemnatory of the obnoxious alien and sedition laws, which, being passed by the house on the 10th of that month, concurred in by the senate, and approved of by the governor, were forwarded to the state and general govern- ments as the protest of Kentucky against those enactments, and in the following year the Ken- tucky legislature passed another resolution — also introduced by Mr. Breckinridge — affirming that “ any state might rightfully nullify any act of Congress which it regarded as unconstitu- tional.” The authorship of the original resolu- tions is almost unanimously attributed to Thomas Jefferson, but President Ethelbert D. Warfield, in His volume, “ Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 ” (1887), makes it clear that while the basis of the paper was from the hand of Mr. Jefferson, its more important portions were the work of Mr. Breckinridge. He was elected to the senate of the United States in 1800, and he took his seat March 4, 1801, upon the inauguration of President Jefferson, who made him his intermediary with that body, and he became the leader of his party in the senate. In December, 1805, President Jefferson appointed him as attorney-general in his cabinet. He died in Lexington, Ky., Dec. 14, 1806. BRECKINRIDGE, John, clergyman, was born at Cabell’s Dale, near Lexington, Ky., July 4, 1797; son of John and Mary (Cabell) Breckin- ridge. He was educated at Nassau hall, Prince- ton, N. J., and was graduated from the college in 1818, where he was for a short time a tutor, and served for eleven years as one of its trustees. In 1822 he was licensed to preach by the Presby- tery of New Brunswick, and in the same year was chosen chaplain of the house of representatives in the 17th Congress. He then for four years served as pastor to a church at Lexington, Ky., and founded the Western Luminary there. He was called to the second Presbyterian church of Baltimore in 1826, and in 1831 removed to Phila- delphia to act as secretary of the Presbyterian board of education. In 1836 he was appointed professor of pastoral theology in the Theological seminary at Princeton, and while holding this position he had an extended public controversy with Archbishop Hughes of New York. In 1838 he was made secretary and general agent of the Presbyterian board of foreign missions, and he served in that capacity until 1841, when he was appointed to the presidency of Oglethorpe college in Georgia. He was much interested in the project of colonizing the colored people of this country in Africa, and for several years was president of a society organized to promote that object. His controversy with Archbishop Hughes as to the bearing of the teachings of the Presbyterian and Roman Catholic churches, respectively, on civil or religious liberty, was published in 1836, and in 1839 lie published a “Memorial of Mrs. Breckinridge.” His labors were mostly confined to the pulpit and the plat- form, and he exercised a commanding influence in his denomination. He died while on a visit to Cabell's Dale, Ky., Aug. 4, 1841. BRECKINRIDGE, John Cabell, vice-president of the United States, was born at Cabell’s Dale, Ky., Jan. 16, 1821; son of John Cabell and Mary C. (Smith) Breckinridge, grandson of John Breck- inridge, U. S. district attorney, and a nephew of John and Robert J. Breckinridge, distinguished Presbyterian divines. He was graduated at Centre college in 1838, and in law at Transylvania university in 1840. He began the practice of his profession at Frankfort, Ky. , then removed to Bur lington, Iowa. He returned to his native place in 1843 and opened an office at Georgetown, remov- ing in 1845 to Lexington, where he speedily ac- quired a lucrative practice. On the breaking out of the war with Mexico he served as major of a regiment of Kentucky volunteers, and also as at- torney for General Pillow in his numerous litigations with his fellow officers. On returning to his home he was elected to the lower house of the Kentucky legislature, and in 1851 and ’53 BRECKINRIDGE. BRECKINRIDGE. to the United States house of representatives, where he served in the 32d and 33d congresses. In 1856 he was nominated and elected vice- president of the United States. Before the expiration of his term as vice-president he was elected to the United States senate by the legisla- ture of Kentucky, and nominated by the southern wing of the Democratic convention, which convened at Charleston, S. C., in 1860, as their candidate for the presidency of the United States. In the election that followed he received seventy- two electoral votes, against one hundred and eighty cast for Mr. Lincoln, thirty-nine for John Bell and twelve for Stephen A. Douglas. He took his seat in the United States senate on March 4, 1861, where he announced the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency before both houses of Congress, spurning a proposition made by southern members that he should join in a plot to prevent the counting of the electoral votes, defended the course of the people of the southern states in protecting their property, and then left the senate to join the Confederate army. In September, 1861, he went to Rich- mond, Va., where he was appointed brigadier - general, and on November 16 assumed command of the 1st Kentucky brigade. On March 2, 1862, he was placed in command of a division of Gen. A. S. Johnston’s army, and led it in the battle of Shiloh, for which he was advanced to the rank of major-general. He commanded the Confed- erate troops at the battle of Baton Rouge, Aug. 5, 1862. He participated in the engagements at Stone River, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Look- out Mountain and Mission Ridge. In February, 1864, he was sent to Virginia, and on May 15 fought against General Sigel at New Market. He was with General Early during his campaign in Maryland, and at Monocaey, Cold Harbor, and Bull Gap. In March, I860, President Davis appointed him secretary of war, and after the surrender he assisted the president in his flight and accompanied by a few friends escaped in an open boat to Cuba, whence he sailed for England. He remained in Europe till 1868, when he returned to the United States and resumed the practice of the law at Lexington, Ky., in which he continued until his death on May 17, 1875. BRECKINRIDGE, Joseph Cabell, soldier, was born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 14, 1842; son of Robert Jefferson Breckinridge, and grandson of John Breckinridge, statesman. He was graduated from the University of Virginia in 1860, and the following year entered the U. S. army as aide-de-camp, joining Gen. William Nelson at Camp Dick Robinson, Ky., Aug. 30, 1861. He was aide-de-camp to Gen. George II. Thomas during the advance toward east Tennes- [39 see, and after serving through the siege of Corinth, Miss., he was made -2d lieutenant of artillery in April, 1862. He was on duty at Pensacola and at Fort Barrancas, Fla., commanding boat and scouting expeditions and performing local staff duties. On Aug. 1, 1863, he was promoted 1st lieutenant, and in 1864 lie served in the Atlanta campaign, was captured and confined at Macon. Ga., and at Charleston, S. C. For gallant service during this campaign he received the brevet rank of captain. He was exchanged in Septem- ber, 1864, and in January of the following year served as mustering officer for the eastern district of Kentucky. In March, 1865, he was brevetted major for meritorious services, and in September, 1865, he went with his regiment to California. The following year he was aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. H. W. Halleck, served on recruiting duty, and in 1868 was on leave of absence. From 1870 to 1874 he was adjutant of the artillery school; in June, 1874, was promoted captain, serving from 1875 to 1878 at Fort Foote, Md. ; in 1876 at Petersburg, Va., and in 1877 was with his command during the strike and riots at Pitts- burgh, Pa. For three years following he was stationed at the Washington arsenal, and was promoted major and assistant inspector-general on Jan. 19. 1881. In February, 1885, he was pro- moted lieutenant-colonel and inspector-general, and in September of the same year became colonel. His next promotion occurred in Jan- uary, 1889, when he was made brigadier-general. Later he was stationed at Washington, D. C., as brigadier-general of the army. BRECKINRIDGE, Robert Jefferson, clergy- man, was born at Cabell’s Dale, Ky., March 8, 1800; son of John Breckinridge, author of the Kentucky resolutions of 1798. He studied at Princeton and Yale and was graduated at Union college in 1819; admitted to the bar in 1823; practised law in Kentucky until 1831 ; was a member of the state legislature in 1825, '26, '27 and '28 ; united with the Presbyterian church in 1829, and was soon after elected ruling elder, and was ordained pastor of the Second Presbyterian church, Baltimore, Md., in 1832; president or principal of Jefferson college, Cannonsburgh, Pa., and pastor of the church there in 1845: pastor First Presbyterian church, Lexington. Ky. ; state superintendent of public instruc- tion, 1847 ; and professor of exegetic, didactic and polemic theology in the Presbyterian theological seminary at Danville in 1853. Dr. Breckinridge was a man of commanding influence in both church and state. He was an early advocate of the emancipation of the slaves, and when Ken- tucky refused to adopt the measure he aban- doned political life. From his first public appearance in ecclesiastical matters in the sj BRECKINRIDGE. BREED Cincinnati convention, in 1830, he was one of the leading minds in the Presbyterian church and in his later, as well as his earlier, years he took an active interest in civil affairs. He was a voluminous writer; published "Papism in the Nineteenth Century in the United States ” (1841); "Travels in France and Germany” (1841) ; ” Memoranda of Foreign Travel ” (1845) ; “ Internal Evidence of Christianity ” (1852) ; “ The Knowledge of God Objectively Consid- ered ” (1857); and “The Knowledge of God Subjectively Considered” (1859), and innumer- able pamphlets on slavery, temperance, popery, Universalism, Presbyterianism, education, agri- culture, politics. The value of his six years of service as superintendent of pul die instruction of Kentucky was gratefully acknowledged by his suc- cessors in that office. While opposed to slavery, he sought to remove it by peaceful methods; yet when the war came he sided zealously with the Union, though one of his sons, his nephew and others of his kindred gave their support to the Confederacy. He was chairman of the national Republican convention at Baltimore, which, in 1864, gave Abraham Lincoln his second nomina- tion for the presidency. He died at Cabell's Dale, Ky., Dec. 27, 1871. BRECKINRIDGE, Samuel Miller, jurist, was born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 3, 1828; son of John and Margaret (Miller) Breckinridge. He received a classical education at Centre college, Ky. , Princeton, N. J., and Union college, N. Y. ; was graduated at the law school of the Transylvania college, and in 1850 removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he engaged in the practice of his profession. He occupied a seat in the Missouri legislature in 1854 and 1855, and on the circuit bench in 1859. He was a strong Republican, and his wise coun- sels were of inestimable value to his party. He was a leader in the Presbyterian chujich, and was a member of the committee which was occupied from 1878 to 1882 in revising the “ Book of Dis- cipline,” and was frequently a delegate to the general assemblies. In the first Detroit assembly of 1891 he took a conspicuous part in supporting the report of President Patton’s committee against the Rev. Charles A. Briggs, D.D., and being pressed to give a legal opinion on the controversy delivered a most able speech on the subject. Feeling ran high, and the passionate excitement in that body of divines was most intense when Judge Breckinridge reached his concluding sen- tence: “Now, gentlemen, I feel that I have dis- charged my duty, and wish to be excused from further speaking.” With the concluding word he fell to the floor, expiring instantly, the tragic event producing the most intense excitement in the assembly. The death occurred at Detroit, Mich., May 28, 1891. [ 399 ] BRECKINRIDGE, William Campbell Pres ton, representative, was born near Baltimore, Md. , Aug. 28, 1837 ; son of Robert J. and Sophonisba (Preston) Breckinridge. He was graduated from Centre college, Ky., April 26, 1855, and from the law department of the University of Louisville, Feb. 27, 1857. He entered the Confederate service in 1861, as a captain of cavalry, was soon promoted to a colonelcy, and was in command of the 9th Kentucky cavalry up to the close of the civil war. Then for two years he edited the Observer and Reporter of Lexington, Ky. , when he was ap- pointed professor in the law department of the Kentucky university. He received the degree of LL.D. from Cumberland university in 1870. In 1884 he was elected a representative to the 49th Congress and was re-elected to the four succeed- ing congresses, but was defeated in his can- didacy for the 54th and 55th congresses, by rea- son of a revulsion of public opinion growing out of a breach of promise of marriage suit. BRECKINRIDGE, William Lewis, educator, was born at Cabell’s Dale. Kv., July 22, 1803, son of John and Mary Hopkins (Cabell) Breckinridge. He was educated at the University of Transyl- vania, and began life as a farmer, but afterwards entered the ministry of the Presbyterian church, his first pastoral charge being at Maysville, Ky., from 1831 to 1832, during which time he also held the professor- ship of ancient lan- guages at Centre college, Kentucky, declining a call to the Second church at Baltimore. He was pastor of the First church in Louisville from 1836 to 1859, and in the latter year served as moderator of the 2d general assembly of the Presbyterian council. He was president of Oakland college, Miss., from 1860 to 1863, and of Centre college, Danville, Ky., from 1863 to 1868. He received the degree of D.D. For some years before his death he was a min- ister-at-large in Cass county, Mo. He married, in 1824, Frances C., daughter of Judge Prevost. His second wife was Mrs. Sarah A. Garnett, a daughter of Judge Christopher Tompkins. He died in Cass county, Mo., Dec. 26, 1876. BREED, David Riddle, clergyman, was born at Pittsburgh, Pa., June 10, 1848. He was graduated at Hamilton college in 1867, and from Auburn theological Seminary in 1870. From 1870 to 1885 he was pastor of a Presbyterian church in St. BREESE. BREIDENBAUGH. Paul, Minn., and from 1885 to 1894 he was in pas- toral charge in Chicago, In 1894 he took the pastorate of the Old First Presbyterian church in Pittsburg. He published “More Light,” which had an extensive circulation in several languages. He also published, “History of the Preparation of the World for Christ” (1891) ; and “ Heresy and Heresy” (1891). BREED, William Pratt, clergyman, was born at Greenbusli, N. Y., Aug. 23, 1816, son of Allen and Joanna (Pratt) Breed. He graduated at the University of New York City in 1843, and from Princeton theological seminary in 1846. He was pastor of the Presbyterian church, Steubenville, Ohio, from 1847 to 1856. when he assumed charge of the West Spruce street church, Philadelphia. He took a leading part in the movement to erect a monument to Witherspoon, in Fail-mount Park, Philadelphia, and on the occasion of the unveil, ing, in 1876, he delivered an address on “Presby- terians in Revolution,” which he afterwards re- peated in upwards of seventy pulpits. The Uni- versity of the city of New York conferred on him the degree of D.D. in 1864. He was a member of the various Presbyterian societies and boards, and of the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences. He published, “Presbyterianism Three Hundred Years Ago,” “Presbyterians and the Revolution,’’ “British Reformers,” “Abroad and Abroad in Eighteen Hundred and Eighty-Four ” (1885) . He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 14, 1889. BREESE, Kidder Randolph, naval officer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 14, 1831. He en- tered the navy as a midshipman in 1846, served through the Mexican war on the Saratoga under Commander Farragut; in the Japan expedition on the Macedonian under Commodore Perry ; in the Paraguayan expedition under Commodore Preble, and was on the San Jacinto, Captain Wilkes, engaged in suppressing the slave trade on the west coast of Africa, when Mason and Slidell were captured on board the Trent, in November, 1861. He then was in command of the third division of Porter’s mortar flotilla, in the engagements at Fort Jackson and St. Philip, and at New Orleans and Vicksburg. In July, 1862, he was promoted lieutenant, and in command of the flagship Black Hawk joined Porter’s Mississippi squadron and took part in the engagements along the Mississippi and Red rivers. In 1864 he was selected by Admiral Por- ter as fleet captain of the North Atlantic squad- ron, and headed a storming party at Fort Fisher. In recognition of his gallantry on this occasion he was promoted commander July 25, 1866. Afterthe war he was on duty in the ordnance department and was then assigned to the European squadron in command of the Plymouth. He was promoted captain in August, 1874, and died Sept. 13. 1881. BREESE, Samuel Livingston, naval officer, was born at Utica, N. Y., in 1794. He began his naval career as midshipman in 1810, was commis- sioned lieutenant in 1816, and captain in 1841. Iu 1845 he was attached to the Mediterranean squad- ron in command of the frigate Cumberland, and during the Mexican war took part in the capture of Tuspan, Tabasco, and Vera Cruz. He was assigned to special duty on the great lakes in 1848 ; had command of the Norfolk navy yard from 1853 to 1855 ; of the Mediterranean squadron from 1856 to 1859; and of the Brooklyn navy yard from 1859 to 1861. In July, 1862, he was commissioned com- modore. He was created rear-admiral on the retired list in September, 1862, and appointed light-house inspector. In 1869 he was port ad miral at Philadelphia, and died at Mount Airy, Pa., Dec. 17, 1870. BREESE, Sidney, jurist, was born in Whites- boro, Oneida county, N. Y., July 15, 1800. He graduated at Union college in 1818, studied law, and removed to Illinois in 1821, where he was admitted to the bar. He successively filled the offices of town postmaster, assistant secre- tary of state, state’s attorney, and United States attorney for Illinois. He was a commissioned officer in the state militia and served as lieutenant of volunteers, during the Black Hawk war. He was appointed circuit judge in 1835, and judge of the supreme court of the state in 1841. In 1843 he was elected to the United States senate, as a democrat, serving until 1849, and during his sen- atorship, while chairman of the committee on public lands, he made a report favoring the establishment of a transcontinental railway. He was a member of the house of representatives of Illinois, and in 1850 was elected its speaker. In 1855 he was again appointed judge of the circuit court and was chief of the court. In 1857 he was elected justice of the supreme court of the state, and in 1873 became chief justice, holding the office during his lifetime. He was one of the originators of the Illinois Central railroad, and from 1845 to 1849 regent of the Smithsonian institution. He published a volume of “ Decisions of the Supreme Court ” (1829) ; a work on “ Illinois ” (1869) ; and another on the “ Origin and History of the Pacific Railroad” (1869). He died at Pinckneyville, 111.. June 27, 1878. BREIDENBAUGH, Edward Swoyer, chemist, was born in Newville, Cumberland county, Pa., Jan. 13, 1849. He was graduated at Pennsylvania college in 1868, and after studying chemistry for two years at the Sheffield scientific school, teaching that branch in the school during his second year, he was professor of natural sciences at Carthage college, Illinois, for a year, and in 1874 became professor of mineralogy and chemistry in Pennsylvania college. He pub- BRENTANO. BREVARD. lished an “ Analysis of Connecticut Tobacco Ash ” (1872); “The Minerals of Tilley Foster Mine” (1873) ; “ Fermentation and Germ Theory ” (1877) ; “Concerning Certain Misconceptions in Consider- ing the Relations between Science and Religion ” (1880); “The Nitrogenous Element of Plant Food” (1880) and “Mineralogy of the Farm” (1881). He was the author of the Pennsylvania college book of 1882. BRENT, Henry Johnson, author, was born in Washington, D. C., in 1811. He was a descend- ant of one of the Carroll family, among the earli- est settlers of Maryland. Under the pen name of “ Stirrup” he contributed to Porter’s Spirit of the Times, and he assisted Lewis Gaylord Clark in founding and editing the Knickerbocker (1833-’64) ; “ Life Almost Alone,” a serial published in the Knickerbocker, and “ Was It a Ghost,” published in 1868, in which he deduced a theory to account for the murder of the Joyce children, were his most popular works. He died Aug. 3, 1880. BRENTANO, Lorenzo, journalist, was born at Mannheim, Baden, Germany, Nov. 4, 1813. After thorough preparation in the schools of the grand duchy, he studied law at Heidelberg and Frei- burg, was admitted to the bar, and commenced to practise at Baden. In 1834 he became a member of the Chamber of Deputies, where he allied him- self with the Liberal party, and in 1848, upon the breaking out of the revolution, was a member of the Frankfort parliament. He was chosen presi- dent of the provisional republic established in 1849, and when the grand duke was re-established through the intervention of Prussia, he fled to the United States, learning upon his arrival that he had been sentenced to life imprisonment. After ten years of farming in Kalamazoo county, Mich., he removed to Chicago and entered upon the practice of his profession, at the same time editing The Illinois Staats- Zeitung, and tak- ing an active interest in local politics, and was for five years president of the Chicago board of education. In 1862 he became a member of the popular branch of the state legislature, and in 1868 presidential elector on the Grant and Colfax ticket. The amnesty, which in 1869 was ex tended to the revolutionists of 1849. removed the ban that had been placed upon him, and he re- turned to his native land to visit his old home and friends. In 1872 he was made United States consul at Dresden by President Grant, and served until 1876, when he was elected a representative to the 45th Congress. He afterwards devoted himself to literary work along legal and historical lines. He published a report of the trial of Gui- teau, the assassin of President Garfield, and a his- tory of “King versus Missouri” (United States supreme court reports, 107). He died in Chicago, 111., Sept. 18, 1891. BRENTON, William, governor of Rhode Island, was born at Hammersmith, county of Middlesex, England, in the early part of the sev- enteenth century. He immigrated to Boston in 1634, and held important offices of trust in Massa- chusetts and in Rhode Island, where he settled in 1639. He was deputy-governor of Portsmouth and Newport, R. I., from 1640 to 1647; president of the colony from 1660 to 1663, and governor from 1666 to 1669, under the new charter granted by Charles II. He was one of the nine original pro- prietaries of Rhode Island, surveyed and selected for his home Newport, and built his house where Fort Adams was afterwards located. His grant gave him the privilege of claiming a certain amount of land for every mile surveyed, and in this way he acquired vast possessions. Brenton’s Reef and Brenton’s Point, Narragansett Bay, take their name from him. He died at Newport, R. 1., in November, 1674. BREVARD, Ephraim, patriot, was born in North Carolina about 1750, and graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1768. He studied medicine and practised at Charlotte, N. C. He de- voted much study to the history and principles of the Presbyterian dissenters of Scotland, and while living among the bold freemen of Mecklenburg county, N. C., he ripened into a leader in that southern colony. He was a member of that memorable assembly which passed the celebi-ated act of separation from the authority of the crown of Britain, and he was elected clerk of the com- mittee on resolutions. The famous Declaration was written under the direction of Ephraim Brevard by his nephew, Adam Brevard. The Mecklenburg Declaration passed the assembly May 31, 1775, thirteen months before the Declar- ation of Independence was adopted by the general congress at Philadelphia. Brevard, with six brothers, joined the Continental army, and at the capture of Charleston in 1780 he was taken prisoner and suffered a long confinement, which destroyed his health, and he died at Hopewell, S. C., about 1783. BREVOORT, James Carson, bibliophile, was born in New York city, N. Y., July 10, 1818. He studied in American schools for a number of years and was graduated as a civil engineer, in 1837, at the ecole centrale des arts et manufactures in Paris. He afterwards engaged in engineering enterprises in the United States, and accepted an appoint- ment as private secretary of Washington Irving, minister to Spain. In 1844 he returned to America, settling permanently in Brooklyn, N. Y. He served on the boards of education and water commissioners for a number of years, was president for ten years of the Long Island his- torical society, and a member of the New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and other [toil BREYOORT. BREWER. state historical societies. He was a trustee and some time superintendent of the Astor library, a regent of the University of the state of New York, a member of the entomological societies of New York, Baltimore and Philadelphia, honorary and corresponding member of the Archaeological society of Madrid, member of the American an- tiquarian society, of the American association for the advancement of science, of the Philadelphia numismatic society, and of various other literary, historical, and scientific organizations. He re- ceived the degree of LL. D. from Williams college in 1873. Before his death he distributed his valu- able collection of books, manuscripts, coins and medals among the various museums and colleges in which he was interested. Among his contri- butions to historical and scientific journals were a series of illustrated papers on “Early Spanish and Portuguese Coinage in America,” and a paper on the “Discovery of the Remains of Columbus.” His “ Yerrazano, the Navigator,” was published in 1874. Hedied in Brooklyn. N. Y.. Dec. 7, 1887. BREVOORT, James Fenwick, painter, was born in Westchester county, N. Y., July 20, 1832. After receiving preliminary instruction in draw- ing under good masters in America he studied in various European schools, and afterwards en- joyed the advantage of sketching tours through the most picturesque parts of England and the continent. He was admitted as an associate of the National academy of design in 1861, an academi- cian in 1863, and a professor in perspective drawing at that institution in 1872. He won especial praise in the treatment of landscape in low color tones, his most notable examples being a “ Scene in Holland, " “ Lake Como," “Storm on an English Moor,” “ May Morning, Lake Como,” “New England Scene,” “Morning in Early Winter,” “ The Wild November Comes at Last,” “Windy Evening on the Moors,” and “ Windy Day on a Moor.” BREWER, David Josiah, jurist, was born in Smyrna, Asia Minor, June 20, 1837 ; son of Josiah and Emilia (Field) Brewer. His father was an American missionary, stationed at Smyrna, and his mother was a daughter of the Rev. David Dudley Field of Stockbridge, Mass., and a sister of David Dudley, Stephen J., Cyrus W. and Henry Martyn Field. Shortly after his birth his parents returned to America and settled in Wethersfield, Conn. He studied for a time at the Wesleyan university at Middletown, Conn., and then entering the junior class of Yale college was graduated in 1856. He read law in the office of his uncle, David Dudley Field, and was graduated at the Albany law school in 1858. He removed to Kansas City, Mo. , and commenced practice there, removing later to Leavenworth. Kan., where he attained a distinguished rank in his profession. In 1861 he was appointed United States commis- sioner of the circuit court for the district of Kansas : in 1862 he was elected judge of the pro- bate and criminal courts of Leavenworth county; in 1864 he became judge of the first judi- cial district of Kan- sas, and in 1870 he was elected to the su- preme bench of Kan- sas, being re-elect- ed in 1876 and 1882. In 1884 he was select- ed by President Ar- thur as judge of the eighth judicial cir- cuit. On Dec. 18, 1889, by appointment of President Harrison, he was commissioned associate justice of the United States su- preme court, to succeed Justice Stanley Matthews, deceased. One of his decisions, as affecting the state of Kansas, resulted in the acknowledgment of woman's eligibility to the office of county super- intendent of public instruct ion, and another recog- nized and sustained the right of married women to money possessed by them prior to marriage or earned by them after marriage. He was presi- dent of the library association ; member of the city board of education ; superintendent of schools of Leavenworth, and president of the state teach- ers' association. In 1890 he accepted a professor- ship as lecturer on corporation law in the Columbia law school. On Jan. 1, 1896. Justice Brewer was selected by President Cleveland to serve on the board of commissioners appointed to investigate the boundary line between Yenezuela and British Guiana, and on the organization of the board he was elected its presiding officer. In 1897 Justice Brewer, with Chief Justice Fuller, was chosen an arbitrator on behalf of Yenezuela in the matter of the settlement of the boundary line dispute between that country and Great Britain. Iowa. Washburn and Yale colleges conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. BREWER, James Rawlings, editor, was born at Annapolis, Md., Dec. 28, 1840. When four- teen years old he began to write political and poetic articles for the press, and when eighteen he became editor of the Maryland Bejjubliean. In 1862 he removed to Baltimore, and continued his newspaper work. His expression of southern views in the columns of his journal incurred the hostility of the military authorities, and three of his newspapers were suppressed. In 1864 Mr. Brewer went to New York to accept an editorial position on the New York World, which he O' BREWER. BREWER. continued to occupy till 1863, when he returned to Baltimore and became editor of The Sunday Tele- gram. He was one of tine originators of the anti- registry convention and sought a modification of the registry law, so obnoxious to many of the citi- zens. On Feb. 9, 1874, he became editor of the Baltimore Daily News. BREWER, John Hyatt, musical composer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1836, of Scotch-English parents. In 1862 he made his debut as boy soloist, and continued to sing until he was fourteen years old. A year later he became an organist in Brooklyn, and gave vocal and instrumental lessons, at the same time carry- ing on his musical education, his instructors being Rafael Navarro and Dudley Buck. In 187S he became the second tenor and accom- panist of the Apollo club, and later conducted the Cecilia ladies’ vocal society of sixty voices, for which last he wrote several cantatas. Among these: “Hesperus,” “The Herald of Spring,” “ The Sea and the Moon,” and “The Birth of Love.” Among the better known of his songs are: “ Bashfulness,” " Seasliine, " “Treachery,” “ The Katydid,” and “ Sensible Serenade.” His instrumental work consists chiefly of pieces for the organ. BREWER, Josiah, missionary, was born at South Tyringham, Mass., June 1,1796. He was graduated at Yale in 1821, after which he studied theology at Andover fora time, interspersing his studies with missionary labors in jails and hospi- tals and among the Indians. From 1824 to 1826 he was a tutor at Yale, continuing his theological studies under the Yale professors, and in 1S26 he was licensed to preach. In the same year he was sent by the American board of foreign missions as a missionary to Smyrna. He made a tom - of the Archipelago, preaching and distributing Bibles, and in 1828 returned to America and sev- ered his connection with the American board. He was married in December, 1829, to Emilia A. Field, daughter of Dr. David Dudley Field of Stockbridge, Mass., and with his young bride started for Smyrna, in - February, 1830, having been employed by the New Haven ladies' Greek association to establish female schools for Greeks in Asia Minor. The destruction of the Turkish fleet by the allied naval forces of England, France and Russia at the battle of Navarino, in 1827. had opened the door of Turkey to the mes- sengers of civilization, and Mr. Brewer was a pioneer in the introduction of female schools and of the printing press. In 1831 he published in Smyrna the first religious newspaper printed in the Greek language. After eight years of arduous labor he returned to the United States, settling in Connecticut, where he was appointed chaplain of the penitentiary at Wethersfield. From 1841 to 1850 he lectured and preached in the anti-slavery cause, and edited various anti- slavery journals; from 1850 to 1857 he taught school at Middletown, Conn. , and from 1857 to 1866 was officiating pastor of the church in Housa- tonic, Mass. His published works include, “Resi- dence in Constantinople ” (1827), and “ Patmos and the Seven Churches of* Asia” (1851). He died at Stockbridge, Mass., Nov. 19, 1872. BREWER, Leigh Richmond, 1st missionary bishop of Montana and 126th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Berk- shire, Vt., Jan. 20, 1839. He was gradu- ated from Hobart college in 1863, and com- pleted his course at the General theological seminary in 1866. He was admitted to deacon's orders by Bishop Potter, July 1, 1866, and ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Coxe, June 16, 1867. He was for six years rector of Grace church, Carthage, N. Y., and then took charge of Trinity, Watertown, N. Y., where he served up to the time of his advancement to the episcopacy. He received the degree of S.T.D. from Hobart college in 1881. He was consecrated bishop to the mis- sionary district of Montana, Dec. 8, 1880, his residence being ht Helena. BREWER, Mark S., representative, was born in Addison, Oakland county, Mich., Oct. 22, 1837. Having received an academic education he worked on his father's farm until nineteen years of age, when he read law with ex-Governor Wisner at Pontiac, Mich., and was admitted to the bar in 1864. He was circuit court commis- sioner for Oakland county from 1866 to 1869; city attorney, 1866-'67, and was elected to the state senate in 1872, serving two years. He was elected a representative from the 6th congressional dis- trict to the 45th and 46th congresses, and in 18S1 was appointed by President Garfield consul- general at Berlin. On his return to the United States in 1885 he resumed the practice of law, and was elected representative to the 50th and 51st congresses as a Republican. BREWER, Susan, educator. (See Thomas, Mrs. Susan.) BREWER, Thomas Mayo, naturalist, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 21, 1814. He was a grandson of James Brewer, one of the leaders in the " Boston tea party.” In 1835 he was gradu- ated from Harvard, and three years later from the Massachusetts medical school, after which he practised medicine for two years; in 1840 be- came editor of the Boston Atlas, and in 1857 a member of the publishing house of Brewer and Tileston. In 1840 he prepared and published a new edition of “ Wilson’s American Ornithol- ogy,” to which he appended a complete synopsis of the then known birds of North America. In 1859 the first volume of his “ North American 1103 J BREWERTON. BREWSTER. Oology ” was published for him by the Smith- sonian institution, but the cost of the work was so great that the later volumes were not issued. In collaboration with Spencer F. Baird and Robert Ridgway he spent several years in preparing “ A History of North American Birds,” of which three volumes were published in 1874, and “ The Water Birds of North America ” (2 vols., 1884). In 1875-'76 he made a visit to the principal museums of Europe and Great Britain, inspecting the oological collections and meeting many celebrated scientists. On this tour he wrote “ A Run through the Museums of Europe,” which was published in the Popular Science Monthly for 1877 (vol. xi. ), and he translated Sumichrast’s “ The Geological Distribution of the Native Birds of the Department of Vera Cruz, with a list of the Migrating Species ” (1869). He died in Bos- ton, Mass., June 23, 1880. BREWERTON, George Douglas, author, was born in Rhode Island about 1820 ; son of Henry Brewerton, brigadier -general of engineers, U. S. A. He joined Stephenson’s regiment of “ California volunteers ” in 1846, and was commissioned 2d lieutenant in the regular army in 1847, and 1st lieutenant in 1850. He resigned from the service in 1852 and devoted himself to literature. His publications include: “ The War in Kansas,” “ A Rough Trip to the Border Among New Homes and a Strange People” (1856); “ Fitzpoodle at Newport” (1869), and “ Ida Lewis, the Heroine of Lime Rock ” (1869). During the civil war he published a series of books, “ The Automaton Regiment ” (1862); “ The Automaton Company ” (1863), and “ The Automaton Battery” (1863), intended for the instruction of recruits in the rudiments of military tactics. BREWERTON, Henry, soldier, was born in New York city. He was graduated at West Point in 1819, and after some months’ service as 2d lieutenant of the corps of engineers was ap- pointed assistant professor of engineering at the military academy. From 1821 to 1861 he was engaged in engineering work on fortifications, being regularly promoted for faithful service, and reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel in Au- gust, 1861. He was engineer-in-chief of the forti- fications and defences of Baltimore harbor from 1861 to 1864, when he was promoted colonel of engineers, and given charge of the construction of defences at Hampton Roads, Va.. and at New \ ork city. In March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general for “long, faithful, and meri- torious services,” and was retired in 1867, ac- cording to law, having served for a continuous period of over forty-five years. Dickinson col- lege conferred upon him the degree of LL.D m 1847. He died at Washington, D. C., April 17, 1879. BREWSTER, Benjamin Harris, cabinet offi- cer, was born in Salem county, N. J., Oct. 13, 1816; son of Francis E. and Maria Hampton Brewster. His first American ancestor was Wil- liam Brewster, the pilgrim, and on his mother's side he descended from the Hamptons of South Carolina. He was graduated an A.M. from Princeton in 1834, was admitted to the bar in 1838, and in 1846 was appointed by President Polk commissioner to settle the Cherokee Indian claims. He gained a high position as a lawyer, and especially as an advocate at the bar. In 1867 he was appointed attorney -general for Pennsyl- vania, by Governor Geary, and was instrumental in exposing and defeating the Gettysburg lottery scheme. On Dec. 19, 1881, President Arthur ap- pointed him to his cabinet as attorney-general of the United States. Upon him devolved the prosecution of the postoffice officials charged with conspiring to rob the government, known as the “ Star Route ” trials. Dickinson college gave him the degree of LL.D., as did Princeton in 1867. His life was written by Eugene C. Sav- idge. M.D., of Philadelphia. He died April 4, 1888. BREWSTER, Charles Warren, journalist, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., Sept. 13. 1802. He was a descendant of Elder Brewster, of May- flower memory. His education was acquired in the public schools, and on Feb. 16, 1818, he found employment in the office of the Portsmouth Oracle, which a few years later became the Journal. He was soon promoted to foreman, and in July, 1825, became joint proprietor. In 1835 he bought out his partner, assuming sole editor- ship ami proprietorship of the paper. For nearly thirty years he was secretary of the Howard benevolent society, and treasurer of the Ports- mouth Bible society. He was a trustee of the Portsmouth savings bank, and president of the mechanics and manufacturers association. He held local offices, and was twice representative in the state legislature. He published “ Rambles about Portsmouth ” (2 vols., 1869). He died Aug. 3, 1868. BREWSTER, Frederick Carroll, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 25. 1825; son of Francis Enoch Brewster, a well-known Philadelphia law- yer; a lineal descendant of William, known among the pilgrim fathers as Elder Brewster. He received his early education at Philadelphia, and was graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania in 1841. He pursued the study of the law in his father's office, was admitted to the bar. Sept. 20. 1844. and achieved marked success in his profession. In 1862 lie was made city solicitor, and in this capacity sustained the validity of the Girard bequest. At the expiration of his term he was re-elected, and before his second term expired was chosen one of the judges of the court of Phila- [ 404 ] BREWSTER. BREWSTER. delphia, serving with great ability on the bench for three years. He was appointed attorney-gen- eral by Governor Geary in 1869, serving until 1872. Judge Brewster ac- quired fame as a law preceptor and as a law writer, being au- thor of a digest, of four volumes of Re- ports, of “ Brewster’s Blackstone,” and “ Treatise on Rule in Shelly’s Case,” of “ Brewster’s Prac- tice,” “ Molibre in Outline,” “ Disraeli’s <3? ■Som.s-Z# Life and Works.” He received the de- gree of LL.D. from the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1870. BREWSTER, Henry C., representative, was born in Rochester, N. Y., Sept. 7, 1845, and was educated at the public schools. In 1863 he be- came a bank clerk, in 1868 was made cashier, and in 1894 became first vice-president of the Traders national bank. He was made a director and vice-president of the Rochester trust and safe deposit company ; of the Alliance bank ; president of the Rochester clearing-house association ; director in the Rochester and Genesee valley railroad company; in the Rochester and Lake Ontario railway company ; in the Eastman kodak company; in the Ward natural science establish- ment ; a governor of the Rochester homoeopathic hospital; a trustee of St. Peter’s Presbyterian church; a commissioner of Mt. Hope cemetery; vice-president of the New York state bankers association; vice-president and president of the Rochester chamber of commerce; vice-president of the New York state league of Republican clubs, and president of the Monroe county league. In 1894 he was elected as representative to the 54th Congress, and was in 1896 elected to the 55th Congress. BREWSTER, James, manufacturer, was born in Preston, Conn., Aug. 6, 1788. He was a direct descendant of William Brewster, the pilgrim. He acquired an ordinary education, learned the /trade of carriage building, and started in busi- ness for himself in New Haven, Conn., in 1810, ultimately amassed wealth and attained celebrity as the builder of “ Brewster ” wagons, and of fine carriages. At the breaking out of the war of 1812 he enlisted and was appointed lieutenant, but soon after obtained a discharge from the army, and returned to his commercial opera- tions. In 1833 the Hartford and New Haven railroad was projected, and Mr. Brewster was one of the eight men to procure a charter, and was [ 405 ] chosen president of the corporation. The neces- sary funds were generously advanced by him, as a disastrous fire in New York in 1835 prevented the collection of moneys which had been subscribed in that city. After seeing the project fairly started, he resigned the presi- dency. He was in the habit of addressing his employees in the evenings on subjects of a practical and reformatory nature; he built and fitted up a fine hall for their use, and also spent many thousand dollars each year in maintaining courses of scientific lectures by Professors Silli- man, Olmsted and Shepard of Yale college, for their benefit. He also contributed largely to the orphan asylum erected in New Haven in 1855, was a generous subscriber to the home for the friendless, and was instrumental in erecting many public buildings and in making much-needed im- provements in the city. See “ Address upon the Life and Character of the Late James Brewster,” by James T. Babcock ( 1866) . He died Nov. 23, 1866. BREWSTER, Osmyn, publisher, was born in Boston, Mass., in 1797. He was for fifty years a partner in the widely-known firm of Crocker & Brewster, book-sellers. He held many public offices, served five years in the Massachu- setts house of representatives and one year in the senate, and was a member of the board of aldermen of Boston in 1856, 1857 and 1858. He was treasurer of the Massachusetts charitable mechanics association for twenty-five years, and a member of the Bunker Hill monument associa- tion. He died Aug. 16, 1889. BREWSTER, William, pilgrim, was born about 1560, probably in England. He attended Cambridge university, and then held a sectarial position under William Davison, ambassador to the Netherlands, whose influence on their return to England, obtained for Mr. Brewster the place of postmaster of Scrooby. (See William Bradford's “ Memoir of Elder Brewster. ”) But religious toleration was growing more and more rare, and Brewster, pious, devout, and conscien tious, but a Protestant, found himself unable to remain longer in England. Accordingly in the fall of 1607 he attempted to go to Holland. All preparations were made; the goods were on board the chartered vessel at Boston, and the party was ready to start, when, through the treachery of the captain, they were seized by officials, their money, goods and books confis- cated, and they themselves taken before the magistrates. In the summer of 1608, he succeeded in reaching Holland, where he was chosen the ruling elder of the colony, and also an instructor of English in the University of Leyden. In addition to this he started a printing-office on a very small soale, where he brought out a num- ber of works during 1617 and 1618. In 1619 he BRICE. BRICE. returned to London, where, through the influ- ence of a friend, Sir Edwin Sandys, who was at that time treasurer of the Virginia company, he was granted a patent of land in North America. Returning to his flock at Leyden, lie told them of his plans and took them back to England, whence they sailed on Sept. 6, 1620, for America. They entered Cape Cod Harbor, Nov. 11, 1620, settling at Plymouth, where during the winter they bravely bore the indescribable hardships of scanty food, raiment and shelter, in a cold and barren land. Brewster was beyond a doubt the foremost of the pilgrims. The only reason that he was not chosen governor, says Hutchinson, was that “he was their ruling elder, and civil and ecclesiastical office in the same person was deemed incompatible.” For nearly a quarter of a century Brewster shared the perils and troubles of the little colony, teaching, comforting and helping them in every possible way. The date of his death is not exactly known ; Bradford says “ about the 18th day of April, 1643,” and Morton, secretary of the colony, more probably correct, wrote in the church records, “ April 16, 1644.” BREWSTER, William, ornithologist, was born in South Reading, Mass., July 5, 1851. He received a public-school education, being gradu- ated at the Cambridge high school in 1869. His taste for science manifested itself in his youth, and after his graduation he devoted himself to the study of ornithology, for which he had an especial predilection. In 1880 he was appointed assistant custodian of the collection of birds and mammals belonging to the Natural history society of Boston, and in 1885 became assistant in charge of the department of mammals and birds at the Cambridge museum of comparative zoology. Mr. Brewster was elected a member of several scientific associations; in 1876 presi- dent of the Nuttall ornithological club of Cam- bridge, and in 1895 president of the American ornithologists’ union and of the Audubon society. He contributed numbers of articles to scientific periodicals; published “ Bird Migration ” (1886), and edited the second edition of H. D. Minot’s “ The Land Birds and Game Birds of New Eng- land ” (1895). BRICE, Benjamin W., soldier, was born in Virginia in 1809. He was graduated from West Point in 1829, and served on frontier duty at Jefferson barracks, Mo., in 1829-’30, at Fort Arm- strong, 111., 1830-’31, . and on the expedition against the Sac Indians in 1831. He resigned Feh. 13, 1832, and from 1835 to 1839 was brigade major of the Ohio militia. In 1845 he was coun- sellor-at-law and associate judge of common pleas, Licking county, Ohio. In 1846 he was ad- jutant-general of the state of Ohio, and on March 3, 1847. he was re-appointed in the U. S. army with the rank of major and paymaster. He served in the pay department at Cincinnati, Ohio, and later in the war with Mexico at Camargo, Monterey, Saltillo and Brazos Island, Mexico, and at Fort Brown, Texas, during 1847, '48 and ’49. The army disbanded March 4, 1849, and in 1852 he was again re-appointed in the army with the same rank as before, serving in the pay depart- ment in New Mexico, Louisiana, Florida, and Kansas. During the civil war he was paymaster at various places, and in October, 1864, was placed over the pay department at Washington, D. C. He was appointed paymaster-general with the rank of colonel in November, 1864, and in Decem- ber was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general. In March, 1865, he was brev- etted major-general for “ faithful, meritorious and distinguished services in the pay depart- ment ” during the war, and in July. 1866, he was promoted brigadier-general. He was retired from active service at his own request Jan. 1, 1872, being over sixty-two years of age. BRICE, Calvin Stewart, senator, was born at Denmark, Ohio, Sept. 17, 1845; son of William K. and Elizabeth (Stewart) Brice. His father was a Presbyterian minister. He was sent to the pre- paratory school of Miami university in 1861. and at the end of the year he volunteered in a com- pany of “ three months men ” that was formed from among the students of the university. At the expiration of his term of service he returned to Miami to complete his course of study, but in April, 1862, again volunteered in the 86th Ohio regiment, and served with that regiment in the Virginia campaign. Returning to the university in the following year, he was graduated with honor in June, 1863, and soon afterwards he recruited a company for the 180tli regiment Ohio volunteers, and served in Tennessee. Georgia, and the Carolinas, until the close of the civil war, rising by succession to the rank of lieutenant - colonel. In 1865 he entered the law department of the University of Michigan, and in 1866 began the practice of his profession at Cincinnati. Ohio. He acquired special distinction as a corporation lawyer, and in 1870 was employed by the Lake Erie and Louisville railroad to secure in Europe a loan in aid of its construction. In this under- taking he was successful; the road was con\. pleted under the name of the Lake Erie and Western, and in 1887 Mr. Brice was elected its president. He largely interested himself in vari- ous other western and southern roads, and be came one of the most successful railway managers in the country. In 1876 he was a presidential elector on the Tilden ticket, and in 1884 a Cleveland elector. In 1888 he was a delegate- at-large from Ohio to the Democratic national convention, and was selected to represent Ohio on | 406 ] BRICHER. BRIDGE. * the national Democratic committee, and on the death of William H. Barnum was unanimously elected chairman of the committee. In January, 1890, he was elected to the U . S. senate from Ohio, to succeed Senator Henry B. Payne, whose term expired March 3, 1891. He was re-elected, and upon the expiration of his term of office in 1897 was succeeded by Joseph B. Foraker. He was chairman of the Pacific railroad committee, member of the committee on appropriations, in- terstate commerce, pensions, irrigation, public buildings and grounds, and member of the select committee on corporations in the District of Columbia. In 1892 Maine state college conferred on him the degree of LL.D. BRICHER, Alfred Thompson, artist, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., April 10, 1839. When only an infant his family removed to Newburyport, Mass., where he studied the English branches at the academy. When quite young he removed to Boston, where he engaged as a clerk in a dry- goods store, but de- voting his leisure time to unassisted essays in painting and to studies in drawing at the jp, Lowell institute of that Z'/jljjk % city. At twenty years of age he opened a stu- dio in Newburyport. His first order for a !>J painting was fro m Caleb Cushing, the picture after w ards coming into the pos- & session of Harriet Pres- cott Spofford, who had been a school-mate of the artist. He opened a studio in Boston early in the civil war, and soon made a reputation by his paintings of autumn scenery, which were extensively reproduced by Prang and others. In 1868 he removed his studio to New York city, and turned his attention to marine painting, in which specialty he contin- ued, producing only an occasional landscape. In 1879 he was elected an associate of the National academy of design, and in 1874 a mem- ber of the American water color society. His marine water colors became famous, and to be near the sea, in 1882 he built a cottage and studio at Southampton, N. Y. He afterwards built a more permanent residence at New Dorp, Staten Island, N. Y., which became a favorite gathering place for marine painters and literary men. His better known works are: “Sunset in October,” “ St. Michael’s Mount,” “ Off Halifax Harbor,” “On the Misopus,” “A Lift in the Fog,” “What the Tide Left,” “Low Tide at Nahant.” BRICKELL, William D., journalist, was born at Steubenville, Ohio, Nov. 19, 1852; son of David Z. and Anna M. Brickell. His father was a prominent business man and capitalist of Pitts- burgh, Pa. The son’s early education was ac- quired at the best schools of Pittsburgh, and he was graduated from the Western university of Pennsylvania in 1873. He then entered the print- ing office of the Pittsburgh Post, where he ac- quired the details of newspaper work, and in 1876 purchased the Columbus Dispatch, which was not then in a thriving condition. He at once introduced new machinery, and by adding to its mechanical plant, and infusing progressive ideas into its editorial and business columns, he built up a newspaper property that not only kept pace with the growth of the section, but made the Dispatch a leader in thought and enterprise throughout the state. BRIDGE, Horatio, naval officer, was born in Augusta, Me., April 8, 1806. He was graduated at Bowdoin in the class of 1825, studied at the Northampton law school, was admitted to the bar in 1828, and engaged for some ten years in the practice of his profession at Skowliegan and at Augusta. He received the appointment of purser in the , U. S. navy in 1838, and was assigned to duty on the Cyane during a three years’ cruise in the Mediterranean. His next service was in African waters, and upon his return he gave his notes of the voyage to Nathaniel Hawthorne to be edited. The work was published in 1845, under the title, “ The Journal of an African Cruise,” and its authorship is usually attributed to Hawthorne. Duty in the Mediterranean and on the African coast oc- cupied the years 1846-'48, and was followed by an interval at the Portsmouth navy yard, 1849-'51. In 1851 he was ordered to the Pacific squadron, but while on his first cruise in the Portsmouth, he was recalled and assigned to duty as chief of the bureau of provisions and clothing. He resigned in 1869, and was ap- pointed chief inspector of provisions and clothing, a position which he held until 1873, when he was retired with the rank of commodore. He is the author of “ Personal Reminiscences of Nathaniel Hawthorne,” published in 1893. He died at Athens, Pa., March 20, 1893. BRIDGE, Samuel James, philanthropist, was born at Dresden, Me., June 1, 1809. He was a direct descendant of John Bridge, who was super- visor of the first public school in the colony, located at Cambridge, and who seconded John Harvard in founding Harvard college. He entered business as a commission merchant in Boston, and in 1841 was appointed custom-house appraiser of the port of Boston, which position lie held for twelve vears. In 1853 he removed [4071 BRIDGES. BRIDGMAN. to California, where he filled the office of appraiser-general at San Francisco, being at the head of the Pacific coast customs department. He was also commissioner, having charge of the erection of the custom-house and of the U. S. mint and Marine hospital at San Francisco. In 1871 he retired from public life, having become well known as an authority on all tariff and revenue matters. He accumulated a fortune, of which he gave generously for the public good. He gave to Harvard college the statue of John Bridge, the Puritan, Sept. 20, 1882, and that of John Harvard, founder of Harvard college, June 17, 1883. In 1880 Harvard conferred upon him the honorary degree of A.M. He was a member of the Harvard church society in Charlestown for nearly half a century, and was a wide traveller. He liberally endowed many educational institu- tions and helped many young men through col- lege. He died Nov. 8, 1893. BRIDGES, Fidelia, artist, was born at Salem, Mass., May 19, 1835. She enjoyed the advantage of an excellent training under William T. Rich- ards, marine and landscape painter, and made her first appearance at the National academy of design in New York city, in 1869, with two oil paintings, “Winter Sunshine,” and “Wild Flowers in Wheat.” In 1870 she exhibited at the academy “ Blackberry Bushes ” and “ Views on the Ausable ”; in 1873 “ Thistles and Yellow Birds,” and in 1874 “Cornfield” and “Salt Marshes.” She was elected an associate aca- demician in 1873, and a member of the water- color society in 1874. In 1871 she turned her attention to water -color, and her success with that medium was so great that after 1874 she rarely used any other. Her “ Flock of Snow Birds,” “ King Fisher and Catkins,” and “ Corner of a Rye Field, ’ ’ were exhibited in Philadelphia at the Centennial (1876) ; and a picture of spar- rows in the snow, entitled, “ Crumbs of Com- fort,” was sold at the Royal academy in London at the spring exhibition, 1879. Among her other works in water-color may be noted: “ Daisies and Clover ” (1874) ; “ Lily Pond ” (1875) ; “ Mouth of a River” (1876); “Rye Field” (1877); “ Morning Glories ” (1878) ; “ East Hampton Pas- tures ” (1884), and “ Pastures by the Sea ” (1885), the last two being painted during a visit to England in 1878-’79. BRIDGES, George Washington, lawyer, was born at Athens, Tenn., Oct. 9, 1821. He received a classical education at the East Tennessee uni- versity, was admitted to the bar, and elected, in 1848, attorney -general of the state. To this office he was re-elected each year until 1859, when he resigned. In 1860 he was presidential elector on the Douglas and Johnson ticket. He was elected a 1861, and started for Washington, but the Con- federates arrested him on his way, and he was for more than a year held captive in Tennessee ; man- aging to effect his escape, he took his seat Feb. 25, 1863; his term expiring March 3, 1863, a week later. He then entered the Federal army as lieutenant-colonel of the 10th Tennessee cavalry, and at the close of the war was elected a circuit judge. He died March 16, 1873. BRIDGES, Robert, educator, was bom in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1806. He was graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1828, with the degree of M.D., and afterwards became assistant to Professor Bache in the Philadelphia college of pharmacy. From 1842 to 1879 he occupied the chair of chem- istry in that institution, and from 1879 to the time of his death was professor emeritus. He edited, “ A Manual of Elementary Chemistry, Theoretical and Practical,” from the 10tli revised and corrected English edition, by George Townes (1875) ; also “ Wood and Baehe's United States Dispensary,” after Professor Baclie’s death in 1864; and assisted in editing the “American Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry.” He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 20, 1882. BRIDGMAN, Frederic Arthur, painter, was born at Tuskegee, Ala., Nov. 10, 1847. He was in the service of the American bank-note company in New York as an engraver, from 1863 to 1866, giving his leisure to the study of drawing and painting. He went to Paris in 1866, and became a pupil in the ecole des beaux arts, under direct tuition of the famous Gtirome ; the influence of the master on the pupil’s style was for a long time very manifest. While a student at the beaux arts, Mr. Bridgman made frequent visits to Brittany, for sketching “ nature and human nature” in that picturesque province; later lie made many sketching tours in the Pyrenees, in southeast Europe, in Algeria and elsewhere in Africa, in Egypt, etc. The first of his works to be exhibited was the “ Jeu Breton,” at the Paris salon, 1868. Besides his annual pic- ture at the salon, he was a frequent contributor to American art exhibitions. His trip to Algeria was made in 1872; in 1873 he visited Cairo, and went up the Nile to the second cataract. The fruit of these wanderings under southern skies was a change of style and color. His salon pictures for 1873 were “ The Return from the Harvest-Field” and an “Arab Villa.” In 1874 he exhibited: “A Diligence in the Pyrenees” (1873); “A Calm Day in Upper Egypt,” “A Nubian Story-Teller at the Harem. Cairo," and the “ Prayer in the Mosque ” (1876) ; “ Prepara- tions for the Departure of the Sacred Rug, Cairo ” (1877) ; “ Funeral of a Mummy ” (1878) ; “Diversions of an Assyrian King” (1880); representative to the 37th Congress in August, [ 108 ] BRIDGMAN. BRIDGMAN. “ Procession of the Bull Apis and the Women of Biskra." In 1881 he was elected an academician by the National academy of design of New York. The great majority of his salon pictures after 1881 were of oriental or southern subjects, as: “ The Embroiderer ” (1886) ; “ On the Terraces, Algiers ” (1887) ; “ In a Country Villa, Algiers ” (1888); “ Bal chez le Gouverneur d’Alger”; (1889); “Cairo Horse-Market" (1889). Mr. Bridgman exhibited about three hundred studies of his paintings in New York in 1881. He opened in Paris a large studio for women in October, 1890. BRIDGMAN, Laura Dewey, blind deaf-mute, was born at Hanover, N. H., Dec. 21, 1829. Up to her second year her faculties had all been normal, when an attack of scarlet fever left her a deaf-mute with sight, taste and smell almost totally destroyed. Having regained her health after two years of suffering she became, by slow degrees, able to feel her way about the house and neighborhood. By arbitrary tactual signs of the crudest sort she was taught by her mother to knit and sew, and to perform light household duties. In her eighth year. Dr. Samuel G. Howe visited her and persuaded her parents to place her in the Perkins institution for the blind, of which he was the superintendent. Up to this time her right eye had given evidence of a slight sensitiveness to light, but this was now lost, and she became totally blind. She had been not only deprived of the principal media through which ideas are acquired, but the association tracts in her brain were blocked and permitted none of those cross references between the senses which so facilitate the process of acquiring knowledge, and had it not been for her abnormally keen sense of touch and her extraordinary inquisitive- ness, the task of educating her would have been hopeless. To teach her the names of objects with which she was already familiar was the first step, and in order to do this a number of articles, such as knives, keys, spoons and forks, on each of which was pasted its name in raised letters, were given her to examine, after she had previously examined its name printed in raised type on a slip of paper. Having so far mastered words, she was given the individual letters and taught to form them into words, and it was while engaged in this step of the work that she first realized that the manoeuvres she hail been so stu- pidly performing had for their ultimate object the interchange of thought between herself and her fellow beings. Hitherto the process had been with her purely mechanical, and had in- volved only her imitative and memorizing facul- ties, but when the truth flashed upon her, her face became radiant, her soul awoke and her intellect was enlisted on the side of her teachers. The manual alphabet used in communicating with deaf-mutes was next taught her, and after that her progress was phenomenal. Every thought that flashed through her ever-active brain seemed to connect itself with the signs for its expression through her fingers. Even the fugitive ideas that jumbled through her brain when she was asleep were reflected on her fingers, and so swift and fleeting were these motions that they could not be followed by the most expert reader of the finger language. She learned nothing by intu- ition or imitation, as other children do, and each word had to be taught to her separately ; but step by step, with infinite patience on her own part and on that of her devoted teachers, she pro- gressed until she had learned to read and write and to converse intelligently with any one who understood her finger language. She at times assisted in teaching other children similarly afflicted, and in a diary which she kept she has recorded her great joy at the success of her efforts in this direction. She became a good seamstress, could operate a sewing machine, and make all her own clothing ; and the sale of various fancy articles which she crocheted, and to which she attached her autograph, netted her a neat little sum each year. She experienced all the various passions and emotions, being especially subject to fits of anger in her younger days ; she had a high moral sense, was tractable, extremely modest, cheerful, sociable and very fond of fun. Her ability to read character by touching persons with her fingers was one of the most remarkable of her special gifts. She was very devout, and after the nature of God and his relations to man and the universe were explained to her, she became a sincere and earnest Christian, joining the Baptist church, to which her parents be- longed. There is little room for doubt in the light of to-day’s improvements in the pedagogical methods employed with deaf-mutes, that Laura might have been taught the art of speech, for “ by accident, ” she frequently uttered words. “ I can say father, mother, doctor, baby, pie and ship with my mouth,” wrote she to Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, and this testimony is corroborated by that of her teachers. She was visited by many distinguished persons, and her case was watched with the keenest interest by people in all parts of the world, especially after the appear- ance of Dickens's “ American Notes,” in which lie described his impressions upon visiting her. After her death her brain was submitted to scien- tific examination, for the purpose of determining, so far as possible, the effect of her peculiar afflic- tion upon its shape, size and structure. See articles by H. H. Donaldson, Ph.D. , in volumes iii. and iv. of the “ American Journal of Psychol- ogy,” also “ Life and Education of Laura Dewey [4091 BRIGGS. BRIGGS. Bridgman ” (Boston, 1879), by Mary Swift Lam- son. She died at the Perkins institute, Boston, Mass., where the greater part of her life had been spent, May 24, 1889. BRIGGS, Charles Augustus, theologian, was born in New York city, Jan. 15, 1841. He was a studious boy, and entered the University of Virginia in 1856, and the Union theological seminary New York city, graduating in 1863. In 1861 he joined the 7tli regiment N. Y. S. M., and went to the defence of Washington. He took a post-graduate course in the University of Ber- lin, Germany, studying under Dr. Isaac Dorner and Dr. Aemilius Rordiger, 1866-’69. On return- ing to America he assumed the pastorate of the Presbyterian church at Roselle, N. J. His eminent abilities in scholarship, in criticism and teaching power, attracted the attention of leading biblical scholars, and justified the invitation extended to him by Union theological seminary to fill the chair of Hebrew in 1874, his selection meeting with the cordial endorsement of the pro- fessors of Berlin. Within two years his pro- fessorship included languages cognate with Hebrew; and afterwards, biblical literature. His reputation as a scholar grew steadily ; he was diligent and exact in his investiga- tions, enthusiastic and outspoken in making known the results of his studies. At the centenary celebration of the University of Edinburgh in 1884, the degree of doctor of divinity was conferred upon him. This dis- tinguished honor — granted to only three Amer- icans besides himself — was a recognition not only of the rank he had attained in his own seminary, but of that also which he held in the estimation of world-renowned theologians. In 1891, by the munificence of Mr. Charles Butler, a chair of biblical theology in the Union theo- logical seminary was endowed, in which Dr. Briggs was installed. While the duties of his position were substantially the same as they had been, yet his investiture as professor of biblical theology gave rise to the veto of the Presby- terian general assembly, Dr. Briggs having for some time provoked the criticism of his fellow- presbyters by his utterances in regard to the verbal inspiration of the Bible. Before the veto there had been indications of conflict. Dr. Briggs was a recognized power; he represented opinions widely held among Presbyterians, and as widely denounced by others of the same sect. Respected as an original thinker and conscienti- ous student, some were disinclined to reject his utterances; others were more cautious in their acceptance of his judgment. Dr. Briggs, with a dignified self-respect not inconsistent with entire modesty, in reply to strictures made upon him by Dr. Shedd, prior to the meeting of the pres- bytery of New York, before which he had been summoned, said : “ There are two things in which I may claim to be a specialist; one of them is in the theology of the Old Testament, and the other, the Westminster Confession. I have studied the Westminster documents repeatedly in all the great libraries of Great Britain. I have gathered in the library of the Union theological seminary, the best library of the Westminster divines out- side the British museum. I have studied these divines with enthusiastic devotion for many years.” On the basis of such preparation he asserted his right to speak with authority, and he claimed that new doctrines had come into the field, new questions had arisen, with which the Westminster Confession could not have had any- thing to do, and “ The thoughts of men had widened by the process of the sun.” Dr. Briggs published several works in which his views were presented without hesitation and with vigor. His lectures before his classes made a profound impression, but for some years no vigorous out- spoken protest was made. In January, 1891. Dr. Briggs delivered an inaugural address before the Union theological seminary. In it he declares “ there are historically three great fountains of divine authority — the Bible, the church and the reason.” He contended that the “majority of Christians from the apostolic age have found God through the church." He declared reason to be “ Tire Holy of Holies of human nature,” in which “ God presents himself to those who seek him." He cited Newman as, “ finding God in the church.” and Martineau as “one who could not find God in the church or the Bible, but did find him enthroned in his own soul ” ; and Spurgeon who “ assails the church and reason in the interests of the authority of scripture. ” These furnished the three charges brought against him. He was summoned before the New York presbytery which dismissed the case. In the general as- sembly, May, 1893. the decision of the presbytery of New York was reversed, and he was suspended from the ministry, but he continued his work at the Union theological seminary. Among his published works are : “ Biblical Study, itsMethods and History " (1883); “American Presbyterian- ism, its Origin and Growth " (1885) ; “ Messianic Prophecy " (1886) ; “ Study of Higher Criticism with special reference to the Pentateuch " (1883) ; “Hebrew Poems of the Creation” (1884); “ Poem of the Fall of Man; Series of Articles on Hebrew Poetry ” (1886) ; “ Opening address on Biblical History ” (1889) ; “ Schaff-Lange Com- mentary on Ezra ” (1876) : “ Address on Exeget- ical Theology" (1876); article in Encyclopaedia Britannica on “ Presbyterianism in the United States;" the “ Right. Duty and Limits of Biblical Criticism” (1881); “Whither? A Theological [410J BRIGGS. BRIGHAM. Test of the Time ” (1889) ; “ How ? A Series of Essays on the Revision Question ” (1890) : inaug- ural address, the “ Authority of the Holy Scrip- ture ” (1891) ; “ The Bible, the Church and the Reason, the three Great Fountains of Divine Authority” (1892); “The Higher Criticism of the Hexateuch ” (1893); “The Messiah of the Gospels” (1894); and “The Messiah of the Apostles” (1895). In connection with Prof. Driver and Dr. Plummer, he edited “ Interna- tional Critical Commentary,” five volumes of which had been published in 1896. BRIGGS, Charles Frederick, author, was born at Nantucket, Mass., in 1804. Though following a journalist's life from his early youth, his first business venture on his own responsibility was in his fortieth year, when he became editor and proprietor of the Broadway Journal , in New York city, of which Edgar Allan Poe became associate editor in 1845. Mr. Briggs was later associated with Parke Godwin and George William Curtis in editing Putnam's Magazine. He contributed to several of the more prominent New York jour- nals, and wrote many very popular letters over the name of “ Fernando Mendez Pinto. ” His last position was on the staff of the New York Inde- pendent, which he held from 1874 until his death. His published works include: “ Harry Franco; a Tale of the Great Panic ” (1839) ; “ The Haunted Merchant,” one of a series of “ Bankrupt Stories,” written under the pseudonym “ Harry Franco ” (1843); “Working a Passage” (1844); “Trip- pings of Tom Pepper ” (1847), and in conjunction with Augustus Maverick, “ The Story of the Tele- graph, and the History of the Atlantic Cable ” (1858). He assisted G. P. Palmer in editing “ Homes of American Authors ” (1853), and also wrote a volume of poems entitled, “ Seaweed from the shores of Nantucket.” He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 20, 1877. BRIGGS, George Nixon, governor of Massa- chusetts, was born at Adams, Mass., April 13, 1796. His father was a soldier under Stark at Bennington, and when the son was seven years of age, he removed to Vermont. Later the fam- ily went to White Creek, Washington county, N. Y., where George learned the hatter's trade. Returning to his native place he studied law, and in 1818 was admitted to the Berkshire bar, where he won especial renown as a criminal law- yer. In 1824 he was chosen registrar of deeds for Berkshire county, and held the office seven years. He was elected a Whig representative to the 22d Congress and was five times re-elected, serving from Dec. 5, 1831, to March 3, 1843. In the latter year he was chosen governor of Massachusetts, and remained in office by successive re-elections from 1843 to 1851, when he was made judge of the court of common pleas, remaining in this posi- tion until 1856. He was also a member of the Massachusetts constitutional convention, 1853. In 1861 he was appointed a commissioner to adjust differences between the United States and New Granada. He held many positions of trust, and was universally respected by the people of the state. For sixteen years he was a trustee of Williams college, and he declined the chancellor- ship of Madison university. Governor Briggs was a prominent advocate of total abstinence. He was one of the foremost laymen in the Baptist denomination, holding the presidency of the Mis- sionary union of the American tract society, and of the American temperance union. He was acci- dentally killed at Pittsfield, Mass., Sept. 12, 1861. BRIGGS, Joseph William, postal reformer, was born in Clermont, N. Y., July 5, 1813. He was a nephew of Gov. Geo. Nixon Briggs, and being left an orphan while very young was brought up with his uncle’s family. After serv- ing an apprenticeship to a harness-maker he fol- lowed the trade for many years. In 1838 he patented a stitching machine which he had invented, and he claiined to have been the first to make a lockstitch by using a pointed needle with a grooved eye. He became interested in the free delivery of letters, and obtaining from Post- master-general Blair in 1861 the appointment of superintendent of the system, he established free delivery stations in some fifty cities through- out the United States. He died in Cleveland, Ohio. Feb. 23, 1872. BRIGHAM, Amariah, physician, was born at New Marlborough, Mass., Dec. 26, 1798. Having fitted himself to practise medicine he settled first at Enfield. Mass., in 1821. Two years later he went to Greenfield, where he established a large prac- tice, devoting his attention especially to surgery. He practised in Greenfield eight years, with the exception of one year spent in Europe, where he studied and travelled. From 1831 to 1842 he practised in Hartford, Conn., where he be- came distinguished in his profession, acting as superintendent of the Hartford retreat for the insane during the last two years of his residence there. In 1842 he went to Utica, N. Y., where he was made superintendent of the New York state lunatic asylum. Among his published writings are: “Influence of Mental Cultivation on the Health” (1832); “Influence of Religion upon the Health and Physical Welfare of Man- kind ” (1835); “Treatise on Epidemic Cholera” (1835); “Diseases of the Brain” (1836), and “Asylum Souvenir” (1849). He was founder and editor of the “Journal of Insanity.” He died in Utica, N. Y.. Sept. 8, 1849. BRIGHT, Edward, editor, was born near Kington, Herefordshire, England, Oct. 8, 1808, son of Edward Bright, who when the son was BRIGHT. BRINKERHOFF. eleven years old, immigrated to America and settled in Utica, N. Y. Hei'e Edward learned the trade of a printer and afterwards engaged in the publishing business, the firm name being Bennett & Bright. At this time he was a prominent Sunday school worker, and he became a Baptist minister, taking pastoral charge of the Bethel church in Utica, organized in 1838. In 1839 lie sold his share in the publishing business, resigned the Utica pastorate, and removed to Homer, N. Y., where he took charge of the historic First church. In 1846, he was elected secretary of the American baptist missionary union, editing in connection with his other duties the Missionary Magazine. In 1855 he removed to New York city, purchased the Recorder and Register, and changed the name to The Examiner. Two papers called the Chronicle, one published in New York and the other in Philadelphia, were afterwards merged in The Examiner, and Dr. Bright ably filled the editorial chair until June, 1893, when failing health compelled him to relin- quish the responsible post. Dr. Bright was presi- dent of the board of trustees of the University of Rochester, a trustee of Vassar college, and presi- dent of the New York state missionary conven- tion. He died in New York city, May 17, 1894. BRIGHT, Jesse D., senator, was born at Nor- wich, Chenango county, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1812. He removed to Indiana with his parents in 1820, where he received an academic education and began the practice of law. He was elected pro- bate judge in 1834, but resigned in 1838 to become United States marshal. He was sent to the state legislature as a representative in 1836; chosen a state senator in 1841 ; lieutenant-governor in 1843, and in 1845 was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat. He was twice re-elected to the senate, serving nearly eighteen years. In 1862, a letter addressed to President Davis, dated March, 1861, recommending to him a friend who had an improved firearm, and signed by Senator Bright, fell into the possession of the senate, and for this he was charged with disloyalty and expelled. In 1864 he removed to Kentucky, where he served for several terms in the state legislature. He died in Baltimore, Md., May 20, 1875. BRIGHT, Jonathan Brown, genealogical writer, was born at Waltham, Mass., April 23, 1800. He received an academic education in his native state, and in 1816 went to Missouri, remain- ing there and in Alabama for several years. From 1823 to 1849 he was engaged in business in New York city, where he accumulated a considerable fortune. The last thirty years of his life were passed in Waltham, where he wrote a clear and comprehensive work entitled: “ The Brights of Suffolk, England, represented in America by the Descendants of Henry Bright, Jr., who settled at [ 412 ] Watertown, Mass., about 1630 ” (1858). A legacy of §50,000 was left to Harvard college at his death, one half of the income to provide books for the library, and the other to pay for scholarships, of which the lineally descended Brights, from Henry Bright, Jr., should have the preference. He died in Waltham, Mass. , Dec. 17, 1879. BRIGHT, Marshal Huntington, journalist, was born in Hudson, N. Y., in 1834. He received an academical training and then took a chemical course in the Lawrence scientific school, Harvard university, from 1852 to 1854. He became asso- ciate editor of the Albany Argus in 1854. He entered the Union service in thecivil war in 1861, serving as aide-de-camp and as commissary on the staffs successively of Generals Robert Ander- son, Don Carlos Buell and George H. Thomas. For distinguished service he was promoted major in 1864, and resigned in November, 1865. He was engaged in mining and banking from 1865 to 1873, when he became associate editor of the Christian at Work, and in 1880 principal editor. He was president of the Quill club, New York, in 1890. In 1894 he wrote, in connection with Hamilton W. Mabie, “ The Memorial Story of America.” BRIGNOL1, Pasquale, singer, was born in Naples, Italy, in 1824. He displayed remarkable musical talent in his early childhood, and wrote several compositions of merit when he was very young. He possessed a beautiful tenor voice, but did not begin to have it trained until 1845. Ten years later, after winning much favorable com- ment as a concert and opera singer, he came to America, where he remained during the rest of his life, making but few visits to Europe. He re- tained the remarkable sweetness of his voice as long as he lived, and was always greeted by large and enthusiastic audiences. Among the notable singers with whom he appeared may be named Nilsson. Patti. Parepa and Titiens. He died in New York city, Oct. 30. 1884. BRINKERHOFF, Roeliff, philanthropist, was born at Owasco, Cayuga county, N. Y., Jan. 28, 1828, son of George R. Brinkerhoff, an officer of the war of 1812. His first American ancestor. Joris Dericksen Brinkerhoff, emigrated from Holland in 1638 and settled on Long Island, N. Y.. upon the site of the city of Brooklyn. Roeliff was educated at the academies of Auburn and Homer, N. Y. In 1844 he taught school in his native town ; in 1846 he was a tutor in the family of Andrew Jackson, Jr., at the Hermitage in Tennessee: in 1850 he removed to Mansfield. Ohio, studied law with the Hon. Jacob Brinkerhoff. and in 1852 was admitted to the bar and engaged in the practice of his profession. During four years he was one of the editors and proprietors of the Mansfield Herald. In September. 1861, he BRINKMAN. BRINTON. entered the Union army as lieutenant and regi- mental quartermaster of the 64th Ohio volunteer infantry. He was promoted to the rank of colonel, June, 1865, and made inspector of the Quartermaster’s department, Washington, D. C., until November, when he was ordered to Cincin- nati as chief quartermaster of that department. He was mustered out of the army, Oct. 1, 1865. In September, 1866, he was bre vetted brigadier- general of volunteers and declined a commission in the regular army. He is the author of the “ Volunteer Quartermaster,” a standard guide in the quartermaster’s department. In 1873, upon the organization of the Mansfield savings bank, he became its vice-president. In 1878 he was ap- pointed a member of the Ohio board of state charities. He was made a member of the national conference of charities and correction, and in 1880 its president. He was vice-president of the national prison congress from its re-organi- zation, and was elected its president in 1893. He was one of the founders of the Mansfield lyceum and library, of the Mansfield public park, of the soldiers’ and sailors’ memorial library, and of the Ohio archaeological and historical society, which was organized under liis institution, and of which he became president in 1893. He was a Democrat in politics and in 1875 was associated with David A. Wells, William Cullen Bryant, Prof. A. L. Perry, and other pioneers in tariff reform. He was ap- pointed by the government one of the delegates to represent the United States at the inter- national prison congress in Paris in 1895, where he was made the chairman of the American dele- gation. He spent several weeks in visiting prisons and reformatories in western Europe and the British islands, and on his return to America made a report of his observations and conclusions in regard to European methods, which was pub- lished by Congress as an appendix to the report of the American delegation upon the Paris con- gress. He served as chairman of the board of state charities of Ohio from 1879, completing his seventh term in 1897. BRINKMAN, Mary A., physician, was born in Massachusetts in 1845, daughter of Alexander and Lauritta (Lincoln) Clapp. Having acquired a common-school education, she visited Europe, where she spent some time in study, and after re- turning to the United States she entered the New \ ork city medical college and hospital for women in 1871. She was graduated with valedictory honors in 1874, and her medical thesis was pub- lished in the North American Journal of Homoeo- pathy. She continued to take clinical instruction at the hospital and dispensary for a year after re- ceiving her diploma, and in 1875 was married to James G. Brinkman of New York city. In 1874 she was appointed lecturer on diseases of children r4i3i in the New York medical college and hospital for women, holding this position until 1881, when she accepted the chair of gynaecology in the same in- stitution, an honor then first accorded to a woman. In 1889 illness compelled her to resign, and she became consulting physician to the hos- pital in gynaecology. In 1876 she was appointed physician to the New York dispensary for women and children, and later to the college dispensary. In 1 884 she was elected secretary of the faculty of the New York medical college and hospital for women, which office she held for five years. Dr. Brinkman was a contributor to medical literature, a lecturer to working girls, and actively engaged in philanthropic work, looking to the advancement of the cause of woman, to opening wider the avenues of her usefulness, and to giving medical service to such as were unable t > pay for it. She was the first woman elected to the vice-presidency of the New York State homoe- opathic medical society. BRINLEY, George, book-collector, was born in Boston, Mass., May 15, 1817. He was a man of wealth and cultivated tastes, and devoted his time to collecting valuable books. His library at Hartford, Conn., contained about twelve thou- sand rare volumes, and was third in rank in the value of its collection of Americana in the United States. He bequeathed to various American col- leges from this collection volumes valued at over twenty-five thousand dollars. Yale college con- ferred upon him the honorary degree of A.M. in 1868. He died in Bermuda. May 14, 1875. BRINTON, Daniel Garrison, ethnologist, was born in Chester county, Pa., May 13, 1837. He was graduated from Yale in 1858, and from Jef- ferson medical college in 1861. He then passed a year in study and travel in Europe, entered the army in 1862, as assistant surgeon, and was commissioned surgeon in February, 1863, serving as surgeon-in-chief of the 2d division, 2d corps. He was at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, and was appointed medical director of the corps October, 1863. He received a sunstroke about this time, which made it impossible for him to re- sume active service in the field, and he therefore accepted the position of superintendent of the army hospitals at Quincy and Springfield, 111. He was honorably discharged in August, 1865, with the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel. He took up his residence in Philadelphia, and assumed the editorship of the Medical and Surgical Re- porter, and of the Compendium of Medical Science. He was a diligent student of American ethnology, gathering during his winter visits in Florida material used in his books. He was ap- pointed professor of ethnology and archaeology in the Academy of natural sciences in Philadelphia in 1884, and professor of American linguistics and BRISBANE. BRISTED. archaeology in the University of Pennsylvania in 1886. He was elected president of the numismatic and antiquarian society of Philadelphia; was the first American to receive the medal of the • ' Society Americaine in France ” ; revised a treatise by Professor Gerland, of Strasburg, on ethno- graphy, and was made a member of the American society for the advancement of science. Among his works are: “ The Floridian Peninsula ” (1859) ; The Myths of the New World ” (1868) ; “ Essays of An Americanist” (1870); “American Hero Myths” (1882); “The American Race” (1892); • ■ The Library of Aboriginal American Litera- ture” (ed. 8 vols). BRISBANE, Abbott Hall, military engineer, was born in South Carolina. He was graduated at West Point in 1825, with the rank of 2d lieu- tenant of artillery, and served on topographical duty from December, 1825, until his resignation. Jan. 1, 1828. In 1835-36 he engaged in the Florida war as colonel of South Carolina volunteers. In 1836 he was assistant engineer of a projected railroad from Charleston to Cincinnati, and in that same year was made brigadier-general of the South Carolina militia. He was chief engineer of Georgia for the examination of mountain passes for the location of the Western and Atlantic rail- road, and from 1840 to 1844 was chief engineer of the Ocmulgee and Flint railroad in that state. In 1847-’48 he superintended the engineering of the artesian well which furnished the water for Charleston, S. C. In 1848 he was made professor of belles lettres and ethics in the state military academy, and held the position for five years. He died Sept. 28, 1861. BRISBIN, James S., soldier, was born at Boalsburg, Pa., May 23, 1837. He received a classical education, was editor of the Centre Dem- ocrat, Bellefonte, Pa., studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar. At the outbreak of the civil war, he enlisted in the army as a private, and soon afterwards received a commission as 2d lieu- tenant. In the battle of Bull Run, July, 1861, he was severely wounded, and in August, 1861, was promoted captain in the 6th U. S. cavalry. In May, 1862. he was with the army of the Potomac, serving bravely at Malvern Hill and the other battles of the Peninsular campaign, and also in the Blue Ridge expedition. For action at Beverly Ford, Va., June 9, 1863, he was promoted brevet major U. S. A. In July, at Gettysburg, he com- manded the Pennsylvania state cavalry, and joined Banks’s Red river expedition as chief of cavalry on the staff of Gen. A. L. Lee. He was wounded at Sabine cross roads, April 8, 1864, returned north and was chief of staff to General S. G. Burbridge in his operations in Kentucky and Tennessee. He was made brigadier - gen- eral of volunteers for gallantry at Marion, Tenn., and shortly afterward commanded the depart- ment of Kentucky. In 1865 he operated against Jeff Thompson in Arkansas as commander of a brigade of cavalry. In 1866 he was mustered out of the volunteer service with the rank of major- general of volunteers, and rejoined the 6tli U. S. cavalry as captain. In January, 1868, he was promoted to the rank of major of the 2d cavalry, in 1885 to that of lieutenant-colonel of the 9th cavalry, and on Aug. 20, 1889, to that of colonel of 1st cavalry. On April 22, 1891, he was transferred to the 8th cavalry. He contributed letters and articles on topics relating to the far west to many leading periodicals. He died at Philadelphia. Pa., Jan. 14, 1892. BRISTED, Charles Astor, author, was born in New York city, Oct. 6, 1820, son of John Bristed, clergyman. His mother was a daughter of John Jacob Astor, 2d. After his graduation from Yale college with honors in 1839, he entered Trinity college, Cambridge, England, in 1840, and was graduated a foundation scholar of the college in 1845. He spent several years in European travel, and became a contributor to various journals under the pseudonym “ Carl Benson.” When the Astor library was founded he was appointed a trustee, retaining the position dur- ing the remainder of his life. Mr. Bristed moved in society of the highest culture both in Europe and America, and aside from his literary talent he was a conversationalist of rare bril- liancy. His American home was in Washington. Among his published works are: “Letters to Horace Mann” (1850); “The Upper Ten Thou- sand ” (1852) ; “ Five Years in an English Univer- sity ” (1852); “Interference Theory of Govern- ment” (1867); and “Pieces of a Broken-Down Critic” (1874). He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 15, 1874. BRISTED, John, clergyman, was born at Dor- setshire, England, in 1778. He was educated at Winchester college, and first studied for the med- ical profession, but abandoned this for the law. practising in New York city, whither he had removed in 1806. He became an able and well- known lawyer. In 1807 he conducted the Monthly Magazine, a high-class literary monthly. Not long after his marriage, in 1820. to a daughter of John Jacob Astor, he began to study divinity, and was ordained to the Episcopal ministry in 1828. The following year he was made rector of St. Michael’s church in Bristol. R. I., where he preached for nearly fifteen years. Among his published writings are ; “ A Pedestrian Tour through part of the Highlands in Scotland in 1801 ” (2 vols.. 1804) ; “The Adviser, or the Moral and Literary Tribunal ” (4 vols.. 1802); “Critical and Philosophical Essays” (1804); “The System of the Society of Friends Examined” (1805); BRISTOL. BRISTOW. “Edward and Anna” (1805); “Hints on the National Bankruptcy of Great Britain ” (1809) ; “Resources of the British Empire” (1811); “Resources of the United States” (1818); “Thoughts on the Anglican and Anglo-American Churches” (1823). He died in Bristol, R. I., Feb. 22, 1855. BRISTOL, Augusta Cooper, educator, was born at Croydon, N. H., April 17, 1835. When a mere child she wrote graceful verses. She was especially precocious in mastering mathematical problems, and, after obtaining an academical education, she began teaching when only fifteen years old. She was married to Louis Bristol in 1866, became prominently identified with so- cial questions, and wrote and lectured exten- sively. She went to Europe in 1880 to make a more careful study of sociology, and while there represented America at the international conven- tion of Freethinkers at Brussels. For three years following her visit to Europe she acted as lec- turer for the Patrons of Husbandry in New Jersey, and afterwards travelled extensively as lecturer for the national organization. Among her published works are: “The Relation of the Maternal Function to the Woman's Intellect ” (1876) ; “ The Philosophy of Art ” (1878) ; “Science and its Relations to Human Charac- ter ” (1878) ; and “ The Present Phase of Woman’s Advancement” (1880). BRISTOL, Charles Lawrence, educator, was born at Ballston Spa, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1859; son of Lawrence W. and Caroline (Hawkins) Bristol. He was graduated from the University of the city of New York in 1883, and in 1884 attended the Harvard college summer school. From 1884 to 1887 he was teacher of science at Riverview academy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and from 1887 to 1891 was professor of zoology in the state uni- versity of South Dakota. During the summers of 1890, ’91 and '92 he was at the Marine biological laboratory, and in 1891— "92 was fellow of morphol- ogy at Clark university. In 1892 he was made senior fellow in biology in the University of Chicago, which institution conferred upon him the degree of M.D. in 1888. BRISTOL, John Bunyan, artist, was born at Hillsdale, N. Y. , March 14, 1826. Three or four weeks’ tuition from Henry Ayrat Hudson, N. Y., constituted all the instruction he received from teachers. He began his early life as an artist, by painting portraits, but eventually became a land- scape painter. In 1859 he went to Florida, where he fathered material for a number of semi-tropi- cal pictures, which brought him into notice. He was elected associate of the National academy in 1861, and in 1875 became an academician. He made sketching tours through the Berkshire Hills in Massachusetts; to lakes George and Champlain, and to the mountains in Vermont. His “ View of Mount Oxford ” received the medal of honor at Philadelphia in 1876. Among his best paintings may be noted: “ Adirondacks from Lake Champlain,” “ On the St. John's River, Florida” (1862); “In the Housatonic Valley ” (1875) ; “ Mount Equinox, Vermont ” (1878); “ Lake Memphremagog ” (1878), and “ Haying-time near Middlebury, Vermont ” (1886.) BRISTOW, Benjamin Helm, statesman, was born at Elkton, Todd county, Ky., June 20, 1832. He obtained his education at Washington and Jefferson college, Pa., where lie was graduated in 1851. On leaving college he entered the law office of his father at Elkton, and continued the study and practice of law there until 1857, when lie removed to Hopkinsville, where he practised his profession until the breaking out of the civil war. He entered the Union army as lieutenant- colonel of the 25tli Kentucky volunteers. He distinguished himself for bravery at the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh, being wounded at the last-named battle. He returned home in 1862 and after recruiting the 8th Ken- tucky cavalry, lie again entered the service as its lieutenant-colonel, soon receiving promotion as colonel. He was with the division that captured the Confederate raider, Gen. John Morgan. In 1863 he was elected state senator, but resigned in 1865 to resume his practice, settling in Louisville, Ky., where, in 1869, lie was appointed United States district attorney, and held the office for one year. On the organization of the department of justice in October, 1870, lie was made solicitor- general, organized the office, and during the absence of the attorney -general performed his duties and filled his place in cabinet meetings. He resigned after two years’ service to become attorney of the Texas Pacific railroad, but soon after resigned to resume the practice of law at Louisville. In 1873 he was nominated by Presi- dent Grant U. S. attorney-general, but the ap- pointment was rejected by the senate. In June, 1874, he was appointed by President Grant secre- tary of the treasury, which office he resigned in 1876. He was a prominent candidate at the Re- publican national convention at Cincinnati in 1876 for the presidential nomination, receiving one hundred and thirteen votes. He afterwards settled in New York city, taking up his practice as senior member of the law firm of Bristow, Peake & Opdyke. He died in New York city, June 22, 1896. BR1TTAN, Nathan, inventor, was born at Spencer, Mass., Sept. 2, 1808. He was graduated from Brown university in 1837 with the degree of A.M., and for eight years following his gradu- ation he was associate principal at the Collegiate BRITTON. BROADHEAD. institute at Rochester, N. Y. He then removed to Lyons, N. Y. , where he taught for five years. In 1851 he invented the continuous copper strip for use as lightning rods, and was afterwards engaged in the business connected with his in- vention at Lockport and Rochester, N. Y., Detroit and Adrian, Midi., and Chicago, 111. He died in Adrian, Jan. 3, 1872. BRITTON, Alexander Thompson, financier, was born in New York city, Dec. 29, 1835. He was graduated at Brown university in 1857, and was admitted to the bar of Rhode Island, where he practised law until 1860, when he removed to Madison, Fla. Upon the breaking out of the civil war he went to Washington, D. C., and volunteered in the national rifles, the first Union company to cross the Potomac river. In 1864 he organized the legal firm of Britton & Gray in Washington, D. C. In 1877 he was appointed by President Hayes a commissioner to codify the public land laws, published by authority of Con- gress. He was president of the board of police commissioners and director in numerous chari- table and banking institutions and street railroads. As chairman of the committee in charge of the inauguration of President Harrison, he, by economical management, turned over to the district an inaugural poor-fund of twenty -six thousand dollars. In 1890 he organized and was made president of the American security and trust company. He was appointed by President Harrison one of four commissioners to represent the district at the Columbian exposition, 1893. He edited the Financial Review, and “ U. S. Land Laws ” (1880). BROADHEAD, Garland Carr, geologist, was born in Albemarle county, Va., Oct. 30, 1827. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812, a self- made man, who, educating himself, rose to be a magistrate. In 1836 he settled in St. Charles county, Mo., where the son received his early education, first under his father, afterward under a tutor, while he worked at intervals upon his father’s farm. He early showed a fondness for mathematics, and was familiar with Latin grammar before his tenth year. At the age of twenty-three he entered the University of Missouri, and two years later, the Western mili- tary institute at Drennon Springs, Ky. He studied geology under Prof. Richard Owen, formerly of Edinburgh. In 1852 he engaged as a civil engineer and superintendent of construction of a division of the Missouri Pacific railroad. In 1857 he was appointed assistant geologist of Mis- souri, which position he retained four years. From 1862 to 1864 he was United States deputy collector in St. Louis, and in 1866 he was United States assessor for the 5th Missouri district. In 1868 he was appointed assistant geologist of Illinois, and in 1873 state geologist of Missouri, and he held the office until the survey was sus pended in 1875. In 1875 Mr. Broadhead made a collection for the Smithsonian insitution. and for the Missouri department of the Centennial exhibition, and in the following year was one of the jurors at the exhibition, and wrote out the report on petroleum and other hydrocarbons, as well as brief memoirs of state and other exhibits. In 1881 he was appointed special agent of the tenth census for investigating and obtaining data and specimens of rock quarries for the states of Missouri and Kansas. In the same year he visited North Park. Colorado. Fi-om November, 1883, to April, 1884, he was engaged in arranging specimens in the museum of the State university at Columbia, Mo. In July, 1884, he was ap- pointed a member of the Missouri river commis- sion. In July, 1885, in company with the other members of the commission, lie visited Yellow Stone park and the upper streams tributary to the Missouri. In July, 1887, he was appointed professor of geology and mineralogy in the Uni- versity of Missouri. He was made a member of various scientific societies, and, besides the volumes incidental to his geological surveys, he has written several hundred articles of scientific interest, chiefly geological, published in various pamphlets. BROADHEAD, James O., lawyer, was born in Albemarle county, Va., May 19, 1819. He was educated at the high school, and when sixteen years of age studied for one year at the Uni- versity of Virginia. In June, 1837, he removed to Missouri, where he studied law in the office of Edward Bates for three years. In 1841 he began the practice of the law in Pike county, Mo., and in 1845 was elected as a delegate to the constitutional convention of the state. In 1846 he was elected to the state legislature from Pike county, and in 1850 to the state senate, and served in that capacity four years. In 1859 he located in St, Louis, and in February, 1861, he was ap- pointed U. S. district attorney of Missouri, but resigned when he found it interfered with hi- duties as a delegate to the state convention. “ for vindicating the sovereignty of the state, and the protection of its institutions.” Under the provisions of resolutions offered by Mr. Broadhead, this convention abolished the exist ing state government, and established a provis- ional government, which for the first three years of the civil war managed its affairs, raising and organizing a military force in support of the United States government. He was commis- sioned lieutenant -colonel of the 3d Missouri cavalry, and was assigned to duty on the staff of General Schofield, as provost marshal-general of the department of Missouri. In 1876 he was [416J BROCK. BROCKETT. appointed by President Grant as counsel on the part of the government in the prosecution of the •• whisky frauds." In 1878 he was chosen presi- dent of the American bar association, which met at Saratoga, N. Y. In 1882 he was elected a rep- resentative to the 48th Congress as a Democrat, and in 1883 was appointed by the government as special agent to make preliminary search of the record of the French archives in the matter of the French spoliation claims. He spent four months in France, and in October, 1885, he made an elaborate report of the labors performed on this commission, which was printed by order of the U. S. senate. BROADUS, John Albert, educator, was born in Culpeper county, Va., Jan. 24, 1827; son of a prominent member of the Virginia legislature. He was graduated from the University of Virginia in 1846, and was appointed assistant professor of ancient languages in that institution in 1851, holding the position for two years. In 1851 he entered the ministry, and for the follow- ing four years preached in the Baptist church at Charlottesville, Va. He resigned his pastorate to accept the chaplaincy of the university, and after two years returned to his church. In 1859 he was elected to the chair of New Testa- ment interpretation and homiletics at the Southern Baptist theological seminary, and subsequently was for several years president of that institution. In 1863 he preached as mis- sionary in General Lee's army of northern Vir- ginia. Among his published writings are: “ The Preparation and Delivery of Sermons ” (1870) ; “ Recollections of Travel ” (1872-’73) ; “ Lectures on the History of Preaching" (1877); “Three Questions as to the Bible ” (1884); “ Commentary on Matthew ” (1886), and “Sermons and Ad- dresses ” (1886). He was a member of the inter- national Sunday-school lesson committee. He died at Louisville, Ky., March 16, 1895. BROCK, Sidney G„ statistician, was born at Cleveland, Ohio, April 10, 1837. He received his elementary education in the public schools of Cleveland, and was graduated at Allegheny col- lege in 1859, receiving the degree of Ph.D. in 1889. He was admitted to the bar in Cleveland in 1861, and in October of that year he entered the Union service in the 67th Ohio volunteers. He was successively promoted to be captain and major, and remained in the service until the close of the civil war, taking part in twenty-one en- gagements, and being twice wounded. In 1865 he returned to the practice of the law, making his home at Macon, Mo., where he became editor and proprietor of the Macon Republican. He was mayor of the city of Macon for three terms, in 1884 was presidential elector on the Republican ticket, and in 1888 a candidate for rep- resentative in Congress. In 1889 he was appointed chief of the bureau of statistics in the U. S. treas- ury department. As a contributor to the journals of America and England on economic questions, his writings received favorable consideration. While statistician of the treasury department lie issued a number of valuable reports, including: “ Commerce of the United States with the Coun- tries of North and South America," “ History of the Commerce of the United States with the Hawaiian Islands," “ The Internal Commerce of the Pacific Slope," “ The Commerce of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River and its tribu- taries,” “The Immigration movement to the United States from 1792 to 1892," “ History of Wool and Woolen Manufacture in the United States." He also edited the current reports of the bureau of statistics, such as “ Commerce and Navigation,” “ Statistical Abstract," “ Inter- nal Commerce." BROCKETT, Linus Pierpont, author, was born at Canton, Conn., Oct. 16, 1820. He studied at Brown university, and then entered Yale medical college, where he was graduated as M. D. in 1843. In 1844 and 1845 he was professor of physiology and anatomy at Georgetown college, Ky. Compelled by failing health to give up the practice of medicine, he devoted himself to litera- ture, and engaged in the publishing business in Hartford, Conn., from 1847 to 1858. In 1854 he was appointed a commissioner to investigate idiocy in Connecticut, and finished his report in 1856. He wrote a study in church history, entitled, “The Bogomile,” and epitomized the history of the Bassein Karen mission with enthu- siastic appreciation of the spirit of sacrifice mani- fested in that field. He was editor at different periods of the Brooklyn Monthly, and the Brook- lyn Advance, and contributed largely to cyclo- pedias and periodicals. He published over forty works on historical, religious and other subjects, among which are: “Geographical History of New York " (1847) ; “ Pioneer Preacher” (1856); “History of Education" (1859); “Eighty Years’ Progress of the United States ” (1861); “ Life of Lincoln ” (1865); “ His- tory of the Civil War ” (1866); “ Woman’s Work in the Civil War" (1867); “Men of Our Day," “ Our Great Captains” (1868); “Woman: Her Rights, Wrongs, Privileges, and Responsibilities ” (1869); “ The Year of Battles” (1871); “Epi- demic and Contagious Diseases” (1873); “Una and her Paupers” (1874); “Our Country’s Wealth and Influence" (1881); “Our Western Empire” (1881-’82); “Descriptive America” (1884-’85); and “ The Great Metropolis” (1888). Amherst college conferred on him the honorary degree of A.M. in 1857. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y„ Jan. 13, 1893. [ 417 ] BROCKLESBY. BRODERICK. BROCKLESBY, John, educator, was born at West Bromwich, England, Oct. 8, 1811. In his childhood he was brought to America, where he was educated, receiving his diploma from Yale college in 1835. He accepted a position as tutor at Yale in 1838, and remained there until 1840. In 1842 he was Called to the chair of mathe- matics and natural philosophy at Trinity college, Hartford, which he held for more than thirty years, and for the following ten years was pro- fessor of astronomy and natural philosophy in Hie same institution, and was acting president of the college five times between 1860 and 1874. Hobart college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1868. His published works include: “ Elements of Meteorology ” (1848) ; “ Views of the Microscopic World ” (1850) ; “ Elements of Astronomy ” (1865) ; “ Elements of Physical Geography” (1868), and “The Amateur Micro- scopist ” (1871). He died June 21, 1889.* BROCKWAY, Zenas R., penologist, was born at Lyme, Conn., in 1827. From 1848 to 1851 he was a clerk at the Connecticut state prison ; from 1851 to 1854, a warden's assistant at the Albany penitentiary, and from 1854 to 1861, manager and superintendent of the Monroe county (N. Y. ) penitentiary. The eleven years following were spent in prison management in Detroit, where lie completed, opened, and superintended the house of correction. In 1876 lie laid before the New York prison commission an original plan for the reform of criminals, and when it was presented to the legislature, that body at once appropriated funds sufficient to establish a reformatory on the lines proposed. The result of this appropriation, the Elmira reformatory, became a model for similar institutions, while the Brockway system of dealing with criminals was adopted in prisons both in America and in Europe. BRODERICK, Case, representative, was born in Grant county, Ind., Sept. 23, 1839. In 1858 he removed to Douglas, Jackson county, Kansas, and engaged in farming. He enlisted in the 2d Kansas battery in 1862, and was mustered out of the volunteer army in August, 1865. He was elected probate judge of Jackson county in 1868, and was twice re-elected. In 1870 he was ad- mitted to the bar at Holton, and in 1876 was elected county attorney of Jackson county, to which office he was re-elected in 1878. In 1880 he was made state senator, and in March, 1884, was appointed by President Arthur associate justice of the supreme court of Idaho for the term of four years. On his election to this office he removed to Boisd City, Idaho, and at the expira- tion of the term returned to Holton. In 1890 he was elected a representative from the first Kansas district to the 52d Congress, and was re-elected to the three succeeding congresses. BRODERICK, David Colbreth, senator, was born in Washington, D. C., Feb. 4, 1820. He was taken by his parents to the city of New York when three years of age, and there obtained his education at the public schools, after which he learned his father's trade of stone cutting. His connection with the volunteer fire department brought him into contact with political men, and he was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for representative to Congress in 1846. In 1849 he removed to California, where he served the same year as a member of the state constitu- tional convention. He was elected as a state senator in 1850, and was president of the senate in 1851. He was elected to the United States senate in 1856, where he acquired a national reputation as a debater. He severed his con- nection with the Democratic party on the slavery issue, and when the admission of Kansas as a state was proposed, under the Lecompton con- stitution, he vehemently opposed it in the senate A political quarrel between Mr. Broderick and David S. Terry, chief justice of the supreme court of California, in which both parties were equally to blame, resulted in a duel with pistols, in which Broderick fell mortally wounded, Sept. 16, 1859. BRODHEAD, Daniel, soldier, was born in Virginia in 1736. He was a lineal descendant of Capt. Daniel Brodhead, a British officer in the famous expedition against the New Netherlands in 1664. He was elected as a deputy from Berks county, Pa., to a provincial meeting which met at Philadelphia, July 15, 1774, and served on a committee which reported sixteen resolves, one of which recommended the calling of a Continental Congress. He was chosen by the Pennsylvania assembly in May, 1775, to the command of the 8th regiment of Pennsylvania riflemen. In June, 1778, with his regiment he rebuilt Fort Muncy, which had been destroyed by the Indians. On March 5, 1779, he was ap- pointed by General Washington military com- mandant of the western department, with head- quarters at Fort Pitt, Pa. In this capacity he conducted several successful campaigns against the Indians, and made numerous treaties with them. His services extended throughout the entire revolutionary war, and at its close lie was selected by the officers assembled at the “Can tonments of the American Army on Hudson River, May 10, 1783,” as one of a committee to prepare the necessary papers for the incorpora- tion of “The Society of the Cincinnati." On Nov. 3, 1789. he was elected dv the general as- sembly of Pennsylvania, surveyor-general of the commonwealth, and was continued in that office for about twelve years. His death occurred at Milford, Pa., Nov. 15, 1809. T41SJ BRODHEAD. BROMFIELD. BRODHEAD, John Romeyn, historian, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 2, 1814; son of Rev. Dr. Jacob Brodhead. He received a liberal education, and was graduated from Rutgers in 1831. In 1835 he was admitted to the bar of New York. The profession was not to his liking, and in 1837 he settled in Saugerties, N. Y., where he engaged in literary pursuits. In 1839 he was attached to the American legation in Holland, where his purpose of writing a history of New York was greatly facilitated by his being commissioned by Governor Seward, in 1841, to make investigations in regard to land-grants and other colonial records in Europe. He was for three years pursuing his researches in the archives of England, France, and Holland and obtained a large mass of impor- tant historical material. These documents, at the instance of the New York historical society were translated and published in eleven quarto volumes, by order of the state legislature. In 1846 he went to England as secretary of legation, George Bancroft being U. S. minister. He was commissioned by President Pierce as naval officer of the port of New York. He gave much time to his investigations regarding the Dutch rule in New York for his “ History of the State of New York,” of which he published two vol- umes, one in 1858 and the other in 1871. A third volume concluding the narrative would have been added had not his health failed. He also pub- lished an “ Oration on the Conquest of New Netherland, ” and “ Government of Sir Edmund Andros over New England.” He died in New York city, May 6, 1873. BRODHEAD, Richard, senator, was born in Lehman township, Pike county, Pa., Jan. 5, 1811. He was graduated from Lafayette college, and was admitted to practise at the bar in 1836. The year following he took his seat in the state legislature. He acted as treasurer of Northamp- ton county in 1841, and in 1842 was elected a representative to Congress, serving by re-election from 1843 to 1849. In 1849 he was elected to the United States senate as a Democrat, serving through the 32d, 33d and 34th congresses as a senator. He died in Easton, Pa., Sept. 16, 1863. BROGDEN, Curtis Hooks, governor of North Carolina, was born in Goldsboro, Wayne county, N. C., Dec. 6, 1816. In early life he followed the occupation of farming, and attained to the rank of major-general in the state militia, at the same time becoming prominent in political life. From 1838 to 1856 he sat in the state legislature, successively in the lower and upper houses, and from 1857 to 1867 filled the office of comptroller of the state ; and in 1868 was again elected to the state senate, and also served as presidential elector. In 1870 he was re-elected to the state senate, and in 1869 was appointed collector of internal revenue. In 1872 he was elected lieu- tenant-governor, becoming governor, July 14, 1874, upon the death of Governor Caldwell. He was elected a representative to the 45tli Con- gress in 1876 on the Republican ticket, and in 1886 was again elected to the state legislature. He was a trustee of the State university, a state director of the Wilmington and Weldon railroad, and represented his state at the centennial cele- bration at Philadelphia in 1876. BROMBERG, Frederick George, representa- tive, was born in New York city, June 19, 1837. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1858, and engaged in teaching at Mobile, Ala. When the civil war began he went north and studied in the Lawrence scientific school; and during 1864-'65 was employed as a tutor in mathematics at Harvard college. He returned to Mobile in 1865, where in 1867 he was elected a delegate to the first Republican state convention held in Alabama. In the same year he was appointed city treasurer of Mobile by General Pope, com- manding the district, and in 1868 was elected to the Alabama state senate, where he served until 1872, as a member of the judiciary committee, when he was elected, as a liberal Republican, a representative to the 43d Congress. He there introduced the resolution instructing the com- mittee on banking to inquire into the manage- ment of the Freedman's saving bank, which led to the closing up of that institution. In the election of 1874 he was defeated by a colored man, and in that of 1876 he was “ counted out.” In 1876 he was admitted to the bar, and in the following year he retired from public life to devote himself to his profession. He was chair- man of the committee on correspondence of the Alabama state bar association, and the author of the reports of that committee. He was elected a vice-president of the National bar association, and was a commissioner from Alabama of the World’s Columbian commission, and member of the com- mittees on mining, science and world's con- gresses of that body. He is the author of “ Law of National Quarantine,” “ A Report on Legal Ed- ucation,” “ Admission to the Bar,” and various articles for the Alabama Law Journal. BROMFIELD, John, merchant, was born at Newburyport, Mass., April 11, 1779. His first American ancestor, Edward Bromfield, came from England in 1675, and was a member of the council; his son Edward (1695-1756) was a mem- ber of the general court, and his grandson Edward ( 1723— '46) was an inventor, and constructed an organ and improved the microscope. John Bromfield, having made a fortune in Europe as agent for American houses and in the China [ 419 ] BRONDEL. BRONSON. trade as a merchant at Canton, invested his money in Boston, where he liberally dispensed it in assisting worthy charitable institutions. He endowed the Boston A then ami n with the sum of twenty -five thousand dollars. His memoir, written by Josiah Quincy, was published in 1850. He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 8, 1849. BROMWELL, Jacob H., representative, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 11, 1847. He was graduated from the high school in 1864, and subsequently taught in that city for seventeen years. In 1870 he was graduated from the Cin- cinnati law college, and for four years was as- sistant solicitor of Hamilton county. In 1894 he was elected a representative to the 53d Congress, on the Republican ticket, to fill the unexpired term of John A. Caldwell who resigned, and at the same time and by the same vote was elected to the 54th Congress. In 1896 he was elected to the 55th Congress. BRONDEL, John Baptiste, first R. C. bishopof Helena, Montana, was born in the municipality of Bruges, Belgium, in 1842. He received his preliminary education at schools in the immediate vicinity of his native place, and later continued his studies in the American college of the Uni- versity of Louvain, and was elevated to the priesthood in 1864 at Mechlin. In 1866 he volun- teered for the missions in America, and went to Washington territory. The Rt. Rev. A. M. A. Blanchet was then bishop of Nesqually, and took the young priest under his charge. In 1867 he was appointed rector at Steilacoom. He re- mained at this post for ten years, acting as mis- sionary for all the surrounding country. In 1877 Father Brondel was transferred to Walla Walla, but after a year’s service in this place was re- turned to Steilacoom. About this time there was a vacancy in the see of Vancouver Island, and Father Brondel was elected by the Pope to fill the vacancy. He was consecrated on Dec. 14, 1879, and served in this field until 1883, when he was appointed administrator of the vicariate apostolic of Montana, and in 1884 was made first bishop of Helena. He was particularly successful with the Indians under his charge, who came to look up to him as a father. His great popularity among the different tribes was of inestimable benefit, not only to the Catholic church, but to the United States government. He established various Indian schools scattered throughout his diocese, and placed them under the care of the Jesuit fathers, the sisters of charity, and the Ursuline sisters, while the sisters of Providence and the sisters of the Good Shepherd engaged in hospital and charitable work. Bishop Brondel placed his see in the city of Helena, and officiated at the cathedral of the Sacred Heart, where he had two assistants. [*! BRONSON, Greene Carrier, jurist, was born at Oneida, N. Y.. in 1789. He practised law at Utica, N. Y., for many years, was elected surro gate of Oneida county in 1819, sat in the assembly in 1822, and from 1829 to 1836 filled the office of attorney-general. In 1836 he was made a justice of sessions. In 1845 he was raised to the chief justiceship of the supreme court, and in 1847 be- came one of the judges of the newly established court of appeals. He afterwards removed to New York, where he practised his profession, and en- gaged in speculations which proved disastrous. In 1853 President Pierce made him collector of the port of New York. In 1856 he was the unsuccess- ful Democratic candidate for governor of the state, and from 1856 to 1863 he was corporation counsel of the city. He died in Saratoga. N. Y., Sept. 3, 1863. BRONSON, Isaac H., jurist, was born at Rut- land, N. Y., Oct. 16, 1802. After his admission to the bar in 1822, he practised his profession at Watertown, N. Y. In 1836 he was elected a rep- resentative to the 25th Congress on the Demo- cratic ticket, and served as chairman of the committee on territories. He failed of an elec- tion to the 26th Congress, and was appointed judge of the fifth judicial district of New York, and afterwards territorial judge for Florida; and upon the admission of Florida as a state in 1845, judge for the northern district of the state. He died at Palatka, Fla., Aug. 13, 1855. BROOKE, Francis J., soldier, was born in Vir- ginia in 1802, son of Francis J. Brooke, jurist. He was a cadet at West Point, where he was graduated in 1826. He was appointed on frontier duty in Louisiana and Iowa, as lieutenant in the 6th infantry, and served in garrison in Missouri, on an expedition to upper Arkansas, and in 1832 in the “ Black Hawk ” war against the Sac In- dians. In May, 1835, he was promoted 1st lieu- tenant, and in 1837 fought in the Florida war against the Seminole Indians. He was killed in the battle of Okeechobee. Dec. 25, 1S3T. BROOKE, Francis Key, 1st missionary bishop of Oklahoma and Indian territory, and 165th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Gambier, Ohio, Nov. 2, 1852, son of John Thomas Brooke, D.D. He was graduated from Kenyon college in 1874 ; was ordained a deacon Nov. 21, 1875, and admitted to the priest- hood May 6, 1877. The early portion of his cleri- cal life was passed in his native state, where he served successively at Grace church. College Hill : Christ church, Portsmouth ; St. James’s. Piqua ; and Grace church, Sandusky. From 1886 to 1888, he was rector of St. Peter’s, St. Louis, when he moved to Kansas, accepting the charge of Trinity parish, Atchison, where he remained until 1892. He was a lecturer on ethics and apologetics in the o] BROOKE. BROOKINGS. Kansas theological school, and a trustee of Ken- yon and of Bethany colleges. At the time of his elevation to the Episcopal office, he was dean of the Northeast convocation of Kansas, and an hon- orary canon of the cathedral. In 1892 the Kansas theological school conferred upon him the de- gree of D.D. He was consecrated the first mis- sionary bishop of Oklahoma on the feast of the Epiphany, 1893. His earnest and unwearied efforts for the advancement of the church in a new country, where the conditions were adverse, laid the foundations for a brilliant episcopate. The style of his title was changed by the general convention of 1895, to that of missionary bishop of Oklahoma and Indian Territory. BROOKE, George Mercer, soldier, brother of Francis J. Brooke, jurist, w 7 as born in Virginia. In 1808 he joined the army as a lieutenant, from which rank he was two years later promoted to that of captain. In 1814 he fought bravely at Fort Erie as major of infantry, and in acknowl- edgment of his services received the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel and colonel. In 1824 he was brevetted brigadier-general. In July, 1831, he was made colonel of the 5th infantry. Fort Brooke, Fla., was named in his honor. He served in the Mexican war, and on May 30, 1848, was made major-general by brevet. He was then given command of the 8tli military department, and died at San Antonio, Texas, March 9, 1851. BROOKE, John R., soldier, was born in Penn- sylvania, July 21, 1838. He volunteered at the breaking out of the civil war, entering the 4th Pennsylvania, a three months’ regiment, as captain, in April, 1861, and in the following November he re-enlisted as colonel of the 53d Pennsylvania. He served in the army of the Potomac, and was engaged in nearly all the battles. In 1864 he was commissioned brigadier- general of volunteers “for distinguished services during the recent battles of the Old Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House.” On Aug. 1, 1864, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers for Tolopotomy and Cold Harbor, and three years later he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army. At the reorganization of the army, he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 37th infantry, in 1869 was transferred to the 3d, in 1879 was promoted to be colonel of the 13th, and later re- turned to the 3d. On May 5, 1888, he was assigned to the command of the Rialto, and in 1896 was brigadier-general, commanding the department of Dakota, his headquarters being at St. Paul, Minn. BROOKE, Walker, senator, was born in Vir- ginia, Dec. 13, 1813. He was graduated from the University of Virginia in 1835, and subsequently practised law* in Lexington, Miss. In 1852 he was elected a United States senator to fill out the term of Henry S. Foote, who had resigned, his term closing March 3, 1853. In 1861 he was a promi- nent secessionist, and was made a member of the provisional Confederate congress, serving until Feb. 18, 1862. He was then an unsuccessful candidate for Confederate states senator. He died in Vcksburg, Miss., Feb. 19, 1869. BROOKE RAWLE, William, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 29, 1843, the eld- est son of Charles Wallace Brooke, grandson of Edward Tilghman, jurist, and great-grandson of Chief-Justice Benjamin Chew. He was educated in his native city, entering the University of Pennsylvania in 1859, and was graduated in 1863, having received during his senior year leave of absence from college to enter the army, and taking his degree while actually engaged in the battle of Gettysburg. He served continuously with the army of the Potomac from early in 1863 until some time after the close of the war, at- taining the lineal rank of captain, being bre- vetted major and lieutenant-colonel for gallant services at the battle of Hatcher’s Run, and in the campaign terminating with Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House. His battles include : Brandy Station, Aldie, Middleburg, Westmin- ster, Md„ Gettysburg, Shepherdstown, Culpeper, Yates’s Ford and the Occoquan River, New Hope Church, Mine Run, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, North Anna, Tolopotomy and Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Boydton Plank-Road and Hatcher’s Run. He entered Petersburg, April 3, 1865, as escort of Generals Grant and Meade, and was escort to General Meade at the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. He was mustered out of service, Aug. 7, 1865. Upon his discharge from the army lie studied law with his uncle, William Henry Rawle, and was admitted to practise May 18, 1867, shortly before which, on May 11, 1867, by legal authority, he assumed the name of William Brooke -Rawle in lieu of William Rawle Brooke. He was associated in practice with his uncle until his death in 1889, when he succeeded him at the head of the family office, which had been established in 1783 by his great-grandfather William Rawle (the elder). He had in his fiduciary charge several of the old colonial estates, one of them being that of the Penn family. He was made secretary of the Historical society of Pennsylvania, and treas- urer of the Law association of Philadelphia. BROOKINGS, Wilmot W., pioneer, was born at Woolwich, Me., Oct. 23, 1830. He was graduated at Bowdoin college in 1855. While reading law he taught in schools at Litchfield, North Anson and Wiscasset, and in May. 1857, was admitted to the bar in Portland. Me. In August, 1857, he removed to Sioux Falls, then a part of Minnesota territory. He helped to organize [ 421 ] BROOKS. BROOKS. a county, and was appointed district-attorney. In 1859 lie was elected to the upper house and by the same legislature was appointed governor of Dakota territory. In 1861 he was elected to the council for two years and then for three succes- sive terms as a representative from Yankton county. In 1864 he was speaker of the house. In 1865 he was appointed superintendent of a United States military wagon road from Minne- sota to Montana. In 1866 he was nominated as a delegate to Congress by the anti-Johnson branch of the Republican party. He was chosen member of the council from Yankton county in 1867 for two years; elected president of the council in 1868, and he served as district-attorney for Yank- ton county in 1867 and 1868. In 1869 President Grant appointed him associate justice of the supreme court of Dakota, and lie served until 1873. From 1883 to 1885 he was a member of the state constitutional convention. In 1871 he was the prominent organizer of the Dakota Southern Railroad — the first railroad to enter Dakota — and was either president, vice-president or solici- tor of the Dakota Southern, Sioux City & Pem- bina, and the Sioux City and Dakota railroads, afterward part of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul system during the ten following years. He conducted the Sioux Falls Leader from 1883 to 1885; was president of the Minnehaha Trust com- pany and a director of the Sioux Falls national bank, national realty company, and safe deposit company. BROOKS, Arthur, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., July 11, 1845, the fifth son of William Gray and Mary Ann (Phillips) Brooks, and a brother of Phillips Brooks. He was edu- cated at the Boston Latin school and at Harvard college, where he was graduated in 1867. He pursued his theological course at Andover for one year, and at the divinity school at Philadelphia for two years when he was ordained deacon at Trinity church, Boston, in 1870. He accepted the rectorship of Trinity church, Williamsport, Pa., and was there advanced to the priesthood by Bishop Stevens. In 1872 he accepted a call to St. James parish, Chicago, 111., where he rebuilt the church destroyed in the great fire, and greatly advanced the growth of the parish. On Oct. 17, 1872, he was married to Elizabeth M. P. Willard of Williamsport, Pa. In the summer of 1874 he accompanied his brother, Phillips, on a visit to Europe, and during the next winter delivered a lecture before the Anonymous club in Chicago, on stained glass, the result of his observations in the English cathedrals. In the spring of 1875 he accepted a call from the Church of the Incarna- tion in New York city. The obligations, amount- ing to §54.500 resting upon the church property, were liquidated, missions were instituted, and countless charities aided, and in the spring of 1882, when the prosperity of the parish seemed assured, the church was destroyed by fire, involv- ing a loss of §75.000. In this emergency he ac- cepted the use of the Temple Emmanuel syna- gogue, proffered by Rabbi Gottheil. and there he celebrated the festival of Easter. The Church of the Incarnation was rapidly rebuilt, and a mag- nificent bronze bas-relief of Bishop Brooks was one of the works of art added to its adornments. In 1886, when the work of rebuilding was com- pleted, Mr. Brooks, accompanied by his wife, visited Italy, Greece, Arabia, Palestine, Asia Minor and Egypt, and he preached on Christmas day of that year in the American church in Rome. He also traversed the desert of Arabia on camel and horseback and visited Mt. Sinai. He returned to his parish in 1887. He took an active interest in the founding of Barnard college for women, lending to it his countenance and support. He was present at the church congresses from their institution, and his addresses were listened to with great interest. His last prominent public appearance was at the eighty-second anniversary meeting of the Virginia bible society, where he made the annual address. In 1891 he was selected to conduct a retreat for the clergy in the pre- lenten season at New Rochelle, N. Y. The death of Bishop Brooks in 1893 was a severe bereave- ment, and it fell upon him to prepare such biog- raphies of his brother as were needed for imme- diate publication. Meditating the accomplish- ment of a more considerable work, he labored upon it incessantly until his last illness, when it had neared its completion. A volume of his ser- mons, entitled, “The Life of Christ in the World,” was published in 1893. The University of the city of New York conferred upon him the honorary degree of D.D. in 1891, and he was elected to the membership of the Victoria insti- tute. On June 26, 1895, he embarked on a voyage to England, hoping thereby to recuperate his health, but growing worse, he sailed for home on the same steamer, July 9, and died July 10. 1895. BROOKS, Caroline Shawk, sculptor, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 28, 1840, daughter of Abel Shawk. inventor of the steam fire-engine. She inherited from her father ability to design. Her tastes grew with her years, and she gave much attention to drawing and painting. After graduating at the St. Louis Normal school in 1862 she married Samuel Brooks. At the Cen- tennial exhibition, Philadelphia, in 1876, she gained wide renown, by a bust in alto-relievo of the “Dreaming Iolanthe.” The material of which it was modelled resembled in color and apparent consistency, ordinary butter. From the same material she executed a life-size statue of the “ Dreaming Iolanthe” which was shipped to D22] BROOKS. BROOKS. Paris, and exhibited in 1878 at the international exposition. In her studio in New York she made portrait marbles of Swedenborg, Garfield, Carlyle, Thurlow Weed, George Eliot and several family groups. BROOKS, Charles, clergyman, was born at Medford, Mass., Oct. 30, 1795. After his gradua- tion from Harvard college in 1816, he was a lay-reader in the Episcopal church, and in 1821 was installed as pastor of the 3d Congregational church at Hingliam, Mass. This pastorate he retained for seventeen years, resigning in 1838 to accept the chair of natural history at the University of the city of New York. The following year he went to Europe, where he remained until 1843, devoting his time to the study of natural history. He resigned the professorship at the university in 1844 on account of failing eyesight. He was an interested and intelligent worker in improving the schools of New England, both in the common and normal departments, introduc- ing suggestions from the Prussian educational system. Among his publications are : “History of Medford,” published in 1855; biographical works embraced in ten volumes; “ The Christian in his Closet ” ; “ Elements of Ornithology ” ; “ In- troduction to Ornithology ”; “ Peace, Labor and Education in Europe ”; and many short articles, essays and sermons. He died July 7, 1872. BROOKS, Charles Timothy, clergyman and author, was born at Salem. Mass., June 20, 1813. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1832, and pursued a course of theology at the Cam- bridge divinity school, where he was graduated in 1835. He preached in various Unitarian churches in New England, his first sermon being delivered at Nahant, Mass. On June 4, 1839, he was ordained as pastor of the Unitarian church at Newport, R. I., where he remained for forty- six years. In 1853 he made a visit to India, and in 1865 visited England and the continent. He was distinguished as a translator of German works, his renderings of some of the modern Ger- man poets being unsurpassed for fidelity and flowing grace. He made many contributions to contemporary literature. He published a trans- lation of Schiller’s “William Tell” (1837); “ German Lyrics ” (1838) ; “ Schiller’s Homage of the Arts” (1846); “ Aquidneck ” and other poems (1848) ; “ The Old Stone Mill Contro- versy ” (1851) ; “ German Lyrics ” (1853) ; “Songs of Field and Flood” (1853); Goethe's “Faust” (1856); “The Simplicity of Christ’s Teachings,” and other sermons (1859); Jean Paul Richter’s “ Titan ” (1862) ; Kortum’s “The Jobsiad ” (1863); Jean Paul Richter’s “Hesperus” (2 vols., 1864); Leopold Schef- er's “Layman’s Breviary” (1867); “Roman Rhymes” (1869); “Puck’s Nightly Pranks” (1871); M. Busch’s “Max and Maurice” (1871); M. Busch’s “ The Tall Student ” (1873) ; Leopold Schefer’s “World Priest" (1873); “A History of the Unitarian Church in Newport, R. I.” (1875) ; Auerbach's “ Poet and Merchant,” “ The Convicts,” and “ Lorley and Reinhard ” (1877); “ Channing,” a centennial memory, (1880); Riickert's “ The Wisdom of the Brahmin” (1882) ; M. Busch’s “ Plish and Plum ” (1883) ; “ Augustus Story,” a memorial (1883) ; Richter’s “ Invisible Lodge ” (1883). In his latter days he also issued several children’s books, and he left unpublished : “Hans Sachs,” a drama: Jean Paul Richter’s “Selina,” “ Jubel Senoir ” and “ HSsthetik,” “ The Last of the Tulifants, ” “ The Life of Claus Harms,” Grillparzer’s drama “ The Ancestress, ” and books seven and eighteen of Riickert's “Wisdom of the Brahmin,” a great number of poems, etc., translated from the German, French, Latin, Greek and Italian. He died in Newport, R. I., June 14, 1883. BROOKS, David, soldier, was born in 1756. After receiving a public-school education he entered the Continental army, in 1776, as a lieu- tenant in the Pennsylvania line. He was taken captive at Fort Washington, and after two years’ imprisonment was exchanged. While holding the office of assistant clothier-general at army headquarters, to which he was promoted after his release in 1778, he won the friendship of General Washington. After the war he removed to Dutch- ess county, N. Y. He was elected to the state assembly from each district. In 1796 he was elected representative to the 5th Congress, and was subsequently made a commissioner to arrange the first treaty with the Seneca Indians. He afterwards held the position of first judge of Dutchess county for sixteen years, and died Aug. 30, 1838. BROOKS, Edward, educator, was born at Stony Point, on the Hqdson, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1831. He received an academic education, and in 1846 went into his father’s factory, where he remained for three years in order to learn something of business methods, continuing his studies in his spare time. In 1849 he taught first a singing and afterward a district school, and in the following year attended one session of the Liberty normal institute, and was graduated valedictorian of his class. He then entered the University of North- ern Pennsylvania as an assistant teacher, with the opportunity of continuing his studies in higher mathematics and literature. Before the end of the year he was made tutor of the classes in higher mathematics, and in the following year was elected professor of the department. The next year he was placed in charge of the department of literature, and aided in introduc- ing a new system of grammatical analysis. [ 4 - 23 ] BROOKS. BROOKS. j BRUSKE. BRUTE. school, having been elected to that office while in Europe, which chair he exchanged for that of mineralogy in 1864. The school was in an em- bryonic state in 1857, and through his zeal and ability it became established, and paved the way for the Sheffield scientific school. In addition to the duties of his professorship, he discharged those of treasurer, secretary, and of presiding officer of the faculty, after the organization of that body in 1872. He was made president of the American association for the advancement of science, in 1885, and became an honored member of the leading scientific societies of Eu- rope and America. His writings are recognized as valuable accessions to the literature of science ; those contributed to the American Journal of Science being especially notable. He assisted Prof. James D. Dana in preparing the third, fourth, and fifth editions of his “ Descriptive Mineralogy,” contributing to them valuable analyses of minerals, and he wrote a “ Manual of Determinative Mineralogy and Blowpipe Analysis” (1875). BRUSH, Jesse, clergyman, was born in Hun- tington, N. Y., June 11, 1830; son of John Rogers and Elizabeth (Carman) Brush. He was gradu- ated at the University of the city of New York in 1854, and was admitted to the New York city bar in 1855. In 1859 he was graduated at the Union theological seminary, and was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry. In 1859-'60 he was pastor at Susquehanna, Pa., and in 1862-'63 a supply at Westhampton, Mass. From 1863 to 1865 he was chaplain of the 158th infantry, N. Y. volunteers. He was pastor at Vernon, Conn., from 1865 to 1867; at North Cornwall, Conn., from 1867 to 1873; at Berlin, Conn., from 1873 to 1876, and at North Stamford, Conn., from 1876 to 1880. In 1880 he entered the Episcopal church, and was rector of Grace church, Say brook, Conn., from 1881 to 1888, becoming in the latter year rector in Mayville, Chautauqua county, N. Y., remaining in that position until May, 1893, when he became associated with Rev. Dr. Smith, rector of St. James' church, Buffalo, N. Y. In January, 1896, lie was elected chaplain of the church home, Buffalo, N. Y. He married a daughter of the Rev. Harvey Newcomb, who died Oct. 24, 1894. Their three sons became — Edward Hale, a jour- nalist; Henry Wells, a lawyer; George Robert, a clergyman, graduate of the General theological seminary, New York city, 1896. BRUSKE, August Friedrich, educator, was born at Rachen, Prussia, March 24, 1847 ; son of Benjamin and Maria (Schultz) Bruske. He was educated in Germany until he was nine years of age, when he was brought by his parents to America. He attended the public schools of Perrinsville, Mich., and was graduated at Adrian college, Mich., in 1869. He studied for the ministry in Drew theological seminary, N. J., for six years was pastor of the Congregational church, Charlotte, Mich., and for thirteen years of the First Presbyterian church, Saginaw, Mich., when he became president of Alma college, Alma, Mich. BRUTE, Simon Gabriel, R. C. bishop, was born at Rennes, capital of Brittany, in France, in 1779. He was educated in the schools and colleges of his native town, and at the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Paris, and at the close of his theological course, in 1808, was ordained to the priesthood. He refused the position of assistant chaplain to the Emperor Napoleon, and a canoni- cate in the cathedral at Rennes, preferring to enter the Sulpitian order. He was made professor of theology in the Sulpitian seminary at Rennes. In 1810 he met Bishop Flaget of Kentucky and decided to devote himself to the American mis- sion. On arriving in Baltimore he was made professor of philosophy at St. Mary's college, and in 1812 -was sent to Emmittsburg, to assist Father Dubois, where he became the spiritual attendant of the sisters of charity. In 1815 he visited France to interest the people and clergy in the Emmittsburg mission, and to bring his library, of nearly five thousand volumes, for the use of St. Mary’s college, of which he was made president on his return. At the end of two years he returned to Emmittsburg, where he was pro- fessor of theology and moral philosophy, and where he was generally consulted by both clergy and bishops on the most profound subjects of church polity. In 1834 he was consecrated first bishop of the new see of Vincennes Finding neither schools nor seminaries and but few churches in his diocese, he visited France, where he enlisted laborers, and gathered funds for his mission. He brought with him twenty priests and seminarians, established a diocesan seminary at Vincennes and a free school. He taught in his seminary and academy, and wrote for the Catholic press, in addition to the vast labors of his episcopacy. He left Indiana with twenty- three churches, twenty -four priests, twenty-eight missions, two religious communities, one theo- logical seminary, one college for young men, a female academy, and two free schools. His excessive labors destroyed his health and he died in Vincennes, Ind., June 26, 1839. BRYAN, George, jurist, was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1731. He settled in Philadelphia, Pa., while quite young, and became interested in political affairs. He was elected to the state assembly, was a delegate to the stamp act congress, and in 1776 was made vice-president of the state supreme executive council, holding the office until 1778, when he was made its BRYAN. BRYAN. president. In that office he used all his influence to free the slaves of Pennsylvania by gradual pro- cess. In 1779 he was a representative in the state legislature, and his draft of a gradual emancipation law was introduced. He was made a judge of the state supreme court in 1780, and was one of the council of censors in 1784. He opposed the adoption of the Federal constitution, and died Jan. 27, 1791. BRYAN, Mary (Edwards), journalist, was born in Jefferson county, Fla., in 1846; daughter of Maj. John D. Edwards. In her childhood her father removed to Thomasville, Ga., where she enjoyed the advantage of excellent schools and made rapid progress in her studies. While at school she married Mr. Bryan, a wealthy Louisi- anian. She began to write for the press at an early age, her first journalistic experience being on the Literary and Temperance Crusader , of which she was literary editor. She was for some time a regular correspondent of the Southern Field and Fireside. In 1866 she assumed the editorship of the Natchitoches, La., Semi-Weekly Times, and in 1875 that of the Sunny South at Atlanta. Ga. To all of these journals she con- tributed sketches, stories, poems, and not infre- quently political articles. In 1885 she went to New York to superintend the publication of her novels and was engaged as assistant editor of The Fashion Bazaar and The Fireside Companion. Subsequently she resigned this position, and, returning to Atlanta, assumed editorial charge of The Old Homestead, a monthly magazine, which gained both circulation and high literary stand- ing under her management. The more popular of her works are; “ Manch ” (1879); “Wild Work ; a Story of the Red River Tragedy “(1881) ; and “ The Bayou Bride “(1886). BRYAN, Thomas Barbour, philanthropist, was born at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 22, 1828. He was graduated at the Harvard law school in 1848, and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati, where he engaged in the practice of liis profes- sion, removing to Chicago in 1852. During the civil war he rendered effective service in raising troops and providing for them in the field, belong ing to the famous “Union defence committee,’’ of Chicago. He was president of the Chicago sanitary fair, and was president of the soldiers’ home at Chicago for twenty-five years. In 1876 he was made a member of the board of com- missioners appointed to govern the District of Columbia, and retired from the office in 1878. Mr. Bryan was one of the originators and pro- moter’s of the World's Columbian exposition in 1893, and was sent as a special commissioner to southern Europe, where he interviewed the ruling kings and high officials and received a letter from Leo XIII. commending the enterprise His speech before the congressional committee had great influence in securing the fair for Chi- cago. He was appointed vice-president of the first board of directors; refused to accept the salary of twelve thousand dollars, which be- longed to the office, and soon after tendered his resignation, to avoid threatened discord in the administration. While a student at Harvard he published a German work, and many of his writings and translations have achieved great popularity. BRYAN, William Jennings, statesman, was born at Salem, Marion county, 111., March 19, 1860; son of Silas Lillard and Mariali Elizabeth (Jennings) Bryan, grandson of John and Nancy (Lillard) Bryan, and great-grandson of William Bryan, born in Culpeper county, Va., about 1765. His grandfather re- in o v e d from Cul- peper county to Point Pleasant in western Virginia shortly after his marriage, and in 1852 his son, Silas Lil- 1 a r d, w a s married and removed to Sa- lem, Marion county, 111., where he was a< lawyer of high stand- LA ing, for eight years state senator, and for twelve years a eir- c u i t judge. Until his tenth year Will- /? iam was taught at f/rC'iK' < home, then entering /7 f the public schools, t/ and, in 1875, Whipple academy, the preparatory school of Illinois college, at Jacksonville. When fourteen years old he joined the Presbyterian church, and in 1880 made his first appearance as a speaker at a political meeting. In June. 1881. he was graduated at Illinois college with the highest honors, and was also chosen class orator. In 1884, by invitation of the faculty, he delivered the master’s oration, and received the degree of M.A. During his college course he won five prizes. Immediately after his graduation from college he entered the Union college of law in Chicago, where he had as a classmate Henry, son of Lyman Trumbull, and thus gained the privilege of the use of Mr. Trumbull’s law office for study after school hours. He was admitted to the bar. beginning his law practice July 4. 1883. On Oct. 1, 1884, he was married to Mary Elizabeth Baird of Perry, 111., who afterwards studied her husband's profession and won admission to the bar. not for the purpose of practising, but in order to be in intelligent f 464 J BRYAN. BRYAN. sympathy with Mr. Bryan's business life. Until 1887 he practised in Jacksonville, 111., removing in that year to Lincoln, Neb., where he became a law partner with Mr. Talbot, but did not share with him the profits of his large railroad busi- ness. In fact he declined from the first to become the attorney for railroads and other cor- porations, appearing in court against the railway companies in numerous land cases in which his law partner opposed him. He early took an interest in political affairs, was a student of the science of government, and soon became known for his knowledge of political questions. In 1890 he received the unanimous nomination of the Democratic party as representative from the first Nebraska district to the 52d Congress. He was elected in an overwhelming Republican district, receiving 6,713 more votes than his chief com- petitor, a result attributable largely to his exceptional ability as a platform orator and the persistency with which he personally prosecuted the canvass. His reputation had preceded him to Congress, and he was placed on the ways and means committee, one of the youngest members to be ever thus honored. His speech on the tariff, delivered March 16, 1892, was made a cam- paign document in the canvass of that year, resulting in the second election of Mr. Cleve- land, and was universally commended for its lucid statement of the tariff question then at issue. Though a Democrat, and running on a Democratic platform, he was re-elected in 1892 in a district which gave the Republican state ticket a plurality of six thousand at the same election. In the 53d Congress he was again placed upon the ways and means committee. He also took an active part in the silver debate, which began with the extraordinary session, and on Aug. 16, 1893, made a speech in favor of “ The gold and silver coinage of the constitution." In this speech he advocated the free coinage of silver at the ratio of sixteen to one, without waiting for the consent of any other nations, claiming that the adoption of a bimetallic standard by the United States would force the other nations, England only excepted, to adopt the standard as final. On July 4, 1892, he made a notable speech in Tammany Hall, New York city, that greatly increased his reputation as an orator, and on May 30, 1894, he delivered an oration at Arling- ton cemetery, Virginia, at the memorial services over the soldiers’ graves, which was listened to by the President and his cabinet, and was widely published as an exceptional oratorical effort. As political editor of the Omaha World-Herald he represented his paper at the Republican conven- tion at St. Louis, June 19, 1896, and there was the first newspaper man to obtain a definite acknowledgment of the intention of the leaders to stand for gold, notwithstanding the declaration in their platform in favor of bimetallism. This, to him, radical measure greatly increased his faith in the success of the Democratic party, if it could be induced to adopt the free coinage of silver as the political issue of the campaign. When the convention met at Chicago, July 9, 1896, Mr. Bryan was a delegate, and while await- ing the report of the committee on platform he addressed the assembly. His speech electrified the audience, the different delegations bringing forward their standard, and clustering them around the young orator. One of the oldest con- servative and experienced newspaper correspon- dents of a gold organ telegraphed to his paper: “ As he (Bryan) spoke I thought I could see the presidential halo about his brow.” The next day Mr. Bryan was found to have captured the convention, and after the heroic fight made by the gold standard Democrats to stem the silver tide, Mr. Bryan was nominated as the Demo- cratic standard bearer. At the national conven- tion of the Silver party at St. Louis, July 24, Mr. Bryan received the nomination of that party as he did that of the People's party. In the can- vass that followed Mr. Bryan took the stump, and in the course of the campaign made 592 speeches in 477 cities and towns, in 27 states of the Union, travelling 18,831 miles between July 12 and Nov. 2, 1896. This was an example of industry and earnestness unprecedented in the history of politics in America. At the general election Nov. 3, 1896, he was defeated in the election, receiving 176 electoral and 6,351,042 popular votes. After the election Mr. Bryan lectured before various state legislatures and in the princi- pal cities, continuing to advocate the principles for which lie had contended during the election. He won the respect of his political opponents by the integrity and purity of his character, though his extreme financial views were not accepted. BRYANT, Edwin, pioneer, was born in Massa chusetts in 1805. In April, 1846, he started for California, being at the time a journalist in Louisville, Ky. , and upon reaching Independence, Mo., was chosen leader of a large party of emi- grants, and with them made the journey across the plains. When they arrived, California was no longer a province of Mexico, and he assisted in establishing and maintaining order, in organiz- ing a territorial government preparatory to an- nexation, and was lieutenant in the famous “ California Battalion.” He served as alcalde of San Francisco from February to May, 1847, and then returned east with General Kearny, and testified at the court-martial of John C. Fremont. Attracted by the gold discoveries of 1849 he again crossed the plains to San Francisco, and [ 405 ] BRYANT. BRYANT. became prominent as a citizen, property owner, and politician. In 1852 lie returned to Kentucky. His “ What I saw in California,” written in 1848, is a standard authority on the events of 1846- '47. He died at Louisville, Ky., 1869. BRYANT, Gridley, inventor, was born at Scituate, Mass., in 1798. At fifteen he was ap- prenticed to a builder of Boston ; at nineteen he had sole charge of his employer’s works, and at twenty-one he commenced business on his own account. He invented a portable derrick in 1823, first used in the construction of the United States bank at Boston In April, 1826, he was the pro- jector and engineer of the first railroad in Amer- ica used to convey the stone quarried at Quincy, Mass., to Charlestown for the Bunker Hill monu- ment, of which he was master builder and contractor. He was the inventor of the eight- wheel car, a turn-table, a switch, a turnout, and many other valuable railway equipments, and with a generosity that was prodigal he gave his inventions for the benefit of mankind, never applying for a patent. His eight-wheel car prin- ciple was adopted by Ross Winans, who, in 1834, took out a patent for an eight-wheel car, with appliances and improvements, adapting it to general passenger travel. This patent was pur- chased by the Baltimore and Ohio road, and as Bryant’s eight-wheel car was in use on several roads, litigation followed, and Mr. Bryant was summoned as a witness. The corporations in whose behalf he testified made no compensation for his disinterested services, and their failure to keep their promises hastened his death, which occurred at Scituate, Mass., June 13, 1867. BRYANT, William Cullen, poet, was born in Cummington, Mass., Nov. 3, 1794; son of Peter and Sarah (Snell) Bryant; grandson of Philip and Silence (Howard) Bryant; great-grandson of Ichabod Bryant, and great-great-grandson of Stephen and Abigail (Shaw) Bryant, who came from England and settled in Plymouth, Mass., in 1632. William Cullen was the second child in a family of seven, and is described as being " puny and very delicate in body, and of a painfully delicate nervous temperament.” At the age of four years he was sent to the district school, where he obtained elementary instruction until his twelfth year. He early began to rhyme, and wrote a poem in his eleventh year, which he recited at the closing of the winter school. In 1808 he was sent to Brookfield to perfect himself in Latin under the tuition of his uncle, the Rev. Thomas Snell, and in 1809 pursued the study of Greek with the Rev Moses Hallock of Plainfield. About this time he began to read Pope's transla- tion of the Iliad, a delightful transition from Dr. Watts’ hymns, and it is not surprising that his first serious efforts were some enigmas written after the manner of this favorite poet. In 1809 lie wrote, and his father had published in pamphlet form, a poem entitled, “ The Embargo, or Sketches of the Times,” a Federalist satire attack- ing President Jefferson, then very unpopular because of the enforcement of the embargo laid upon the ports of the republic. He entered Wil- liams college, Oct. 9, 1810, but before the close of his first year asked for an honorable dismissal, desiring to enter Yale. His father's financial position forbade the completion of a college course, and he studied law at Worthington and afterwards at Bridgewater, was admitted to the bar in 1815, began the practice of his profession at Plainfield, Mass. , and had been there nearly a year when he entered into partnership with a young lawyer of Great Barrington, Mass. He purchased his partner’s interest at the close of a year and continued practice alone, getting him- self described as “ an active, learned and rather fiery young lawyer. ” In 1817 the poem “ Thana- topsis " was published in the September number of the North America) f Review. It had been writ- ten six years before, shortly after Bryant left college, when he had not attained his eighteenth year; in the same number of the Review ap- peared also, under the title of a “Fragment,” what is now known as “ An Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood.” The publication of these exquisite poems at that time was due to what might be termed an accident of fortune. In June of 1817, Willard Phillips, an old New Hamp shire friend of the Bryant family, then an associ- ate editor of the North American Review, wrote to Dr. Bryant his desire that William Cullen should contribute to the Review', then in its infancy. Dr. Bryant wrote to his son advising him to accept the offer, but chancing to look through a desk which the young poet had been in the habit of using, he found the MSS. of these incomparable poems and hastened with them to Boston. So instant was the appreciation of his muse on the publication of these lines that he was invited to become a regular contributor to the Revieiv, to which, in 1818, he sent a paper on “Early American Poetry,” and the poem “To a Waterfowl." The latter was inspired by an incident thus beautifully related by one of his biographers: " When he journeyed on foot over the hills to Plainfield on the 15th of December, 1816, to see what inducements it offered him to commence there the practice of the profession to which he had just been licensed, he says in one of his letters that he felt ‘ very for- lorn and desolate. ’ The world seemed to grow bigger and darker as he ascended, and his future more uncertain and desperate. The sun had already set, leaving behind it one of those bril- liant seas cf chrysolite and opal which often flood BRYANT. BRYANT. the New England skies, and, while pausing to contemplate the rosy splendor, with rapt admira- tion, a solitary bird made its winged way along the illuminated horizon. He watched the lone wanderer until it was lost in the distance. He then went on with new strength and courage. When he reached the house where he was to stop for the night he immediately sat down and wrote the lines ‘To a Waterfowl.’” In 1818 he was elected one of the tithing men and town clerk of Great Barrington, holding the latter office until he left Massachusetts five years later. He was also appointed a justice of the peace. He was married June 11, 1821, to Fanny Fairchild, with whom he passed forty-five years of happy mar- ried life. In 1822 he wrote the poem “ The Ages,” which he read before the Phi Beta Kappa society of Harvard college. He was urged to publish it, and from the suggestion resulted the first publica- tion of a collection of Bryant's poems, a small volume, consisting of the eight poems: “The Ages,” “To a Waterfowl,” “Fragment from Simonides,” “ An Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood, ” “The Yellow Violet,” “The Song,” “Green River, ” and “ Thanatopsis, ” which ap- peared in 1823. In 1824 he became a contributor to the United States Literary Gazette, and wrote many of his most charming poems for its pages. About this time also were written “The Death of the Flowers” and “The Past,” for each of which he asked two dollars, “ with which remu- neration,” he wrote, he should be “abundantly satisfied.” His publishers, however, made him a more generous proposition, suggesting a yearly salary of two hundred dollars for an average of one hundred lines a month, expressing their regrets that they were “ unable to offer a compensation more adequate.” In 1824 Mr. Bryant removed to New York, and assumed the editorship of the New York Review and Atlienceum Magazine. He delivered a course of lectures on English poetry before the Athenaeum society, and in the same year accepted a professorship connected with the New York academy of design, where he lectured on Greek and Roman mythology. In July, 1826, the Review was amalgamated with the United States Gazette of Boston, under the title of the United States Review, Mr. Bryant being the New York and J. G. Carter the Boston editor. In 1827, ’28, ’29 Mr. Bryant was associated with Verplanck and Robert C. Sands in the publication of an an- nual entitled the Talisman, and in 1823, in con- junction with Mr. Sands, issued two volumes entitled, “Tales of the Glauber Spa.” In this year also was published a complete collection of his poems, which was re-published in England, and won him European reputation. In 1836 he accepted an editorial chair on the New York Evening Post, and acquired a small interest in the paper ; five months later, on the death of Mr. Coleman, the editor-in-chief and proprietor, Mr. Bryant was promoted to his chair and purchased a further interest in the property. Mr. Bryant’s course as a journalist was dignified and consist- ent; he accepted no favors from individuals or parties, and was fearless in opposing popular measures and questions when he esteemed it essential to the public interest to do so. He was at the inception of his journalistic career a Dem- ocrat in principle, but before the war became a strong Republican. The Evening Post, which had been chiefly occupied with matters of local interest, sanitary and fiscal reforms and the like, under Mr. Bryant’s leadership became an advo- cate of free trade principles at a time when pro- tective duties were favored by both houses of Congress and by the north generally. In 1836 he maintained in the columns of the Post the valid- ity of trade unions; he favored international copyright, the abolition of capital punishment, supported President Jackson in his most unpopu- lar measures, and the tariff of '46, a tariff for revenue with incidental protection ; opposed slavery as “ a foul and monstrous idol, a jugger- naut under which thousands are crushed to death,” and suggested the fullest and freest emancipation as the only fit remedy for the evil. He was conscientious and impartial in the state- ment of facts, and temperate in debate. Solici- tous for his honor as a man of letters, his carefully prepared and finely phrased editorials, and his rules imposed upon subordinates, that only pure Saxon English would be tolerated in the columns of the Post, materially elevated the literary tone of journalism. In 1851 he published a short his- tory of the Evening Post, then half a century old, and his active connection with that paper ter- minated in 1870. Mr. Bryant, as a poet, must be judged rather by the perfection than by the vol- ume of his verse. He counted as worthy of pres- ervation not more than thirteen thousand lines. He was very averse to writing poems for occa- sions. He could not curb his Pegasus to palfrey amblings; he wrote from within, not from with- out ; nature and man were his inspirations. George William Curtis wrote of him: “What nature said to him was plainly spoken and clearly heard and perfectly repeated. His art was exquisite. It was absolutely unsuspected, but it served its truest purpose, for it removed every obstruction to full and complete delivery of his message. ” From 1834 to 1867 Mr. Bryant made six visits to the old world, and in 1872 vis- ited Cuba and the city of Mexico for the second time. In 1850 he published “ Letters of a Trav- eller,” a collection of the letters he had sent to the Post during his travels abroad, and in the winter of 1869 he issued a supplementary volume BRYANT. BRYCE. entitled, “Letters from the East." Mr. Bryant was unexcelled in the art of pronouncing eulo- gies, and was often called upon to perform this office. In 1872 a volume was published embody- ing the chief of these orations, notably those doing honor to Gulian C. Verplanck, Thomas Cole, the painter; Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Fitz-Greene Halleck. and those made at the unveiling of the Shakespeare, Scott and Morse statues in Central Park. In 1866, seeking relief from the deep grief that had befallen him in the death of his wife in 1865, he began his translation of the Iliad, and the first twelve books were pub- lished in 1870. It was followed by a translation of the Odyssey, which was completed in 1871. The work had an immediate success, the sales of the Iliad up to 1888 reaching 17,000, the sales of the Odyssey 10,244 copies. Many American editions of Mr. Bryant's poems were issued. Of that known as the Red Line, 5,000 copies were sold in 1870, and the beautifully illustrated edi- tion of 1877 met with a very cordial welcome, as did the later one of his complete works in 1884. In 1858 Mr. Bryant was elected a regent of the University of the state of New York, but declined to serve. He was very chary of accepting public honors, and refused all such as he consistently might ; some few, however, he could not escape. In 1873 he was made an honorary member of the Russian academy at St. Petersburg. He was one of the founders of the Century association in New York, and his seventieth birthday was made the occasion of a festival by the club, in which the notable artists and poets of America partici- pated with gifts of paintings and poems. The congratulatory address on this occasion was delivered by George Bancroft, the historian, and speeches were made by R. Wi Emerson, R. H. Dana, Jr., and William M. Evarts. Many delightful poems were read, written for the occasion by those who revered the man and admired the poet. On his eightieth birthday, in 1876, Mr. Bryant was presented with a memorial vase of silver, the carving of which symbolized his life. This magnificent work of art was presented to the venerable poet in Chick- ering hall, New York, on June 20, 1876, its per- manent destination being the Metropolitan museum of art. In this his eighty-first year, Mr. Bryant wrote “The Flood of Years”; “ Thana- topsis ” at eighteen, “ The Flood of Years" at eighty -one, a lapse of years indeed but no diminu- tion of force, no weakening of expression. Mr. Bryant’s last poem, “ The Twenty-second of Feb- ruary,” was written, to commemorate the birth- day of Washington, in 1878. Mr. Bryant was essentially a domestic man ; home was to him a sacred place, where business cares were never allowed to obtrude. His letters from abroad to the persons in charge of his country houses, “ Cedar- mere,” at Roslyn, L. I., and the old homestead at Cummington, Mass., show that he knew every tree and stone of both places. He divided the spring, summer and autumn months between Long Island and Cummington. and spent his winters in New York. May 29, 1878. Mr. Bryant delivered the address at the unveiling of the statue of Mazzini in Central Park, and after the ceremony, upon reaching the house of a friend, he fell, and his head coming in contact with the stone step he was rendered unconscious ; a few days later apoplexy ensued, and his illness proved mortal. There are many portraits of Mr. Bry- ant extant, of which the ones he most preferred himself were those by Inman and Durand. See “William Cullen Bryant,” by John Bigelow (1890); “Godwin's Life of Bryant” (1883). Wilson’s “ Bryant and His Friends ” (1886). He died in New York city, June 12, 1878, and was buried at Roslyn, N. Y. BRYCE, Lloyd, editor, was born at Flushing. N. Y., Sept. 7, 1851. He studied at Georgetown college, D. C., and subsequently took a degree at Oxford, England, and afterwards studied law at the Columbia law school in New Y ork . Upon the election of David B. Hill as governor of New York, Mr. Bryce received the appointment of pay- master-general on his staff, and in 1886 was elected a representative for New York city to the 50th Congress. During his term he directed his efforts principally to insure beneficial legislation for tbe city and for its harbor, with the object of prevent- ing the deposit of refuse in its waters, and the careless anchorage of vessels in the path of harbor navigation. By the will of Allen Thorndike Rice, proprietor of the North American Review. Mr. Bryce acquired a controlling interest in that peri- odical, and became its editor in July. 1889. He is the author of “Paradise,” “The Romance of an Alter Ego,” and “ A Dream of Conquest.” novels which received commendation from criti- cal authorities. BRYMNER, Douglas, historical archivist, was born in Greenock. Scotland, in 1823, of a promi- nent family originally from Stirlingshire. His father, Alexander Brymner, was a man of fine literary attainments, and from him the son im- bibed his strongly-marked intellectual and artistic tastes. After a thorough Scotch education Mr. Brymner engaged in business, which he prose- cuted successfully until compelled to retire in 1856 by failing health. In the following year he removed to Canada, settling in the eastern township, province of Quebec. His literary apti- tude soon became known, and lie entered jour nalisin as editor of the Presbyterian, the official organ of the Church of Scotland in Canada. Here his clear and vigorous pen. and straight- BRYSON. BUCHANAN. forward and independent attitude attracted wide attention. Shortly afterward he became associ- ate editor of the Montreal Herald, and in 1871 he was elected president of the press association. In 1872, with the approval of men of all political parties, Mr. Brymner was appointed to the newly created office of domin- ion archivist. His ex- tensive and varied knowledge, and his powers of research and organization peculiarly fitted him for this work, and under his management the Cana- dian archives have grown from literally nothing to one of the most valuable and or- d e r 1 y collections in America. His reports are models of accuracy and sound judgment, and that of 1881 (on general methods in archival work) was, on account of the value of its infor- mation, incorporated bodily in a following one of the public record-offices of England. A growing monument to Mr. Brymner’s work is the constantly increasing acknowledgments of his service by investigators who avail them- selves of his collection. Mr. Brymner’s literary work was not confined to the archives. He was a frequent but generally anonymous contrib- utor to Canadian and American periodicals, and his efforts have been widely read and appreciated. Among these contributions may be especially mentioned a number of translations of the ‘ ‘ Odes of Horace ” into Scotch verse. BRYSON, Andrew, naval officer, was born in New York. July 25, 1822. At the age of fifteen he was appointed midshipman *in the United States navy, and in June, 1843, was promoted to passed midshipman. In 1850 he became master, and in August, 1851, was made lieutenant. In 1856 he was attached to the Saratoga of the home squadron, and while on a cruise off the Mexican coast he commanded the Indianola, a little ves- sel which had been secured for the occasion, and succeeded in capturing the Miramon after a sharp engagement. The affair created international complication, and on the arrival of the Saratoga at Norfolk, Va., the captain was relieved of com- mand. The Saratoga on this voyage (Dec., 1857) conveyed, as prisoners of the United States, to New York, William Walker and his band of fili- busters. In 1858 Lieutenant Bryson was execu- tive officer of the Preble on the Paraguayan ex- pedition, and returning late in 1860 he was attached to the Brooklyn navy yard. In October, 1861 . he was attached to the blockading squadron and in command of the Chippewa. He partici- pated in the capture of Fort Macon, N. C., and the action at Stono Inlet. He was commissioned commander in July, 1862, and in September was sent to Europe on special service. He was ordered to the monitor Lehigh on Aug. 4, 1863, sailing for Charleston harbor late in the month. On Dec. 2, 1863, the Lehigh, while on picket duty, grounded, and for several hours was subjected to the concen- trated fire of the combined Confederate batteries. In this action Commander Bryson was slightly wounded, and his conduct was especially com- mended. On Oct. 13, 1864, he was ordered to the command of the ironclad Essex of the Mississippi fleet. On May 5, 1865, he was made fleet captain. From April, 1866, to March, 1868, he commanded the Michigan on Lake Erie, and on June 3, 1866, he captured the Fenians while attempting to cross the Niagara river on their return from Canada. On July 26, 1866, he was promoted captain, and from 1866 to 1871 was at the Boston navy yard in command of the re- ceiving ship Ohio. From Sept. 19, 1871, to July 28, 1873. he commanded the Brooklyn in the European squadron, and was made commodore Feb. 14, 1873. He was commandant of the Ports- mouth navy yard from Sept. 15, 1874 to July 27, 1876, and was president of the board to examine the class of 1876 at Annapolis. From Sept. 8, 1879 to July 25, 1881. he commanded the South Atlantic station, sailing from New York in his flagship Shenandoah. On March 29. 1880, he was promoted to rear-admiral. On Jan. 30, 1883, he was retired at his own request, after forty-three years of almost continuous active service. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 7, 1892. BUCHANAN, Edward Young, clergyman, was born in Mercersburg, Pa., May 30, 1811; son of James and Elizabeth (Speer) Buchanan, and brother of James Buchanan, fifteenth president of the United States. He was graduated at Dick inson college in 1828, and began his studies in theology at Pittsburg, Pa., concluding them at the General seminary of the Protestant Episco- pal church in New York city. He was ordained as deacon in 1832, and as priest in 1835, and filled various pastorates in the diocese of Penn sylvania. He received the degree of D. D. from Trinity college in 1853, and S.T.D. from Dickin- son in 1868. He was the last survivor of the American clergy ordained by Bishop White, and died Jan. 20, 1895. BUCHANAN, Franklin, naval officer, was born in Baltimore, Md., Sept. 17, 1800. He began his naval career in 1815 as a midshipman, was promoted lieutenant in 1825, commanded the Baltimore on her trial trip, and delivered her to the Emperor of Brazil at Rio Janiero in July, [ 469 ] BUCHANAN. BUCHANAN. 1826. she having been built for the Brazilian navy. He was made master-commandant in 1841, and sailed in the Mississippi and afterwards in the Vincennes. From 1845 to 1847 he was en- gaged in organizing, and was first superintendent of the Annapolis naval academy, and in the latter year he was given command of the Germantown , which was actively engaged in the taking of Vera Cruz. He commanded the Susquehanna, the flagship of Commodore Perry's fleet, in the famous expedition, 1853-'54, which resulted in the opening of the doors of China and Japan to the commerce and civilization of the world ; in 1855 was advanced to the rank of captain, and in 1859 was assigned to the command of the Washington navy yard. Acting upon the belief that Maryland was about to secede from the Union he resigned his commission in April, 1861, and, repenting his action in the light of subsequent events, he asked permission to retract his resignation, but this being refused, in Sep- tember of the same year he entered the C'onfed erate navy. He was placed in charge of the construction and equipment of the Merrimac, and was her commander in the engagement at Hampton Roads when the Congress and the Cumberland were destroyed, March 8, 1862; the Confederate congress tendering him a vote of thanks for his gallantry on this occasion, and also promoting him a full admiral and senior officer of the navy. A severe wound received in the encounter prevented him from participating in the Merrimac' s famous battle with the Monitor on the following day. He took command in 1863 of the naval defences of Mobile, and sug- gested and superintended the building of the ironclad ram Tennessee as the most effective means of protecting that city. In command of the Tennessee, he engaged in the great battle in Mobile Bay on Aug. 5, 1864, and was obliged to surrender after a desperate struggle, in which he was severely wounded and his vessel hopelessly disabled. He remained a prisoner of war for six months, his exchange being effected February, 1865. Fie was elected president of the Maryland agricultural college, and died in Talbot county, Md., May 11, 1874. BUCHANAN, James, fifteenth President of the United States, was born at Cove Gap, near Mercersburg, Pa.. April 23 1791; second son of James and Elizabeth (Speer) Buchanan. His mother was the only daughter of James Speer, who came of Scotch Presbyterian ancestry, and immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1756. His father was a native of County Donegal, Ireland, came to America in 1783, engaged in business as a clerk in Philadelphia, and in 1788 set up business for himself. James received his primary education in the schools of Mercersburg, and in 1807 entered H' Dickinson college in the junior class. After graduating in 1809 he removed to Lancaster, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. As a Federalist, he disapproved of the war with England, but did not shirk the duties of an American citizen when the war be- ^ _ came a fact, and his patriotism was voiced in a speech delivered to the people shortly after the city of Washing- ton was captured by the British. He urged the enlist- ment, and was him- self one of the first volunteers, u n d e r Judge Shippen, to march to the de- fence of Baltimore. He was elected a member of the house of representatives in the Pennsylvania legisla- ture, Oct. 14, 1814. On the first of February fol- . lowing, in considering “ An act for the encourage- ment of volunteers for the defence of the Com- monwealth,” he urged the passage of the bill, and afterwards speaking of the incident he said- ” So open and decided was I in my course in favor of defending the country, notwithstanding my disapproval of the declaration of war, that the late William Beale, the shrewd, strong-minded and influential Democratic senator from Mifflin county, called upon me and urged me strongly during the session to change my political name and be called a Democrat, stating that I would have no occasion to change my principles. " On July 4, 1815, in an oration delivered at Lancaster he characterized the action of the government in its prosecution of the war as disgraceful, while he eulogized the spirit of the American people. He retired from the legislature at the end of his second term of service with a fixed determina- tion to abandon political life, and devote himself exclusively to the practice of law. In 1820 he was elected by the Federalists a representative to the 17th Congress from Lancaster, York and Dauphin counties. Among his important early speeches in Congress were those on the deficiency in the military appropriation, in January, 1822 : on the bankrupt law, in March following, when he successfully opposed its extension to all citi- zens, whether traders or not. There was in his speech on this subject a perceptible tendency to that line of politics which he subsequently adopted and to which he always adhered. This may be described as a forbearance from exercis- ing federal powers of acknowledged constitu o] BUCHANAN. BUCHANAN. tional validity, in ways and on occasions which may lead to an absorption of state jurisdictions. In the next Congress Mr. Buchanan spoke twice on the tariff —March 23 and April 9, 1824. His views on protection were conservative. He held that in imposing duties necessary to defray the ex- penses of the government, care should be taken, while extending protection to infant industries, not to injure at the same time the interests of the producers of wealth. In his speech in the house he said: “The American system consists in affording equal and just legislative protection to all the great interests of the country. It is no respecter of persons. It does not distinguish between the farmer who ploughs the soil in Pennsylvania and the manufacturer of wool in New England. Being impartial it embraces all.'’ He uttered grave warnings against forming alliances with Mexico and the South American republics, and insisted on the great importance of Cuba, both commercially and strategically to the United States. On questions of internal policy Mr. Buchanan had voted for the imposing of tolls for the support of the Cumberland road. When he first had occasion to act on this subject as a member of Congress, he was inclined to accept the doctrine that Congress had power to establish and support this road. Mr. Monroe’s veto affected him deeply, as it was the first time he had been brought to distinguish between federal and state powers. At a subsequent ses- sion of Congress he endeavored unsuccessfully to have the road retroceded to the states through which it passed, on condition that they would support it by levying tolls. During the canvass of 1828, in which the supporters of the adminis- tration had taken the name of national Republi- can, and the opposition that of Democrat. Mr. Buchanan was one of the most able and ardent supporters of General Jackson, and it was mainly through his influence that the twenty-eight electoral votes of Pennsylvania were secured. In 1829 he succeeded Daniel Webster as head of the judiciary committee, and in this capacity con- ducted the trial on impeachment of Judge Peck. In March, 1831, Mr. Buchanan retired from Con- gress, with the avowed intention of resuming his law practice, but President Jackson, in 1832, appointed him envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to St. Petersburg, and urged his acceptance of the mission so strongly that he could not well decline. He sailed from New York, April 8, 1832, on board the Silas Richards, a sailing vessel, and reached St. Petersburg the June following. His mission was to negotiate the first treaty of commerce between Russia and the United States, to establish a tariff system and to provide for consuls. He was thirty-eight years old when he undertook this important commis- sion, and although without official experience in diplomacy, he had been a close student of the diplomatic history of his own country and of public law, and what he did not know about trade between Russia and the United States he mastered soon after reaching St. Petersburg. He also perfected himself in the French language, which proved of invaluable assistance to him in conducting the negotiations. He referred to himself in a letter home, “As a tyro in dip- lomacy, with no weapons but a little common sense, knowledge and downright honesty — with which to encounter the most adroit and skilful politicians in the world.” The encounter was by no means a sinecure, but his fair mind, even manners, and unfailing tact served him well, and by adhering tenaciously to his purpose and exer- cising astute diplomacy in his dealings with the diplomats, he was eventually successful in arranging a commercial treaty by which impor- tant privileges in the Baltic and the Black sea were secured for the United States. He made a warm friend of Count Nesselrode, and when the treaty was at length accepted by the cabinet, against the strenuous opposition of some of the members, it was, by the dexterous management of the count, seconded by Mr. Buchanan’s skilful course and ample knowledge of the points in question. He began his journey homeward, Aug. 8. 1833. On Dec. 6. 1834, he was elected United States senator by the Democratic members of the Pennsylvania legislature, to fill the unexpired term of Senator Wilkins, resigned. In his letter of acceptance he wrote: “ I want language to express my feelings on the perusal of your kind letter. Elevated by your free and unsolicited suffrages to the only public station I desire to occupy, it shall be my constant endeavor to justify by my conduct the generous confidence which you have thus reposed.” When he took his seat in the senate, Dec. 15, 1834, General Jackson was in the second term of his office. Mr. Van Buren presided over the senate, the opposi- tion had become consolidated and classified under the name of the Whig party as substituted for that of national Republicans; there was a third party known as the anti-masons, and the Whigs controlled the senate by a two-thirds majority. In the great struggle between President Jackson and the Whigs, headed by Mr. Calhoun, Bu- chanan at all times warmly defended the Presi- dent and his claims. In the course of a speech in defence of the President in his exercise of the right to remove Presidential appointees from office without the consent of the senate, Mr. Buchanan said: “ Washington, the elder Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and the younger Adams removed whom they pleased from office ; but after the accession of Jackson to office the BUCHANAN. BUCHANAN. existence of this power is denied. We are now required to believe that all which former presi- dents have done was wrong; the first Congress was entirely mistaken in its construction of the constitution, and that the president does not possess the power of removal without the concur- rence of the senate. If ever a question has occur- red in the history of any country that ought to be considered and settled it is that one. A solemn decision at first, adopted, in practice afterwards by all branches of the government for five and forty years makes the precedent one of almost irresistible force.” In the next session of Con- gress, December, 1836, he delivered a speech defending the President's action in the removal of the public deposits and in support of Senator Benton's “ expunging ” resolutions, which pro- posed the cancellation on the journal of Mr. Clay’s resolution, condemning President Jackson for the act. In his speech, which has been char- acterized as the ablest effort in the senate, he deftly separated what was personal or partisan in the controversy from the serious questions involved, and covering the whole field of argu- ment upon the really important topics in a tem- perate, courteous, but firm discussion, placed his side of the debate upon its true merits. The reso- lutions were adopted by a strict party vote. During the latter part of General Jackson's administration the subject of slavery began to be agitated, and numerous petitions were made to Congress for its suppression in the District of Columbia. One from the Quakers of Pennsyl- vania was presented by Mr. Buchanan. His attitude at that time upon the slavery question is best expressed in his own words in the senate, Jan. 7, 1836: “ The memorial which I have in my possession is entitled to the utmost respect from the character of the memorialists. If any one principle of constitutional law can at this day be considered as settled, it is that Congress has no right, no power, over the question of slavery within those states where it exists. The prop- erty of the master in his slave existed in full force before the Federal constitution was adopted. It was a subject which then belonged, as it still belongs, to the exclusive jurisdiction of the sev- eral states. For one, whatever may be my opin- ions upon the abstract question of slavery, — I am free to confess they are those of the people of Pennsylvania,— I shall never attempt to violate this fundamental compact. The Union will be dissolved and incalculable evils will arise, the moment any such attempt is seriously made by the free states in Congress.” In June, 1836, when a bill was proposed in the senate to restrain the use of the mails for the circulation of in cendiary publications in the south, Mr. Webster addressed the senate in opposition to the bill, and Mr. Buchanan argued against him. In 1836, when Michigan sought admission to the Union, Mr. Buchanan spoke in favor of admitting the territory as a state. His whole career showed him to be pre-eminently a state rights man. Among his many loyal friends President Jackson had none more staunch than Mr. Buchanan. He supported him in his financial measures, advo- cated the recognition by Congress of the independence of Texas, and at a later time its annexation. Mr. Buchanan supported the princi- pal measures of the administration of Mr. Van Buren, including the establishment of an inde- pendent treasury. He was re-elected to the senate January, 1837, for a full term, being the first United States senator re-elected by the legis- lature of Pennsylvania. President Van Buren invited him to his official family as attorney- general to succeed Mr. Grundy, but Mr. Buchanan declined, claiming that he could best serve his country in the senate. On Feb. 2, 1842, in reply to Mr. Clay, he delivered a speech on the veto power of the president, in which he said: “Of all the executive powers it is the least to be dreaded. It cannot create, it can change no existing law, it can destroy no existing institu- tion. It is a mere power to arrest hasty and incon- siderate changes until the voice of the people, who are alike masters of senators, representa- tives and President, shall be heard.” In 1842 he opposed the ratification of the treaty between the United States and England, which Mr. Webster had negotiated with Lord Ashburton. In 1843 the. legislature of Pennsylvania re-elected him senator for a third term, and in 1844 his political and personal friends were anxious to propose him as Democratic candidate for the presidency. But he saw that if he permitted his friends to have their way, his interests would crash with those of Benton, Van Buren and other prominent men in the party. Mr. Buchanan accordingly promptly withdrew his name in a public letter, and James K. Polk was nominated and elected, and at the invitation of the President Mr. Buchanan accepted the position of secretary of state in his cabinet. Here he had some criti- cal questions to adjust, including the settlement of the boundary line between Oregon and the British possessions, and the annexation of Texas, from which arose the war with Mexico. He also advised President Polk to strongly re-assert the Monroe doctrine, which was in effect that no European nation should in future be permitted to settle a colony on the American continent or in any way to interfere with Ameri- can affairs; and he also advocated cultivating the most friendly relations with the Central Ameri- can states. When the Whigs came into power in 1849, Mr. Buchanan retired for a time from DT2] The Cyclopaedia Publishing Company. BUCHANAN. BUCHANAN. politics, and acquired a small estate a little out- side the city of Lancaster, known as Wheatland, and this henceforth became his home. The death of his sister, Mrs. Lane, in 1839, left to him the care and education of four children, and the youngest of them, Harriet, was of such a ten- der age that it was possible for her natural guardian to mould her character as lie wished; to direct the education of the young girl, to form her religious and moral principles, to guard her against temptation that would natur- ally come in the paths of one of her impetuous disposition, and to develop in her the character of a true woman, became one of the chief objects of his busy life. His letters to her, which began in her early youth, reveal a beautiful side of his character, of which the world knows but little. He wrote numerous public letters during his retirement, and the compromise measures of 1850, offered by Mr. Clay, the abolition of slave trade in the District of Columbia, and the fugi- tive slave law received his commendation and approval. When the Democratic party regained power in 1853, President Pierce offered to Mr. Buchanan the position of minister to England. In urging his acceptance the President said: “ I can assure you if you accept the mission Pennsylvania shall not receive one appointment more or less on that account. I shall consider yours as an appointment for the whole country, and I will not say that Pennsylvania shall not have more in case of your acceptance than if you should decline the mission.” The pressure brought to bear was so strong that he finally accepted. The fisheries reciprocity with Canada, and the Monroe doctrine as relating to Central American states, which had not been satis- factorily established by the Clayton Bulwer treaty, were the uppermost subjects for discus- sion and settlement. President Pierce decided that the questions of reciprocity and the fisheries should be negotiated at Washington, and the Central American question was referred to Lon- don. Mr. Buchanan was the originator and one of the three members of the Ostend conference that met in 1854 to consider the subject of the acquisition of Cuba by the United States, and with his colleagues maintained that on the prin- ciple of self-preservation from dangers of the gravest kind, an armed intervention of the United States and the capture of the island from the Spaniards would be justifiable. He returned to the United States in the latter part of April, 1856, accompanied by his niece, Harriet Lane, who had been for over a year his guest, and upon his arrival in New York was accorded a public recep- tion from the authorities and people of the city, which evinced the interest that was everywhere manifested towards him as an able statesman and the probable coming chief executive. He re turned to Wheatland, and there received news of his nomination as the Democratic candidate for President by the convention held at Cincin- nati in 1856. The Whig party had passed from existence. The anti-slavery party adopted the name of Republican, nominated John C. Fre- mont as their candidate for President, and the question of slavery in the territories was made the issue of the campaign. The repeal of the Missouri compromise and the passage of the Kan- sas-Nebraska act, which had been followed in Kansas by an internecine contest between pro- slavery and anti-slavery settlers, gave the can- vass a sectional fervor which was smothered but not extinguished by the election in November, when Mr. Buchanan secured the electoral vote of Arkansas, Alabama, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia, one hundred and thirty-nine electoral votes, which made him President of the United States. He was inaugurated March 4, 1857, and was welcomed to the presidency by many anxious and patriotic citizens outside of his own party sup- porters, who saw danger in the radical doctrines of the minority party. His niece, Harriet Lane, became mistress of the White House, and was admirably qualified to make the new administra- tion a social success. In the selection of his cabinet he made Lewis Cass, of Michigan, secre- tary of state ; Howell Cobb, of Georgia, secretary of the treasury; John B. Floyd, of Virginia, secretary of war ; Isaac Toucey, of Connecticut, secretary of the navy ; Jacob Thompson, of Mis- sissippi, secretary of the interior; Aaron V. Brown, of Tennessee, postmaster-general, and Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania, attorney- general. The state of the country when this administration was organized was ominous to its peace and welfare. The autumn of 1857 saw a financial crisis of that kind which is apt to recur in an expanding country as the cycle advances from booming prosperity to the over-confident and over-productive stage. Although the sever- ity of the times gradually relaxed, and both con- fidence and activity were by another twelve months fairly restored, it took a long time to do away with the effects of the panic. The preced- ing administration had left a legacy of trouble in the repeal of the Missouri compromise. The Kansas-Nebraska act was a bone of contention between two factions of the Democratic party, and the President had to consider what was the limitation imposed by the constitution of the United States upon the operation of this newly created right. He stood by the decision of the supreme court in the famous Dred Scott case, and f 473 J BUCHANAN. BUCHANAN. all his official influence was used through the territorial government to induce the people of Kansas to act in the questions of slavery at the proper time, and in the only practical way, by voting for delegates to the constitution called under the authority of the territorial laws, and then voting on the constitution which that con- vention should frame. In 1857 he appointed Alfred Ciunming, of Georgia, governor of Utah, and filled the judicial and other vacancies which existed. This roused the opposition of Brigham Young and his followers. The President and his secretary of war petitioned the existing Congress for necessary troops to quell the incipient rebel- lion, but the Lecompton controversy was raging, and the use of Federal troops to put down the free-state movement in Kansas had caused such mistrust and irritation that none but the Presi- dent’s stanchest supporters were inclined to place more troops at his disposal. The bill for an army increase was lost, though both houses passed a measure authorizing the President to accept for the Utah disturbance two regiments of volunteers; these were not called out, but the President mustered a military force out of the regulars strong enough to overawe and over- power Utah's rebellious inhabitants. Two peace commissioners also bore to Utah a proclamation from the President, dated April 6, which offered free pardon except to those who still persisted in disloyal resistance. These conciliatory ef- forts, backed by an irresistible show of military strength, brought the Mormons to a speed}’ acknowledgment of their allegiance. The ques- tion of British dominion in Central America, which Mr. Buchanan had advanced when minis- ter to England, was settled during his admin- istration under his advice and approval. A settlement with the Central American states was effected in accordance with the American construction of the Clayton -Bulwer treaty. He also succeeded in compelling the English govern- ment to recognize international law in favor of the freedom of the seas. He recommended to Congress sending aid to the constitutional party of Mexico, then forcibly suspended from exercis- ing the functions of government by military rule, and to redress with force the wrongs of our citizens who were resident there, and whose claims against Mexico aggregated ten million dollars. He also instructed the United States minister to Mexico, Mr. McLane, to make a treaty of ‘‘ Transit and Commerce,” and a “ con- vention to enforce treaty stipulations and to maintain order and security in the territory of the republics of Mexico and the United States.” Congress did not uphold him in his efforts; Louis Napoleon interfered; in 1864 an empire claims of the American citizens were for the time ignored. In 1858 the President concluded a treaty with China which established satis- factory commercial relations between the two countries. On June 22, 1860, he vetoed a bill “ to secure homesteads to actual settlers in the public domain, and for other purposes ” ; the other purposes pertained to donations to the states, his objections being that the United States had no right to donate her public land to the states for domestic purposes. In 1860 the President was authorized by Congress to settle the claims against the government of Paraguay, by sending a commissioner to that country, accompanied by a naval force sufficient to exact justice should negotiations fail. This expedition was started on a considerable scale, was entirely success- ful and resulted in a permanent peace with that country, at no cost to the government beyond the usual small annual appropriation for the navy. The election of Mr. Lincoln in 1860 was the signal for South Carolina to renew her old doc- trine, and she seceded Dec. 20, 1860. Mr. Bu- chanan refused to receive the commissioners sent by the state to treat with him as with a foreign power. He emphatically denied the right of any state to secede from the Union, and held that the only remedy for a dissatisfied state was open revolution. In the October preceding the election, he received communication from General Scott, commanding-general of the army, which subsequently became known as “General Scott's Views,” in which paper the general said in view of Mr. Lincoln's probable election he anticipated the secession of one or more southern states, and warned the President against leaving the forts in the south without additional garrison. As Mr. Buchanan had publicly denied the right of seces- sion, he could not consistently re-inforce the forts as if he anticipated revolution ; besides the entire United States troops available for garrison- ing the nine forts in the six excited southern states was four hundred men, and the recommen- dation was plainly impracticable. He adhered to his policy of non-action, for which he has been censured, but which was identical with that adopted by President Lincoln until the overt act of firing upon Fort Sumter. After the actual secession of South Carolina, the President's chief aim was to confine the area of secession and induce Congress to prepare for war. But again he was not seconded by the legislative body, and when his term of office expired. March 3. 1861. seven states had already seceded, and President Lincoln found himself sadly embarrassed by the apathy of Congress in not preparing for the con- flict, which could no longer be averted. Except- ing the short drive from the White House to the Capitol in the same carriage with Mr. Lincoln, under Maximillian was established, and the [ 474 ] BUCHANAN. BUCHANAN. in compliance with that time-honored custom, when the retiring President turns over the admin- istration of affairs to his successor, it does not appear that Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Lincoln ever met. Mr. Buchanan remained in Washington until March 9, settling private affairs, and on that day, accompanied by Miss Lane and the other members of his household, returned to Wheatland. He continued to take a deep interest in politics, and supported with his influ- ence as a private citizen the war that was raging for the maintenance of the Union. His declining years were saddened by the many calumnies with which he was assailed ; but he bore all with a dig- nified fortitude and was willing to leave the vindication of his course to a future, when perception would not be dimmed by sectional feeling. He published “ Buchanan's Adminis- tration,” a vindication of the policy of his admin- istration during the last months of his term. During the last years of his life he fell a victim to rheumatic gout, from which he finally died. His remains were laid at rest in Woodward Hill cemetery, near Lancaster, Pa. A simple monu- ment marks his grave, and the passer-by reads, “ James Buchanan, fifteenth President of the United States, born April 23, 1791; died June 1, 1868.” BUCHANAN, James, representative, was born at Ringoes, Hunterdon count}', N. J., June 17, 1839. He was reared upon a farm, received an academic education, was admitted to the practice of the law in 1864, and was chosen read- ing clerk of the New Jersey legislature in 1866. Subsequently he was a member of the Trenton board of education, presiding judge of Mercer county for six years, was elected a represen- tative to the 49th Congress as a Republican in 1884, and was successively elected to the 50th, 51st and 52d congresses. BUCHANAN, John Alexander, representa- tive, was born in Virginia, Oct. 7, 1843. He joined the Confederate army, serving as a private in the Stonewall brigade. He was taken a prisoner at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863, and remained in captivity until February, 1865. After the close of the war he entered the Emory and Henry college, Va., and was graduated in 1870, after which he studied law at the University of Vir- ginia. From 1885 to 1887 he was a member of the Virginia house of delegates. The following year he was elected a representative to the 51st Congress, and was re-elected in 1890 to the 52d Congress. BUCHANAN, John P., governor of Tennessee, was born at Williamson, Tenn., Oct. 24, 1847; son of Thomas Buchanan, grandson of John Buchanan, Jr., and great-grandson of Major John Buchanan. At the age of sixteen he joined [47 the Confederate army, where he distinguished himself in some of the most important battles of the civil war. At its conclusion he went back to his farm, where he engaged in the raising of blooded stock. In 1878 he removed his stock to a large farm in Rutherford county, and greatly in- creased his business. In 1886 he was elected to the general assembly of Tennessee and was re-elected in 1888. In February, 1890, lie- was elected, as a Democrat, governor of Tennessee. In the legislature he made his mark as an able and fearless debater, and contended stubbornly for the rights and interests of the people. As governor he showed himself well-informed on all subjects which came under his administration. On Aug. 1, 1889, upon the consolidation of the “Wheel” and the “Alliance,” Governor Buchanan was elected president of the organization. BUCHANAN, Joseph Rhodes, physician, was born in Frankfort, Kv., Dec. 11, 1814. He was graduated at the medical school of Louisville uni- versity in 1842, and was professor of physiology in the Cincinnati eclectic medical institute from 1846 to 1856. He was dean of the faculty from 1850 to 1855, and editor of its medical journal. In after years he was engaged in similar work in the eclectic medical schools of New York and Boston. Dr. Buchanan is the author of a new system of education, based on psychometry and sarcognomy, sciences of which he was the dis- coverer. His published works include: “Out- lines of Lectures on the Neurological System of Anthropology ” (1854) ; “ Eclectic Practice of Medicine and Surgery ” (third revised edition, 1868) ; “ The American System of Medicine ” (1880); “Moral Education, its Laws and Methods” (1882); “ The New Education : Moral, Industrial, Hygienic, Intellectual” (1882); “Manual of Psychometry: the Dawn of a New Civilization” ( 1885 ), and “Therapeutic Sar- cognomy” (1891). He was for many years the editor of Buchanan's Journal of Man. BUCHANAN, Robert Christie, soldier, was born in Maryland about the year 1810. He was graduated at West Point in 1830, served on garri- son duty for two years, was engaged in the Black Hawk and Seminole wars, and in 1838 was pro- moted captain. He was stationed in Texas during the military occupation of 1845-46, and from 1846 to 1848 was engaged in the Mexican war, being promoted brevet major, May 9, 1846, for “gallant and distinguished services ” in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, Texas, and brevet lieutenant-colonel in September, 1847, for meri- torious conduct at the battle of Molino del Rey Mexico. February 3, 1855, he was appointed major in the 4th infantry, and served on re- cruiting, garrison, frontier, and court-martial duty. September, 1861, he was promoted to the 5 ] BUCHTEL. BUCK. lieutenant-colonelcy of the 4th infantry and sta- tioned at Washington, D. C., where he remained until March, 1862. He took a prominent part in the Peninsular campaign, winning a brevet col- onelcy, June 27, 1862, by his gallant conduct at the battle of Gaines’s Mill. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in November, 1862, and commanded Fort Delaware after March, 1863. He was promoted ' colonel in the regular army in 1864, and brevetted brigadier and major- general in 1865— the two brevets being rewards for gallantry at Malvern Hill, Manassas, and Fred- ericksburg. He was a member of the military commission. Dec. 1, 1865, to investigate the com- plaints of Prussia concerning the Massachusetts enlistments of 1863, and he was also a member of the Iowa claims commission of 1867. During the year 1868 he was in command of the district of Louisiana, and in 1869-’70 of Fort Porter, N. Y. He was retired at his own request Dec. 31. 1870, and died in Washington, D. C., Nov. 29, 1878. BUCHTEL, John Richards, philanthropist, was born in Summit county, Ohio, Jan. 18, 1822. His first American paternal ancestor immigrated to the United States from Germany in the eight- eenth century. The boy’s education was limited, and his youth was passed on a farm. In 1854 he entered the em- ploy of Ball, Aultman & Co., manufac- turers of mow- ers and reapers at Akron, Ohio. The firm failed in 1856, making him their as- signee and he placed their affairs on a secure founda- tion. In 1864 h e formed a connection with the Buck- eye m o vv i n g machine company, the business being organized into a stock company in 1865, and he was elected its president. He was also president of the bank of Akron and manager of the Akron iron company, and in all his interests sustained the most pleasant relations with his employees, their comfort being His first consideration. He erected comfortable dwellings which he sold to his employees on easy terms of payment, and thus built up the town of Buchtel, which soon presented all the facilities and improvements of an embryo city, including an opera house and a department store. Coal to the amount of one hundred and fifty car loads was mined each day, and a large blast furnace pro- duced an average of forty-five tons of the best iron every twenty-four hours. The Akron iron company paid the Hocking Valley railroad in 1880 for transporting coal and iron over their line, one million dollars. Mr. Buchtel was a Re- publican, but when temperance issues were in- volved he acted with the Prohibition party, and was the candidate of that party for secretary of state of Ohio in 1874. He was appointed by Gov ernor Hayes one of the trustees of the State agricultural college, and was a member of the executive committee during the erection of its buildings. He contributed to the building of every church in Akron, and besides donating his library to Buchtel college, he from time to time made gifts to that institution amounting to not less than §500,000. He died May 23, 1893. BUCK, Dudley, musician, was born at Hart ford, Conn., March 10, 1839. His first American ancestor came from England with John Cotton, Samuel Stone and Richard Hooker in 1633, and was one of those who accompanied the latter in his settlement of Hartford, Conn., three years later. His father owned a line of steamers ply- ing between Hartford and New York. The boy took his primary lessons in music without a master, his first instrument being a flute, suc- ceeded by a melodeon, on which he taught him- self to play selections from Haydn, Mozart and Handel. When sixteen years of age he took lessons on the piano, and was appointed organist of St. John’s Episcopal church, Hartford, a posi- tion which gave him a moderate stipend, his first musical earnings. He entered Trinity college, Hartford, in 1855, and in 1858 went to Europe for a thorough musical education. He first studied at the Leipsic conservatory under Moritz. Hauptmann, Ernst Richter, and Julius Rietz, and then at Dresden, under the celebrated organist, Johann Gottlieb Schneider. In 1860 he went to Paris, and returned to the United States in 1862. He was organist at Dr. Horace Bushnell's church at Hartford until 1869, meanwhile conducting various series of organ concerts throughout the country. In 1869 he removed to Chicago, where he took charge of the musical service of St. James’ Episcopal church. The Chicago fire of 1871 caused his removal to Boston, where he was organist at St. Paul’s church, and for a short time in Music Hall. Later he became assistant conductor of the Theodore Thomas concerts at Central Park, New York, and assisted Mr. Thomas at the Cincinnati festivals. He was next organist of St. Ann's church, and after wards of Holy Trinity church, Brooklyn. N. Y . and conductor of the Apollo club of that city. Many of his compositions for male voices were written for this club. He composed the music BUCKALEW. BUCKHAM. for a cantata, “The Centennial Meditation of Columbia,” which was sung at the opening of the Centennial exhibition, Philadelphia, Pa., May, 1876, under Theodore Thomas’s direction, by a chorus of one thousand voices, with organ and an orchestra of nearly two hundred instrumentalists. His services as president of the Metropolitan college of music, of New York city, were greatly appreciated by its students. His composition, “ The Golden Legend,” obtained a prize of one thousand dollars from the Cincinnati musical association. “The Legend of Don Munio,” a romantic cantata, founded on Irving’s “ Alham- bra ” ; “ The Light of Asia,” written in 1885, the text from Sir Edwin Arnold’s epic poem; “The voyage of Columbus,” “The Nun of Nidaras,” “King Olaf's Christmas,” “The Forty-sixth Psalm,” “Chorus of Spirits and Hours,” from Shelley’s “ Prometheus Unbound,” “ Hymn to Music,” “The Story of the Cross,” “The Triumph of David,” “ Marmion,” and a commun- ion service in C in nine numbers, are among his more popular compositions. BUCK, Gurdon, surgeon, was born in New York city, May 7, 1807. He obtained a classical education and engaged in business for some years. He then studied medicine and was gradu- ated from the College of physicians and surgeons in 1830. After a short hospital practice he travelled in Europe and studied in the medical schools of France and Germany. He returned to New York in 1833, and established a practice, but in 1835 again visited Europe, where he remained two years. On his return to the United States he was appointed visiting surgeon to the New York hospital, a position which he held during the remainder of his life. The treatment of fractures known as “ Buck's extension ” took its name and origin from him. He held impor- tant offices in the principal medical societies of America, and was a fellow and at one time vice- president of the Academy of medicine. He was a member of the American medical association, of the New York pathological society, and a trustee of the New York dispensary of the eye and ear infirmary, and of the college of physi- cians and surgeons. He was also visiting sur- geon to New York hospitals. He is the author of “Contributions to Reparative Surgery” (1870). He died in New York city, March 6, 1877. BUCKALEW, Charles R., senator, was born in Fishing Creek township, Pa., Dec. 28, 1821. He was admitted to the bar in 1843, and was prosecuting attorney of Columbia county from 1845 to 1847. He was elected to the state senate in 1850 and 1855; was commissioned to exchange ratifications of a treaty with Paraguay in 1854; was a presidential elector in 1856; chairman of the Democratic state committee in 1857 ; again fi: state senator in 1857 ; one of the commissioners to revise the penal code of the state in 1858. In 1860 he was appointed minister resident at Ecua- dor by President Buchanan. In 1863 he was elected to the U. S. senate, where he was promi- nent on several committees, and active in debate upon the reconstruction measures, which he con- sidered illegal. He was elected to the state senate in 1869 for the fourth time, served in the constitutional convention of 1873 ; in 1876 was on the Democratic electoral ticket. In 1872 he published a volume upon “ Proportional Repre- sentation,” and in 1883 a work upon the “ Con- stitution of Pennsylvania.” In 1887 was elected a representative to the 50th, and in 1889 was re- elected to the 51st Congress. He was an unsuc- cessful candidate for the 54th Congress in 1894. BUCKHAM, Matthew Henry, educator, was born at Hinckley, Leicestershire, England, July 4, 1832; son of James Buckhajn, an independent clergyman, who settled in Connecticut, where the son received his preparation for college. He matriculated at the University of Vermont, and was graduated in 1851 with honors. The year following his graduation he was principal of Lenox academy, Mass., and tutor in the Vermont university. He then visited Europe, and, after several years of study and travel, returned in 1856 to accept the chair of Greek in the Uni- versity of Vermont. In 1865 he added to his duties those of professor of English literature, resigning both chairs in 1871 to accept the presi- dency of the university, made vacant by the resignation of President James B. Angell. In 1877 he received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton college, N. Y., and from Dartmouth college, and in the same year the University of Vermont conferred upon him the degree of A.M. From 1867 to 1874 he was a prominent member of the Vermont state board of education. His addresses, sermons, reviews and papers on edu- cational topics have been largely circulated in pamphlet form. BUCKHOUT, Isaac Craig, civil engineer, was born at Morrisania, N. Y., in 1831. At an early age he was employed by the Harlem railroad as a surveyor’s assistant, and he afterward occupied the position of city engineer, and superintendent of water-works in Paterson, N. J. Later he was appointed city surveyor of New York, and in 1853, returning to the employ of the Harlem railroad company, he superintended the con- struction of extensive works on the Harlem river, and of important improvements in various parts of the road. He became chief engineer of the road in 1857, and its superintendent in 1863. He designed the Grand central station, and was one of a committee of four engineers appointed by the legislature to carry out the provisions of the '7J BUCKINGHAM. BUCKINGHAM. charter granting the privilege of constructing the Fourth avenue improvements. Mr. Buck- hout’s plans for the construction of the under- ground railroad, for which Mr. Vanderbilt obtained a charter, were pronounced the most practicable of those submitted, as were also his plans for a similar road in Brooklyn, N. Y. He died at White Plains, N. Y. , Sept. 27, 1874. BUCKINGHAM, Catharinus Putnam, was born at Springfield, Ohio, March 14, 1808. After his graduation at the United States military academy in 1829, he served for one year on topo- graphical duty, and for another on pedagogical duty at the military academy, when he resigned from the service. From 1833 to 1836 he was pro- fessor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Kenyon college, Gambier, Ohio, and he then became engaged in manufacturing pursuits, ac- quiring a business interest in the Kokosing iron works at Mt. Vernon, Ohio. Upon the outbreak of the civil war he entered the service as assist- ant adjutant-general of Ohio, May 3, 1861, becoming commissary-general on May 8, and adjutant-general with the rank of brigadier- general in July of the same year. He was detailed to special duty in the war department at Washington, D. C., from July, 1862, to Febru- ary, 1863, when he resigned his commission, and removing to New York engaged in mercantile pursuits. The years from 1868 to 1873 were spent by him in building the Illinois central grain ele- vator at Chicago, when he became president of the Chicago steel works. BUCKINGHAM, Joseph Tinker, journalist, was born at Windham, Conn., Dec. 21, 1779. At the age of sixteen he obtained employment as a printer in New Hampshire, and afterwards in Greenfield, Mass. He moved to Boston in 1800, where he embarked in publishing on his own ac- count. In 1824 he established the Boston Courier, a daily journal, which he edited until June, 1848. In July, 1831, he issued, in connec- tion with his son Edwin, the first number of the New England Magazine , which was for a time successful, and had among its writers some of the most popular authors of the day ; a part of “The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table'’ first appearing in its pages. On the death of his son, who was associate editor, he discontinued the magazine in 1834. He was president of the Massachusetts charitable mechanics’, of the Bunker Hill monument and of the Middlesex agricultural associations. He published “ Speci- mens of Newspaper Literature, with Personal Memoirs, Anecdotes and Reminiscences ” (1850) ; “ Personal Memoirs and Recollections of Edi- torial Life ” (1852), “ Annals of the Massachu- setts Charitable Mechanics’ Association ” (1853). He died in Cambridge, Mass., April 11, 1861. BUCKINGHAM, Samuel G., clergyman, was born at Lebanon, Conn., Nov. 18, 1812. He was graduated at Yale college in 1833, and at the Yale theological seminary in 1837, after which he was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Millbury, Mass. In 1847 he accepted a call to the South church, Springfield, Mass., and upon his resignation in 1885, after a pastorate of thirty- eight years, his people manifested their attach- ment by electing him pastor emeritus. Dr. Buckingham was an important factor in the cause of religion and education in the western part of Massachusetts. Yale conferred on him the degree of S.T.D. in 1868. BUCKINGHAM, William Alfred, governor of Connecticut, was born at Lebanon, Conn., May 28, 1804. His early education was acquired in the public schools of Lebanon, and during his eighteenth year he taught school. From 1823 to 1827 he was employed as a clerk in a store at Norwich, Conn., entering business on his own account in the latter year. He was elected mayor of Norwich in 1849, was re-elected the following year, and held the same office during 1856 and 1857. In 1858 he became governor of Connecti- cut, and was successively re-elected until 1866. During the civil war he rendered signal service, sending out from Connecticut without draft more than fifty thousand men, an exceedingly large number in proportion to the population of the state. At the end of his eighth term as governor he declined a re-nomination, and in 1868 he was elected a U. S. senator, serving as the chairman of the committee on Indian affairs and as a mem- ber of the committee on commerce. He was public spirited and philanthropic, giving liberally to schools and colleges and to charitable institu- tions. He gave twenty-five thousand dollars to the theological department of Yale college, of which institution his ancestor, the Rev. Thomas Buckingham, was one of the founders. In 1868 he was prominently mentioned before the Re- publican national convention as candidate for the vice-presidency. On June 18, 1884, Olin L. Warner’s bronze statue of Governor Bucking- ham was unveiled at the state house in Hartford. Conn. He died at Norwich, Conn., Feb. 3, 1875. BUCKLAND, Cyrus, inventor, was born in Manchester, Conn., Aug. 10, 1799. In 1828 he was employed at the national armory at Spring- field, Mass., as a pattern-maker, and to his inven- tive and executive ability are due many of the effective improvements in arms, adopted by the national government. He devised a machine which made possible the interchange of parts in small arms, and also machines for turning the upper barrels of muskets, for finishing the cone, for milling screws, for boring and turning gun barrels, and for rifling muskets. He invented a [47S] BUCKLAND. BUCKLEY. set of stocking machines, thirteen in number, which carry the gun stocks from the crude state in which they come from the mill to an advanced degree of finish. These stocking machines were introduced into the national armory of England — men from the Springfield armory being em- ployed to operate them. Several other European governments adopted not only these machines but also various other of Mr. Buckland’s time and money-saving inventions. Upon his retire- ment, in 1859, the United States government voted him a grant of seventy thousand dollars, in recognition of its indebtedness, Mr. Buckland having previously received no compensation beyond his daily wages for his many inventions. He died in Springfield, Mass., Feb. 26, 1891. BUCKLAND, Ralph Pomeroy, soldier, was born at Leyden, Mass., Jan. 20, 1812. His parents moved to Ohio, where he received his education. He was admitted to the bar in 1837, and com- menced practice at Fremont. In 1848 he was a delegate to the national Whig convention, and from 1855 to 1859 he was state senator. He en- tered the Union army in 1861 as colonel of the 72d Ohio volunteers, which he had organized, and at the battle of Shiloh he commanded the 4th brigade of Sherman’s division, receiving pro- motion to brigadier-general, Nov. 29, 1862, for gallantry on this occasion. He commanded a brigade in the 15th army corps at Vicksburg, was later assigned to the command of the dis- trict of Memphis, and was brevetted major- general of volunteers in March, 1865. In Janu- ary, 1865, he resigned his commission in the army in order to accept a seat in the 39th Congress as representative from his state, having been elected while in the field. He was re-elected in 1866 to the 40th Congress, and served on the committees on banking, currency and militia. He was president of the board of managers of the Ohio soldiers' and sailors’ orphans’ home at Xenia from 1867 to 1873, and the government director of the Union Pacific railroad from 1877 to 1880. He died at Fremont, Ohio, May 28, 1892. BUCKLEY, James Monroe, editor, was born at Rahway, N. J., Dec. 16, 1836. He studied at Pennington, N. J., and at Wesleyan university, leaving in his freshman year on account of ill- health. On partial recovery he studied divinity under Dr. Nathaniel Laselle, at Exeter, N. H. He entered the New Hampshire conference of the Methodist Episcopal church on trial, 1859, and was stationed at Dover, Manchester and Con- cord. In 1863 he travelled in Europe and in November of that year was transferred to Detroit conference, and preached in Detroit, Mich., from 1864 to 1866; in Brooklyn, N. Y'., and Stamford, Conn., 1866 to 1880. He studied medicine 1866-’69, and served on the medical 'committees of the State lunatic hospitals of New Jersey for many years, and as president of the Methodist Episco- pal (Seney) hospital, Brooklyn, N Y., from its foundation. He was a member of the general conference in 1872, 1876 and 1880, and a dele- gate to the ecumenical Methodist conference in London, 1881. In 1880 he became editor of the New York Christian Advocate, and was a mem- ber of every general conference and of the ecu- menical conference in 1891. He published : “ Appeals to Men of Sense and Reflection,” New York (1869) ; “ Two Weeks in the Yosemite Val- ley,” New York (1873); “Supposed Miracles,” Boston (1875) ; “ Christians and the Theatre ” (1875); “ Oats or Wild Oats,” New York (1885), “ The Land of the Czar and the Nihilist,” Boston (1886); “Christian Science, Faith-Healing and Kindred Phenomena,” and “Travels in Three Continents.” The degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Wesleyan university in 1869, and that of D.D. in 1872; Emory and Henry college, Va., gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1882. BUCKLEY, Samuel Botsford, naturalist, was born in Torrey, Yates county, N. Y., May 9, 1809. He was graduated at the Wesleyan university in 1836, and the two years following were spent in travelling through the south and west, making botanical, geological, malacological and geodeti- cal investigations. In 1839-"40 he was principal of the academy at Allenton, Ala., and in 1842 extended his travels and investigations through the southern and western parts of the country, discovering a nearly complete skeleton of a zeuglodon, twenty-four new species of plants, and a new genus of shrub, which was afterward named “ Buckleya ” in his honor, by Professor Torrey. He spent some months of 1842-’43 in study at the New York college of physicians and surgeons, and in the same year he visited Florida, where he discovered some thirteen new species of shells. In 1858 he ascertained the altitude of several of the highest mountains in Tennessee and the Carolinas by means of the barometer. One of these peaks, Mt. Buckley, in North Caro- lina, was named in his honor. In 1859-'60 he was engaged in collecting materials for a supple- ment to Michauxand Nuttall's “ Sylva,”and was employed upon the Texas geological survey of 1860- '61, as assistant geologist and naturalist. From 1862 to 1865 he was the chief examiner in the statistical department of the U. S. sanitary commission, and, during 1866-'67, state geologist of Texas, which office he again filled from 1874 to 1877, during the latter term constructing two geological maps of that state, and writing a number of articles on the mineral resources and the geological formations of the state for Hitch- cock and Blake’s “ Geological Atlas of the United States. ' In 1871— *72 he was scientific r47!tl BUCKMINSTER. BUCKNER. editor of the State Gazette, published at Austin, and in 1872 received the degree of Ph.D. from Waco university, Texas. He founded the Texas association of science, was a member of various scientific associations, and a contributor to scien tific journals. A full list of his journalistic con tributions may be found in the Alumni Record of Wesleyan university (1881-'83). At the time of his death he had in preparation a work on the geology and natural history of Texas, and another on the trees and shrubs of the United States. He died in Austin, Texas, Feb. 18, 1884. BUCKMINSTER, Joseph, clergyman, was born at Rutland, Mass., Oct. 14, 1751 ; son of Rev. Joseph Buckminster, and a direct descendant of the Thomas Buckminster who, in 1640, emi- grated from England and settled at Muddy river (Brookline), Mass. He entered Tale college at the age of fifteen, and upon his graduation in 1770 received a Berkeley scholarship, which enabled him to pursue a theological course of three years free of charge. From 1774 to 1778 he was a tutor at Yale, and in 1779 he accepted a call to the North church of Portsmouth, N. H. His ordination, on January 27, was the commence- ment of a pastorate extending over thirty-three years. He was a most eloquent and original speaker, and in the controversy which resulted in the division of the Congregational church, he joined the conservative party, his son, Joseph Stevens Buckminster, joining the liberal party. The College of New Jersey conferred on him the degree of D.D. in 1803. His publications include some twenty-five sermons and a memoir of Dr. MacClintock. See “ Memoirs of Rev. Joseph Buckminster, D.D , and of his Son,” by Eliza Buckminster Lee (1851). His death occurred at Readsboro, Vt., June 10. 1812. BUCKMINSTER, Joseph Stevens, clergy- man, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., May 26, 1784; son of Joseph Buckminster, 2d. His ances- tors for several generations had been clergymen. He was graduated from Harvard with honors in 1801. He studied theology and general literature, and taught for a time at Phillips Exeter acad- emy. On Jan. 20, 1805, he was ordained pastor of the Brattle street church of Boston. In 1806-'07 his congregation granted him an ex- tended leave of absence, which he employed in European travel, hoping thereby to regain his health. He was the friend and patron of litera ture, a member of the famous “ Anthology Club,” and a contributor to Monthly Anthology. He was one of the first preachers to introduce a measure of literary excellence into pulpit dis- courses. He belonged to the liberal branch of the Congregational church, which, shortly after his death, became distinctly Unitarian. In 1808 he published, in connection with Mr. William F4S01 Wells, and under the patronage of Harvard college, a new edition of Griesbach’s Greek Testament, and in the following year a memor- able address delivered by him before the Phi Beta Kappa society of Harvard on the “ Dangers and Duties of Men of Letters,” was published. In 1811 he was invited to deliver a course of lectures in biblical criticism at Harvard. After his death a number of his sermons were collected and published with memoirs by Rev. S. C. Thacher (1814, revised fourth ed. 1839) ; and his sister, Eliza Buckminster Lee, wrote a memoir of his life (1849). He died at Boston, Mass., June 9, 1812. BUCKNER, Simon Bolivar, soldier, was born in Hart county, Ky., in April. 1823; son of Aylett H. Buckner, an iron manufacturer and extensive farmer who was descended from an old Virginia family of English ancestors. The elder Buckner subsequently removed first to Munfordville, and in 1840 to Muhlenberg county. The son was graduated at the U.S military academy in 1844, and in August, 1845, was appointed assistant professor of ethics at West Point, and remained at this post until the follow- ing May. At the out- break of the war with M e x i co, Lieutenant Buckner applied for transfer to the scene of hostilities. was attached to the 6th regiment and was brevetted 1st lieuten ant for gallantry at Contreras and Churubuseo. At Molino del Rey he won the captain's brevet. He was returned to West Point in 1848. and appointed assistant instructor of infantry tactics. He retained this position until March 25. 1855, when he superintended the building of the Chicago custom house. He then recruited a regi ment of Illinois volunteers for the proposed Utah expedition, but they were not called into service In 1860 he resigned his commission and removed to Louisville, Ky., where he engaged in the prac tice of law and also took an active interest in the state militia. Governor Magoffin appointed him adjutant and inspector-general of the state guard. When the civil war broke out his sympathies prompted him to go with the south, and a large part of the state guard followed their com- mander. General Buckner called upon the people of the state to support him in his movements against the troops that had invaded the state from BUCKNER. BUDD. the north by order of President Lincoln. He es- tablished Camp Boone, and threatened Louisville, but advanced no farther than Bowling Green. From there lie was ordered to Fort Donelson by his superior officers. Generals Pillow and Floyd, who subsequently forced him to the alternative of abandoning his men or surrendering the fort and garrison. He first commanded a brigade and distinguished himself in the battle of 13th, 14th and 15th of February, 1862. On the last day a gallant sortie was made. The Federals were driven back and the way opened for the Confed- erates to escape, but General Pillow ordered them back. General Buckner protested, but was over ruled. That afternoon General Grant so ar- ranged his forces that escape was cut off. A conference was held in the evening, and Gen- erals Floyd and Pillow made their escape during the night. General Buckner would not consent to abandon the troops, the command was turned over to him and he remained to undergo the mortification of the inevitable surrender. A pleasant incident of the occasion was the con- duct of General Grant, who privately placed his purse at his old friend’s disposal when he was taken a prisoner of war to Fort Warren, Boston harbor. They had been cadets together at West Point, and continued life-long friends. Many years afterwards, when Ex-President Grant was financially ruined by the failure of Grant & Ward, General Buckner returned the kindness showed him at Fort Donelson. He made a special trip to New York, and delicately offered to lend General Grant whatever sum he might requii'e, to be paid when convenient. It is under- stood General Grant accepted the offer, but the particulars were never revealed by General Buck- ner. He was one of the pall bearers at General Grant's funeral. Upon his exchange in August, 1862, he was given command of the first division of General Hardee’s corps; was made major- general, and distinguished himself at the battle of Murfreesboro and Chickamauga. He suc- ceeded to the command of Kirby Smith’s army as lieutenant -general, and surrendered it on May 26, 1865, at Baton. Rouge. While occupied in adjusting his complicated financial affairs after the war, he engaged in journalism, first in New Orleans and afterwards in Louisville. In 1870 he took up his residence on the farm in Hart county, where he was born, and in 1887 was elected Gov- ernor of Kentucky, defeating William F. Bradley by seventeen thousand votes. During his term a large amount of money was required to answer immediate and pressing public needs, and Gov- ernor Buckner advanced the commonwealth fifty thousand dollars without charging interest. In many ways he improved the public service while governor. He was elected delegate to the state constitutional convention, and took part in fram- ing the new constitution. On Sept. 3, 1896, the independent Democrats convened at In- dianapolis, Ind., and nominated General Buck- ner as their candidate for vice-president of the United States on the ticket with John M. Palmer as President. He made an active personal can- vass in behalf of a gold standard, speaking in the principal cities of the north and east. This canvass was actually in the interest of the Re- publican candidate, the ticket receiving only 132,871 votes in a total popular vote of 13,923,- 643. BUDD, Charles Arms, physician, was born in New York city, Jan. 16, 1831 ; son of Bern W. and Caroline Elvira (Reynolds) Budd. He was graduated in 1850 from the University of the city of New York, and pursued his medical studies at the University of Vermont and the University of the city of New York, receiving his M.D. degree from the latter in 1852. In 1852-’53 he was surgeon on a packet between New York and Liverpool, and in 1853-'54 was resident physician at the cholera hospital in New York city. From I860 to 1864 he was adjunct profes- sor of obstetrics at the New York medical col- lege, being called in the latter year to the chair of obstetrics and of diseases of women and child- ren in the medical department of the University of the city of New York and in 1876 he was made professor emeritus of the same. In addition to the duties of his chair he was physician to Alt. Sinai hospital, 1865-’77 ; to the charity hospital. 1866-’77 ; visiting physician to Bellevue hospital ; 1875-’77 ; and consulting physician to the New York state woman’s hospital. He was a member of the New York academy of medicine; of the New York county medical society; of the Journal association, and president of the New York ob- stetrical society. He died in New York city, May 17, 1877. BUEL, Clarence Clough, journalist, was born at Laona, Chautauqua county. N. Y., July 29, 1850, and was taken to Madison, Wis., in 1855. After two years in the University of Minnesota, he studied journalism at the University of Berlin in 1872-’73, and at the University and Polytechnic of Munich, 1873-’74. Upon his return to the United States he was associate editor of the Minneapolis Tribune, and then joined the staff of the New York Tribune, on which he served from June, 1875. to November, 1881, when he became assistant editor of the Century Magazine. He was associated with Robert U. Johnson in editing a series of war papers in the Century, which were afterwards collected and published in a serial subscription book under the title, “ Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,’’ which was very popular. Dsn BUEL. BUELL. BUEL, Samuel, clergyman, was born in Troy, N. Y., June 15, 1815; son of Judge David Buel, an eminent lawyer. He received his education at Williams college, from which he was gradu- ated first in the class of 1833. He studied at the Episcopal theological seminary at Alexandria, Va. After twenty years of ministerial and mis- sionary work in various parts of the country, he became tutor at Kenyon college, professor of ecclesiastical history at Seabury divinity school, Faribault, Minn., in 1867, and professor of sys- tematic divinity and dogmatic theology in the General theological seminary in New York in 1871, where he continued to teach until poor health compelled him to resign in 1888, when he was made professor emeritus. The General theo- logical seminary gave him the degree of S.T.D. in 1885, the degree having been conferred on him by Columbia college in 1862. Of his published writings the best known are: “A Treatise of Dogmatic Theology,” “ The Apostolical System of the church Defended,” and “ Eucharistic Pres- ence, Sacrifice, and Adoration.” He died in New York city, Dev - '. 30, 1892. BUELL, Abel, pioneer type-founder, was born at Killingworth, Conn., about 1750. He was a man of many resources, and though little is known of his life, record is found of him as en- graver, jeweller, goldsmith, undertaker, military bugler, teacher of singing and choir leader, before he adopted the business of type-founding and printing. His expert knowledge of engrav- ing led him into the penal offence of altering a colonial note, for which he served a term of im- prisonment. A special act of the legislature, in return for many honorable services rendered the state, restored to him his civil rights. In 1769, without any other aid than his own ingenuity and some little knowledge derived from books, he began the manufacture of type, and in the course of a few years completed several fonts of long primer. One John Baine, who came to the United States after the revolution, has claimed the honor of being the first type-founder in America, but the Massachusetts Gazette estab- lished Buell’s right to that honor beyond a per- adventure. Under date of Sept. 4, 1769 (some years prior to Baine’s advent), that journal says: “We learn that Abel Buell of Killing- worth, in Connecticut, has made himself master of the art of founding types for printing. ” He was extremely eccentric and very restless, and was continually getting into trouble. He pub- lished a weekly newspaper, entitled, The Devil's Club or Iron Cane , in which he advocated “ the doctrine of eternal progression and endless development.” The publication of these views gave great offence to the Puritans, and Buell was condemned to six months’ confinement in Syms- bury mines, being released at the end of his term only on condition that he publicly renounce his heresy, and that he agree to carry an iron cane on Sabbath days in token of the sincerity of his repentance. So subdued did he become to all outward appearances that he was known as “ the meek man with the iron cane.” Disguised as a Kickapoo Indian he was one of the “ Boston Tea Party,” and at the battle of Lexington he heated to a white heat the point of his iron cane and with it touched off the first cannon fired in the revolution, and he was wounded in the knee at the battle of Bunker Hill. He became a gov- ernment coiner after the revolution, and devised new instruments for conducting the work. Subsequently lie visited England, for the pur- pose of studying the machines used in the manu- facture of cotton cloth, and upon his return to America he established at New Haven a cotton factory, which was one of the first erected in the United States. He died at New Haven, Conn., about 1825. BUELL, Don Carlos, soldier, was born near Marietta, Ohio, March 23, 1818. He was gradu- ated from West Point in 1841 ; was assigned to the 3d infantry, and raised to the grade of 1st lieutenant, June 18, 1846. He was brevetted captain for gallant conduct at Monterey, and major after Contreras and Cliurubusco, having received a severe wound in the latter engage- ment. From 1848 to 1861 he was on duty as assistant adjutant-general at Washington, and at various department headquarters. On May 11, 1861, he received a staff appointment as lieu- tenant-colonel, and on May 17 was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He was em- ployed in the work of organizing the troops at Washington. In August, 1861, he was given command of a division of the army of the Po- tomac, and in November, 1861, superseded General Sherman in the command of the depart- ment of the Cumberland, re-organized into the department of the Ohio. An attack upon Gen- eral Buell's pickets at Rowlett station. Dec. 17. 1861, opened the Kentucky campaign, and Fell. 14, 1862, he occupied Bowling Green; February 23 he took possession of Gallatin, Tenn., and on the 25th of the same month entered Nash- ville. On March 21, 1862, he was made major- general of volunteers, and his department became a part of the department of the Mississippi under General Halleck. His opportune arrival at Shiloh on the evening of April 6. following, saved the troops under General Grant from a dis- astrous defeat. He assumed command of the army of the Ohio, June 12. 1862, and early in Sep- tember Bragg advanced into Kentucky, obliging Buell to evacuate central Tennessee and retreat to Louisville, where his army arrived September [ 482 ] BUELL. BUFFINGTON. 24, thus saving that city and Cincinnati, Ohio, from capture. Buell was superseded by Gen- eral Thomas, September 30, by orders from Washington, but reinstated the next day, when he pursued Bragg’s retreating forces. They met at Perryville, and fought an indecisive battle, though Bragg acknowledged defeat by retreat- ing to Harrodsburg, and then to Cumberland Gap. Buell's management of this campaign has been pronounced masterly by military authori- ties, but lie was censured by the war depart- ment, and by orders turned over his command to General Rosec.rans. The report of the mili- tary investigation committee was never pub- lished. General Buell was mustered out of the volunteer service, May 23, 1864, and resigned his commission in the regular army June 1, 1864. He became extensively engaged in the iron business in Muhlenburg county, Ky. He was appointed pension agent in Kentucky by Presi- dent Cleveland in 1885, and removed by President Harrison in 1890. BUELL, Marcus Darius, educator, was born at Wayland, N. Y., Jan. 1, 1851; son of Enoch George and Maria (Brownson) Buell. He was graduated from the University of the city of New York in 1872, and from Boston university school of theology in 1875. He was pastor at Glenville, Conn., l875-'77 ; at Great Neck (L. I.), N. Y., 1880-’81, and at Hartford, Conn., 1882-’83. In 1884 he studied at Cambridge university, Eng- land, and in 1885 at the University of Berlin. On his return to the United States he entered upon his duties as professor ot New Testament Greek and exegesis at Boston university, to which chair he had been appointed in 1884. In 1890 he was made dean of the theological faculty. He received the degrees of A. 51., 1873, and D.D., 1889, from the University of the city of New York, and that of S.T.B. from Boston university in 1875. He was elected a member of the Har- vard biblical club, the Society of biblical litera- ture and exegesis, and the American Oriental society. BUELL, Richard Hooker, engineer, was born at Cumberland, Md., Nov. 9, 1842. He was graduated at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1862, served through the civil war as an engineer officer in the U. S. navy, and in 1870 was appointed assistant civil engineer of the Tehuantepec survey, assistant professor of nat- ural and experimental philosophy in the 17. S. naval academy, Annapolis, Md. He opened an office as consulting mechanical engineer in New York city. He wi - ote the “ Cadet Engineer ” (1875) ; “ Safety Valves ” (1878) ; “ The Compound Steam Engine and its Steam Generating Plant ” (1884), and articles on heat, steam and gas engines. BUFFINGTON, Adelbert Rinaldo, soldier, was born at Wheeling, Va., Nov. 22, 1837. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1861, and was assigned to duty as drill master of volunteers at Washington, D C. He was on duty at the St. Louis arsenal as assistant ordnance officer and in mustering volunteers in Illinois and Missouri. He defended Pilot Knob, Mo. ; was assistant adjutant-general of the 5th division, army of the west ; organized a Missouri regiment from the men in the arsenal, of which he was made colonel, and afterwards had charge of the ordnance depot at Wheeling, W. Va. From September, 1863, to July, 1864, he was inspector of rifling sea-coast cannon, and from July, 1864, to September, 1865, was in com- mand of the New York arsenal. After the close of the war he was on leave of absence inspecting arms for the Egyptian government until April, 1866, when he was in charge of the ordnance depot at Baton Rouge, La., and then became chief of ordnance, department of the Gulf. After March, 1867, he was in command of the 5th military district, Texas and Louisiana, until 1868, when he commanded the Watertown arsenal. He was at the Detroit arsenal front December, 1870, to February, 1872; was superin- tendent of southern forts, February, 1872, to May, 1873; in charge at Indianapolis arsenal, 1873 to '75; promoted major of ordnance June 23, 1874, after which he had charge of the Alle- gheny and Watervliet arsenals until 1881, when he was promoted lieutenant -colonel and placed in charge of the national armory Oct. 3, 1882. He was in command at the Rock Island, 111., arsenal in 1896. Colonel Buffington made num- erous inventions in the line of ordnance attach- ments and improvements, including a magazine firearm, a rod bayonet, a rear sight with adjust- ment for fine shooting for military firearms, and carriages for light and heavy guns. He was the first to use gas furnaces for drop forging, and he originated the bath of nitre and manganese oxide for coloring the iron and steel surfaces of small arms. BUFFINTON, James, representative, was born in Fall River, Mass., March 16, 1817. He was educated at Friends’ school in Providence, R. I., and engaged in commercial business in his native city. He was elected in 1854 a representative to the 34th Congress, and was re-elected to the 35th, 36th and 37th congresses. He then ac- cepted a position as special agent of the treasury department, and was afterwards made collector of internal revenue for Massachusetts by Presi- dent Johnston. He was elected in 1868 a repre- sentative to the 41st Congress, and was re-elected to the 42d, 43d and 44th congresses. He died at Fall River, Mass., March 7, 1875. [183 j BUFFUM. BUFORD. BUFFUM, Arnold, abolitionist, was born at Smithfield, R. I., in January, 1782; son of Wm. Buffum, a prominent anti-slavery advocate. His ancestors were Quakers, and had been resident in America since its early settlement. He was educated at private schools in Smithfield and Newport, R. I. ; first engaged in the manufacture of hats and afterwards in sheep-raising. He formed an intimacy with Lafayette in Paris in 1830, and on his return to America offered his services to William Lloyd Garrison to help effect the abolition of slavery. In 1832 the New England anti-slavery society was formed. It advocated immediate, rather than gradual aboli- tion, and its constitution was signed by William Lloyd Garrison, Arnold Buffum and thirteen others. He was its second president and its first lecturer. He was an active temperance worker, and late in life a prominent member of the Re- publican party. He was married at Newport, R. I., in 1804, to Rebecca Gould, a descendant of Daniel Gould, who was whipped on Boston com- mon in the seventeenth century for being a Quaker. He died in Eagleswood, N. J. , in March, 1859. BUFFUM, Edward Gould, journalist, was born in Rhode Island in 1820; son of Arnold Buffum, philanthropist. Upon the outbreak of the Mexican war he resigned as reporter on the New York Herald, joined Colonel Stevenson’s New York volunteers as lieutenant, and in 1846 served in southern California and on the Pacific coast of Mexico. At the close of the war he settled in California, and was an early explorer of the gold fields. He became the editor-in- chief of the Alta California upon its establish- ment, and served one term in the state legisla- ture. In 1859 he resumed his connection with the New York Herald, becoming a special foreign correspondent with headquarters at Paris. His “ History of Stevenson’s Regiment ” is a vivid description of the life of a California pioneer, and he published besides, “Six Months in the Gold Mines ” (1850) ; “A Pocket Guide for Americans going to Europe ” (1859), and “ Sights and Sensations in France, Germany and Switzer- land.” He died in Paris, France, Oct. 24, 1867. BUFORD, Abraham, soldier, was born in Virginia. He distinguished himself in the early part of the revolutionary war, and was ap- pointed colonel of the lltli Virginia regiment, May 16, 1778. In the spring of 1780 he was sent with his command to relieve General Lincoln at Charleston, S. C., but hearing that the Ameri- cans had surrendered the place he began his return march. He was overtaken by a force of seven hundred cavalry and mounted infantry, under command of Colonel Tarleton, at Waxliaw Creek. S. C., May 29. 1780. Though having but four hundred infantry and a small cavalry force, Buford refused to surrender, and was preparing for defence when the British fell upon the Con- tinental troops, and giving no quarter killed nearly the entire force. Colonel Buford died in Scott county, Ky., June 29, 1833. BUFORD, Abraham, soldier, was born in Kentucky about 1820. He was graduated at West Point in 1841. He served as lieutenant of 1st dragoons on frontier duty in Kansas and Iowa, and was engaged in the war with Mexico, winning at Buena Vista the brevet rank of captain. From 1848 to 1851 he was stationed in New Mexico, and in 1852 and 1853 was on duty at the cavalry school for practice in Carlisle, Pa. In 1853 and 1854 he served at the Harrodsburg branch military asylum, Kentucky, and on Oct. 22, 1854, resigned from the army, and retired to his farm near Versailles, Woodford county, Ky. At the outbreak of the civil war he joined the Confederate army and became a brigadier- general. He died by his own hand, June 9. 1864. BUFORD, John, soldier, was born in Wood- ford county, Ky., March 4, 1826. He was the half brother of Gen. Napoleon Bonaparte Buford, and was graduated from West Point in 1848. As lieutenant of the 1st dragoons he was in active service in the expedition against the Sioux in 1855; at Bluewater, Kan., in 1856-'57, and in Utah in 1857-’58; was promoted to the rank of major in 1861, and attached to the corps of the inspector-general. In 1862 he was for a month on the staff of General Pope in the army of Virginia, and on July 27, 1862, was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, commanding a brigade of cavalry in General Hooker's army dur- ing the North Virginia campaign. He took part in the engagement at Madison Court House, August 9; pursued Jackson’s army across the Rapidan, August 12; was present at Kelley's Ford, Thoroughfare Gap, and Manassas, being wounded in the last-named battle. During the Maryland campaign, as chief of cavalry of the Army of the Potomac, he was present at South Mountain, September 14, and at Antietam. Sep- tember 17, where he acted in place of General Stoneman on McClellan's staff. He commanded the reserve cavalry brigade under Stoneman. and did gallant service at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862; in Stoneman ‘s raid. May, 1863, and Beverly Ford, June 9, 1863. He was chief of the cavalry division of the Army of the Potomac and was present at all the principal engage- ments, including Gettysburg, where he began the attack; Wolf's Hill, and Round Top, and the pursuit of the enemy to Warrenton. He was conspicuous at Culpeper and in driving the Con- federates across the Rapidan, when he was obliged to cut his way in order to rejoin the BUIST. BULFINCH. army, which was on the north side of the Rappa- hannock. In 1863 he was assigned to the command of the cavalry of the army of the Cum- berland, and was commissioned major-general of volunteers, the commission being placed in his hands a few minutes before his death, which occurred at Washington, D. C., Dec. 16, 1863. BUFORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, soldier, was born in Woodford county, Ky., Jan. 13, 1807. He was graduated from West Point in 1827, studied law at Harvard by permission of the gov- ernment, was assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy at West Point, 1834-’35, and resigned from the army in 1835. He was employed by the state of Kentucky as civil engi- neer; engaged in the iron business, and became a banker and railroad president in Illinois. He entered the Union army in 1861 as colonel of the 27th Illinois volunteers; was present at the en- gagement at Belmont, Mo., Nov. 7, 1861 ; occupied Columbus, Ky., in March, 1862; took Union city, was in command of the garrison at Island 10 after that fort was captured, and was present at Fort Pillow, April, 1862. April 15, 1862, he was promoted brigadier - general, was present at the siege of Corinth, September, 1862; the battle of Corinth, October 3 and 4, 1862 ; the siege of Vicksburg, 1863; was stationed in command at Cairo, 111., from March to September, 1863, and from Sept. 12, 1863 to March 9, 1865, at Helena, Ark. He was brevetted major-general of volun- teers, March 13, 1865, and was mustered out of the volunteer service the following August. He served as special U. S. Indian commissioner in 1868, having been appointed in 1867 by the gov- ernment to inspect the Union Pacific railroad, and served until the road was completed in 1869. He died March 28, 1883. BUIST, Henry, lawyer, was born at Charles- ton, S. C., Dec. 25, 1829, son of George Buist, a member of the Charleston bar and judge of the probate court, and grandson of Rev. George Buist, D. D., a distinguished Presbyterian divine. He was graduated from South Carolina college and was admitted to the bar. He practised his profession at Charleston in association with Charles Macbeth ; and on the decease of his part- ner took his brother, Hon. G. Buist, into partner- ship. Mr. Buist was a member of both the upper and lower houses of the state legislature for several terms, and served in the Confederate army during the civil war as captain in the 27th S. C. infantry, being taken prisoner at Petersburg, Va., and held for many months. He died June 9, 1887. BULFINCH, Charles, architect, was born, prob- ably near Boston, Mass., Aug. 8, 1763, son of Thomas Bulfinch, a physician, who in that year conducted a small-pox hospital in that city. After his graduation from Harvard college in 1781, [485J he went abroad, and becoming interested in archi- tecture, he decided to give his time entirely to that work. In 1786 he returned to the United States and settled in Boston, where he became a successful and widely known architect. He de- signed the principal buildings of the city of Boston, including the state-house, the city hall, Faneuil w cl hall and many theatres and churches. In 1817 he went to Washington, where he drew the plans and superintended the construction of the national capitol, being engaged upon that work for thirteen years. He returned to Boston in 1830, and died there April 15, 1844. BULFINCH, Stephen Greenleaf, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., June 18, 1809, son of Charles Bulfinch, architect. He was graduated from Columbian college, Washington, in 1826, and later from the divinity school at Cambridge, Mass. He was ordained to the Unitarian minis- try, and in 1830 settled over a parish in Augusta, Ga., where he preached for seven years. He afterwards removed to Pittsburg, Pa. , and in 1839 to Washington. D. C., remaining there until 1845, when he took charge of a church at Nashua, N. H., removing to Boston in 1852. He wrote numerous religious poems and published “Con- templations of the Saviour” (1832); “Poems” (1834); “The Holy Land and its Inhabitants” (1834); “Lays of the Gospel” (1835); “Com- munion Thoughts” (1852); “The Harp and the Cross” (1857); “Honor, or the Slave-Dealer’s Daughter” (1864); “Manual of the Evidences of Christianity” (1866); and “Studies in the Evi- dences of Christianity” (1869). He died in Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 12, 1870. BULKELEY, Morgan Gardiner, governor of Connecticut, was born at East Kaddam, Conn., Dec. 26, 1838, son of Eliphalet Adams Bulkeley, lawyer and first president of the JEtna life in- surance company of Hartford. His direct ances- tor, the Rev, Peter Bulkeley, emigrated from England in 1634. Another ancestor, the Rev. Gershom Bulkeley, was a noted historian. In 1846 his family removed to Hartford, Conn., where he received a high-school education, and in 1852 BULKELEY. BULKLEY. entered commercial life as a clerk in his uncle’s store in Brooklyn. N. Y., where he was made a partner in 1859. Upon the outbreak of the civil war he entered the Union army, enlisting as a private in the 13th N. Y. regiment, and serving through the peninsular campaign under Generals Mansfield and Weber. In 1872 upon his father’s death he removed to Hartford to care for his estate, and at once took a prominent part in business, political and financial affairs. He or- ganized the United States bank of Hartford, of which he was elected the first president. In 1879 he resigned to accept the office of president of the JEtna life insurance company. He was also actively connected with other leading financial institutions of this city and state, including the HStna fire insurance company, the Willimantic linen company, and the HEtna national bank of Hartford. In 1875 he was elected a councilman; in 1876, an alderman; and in 1880 and for the four succeeding terms, mayor of Hartford. He was elected governor of Connecticut on the Re- publican ticket in 1888, and as no candidate for election in 1890 received a constitutional major- ity of the votes cast, he held the office another term as governor de jure. A legislative dead- lock followed, and but for the liberal use of his own funds in providing for the wants of the charitable institutions of the state, much suffer- ing would have resulted. The matter was carried to the supreme court of the state and he was fully sustained in his action, the court declaring him to be governor de facto as well as dejure. In 1891 he received in legislative caucus thirty-five votes as United States senator, Joseph R. Hawley being the choice of the party. BULKELEY, Peter, clergyman, was born at Odell, Bedfordshire, England, Jan. 31, 1583. He was educated at the University of Cambridge, and admitted to the priesthood. He suc- ceeded to his father’s living in his native town, which he held for more than twenty years. Being accused of nonconformity by Archbishop Laud, he was obliged to leave the place, and in 1635 came to America, and settled at Cam- bridge, Mass. Some years later he removed to the place where Concord now stands, and founded a town. The nucleus of the library at Harvard college was his private collection of books. He is the author of “ The Gospel Cov- enant; or the Covenant of Grace Opened ’’ (1646), and of several Latin verses. He died at Con- cord, Mass., March 9, 1659. BULKELEY, William Henry, statesman, was born at East Haddam, Conn., March 2, 1840; son of Eliphalet A. Bulkeley, and a direct descendant of the Rev. Peter Bulkeley. founder of Concord, Mass. He received a public-school education and learned the dry goods business in Brooklyn, N. Y., from whence, in 1861, he went to the war as a private in the 13th regiment, N. Y. S. M., and the next year raised a company for the 56th X. Y. volunteers, was elected captain, and served in General Smith’s division until the regiment was ordered home during the New York draft riots in 1863. He returned to Hartford in 1868, or- ganized and became president of the Kellogg and Bulkeley company, lithographers; was a member of the common council of Hartford five years, and vice-president and president one year each. He was commissary-general of Connecti- cut from 1879 to 1881, lieutenant-governor from 1881 to 1883, and state commissioner to the York- town celebration in 1881. He was the Republican candidate for governor in 1882, being defeated by Thomas M. Waller. At this election he de- clined to take advantage of eight thousand black ballots, which would have made him governor, the courts declaring them illegal. The general assembly by joint resolution validated the black ballots before declaring Mr. Waller elected gov ernor. He then removed to South Dakota, where he founded Forest City, Potter county. He was president of the Forest City and Sioux City railroad, and of the Forest City land and improvement company. BULKLEY, Charles Henry Augustus, edu- cator, was born in Charleston, S. C.. Dec. 22, 1818, son of Aslibel and Ann Eliza (Fanning) Bulkley. He was graduated from the University of the city of New York in 1839, and from Union theological seminary in 1842. In 1842 he was home missionary at New Brunswick, N. J.. and from 1844 to 1846 at Janesville, Wis. From 1848 to 1882 he preached successively at Malone. N. Y., Mt. Morris, N. Y., Ithaca, N. Y.. and Port Henry, N. Y. During the civil war he served first as chaplain of the 70th N. Y. regiment, Sickles’s brigade, and later as aide-de-camp and assistant adjutant-general in McClellan’s campaign in the peninsula. In 1882 he was a professor in Dr. Cullis’s training college. Boston, Mass., and from 1882 to 1891 held a chair in Howard university. He received the degree of A.M. in 1842 from the University of the city of New York, and that of D.D. from Howard university in 1881. He com- piled two volumes: “ Plato’s Best Thoughts." and *• D’Aubignd’s Martyrs of the Reformation.” He died in Washington, D. C.. in 1893. BULKLEY, Henry Daggett, physician, was born at New Haven, Conn., April 20, 1803. He was graduated from Yale in 1821. and after spending a few years in business life in New York city he adopted the medical profession, having been made an M.D. in 1830. He spent two years in study in Europe. In his practice he made a specialty of diseases of the skin, and founded the first dispensary for skin diseases in [4S6J BULL. BULL. New York city. He was a prominent member of many of the principal medical societies of this country, including the New York academy of medicine, and the New York county medical society. He edited “ Manual of Diseases of the Skin," by Cazenave and Schedel (American edi- tion, 1846), and “ Eruptive Fevers,” by Gregory (1851). For the last twenty years of his life he was attending physician of the New York hospital. He died in New York city, Jan. 4, 1872. BULL, Henry, colonial governor, was born in Wales in 1610, arrived in Boston June 4, 1635, and took up his residence in Roxbury. In May, 1637, he was made a freeman. He espoused the cause of Mrs. Hutchinson in the Antinomian disputes, and was sentenced to banishment from the colony. Before this sentence had been passed he, with John Clark. William Coddington and others, sailed from Boston, and chose a new home on the Island of Aquidneck, in Narragan- sett Bay. In June, 1638, he was chosen a cor- poral of a newly formed militia company, and soon after was elected sergeant. He was also one of the seven “ Elders,” who, on April 28, 1639, agreed to propagate a plantation in the midst of the island, or elsewhere. This planta- tion became Newport. He was elected governor in May, 1685, serving one year. During the regime of Sir Edmund Andros, the general as- sembly convened, Feb. 26, 1690, for the first time in four years. Governors Walter Clark and Christopher Almy were sent for, but each refused to serve. Henry Bull, then more than eighty years old, was elected and served from Feb. 27 to May 7, 1690, declining re-election. He died in Rhode Island in 1694. BULL, Melville, representative, was born at Newport, R. I., in 1854; prepared for college at Phillips academy, Exeter, was graduated at Harvard in 1877, and then engaged in farming at Middletown, R. I. He was representative to the state legislature, 1883-’85; state senator, 1885-'92; lieutenant-governor, 1892-’94 ; and member of the Republican state central committee from 1885. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention in 1888, and while in the legislature took an active interest in establishing the naval re- serve militia of the state, and served on the board of management of the Rhode Island college of agriculture and mechanic arts, and experimental station from its establishment in 1888. In 1892 he was the Republican candidate for representa- tive from the first district of Rhode Island to the 53d Congress, and received a plurality of 640 votes, but not a majority, as was necessary for election in Rhode Island. In 1894 he was elected to the 54th Congress by a plurality of 2.863 votes, and in 1896 to the 55th Congress by a plurality of •8,836 votes. BULL, Ole Bornemann, violinist, was born in Bergen, Norway, Feb. 5, 1810. Both of his parents were musical, and lie had among his many relatives a number of musicians and poets. From his earliest infancy he had an ear for nature’s music — the songs of the flowers and trees, t li e w i n d s, rivers, lakes and mountains — and he always thought of this music as some- thing that might be r eproduce d. At home-concerts given at his father’s house he became familiar with the best music, and absorbed all un- consciously the rules of the musician's art. Without any ins t r u c t ion what- ever he could play the violin at five years of age, at seven took his place in a quartette of trained musicians, and at nine played first violin in a theatre orchestra. He was sent to school, as it was his father's intention to fit him for the ministry. In 1828 he went to Christiania to take his en- trance examinations at the university. The afternoon and evening preceding examination day were spent in playing at a concert and at a private musical, and as a result he failed to pass his examinations. His playing, however, secured for him the position of director of the ‘•Phil- harmonic and Dramatic Societies ” of the town, and lie at once entered upon the very congenial duties of his new office, spending his leisure in musical studies. In 1830 he returned to Bergen, where, by three concerts, he earned five hun- dred dollars, with which he went to Paris to gratify his long-cherished desire of hearing DeBeriot, Balliot and Berlioz. At Paris he was robbed of his money, and through the assist- ance of Vidocq, the famous detective, he won eight hundred francs in a gambling establish- ment. This money was soon spent, and he was in need and despair, when he met Madame Villeminot, an elderly lady, whose grand- daughter he afterwards married, who took him into her home and nursed him through an attack of brain fever. Before he had fully recovered from this illness his admirers in Chris- tiania, hearing of his misfortunes, sent him three thousand francs. His wonderful playing at a soiree, given by the Duke of Riario, led to many concert engagements, which brought him both fame and money. He heard Paganini, though it was several years afterward that his BULL. BULL. great friendship with that maestro began, and he became acquainted with Chopin, with whom he gave a number of concerts. He travelled through France, Switzerland and Italy on a con- cert tour, studying as he went the native music of eacli country, in order to give true expression to the varied melodies of the sotith. While in Bologna his playing was heard, accidentally, by Rossini's wife, the celebrated Colbran, and through her he secured the opportunity of play- ing before a large audience which had assembled to hear Malibran and DeBeriot. Ole Bull on this occasion so threw his soul into his violin that it responded as it had never before done, and from that moment his fortune was made, his fame assured. He was accompanied to his home by a torchlight procession, his carriage being drawn by the populace; he was engaged for concert after concert, benefits were given in his behalf, theatres and orchestras were put at his disposal, and kings, dukes and princes delighted to do him honor. Soon afterward, upon his return to Paris, the doors of the Grand Opera were open to receive him, and he gave several concerts there with great success. Some of his most beautiful com- positions were evolved at this time; among others, his famous “ Concerto in A Major,” his “ Quartetto a violino Solo," his “ Polacca Guer- riera, ” and his “ Adagio Religioso.” In 1836 he made his first tour through England, playing in concerts with Rubini, Tamburini, Lablache, and Mile. Assandri, and winning enthusiastic plau- dits on every hand. The English tour was fol- lowed by one through Germany, and the music- loving Germans made this tour one prolonged ovation. He continued his travels, giving con- certs in Russia, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Hol- land, Denmark, Austria and Hungary, and taking the people’s hearts by storm wherever he played. His visit to his native Norway, after an absence of seven years, was an occasion of great delight to him and to his admiring countrymen, and he played the grand and simple Norwegian melodies in such an electrifying way that the people awe >ke to a realization of the incomparable beauty of their own folk-songs and dances. Preceded by his fame he came to America in 1843, and, mak- ing an extended tour through the United States, Canada and the West Indies, he was everywhere received with the same wild enthusiasm which had greeted him in Europe. This was followed by another European tour, which was a triumph from beginning to end, and he amassed a fortune. He was a zealous patriot and his efforts in behalf of his countrymen were untiring. In 1852 he came to America and purchased one hundred and twenty-five thousand acres of land on the Susquehanna, in Potter county. Pa., for the pur- pose of establishing a “ New Norway consecrated to liberty and protected by the Union's mighty flag.” On this land he erected three hundred cottages, a church, an inn, a store, and, incident- ally, a palace for himself on an eminence over- looking the cottages. After sinking a fortune in the experiment, he found that he had been swin- dled by his agent and that his title to the land was defective. Then followed a period of hard- ship, struggle, persecution and illness; and but for the sympathy and assistance of a host of influ- ential friends, he would have succumbed under the fearful strain. After a time he returned to Bergen ; some of his former friends and neighbors believed him to be at fault for the failure of his colonization scheme, and to this grief was added that caused by the death of his wife. A four years’ tour through Europe mended his shattered fortunes, and in 1867-'C9 he again visited the United States, giving a series of concerts in the west and northwest where his countrymen were settled. While in Wisconsin, in 1868, he met Sara C. Thorpe, to whom he was married in the following year. In his later years his winters were spent in America and his summers in Nor- way. When his death occurred in Bergen the world's flags were hung at half mast, and the simple Norwegian peasants came by the hun- dreds, each bearing a green bough, a fern, or a flower to cast into the grave of their ever true and loyal friend. Of his compositions, which were legion, he would permit only three to be published: “ Variazioni di Bravura,” “ La Pre- gliiera d'una Madre ” (“ Adagio Religioso ”), and “II Notturno.” See “Ole Bull: A Memoir by his wife, Sara C. Bull ”(1883). He died at Bergen, Norway, Aug. 18, 1880. BULL, Richard Harrison, educator, was born in New York city, Sept. 28, 1817, son of Ben- jamin and Eliza (Wade) Bull. He was graduated from the University of the city of New York in 1839. He studied at the Union theological seminary, 1839-’43; was secretary and actuary of the Eagle life insurance company, 1847-’48, pro- fessor of civil engineering in his alma mater, 1853 -’85, and professor emeritus 1885-’92. He was secretary and president of the New York savings bank, 1859-’83. He was associated with Professor Morse in the experiments that led to his first elec- tric telegraph. He obtained the correct time for the use of the New York Central, the Erie and other railroads by taking observations of the sun. and his time was used until the Western Union’s time ball was erected. He was married March 2. 1847, to Mary Ann Schonten, and their three sons, Richard Henry, Charles C., and J. Edgar, were graduates of the University of the city of New York. His alma mater conferred on him the degree of A.M. in 1842, and Ph.D. in 1885. He died in New York city, Feb. 1, 1892. BULLARD. BULLITT. BULL, William Tillinghast, surgeon, was born at Newport, R. I., May 18, 1849, son of Henry Bull, seventh in descent from Henry Bull, gover- nor of Rhode Island, a friend of and co-settler with Roger Williams in the purchase of “ Aquid- neck.” He was graduated at Harvard in 1869, and at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York in 1872. He studied also with Dr. Sands; went by merit into Bellevue hospital for a year or more, and then to Europe for two years’ study. In 1875 he began practice in New York city. For two years he was in charge of the New York dispensary, and from 1877 to 1888, of the Chambers street hospital. He was for four years attending surgeon, and then consult- ing surgeon of St. Luke’s hospital. By a success- ful laparotomy he helped to revolutionize the treatment of gunshot wounds of the abdomen, which were formerly fatal in most cases. As consulting surgeon to the Manhattan hospital ; to the Orthopaedic hospital and dispensary ; surgeon- in-charge of the hospital for ruptured and crippled, and professor of surgery in the medical depart- ment of Columbia college, he won a wide reputa- tion for skill and readiness in emergency. BULLARD, Asa, clergyman, was born at Northbridge, Mass. , March 26, 1804, son of Dr. Arte- mas and Lucy (White) Bullard. He was gradu- ated from Amherst college in 1828, and from the theological seminary at Andover in 1831. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1832, and was made secretary of the Massachusetts Sabbath school society in 1834. This office he held for more than forty years, when he was made honorary secretary. Amherst made him A.M. in 1853. He edited the Sabbath School Visitor, 1834- '44, and in 1844— ’88 The Well-Spring. He pub- lished “Sunnybank Stories” (1863); Children’s Album of Pictures and Stories” (1867); “Chil- dren’s Book for Sabbath Hours” (1875); “Fifty Years with the Sabbath Schools” (1876), and “ In- cidents in a Busy Life: An Autobiography ” (1888). He died at “Sunnybank,” Cambridgeport, Mass., April 5, 1888. BULLARD, Henry Adams, jurist, was born in Groton, Mass., Sept. 9, 1781. He was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1807, studied for the bar in Boston and Philadelphia, and while in the latter city met General Toledo who was organizing an expedition to revolutionize New Mexico. Bul- lard’s knowledge of the Spanish language secured for him the position of secretary and aide to General Toledo, and as such he accompanied the expedition. After its disastrous failure, he established himself in the profession of law at Nachitoches, La. In 1822 he was appointed judge of the district court of Louisiana, in 1830 was elected a representative to the 22d Congress, and was re-elected in 1832 to the 23d Congress. In 1834 he was made judge of the supreme court of Louisiana, an office which he held until 1846, with an interregnum in 1839, when he served as secretary of state for Louisiana. In 1847 he was chosen professor of civil law in the law school of Louisiana. He was elected a representative to the 31st Congress in 1850 to fill an unexpired term, and served one session. He died in New Orleans, La., April 17, 1851. BULLIONS, Peter, clergyman, was born at Moss Side, Scotland, in December, 1791. When he was nineteen years old he began a three years’ course at the University of Edinburgh, and after studying theology he came to America in 1817, and settled in Argyle, N. Y., where for six years he was pastor of a Presbyterian church. From 1824 to 1848 he taught languages in the Albany academy, and served from 1832 to the time of his death as a pastor of the United Pres- byterian congregation at Troy, N. Y. He published “ Life of Alexander Bullions,” “ Prin- ciples of English Grammar ” (1834); “Principles of Greek Grammar ” (1840) ; “ Analytical and Practical English Grammar ” (1850) ; “ Prin- ciples of Latin Grammar” (1853); “Latin Exercises ” (1855), and “ Latin and English Dictionary ” (1862). He died at Troy, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1864. BULLITT, Alexander Scott, statesman, was born in Prince William county, Va., in 1761. In 1784 he emigrated to Kentucky, then a part of Virginia, and settled in what became Shelby county; but owing to the annoyances by the Indians, he sought a safer home, which he found in Jefferson county. In 1792 he was elected delegate to the convention which met in Danville to frame the constitution of Kentucky. In 1799 he was president of the state senate. The year following he was made lieutenant-governor of the state and served in public office until 1808. He died April 13, 1816. BULLITT, John Christian, lawyer, was born in Jefferson county, Ky., Feb. 10, 1824; son of William C. and Mildred Bullitt, of the old Ken- tucky family to which Thomas and Alex. S. Bullitt belonged. He was educated at Centre college, Ky., where he was graduated in 1842. He then studied law, and settled in Louisville, where he built up a large practice. He went to Philadelphia in 1849 to take charge of such assets of the broken Schuylkill bank as belonged to the bank of Kentucky. He was a Whig in politics, and took an active part in the discussions of the political questions of the day. His opinion on the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus under the constitution, in answer to Horace Binney, was acknowledged to be a masterpiece of logic. He extricated the Philadelphia & Reading railroad company from its legal complications at the time [4891 BULLOCH. BULLOCK. of the Jay Cooke failure; secured the reversal of the decree against Gen. Fitz John Porter, and was one of the leading counsel in the great Whitaker will case. He was chiefly instrumental in the creation and adoption of the new city charter for Philadelphia, and in 1882 prepared the Bullitt bill, which was adopted by the Penn- sylvania legislature, and which provided for better government of cities of the first class in the commonwealth. BULLOCH, Archibald, lawyer, was born at Charleston, S. C., about 1729. He was of Scotch descent, and was educated for the legal profession. He first practised in the state of Georgia, where, in 1760, he was appointed to correspond with Benjamin Franklin on the affairs of the province. On April 21, 1772, he was elected speaker of the commons, and, on July 7, 1775, was chosen a member of the 1st pro- vincial congress and elected its speaker. He was re-elected to the 2d congress and again served as speaker. This body sent him as a dele- gate to the Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia. Had not important affairs called him home he would have been present July 4, 1776, and affixed his signature to the Declara- tion of Independence. He was, however, »a signer at the secret congress of Nov. 9, 1776, and was the first man to read the Declaration to the people in Georgia. He was made presi- dent and commander-in-chief of Georgia on April 15, 1776. Bullock county was named for him. He died in Savannah, Ga., Feb. 22, 1777. BULLOCH, William Bellinger, senator, was born at Savannah, Ga., in 1776; son of Archibald Bulloch, first president of Georgia. He was given an excellent classical education, and practised law in Ins native city. In 1809 he was chosen mayor of Savannah, and afterwards held the office of collector of customs at that port. He served as captain of heavy artillery in the war of 1812. In 1813 was appointed by the gov- ernor to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of William H. Crawford from the United States senate, serving from May to December, 1813. He was one of the founders of the United States branch bank in Georgia, and was elected its president in 1816, retaining the position twenty-seven years. He also held the offices of United States district attorney, attorney -general of Georgia, and vice-president of the Georgia historical society. He died March 6, 1852. BULLOCK, Alexander Hamilton, governor of Massachusetts, was born in Rovalston, Mass., March 2, 1816; son of Rufus and Sarah (Davis) Bullock. He was prepared for college at Leices- ter academy, and was graduated at Amherst in 1836, standing second in his class. He taught school for a time, and then entered Harvard law school, where he was graduated in 1840. He was admitted to the bar in 1841, and began practice in Worcester. In 1842 he served as aide on the staff of Gov. John Davis. In March, 1842, he became editor of the National sEgis, a weekly Whig newspaper. He also edited a campaign paper, called Old Massachusetts , during the presidential canvass of 1844, and a similar paper, called the True Whig , for three months preceding the elec- tion of 1848. From 1845 to 1847 he served in the Massachusetts house of representatives; was elected to the state senate in 1849; in 1853 was appointed commissioner of insolvency, and in 1856 was made judge of the court of insolvency, hold- ing the office until 1858, in 1859 being elected mayor of Worcester. In 1861-'62-'63-'64-'65 he was chosen a member of the state house of repre- sentatives, of which he was speaker in 1862. From 1866 to 1869 he was governor of Massachusetts, declining a re-election in the latter year. He de- clined the position of minister to Great Britain, offered by President Hayes, on Dec. 8, 1879. He received the degree of LL. D. from Amherst in 1865, and from Harvard in 1866. He was a member of the Massachusetts historical society and a trustee of Amherst college. See “ Memoir of Alexander H. Bullock” (1887), by Charles Devens. He died in Worcester, Mass., Jan. 17, 1882. BULLOCK, Jonathan Russell, jurist, was born at Bristol, R. I., Sept. 6, 1815. He was graduated from Brown university in 1834, and was admitted to the bar at Newport in 1836. He then opened a law office at Alton. 111. On his return to his native city in 1843 he was elected to the state legislature, where he served three years. In 1849 he was a member of the com- mittee to inquire into the validity of the Rhode Island revolutionary debt, and was also made collector of customs for Bristol and Warren, R. I., holding the office five years. In 1859 he was chosen a state senator, and the following year became lieutenant-governor of Rhode Island, retaining the office until 1861. He was an associate justice of the state supreme court from 1862 to 1864, and judge of the U. S. district court for Rhode Island from 1864 to 1869, retir ing in the latter year, the condition of his health forbidding further activity. He is the author of “ Report of Commissioner to Adjust Claims of Rhode Island against the United States, Jan . 1863 ” (1863), and “ Life and Times of Stukeley Westcote, with some of his Descendants (1886). BULLOCK, Robert, representative, was born in Greenville, N. C.. Dec. 8, 1828. He was edu- cated in the common schools, removed to Florida, and on reaching his majority was elected clerk of the circuit court, which office he held six years. He was commissioned BULLOCK. BUMP. captain by the governor, raised a company of mounted volunteers to suppress Indian hostili- ties; was mustered into the United States service in 1856, and served eighteen months, until peace was restored. He was admitted to the bar in 1859. In 1862 he entered the Confederate army as lieutenant-colonel of the 7th Florida volun- teer regiment, was severely wounded at Murfrees- boro, Tenn., was promoted brigadier-general in 1864, and remained in the service until the sur- render. He was appointed judge of county criminal courts by the governor, was elected judge of probate during the state reconstruction, and in 1873 was Democratic caucus nominee for U. S. senator, being defeated in the election by one vote, when he withdrew in favor of Charles W. Jones, who was elected senator. He was a Tilden elector in 1876, and in 1888 was elected a representative to the 51st Congress, and in 1890 was re-elected, serving through the 52d Con- gress, when he withdrew from public life. BULLOCK, Rufus Brown, governor of Georgia, was born at Bethlehem, Albany county, N. Y., March 28, 1834. He was graduated at Albion academy in 1850, entered the service of the House printing telegraph company, and was the first operator to interpret the printing sig- nals by sound. He was their employed in super- intending the building of new lines from New York south, and was largely responsible for the success of an opposition to the original New York & Washington company. Adams express company then secured his services and sent him, in 1857, to organize its business in the southern Atlantic state, with headquarters at Augusta. Ga., where he formed the Southern express company. During the civil war he established rail- roads and telegraph lines on interior routes for the use of the Confederate army, and at its close was acting assistant quartermaster-general, and surrendered with Lee's army at Appomat- tox. He then resumed his management of the Southern express company as its secretary, aided to organize the first national bank in Augusta, and became president of the Macon and Augusta railroad in 1867. As a member of the constitutional convention of 1867 and '68 he was recognized as a Republican leader, and was elected by the people the first governor of Georgia under the reconstruction act, after a sharp con- test. The Democrats obtained a legislative majority, and expelled thirty -three colored mem- bers. Bullock was then empowered by Congress to restore the expelled negro members. After a bitter factional fight this was accomplished. He resigned the office in November, 1870. He was charged with corruption, tried, and acquitted in the state court. Under his administration more than six hundred miles of railroad tracks were laid in the state, and the value of property was increased by over fifty million dollars on the tax returns. Upon retiring from political life he became president of a large cotton-mill at At- lanta, was elected a trustee of the Atlanta uni- versity, president of the chamber of commerce, vice-president of the cotton states exposition, government director of the Union Pacific rail- road, and was one of the foremost directors of material affairs in the state. BULLUS, Oscar, naval officer, was born in 1800. He was appointed a cadet at West Point when quite young, but did not finish his course there, resigning to enter the United States navy. He was appointed midshipman, Jan. 1, 1817, and served first in the Pacific squadron under Cap- tain Biddle, and later in the Mediterranean squadron under Commodore Elliot. In 1821 he was seriously disabled by a fall from the rigging. He was promoted lieutenant, March 3, 1827, and commanded the Franklin, the St. Louis, the Constitution, the Boxer and other vessels. He was promoted commander. May 16. 1848, and was assigned to duty on the great lakes. His fall in 1821, although it had not affected him immedi- ately, rendered it necessary that he should be placed on the reserved list. Sept. 13, 1855. He was promoted captain, July 11. 1861. and com- modore, April 4, 1867. He died in New York city, Sept. 29, 1871. BULWER, William Henry Lytton Earle, baron. (See Clayton, John-M.) BUMP, Orlando Franklin, author, was born at Afton, N. Y., Feb. 28, 1841, and was graduated at Yale in 1863. His father having moved to Balti- more, Md., he joined him after his graduation, and was admitted to the bar Sept. 14, 1865, and ap- pointed register in bankruptcy June 1, 1867. He was a Republican campaign orator and worker. He received the degree of A.M. from Yale college in 1876. In 1868 he published the “ Law and Practice of Bankruptcy,” which became stand- ard authority, ten editions being exhausted before the laws were repealed in 1877. His other works include; “Annotated Bankrupt Law” (1868); United States Stamp Duties ” (1870) ; “ An- notated Internal Revenue Laws ” (1870) ; “ Ken- on Fraud and Mistake” (1871); “Fraudulent Conveyances ” (1872, 3d edition, revised, 1882) ; “Patents, Trade-Marks, and Copyrights” (1877, new ed., 1884) ; “ Composition in Bankruptcy ” (1877) ; “ Notes of Constitutional Decisions ” (1878) ; “ Federal Procedure ” (1881). He was also connected editorially with the Baltimore Ameri- can from 1866 to 1869, and edited the National Bankruptcy Register from 1874 to 1876. In 1872 lie was employed to assist in the preparation of the “ Revised Statutes of the United States.” He died Jan. 29, 1881. BUMSTEAD. BUNCE. BUMSTEAD, Freeman Josiah, physician, was born in Boston, Mass., April 21, 1826. He was graduated from Williams college in the class of 1847, and for two years taught a young ladies’ school at Roxbury, Mass. In 1851 he took the degree of M.D. from Harvard medical college. In the fall of 1852 he established himself in New York city ; for sometime as surgeon to St. Luke’s hospital, and later as surgeon to the New York eye and ear infirmary, and the Charity hospital of Blackwell's Island. In 18G6-‘67 he was lec- turer on materia medica at the College of phy- sicians and surgeons, New York, and from 1867 to 1871 he occupied a chair in the same institu- tion. In 1867 Columbia college conferred upon him the degree of M.D. , and in 1879 that of LL.D. In 1879 he was elected vice-president of the Torrey botanical club. His published works are a translation of “ Ricord’s Notes to Hunter on Venereal Diseases ” (1854) ; “The Pathology and Treatment of Venereal Diseases” (1861), and a translation of Cullerier’s “ Iconographie des Maladies Veil.” (1867). He died in New York city, Nov. 28, 1879. BUMSTEAD, Horace, educator, was born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 29, 1841. He was educated in the public schools of Boston, and was gradu- ated at Yale in 1863. After several months’ instruction in military science with the Massa- chusetts rifle club of Boston, he passed the U. S. examining board at Was h i n g t o n, was commissioned major of the 43d U. S. colored troops in April, 1864, and served as command- ing officer of his regiment in the siege of Petersburg. His regiment was ordered to Texas after the surrender of Lee, and was mustered out of the service in Decem- ber, 1865. He en- tered Andover theo- logical seminary in 1866, and was graduated in 1870. He then spent a year in European travel and in study as a matriculate of the University of Tubingen. He was ordained pastor of the Second Congrega- tional church, Minneapolis, Minn., in 1872, and preached there until 1875, when he was ap- pointed professor of natural science in Atlanta university. In 1880 he was transferred to the chair of Latin, and became treasurer of the cor- poration. In 1886 he became acting president. and in 1888 was elected president of the uni- versity. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of the city of New York in 1881, and was a regular contributor to the Bibliotheca Sacra and the Andover Review. BUNCE, Oliver Bell, author, Was born in New York city, Feb. 8, 1828. At a very early age he possessed unusual literary talent. His business career commenced as a clerk in a stationery store, and later he became senior partner in the publishing house of Bunce & Brother. Mean- while he wrote several plays, which met with some success. He withdrew from the publishing business to accept the position of literary reader for Harper and Brothers, and in 1867 he entered the publishing house of D. Appleton & Co. , becom- ing two years later associate editor of Appleton's Journal. In 1872 he became editor and manager of the magazine. Among his published writings are: “The Romance of the Revolution ” (1852); “A Bachelor’s Story” (1859); “Life Before Him” (1860); “ Bensley ” (1863); “Bachelor Bluff : his opinions, sentiments, and disputa- tions ” (1881); “Don’t: A manual of mistakes and improprieties more or less prevalent in con- duct and speech ” (1883) ; “ My House: an ideal ” (1884) ; “ Fair Words about Fair Women. Gathered from the Poets” (Compiled, 1884), and “ Timias Terrystone ” (1885). Among his plays are: “Fate, or the Prophesy,” “Marco Bozzaris ” (1849), and “Love in '76” (1856). He died in New York city, May 15, 1890. BUNCE, Francis M., naval officer, was born in Connecticut. He was graduated at the naval academy at Annapolis in 1857, and until 1860 was midshipman on board the Germantown, East India squadron. He was promoted passed mid- shipman, June 25, 1860; master, Oct. 24, I860; and lieutenant, April 11, 1861. As executive offi- cer of the Penobscot he took part in the engage- ment at Yorktown, Va., and in 1862 was active at Forts Fisher and Caswell. He was commis- sioned lieutenant-commander, Jan. 16, 1863, and removed obstructions from the Stono river, S. C., to Morris Island. As aid to General Gillmore he had charge of the embarkation and transporta- tion of General Strong’s five regiments through the channels to Morris Island, and on July 10, 1863, commanded the naval part of the attack which resulted in the capture of Morris Island and Fort Wagner. He was on the monitor Patapsco during the siege of Charleston ; also in a night attack on Fort Sumter. He was wounded in November, 1863, and in January, 1864, was placed on the staff of Admiral Dahlgren. On April 6. 1864, he was ordered to command the Lehigh of the South Atlantic blockading squadron. In 1865 he commanded the monitor Monadnock, taking her from Philadelphia to San Francisco, Cal., the first BUNGE. BURBANK. extended sea voyage ever made by a monitor. For this service he received the thanks of the navy department. He was commissioned com- mander, Nov. 7, 1871, and captain, Jan. 11, 1883. He was senior member of tire board on timber preservation for naval purposes ; commanded the Atlanta, June 1, 188(5, to Dec. 1, 1889; and was placed in command of the naval station at New London, Conn., Feb. 12, 1890. In April, 1891, he was made senior member of the board for examination of master mechanics, foremen of navy yards, and on June 30, 1891, was ordered to command the naval training station and the ship Richmond. He was shortly afterwards promoted commodore. In 1897 he commanded the North Atlantic station on board the flagship New York. and in February of that year took part in the blockading manoeuvres of the fleet in Charleston harbor, the first exhibition of the efficiency and seaworthiness of the new armored battleships, cruisers, rams and torpedo boats. BUNCE, William Qedney, artist, was born at Hartford, Conn., Sept. 19, 1842. He pursued the study of art m New York city, Munich, Diisseldorf, Brussels, and later opened a studio in Paris. His “Venice, Night” was exhibited at the salon in Paris in 1876, and his “ Venice, Morning” two years later. In 1878 he also exhibited “La Luna Veneziana” at the society of American artists in New York, and “Ap- proach to Venice ” at the Paris exposition. Upon his return to America, after twelve years abroad, he opened his studio in New York city. His later works include: “Watch Hill, Rhode Island” (1880); “ Among the Sail. Venice ” (1882) ; “ Bit of Harbor, Venice ” (1883) ; “ In the Lagoon. San Giorgio” (1884); “Venetian Day” (1885); and “Venetian Night” (1885). BUNDY, Jonas Mills, journalist, was born at Colebrook, N. H., April 17, 1835. When he was a child his parents removed to Beloit, Wis. From Beloit college, where he was graduated in 1853, he went to Harvard law school, and was after- wards admitted to the bar, but never practised, his tastes leading him to adopt journalism for his profession. His first experience in newspaper work was on the Milwaukee Wisconsin. There he speedily created a new department in the market reports, which was of great value to the journal; but in a short time the civil war broke out and he entered the army in the artillery service, in which he acted for a time as aide-de- camp to General Pope, and received a major’s commission. Subsequent to the civil war he settled in New York city, and entered the office of the Evening Post as literary and musical critic. In 1868 he became chief editor of the Evening Mail, which was afterwards bought by Cyrus W. Field, who retained Major Bundy as [ 493 ] its chief editor, which position he held until his death. His vigorous attacks on the Tweed ring caused his appointment as a member of the committee of seventy which exposed tire corrup- tion of the New York city government. He wrote President Garfield’s biography in 1880. He died suddenly at Paris. France, Sept. 8, 1891. BUNN, Benjamin H., representative, was born near Rocky Mount. Nash county, N. C., Oct. 19. 1844. After a limited academic education he en- listed. at the age of sixteen, in the Confederate army, and before the close of the war was promoted to the command of the 4th company of sharp- shooters of McRae’s brigade, army of northern Virginia. In 1867 he was admitted to the bar, and in 1875 was chosen a member of the constitutional convention of North Carolina. He was a presi- dential elector in 1884 and in 1888 was elected representative to the 51st and afterwards to the 52d and 53d congresses, and was chairman of the committee on claims. BUNNER, Henry Cuyler, writer, was born at Oswego, N. Y., in 1855. He edited Puck for a number of years and published several works, among which may be mentioned : “A Woman of Honor” (1883); “Airs from Arcady and Else- where” (1884); “The Midge: a Story of New York Life ” (1886), and the “ Story of a New York House: a Novel ” (1887). In partnership with J. Brander Matthews, he published “ Studies in Story- Telling” (1885). His “ Lovein Old Cloathes ” was greatly commended. He died May 11, 1896. BURBANK, Sidney , soldier, was born in Massa- chusetts, Sept. 26, 1807. He was graduated from West Point in 1829. and served on frontier duty until 1832, when he took part in the campaign against the Sac Indians. The following two years were spent in recruiting service, and in 1836 he was appointed assistant instructor of infantry tactics at West Point, holding the position for three years. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1836, and captain in 1839. In 1840 and 1841 he was engaged in the Florida war against the Semi- noles, then served on frontier duty at various posts until 1859, having been promoted major in 1855. In July, 1859, he was made superintendent of the western recruiting service at Newport Bar- racks, Ky., and remained there until the civil war. In May, 1861, he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and the following year, colonel. He took part in the battle of Chancellorsville. Va.. in the Pennsyl- vania campaign, and in the battle of Gettysburg, where for meritorious services lie was bre vetted brigadier-general. From 1866 to 1867 he was presi- dent of the examining board of candidates for army appointments, and later was superintendent of general recruiting service. He was retired from active service, May 1, 1870, and died in Newport, Ky., Dec. 7, 1882. BURBECK. BURDEN. BURBECK, Henry, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., June 8, 1754. He was appointed a lieu- tenant in the army at the beginning of the rev- olutionary war, was commissioned as captain, September, 1777, and served with great credit at Brandywine, Germantown, Valley Forge, and Monmouth, as well as in subsequent engagements, until 1783, when he retired with the rank of major. Three years later he again entered the service and was engaged under General Wayne in the frontier wars against the Indians. In the war of 1812 he commanded at New York, Newport, and New London, was brevetted brigadier-general, and was retired in 1815. He died in New London, Conn., Oct. 2, 1848. BURBR1DGE, Stephen Gano, soldier, was born in Scott county, Ky., Aug. 19, 1831. He acquired a classical and military education and studied law with Garrett Davis, U. S. senator. For several years he engaged in business in George- town, D. C., but later removed to a large planta- tion in Logan county, Ky. At the outbreak of the civil war he recruited the 28th Kentucky regi- ment, and was appointed its colonel. At the battle of Shiloh he, by his bravery, gained the rank of brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers, and defended Kentucky against the invasion of Gen- eral Bragg in 1862. He commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, 18th army corps before Vicksburg, and at the capture of Arkansas Post he was the leader of the storming party and planted the stars and stripes on the Confederate fort by orders of General Smith in acknowledgment of his gal- lantry. He also led the capturing forces at Fort Gibson. During the Atlanta campaign in 1864 he was in command of the military district of Ken- tucky, and drove Morgan back into Tennessee. For this service, and particularly for the engage- ment at Cynthiana, he received the commenda- tion of President Lincoln and the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers. At the close of the war he returned to Kentucky. BURCHARD, Samuel Dickinson, clergyman, was born at Steuben, N. Y., Sept. 6, 1812. He was educated at an academy in his native state, and on the removal of his parents to Kentucky in 1830 he entered Centre college, Danville, and was graduated in 1836. His lectures at this time on temperance, abolition, and religious questions made him widely known throughout his state. In 1837, when Kentucky was smitten with an epidemic of cholera, he volunteered as a nurse, and won much gratitude for his kindly services. He was licensed to preach in 1838, and for seven years was pastor of the Houston street Presbyte- rian church, New York; the church then moved to Thirteenth street, and after serving this congregation for nearly forty years, he be- came pastor of the Murray Ilill Presbyterian church. Dr. Burchard was the originator of the phrase, “ Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion,” an alliteration with which he stigmatized the Demo- cratic party near the end of the Blaine-Cleveland campaign in 1884, and which was supposed to have cost Mr. Blaine the presidency. Dr. Bur- chard was chancellor of the Ingham university, and president of Rutgers female college. His churches were noted for the amount of support which they gave to the various enterprises of the Presbyterian church. This feature was especially conspicuous in relation to the work of the Presby- terian Bible soeiety and the educational enter- prises of the denomination, and in furthering the Sunday-school work of the communion. He died Sept. 26, 1891. BURCHARD, Thomas Herring, physician, was born in New York city, March 19, 1850, son of Samuel D. Burchard, clergyman. He was gradu- ated from the College of the city of New York in 1869, and from the Bellevue hospital medical col- lege in 1872. For a year following his graduation he remained at Bellevue as demonstrator of anat- omy, and in 1873 became house surgeon in Belle- vue. From that time until his death he was at various periods attending surgeon of the New York dispensary, surgeon of the 22d regiment, and attending surgeon of the city hospital, of which last he was for two years president of the medical and surgical board. At the organization of the civil service commission, he was made its chairman. His most important medical work is “Operative Interference in Acute Perforative Perityphlitis,” advocating the removal of the vermiform appendix. He was a member of the Northwestern medical society, the County medi- cal society, the New York pathological society, the Neurological society, the New York acad- emy of medicine, and other social and professional organizations. He died in New, York city, Nov. 14, 1896. BURDEN, Henry, inventor, was born in Dun- blane, Scotland, April 20, 1791. He was the son of a sheep husbandman, and was educated at a school of engineering in Edinburgh. He made a number of agricultural implements for use on his father's farm, and arranged a water-wheel by which they were operated. In 1819, he came to America, bringing letters of introduction to General Stephen Van Rensselaer, the patroon ; Hon. John C. Calhoun ; Hon. William C. Preston; Hon. Thomas H. Benton. He interested himself, at first, in the manufacture of agricultural tools and machines, which were exhibited at fairs, and to those interested in farming. He built a flouring mill, and afterwards a mill for work- ing up old iron scraps. At that time no pud- dling of iron was done in America. In 1820 he invented the first cultivator patented in this BURDEN. BURDETTE. country. In 1822, he went to Troy, and assumed charge of an iron and nail factory at that place, which developed into Burden’s iron works. He invented a machine for making spikes, and secured a patent for it, May 26, 1825. Five years later lie invented a machine for making horseshoe nails and rolls for creasing horseshoe blanks. In 1834 he invented and patented a new spike machine, the spikes being for the flat rails then used by various railroads; but on a visit to England, be- coming convinced that the “T” and “H” rails would supersede all others, he, on his return, be- gan the manufacture of a new hook headed spike for such rails, and was granted a patent for it in 1840. A machine for making horseshoes patented by him in 1835 was improved in 1845, and in 1857 a new machine was patented, which he considered his greatest invention. He was interested in steam navigation ; and was the first to advocate the plans afterwards adopted by both English and American shipbuilders in the construction of long vessels for ocean sailing. He laid similar plans before the Troy steamboat association, and finally they were substantially adopted in the building of the steamer Hendrick Hudson. In 1846 a prospectus was issued for -Burden’s Atlantic Steam-Ferry Company;” the boats were to be five hundred feet long, with accommodations for four hundred first- class passengers, be- sides steerage accom- modations, and to be of eighteen thousand tons burden. The pas- sage was to be made in eight days, although Mr. Burden declared it could be reduced to six days. He was inter - - in a11 worthy y / / o — -public enterprises, and gave freely to charit- able and other institutions. He died in Troy, N. Y., Jan. 19, 1871. BURDEN, James Abercrombie, iron master, was born at Troy, N. Y., Jan. 6, 1833; son of Henry Burden, a celebrated inventor and iron- master. He had special advantages in his theo- retical and scientific education for the business to which he devoted himself. He not only had a private tutor at Yale college, but while pursuing his studies under his direction he attended lectures in the Sheffield scientific school, and subsequently took up a course of study in the Rensselaer poly- technic institute. Aside from these studies, he had practical training in learning the trade of a machinist and millwright, and he worked at this trade until made foreman of a department W sl/n ested of the Burden iron works, conducted by his father, and to which he succeeded as chief owner and president of the corporation. He was acknowledged as a leader in the industries to which he was allied, and was elected pres- ident of the Hudson river ore and iron company ; president of the Engineers’ club of New York city ; a member of the Civil engineers;' society, of the Soci- ety of mechanical engineers, of the Mining engineers, and of the Iron and steel institute of Great Britain, and fellow of the Imperial institute of London. He not only proved himself a valu- able member of the societies here named, but has won a master-workman’s recognition by his supe- rior inventive skill. Valuable patents were issued to him for machinery for making blooms, for in- termittent mechanical motion, for an electrical machine for separating magnetic ore from its gangue, for fettling puddling furnaces, for heating furnaces, and for machinery for manufacturing horseshoes. This last named machine converts a plain bar of iron, in one heat, into horseshoes with nail holes punched and otherwise finished, at the rate of seventy shoes a minute. Aside from his inventions and the demands of his varied and extensive business, he was interested in social and public affairs. He was a discreet giver and a careful adviser, his advice and financial aid, in charitable and reformatory matters being uni- versally sought, and generously and wisely rendered. In 1880, in 1888, and again in 1896 he was elected presidential elector on the Republi- can ticket of the state of New York. BURDETTE, Robert Jones, humorist, was born at Greensborough, Pa., July 30, 1844. His early life was spent in the west, where, at the breaking out of the civil war, lie joined the army as a member of the 47th Illinois volunteers. In 1865 he returned to Peoria, where for several years he contributed humorous articles to vari- ous newspapers and periodicals. He also worked on the editorial staff of the Peoria Transcript, removing in 1872 to Burlington, Iowa, where he formed a connection with the Hawk-eye, in the columns of which paper he caught the popular fancy, and won renown as a humorist. He was also much sought as a lecturer, drawing large and appreciative audiences. Some of his lectures were published in book form, under the title of “ The Rise and Fall of the Mustache ’’ anu [ 495 ] BURGES. BURGESS. “ Hawkeyetems ” (1877). His other publica- tions include: “ Hawkeyes ” (1879); “William Penn, 1644-1718,” in “Lives of American Worthies” (1882), and “ Innacli Garden, and other Comic Sketches ” (1886). BURGES, Tristram, representative, was born at Rochester, Mass., Feb. 26, 1770; son of John Burges, a sturdy patriot who served throughout the revolutionary war, and who was a cooper, farmer and father of eight children. At the age of twenty-one Tristram, who had enjoyed but twelve w e e k s’ schooling, had served his ap- prenticeship w i t h his father, and de- termined to obtain a college education. This, by hard work and in the face of u n t old difficulties, he accomplished, and was graduated from Rhode Island college in 1796, with valedictory honors. He opened a school, known as “ Hack- er’s Hall,” in order to obtain means to fit him- self as a lawyer, and in 1799 he was admitted to the bar. His eloquence made him the acknowl- edged leader of his profession ; the court house was thronged when he spoke, and he soon became prominent in public affairs. An oration delivered in 1810, “Liberty, Glory, and Union,” gave him additional celebrity, and in 1811 he was elected to the state legislature. In 1815 he was made chief justice of the supreme court of Rhode Island, and in the same year was ap- pointed to the chair of oratory and belles lettres at Brown university, a position which he filled with distinguished success for fifteen years. In 1824 he was elected to represent Rhode Island in the 19th Congress, and was re-elected to the 20th, 21st, 22d and 23d congresses. His first speech in the house was on a bill regulating the judiciary of the United States, and won him national renown. Because of one of the similes in this speech he was thereafter known as the “Bald Eagle of Rhode Island.” When Mr. Burges first entered Congress, it was the cus- tom of the southern members to revile New England ; but these insults grew fewer as one by one, Southern representatives came to realize that none of them could cope with the fiery eloquence of Mr. Burges when Iris wrath was awakened. Even John Randolph of Virginia, who was so eloquently sarcastic, so bitter in his hatred of New England, could not withstand the torrent of fiery indignation and terrible bursts of sarcasm which Mr. Burges poured out. and some of his replies to Randolph have become historic. The most striking of these was in reply to Randolph when he applied the words “ Delenda est Carthago ” in denouncing New England. “Let New England be destroyed,” said Mr. Burges; “ what shall we say of a spirit regarding this event as a consummation devoutly to be wished? A spirit without one attribute or hope of the pure in heart ; a spirit that begins and ends everything, not with prayer, but with imprecation ; a spirit which blots from the great canon of petition, ‘ give us this day our daily bread,’ that foregoing bodily nutriment he may attain to a higher relish for that unmingled food prepared and served up to a soul hungering and thirsting after wickedness; a spirit which at every rising sun exclaims, ‘ Hodie, Hodie, Carthago delenda ! ’ (To-day, to-day, let New Eng- land be destroyed!) ” Then followed the historic sentence: “Sir, Divine Providence takes care of his own universe ! Moral monsters cannot propa- gate; impotent of everything, but malevolence of purpose, they cannot otherwise multiply mis- eries than by blaspheming all that is pure, pros- perous and happy. Could demon propagate demon, the universe might become a pande- monium; but I rejoice that the father of lies can never become the father of liars; one adversary of God and man is enough for one universe; too much! oh, how much too much for one nation." Mr. Randolph could not withstand the unparal- leled severity of this retort ; he immediately left the hall, and his voice was never raised there afterwards. In 1836 Mr. Burges was nominated on the Whig ticket for governor but failed of election, and retired from public life resuming his profession. He wrote “ The Battle of Lake Erie,” and published several speeches and ora tions. He died Oct. 13, 1853. BURGESS, Alexander, 1st bishop of Quincy and 119th in succession in the American episeo pate, was born in Providence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1819; son of Thomas Burgess, chief justice of Rhode Island, and brother of George Burgess, the first bishop of Maine. He was graduated at Brown university, 1838, and from the General theological seminary in 1841 : was ordained a deacon by Bishop Griswold, Nov. 3, 1842, and admitted to the priesthood by Bishop Henshaw. Nov. 1, 1843. During his diaconate he had charge of St. Stephen's, Haddam, Conn. He was rector of St. Mark’s Augusta, Me., 1843-'54. when he removed to Portland. Me., where he had charge of St. Luke’s church, 1854-'67. His next move was to Brooklyn. N. Y.. where he was rector of St. John's church for two years, and afterward of Christ church, Springfield, Mass. [ 496 ] BURGESS. BURKE. where he remained until his advancement to the episcopate. He was a deputy to the general con- vention from 1844 to 1877, representing succes- sively, Maine, Long Island, and Massachusetts. In 1877 he was president of the house of deputies. He was also a member of the standing committee of Maine, Long Island and Massachusetts succes- sively from 1843 to 1868. After his brother’s death, April 23, 1866, he was elected by the clergy of Maine to be bishop, but lie declined to allow his name to be presented to the laity for confirmation. He received the degree of S.T.D. from Brown university in 1866, and from Racine college in 1881 ; from Griswold college the degree of LL.D. in 1889. He was chosen bishop of the newly formed diocese of Quincy, 111. , and was con- secrated in Christ church, Springfield, Mass., on May 15, 1878. He published a memoir of his brother, Bishop George Burgess, sermons, ad- dresses, carols and hymns. BURGESS, George, 1st bishop of Maine and 49th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Providence, R. I., June 10, 1809: son of Thomas Burgess, chief justice of Rhode Island. He was graduated at Brown university in 1826, and was for the following three years a tutor there. He studied from 1831 to 1834 at Bonn, Gottingen and Berlin, and on his return to America in 1834, was ordained a deacon by Bishop Griswold, in Grace church, Providence. In 1834 he was admitted to the priesthood by Bishop Brownell, in Christ church, Hartford, he having been chosen as rector of that parish. He was made doctor of divinity by Trinity col- lege in 1845, and by Union college and Brown in 1846. He was chosen bishop of the newly formed diocese of Maine, and was consecrated in the church of which he had been rector for thir- teen years, Oct. 31, 1847. His literary works are numerous and varied in their character, among them the following being conspicuous: “The Strife of Brothers,” a poem; “ The Last Enemy Conquering and Conquered”; “The Book of Psalms Translated into English Verse”; “ Papers from the Ecclesiastical History of New England, between 1740 and 1840”; sermons, tracts, etc. He died at sea, April 23, 1866. BURGESS, John William, educator, was born at Cornersville, Tenn., Aug. 26, 1844. He was graduated from Amherst in 1867, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1869. He occupied the chair of logic, rhetoric and English literature in Knox college, 1869-’71, and after two years spent at Gottingen, Leipzig, and Berlin he became pro- fessor of history and political science at Amherst. In 1876 he accepted the chair of history, political science and international law in Columbia col- lege, New York, the name of the chair being changed to history, political science and consti- tutional law in 1890. He was also made pro- fessor of international and constitutional law and political science in the Columbia law school, the chair after 1880 being known as that of constitu- tional and international history and law, in the school of political science. Amherst conferred on him the degree A.M. in 1870, and the College of New Jersey gave him Pli.D. in 1883, and LL.D. in 1884. He was elected a trustee of Columbia college, and in 1890 was made a member of the university council, and dean of the faculty of political science. BURKE, Aloysius Martin Thomas, R. C. bishop, was born in Ireland in 1840; son of Dr. Aulrich Burke, who emigrated to America and settled in Utica, N. Y. He passed his early years and received his primary education in his father’s adopted city, and very early evinced great talent in his studies. In 1856 lie entered St. Charles college at Ellicott City, Md., to begin his preparation for the priesthood, and soon became recognized as one of the able stu- dents of his class. He was ordained a priest on June 20, 1864, at Mount St. Mary's seminary, Md., by Bishop McFarland. Immediately after his ordination he was sent as an assistant to Rev. C. Fitzpatrick of St. John's church, Albany, N. Y. He remained there but six months, when he was transferred to St. Joseph's church, as assist- ant to Father Conroy, afterwards bishop of Albany. In 1866 he was placed in charge of the parish; he was not, however, appointed pastor, but served in that capacity until 1874, When lie was formally made pastor of the church. This appointment was largely due to the great suc- cess he had attained in the management of the affairs of the parish, and the active part he had taken in reducing the heavy church debt. On March 4, 1887, Bishop McNeirny appointed him his vicar-general. He fulfilled the duties of the office with ability, and the natural sequence was his elevation to the bishopric. On June 29, 1894, the thirtieth anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood, he was formally consecrated fourth bishop of Albany, N. Y. , by Archbishop Corrigan, in the cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. BURKE, Andrew H., governor of North Dakota, was born in New York city, May 15, 1850. He was left an orphan at an early age, and until he was eight years old was cared for by the New York charitable aid society, by whom he was sent to Indiana. At the age of twelve years he enlisted as a drummer boy in the 75th regi- ment Indiana volunteers. At the close of the war he went to Asbury college, Greencastle, Ind., after which he followed commercial pursuits until 1880, when he settled in North Dakota. He became cashier of the first national bank of [ 497 ] BURKE. BURKE. Casselton, and treasurer of Cass county. After serving three terms in that position he was, in 189'), elected by the Republican party governor of North Dakota. After the adjournment of the legislature of 1891, the grasshoppers began the devastation of crops in the northern part of the state, when he immediately took such vigor- ous measures to exterminate them through con- certed action, that, by means of large drafts on his private fortune, in the absence of a state ap- propriation, the pest was soon destroyed, and thousands of acres of grain were saved. When the Republican state convention convened at Fargo on Aug. 2, 1892, he was re-nominated for governor of North Dakota without opposition, but was defeated in the election by E. Shortridge, the Democratic and Populist candidate. He afterwards engaged in commercial business in Duluth, Minn. BURKE, Dennis Francis, soldier, was born in Cork, Ireland, April 19, 1841, and emigrated to America in 1855. When the civil war began he enlisted in the 69th regiment, N. G. S. N. Y., serving in the company commanded by Capt. Thomas F. Meagher, who afterward organized the Irish brigade, in which Burke became 2d lieutenant. He was in all the battles in which the brigade took part, from Fair Oaks to Appo- mattox, and was several times severely wounded. He was made 1st lieutenant for bravery at Malvern Hill, adjutant for gallantry at Harri- son’s Landing, and captain in recognition of his services at Antietam. In 1866, while on a visit to Dublin, he was arrested on suspicion of being a Fenian, and was confined for seven months in Mount joy prison. Upon his return to the United States he was appointed assistant ap- praiser at the New York custom house, which position he filled until a year before his death. He was editor of the Emerald and the Irish People. He died in New York city, Oct. 19, 1893. BURKE, Edmund, lawyer, was born in West- minster, Vt., Jan. 23, 1809. He received his education under private tutors, studied law, and in 1829 was admitted to the bar. He re- moved to Newport, N. H., in 1833, and in 1835 established the New Hampshire Argus, which he edited for many years. He was a representa- tive in the 26th, 27th and 28tli congresses, 1839 ’45, serving on the commerce, claims and library committees, of the latter of which he acted as chairman. President Polk made him commis- sioner of patents in 1846, and in 1850 he estab- lished law offices at Newport. N. II., and Boston, Mass. In 1866 he attended the national Union convention at Philadelphia as a delegate. He was the author of an able pamphlet entitled, “The Protective System Considered” (1846). He died at Newport, N. H.. Jan. 25, 1882. BURKE, Thomas, governor of North Caro- lina, was born in Galway, Ireland, about 1747. He came to America in 1764, having previously received a classical education. He settled in Accomac county, Va., in the practice of medi- cine, which profession he changed for that of law, establishing himself at Norfolk, Va., where he remained until 1774, when he settled in Hills- borough, N. C. His writings in opposition to the stamp act brought him into demand as a writer and speaker on revolutionary topics. In 1775 he was a delegate to the state constitutional conventions at New Berne and Hillsborough, and in 1776 to that at Halifax. He was a volunteer soldier at the battle of the Brandywine, and a dele- gate to the Continental Congress from December, 1776, until July, 1781, when he was elected, by acclamation, first governor of North Carolina under its new constitution. Shortly after his inauguration he was seized by a band of Tories and carried to James Island, S. C., where he was detained as a hostage, and upon being permitted to go at large on parole he made his escape, alter four months’ imprisonment. He at once wrote to General Leslie, declaring himself still subject to the disposition of the British authorities. Subsequently he was exchanged, and resumed his duties as governor, but upon coming up for re-election, at the end of his term, the violation of his parole was used against him, and he suf- fered defeat. He died at Hillsborough, N. C., Dec. 2, 1783. BURLEIGH, Edwin Chick, governor of Maine, was born at Linneus, Me., Nov. 27, 1843; son of the Hon. Parker P. Burleigh, and grandson of Moses Burleigh, both of whom were conspic- uous in the affairs of Maine. Edwin C. Burleigh was educated in the public schools and at the Houlton (Me.) academy. After leaving the academy he taught school and practised land surveying for a few years. In 1861 he went to Augusta and enlisted in the cavalry, but was re- jected by the exam- ining surgeon and obtained a position in the office of the a d j u t an t -general, where he served un- til the close of the war. He then resumed his occupation of land surveying until 1870. when he was appointed clerk in the state land office at Bangor, and removed to that city in 1872. He [498] BURLEIGH. BURLEIGH. was subsequently appointed state land agent by Governor Connor, and served as such in 1876, 18t7, and 1878, at the same time holding the posi- tion of assistant clerk of the Maine house of rep- resentatives. In 1880 he accepted a position in the office of the treasurer of state which he held until his election as treasurer in 1885. He was re-elected in 1887. In 1888 he was nominated for governor and resigned his position as treasurer. He was elected by a large plurality, and in 1890 was re-elected. During his service as treasurer the public debt was reduced more than 8400.000, and during his administration as governor the rate of taxation reached the lowest limit in the history of the state, and the entire bonded debt, amounting to 82, 384, 000, and bearing interest at six per cent, was refunded by the sale of three per cent bonds, thus reducing the interest account one-half. After his retirement from office Gov- ernor Burleigh devoted himself to his private in- terests, and became the principal publisher and proprietor of the Kennebec Journal. Ho was a delegate -at -large to the St. Louis Republican con- vention in 1896. BURLEIGH, Walter Atwood, a prominent pioneer of Dakota, was born at Waterville, Me., Qct. 25, 1820. He studied medicine at Water- ville. and in New York city, and was graduated at Castleton medical college. He removed to Kittanning. Pa., where he acquired a large practice, and d e- voted much of his time in the cam- paigns of 1856 and 1860 to the support of the Republican party as a platform speaker. In 18 61 President Lincoln appointed him agent of the Yankton Sioux Indians of Da- kota territory. The Indians being i n - flamed by previous grievances, threat- ened to burn the warehouse, council house and other property of the agency. Dr. Burleigh despatched two brave and reliable men to Fort Randall for a body of U. S. regulars, and at daybreak on the following morning just as the hostile Indians, armed and in their war paint, gathered for an attack upon the buildings, the troops approached, and their chiefs sued for peace. In the latter part of August, 1862, the agency was again in danger from the hostile Sioux in their retreat from the Minnesota mas- sacre. Dr. Burleigh at once built a substantial L490] block house, and called for troops from Iowa, and with these and the good offices of Struck-by-the- Rees, the head chief of the Yanktons, the agency was saved, and South Dakota was spared a bloody invasion. Dr. Burleigh was elected a delegate to the 39th Congress in 1864, and in 1866 to the 40th Congress. In 1877 he was elected a member of the legislature of Dakota, and chosen president of the council. He was a member of the last legislature of Montana territory, and was elected to the convention of 1889, which framed the con- stitution of that state. He also engaged in many private enterprises, having at one time a fleet of steamboats on the Missouri river, which did a large carrying trade between St. Louis and Fort Benton. Burleigh county, North Dakota, was named in his honor. He graded fifty miles of the Northern Pacific railroad and erected the first house in Bismarck. He practised law for twelve years in the courts at Miles City, and Bil- lings, in Montana. He, upon removing to Dakota, made his home at Yankton, where he erected a magnificent mansion overlooking the Missouri, and having a wide range of scenery scarcely equalled by any in the country. BURLEIGH, William Henry, poet and jour- nalist, was born at Woodstock, Conn., Feb. 2, 1812; son of Rinaldo Burleigh, educator, who became blind in 1827 and died in 1863. On his mother’s side he was lineally descended from Governor Bradford. William worked on a farm, was apprenticed to a tailor and afterwards to a printer, and while working at the case, he fre- quently contributed articles to the columns of the journals on which he was employed. He was an advocate of anti-slavery, temperance and peace, and both as editor and lecturer exercised a widespread influence in behalf of reform, having editorial charge at different times of the Literary Journal , the Temperance Banner , the Christian Freeman, and the Washington Banner. His fear- less denunciation of vice and depravity exposed him on several occasions to mob violence. He had no taste for controversy, preferring the quiet of literary pursuits, and he several times estab- lished purely literary journals, which, though short-lived, were of a high order of merit, some of the poems and prose articles from his own pen being gems of exquisite ray. In 1850 he removed to Albany and became the general agent and lecturer of the New York state temperance society, editing its organ, the Prohibitionist . He removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1855, and was ap- pointed harbor master of the port of New York, and he continued to discharge the duties of that office, or of that of port warden, during the re- mainder of his life. A small collection of his poems was published in 1841, and enlarged editions were issued in 1845 and 1850. After his death a BURLESON. BURLINGAME. memoir, acc®mpanied by a choice collection of his poems, was published (1871) by his wife, Mrs. Celia (Burr) Burleigh. He died at Brook- lyn, N. Y. , March 18, 1871. BURLESON, RUFUS C., educator, was born near Decatur, Ala., Aug. 7, 1823, son of Jonathan Burleson. He attended Nashville university, and in 1840 was licensed to preach by the First Baptist church of Nashville. He was graduated at the Western Baptist literary and theological institute at Covington, Ky., in 1847. A post- graduate course of seven months com- pleted his theolog- ical studies, and he was elected pas- tor of the First Baptist church, Houston, Texas, which he built up until it became the largest church in the city and the most liberal in the state. In June. 1852, he was elected president of Baylor university to succeed Dr. H. L. Groves. In 1861, with his brother, Richard Burleson, LL.D., vice-president, and the entire faculty he removed to Waco, Texas, as a more accessible location, and founded Waco university, which became one of the leading co-educational institutions of the south. As a preacher, in his early days, Dr. Burleson bap- tized Mrs. Dickenson, the heroine of the Alamo, and Gen. Sam Houston, the hero of San Jacinto. His interest extended beyond his pastoral and educational work, and he joined in advancing the political and material interests of Texas in the direction of reform. He received the degrees of D.D. and LL. D. BURLINGAME, Anson, statesman, was born in New Berlin, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1820. His ancestors were among the first settlers of Rhode Island. His early education was received in the schools of Seneca county, Ohio, whither his father had removed in 1823, and later in those of Detroit, Mich., where the family settled in 1833. His col- legiate training was gained at the University of Michigan, and he subsequently entered the law school at Harvard college, where he was grad- uated in 1846. He engaged in the practice of the law in Boston, and took an .active part in the Free Soil movement, attaining some distinction as an orator during the political campaign of 1848. In 1852 he was elected to the state senate, and in 1853 was a member of the convention for revising the constitution of Massachusetts. In 1854 he joined the American party, by whom he was elected a representative in the 34th Congress. In Congress he was distinguished for his eloquence in upholding anti-slavery principles. His de- nunciation of Preston S. Brooks, for his assault upon Charles Sumner, called out a challenge which he accepted, naming rifles as the weapons, and Canada as the place of combat. Mr. Brooks objected to these arrangements and the duel was never fought. Mr. Burlingame was a represen- tative in the 35th and 36tli congresses, and his non-election to the 37tli. in 1860, terminated his congressional service. He was appointed minister to Austria by Mr. Lincoln, but that gov- ernment refused to receive him because of opin- ions expressed by him regarding the politics of Austria. He was subsequently sent as minister to China, where his wise diplomacy benefited the commerce of the United States, and where he suc- ceeded in framing articles supplementary to the treaty of 1858, which was China’s first formal recognition of international law r and was known as the Burlingame Tx-eaty. The Chinese regent and prime minister, Prince Kung, appreciated Mr. Burlingame’s services so highly that when, in 1867, he was about to return home that offi- cial requested him to act as special envoy to the United States government and the principal European powers, to establish with them treaties on behalf of China, and before the close of 1869 lie had concluded satisfactory treaties with the United States, Great Britain, Sweden. Prussia. Holland, and Denmark, and while negotiating one with Russia, at St. Petersburg, he was stricken with pneumonia, and after a short illness died on February 23, 1870. BURLINGAME, Edward Livermore, editor, was born in Boston, Mass., May 30, 1848, son of Anson Burlingame. He accompanied his father on several of his diplomatic missions, thus enjoy- ing unusual advantages of travel. He left Har- vard before completing his course and became private secretary to his father, then minister to China. The years 1867-’69 were spent in study at Heidelberg, where he took the degree of Ph.D.. and a part of the year 1870 at Berlin. Returning to America in 1870 he was engaged for a time on the editorial staff of the New York Tribune, and from 1872 to 1876 he was connected editorially with the revision of “The American Cyclopaedia." In 1879 he joined the editorial staff of the Scrib- ner publishing house, and in 1886 became the editor of the new Scribner’s Magazine. He was also associated with others in the preparation of several historical works and has made numerous contributions to periodical literature. He trans lated and edited “ Art Life and Theories of Richard Wagner” (1875), and edited “Current Discussion : a Collection from the Chief English Essays oix Questions of the Time ” (2 vols., 1878). [ 500 ] BURNET. BURNET. BURNET, David Gouverneur, president of tion society of Cincinnati, he did much to aid Texas, was born in Newark, N. J., April 4, 1788; son of William Burnet, surgeon-general of the Continental army. He left school before grad- uating and in 1806, joining Miranda’s expedition, took up arms on behalf of Venezuelan liberty. He was lieutenant in command of a launch, and gave the order for the first shot fired in the cam- paign. Returning to the United States he en- gaged in mercantile pursuits, at Nachitoches, La., and some years later commenced the prac- tice of law at Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1826 he took up his residence in Texas, and his first efforts were directed toward freeing the state from Mexican rule. He was a member of the San Felipe convention of 1833, which presented a memorial to the Mexican government, written by him, praying that Texas be separated from Coa- huila. In 1834 he was appointed district judge of Austin, and on March 16, 1836, was chosen provisional president of the new republic formed upon the declaration of independence. Santa Anna drove the new government from Austin, and Burnet escaped to Galveston, which he made the capital, and though he discharged the onerous duties of his position with great skill and pru- dence he did not escape the charge of treason. On Oct. 22, 1836, he turned the government over to Sam Houston, the president elected under the new constitution. In December, 1838, he was elected vice-president of the republic, and during the last year of his three years’ term of office, owing to the illness of President Lamar, he once more occupied the presidential chair. He was defeated by Ex-President Houston in the presi- dential election of 1841. He took an active part in the civil war, and though he deplored secession he remained in the south with his people. In 1866 he was elected to the United States senate under President Johnson’s plan of reconstruction, but was not permitted to take his seat. The latter years of his life were spent in retirement on his plantation near Houston, and his death occurred at Galveston, Texas, Dec. 5, 1870. BURNET, Jacob, jurist, was born in Newark, N. J., Feb. 22, 1770; son of William Burnet, surgeon-general in the revolutionary war. After his graduation at Princeton in 1791, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and in 1796 removed to Cincinnati. He was a member of the territor- ial councils of Ohio from 1799 until the establish- ment of the state government in 1803 ; was a state legislator in 1812; a supreme court judge of Ohio from 1821 to 1828, and a United States senator from 1828 to 1831, having been elected to fill the unexpired term of William H. Harrison, resigned. He was one of the commissioners to arbitrate the “statute of limitation” question between Ken- tucky and Virginia. As president of the coloniza- western settlers in adjusting their accounts with the government. The debts due to the govern- ment for lands amounted to more than twenty million dollars, these obligations exceeding the amount of currency then in circulation in the west, the banks suspended payment, and the farmers were threatened not only with bank- ruptcy, but witli eviction, which they determined to oppose by force. In this crisis Judge Burnet pre- sented a memorial to Congress, praying on behalf of the debtors, that the back interest due be can- celled, and that permission be granted the land- holders to relinquish such part of their land as they were not able to use or pay for. Congress granted the desired relief, greatly to the satisfac- tion of the settlers of the south, as well as the west. In 1830, upon the forfeiture, by the state of Ohio, of the land granted by Congress for the extension of the Miami canal, Judge Burnet entered a forcible protest and secured not only the revocation of the forfeiture, but also an addi- tional grant of land. He was one of the founders of the Lancastrian academy, and of the Cincin- nati college, of which he was also president for some time. He assisted in the reorganization of tile Ohio medical college, and acted as the presi- dent of its board of trustees for many years. Upon the nomination of the Marquis de Lafayette, he was made a member of the French academy, and he belonged to many prominent literary and scientific associations in the United States. In 1847 he published, “ Notes on the Early Settle- ment of the Northwestern Territory,” a work containing much authentic information, especially on the growth and progress of the state of Ohio. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 10, 1853. BURNET, William, colonial governor, was born at the Hague, Holland, in March, 1688, son of Bishop Burnet. He relinquished his office of comptroller of customs in England on being ap- pointed governor of the colonies of New York and New Jersey in 1720. He was zealous in defend- ing and promoting the interests of the British crown, established a trading post at Oswego, N. Y. , and was the first to plant the British flag on the Great Lakes. He secured treaties with the east- ern Indians, and prohibited traffic with the habi- tants. He became extremely unpopular in New York, and his successor, John Montgomerie, was sent out in 1728, and Burnet was made governor of Massachusetts. He gained odium in that col- ony by His endeavor to exact from the assembly a fixed income. After much wrangling he was forced to withdraw his demand. He was ap- pointed governor also of New Hampshire. He was fond of astronomical study, and published observations in the transactions of the royal society. He died in Boston, Mass., Sept. 7, 1729. [5011 BURNETT. BURNETT. BURNETT, Frances Hodgson, author, was born in Manchester, England, Nov. 24, 1849. When a mere child she improvised stories and plays, and had planned a novel before she was thirteen. Upon the death of her father, in 1865, the family removed to America, settling first in Newmarket, Tenn., and later in Knoxville. Dur- ing the five years following, she contributed a number of stories to Godey's Lady's Book and Peterson’s Magazine, and in 1872, she sent to Scribner’s Magazine ‘ ‘ Surly Tim’s Troubles. ” writ- ten in the Lancashire dialect, which was accepted, and the publishers invited her to send other stories. Early in 1873 she contributed to Peter- son’s Magazines serial, entitled “ Dorothea,” and this was afterward published in book form as “ Vagabondia.” In this same year she was mar- ried to Dr. L. M. Burnett, an oculist and otologist, of Knoxville, and after a European tour the young couple settled in Washington, D. C. Some four years of literary silence followed Mrs. Bur- nett's marriage, and then “That Lass o' Low- rie’s,” a serial, appeared in Scribner’s Magazine . The story created a pronounced sensation, and when published in book form it ran through many editions in England and America, was twice dramatized, and netted for its author a large amount of money. Then followed, in leisurely succession, “ Haworth’s,” “ Jarl’s Daughter,” “Louisiana,” “A Fair Barbarian. ” and “Through One Administration.” In 1886 she wrote a story suggested to her by the character and sayings of one of her own sons; and “Little Lord Fauntleroy,” published as a serial in St. Nicholas, achieved for her a greater triumph than she had won by any of her stories for adults; and when the tale was dramatized by her and put upon the stage, thousands of people who had never before entered a theatre, laid aside their prejudices to witness the performance. In recognition of her triumph in a suit at law in England to defend her right to this dramatization, Mrs. Burnett was pre- sented by the authors of England with a valuable diamond bracelet, together with a congratulatory address. A number of books for children suc- ceeded “Little Lord Fauntleroy,” including: “Sarah Crewe, or What Happened at Miss Min- chin’s,” “Little St. Elizabeth, and Other Stories,” and “Giovanni and the Other;” while among her other popular and later stories are: “Miss De- farge.” “ Editha’s Burglar,” “Piccino” (1894); “A Lady of Quality” (1896), and “The One I Knew Best of All.” BURNETT, Peter Hardeman, governor of Cal- ifornia, was born in Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 15, 1807. His youth was passed in Howard county, Mo., whither his parents removed when he was ten years of age. In 1826 lie returned to Tenn- essee and engaged in business, at the same time * i studying law, which he practised upon his return to Missouri. He made the overland journey to Oregon in 1843. and helped to organize the terri- torial government, and in 1844, and again in 1848, served in the legislature and was appointed a judge of the supreme court. He went to Califor- nia immediately upon the discovery of gold, and after working in the mines for a few weeks he became the agent in managing the Sutter estate. He opposed the establishment of military rule over the territory, and advocated the organization of a state government with such zeal as to carry the project to a successful issue without awaiting the action of Congress. He was the first governor under the new constitution and held office until September, 1850, when he resigned upon the ad mission of the state to the union. He then devoted himself to the management of his private prop- erty and to the practice of law. In 1857 and 1858 he was a judge of the supreme court of the state, and from 1863 to 1880 he was the president of the Pacific bank of San Francisco. He was the author of ‘ ‘ The Path which led a Protestant Lawyer to the Catholic Church” (1860); “The American Theory of Government considered with Reference to the Present Crisis” (2d ed., 1861); “ Recollec- tions and Opinions of an Old Pioneer” (1880); and “Reasons why we should Believe in God. Love God, and Obey God” (1884). He died in Saa Francisco, Cal., May 16. 1895. BURNETT, Waldo Irving , naturalist, was born in Soutliboro, Mass., July 12, 1828. son of Dr. Joel Burnett. His studies were directed by his father, who from earliest childhood fostered his interest in science. When sixteen years of age. he was thrown upon his own resources by the death of his father and he taught school and studied medi- cine. He was graduated at the Tremont medical school, Boston, in 1849, studied at the European universities, devoting especial attention to nat- ural history and microscopy. Ill-health prevented him from accepting active positions on his return to America, and he devoted himself to literary work. He contributed to many scientific publi- cations. His prize essay, “ The Cell, its Physiol- ogy, Pathology and Philosophy, as deduced from Original Observations ; to which is added its His- tory and Criticism” (1852), was published by the American medical association, of which he was an honored member. His translation of Siebold s “ Anatomy of the Invertebrate” passed through two editions, and at the time of his death he was engaged in translating the “Comparative Anatomy ” of Siebold and Stannius. He died in Boston, Mass., July 1, 1854. BURNETT, Ward Benjamin, soldier, was born in Pennsylvania in 1811. He was gradu- ated at West Point in 1832, and after serving in the Black Hawk war and on garrison duty at d BURNHAM. BURNHAM. Fort Jackson, La., he returned to the military academy and served for a year as assistant instructor of infantry tactics. He resigned his commission in 1836 to engage in civil engineer- ing. He re-entered the service in 1846, and distinguished himself in the Mexican war as colonel of the 2d N. Y. volunteers, receiving in recognition of his gallantry a brevet brigadier- generalship and a vote of thanks from the legislature of New York, a silver medal from the city of New York, and from the surviving members of his regiment a gold medal and the gold snuff-box in which the freedom of the city of New York had been presented to Gen. Andrew Jackson forty years before. From 1849 to 1854 General Burnett was engaged in dry dock construction at the Brooklyn and Phila- delphia navy yards, from 1853 to 1856 on the Brooklyn and Norfolk waterworks, and from 1858 to 1860 as surveyor-general of Kansas and Nebraska. He was an invalid during the later years of his life, and died at Washington, D. C., June 24, 1881. BURNHAM, Cassandra V., educator, daugh- ter of James Washburn, of Abington, Mass., was graduated at Mt. Holyoke seminary in 1869, and for a time taught music in St. Margaret’s insti- tute, Waterbury, Conn. In February, 1871, she was married to the Rev. Michael Burnham. She proved herself remarkably successful as a teacher of young men during the nine years’ Springfield pastorate of her husband, holding a class of one hundred and thirty. In 1892 she was appointed a trustee of her alma mater, her term lasting two years. She acted as an officer of the Wo- man’s branch of foreign missions in Massachu- setts, served on the state home missionary board of that state, and in 1896 was elected president of the Missouri state board for foreign missionary work. BURNHAM, Gordon Webster, manufacturer, was born in Hampton, Conn., March 20, 1803. He worked oh his father’s farm, served as host- ler at a country tavern, and afterwards became a salesman. This led him to enter the firm of Benedict & Coe of Waterbury, Conn., and after spending two years there he aided in establish ing branch houses in Boston and New York. This business proved so profitable that before many years his share in the business was estimated at several millions of dollars. In 1853 he removed to New York city. He presented two handsome statues to the city of New York, for erection in Central Park, — the bronze group of a lioness at- tacked by eagles, and Ball’s heroic bronze statue of Daniel Webster. He donated to Trinity col- lege, Hartford, a bronze statue of Bishop Brown- ell, whose daughter he had married. He held large interests in many prominent New York and Con- necticut manufacturing companies, including the Waterbury clock company, the Waterbury watch company, and the American pin com- pany, of which he was president. He died in New York city, March 18, 1885. BURNHAM. Michael, clergyman, was born at Essex, Mass., June 28, 1839. In 1860, he entered Phillips academy, Andover, Mass., and was graduated from Amherst college in 1867, and from the Andover theological seminary in 1870. In 1868'-69, he was licensed to preach, and in 1870 was ordained and _ installed pastor of the Centr a 1 Congrega- tional church, Fall River, Mass., resigning in 1882 to accept the pastorate of Immanuel church. Boston High- lands, where he re- mained three years. On Feb. 27, 1885, he as- sumed charge of the First Church, Spring- field, Mass., and in 1894 accepted a call to the Pilgrim church, St. Louis, Mo., and was installed as its pastor June 1. He received from Amherst the degree of A.M. in 1877, and the degree of D.D. from Beloit college in 1887. He served several years on the board of trustees of Hartford theological seminary, of Wheaton seminary, of the French Protestant college, and of the School for Christian workers, at Spring- field, Mass. In 1885 he was made corporate mem- ber of the A. B. C. F. M., and in 1888 was elected trustee of Amherst college. He was made trustee of the Chicago theological seminary in 1894, and of the newly organized American university at Washington, D. C., in 1895. BURNHAM, Sherburne Wesley, astronomer, was born at Thetford, Vt.. in 1840. He was educated at Thetford academy, adopted steno- graphy as a profession, and during the civil war was with the army at New Orleans as shorthand reporter. At a book auction there he chanced to buy “ Burritt’s Geography of the Heavens,” and, becoming interested in the charts, the next clear night he traced out the constellations and principal stars in the heavens. This served to heighten the fascination of the study, and lie pur- chased a cheap telescope, which he used until he exchanged it for a larger instrument. At the close of the war he removed to Chicago, where for many years be acted as court stenographer. On reading Webb’s “ Celestial Objects for Com- mon Telescopes,” he determined to devote all his leisure time to astronomical investigations. [503J BURNHAM. BURNHAM. When Alvan Clark & Sons of Cambridge, Mass., set up tlie great telescope in the Dearborn obser- vatory in the University of Chicago, Burnham ordered from them a telescope with a six-inch object glass, costing eight hundred dollars. For an observatory he erected a large piece of timber in his back yard, around which he built what his friends called a “cheese box, ” surmounted by a dome, which could be easily turned. It was here that he made his first discoveries of double stars. Every clear night he spent in his “cheese box,” leaving it only when the dawn sent the stars from his vision. He found his progress somewhat impeded by his lack of meas- uring instruments, but he overcame this diffi- culty by sending a list of his discoveries to Baron Dembowski, then the greatest living star meas- urer. These stars the baron took pleasure in verifying and measuring, and this resulted in a friendly correspondence, which lasted until the baron’s death in 1881. Soon after this Mr. Webb began a correspondence with the American astronomer, resulting in his election as a fellow of the Royal astronomical society, his work creating great excitement among European astronomers. In March, 1873, his first cata- logue, comprising eighty-one newly discovered double stars, was published in England, and at intervals he published four more catalogues, making three hundred new double stars, all close and difficult, discovered and catalogued in less than two years by an amateur astronomer, who worked with a six-inch telescope. This was more than all the observations of the previous twenty years had contributed to this part of astronomy. Mr. Burnham was corresponding with many of the leading astronomers of Europe, and when M. Angot came to the United States to visit the principal American observatories, lie was amazed to find the crudity of the working place of Burnham. Later, however, lie was given access to the great 184 inch telescope at the Dearborn observatory, and he became as great an expert in the measurement of double stars as Baron Dembowski. He was dissatisfied with the micrometer in general use, and invented one which was afterwards almost universally adopted. He had for four years been a regular contributor to many prominent European jour- nals, and had published nine catalogues, embra- cing nearly five hundred of his new double stars, when it was proposed that he be permitted to use the telescope in the Dearborn university, and then the president of the Chicago astronomical society asked, “ Who is Mr. Burnham? ” He kept persis- tently on with his work, and achieved enviable fame in the world of science; lie discovered and measured more than one thousand double stars. In 1879 he was recommended by Prof. Simon [ 504 ] Newcomb, and employed by the trustees of the Lick observatory in California as the most compe- tent person to make a series of observations to test the atmospheric and other conditions of Mount Hamilton, the proposed site of the observatory. Burnham’s naturally acute vision aided him greatly in his remarkable career. John Fraser said of him : “ The five great names in this depart- ment of astronomy are. Sir William and Sir John Herschel, Wilhelm and Otto Struve, and S. W. Burnham.” BURNHAM, Theodore Frelinghuysen, di- vine, was born at Deckertown, N. J., Aug. 31, 1845; son of Abner and Elizabeth Linn (Whit- aker) Burnham. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of the city of New York in 1871, and at the Union theological seminary in 1874. He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and preached in Freeport, N. Y., from 1874 to 1878; in South Amenia, N. Y., from 1878 to 1890; in Millerton, N. Y., from 1890 to 1892, and in the last named year became pastor of a Presbyterian church at Vallejo, Cal. In 1893 he founded the naval union for the men of the U. S. navy, at Mare Island, Vallejo, of which he became super- intendent. He was founder and first president of the Passaic free library, and a life director of the American Bible society. He received the degree of A.M. in 1878 from the University of the city of New York. His published writings include sermons, addresses, and contributions to periodicals. BURNHAM, Thomas Oliver Hazard Perry, bookseller, was born in Essex, Mass., in 1813. His father, Thomas M. Burnham, founded the “ Antique Bokestore ” on Cornhill, Boston, about 1825. Perry began business as a peddler of apples and candies, and as an assistant of his elder brother, Thomas, who had a little bookstall at one end of Faneuil Hall market. In 1834 he entered the Cornhill shop, where he was associ ated with his father and two brothers. The shop was soon enlarged, and they continued to do business there until about 1860, when Perry removed to Washington street, his brother, La- fayette, retaining the Cornhill stand. At the close of a twenty years' lease he removed to the corner of School and Tremont streets, and his shop became familiar to every antiquary in New England. In 1883 he sold the land on which his house stood to the Parker house for one dollar per square inch, and removed his stock of books to the basement of the Old South church. “ The Old Honest Publisher, Burnham,” as he was called, was a constant attendant at book auc- tions and many quaint and curious volumes could be found on his dusty shelves. His knowledge of books was marvellous. He died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 14, 1891. BURNS. BURNS. BURNS, Anthony, fugitive slave, was born in Virginia about 1830. When twenty years old he made his escape and reached Boston, where he worked during the years 1853-’54. The fugitive slave law which had recently been signed by President Fillmore made possible his arrest, May 24, 1854. Burns was confined in the court house and his trial was opened on the morning of May 25, Richard H. Dana, Jr., Charles M. Ellis, and Robert Morris volunteering as his counsel. The case was adjourned to the 27th, and on the 26th a mass meeting was held in Faneuil Hall, which was addressed by Judge Russell, Theodore Parker, and Wendell Phillips; when news that a mob had gathered around the court house reached Faneuil Hall the meeting dissolved and its excited members rushed there. A door was forced, and in the struggle that followed one Bachelder was killed, while others were wounded, among them Rev. Thomas Went- worth Higginson. Finding the court house garrisoned by marines and soldiers, the besiegers retreated. On the 27th overtures were made to Colonel Suttle for the purchase of Burns. The Colonel agreed to part with him for the sum of twelve hundred dollars, provided the money was tendered before 12 o’clock, P.M., May 27. The money and pledges were provided by the exer- tions of L. A. Grimes, pastor of the church for colored people, and the deed of manumission needed only the signature of the marshal, which he was prevented from affixing by District- Attorney Hallett. A decision was given by the commissioners, June 2, in favor of the slave- owner, and Burns was marched to the wharf surrounded by soldiers. There were fifty thou- sand spectators, but no attempt at rescue was made, the streets being lined with soldiers. In State street the windows were draped with black, a coffin inscribed with the legend, “ The Funeral of Liberty,” was suspended from a window oppo- site the old state house, and a U. S. flag was hung across the street draped with black and with the Union down. Burns was placed on board a U. S. cutter and taken to Richmond, when he was fettered and confined in a slave pen for four months, and treated with loathsome cruelty. He was then sold to a Mr. McDaniel, of North Caro- lina, who is entitled to credit for the kindness with which he treated Burns, and the resolute help he gave in restoring him to his friends at the north. The twelfth Baptist church in Boston, of which Burns was a member, purchased his free- dom through the contributions made by the citizens. He returned to Boston, and by the benevolence of a lady was given a scholarship at Oberlin in 1855: from there he entered Fairmont institute. In 1860 he was put in charge of the colored Baptist church in Indianapolis, but under the threat of the enforcement of the Black laws, with penalty of fine and imprisonment, he re- mained there only three weeks. Not long after he found a field of labor at St. Catherine’s, Canada, where he worked with commendable zeal until his death, July 27, 1862. BURNS, Francis, M. E. bishop, was born in Albany, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1809; of free negro par- ents, who bound him out as a servant when lie was but five years old. At the age of fifteen he entered the academy at Lexington Heights, where he studied for the ministry. After years of service in the home field was sent out as a mis- sionary to Liberia, where the greater part of his remaining years were spent. He returned to the United States for a short visit in 1844, and was ordained deacon and elder. Soon after his return to Africa he was appointed presiding elder of the Palmas district, and in 1851 became superinten- dent of the missionary settlement at Monrovia, opening an academy at the latter place, under the auspices of the board of missions. He was or- dained bishop in 1858, returning to the United States for the ceremony, which was performed by Bishops Janes and Baker. The five years fol- lowing his ordination were spent in laboring in the African field, and in 1863, returned to Amer- ica, and died at Baltimore, Md., April 18, 1863. BURNS, James Austin, educator, was born at Oxford, Me., Jan. 25, 1840. He studied at Bow- doin college in the class of '62, and at the opening of the civil war became a lieutenant of the 7th Connecticut volunteers, August, 1861, and was promoted to a captaincy in 1862. He served on the staffs of Generals Viele, Stevens, Seymour, Strong and Terry ; was present at the sieges of Forts Pulaski, Sumter, and Wagner, and the in- vestment of Petersburg. He resided in Atlanta after the civil war, and was for many years pro- fessor of chemistry in the Southern medical col- lege. He is the author of a series of “ Juxtalinear Translations of the Classics.” He received the degree of A.B. in 1882, and of Ph.D. in 1885 from Bowdoin college. BURNS, John, soldier, was born in Burling- ton, N. J., Sept. 5, 1793. He was among the earliest volunteers in the war of 1812, and was a member of Colonel Miller’s regiment, which turned the tide of battle in favor of the Ameri- cans at Lundy’s Lane. He served during the Mexican war, and again volunteered his service in 1861, and when not accepted, owing to his advanced age he became a teamster in the army, in time of battle taking a place in the ranks. He was constable of Gettysburg when Early’s troops occupied the town, and single-handed assumed his official prerogative, and was locked up by the Confederates. While the battle was at its height he took musket and ammunition from a [ 505 ] BURNSIDE. BURNSIDE. wounded soldier and kept up a deadly fire dur- ing the whole day, when he was wounded and captured, narrowly escaping execution as an ununiformed combatant. As the Confederates retreated he was left behind. He afterwards made his home on the battle-field, and was placed beyond want through the generosity of thousands of visitors. The “ hero of Gettys- burg " finally lost his mind, wandered to New York city, and in December, 1871, was found in the streets nearly frozen. He was cared for and sent to his home in Gettysburg, Pa., where he died Feb. 7, 1872. BURNSIDE, Ambrose Everett, soldier, was born in Liberty, Ind., May 23, 1824; fourth son of Edgeliill and Pamelia (Brown) Burnside. His first American ancestor, Robert Burnside, settled in South Carolina about 1746, having fled from Scotland upon the final defeat of the “Young Pretender,” whose cause he had espoused. Of his three sons born in America, James during the period of the revolu- tion remained loyal to the crown, and was captain of a regiment of loyalists, who op- erated with the Brit- ish army in the south- ern campaigns. As a Tory he fled to the island of Jamaica, but in 1786 returned to South Carolina, where he died in 1798. His widow, with four sons then grown, joined a band of Quaker emigrants bound for a free state, and before setting out gave free- dom to all her slaves. She crossed the Ohio river and located in Indiana. The third son, Edgehill, made his home in Liberty, a new town then just forming. Here he married and brought up a family of nine children. His life was a constant struggle with poverty, and Ambrose, when seven- teen years old, was apprenticed to a tailor. The business was irksome and he showed his inclina- tion to a military life by reading stories of heroes and talking with the old soldiers who had served in the war of 1812. This trait was made the sub- ject of comment by the patrons of the shop, and one of these, Caleb B. Smith, at the time a rep- resentative in Congress, offered to procure for him an appointment to West Point, which he obtained in 1843, and upon his graduation with the class of 1847, Lieutenant Burnside was or- dered to the city of Mexico, then under military occupation by United States troops. He did gar- rison duty there until the return of the army, when he served at Fort Adams, at Las Vegas, N. M., where he was wounded, and at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. He resigned his commission as 1st lieutenant of the 3d artillery in 1853, and established at Bristol, R. I., a factory for the manufacture of a breech-loading rifle, which he had invented, and which had received the ap- proval of a board of commissioners appointed by Congress to test its merits in competition with some eighteen different breech-loading arms which had been submitted. This decision justi- fied him in expecting an order from the govern- ment, which not being forthcoming he went to Washington and was informed that he could have the contract upon the payment of a bonus of five thousand dollars to a lobbyist who enjoyed the favor of the war department. This proposi- tion he indignantly refused, and he was there- upon obliged to make an assignment for the benefit of his creditors, and with fifteen dollars in his pocket he started west to retrieve his for- tunes. With the assistance of old friends in Indiana he secured a position in Chicago as cash- ier of the land department of the Illinois Central railroad, of which his classmate, Capt. Geo. B. McClellan, was vice-president, and after a year's service became treasurer of the road, with an office in New York city. By practising the strictest economy he paid his debts in full. In 1861 he was appointed, by Governor Sprague, colonel of the 1st Rhode Island volunteers, which he had organized. He led the regiment to Wash- ington by way of Annapolis, Md. , and was one of the first to assist in its defence. He after- wards participated in the first battle of Bull Run, where he commanded a brigade at the com- mencement of the engagement, and succeeded to the command of General Hunter’s division after that officer was wounded. He was promoted brigadier-general and received many public testi monials for his part in that battle. In the winter of 1861-62 General Burnside was entrusted with the organization of an expedition designed to effect a lodgment upon the shores of North Carolina, and to carry a force into the interior in the rear of the Confederate army in Virginia, to cut off communication with the south. The attack was to be made by sea, and the first move proposed was the capture of Roanoke Island. Some twelve thousand troops were recruited and organized, sixty-five vessels collected and armed, and on Jan. 12, 1862, the fleet put to sea from Hampton Roads, arriving in Pamlico Sound on the 25th. after a most tempestuous voyage. The island was captured on February 8, after several sharp engagements. Control of Pamlico and Albe- marle sounds being thus secured, the next step was the capture of the town on the mamlanil A series of brilliant manoeuvres resulted in the [ 506 ] BURNSIDE. BURR. capture of Newbem, Beaufort, Fort Macon, and a number of less important points of vantage to the north, and upon General Burnside’s return to the north he was presented with a handsome sword, together with a vote of thanks by the state of Rhode Island, congratulatory resolutions from the Massachusetts and Ohio legislatures, and was promoted major-general of volunteers by nomination of President Lincoln and confirma- tion of the senate. General Burnside was next attached to the Army of the Potomac, and with his famous 9tli corps assisted General McClellan in withdrawing from the peninsula. He marched into Maryland in command of the right wing of the army, reaching Frederick on September 12, and, pushing on in pursuit of the retreating enemy, came into collision on the 14th with the Confederate rear in the passes of South Moun- tain. The engagement was spirited ; the enemy was driven at all points and a signal advantage gained. Three days later Burnside's troops pre- vented the battle of Antietam from being alto- gether a decisive victory for the Confederates by carrying and holding the stone bridge which crossed the Antietam. When General McClellan was deprived of his command and ordered to report at Trenton, N. J., General Burnside, on Nov. 10, 1862, assumed command of the Army of the Potomac. Then followed the disaster at Fredericksburg, all responsibility for which was generously assumed by Burnside, and after the occurrence of several minor misfortunes he was superseded, Jan. 26, 1863, by General Hooker. The president refused to accept his resignation, and appointed him to the command of the depart- ment of the Ohio, where he rendered conspicuous service, clearing the country of guerillas, en- forcing stringent measures against the southern sympathizers on both sides of the river, and affording protection to the loyal population. In August, 1863, he marched a force of eighteen thousand men across the Cumberland mountains, captured Cumberland Gap, and advancing toward Knoxville resisted an attack by Longstreet as he proceeded. He occupied Knoxville, which had. been evacuated by General Buckner upon his approach. Here he entrenched himself and sus- tained a terrific assault made by Longstreet, and held his position in the face of fearful odds, until relieved at the end of a month by General Sherman’s approach. Again assigned to the command of his old 9th corps, General Burnside was actively engaged in the closing operations of the war under General Grant in the Wilder- ness, Cold Harbor and Petersburg campaigns. The losses in his corps in the Petersburg mine explosion were very heavy, and General Meade, whom he had outranked, but to whom he had magnanimously yielded the command when the exigencies of the occasion seemed to indicate that a juncture of forces would be effective, preferred charges of disobedience against him and ordered a court martial. General Grant dis- approved of this method of procedure, but at Burnside’s request a court of inquiry was held. He was judged “ answerable for the want of suc- cess, ” but subsequently it was determined by a congressional committee appointed to investigate the matter, that General Burnside’s plans had been well laid and would without doubt have been crowned with success had they been carried out according to his orders. At the close of the war General Burnside resigned his commission and retired to private life. In 1866 he was elected governor of Rhode Island, and being twice re- elected served until 1869, when he refused a fourth nomination, and once more engaged in railroad construction and management. He was in Paris at the time of the Franco-Prussian war, and was requested to act as envoy between besiegers and besieged. The attempted negotia- tions were not consummated, but General Burn- side won the respect of both armies through the incident of his offices. In January, 1875, he was elected to the United States senate from Rhode Island, and soon gained prominence in that body. He proved himself an able statesman, was ap- pointed a member of several important commit- tees, and in 1880 was re-elected. See “ Life and Public Services of Ambrose E. Burnside,” by Ben Perley Poore (1882). He died in Bristol, R. I., Sept. 3, 1881. BURR, Aaron, educator, was born at Fair- field, Conn., Jan. 4, 1716; son of Daniel and Eliza Burr, and grandson of Jehu (2d) and Mary (Ward) Burr. He was graduated from Yale in 1735, and awarded one of the Berkeley scholarships, which enabled him to pursue his theological studies. In 1737 he was admitted to the Presbyterian ministry, and installed as pastor of the church at Newark, N. J. There he opened a school for boys, which he managed successfully for some years, and in 1748 he was chosen president of the College of New Jersey, which had grown from the school started by William Tennent at Nesh- aminy, N. J., in 1726, which became known as the “ Log College.” The school was removed to Newark, N. J., so that he might attend to the duties of the presidency without resigning his parish. The first class was graduated in 1748, and was composed of six young men. In 1752 President Burr married Esther, daughter of Jona- than Edwards. The fruit of this union was a daughter, who married Tapping Reeve, chief justice of the supreme court of Connecticut, and a son, Aaron, who became vice-president of the United States. President Burr resigned his pastorate at Newark in 1756, and removed the [50” J BURR. BURR. college to Princeton, N. J. He published “ The Newark Grammar,” which was used for a num- ber of years at Princeton, and " The Supreme Deity of Our Lord Jesus Christ,” a small volume (new edition, 1791), and several sermons. He died of overwork at Princeton, N. J., Sept. 24, 1757. BURR, Aaron, vice-president of the United States, was born at Newark, N. J., Feb. G, 1756; son of Aaron and Esther (Edwards) Burr. His father came of a distinguished stock and was president of the College of New Jersey. His mother was a daughter of Jonathan Edwards. Both of his parents died while he was still an infant, and from them he inherited a consid- erable estate, of which his uncle acted as guar- dian during his minor- ity. He was gradu- ated from the College of New Jersey in 1772, and he was about to commence the study of law when the revolu- tionary war broke out. In July, 1775, he rode t0 Cambridge, Mass., and enlisted as a pri- vate in the Continental army, and for the next five years he was a successful soldier. He ac- companied Benedict Arnold to Canada, and in the storming of Quebec displayed so much dash and brilliancy that he was made a major and given a place in General Washington’s military family. Owing to disagreements with Washing- ton, however, he was soon transferred to the staff of General Putnam, whom he assisted in the defence of New York. In 1777 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and distinguished himself at Hackensack and at Monmouth. For a portion of the winter of 1778-’79 he was in command at West Point, and in January of the latter year he was put in charge of Westchester county, at that time the most exposed district in New York state. Although but twenty -three years of age, he displayed in this difficult position such skill and valor that he won the admiration both of his soldiers and of the people of the state. But in March, 1779, ill-health forced him to withdraw from the army and he sent in his resignation to Washington, who in accepting it remarked that “ he not only regretted the loss of a good officer, but the cause which rendered his resignation necessary.” Three years later he was admitted to the bar at Albany, N. Y., and his success as a lawyer was as brilliant and rapid as his suc- cess as a soldier. At this time he married a Mrs. Prevost, who is described as a very charm- | 50$1 ing and highly cultivated woman, the widow of an English officer. She was ten years older than Burr, and had two sons, but neither of these facts detracted from the felicity of the marriage, in the first year of which Burr’s only child, Theodosia, was born. The following ten years witnessed the climacteric of his happiness and prosperity. He was at the head of his profession, a leader in political life, happy . in his domestic relations at Richmond Hill, his beautiful man- sion, the scene of a luxurious hospitality, which had for its guests, besides the distinguished per- sonages of the republic, Louis Philippe, Volney and Talleyrand. In 1788 he was appointed attorney-general of the state. In 1791, when he was elected United States senator by a Federal legislature, having in the meantime served as a Republican representative to the assembly, he had but one rival as a lawyer in New York, Alexander Hamilton. He was a skilful and adroit political manager, who understood how to hold and use the balance of power in his own party (the Republican) by keeping in the favor of both the Schuyler and Clinton factions, with- out swearing entire allegiance to either, and at the same time to maintain friendly relations with his opponents, the Federalists. In 1794 Mrs. Burr died, and thenceforth Aaron Burr centred the whole affection of his passionate nature upon his daughter, then eleven years old. He personally superintended her education, and made her his companion, a devotion which was repaid in full measure in later years. In the presidential election of 1800 lie secured the vote of New York state to the Republicans, and there- fore the national election • — Jefferson and him- self both receiving seventy-three votes, Adams sixty -five and Pinckney sixty-four — being at this time “ the chosen head of northern Democracy, idol of the ward of New York city, and aspirant to the highest offices he could reach by means legal or beyond law.” After an exciting contest in the house of representatives, in which the Federalists attempted to elect Burr to the presi- dency, and in which Burr himself has been ac- cused of intriguing with them to elect himself. Jefferson was made President and Burr became vice-president. For his alleged treachery. Burr was deserted by his party. In 1804 he was the candidate of the Federalists for governor of New York, and would probably have been elected but for the opposition of Alexander Hamilton, who had also been instrumental in keeping him out of the presidency. This opposition, aggravated by certain uncomplimentary epithets, which Hamil- ton is alleged to have applied to Burr, gave rise to quarrel between them, which culminated in a duel at Weehawken-on-the -Hudson, July 7. 1804, Burr being the challenging party. Hamilton was BURR. BURR. killed. As the news spread, it carried a wave of emotion over the states and roused every- where sensations strangely mixed. In New York the Clinton interest, guided by James Cheetham, editor of the American Citizen, seized the mo- ment to destroy Burr's influence forever. Cheet- ham affected to think the duel a murder, and pro- cured Burr’s indictment, which drove him from the state. Charges were invented to support this theory and were even accepted as history. In the south and west, on the other hand, the duel was considered a simple affair of honor, in which Burr appeared to better advantage than his opponent. Burr spent some time with his daughter, who was happily and prosperously married to Mr. Joseph Allston, and was living at her husband’s estate in South Carolina, but later he returned to Washington and resumed his duties as vice-president. His resolution and fortitude stood him in good stead ; the loss of his prestige and popularity did not affect him as it would have done a weaker man, and his active mind had already formulated new courses of action. Failing in his effort to procure from the administration an office suitable to his talents, at the expiration of his presidential term in 1805, he made a journey through the southwest, in the course of which he developed what seems to have been a scheme of empire dependent partly on conquest and partly on the secession of the southwest from the Union. Just before setting out on this journey, he wrote to his son-in-law: “ In New York I am to be disfranchised, and in New Jersey hanged. Having substantial objec- tions to both, I shall not for the present hazard either, but shall seek another country.” With forty thousand dollars, which Blennerhassett put into his hands for that purpose, he bought four hundred thousand acres of Red River land, with a somewhat doubtful title, as a rendezvous and base of operations, and then proceeded- to secure co-operators. He did this so successfully that many men of prominence at Washington, as well as in the southwest, became implicated in the enterprise to a greater or less extent. As nearly as can be judged in the lack of positive knowledge, this was the scheme: Burr was to become ruler of Louisiana under British protec- tion, in which capacity he would give validity to the disputed land-title; the western states were to secede from the Union, and join the new government; Spanish possessions to the south- ward were to be conquered; then the enfeebled Union of the seaboard states would fall to pieces. Burr would get an empire, and Blennerhassett fabulous wealth in return for his forty thousand dollar investment. But before this elaborate programme could be carried out, the American people became so suspicious and alarmed that President Jefferson ordered Burr's arrest. Hj was indicted for high treason. His trial, which lasted from March 27 to Sept. 7, 1806, is one of the most remarkable events in American history. Chief Justice Marshall presided. Wirt, Rodney and Hay took part in the prosecution, and Luther Martin and Edmund Randolph in the defence. The presence and devotion of his daughter, then in the full height of her beauty and intellectual power, awakened much sympathy and interest, and doubtless had an influence in procuring his release. The jury brought in the following carefully worded verdict : “ We of the jury say that Aaron Burr is not proved to be guilty under the indictment by any evidence submitted to us. We, therefore, find him not guilty.” Later Burr and the principal conspirators were tried for misdemeanor n fitting out an expedition against Mexico, but were acquitted on technical grounds. Burr went to Europe in 1808, hoping to obtain there the means of making an attack upon Mexico. It was a bootless mission, however, and after four years of disappointment and privation he returned to New York, disguised and poverty- stricken, to meet the severest blow fortune had yet dealt to him. A few faithful friends had scarcely welcomed him to their midst, when the death of Theodosia's only child was announced to him; the faithful and grief-stricken daughter hastening to greet her idolized father perished a few months later in a storm off Cape Hatteras. Burr, who attained only moderate success in his practice in New York, after twenty-three years married, in his seventy -eighth year, Madame Jumel, a French woman, a widow of means, but later he separated from her. Burr was the most fascinating and brilliant man of his time. Perhaps no better summary of his character has been made than that of Thomas Jefferson, who called him “ a great man in little things, a small man in great things. ” He is remembered chiefly for his adventures and misfortunes. (See “ Life and Times of Aaron Burr,” by James Parton; “Life of Burr,” by M. L. Davis; Burr's “ Eu- ropean Diary,” and “The Report of the Trial for Treason.") He died at Staten Island, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1836. BURR, Enoch Fitch, lecturer, was born at Green's Farms, Conn., Oct. 31, 1818; a member of the same family as Aaron Burr. He was fitted for college, and was graduated class orator at Yale in 1839. The next three years he spent in post-graduate studies, including theology, science, higher mathematics and physical as- tronomy. In 1850 he became pastor of a Congre- gational church in Lyme, Conn. He received the degree of LL.D. from London, and in 1868 the degree of D.D. from Amherst college, and he was chosen lecturer on the scientific evidences BURR. BURR ALL. of religion in that institution. At the request of a large number of the leading clergymen and laity of New York and Boston, he delivered, in 1874, a course of lectures in both cities on “ The Latest Astronomy against the Latest Atheism,” and later repeated the course before the Sheffield scientific school, Williams college, and other institutions. He was a voluminous writer on scientific and theological subjects. Among his published works are: “Application of the Cal- culus to the theory of Neptune ” (1848) ; “ Pater Mundi ” (1870); “Ad Fidem ” (1871); “ Ecce Coelum, or Parish Astronomy ” (six lectures, 1872) ; “ Doctrine of Evolution ” (1873) ; “ A Song of the Sea ” (poem, 1873) ; “ The Voyage ” (1874); “Toward the Strait Gate” (1875); “In the Vineyard ” (1876) ; “ Dio, the Athenian ” (1881); “Celestial Empire” (1885); “Universal Beliefs” (1887); “ Long Ago ” (1888); “Practi- cal Relations ” (1889), and “Aleph, the Chaldean” (1891). BURR, Frank A., journalist, was born Nov. 24, 1843. When but three years old his father consigned him to the care of a band of Chippewa Indians, who, when he was eight years of age, took him to Detroit, where he was a newsboy. Senator Chandler, on whose front steps he was accustomed to fold his papers, became interested in him, and gave him an opportunity to advance himself. When he was eighteen years old he went to the war as a private, and was advanced to the rank of colonel of cavalry. Afterward he became a locomotive engineer, an unsuccessful candidate for representative in Congress, United States district attorney, an official in the patent office, and a journalist. He published a memor- able interview with Jefferson Davis, and claimed to have induced James G. Blaine to write his letters on the distribution of the surplus among the states. He wrote a life of General Grant, and one of Gen. James A. Beaver. For many years he was connected with the Philadelphia Press, but toward the close of his life wrote mainly for syndicates. He died at Camden, N. J., Jan. 15, 1894. BURR, George Lincoln, educator, was born at Oramel on-the-Genesee, N. Y., Jan. 30, 1857 ; son of Dr. William Josiah and Jane (Lincoln) Burr. He prepared for college at Homer, N. Y. , and in 1873, to gain means for li is further education, he taught school, then learned the printer's trade at Cortland, N. Y., and in 1877 entered Cornell university, where lie had charge of the presi- dent's library, and, at his graduation in 1881, President White made him his secretary. In 1884 to 1886 he studied abroad, and was for two years engaged with Mr. White in historical research on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1888 he became an instructor in history at Cornell, and later was raised to a professorship, still retain- ing his charge of the White historical library, afterwards transferred to the university. The commission appointed by President Cleveland in 1896 to investigate and report upon the true divisional line between Venezuela and British Guiana made Professor Burr its historical expert, and sent him abroad • to search in European archives for further light upon the disputed boundaries. His reports and maps, together with the transcripts brought by him from Europe, were published by the commission. Besides, portions of a catalogue of the White historical library, he published several studies of the witch- persecution. BURR, Theodosia, daughter of Aaron Burr. (See Allston, Theodosia.) BURRAGE, Henry Sweetser, author, was born at Fit diburg, Mass., Jan. 7, 1837. He was graduated at Brown university in 1861, and at Newton theological institution in 1867, after which he studied at the University of Halle, Germany, 1868-'69; was pastor of the Baptist church, Waterville, Me., to October, 1873, when he became editor and proprietor of Zion's Advo- cate, Portland, Me. While a divinity student, in 1862, he enlisted in the 36th Massachusetts volunteers; was commissioned 2d and 1st lieu- tenant and captain ; was wounded at Cold Harbor, June 3. 1864 ; prisoner of war from Nov. 1. 1864, to Feb. 22, 1865; was appointed assistant adjutant-general on the staff of the 1st brigade, 2d division, 9th army corps; brevetted major: mustered out of service June 8, 1865, and re- turned to his studies. He became a member of the Maine historical society and of the military order of the Loyal Legion, and of the Sons of the American revolution. He published numer- ous review articles, and also, “ The Act of Bap- tism in the History of the Christian Church " (1879); “History of the Anabaptists in Switzer- land” (1882). and “Baptist Hymn Writers and their Hymns ” (1887) ; “ History of the Baptists of New England” (1894); "The First Mention of Pemaquid in History ” (1894) ; "The St. Croix Commission” (1895;. He also edited "Brown University in the Civil War " (1868) ; " Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Seventy-fifth Birthday " (1882) ; “ History of the 36th Mass. Vols." (1884) : “ Rosier’s Relation of Waymouth's Voyage to the Coast of Maine in 1605 " (1887). He re- ceived the degree of D.D. from Brown university in 1883. and was elected a trustee in 1889. BURRALL, William Porter, railroad presi- dent, was born in Canaan. Conn., in 1806. He was graduated at Yale in 1826. and was admitted to the bar in 1829. Ten years of successful practice followed, and in 1839 he became the president of the Housatonic railroad compauv, 1510 ] BURRILL. BURRITT. retaining that office for fifteen years. He was treasurer and afterward president of the Illinois central railroad company, vice-president and subsequently president of the Hartford and New Haven railroad company, and upon the consoli- dation of the two roads he became vice-president of the New York, New Haven and Hartford company. In 1859 he took up his residence in Salisbury, Conn., and served several terms in the assembly and for one term in the state senate. He died in Hartford, Conn., March 3, 1874. BURRELL, David James, clergyman, was born at Mount Pleasant, Pa., Aug. 1, 1844. His father was one of the early settlers of Illinois, having located at Freeport in 1850. In 1860 he entered Phillips academy, Andover, Mass., and was graduated from Yale college, in 1867 being awarded the De Forest gold medal for oratory. He then entered the Union theological seminary, where he was graduated in 1871 and at once entered upon the work of the ministry in con- nection with the city missions of Chicago. He accepted the pastorate of the Second Presby- terian church at Dubuque, Iowa, in 1876, where he remained eleven years. He then accepted a call from Westminster Presbyterian church at Minneapolis, Minn., and also the presidency of Macallister college. In 1891 he assumed the pastorship of the Marble collegiate church of New York city. He contributed liberally to current literature, both secular and religious, and published, “The Great Religions,” “The Gospel of Gladness, ” and “ The Morning Cometh, ” and in connection with his brother, Rev. Jos. Dunn Burrell, “ Hints and Helps,” for the years 1892, '93 and ’94. He had charge of the interna- tional lesson column of the Chicago Interior for eleven years, filled the chairs of Greek and Hebrew in the German theological seminary of the northwest, and had a seat on the board of trustees of the United society of the Dutch re- formed churches. BURRILL, James, senator, was born in Provi- dence, R. I., April 25, 1772. He was graduated at Rhode Island college in 1788, and that insti- tution conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1813, he serving as trustee 1813-'20. He studied law and became eminent at the bar. In 1797 he was attorney -general of the state of Rhode Is- land; in 1813 he resigned his office and was elected to the state legislature, serving as speaker of the house; in 1816 he was appointed justice of the supreme court, in 1817 was elected to the United States senate, and died, while in office, at Washington, D. C., Dec. 25, 1820. BURRILL, Thomas Jonathan, naturalist, was born at Pittsfield, Mass., April 25, 1839. In 1867 he went with Maj. J. W. Powell on his famous Rocky Mountain expedition. He was graduated from the State Normal university, Normal, 111., in 1868. In 1871 he was elected to the chair of botany and horticulture in the uni- versity; in 1877 was made dean of the depart- ment of natural sciences, and held the office seven years, meanwhile making important in- vestigations and discoveries in his branch of science, and in 1882 was elected its vice-president. He served as president of the Illinois state horti- cultural society, vice-president of the American horticultural society, vice-president of the bio- logy department of the American association for the advancement of science, and from 1885 to 1886 as president of the American society of microscopists. He is the author of “ Uredinea?, or Parasitic Fungi of Illinois ” (1885), and many periodical articles, addresses and papers. BURRITT, Elihu, philanthropist, was born in New Britain, Conn., Dec. 8. 1810. He mastered the rudiments of English in the intervals of hard labor on the farm. Upon the death of the father in 1828, he apprenticed himself to a blacksmith, served his time and then worked diligently at his, trade. He was a natural mathematician and linguist, and with some little assistance from his brother, Elijah H. Burritt, who, through the benevolence of friends, had received a college training, he mastered Greek, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish and arithmetic, while at work at the bellows. He extemporized his problems and, solving them without the use of writing materials, announced the result, together with the process of solution, to his brother, who proved them invariably correct. Having made great progress with his studies he exchanged the forge and anvil for the teacher’s desk, but was com- pelled at the end of a year to seek a less confining field of labor. He became a commercial traveller and afterwards a grocer. The financial crisis of 1837 wrecked his business, whereupon he re- moved to Worcester, Mass., where he resumed his work at the anvil and his study of the lan- guages in the library of the Antiquarian society. In 1839 he commenced the publication of the Literary Gemince, a monthly periodical, printed in French and English, and designed principally as a guide to students of the French language. His translation of the Icelandic sagas, relating to the discovery of America, drew atten- tion to his scholastic achievements. He acquired the sobriquet of “ The Learned Blacksmith, ” and during the season of 1841-42 delivered his lecture, “ Application and Genius,” in not less than sixty cities and towns and attracting unusually large audiences. He argued that all attainment was the natural result of persistent application, of the possibilities of which he was himself an exponent, since he had mastered some thirty-two languages during the course of his busy life. His next. BURROUGH. BURROUGHS. lecture, “ Universal Peace,” was delivered before a large audience at Boston. He was warmly wel- comed as an able co-worker by the prominent little band of peace advocates at Boston, and, upon liis return to Worcester, established and edited The Christian Citizen, a journal advocating, among other reforms, the peaceable settlement of inter- national disagreements. In 1846 he sailed for England, where he accomplished much good work in conjunction with the peace advocates of that country, and while there he laid the founda- tion for the international association, called “ The League of Universal Brotherhood,” with which his name is indissolubly linked. He edited and published for many years The Bond of Brotherhood, a periodical which he established while in England, and he was prominently instru- mental in organizing the first peace congress, held in 1848, and also those held in 1849 and 1850. In the latter year he returned to America, lec- turing on peace, temperance, anti-slavery and self -culture. In 1852 he assumed editorial charge of the Citizen of the World, a Philadelphia paper, and in its columns he strenuously advocated the emancipation of the slaves by purchase. The fail- ure of this project caused him bitter disappoint- ment. He was successful in his efforts to secure cheap ocean postage. In 1865 he was appointed U. S. consul at Birmingham, retaining that office until the inauguration of President Grant. The later years of his life were spent in retirement on his farm at New Britain, where he devoted himself to study, to literary work, and to the moral, religious, and educational development of his fellow-citizens. A list of his books includes some thirty-two volumes, among which the more notable are: “Sparks from the Anvil ” (1847) ; “Peace Papers for the People” (1848); “Olive Leaves” (1850— ’53) ; “Thoughts and Things at Home and Abroad” (1854); “Year Book of Nations” (1856); “Walk from London to John O’Groat’s, with Notes by the Way” (1864); “ Walk from London to Land’s End and Back” (1865); “Lectures and Speeches ”(1866) ; “The Mission of Great Sufferings” (1867); “Walks in the Black Country and its Green Borderland” (1868); “Ten Minute Talks on all Sorts of Subjects: with Autobiography” (1873); “Why I left the Anvil” (1877); and “ Chips from Many Blocks ” (1878). See “ Eliliu Burritt; A Sketch of His Life and Labors,” by Charles Northend (1879). He died in New Britain, Conn., March 9, 1879. BURROUGH, George, clergyman, was born about 1650. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1670, and was first settled at Fal- mouth, Me., as minister. He removed to Salem, Mass, .in 1680, but some disagreement with His parishioners caused him to return to Falmouth. His place of residence in 1690-’91 is not known, but in 1692 he became a victim of the witch- craft fanaticism, was tried on August 5 on a charge of tormenting one Mary Wolcott, con- demned to death, and executed, being the only minister who perished in that extraordinary per- secution. He died in Salem, Mass., Aug. 19, 1692. BURROUGHS, John, author, was born in Roxbury, N. Y., April 3, 1837. His boyhood was passed on his father’s farm, and his educa- tion was obtained at the district school and in the neighboring academies, after which he taught school for several years, and then engaged as a journalist in New York. In 1864 he was employed in the treasury department at Washington, as assistant in the office of comptroller of the cur- rency, and later as chief of the organization division of that bureau. In 1872 he resigned, having been appointed receiver of the Wallkill national bank at Middletown, N. Y., and after- wards as national bank examiner. He settled on a fruit farm at Esopus-on-the-Hudson. A lover of nature from childhood, he early learned to record his observations, his most congenial study being the habits and peculiarities of birds, animals, trees, plants, flowers, and insect life. His books are widely read and used in American schools. His first magazine article, “ Expression " was published in the Atlantic Monthly, in 1860. His first book, ‘ ‘ Notes on Walt Whitman, as Poet and Person” appeared in 1867; “Wake Robin’' (1871); “Winter Sunshine” (1875); “Birds and Poets” (1877); “Locusts and Wild Honey" (1879); “Pepacton” (1881); “Fresh Fields’ (1884); “Signs and Seasons” (1886); “Indoor Studies” (1889); “Riverby” (1894). In 1895 a limited 9-vol. edition of “The Writings of John Burroughs” was published, and in 1896 "Little Nature Studies for Little People.” selected from his essays. BURROUGHS, John Curtis, educator, was born in Stamford, Delaware county, N. Y., Dec. 7. 1818. After graduation at Yale college in 1842, and at Drew theological seminary in 1846. he preached for a year at Waterford, N. Y., and for five years held a pastorateat West Troy. In 1852 he accepted a call from the First Baptist church of Chicago, 111., and helped to found the Chris tian Times, afterwards the Standard. In 1855. in connection with Senator Douglas, who donated ten acres of ground for the university site, he in- augurated a movement which resulted in the establishment of the Chicago university, and in 1856 became its first president and after 18<6 its chancellor. For many years he devoted his entire time and energies to the interests of the institu- tion, and to him is largely due its continued ex istence. He resigned the chancellorship in 18. s . subsequently becoming a member of the Chicago 1512 ] BURROWES. BURROWS. board of education, and later serving as assistant superintendent of the Chicago public schools. The degree of S.T.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Rochester, in 1858, and that of LL.D. by Madison University in 1869. He died in Chicago, 111.. April 21, 1892. BURROWES, George, educator, was born in Trenton, N. J. , April 8, 1811. He was graduated at Princeton in 1832, and studied theology there for three years, acting as tutor in the college in 1835. He was installed as pastor of the Presby- terian church at West Nottingham. Md., in 1830, and in 1850 accepted a professorship of Latin and Greek at Lafayette college, Easton, Pa. He re- ceived the degree of D.D. from Washington col- lege, Pa., in 1853. In 1859 he removed to San Francisco, where he founded City, afterwards University, college. This work he began with four pupils and without a dollar in the treasury, and when six years later he was obliged, owing to ill-health, to resign the care of the institution, it numbered two hundred pupils, had a corps of ten teachers, and possessed property valued at two hundred thousand dollars. After a period of rest, he again engaged in the teaching of Latin and Greek at Lafayette college, and in 1869, re- turning to California, he established at University Mound another school, of which he was principal until 1873. From 1873 to 1875 he taught Hebrew at the Presbyterian theological school, San Fran- cisco, and in 1875 was elected to the chair of Greek exegesis in that institution. He was a frequent contributor to the periodical literature of his de- nomination, and was the author of a “Commen- tary on the Song of Solomon” (1853); “ Octo- rara. a Poem, and Other Pieces” (1855). and “Advanced Growth in Grace” (1885). BURROWES, Thomas H., educator, was born at Strasburg, Lancaster county, Pa., Nov. 16, 1805. He was educated at Quebec, Canada, and at Trinity college, Dublin, Ireland. In 1831 and 1832 he was elected to the house of representa- tives of the Pennsylvania legislature, and in 1835 Governor Ritner appointed him secretary of the commonwealth, in which office he may be said to have initiated the free-school system of education in Pennsylvania. In 1851 he began the publica- tion of the Pennsylvania School Journal, which, by act of the legislature, was. in 1855, made the organ of the school department of the state. In 1854 he prepared for the state the descriptive mat- ter for “ Pennsylvania School Architecture,” and after 1856 he drafted most of the important school laws passed by the Pennsylvania legislature, in- cluding the normal school law. In 1858 he was elected mayor of Lancaster, and in 1860 was ap- pointed state superintendent of common schools of Pennsylvania. In 1864 he was made superin- tendent of the soldier’s orphan schools of Penn- sylvania, and he established similar institutions throughout the state. Five years later he was elected president of the Pennsylvania agricultural college. He died March 25, 1871. BURROWS, Julius C., senator, was born at Northeast, Erie county, Pa., Jan. 9, 1837. He received a common-school and academic edu- cation, studied law, and during the civil war served as an officer in the Union army. 1862-’64. At the close of the war he removed to Michigan, and was prosecuting attorney of Kalamazoo county, 1865-’67. He declined the position of supervisor of internal revenue for Michigan and Wisconsin in 1867. He was elected in 1872 to represent his district in the national house of representatives in the 43d, and was again elected to the 46th and 47tli congresses. President Arthur appointed him solicitor of the United States treasury department, but he declined to serve. He was a delegate-at-large from Michigan to the national Republican convention at Chicago in 1884; was again a representative in Congress, serving in the 49th, 50th, 51st, 52d, 53d, and 54th congresses. He resigned his seat Jan. 23, 1895, to become U. S. senator, being elected to fill the un- expired term of Francis B. Stockbridge, deceased. He was active in Congress, serving on the house committee on ways and means, and doing valu- able service, when the McKinley bill was framed. In the senate he made a masterly argument in April. 1896, in favor of seating Henry DuPont as senator from Delaware. BURROWS, William, naval officer, was born in Kensington, Pa., Oct. 6, 1785, son of Lieutenant- Colonel Burrows, a marine naval officer. He received a midshipman’s warrant in 1799, was as- signed to the Portsmouth, and in 1803 he was trans- ferred to the Constitution, as acting lieutenant, serving in that capacity throughout the Tripolitan war. In 1808, in command of a gunboat, he was engaged on the Delaware river in enforcing the embargo law, and in 1809 was appointed 1st lieu- tenant of the Hornet. Finding himself outranked by his former subordinates, he resigned his com- mission, but it was not accepted. Secretary Ham- ilton granting him a furlough of a year, during which he visited India, and at its close was assigned to the command of the sloop Enterprise. On Sept. 1. 1813, while off the coast of Portland, Me., he fell in with the British brig Boxer, and captured her after an engagement of forty -five minutes. Burrows was mortally wounded, but lived long enough to receive the surrender of the Boxer, whose commanding officer, Captain Blythe, had fallen in the early moments of the action. Blythe and Burrows were buried in adjoining graves in Portland, and Congress recognized his gallantry by awarding a gold medal to his nearest male relative. His death occurred Sept. 5, 1813. [ 513 ] BURRUS. BURT. BURRUS, John Houston, educator, was born near Murfreesboro, Tenn., in 1849; son of William C. Burrus, a wealthy planter, lawyer, and politi- cian ; bis mother, Nancy, was a slave of mulatto and Indian extraction. On the death of Mr. Bur rus in 1860, Nancy and her three surviving sons were divided with his other property among his heirs. President Lincoln’s emancipa- tion proclamation gave them freedom, and John with his mother and brothers settled in Nashville, Tenn. He entered the University as a stu- dent in 1867, and was graduated in 1875. He was engaged for two years as an instructor in Fisk university, but in 1879 he resigned to devote himself exclusively to his legal studies. He vvas admitted to the bar in January, 1881, and in September, 1883, became president of Alcorn agricultural and mechanical college at Rodney, Miss., his elder brother, J. D. Burrus, M. A., being a member of the faculty. The youngest brother, P. R. Burrus, was a practising physician at Nash- ville, Tenn. BURT, John Otis, physician, was born at Syra- cuse, N. Y., April 27, 1835. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1858, and studied medicine at the Harvard medical school, and the New York college of physicians and surgeons. On July 30, 1861 , lie received a commission as assistant sur- geon in the U. S. navy. His first service was on the frigate Colorado, attached to the Gulf squad- ron under Farragut, then at a naval hospital at the mouth of the Mississippi, subsequent to which he was assigned to the iron-clad Cairo, which was destroyed by a torpedo when up the Yazoo river. Dr. Burt escaped, but the hardships and exposure he underwent so undermined Ids health, that on November 23, 1863, he was obliged to resign and return home. The following year he spent in Paris and Vienna, occupied in medical study, and was graduated in medicine at the College of phy- sicians and surgeons, New York city, in 1864. He resided in Syracuse, N. Y.. where he occupied the position of professor in the medical department of Syracuse university. He died in 1894. BURT, Nathaniel Clark, clergyman, was born in Fairton, N. J., April 23, 1825. He was gradu- ated at Princeton in 1846, from the theological seminary in 1849, and was ordained to preach in 1850. He served as pastor of churches at Spring- field, Ohio, 1850— ’55 ; at Baltimore, Md., 1855-’60; and at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1860-66. The years. 1866 and 1867 were spent in travelling through Europe, Egypt, and the Holy Land, where he made investigations and observations of much value to Bible students. In 1868 he became president of the Ohio female college, but. after two years’ service, his ill-health constrained him to seek a permanent home in southern Europe. * He received the degree of S.T.D. from Hanover college, Ind., in 1861. He was a fre- quent contributor to denominational periodicals, and he was the author of “Hours Among the Gospels” (1865); “The Far East” (1867); and “The Land and its Story” (1869). He died in Rome, Italy, March 4, 1874. BURT, Stephen Smith, physician, was born in Oneida, N. Y., Nov. 1, 1850, son of Oliver T., and Rebecca (Johnston) Burt, and grandson of Aaron Burt, identified with the early history of central New York, one of the founders of the city of Syra- cuse. and a lineal descendant of Henry Burt, who came to New England in 1635. He was edu- cated at the English and classical school, West Newton, Mass., the Eagleswood mili- tary academy in New Jersey, the Edwards Place school at Stock- ^ . bridge, Mass., and had m two years’ tuition at.^O» Cornell university. He '"i jm was graduated from the ’ “ College of physicians and surgeons of New York, in 1875, valedic- torian of his class, and from Roosevelt hospital in 1877. He was elected a member of the state and county medical societies, and of the New York academy of medicine, and was professor of thoracic diseases at the Uni- versity of Vermont in 1884 and 1885. In 1882 lie became a teacher, and in 1884 was made professor of physical diagnosis and clinical medicine in the New York post-graduate medical school and hos- pital. and attending-physician to the New York post-graduate hospital. He was a charter member of the Hospital graduates’ club of New York. In 1890 he received the honorary degree of A. M. from Yale university. He published in pamphlet form “ A Clinic on Heart Disease” (1886) ; “ Pleurisy (1887) ; “ Views on the Prevention and Treatment of Typhoid Fever" (1889); “801116 of the Limita- tions of Medicine ” (1889); Pulmonary Consump- tion in the Light of Modern Research" (1*90): “ Bacteriology and Preventive Medicine (1891 ) ; “The Ethics of Experimentation L'pon Living Animals” (1891). X A. [ 514 ] BURT. BURTON. BURT, William Austin, surveyor, was born in Worcester, Mass., June 13, 1792. He acquired some experience as a civil engineer in Erie county, N. Y., and became U. S. deputy -surveyor at Detroit, Mich., in 1840. He surveyed the entire northern part of Michigan. The solar compass was originated by him, and he introduced a number of important improvements in geological surveying. At the time of his death he was en- gaged in perfecting an equatorial sextant, which he had patented in 1856. He served several terms in the territorial council of Michigan and in the state legislature, and he was for some years a judge of the circuit court. As a member of the legislature he was largely instrumental in secur- ing the Sault Ste. Marie canal. He died at De- troit, Mich., Aug. 18, 1858. BURTON, Asa, clergyman, was born in Ston- ington, Conn., Aug. 23, 1752. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1777, and was licensed to preach in September of the same year. In 1779 he was ordained pastor of the Congregational church of Thetford, Vt., and the pastoral relation thus established continued for fifty-two years. Mid- dlebury college conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1804. He was well known as a theo- logical teacher, and during the active years of his life trained over sixty young men for the ministry. He published many of his sermons and a series of “ Essays on some of the First Principles of Metaphysics, Ethics and Theology " (1824). His memoir was published by Thomas Adams. He died at Thetford, Vt., May 1, 1836. BURTON, Charles Germman, representative, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, April 4, 1846. He was educated in the public schools of Warren, Ohio, enlisted in 1861 in the 19th Ohio infantry, and served in the civil war until discharged for disability, Oct. 29, 1862, and served again in 1864 with the “one hundred days” men. He was admitted to the bar in 1867, and removed to Virgil City, Mo., in 1868; to Erie, Kan., in 1869; and to Nevada, Mo., in 1871. He served as circuit attor- ney and judge of the 25th Missouri circuit, was a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1884, in 1894 was elected a representative from the fifteenth district of Missouri to the 54th Congress, and in 1896 was again a candi- date, but was defeated in the election by M. E. Benton, Democrat. BURTON, Henry S., soldier, was born in New York city in 1818. He was graduated at West Point in 1839, and after serving as lieuten- ant in the 3d artillery in the Florida war, he returned to the military academy and spent from 1842 to 1845 as assistant instructor of in- fantry and artillery tactics. He engaged in the Mexican war as lieutenant-colonel of N. Y. vol- unteers, being prominent at the defence of La Paz and at Todos Santos. The years be- tween 1847 and 1861 were spent principally in garrison at various posts in the south and west, and in 1861 he was promoted to the rank of major, and from that year until 1863 was in charge of the Fort Delaware prison. From 1863 to 1864 he commanded the artillery reserve of the army of the Potomac ; was inspector of artillery in the Richmond campaign and in the department of the east until he was made a member of the retiring board in 1864. He was brevetted brigadier-general in March, 1865, in recognition of his gallantry at the capture of Petersburg. After the war he served in command of the 5th artillery at Fort Monroe, Va. ; at Columbia, S. C. ; at Richmond, Va. ; and at Fort Adams. R. I. ; and he was on court-martial duty in New York city from October, 1868, to March, 1869. He died in Fort Adams, Newport, R. I., April 4, 1869. BURTON, Theodore Elijah, representative, was born in Jefferson, Ashtabula county, Ohio, Dec. 20, 1851. He removed to Iowa in 1865, and in 1867 commenced his collegiate studies at Iowa college. In 1870 he removed to Oberlin college, Ohio, where lie was graduated in 1872, and re- mained as tutor two years. He was admitted to the bar in 1875, commencing practice at Cleve- land, Ohio. In 1888 he was elected a representa- tive to the 51st Congress from the twenty-first district of Ohio; was defeated for election in 1890, but was elected in 1894 to the 54th Con- gress and in 1896 to the 55th Congress. He gave special study to problems pertaining to currency and economic subjects, and as a member of the committee on river and harbor improvements advanced the development of traffic on the Great Lakes. Oberlin conferred on him the degree of A.M. in 1875. BURTON, William Evans, comedian, wVis born in London, England, Sept. 24, 1804; son of William George Burton, a printer, and author of “ Biblical Researches.” He was educated at St. Paul's school, London, and at Oxford uni- versity, and intended to enter the church, but before he had taken orders his father’s death forced him to undertake the management of the printing establishment in order to support his mother. He also edited The Cambridge Quarterly Review, which he established, and which intro- duced him to members of the theatrical profes- sion. He joined a company of amateur actors, and in 1825 made his debut, appearing in low comedy with a provincial company. He devoted himself to comedy with such earnestness that he soon became the leading comedian of the company. In 1831 he made his first professional appearance before a London audience as Wormwood in “ The Lottery Ticket, ” and won much praise from critics and audiences. He played Marall to Edmund [ 515 ] BURTON. BURTSELL. Kean's Sir Giles Overreach, and Mrs. Glover's Meg in “ A New Way to Pay Old Debts." His American debut was made in 1834, at the Arch street theatre, Philadelphia, in the characters of Dr. Ollapod, in “ The Poor Gentleman,” and Wormwood in “The Lottery Ticket. ’ ’ In the four years of his stay in Philadelphia he won for himself a substantial popularity. For nine years follow- ing he appeared in nearly all the large cit- ies of the Unit ed States. In 1841 he was mana- ger of the Church street theatre of New York, when the theatre was consumed by fire, and all his scenery, books and manuscripts were de- stroyed. In 1848 he leased Palmo's opera house in Chambers street, N. Y., and changed its name to Burton’s theatre. For eight years this house was known as the home of comedy in America, and Burton achieved the richest triumphs as its mana- ger. Here many a highly popular play was first produced, and here Shakespeare’s comedies were revived on a scale of great magnificence. The most famous actors of the time appeared on his boards, and many, afterwards famous, gained here their first experience and belonged at various times to his stock company. His Shakespearian roles were among his masterpieces. “ His Cali- ban, Dogberry, Autolycus, Verges, Touchstone, Nick Bottom, and his Falstaff are by impartial judges said to have been among the most com- plete embodiments of the great poet’s ideas that his works have ever seen, ” says Lawrence Hut- ton in “ Plays and Players.” “ Among his other creations, his ‘ Timothy Toodles’ and his ‘ Amin- adab Sleek,’ were so absolutely his own that when an actor nowadays essays either character, he plays the Toodles and Sleek of Burton.” His repertoire included one hundred and eighty- four characters. In 1856 Mr. Burton became the manager of the Metropolitan theatre, but the venture was so meagrely successful that in 1858 he abandoned it, and began a starring career, which ended two years later with his untimely death. His last appearance was made Dec. 16, 1859, at Hamilton, Canada, where he played “ Aminadab Sleek ” and “ Guy Goodluck.” Mr. Burton wrote several farces and a number of plays. His “ Ellen Wareham,” a play published in 1833, had the extraordinary fortune of being produced in five different London theatres on the same evening. He contributed stories and sketches to the periodicals of the time, and [ 516 ] edited the Literary Souvenir and the Gentle- man's Magazine. This latter periodical he estab- lished, and Edgar Allan Poe was at one time his assistant in its editorial management. Among his writings, “The Actor's Alloquy,” “Wag- garies and Vagaries,” and “ A Cyclopaedia of Wit and Humor ” (1858), are notable. See “ William E. Burton: a Sketch of his Career,” by Wm. L. Keese. Mr. Burton died in New York city. Feb. 10, 1860. BURTT, John, clergyman, was born in Knock - marlocli, Ayrshire, Scotland, May 26, 1789. After receiving a classical education and serving an apprenticeship to a weaver, he was pressed into the navy, and was five years before the mast. He then effected his escape, and taught school at Kilmarnock and Paisley for a time. In 1816 he attended medical lectures at the Glas- gow university, and in 1817, becoming involved in political disturbances, he fled to the United States. He studied for a year at Princeton theo- logical seminary, and served as a city missionary at Trenton and at Philadelphia until 1824, when he was ordained by the presbytery of Philadel- phia, and was pastor over churches at Salem, N. J., at Cincinnati, Ohio, and at Blackwood - town, N. J. He edited the Philadelphia Presby terian from 1830 to 1833, and the Cincinnati Standard from 1833 to 1835. A collection of Ins verses was published in Glasgow in 1817. and republished, with additions, in Bridgeton. N. J. in 1819, under the title “ Horae Poeticse." In 1859 he resigned his pastorate, and spent his re maining years in retirement at Salem, N. J.. where he died, March 24, 1866. BURTSELL, Richard Lalor, clergyman, was born in New York city, April 14, 1840. He studied theology at the Propaganda in Rome, and was ordained priest, Aug. 10, 1862. He returned to New York, was first assistant pastor of St. Ann’s R. C. church, and in 1868 was given charge of the new parish of the Epiphany. In. 1884 the office of “ The Defender of the Marriage Tie ” was introduced into the United States by the third plenary council of Baltimore, the iffice having been originally created by Pope Benedict XIV. in 1741. The duty of the incumbent is to act as guardian of the tie in cases of dispute concerning marriages. Archbishop Corrigan ap- pointed Dr. Burt sell to this office in 1886. The next year he acted as counsel and adviser to the Rev. Dr. Edward McGlynn in his controversy with Archbishop Corrigan. In April of the same year his office was taken from him. In 1888 he appeared under subpoena at the lawsuit over the Maguire burial, and in 1889 celebrated mass at the funeral of Miss Kelly, a member of the anti-poverty society. Archbishop Corrigan ordered him to retire to a parish in Rondout, BUSBEE. BUSEY. N. Y. Appealing from the archbishop's order to the congregation of the Propaganda at Rome, he was ordered to submit to the archbishop’s decree. He therefore preached his farewell ser- mon at the church of the Epiphany, July 27, 1890, and obeyed his ecclesiastical superior, tak- ing charge of St. Mary's church in Rondout, Nov. 8, 1890. BUSBEE, Charles Manly, lawyer, was born in Raleigh, N. C., Oct. 23, 1845; son of Perrin Busbee, lawyer, grandson of Johnson Busbee, jurist, and maternal grandson of James F. Tay- lor, attorney -general of North Carolina. He was a student at Hampden-Sidney and in 1863, when just eighteen years of age, left college and vol- unteered in the Confederate service, and from the rank of private rose to the position of ser- geant-major in the 5th North Carolina infantry. In the battle of Spottsylvania Court House he was captured by the Union forces, sent to the prison at Fort Delaware, subsequently transferred to Fort Pulaski, and afterwards to Morris Island, where, to retaliate on the Confederate govern- ment for placing five hundred Union prisoners within that portion of the city of Charleston, which was being bombarded by the Union guns, he was one of a like number of Confederate prisoners placed in front of the redoubts on Mor- ris Island, directly in the face of the fire from the Confederate batteries on Sullivan's Island. He was afterward allowed to return home on parole, and a few months later was exchanged. Shortly afterwards he entered the North Caro- lina state university, where he was graduated in 1867, and admitted to the bar. He practised his profession in his native city, and in 1874 was elected a member of the state senate. In 1884 he was elected a member of the lower house of the state legislature, and was for many years a member of the Democratic state executive com- mittee. In 1890 he was elected grand sire of the sovereign grand lodge of the I. O. O. F., the high- est honor of this great fraternal order, and Mr. Busbee was the youngest man ever selected for the position. BUSBEE, Fabius Haywood, lawyer, was born at Raleigh, N. C., March 4, 1848; son of Perrin and grandson of Johnson Busbee, well- known members of the North Carolina bar. His early education was received at the Lovejoy academy at Raleigh, and at the age of fifteen he entered the University of North Carolina, but withdrew in February, 1865, to volunteer as a private in the 71st N. C. regiment. He was a lad of only sixteen years, but his bravery and good conduct so won the admiration of his com- rades that they elected him to a lieutenancy. He acquitted himself with credit in the battles of Kinston and the struggle at Bentonville, N. C., on March 19, 1865. After Johnston surrendered, young Busbee re-entered the university, where he was graduated with first honors in 1868. In June of that year he passed examination for ad- mission to the bar, but his license was withheld until the following year as he had not reached legal age. He practised law at Raleigh, and in 1875 was elected attorney for the city, a position he held until 1884. In 1876 he was an elector for the fourth N. C. district on the Tilden and Hen- dricks ticket. In 1880 he was chosen elector for the state at large on the Hancock and English ticket. During the administration of President Cleveland he was United States attorney for the eastern district of North Carolina. During the years 1885 and 1886 he was grand master of Ma- sons in North Carolina. He received the degree of A.M. from the University of North Carolina in 1869, and a like honor from Princeton college and from Trinity college, Hartford, Conn., in 1871. He was elected in 1892 one of the trustees of the University of North Carolina. BUSEY, Samuel Thompson, soldier, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16, 1835. When but a child he was taken by his parents to Urbana, 111., where he labored on a farm, attended a dis- trict school at intervals, and was clerk in a store. In 1862, as 2d lieutenant in the recruiting ser- vice, he organized a company of volunteers, of which he was elected captain, and on the organi- zation of the 76th Illinois regiment was com- missioned lieutenant-colonel ; in the ensuing January he succeeded to the command of the regiment, and in May was mustered in as colonel. He was on several occasions mentioned in general orders for meritorious services and distinguished bravery, and was brevetted briga- dier-general for leading the assault on Fort Blakeley, Ala., on April 9, 1865, when he scaled the enemy’s works alone, and engaged, unsup- ported, in a hand-to-hand encounter with a gun squad, killing the gunner anti wounding two others of the squad. Though severely wounded himself, he received in person the surrender of the Confederate officer and his staff. He was mustered out of service in August, 1865, with the rank of brevet brigadier-general. In 1867 he organized Busey's bank at Urbana, which he successfully managed for twenty-one years, when he retired from business in 1888. In 1880 he was elected mayor, and president of the board of education of the city of Urbana, by five successive elections held those offices for nine years, and in 1890 was elected a representative to the 52d Congress as a Democrat, defeating Joseph G. Cannon, the Republican incumbent, in a district that had been Republican for years, and had been represented by Mr. Cannon con- tinuously from 1873. BUSH. BUSHNELL. BUSH, George, educator, was born at Nor- wich. Vt., June 12, 1796. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1818, and pursued a theological course at Princeton seminary, where he was a tutor in 1823-’24. After his ordination as a minister of the Presbyterian church, he gave four years’ service to missionary work in Indi- ana. From 1831 to 1846 he held the chair of Hebrew language and literature at the Uni- versity of the city of New York. He was liberal and progressive in the Presbyterian church, which he left in 1845 and joined the New Jeru- salem church. He issued in 1844 the Hierophant, a monthly periodical, and in 1845 became editor of the New Church Repository, a Swedenborgian publication. He published a “ Treatise on the Millenium ” (1832) ; “ Notes Critical and Practi- cal on the Book of Genesis ” (1838) ; “ Notes on the Book of Exodus ” (1841) ; “ Notes on the Book of Leviticus ” (1842) ; “ Notes on the Book of Joshua,” and “ Notes on the Book of Judges ” (1844) ; “ The Soul, or an inquiry into Scriptural Psychology,” and “ Anastasis ” (1845); “ Mes- mer and Swedenborg” (1847); “ The Resurrec- tion of Christ,” ‘‘New Church Miscellanies” (1855); ‘‘Priesthood and Clergy unknown to Christianity ” (1857) ; “ Notes Critical and Prac- tical on the Book of Numbers ” (1858) ; ‘‘ The Life of Mohammed ” (1858). He died in Rochester N. Y.„ Sept. 19, 1859. BUSH, Norton, artist, was born at Rochester, N. Y., Feb. 22, 1834. He studied art, first with James Harris in his native city, and then with J. F. Cropsey in New York. In 1852 he went to California by way of the Isthmus, and his first ideas of tropical scenery were received while crossing Nicaragua, and made a lasting impres- sion on his after career. As an amateur he painted Mount Diablo in 1857, his picture being exhibited at the Mechanics’ institute in San Francisco. In 1868 he opened a studio in San Francisco, and the same year visited the Isthmus of Panama, where he obtained the material for a series of pictures. In 1875 he extended his jour- ney to Ecuador and Peru, crossed the Andes three times and made sketches of Mount Chim- borazo; visited Lake Titicaca, in southern Peru, making sketches of the volcano El Miste and Mount Meiggs. On his return to California he painted a series of pictures of the scenery of Ecuador and Peru for John G. Meiggs. of Lon- don, which were exhibited at the rooms of the San Francisco art association in 1876, of which society he was in the same year made a director, having been elected a member in 1874. He re- ceived four gold medals from the state fair of California. Among his notable works are: “ Lake Nicaragua.” ‘‘ Bay of Panama,” “ Sum- mit of the Sierra," and “ River San Juan. Nica- ragua,” “Mount Chimborazo,” “Volcano El Miste,” and “Mount Meiggs, Andes of Peru.” “ Western Slope of Cordilleras,” “ Cordilleras of Ecuador. ” BUSHNELL, Asa Smith, governor of Ohio, was born at Rome, Oneida county, N. Y., Sept. 16. 1834; son of Daniel Bushnell, and grandson of Jason Bushnell, a soldier of the revolution, and a member of a Connecticut family. He removed to Springfield, Ohio, in 1851, where, without friends or money, he entered upon his busi- ness career, being suc- cessively a dry-goods clerk, book-keeper, and e m ployee and \ member of a manu- facturing firm. In 1885 he was m a d e chairman of the Re- publican state execu- tive committee, which elected Joseph B. Foraker governor, and re-elected John Sherman to the L T nited States senate. In 1895 he accepted from the Republican state convention the nomina- tion for governor, and was elected by a plurality of 92,622 over James E. Campbell. In 1892 he was a delegate-at-large to the national conver. tion at Minneapolis, and in March, 1896. was unanimously chosen a delegate-at-large to the Republican convention at St. Louis. BUSHNELL, David, inventor, was born in Saybrook, Conn., about the year 1742. Upon the death of his father, he sold his interest in the farm and devoted the proceeds to his education. Assisted by the village pastor, he fitted himself for college, and was graduated at Yale in 1775. He made a study of submarine warfare and navi gation. and constructed a diving boat, which resembled two tortoise shells, and was for that reason called The American Turtle. A fidl de- scription of the boat and torpedo will be found in the Transactions of the American philosophi- cal society, and in Silliman's American Journal of Science (1820). In addition to this torpedo, Mr. Bushnell invented a number of devices for the destruction of the enemy’s ships, but his “ internals, ” as they were called by the British, failed of accomplishing their purpose, owing to a series of unfortunate accidents. In 177. he attempted to destroy the Cerberus, a frigate at anchor off New London. Conn. The machine, becoming fixed to a schooner at anchor astern the frigate, exploded, demolishing that vessel and killing several men. In December. 1777. he m] BUSHNELL. BUSSEY. arranged and set adrift kegs charged with pow- der, so as to destroy the British ships, which held possession of the Delaware river. In the dark- ness he made a miscalculation as to the distance, and the explosion did not occur until the follow- ing day. when it caused slight damage, though creating consternation among the officers and sailors aboard the ships. A humorous poem, "The Battle of the Kegs,’’ written by Hon. Francis Hopkinson, was founded on this inci- dent. Though the principles on which Mr. Bushnell's machines were constructed were shown to be correct, the accidents attending his experiments and his disappointment at not receiving government support, rendered him very dejected, and at the close of the war he went to France. Years passed without his friends hearing from him, and it was supposed that he had perished during the French revolu- tion. He returned to America and for years had charge of a large school in Georgia, after which he practised medicine, under the name of Dr. Bush. The tidings of his death was the first news his friends had had of him in forty years. His death occurred at Warrenton, Ga., in 1826. BUSHNELL, Horace, theologian, was born in New Preston, Litchfield county, Conn., April 14, 1802. In boyhood he worked on his father's farm and in a fulling and carding mill. When he was nineteen years old he first began to de- vote himself to study, and he was graduated from Yale with honor in 1827. He taught school in Norwich, Conn., and then engaged as literary editor of the New York Journal of Commerce . He returned to Yale in 1829, to take a course in law, and accepted a tutorship in the college. In 1831, when about to be admitted to the bar, a religious revival in the college led him to enter the Yale divinity school, and upon completing the course and receiving his license, he was unanimously chosen as pastor of the North Con- gregational church, Hartford, May. 1833. He was married on Sept. 13, 1833, to Mary Apthorp of New Haven. In 1839 he delivered an address on “ Revelation ” before the society of inquiry, at Andover theological seminary, and his views upon the doctrine of the Trinity awakened sus- picions as to his orthodoxy, as they did again in 1849, upon the publication of his “ God in Christ,” and he was called before a committee, appointed by the Hartford central association, of which he was a member, to answer to a charge of heresy. Among his accusers were the leading theological authorities, but they did not agree as to what the heresy was. Dr. Bushnell made a spirited defence, and the committee reported through its chairman, Dr. Noah Porter, that ‘‘though there were in the views presented, variations from the historic formulas of faith, the errors were not fundamental.” This re- port was accepted, with but three dissenting votes, and although the Central association was again appealed to in 1850 and also in 1852, it refused to render any further judgment in the case, and the agitation gradually subsided. His defence, “Christ in Theology,” was published after the trial. For twenty-six years he re- mained at Hartford, his only pastorate, and when, in 1859, ill-health compelled him to resign, the great sorrow manifested by his parishioners bore eloquent testimony to the strong hold he had upon their hearts. Dr. Bushnell, outside of his church, fostered every influence which tended to the improvement of the minds, habits, man- ners and principles, as well as the surrounding, of the people. He advocated setting aside the land surrounding the state house in Hartford for a public park, and his aggressive persistence overcame the opposition, afterward the park be- ing named in his honor, “ Bushnell Park.” His principal works are: “ Christian Nature ” (1847); “God in Christ” (1849); “Christ in Theology ” (1851); “Nature and the Supernatural ” (1858); “ Sermons for the New Life ” (1858); “ Charac- ter of Jesus” (1861); “Work and Play, a col- lection of Addresses” (1864); “Christ and his Salvation ” (1864) ; “ The Vicarious Sacrifice ” 1865); “Moral Uses of Dark Things” (1868); “ Woman Suffrage, the Reform against Nature ” (1869); “ Sermons on Living Subjects” (1872), and “ Forgiveness and Law ” (1874). He re- ceived the degree of D. D. from Wesleyan uni- versity in 1842, and from Harvard in 1852, and Yale gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1871. His daughter, Mary Bushnell Cheney, published “ Life and Letters of Horace Bushnell ” (1880). A mural tablet was erected to his memory in the church where he so long served. He died at Hartford, Conn., Feb. 17, 1876. BUSSEY, Benjamin, philanthropist was born at Canton, Mass., March 1, 1757. At the age of eighteen he enlisted in the continental army. At the close of the war he engaged in business as a silversmith and acquired a large fortune. In 1806 he retired from business and devoted his life to agricultural pursuits on his estate in Rox- bury. By his will he provided that upon the death of his last survivor, one half of his estate should go to Harvard college to endow a farm school, for promoting a knowledge of scientific agriculture, and the other half to endow the la w and divinity schools of the university. In compliance with the terms of his will, Harvard college in 1869 established a school of practical agriculture and horticulture on his estate at Jamaica Plain. The value of the property thus distributed exceeded three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. He died Jan. 13, 1842. [519 1 BUSSEY. BUTLER. BUSSF.Y, Cyrus, soldier, was born at Hub- bard, Trumbull county, Ohio, Oct. 5, 1833; son of Rev. A. Bussey, a prominent Methodist clergy- man. At sixteen he commenced business on his own account at Dupont, Ind., having acquired two years’ experience in a dry-goods' store. In 1855 lie removed to Bloomfield, Iowa, established himself in a mercantile business, and became prominent in politics. In 185^ he was elected as a Democrat to the Iowa senate, and in 1860 was chosen a delegate to the national Democratic con- vention which nominated Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency. In 1861 lie was appointed aid-de-camp on the staff of Governor Kirkwood, and vvas charged with the defense of the southern borders of the state. Hearing, in July, that the Confederates were massing near the northern frontier of Missouri preparatory to entering Iowa and taking Keokuk by storm, lie seized a con- signment of a thousand guns, in transit from the war department to some point in the west, and arming the 4th Iowa infantry, he forestalled the proposed movement by advancing into Missouri and dispersing the invaders. He was appointed colonel of the 3d Iowa cavalry, a volunteer regi- ment, which he had raised, and being ordered to join the army of the southwest, then stationed at Sugar Creek, Ark., lie covered the distance of two hundred miles in four days. He commanded a brigade at the battle of Pea Ridge, and after the engagement pursued the defeated foe as far as the Boston mountains. His gallantry on this occasion won the enthusiastic admiration of his men, who presented him with a handsome sword. In the Arkansas campaign of 1862 he commanded a brigade, and in 1863 was assigned first to the command of the district of east Arkansas, and later to the command of the 2d cavalry division of the army of the Tennessee. In the Vicksburg campaign he led the advance, under General Sherman, in pursuit of Johnston, whom lie over- took and defeated in an engagement at Canton, Miss., finally forcing him to retreat across Pearl river. His conduct in this engagement was rewarded in January, 1864, with promotion to the rank of brigadier-general, and he was given command of a division of the 7th corps, and also of the district including western Arkansas and the Indian territory. At the close of the war he retired to private life with the rank of brevet major-general, and engaged in the commission business at St. Louis, later removing to New Orleans, where he was president of the chamber of commerce for six years, and was conspicuously identified with the procuring of the congressional appropriation for the Eads jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi river. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention, 1868, and in the convention of 1884 he was an active sup- porter of Mr. Blaine's candidacy. In 1889 he was appointed assistant secretary of the interior, and in adjudicating the appeals from the adverse decisions of the pension commissioners some of his rulings attracted great attention, and the department collected and published these rulings in four large volumes. General Bussey resigned from the interior department in 1893, and opened an office in Washington, D. C., where he con- ducted a general law- practice berore the district courts, the departments and congressional com- mittees. BUSTEED, Richard, lawyer, was born in Cavan, Ireland, Feb. 16, 1822; son of George Washington Busteed, a colonel in the British army, and afterwards a barrister at Dublin. The father was a strong emancipationist, which fact caused his removal from his office as chief secre- tary of the island of St. Lucia in 1829. He left Ireland and settled in London, Canada, where he published the True Patriot. During his boyhood Richard worked as a compositor in the office of his father and followed the same trade subse- quently at Cincinnati, Ohio ; at Hartford, Conn. . and at New York, where he also engaged in local preaching, by license of the Methodist church. He was admitted to the bar in 1846, and his able defense of a number of extradition cases assured his success as a lawyer. From 1856 to 1859 he was corporation counsel of New York city. He supported Douglas in the presidential campaign of 1860, and joined the Union army in 1861. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and commanded a brigade at Yorktown, Va., but lie sent in his resignation to President Lincoln March 10, 1863, hearing that the strong combina- tion likely to be brought against him on account of his attitude in the slavery question would pre- vent the confirmation of His appointment by the senate. In the following year he was appointed U. S. district judge for Alabama by President Lincoln; his appointment being unanimously confirmed by the senate. His decisions, especially as to the unconstitutionality of the test oath prescribed by Congress, as applied to attorneys practising in U. S. courts, which were after- wards confirmed by the U. S. supreme court, and his rulings in regard to the habeas corpus act in 1875, are noteworthy. In 1874 he resigned his office and resumed the practice of his profession in New York city. BUTLER, Andrew Pickens, senator, was born in Edgefield district, S. C., Nov. 17, 1796; son of William Butler, revolutionary soldier. He was graduated at South Carolina college in 181 7, was admitted to the bar in 1819, and soon rose to a prominent position in his profession. He became a member of the state legislature in 1824. com- manded a cavalry regiment during the nullifica- BUTLER. BUTLER. tion troubles of 1831 ; was a judge of the general Baltimore and held possession of that city. On sessions in 1833, and of the state court of com- May 16 he was promoted to the rank of major - mon pleas in 1835. In 1847 he was chosen by the general of volunteers, in command of Fort Mon- governor of South Carolina to fill the vacancy in roe and the department of eastern Virginia In the U. S. senate, caused by the death of Senator June his troops engaged in the battle of Big McDuffie. Subsequently he was twice elected by Bethel, Va., which resulted disastrously to the the legislature as United States senator, and Federal army, and in August he was relieved of retained his seat during the remaining years of his command. In the same month he commanded his life. The memorable assault made by Pres- the expedition that captured forts Hatteras and ton S. Brooks on Charles Sumner was provoked Clark on the North Carolina coast. He returned by some remarks which the latter addressed to to Massachusetts to recruit an expedition to Judge Butler, who was a relative of Mr. Brooks. operate against the Confederates on the Virginia The ability, eloquence and humor of Judge But- peninsula, which a misunderstanding, first with ler made him a conspicuous figure in the senate. Governor Andrew and afterwards with the where he took an active part in all debates, commanding general, prevented. It was finally especially those bearing on the interests of South decided to send him with his six thousand Carolina and the other southern states. He died men on an expedition to co-operate with Ad at his home near Edgefield Court House, S. C., miral Farragut from the mouth of the Missis May 35, 1857. sippi river, and he reached Ship Island, March 23, BUTLER, Benjamin Franklin, governor of 1863. On April 17, he followed Farragut s fleet’ Massachusetts, was born in Deerfield, N. H., which captured New Orleans, April 24. and on Nov. 5, 1818; son of Capt. John Butler. He first May 1 General Butler took possession of that city, attended a district school, later studied at He obtained much odium by his vigorous In ilitary Phillips Exeter academy and was graduated at government, by arming free colored people, by Waterville college in 1838. In 1840 he was causing a man named Mumford, who had pulled admitted to the bar, down the U. S. flag from the mint, to be hanged, began the practice and by promulgating an obnoxious order in- of law at Lowell, tended to prevent insults being offered to the Mass., and early ob- soldiery by women. President Davis proclaimed tained distinction as him an outlaw, and set a price upon his head, a criminal lawyer, On May 11, 1862, he seized a large sum of money his readiness of re- which had been intrusted to the Dutch consul, tort and his quick- claiming that it was intended for the purpose of ness to perceive and purchasing arms for the Confederates. The take advantage of a matter being investigated, the United States legal flaw in his op- government restored the money On Dec. 16, ponent’s case render- 1862, General Butler was recalled, and late in ing him a formidable 1863 was placed in command of the department adversary. He was of Virginia and North Carolina, afterwards a member of the known as the army of the James. On March 12, Democratic party 1864, Grant planned his great campaign, on and early became prominent in political life. He assuming command of all the armies of ’ the was elected to the Massachusetts house of rep- United States, and in the simultaneous move- resentatives in 1853, and in 1859 took his seat in ment to be begun May 4, 1864, gave to General the state senate. He served in the Massachusetts Butler the direction of the army of the James, delegation to the Democratic national convention He was to operate south of the James river, held in Charleston, S. C., in 1860, was active in move westward towards Petersburg, and attack the proceedings, but later refused to sit in a con- Lee’s army in the rear, while Grant personally vention which “approvingly advocated the directed the operations of the army of the African slave-trade.” He received the Demo- Potomac against the front. Butler moved cau- cratic nomination for the governorship of Massa- tiously and was opposed in his march by General chusetts in 1860, but was defeated. At the Beauregard, who occupied Petersburg and had opening of the civil war, as brigadier -general of entrenched the peninsula from the Appomattox militia he offered his services on the first call to the James. Butler adopted similar tactics, or troops, and was assigned to the command of and undertook to take Petersburg by siege the 8th Mass, regiment. On April 17, 1861, he This left his troops inactive, except as builders proceeded to Annapolis, Md., and was placed in of fortifications and diggers of canals, and Lee command of the district, which included the city had no foe in his rear. Grant ordered Butler to of Baltimore, and on May 13, 1861, he entered make a demonstration against the enemy’s line f521 1 BUTLER. BUTLER. on October 27, which was ineffectual, and on Deoember 14 he was given command of the land forces to operate against Fort Fisher, N. C. They landed at Fort Fisher, December 25, and, after a vigorous bombardment of the fort by Porter's fleet, the troops were ordered to assault the works. Just as they had gained the outposts, and success seemed assured, they were ordered to fall back and re-embark, and on his return to Fort Monroe Butler was removed from his com- mand by order of General Grant. He resumed the practice of his profession, and became promi- nent in political life. In 1866 he was elected as a representative from Massachusetts to the 40th Congress on the Republican ticket, and was re- elected to five of the six succeeding congresses. In 1868 he took an active part in the impeachment trial of President Johnson. In 1871 he was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for guberna- torial honors, and he was in 1879 on the Demo- cratic and Greenback tickets. In 1882 he was elected governor of Massachusetts on the Demo- cratic ticket. The principal act of administration was the charge brought by him against the management of the Tewksbury almshouse, which resulted in an investigation of the matter before the legislature. In 1883 he was renominated, but was defeated, and 1884 was nominated for the presidency of the United States by the Anti- monopolist and Greenback parties. Colb}' uni- versity conferred on him the degree of A.M. in 1852 and LL.D. in 1862; Williams college giving him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1863. He was married to Sarah, daughter of Dr. Israel Hildreth of Lowell, Mass., in 1842, and their daughter married Gen. Adelbert Ames. General Butler died in Washington, D. C.. Jan. 11, 1893. BUTLER, Charles, philanthropist, was born at Kinderhook Landing, Columbia county, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1802; son of Medad Butler, and a descend- ant of Jonathan Butler who was born in Ireland, settled in Saybrook Conn., in 1724, and married Temperance, daughter of the Rev. Daniel Buck- ingham, one of the founders of Yale college. He was educated at the Greenville (N. Y.) academy, and studied law in the office of his brother, Ben- jamin Franklin Butler, a partner of Martin Van Buren and subsequently President Jackson’s attor- ney-general. He was admitted to the bar in 1824, and practised first at Lyons and later at Geneva, N. Y. In 1833 he visited Chicago, then a mere set- tlement of about three hundred inhabitants, and invested heavily in real estate. He afterwards became identified with many financial enterprises in that section of the country, holding large shares in railroad companies. In 1844 he became agent for the holders of foreign and domestic bonds in Indiana, retaining the position for twenty-eight years. He also interested himself in educational institutions, and in 1835 aided in founding the Union theological seminary in New York city, of which he was chosen president. In 1889 he gave to the seminary 8100.000 to endow a chair of biblical theology. In 1836 he was elected a member of the council of the University of the city of New York, and from 1849 to 1851 was pres- ident of the council. He was elected vice-presi- dent of the council in 1882, serving as such until lie was again elected its president in 1886. In 1889 he presented to the university the sum of 8100,000. In addition to his educational interests he bestowed generous sums upon various charitable institu- tions, among them the Westchester home for destitute children in White Plains, N. Y., and the Protestant half-orphan asylum, of which he was a founder and afterwards president. In 1853 he received the degree of LL. D. from Wabash col- lege, and in 1887 the same degree from the Uni- versity of the city of New York. BUTLER, Clement Moore, clergyman, was born in Troy, N. Y., Oct. 16, 1810. He was graduated at Washington college, Hartford. Conn., in 1833, and at the General theological seminary. New York, in 1836, was ordained to the priesthood of the Episcopal church, and held rectorates successively in New York city ; at Pal- myra. N. Y. ; Georgetown, D. C. ; Boston, Mass., and Washington, D. C. In 1847 he received the degree of D. D. from Kenyon college. He was the chaplain of the United States senate from 1849 to 1853. Dr. Butler was rector of Christ church, Cincinnati, from 1854 to 1857, and from 1857 to 1861 had charge of Trinity church, Washington. D. C. In 1861 he was appointed rector of Grace church, Rome, Italy, and became chaplain to the U. S. minister there. Upon his return to the United States in 1864 he accepted the professor- ship of ecclesiastical history in the divinity school of the P. E. church, at Philadelphia, where he re- mained until 1884, when ill-health compelled his resignation. He published: ‘‘The Year of the Church” (1840); ••The Flock Fed: Instructions preparatory to Confirmation” (1845) ; “ The Book of Common Prayer interpreted by its History ” (1846; enl. ed. 1849); “Old Truths and New Errors ” (1849) ; “ Ritualism of Law ” (1859) ; “ St. Paul in Rome” (1865); “Inner Rome: Political. Religious, and Social ” (1866) ; “ Manual of Eccles- iastical History from the First to the Nineteenth Century” (2 vols., 1868- 72); “History of the Book of Common Prayer” (1880), and “ The Refor- mation of Sweden under Charles IX.” (1S83). He died in Germantown, Pa., March 5. 1890. BUTLER, Cyrus, philanthropist, was born in 1767 ; son of Samuel Butler, shoemaker, who after- wards acquired wealth in the shipping business in Providence. Cyrus inherited a fortune which he greatly increased, and, in 1844, at the suggestion BUTLER. BUTLER. of Dorothea Dix, gave §40,000 to found a hospital in Providence. The Butler hospital £or the insane was opened in 1847. Mr. Butler’s heir, Alexander Duncan, continued to patronize the hospital, giving fifteen acres of land, the porter’s lodge, Ray hall, the David Duncan ward, and Duncan lodge. Mr. Butler died in Providence, R. I., Aug. 22, 1849. BUTLER, Ezra, governor of Vermont, was born in Lancaster, Mass., Sept. 24, 1763, son of Asaph and Jane (McAllister) Butler. He was engaged in farming in early life, and served as a soldier in the patriot army when seventeen years old. In 1785 he was married and went with his bride through the wilderness to Vermont, where he had built the first house in Waterbury. In 1791 he joined the Baptist church, and in 1800 did his first preaching in the neighboring town of Bolton, later becoming pastor of the newly established church at Waterbury, where he continued as elder and preacher until within a few years of his death. He was the town clerk, a member of the legisla- ture for eleven years, and a member of the council sixteen years. In 1813-T4 he was a representative to the 13th Congress, and served as county judge and chief justice until 1825, when he was elected first assistant judge. In 1822 he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention. In 1826 he was elected governor of the state and was re- elected in 1827 without opposition. During his administration he was active in forwarding the ■cause of education and in suppressing lotteries. He was a presidential elector in 1804, 1820 and 1830, a member of the committee that fixed the site for the first state house, and planned the state’s prison and state arsenal. From 1810 to 1816 he was a trustee of the University of Ver- mont. He died in Waterbury, Vt., July 12, 1838. BUTLER, Francis Eugene, clergyman, was born in Suffolk, Conn., Feb. 7, 1825. In early manhood he was a merchant in New York city, and interested himself in religious work. He was made secretary of the New York Bible society, was active in establishing the Young Men’s Chris- tian association, and engaged in the management of several philanthropic enterprises. In 1854 he determined to devote his life to the work of the ministry, and after his graduation at Yale an A.M., in 1857, and three years at the Princeton theological school and one year at Andover, he preached at Bedford Springs, Pa., and in the sec- ond Presbyterian church, Cleveland, Ohio. He was ordained as a Congregational minister, April 16, 1862, and preached in Paterson, N. J. In 1863 he joined the 25th New Jersey volunteers as chap- lain, and while attempting to relieve the suffer- ings of a wounded soldier of another regiment on a battlefield near Suffolk. Va., he was shot by a sharpshooter, and died May 4, 1863. r 52 BUTLER, James Davie, educator, was born in Rutland, Vt., March 15. 1815. son of James Davie and Rachel (Maynard, born Harris) Butler. He was prepared for college at the Wesleyan semin ary in Wilbraham, Mass., and was graduated at Middlebury college in 1836. After studying a year in the theological school of Yale college he became a tutor at Middlebury college, and in December, 1838, acting professor. In 1840 he was graduated at Andover theological seminary, and being elected an Abbott resident he remained at Andover until 1842. From June, 1842, he trav- elled and studied in Europe. He was engaged as a supply for Congregational churches in West Newbury, Mass., and Burlington, Vt. From 1845 to 1847 he was professor and acting president of the university of Norwich, Vt. From 1847 to 1852 he was pastor at Wells River, Vt., Norwich, Vt., and South Danvers, Mass. From 1852 to 1855 he was pastor of the Congregational church in Cincinnati, Ohio, resigning to accept the chair of Greek in Wabash college in Indiana. In 1858 he accepted a similar position in the university of Wisconsin, where he remained until 1867. After a year of foreign travel he spent a winter on the lecture platform. From 1869 to 1873, in the interest of a western railroad company, he explored, studied and described the region through which the road ran. He then took up his residence at Madison, Wis. , and engaged in literary work . lec- turing and preaching. In 1854 he was elected a member of the American antiquarian society, the fifth to receive that honor, and delivered an address before that society in April, 1894. con- cerning the journal of Sergeant Lloyd. He also became a member of the Wisconsin state histor- ical society, of which he was acting president in 1897. Middlebury college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1862. His published writings include “ Deficiencies in Our History (1846) ; “ In- centives to Mental Culture among Teachers” (1852); “Nebraska” (1873); “The Naming of America” (1874); “Governmental Patronage of Knowledge” (1877); “American Pre-Revolu- tionary Bibliography” (1879) ; “ First French Foot- prints beyond the Lakes” (1882); “The Hapax Legomera in Shakespeare ” (1882) ; “ Portraits of Columbus” (1883); “The words once used in Shakespeare” (1886); “Alexander Mitchell, the Financier ” (1888) ; “ Butleriana, Genealogica et Biographica” (1888); “Prehistoric Pottery” (1894), and “British Convicts shipped to Ameri- can Colonies ” (1896). BUTLER, John Jay, educator, was born at Berwick, Me., April 9, 1814. He was graduated at Bowdoin college in 1837, and at Andover theologi- cal seminary in 1844, when he was elected profes- sor of systematic theology in Whitestown (N. Y. ) seminary. He was ordained a minister in the Free 31 BUTLER. BUTLER. Baptist church, Jan. 28, 1846. From 1854 to 18T0 lie was professor of theology in the New Hampton (N. H.) theological school; held the same chair in the theological department of Bates college, Maine, from 1870 to 1873, and was professor of sacred literature at Hillsdale college, Michigan, from 1873 to 1883. Under his forty years of preaching, about five hundred students entered the ministry. In 1834 he assumed partial editorial direction of the Morning Star, the Free Baptist denominational organ. He published: “Natural and Revealed Theology” (1861); “ Commentary on the Gospels” (1870), and “ Commentary on the Acts, Romans, and First and Second Corinthians” (1871). He received the degree of A.M. from Hamilton college in 1849, and D.D. from Bowdoin college in 1860. He died at Hillsdale, Mich., June 16, 1891. BUTLER, Josiah, jurist, was born in Pelham, N. H., in 1779. He graduated at Harvard college with honor in 1803, studied law, and was admitted to practice about 1807. In 1809 he was elected a member of the legislature from Deerfield, and be- came a leading member of the Democratic party. He was appointed sheriff of the county of Rock- ingham in 1810, and was removed from office in 1813 by the ascendant Federalist party and resumed the practice of his profession. He was clerk of the court of common pleas, and in 1815 was returned a member of the state legis- lature, and again elected in 1816. He was elected a representative to the 15th Congress in 1816, and was re elected to the 16th and 17th congresses. In 1825 he was appointed by Governor Morrill associate justice of the State court of common pleas of New Hampshire, remaining on the bench until 1833, when the court was abolished. He died at Deerfield, N. H., Oct. 29. 1854. BUTLER, Matthew Calbraith, senator, was born in Greenville, S. C., March 8, 1836; son of William and Jane (Tweedy) Butler, grandson of William Butler, revolutionary soldier and repre- sentative in Congress, and nephew of Andrew Pickens Butler, jurist. His father was a physician a naval officer, and a representative in the 27th Congress, and his mother was a sister of Oliver Hazard and Matthew Calbraith Perry, the naval heroes of the war of 1812. He received his prepar- atory education in the schools of Edgefield and at Liberty Hall, and entered South Carolina college in 1854. remaining thereuntil 1856, when he began the study of law in the office of his uncle, Hon. A. P. Butler. He was admitted to the bar in 1857, commenced practice at Edgefield Court House, was elected to the legislature from that district in 1859, resigning the office in 1861 to enter the Confederate service. He served with honor and distinction through the entire war, passed through the usual grades of promotion, and in 1863 received a major-general’s commission. He lost his right leg at the battle of Brandy Station. He resumed the practice of law after the war, was returned to the state legislature in 1866, and in 1870 stood for election to the office of lieuten- ant-governor and to that of U. S. senator, but was defeated, the state being overwhelmingly Republican. In 1876, when South Carolina had two legislatures, he was elected to the U. S. senate by one faction, and David T. Corbin by the other, Butler winning the seat after a notable contest before the senate committee. He was re- elected in 1882 and again in 1888. At the end of his third senatorial term. March 3, 1895, he retired from public life. BUTLER, Marion , senator, was born in Honey- cutts township, Sampson county, N. C., May 25. 1863. He received the greater part of his preparatory education from his mother, and was graduated from the University of North Carolina, in 1885. He commenced a law course, but the death of his father obliged him to return home to assist in the support of his mother and his six brothers and sisters. He taught in a local acad- emy, worked the home farm, and saved suffi- cient money to buy the Clinton Caucasian, a weekly newspaper, the only one published in the county. Later he removed the Caucasian to Raleigh, where it acquired a large circulation and became influential. He was elected a trustee of his alma mater. He joined the Farmers’ Alli- ance movement in 1888, was appointed president of the county lodge, and became prominent in the Alliance work. In 1890 he was elected to the state senate, where he held the Affiance forces, and succeeded in bringing about a number of much-needed reforms. He became the president of the State Farmers’ Alliance in 1891, was re- elected in 1892, became first vice-president of the national organization in 1893, and its president in 1894. Immediately after the adjournment of the Chicago convention of 1892 he severed his con- nection with the Democratic party, and began the work of organizing the People's party, con- ceiving and carrying out the successful campaign of 1894. He was elected to the United States senate in 1895, and in 1896 was chairman of the executive committee of the People's party at the national convention at St. Louis. July 24, where he declined the nomination as vice-presidential candidate on account of not having reached the legal age. BUTLER, Moses, surveyor, was born in Ber- wick, Me., July 13, 1702; son of Thomas Butler, descended from the house of Ormond in Ireland. Moses is first mentioned in the colonial records in connection with the seizure of logs by the king's surveyor of woods, which aroused such a spirit of resistance that sixty pounds was voted at a 1521 ] BUTLER. BUTLER. town meeting in 1729 to defray the expenses of an aggressive campaign against him, and Mr. Butler was chosen to represent the remonstrants of the colonists before the general court at Bos- ton, whence the complaint had come. Upon his return to Berwick, the town paid his expenses, and in 1733 elected him to the board of selectmen until 1738. From 1734 to 1756 he held the office of crown surveyor, and from 1747 to 1756 again served on the board of selectmen. In the latter year he was chosen moderator of town meeting. In 1744 he was among the first to recruit a com- pany for the service of the Louisburg campaign which he commanded, under Sir William Pepper- ell, during the siege and captured the fort. In 1748 he again attended the general court in Bos- ton to reply to a petition executed against the town of Berwick, and in the following year was chosen a representative to the general court. In 1754 he again took the field and served through the campaign of 1754-55. See “Thomas Butler and his Descendants,” by Geo. H. Butler. M. D. (1886). His death occurred at Berwick, Me., between Sept. 15 and Dec. 13, 1756. BUTLER, Nathaniel, educator, was born at Eastport, Me., May 22, 1853. He was graduated from Colby university in 1873, and engaged in teaching in Chicago and other parts of Illinois until 1884, when he accepted the professorship of rhetoric and English literature in the old Uni- versity of Chicago. In 1886, when this institu- tion closed its doors, he was called to the chair of Latin, and later to that of rhetoric and English literature in the University of Illinois, and in 1892 became associate professor o f s English literature and subsequently director of the university extension department of the Uni- versity of Chicago, which he represented at the university extension congress held in London in 1894. In 1884 he was ordained to the Baptist ministry, following the example of his father and grandfather, and though he had no settled pas- torate, supplied many pulpits and preached some excellent sermons. Professor Butler, in 1895, was called to the presidential chair of Colby univer- sity and began his duties on Jan. 1, 1896. He was one of the editors of “Johnson’s Cyclopaedia,” and the author of a Latin text-book and a number of syllabi on English and American literature. Colby university conferred on him the degree of A.M. in 1876, and that of D.D. in 1896. BUTLER, Percival, soldier, was born in Penn- sylvania in 1760, fourth of the patriot Butler brothers, — Richard, William. Thomas, and Perci- val. He entered the revolutionary army when a boy, was with Morgan at Saratoga, commanded a brigade in the conflict with Simcoe at Spencer’s Ordinary in June, 1781, and was engaged in the siege of Yorktown. He served in the war of 1812 as adjutant-general. His death occurred at Port William, Ky., Sept. 11, 1821. BUTLER, Pierce, was born in Ireland, July 11. 1744, son of Sir Richard Butler, fifth baronet. He held a commission as lieutenant in the 22d foot in the British army before he was eleven years of age. and by regular promotion attained the rank of major in April. 1766. He was stationed at Bos- ton, Mass., for some years, moving subsequently to Charleston, S. C., where he sold his commis- sion in 1773. He became actively engaged in politics, was a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental Congress of 1787-’88, and a mem- ber of the Federal constitution convention of 1787. He occupied a seat in the United States senate during the sessions of the 1st, 2d. 3d. and 4th congresses from 1789 to 1796, when he resigned, and in the 8th Congress. 1803 to 1805. when he again resigned. His pride of birth subjected him to the criticism of his political oppon- ents. He opposed some of the administration measures of Washington, approved of the second war with Great Britain, and was a director of the United States bank. He died in Philadelphia. Pa., Feb. 15. 1822. BUTLER, Pierce Mason, governor of South Carolina, was born in Edgefield district. S. C., April 11. 1798; son of William Butler, soldier in the American revolution. He was educated for the army, and entering the service in 1819 he soon displayed ability which led to rapid promo- tion. In 1829, having attained the rank of cap- tain, he resigned his commission and engaged in the banking business at Columbia, S. C. . return- ing to the army in 1835 upon the commencement of the Seminole disturbances in Florida, and win- ning renown by his gallantry on several hotly contested fields. In 1836 he became governor of South Carolina, and upon the expiration of his term of office in 1838 was appointed by President Van Buren agent for the Cherokees west of the Mississippi, retaining the office until the beginning of the Mexican war in 1846, when he entered the army as a colonel of the “Palmetto” regiment, which he had organized. He distinguished him- self by his bravery at the battle of Cerro Gordo and afterwards at the battle of Churubusco, where he was twice wounded, in spite of which he con tinued to lead his men into the thickest of the fight until he was shot through the head. He died on the battlefield Aug. 20, 1847. 1 525 j BUTLER, BUTLER. BUTLER, Richard, soldier, was born in Ire- land, the eldest of the four Butler brothers, all celebrated soldiers in the American revolution. William was also born in Ireland, and Thomas and Percival in Pennsylvania. He came to America with his parents at some time {trior to 1754, and in 1776 entered the patriot army as lieutenant-colonel in a Pennsylvania regiment. He served with distinction through the entire war, and at its close had attained the rank of colonel. From 1787 to 1791 he was agent for In- dian affairs in Ohio, and in the latter year was made a brigadier-general and commanded the right wing in the St. Clair expedition against the Indians. He was tomahawked and scalped in the disastrous engagement of Nov. 4, 1791. BUTLER, Thomas Belden, jurist, was born in Wethersfield, Conn., August 22, 1806. After graduating from the Yale medical school in 1828 he practised medicine until he was admitted to the bar in 1837, when he opened a law office at Norwalk, Conn. He served in the state legisla- ture from 1832 to 1846, was a member of the state senate 1848-’53, and was elected a representative to the 31st Congress in 1848. He was made judge of the superior court of Connecticut in 1855, of the supreme court in 1831. and chief justice in 1870. He was interested in mechanics, agricul- ture, and meteorology. A speech delivered by him in the house of representatives on the “slave question ” in 1850 was printed by order of Con- gress. He published ‘ • The Philosophy of the Weather and a Guide to its Changes” (1856). He died in Norwalk, Conn., June 8, 1873. BUTLER, Wentworth S., librarian, was born in Deerfield, N. PI., in 1826; youngest son of Josiahand Jenness Butler. He obtained his early education at a private school and at Derry, Gil- manton, and Pembroke academies, and was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1848. From 1850 to 1853 he pur- sued a course in the- ology with a view to holy orders. In 1855 Mr. Butler became temporary assistant to the librarian of the New York society library, and remained until the spring of 1856, when he super- intended the removal of the library to the new building in Uni- versity place, and on tbe resignation of Mr. MacMullen, the librarian, Mr. Butler was elected to the vacant office. The collection of books known as the “ Publick Library,” from its foundation in 1700 by the Earl of Bellomont, was merged in the New York society library, which was organized in 1754, and a royal charter was soon after granted to the consolidated institution by King George III. The membership of the library corporation, from its foundation, embraced members of the oldest families of New York, and many of the shares have descended in the same families from 1754 and 1790. Among its trustees before the Revolu- tion were the Rt. Hon. James DeLancey, governor of the province, its first chairman in 1754; the Rev. Dr. Auchmuty, rector of Trinity church; Chancellor Livingston; and after the revolution, the Baron de Steuben, Edward Liv- ingston, Gulian C. Verplanck, Bishop Wain- right. Washington Irving, Frederic de Peyster, and other distinguished men. Mr. Butler was personally instrumental in securing an endow- ment for the library of 870,000, and in 1880 had 'been successful in obtaining 871,000 in gifts and bequests. After forty years’ service he retired from the active duties of librarian, and was made librarian emeritus by the shareholders at their annual meeting in 1896. BUTLER, William, soldier, was born in Prince William county, Va., in 1759; son of James But- ler, and moved with his father from Virginia into South Carolina about the year 1772. He was graduated in medicine at South Carolina college, and in 1779 entered the patriot army as lieuten- ant in General Lincoln's southern Continental forces, in which his father was also an officer. He was afterwards attached to the ponnnand of General Pickens and later to that of General Lee. He commanded a detachment of mounted rangers and was engaged in the successful battle at Dean's Swamp. He was promoted brigadier- general. and in 1796 was made a major-general of militia. He was a delegate to the Federal con- stitutional convention of 1787, and voted against its adoption. He was also a member of the state convention which adopted the South Carolina constitution. He served in the legislature, oc- cupied the office of sheriff and that of magis- trate, and was elected a representative to the 7tli, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th congresses, serving from 1801 to 1813. In command of the South Carolina troops he was engaged in the defence of the state during the war of 1812. He died in Columbia. S. C., Nov. 15, 1821. BUTLER, William Allen, lawyer, was born in Abany, N. Y., Feb. 20. 1825; son of Benjamin Franklin and Harriet (Allen) Butler. His father was attorney-general under Presidents Jackson and Van Buren, and was lineally descended from Oliver Cromwell on the distaff side. He was graduated at the University of the city of New York, 1S43, read law with his father, and [ 526 ] I'wm N BUTTERFIELD. BUTTERFIELD. «-as admitted to the bar in 1846. He travelled abroad, 1846-'48, and returned to begin a success- ful practice, always interspersed with literary recreations. He was lecturer on admiralty and maritime law, jurisdiction, and practice in the University of the city of New York ; member of the conn fission of cities, 1875-’76; president of the New York bar association, 1886-’87 ; of the American bar association, 1886; member of the council of the University of the city of New York after 1862, and a vice-president after 1891, ai l a member of the New York geographical an l New York historical societies. He received the degrees A.B., 1843; A.M., 1846; and LL.D., 1880, — from the University of the city of New York. His first poem, “ The Future,” appeared in 1846, and from that time he wrote much for the Literary World, Democratic Review and other periodicals. “ Barnum’s Parnassus” (1850) followed the' lines of the famous “ Re- jected Addresses.” His most popular satire, •' Nothing to Wear, ” appeared without name in Harpers Weekly, February, 1857. It created a sensation, and was reprinted in various English editions, translated into French prose and Ger- man verse, and was claimed by another, so that the author was forced to reveal himself. “ Two Millions ” was read before the Phi Beta Kappa society of Yale, July 28, 1858. “ General Aver- age ” followed (1860). More serious topics were chosen in “ The Bible by Itself” (1859); ‘‘Mar- tin Van Buren ” (1862), and “Lawyer and Client ” (1871). His collected “ Poems ” ap- peared (1871). In fiction he wrote “ Mrs. Lim- ber’s Raffle ” (1875); “ Domesticus ” (1886). “The Revision of the Statutes of New York and the Revisers” (1888), and “ Oberammergau ” (1891), were also from his pen. BUTTERFIELD, Consul Willshire, author, was born in Mexico, N. Y., July 28, 1824. He was educated at the state normal school at Al- bany, N. Y. ; was elected superintendent of schools for Seneca county, Ohio, in 1847, and re- elected in 1848; was admitted to the bar in 1854. In 1875 he removed to Madison, Wis., to engage in historical writing with Lyman C. Draper, with whom he had formed a partnership for that purpose. In 1883 he was one of the editors of The Northwest Review; in 1885 associate editor of Descriptive America, and from January, 1886, to April, 1887, editor of The Magazine of Western History. He wrote for the periodical last men- tioned, a history of the University of Michigan, a pre-territorial history of Ohio, and histories of early Chicago, Milwaukee and Omaha, besides biographical and descriptive sketches. He is the author of a “ History of Seneca County, Ohio,” " An Historical Account of the Expedition against Sandusky under Col. William Crawford, in 1782,” “ History of the Discovery of the Northwest by John Nicolet, in 1634,” “History of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin,” and “History of the Girtys.” He edited: “The Washington Craw- ford Letters,” “ Washington-Irvine Correspon- dence,” “A Short Biography of John Leith,” and the “Journal of Capt. Jonathan Heart.” In 1875-"76 he wrote, in connection with Dr. Draper, “Border Forays and Adventures,” in 1884, with Hon. Frank A. Flower, “ The Giants of the West.” In 1892 he completed, in MS.: “ History of the Conquest of the Illinois and Wabash Towns, 1778- 79”; in 1893- 94, a “ His- tory of Brule’s Discoveries and Explorations, 1610-26”; in 1895, a “History of Williamson’s Expedition to the Tuscarawas, 1782,” and, in 1896, “ Chicago of Old.” BUTTERFIELD, Daniel, soldier, was born at Utica, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1831; son of John Butter- field. After graduating from Union college in 1849 he became engaged in business as general eastern superintendent of the American express company. He joined the 71st regiment N. G. S. N. Y. in 1851, transfer- red to and had risen to rank of colonel of the 12tli regiment in 1860, w h i c. h regiment he took to W ashington, D. C., in April, 1861. For his valuable ser-- vices and ability he was co m mi ssioned lieutenant-colonel in the regular army and brigadier and maj. gen- eral of volunteers. At the head of his New York citizen regiment, lie led the advance over the Long Bridge into Virginia, and afterwards at Hanover Court House he took the first trophy guns captured by the army of the Potomac. He was present at Meclianicsville, at Gaines’ Mill, and at all the bat- tles fought by McClellan and Pope in August and September, 1862. With his famous brigade he was sent by McClellan across the James at Har- rison's Landing to cover the withdrawal of the army of the Potomac when it changed base to join Pope’s columns. In November, 1862, he was promoted major-general of volunteers, and in July, 1863, he became colonel of the 5tli U. S. infantry, commanding the 5th army corps in the battle of Fredericksburg, covering the with- drawal of the Union army across the river. At Chancellorsville and at Gettysburg he was chief of staff of the army of the Potomac, and he also acted as marshal of the field at the latter battle. BUTTERFIELD. BUTTERWORTH. during which he was seriously wounded. Sub- sequently transferred with the 11th and 12th corps to the army of the Cumberland, he served as chief of staff under General Hooker at Look- out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. In the Georgia campaign which followed he com- manded a division of the 20th corps, under Generals Thomas and Hooker, at the battles of Buzzard’s Roost, Resaca, Dallas, and New Hope church, and at Lost and Kenesaw mountains. At Resaca he captured the only rebel guns Sher- man became possessed of before the fall of At- lanta. For gallant and meritorious conduct he was brevetted brigadier-general and major- general of the regular army, and he received the nation’s medal of honor for especial heroism at the battle of Gaines’ Mill, where he was wounded. He was stern and severe in drill and discipline ; liis valor and fearlessness, as he dashed forward to an attack, captured the hearts of his men, who stood ready to follow his lead. After the close of the war he had charge of the recruiting ser- vice of the U. S. army, with headquarters at New York, and he had command of the forces at Bed- loe’s, Governor’s and David’s islands in New York harbor from 1865 to 1869, when he accepted the position of United States sub-treasurer at New York city. Later he resigned office, and travelled in Europe for several years. He was the originator of the system of corps badges, flags, and insignia adopted in the army of the Potomac and in others, afterwards worn by all veterans. After the war his organizing powers were frequently called into requisition on the occasion of great public demonstrations and parades, notably the Sherman funeral, and the Washington centennial celebration in New York city, May 1, 1889, when he organized one hundred thousand civilians into companies and divisions and moved them on time and in perfect order through the streets. He received the degrees of A.B., A.M., and LL.D. from Union college. He is the author of “ Camp and Out-Post Duty ” (1862). BUTTERFIELD, John, pioneer expressman, was born at Berne, near Albany, N. Y., Nov. 18, 1801. He began to earn his living in passenger and freight work at Albany, before the days of railroads, by conveying passengers by lines of stages from Utica, afterwards establishing stage routes throughout New York state; acquired interests in packet boats and steamboats on Lake Ontario; originated the street railroad in Utica, and constructed local plank -roads. When railroads superseded these modes of transporta- tion he organized the Black river railroad and railroads from Utica south. In 1850, at his sug- gestion. the express firm of Butterfield, Wasson & Co., of which he was the principal, and Liv- ingston, Fargo & Co., and Wells & Co., were consolidated, as the American express company, of which corporation he was director until his death. He was among the early investors in the electric telegraph, and built the Morse line be- tween New York and Buffalo. He also put in operation the Overland mail route, and con- tracted with the government to carry the U. S. mail between Mississippi river and the Pacific ocean. He was interested in other stock com- panies and business enterprises, while farming also occupied his attention towards the latter part of his busy life. He served as an officer in the New York state agricultural society, was elected mayor of Utica and was one of its most energetic, popular and public-spirited citizens. He died in Utica, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1869. BUTTERWORTH, Benjamin, representative, was born in Warren county, Ohio, Oct. 22. 1837. He was educated at the Ohio university, settled in Cincinnati, and was admitted to the bar in 1861. In 1870 he was appointed U. S. district attorney, and was elected a member of the state senate in 1873. In 1878 he was elected a repre- sentative to the 46th Congress, and was re-elected to the 47th Congress. He was appointed by President Arthur in 1883 a Northern Pacific railroad commissioner, as special government counsel to prosecute the South Carolina election cases of 1883, and as United States commissioner of patents. In 1884 he was elected a representa- tive to the 49th Congress and was re-elected to the 50th and 51st congresses. He served on the committees on the Pacific railroad, reform in the civil service and appropriations, and as chair- man of the committee on patents. He prepared the act providing for the compulsory retire- ment of army officers, introduced a bill in the 50th Congress to abolish all customs duties between the United States and Canada, and in the 51st Congress made a vigorous attack on the McKinley tariff bill. After retiring from Congress he gave his whole time to his profession. BUTTERWORTH, Hezekiah, author, was born at Warren, Bristol county, R. L, Dec 22. 1839. His education was acquired at the schools of his native place and as a special student at Brown university. He remained at home until 1857, editing a newspaper and contributing fre quently to various periodicals. He spent some years in foreign travel, including in his journey - ings South America, and in his wanderings he collected much material for his subsequent books. In 1870 he became assistant editor of the I outh s Companion, and was influential in promoting the success and high standing of that paper. Among his published books are: “The Story of the Hymns: or Hymns that have a History ” (1875' : f 5'2S 1 BUTTRE. BYFIELD. "The Story of the Notable Prayers of Christian History” (1880); “Young Folks' History of America” (1881); “Young Folks' History of Boston ” (1883); “The Great Composers” (1884, rev. and enl., 1894); “Poems for Christmas, Easter and New Year" (1884); “Wonderful Christmases of Old” (1885); “Ballads and Stories for Readings, with Musical Accompani- ments for Public Entertainments ” (1886) ; “Songs of History” (1887); “ The Story of the Tunes” (1890); “The Log Sclioolhouse on the Columbia” (1890); “In the Eoyhood of Lin- coln ” (1892) ; “ Little Arthur's History of Rome, from the Golden Age to Constantine ” (1892) ; “The Parson’s Miracle, and My Grandmother’s Grandmother’s Christmas Candle ” (1894) ; “ The Patriot Schoolmaster” (1894); “In Old New England: the Romance of a Colonial Fireside” v 1895); “The Knight of Liberty: A Tale of the Fortunes of LaFayette ” (1895) ; “ The Wampum Belt” (1896), and “Zig-Zag Journeys” in all parts of the world, in fifteen volumes, from 1880 to 1894. Of the “ Zig-Zag Journeys " more than five hundred thousand volumes were sold. He also wrote librettos for several successful can- tatas, including “Under the Palms,” “Faith,” and “ Faith Triumphant.” BUTTRE, John Chester, engraver, was born at Auburn, N. A’., June 10, 1821. He received an academical education, studied portrait -paint- ing, but abandoned it for wood-engraving, and removed to New York city in 1841, where he later applied himself wholly to engraving on steel. A unique method in the treatment of portraits by which he secured life-like expression brought him into prominence, and after his nota- ble engraving of President Buchanan many orders came to him unsolicited. He executed a fine portrait of Lincoln, and a full-length of Martha Washington. His work was in great demand for standard illustrated publications. He engraved a number of large plates for popu- lar sale, notably “ Only a Little Book,” “ Wel- come Home,” “The First Step,” “The Empty Sleeve,” “ The Old Oaken Bucket,” and “ Prayer in Camp.” His last engraving was a vignette of Grant, published after the general’s death. He also published the “American Aid Gallery,” in 3 vols., containing the portraits of two hundred and fifty prominent persons in the United States, with letter-press by his daughter, Lillian C. Buttre. He possessed a very large collection of steel engraved portraits, daguerreotypes and photographs. He died at Ridgewood, N. J., Den. 2, 1893. BUTTS, Isaac, journalist, was born in Wash- ington, Dutchess county, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1816. He removed with his parents in early life to Rochester, where he obtained an ordinary edu- cation. In 1845 he purchased the Rochester Advertiser, assumed editorial control of the paper, and soon became known as an able politi- cal writer and a stanch supporter of Democratic principles of government. In 1846, when the question of slavery in the acquired territory came prominently before the country, Mr. Butts opposed both parties to the controversy by main- taining that the people of the territories should adjust the matter to suit themselves. His view, afterwards known as “ Squatter Sovereignty, ” was adopted by Daniel S. Dickinson, Lewis Cass, and Stephen A. Douglas. From 1848 to 1850 he took an active personal interest in the promotion of electric telegraphing, and he became a member of the House printing telegraph company, and of the New York and Mississippi valley printing telegraph company and he was one of the organ- izers and first directors of the Western V nion telegraph company, into which the other two corporations were merged. In 1850 he pur- chased an interest in the Rochester Union, which was afterward consolidated with the Advertiser, and he continued to edit the journal until 1864, when he retired from active pursuits. He pub- lished a number of brochures on finance, the tariff and other subjects, political, economic and financial, and he also published, “ Brief Reasons for Repudiation, Applicable to the War Debts of all Countries ” (1869). His “ Protection and Free Trade: an Inquiry whether Protective Duties can Benefit the Interests of a Country in the Aggregate,” was published posthumously (1875), and contains a brief memoir by the editor. He died in Rochester, N. Y., Nov. 20, 1874. BUTTZ, Henry Anson, educator, was born at Middle Smithtield, Pa., April 13, 1835. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, Prince- ton, in 1858. He took a course in theology at the New Brunswick seminary, and was admit- ted to the ministry in the Newark conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, where he ful- filled appointments in a number of cities until 1870. He was tutor and adjunct professor of Greek and Hebrew in Drew theological semi- nary, 1868-’70; Cobb professor of New Testament Greek and exegesis, 1870-’80, and elected presi- dent of the Drew theological seminary in 1880. Wesleyan university conferred on him the A.M. degree in 1866, and the College of New Jersey made him A.M. in 1861 and D.D. in 1875. From 1876 to 1879 he edited the epistles to the Romans, in Greek (a comparison of texts). He has also published a remarkably fine edition of the Greek Testament. BYFIELD, Nathaniel, jurist, was born in Long Ditton, Surrey, England, in 1653; son of Richard Byfield, a Westminster assembly divine. He emigrated to America in 1664, settling in 1529 ] BYINGTON. BYNAM. Boston, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He removed to Bristol, R. I., in 1674, and ac- quired a proprietary interest in one-fourth of the land of that town after King Philip’s war. He took an active interest in the growth, devel- opment and government of the town, served as speaker of the house of representatives for a season, and as judge of the Bristol county court of common pleas for thirty -eight years. He was judge of the vice-admiralty from 1704-’15, and again in 1720. He returned to Boston in 1724, was appointed judge of the court of common pleas of Suffolk county, and later became a member of the Massachusetts council, retaining the latter office for many years. He was the author of an “ Account of the late Revolution in New England; together with the Declaration of the Gentlemen, Merchants and Inhabitants of Bos- ton "(1689). He died in Boston, Mass., June 6, 1733. BYFORD, William Heath, physician, was born in Eaton, Preble county, Ohio, March 20, 1817. He was graduated at the Ohio medical school in 1844, and practised at Mt. Vernon, Ind. In 1852 he became professor of anatomy, and in 1854 professor of theory and practice in the Evansville medical college. In 1857 he was called to the chair of obstetrics in the Rush medi- cal college, Chicago, and in 1859 to the chair of obstetrics in the Chicago medical college. He returned in 1879 to the Rush medical college to fill the chair of gynaecology, which had been cre- ated for him. He was one of the founders of the Woman’s medical college of Chicago, and for many years its president, and its professor of obstetrics and gynaecology. His published works are: “Chronic Inflammation of the Cervix’’ (Philadelphia, 1864) ; “ Treatise on the Chronic Inflammation and Displacement of the Uterus ’’ (1864, new ed., 1871) ; “ Practice of Medicine and Surgery applied to Diseases of Women” (1865, new ed., revised, 1871) ; “ Philosophy of Domestic Life ” (1868), and a “ Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Obstetrics” (1870). He died in Chi- cago, 111., May, 1890. BYINGTON, Ezra Hoyt, clergyman, was born at Hinesburg, Vt., Sept. 3, 1828. He was gradu- ated from the University of Vermont in 1852, and from Andover theological seminary in 1857. For more than thirty years he was a parish min- ister: at Royalston, Vt., 1857-'58; at Windsor, Vt., 1858-’69; at the American Presbyterian church in Montreal, 1870 ; at the College church in Brunswick, Me., 1871— ’78, and at Monson. Mass., 1880-'87. After that time he made his home at Newton, Mass., and preached in the vicinity of Worcester and Boston; served for many years as an active member of the New England historic genealogical society, the American society of church history and a number of other societies of the same character. From 1890 to 1894 he was engaged in teaching theology. In 1855 he received the degree of A. M. and in 1890 that of D.D. from the University of Vermont. He pub- lished in 1890, “ The Centennial of the Congrega- tional church in Hinesburg, Vt.,” and in 1896 “ The Puritan in England and New England.” BYINGTON, Swift, clergyman, was born at Bristol, Conn., Feb. 4, 1825. In his boyhood he studied with A. Bronson Alcott in Philadelphia, Pa., and was graduated from Yale college in 1847, and from Andover theological seminary in 1850. From 1850 to 1852 he was resident licenti- ate at Andover, and after his ordination to the Congregational ministry in 1852 he preached for several years at West Brookfield, Mass. In 1859 he preached at the North Avenue church in Cambridge; in 1861-'62 at North Woburn; in 1862-’63 at the Old South church in Boston; from 1864 to 1871 in Stoneham, and from 1871 to 1894 in Exeter, N. H. He retired from active work Feb. 15, 1894, and died May 26, 1895. BYLES, Mather, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 15, 1707. He was descended on his mother’s side from Richard Mather and John Cotton. After graduating from Harvard in 1725 he studied for the ministry, and was or- dained pastor of the Congregational church, Hollis street, Boston, in 1733, where he officiated for forty-three years. He was an eloquent preacher, and many of his sermons are preserved in the public libraries. He was a Tory, and this brought about his dismissal from the Hollis street church in 1776. He was denounced in town meeting, and, after a trial, sentenced to imprisonment for forty days and then lo be deported with his family to England. This sen- tence was commuted to confinement to his own house and subsequently remitted altogether. He published: “Poem on the Death of George I." (1727) ; “ A Poetical Epistle to Governor Belcher on the Death of his Lady ” (1736), and “ Miscel- laneous Poems ” (1744) ; also “ The Comet,” “ The Conflagration,” and “ The God of the Tempest.” He died in Boston, Mass., July 5, 1788. BYNUM, John Gray, jurist, was born in Gil- bertown, Rutherford county, N. C., Feb. 15, 1846; son of John Gray and Mary Moffate (McDowell) Bynum. His mother was a grand- daughter of Major Joseph McDowell, who com- manded the right wing of the American forces at the battle of King's mountain. At the age of sixteen he volunteered as a private in the Con- federate army. After the Mine Run campaign in 1863 he was discharged for disability. Gov- ernor Vance, in 1864, appointed him clerk on the blockade-runner Ad Vance, and he was cap- tured with tlie vessel in September. 1864. by the United States steamer Santiago de Cuba, and BYRD. BYRNE. was for some time imprisoned in New York city. After the close of the war he studied law with his stepfather, Chief Justice Pearson, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1867, practising his profession at Morgan toil, N. C. In 1878 he was elected to the state senate. In January, 1889, he was appointed by Governor Scales judge of the superior court for the tenth judicial dis- trict of North Carolina, and in 1890 he was elected to the same position. BYNUM, William D., representative, was born near Newberry, Greene county, Ind., June 26, 1846. He was graduated at the Indiana uni- versity in 1869, and was admitted to the bar in the same year. He was city attorney of Wash- ington, Ind., from 1871 to 1875, and was mayor from 1875 to 1879. In 1876 he was a Democratic elector. He removed to Marion county in 1881, and was elected a member of the state legislature in 1882, and speaker of the house in 1883. In 1884 he was elected a representative from the seventh Indiana district, and served from the 49th to the 53d Congress, inclusive. In 1894 he was defeated in the election by Charles L. Henry, Republican, and resumed liis law practice at Indianapolis. BYRD, William, colonist, was born in London, England, in 1650; son of John and Grace (Stegge) Byrd. He emigrated to America in 1674 to take possession of a large “ tract of land in Virginia,” which had been bequeathed to him by his uncle, Capt. Thomas Stegge, “gent.” The present site of Richmond was included in the es- tate, and that town was founded some years later by his son and heir. By reason of his wealth and ability he at once obtained prominence in the colony. He was a member of the council and of the house of burgesses, and he was “ receiver- general of his majesty's revenues for the colony,'’ serving in each capacity for many years. “ West- over,” the mansion purchased by Mr. Byrd from Theodorick Bland, became one of the old-time landmarks in Virginia, and was still owned by his descendants in 1897. He died in Westover, Va. . Dec. 4, 1704. BYRD, William, lawyer, was born in West- over, Va., March 16, 1674; son of William and Mary (Horsemanden) Byrd. He was called to the bar in the Middle Temple, London, England, and returning to Virginia he became one of the most prominent and influential citizens of the colony. He succeeded his father as “ receiver- general of revenues,” undertook and successfully executed three important missions to England on behalf of the colony, and was for thirty- seven years a member of the colonial council, acting for some years as its president. When in 1699 some three hundred Huguenots sought shelter in the colony he received them with fatherly affection and his liberality to them was princely. He was indefatigable in his efforts to promote the growth and development of the colony, and offered large tracts of his own pri- vate property by way of inducement to attract settlers. He was a fellow of the Royal society of Great Britain, and was noted for his literary and scientific tastes, and for his patronage of the arts. To the library left him by his father he made valuable additions until it comprised some thirty- five hundred volumes. He served on a commis- sion appointed to adjust the boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina, and on his return from his tour of inspection had his notes of the journey copied. Later these notes were edited and published under the titles: “ The History of the Dividing Line between Virginia and North Carolina,"’ “ A Journey to the Land of Eden” (1733), and “A Progress to the Mines,” known as the “Westover Manuscripts.” He died at Westover, Va., Aug. 26, 1744. BYRNE, Andrew, R. C. bishop, was born at Navan, Ireland, Dec. 5, 1802. While a student at the College of Navan he decided to join the American mission, and in 1820 he accompanied Bishop England to the United States, where he finished his theological studies, and was ordained in 1827. He was sent as a missionary priest to the scattered Catholic families in North and South Carolina. Three years of this arduous work, with its long and fatiguing journeys, made inroads upon his health, which caused his return to Charleston in 1830, where he was made vicar-general, and accompanied Bishop England as theologian to the council of Baltimore. In 1836 he was assistant pastor at the cathedral in New York, and afterwards pastor of St. James's church in that city. In 1841 he made a journey to Ireland at the request of Bishop Hughes, to induce Christian brothers to take chai-ge of the parochial schools in New York, but was unsuc- cessful in accomplishing the object of his mis- sion. Father Byrne now became pastor of the church of the Nativity in New York until, in 1841, he opened the new St. Andrew’s church, which through his exertions had been transformed from a secular edifice into a Christian church. In 1844 the new diocese of Little Rock, Ark., was erected, and he was chosen its first bishop, and consecrated at St. Patrick's cathedral, by Bishop Hughes, March 10, 1844. His missionary labors, which extended to the Indian nation, were even more arduous than those of his first charge, as he had often to travel from seven hundred to one thousand miles from one mission to another. He twice visited Ireland, where he procured a number of assistants and co-laborers. He, with the assistance of a colony of sisters of mercy, founded five convents and numerous [ 531 ] BYRNE. BYRNE. parochial schools. He attended the sixth provin- cial council, and in 1856 attended the first pro- vincial council of New Orleans. His efforts were constant and widespread, his zeal unflagging. The Catholic population to which he ministered increased from five thousand in 1844 to over fifty thousand in 1862, and his efforts in behalf of Catholic immigration to his diocese were of great benefit to the south and west, in furnishing an industrious class of settlers. Bishop Byrne died at Helena, Ark., Jan. 10, 1862. BYRNE, Sebastian Thomas, R. C. bishop, was born at Hamilton, Out., July 19, 1842, of Irish parents. His father died when he was but nine years old, and the direction of his early education and religious training entirely de- volved on his mother. He was sent to such schools as the town of Hamilton afforded, and at the age of eleven was apprenticed to learn a trade. He served bis time and became a practi- cal and skilled machinist. This walk in life did not satisfy the natural craving of his soul ; he was ambitious to become a priest, and having accumulated enough money by his savings to pay his way through the preparatory seminary, he, at the age of eighteen, entered St. Thomas’ seminary, Bardstown, Ky. From there he was advanced to St. Mary’s of the West, where he finished his classics under Father Xavier Donald McLeod. After a year’s philosophy, Archbishop Purcell decided, in December, 1865, that he should be sent to the American college in Rome to complete bis course. He pursued his studies in theology and philosophy for nearly three years at this institution, when his health began to fail and he was recalled to Cincinnati, and on Dec. 16, 1868, he received, from Archbishop Purcell, tonsure and minor orders in the chapel of the sem- inary ; on December 18 he was made sub-deacon, and deacon on the following day. He was then appointed a member of the seminary faculty and the important office of procurator was intrusted to him. On May 22, 1869, he was ordained a priest in the seminary chapel by Archbishop Purcell. In 1877 Father Byrne was placed in charge of the church of St. Vincent-de-Paul, and in 1879, when the seminary was closed, he took up his permanent residence at St. Joseph's, the Mother house of the sisters of charity, until 1886, when he was appointed pastor of the cathedral in Cincinnati. He had about completed the “Springer Institute,” one of the finest school buildings in the archdiocese, when, in 1887, the generous bequest of Mr. Reuben Springer made possible the reopening of the seminary, of which Dr. Byrne was appointed rector. On July 25, 1894. in St. Joseph's church, Nashville, Tenn.. lie was consecrated fifth bishop of the diocese by the archbishop of Cincinnati, assisted by the [ 53 ' bishop of Columbus and the bishop of Covington. In connection with Dr. Pabisch of the seminary he published “ Alzog's Universal Church His- tory.” BYRNE, William, educator, was born in Wicklow, Ireland, in 1780; of humble, hard- working parents, who were not able to encour- age the ambition of the boy to become a priest, and he worked for the support of his brothers and sisters until he was twenty-five years old. In 1805 he emigrated to America and proceeded at once to seek admission to Georgetown college, D. C. He was refused matriculation on account of his deficient preparation, but nothing daunted he applied to Mount St. Mary’s, Emmittsburg, Md., and was given admission, and when thirty years old began his Latin grammar. His progress was rapid and in a few years he took his theo- logical course at St. Mary’s seminary, Baltimore. He was ordained a priest in 1819, and in 1821 located in Marion county, Ky., where he built St. Mary’s college on Mount Mary farm. In 1831 after it had, under his direction, become one of the most flourishing Catholic schools in the state, he turned it over to the Jesuits, and he remained one year as its president, that no sudden transi- tion in its government should work harm to its future welfare. On relinquishing his office he ministered in the neigborliood among the negroes, and while so engaged contracted chol- era, from which he died in 1833. BYRNE, William, clergyman, was born in the parish of Kilmessan, County Meath. Ireland, in 1836. He obtained his primary education in the national school of liis native village, removed to the United States in 1853. and in 1855 began to read Latin and Greek in St. Mary's college, Wil- mington, Del. He entered Mount St. Mary's col- lege, Emmittsburg, Md., Sept. 1858, where lie finished his classical and philosophical studies and graduated in 1860. After four years of theological study lie was ordained priest in the Baltimore cathedral, by Archbishop Spalding, Dec. 31. 1864. For some years before his ordina tion, and for about a year after, he was professor of Greek and mathematics in Mount St. Mary’s college. In the fall of 1865 he was called to Bos ton and assigned to duty at the cathedral. April 2, 1866, he was given charge of the chancery office, by the Rt. Rev. John J. Williams, D.D., who was consecrated bishop in March of that year. He held that position for ten years, when he was ap- pointed rector of St. Mary’s church. Charlestown, and July 15, 1878. was made vicar-general of the archdiocese of Boston. In 1881 Vicar-Geneval Byrne rendered a conspicuous service to the R C. church in America by accepting, on the invitation of the faculty and the advice of Cardinal Mc- Closkey and Archbishop Gibbons, the presidency 2 ] BYRNE. BYRON. of Mount St. Mary's college, Emmittsburg, and extricating it from the financial embarrassments which threatened its existence. On his return to Boston, after three years' leave of absence, he was made rector of St. Joseph's church in that city, February, 1884. In 1888 Father Byrne rep- resented the archbishop of Boston at the golden jubilee of Pope Leo XIII. in Rome. In the same year he visited Ireland, and in recognition of his services to the cause of Irish nationalism in America received distinguished attentions from the Irish clergy, the Irish parliamentary party, and the people generally ; and an ovation in his birthplace, Kilmessan. Father Byrne founded the Boston temperance missions, and actively interested himself in prison reform. He is the author of an able and popular book on “ Catholic Doctrine,” and contributed the chapter, “The Roman Catholic Church in Boston ” to the great “Memorial History of Boston,” published by Messrs. J. R. Osgood & Co. His thorough knowl- edge of the Spanish language and literature enabled him to make many prose and poetical translations from that tongue. In 1888, on the invitation of the Universalist ministers of Bos- ton, he addressed them on “ Aids to Practical Piety.” In 1892 he addressed a club of students of Harvard university on “ Authority as a Medium of Religious Knowledge.” Before the Catholic section of the congress of religions at the Chicago world's fair, he read a paper on “Authority in Matters of Faith.” He was one of the preachers in the doctrinal courses of the Catholic summer school of America, at the sessions of 1893 and 1896. He gave a lecture on one phase of modern Spanish literature before the Catholic university of America in 1895. It was largely through Father Byrne's efforts, in memory of his close friendship with the dead poet, that S. J. Kitson's bust of John Boyle O'Reilly was placed in the Catholic University at Washington. At the ded- ication of the John Boyle O'Reilly statue in Bos- ton in 1896, he gave the closing benediction. He served as president of the corporation of St. Eliza- beth's hospital, Boston, and was officially con- nected, as trustee or otherwise, with many of the educational and charitable institutions conducted by members of his faith. BYRON, John W., bacteriologist, was born at Lima, Peru, July 24, 1861. He studied medicine and practised for a few years in his native city, after which he studied and practised in Eu- rope where he made a specialty of diseases origi- nating in bacteria. When he returned to Peru yellow fever was raging there, and he was put in charge of several large public hospitals. From Lima he went to Havana to study the malarial fevers of Cuba, during an epidemic of yellow fever. He was only twenty-four years of age, but the local officials, recognizing his ability, deposed the older physicians, and put him in charge of the many yellow fever hospitals which had been erected. He was finally taken down with the disease, was treated according to his own instructions, and soon recovered. When the plague finally left Havana, Dr. Byron went back to Lima and continued his studies there. On cholera breaking out in Cuba, in 1884, he went to Havana again, giving up everything to study the disease. He showed the same fearlessness of contagion that he had dur- ing the yellow fever epidemics, and escaped infection. Later when he went to Europe again his knowledge of cholera was recognized by the leading men of France and Germany. He visited Paris and Berlin, attending lectures at the uni- versities, and pursuing original investigation at the hospitals. His fame as a bacteriologist had preceded him to New York, where he went in 1890, and was made chief of the bacteriological department of the Loomis laboratory ; he also became lecturer in that branch of medicine in the university medical college, and later was connected with the New York dispensary for three years. In his original work Dr. Byron made special advance in two subjects, — the forms of the micro-organisms which produce malarial fevers, and the bacteria of leprosy, which had not long been known as a disease produced by bacteria. With some of the bacilli of leprosy in his possession he produced leprosy in his laboratory in a gelatine medium, upon which the bacilli act the same as they do on the human system. He also made extensive studies in smallpox, and he wrote many papers on the sub- ject of bacteriological diseases; he wrote and lectured on it frequently before medical men. When cholera reached New York in September, 1892, Dr. Byron decided to go where the disease was quarantined and make as extensive study of it as possible, and for over a month lived with the cholera patients, studying the diseases and doing as much good as he could. While in charge of the Loomis laboratory, and experimenting with the bacilli of tuberculosis, he contracted consumption. He discovered his condition on March 13, 1894, when he had been infected a month. Familiarity with dangerous bacteria had made him careless, and both his lungs were badly affected. He con- tinued his experiments until July, when he went abroad for Ids health, and returned slightly im- proved. He assisted Health Officer Jenkins in opening a hospital for contagious diseases at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, N. Y., of which he was to have entire charge, but before the work was entirely completed Dr. Byron suc- cumbed to his disease, and died, a martyr to his devotion to science, May 8, 1895. [ 533 ] CABELL. C CABELL. CABELL, Edward Carrington, statesman, was born in Richmond, Va., Feb. 5, 1816; third son of Judge William H. and Agnes Sarah Bell (Gamble) Cabell. He studied at Washington college, 1832- ’33; Reynolds’ classical academy, 1833-34, and the University of Virginia, 1834-’36. He was first engaged as a civil engineer in sur- veying and locating the James river and Kanawha canal. In the fall of 1836 he removed to Florida. He was a delegate to the convention which framed the state constitution in 1838, which was rati- fied by the people, and the state was admitted into the &. Cy. dyks/rcCl/; Union in 1845. In 1839 he returned to Virginia, where he studied law and was licensed to practise in 1840. He then settled at Talla- hassee, and was the Florida representative in the 29th, 30th, 31st, and 32d congresses, serving from 1845 to 1853. He removed to St. Louis, Mo. , in 1859. He served in the Confederate army as aid to Gen. John Letcher of Virginia, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was at the battles of Seven Pines, Gaines’ Mill, Malvern Hill, and Frasier’s farm, serving subsequently on the staffs of Generals Price and Kirby Smith, until the close of the war. He practised law in New York city from 1868 to 1872, and subsequently in St. Louis, Mo., and from 1878 to 1882 he occupied a seat in the Missouri senate, retiring from public life on the expiration of his term. He was mar- ried Nov. 5, 1850, to Anna Maria, daughter of Dr. Daniel Pinchbeck and Elizabeth (Moss) Wilcox. He died at St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 28, 1896. CABELL, George Craighead, lawyer, was born at Danville, Va., Jan. 25, 1836; son of Benjamin W. S. and Sarah Epes (Doswell) Cabell. He was educated at the Danville academy, and at the University of Virginia, and in 1858 began to prac- tice law in his native town. In 1858 he was made commonwealth's attorney, and served until April 23, 1861, when he volunteered as a private soldier in the Confederate army. He was commissioned major, in June, 1861, and served throughout the war, attaining the rank of colonel. At the close of the war he resumed his law practice, and in 1874 he was elected to represent the fifth Virginia district in the 44th Congress, and remained in that body until 1887. CABELL, James Laurence, physician, was born in Nelson county, Va., Aug. 26, 1813; son of Dr. George and Susanna (Wyatt) Cabell. He was graduated from the University of Virginia in 1833, where he studied medicine, and the following year received his M. D. degree from the University of Maryland. He continued his studies at the Balti- more almshouse, in the Philadelphia hospitals, and at Paris, France, being summoned home in 1837 to become professor of anatomy, surgery and physiology in the medical department of the Uni- versity of Virginia. He was chairman of the faculty during 1846-’47. He had charge of the Confederate militia hospitals during the civil war, was chairman of the national sanitary con- ference at Washington during the prevalence of yellow fever at Memphis, and was president of the national board of health from 1879 to 1884. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by the Hampden-Sidney college in 1873. He wrote for the medical journals, and published “ The Testimony of Modern Science to the Unity of Mankind” (1858). He died Aug. 13, 1889. CABELL, Joseph, surgeon, was born near Dover, on Licking-Hole Creek, Goochland county. Va., Sept. 19, 1732; the second son of Dr. William and Elizabeth ( Burks) Cabell. He received a thorough medical education from his father, and established a wide reputation as a skilful physician and sur- geon. At the age of twenty he married Mary, daughter of Dr. Arthur Hopkins. On Sept. 20, 1751, he became a deputy sheriff, was a jus- tice of Albemarle county probably as early as 1755, and held the office for many years. He was appointed to the house of burgesses about 1764, and in this position he represented Bucking- ham county until 1771, signing the non-importa- tion articles of 1769 and of June 22. 1770. In 1771, he removed to Amherst county, and in Decem- ber of that year was elected a representative from there to the house of burgesses, where he remained until the body was finally dissolved in 1775. Immediately after this began the revo- lutionary conventions, to all of which he was elected, and was one of the most prominent and active delegates. In 1776 he acted as paymaster to the troops commanded by Gen. Andrew Lewis. From 1776 to 1779 he was a member of the house of delegates from Andover, and in 1778 was made count}’ lieutenant or chief commander of Amherst county. In 1779 he removed to his es- tate in Buckingham, representing that county in the house of delegates during 1780 and 1781. He commanded a regiment at the siege of Yorktown, and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis. A company of students of William and Mary college were attached to his regiment. Through- | 534 ] CABELL. CABELL. out the revolution he gave his services and also large contributions of provisions, horses, and money to the patriot cause. He was state sena- tor probably continuously from 1781 to 1785, and a member of the house of delegates from 1788 to 1790. Soon after this lie removed to Sion Hill, Va., where he died, March 1, 1798. CABELL, Samuel Jordan, soldier, was born in Virginia, Dec. 15, 1756, son of Colonel William and Margaret (Jordan) Cabell. From 1771 to 1775 he was a student at William and Mary col- lege. In 1776 Amherst county was requested to furnish a company of volunteers, and he was ap- pointed captain. After marching to Williams- burg, he was assigned to the 6th Virginia regi- ment, and fought in many battles, including Tren- ton and Princeton. For his action in the battle of Saratoga in 1777, he was promoted major, and served in Washington’s army during the cam- paigns of 1778 and 1779, being promoted lieuten- ant-colonel in the latter year. He was with the Virginia troops under Brigadier-General Wood- ford, who entered Charleston, S. C., on April 7, 1780, after an enforced march of five hundred miles in thirty days. At the surrender of Charleston, May 12, 1780, he was taken prisoner and afterwards returned home, remaining on parole until the close of the war. In 1781 he married Sally, daughter of Col. John Syme, who was a half-brother to Patrick Henry. In 1783 he was elected deputy adjutant-general of Amherst county, and in 1784 became county-lieutenant. From 1785 to 1795 he was a delegate for Amherst county, and when the town of Cabellsburg was founded he was made one of its trustees. In 1794 he was elected to the 4th United States Congress as a representative from Virginia, holding the office until the end of the 7th Congress. For many years he was a justice of Amherst county, and after its division in 1808 he was one of the first justices of Nelson county. A letter from one who knew him personally says: “His people idol- ized him. For a long time they regarded him as next to General Washington.” He died at “Soldier’s Joy,” Nelson county, Va., Aug. 4, 1818. CABELL, William, pioneer, was born in Warminster, England, March 20, 1700, the eldest son of Nicholas and Rachel (Hooper) Cabell, and a grandson of William Cabell, who went to War- minster about 1664, and died there in 1704, prob- ably belonging to the Frome-Selwood family. William Cabell, the descendant, was graduated from the Royal college of medicine and surgery in London, and after practising a number of years entered the British navy as a surgeon. He came to America about the year 1723, and. settled in Virginia. The first really authentic record of him is in 1726, when he was deputy -sheriff in St. James parish, Henrico county, an office of great 1535J importance at that time. Probably some time in 1726 he married Miss Elizabeth Burks, and in 1728 removed to a settlement on Licking-Hole Creek, in what is now Goochland county, where he was elected a justice of the first county court, held from May 21 to June 1, 1728. In November of the same year he was made a member of the first grand jury, and in December was qualified as a coroner, his knowledge of medicine and surgery fitting him for the office. From 1730 to 1734 he spent much time in locating lands for settlement in the region west of the mouth of the Rockfish river, being the first Englishman to make such an attempt. In 1733, having located a large tract of land, he “entered for” it, but, before finally securing the legal right to the land, was obliged to go to England, leaving his wife and two friends as his attorneys. The survey was made in 1737, extending for twenty miles along both sides of the James river. In 1738 a patent for 4,800 acres of land was issued to him by Gov. William Gooch, and, in 1739 a grant of 440 acres was added. Dr. Cabell returned in 1741. In 1743 he was granted 1,200 acres adjoining his patent of 4,800 acres, and soon after his return from England he removed from Licking-Hole Creek to the mouth of Swan Creek, in Nelson county. After erecting dwell- ing houses, a mill, a warehouse and other build- ings, he named the place Warminster, and for more than half a century it was a thriving com- mercial centre. In 1744 Albemarle county was formed, and he was one of the first justices; in August, 1746, he was commissioned coroner, and in September assistant surveyor of the county. In December, 1753, having increased his land by about 26,000 acres, he gave up his surveying busi- ness to his son William. He practised in his own county and those adjacent, and charged from one to five pounds, Virginia currency, for each visit. His services were usually engaged with the agree- ment that if the patient was not cured, the doctor would receive no pay beyond the immediate ex- pense incurred. His wife, Elizabeth, died Sept. 21, 1756, and on Sept. 30, 1762, he married Mar- garet, widow of Samuel Meredith. The bulk of his property he left to his son Nicholas, who was married April 16, 1772, to Hannah, daughter of Col. George Carrington. See “The Cabells and Their Kin,” by Alexander Brown (1895). Dr. Cabell’s death occurred April 12, 1774. CABELL, William, soldier, was born near Dover, on Licking-Hole creek, Goochland county, Va., March 13, 1730; son of William and Elizabeth (Burks) Cabell. It is probable that his education was finished at William and Mary college. In December, 1749, he began to assist his father in surveying, and continued to do so until 1753. In 1751 he became a vestryman of St. Ann’s parish. Albemarle county, and held this office for ten CABELL. CABLE. years. In February, 1754, at the beginning of the French and Indian war, lie raised a troop of horse, of which he was made captain. About 1755 he became a lieutenant-colonel of the Albe- marle militia, and on Oct. 11. 1760, was promoted colonel. He was also a justice of the peace. From 1757 to 1761 he was a member of the house of burgesses. In 1760 he subscribed with others to a premium to be given for the purpose of en- couraging the production of wine and silk in the colony. In 1761, at the first Amherst court, he qualified as the first presiding magistrate, the first county lieutenant, the first county surveyor, and the first county coroner, holding the offices until 1775. He also held the offices of burgess from Amherst county, of vestryman, and of sur- veyor by appointment of William and Mary col- lege, thus he ling all of the leading offices of Amherst county during the colonial era. On May 2, 1763, he received, from his father, a deed to 1,785 acres of land in Amherst county, which, with the 460 acres already patented, an addition of 579 acres in 1764, and many subsequent addi- tions, made a large and valuable estate. Colonel Cabell was one of the original subscribers to the stock of the first James river canal company, and was prominent in all plans for the improvement of the country. From 1774 to 1776 he was chair- man of the Amherst county committee, and from September, 1776, to March, 1781, he served as state senator, when he was appointed a member of the council of state. He was elected to the house of delegates, in 1782, in 1783, and again in 1787, being one of the few members to oppose the adoption of the Federal constitution. In 1788 he was again in the house of delegates, and in 1789 was made presidential elector, voting for George Washington. His wife was Margaret, daughter of Colonel Samuel Jordan, by whom lie had seven children. At his death he left an estate of about thirty thousand acres of land, many slaves, and personal property, although he had given several of his children fair estates. His deatli occurred March 23, 1798. CABELL, William H., governor of Virginia, was born at “ Boston Hill,” Cumberland county, Va . Dec. 16, 1772, the eldest son of Col. Nicholas and Hannah (Carrington) Cabell. He was edu- cated at home and at private schools, studied at Hampden-Sidney college from 1785 to 1789, and at William and Mary college from 1790 to 1793. After taking a course of law in Richmond, V;f. , he was admitted to practice, June 13, 1794. The following year he was married to Elizabeth, youngest daughter of Col. William Cabell, and lived in the family until the death of his wife, which occurred Nov. 5, 1801. In 1796 he was named year, he was married to Agnes Sarah Bell, oldest daughter of Col. Robert Gamble. From 1805 to 1808, he was governor of the state, and in the latter year was elected by the legislature a judge of the general court, holding the office until 1811, when he was appointed judge of the court of appeals. This office he retained until the time of his death, being elected president of the court in 1842. He signed his name William Cabell prior to 1795, when he inserted the letter “ H ” to distinguish himself from the other William Ca- bells. Among the events which occurred during his administration was the trial of Aaron Burr. On the division of Kanawha county, in 1809, the new county was named in his honor. He died in Richmond, Va., Jan. 12, 1853. CABLE, George Washington, author, was born in New Orleans, La., Oct. 12, 1844. His father was of Virginian parentage and his mother was a descendant from the Puritans. In 1859, upon the death of his father, he obtained employ- ment as a clerk in a New Orleans store. In 1863 he enlisted in the 4th Mississippi cavalry and remained in the Con- federate service until the close of the war, when he returned to New Orleans and ob- tained employment in a mercantile house. From there he went to Kosciusko, Miss. , where he studied civil engin- eering. Later he went to the Teche country on a surveying and ex- ploring party. He be- gan his literary career by making occasional con- tributions to the New Orleans Picayune under the pseudonym “ Drop Shot,” and subsequently became editorially connected with that journal. Meanwhile he produced a tale entitled “Sieur George,” which attracted favorable comment and was followed by other short tales of creole life, which were given a warm welcome as something entirely new in literature. In 1885 he accompanied Mark Twain on a tour of the cities of the north lecturing on creole life, and reading from his own works. He afterwards made his home in Massachusetts. Among his published writings are: ‘'Old Creole Days” (1879, ’80, ’95); “ The Grandissimes ” (1880, ’95); “Mad- ame Delphine ” (1881); "The Creoles of Louisi- ana” (1884); “Dr. Sevier” (1885, ’94); “ The Silent South” (1885); “ Bona venture ” (1888); “Strange True Stcries of Louisiana” (1889); “ The Negro Question” ( 1 890 ) , and “ John March, elected to the assembly, and served again in 1798, 1802. 1803, 1804, and 1805. In March, of the last Southerner” (1894). 1 536 ] CABOT. CABOT. CABOT, George, senator, was born in Salem, Mass., Dec. 3, 1751. He entered Harvard college but left at the expiration of his second year, and went to sea as a cabin boy. He became master of a vessel and was engaged with great success in foreign trade. Returning to Salem in 1776 he be- came a member of the provincial congress of Massachusetts ; a member of the state convention which, in 1788, adopted the Federal constitution ; and was elected to the United States senate, serv- ing from 1791 to 1796, when he resigned. He was selected by President Adams as secretary of the navy, when that office was first created, and he served from May 3 to May 21, 1798. As a financier and political economist he had few superiors in his day, and he rendered valuable assistance to Alexander Hamilton in the forma- tion of his financial system. He was elected to the Massachusetts council in 1808 and was chosen president of the Hartford convention of December, 1814. Theodore Dwight’s “ History of the Hart- ford Convention ” contains his financial views. He died in Boston, Mass., April 18, 1823. CABOT, John, discoverer, was a citizen of Venice. He was a commercial navigator, and was described at the beginning of his voyage to America as “a distinguished mariner, with great ability in discovering new islands.” He settled in Bristol, England, about 1477, and after the voy- age of Columbus in 1492 he profited by the dis- covery made, and, with his three sons, Lewis, Sanchel, and Sebastian, obtained a patent from Henry VII., dated Mar. 5, 1496, empowering them and their heirs and deputies to sail in all seas under the banner of England. They immediately started out with two stout ships and three hun- dred able mariners, sailing first to Iceland and then past Greenland and what is now called Labra- dor, to land which they called Newfoundland, landing near the strait of Belle Isle ; they gave the place the name of St. John. Returning to England in August he was received by the king with great rejoicings, and presented with ten pounds in money. In February, 1498, a special charter was granted by the king, and authorities disagree as to whether or not Cabot sailed under this charter. The date and place of his birth and death are unknown. CABOT, Sebastian, explorer, was born prob- ably either at Venice, Italy, or at Bristol, Eng- land, about the year 1476; son of John Cabot. As early as 1496 we find his name associated with that of his father and brothers in a petition to Henry VII. for letters patent, commissioning them to sail for the discovery of islands and countries “unknown to all Christians.” The letters were granted March 5, 1496, and John Cabot and his sons entered upon a voyage, which resulted in the discovery of land, which it is sup- posed was Cape Breton Island or Nova Scotia. Letters patent dated February, 1498, were granted to John Cabot for a second expedition, and it is believed that many of the discoveries usually credited to Sebastian were in reality made by his father. Under this patent New- foundland was discovered and the coast explored as far south as to the Chesapeake Bay. About the year 1512 he entered the service of Ferdi- nand V. as cartographer, and became a member of the “Council of the New Indies,” with the rank of captain and a yearly salary of fifty thousand maravedis. He was one of the cosmog- raphers, who, in November, 1515, met to define the rights of the Spanish crown to the Moluccas, and in 1518 he became pilot-major of the king- dom. In April, 1526, he was appointed to com- mand an expedition to Brazil. He visited the river and adjoining district of La Plata and es- tablished a fort at San Salvador, spending nearly four years in attempting to lay the foundation for a Spanish conquest of South America. Upon his return to Spain in 1530 he was arrested and imprisoned for a year, and then banished to Africa for two years. In 1547 a warrant for the return to England of “one Shabot, a pilot,” was issued by Edward VI. This writ Cabot answered in person, hoping to be commissioned to extend his discoveries, and, settling at Bristol, he was granted a pension of £ 166 13s 4 cl. It was at this period that he made public the explanation to the king of the phenomenon of the variation of the needle. So great was his popularity and influence that in 1550 and again in 1553 Charles V. made imperious demand of the British sov- ereign that “ Sabastian, grand pilot of the em- peror’s Indies, then in England, be sent over to Spain as a very necessary man for the emperor, whose servant he was and had a pension of him.” These demands Sebastian ignored, preferring to remain in England, where he was given general supervision of the maritime affairs of the country, and a renewal of the charter granted by Henry VII. and lost. In reply to the appeals of “ certain grave citizens of London for advice as to the best method of removing the stagnation in trade, resulting from the disturbed and warlike state of the continent,” he suggested the plan of an ex pedition ‘‘for the searche and discoverie of the northern part of the world bv sea, to open a way and passage to Cathay by the northeast.” His advice was acted upon, a company called the “ Merchant Adventurers ” was formed, of which he was made the chief, and an expedition fitted out under his supervision. On the first voyage, in 1553, Russia was accidentally discovered, and five years later, trade was opened up with central Asia, across the Caspian sea. In 1553, after the accession of Queen Mary, Charles V. made a final [ 537 ] CADILLAC. CADWALADER. attempt to induce his return to Spain. On Feb. 23, 135(5, a new company was formed and Cabot made president. The expedition was sent off the next spring, and on May 25, 1557, his resignation of the pension and its re-issue two days later ends the recorded accounts of this remarkable charac- ter. Cabot's “ mappemonde, ” the original of which was drawn on parchment and illuminated with gold and colors, served as the model for all the general maps of the world afterward published in Italy. The only extant account of his death is that by his friend Eden, who writes: “Sebastian Cabot on his death-bed told me that he had knowledge [of the art of finding longitude] by divine revelation, yet so that he myght not teach any man. But I tliiuk that the goode olde man in that extreme age somewhat doted, and had not yet, even in the article of death, utterly shaken of (sic) all worldly vayne glorie.” See Biddle’s “ Memoir of Sebastian Cabot ” (London and Philadelphia, 1831), and Harrisse’s “Jean and Sebastian Cabot ” (Paris, 1882). The place and date of his death are also unknown, but he is believed to have died in London, at some time immediately subsequent to 1557. CADILLAC, Antoine de la Mothe, founder of Detroit, was born in France some time between 1657 and 1661 ; he was the son of Jean de la Mothe, Seigneur Cadillac, de Launay, de Semon- tel and Jeanne de Malenfant. He was well educated, was a cadet in the regiment of Dam- piferre-Lorraine, and a lieutenant in the regiment of Clairembault in 1677. In 1683 he visited New France and settled at Port Royal, where he mar- ried Marie Therese, daughter of Denys Guyon of Quebec. July 23, 1688, he received a grant of land called Donaquec, in the present state of Maine, and a part of the Island of Mount Desert. He determined to use the dowry his wife had brought him in founding an establishment on this land, and probably went to live there in 1688. He accompanied Cal lie res and Frontenac when they set out to take New York, and drive the English from New England, according to Callieres’ programme. On reaching the harbor of New York and finding that the project had been abandoned, they set sail for France, and dur- ing the next seven months Cadillac remained in attendance at court. He returned to Canada with a letter of recommendation to Frontenac from the king, and, in obedience to the wishes of the monarch, he was made lieutenant of the troops in the colony. In April, 1692, the king sent for him to come to France and give information that might help the French to gain possession of New England; and Cadillac drew up a report that displayed extensive knowledge of the entire coast with its fortifications, harbors, depths of bays, soundings of rivers, villages, and traits of character of the inhabitants. This report is in the French archives. In 1694 Frontenac sent him to command the Indians at Mackinac, where he remained until 1697, when he was recalled at his own desire. Investigation had convinced him that a fort on the Detroit river was necessary to repel the English. He had some difficulty in convincing the new governor, de Callieres, of its practicability, but finally, through his own great influence at the French court, a commission was granted him. On June 2, 1701, he set out from Montreal with one hundred men. fifty soldiers, fifty civilians, two Catholic priests, one, Father Vaillant, being a Jesuit. July 24, 1701, with a fleet of twenty-five birchen boats, he entered the Detroit river. At a point in the river where the broad stream narrows to about half a mile, the canoes were drawn up, and the voyagers as- cended ; level plateau to a height of about fifty feet, and formed a temporary encampment. Within two days he had laid the foundation of a church, staked out the ground for a fort and stockade, and begun house building. By the close of the following month the chapel, the fort, and dwellings for the settlers were erected. His wife had been left behind in Quebec, and her bravery and wifely devotion in journeying through a thousand miles of wilderness has few parallels in history. With Detroit as his capital, Cadillac assumed the governorship of a large territory, encouraged his soldiers to marry the young Indian women, and colonized the Indians about him in friendly settlements. He contin- ued in possession from 1705 until 1710, when he was appointed governor of Louisiana. His prop- erty in Detroit was taken without compensation by La Forest, his successor. He sailed to France, and, returning with a shipload of marriageable girls to become wives of his colonists, arrived in Louisiana, June 15, 1713 (Margry says 1712) and fqpnded Natchez. In March, 1717, another was appointed to succeed him. and little is known of this energetic colonizer after he returned to France. His grand-daughter, Madame Gregoire, in 1787, was allowed by the commonwealth of Massachusetts all of Mount Desert Island that had not been granted to others. He died in France, Oct. 18. 1730. CADWALADER, George, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1804: son of Gen. Thomas Cadwalader, a distinguished soldier. He was educated in the schools of Philadelphia, and was engaged for many years in the practice of medi- cine. He entered the Mexican war as briga- dier-general of volunteers, and was brevetted major-general for especial gallantry at the battle of Chapultepec. He continued to practise medi- cine in Philadelphia until the outbreak of t lie civil war, when Governor Curtin appointed him [538 1 CADWALADER. v CADWALADER. major-general of state volunteers, and in May, 1861, he was placed in command of the city of Baltimore, and in the following month accom- panied General Patterson on his Winchester expedition as second in command. Subsequently he was commissioned major-general of U. S. volunteers, and was chosen a member of the board appointed to revise the military laws and regulations of the United States. He published “Services in the Mexican Campaign of 1847'’ (1848). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 3, 1879. CADWALADER, John, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 10, 1742. His name ap- pears in the list of members of the Philadelphia committee of safety, 1775, where he was captain of a company of volunteers, known as the silk- stocking company, whose members afterwards, with scarcely an exception, received commis- sions in the regular army. He served for a time as colonel of the Philadelphia battalions and was then promoted brigadier -general of the Penn- sylvania militia. He was in command of one of the three divisions of Washington's force, which crossed the Delaware in December. 1776, and was present at the attack on Trenton on Jan. 3, 1777. General Washington, writing to the presi- dent of Congress shortly after this engagement, spoke of General Cadwalader as a “ man of ability, a good disciplinarian, firm in his princi- ples and of intrepid bravery.” General Cad- walader was the possessor of great wealth. He twice refused a commission as brigadier-general in the regular army, and when not engaged in the field at the head of his Pennsylvania troops he served as a volunteer, or under special orders for particular service. He engaged in a duel with Thomas Conway, the leader of the “ Con- way Cabal,” escaped injury, but shot his antago- nist in the mouth, wounding him severely. He died at Shrewsbury, Pa., Feb. 10, 1786. CADWALADER, John, lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 1, 1805; son of Thomas and Mary (Biddle) Cadwalader. He was gradu- ated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1821, and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar Sept. 20, 1825. He soon became solicitor for the United States bank and was retained by the government in the famous Blackburne “ Cloth cases.” He was associated with Walter Jones and Daniel Webster in the Girard will case. In 1834 he was admitted to the United States su- preme court. During the city riots in 1844 he raised and commanded a company of militia, composed of prominent Philadelphia men. In 1854 he was elected a representative to the 34th Congress, and declined a renomination. In 1858 he was appointed by President Buchanan judge of the U. S. district court of eastern Pennsyl- vania. He was made a member of the American [ 539 ] philosophical society in 1867, and in 1870 received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. He was twice married; first to Mary, daughter of the Hon. Horace Bin- ney, and second to Henrietta Maria, widow of Bloomfield Mcllvaine and daughter of Charles N. Bancker, of Philadelphia. He died in Philadel- phia. Pa., Jan. 26. 1879. CADWALADER, John Lambert, lawyer, was born near Trenton, N. J., Nov. 17, 1836; son of Thomas and Maria C. (Gouverneur) Cadwalader. In 1856 he was graduated an A. B. from Prince- ton, and in 1860 an LL.B. from Harvard college. He read law with Daniel Lord of New York, and in 1874 was appointed assistant secretary of state of the United States, remaining in this office until March 3, 1877. He then became junior member of the New York law firm of Bliss & Cadwalader, afterwards Eaton, Taylor & Cadwal- ader, and later Strong & Cadwalader. CADWALADER, Lambert, soldier, was born in Trenton, N. J., in 1742; son of Dr. Thomas and Hannah (Lambert) Cadwalader. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1760, and entered into mercantile business. In 1765 he signed the non -importation agreement, and in 1774 was made a member of the commit- tee of superintendence and correspondence for Philadelphia. In January, 1775, lie was a mem- ber of the provincial convention, and at the breaking out of the revolution lie was chosen captain of one of the four military companies called “The Greens.” He was a member of the constitutional convention which met at Philadel- phia in 1776. On November 16 of that year he was among the prisoners taken at Fort Washing- ton, and with the captured garrison was marched to New York. He was unable to procure a release, and in January, 1779, resigned from the army. In 1784 he was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress, and took his seat in Janu- ary, 1785. He was re-elected to the two suc- ceeding congresses. Upon the adoption of the constitution of the United States he was elected, in 1788, a representative from New Jersey to the 1st U. S. Congress, taking his seat in 1789. He also served in the 3d Congress. He died at Greenwood, near Trenton, N. J.. Sept. 13, 1823. CADWALADER, Richard McCall, lawyer, was born in Trenton, N. J., Sept. 17, 1839; son of Thomas and Maria C. (Gouverneur) Cadwala- der, grandson of Lambert and Mary (McCall) Cadwalader. He was graduated from Princeton in 1860 and from Harvard law school in 1863. The following year he was admitted to the Phila- delphia bar. He was married Nov. 26, 1873, to Christine, daughter of J. Williams Biddle. He is the author of “The Law of Ground Rents” (1879). CADWALADER. CADWALADER. CADWALADER, Thomas, physician, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1708; son of John and Martha (Jones) Cadwalader. His father emigrated from Pembrokeshire, Wales, to Phila- delphia, towards the close of the seventeenth century. He was educated at the Friends’ public school, in Philadelphia, and began the study of medicine with his uncle, Evan Jones. He then went to London, England, where he studied for his profession, returning in 1731. During the winter of 1736-'37 he inoculated for small pox. In 1745 he published his essay on the “ West Indies Dry Gripes,” one of the first medical essays published in America. On June 18, 1738, he was married to Hannah, daughter of Thomas Lambert of New Jersey, and settled at Trenton, N. J. In 1746 he was chosen first burgess of the new city of Trenton. He returned to Philadel- phia in 1751, was elected a member of the common council, and served until 1774, also serv- ing from 1755 in the provincial council. He subscribed to the capital stock of the Pennsyl- vania hospital in 1751, and was one of the original physicians of the institution. He was one of the founders of the Philadelphia library company, and a director periodically from 1731 to 1774; a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania from 1751 to 1779, and a member of the philosophical society and the society for promoting useful knowledge. He gave a course of lectures in the medical college of Philadelphia, of which insti- tution he was elected a trustee in 1765. He was a signer of the non importation articles. In July, 1776, he was appointed by the committee of safety to examine candidates for positions as surgeons in the navy, at the same time was made a medical director of the army hospitals, and in 1778 succeeded the elder Dr. William Shippen, as surgeon of the Pennsylvania hospital. He died at his farm, " Greenwood,” near Trenton, N. J., Nov. 14, 1799. CADWALADER, Thomas, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 28, 1779; son of Gen. John and Williamina (Bond) Cadwalader. He was graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1795, and was admitted to the bar. In April, 1799, as a private in a troop of cavalry, he aided in capturing the ringleaders of an insur- rection in Pennsylvania, which grew out of a resistance to the enforcement of a law levying a whiskey tax. In the war of 1812 he was a lieu- tenant-colonel of cavalry and was later placed in command of an advanced light brigade. He was afterwards major-general of Pennsylvania militia. He was offered by President Monroe the position of minister to the court of St. James, but declined the mission. In 1826 he was made one of three commissioners to revise the tactics of the U. S. army. From 1816 to 1836 he was a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania. He was mar- ried, June 25, 1804, to Mary, daughter of Col. Clement Biddle. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 31, 1841. CADWALADER, Thomas, soldier, was born at Greenwood, near Trenton, N. J., Sept. 11, 1795; son of Lambert and Mary (McCall) Cadwalader. He was graduated at Princeton in 1815, and stud- ied law but did not practise. He was appointed, June 2, 1830, deputy adjutant-general in a bri- gade of the New Jersey militia, and on April 10, 1833, lieutenant-colonel and aid-de-camp to Governor Seeley. On July 30, 1842, he was com- missioned brigadier -general and made adjutant- general of New Jersey. In 1856 he was sent by the governor to Europe, to report on the fire- arms in use in the European countries. In March, 1858, he was brevetted major-general by the legislature. He was married, Dec. 27, 1831, to Maria C., daughter of Nicholas Gouverneur. He died at Greenwood, N. J., Oct. 22, 1873. CADY, Albemarle, soldier, was born in Keene, N. H. , Feb. 15, 1807. He was graduated at West Point in 1829, and was engaged in frontier and engineering duty until 1838, when he was ordered to service in the Florida war. In the Mexican war he was at the siege of Vera Cruz, and in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Churubusco and Molino del Rey, being wounded in the latter engagement, and receiving the brevet of major for his gal lantry. He participated in the action against the Sioux Indians at Blue Water, Dakota, in 1855, and in 1857 was promoted major. He was on duty on the Pacific coast during the early years of the civil war, and was placed on the retired list in May, 1864, although on duty in New Haven, Conn., until November, 1865. He was brevetted brigadier-general March 13, 1865, for long and faithful service, and died in New Haven, Conn.. March 14, 1888. CADY, Daniel, jurist, was born in Canaan, Columbia county, N. Y., April 29, 1773; son of Eleazer Cady, a farmer. He was educated at the town school and academy, was admitted to the bar in 1795, and began practising law at Florida, Montgomery county, but soon removed to Johnstown. Fulton county. In politics he was a Federalist. He was elected to the New York state assembly in 1809 and was re-elected a num- ber of times. In 1814 he was elected a represen- tative to the 14th Congress. He was in active practice for over fifty-five years. He was elected a judge of the New York supreme court in 1847. was re-elected in 1849. and during that year was ex-officio a judge of the court of appeals. He re- signed from the bench in 1855, being eighty -two years old. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Hamilton college in 1834. On July 8, 1801, he married Margaret Chinn, daughter of [ 540 ] CADY. CAINE. Colonel James Livingston, an officer in the revolutionary army. They had a large family of cliildren, the most distinguished being Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the reformer. A sketch of Daniel Cady as a lawyer, by his son-in-law, Henry B. Stan- ton, will be found in Barbour’s New York supreme court reports, vol. xviii.. p. 662. He died in Johns town. N. Y„ Oct. 31, 1859. CADY, Josiah Cleveland, architect, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1838. He was graduated at Trinity college with the class of 1860, studied architecture, and located in New York city, where he designed some of the prominent public buildings in that city, including the homes of the Century, University, Manhattan, and Athletic clubs ; the Metropolitan opera house ; the Museum of natural history, Presbyterian hospital, and several church edifices. He also designed the Peabody museum. North Sheffield hall, Chitten- den Memorial library, Dwight hall, White and Berkeley dormitories, and Winchester hall at Yale university ; Morgan hall and the Lvell gymna- sium at Williams college ; Jarvis hall of science. Epsilon chapter house for Delta Psi at Trinity col- lege ; and the building for scientific purposes and the new gymnasium at Wesleyan university. He was a member of the American institute of architects and the architectural league, and an officer of several scientific and philanthropic as- sociations, including the American science asso- ciation, the State charities aid association, the skin and cancer hospital, the Demilt dispensary, and the New York city mission. In 1860 he re- ceived the degree of A.M. from Trinity college. CAFFERY, Donelson, senator, was born in the parish of St. Mary, La., Sept. 10, 1835. He was educated at St. Mary’s college, Maryland, and was afterwards admitted to the bar. In 1861 he joined the Confederate army, serving first as a private, and later on the staff of Gen. W. II. T. Walker. In 1879 he was a member of the consti- tutional convention, and in 1892 was elected to the state senate. In 1893 he was appointed United States senator to succeed R. L. Gibson, deceased, taking his seat Jan. 7, 1893. He was elected by the legislature in 1894 to fill out the term, and also for the full senatorial term expiring March 4, 1901 . He is the author of “ Aldredge on Free Coinage of Silver” (1896). CAHOONE, J. Benjamin, naval officer, was born in Rhode Island in 1800. He served as a purser in the United States navy from 1830 to 1861, when he reached the age limit and was retired. During the civil war he was assigned to emergency duty at the Portsmouth and Boston navy yards, became pay director, and in 1868 was again retired, receiving in consideration of extra service the relative rank of commodore. He died in New York city, July 27, 1873. CAIN, Richard H., clergyman, was born in Greenbrier county, Va., April 12, 1825. He was a negro and had no education except such as he received in the Sabbath-school, until 1846, when he commenced to study for the ministry. He spent the year 1860 at Wilberforce university. Xenia, Ohio, and engaged in pastoral labors in Brooklyn from 1861 to 1864, when he was sent as a missionary to the freedmen of South Carolina, and was for many years identified with the Afri- can M. E. church in that state. He was a dele- gate to the state constitutional convention of 1867, a member of the state senate in 1868, and a representative from Charleston in the 45th Con gress. He was appointed bishop by the general conference of the African M. E. church in 1880, and was assigned to the district of Louisiana and Texas. He founded Paul Quinn college at Waco, Texas, and advanced education within his district. Subsequently he became presiding bishop of the first episcopal district of the African M. E. church, embracing the conferences of New York. New Jersey, New England, and Philadelphia. He received the degree of D. D. from Wilberforce university in 1873. CAINE, John T., delegate, was born in the Isle of Man, Jan. 8, 1829, where he received a gram- mar-school education, emigrated to the United States early in 1846, and resided for a time in New York city, where he became identified with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In the fall of 1848 he went to St. Louis, Mo., where he cast his first ballot, and was active from 1849 to 1852 in forwarding the large number of Mormon immigrants who passed through St. Louis bound for Utah. In 1852, with his wife and child, lie settled in Salt Lake city. In the spring of 1854 he was appointed on a mission to the Sandwich Islands, from which, having fulfilled its duties, he returned in the winter of 1856. In 1870, he became connected with the Salt Lake Herald, was for a time its managing editor, and president of the Herald company. He served as secretary of the legislative council, was elected a member of that body 1874, ’76, ’80, and ’82, in 1876 was elected a regent of the University of Deseret, which position he occupied by re-election for twelve years ; he was elected recorder of Salt Lake city in 1876, and by successive elections served until 1882; was a member of the constitu- tional conventions of Utah of 1872, 1882, and 1887 ; was president of the convention of 1887 which adopted a constitution containing a clause punishing polygamy and bigamy, and asked ad mission into the Union as a state; was elected a delegate to the 47th Congress to fill a vacancy, and was re-elected to the 48th and successive congresses, including the 52d, as a Democrat, in 1892 receiving the support of the People’s party. CALDWELL. CALDWELL. CALDWELL, Alexander, senator, was born in Huntington county. Pa., March 1, 1830; son of Captain Janies Cakhvell. At the age of fifteen he entered into business and in 1847 at the out- break of the Mexican war he enlisted in a com- pany raised and commanded by his father. In 1861 he removed to Leavenworth, Kansas, and in 1865 he helped in forwarding the construction of the Missouri river and the Kansas central railroads. In 1870 he was elected to the United States senate and served throughout the42d, 43d, and 44th congresses, his term .ending March 3, 1877, when he retired from public life. CALDWELL, Charles, physician, was born in Caswell county, N. C., May 14, 1772. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania medical school in 1793, and served with great zeal during the yellow fever epidemic of that year. He was brigade surgeon under General Lee during the “ whiskey insurrection ” of 1791- ! 94, and became professor of materia medi* ca in Transylvania university, Lexington, Ky., in 1819. He published, in addition to some two hundred technical pamphlets and essays, the “ Life and Campaigns of Gen. Greene ” (1819); “ Memoirs of Horace Holley” (1828), and some translations of German and Arabic works. He was Nicholas Biddle's successor as editor of the Port-Folio in 1814, and was also the editor of Cullen's “ Practice of Physic ” (1816). His “ Au- tobiography,” with notes and a preface, was published in Philadelphia in 1855. He died in Louisville, Ky., July 9, 1853. CALDWELL, Charles Henry Bromedge, naval officer, was born in Hingham, Mass., June 11, 1823. He entered the navy in 1838 as a mid- shipman, was promoted master in 1851 and lieutenant in 1852. He defeated a tribe of canni- bals in an engagement at Wega Fiji, in October, 1858, and burned their town. He was actively and conspicuously engaged in the civil war, distinguishing himself at the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. He participated in the action at Grand Gulf in June, 1862, was in command of the Essex of the Mississippi squadron in 1862-'63, taking part in the Port Hudson operations of the latter year. He com- manded the Glaucus of the North Atlantic blockading squadron from 1863 to 1864, and the R. R. Cuyler of the same squadron from 1864 to 1865. He reached, by regular promotion, the rank of commodore, June 14, 1874. He died in Waltham, Mass., Nov. 30, 1877. CALDWELL, David, educator, was born in Lancaster county, Pa., March 22, 1725. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1761, and in 1763 was licensed to preach by the New Brunswick presbytery. He was ordained at Trenton, N. J., in 1765, and went as a mis- sionary to North Carolina, holding pastorates in Alamance county, besides practising medicine and conducting a private classical school for fifty years. He was a member of the state con- stitutional convention that met at Halifax in 1776. He opposed the adoption of the Federal constitution in the convention called to ratify it. During the revolutionary war, Cornwallis offered a large reward for his capture, and allowed the troops to loot his plantation, burn his books, and destroy his property. He was offered the presi- dency of the University of North Carolina on its foundation in 1791, but declined the office. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the University of North Carolina in 1810. In 1812 in a sermon at the Alamance court house, when he was eighty -seven years old, he urged the duty of self-defence and the enlistment of volunteers to carry on the war with England. See bio- graphy by E. W. Caruthers, D.D. (1842). He died Aug. 25, 1824. CALDWELL, George Chapman, chemist, was born at Framingham, Mass., Aug. 14, 1834. He was graduated at the Lawrence scientific school, Harvard, in 1855, and from Gottingen university, with the degree of Ph.D., in 1856. Soon after his return to the United States he became assist- ant in chemistry at Columbia college. During 1859-’62 he was professor of chemistry and phys- ics at Antioch college, Ohio, and from 1862 to 1864, hospital visitor of the U. S. sanitary com- mission. He was professor of chemistry in the Pennsylvania agricultural college, 1864-"67 ; vice- president of the college, 1867-'68, and in the latter year professor of agricultural and analyti- cal chemistry at Cornell university. He was one of the founders of the Society for the promotion of agricultural science, president of the Associa- tion of official agricultural chemists, and presi- dent of the American chemical society. Besides his reports and special papers he published: “ Agricultural Qualitative and Quantitative Chemical Analysis” (1869); “A Manual cf Introductory Chemical Practice,” with A. A. Breneman (1875); “A Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis,” with S. M. Babcock (1882). and “ Elements of Qualitative and Quantitative Chemical Analysis ” (1892). CALDWELL, Henry Clay, lawyer, was born in Marshall county, Va., Sept. 4, 1832; son of Van and Susan Caldwell. In 1836 his parents removed to Wisconsin territory, where he gained admission to the bar in 1852 ; in 1856 was elected prosecuting attorney of the district, and in 1858 was sent to the state legislature. In 1861 he joined the Union army and was commissioned major, and afterwards promoted lieutenant- colonel and colonel of the 3d Iowa cavalry. In June, 1864, he was appointed by President CALDWELL. CALDWELL. Lincoln district judge for the district of Arkansas. On March 4, 1890, he was appointed by President Harrison circuit judge for the eighth circuit, to succeed Judge David J. Brewer. He received the degree of LL.D. from Little Rock university. Little Rock, Ark. CALDWELL, James, clergyman, was born in Charlotte county, Va., in April, 1734; was gradu- ated from the College of New Jersey in 1759, and in 1762 assumed the pastorate of a church at Elizabethtown, N. J. He made many enemies by his advocacy of the cause of independence, and during the revolution earned the sobriquet of the “ Soldier parson,” while acting as chaplain of the New Jersey brigade. In 1780 his church and house were burned by Tories, and his family fled to Connecticut Farms, N. J., where his wife was killed by a stray bullet, during a sortie made by British troops from Staten Island, N. Y. In 1780 he successfully defended Springfield, N. J., against an attack by the British. He met his death at the hands of an American sentry, dur- ing a dispute, and his murderer was delivered to the civil authorities and hanged in 1782. His son, John E. Caldwell, was educated in France by General Lafayette. In 1846 a monument was erected to Mr. Caldwell and his wife in Elizabeth- town, N. J. He died Nov. 24, 1781. CALDWELL, John, politician, was born in Prince Edward county, Va. He went to Nelson county, Ky., in 1781, where he became promi- nent in state politics. He attained the rank of major-general during the Indian troubles in Ken- tucky. In 1787, ’88, '89 he was elected to the state conventions at Danville. In 1792 lie was a member of the Kentucky senate under the first constitution, and served a second term in 1793. In August, 1804, he was elected lieutenant- governor of Kentucky. He had six sons, two of whom, Anthony and William, fought in the siege of Yorktown. He died while presiding over the senate in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1804. CALDWELL, John A., representative, was born at Fair Haven, Preble county, Ohio, April 21, 1853; son of Alexander and Sarah Caldwell. His education was acquired in the common schools, and at the age of seventeen he began to teach school. In 1871 he went to Cincinnati, and, after teaching for three years in Mill Creek township, began the study of law. In 1876 he was graduated from the Cincinnati law school,’ and after teaching for another year he entered upon the practice of his profession. In 1881 he was elected prosecuting attorney for the city, and re elected in 1883. In 1887 he was elected city judge, and in the succeeding year president of the Ohio Republican league. He was a repre- sentative in the 51st, 52d and 53d congresses. He was chairman of the Republican congressional |543J committee in 1892. He resigned his seat in Con- gress to accept the mayoralty of Cincinnati, assuming this office May 4, 1894, for the term expiring June 30, 1897. He is the author of the anti-lottery bill. CALDWELL, John Curtis, diplomatist, was born in Lowell, Vt., April 17, 1833; son of George Morrison and Betsey (Curtis) Caldwell. He was graduated at Amherst in 1855, and became princi- pal of Washington academy, East Machias, Me. In October, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 11th Maine volunteers, and was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers in April, 1862. He served in the Army of the Potomac from its organization until tire last year of the war, when he was president of the advisory board of the war department. He sat for a term in the Maine senate, and from 1867 to 1869 served as adjutant-general of the state. In 1869 President Grant made him consul to Valparaiso, Chili, and in 1874 United States minister to Montevideo, Uruguay. He returned to the United States in 1882, and subsequently removed to Kansas, where, in 1885, he was appointed president of the board of pardons of that state. CALDWELL, Joseph, educator, was born at Lammington, N. J., April 21, 1773; son of Joseph and Rachel (Harker) Caldwell. He was gradu- ated from the College of New Jersey in 1791 ; in 1795 was tutor at Princeton, and in 1796 was elected professor of mathematics in the Uni- versity of North Carolina, of which institution he became president in 1804. In 1812 he resigned the office and returned to the chair of mathe- matics, but on the resignation of his successor in 1816 he again became president. In 1824 he was sent to Europe by the trustees of the uni- versity for the purpose of purchasing books and apparatus. In 1827 he built an astronomical observatory at the university, the first in the United States. In 1816 the college of New Jersey and the University of North Carolina conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. He is the author of a “ Compendious System of Elementary Geom- etry ” (1822). He died at Chapel Hill, N. C., Jan. 27, 1835. CALDWELL, Lisle Bones, educator, was born in Wilna, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1834. He was gradu- ated at Baldwin university, Berea, Ohio, in 1868. While engaged in teaching he studied theology and spent some years in preaching in various Methodist Episcopal churches. From 1877 to 1886 he occupied the chair of natural sciences and physics in the east Tennessee Wesleyan univer- sity, and in the latter year became professor of applied chemistry and agriculture in the U. S. Grant university, Athens, Tenn. He published : “Wines of Palestine; or, the Bible Defended” (1859), and “ Beyond the Grave ” (1884). CALDWELL. CALHOUN. CALDWELL, Merritt, educator, was born in Hebron, Oxford county, Me., Nov. 29, 1806. Immediately after lus graduation at Bowdoin college in 1828 lie was elected principal of the Wesleyan seminary at Readfield, Me., succeed- ing his brother Zenas. He was elected vice- president of Dickinson college, Pa., in 1834, retaining the position during the remainder of his life, and filling the chairs of mathematics 1834-’37, and metaphysics and English literature 1837- '48. He was a delegate to the world’s con- vention which met in England in 1846 and formed the evangelical alliance, and he was also a delegate to the world’s temperance convention. He wrote “ The Doctrine of the English Verb ” (1837), “Manual of Elocu.ion” (1846); “Phil- osophy of Christian Perfection ” (1847), and “ Christianity Tested by Eminent Men ” (1852). His memoir was published by S. M. Vail, D.D. He died in Portland, Me., June 6, 1848. CALDWELL, Samuel Lunt, educator, was born in Newburyport, Mass., Nov. 13 1820. He was graduated at Waterville college in 1839 and was principal of the Hampton Falls, N. H., academy, and head master of the grammar school of Newburyport. In 1842 he entered the theological seminary at Newton, Mass., and was graduated in 1845. He was called to the First Baptist church of Bangor, Me., in 1846, his pastor ate there covering a period of twelve years. From 185S to 1873 he was pastor of the First Baptist church of Providence, R. I., when he became professor of church history in the New- ton theological seminary. In 1878 he accepted the presidency of Vassal- college, and filled the office for eight years. He was a fellow of Brown university from 1859 to the time of his death. In 1885 he removed to Providence, R. I., and occupied his time with writing and lecturing. He received the degree of D.D. from Colby in 1858, and that of LL.D. from Brown university in 1884. His publications include an indepen- dence day oration (1861) ; a “ Memorial of Prof. R. P. Dunn ” (1867) : an oration entitled “ Lit- erature in Account with Life ” (1885). two lec- tures in “The Newton Lectures’’ (1886), and sermons ; and lie contributed frequently to periodical literature. He also edited volumes iii. and iv. of “ Publications of the Narragansett Club” (1865). He died in Providence, R. I., Sept, 26, 1889. CALDWELL, Zenas, poet, was born in He- bron, Me., March 31, 1800; brother of Merritt Caldwell. After his graduation from Bowdoin college, in 1824, he was appointed first principal of the Maine Wesleyan seminary, holding the position until his death. He is the author of a volume of prose and poetry, published in 1855. lie died Dec. 21, 1826. CALEF, or CALFE, Robert author, was born in the latter half of the seventeenth cen- tury. He was a Boston merchant who, with his plain common-sense arguments in “ More Won- ders of the Invisible World,” did much to dispel the witchcraft delusion. His book created a great stir. It was first published in London in 1700, and Cotton Mather, who, with other pastors figured in the narrative, instituted proceedings against the author for slander. Increase Mather, then president of Harvard college, caused the wicked little volume to be burned in the college yard; and a number of members of the Old North church published a defence of their old pastors, the Mathers, entitled, “ Remarks upon a Scandalous Book against the Government and Ministry of New England.” Dr. Elliot says; “It is worthy of observation that Hutchinson — who was nearly related to the Mather family — speaks of R. Calef as a man of fair mind who substantiates his facts.” He died in 1720. CALHOUN, Edmund R., naval officer, was born in Chambersburg, Pa.. May 6, 1821. He entered the navy as midshipman, April 1, 1839, receiving his appointment from Missouri. He served in the Bx-azil and Mediteri-anean squad- rons until 1845, when he was assigned to the naval school at Philadelphia. In July, 1845, he was appointed passed midshipman and was nxade master Jan. 6, 1853, resigning June 27 of that year. He re-entered the navy as acting lieuten- ant Sept. 24, 1861 ; was commissioned commander Nov. 17, 1862; captain, March 2, 1869: commo- dore, April 26, 1876, and rear admiral, Dec. 3, 1882, when he was retired from active service. He served in the Mexican war in the first attack on Alvarado, under Conner, and in the assault on Tabasco, under Perry. In 1861— ’62 he com- manded the steamer Hunchback of the North Atlantic blockading squadron, and took part in the battle of Roanoke Island, the capture of New- bern and the engagements below Franklin in the Blackwater river in October, 1862. In 1863 he commanded the steamer Ladona, and after- wards the monitor IVeehaicken , of the South Atlantic squadron, in her various engagements with Forts Sumter, Wagner and Beauregard in 1863. In 1864-‘65 he commanded the monitor Satigus of the North Atlantic squadron, and engaged Hewlett's battei-y on the James river June 21, and again Dec. 5, 1864. also taking part in the bombai-dment of Fort Fisher. From the close of the war until 1876 he was in command of the Asiatic and South Pacific stations, and on April 17, 1877, he took command of the navy yard at Mare Island, California, where he re- mained until Jan. 15, 1881. He was then on special duty until his retirement in December, 1882. He died in Washington, D. C.. Feb. 17. 1897. [544J CALHOUN. CALHOUN. CALHOUN, John Caldwell, statesman, was born in Abbeville district, S. C., March 18, 1782; son of Patrick and Martha (Caldwell) Calhoun. Patrick came to America with his father, Janies Calhoun, when six years old. They left Ireland in 1733, settled in Pennsylvania, later moving to the banks of the Kanawha in Virginia, and after Braddock’s defeat, being driven by the hostility of the Indians to seek a new home, he moved southward, and in 1756, with his sons, established the Calhoun settlement in that part of South Carolina afterwards known as Abbeville district. The paternal and maternal ancestors of John Caldwell Calhoun were alike distin- guished for their fidelity to the patriot cause, and for their gallant and active participation in the continual warfare between the Indians and the settlers; both families were of the Presby- terian faith. His father was a surveyor by pro- fession. He was prepared for college at the academy of his brother-in-law, Dr. Waddell, a Presbyterian clergyman, and in 1802 entered Yale college, where he was graduated with distinc- tion in 1804. He studied in a law office in Charleston, S. C., and was graduated at the law school, Litchfield, Conn. He was admitted to the bar in 1807, and practised his profession at Abbeville, S. C., where he soon rose to the first grade of professional eminence. In 1808 he was elected to the state legislature, and an address which he made to the people of the district of Abbeville, denouncing the British outrages upon the United States frigate Chesapeake, resulted in his election as a representative to the 12th Congress, where he took his seat. Nov. 4, 1811, and was named by Speaker Clay for second place upon the committee on foreign relations. The genius of Calhoun admirably fitted him to act as a leader in the crisis through which the country was then passing. The threatening clouds of war had long shadowed the councils of the na- tion ; the Congress had been divided for three or four years in regard to the policy to be pursued in dealing with Great Britain, and it was owing to his attitude on this question that, at the first meeting of the committee on foreign relations, Mr. Calhoun was chosen chairman, a position which, next to that of speaker, was the most im- portant in the house of representatives. On NoV. 29, 1811, the committee submitted its report, embodying six resolutions in favor of declaring war with Great Britain, Mr. Calhoun having written the report, one clause of which read: “The period has arrived when, in the opinion of your committee, it is the sacred duty of Congress to call forth the patriotism of the country,” and on Dec. 12, 1811, Mr. Calhoun made his first speech in Congress, defending the resolutions, refuting the arguments of John [M5] Randolph, the dissentient member of the com- mittee, and declaring “a sense of national in- feriority the greatest of political evils.” He recommended the embargo of sixty days laid uixjn all shipping by President Madison, and earnestly advocated the repeal of the non- importation act, the increase of the navy, the tariff of 1816, the bank bill and the building of a system of canals and post roads, and of other internal improvements, which would have, in his opinion, the effect of nationalizing the Union. In 1817 he was appointed secretary of war by President Monroe, and lie served through both terms, his conduct of the war department evincing his administrative capacity. In 1824 Mr. Calhoun’s name was mentioned as a possi- ble candidate for the presidency, but the promi- nence of General Jackson, the opposition candi- date, whose war exploits were fresh in the minds of a gratified nation, induced the friends of Mr. Calhoun to place his name upon the list as a vice-presidential candidate, and upon his election as vice-president he removed his family to Pendleton district in South Carolina, where his wife had inherited an estate known as Fort Hill, and here he resided until his death. During the administration of John , Quincy Adams, Mr. Calhoun, though prevented by his office from being an active, was an indirect supporter of the opposition, and upon the nomination of General Jackson as President in 1828 he was placed on the same ticket as vice-president. He became the head of the Free Trade party, which was at this time acquiring prominence, the cotton states universally being in favor of that policy, and the manufacturing states as persistently op- posed to it. In the summer of 1828 he embodied what afterwards became known as the doctrine of nullification, or state rights, in an elaborate paper, which, being put into the hands of a com- mittee of the South Carolina legislature, was ordered to be printed, and became known as “The South Carolina exposition.” He claimed that each state of the Union had the power to decide for itself in respect to the constitution- ality of any federal law, and to resist its enforce- ment within the state if the people regarded it as unconstitutional. He apprehended more dan- ger to the Union from consolidation of power than from assertion of state rights. These proposed measures were brought to the notice of the United States senate by Mr. Hayne of South Carolina, and opposed by Mr. Webster in what became an historic debate. In the meantime, disclosures made to President Jackson concern- the part taken by Mr. Calhoun in the matter of the Seminole war while in President Monroe’s cabinet, led to Mr. Calhoun’s resignation from the vice-presidency to take the seat in the senate CALHOUN. CALHOUN. vacated by Mr. Hayne, on his becoming governor of South Carolina. The nullification measures were adopted by South Carolina in 1833, and only the passage of the Clay compromise, to which Mr. Calhoun was induced to lend his countenance, and the strong position assumed by President Jackson and Lewis Cass, secretary of war, prevented the threatened collision between South Carolina and the general government. He opposed vigorously the withdrawal of the deposits from the United States bank, declaring that ‘ ‘ The whole power of the government has been perverted into a great political machine, with a view of corrupting and controlling the country." He accused the President of attempt- ing to wrest the power from Congress and to hold in his own hand both the sword and the purse. In 1835 he was re-elected to the senate for the full term. Since 1831 a full band of abo- litionists in the north had declared uncompromis- ing war against the domestic institution of the south, and no one understood more fully than he that the handful of earnest fanatics and mad- men were laying the axe to the very roots of the well being and prosperity of the south. Senator Calhoun's motion, Jan. 7, 1836, against the recep- tion of two petitions, asking for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, opened a general debate in the senate. His action was vigorously condemned, and was characterized by the north as a wanton attack upon the right of petition. He saw with a clearness that was prophetic that unless his views of the constitu- tional status of slavery were accepted, the south would be compelled to sever the ties which bound them to the north, or abolish slavery. He regarded slavery as a natural condition, and prophesied that to change the relations of master and slave would destroy the prosperity of the southern states and place two races in a state of conflict that would end only in the extirpation or expulsion of one or the other. Mr. Calhoun did not take part in the presidential election of 1838. He advocated the depositing of the surplus revenues in the treasuries of the different states, to be used by them for internal improvements. For the south he proposed a system of roads which should connect it with the west, and bring it, as he hoped, to an equal measure of com- mercial prosperity with the north. In the financial panic of the same year he was in favor of a total separation of the government from the banking interests, and favored the treasury plan. His attitude on the slavery question was actuated by a spirit of unswerving loyalty to the south and to the Union, of which he foresaw the disruption should the north persist in a determination to limit slavery to the states in which it already existed, and deny to the south equal privileges in the territories. He de nounced the efforts of the abolitionists as "a war of religious and political fanaticism, min- gled, on the part of the leaders, with ambition and the love of notoriety,” and in defence of slavery which he so consistently defended, said, “ The relation now existing between the two (races) is, instead of an evil, a good — a positive good.” On March 4, 1840, he introduced in the senate a set of resolutions condemning the action of the English government in refusing to recognize as property and deliver to their owners certain negroes from vessels driven by stress of weather into English ports. In a speech delivei'ed Aug. 5, 1843, Senator Calhoun discussed the tariff question and advanced with force the theory of duty for revenue as opposed to a duty for pro- tection of manufacturers, and claimed that the popular party of the future would be for free trade, low duties, no national debt, a banking system separated from the control of the gen- eral government, economy in administering the affairs of state, retrenchment in all departments and a strict adherence to the constitution. At the end of 1843 he resigned his seat in the senate, the resignation to take effect from the close of the 37th Congress, March 3, 1843. The legisla- ture of South Carolina immediately named him as candidate for President of the United States. On March 6, 1844, President Tyler appointed Mr. Calhoun as secretary of state, to succeed Secre tary Upshur, who had met his death by the bursting of a gun on the steamer Princeton. On Oct. 16, 1843, Upshur had proposed to the repub- lic of Texas a treaty of annexation, and before the people of Texas, composed of emigrants from all parts of the Union, but largely of slave- holders from the south, who had brought with them their slaves, would consent to accept the treaty, they insisted on being assured of military and naval protection, not only against Mexico, but as well against England, who had threat- ened to prevent the consummation of the treaty unless the people would agree to frame a state constitution abolishing slavery. Mr. Calhoun reluctantly agreed to the conditions imposed, but, before signing the treaty, exposed the scheme of England in a series of papers which so changed the opinion of the senate, that when the treaty came before that body it was rejected. The presidential campaign of 1844 was pivotal on the question, and after Polk was elected it was accepted by the people that Texas was to be treated as any other territory ; that is, the question of the admission of slavery was to be dependent on the popular will of the sovereign people of the state under the Missouri compromise act. His judicious diplomatic correspondence with Great Britain, in regard to the possession of Oregon, 15461 The Cyclopaedia Publishing Company. CALHOUN. CALKINS. resulted in the vindication of the rights of the United States and the adjustment of the matter by the treaty of 1846. On March 4, 1845, lie retired from the cabinet upon the inauguration of the new administration, and on December 1 again took his seat in the senate, where he did all he could to prevent a war with Mexico, fearing that the acquisition of more territory by the United States would only keep up the agita- tion of the question of slavery as new states were admitted. Mr. Calhoun, on Feb. 19, 1847, pre- sented to the senate resolutions concerning the slave question in the territories, in which he asserted, “ Congress has no right to do any act whatever that shall directly, or, by its effects, deprive any state of its full and equal right in any territory.” This expression was drawn from him by a petition from inhabitants of New Mexico against the introduction of slavery into the territory. On March 4, 1850, his last ex- tended speech was read by Mr. Mason, of Virginia, though lie afterwards spoke in debate in that body, closing with these words: “ Having faith- fully done my duty to the best of my ability both to the Union and to my section, throughout the agitation ; I shall have the consolation, let what will come, that I am free from all responsibility.” Two friends led him out of the senate chamber and he was not to pass its threshold again. Three colleges conferred on him the degree of LL. D. ; Hamilton in 1821, Yale in 1822, and Columbia in 1825. In 1849 he wrote his “ Address to the People of the South,” “ A Disquisition on Gov- ernment,” and “ A Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States.” His complete works were published by R. K. Cralle (6 vols. 1853-'54). He died in Washington, D. C., March 31, 1850. CALHOUN, John Erwin, senator, was born probably in western Virginia in 1749, and in 1756 was one of the members of the Calhoun settle- ment of South Carolina. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1774, was admitted to the bar and achieved distinction in the prac- tice of his profession in Charleston, S.C., where he located in 1789. He was a commissioner of estates confiscated during the revolutionary war, a member of the popular branch of the South Carolina legislature for several years, and was elected a United States senator in 1801, serving from Dec. 11, 1801, until his death, which oc- curred in Pendleton district, S. C., Nov. 3, 1802. CALHOUN, Simeon Howard, missionary, was born at Boston, Mass., Aug. 15, 1804. After graduating at Williams college in 1829, he studied law, and then returned to Williams as tutor. In 1837 he went to the Levant as agent of the Ameri- can Bible society, subsequently serving under the American board, and then with the Presby- [ 547 ] terian board. His work was in connection with the seminary on the slopes of Lebanon, at Abeih. He bore the name of the “ Cedar of Lebanon.” Williams conferred on him the degree of D.D. in 1864. In 1869 he puolislied in Arabic “ Scrip- ture Helps,” done on the press at Beirut. It was a work of 650 pp., and reached several editions. He died at Buffalo, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1876. CALHOUN, William Barron, representative, was born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 29, 1796. He received a classical education, was graduated at Yale in 1814, and practised law at Springfield, Mass. He was a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives from 1825 to 1835, dur- ing two years of which time he was speaker. In 1834 he was elected a representative to the 24th Congress, retaining his seat through four con- gresses. He was president of the state senate in 1846-’47, secretary of state for Massachusetts from 1848 to 1851, state bank commissioner from 1853 to 1855, and mayor of Springfield in 1859. In 1861 he was again returned to the state legis- lature. Amherst conferred upon him the degree LL.D. in 1858. He died at Springfield, Mass., Nov. 8, 1865. CALKINS, Norman A., educator, was born at Gainesville, N. Y., Sept. 9, 1822. He received a classical education, and in 1840 began teach- ing at Castile, N. Y., later becoming principal of the central school at Gainesville, and superin- tendent of schools, 1845-'46. In 1846 he removed to New York city, and was engaged in establish- ing teachers’ institutes in New York and ad- jacent states. He was appointed assistant superintendent of sclioolS in New York city in 1862, giving his attention to the primary schools and holding the office up to the time of his death. He was instructor in methods and principles of education in the Saturday normal school from 1864 to 1871, and professor of methods and prin- ciples of teaching at the Saturday classes of the normal school of the city of New York from 1871 to 1882, when they were discontinued. He held important offices in the national educational association and became prominently identified with its work. He was treasurer of the American Congregational union from 1857 until 1883. He published: “Primary Object Lessons” (1861; new edition, 1870: Spanish edition, 1879); “Phonic Charts” (1869); “How to Teach, a Graded Course of Instruction and Manual of Methods ” (with Henry Kiddle and Thos. F. Harrison, 1873); “Manual of Object-Teaching ” (1881), and “ From Blackboard to Books ” (1883). He died in New York city, Dec. 22, 1895. CALL, Richard Keith, soldier, was born in 1757. He resided in Virginia, where his brother, Daniel Call, practised law and published" Reports of the Virginia Court of Appeals” (1790-1818). CALL. CALLENDER. As major in the Continental army lie was dis- tinguished for having, at Charleston, S. C., May 6, 1780, cut his way with six others through the ranks of the British cavalry and escaped un- harmed. He commanded a body of riflemen in the action at Spencer's Ordinary, and served under Lafayette at Jamestown, Ya. In 1784 he was elected surveyor-general of Georgia. He died in 1792. CALL, Richard Keith, governor of Florida, was born near Petersburg, Va., 1791; a nephew of Richard Keith Call. He entered the United States army in 1814 as 1st lieutenant of the 44th infantry, was appointed aid to General Jackson in April, 1818, was promoted captain in July, and subsequently became major-general of Florida militia. He served a term in the Florida assem- bly in 1822-’ 23 as delegate to the 18th Congress, and in 1835 became governor of the territory of Florida, retaining the office until 1840. While governor he led the troops against the Seminole Indians, 1835-"36, after which a controversy with the secretary of war relative to his conduct of the Seminole campaign led to his removal. He was re-appointed governor of Florida in 1841 by President Harrison, holding the office until 1844. In 1845, upon the admission of Florida to the Union as a state, he stood for an election to the governorship, but was defeated, owing to popular prejudice against him for his action in turning Whig in 1840. He died at Tallahassee, Fla., Sept. 14, 1862 CALL, Wilkinson, senator, was born at Rus- sellville, Logan county, Ky., Jan. 9, 1834; a nephew of Richard Keith Call, governor of Florida. He went to Florida at an early age, and became a lawyer in Jacksonville. During the civil war he served as adjutant-general in the Confederate army, and in 1865 he was elected U. S. senator from Florida, but owing to the subsequent pas- sage of the reconstruction act he was not al- lowed to take his seat. In 1872 and 1876 he was presidential elector for the state at large, and in 1876 he was a member of the national Demo- cratic executive committee, and a delegate to the national convention at St. Louis, Mo. In 1879 he was elected U. S. senator to succeed Simon B. Conover, and was re-elected in 1885 and in 1891, his term of service expiring March 3, 1897. CALLENDER, Franklin D., soldier, was born in New York about the year 1817. He was gradu- ated at West Point in 1839, and spent the fol- lowing year at Watervliet arsenal as assistant ordnance officer. From 1840 to 1842 he was engaged in the Florida Indian war. receiving a brevet lieutenantcy for “ highly meritorious services. In the Mexican war of 1846- 4 1 he commanded a howitzer and rocket battery, which he had organized, and received a brevet captaincy for meritorious conduct. The years from 1861 to 1866 were spent in ordnance duty at various arsenals, and in April, 1866, he was promoted lieutenant-colonel of ordnance, having received the intervening grades and several brevets. He was promoted colonel of ordnance in June, 1874, and was retired in May, 1879. He died in Davsville, 111., Dec. 13, 1882. CALLENDER, John, historian, was born in Boston, Mass., in 1706; son of John Callender and a grandson of Rev. Ellis Callender. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1723, and was licensed to preach by the Baptist chuich in 1 * —7. From 1728 to 1730 he had pastoral charge of the Baptist church at Swansea, Mass., and from 1831 over the First Baptist church in Newport. R. I. In addition to his pastoral duties, Mr. Cal- lender aided in the conduct of town and colonial affairs of Newport, his name frequently appear- ing in the colonial records. In 1739 he pub- lished “ An Historical Discourse on the Civd and Religious Affairs of the Colony of Rhode Island from the First Settlement to the end of the First Century,” for over a century the only history of the colony in existence. It was reprinted by the Rhode Island historical society in 1838, with notes and a memoir of the author, by Rev . Romeo Elton, D.D. Mr. Callender also published several , of his sermons and addresses, and collected a number of valuable papers referring to the his tory of the Baptist church in America, which ' were used by Dr. Backus in his “ History of New England, with Special Reference to the Baptists (3 vols., 1777- 96). He died in Newport, R. I., Jan. 26. 1748. CALLENDER, John Hill, physician, was born near Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 28, 1831; grandson of James Thompson Callender, a native of Scotland, i who came to America as a political exile in 179.. He attended a classical school at Nashville until his seventeenth year, when he entered the I Di- versity of Nashville and remained there until m suspension in October, 1850. He studied law in Louisville. Ky., engaged with a mercantile house in St, Louis, Mo., and was graduated m the medical department of the University of Benin sylvania in 1855. He was joint proprietor^ ami editor of the Nashville Daily Patriot, 18a»- •*. In 1858 he was made professor of materia medica and therapeutics in the Shelby medical college. Nashville. In 1861 he was appointed surgeon to the lltli Tennessee regiment, which position he resigned in 1862. From 1865 to 1869 he was a political writer on the Nashville Union and American. He was a delegate from the state at large to the Union national convention in h<>< which nominated Bell and Everett, and again m 1868 to the Democratic convention which nom- [ 548 ] CALTHROP. CALVERT. mated Seymour and Blair. In 1868 he was made professor of materia medica and therapeutics in the medical department of the University of Nashville, and in 1870 was appointed superin- tendent of the Tennessee hospital for the insane. The same year he was transferred to the chair of diseases of the brain and nervous system in the University of Nashville, and in 1880 to the chair of physiology and psychology of that insti- tution and of Vanderbilt university. In 1879 he was elected president of the American medico- psychological association, and in 1881 of the asso- ciation of medical superintendents of American institutions for the insane. He was one of the witnesses summoned to give expert testimony in the trial of Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield. In 1887 he was chosen president of the section on physiology in the 9th interna- tional medical congress, which met in Washing- ton, D. C. In 1889 the University of Nashville conferred upon him the degree of Ph.D. He died Aug. 3, 1896. CALTHROP, Samuel Robert, clergyman, was born at Swineshead Abbey, Lincolnshire, Eng- land, Oct. 9, 1829. His early education was acquired at St. Paul's school, London, and at Trinity college, Cambridge. He became a Uni tarian minister in 1860 and removed to the United States, where he was installed pastor of the Unitarian society in Syracuse, N. Y., in 1868. He is the author of “ Physical Development, and its relation to Mental and Spiritual Develop- ment ” (1859) ; “ Cambridge and Kingsley on American Affairs ” (1863) ; “ English Colleges and Schools ” (1865); “Religion and Science” (1874); “The Rights of the Body” (1879); “Father, Son and Holy Ghost” (1880); “The Fullness of God ” (1888), and “ Gold and Silver as Money ” (1896). CALVERLEY, Charles, sculptor, was born in Albany, N. Y., Nov. 1, 1833; son of Charles and Elizabeth (Charlton) Calverley. After studying under Palmer in Albany for some years, be re- moved to New York in 1868, where he opened a studio. In 1872 he was made an associate of the national academy and three years later academician. He executed a bas-relief of Peter Cooper in 1876, which was shown in the Centen- nial exhibition in Philadelphia, attracting much favorable comment. A bronze bust, heroic size, of John Brown, which is owned by the Union League club, was exhibited at the same time. Among his other works may be noted: “Little Ida, ’ a medallion ; “ The Little Companions,” and busts of Horace Greeley (at Greenwood), Charles Loring Elliott, the Rev. JohnMacLean, of Prince- ton, Elias Howe, and a bronze statue of Robert Bums. CALVERT, George (See Baltimore, Lord). CALVERT, George Henry, author, was born in Prince George county, Md., Jan. 2, 1803. He was a lineal descendant of Lord Baltimore, the first proprietor of Maryland. He was graduated at Harvard in 1823, and subsequently studied at the University of Gottingen. On his return to the United States he for a time edited a news- paper in Baltimore, but in 1843 removed to New- port, R. I. He was a member of the Newport school committee and its chairman, and was mayor of the city, 1853-’54. His publications include: “Illustrations of Phrenology” (1832); “ A Volume from the Life of Herbert Barclay ” (1833) ; “ Don Carlos ” (1836) ; “ Count Julian ” (1840); “ Cabiro ” (1840— ’64) ; “Scenes and Thoughts in Europe” ( 1846— ’52) ; “Poems” (1847): “Comedies” (1856); “Joan of Arc” (1860); “ The Gentleman ” (1863); “ Anyta and other Poems ” (1863) ; “ Arnold and Andrd ” (1864); “Ellen” (1869); “Goethe, his Life and Works” (1872); “Brief Essays and Brevities ” (1874); “Essays A£sthetical ” (1875), and “Wordsworth, a Biographic ^Esthetic Study” (1875). He died in Newport, R. I., May 24, 1889. CALVERT, Leonard, governor of Maryland, was born about 1606, second son of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, and brother of Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore. He was sent as first governor of Maryland by his brother, Cecil, who had obtained a charter for the colony from Charles I. on June 20, 1632. The expedition set sail from Cowes on Nov. 22, 1633, in two ships, the Ark of Avalon and the Dove, and consisted of two hundred persons, all of the Roman Catholic faith. In three months from the time of setting out they arrived at Point Comfort, Va., and took possession of an aban- doned Indian village, which they named St. Mary’s. As soon as possible, Calvert arranged an interview with Claiborne, who was at a trading station on Kent Island in Chesapeake Bay. Cal- vert's purpose to establish a colony was resented by Claiborne, who incited the natives against the colonists. Governor Calvert succeeded in sub* duing Claiborne, who took refuge in Virginia, and it is supposed that all went well until about 1643, when Calvert made a visit to England. On his return, in September, 1644, with a new com- mission from the lord proprietary, he found that Captain Claiborne had taken advantage of his absence and had re-established himself on Kent Island. He was compelled to retreat to Virginia, but in 1646 returned, surprised Claiborne's force, reduced Kent Island, and on April 16, 1647, pardoned all the rebels. He died June 9. 1647. CALVIN, Delano Chipman, lawyer, was born in Jefferson county, N. Y., Nov. 3, 1824; son of Alpheus R. and Minerva Calvin. He was edu- cated at the Black river institute, Watertown; [ 549 ] CAMBRELENG. CAMDEN. Professor Dewey's academy, Rochester; Professor Fowler's law school, Cherry Valle}'; and the law school at Ballston Spa, N. Y., where he was graduated in July, 1849, and admitted to the bar. He was district attorney of his native county, 1852-’55. In 18C6 he removed to New York city, and not long after was associated with Richard O'Gorman, the corporation counsel, and Henry H. Anderson in the celebrated dock litiga- tion. which successfully established the right of the city to prevent the obstruction of the docks of New York city by the erection of structures for the convenience of private traffic. On the death of Surrogate Van Schaick in April, 1876, Mr. Calvin was chosen to fill that office, and in the following autumn was elected to serve the unex- pired term which closed with December, 1881. His published opinions occupy the greater part of the 2d, 3d and 4th and a part of the 5th volumes of Redfield’s “Surrogate's Reports,” which in- cluded the decisions concerning the wills of A. T. Stewart, Cornelius Vanderbilt and Frank Leslie. After the termination of his official term as surrogate, Mr. Calvin engaged in the active practice of his profession. In June, 1881, Hobart college conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. CALVIN, Samuel, geologist, was born in Wigtonshire, Scotland, Feb. 2, 1840. He emigra- ted to America in 1851 and settled in Iowa. He was educated at Lenox college, Hopkinton, Iowa. In 1863 he joined the Union army, and served as a private until the close of the war. In 1873 he was acting professor of natural science, aiyl curator of the university cabinet in Iowa state university, and the following year was made full professor. He is the author of various contribu- tions to the U. S. geological and geographical survey of the territories, including a report “ On Some Dark Shale recently Discovered below the Devonian Limestones, at Independence, Iowa; with a Notice of New Species ” (1878). CAMBRELENG, Churchill Caldom, repre- sentative, was born in Washington, N. C., in 1786. He received an academical education, removed to New York city in 1802, and, after acquiring a varied experience in business, became associated with John Jacob Astor in the man- agement of his large interests. In 1820 he was elected a representative from New York to the 17th Congress and served continuously in nine congresses. He was chairman of the committees on foreign affairs, ways and means, and com- merce and navigation. Tn 1840 he was appointed minister to Russia by President Van Buren, and served until July, 1841. His report on “Com- merce and Navigation ” (1830) passed through several editions in America and one in London. He died at West Neck, N. Y., April 30, 1862. [ 550 ] CAMDEN, Johnson Newton, senator, was born in Lewis county, Va., March 6, 1828; son of John S. and Nancy (Newton) Camden. He entered West Point in 1846, but resigned in 1848, and after studying law was admitted to the bar in 1851. He was appointed prosecuting attorney for Braxton county in the same year, and prosecuting attorney for Nicholas county in the following year. In 1854 he became engaged in the banking business, and subsequently en- tered largely into business enterprises at Parkers- burg. He was a delegate to every Democratic national convention from 1868 to 1892, was nomi- nated for governor in 1872, and was a United States senator from West Virginia from 1881 to 1887, and again from Jan. 28, 1893, to March 3, 1895, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Kenna. CAMERON, Angus, senator, was born in Caledonia, Livingston county, N. Y., July 4, 1826. He was graduated at the national law school at Ballston Spa, N. Y., and in 1857 re- moved to La Crosse, Wis., where he engaged in the practice of his profession. He was a mem- ber of the Wisconsin senate in 1863-'64, and a member of the legislative assembly in 1866-'67. officiating in the latter year as speaker. In 1871 he was returned to the state senate, and in 1875 was elected to the United States senate, receiv- ing a re-election in 1881, as successor to 31. H Carpenter, deceased, for the unexpired term ending March 3, 1885. He was regent of the University of Wisconsin from 1866 to 1875, and died in Milwaukee, Wis., March 30. 1897. CAMERON, Henry Clay, educator, was born in Shepherdstown, Va., Sept. 1, 1827. He was graduated at Princeton in 1847, subsequently tak- ing a course in theology, which he finished in 1855. During 1851 he was principal of the Edge- hill school. From 1852 to 1855 was an instructor at the college of New Jersey; l855-'60 he was adjunct professor of Greek; was associate professor during 1860; in 1861 was given the full chair ; and in 1877 he was made professor of the Greek language and literature. He vas ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1863. He was made Ph.D. by the College of New Jersey in 1866, and in 1875 Rutgers college and the University of Wooster conferred upon him the degree of D.D. Besides editing the cata- logue of the college of New Jersey, he pub- lished “ Princeton Roll of Honor " (1865), and “ The History of the American Whig Society (1871). CAMERON, Janies, soldier, was born in May- town, Pa., March 1, 1801; brother of Simon Cameron. In 1820 he removed to Harrisburg. Pa., to learn the printing business in the office of his brother, who was editor of a Democratic CAMERON. CAMERON. newspaper. In 1827 he became editor of the Political Sentinel at Lancaster, Pa. He served during the Mexican war as sutler. In 1861 he was appointed colonel of the 79th regiment, New York state militia, “ Highlanders, ” and was killed at the battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21, 1861. CAMERON, James Donald, statesman, was born at Middletown, Dauphin county, Pa., May 14, 1833; son of Simon and Margaretta Cameron. He was graduated at Princeton in 1852, and entering the Middletown bank as clerk, soon became cashier, and ultimately president of the institution. He was president of the Northern central railroad company from 1863 to 1874, and in this capacity rendered effective service to the Union cause during the civil war. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention at Chicago in 1868, to that at Cincinnati in 1876, to that at Chicago in 1880, and he was chairman of the Republican national committee in the latter year. From May, 1876, to March, 1877, he was secretary of war in President Grant’s cabi- net, and was then elected to the seat in the United States senate made vacant by the resig- nation of his father. He was re-elected for a full term in 1879, in 1885, and in 1891, the last term ex- piring in March, 1897, when he was succeeded by Boies Penrose. CAMERON, Robert Alexander, soldier, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 22, 1828; son of Robert A. Cameron. He removed with his par- ents to Indiana in 1842, and was graduated at the Indiana medical school in 1850, after which he studied for a time at the Rush medical school at Chicago. He practised his profession, pub- lished the Valparaiso Republican and served a term in the Indiana legislature. In 1861 lie raised the 9th Indiana volunteers, served as cap- tain, was promoted to a lieutenant-colonelcy and to a colonelcy in the 34th Indiana, and took part in the engagements at Philippi, Carrick’s Ford, Island No. 10, New Madrid, Fort Gibson, Mem- phis and Vicksburg. He was promoted brigadier- general in 1863, and commanded the 13th army corps in the Red river expedition of 1864, after General Ransom was wounded. From this time until the close of the war he commanded the district of La Fourche, La., and in March, 1865, received the brevet of major-general. After the war he became actively engaged founding col- onies in the west — Greeley, Manitou, and Colo- rado Springs being among the number. In 1885 he was appointed warden of the Colorado peni- tentiary at Canon City, and in 1888 became commissioner of immigration of the Denver, Texas and Fort Worth railroad, and directed public attention to the rich resources of the southwest. He died in Carson City, Col., March 15 , 1894 . CAMERON, Roderick William, Sir, capitalist, was born in Glengarry county, Canada, July 25, 1825 ; second son of Duncan and Margaret (McLeod) Cameron. He was educated in Canada, and in 1849-'50 was a member of the Canadian delegation which visited Washington to advocate a reciprocity treaty. In 1852 he re- moved to New York, and, establishing a line of packet ships between that port and Australia, soon made for himself a great name in Canada, Australia and the United States. As an hon- orary commissioner from Australia to the Inter- national exhibitions at Philadelphia in 1876, at Paris in 1878, and from Canada to the Sydney- Melbourne exhibitions of 1880 and ’81, lie did much to bring the commercial importance of those countries to the attention of the business world, and to encourage the breeding of thorough- bred stock in the United States, importing many well-known horses. In 1883, while on a visit to England, he was knighted by. the queen, on the recommendation of the Marquis of Lome, then governor of Canada. CAMERON, Simon, statesman, was born in Donegal, Lancaster county, Pa., March 8, 1799; son of Charles Cameron, a country tailor, whose ancestors of the third generation had immigrated to Pennsylvania from Scotland. Charles Cam- eron’s life was a continual struggle with poverty, and at last his failure in business caused a dispersion of his fam- ily. Simon, then but nine years of age, was adopted by a physician, whose idea of fitting the boy for a medical career de- termined him, at the age of ten years, to apprentice himself to a printer, and after learning the trade he worked as a jour- neyman at Lancaster, Harrisburg and in the government printing-office, Washington. While employed in the office of the Harrisburg Rej)ub- lican lie met Samuel D. Ingham, then secretary of state for Pennsylvania, and owner of the Doylestown Democrat , which had fallen on evil days. He was invited by Ingham to undertake the editorship of the paper, and so cleverly did he fulfill the requirements of the position that the journal was shortly restored to popular favor, and he became a prominent figure in local politi- cal circles. In 1821 he purchased the Harris- burg Republican, which he renamed the Intelli- gencer. This paper he conducted with great 1551 ] CAMERON. CAMMERHOFF. ability, and his bold and vigorous advocacy of high tariff, and of John C. Calhoun as a candidate for the presidency, commanded the attention of statesmen and politicians everywhere. With in- creasing fame came increasing profits, and after five years he had command of sufficient funds to enable him to undertake large business opera- tions, which soon netted him a handsome fortune. He was cashier of a bank, president of two rail- road companies, and adjutant -general of the state. In 1845, upon the resignation of James Bu- chanan as United States senator, he was elected to fill the unexpired term, and as senator acted with the Democratic party. He retired from the senate, March 3, 1849. In 1854, upon the repeal of the Missouri compromise bill, Mr. Cameron left his party and helped to form the People's party. In 1857 the new party controlled the state legislature and elected Mr. Cameron to the senate, to succeed Richard Brodhead. During his second term he took a conspicuous part in the discussion of the vital question of the hour, and he was so pronounced in his advocacy of peace and conciliation that his loyalty to the Union was at the time questioned. He was one of the presidential candidates who had a strong support in the convention of 1860, and he failed of securing the nomination of vice-presi- dent on the ticket with Abraham Lincoln, through a lack of harmony in the Pennsylvania delegation. Immediately upon Mr. Lincoln's election, Mr. Cameron was called to a place in his cabinet, and, resigning his seat in the senate, March 4, 1861, became secretary of war. After the attack upon Fort Sumter, realizing that war was inevitable, Secretary Cameron advocated strenuous war measures, and went so far as to favor a proclamation of emancipation to all slaves who would desert their masters and enlist in the Union army. In this he stood alone among his associates, and feeling that his useful- ness would be impaired by their opposition, he resigned his portfolio in January, 1862, and was at once appointed by President Lincoln minister to Russia. In November, 1862, he resigned this office as well, but during the short term of his occupancy he had succeeded in enlisting the friendship of Russia in the Federal cause. He was a delegate to the Baltimore convention of 1864, and to the Loyalists’ Philadelphia conven- tion of 1866, and he was again returned to the senate in 1867, succeeding Edgar Cowan. In 1873 he was elected to the senate for the fourth time. Not being in sympathy with the civil service policy inaugurated by President Hayes, and feeling inadequate to the undertaking of a conflict of such magnitude at his advanced age, he resigned his seat in 1877, and his son. James Donald Cameron, was at once elected his succes- 1552 ] sor. Simon Cameron's control of his party in his own state was wellnigh absolute, and his consummate ability as a political leader was uni- versally acknowledged. He became known as the “ czar of Pennsylvania politics.” He died at his home in Lancaster county, Pa., June 26, 1889. CAMMERHOFF, John Frederick, Moravian bishop, was born near Magdeburg, Germany, and educated at Jena. He was consecrated a bishop in London Sept. 25, 1746, and shortly afterward came to America, where lie assisted Bishop Span- genberg in his work in New York and Pennsyl- vania. He gained many converts among the Indians, by whom he was greatly revered, and the missionary, Zeisberger, says the Indians spoke of him with veneration more than thirty years after his death. Hardships and exertions incident to a journey of sixteen hundred miles, which he made in 1750 on a mission to Onondaga, N. Y., to visit Indians of the Six Nations, resulted in his death, April 28, 1751. CAMP, David N., educator, was born at Dur- ham, Conn., Oct. 3, 1820; son of Elah and Orit (Lee) Camp. His early life was passed on the farm of his father, when not pursuing his studies. He taught school a few vears, and on the incorporation of the Connecticut state nor- mal school became a teacher in that insti- tution. He was ap- pointed associate principal in 1855, and in 1857 was elected principal and state superintendent of schools. Feeble health forced him to resign in 1866, and he went to Europe, where he visited the education- al institutions of Eng- land, Scotland, Ire j> land and the conti- nent. While in Paris he was appointed to a professorship in St. John's college, Maryland. He held this position until the establishment of the national bureau of edu- cation, when he resigned to engage in its service under Dr. Henry Barnard, with whom he had been previously associated in educational work. In 1870 he founded the New Britain seminary, and was its principal until 1880. when failing health again compelled him to give up teaching. He was for several years editor and manager of the Connecticut Common School Journal and the New Britain Herald. From 1877 to 1879 lie was mayor of New Britain, represented the town in the general assembly in 1879, and was chairman of the committee on education. He subsequently CAMP. CAMPBELL. became auditor of the national council of the Congregational churches of the United States, auditor and chairman of the finance committee of the Connecticut missionary society, president or vice-president of several corporations in New Britain. Yale college conferred on him the de- gree of A.M. in 1853. He revised “ Mitchell's Outline Maps,” and the “Government Instruc- tor " ; compiled and edited “ The American Year Book,” a series of geographies and school maps, and a “ Globe Manual.” He is the author of the “History of New Britain,” and contributed to other histories and to periodicals. CAMP, Hiram, inventor, was born at Ply- mouth, Conn., April 9, 1811; son of Samuel and Jennette (Jerome) Camp. He was educated at the common school, and at the age of eighteen entered the employ of his uncle, Chauncey Jerome, in the manufacture of clocks in Bristol, Conn. In 1845 the shop was destroyed by fire, and was rebuilt in New Haven. He made numerous improvements and designed an ingen- ious clock intended for the use of schools, for cal- isthenics or military exercises. In 1851 he began the manufacture of clock movements. Two years later he organized the New Haven clock company, of which he was made president. He served in the city council, as selectman of the town, as a member of the state legislature, and in numerous local offices. His philanthropic work included: supporting two missionaries in Nebraska, a city missionary in another state, founding the Mount Hermon boys' school at Gill, Mass., under the auspices of D. L. Moody the evangelist, and co-operating with Mr. Moody in establishing the Northfield seminary for young ladies. His donations to the Moody institution amounted to nearly one hundred thousand dol- lars, and in his will he left a like sum to various charitable organizations. He died at New Haven, Conn., July 8, 1893. CAMP, William Augustus, financier, was born at Durham, Conn., Sept. 23, 1822. He was educated in the private schools of his native place, and when eighteen years old entered the store of his father at Middletown, being admitted as a partner in the business on arriving at the age of twenty-one. Two years later he engaged in the hosiery business in New York city, but on the organization of the Importers and traders bank he accepted the appointment of discount clerk in that institution, which, however, he soon relinquished for that of first teller in the Arti- sans bank. In 1857 he was given the responsible appointment of assistant manager of the New York clearing-house, which he held until Aug. 20, 1864, when he succeeded George D. Lyman as manager of that association. Very early in his connection with the clearing-house, Mr. Camp showed his peculiar fitness for the management of a business involving such vast moneyed trans- actions, and in his twenty-seven years of service in that capacity he had so won the confidence of every member of the association that he became practically its autocrat. In 1892 when he retired from the management it was estimated that its total transactions had amounted to over §1,002,- 658,493,744.48. He was a member of the New England society, of the Union league club and of the New York chamber of commerce. He was a discriminating patron of art and literature, as well as a liberal contributor to many charitable institutions. He resigned from the management of the clearing-house July 11, 1892. He died Dec. 10, 1895. CAMPBELL, Alexander, theologian, was born in the county Antrim, Ireland, Sept. 12, 1788; son of Thomas and Jane (Corneigle) Campbell. He was educated at the University of Glasgow. In 1809 he came to America and settled in west- ern Pennsylvania, where he joined the Baptist denomination, refusing, however, to subscribe to any creed or articles of faith other than the Bible. A few years later he and his father withdrew from the Baptists, because of ecclesiastical oppo- sition, and with their adherents formed the sect known as “ Campbellites. ” In 1823 Alexander Campbell began to publish The Christian Bap- tist, a monthly religious magazine, which, in 1830, changed its name to The Millennial Har- binger. In 1829 he was elected to the Virginia constitutional convention, his only political office. In 1840 he founded Bethany college, Vir- ginia, and was president of that institution until his death. He died at Bethany, W. Va., March 4, 1866. CAMPBELL, Alexander Augustus, clergy- man, was born in Amherst county, Va., Dec. 30, 1789. He received a common -school education, and was graduated at the Philadelphia medical school in 1811. He practised medicine in North Carolina, Alabama and Virginia. He was an infidel during his younger days, but became con- vinced of the truths of Christianity during an attack of yellow fever. He studied theology, was licensed by the North Alabama presbytery in 1822, and ordained in 1823. He was stationed over churches at Tuscumbia, Russellville and Florence, Ala., and engaged in missionary labors in West Tennessee. In October, 1833, lie became pastor of a church at Jackson, Tenn., his pastor- ate continuing during the remaining years of his life. He was a lecturer, practised medicine, especially among the Indian missions, and was the editor of the Jackson Protestant . He was the author of a treatise on “ Scripture Baptism,” which was published in 1844. He died at Jack- son, Tenn., May 27, 1846. 1553 ] CAMPBELL. CAMPBELL. CAMPBELL, Alexander William, soldier, was born in Nashville, Tenn., June 4. 1828. He was prepared for college in the schools of his native city, and in 1847 was graduated from the West Tennessee college. He finished a course of study at the Lebanon law school in 1851, and was admitted to the bar. He enlisted in the Confed- erate service in 1861, was placed on the staff of Gen. B. F. Cheatham, and was promoted colonel of the 34th Tennessee infantry in October of that year. After gaining promotion to the rank of brigadier-general he was given command of a cavalry brigade, under General Forrest, in Sep- tember, 1864. He died in Jackson, Tenn., June 13, 1893. CAMPBELL, Allen, engineer, was born in Albany, N Y., in 1815. He was employed as chief engineer of a railroad, and as civil engineer on the Erie canal and the Ohio river improve- ment from 1836 to 1850, when he went to Chili, where he constructed the first railroad in South America. About 1856 he returned to New York city and became chief engineer, and, later, president of the New York and Harlem railroad, holding the latter office for six years. During the civil war he was employed as engineer of the harbor defences of the port of New York, and later became chief engineer of construction of the Union Pacific railroad. On Jan. 21, 1876, he was appointed commissioner of public works of New York city. In 1880 he was appointed comp- troller of the city, and in 1882 was an unsuccess- ful candidate for mayor of New York on the citizens' ticket. He died in New York city, March 18, 1894. CAMPBELL, Andrew, inventor, was born near Trenton, N. J., June 14, 1821. He worked on a farm and with a carriage-maker, and learned to make brushes in Trenton, his first invention being a brush-drawer's vice, after- wards generally used. He worked as a carriage- maker at Alton, 111., from 1835 to 1842, and as a brushmaker at St. Louis, Mo., from 1842 to 1850. While in St. Louis he built the first omnibus used in the city, and constructed a mammoth omnibus to carry one hundred persons. He built a single-span wooden bridge, of 558 feet, over Cedar river, Iowa. In 1853 he visited New York city to exhibit at the World’s fair a lathe for turning metal boxes, and there submitted his plans for an improved printing-press and folding machine. He entered the employ of A. B. Tay- lor & Co., press builders, and built for Harper & Brothers presses with table distributions, and for Frank Leslie, the first automatic press ever built in the United States, which was first operated in 1857. In 1858 he went into the business of manu- facturing printing machines on his own account. In 1861 he invented the Campbell country press, and in 1869, the two-revolution printing press on which illustrated magazines are printed. In 1875 he invented, as he believed, the first stereotype perfecting press, with continuous folder, paster, inserter, and cutter combined, for general newspaper work. His claim was dis- puted, however, and his patents transferred to another manufacturer. His rapid self super- imposing press, on which seven million impres- sions were taken from one form without ap- parent wear to the plates, was a great advance in printing machines. His long list of devices, only a few of which were patented, comprise labor-saving machinery relating to hat manu- facture, steam engines, machinists' tools, litho- graphic machinery, and electrical appliances. He died in a Brooklyn (N. Y.) ambulance, April, 1890. CAMPBELL, Bartley, playwright, was born in Allegheny city, Pa., Aug. 12, 1843. After two years of legal study he became a reporter, and in 1863-'64 made Democratic speeches. He started the Evening Mail at Pittsburg in 1868, and the Southern Magazine in New Orleans, 1869. A year later he was official reporter of the Louisiana house of representatives. He began writing plays, in 1871, with “Through Fire,” “Peril,'’ “ Risks,” “ Fate,” and “ The Virginian ” (1872) ; “Gran Uale ” (1874); “On the Rhine” (1875); “The Big Bonanza” (1875); “A Heroine in Rags ” and “ How Women Love ” (1876) ; “Clio” (1878); “Fairfax” (1879); “ The Galley Slave - ’ (1879) ; “Matrimony” (1880) ; and *' White Slave " “My Geraldine,” “Siberia,” ” Paquita ” make his list only partially complete. In 1886 he was obliged to give up active work as his brain became affected and he died at Middletown, N. Y., July 30, 1888. CAMPBELL, Charles, historian, was born in Petersburg, Va., May 1, 1807 ; son of John Wilson Campbell, the historian, who, in 1813, published a “ History of Virginia to 1781.” He was edu- cated at Princeton, and upon his graduation in 1825 commenced teaching. From 1842 to 1855 he conducted a classical school, which he had estab- lished at Petersburg, and in the latter year became principal of the Anderson seminary in that city. He was the editor of the famous “ Bland Papers ” (1840-‘43), and of the “ Orderly Book of Gen. Andrew Lewis ” (Richmond. 1860), and he was the author of “ An Introduction to the History of the Colony and Ancient Domin- ion of Virginia ” (Richmond, 1847; Philadelphia. 1859) ; “ Some Materials for a Memoir of John Daly Burk " (Albany, 1868). and “ Genealogy of the Spotswood Family” (Albany, 1868). He was a contributor to the Historical Register and to the Southern Literary Messenger. He died in Staunton. Va., July 11, 1876. L554| CAMPBELL. CAMPBELL. CAMPBELL, Charles Thomas, soldier, was born in Franklin county, Pa., Aug. 10, 1823. He received liis education at Marshall college. At the outbreak of the Mexican war, in 1847, he en- tered the army as 2d lieutenant in the 8th U. S: infantry, and was promoted to the rank of cap- tain in August, 1847, and was mustered out of the service in 1848. He was elected a member of the lower house of the Pennsylvania legislature in 1852. In the civil war he was commissioned colonel of the 1st Pennsylvania artillery, May, 1861, and transferred to the 57th infantry in De- cember of the same year. At Fair Oaks he had his horse shot under him and received two severe wounds. He was taken prisoner with his whole regiment, but turned upon his captors and suc- ceeded in carrying two hundred of them into the Federal lines as prisoners. His wounds prevented any further active service, and he was promoted a brigadier-general on March 13, 1863, and re- moved to Dakota. CAMPBELL, Cleveland J., soldier, was born in New York city in July, 1836. After his gradu- ation from Union college he went abroad and took a course of study at the University of Got- tingen, returning at the beginning of the civil war. He joined the Union army, and fought bravely, rising from a private through the ranks of lieutenant, captain and lieutenant-colonel to that of colonel. He rendered distinguished ser- vices at the mine explosion at Petersburg, where he led his regiment into the fight, and was seri- ously wounded by a shell, four hundred of his men being killed or wounded by the explosion of the mine. He received the brevet rank of briga- dier-general in March, 1865, and died in Castleton, N. Y., June 13, 1865. CAMPBELL, David A., librarian, was born at Miller’s Station, Harrison count}', Ohio, Oct. 5, 1857. He was educated in the public schools of his native state and at Hopedale college, removed to Kansas in 1877, and in 1878 went to Platts- mouth, Cass county, Nebraska. In 1885 he was elected treasurer of Cass county, and was re- elected in 1887. In 1890 he was appointed state librarian for a term of four years, and was reap- pointed in 1895. CAMPBELL, Douglas, lawyer, was born in Cherry Valley, Otsego county, N. Y., in 1839; son of Judge William M. Campbell of New York. At the age of twenty -one he was graduated from Union college, and the following year, when the civil war broke out, he enlisted in the Union army as a private, reaching by promotion the rank of major. In 1866, after taking a course in the law school of Harvard college, he obtained admission to the New York bar, and began to practice in that city. He was deeply interested in historical research, and finally retired from active professional labors to give his undivided attention to study and writing. In 1892 he is- sued two volumes, entitled, “ The Puritan in Hol- land, England and America, an Introduction to American History,” an attempt to investigate and expound the origin of American history upon entirely new lines and from a new point of view The book is a remarkable production and of great value to historians. He also published, “ Histori- cal Fallacies Regarding Colonial New York ” (1879), and “The Origin of American Institu- tions as Illustrated in the History of the Written Ballot ” (1891). He died in Schenectady, N. Y., March 7, 1893. CAMPBELL, Duncan R., clergyman, was born in Perthshire, Scotland, Aug. 14. 1814. He pre- sided over a parish in Nottingham, England, for a time, and was later a Presbyterian missionary in London. In May, 1842, lie came to the United States, and joined the Baptist church in Rich- mond, Va. In the fall of the same year he became pastor of the Leigh street church in Richmond, where he remained three years. He then preached for four years in Georgetown. Ky.. and in 1850 became professor of Hebrew and biblical literature in the Covington (Ky.) theological seminary. From 1852 until the time of his death he was president of Georgetown college. He was given the degree of LL.D. He died at Coving- ton. Ky. , Aug. 16. 1865. CAMPBELL, George Washington, states- man, was born in Tennessee in 1768. He was graduated at Princeton in 1794, and after study- ing law entered into practice at the Nashville bar. He was a representative from Tennessee in the 8th. 9th, and 10th congresses, from 1803 to 1809, serving during the last two years as chair- man of the committee on ways and means; was a judge of the United States district court for a term, and a United States senator from 1811 to 1814, when lie resigned to accept the position of secretary of the treasury in President Madison’s cabinet. He was returned to the senate in 1815, and retained his seat until 1818, when he again resigned, this time to accept from President Mon- roe an appointment as minister to the court of St. Petersburg. Upon his return to the United States in 1821, he resumed the practice of his profession, and in 1831 was one of the board of commissioners appointed to settle the French claims. He died at Nashville. Tenn.. Feb. 17. 1843. CAMPBELL, Helen (Stuart), author, was born in Lockport. N. Y., July 4, 1839. daughter of Homer H. Stuart. The family removed to New York city in her infancy, where she after- wards chiefly lived. She received a seminary education. At an early age she commenced writing children’s stories. She was deeply inter- ested in the problem of reducing the labor of CAMPBELL. CAMPBELL. housekeeping and cooking, and of alleviating the miseries of the poor and ignorant. In 1877 she wrote “ The Problem of the Poor,” and later “ Mrs. Herndon’s Income ” (1885), in which she embodied her conclusions on these subjects. In 1886, she was appointed by the New York Tribune to investigate the condition of wage - earning women in New York, the results appearing in the Tribune, in a series of papers entitled, “Prisoners of Poverty,” which led to legislative enact- ments for the amelioration of the condition of women wage-earners in the metropolis. Mrs. Campbell's “Prisoners of Poverty Abroad” was written after some eighteen months’ study of the condition of wage-earners in England, France, Italy, and Germany. She was literary editor of The Continent, from 1881 to 1884. Besides sev- eral volumes published between 1864 and 1880 her books include: “ The Easiest Way in House- keeping and Cooking ” (1881) ; “ The Problem of the Poor” (1882); “ The American Girl’s Home- Book of Work and Play” (1883); “Under Green Apple Boughs” (1883); “The What-to-do Club” (1884); “Miss Melinda’s Opportunity” (1886); “Prisoners of Poverty Abroad” (1889); “Roger Brookley’s Probation” (1890); “In Foreign Kitchens” (1892); “Darkness and Daylight” (1892); “Some Passages in the Practice of Dr. Martha Scarborough ” (1893); “ John Ballantyne, American” (1893); “Women Wage-Earners” ( 1893 ); “Household Economics” (1896), and “Work: an Anthology” (1897). CAMPBELL, Jabez Pitt, African M. E. bishop, was born at Slaughter’s Neck, Delaware, Feb. 6, 1815, of free-born African parentage. His two grandfathers fought in the revolutionary war. His father, a Methodist preacher, mortgaged the boy in part payment for a fishing boat, and the mortgagee being about to foreclose, Jabez fled to Philadelphia, where he acquired an education. In 1837 he was licensed to preach and in 1856 became editor and publisher of the Christian Recorder, the official organ of the African M. E. church. In 1864 he was made a bishop and assigned to the special work of organization in Louisiana and California. In 1876 he attended the Wesleyan conference in England. He was appointed bishop of North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland in 1887, and travelled extensively in the interest of the church in Great Britain, France, Central America, Mexico, and California. In 1884 he was president of the centennial con- ference of the A. M. E. church, and was president of the educational department of that denom- ination as a member of the evangelical alliance. He was a trustee of Wilberforce university from 1863, and received from that institution the de- greesof D.D. andLL.D. Hediedin Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 9, 1891. [ 556 ] CAMPBELL, James, statesman, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 1. 1812. His father was born in Ireland and emigrated therefrom to America in the early years of the nineteenth century. Janies was admitted to the Philadel- phia bar in 1834. after receiving a thorough edu- cation, and in 1841 was elected judge of the court of common pleas, retaining the office until 1851. In 1852 he became attorney-general of the state, and on March 7, 1853, entered the cabi- net of President Pierce as postmaster-general, serving through the entire administration and resuming the practice of his profession upon his retirement from public life. He was a trustee of the Girard estate, and in 1863 opposed C. R. Buck- ale w before the state legislature for United States senator. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 27, 1893. CAMPBELL, James Edwin, governor of Ohio, was born at Middletown, Ohio, July 7, 1843; son of Dr. Andrew and Laura (Reynolds) Campbell, and grandson of Samuel and Mary (Small) Camp- bell. He received an academical education and served in the United States navy, enlisting in 1863 and taking part in the Mis- sissippi and Red river expedition in the civil war, after which he taught school to raise money for the prosecution of his legal stud- ies and was ad- mitted to the bar, after which he es- tablished himself in his profession in Hamilton, Ohio. In 1876 he was elected pros- ecuting attorney of Butler county, Ohio, and held the office four years, when he was defeated as state senator by twelve votes. In 1882 he was elected on the Democratic ticket as a representa tivd to the 48th Congress, and was re-elected to the 49th and 50th congresses. In 1889 he was elected governor of Ohio, defeating Joseph B. For- aker who had held the office for three successive terms, after one of the most exciting gubernatorial canvasses ever witnessed in the state. He filled his term with great satisfaction to his constitu- ents, and in 1891 he was renominated and was defeated by William McKinley, Jr., although running nine thousand votes ahead of his associ- ates on the ticket. He practised law for a time in New York city, but later returned to Ohio, and in 1895 was again the candidate for the office CAMPBELL. CAMPBELL. of governor of Ohio, and was defeated by Asa S. Bushnell. In 1896 lie was the Democratic candi- date for United States senator and was defeated by Joseph B. Foraker, Republican. CAMPBELL, James Ed., diplomatist, was born at Williamsport, Pa., Feb. 8. 1820. He received a classical education and was graduated at the Carlisle (Pa.) law school in 1841, gaining admis- sion to the bar in the same year. In 1844 he was a member of the national Whig convention at Baltimore. In 1854 he was elected a represen- tative to the 34th Congress, and was afterwards elected to the 36th and 37th congresses. In 1864 President Lincoln appointed him United States minister to Sweden, where he remained until November, 1866, when he was appointed minister to the United States of Colombia. Upon reaching home, however, he declined the mission, and re- sumed his law practice. He died April 12, 1895. CAMPBELL, James Valentine, jurist, was born in Buffalo, N. Y. , Feb. 25, 1823, son of Henry Munroe and Lois (Bushnell) Campbell. In his infancy his parents removed to Detroit, Mich. He was graduated at St. Paul’s college, Long Island, N. Y., in 1841, and was admitted to the bar in 1844. He was master of chancery in the state and federal courts, was elected to the supreme court of Michigan in 1857, and re-elected in 1863. He filled a chair in the law school of the Univer- sity of Michigan from 1859 to 1884, and was in- strumental in furthering the cause of education throughout the state. He edited Walker’s “Chan- cery Reports” (1845), and published “ Outlines of the Political History of Michigan ” (1876). He was a frequent contributor of historical sketches and poems describing pioneer life in the west, and of essays on questions in jurisprudence, and on the polity of the Protestant Episcopal church to periodical literature. He died at Detroit, Mich. . March 26. 1890. CAMPBELL, Jesse H., clergyman, was born in McIntosh county, Ga., Feb. 10, 1807, son of Jesse H. Campbell. He was educated at Sun- bury under a private tutor, and at the University of Georgia. He began to preach at the age of seventeen, and was ordained to the Baptist min- istry in 1830. He preached at Macon, Ga., and later at various places throughout the south. For five years he was the agent for foreign missions in Georgia, and afterwards became an evangelist for the state at large. During the civil war he was a voluntary missionary in the army. He was a member of the board of trustees of Mercer university, and was instrumental in establishing colleges for women at Lumpkin and Cuthbert, and the Georgia deaf and dumb institution at Cave Spring. He is the author of “ Georgia Bap- tists: Historical and Biographical.” He died at Columbus, Ga., April 16, 1888. CAMPBELL, John, publisher, was born in Scotland about 1653. He was a bookseller on Cornhill, Boston, and was appointed postmaster of Boston and New England about 1702. On April 24, 1704, he began the publication of the weekly News Letter, the first successful paper in America. In the great fire of 1711 his establish- ment was burned. He was removed from the postoffice in 1718. In 1727-28 he was president of the Scots’ charitable association which he had joined in 1684. He had two daughters: Sarah, who was married to James Bowdoin, and Eliza- beth, who became the wife of William Foye. both his sons-in-law being councillors of Massa- chusetts. He died in Boston, Mass., in March, 1728. CAMPBELL, John, surgeon, was born in New York state in 1821 ; son of Archibald and Mary Campbell. He served through the Mexican war as assistant surgeon in the United States army, and through the civil war as surgeon, re- ceiving brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel. March 13, 1865, for “faithful and meritorious services.” In the regular army his promotions were captain, December, 1852; major, May, 1861; lieutenant-colonel, November, 1877, and colonel, Dec. 4, 1884. He was placed on the retired list Sept. 16, 1885, with the rank of colonel. CAMPBELL, John Allen, soldier, was born in Salem, Ohio, Oct. 8, 1835. He began his busi- ness life as a printer, and in 1861 he entered the Federal army as 2d lieutenant of volunteers. He was promoted major and assistant adju- tant-general, Oct. 27, 1862, and in 1865 was given the brevet rank of brigadier-general of volunteers “for courage in the field and marked ability and fidelity ” at Red Mountain, Shiloh, Perrysville, Murfreesboro, and through the At- lanta campaign. After being mustered out on Sept. 1, 1866, he went to Cleveland, Ohio, where he became editorially connected with the Leader. In October, 1867, he joined the regular army, received the commission of 2d lieutenant in the 5th artillery, and was at once brevetted 1st lieutenant, captain, major and lieutenant-colonel. He served on the staff of General Schofield, and later when that officer served as secretary of war in President Johnson’s cabinet, Colonel Campbell was his assistant secretary. In 1809 President Grant made him the first governor of the terri- tory of Wyoming, to which office he was re-ap- pointed in 1873. In 1875 he was made third assistant secretary of state, and served in the state department at Washington up to the time of his death, which occurred July 14, 1880. CAMPBELL, John Archibald, jurist, was born at Washington, Ga., June 24, 1811; son of Col. Duncan G. Campbell, and grandson of a revolutionary soldier on the staff of General CAMPBELL. CAMPBELL. Greene. He was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1826, and in 1829 was admitted to the bar. He began to practise law at Montgomery, Ala., whence he was several times elected to the state legislature. In 1853 he was appointed asso- ciate justice of the U. S. supreme court, and remained on the bench until the secession of his state in 1861. He was made assistant secretary of war of the Confederate states, and in this capa- city conferred with President Lincoln and Sec- retary Seward at Fort Monroe in 1865. Judge Campbell was taken prisoner at the close of the war and was for a short time confined in Fort Pulaski. He was released on parole and removing to New Orleans, La., he resumed his law prac- tice. He died at Baltimore, Md., March 12, 1889. CAMPBELL, John B. f soldier, was born in Kentucky; a nephew of General William Camp- bell. On March 12, 1812, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 19th infantry, and on Dec. 18, 1812, was bre vetted colonel for gallant conduct in the campaign against the Mississine- way Indians. In 1814 he was promoted colonel and transferred to the 11th infantry. He was mortally wounded at the battle of Chippewa, Canada, July 5. 1814, and died Aug. 28, 1814. CAMPBELL, John Lyle, chemist, was born in Rockbridge county. Va., Dec. 7, 1818; brother of Alexander Paxton Campbell. His grandfather, Alexander Campbell, was one of the trustees of Liberty hall academy, from 1782 to 1807. John Lyle was graduated from Washington college in 1843, and taught school first in Staunton, Va., and later in Richmond, Ky. From 1851 to 1886 he was professor of chemistry and geology in Wash- ington and Lee university, which institution conferred on him the degree of LL.D. He made exhaustive researches in geology, especially of the Appalachian mountain region. From 1870 to 1882 he was superintendent of schools for Rockbridge county. He was a frequent contrib- utor to various scientific journals, and published among other works, “A Manual of Scientific and Practical Agriculture for the School and Farm ” (1859); “Geology and Mineral Resources of the James River Valley, Virginia” (1882); and with Dr. W. H. Ruffner, “ A Physical Survey in Geor- gia, Alabama, and Mississippi along the Line of the Georgia Pacific Railway” (1883). He died at Lexington, Va.. Feb. 2, 1886. CAMPBELL, John Nicholson, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., March 4, 1798. His maternal grandfather. Robert Aitkin, was the publisher of the first English edition of the Bible printed and bound in America. After studying under James Ross, he entered the University of Pennsylvania, but did not complete his collegiate course. Under the direction of Dr. Ezra Stiles Ely, he pursued his theological studies, and sub- sequently continued them in Virginia, becoming temporarily connected with Hampden-Sidnev col- lege as tutor, and on May 10, 1817, he was licensed to preach by the Hanover (Va.) presbytery. He was chosen chaplain to the U. S. house of repre- sentatives in 1820, and afterwards returned to Virginia. He preached in Petersburg, and in Newbern, N. C. , establishing in the latter place the First Presbyterian church. During 1823 and 1824 he was assistant pastor to Dr. Baleh of Georgetown, D. C., and in 1825 took charge of the New York avenue church in Washington. In January, 1825, he was elected a manager of the American colonization society, holding the office six years. He was installed as pastor of the First Presbyterian church in Albany, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1831, where he remained until the year of his death. In 1836 he was made a member of the Princeton theological seminary board of directors, and for many years was a regent of the Univer- sity of the state of New York. Many of his sermons and addresses were published in pamphlet form. He died in Albany, N. Y., March 27, 1864. CAMPBELL, John Poage, clergyman, was born in Augusta county, Va., in 1767. He was taken by his parents to Kentucky at the age of fourteen, and became a teacher at nineteen. In 1790 he was graduated from Hampden-Sidney college, and in 1792 was licensed to preach. He filled pulpits in several Kentucky towns, and in 1811 was chaplain to the state legislature. His published writings include; ‘’The Passenger” (1804); “Strictures on Stone’s Letters on the Atonement” (1805); “Vindex, in Answer to Stone’s Reply” (1806); “ Letters to the Rev. Mr. Craighead” (1810); “The Pelagian Detected” (1811); “An Answer to Jones, in Answer to Stone's Reply ” (1812), and “Doctrine of Justifi- cation Considered.” He died near Chillicothe, Ohio, Nov. 4, 1814. CAMPBELL, John Wilson, jurist, was born near Miller's iron works, Augusta county, Va., Feb. 23, 1782. In 1791 he was taken by his par- ents to Bourbon county, Kentucky, and he after- wards went to Ohio, and in 1808 was admitted to the bar and practised at West Union, Ohio. He was appointed prosecuting attorney for Adams and Highland counties, and was several times elected to the state legislature. In 1816 he was elected a representative to the 15th Congress, and was re-elected to the five succeeding congresses, declining after that to stand as candidate. In March, 1829, he was appointed United States dis- trict judge for the state of Ohio, and held the office until his death. In 1831 Augusta college conferred upon him the honorary degreeof D.C.L. See “Biographical Sketches, with Other Liter- ary Remains of the Late John W. Campbell’ (1838). He died in Delaware, Ohio, Sept. 24, 1833. f55SI CAMPBELL. CAMPBELL. CAMPBELL, Lewis Davis, diplomatist, was born at Franklin, Warren county, Ohio, Aug. 9, 1811. When quite young he became assistant editor of the Cincinnati Gazette. In 1831 lie re- moved to Hamilton, Ohio, where he edited a political paper. In 1836 he was admitted to the bar, and established himself in the practice of his profession at Hamilton. In 1848 he was elected a representative to the 31st Congress, and was three times re-elected. He claimed to have been again elected to the 35th Congress, but his seat was contested, and the house of representatives decided in favor of his opponent, C. L. Vallan- digham. At the outbreak of the civil war he volunteered in the Federal army, and served one year with the rank of colonel, resigning on account of ill-health. He was appointed U. S. minister to Mexico by President Johnson, May 4, 1866, but he did not reach that country until November, re- maining in the United States to attend the union convention, Philadelphia, and the soldiers’ con- vention in Cleveland. In 1868 he returned from Mexico, and in 1870 was elected a representative to the 42d Congress. He died Nov. 28, 1882. CAMPBELL, Richard, soldier, was born in the Virginia valley. In February, 1776, he was com- missioned captain, and later served at Pittsburg as major under Col. John Gibson. In 1778 he was on the expedition led by McIntosh against the Indians in Ohio, and the following year led a relief party to Fort Laurens, which garrison he commanded until the evacuation. Shortly after joining General Greene with a regiment of Vir ginia regulars he served with the rank of lieuten- ant-colonel at Guilford, Hobkirk's Hill, Ninety- Six, and Eutaw Springs, where he received a mortal wound while leading his regiment in the final charge. He died at Eutaw Springs, S. C., Sept. 8, 1781. CAMPBELL, Robert, soldier, was born in Augusta county, Va., May 25, 1755; brother of Col. Andrew Campbell. He removed to Holston, Va., in 1771, and. in 1774 served in Christian’s campaign. He was in the battle of Long Island Flats of Holston in July, 1776, and in the fall of that year volunteered on Christian’s Cherokee campaign. He was an ensign at the battle of King's mountain, Oct. 7, 1780, and served con- spicuously. In December following he was an adjutant to his brother. He served long as a colonel of a regiment, and for nearly forty years was a magistrate of Washington county, Va. He is the author of a manuscript diary, and of an account of the battle of King's mountain, pub- lished in the Holston Intelligencer in October, 1810, both of great historical value, and much quoted in Draper’s “ King’s Mountain and its Heroes.” In 1825 he removed to Knox county, Tenn., where he died, Dec. 27, 1831. CAMPBELL, Thomas, clergyman, was born in Ireland, Feb. 1, 1763. He was educated at Glas- gow university, and entered the ministry of the established church in Scotland in 1798. He seceded from the church, and in 1807 immi- grated to the United States, joining the asso- ciated synod of North America at Philadelphia. In 1812 he was instrumental, in conjunction with his son Alexander, in establishing the Campbel- lites. He died at Bethany, Va., Jan. 4, 1854. CAMPBELL, Thompson, representative, was born in Pennsylvania, received his education in his native state, and studied law. When quite young he engaged in mining in Galena, 111., and became identified with state politics, being elected secretary of state by the Democrats. In 1850 he was elected to represent the Galena dis- trict in the 32d Congress. Soon after the expira- tion of his term in 1853 he removed to California, and was appointed by President Pierce, land com- missioner. He died in California, Dec. 7, 1868. CAMPBELL, Timothy J., representative, was born in county Cavan, Ireland, in 1840. He came to the United States when five years old, and attended the public schools in the city of New York. He learned the printing business, and worked on the New York Times, Express, Tri- bune and Herald. He was employed as a printer on the Herald when he was nominated in 1867 for the state assembly by the democracy of his district. He was elected to the assembly from 1868 to 1873, inclusive, and again in 1875. He studied law with Judge Flanagan, and was ad- mitted to the bar in November, 1869. In 1875 he was elected justice of the fifth district civil court in New York city, and served six years in this capacity. In 1883 he was returned to the state assembly. Before his term expired a vacancy occurred in the eighth congressional district of New York, by the appointment of S. S. Cox as minister to Turkey, and Mr. Campbell was nominated and elected to the 49th Congress to fill the vacancy. He was re-elected to the 50th, 52d and 53d congresses. CAMPBELL, William, soldier, was born in Augusta county, Va., in 1745. In 1767 he settled in the Holston valley, where he was justice of the peace and captain of militia. He partici- pated in the campaign led by Colonel Christian against the Shawnees, and in 1775 joined Patrick Henry’s regiment. He assisted in compelling Lord Dunmore’s evacuation of Gwynne’s Island, when, his home and property being endangered by threatened raids of the Cherokees, he resigned from the army, and was appointed lieutenant- colonel of state militia. He was one of the com- missioners who fixed the boundary line between Virginia and the Cherokee country in 1778. In 1779 he was actively employed against the Tories CAMPBELL. CANBY. of his neighborhood, and for his services was promoted colonel of his regiment. On Oct. 7, 1780, he was one of the six heroic frontier col- onels who led the patriot troops at the battle of King’s mountain. He commanded a corps of riflemen under General Greene in the battle of Guilford Court House, N. C., March 15, 1781. He married a sister of Patrick Henry. He died at Rocky Mills, Va., Aug. 22, 1781. and was eulo- gized by Washington. Lafayette, Greene and Jefferson. CAMPBELL, William Bowen, governor of Tennessee, was born in Sumner county, Tenn., Feb. 1, 1807. He was admitted to the Tennessee bar, practising for a time in Carthage. He was chosen district attorney, and in 1835 was elected to the lower house of the state legislature. He fought in the Creek and Florida wars at the head of a company which he had enlisted, and in 1836 was elected a representative to the 25th Congress. He was major-general in the Tennes- see militia, and at the beginning of the Mexican war was made colonel of volunteers. He took part in the battles of Monterey and Cerro Gordo, and after General Pillow was wounded commanded his brigade. In 1851 he was elected governor of Tennessee and served two years. He was made judge of the circuit court in 1857. President Lin- coln appointed him brigadier-general of volun- teers, in June, 1862, and he served until the end of the year, when ill-health necessitated his resigna- tion. In 1864 he was elected a representative to the 39th Congress, but was not allowed his seat until the end of the first year of his term. He died at Lebanon, Tenn., Aug. 19, 1867. CAMPBELL, William Henry, educator, was born in Baltimore, Md., Sept. 14, 1808. He was graduated from Dickinson college in 1828, and from Princeton theological seminary in 1831. He was ordained by the Dutch Reformed classis of Cayuga as pastor of the church at Cliittenango, N. Y. He resigned to accept the position of prin- cipal of Erasmus Hall at Flatbush, Long Island, N. Y., remaining there six years. In 1839 he resumed his pastoral labors, and preached for two years in East New York, and for seven years in Albany, N. Y. In 1848 he became principal of the Albany academy, resigning in 1851 to accept the chair of Oriental literature in the Dutch Re- formed theological seminary, New Brunswick, N. J., where he remained twelve years. During this time he was also professor of moral phil- osophy at Rutgers college, and its president from 1863 to 1882, when he resigned and became pro- fessor of the evidences of Christianity, occupying the chair for three years. In 1885 he organized a church at New Brunswick, of which lie was made pastor. During his administration of Rut- gers college over two hundred thousand dollars was raised, six new professorships were estab- lished, and the number of pupils doubled. He was the author of “ Subjects and Modes of Bap- tism ” (1844); “ Influence of Christianity in Civil and Religious Liberty” (1873), and “ System of Catechetical Instruction ” (1876). He died at New Brunswick, N. J., Dec. 7, 1890. CAMPBELL, William W., jurist, was born at Cherry Valley, N. A’., June 10, 1806. He was graduated at Union college in 1827 ; began the practice of law in New York city in 1831. was appointed master in chancery in 1841, afterward commissioner in bankruptcy, and was a repre- sentative in the 29tli Congress, where he effected decided reforms in the consular system. In 1848 he was elected judge of the supreme court of New York city, and soon after the expiration of his term, in December, 1855, he returned to Cherry Valley, N. Y. In the fall of 1857 he was elected judge of the supreme court of New York for the sixth judicial district, also serving in the court of appeals. He was a frequent contributor to maga- zines and other periodical literature, his writings being principally historical sketches, especially of New York state. He received the degree of LL.D. from Union college, and was elected trus- tee in 1848, and a visitor of the Nott trust fund in 1853. In his last months he took special pleasure in studying the Bible and in religious conversa- tion. He is the author of “ Annals of Tryon County, New York ” (1831) ; “ Life of Mrs. Grant. Missionary to Persia” (1840); “Life and Writ- ings of DeWitt Clinton” (1849); “Sketches of Robin Hood and Capt. Kidd” (1853). He died at Cherry Valley, N. A"., Sept. 7, 1881. CANBY, Edward Richard Sprigg, soldier, was born in Kentucky in 1817; son of Israel T. Canby. His parents settled in Indiana, where he received his earl}' education. He was graduated from the U. S. military academy in 1839. and was commissioned 2d lieutenant, 2d infantry. He served as a quartermaster in the Florida war from 1839 to 1842, and assisted in escorting the emi- grating Indians to Arkansas. From 1842 to ‘45 he was on garrison duty, and in 1845 on recruit- ing service. In 1846 he was promoted to a 1st lieutenancy, and served during the Mexican war participating in the siege of Vera Cruz, in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Churn - busco. and in the assault upon the Belen gate of the city of Mexico. For his services he was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel. From 1849 to 1851 he was attached to the Pacific divi sion of the U. S. army as assistant adjutant- general. He was promoted captain in June, 1851, but resigned his rank in the line on being as- signed to the adjutant-general’s department as assistant adjutant-general. From March, IS.).), to 1858 lie was employed on frontier duty in CANBY. CANDLER. Wisconsin and Minnesota as major of the 10th U. S. infantry, and from 1858 to 1860 was in com- mand of Fort Bridger, Utah. At the opening of the civil war he was in command of Fort Defi- ance, New Mexico. He was one of the most zeal- ous and conspicuous defenders of the Union. He became colonel of the 19th regiment, U. S. infan- try, May, 1861, and acted as brigadier-general of the forces in New Mexico, where he repelled the invasion of Genei'al Sibley, compelling his in- glorious retreat. On March 31, 1862, he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, and transferred to the war department in Washing- ton. During the draft riots in New York city, July, 1863, he had command of the United States troops. In 1864 he was promoted major-general of volunteers, and given command of the division of west Mississippi. He was severely wounded on White river, Ark., Nov. 4, 1864, while making a tour of inspection. He led an army of thirty thousand men against Mobile, which city was taken April 12, 1865, after which he received the surrender of General Taylor’s army, west of the Mississippi, which ended the hostilities in the southwest. General Canby was brevetted briga- dier-general and major-general of the United States army, and continued in command of the military department of the south until 1866, when he was given the full rank of brigadier-general and transferred to Washington. He had charge of the military district with headquarters at Riclunond, after the surrender, and accepted the services of General Lee's disbanded cavalrymen, whom lie reorganized, to suppress bushwacking. He commanded the department of the Columbia from 1869 to 1873, when he endeavored to per- suade the Modocs to agree to the terms proposed by the government. He was ardently desirous that justice should be rendered to the Indians, while recommending measures that would ensure peace and immunity to the whites from the depredations of the tribe. With two other officers he met Captain Jack, the Modoc chief, to confer upon a treaty of peace, but was, with his companions, treacherously killed by the Indians before the escort could come to their relief. Captain Jack and two of the tribe were captured, tried, and executed for the murder. General Canby received the degree of LL.D. from the Wesleyan university in 1870. He died in Siski- you county, Cal., April 11, 1873. CANDAGE, Rufus George Frederick, marine surveyor, was born in Blue Hill, Me., July 28, 1826; son of Samuel Roundy and Phoebe Ware (Parker) Candage. He was educated at the pub- lic schools and academy of his native town, and at the age of eighteen went to sea. In 1850 he became master of the brig Equator , and later commanded the ships Jamestown of New York and the Electric Spark and the National Eagle of Boston, making voyages to the principal ports of Europe, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. He abandoned the sea in 1867, and settled in Brookline, Mass. He was appointed marine surveyor by the American shipmasters' association, and also for the Boston board of un- derwriters in 1867, and in 1882 became surveyor for Bureau Veritas of Paris, France. In 1861 he was elected a member of the Shipmasters’ asso- ciation of New York; in 1867, a member of the Boston marine society; and in 1891, of the New York marine society. In 1871 he was made a trustee of the Brookline public library; in 1876, a member of the New England historic genealogi- cal society ; in 1885, of the Bostonian society ; in 1891, of Bunker Hill monument association ; and in 1894, a corresponding member of the Maine historical society. He is the author of “ Boston Harbor” (1881); “Settlement and Progress of the Town of Blue Hill, Maine ” (1886) ; “ Early Settlers in Blue Hill, and Their Families ” (edited by him, 1889) ; “ An Account of the Cav- endish, Candisli, or Candage Family ” (1889), and a “ Memoir of Rev. Jonathan Fisher ” (1889). CANIHDUS, William, opera singer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 23, 1840. He studied with Professor Eraniof New York, and his voice, which in early manhood was a first bass, changed to tenor in the course of three years’ military service in the U. S. artillery. After the war he went abroad and studied for the operatic stage, for some years under Konopazek at Berlin, and Prof. Rhonclietti di Montiviti in Milan. He made his debut at Weimar, in the title role of “Stradetta,” later singing in the Royal opera house, Munich, and the grand opera houses of Berlin, Hanover, and Hamburg. Three success- ful seasons at the royal Italian opera. London, were followed by ten years at Frankfort -on -t he - Main, during which time he sang for two seasons in America with the American opera company. Mr. Candidus had in 1896 a repertoire of forty- five operas. CANDLER, Allen Daniel, representative, was born in Lumpkin county, Ga., Nov. 4, 1834, grand- son of William Candler who came to America before 1760, and served as a colonel in the Georgia militia in the war of the revolution. He was graduated at Mercer university in 1859. He was the founder of Clayton high school, and was its principal. 1859-’61. He served in the Confederate army during the civil war, 1861-65, as private, being promoted by regular gradations to the rank of colonel. He became vice-president of the Monroe female college, 1865-’66 ; principal of the Clayton high school, 1867-69; president of the Bailey institute, 1870— ’71 ; was elected a member of the Georgia legislature. 1872-77, and served in CANFIELD. CANNON. the state senate^ 1878- 79. From 1879 to 1892 he was a railroad president. In 1882 he was elected a representative to the 48th Congress on the Demo- cratic ticket, and was re-elected to the three suc- ceeding congresses, declining re- nomination to the 52 d. CANDLER, Warren A., educator, was born in Carroll county, Ga. , Aug. 23, 1857 ; son of Sam- uel C. and Martha (Beall) Candler. He was graduated from Emory college, Oxford, Ga., in 1875. In the same year he was received on trial into the North Georgia conference of the Meth- odist Episcopal church, south, and served on various circuits until 1881, when he was made presiding elder of the Dahlonega dis- trict. He subse- quently served as pastor of the church |' at Sparta, Ga., and the old church of St. John's at Augusta. He was appointed in July, 1886, as- sociate editor of the Christian Advo- cate, Nashville, the official organ of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, and continued in that work until June, 1888, when he was elected to the presidency of Emory college. Ho was a member of the gen- eral conference of his church, which assembled in Richmond, Va., in May, 1886, and also of the general conference of 1890, which met in St. Louis, Mo. He was a delegate to the ecumenical conference, Washington, D. C., October, 1891. He is the author of “The History of Sunday Schools.” CANFIELD, James Hulme, educator, was born at Delaware, Ohio, March 18, 1847 ; son of Eli Hawky and Martha (Hulme) Canfield. He was educated at the Brooklyn collegiate and polytechnic institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Williams college, Mass., where he was graduated in 1868. He was employed in railroad construc- tion in Iowa and Minnesota from 1868 to 1871 ; was admitted to the bar of Michigan in 1872; and practised law at St. Joseph, Mich., from 1872 to 1877, during three years of which time he served (gratuitously) as superintendent of public in- struction. In 1877 he was made professor of his- tory and English literature at the State university of Kansas ; later he held the chair of history and political science, and then that of American history and civics until 1891, when he became chancellor of the University of Nebraska. H? was president of the Kansas state teachers' asso- ciation, and of the same association in Nebraska ; for four years acted as secretary of the National educational association, and for one year as its president ; was a member of the American eco- nomic association, and of the American histori- cal association. Williams college conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. in 1893. In 1894 he was called to the presidency of the Ohio state uni- versity, entering upon the duties of his office July 1, 1895, CANNON, George Q., Mormon elder, was born in Liverpool, England, Jan. 11, 1827. With his parents, who had been converted to Mormonism, lie emigrated to the United States, and settled at Nauvoo, 111., where he found employment at his trade — that of a printer. In 1847 he removed to Salt Lake City, and in 1850 was sent as a mis- sionary to the Sandwich Islands, where he suc- ceeded in organizing several branches of the church. He was chosen an apostle in 1859 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Parley Pratt, and he was afterwards appointed president of the European mission. When, in 1862, steps were taken by the people of Utah to have the territory admitted into the Union of states, lie was one of the delegates chosen by the constitutional con- vention to present the appeal to Congress, and this commission being executed he proceeded to England, where he entered upon a missionary tour, which resulted in the forwarding of some thirteen thousand converts to Zion. He was summoned to return in August, 1864, and in the following year was elected a member of the legis- lative council, receiving re-election in 1866, ’69, '70, '71, and '72. In 1872 he was again sent to Washington to present a second memorial to Congress, praying that the territory be admitted as a state. He was elected a delegate to the 43d, and the three succeeding congresses, 1873 to 1881. In 1880 he was appointed first councillor to Pres. John Taylor, and he was for many years a regent of the Deseret university, and editor of the Deseret News. CANNON, Henry White, financier, was born in Delhi, Delaware county, N. Y., Sept. 27. 1850; son of George Bliss and Ann Eliza (White) Can- non. On his mother’s side he is a direct descen- dant from Peregrine White of the Mayflower. He was educated at the Delaware literary institute, and was clerk and afterwards teller in the first national bank of Delhi. In 1870 he removed to St. Paul. Minn., as teller in the second national bank, and in 1871 he organized the Lumberman's national bank at Stillwater, Minn. He remained cashier and acting president of that bank for thir- teen years and became prominent ly identified wit h the banking interests of the state, visiting New 1562 ] CANNON. CANNON . York and Washington, D. C., in the interest of the sale of bonds of the cities of the northwest, and in purchasing government securities for the national banks of that section. In May, 1884, he was appointed by President Arthur comptroller of the currency, to succeed John Jay Knox. The financial crisis of 1884 began in the same month as Mr. Cannon’s appointment, and his official posi- tion required great executive skill. By his prompt action he saved many banks from a re- ceiver’s hands, communicating his knowledge of the science of banking to the examiners he ap- pointed. He reported to the senate finance com- mittee the condition of New York city banks, and advised that no publicity be given to their condi- tion as disclosed to the committee, in order that a further panic might be averted and the banks enabled, through the course advised by the comp- troller’s department, to regain their normal con- dition without resort to extraordinary legislative measures, which they in all cases did. The cor- porate existence of 971 national banks expired during his term of office, and as this represented a capital of over two hundred and seventy mil- lion dollars, the extension of these bank charters greatly added to his labors. Upon the accession of President Cleveland, in 1885, Secretary Man- ning and the President united in asking Mr. Cannon to continue his duties for the whole presi- dential term, but he resigned Feb. 1, 1886, to accept the vice-presidency of the national bank of the republic, New York city. On Oct. 3, 1886, he resigned, to become president of the Chase national bank Mr. Cannon was prominently identified with the New York clearing-house association, as chairman of the clearing-house committee. President Harrison appointed him as one of the delegates from the United States to the International monetary conference held in Brussels in 1892. He was appointed by Mayor Strong one of the aqueduct commissioners for the city of New York, and was made a director in many financial institutions. CANNON, James Spencer, clergyman, was born on the island of Curacoa, Jan. 28, 1776. He {required an academic education at Hackensack, N. J., and, after studying theology, he was licensed to preach in 1796, and became pastor of the Dutch Reformed churches at Millstone and at Six Mile Run, N. J. Later he -resigned his work at the former church, and from 1826 until his death he held the chair of pastoral theology and ecclesiastical history in the seminary at New Brunswick. He was also for a time professor of metaphysics at Rutgers college. He received the degree of D.D. from Union college in 1819. He is the author of “ Lectures on Chronology,” and “Lectures on Pastoral Theology” (1853). He died in New Brunswick, N. J., July 25, 1852. CANNON, Joseph G., representative, was born at Guilford, N. G\, May 7, 1836. He was educated for the bar in the schools of his native state, and commenced practice at Tuscola, 111., removing subsequently to Danville. He served as state's attorney from March, 1861, to Decem- ber, 1868, and as a representative from the fif- teenth district of Illinois to the 43d and every successive Congress, including the 55th, except the 52d Congress, to which he failed of an elec- tion by reason of an ill-advised speech, which was made the instrument of his defeat. On the organization of the 54th and 55th Congresses he was made chairman of the committee on appro- priations. CANNON, Marion, representative, was born near Morgantown, Va., Oct. 30, 1834; son of James and Lucinda Cannon. After acquiring a district-school education he learned the trade of blacksmith, and in 1852 he started for California, driving an ox-team across the continent. He settled in Nevada county and mined until 1874, when he removed to Ventura county and pur- chased a farm. From 1869 to 1871 he was record- er of Nevada county. He was elected first state president of the Farmers’ alliance, Nov. 20, 1890, and was re-elected in Oct. 1891 On Oct. 20, 1891, he organized the People’s party of California, and was chosen a representative to the supreme council at Indianapolis in November. He was selected by that body to represent California in the industrial conference at St. Louis, Feb. 22, 1892, and was chosen temporary chairman of the conference. On July 4, 1892, he was made chair- man of the California delegation to the national convention of the People’s party at Omaha, and the same year was elected a representative to the 53d congress as a Democrat. CANNON, Newton, governor of Tennessee, was born in Guilford county, N. C., about 1781. He was educated in the public schools and re- moved to Tennessee, where he served in the state legislature during 1811-12. He enlisted in the war of 1812 as colonel of the Tennessee mounted rifles — three- months men — and commanded the left column in the battle of Tallahatchee against the Creek Indians, November, 1813. He served as a representative in the 14th, 15th, 17th and 18th congresses. He was appointed by President Monroe one of a commission to treat with the Chickasaw Indians in 1819. ». He was elected governor of Tennessee in 1835, and served until 1839. He died at Harpeth, Tenn., Sept. 29, 1842. CANNON, William, governor of Delaware, was born in Bridgeville, Del., in 1809. He was a Methodist class-leader and preacher from 1828 until his death. He served in the state legisla- ture from 1845 to 1849. and for a time filled the office of state treasurer. H6 was a delegate to CAPEN. CAPERS. the peace congress in 1861 and was a stanch ad- vocate of the Crittenden compromise. He was elected governor of Delaware in 1862 and advised that body to take measures for the emancipation of the slaves in the stare. He died in Philadel- phia, Pa., March 1, 1865. CAPEN, Edward, librarian, was born at Dor- chester, Mass., Oct. 20, 1821, son of the Rev. Lem- uel and Mary Anne (Whiting) Capen. He grad- uated from the Boston Latin school with the Franklin medal in 1838; from Harvard college in 1842, and in 1845 from the Cambridge divinity school. He engaged for one year as minis- ter overt lie Unitarian society in Westford, but owing to his sym- pathy with the views of Theodore Parker he was obliged to abandon the minis- try. In 1852 he be- came secretary of the school committee of Boston, and later in the same year was appointed librarian of the Boston public library. In 1853 he resigned the office of secre- tary of the school committee, and under direction of the trustees prepared the first catalogue for the Boston public library. In 1874 he resigned and was elected librarian of the public library of Haverhill, Mass, where in 1897 he was still actively employed. CAPEN, Elmer Hewitt, educator, was born in Stoughton, Mass., April 5, 1838, son of Samuel and Almira (Paul) Capen. In 1856 he entered Tufts college, and while still an undergraduate the people of his native town elected him to the Massachusetts legislature, where he served during 1859-’6(l, being by some years the youngest repre- sentative in the house. He was graduated with his class in 1860, was admitted to the bar in 1864, and practised one year. He then studied theol- ogy, and in 1865 was ordained a minister in the Independent Christian church of Gloucester, Mass. He subsequently occupied pulpits in St. Paul, Minn., and in Providence, R. I. In 1875 he resigned pastoral work to accept the presidency of Tufts college? Under his administration the financial resources of the college were greatly augmented, the number of instructors increased more than fivefold, the number of buildings more than threefold, and many beneficial changes were introduced. In addition to the work of adminis- tration, he conducted the department of political science and supplied the college pulpit. He was president of the New England commission on col- lege admission examinations, from its establish- ment in 1885. He was for twenty years a trustee of the Universalist general convention, and from 1888 a member of the Massachusetts state board of education. He was pfesident of the Citizens’ law and order league, and in 1888 was a delegate to the Republican national convention. He con- tributed to magazines, encyclopaedias and his- tories, and wrote the article on the “ Atonement,” in the Universalist section of the Columbian con- gress of religions. He made the oration at the un- veiling of the monument in Boston to John Boyle O’Reilly, June 20, 1896. CAPEN, Nahum, author, was born in Canton. Mass., April 1. 1804. In 1825 he began business in Boston as a publisher, with the firm of Marsh, Capen & Lyon. He was among the first to agitate the matter of an international copyright, his memorial to Congress on the subject being one of the first presented to that body ; a letter of his, printed by the senate, led to the organiza- tion of the census bureau at Washington, and he established the custom of collecting letters from street boxes. He was postmaster of Boston from 1857 to 1861. He contributed to the press many articles on history and political economy. He edited a translation of the “Works of Dr. Gall” (6 vols.) ; the “Annals of Phrenology” (2 vols. ) : the Writings of Hon. Levi Woodbury, LL.D.,” and the “Massachusetts State Records” from 1847 to 1851 (5 vols.). He published: “The Republic of the United States” (1848) ; “ Reminiscences of John G. Spurzheim and George Combe,” and a “ Review of the Science of Phrenology” (1881). At the time of his death he was engaged on a “ History of Democracy,” one volume of which was published in 1874. He died in Boston. Mass., Jan. 4, 1886. CAPERS, Ellison, 7th bishop of South Caro lina and 169tli in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Charleston, S. C., Oct. 14, 1837 ; son of William and Susan (Magill) Capers. His father was one of the bishops of the southern Methodist church. He was graduated at the South Carolina military academy in 1857, was appointed assistant professor of mathematics in that college, and resigned in 1861 to serve in the Confederate army. He continued in the service until the close of the war, rising to the rank of brigadier-general. In May, 1867, he was ordained a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church, and was priested Sept. 13. 1868, by Bishop Thomas F. Davis. He was rector of Christ church. Green- ville, S. C., from 1867 to 1887, with the exception of one year spent as rector at St. Paul's. Selma, Ala. In 1887, he became rector of Trinity church, Columbia, S. C., where he remained until his elevation to the episcopal office. He was sec- retary and treasurer of the diocesan board of [ 564 ] CAPERS. CARDENAS. missions. 1879-’93. and deputy to the general con- vention, 1880, 1883, 1886. He received the degree of D.D. from South Carolina university in 1888, and from the University of the south in 1893. He was consecrated coadjutor bishop of South Carolina, July 20, 1893, and on the death of Bishop Howe, Nov. 24, 1894, became sole adminstrator of the diocese. CAPERS, William, M. E. bishop, was born in St. Thomas parish, S. C.., Jan. 26, 1790, son of a revolutionary soldier of Huguenot descent. He was educated at an academy in Statesburg, S. C., and at South Carolina college. He was not grad- uated, but in 1808 entered a law office, and after a few months of study decided to become a Metho- dist preacher, and was licensed Nov. 25, 1808. In 1816 he started a school in Georgetown, S. C., and after two years resumed his work in the church. For a time he was missionary to the Creek Indians, and later was editor of the Wes- leyan Journal. In 1827 he was chosen presiding elder of the Charleston district, which lie repre- sented at the conference in England the follow- ing year. He refused in 1829 a professorship in Franklin college, Georgia, and later the presi- dency and professional chairs of several southern colleges. He edited the Southern Christian Ad- vocate, and in 1840 was elected secretary of the southern missionary district, holding the office four years. In -May, 1846, he was consecrated bishop of the southern branch of the Methodist Episcopal church. He wrote a “Catechism for Methodist Missionaries in instructing the Negroes” ; an autobiography published after his death, to which was appended a memoir by the Rev. Dr. Wightman (1858) , and “ Short Sermons and Tales for Children.” He died Jan. 29, 1855. CAPERTON, Allen Taylor, senator, was born near Union, Monroe county, Va., Nov. 21, 1810. He was educated at Huntsville, Ala., and in the university of Virginia, and after his graduation at Yale college in 1832 lie studied law at Staunton Va., and there engaged in its practice. He was a member of the Virginia house of delegates and of the state senate, his last senatorial term ending in 1860. As a member of the Virginia state con- vention, which met in 1861 to consider the im- pending troubles, he stood for the Union, but when the state seceded he espoused the cause of the Confederacy. He was a member of the Con- federate states senate from 1863 to 1865, and after the close of the war he resumed his law practice. He rendered valuable service to the new state of West Virginia in bringing its rich coal, t imber and grazing lands to the notice of the capitalists. His political disabilities wero removed by President Johnson, and in 1875 he was elected to the U. S. senate from West Virginia. He died in Washing- ton, D. C., July 26, 1876. ( 565 ] CAPPA, Carlo Alberto, bandmaster, was born at Alessandria, in the kingdom of Sardinia, Dec. 9, 1834; son of a major in the Sardinian army, who died when the boy was four years old. In 1844 Carlo entered the Royal academy at Asti, remained there five years, and enlisted in the band of the 6th lancers. He afterwards enlisted in the United States navy, and made a two years’ cruise in the frigate Congress, during the last six months of which he was leader of the ship’s band. He arrived in America Feb. 22, 1858, and joined Kendall’s band. After this he became a member of Shelton’s New York band, of which Grafulla was leader, and when the latter, in 1860, was chosen leader of the 7th regi- ment band, he continued with him until Grafulla’s death in 1881, when lie succeeded him in the lead- ership. In 1869 he joined the Theodore Thomas orchestra as first trombone, and remained with it seven years; he also played the euphonium with the Mapleson opera for three years, and for five years with the Philharmonic in New York and Brooklyn. From his appointment as band- master of the 7th regiment he filled engage- ments in all the principal places in the United States and Canada. His repertoire included both popular and classical compositions. As con- ductor of the concerts in Central Park, New York city, and at the largest cities throughout the country, Cappa gave universal satisfaction. At the exposition at Pittsburg, Pa. , he was pub- licly complimented by the board of managers. At Minneapolis he was decorated and elected honorary director of the exposition by the di- rectors. He was knighted by the King of Italy and by the Venezuelan government, and his collec- tion of medals worn on state occasions was unique. He died in New York city, Jan. 6, 1893. CARDENAS, Luis PenalverY, first R. C. bishop of New Orleans, was born in Havana, Cuba, April 3, 1749; son of Don Diego Penalver and Maria Louisa de Cardenas. He entered the Jesuit college of St. Ignatius, in Havana, to pur- sue his theological course, and there remained until the Jesuits were expelled from the Spanish dominions by Charles III. ; he then passed to the University of St. Jerome, where he obtained his doctor’s degree in 1771, and in the same year was appointed vicar-general to the bishop of Santiago de Cuba. In 1793, when New Orleans was made an independent see, he became its first bishop. The papal bulls appointing him bear date April 25, 1793; he was consecrated at Havana in the same year, but did not take formal possession of his diocese until 1795. In 1802 he was trans- ferred to the see of Guatemala, where he was archbishop for four years, when he in 1806 re- turned to Havana, where he devoted himself to charitable works, and died July 17, 1810. CARDOZO. CAREY. CARDOZO, Isaac Newton, journalist, was born in Savannah, Ga., June 17, 1786. His par- ents removed in 1794 to Charleston, S. C., where he received his education. In 1816 he became the editor of the Southern Patriot, a Charleston paper, of which he also became proprietor in 1823. He sold this journal in 1845 and established the Evening News, on which he served for several years as commercial editor. He was a close stu- dent of political economy, and numerous articles from his pen on that subject appeared in various periodicals of the time. He was an able and enthusiastic advocate of free trade, and a fear- less opponent of the nullification movement. His Notes on Political Economy ” were published at Charleston in 1826. He was drowned in James river, Va., Aug. 26, 1850. CAREY, Henry Charles, political economist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 15, 1793. From a very early age he was a valuable assist- ant to his father, Matthew Carey, in his publish- ing business. In his ninth year he attended the literary fair in New York, originated by his father, there sold books on his own account, and was by the trade called “ the bookseller in minia- ture.” In his eleventh year he took charge of a branch store in Baltimore, ordering such stock as was needed, keeping his father advised as to the condition of the trade and the finances, and making remittances. In his nineteenth year he went on a business trip south as far as Raleigh, N. C., and in 1824 he instituted the system of book trade sales. On Jan. 1, 1817, he was admit- ted to partnership by his father, under the firm name of M. Carey & Son. which later became M. Carey & Sons, H. C. Carey and I. Lea, and Carey, Lea & Blanchard until 1836, when Mr. Carey retired from business, and was succeeded by Lea & Blanchard. In 1835, meeting with the lectures of Nassau W. Senior, and think- ing Senior in error, he published in refutation his “Essay on the Rate of Wages.” This was followed in 1836 by “ The Harmony of Nature,” which when printed he found that he could not publish as a presentation of his then actual views, and the entire edition, with the exception of, perhaps, less than a dozen copies, was destroyed. His “ Principles of Political Economy ” was published between 1837 and 1840. The first volume, in which he promulgated his theory of value, immediately attracted the atten- tion of the economists of Europe, and especially of Professor Ferrara, of Turin, where the whole treatise was translated into Italian and published. “ The Credit System in France, Great Britain, and the United States” (1838), taken from the second volume, has been characterized as “ his masterly theory of the banking system.” Mr. Carey regarded the financial panic of 1837-'42 as the result of Mr. Clay's compromise tariff act of 1833, forced upon the country by the nullification movements of South Carolina. “ Up to this time,” says Dr. Elder, “Mr. Carey had been, as he supposed, a free trader; but, in the closing months of 1842, seeing the wonderful change effected by the protective tariff then in opera- tion, he became a practical protectionist and voted for Mr. Clay in 1844, but was still unable to rec- oncile protection with any economic theory. " In 1848 he published “ Past, Present and Future,” a book that marks an era in the history of political economy. He did an immense amount of almost continuous work in newspapers, magazines, pam- phlets and books from this time forward to the close of his life. In 1857, and again in 1859, Mr. Carey made extended tours in Europe, where he made the personal acquaintance of many of the eminent men of the time, including Humboldt, Liebig, Cavour, Count Sclopis, Professor Ferrara, Sir John Barnard Byles. J. Stuart Mill and others. In 1856 he assisted in the organization of the Republican party, and was a member of the con- vention that nominated Fremont and Dayton. During the war he was repeatedly in consulta- tion with President Lincoln and Secretary Chase. For many years he was a member of the Wistar club, and in the winter of 1862-'63 he was one of the organizers and original members of the Union club, which superseded the Wistar parties, at the same time taking part in the organization of the Union league, which grew out of the Union club. In 1863 the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of the city of New York. In his greatest work, “ Principles of Social Science ” (1858-60), Mr. Carey places the crown upon his system in the demonstration of the fact of the over-mastering necessity of man’s association with his fellow -men; money he recognizes and treats as the instrument of association, and hence his determined opposition to, and condemnation of, the policy of resumption of specie payments by contraction, and his urgent advocacy of the remonetization of the silver dollar in 1878. His last production, written within a year of his death, was entitled “ Repudiation: Past. Present, and Future,” and was published in the Penn Monthly Magazine in 1879. His chief works have been translated into French, German. Italian, Swedish, Russian, Magyar, Japanese and Portu guese. The complete copy of his works in all the different languages, bequeathed by him to the University of Pennsylvania, is comprised in forty-two volumes, mostly octavos. In 1854, at the commencement of the Crimean war. he put the New York Tribune, to which he was then a constant contributor, into the attitude of siding with Russia, which indirectly resulted in Russia CAREY. CARHART. siding with the United States government in the civil war. He was a member of the Socibtd des economistes, Paris, of the American philosophi- cal society and of the Pennsylvania historical society, Philadelphia. Among his publications not before mentioned are: “The Harmony of Interests ” (New York, 1852) ; “ The Slave-Trade, Domestic and Foreign: Why it Exists and How it maybe Extinguished,” “Letters on Interna- tional Copyright ” (Philadelphia, 1853, 1868) ; “ Letters to the President on the Foreign and Domestic Policy of the Union, and its Effects as Exhibited in the condition of the People and the States” (1858); “A Series of Letters on Political Economy ” (1860, and another in 1865) ; “ The Way to Outdo England without fighting her” (1865); “Review of the Decade 1857 to 1867 ” (1867) ; “ Review of Wells' Report ” (1868) ; “Shall we have Peace?” (1869); and “The Unity of Law ” (1872). He died Oct. 13, 1879. CAREY, Joseph, clergyman, was born in New York city, Dec. 23, 1839. He came of English and Scotch ancestry, his mother being a descendant of the Gordons of Aberdeen, Scotland. He was fitted for college at Newburgh academy, and was graduated at St. Stephen's college, Annan- dale, N. Y., in 1861, when he entered the general theological seminary of the P. E. church in New York city. He was ordained a deacon in October, 1861, and a priest in the following February. He was rector of Grace church, Waterford ; Christ church, Ballston Spa ; and from 1873 of Betliesda church, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. He received the degree of S.T.D. from St. Stephen’s college in 1878. CAREY, Joseph M., senator, was born in Sussex county, Del., Jan. 19, 1845; son of Robert H. and Susan (Davis) Carey. He was educated at the Fort Edward collegiate institute and at Union college, New York, and in 1867 finished his law course at the University of Pennsylvania. He was admitted to the bar and practised for two years in Philadelphia, removing in 1869 to Wyoming, where he was appointed U. S. district attorney for that territory. From 1871 to 1876 he was associate judge of the Wyoming supreme court, and from 1872 to 1876 he was a member of the United States centennial commission. He was elected mayor of Cheyenne in 1881, and was twice re-elected, serving until 1885, when he took his seat as territorial delegate in the 49th Congress. He was re-elected delegate to the 50th and 51st congresses, and introduced the bill which admitted Wyoming as a state. On Nov. 15, 1890, he was elected to the L T . S. senate as the first senator to represent the state in Congress, his term of service expiring March 3, 1895. In 1894 Union college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. [5G CAREY, Matthew, philanthropist, was born in Ireland Jan. 28, 1760. He was liberally edu- cated, and at the age of fifteen lie adopted the printer’s trade, and two years later published an address to the Irish Catholics, which was so offensive to the authorities that, to escape arrest, he was obliged to flee to France. He there met Benjamin Franklin, who befriended him and gave him such advice as influenced his entire subse- quent career. Returning to Ireland at the age of eighteen, he became a power, and contributed largely to the subsequent liberal legislation re- specting Ireland : but for a violent attack upon the ministry, Mr. Carey was brought before parlia- ment and imprisoned until 1784. On his release he immigrated to the United States, landed in Philadelphia in November, 1784, and soon after- wards engaged in the publication of the Phila- delphia Herald and the American Museum, the latter a monthly magazine, which he continued through thirteen half-yearly volumes. He also wrote numerous pamphlets on the topics of the day, all of which had a marked influence on pub- lic opinion. In 1791 he opened, in connection with his printing business, a small book store, which gradually grew into one of the largest and most important publishing houses in the country. Mr. Carey, in connection with Bishop White, organized the first Sunday-school society that was formed in the United States, and he was, throughout liis life, active in all public enter- prises that were calculated to promote the inter- ests of the city and state of his adoption. He set on foot the system of internal improvements that resulted in the construction of the Pennsylvania canals, and himself established many of the charitable institutions for which Philadelphia is so justly celebrated. His friend, John Sargeant, wrote of him: “ He has given more time, money and labor to the public than any man I am ac- quainted with, and in truth he has founded in Philadelphia a school of public spirit.” He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 16, 1839. CARHART, Henry Smith, physicist, was born in Coeymans, Albany county, N. Y., March 27, 1844; son of Daniel S. and Margaret (Martin) Carhart. He supported himself at school by teaching, and was graduated at the Wesleyan university as valedictorian of the class of 1869, and then taught Latin in the Hudson river insti- tute, Claverack, N. Y., for two years. After one year spent at Yale he became instructor of civil engineering and physics at the Northwest- ern university, Evanston, 111. ; in 1873 he became professor of physics in the same institution. He served on the international jury of awards at the Paris electrical exhibition in 1881, and then pur- sued a course of study at the University of Ber- lin. He remained at the Northwestern university l] CARHART. CARLETON. until 1886, during which time a laboratory was erected and furnished with modern apparatus. In 1886 he accepted the chair of physics in the University of Michigan. He was elected a fellow of the American association for the advancement of science, a foreign member of the (London) institution of electrical engineers, and a fellow of the American institute of electrical engineers. He was one of the official delegates chosen to represent the United States at the Chicago world’s electrical congress, and was president of the board of judges of award for the department of electricity at the Columbian exposition in 1893. He was married in 1876 to Ellen M. Soule, dean of the woman’s college of the Northwestern university. He has published, besides numerous contributions to scientific and technical journals, “ Primary Batteries” (1891); “Elements of Physics” (with H. N. Chute, 1892); “University Physics, Part I., Mechanics, Sound, and Light” (1894); “ Electrical Measurements ” (with Geo. W. Pat- terson, Jr., 1895), and “ University Physics, Part II., Heat, Electricity, and Magnetism” (1896). CARHART, Jeremiah, inventor, was born in Dutchess county, N. Y., in September, 1813. At the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a cabinet- maker, and worked at his trade for some years. Between 1836 and 1846 he secured patents on several inventions, among them being, the exhaustion bellows and tubular reed board, afterwards used in all reed instruments. In partnership with E. P. Needham, he began the manufacture of organs and melodeons at Buffalo, N. Y. , in 1846, and the firm, afterward removing to New York, enlarged its business to include the manufacture of several ingenious machines invented by Mr. Carhart, for use in making reeds and reed boards. He died in New York city, Aug. 16, 1868. CARLETON, Henry (born Coxe), jurist, was born in Virginia in 1785. He was graduated at Yale in 1806, after which he went to Mississippi, where he was engaged in various occupations until 1814, when he removed to New Orleans, La. He served as a lieutenant of infantry under Gen- eral Jackson in the 1814-T5 campaign, which resulted in the capture of New Oi leans, and after the war he engaged in the practice of law. He was United States attorney for the eastern dis- trict of Louisiana, and judge of the supreme court of the same state in 1832-’39. He then travelled extensively, and finally settled in Phila- delphia, where he engaged in biblical and meta- physical studies. He was a stanch supporter of the Union during the civil war, notwithstanding his property in the south. He was twice mar- ried: first, to Mile. d’Avezac de Castera, and after her death to Miss Vanderburgh. He was the author of “ Liberty and Necessity ” (1857), of an “ Essay on the Mill ” (1863), and, in collaboration with Mr. L. Moreau, of a translation of such portions of “ Las Siete Partidas,” a celebrated Spanish code of law, as obtained in Louisiana. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 28, 1863. CARLETON, Henry Quy, playwright, was born at Fort Union, New Mexico, June 21, 1855. He was graduated from Santa Clara college, San Francisco, Cal., and, removing to New Orleans in 1876, began writing acceptable verses, stories and sketches. In 1881 he wrote his first play, “ Memnon,” an Egyptian tragedy, which was pur- chased for five thousand dollars by John Mc- Cullough, who regarded it as one of the best tragedies produced since Shakespeare's time, but did not present it. In 1882 Carleton re- moved to New York city, and in 1883 became editor of Life. He resigned in 1884, to devote his entire attention to dramatic authorship. In that year lie produced “ Victor Durand,” a society drama. Then followed “ The Pembertons," and, in 1889, “The Lion’s Mouth,” played over five hundred times by Frederick Warde. “ Ye Earlie Trouble,” “The Princess Erie,” and “The Gilded Fool ” met with pronounced success. In 1892 he wrote “ A Bit of Scandal,” and in 1893 “ The Butterflies.” In 1894 “ Lem Kettle ” was brought out in New York, and “ Ambition,” apo- litical comedy, was written. CARLETON, James Henry, soldier, was born in Maine in 1814. He took part in the ‘ ‘ Aroostook war,” which arose from a dispute in regard to the northeastern boundary of the United States, and in 1839 received a commission as 2d lieutenant of the 1st U. S. dragoons. March 17, 1845, he was promoted 1st lieutenant and assigned to commis- sary duty in Kearny’s expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1846. He served in the Mexican war, was promoted to a captaincy in 1847, and obtained the brevet rank of major for his ser- vices at Buena Vista. He was employed in ex- ploring, and in keeping the Indians in check, and in 1861 was advanced to the rank of major and ordered to California in command of the 6th cavalry. In 1862 he raised and organized the “ California Column,” and conducted it to Mesilla on the Rio Grande. He was made commander of the department of New Mexico with the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. In March, 1865, he was promoted brigadier -general of the regular army, passing the intermediary ranks by brevet, for his services in New Mexico; and for his gallantry during the civil war was brevetted major-general, U. S. A. He was promoted lieu- tenant-colonel 4th cavalry, July 31, 1866; colonel of 2d cavalry, June, 1870, and ordered to Texas. He published “The Battle of Buena Vista” (1848). He died in San Antonio, Texas, Jan. 7, 1873. 1 5GS] CARLIN. CARLISLE. CARLETON, Will, author, was born at Hud- son, Lenawee county, Mich., Oct. 21, 1845. He was graduated from Hillsdale college in 1869, and entered the journalistic field, first in Chicago, and later in Brooklyn, N. Y. He became well known as a lecturer in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. His first and most noted poem, “ Betsy and I are Out,” was sent anonymously to the Toledo Blade in 1871 ; its authorship being afterwards claimed by another. His publications are- “Poems” (1871); “Farm Ballads” (1873); “Farm Legends” (1875); " Young Folks’ Centennial Rhymes ” (1876) ; "Farm Festivals” (1881); “Geraldine: a Ro- mance in Verse ” (1881) , “ City Ballads ” (1886) ; “City Legends” (1890), and “City Festivals” (1892) ; “ The Old Infant ” and similar stories (1896). CARLILE, John Snyder, senator, was born in Winchester, Va., Dec. 16, 1817. He was admitted to the bar in 1840, and practised his profession at Beverley, Va. He was a member of the state senate from 1847 to 1851 ; was a delegate in 1850 to the state constitutional convention. He was elected as a representative to the 34th Congress by the Unionist party, of which he was a promi- nent member. In 1861, as a member of the Virginia convention, he persistently opposed secession, and after the passage of the secession ordnance he became a leader of the Unionists in Virginia. Later he was a delegate to the Wheel- ing convention. He was elected as a representa- tive to the 37th Congress, but served in the house for a few days only, being elected to the U. S. senate, to succeed R. M. T. Hunter, where he served throughout the 37th and 38th congresses. He died in Clarksburg, W. Va., Oct. 24, 1878. CARLIN, John, painter, was born in Philadel- phia, Pa., June 15, 1813, a deaf mute. He entered the Pennsylvania institute for the deaf and dumb in 1821, and was graduated in 1825, after which he studied art in Philadelphia. In 1833-'34 he studied drawing in New York city under J. R. Smith, and portrait painting under John Neagle. He went to London in 1838, and studied the antique in the British museum. Thence he went to Paris and became a pupil of Paul Delaroche. In 1841 he made his permanent residence in New York city, devoting his time to miniature painting and afterwards to genre subjects and landscapes. He also won some success as a magazine writer. Among his paint- ings: “The Flight into Egypt,” “Red Riding Hood,” “Pulpit Rock, Nahant,” “ The Village Gossips” (1880); “The Twin Grandchildren” (1881) ; “ Old and Young ” (1882) ; “ Solid Com- fort ” (1884), and “The Grandfather’s Story” (1885), were sent to the exhibitions of the artists’ fund society, and “ An Autumn Afternoon ” (1871); “A View of Trenton Falls” (1873); “ The Toll-Gate ” (1875) ; “ After Work ” (1878), and “ The Orphaned Grandchild” (1886), were exhibited at the National academy of design. He died in New York city, April 23, 1891. CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, was born in Greene county, 111., Nov. 24, 1829. He was graduated at West Point with the rank of brevet 2d lieutenant of infantry in 1850, and assigned to duty at Fort Snelling, Minn. He was in active service during the Sioux expedition, and also in the Cheyenne and Utah campaigns, as 1st lieutenant, which rank he received in March, 1855. In 1858 he marched to California, where he remained in service for two years. In 1861 he received the rank of captain, and entered the volunteer service as colonel of the 38th Illinois volunteers. He was present at the defeat of Gen. Jeff Thompson at Frederickton, Mo., after which lie commanded the district of southeastern Mis- souri. In October, 1862, he won, at Perryville, Ky., the promotion to brigadier-general of volun- teers. He took part in the Tullalioma campaign, and the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun- tain and Missionary Ridge. In November, 1863, he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for distin- guished service at Chattanooga ; and in February, 1864, as major of the 16th United States infantry, was engaged in the Georgia campaign and at the surrender of Atlanta. On Sept. 1, 1864, at Jonesboro, Georgia, he won the brevet of colonel in the regular army ; and for his faithful and efficient service in the march to the sea, the sur- render of Savannah, and the invasion of the Carolinas, he was made, in March, 1865, brevet major-general U. S. volunteers, and in the same month received the rank of brevet brigadier- general U. S. army. At the close of the war he was brevetted major-general of the regular army. He left the volunteer service in August, 1865, and was engaged in frontier duty during the Indian troubles, and in April, 1882, was made colonel of the 4th infantry. He was retired with the rank of brigadier-general and made his home at Carrollton, 111. CARLISLE, James M., educator, was born in Coffee county, Tenn., May 11, 1851; son of James M. and May (Bird) Carlisle. He spent his early life on a farm, attending the neighborhood school only a few months during the winter. At the age of sixteen he entered Beach Grove (Tenn.) college. Circumstances would not permit him to continue steadily through the course, and nine years elapsed between his entering and his grad uation. During this time he spent four years teaching country schools and working upon his father’s farm. One year be was fortunately able to spend at Cumberland university, Lebanon, Tenn. In 1876 he was graduated at Beach Grove CARLISLE. CARLL. with the degree of A. B. Upon his graduation he was offered the chair of mathematics in the col- lege, which position he tilled for two and a half years. He had charge of an academy in Lincoln county, Tenn., for a short time and then removed to Texas, where he became principal of a private normal school at Wliitesboro. He occupied this position for more than seven years, and in 1887 was elected superintendent of the Corsicana city schools. He was elected in 1890 superintendent of Fort Worth city schools and in 1891 was chosen superintendent of public instruction for the state of Texas, and successively re-elected by popular vote to that position. CARLISLE, John Griffin, statesman, was born in Campbell (now Kenton) county, Ky., Sept. 5, 1835. He was the son of a farmer, was educated at the common school and for a time employed himself with farm work and in teach- ing school at Covington. He was admitted to the bar in March, 1858, and within two years he acquired a large practice. During 1858-’61 he was a member of the state house of representa- tives. In 1864 he was nominated for presidential elector on the Democratic ticket but declined to run. He was elec- ted to the state sen- ate in 1867 and again in 1869. He served as a delegate-at large from Kentucky to the national Democratic convention at New York, in July, 1868. In June, 1871. he resigned his seat in the state senate, and was elected lieu- tenant-governor of Kentucky, serving until 1875. In 1876 he was chosen alternate presidential elec- tor for the state and the same year was elected a representative to the 45th Congress, being re- elected to every succeeding Congress up to and in- cluding the 51st. He immediately acquired prominence as a legislator, and made a notable speech on revenue reform in which policy, as well as in the revival of American shipping, he was greatly interested. The Carlisle internal rev- enue bill, introduced in the house during the 46th Congress, made him the recognized leader of the Democratic party on the tariff question. He was elected speaker of the house of representatives upon the assembling of the 48th Congress. Dec. 3. 1883, over Samuel J. Randall, and served during the 48th. 49th and 50th congresses. He obtained the respect of the house by the impartial manner [ 570 ] in which he performed his duties in the midst of much confusion and opposition, and he became an authority on parliamentary law. He was an advocate of tariff for revenue, though in no sense a free-trader, and he successfully headed the several campaigns against the Republican party on the issue of protection. He was elected to the United States senate as a Democrat, to fill the unexpired term of James B. Beck, deceased, and took his seat May 26, 1890. He resigned his seat in March, 1893, on his appointment as secre- tary of the treasury in President Cleveland’s cabinet, and entered upon the duties of his office March 7, 1893. In February, 1895, the depletion of the gold reserve made it necessary for the government to issue 862,300,000 worth of thirty- four-year 4 percent bonds, and through Mr. Car- lisle an arrangement was made with a syndicate of New York bankers to take the whole loan at 104f. The bonds were soon after quoted on the market at 118, which result greatly alarmed the people as to the wisdom of the financial policy of the administration, and when in 1896 it was announced that there would be another issue of bonds to supply a further necessity for gold, and that Mr. Carlisle intended to again sell the bonds to the New York syndicate, the public journals took up the matter and demonstrated that the people could be depended on to take all the issue if they were permitted to do so. This led the government to invite a popular subscription to the loan, which resulted in establishing a much higher market price and called from the same syndicate a bid by which they bought the larger part of the issue at 110.6877, a saving to the coun- try of 820,000,000, principal, and accruing interest for thirty years. Mr. Carlisle in this seeemingly unbusiness-like transaction was severely criti- cised and the majority of his party repudiated his action. He retired from the cabinet in March, 1897, and resumed the practice of his profession. CARLL, John Franklin, civil engineer, was born in Bushwick, Long Island, N. Y.. May 7. 1828. He was educated at the Union Hall academy at Flushing, N. Y., and in 1849 purchased an interest in the Newark Eagle, of which he was associate editor. In 1853 he abandoned journalism and be- came a civil engineer and land surveyor in Flush- ing, N. Y. He removed to Pleasantville. Pa., in 1864, and remained there ten years, engaged in the oil industry. Meanwhile he produced several valuable inventions for developing oil, including a static pressure sand pump, and an adjustable sleeve for piston rods. As a member of the Penn- sylvania geological survey he contributed several papers descriptive of petroleum districts to the annual reports of 1874—'85. known as I (1874); l 2 (1877) ; I 3 (1880) ; I 4 (1883). and I 5 (1885). CARLTON. CARNAHAN. CARLTON, Thomas, clergyman, was born in Londonderry, N. H., July 2G, 1808. He began to preach in 1829, being connected with the Genesee conference of the Methodist Episcopal church. His work was done in western New York. He served as presiding elder and as agent of the Gen- esee Wesleyan seminary for three years. He was elected senior agent of the Methodist book con- cern in New York city, serving from 1852 to 1872 ; and during the same years was also treasurer of the missionary society of the Methodist Episcopal church. He died in Elizabeth, N. J., April 16. 1874. CARMALT, William H., educator, was born at Friendsville, Susquehanna county, Pa. , Aug. 3, 1836. His father, a member of the Society of Friends, moved from Philadelphia to Susquehanna county in 1829. William began the study of medicine in 1857, at the Boylston preparatory school of medicine, Cambridge, Mass., completing his course at the college of physicians and sur- geons in New York city, in 1861. Serving a year as interne in St. Luke’s hospital in that city, he established himself in practice there in 1863. He at first turned his attention to the study of dis- eases of the eye, and was successively assistant- surgeon and surgeon to the New York eye and ear infirmary, and visiting surgeon to the ophthal- mic division of Charity hospital. In 1867 he was appointed assistant commissioner to the New York state agricultural society, to investigate the subject of abortions among the dairy cows of that state. In 1870, desiring to make some especial studies in pathological anatomy, he went to Europe, and after four years spent in Vienna, Breslau, Strassburg, and Paris, returned to the United States, and in the winter of 1876 was ap- pointed to teach ophthalmology in the medical de- partment of Yale college. In 1879 he was made professor of ophthalmology and otology, and in 1881 was transferred to the chair of the principles and practice of surgery. CARMAN, Bliss, journalist, was born at Fred- ericton, New Brunswick, April 15, 1861 ; son of William and Sophia (Bliss) Carman. He graduated from the University of New Brunswick, in 1881, and until 1888 studied at Edinburgh and Harvard. For a time he taught school, read law, and studied civil engineering. In 1890 he went to New York city, where, until 1893, he was office editor of the Independent . In 1894 he started the Chap-Book, and conducted it for a few months, disposing of his interest in the paper at the end of that time. His published writings include: “Low Tide on the Grande Prd” (1893, 2d ed. 1894); “Songs from Vagabondia ” with Richard Hovey, (1894); “A Seamark: a Threnody for Robert Louis Steven- son” (1895); “Behind the Arras: A Book of the Unseen” (1895), and “More Songs From Vaga- bondia,” with Mr. Hovey (1897). CARMICHAEL, Henry, chemist, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 5, 1846, son of Daniel and Eliza (Otis) Carmichael. He was prepared for college at the academy and high school of Am- herst, Mass., and was graduated at Amherst col- lege in 1867. He studied chemistry, mineralogy, and geology at the University of Gottingen, Ger- many, from 1868 to 1872, receiving in the latter year the degree of Ph. D., and the highest rank in his class. In 1872 he was professor of chemis- try in Iowa college, Grinnell, Iowa, and from 1872 to 1886 was professor of chemistry and allied sciences in Bowdoin college, at the same time teaching in the Maine medical school, and holding the position of assaver for the state of Maine. While at Bowdoin he invented “indur- ated fibre” which came into wide use in the manufacture of pails, tubs, and other fibre ware. In 1886 he removed to Boston, where he practised as an analytical chemist and chemical engineer, inventing several new processes of great value. He succeeded in converting common salt into chlorine by electricity, thus reducing the expense of the process. CARMICHAEL, William, diplomatist, was born in Maryland, where he acquired a classical education. He went to Paris as secretary to the commissioners of the American states, Nov. 28, 1777, and on his return home was elected a dele- gate from Maryland to the Continental Congress, for the term 1778-'80. On Sept. 28. 1779, he went to Spain as secretary of legation, and on April 20, 1790, was appointed charge d'affaires, serving until May, 1794. While holding this office he attempted to negotiate jointly with William Short, a treaty concerning the free navigation of the Mississippi river, but was unsuccessful. He died in Maryland in February. 1795. CARNAHAN, James, educator, was born in Carlisle, Pa., Nov. 15, 1775. He was graduated from the college of New Jersey in 1800, and was licensed to preach in April, 1804. In 1805 he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and offi- ciated as pastor of the united churches of Whites- boro and Utica, N. Y., until 1814. From 1814 to 1823 he taught a school at Georgetown, D. C. From 1823 to 1854 he was president of the College of New Jersey, being the ninth in succession. In 1843 he was made president of the board of trustees of the Princeton theological seminary. Hamilton college conferred on him the degree of S.T. D. in 1821, and Princeton, that of LL.D. in 1854. Upon his retirement from the presidency of the college he was made a trustee. He died at Newark, N. J., March 2, 1859. CARNEGIE, Andrew, manufacturer, was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1835; son of William Carnegie. His father immigrated to the United States in 1847, and, after a short stay CARNEGIE. CARPENTER. in Allegheny, Pa. , settled in Pittsburg. In Alle- gheny young Andrew was employed in a cotton factory, and when the family removed to Pitts- burgh he became a stoker. Shortly afterwards he was employed by the Ohio telegraph company as messen* ger, and soon rose to be an operator, then a clerk, and later the confidential clerk of the superintendent and manager of the telegraph lines. When a telegraph operator, he was em- ployed by the Penn- sylvania railroad company, and there mastered the details of train despatch- ing. This led to his subsequent appointment to the position of superintendent of the western division of the Pennsylvania railroad. At this time he became associated with Mr. Woodruff, inventor of the sleeping car, and in this venture obtained the nucleus of his fortune. He next joined the syndicate which purchased the Storey farm on Oil Creek for forty thousand dollars, and in one year the company made from its oil wells over one million dollars. A rolling mill was his next investment, and he added steadily to his possessions until he became master of the largest and most complete system of iron and steel in- dustries in the world. The relations existing between Mr. Carnegie and the thousands of work men in his employ were the subject of much inter- est to the public. He adopted at several works, the plan of paying the men on a sliding scale, based on production. In 1881 he offered to donate §250,000 for a free library in Pittsburgh, on the condition that the city would appropriate 815,000 annually for its maintenance. The gift was accepted in 1887, and in 1890 he notified the mayor that he would increase the amount to 81,000,000, to provide more extensive buildings which would contain reference and circulating libraries, accommodations for the exhibition of works of art, assembly rooms for scientific socie- ties, and branch libraries, conditioned on the city increasing its appropriation to §40,000 an- nually. The gift was accepted in 1890, and was afterwards increased by §100,000. In 1895 he endowed the art gallery with §1,000,000, the in- terest to be used for the purchase of works of art. In 1890 Mr. Carnegie gave §300,000 to the city of Allegheny for a public library. In 1889 he provided for his employees, at Braddock, Pa., a circulating library of 10,000 volumes, and in 1894 a building which was also used as the home of the Carnegie club. He is the author of “ An American Four-in-Hand in Britain" (1883); “ Round the World ” (1884), and “Triumphant Democracy; or Fifty Years’ March of the Re- public” (1886). CARNOCHAN, John Murray, surgeon, was born in Savannah, Ga., July 4, 1817. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, Scot- land, and studied medicine under Dr. Valentine Mott, a distinguished New York physician. He decided to devote his attention entirely to sur- gery, and in view of this he again visited Europe, studying at several of the large European hos- pitals. Returning to the United States in 1847, he began to practise in New York, and soon won a wide reputation as a skilful surgeon, perform- ing many remarkable operations which had not hitherto been attempted. He was professor of surgery at the New York medical college, and was surgeon-in-chief of the state immigrant hos- pital. Among his publications are: “Elephan- tiasis Arabum Successfully Treated by Ligature of the Femoral Artery"; “A Treatise on the Etiology, Pathology, and Treatment of the Con- genital Dislocations of the Head of the Femur " (1850); “Address on the Study of Science" (1857) ; “ A Case of Exsection of the Entire Os Calcis ” (1857), and “ Contributions to Operative Surgery and Surgical Pathology ” (1877-'86). He died in New York city, Oct. 28, 1887. CARPENTER, Benjamin, patriot, was born at Swansea, Mass., May 17, 1725; son of Edward and Elizabeth (Wilson) Carpenter. He removed in early life to Rhode Island, where he was a magistrate in 1744, and where he was married, Oct. 3, 1745, to Annie, daughter of Abial and Pru- dence Carpenter. He settled in Guilford, Vt., in 1770, and was the first delegate from that town to a Vermont convention. He was a member of the Westminster convention in 1775, of the Dorset and Westminster conventions in 1776, and of the Windsor convention, which framed the constitu- tion of the state. In 1 776 he was chairman of the Cumberland county committee of safety, and was made lieutenant-colonel of militia. In 1779 lie was elected lieutenant-governor of the new state, and was re-elected the following year. He was a member of the council of censors in 1783. He died at Guilford, Vt., March 29, 1804. CARPENTER Charles C,, naval officer, was born in Leyden, Mass., Feb. 27, 1834; son of David N. and Maria P. (Newcomb) Carpenter. He was appointed midshipman from Massachusetts. Oct. 1, 1850, and from 1851 to 1855 was attached to the sloop Portsmouth of the Pacific squadron. Dur- ing 1855-’56 he was at the naval academy, and June 20, 1856, he was promoted passed midship- man. Until 1858 he was with the home squadron [ 572 ] CARPENTER. CARPENTER. and on special service. On Jan. 2.3, 1858, lie was commissioned lieutenant, and in 1859-’60 served on the steamer Mohawk on the coast of Cuba, capturing the slaver Wildfire, with five hundred slaves on board. In 1802 he was on the steamer Flag, of the South Atlantic squadron, capturing the steamers Anglia and Emily. He was com- missioned lieutenant-commander July 16, 1862, and in 1863 was again with the South Atlantic blockading squadron in the monitor Cat skill. He participated in the attacks on the defences of Charleston, S. C., in 1863; was at the naval academy, 1864^'65; was on the steam-sloop Hartford, the flag-ship of the Asiatic squadron, 1866-'67 ; commanded the steamer Wyoming, same squadron, 1868, and from 1868 to 1870 was stationed at the Portsmouth (N. H.) navy yard. He was commissioned commander in March, 1869, and in 1871 was again at the Portsmouth navy yard. In 1 871— '72 and 1875-'76 he was again with the North Atlantic squadron, and March 25, 1880, he was commissioned captain. From 1880 to 1882 he was on equipment duty at the Boston navy yard, and from 1882 to 1884 was com- mander of the U. S. .steamer Hartford, carrying the English and American scientists from Callao to Caroline Atoll, to observe the total eclipse of the sun in 1883. From 1888 to June, 1890, he commanded the receiving ship Wabash, and was commandant at the Portsmouth navy yard from June, 1890, to Jan. 15, 1894. He was commis- sioned commodore, May 15, 1893; promoted rear- admiral in 1894, and commanded the Asiatic squadron from 1894 to 1896. He was retired Feb. 27, 1896. CARPENTER, Ellen M., artist, was born at Killingly, Conn., Nov. 28, 1836; daughter of Oliver and Amy (Smith) Carpenter. She com- menced her art education under the tutelage of Thomas Edwards of Worcester, Mass., in 1858. Later she attended the classes at the Lowell insti- tute, and in 1867 went to Paris to continue her studies. On her return to the United States she opened a studio in Boston, where she became noted as a teacher. In 1873 she accompanied some of her students on a European tour for the purpose of sketching. In 1878 she studied figure painting under Gusson in Berlin, and under Julien and Carlo Rossi in Paris. Among her commissions were several portraits for Masonic hall, Boston, Mass. In 1890 she visited Europe, having received commissions to copy “ The Im- maculate Conception ” and “The Holy Family,” by Murillo, and several of the noted paintings in the Luxembourg. She visited Algiers in the same year, where she made sketches of eastern scenes, and later went to Spain, where she painted bits from the interior of the Alhambra and from the palace in Seville. CARPENTER, Francis Bicknell, painter, was born at Homer, Cortland county, N. Y., Aug. 6, 1830 ; son of Asaph H. Carpenter and grandson of Noah Carpenter, a nephew of Ethan Allen. He early evinced a talent for drawing, which lie persistently cultivated in the face of his father's opposition. For five months he was a pupil of Sanford Thayer of Syracuse, N. Y., and, return- ing to Homer, he opened his first studio in 1846, where he painted many portraits. In 1847 he sent an ideal female head, entitled “The Jew- ess,” to the exhibition of the American art union of New York city, which was purchased by the union. In May, 1851, he removed to New York, and his first important work in that city was a full-length portrait of David Leavitt, presi- dent of the American exchange bank, which was exhibited at the National academy of design in 1852, and the young artist was elected an associ- ate academician. His portraits of Presidents Fillmore and Pierce, and of Ex-President Tyler brought him into prominence. The year 1855 he spent in Washington, where he painted Cass, Marcy, Seward, Chase, Houston and Cushing. On his return to New York, eminent people from all parts of the country flocked to his studio; some of the more prominent of those whose portraits he painted were Charles Sumner, Henry Ward and Lyman Beecher, Schuyler Colfax, James Russell Lowell and Ezra Cornell. In 1864 Mr. Carpenter was invited by President Lincoln to the White House to paint the historic group, “ The First Reading of the Emancipation Procla- mation,” which was afterwards placed at the head of the stairway in the national capitol, a gift to the government from Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson. In 1871 he commenced, and in 1891 he completed, his second historical composition, the “ First International Court of Arbitration, ” which hangs in Windsor castle, a gift to Queen Victoria from the women of America, through the bene- ficence of Mrs. Wm. W. Carson. In 1874 he com- pleted a full-length portrait of Lincoln for the capitol at Albany, and in 1885 painted a portrait of President Garfield, which was presented to Dartmouth college by H. C. Bullard of New York. His portrait of President Lincoln, the original study from which the face in the emancipation group was painted, is the accepted portrait of the great emancipator. Mr. Carpenter published “Six Months in the White House with Abraham Lincoln” (1886), and in 1896 wrote a series of magazine articles on the same subject. CARPENTER, Frank George, journalist, was born at Mansfield, Ohio, in 1865; son of George Frank and Jeannette (Reid) Carpenter. He was graduated at the University of Wooster (Ohio) in 1877, and in 1878 became the legislative cor- respondent of the Cleveland Leader at Columbus. [573J CARPENTER. CARPENTER. In 1881 he travelled extensively in Europe and Egypt, and in 1882 went to Washington, D. C., as correspondent of the Cleveland Leader. Shortly after this he became connected with the American press association and the New York World. In 1888 he organized a combination of twelve leading journals for which he was to fur- nish one letter per week during a trip around the globe. He spent the years of 1888 and 1889 in Asia; returning to Washington, he next made a tour of Mexico for his combination of news- papers, and following this went to Russia to write up the great famine there. In 1894 he again visited Asia, sailing from America with the avowed object of travelling twenty -five thou- sand miles for twenty-five letters, and having what is perhaps one of the biggest newspaper assignments ever made. On this expedition he travelled through Japan, went up the Yangtse- Kiang river into the heart of China, and crossed through Corea at the time it was in the throes of the rebellion, which brought about the Chinese- Japanese war of 1894— '95. He became especially noted as an interviewer, having published inter- views with the most famous of Americans, and such foreigners as the King of Corea, the King of Greece, the Khedive of Egypt, Prince Otto Von Bismarck, and others. CARPENTER, George Moulton, jurist, was born at Portsmouth, R. I., April 22, 1844; son of George and Sarah (Lewis) Carpenter. At an early age he removed to New Bedford, Mass., where he attended the common schools. He was graduated at Brown university in 1864, and was admitted to the Rhode Island bar in 1867. He established himself in Providence, R. I., and in 1880 was appointed a commissioner for the revi- sion of the public laws of the state. He was elected associate justice of the supreme court of Rhode Island in 1882, and resigned in 1885 to be- come U. S. district judge for the district of Rhode Island. He was a 33d degree Mason; first vice-president of the Rhode Island historical society, and president of the Providence art as- sociation, the Providence art institute, and of the Providence homoeopathic dispensary. He died at Katwyr, Holland, July 31, 1896. CARPENTER, George O., merchant, was born near Copp's Hill, Boston, Dec. 26, 1829; son of George and Mary Bently (Oliver) Carpenter. He attended the Eliot school and had one year at the English high school. He served in several business houses in various capacities, and in 1847 became connected with the firm of Pratt, Rodgers & Co. ; in 1849 he was made a partner, and two years later the firm name was changed to Banker & Carpenter; in 1864 the style was again changed, to Carpenter, Banker & Morton, and in 1893 was incorporated under the title of the Carpenter- Morton Company, with Mr. Carpenter as presi- dent. In 1876-'77 he was president of the Boston fire underwriters union; was vice-president of the Home savings bank; for forty years a di- rector of the national bank of South Reading, and for twenty-five years a director in the Eliot na- tional bank. He held various municipal and local offices, and belonged to many social organi- zations. He was married in 1850 to Josephine Emerson, and left two sons, George O. and Fred- erick B. He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 26, 1896. CARPENTER, George Thomas, educator, was born in Nelson county, Ky., March 4, 1834. In 1842 he was taken to Bureau county, 111., where his earty education was acquired. He was pre- pared for college in the Princeton academy, where he supported himself by manual labor. He taught school until 1855, when he entered Abingdon college, and was graduated with valedictory honors in 18 5 9. He re- moved to Iowa, where he was large- ly instrumental in establishing Oska- loosa college, with which he was con- 11 e c t e d during twenty years. In 1873 he was ap- pointed a United States honorary commissioner to the World's fair at Vienna, Austria. For several years he was editor-in-chief of the Christian Evangelist , and in 1879 declined the nomination for governor of Iowa on the Prohibition ticket. In 1881 he aided in founding Drake university in Des Moines, Iowa, and was elected its chancellor. Under his management the university greatly prospered. He died at Des Moines, Iowa, July 29, 1893. CARPENTER, Louis George, educator, was born at Orion, Mich. , March 28, 1861 ; son of Charles Ketchum Carpenter. In 1S79 he was graduated at the Michigan agricultural col- lege; studied at Johns Hopkins university, 1879— '81, and from 1881 to 1883 was a student in the literary department of the University of Michigan. He received the degree of M.S. from the Michigan agricultural college in 1883, and was for several years a teacher of mathematics in that institution. In 1888 he ac- cepted the chair of engineering and physics in the Colorado state agricultural college. He was elected a member of the British and American associations for the advancement of science, and of other learned societies. CARPENTER. CARPENTER. CARPENTER, George W., scientist, was born in Germantown, Pa., July 31, 1802. He engaged in commerce, in which he was very successful, and employed his leisure in scientific pursuits. He attained celebrity as a geologist, was for thirty-six years treasurer of the Academy of natural sciences in Philadelphia, and a member of numerous scientific societies in the United States and Europe. His more important publica- tions are: “Experiments and Remarks on Sev- eral Species and Varieties of Cinchona Bark ’’ (1825); “Observations and Experiments on Opium " (1828); “ Remarks on the Use of Piper - ine ” (1828); “On the Mineralogy of Chester county, with an Account of some Minerals of Delaware, Maryland, and other localities ” (1828) ; “ Observations on the Inefficiency of the Ca- thartic Power of Rhubarbarine ” (1828) ; “ On the Muriate of Soda or Common Salt, with an ac- count of the Salt Springs of the United States ” (1829) ; “ Observations and Experiments on Peruvian Bark ’’ (1829) ; “ Observations on a new variety of Peruvian Bark” (1831); “The Vesicating principle of Cantharides ” (1832), and “ Notice of New Medical Prepai-ations ” (1832). He died in Germantown, Pa., June 7, 1860. CARPENTER, Matthew Hale, senator, was born in Moretown, Vt., Dec. 22, 1824; son of Ira and Esther Ann (Luce) Carpenter, and received from his parents the name Decatur Merritt Hammond, which he changed after he removed to Beloit, Wis., to Matthew Hale. When six years old he received from Paul Dillingham, afterwards governor of Vermont, a promise, conditioned upon his being a good boy, that he would educate him as a lawyer, if he came to him when fourteen years old. The boy kept the appointment, and the lawyer sent him to West Point in 1843. He resigned in 1845, returned to Waterbury, Vt., and became an inmate of Mr. Dillingham’s home, and a student-at-law in his office. He was admit- ted to the bar of Vermont in 1847, and after a year's study in the office of Rufus Choate, at Boston, Mass., he repaired to Beloit, Wis., where he established himself in practice as a lawyer, and after a long struggle against partial blind- ness, and attendant expenses, in which he was assisted by Mr. Choate, he became prominent throughout the state of Wisconsin. In 1855 he was married to Caroline, daughter of Paul Dil- lingham. In 1858 he removed to Milwaukee, and at the opening of the civil war he travelled throughout the west, making public addresses, urging the people to support the government and to enlist in the Union army. He was a wa Democrat, and rendered conspicuous service in his state and nation as judge-advocate-general of Wisconsin. In 1868 he was employed by the government as one of the counsel in the Me Cardie case, a test case involving the legality of the reconstruction act, and his success in this suit led Judge Black, the opposing counsel, to speak of him as ‘ ‘ the finest constitutional lawyer in the United States”; the prominence he at- tained resulted in his election to the United States senate, where he served from March 4, 1869, to March 3, 1875. During his term he was prominent on several important committees. He was renominated by a caucus, but defeated in the legislature, and returned to the practice of his profession. He acted as counsel for William W. Belknap, secretary of war under President Grant, who was impeached by the house of rep- resentatives, and secured his acquittal. He represented Samuel J. Tilden before the elec- toral commission in 1877. In 1879 he was again elected to the United States senate. His most notable speeches in the senate were those: in defence of President Grant against the attack of Charles Sumner ; on the Ku-Klux act ; on Charles Sumner’s second civil rights bill; on President Johnson's amnesty proclamation; on the bill to restore Fitz John Porter to his place in the army; and on the iron-clad oath. He was one of the few Democrats who, before the war, opposed the fugitive slave law, and as early as 1861 advocated emancipation. When the slaves became free he insisted upon their being en- franchised and protected in all their newly accorded rights. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 25, 1881. CARPENTER, Rolla Clinton, civil engineer, was born at Orion, Mich., June 26, 1852, son of Charles Ketchum Carpenter. He was graduated at the Michigan agricultural college in 1873, and two years later finished a course in civil engineer- ing at the University of Michigan. In 1875 he be- came professor of mathematics and civil engineer- ing at the agricultural college. He invented among other devices a furnace for steam boilers and a level for draining; both of which came into extensive use. He is the author of “A Text- Book of Experimental Engineering” (1892); and was for some time editor of the reports of the Michigan engineering society, of which lie was elected secretary in 1880. CARPENTER, Stephen Haskins, educator, was born in Little Falls, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1831. He was graduated at the University of Rochester in 1852, when he removed to Madison, Wis., and served as a tutor in the University of Wisconsin. He did excellent service from 1858 to 1860 as assistant superintendent of public instruction for Wisconsin. In 1860 he was appointed professor of ancient languages in St. Paul’s college, Pal myra, Mo. On the opening of the civil war the col- lege was closed and he returned to Wisconsin, where for a time he earned his support as a com- CARR. CARR. positor. lie was city clerk of Madison from 1864 to 1868. Later he filled the chair of rhetoric and English literature in the University of Wisconsin, and afterwards that of logic and English litera- ture. In 1871 he declined the position of presi- dent of the University of Kansas. He published many valuable treatises, including : ‘ ‘ Moral Forces in Education”; twelve lectures on the “ Evidences of Christianity ” ; “ The Metaphysical Basis of Sciences ” ; “ The Philosophy of Evolu- tion”; ‘'English of the Fourteenth Century” (1872) ; “ An Introduction to the Study of Anglo- Saxon” (1875), and “The Elements of English Analysis” (1877). He died in Geneva. N. Y., Dec. 7, 1878. CARPENTER, William Lewis, soldier, was born in Dunkirk, N. Y., Jan. 13, 1844, son of William Lewis, and Frances (Bristol) Carpenter, and direct descendant from William Carpenter, who landed at Plymouth, Mass, from the ship Bevis in 1638. In 1861 he joined the U. S. navy as acting midshipman, serving as such until May, 1864, when he enlisted in the U. S. artillery. He was promoted 2d lieutenant, 9th U. S. infantry, April 5, 1867, and 1st lieutenant, Dec. 31, 1873. In 1873 he was made naturalist of the U. S. geograph- ical survey and in 1875 was transferred to the U. S. geological survey. He was made fellow of the American association for the advancement of science in 1877, and was a member of the loyal legion and of the Sons of the American Revolu- tion. On Oct. 2, 1887, he was promoted captain, 9th U. S. infantry. CARR, Caleb, colonial governor of Rhode Island, was born in 1623. He was third assistant under Gov. Cranston, and in May, 1695, was chosen governor, serving until his death, Dec. 17, 1695. CARR, Dabney, patriot, was born in Virginia, Oct. 26, 1743; son of John Carr. He was grad- uated at William and Mary college in 1762, and entered the profession of the law. In 1773. he was elected a member of the Virginia house of burgesses, and was selected to move the resolu- tions for a committee of correspondence. On July 20, 1765, he was married to Martha, sister of Thomas Jefferson. He died at Charlottesville, Va., May 16, 1773. CARR, Dabney, jurist, was born in Virginia, April 27, 1773; son of Dabney and Martha (Jef- ferson) Carr. He was chancellor of the Winches- ter district, 181 1— ’24, and judge of the court of appeals, 1824-’37. He died Jan. 8, 1837. CARR, Dabney Smith, diplomatist, was born in Baltimore, M<1., March 5, 1802, son of Peter and Hetty (Smith) Carr, and grandson of Dabney and Martha (Jefferson) Carr. He was for a long time editor and proprietor of the Republican and Argus, a leading Democratic daily in Baltimore. From 1826 to 1843 he was naval officer of the port of Baltimore, and was appointed by President Tyler, in the latter year, minister to Constanti- nople, where he remained until 1850. He died in Charlottesville, Va., March 24, 1854. CARR, Elias, governor of North Carolina, was born in Edgecombe county, N. C., Feb. 25, 1839, son of Jonas Johnston and Elizabeth (Hilliard) Carr. Among his ancestors were Jonas Johnston, of revolutionary fame, and the Hon. Richard Hines, a member of Congress. He attended school at the Oaks in Orange county, and subsequently completed his education at the universities of North Carolina and Virginia. He served in the Confederate army during the civil war, returning at its close to his private agricultural interests in Edgecombe county. He was connected with the first planters’ clubs, and was an active member in the Farmers’ alliance. In 1886 he was a delegate from North Carolina to the national farmers’ convention at St. Paul, and in 1891 was appointed commissioner to the World’s fair. He was elected governor of North Carolina in 1892 by over thirty thousand plurality. CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was born in Erie county, N. Y., March 20, 1830. He was graduated at West Point in 1850. In March, 1855, he was made 1st lieutenant in the 1st cavalry, and in 1858 received his commission as captain. The 1st became the 4tli cavalry in 1861. During the civil war he was actively engaged in many important operations and battles, and was rewarded with several brevets in the regular service “for gallant and meritorious service ” in the field, and in some notable engagements in the southwest. He was made major of the 5tli cavalry, U. S. army, in 1862, and received numerous brevet ranks in the volunteer service, being mustered out of the vol- unteers in 1865 as brevet major-general. In 1873 he was made lieutenant-colonel in the 4tli cavalry, being transferred later to the 5tli cavalry, and in 1879 he was promoted to be colonel of the 6th cavalry. He was actively concerned in many of the Indian wars of the west, and proved himself an able and efficient soldier. The commission of brigadier-general was given him in July, 1892, and he was retired Feb. 15, 1893. He was awarded a congressional medal of honor for “having most distinguished himself in action ” at the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. March 7. 1862. CARR, Joseph B., soldier, was born at Albany. N. Y., Aug, 16. 1828. His military career began in 1849, when he joined as a private the Troy Re- publican guards. At the close of a year he was commissioned as 2d lieutenant, and rose to the rank of colonel of the 24th regiment, N. Y. S. 51., which position he held at the outbreak of the civil war. On May 18, 1861. he went to the front in command of the 2d N. Y. volunteers. The regi- ment arrived at Fort Monroe on the 24th of that [ 576 ] CARR. CARRIGAIN. month, and was the first to encamp on the soil of Virginia. Colonel Carr commanded his regi- ment at Big Bethel, Newmarket Bridge, the Orchards, Fair Oaks and Glendale. At Malvern Hill he commanded the 2d New Jersey brigade. On Sept. 7, 1862, he was commis- sioned a brigadier- general for ‘ • gallant and meritorious ser- vices in the field,” and he subse q u e n 1 1 y served with conspicu- ous bravery in the battles of Bristow station, 2d Bull Run, Chantilly, Fredericks- burg. Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wapping Heights, and Robin- son’s tavern. He afterwards served in front of Petersburg in command of the 1st division, 18th corps, and supported General Burnside in the Mine fight with the 1st division of the 18th corps, and the 3d division of the 10th corps (colored). On Oct. 1, 1864. he was given charge of the James river defences with his headquarters at Wilson’s Landing. On the 20th of May he was transferred to City Point, and on the 1st of June was pro- moted by the President brevet major-general “for gallant and meritorious services during the war,” to rank as such from the 13th of March, 1865. He was mustered out of the U. S. service in October, 1865, and in 1867 was appointed by Gov- ernor Fenton, major-general of the 3d division, N. Y. S. M. He commanded the forces that quelled the railroad riots at Albany, West Albany, and Troy in 1877, and was complimented by Gov- ernor Robinson. In 1887 he was placed upon the retired list of the state militia, after a service of more than twenty years. In 1879 he was elected secretary of the state of New York, and was re- elected in 1881, and again in 1883. He was a prominent candidate before the Republican state convention of 1885 for governor, but failing to receive the nomination, the convention nom- inated him for lieutenant-governor by accla- mation, and he led his defeated ticket by fifteen thousand votes. He died at Troy, N. Y., Feb. 24, 1895. CARR, Samuel, soldier, was born in Virginia, Oct. 9. 1771; son of Dabney and Martha (Jeffer- son) Carr. He was graduated at William and Mary college in 1793. He commanded the cavalry at Norfolk, in 1812-T5; was a member of the Virginia house of delegates from Albemarle in 1815, and later was elected to the state senate. He died i:i Albemarle county, Va., July 25, 1855. CARRELL, George Aloysius, R. C. bishop, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in the old mansion of William Penn, June 13, 1803. He received his preparatory education in the Philadelphia schools, and at the age of ten years was sent to Mount St. Mary's college, Emmittsburg. Md. Three years later he entered Georgetown college, where he studied four years. He became a novice of the Society of Jesus at White March, Mary- land, and several years later entered the tlieo logical seminary of St. Mary’s, Baltimore. He again attended Mount St. Mary’s college, where he completed his theological studies. He was or- dained in 1829, and became assistant pastor of St. Augustine’s, Philadelphia. At the end of six years he was appointed pastor of the Holy Trin- ity, Philadelphia. W ilmington, Del. , was the scene of his labors for six years, when he resolved to join the Society of Jesus and began his noviti- ate at Florissant ; he became a scholastic at St. Louis, was soon appointed a professor in St. Louis university, pastor of the college church of St. Francis Xavier in 1837, rector of the St. Louis university from 1845 to 1848, and president of Purcell mansion college for young boys near Cin- cinnati from 1851 to 1853. These responsible positions he filled with distinction, and his learn- ing, administrative ability, urbanity and dignity of demeanor, gained him the respect of all with whom he came in contact. In 1853 the see of Covington was erected and Dr. Carrell was made its first bishop. In addition to building the cathedral church of St. Mary, he organized twenty-eight churches, established a hospital and an orphan asylum, founded a priory and convent of Benedictines, and a convent of nuns of the Visitation, as well as many parochial schools and other institutions of learning. He died in Cov- ington. Ky., Sept. 25, 1868. CARRIGAIN, Philip, lawyer, was born in Concord, N. H., Feb. 20, 1772; son of Philip Car rigain, an eminent New York physician. He was graduated from Dartmouth college in 1794, was admitted to the bar and practised law at Epsom, Chichester, and Concord, N. H. He gave to New Hampshire the name “ granite state,” and pub- lished a map of the state in 1816. He was clerk of the senate and for four years secretary of state. He died in Concord, N. H., March 16, 1842. CARRINGTON, Edward, soldier, was born in Charlotte county, Va., Feb. 11, 1748; son of George and Anne (Mayo) Carrington. He re- ceived an academic education, and served during the revolutionary war, first as lieutenant-colonel and later as quartermaster-general for the south- ern army under General Greene. He also served at Hobkirk’s Hill and at Yorktown. In 1785-’86 he was a delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. He died at Richmond, Va., Oct. 28, 1810. [ 577 ] CARRINGTON. CARROLL. CARRINGTON, Henry Beebee, soldier, was born at Wallingford, Conn., March 2, 1824; son of Miles M. and Mary (Beebee) Carrington, and grandson of James Carrington, a partner of Eli Wliitney. He was graduated from Yale in 1845. During 1846-'47 he was professor of natural science and Greek at the Irving institute, Tarrytown, N. Y. In 1847 he studied at Yale law school, and the following year removed to Columbus, Ohio, where lie practised his profes- sion in partnership with William Dennison. He was an active anti -slavery Whig, and helped in organizing the Republican party in 1854. He was appointed judge-advocate-general by Governor Chase in 1857. As adjutant-general he placed ten regiments of Ohio militia in West Virginia be- fore volunteers could be mustered ; organized the first twenty-six Ohio regiments. He was com- missioned colonel of the 18tli U. S. infantry, May, 1861 ; established Camp Thomas, Ohio ; com- manded a brigade at Lebanon, Ky., and in 1862 mustered 100,000 Indiana troops. He was ap- pointed brigadier-general of volunteers Nov. 20, 1862, commanded the district of Indiana, exposed the Sons of liberty, raised the siege of Frankfort, Ky., and was mustered out of the volunteer ser- vice in 1865. In 1866 he was in command of Fort Kearny, Neb., and was in charge of the military operations in Colorado during 1869. In 1870 he was retired from active service on account of wounds, and was professor of military science at Wabash college, Ind., from 1870 to 1878, after which he made his home in Hyde Park, Boston, Mass. He received the degree of LL.D. from Wabash college in 1873. He published: “The Scourge of the Alps” (1847); “Russia Among the Nations” and “American Classics” (1849); “ Ab-sa-ra-ka, Land of Massacre ” (1868) ; “ Bat- tles of the American Revolution, 1775-'81 ” (1876); "Crisis Thoughts” (1878); “Battle Maps and Charts of the American Revolution” (1881); “ The Indian Question ” (1884) ; “ Battles of the Bible ” and “ Boston and New York, 1775 and 1776 ” (1885). CARRINGTON, Paul, statesman, was born in Virginia, March 16, 1733; son of George and Anne (Mayo) Carrington, and grandson of Dr. Paul and Henningham (Codrington) Carrington. About 1748 he went to the part of Lunenburg which afterwards became Charlotte county, Va., and studied law under Col. Clement Read. He began to practice in 1754, and was licensed in 1755. He was married, Oct. 1. 1755, to Margaret, daughter of Col. Clement Read, and in 1756 he was appointed king's attorney of Bedford county. He was made major of militia in 1761, and colonel in 1764. He represented Charlotte county in the house of burgesses from its formation in March, 1765, until 1775. In 1772 he became [ 5 ' county lieutenant and px-esiding justice of Char- lotte county, and in the same year was clerk of Halifax county. He was a member of all the conventions from 1774 to 1776, and was chairman of the Charlotte county committee which en- dorsed the resolutions of the late Continental Congress. He was also a member of the first and second state committees of safety, 1775-'76. On Jan. 23, 1778, he was elected judge of the first general court, and filled the office until 1807. He died at Charlotte county, Va., Jan. 23, 1818. CARRINGTON, Paul, jurist, was born in Charlotte county, Va., Sept. 20, 1764; youngest child of Paxxl and Margaret (Read) Carrington. He served in the army of the revolution, being present at the battles of Guilford and Green - spring. His two brothers, Geoi'ge and Clement, also fought in the war of the revolution. He was graduated at William and Mary college in 1783, and practised law. He was elected a mem- ber of the house of delegates of Vii-ginia, and sub- sequently becanxe judge of the court of appeals. He died in Charlotte county, Va., Jan. 8, 1816. CARROLL, Anna Ella, military genius, was. born in Somerset county, Maryland, Aug. 29, 1815; daughter of Thomas King Cai-roll, gov- ernor of Maryland. When but three years of age she would listen with great gravity to read- ings from Shakespeare. Alison's History and Kant’s Philosophy were her favorites at eleven, and Coke and Blackstone at thii-teen. Her lit- erary cai'eer began early iix life, when she con- tributed political articles to the daily press. In 1857 she published “ The Great American Battle, or Political Romanism,” and in 1858 “ The Star of the West,” a work describing the exploration and development of our western territories. In 1858 she rendered valuable assistance in electing Thomas H. Hicks governor, and her influence held Maryland loyal to the Union. She freed her own slaves and devoted tongue and pen to up- holding the Union. In July, 1861, when Senator Breckinridge made his speech in favor of seces sion. Miss Carroll issued a pamphlet in which she refuted each of his arguments, and a large edi- tion was published and circulated by the war department. Her ability was now recognized, and she was requested by the government to write on topics bearing on the war. She pub- lished in 1861 “ The War Powers of the Govern- ment,” and for her next pamphlet," The Relation of the National Government to the Revolted Citi- zens Defined,” Pi-esident Lincoln furnishing the theme. In the fall of 1861 Mr. Lincoln and his military advisers had planned a campaign to extend operations into the southwest, opening the Mississippi to its mouth by means of a fleet of gunboats descending the river. Miss Carroll, at the suggestion of governmeixt authorities. 7S] CARROLL. CARROLL. personally investigated the scene of the proposed operations, and made a study of the topography of the country, and reported that the unfortified Tennessee river and not the Mississippi was the true key to the situation. Her letters, explana- tory maps, and invaluable geographical and topo- graphical information resulted in her plan being adopted, and the land and naval forces were massed on the Tennessee. Fort Henry, Fort Don- elson, Columbus, Bowling Green, Pittsburg Land- ing and Corinth, one after another, fell into the hands of the Federals; Missouri was saved, and Kentucky and Tennessee brought back into the Union. She also suggested the final plans adopted by the war department which resulted in the capture of Island No. 10, and the siege and capture of Vicksburg which opened the way to the gulf. It was deemed wise at the time to keep secret the fact that this campaign had been conceived by a civilian and a woman. Mr. Lin- coln's death prevented his acknowledgment of the credit, and though Miss Carroll had ample documentary proof of the validity of her claim, which was acknowledged by several congres- sional military committees to be “ incontroverti- ble,” no further action was taken in the matter, and Miss Carroll was dependent for support in her declining years upon her sister, a clerk in the treasury department at Washington. See “ A Military Genius : Life of Anna Ella Carroll, the Great Unrecognized Member of Lincoln’s Cabinet,” by Sarah Ellen Blackwell (1891). She died Feb. 17, 1894. CARROLL, Charles, of Carrollton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born at Annapolis, Md., Sept. 19, 1737; son of Charles and Elizabeth (Brooke) Carroll. His grandfather, Charles Carroll, was of a good Irish family, and immigrated to Maryland in the year preceding the revolution in England, which terminated in the dethronement of James II. When about eleven years old he was sent by his father to the college of St. Omer in France, where he remained until 1753. He then spent a year in a college at Rheims, going thence to Paris, where he studied! at the College of Louis le Grand. All these col- leges were taught by Jesuits. In 1758 he went to England and studied law in the Inner Temple for a few years, returning to America in 1765. At the brea,kingout of the revolutionary troubles betook a decided stand in support of the rights of the colonists. In 1774 he was made a member of the committee of correspondence, and in the following year was appointed one of the commit- tee of safety established by the legislature. He also served in the convention which formed the constitution of the state. In 1776, in conjunc- tion with Ben jamin Franklin, Samuel Chase, and his cousin, the Rev, John Carroll, afterwards archbishop of Baltimore, he was sent to Canada to persuade the inhabitants of that section of America to unite with the provinces which had thrown off their allegiance to England. On his return he took his seat in the convention of Mary- land. Finding that the convention had in- structed their delegates in Congress not to vote for independence, Mr. Carroll exerted all his influence to change their decision, which they did, and they elected him a member of the Conti- nental Congress on July 4, 1776. Two days later the state of Maryland was declared free and in- dependent. Mr. Carroll took his seat in the Con- tinental Congress on July 18, 1776, and, on August 2, he affixed his signature to the Declaration of Independence. His term in Congress ended on Nov. 10, 1776, and in the following month he became a member of the first senate convened in his native state. In 1777 he again served in Congress, and in 1788 was chosen the first U. S. senator from Maryland, under the constitution, taking his seat in New York. April 30, 1789. His short term expired March 3, 1791, and he was re-elected, and resigned in 1793, when he was suc- ceeded by Richard Potts. He returned to Mary- land, where he was elected to the state senate, and remained in that body ten years. He was one of the first directors of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad company, of which he laid the foundation-stone July 4, 1828. He was married in June, 1768, to Mary, daughter of Col. Henry Darnall, by whom he had one son, Charles Car- roll, and two daughters, Mrs. Harper and Mrs. Caton. He was the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, and died in Bal- timore, Md., Nov. 14, 1832. CARROLL, Daniel , patriot, was born in Prince George's county, Md., in 1756. He acquired a classical education, and engaged in agricultural pursuits on his estate, which afterwards became a part of the city of Washington, D. C. From 1780 to 1784 lie was a delegate from Maryland to the Continental Congress. He was also a dele- gate to the convention that framed the Federal constitution. In 1788 he was elected a represen- tative from Maryland to the 1st U. S. Congress, and served from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1791. He was active in securing the establishment of a seat of government, and in 1791 was appointed by President Washington a commissioner to locate the District of Columbia and the capital city. He died at “ Duddington,” his mansion house, near Washington, D. C., in 1829. CARROLL, John, R. C. archbishop, was born at Upper Marlboro, Prince George’s county, Maryland. Jan. 8, 1735; son of Daniel and Eleanor (Darnall) Carroll. His father and grandfather came from Ireland in the reign of James II. and settled in Maryland. His education was begun CARROLL. CARROLL. at a grammar school established at Bohemia, where he had as classmates, his cousin Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and his relative, Robert Brent, and finished at the Jesuit college of St. Omer in French Flanders, where he remained six years. In 1753 he began his novitiate in the So- ciety of Jesus, and in 1755 entered the theological seminary at Lifege. In 1759 he was ordained to the priesthood, and renounced his share of the family prop- erty in favor of his brothers and sisters. For some time he was employed as a professor at St. Omer and at Liege, and in 1771 was re- ceived as a professed father in the society of Jesus. For two years he was employed as a tutor, and in 1773 was appointed prefect at Bruges, where the Jesuit fathers, driven from St. Omer by the parliament of Paris, had removed their college. In 1773 the Society of Jesus was suppressed by the brief of Pope Clement XIV., and Father Carroll retired to England, where he held the post of chaplain to the Earl of Arundel at Wardour castle. In 1774 he returned to Mary- land and devoted himself to missionary duty in that state and in Virginia. In 1776 he accom- panied Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase, and Charles Carroll to Montreal in order that he might endeavor to obtain the support of the Canadian clergy to the patriot cause. The mis- sion proved fruitless and, Dr. Franklin falling ill, Father Carroll devoted himself to caring for him, and thus formed a friendship which was cherished through life. He continued his mis- sionary work during the revolutionary war, and did good service to the cause of the colonists by means of his correspondence with friends in Europe regarding the events of the war. In 1 784 he was appointed by the state of Maryland one of the commissioners to establish St. John’s college at Annapolis, which institution was opened in 1789, and which afterwards conferred upon him the degree of LL.I). He was appointed superior of the clergy of the United States in 1784, and made his first visitation in 1785, which included Maryland, Pennsylvania, the Jerseys, and New York, and for five years promoted in that capacity the growth and welfare of the Ameri- can church. On Nov. 6. 1789, the holy see issued a papal bull appointing Father Carroll the first 1580 ] bishop of the United States, and selected the city of Baltimore as his episcopal see. He re- ceived consecration in the summer of 1790 at the hands of Bishop Walmesley, vicar-apostolic of London, in the chapel of Lulworth castle, Eng- land. Returning to the United States, he reached Baltimore, Dec. 7, 1790. He had established the college at Georgetown in 1788, the buildings were erected in 1789, the first classes held in 1791, and in 1815 it was raised to the rank of a university. In 1790 the first Carmelite convent was established in Charles county, Md., and the Visitation nuns founded their first house at Georgetown. The rigors of the French revolution drove from France to America numbers of her clergy, and Bishop Carroll’s diocese was enriched by a colony of Sulpitians and one of the Domini- can priests. The Society of Jesus was restored by him, and the Jesuits were placed in charge of Georgetown college and of their former missions in Maryland and Pennsylvania. On Feb. 22. 1800, Bishop Carroll, at the unanimous request of Congress and the Protestant clergy, delivered the panegyric on Washington in the national capitol. In 1803 he visited Boston and conse- crated the Church of the Holy Cross, the first R. C. church erected in that city, and in 1806 he laid the corner-stone of the cathedral at Balti- more. In 1809 he encouraged Elizabeth Ann Seton, who had established a school for girls in Baltimore, to found at Emmittsburg, Md., in 1809, a community called “ Sisters of St. Joseph,” which in 1811 adopted the rules and constitu- tion of the order of St. Vincent de Paul, with some modifications, the community becoming the religious order known as the Sisters of Charity. Pope Pius VII. erected Baltimore into an archiepiscopal see April 8, 1808, and estab- lished four suffragan sees, — Boston, New York. Philadelphia, and Bardstown, Ky. Owing to the imprisonment and death of Bishop Concan- non, who had been consecrated bishop of New York in Rome, the pallium of the archbishop and the bull conferring his office, which had been placed in his keeping to convey to the United States, did not arrive until 1810. when the new archbishop in the cathedral at Baltimore conse crated Bishops Egan, Flaget and Clieveras. The learned prelate wrote and published many contro- versial pamphlets and addresses, the chief of which are : “ An Address to the Roman Catholics of the United States of America “ A Concise view of the Principal Points of Controversy be- tween the Protestant and Roman Churches ” ; “ A Review of the Important Controversy between Dr. Carroll and the Rev. Messrs. Wharton and Hawkins,” and “ A Discourse on General Washington.” Archbishop Carroll died in Georgetown, D. C., Dec. 3. 1815. CARROLL. CARSE. CARROLL, John Lee, governor of Maryland, was born at Homewood, near Baltimore, Md., in 1830; grandson of Charles Carroll of Carrollton. He was educated at Georgetown (D. C.) univer- sity, at Mount St. Mary’s college, Emmittsburg, Md., and at Harvard law school. He was admit- ted to the bar in 1851, and from 1859 to 1862 practised in New York city, meanwhile serving as U. S. commissioner. In 1862 lie returned to his native place, and in 1867 was elected a mem- ber of the state senate, and was again elected in 1871. He served as governor of Maryland from 1876 to 1880. CARROLL, Samuel Sprigg, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C., Sept. <21, 1832. He was graduated at West Point in 1856, and served on frontier duty, on the Utah expedition and as quartermaster at the military academy until November, 1861, when he was promoted captain of the 10th infantry. In December of that year he was promoted oolonel and transferred to the 8tli Ohio volunteers. He commanded a brigade in the operations in central Virginia from May to August, 1862; was engaged in the northern Virginia campaign, in the battle of Cedar moun- tain, and was wounded in a skirmish on the Rapidan, Aug. 14, 1862. He commanded a brigade at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettys- burg, receiving for his services at Chancellors- ville the brevet rank of major. May 3, 1863. In July, 1863, he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for Gettysburg. In May, 1864, he was engaged in the battle of the Wilderness, receiving for his gallantry the brevet rank of colonel. He was twice wounded at the battles of Spottsylvania in 51 ay, 1864. On May 12, 1864, he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers for gallantry during the rebellion, and brigadier- general, U. S. A., for his services at Spottsylvania. He was mustered out as a volunteer, Jan. 15, 1866, and from June, 1866, to April 1, 1867, was on re- cruiting service. He was promoted lieutenant- colonel, 21st infantry, Jan. 22, 1867. He was retired as major-general, June 9, 1869, “for dis- ability from wounds received in battle.” He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 28, 1893. CARROLL, William, soldier, was born in Pitts- burg, Pa., in 1788. He removed to Nashville, Tenn., in 1810, and in 1813 was appointed captain and brigade inspector in Jackson’s division. He fought gallantly at the battles of Enotochopco and Horseshoe Bend, being severely wounded in the latter engagement, March 27, 1814. In Novem- ber, 1814, he was appointed major-general of Ten- nessee militia, of which state he was elected governor in 1820. He remained in office until 1827, and was again elected in 1828, serving until 1835. He died in Nashville, Tenn., March 22, 1844. CARRUTH, James Harrison, botanist, was born at Phillipston, Mass., Feb. 10, 1807. He was graduated at Yale in 1832, attended the Auburn theological seminary in 1837, and in 1838 was graduated at Yale theological seminary. After preaching for four years he removed to Kansas, and in 1863 accepted a call to the chair of natural sciences at Baker university, Baldwin, Kan., where he remained until 1866. He again preached in various parishes until 1873, when he was made state botanist of the Kansas academy of arts and sciences, to which he contributed, during 1879 and 1880, “ Reports on the Progress of Bo- tanical Discovery in Kansas.” CARRUTHERS, William A., author, was born in Virginia about 1800. He acquired his educa- tion in the schools of his native state, and at- tended Washington college for a time. Later he practised medicine in Virginia, and in Savannah, Ga. He contributed numerous articles to period- ical literature, and was the author of ‘ ‘ The Cava- liers of Virginia” (1832); “The Kentuckian in New York”; “ The Knights of the Horseshoe; a Traditionary Tale of the Cocked-Hat Gentry in The Old Dominion ” (1845) , and “Life of Dr. Cald- well.” He died in Savannah, Ga., about 1850. CARSE, Matilda B., philanthropist, was de- scended from Scotch ancestors who fled from Scotland during the time of religious persecution in the 17th century. In 1858 she removed to Chicago with her husband, Thomas Carse, a rail- road manager. In 1869 they went abroad, and Mr . Ca rse died in Paris, France, in June, 1870, leaving Mrs. Carse with three boys. On her return to Chicago she be- came prominent in temperance work, and in 1878 was elec- ted president of the Chicago central wo- man’s Christian tem- perance union. She established, under the auspices of the union, the Bethesda day nursery, the first in- stitution of the kind in Chicago. Among the other results of her labor are kindergartens, gospel temperance meetings, Sunday schools, missions, employment bureau, a reading-room, dispensaries, industrial schools, and mothers’ meetings, the annual cost being upwards of ten thousand dollars. In 1880 she founded, and became president of, the woman’s temperance publishing association, and CARSON. CARTER. in January they published the first number of the Signal, a sixteen-page weekly paper. In 1882 Our Union was merged into it. The publishing association was the first stock company composed entirely of women. In 1885 she began to plan the woman’s temperance temple at Chicago, the national headquarters of the W. C. T. U., which was completed in 1894 at a cost of 81,200.000. Mrs. Carse was president and founder of the woman’s dormitory association of the World’s Columbian exposition, established for the purpose of erecting dormitories for working women who attended the exposition. She aided in establish- ing the Chicago foundling’s aid society, and in building and maintaining the home. She was president of the society from its foundation. CARSON, Christopher, ; ‘Kit Carson,” soldier, was born in Madison county, Ky., Dec. 24, 1809. In early childhood he was taken to Missouri by his parents who settled in Howard county, then an almost unbroken wilderness. During his child- hood he lived out of doors, becoming an expert hunter and fisherman, but acquiring no knowl- edge of books. In 1824 he was apprenticed to a saddler, but after serving two years he joined an exploring expedition. The following eight years he spent in hunting and trapping, meanwhile acquiring a knowledge of French Spanish, and about ten Indian dialects. The depreciation in the value of furs led him to abandon the occupa- tion of trapper, and from 1832 to 1840 he was en- gaged as hunter for Fort Bent, a trading post belonging to American merchants. While thus employed he was married to a beautiful Indian girl, who died shortly after the birth of a daugh- ter. In 1842, when the child was six or seven years old, her father placed her in a school at St. Louis, Mo., and while returning from this visit he met Lieut. John C. Fremont, who had been commissioned by the government to explore the country between the frontiers of Missouri and the Rocky mountains. Carson was engaged as guide to the expedition, and proved invaluable on account of his knowledge of the territory and his acquaintance with the Indians. He also accom- panied Fremont on his second expedition to the west, the party reaching Fort Lawson, on the Sacramento river, while the Mexican war was in progress. On two occasions during the war, Car- son was directed to carry despatches to Washing- ton. The first journey, a distance of four thou- sand miles, he accomplished in three months, and while he was in Washington, President Polk ap- pointed him lieutenant in theU. S. rifle corps. On his second expedition he learned that the senate had refused to ratify his appointment. About 1853 he was appointed Indian agent by the U. S. government, an office for which he was peculiarly adapted and in which he rendered great service to the country. For his gallant and efficient ser- vices in tlie Union army during the civil war he was made brevet brigadier-general of volunteers in 1865. From the close of the war to his death he was employed as an Indian agent. See “ Life of Kit Carson ” (1869), by Charles Burdett. He died at Fort Lyon, Col.. May 23, 1868. CARTER, Franklin, educator, was born at Waterbury, Conn., Sept. 30, 1837; son of Preserve Wood and Ruth Wells (Holmes) Carter. He was fitted for college at Phillips academy, Andover, Mass., and entered Yale in 1855. In 1857, in con- sequence of ill-health, he left college and after three years of travel and study resumed college work at Williams in 1860 and was graduated in 1862. He went abroad early in 1863 and in 1865 began his studies as pro- fessor of Latin and French in Williams college, to which position he was elec- ted in 1863. In 1872 he was elected pro- fessor of the Ger- man language and literature in Yale college and spent another year in study in Berlin, preparatory to beginning the duties of this position. In 1881 he was elected president of Williams col- lege, giving most of his time to executive work but teaching the doctrines of natural religion one term in senior year. He received the degree of LL.D. from Union college in 1881. He was elected a trustee of the Andover theological sem- inary and of the Clark school for the deaf at Northampton, and became president of the latter in 1896. He was the first president of the Modern language association of America, and also of the Berkshire Congregational club. He was made president of the Massachusetts home mis- sionary society, a member of the colonial society of Massachusetts and of the American oriental society, and a corporate member of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions. He was elected a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences. In 1896 he was the presidential elector of the first district of Massachusetts. He is the author of contributions to many journals : to the Neiv Englander, to the Transactions of the American philological society, and also to the pub- lications of the modern language association. In 1877 he published an edition of Goethe's “ Iphi- genie.” with notes, and in 1892 a life of Mark Hopkins. [5S2J CARTER. CARTER. CARTER, James Coolidge, lawyer, was born in Lancaster, Mass., Oct. 14, 1827. He was pre- pared for college at Derby academy, Hingham, Mass., and was graduated at Harvard in 1850, and at the Harvard law school in 1853, LL. B., and practised law in New York city. In 1875 he was appointed by Governor Tilden a member of the commission to devise a form of municipal government for the cities of the state of New York. He prepared numerous monographs on legal subjects, one of the best known being “ The Attempted Codification of the Common Law.” Among his most noted addresses are the ‘'Prov- inces of the Written and Unwritten Law,” de- livered before the State bar association of Vir- ginia in 1889, and “The Ideal and the Actual in Law,” before the American bar association in 1890. He was one of the counsel for the United States, in the Behring sea controversy, He received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard, 1885, of which institution he was elected an over- seer in 1892. He was elected president of the American bar association in 1894, and a member of its executive committee in 1895. CARTER, James Gordon, educator, was born at Leominster, Mass., Sept. 7, 1795. In 1820 he was graduated from Harvard college, and for ten years was occupied as a teacher in his native town. His papers, entitled. “Essays on Popular Education ” contributed to the Boston Patriot in 1823, drew attention to him as an educational re- former. He was the first to advance the idea of seminaries for the instruction of teachers in his ‘ ‘ Letters to William Prescott on the Free schools of New England, with Remarks on the Principles of Instruction ” (1823). He was instrumental in founding the American institute of instruction, in 1830, and was active in furthering its interests. He was a member of both branches of the state legislature during the years 1835-’40. He was chairman of the legislative committee on educa- tion, and in 1837 drafted the bill establishing the board of education, of which he was appointed the first member by Governor Everett. He pub- lished “ Geography of Massachusetts,” a work on Middlesex and Worcester counties (1830); and the “Geography of New Hampshire ” (1831). He died in Chicago, 111., July 22, 1849. CARTER, John C., naval officer, was born in Virginia in 1805. He entered the naval service in 1825 as midshipman, and served in the Mediter- ranean squadron until June 4, 1831. He was promoted lieutenant Feb. 9, 1837, and as such served throughout the Mexican war. He was commissioned commander Sept. 14, 1855. and in 1865 was stationed on the receiving ship Vermont at San Francisco, Cal. On April 4, 1867, he was retired with the rank of commodore, and died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 24, 1870. CARTER, Nathaniel Hazletine, author, was born at Concord, N. H., Sept. 17, 1787. He attended Phillips Exeter academy, was graduated from Dartmouth college in 1811, and was em- ployed as a teacher at Salisbury, N. H., and Port- land. Me. About 1818 he removed to New York state, and in 1819 assumed the editorship of the Albany Register, of which he was also proprietor. The name of his periodical was later changed to that of New York Statesman, and in 1822 he re- moved to New York city and entered into part- nership with G. W. Prentiss, they combining their respective papers as the Statesman. He travelled extensively in Europe, contributed to the States- man, and embodied his reminiscences of his tour in two volumes, published in 1827. He withdrew from the editorship in 1828, and made a voyage to Southern France in the autumn of 1829. He died at Marseilles, France, Jan. 2, 1830. CARTER, Peter, publisher, was born in Earls- ton, Berwickshire, Scotland, July 19, 1825, son of Thomas and Agnes (Ewing) Carter. He was brought to the United States at the age of seven, and settled in Galway, N. Y. After attending the public schools he obtained employment in a book- store. There he mastered the details of the busi- ness, and in 1848 was admitted with his brother Walter into partnership with his older brother, Robert Carter, who had established a bookstore in New York city in 1834. He is the author of “Crumbs from the Land o’ Cakes” (1851) ; “Scotia’s Bards” (1853); “Bertie Lee” (1862); “Donald Frazer” ( 1867 ), and “Little Effie’s Home” (1869). CARTER, Robert, publisher, was born at Earl- ston, Berwickshire, Scotland, Nov. 2, 1807, son of Thomas and Agnes (Ewing) Carter. His father was a prosperous weaver, and the son was taken from school at the age of nine and put at the loom. All his spare time was employed in read- ing, and at an early age he acquired an excellent knowledge of Latin and Greek under the tutelage of a cousin. In 1824 he taught a small school nea* his home, and in 1825 opened a school at Earlston. where he had seventy day and twenty evening pupils. In 1830 he entered Edinburgh col- lege, where he remained one year. In 1831 he came to the United States and was elected class- ical instructor in the New York city high school. In 1834 he opened a bookstore in Canal street, and afterwards began to publish books, his first publishing venture being “ Symington on the Atonement.” In 1848 he admitted his two brothers, Walter and Peter, into partnership, the firm be- coming Robert Carter & Brothers, and removing to a new' store on Broadway, where they remained eight years. In 1856 they purchased the building on the corner of Broadway and Spring street, and the prosperity of the business steadily increased. [ 5 & 3 ] CARTER. CARTER. Mr. Carter was a manager of the American Bible society ; a member of the board of directors of Princeton seminary ; for fifty years a member of the board of foreign missions ; an earnest temper- ance worker, and a prominent abolitionist. In later years much of his time was spent in foreign travel. See “ Robert Carter : His Life and Work ” (1891). He died in New York city, Dec. 28, 1889. CARTER, Robert, editor, was born in Albany, N. Y., Feb. 5, 1819, of Irish parentage. He was educated at the Jesuit college of Chambly in Canada. In his sixteenth year his guardian, who was librarian of the New York state library, made him his assistant. In 1841 he removed to Boston to undertake some literary work in the interest of the Swedenborgians, whose faith he had adopted, and two years later he joined James Russell Lowell in editing the Pioneer, which was short- lived. Mr. Carter then found employment with book publishers as editor and literary adviser. He also held small government positions, and in 1847 became secretary to William H. Prescott, the historian, with whom he worked for more than a year, in the meantime gathering material for his sketch on the character and literary habits of Prescott. In 1848 he became active in the Free Soil party, and in 1850 wrote for the Boston Atlas a series of articles in reply to Prof. Francis Bowen, who attacked the Hungarian revolu- tionists in the North American Review. He then became an editorial writer on the staff of the Boston Daily Commonwealth, and later sole editor. In 1854, as secretary of the Massachusetts state committee of the Free Soil party, he personally called the Worcester convention of July 20, which founded the Republican party, by adopting that name chosen by him, and approving a platform which he had prepared. In 1855 he became an editor of the Telegraph, and in 1856 was made editor of the Daily Atlas. In 1857 the Telegraph and Atlas were united with the Traveller. After the failure of the Traveller he removed to Wash- ington, where he was special correspondent to the New York Tribune until 1859. He then became connected with Charles A. Dana and George Rip- ley in editing the “ New American Cyclopaedia. ” From 1864 to 1869 he was editor of the Rochester (N. Y.) Democrat, and in the latter year became editor of Appleton 's Journal. In 1873 he resigned this position to become an associate editor of “The American Cyclopaedia.” His published writings include “The Hungarian Controversy” (1852), and “ A Summer Cruise on the Atlantic Coast of New England” (1858; new ed. 1888). He died in Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 15, 1879. CARTER, Russel Kelso, educator, was born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 19, 1849. He was educated at the Pennsylvania military academy, graduat- ing in 1867. In 1869 he was appointed instructor ; in 1872, professor of chemistry and natural sci- ences ; and in 1881, professor of civil engineering and higher mathematics in that institution. He was connected with the “Holiness” schism of the Methodist church. He contributed to the Micro- cosm (N. Y.), and in 1886 began at Chester, Pa., the publication of The Kingdom. He published: “Miracles of Healing” (1880); “Pastor Bluin- hardt” (1882), and several pamphlets on Faith cure. CARTER, Samuel Powhatan, naval officer, was born in Carter county, Tenn., Aug. 6, 1819. He attended Washington college, Tenn., studied at Princeton, and was appointed a midshipman in the U. S. navy in 1840. In 1846 he was on duty at the naval school in Philadelphia, when he was promoted passed midshipman. He served in the Mexican war, participating in the taking of Vera Cruz. During 1847-’48 he was attached to the U. S. naval observatory in Washington; 1851-’53 was assistant instructor at the U. S. naval academy; was promoted master in 1854, and lieutenant in 1855. During 1855-'57 he was attached to the San Jacinto of the Asiatic squad- ron, and participated in the taking of the Barrier forts in the Canton river. He was assistant in- structor in seamanship at the naval academy from 1858 to 1860, and on July 11, 1861, was ordered on special service with the army in east Tennessee. He was commissioned acting briga- dier-general Sept. 16, 1861, and brigadier -general May 1, 1862; was provost-marshal of east Tennes- see during 1863-'64; was brevetted major-general of United States volunteers March 13, 1865 ; was mustered out January, 1866. He was distin- guished for his gallantry in the engagements at Wildcat. Ky., October, 1861, Mill Spring, 1862, and in the capture of Cumberland Gap. He com- manded the left wing of the army at Kinston, N. C., March 10, 1865, and defeated the Confed- erates at Goldsboro. At the close of the war he returned to naval duty, was promoted com- mander June 25, 1865; during 1869-"72 was com- mandant at the U. S. naval academy; was promoted captain, 1870 ; was a member of the lighthouse board, 1867-’80; was promoted com- modore Nov. 13, 1878; was retired Aug. 6, 1881, and promoted rear-admiral on the retired list May 16, 1882. He died in Washington, D. C., May 26, 1891. CARTER, Thomas Henry, senator, was born at Junior Furnace. Scioto county, Ohio, Oct. 30, 1854; son of Edward and Margaret Carter, who were born in Ireland, and first settled in the state of Maryland, moving to Ohio about 1849. The family removed from Ohio to Illinois in 1865. The son attended the public schools for a brief time and then engaged in railroading, farming and school-teaching. In 1875 he removed to CARTWRIGHT. CARUTHERS. Burlington, Iowa, and later to the state of Ken- tucky. In 1882 lie settled in Helena, Montana, where he practised law until 1888, when he was elected territorial delegate to the 51st Congress. In 1889, the territory having been admitted as a state, he was elected its first congressional repre- sentative. He was chairman of the committee on mines and mining in the 51st Congress, and in March, 1891, was appointed by President Harri- son commissioner of the general land office. On July 16, 1891, he was elected chairman of the na- tional Republican committee, and as such con- ducted the presidential campaign of 1892. In January, 1895, he was elected United States sen- ator from Montana for the term ending March 3, 1901. CARTTER, David Kellogg, jurist, was born in Rochester, N. Y., June 22, 1812. He was admit- ted to the bar and practised first at Massillon, Ohio. He was twice elected to the state legisla- ture, and in 1848 was elected a representative to the 31st Congress as a Democrat. He removed to Cleveland, Ohio, in the late fifties, and was active in the presidential canvass of 1860 as a Republican. During 1861 and 1862 he served as United States minister to Bolivia. In 1863 he was made chief justice of the supreme court of the District of Columbia. He died in Washington, D. C., April 16, 1887. CARTWRIGHT, Peter, clergyman, was born in Amherst county, Va., Sept. 1, 1785. About 1790 his father, who was a soldier in the revolu- tionary army, moved to Logan county, Ky., then a wild and unsettled region. He received a meagre education, was converted at the age of sixteen, and became a local preacher. In 1803 he became a regu- lar preacher, and was ordained an elder in 1806 by Bishop Asbury. In 1823 he moved to Illinois, where he set- tled in S a n g a m o n county, being twice elected to represent that district in the state legislature. He was a delegate at all the conferences for many years. He was a Democrat in politics and opposed slavery. In 1846 he was a Democratic candidate for representative in Congress, but was defeated by Abraham Lincoln. He was for fifty years a presiding elder of the Methodist chuitdi, his quaint and forcible style of preach ing was suited to the times and to the people among whom he labored, and he was both feared and beloved. He published several pamph- lets, of which his “ Controversy with the Devil” (1853), and an “Autobiography of Rev. Peter Cartwright ” were the most notable. He died near Pleasant Plains, Sangamon county, 111., Sept. 25, 1872. CARTWRIGHT, Samuel Adolphus, physician, was born in Fairfax county, Va., Nov. 30, 1793. He pursued his medical studies at the University of Pennsylvania, and practised his profession at Huntsville, Ala., and at Natchez, Miss. In 1848 he removed to New Orleans. He made a special study of epidemic diseases, and in 1862 he con- tracted an illness, which proved fatal, while improving the sanitary conditions of the Con- federate soldiers at Port Hudson and Vicksburg. He died in Jackson, Miss., May 2, 1863. CARUTHERS, Robert L., jurist, was born in Smith county, Tenn., in 1800. He was left an orphan at an early age, and worked hard to ac- quire the means for an education. He attended Greenville college, studied law in the office of Judge Samuel Powell, was admitted to the bar in 1823, and in September of the same year was elected clerk of the house of representatives of the general assembly of Tennessee. At the close of his term he practised his profession in Leb- anon, Wilson county. In 1827 he was elected attorney-general for his circuit, serving until 1832, when he resigned. In 1835 he was the representative from Wilson county in the first general assembly held after the adoption of the new constitution. He served with distinction on the judiciary committee, and after the ad- journment of the legislature made a compilation of the statutes of the state. In 1840 he was elected as a representative to the 27th Congress, succeeding John Bell. In 1852 he was appointed supreme judge to succeed Matthew Greene on his resignation. He was re-elected to the office by the legislature in 1853, and, on the adoption of the constitutional amendment, providing for election by the people, he was elected by them in 1854. In 1861 he was a delegate to the peace commission, and later served as a member of the provisional congress of the Confederate states. In 1863 he was elected governor, but the occupa- tion of the state by the Federal forces prevented his induction into office. At the close of the war he formed a law partnership with Judge Wil- liam F. Cooper at Nashville. A few years later he retired from practice, and became professor of law in Cumberland university, of whose board of trustees he had been president since 1842, which position he held until his death, Oct. 2, 1892. CARVER, John, first governor of Plymouth, Mass., was born in England about 1590. He was a brother-in-law of Rev. John Robinson and a member of his church at Scrooby, Nottingham- shire. With the rest of the congregation he [ 585 ] CARVER. CARVER. accompanied his pastor to Holland, and settled in Leyden in 1609. There he became a deacon of the church and a man of influence, and was among those who urged the departure of the colony from Leyden, “ lest their young men should enlist in foreign service, and the little community be lost in a foreign nation, its Eng- lish speech being forgotten and its religious faith disturbed.” In 1617 he was sent to England with Robert Cushman, to secure from the Virginia company the right to settle in its territory, and from the king security for religious freedom, should they go to Virginia. These agents were also empowered to secure transportation, and hired the Mayflower in London. His name stands at the head of those signed to the compact on board that vessel Nov. 11, 1620. [The illustration above represents the Mayflower , from a paint- ing at Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Mass.] He was chosen governor of the colony for the first year at the same time, and the policy lie pursued in harmonizing the diverse elements among the colonists, encouraging the despondent, control- ling the enthusiastic, and in conciliating the Indians, did much to secure the peace of the colony. He was re-elected governor, March 25, 1621, and died in April, 1621. CARVER, Jonathan, traveller, was born in Canterbury, Conn., in 1732; grandson of William Joseph Carver of Wigan, Lancashire, England, an officer in the colony of Connecticut. The father of Jonathan was a justice of the peace, who gave the son as good an education as the locality and period afforded, and died about 1747. Until 1750 Jonathan studied medicine, and in that year was appointed an ensign in a Connecti- cut regiment. He served in the Canadian cam- paign in 1755, and in 1757 was a lieutenant in the Massachusetts battalion, raised by Colonel Par- tridge, to serve against Canada, He was promoted captain in 1760, and in 1762 led a company in Saltonstall's regiment. He retired from the ser- vice in 1763. In June, 1766, he set out from Bos- ton for the purpose of exploring the portion of the American continent which was claimed by Great Britain. Travelling by the way of Albany '[5S6] and Niagara he reached Mackinaw, where he was supplied with credit on the traders at Prairie du Chien for an assortment of goods, believing that he would thus be received by the Indians with less suspicion. From Prairie du Chien he pro- ceeded down the Wisconsin river and arrived at Prairie du Sac, Oct. 8, 1766. From the Wisconsin river they went to the Mississippi. He paddled a canoe up the Mississippi to Lake Pepin, leaving the water at the mouth of the Minnesota and proceeding on foot to the Falls of St. Anthony. He then penetrated to the shores of Lake Superior and returned to Boston, arriving there in Octo- ber, 1768, having been absent two years and seven months, and travelled nearly seven thousand miles. He went to England to communicate his discoveries, where he was subjected to a long examination before he was given permission to publish his papers. He was soon after obliged to repurchase his manuscript from his publisher at great expense, and deliver it to the council, they allowing him for it but a small sum, quite insufficient to meet the expense he had incurred. Ten years after the completion of his tour he received permission to publish his book, which appeared in London in 1778, under the title “ Three years’ Travels through the Interior Parts of North America.” This book was translated into several languages and printed in about twenty-three editions. The following year he published a “ Treatise on the Culture of Tobacco. ” The proceeds from his books were small, and he died in London, according to the Gentleman's Magazine , “absolutely and strictly starved.” The benevolent Dr. Lettsom secured the publica- tion of a new edition of his travels for the bene- fit of his widow and children, and this act led to the institution of the Royal literary fund of Lon- don. The date of his death is Jan. 31, 1780. CARVER, Leonard Dwight, librarian, was born at LaGrange, Penobscot county, Me., Jan. 26, 1841. He received a higli-school education, and attended Foxcroft academy for a short time, leaving school in April, 1861, to volunteer in the army. He served with his regiment in every skirmish and battle in which it was engaged, and was discharged in June, 1863. In August, 1864, he entered Colby university at Waterville. Me., and was graduated in 1868 with the highest honors. Until 1873 he taught school in Maine, removing then to Illinois, where for three years he taught school and studied law. In 1876 he was admitted to the bar in Maine, and until 1890 practised in Waterville, meanwhile holding vari- ous local offices. He was appointed state librarian at Augusta in December. 1890. He reorganized the library, procured the passage of various library laws, and organized free public libraries throughout the state. CARY. CARY. CARY, Albigence Waldo, inventor, was born in Coventry, Kent county, R. I ., May 23, 1801. He invented Cary’s steam rotary force pump, which was used in mines, in the construction of railways, in raising sunken vessels, and on the first steam fire-engines built in the United States. He died in Brockport, N. Y., Aug. 30, 1862. CARY, Alice, author, was born near Cincin- nati, Ohio, April 20, 1820; daughter of Robert and Elizabeth (Jessup) Cary. She received a limited education and early evinced literary ability. In 1835 her mother died, and two (years later her father married again, and established a separate home for himself near the cottage where his children resided. Alice began to write at the age of eighteen, and from that time contributed largely to the periodical press, both prose and poetry. “The Child of Sorrow,” her first lit- erary venture, appeared in the Sentinel (after- wards the Star of the West). The Star was for many years her only regular medium of publica- tion. Her first prose work was contributed to the National Era, established at Washington by Dr. Bailey in 1847. She wrote stories for this periodi- cal under the pen name of “ Patty Lee,” and received as her first honorarium the sum of ten dollars from Dr. Bailey. In 1849 appeared the “Poems of Alice and Phoebe Cary.” Men of letters all over the United States had written to the sisters words of praise and encouragement on reading their poems in the corners of newspapers and magazines, and the reception of their first book determined them to visit the east. They went to New York, Boston and Amesbury, and the poet Whittier commemorated their visit to him in his poem of the “ Singer,” the subject of which was Alice. In November, 1850, she started forth alone to make for herself a home in New York city. Of this venture she writes, “ Had I known the great world as I have learned it since I should not have dared.” She made friends from the first, and in 1851 wrote for her sisters to join her. In 1852 she published the “ Clover- nook Papers,” which sold largely in Great Britain as well as in the United States. This encourage- ment led to the publication of a second series in 1853. The influence of Alice Cary's beautiful character was felt in her home, and in her inter- course with others; the house on Twentieth street, where the sisters resided after 1855, as they attained literary distinction, became the centre of the New York world of letters, and to n,ame all the distinguished men and women who met there for inspiration and refreshment would be to call the roll of the notable clergymen, pub- lishers, authors and artists of the day. She was an indefatigable worker, writing for a great part of each day for twenty years, during which time she produced eleven volumes, in addition to almost innumerable contributions to periodical literature. She left unfinished a novel entitled “The Born Thrall.” Her published works are. “ Clovernook Papers ” (1851-’53) ; “ Hagar, a Story of To-day” (1852); “The Clovernook Chil- dren” (1854); “ Lyra and other Poems ” (1853); “The Maiden of Tlascala ” (1855); “Married, not Mated ” (1856) ; “ Pictures of Country Life ” (1859); “ Lyrics and Hymns” (1866); “ The Bishop’s Son” (1867); “The Lover’s Diary (1867); “Snow Berries” (1869). She died in New York city, Feb. 12, 1871. CARY, Annie Louise, singer, was born at Wayne, Kennebec county, Me., Oct. 22, 1842; daughter of Dr. Nelson Howard and Maria (Stock- bridge) Cary. She was graduated at the Gorham (Me.) female seminary in 1862. After studying music in Boston under Lyman W. Wheeler she was sent to Milan, Italy, in 1866, and studied for two years under Gio- vanni Corsi. She engaged with an Italian opera com- pany, and early in 1868 made her debut at Copenhagen as Azucena in 4 4 II Tro- vatore,” afterwards singing in Gothen- burg and Christi- ania. During the summer she re- mained in Bade n- Baden, pursuing her studies under Madame Viardot-Garcia. In the early fall of 1868 she sang in Italian opera in Stockholm under Ferdinand Strakosch, and later in the season sang in the royal Swedish opera. The summer of 1869 was devoted to study under Bottesini in Paris, and at the begin- ning of the fall season she sang in Brussels, and made a three years’ engagement with Max and Maurice Strakosch to sing in the United States. She remained in Europe, studying in Paris and singing in London, until the autumn of 1870, when she made her America i debut at Stein way Hall, New York, in concert with Nilsson, Brignoli and Vieuxtemps. She was received everywhere in her native country with enthusiasm. Return- ing to Europe in 1875 she sang during the season at St. Petersburg and Moscow, and again ap- peared at those cities in 1876-'77. The next two seasons she sang in America with Kellogg and Rose in opera. In the fall of 1879 she began an engagement with the Mapleson company, and remained with them during the two succeeding seasons, singing iii concerts and festivals in the c^c^i c^c- CARY. CASE. principal musical centre of the United States. She also won success in oratorio, and sang fre- quently with the Brooklyn philharmonic society. Her professional career ceased after her marriage to Charles Monson Raymond of New York city, June 29, 1882. CARY, George Lovell, educator, was born in Medway, Mass., May 10, 1830; eldest son of Wil- liam Hiram and Lydia D. (Lovell) Cary. He was educated at Williston seminary, Leicester acad- emy, and Harvard college, where he was gradu- ated in 1852. In 1856-57 he was professor of Greek, and 1857-’G2 of Greek and Latin in Antioch college, Yellow Springs, Ohio. In 1862 he was called to the chair of New Testament literature in the Meadville (Pa.) theological school, subse- quently being instructor in philosophy and lan- guages. He was elected president of the institu- tion in 1890. He became a member of the New England historic -genealogical society, the Amer- ican Oriental society, the American institute of civics, the American academy of biblical and social science, the American statistical associa- tion, the civil service reform association, and the American peace society. Harvard college con- ferred upon him the degree of A.M. in 1857, and Allegheny college gave him an L.H.D. in 1893. His published writings include, “Introduction to the Greek of the New Testament” (1878), which passed through several editions. CARY, Joseph Clinton, inventor, was born in Brockport, N. Y., in 1829; son of Albigence Waldo Cary. For twenty years he operated as a specula- tor in Wall street, and in 1860 built two steam fire-engines, to which the Cary steam rotary force- pump, invented by his father, was attached. These powerful engines were used in New York city, and at large fires were very effective. He died at Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., Aug. 7, 1884. CARY, Phoebe, poet, was born in Miami valley, near Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 4, 1824, daughter of Robert and Elizabeth (Jessup) Cary. One of nine children, with parents in but moderate cir- cumstances, her early educational advantages were limited after the death of her mother in 1835. She was the constant companion of her sis- ter Alice, and developed a literary talent scarcely less marked. The record of their lives is almost identical, and between them grew up a sympathy and love of peculiar strength. At the age of thirteen she began to write verses. In 1849, with her sister, she collected and revised all their poems, which were published in 1850 under the title, “Poems of Alice and Phoebe Cary.” She was called the “wittiest woman in America.” Her published works are: “Poems and Parodies” (1854) ; “ Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love” (1868), and in 1869, in collaboration with the Rev. Dr. Charles F. Deems, “Hymns for All Christians,” in which was included her beautiful hymn, “ Nearer Home,” beginning “ One Sweetly Solemn Thought.” A memorial of Alice Cary, published in 1871, was her last work, a labor of love. She died at Newport, R. I., July 31, 1871. CARY, Samuel Fenton, representative, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 18, 1814, son of William and Rebecca (Fenton) Cary. He was graduated at Miami university in 1835, and at the Cincinnati law college in 1837, practising his pro- fession in Cincinnati until 1844, when he became a lecturer in the interests of temperance reform. He lectured throughout the United States, Canada, and the British Isles. He edited at vari- ous times newspapers and magazines, and in 1847 was elected to the chief office of the Sons of temperance, at Baltimore, Md. In 1866 he was elected a representative to the 40th Congress, and after the expiration of his term in 1869 returned to the practice of law in Cincinnati. In 1876 he was nominated as vice-president of the United Stateson the Independent, or “Greenback,” ticket. He is the author of “Cary Memorials” (1874), a genealogical work. CASE, Augustus Ludlow, naval officer, was born in Newburg, N. Y’., Feb. 3, 1813. He en- tered the navy in 1828 as midshipman, was pro- moted passed midshipman, June 14, 1834, and lieutenant, Feb. 25, 1841. He served in the Mexi- can war, taking part in the battles of Vera Cruz, Alvarado, and Tabasco. At the head of twenty- five men he succeeded in holding the town of Palisada for two weeks. In 1852-’53, he was placed in command of the Warren, and for the four years following he was stationed in New York as inspector of light-houses. On Sept. 14, 1855, he was promoted commander, and in 1861, was made fleet-captain of the North Atlantic blockading squadron, taking part in the capture of Fort Clark on Aug. 28, and Fort Hatteras on Aug. 29, 1861. On Jan. 2, 1863, he was promoted captain and assigned to the Iroquois, and from 1865 to 1866 he was fleet-captain of the European squadron. He was promoted commodore Dec. 8, 1868, and rear-admiral, May 24, 1872. During the troubles with Spain in 1874 he commanded the fleet at Key West, Fla. He was retired Feb. 3, 1875, and died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 17. 1893. CASE, Mary Sophia, educator, was born at Washington, Franklin county, Ohio, March 2, 1854 ; daughter of William Phelps and Fredonia Whiting (Burr) Case. Her early education was chiefly acquired at home. In 1867 she removed to Columbus, Ohio, and was graduated from the Columbus high school in 1869. In 18 1 3 she was graduated from the Cleveland. Ohio, female semin- ary, and afterwards taught in Burlington, N. J.. in Omaha. Neb., and in Worthington. Ohio. In the fall of 1880 she entered the University of L5SS| CASEY. CASEY. Michigan, and was graduated an A.B. in 1884. The following summer she was appointed instruc- tor at Wellesley, Mass., teaching Latin for two years, and philosophy for the four years following. In 1890 she was made associate professor of psy- chology and the history of philosophy, and was granted a two years’ leave of absence, which she devoted to European study and travel. She re- sumed her duties at Wellesley in 1892. CASE, Theodore Spencer, physician, was born in Jackson, Butts County, Ga., Jan. 26, 1832; son of Ermine and Mary Ann Case. He was graduated at Marietta college in 1851, and in 1856 received his M.D. degree from the Starling medical college, Columbus, Ohio. He removed to Kansas City, Mo., in 1857, where he practised his profession. At the beginning of the civil war he joined the 25th Missouri infantry regiment as a private, and was promoted from the rank of 2d lieutenant to that of captain and assist- ant quartermaster. He was promoted colonel and quartermaster-general of Missouri in 1865. After the close of the war he was chosen curator of the University of the state of Missouri, and retained the office four years. He was postmas- ter of Kansas City from 1873 to 1885, and in the latter year accepted the chair of chemistry in the Kansas City medical college. He held sev- eral municipal offices, and was elected president of the city real estate and stock exchange in 1886. He was editor of the Medical Review in 1860-'61, and of the Review of Science and Industry, 1877-’85. The University medical college of Kan- sas City conferred upon him the degree of Pli.D. in 1883. He is the author of “ The Quarter- master's Guide ” (1865). CASEY, Levi, soldier, was born in South Caro- lina in 1749. He served in the army during the war of the revolution, and was made brigadier- general of militia. He was elected a representa- tive from South Carolina to the 8tli and 9th con- gresses, serving from Oct. 17, 1803. He died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 1, 1807. CASEY, Silas, soldier, was born at East Green- wich, R. I., July 12, 1807; son of Wanton and Elizabeth (Goodale) Casey. He was graduated at West Point in 1826, and served on frontier duty in Iowa, and in garrison and on recruiting duty in New York state and Michigan until 1836, when he was promoted 1st lieutenant. From 1837 to 1841 he served in the Florida war, being advanced to the rank of captain in 1839. He served during 1847-’48 in the Mexican war; on Aug. 20, 1847, received the brevet rank of major for his conduct at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, and on Sept. 13, 1847, was brevet- ted lieutenant -colonel for gallantry in the battle of Chapultepec, in which engagement he was wounded. In 1855 he was promoted lieutenant - colonel, and served on frontier duty until 1861. when he was made brigadier -general of volun- teers. In October, 1861, he was promoted colonel, and he served with distinction during the civil war, winning the brevet rank of brigadier- general for Fair Oaks. On May 31, 1862, he was made major-general of volunteers, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general for gal lant and meritorious services during the war. He was mustered out of the volunteer service Aug. 24, 1865, and later in that year was placed in command of troops at Fort Wayne and Detroit, Mich. He was retired from active service July 8, 1868, on his own application, after forty con- secutive years of service. He is the author of “Infantry Tactics” (2 vols., 1861), and “In- fantry Tactics for Colored Troops” (1863). He was married July 12, 1830, to Abby Perry, daughter of the Hon. Dutfee Jerauld and Abigail Coggeshall (Perry) Pearce, of Newport, R. I. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 22, 1882. CASEY, Silas, naval officer, was born in Rhode Island, Sept. 11, 1841; son of Silas and Abby Perry (Pearce) Casey. He was graduated from the naval academy at Annapolis in 1860, and was attached to the steam-frigate Niagara until 1862. He was promoted master in 1861, and lieutenant in July, 1862. In 1862-’63 he was executive officer on the gunboat Wissahickon of the South Atlantic blockading squadron, and was present at the first attack on Charleston and the attack on Fort Fisher. On July 25, 1866, he was com- missioned as lieutenant-commander, and from 1867 to 1870 was stationed at the naval academy. From 1870 to 1873 he was executive officer on the frigate Colorado of the Asiatic squadron, com- manding a battalion of sailors in the Corean expedition and assault on Fort McKee, SO nil river, in June, 1872. In June, 1874, lie was com missioned as commander, in charge of the train- ing ship Portsmouth, Pacific coast, 1875-'76. He was lighthouse inspector, 1876-’79; commanded the steamers Wyoming and Quinnebaug, 1880-'82; was equipment officer, Washington navy yard, 1882-’84, and lighthouse inspector, 1884-’89. He was promoted captain in February, 1889; was stationed on the Newark, 1890— "93 ; and in May, 1893, was granted a leave of absence. He commanded the receiving ship Vermont, New York, in 1897. CASEY, Thomas Lincoln, engineer, was born at Madison Barracks, Sacketts Harbor, N. Y., May 10, 1831 ; the eldest son of Gen. Silas and Abby Perry (Pearce) Casey, and a descendant in the seventh generation from Thomas and Sarah Casey of Newport, R. I. (1658). He was gradu- ated at the military academy in 1852 at the head of his class, and received the appointment of brevet 2d lieutenant in the corps of engineers. [589J CASEY. CASILEAR. He was assistant engineer upon the harbor works of Delaware bay and river, and the construction of Fort Delaware until 18.34; was assistant pro- fessor of civil and military engineering at the West Point military academy, 1854-'59, and in command of engineer soldiers on Puget Sound, Washington territory, 1859— '61 . He was ai3- pointed a captain of engineers, Aug. 6, 1861, and served during the civil war as engineer on the staff of the general commanding the department of Virginia, as superintending engineer in the construction of forts and batteries on the coast of Maine, and on special duty with the North Atlantic squadron during the first expedition to Fort Fisher, N. C. , in December, 1864. He was made major of engineers, Oct. 2, 1863, and brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel, March 13, 1865. He was employed on the coast of Maine until 1867, when he was placed in charge of the division of fortifications in the office of the war department, Washington, D. C. In the summer of 1873 he was sent to Europe at the head of a board to examine the systems of tor- pedo construction adopted in Great Britain, Germany, Austria, and France. He was made lieutenant-colonel of engineers September, 1874. In 1877 he was given charge of public build- ings and grounds in the District of Columbia, the Washington aqueduct and the construction of the building for the state, war and navy departments, finished by him in 1888. In 1878 lie was selected as the engineer and architect to complete the Washington national monument. This he accomplished Dec. 6, 1884, by first plac- ing a new and enlarged foundation beneath the old one, by carrying the shaft from a height of 150 feet to 500 feet, and crowning it with a pyra- midion 55 feet in height, in place of the flat terminal of the original design. He was pro- moted colonel, corps of engineers, March 13, 1884, and in 1886 became president of the board of engineers in New York city. He was a member of a board to advise upon the ventilation of the hall of the house of representatives in the capitol. 1877-’86, and a member of the lighthouse board from 1884 to 1892. On July 6, 1888, he was ap- pointed brigadier-general and chief of engineers ; by act of Oct. 2, 1333, was designated to erect the new building for the library of Congress; and by act of Sept. 27, 1890, made one of a commission to locate a large park in the suburbs of Washington. He was a member of the society of the Cincinnati of Massachusetts, the New England historic-genealogical society, the Rhode Island historical society, an officer in the Legion of honor of France, and a member of the national academy of science of the United States of America. He was married to Emma Weir, and left two sons, — Thomas Lincoln, who was gradu- ated at West Point in 1879; and Edward Pearce, who was graduated at the Columbia college school of mines in 1886. Besides numerous official reports and articles upon engineering subjects, General Casey contributed several sketches to historical and genealogical magazines. He died in Wash- ington, D. C., March 25, 1896. CASILEAR, John William, landscape painter, was born in New York city, June 25, 1811. He developed a fondness for art at a very early age. At the age of sixteen he began the study of en- graving with Peter Maverick, with whom he re- mained four years, when, upon the death of Mav- erick, he became a pupil of Asher B. Durrand, who was then engaged in banknote engraving. In 1832 he went into the same business on his own account, and continued in it until 1854, when he devoted himself to the more congenial pursuit of landscape painting. During this period he en- graved only a single plate of any importance, “The Head of a Sibyl,” his time being chiefly occupied in designing and engraving banknote vignettes. For the purpose of study he visited Europe in 1840, and again in 1857. He was elected an associate of the national academy in 1835, and a full academician in 1851. Among his important pictures are: “ Genesee Meadows ” (1871) ; “ Sep- tember Afternoon ” (1874) ; “ View of the Rocky Mountains” (1881); “Genesee River” (1887); “ Landscape with Cattle ” (1888) ; “ Roger’s Slide, Lake George ” (1891), and “ Ullswater ” (1892). He died suddenly while on a pleasure tour, and left, besides numerous examples of his own work, a valuable collection of foreign arts. His only son. John William Casilear, studied art and became a prominent marine painter and illus- trator. He died at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1893. CASS, Lewis, statesman, was born at Exeter. N. H., Oct. 9, 1782; son of Jonathan and Mary (Gilman) Cass. His father was a blacksmith who. in 1775. left his forge to enter the Conti- nental army, and remained in active service un- til the close of the revolution, when he received a commission as major, and was assigned to duty under General Wayne in the northwest. Lewis, the eldest of six children, acquired his education during the years 1792-'99 at Phillips academy, Exeter, where Benjamin Abbot was the master. He subsequently taught at the acad- emy. About the year 1800 Major Cass resigned Ins commission in the army and removed with his family to Ohio valley, settling first at Mari- etta, and the next year removing to near Zanes- ville, where he located forty 100-acre land war- rants. Lewis had gone to Marietta in 1 * 90 . where he studied law under Return Jonathan Meigs. On the arrival of his father and family, he assisted them in building their first home in CASS. CASS. the wilderness. In 1802 Ohio was admitted to the Union, and Lewis Cass was the first candi- date admitted to the bar under the new consti tution. The same year he went to Zanesville, where he practised law. In 1804 he was elected prosecuting attorney of the county. In 1806 he was married to Elizabeth Spencer of Virginia, and the same year was elected to the state legislature, and appointed by Gov- ernor Tiffin a member of the committee to inquire into the move- ments of Aaron Burr. He drafted the bill passed by the Ohio legislature ordering the arrest of the ex- pedition. He also framed and presented to the legislature the resolution expressing confidence in the adminis- tration of President Jefferson, abhorrence of re- bellion and insurrection, and attachment to the Federal constitution, which was afterwards for- warded to the President. In 1807 President Jef- ferson appointed Mr. Cass U. S. marshal of the state of Ohio, and he continued in that office for six years. He was made colonel of the 3d Ohio volunteers in the war of 1812, and with an army of twelve hundred volunteers assembled at Day- ton, Ohio. They were divided into three regi- ments under William Hull, governor of Michigan territory, who had been commissioned brigadier- general. When the troops crossed the river at Detroit in July, 1812, to conquer upper Canada, Colonel Cass was the first to land on the Cana- dian shore, where he made the attack on the enemy’s outposts at Aux Canards. The misunder- standing with General Hull resulted in the sur- render of the little army at Detroit without firing a gun. General Hull had included Colonel Cass’s force in the capitulation, which action greatly incensed Cass, and he hastened to Washington, where he made his report of the affair to the gov- ernment. He was appointed major-general of the Ohio militia, but by reason of his parole was not able to take the field. In January, 1813, he was instructed by the President to recruit two regi- ments of regular troops, and his parole being removed he, on Feb. 20, 1813, was commissioned colonel in the regular army, was subsequently brevetted brigadier-general, and commanded the 27th regiment of infantry in General Harri- son’s army. He was a participant in the battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 1813, and at the end of the campaign commanded the troops in Michigan with headquarters at Detroit. He succeeded Hull as governor of Michigan, by appointment of Presi- dent Madison, Oct. 29, 1813. On the return of peace, Governor Cass devoted himself to relieving the distress of starving French settlers, encourag- i n o' ijnmigration from the eastern states, negotia ting treaties with the Indians, codifying the laws and opening roads. He was the first white man to ride over the Indian trail which became the great highway between Detroit and Chicago. He accompanied Schoolcraft’s expedition along Lake Superior and up the Mississippi, traversing five thousand miles, investigating the mineral resources of the country and studying the customs of the Indians. He wrote an account of this jour- ney, which was published in the North American Review. He so won the love of the Indian tribes as to be known among them as the “ Great Father at Detroit.” In 1827 he averted a general Indian war bv his promptness and personal in- fluence, making a voyage in a canoe up the Fox, and down the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers to warn the troops at St. Louis. In 1831 President Jackson appointed him secretary of war. He suppressed the Indians in the Black Hawk war, and when South Carolina threatened secession he was prompt in seconding the President in his policy of taking active measures against the movement, ordering General Scott to hold the forts, but to use the utmost discretion and self-restraint. This action, followed by diplo- matic legislation, averted civil war. He threat- ened to resign when the President proposed the removal of the public deposits from the United States bank, and was dissuaded only by the Presi- dent assuming personally the whole responsi- bility. Experience had convinced him of the wisdom of isolating the Indian tribes, and he ad- vocated the removal of the Creeks and Seminoles from Florida to reservations west of the Missis- sippi. In 1833 he accompanied the President on his tour through the north, and afterwards in a general report to Congress he recommended the building of coast defences, maintaining a strong navy, and a reasonably formidable army. He, in the report, carefully detailed the condi- tion and resources of the military and naval defences of the nation. In 1836 his health failed, and he was appointed minister to France, with permission to leave Paris on a long trip for rest and recreation. Diplomatic intercourse between France and the United States had been sus- pended for over a year, on account of the failure to settle the French spoliation claims ; Mr. Cass, however, secured the interest and a promise of speedy payment of the principal, and he was received with general cordiality, and soon won the friendship of Louis Philippe. He travelled through France, where he studied the condition [ 591 ] CASS. CASSIDY. of the people, and visited England, where he witnessed the coronation of Queen Victoria. He made a long voyage in the frigate Constitution through the Mediterranean and adjacent seas, and his impressions were afterwards published in the Southern Literary Messenger, and are evidences of his superior scholarship. In 1841 the quintuple treaty for the suppression of the slave trade was negotiated by England, F ranee, Prussia, Russia and Austria. By the treaty the contracting powers were authorized to detain and search one another’s vessels on reasonable suspicion of being engaged in the slave trade. Mr. Cass detected in this an aggressive movement against the United States and immediately pub- lished a vigorous protest against the treaty, and urged the French government against the ratifi- cation. This action accomplished its purpose, and was afterwards sanctioned by the home gov- ernment. His position was that a suspected vessel flying a foreign flag can be detained and examined only at the detainer's peril. On the ratification of the Ashburton treaty, without any renunciation by England of the right of search, Cass resigned as United States minister, and returned home in 1842, where he received flattering addresses and banquets in Boston, New York. Washington, and at every stage of his journey to Detroit. At the Democratic national convention of 1844, Mr. Cass, after leading the various candidates in many ballots, was de- feated for nomination to the presidency by James K. Polk. In the canvass following, as well as in his administration, Polk received the hearty sup- port of Mr. Cass, who, on Feb. 4, 1845, was elected United States senator from Michigan and given the second place on the committee on foreign affairs. In the great slavery controversy he deprecated the introduction of the Wilmot pro- viso as premature, and he formulated the com- promise proposition that the internal concerns of the territories should be regulated solely by their inhabitants. At the Democratic national con- vention of May, 1848, Senator Cass was nomin- ated as candidate for President on the fourth ballot, and at once resigned his seat in the sen- ate. On the nation’s choice falling on General Taylor, who carried the election largely through his personal popularity won in the Mexican war, aided by the division in the old parties caused by the defection of both Whigs and Democrats to Van Buren, the legislature of Michigan re-elected Mr. Cass to the senate to fill his own unexpired term. Here he disregarded the express instruc- tions of his state, and throughout the 31st Con- gress was the main ally of Henry Clay, favored the doctrine of popular sovereignty and op- posed the Wilmot proviso. He was present in the senate when the fugitive slave law was 1 592 passed but declined to vote. He urged the cessation of unnecessary agitation, and the im- portance of harmony with so much force and conviction that the legislature of Michigan finally revoked its instructions, and re-elected him to the senate in 1851 by an increased majority. In 1852 he was a prominent candidate before the Democratic national convention for President, when the nomination went to Franklin Pierce. In 1854 the Michigan senators were instructed to vote for the prohibition of slavery in the terri- tories, and for the repeal of the fugitive law. Cass again disregarded his instructions, and in 1857 Zachariah Chandler was elected senator from Michigan, Cass receiving sixteen out of one hundred and six legislative votes. When James Buchanan became President, Mr. Cass was made secretary of state. He opposed the constitutional principle stated in President Bu- chanan's message that a state could not be coerced, and urged the further garrisoning of the Federal forts in the south. Finding that the ad- ministration differed with him, on Dec. 14, 1860, he handed his resignation to the President. Two years later, at Hillsdale, Mich., he made his last public address, calling for additional volunteers for the suppression of the rebellion, and declar- ing his “ love and reverence for our glorious con- stitution.” His last public act was to urge President Lincoln and his cabinet by telegraph to surrender Mason and Slidell. General Cass was president of the American historical society, and his published works include: ‘‘Inquiries Con- cerning the History, Traditions and Languages of the Indians living within the L T nited States ” (1823): “France, its King, Court and Govern- ment ” (1840). Schoolcraft wrote his life in 1848, Young in 1852. Smith in 1856, and a me- morial volume was issued in 1866. He died in Detroit, Midi., June 17, 1866. CASSERLY, Eugene, senator, was born in Ireland in 1823, and was brought by his parents to New York in 1827. He was graduated at Georgetown college, D. C., and for about five years was connected with the New York news- paper press. He was admitted to the bar in 1845, and was corporation attorney for the city during 1846 and 1847. Removing to California in 1850 he settled in San Francisco. During 1850- '51 he published a daily paper, and in 1851- '52 was state printer, at the same time con- tinuing to practise law. He was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat in 1869, and resigned Nov. 29, 1873, on account of ill-health. He died in San Francisco, Cal., June 14. 1883. CASSIDY , William, journalist, was born in Albany, N. Y. , Aug. 12. 1815: son of John Cassidy. He was prepared for college at Albany academy, and was graduated at Union college in 1834. A 1 CASTLE. CASWELL. few years later he was admitted to the bar, in 1840 was appointed librarian of the New York state library, and held the office until 1843, when he purchased a share of the Albany Daily Atlas, of which lie became editor. In 1856 the Atlas was joined to the Argus, both names being re- tained until 1865, when the name Argus was resumed, and a stock company organized. In 1868 he succeeded his brother-in-law, Peter Cag- ger, deceased, as secretary of the Democratic state committee. In 1867 he was made a mem- ber of the state constitutional convention, and in 1872 was one of a committee of sixteen ap- pointed to revise the constitution. He died in Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1873. CASSIN, John, naval officer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1758, of Irish parentage. He was appointed lieutenant in the U. S. navy, Nov. 13, 1799, was promoted commander, April 2, 1806, and captain July 3, 1812. During the war of 1812-' 15 he was stationed on the Dela- ware river, and placed in command of the forces which defended Philadelphia. He died in Charleston, S. C., March 24, 1822. CASSIN, John, ornithologist, was born near Chester, Pa., Sept. 6, 1813. He removed to Philadelphia in 1834. Becoming deeply inter- ested in natural history, he abandoned his busi- ness life in 1850 and gave his entire attention to ornithology. Among his published writings are: “ Birds ” in “ Outlines of General Zoology ” (1851) ; “ Notes on North American Birds in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadephia, and the National Museum, Wash- ington ” (1856) ; “ Mammalogy and Ornithology ” (1858); “The Birds of North America” (with Spencer F. Baird and others, 1858) ; “ Third Study of the Icteridae ” (1867), and in the U. S. government reports, “ Ornithology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition ” (1845) ; “ Ornithology of Gillies’s Astronomical Expedition to Chili ” (1855) ; “ Ornithology of the Japan Expedition ” (1856), and “ Rapacious and Wading Birds” (1858). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 10, 1869. CASSIN, Stephen, naval officer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 16, 1783; son of John Cassin. He was appointed a midshipman in the navy, Feb. 21, 1800, and was promoted lieutenant, Feb. 12, 1807. On Sept. 11, 1814, he was made master, and on March 3, 1825, captain. He received a gold medal for his gallant action at the battle of Lake Champlain. He was placed on the reserved list Sept. 13, 1855, and died in Georgetown, D. C., Aug. 29, 1857. CASTLE, Frederick Augustus, physician, was born in Fabius, N. Y., April 29, 1842; son of Orvin E. and Clarinda O. (Pratt) Castle. His American ancestors were William Castle, an early settler near Stratford, Conn. ; Thomas Cad- well, one of the first settlers in Hartford and Mathew Pratt, who appeared in Weymouth, Mass., in 1623. His great-grandfather, Selali Castle, was a captain ; another great-grandfather, Phineas Cadwell, a corporal during the revolu- tionary war; and another great-grandfather, Mathew Pratt, of (Old) Braintree, was one of the “ Boston tea-party.” He studied medicine at the Albany medical college, and during 1862-'63, was a medical cadet in the U. S. army, at the Carver hospital in Washington. He was acting assistant surgeon in the navy from 1863 to 1865, and, at the close of the war, entered the Bellevue hospital medical college, where lie was graduated in 1866. He began general practice in New York city, and held various responsible positions in the Bellevue hospital medical college ; among them, assistant demonstrator of anatomy; assist- ant to the professor of obstetrics and the dis- eases of women and children, and lecturer on similar subjects and on pharmacology. He was editorially connected with the Medical Record ( 1872— '76) ; was the editor of New Remedies, after- wards known as American Druggist (1873-'92), and edited “ Wood's Household Practice of Medi- cine, Hygiene and Surgery ” (2 vols., 1880). He compiled the first and second decennial cata- logues of trustees, officers and alumni of the Bellevue hospital medical college, and is the author of many contributions to medical jour- nals. He edited the American edition of “ Mur- rell's Manual of Pharmacology ” (1896), and was a member of the committees for revising the U. S. Pharmacopoeia after 1880; physician to the Presbyterian hospital; treasurer for the trus- tees, and trustee of, the New York academy of medicine (1883— '96) , and secretary of the Grolier club. CASWELL, Alexis, educator, was born in Taunton, Mass., Jan. 29. 1799; son of Samuel Cas- well, a descendant in the fourth generation from Peregrine White, who was born on board the Mayfloiver. He was prepared for college at Bristol academy, and was graduated in 1822 from Brown university. From 1822 to 1825 he was a tutor in Columbian college, Washington, D. C., and from 1825 to 1827 was professor of ancient languages in that college. In the latter year he was or- dained to the Baptist ministry and preached at Halifax, N. S., during 1827-’28. In 1828 he was pastor of the first church in Providence, R. I., and from 1828 to 1850 held the chair of mathemat- ics and natural philosophy in Brown university. He was transferred to the chair of mathematics and astronomy in 1850 and served in this position until 1863, when he resigned to attend to his pri- vate interests. In 1868, soon after the resigna- tion of President Sears, Dr. Caswell was elected president of Brown university, and retained the CATCHINGS. CATHERWOOD. office until 1872. He was director, and afterwards vice-president, of the Providence athenaeum; president of the National exchange bank, Provi- dence; of the board of trustees of the Newton theological institution ; of the Baptist missionary union; of the Rhode Island hospital ; one of the founders, and afterwards vice-president, of the American association for advancement of science ; associate fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences; trustee and fellow of Brown univer- sity and one of the corporators of the national academy of sciences. Brown university con- ferred upon him the degrees of D.D. in 1841, and LL. D. in 1865. He is the author of “ Lectures on Astronomy” (1858) ; “ Meteorological observations 1831 -’60” (1860); “Memoir of John Barstow ” (1864); “Memoir of Prof. Benjamin Silliman” (1866); “Life and Christian Work of Francis Way land ” (1867), and “ Results of Meteorologi- cal Observations at Providence, 1831- 76” (1882). He died in Providence, R. I., Jan. 8, 1877. CASWELL, Richard, soldier, was born in Maryland, Aug. 3, 1729. Going to North Caro- lina in 1746 he studied law and later acquired a large practice. In 1756 he was elected a delegate to the colonial assembly and held the office until 1771, being speaker of the house of delegates dur- ing the last two years. In 1774- '76 he represented his district in the Continental Congress. In 1775 he was president of the provincial congress which framed the state constitution, and was the first governor of North Carolina, holding the office from 1776 to 1779. In 1776 he commanded a body of troops at the battle of Moore’s Creek, and for his bravery was appointed major-general for Newbern district. In 1780 he led the North Caro- lina troops in the battle of Camden. In 1782 he was speaker of the senate, and comptroller-gen- eral of the state, holding both offices until 1784, when he was again elected governor. In 1787 he was a delegate to the convention for framing the Federal constitution ; in 1789 he was again elected state senator, and was a member of the state con- vention which ratified the constitution. While presiding over the senate lie was struck with paralysis, Nov. 5, and died in Fayetteville, N. C. , Nov. 20, 1789. CATCHINGS, Thomas Clendinen, representa- tive, was born in Hinds county, Miss., Jan. 11, 1847. He entered the university of Mississippi in 1859, leaving in 1861 to enter Oakland college, but soon after volunteered in the Confederate army, serving during the entire civil war, after which he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1866, and practised his profession at Vicksburg, Miss. He was elected to the state senate in 1875 and re- signed in 1877 on being nominated for attorney- general by the state ; he was elected for a term of four years, and was re-elected in 1881, resigning Feb. 16, 1885, having been elected a representa- tive to the 49th Congress. He was re-elected to each succeeding Congress up to and inclusive of the 55th. CATHCART, Charles W., senator, was born in the island of Madeira in 1809. He received an English education, and for some years was a sailor. He settled as a farmer in Laporte, Ind., in 1831, where he was land surveyor for the United States; he was also a member of the state assembly. In 1844 he was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1844 he was elected as a representative to the 29th Congress ; he was re-elected to the 30th Congress, and served until March 3, 1849. On Dec. 6, 1852 he took his seat in the United States senate, having been appointed by Governor Wright to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Janies Whitcomb, the state legislature electing at its next session John Pet- tee to succeed him for the unexpired term ending March 3, 1855. He died in Michigan city, Ind., Aug. 22, 1888. CATHCART, William, clergyman, was born in Londonderry, Ireland, Nov. 8, 1826; son of James and Elizabeth (Cously) Cathcart. He was brought up in the Presbyterian faith, but in 1846 entered the Baptist communion. He obtained his literary and theological education at the uni- versity of Glasgow, Scotland, and at Rawdon col- lege, Yorkshire, England. He was ordained to the ministry in 1850, and assumed pastoral charge of the Baptist church at Barnsley, near Sheffield, England. In 1853 he removed to the United States, and became pastor of the Third Baptist church of Groton, at Mystic river, Conn., and in April, 1857, of the Second Baptist church of Phila- delphia. Pa. In 1876 he was elected president of the American Baptist historical society, and was re-elected annually. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him in 1873 by the university at Lewisburg. He published : ‘ ‘ The Baptists and the American Revolution,” “ The Papal System,” “The Baptism of the Ages and of Nations,” and “The Baptist Encyclopaedia.” CATHERWOOD, Mary Hartwell, author, was born at Luray, Licking county, Ohio, Dec. 16. 1847, daughter of Dr. Marcus and Phoebe (Thomp- son) Hartwell. She was graduated from the Granville (Ohio) female college in 1868. She was married Dec. 27, 1887, to James S. Catlierwood, of Hoopeston. near Chicago. 111. In January, 1891. she became editorially connected with The Graphic , a weekly Chicago paper. Among her published books are: “The Dogberry Bunch (1881); “Rocky Fork” (1882); “Old Caravan Days” (1884) ; “ The Secret at Roseladies” (1888) ; “ The Romance of Dollard ” (1889); “The Bells of St. Anne ” (1889) ; “ The Story of Tonty (1890) ; •The Lady of Fort St. John ” (1891) ; "Old Kas- [594J CATON. CATRON. kaskia ” (1893); “The White Islander” (1893); “The Chase of St. Castin, and Other Stories of the French in the New World” (1894); “Days of Jeanne d’ Arc ” (1897) ; and “The Spirit of an Illinois Town, and The Little Renault; Two Stories of Illinois” (1897). CATL1N, George, author, was born in Wilkes- barre, Pa., July 26. 1796; son of Putnam and Polly (Sutton) Catlin, and grandson of Eli and Elizabeth (Way) Catlin, his grandfather being a captain in the revolutionary army. He was educated at home, and during 1817 and 1818 stud- ied at a law school at Litchfield, Conn , where he became noted as an amateur artist. He followed his profession in New York. Buffalo, Norfolk, and in Philadelphia, from 1823 to 1829, and later travelled in all parts of America and Europe, becoming especially well-known as a painter of North American Indians. From 1852 to 1857 he travelled in Central and South America, and spent the following fourteen years in Europe. Among his published writings, all of which are profusely illustrated by himself, may be noted : “Notes of Eight Years’ Travels and Residence in Europe with his North American Indian Collec- tion” (1848); “Museum of Mankind” (1851); “ Illustrations of the Manners, Customs and Con- dition of the North American Indians” (7th ed., 1848); “The Breath of Life” (1864); “Last Rambles amongst the Indians of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes” (1868); “ The Lifted and Subsided Rocks of America ” (1870); “Life Among the Indians’ (1847); and “O-Kee-pa; a Religious Ceremony; and other Customs of the Mandans” (1867). He died in Jersey City, N J., Dec. 23, 1872. CATON, John Dean, jurist, was born in Mon- roe, N. Y., March 19, 1812; son of Robert and Hannah (Dean) Caton. He attended the district school for a few years, and in 1829 entered the academy at Utica, where he paid especial atten- tion to mathematics and surveying. In 1833 he went to Chicago and established himself in his profession, being the second lawyer to practise in that city. In 1841 he was appointed judge of the supreme court of Illinois, and remained on the bench until his resignation in 1864, holding the chief -justiceship from April to June, 1855, and from 1857 to 1864. From 1852 to 1867 he was presi- dent of the Illinois and Mississippi telegraphic company. He travelled widely and devoted much time to natural history. In 1866 Hamilton col- lege conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. He is the author of “A Summer in Norway” (1875) ; “ The Last of the Illinois, and a Sketch of the Pottawatomies ” (1876); “Origin of the Prairies” (1876)-. “and “ The Antelope and Deer of America” (1877). He died in Chicago, 111., July 30. 1895 | 5!) CATOR, Thomas Vincent, politician, was born at Roxbury. N. Y., July 18, 1851. He studied at the public school, Roxbury academy, and Cor- nell university, where he was graduated in 1871. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1873, and practised in that city until 1887. In 1881 he was one of the organizers of the national anti- monopoly league, and for several years a member of its congressional committee to secure the inter-state commerce act. In 1880 he removed to Jersey city, N. J., where in 1882 he was elected to the state legislature as a candidate of the anti- monopoly union. In the house he introduced the equal taxation bill passed in 1884. He served two years as an alderman of the city. In 1887 ho was water commissioner of the state appointed by Governor Greene. Later in the same year lie re- moved to San Francisco, Cal. He was a delegate to the Populist convention at Omaha in 1892, and in the winter of 1893-’94 was the candidate of the Populist members of the state legislature for United States senator. In 1896 he was a dele- gate-at-large from California to the St. Louis convention, July 22, and before the convention favored the nomination of William J. Bryan for President. He was the candidate of the Demo- crats and Populists before the legislature in 1897, for United States senator, to succeed George C. Perkins. He is the author of numerous pam- phlets on political topics, of which “ National Ownership of Railroads ” and “ National Credit ” were largely read. CATRON, John# jurist, was born in Wythe county, Va., in 1778, and in 1812 removed to Ten- nessee, where he was admitted to the bar. He served in the New Orleans campaign of 1812 under General Jackson, and later was elected state at- torney by the Tennessee legislature. He was made one of the supreme judges of the state in 1824, and from 1830 to 1836 was its chief justice. He was a noted duellist, but officially discouraged its practice. In 1837 he was appointed by Presi- dent Van Buren an associate justice of the supreme court. He opposed secession in 1861, and was, for a time, obliged to leave the state because of his opinions, but in 1862 returned and continued his judicial duties. He died in Nashville. Tenn., May 30, 1865. CATTELL, Alexander Gilmore, senator, was born in Salem, N. J., Feb. 12, 1816, son of Thomas W. and Keziah (Gilmore) Cattell. In 1840 he was elected to the legislature of New Jersey ; in 1841-’42 was clerk of the state house of repre- sentatives, and in 1844 served as a delegate to the state constitutional convention. In 1846 he re- moved to Philadelphia, engaged in business, and held various local offices. He was a director of the Mechanics’ bank, president of the corn ex- change association, and in 1858 organized the I CATTELL. CAWEIN. Corn exchange bank of which lie continued presi- dent for thirteen years. After 1855 he resided in New Jersey, and in 1866 was chosen to the United States senate as a Republican, succeeding John P. Stockton, Democrat, who was unseated. He served until the end of Senator Stockton’s term, March 3, 1871, he having declined an election by the legislature that year. President Grant ap- pointed him a member of the first civil service commission in 1871. During 1873 and ’74 he served as financial agent of the United States gov- ernment in London, and while there re funded the government loans at a lower rate than formerly ; he succeeded in simplifying the method of quotations of exchange between the two coun- tries, and his suggestion to a syndicate of London bankers brought about a plan for the payment of the Alabama claims award of ,$15,500,000, without disturbing the current rates of exchange, the amount being carried to Washington, D. C., by Mr. Cattell, and turned into the United States treasury. He was a member of the state board of assessors charged with the taxation of railroad and corporation property. His exhaustive reports of 1884 and 1885 on railroad and other corporate taxation were submitted to the legislature of New Jersey. He was a member of the state board of education, and president of the New Jersey trust company of Camden, N. J. lie died in James- town. N. Y., April 8. 1894. CATTELL, William Cassidy, educator, was born at Salem, N. J., August 30, 1827, son of Thomas W. and Keziali (Gilmore) Cattell. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1848, and at Princeton theological seminary in 1852, pursuing post-graduate studies there during 1853, under the instruction of Joseph Addison Alexander. During 1853-55 he was associate principal of Edgehill seminary, Princeton, N. J. In 1855 lie was made professor of Latin and Greek at Lafayette college, Easton, Pa., and became pastor of the Pine street Presbyterian church at Harrisburg in 1859. In 1863 he was called to the presidency of Lafayette college, occupying that position until 1883, when he resigned and became emeritus professor of mental philosophy. When he came to the college as its president it had two small buildings and was at the point of suspen- sion, and he left it with a rank among the foremost institutions of the country. He was appointed one of the directors of Princeton theo- logical seminary in 1864. He accepted the posi- tion of secretary of the Presbyterian board of ministerial relief, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1884. In 1896 he resigned the secretaryship because of impaired health. He received the degree of S.T.D. from both Hanover and Princeton in 1864. and that of LL.D. from the University of Wooster in 1878. CAULK1NS, Frances Manwaring, author, was born in New London, Conn., April 26, 1795; daughter of Joshua and Fanny (Manwaring) Caulkins. She was carefully educated, and in 1820 she opened a select school for young ladies at Norwich town, leaving it in 1829 to take charge of the female academy at New London. In 1832 she became principal of the academy at Norwich city. She gave up teaching in 1834, and devoted her time to literary work. She pre- pared numerous books and papers for the Ameri- can tract society, some of which were trans- lated into other languages. She was elected to honorary and corresponding membership by several historical societies, and was the first woman upon whom the Massachusetts historical society conferred that honor. Among her pub- lished works are: “ History of Norwich, Conn„ 1660-1845 ” (1845) ; “ Memoir of the Rev. William Adams, and of the Rev. Eliphalet Adams (1849); History of New London, Conn. (1852); and “History of Norwich, Conn., from its Pos- session by the Indians to the year 1866” (1874) She died in New London, Conn., Feb. 3, 1869. CAVIN, Ernest Dillard, jurist, was born in Pittsville, Fort Bend county, Texas, July 24, 1861. He was graduated at Baylor university, taking the degree of B.P., was admitted to the bar in November, 1883, and was elected county attorney of Galveston county in 1886, and re- elected in 1888. This office he held until Novem- ber, 1890, and in June, 1891, was appointed recorder of the city of Galveston, and judge of the criminal district court for Harris and Gal veston counties by Governor Hogg in 1892. CAVINESS, George Washington, educator, •was born at Fairfield, Iowa, March 29, 1857 ; son of Alfred and Achsa (Osborn) Caviness. He was prepared for college in the district and high schools of Iowa, and was graduated from Battle Creek (Mich.) college in 1882. From 1882 to 1885 he was teacher in various high schools in Michigan, and from 1888 to 1894 was principal of the South Lancaster (Mass.) academy. In the latter year lie was elected president of Bettle Creek college. CAWEIN, Madison Julius, poet, was horn at Louisville, Ky., March 23, 1865. He was of Hugue- not and German descent, and graduated at the Louisville high school in 1886. He began to write poetry when about sixteen years old, but did not publish his work until 1887. His first volume, ‘‘Blooms of the Berry,” issued in that year, received high praise from such critics as W. D Howells, E. C. Stedman, and James Whitcomb Riley. His subsequent works include: “Red Leaves and Roses. Poems” (1893): “ Poems of Nature and Love" (1893), and “Intimations of the Beautiful, and Poems ” (1894). 1596 ] CHACE. CHADBOURNE. CESNOLA, Luigi Palma di. (See di Ces- nola, L. P. ) CHABRAT, Guy Ignatius, R. C. bishop, was born at Chambre, France, Dec. 28, 1789. He received a good education at the best schools of his native place, pursued his theological studies at a Sulpitian seminary, and in 1809 was or- dained a sub-deacon. Bishop Flaget of Kentucky was at this time seeking recruits for his mis- sions, and young Cliabrat was one of those who determined to accompany him. He arrived in Kentucky in 1811, completed His studies under Father David, and was ordained by Bishop Flaget on Christmas day, 1811, the first Catholic priest ordained in the west. His first charge was the missions of St. Michael in Nelson, and St. Clare in Hardin county ; he also attended the mission at Poplar Neck, Nelson county, and in 1823 was pastor of the church of St. Pius in Scott county. In 1824 he was appointed ecclesiastical superior of the sisterhood of Loretto, and in 1834 coadjutor of Bishop Flaget, with the title of Bishop of Molina. His health had been failing for some time, and he was now threatened with blindness. In 1843 he visited Europe, where noted occulists confirmed the hopelessness of his case, and he was released from his charge. He died at Maurice, France, Nov. 21, 1868. CHACE, Elizabeth Buffum, reformer, was born in Providence, R. I., Dec. 9, 1806; daughter of Arnold and Rebecca (Gould) Buffum, and grand-daughter of William Buffum. a member of the Rhode Island society for the gradual aboli- tion of slavery. She was educated at home and at the Friends’ school in Providence, R. I. In 1830 she was married to Samuel Buffington Chace of Fall River, in which city she resided until 1840, when they removed to Valley Falls, R. I. With Samuel May, Jr. , and other abolitionists, she labored in the interest of the anti-slavery society, organizing meetings and conventions all over the state of Rhode Island. She was a life- long advocate of temperance and equal rights, and during her ninetieth year made several able con- tributions to the daily press on woman suffrage. She assisted many negroes to make their escape to Canada, and used her voice and pen in behalf of the slaves whenever opportunity offered. In 1872 she was chosen a delegate to the World’s prison congress, held in London, England. She is the author of “ Anti-Slavery Reminiscences ” (1891). CHACE, George Ide, physicist, was born in Lancaster, Mass., Feb. 19, 1808; son of Charles and Ruth (Jenckes) Chace. His boyhood was passed on a farm. He was prepared for college at Lancaster academy, and was graduated at Brown in 1830 with valedictory honors. For a brief period he was principal of the academy in [59 Waterville, Me., resigning his position in 1831 to become tutor in Brown university. In 1833 lie was advanced to the position of adjunct professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, and in 1834 was appointed professor of chemistry. In 1836 the chair was enlarged to that of chemistry, geology and physiology, and he remained profes- sor of these sciences until 1867. In that year the presidency of the university became vacant by the resignation of Dr. Barnas Sears, and Profes- sor Chace assumed the office ad interim, holding it for one year, when the Rev. Dr. Caswell was elected. At the same time he was transferred to the chair of moral and intellectual philosophy, and held this position for five years. In 1872 he resigned, and passed 1872-'73 in foreign travel. He was deeply interested in charitable and philanthropic institutions, in several of which he held prominent offices. In 1841 he declined the presidency of Waterville college. He received the degree of Ph.D. from the University at Lewis- burg, and that of D.D. from Brown in 1853. His published works include : ‘ ‘ The Relation of Divine Providence to Physical Laws ” (1854) ; “ The Virtues and Services of Francis Wayland ” (1866), and “Lectures and Essays,” with a memoir of the author (1886). He died in Provi- dence, R. I., April 29, 1885. CHACE, Jonathan, senator, was born at Fall River, Mass., July 22, 1829; son of Harvey and Hannah (Wood) Chace. He received an academic education and entered into the cotton manufac- turing industry at Providence, R. I. In 1876 he was elected a member of the Rhode Island state senate and was re-elected in 1877. In 1880 he was elected a representative to the 47th Congress and was re-elected to the 48th Congress. On Nov. 20, 1885, Governor Bourne appointed William P. Sheffield senator, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry B. Anthony, Sept. 2, 1884, and when the legislature met in 1885 it elected Mr. Chace to the unexpired term, and he took his seat Jan. 26, 1885. In June, 1888, he was elected to the full term to expire March 3, 1895, but resigned his seat in the senate early in the 51st Congress, and was succeeded by Nathan F. Dixon. CHADBOURNE, Paul Ansel, educator, was born at North Berwick, Me., Oct. 21, 1823. He worked on a farm and as a carpenter until his seventeenth year, when he studied two years at Phillips Exeter academy, supporting himself by copying law papers. He was graduated from Williams college, valedictorian, in 1848, and from the Berkshire medical school M.D. in 1859. He taught school at Freehold, N. J., Great Falls, N. H., and at East Windsor, Conn., where he also studied at the theological institute. In 1853 he was licensed to preach, and in the same year CHADWICK, CHAFFEE. was called to the chair of chemistry and natural history at Williams college. In 1855- 56 he was lecturer at the Western Reserve college. In 1859 he was transferred to the chair of natural history at Williams, and in addition to the duties of this professorship also held the chair of natural sci- ences at Bowdoin college from 1858 to 1865. He was state senator in 1865 and 1866. He became president of the Massachusetts agricultural col- lege at Amherst in 1867, but was compelled to resign on account of ill-health. In 1867 he was elected president of the University of Wisconsin. After three years’ successful administration he spent two years in Utah and the far west. In 1872 he succeeded Mark Hopkins as president of Williams college. He received the degree of LL.D. from Williams college in 1868, that of D.D. from Amherst college in 1872, and that of D.C.L. from Oxford university in 1874. His published writings include: “ Relations of Nat- ural History to Intellect, Taste, Wealth and Re- ligion ” (1860) ; “ Instinct, its Office in the Animal Kingdom and its Relation to the Higher Powers in Man ” (Lowell Institute Lectures, 1872) ; Strength of Man and Stability of Nations ” (1877), and “ Hope of the Righteous " (1877). He edited “The Wealth of the United States” (1880), and “ Public Service of the State of New York ” (1881). He died in New York city, Feb, 23, 1883. CHADWICK, George Whitfield, musician, was born in Lowell. Mass., Nov. 13, 1854; son of Alonzo C. and Hannah G. Chadwick. He was educated in the public schools of Lawrence, and in 1872 went to Boston, where for tliree years he studied under Eugene Thayer. He then taught music for a year at Olivet (Mich.) college, and in 1877 went to Germany, studying at Leipsic under Jadassohn and Reinecke, and at Munich under Rheinberger. At the close of his studies at Leip- sic he composed an overture entitled “ Rip Van Winkle,” which was given a performance at a conservatory concert in Leipsic. He returned to Boston in 1880, and the “ Rip Van Winkle " over- ture was given at a Handel and Haydn festival in Boston, with Mr. Chadwick as conductor, and also by the Harvard musical association. He was made instructor in harmony and composi- tion at the New England conservatory of music, and in 1881 conducted the music of the “ CEdi- pus ” in Boston and in New York. In 1887 he became conductor of the Boston orchestral club, and in 1890 of the Springfield festival association. In 1891 he was commissioned to compose the music of the ode for the dedication of the build- ings of the Columbian exposition. In 1893 his “ Symphony in F major ” gained for him the prize of three hundred dollars offered by the na- tional conservatory of Leipsic in New York. He composed the music of the opera “ Tabasco," first performed by the 1st corps of cadets in Boston in 1894. In February, 1897, he was chosen to succeed Carl Faelton as director of the New Eng- land conservatory. Among his choral works are: “ The Vikings' Last Voyage,” “ Phoenix Ex- pirans,” and “ The Lily Nymph,” “The Lovely Rosabelle,” and “ The Pilgrim's Hymn ” ; and his orchestral works include the overtures “ Thalia ” and “ Melpomene,” and “ Rip Van Winkle ” ; also “ A Pastorale Prelude,” “ Jubilee,” “ Noel,” and “A Vagrom Ballad”; symphonic sketches for orchestra, and twelve songs from Arlo Bates's “ Told in the Gate.” CHADWICK, John White, clergyman, was born in Marblehead, Mass., Oct. 19 1840; son of John White and Jane (Stanley) Chadwick. In 1864 he was graduated from the Divinity school of Har- vard college, and in the fall of that year became pastor of the Second Unitarian society of Brook- lyn, N. Y. In 1897 this pastorate had continued for one third of a century. In 1888 Harvard conferred upon him the honorary degree of A.M. Among his published writings are: “ Life of N. A. Staples” (1876) ; “ A Book of Poems” (1876) ; “ The Bible of To-day” (1878); “The Faith of Reason” (1879); “Some Aspects of Religion” (1879); “The Man Jesus ” (1881) ; “ Belief and Life ” (1881) ; “ Origin and Destiny” (1883); “In Nazareth Town: a Christmas Fantasy” (1883); “A Daring Faith” (1885); “The Two Voices: Poems of the Moun- tains and the Sea” (1886). and “ Old and New Unitarian Belief” (1894). CHAFFEE, Jerome Bunty, senator, was born in Niagara county, N. Y., April 17, 1825. He re- ceived very little scholastic training. About 1846 he removed to Adrian, Mich., and until 1852 en- gaged in the dry-goods business in that place. He then went to St. Joseph, Mo., whence he re- moved a few years later to Elmwood, Kan. In 1859 he went to Colorado and settled in what afterwards became Denver. He was successful in mining and in other business enterprises. He was elected to the legislature of Colorado in 1861. ’62 and ’63, serving in the last year as speaker of the house. In 1865 he was elected by the state legislature of the proposed state of Colorado as a United State senator. He was elected in 1870 to the 42d Congress as a Republican, and was re- elected to the 43d Congress. On the admission of Colorado as a state he was elected United States senator and took his seat Dec. 4, 1876. He was chairman of the Republican national executive committee of 1884. He died in Salem Centre, Westchester county, N. Y., March 9, 1886. CHAILLlS, Stanford Emerson, physician, was born in Natchez. Miss., July 9, 1830. son of V il- liam Hamilton and Mary E. P. (Stanford) Chaille. About 1633 Pierre Chailld, a youthful Huguenot, [ 598 ] CHAILLE. CHALMERS. having witnessed the massacre of his family, suc- ceeded in escaping to an English vessel at La Rochelle, France, and found refuge in England. About 1700 he settled in Boston, Mass., whence his son Moses emigrated to the eastern shore of Maryland in 1710, became wealthy and died in 1763. Moses, only son of Col. Peter Chaille, was a distinguished patriot in the revolutionary war, a member of the Maryland convention of 1775, a delegate to sign and ratify the U. S. constitution, and a member for over twenty years of the Mary- land legislature. Peter's son, William Hamilton, was born in 1799, emigrated to Natchez, Miss., in 1819, and died there in 1836. Stanford Emerson was educated by private tutors, was graduated at Phillips academy, Andover, in 1847, and at Har- vard college in 1851, receiving his A. M. degree in 1854. He was graduated by the medical depart- ment of the University of Louisiana, now the ■ Tulane university, in 1853. In 1860-’61, he was a student in Paris in the laboratory of Claude Ber- nard, where he renewed his studies in 1866-’67. He was appointed acting surgeon-general of Louisiana in the Confederate army, Feb. 17, 1862, and was made surgeon and medical inspector of the army of Tennessee on the staff of Gen. Braxton Bragg, May 12, 1862. On July 24. 1863, he was appointed hospital surgeon at Atlanta, Ga.. and in January, 1864, surgeon-in-charge of the Ocmulgee hospital, Macon, Ga. In May, 1865, he was captured and paroled, returning to New Orleans in September, 1865. He was resident student of New Orleans charity hospital, 1852-53 ; resident physician U. S. marine hospital, 1853-54; resident physician Circus Street infirmary, 1854r-'60 ; co-editor and pro- prietor New Orleans Medical and Surgical .Jour- nal, 1857-’68; demonstrator of anatomy, medical department University of Louisiana, 1858-67; lecturer on obstetrics, 1865-’66, and professor of physiology and pathological anatomy from 1867. He was lecturer on medical jurisprudence before the international medical congress, Philadelphia, 1876; appointed by Congress one of the twelve experts to investigate the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, and served as secretary of this board, 1878-’79 ; appointed by the national board of health one of the four members of the Havana yellow fever commission, and served as its presi- dent in 1879; appointed by the national board of health its supervising inspector, serving from March, 1881, to October, 1882 ; commissioned by the President one of the civilian members of national board of health, January, 1885; was dean of med- ical department, Tulane university, Louisiana, from March 31, 1885; professor of physiology and hygiene in the collegiate department, 1885-88. He attended Ex-President Jefferson Davis in his last illness, November and December, 1889; ap- pointed professor of physiology, hygiene, and pathological anatomy in the medical department, Tulane university, Louisiana, 1890, and the Louis- iana member of the committee on the organ- ization of the Pan-American medical congress, 1891 -’93. His contributions to medical literature are valuable, especially as treating authoritatively on yellow fever, sanitary science, and hygiene, and cover a period from 1852. He was elected honorary member of the college of physicians, Philadelphia; of the medical and chirurgical fac- ulty of Maryland ; of the academy of medical sciences, Havana, Cuba, and of the Louisiana pharmacy association ; a member of the American medical association, and of many other learned societies. CHALMERS, James Ronald, soldier, was born in Halifax county, Va., Jan. 11, 1831, son of Joseph W. Chalmers, U. S. Senator from Missis- sippi. He was graduated at the South Carolina college in 1851, and in 1853 was admitted to the bar. He was made district attorney in 1858, and in 1861 was a delegate to the secession con- vention. He was commissioned as colonel of the 9th Mississippi regiment, in 1861, and in February, 1862, was promoted brigadier-general, serving with distinction throughout the war. In 1875 and 1876 he was a member of the Mississippi state senate, and in the latter year was elected a representative in the 45th Congress. He was re- elected to the 46th Congress, and was given a certificate of election to the 47th Congress, but the office was contested and won by John R. Lynch. He was elected to the 48th Congress, and claimed election to the 51st, but the seat was given to his opponent. CHALMERS, Joseph W., senator, was born in Halifax county, Va., in 1807, of Scotch parent- age. He studied law in the University of Vir- ginia, and in a lawyer’s office in Richmond, Va, He removed to Jackson, Tenn., in 1835, and prac- tised his profession there for five years, at the end of that time gping to Holly Springs, Miss. He was appointed vice-chancellor in 1842, and held the office during 1842 and ’43. He was ap- pointed United States senator from Mississippi to succeed Robert J. Walker, and served from Dec. 7, 1845, to March 3, 1847. He then resumed his law practice in Holly Springs, Miss., where he died in June, 1853. CHALMERS, Lionel, physician, was born in Campbelltown, Scotland, about 1715. He received his degree in the University of Edinburgh, Scot- land, and soon after removed to America and practised medicine first in Christ church parish, and later in Charleston, S. C. He is the author of “Opisthotonos and Tetanus,” (1754); “Essay on Fevers” (1767), and “An Account of the Weather and Diseases of South Carolina” (1776). He died in Charleston, S. C., in 1777. [599J CHAMBERLAIN. CHAMBERLAIN. CHAMBERLAIN, Alexander Francis, anthro- pologist, was born at Kenninghall, Norfolk, England, Jan. 12, 1865. He was brought by his parents to New York in 1870, whence they removed to Canada in 1873. He was graduated with honors at the University of Toronto in 1886, receiving the degree of A.M. in 1889. From 1887 to 1890 he was fellow in modern languages in University college, Toronto, and from 1890 to 1892 fellow in anthropology in Clark university, Worcester, Mass. In 1892 he received from Clark university the degree of Pli.D., the first granted in anthropology in America. In 1892 he was appointed lecturer on anthropology in Clark university, and lie spent the summer of 1891 among the Kootenay Indians of British Colum- bia, conducting anthropological investigations under the auspices of the British association for the advancement of science. He was elected a member of several anthropological and philo- logical societies, and fellow of the American association for the advancement of science. He devoted especial attention to American aborigi- nal anthropology and linguistics, and contributed to the American Folklore Journal, The Anthro- pologist, Dialect Notes, Modern Language Notes, and the Proceedings of the Canadian Institute. He compiled a dictionary and grammar of the Kootenay Indian language and a comparative Glossary of Algonkian dialects. Among his published papers are: “Eskimo Race and Lan- guage,” “ Modern Languages and Classics in Europe and America since 1880 ” (1891); “ Re- port to the British Association on the Kootenay Indians of S. E. British Columbia ” (1892), and the “Language of the Mississagas of Skiigog ” (1892). CHAMBERLAIN, Daniel Henry, governor of South Carolina, was born in West Brookfield, Mass., June 23, 1835; son of Eli and Achsah (Forbes) Chamberlain. Until he was fourteen years old he worked on his father's farm and at- tended the common schools. In 1849 and 1850 he studied at the Amherst (Mass. ) academy, and in 1854 studied at Phillips Andover academy. In 1857 he completed his preparation for college at the Worcester, Mass., high school, where he taught in 1857— ’58, and in 1859 entered Yale col- lege. He was graduated in 1862 and entered Harvard law school, where he remained until the fall of 1863, when he left to enlist in the army. He received a lieutenant’s commission in the 5th Massachusetts colored cavalry, and served until the close of the war. In January, 1866, he engaged in cotton planting on the Sea Islands, near Charleston, S. C., but was unsuccessful. In 1867 he was chosen a member of the constitu- tional convention called under the reconstruction acts, and took his seat in January, 1868. He was made attorney-general in 1868, and held the office four years, at the end of that time returning to his law practice in Charleston. He achieved distinction at the bar, and in 1874 was elected governor of the state. At the close of his term he returned to New York city. See “ Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Caro- lina,” by Walter Allen (1888). CHAMBERLAIN, Eugene Tyler, journalist, was born at Albany, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1856; son of Frank Chamberlain. He was graduated from the Albany academy in 1874 and from Harvard in 1876, with honors in philosophy. While in college he was associate editor of the Harvard Advocate. He taught in the Albany academy, and in 1879 entered business with his father in charge of the Dunlap elevator. In 1882 he began his daily newspaper work as a member of the staff of the Albany Evening Journal. He rose to the position of associate editor under George Dawson, and remained as such under Harold Frederick and John A. Sleiclier. In 1888 he transferred his services to the Albany Argus, taking the position of assistant editor. During his newspaper career he served as the Albany correspondent for a number of influential news- papers in all parts of the United States. He wrote the life of Grover Cleveland as a campaign volume, aided in organizing the civil service reform association in 1884, and was mentioned for the position of civil service commissioner. In 1892 he assumed the editorship of the Albany Argus. CHAMBERLAIN, Jacob, clergyman, was born at Sharon, Conn., April 13, 1835. He was gradu- ated at the theological seminary of the Reformed Dutch church, New Brunswick, N. J., and at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York city. Immediately upon graduation he went to India as missionary, where he had unusual suc- cess in the fields of Palamainer and Madanapalli. at each of which stations he established a hospital and dispensary. He was chairman of the com- mittee to bring out a new translation of the Old Testament in the Telugu language, and as well of that which had in hand the revising of the Telugu New Testament. He was elected in 1878 to the vice-presidency for India of the American Tract society. Among his published works are : “ The Bible Tested ” (1878), which reached a sale of twenty-one thousand ; “ Winding up a Horse, or Christian Giving ” (1879), and “ Break Cocoa- nuts over the Wheels ” (1885), the last reaching a sale of twenty thousand. CHAMBERLAIN, Jeremiah, educator, was born in Adams county. Pa.. Jan. 5, 1794: son of Col. James Chamberlain, an officer in the revo- lutionary army. He was graduated at Dickinson college in 1814, and after a three-year course at CHAMBERLAIN. CHAMBERLAIN. Princeton theological seminary he was licensed to preach in 1817. He spent a year in the south as a missionary, and in 1818 accepted a call to the church at Bedford, Pa. In 1822 he became president of Centre college, Kentucky, and held the office until 1825, placing the school on a firm basis. During his administration he preached regularly. He resigned the presidency of Centre college in 1825 to accept that of Louisiana col- lege, remaining there until 1828, when he estab- lished a private school in Jackson, La. In 1830 he founded and was elected president of Oakland college, Claiborne county, Miss., to which work he devoted the rest of his life. He received the degree of D.D. from Centre college in 1825. He died by the hand of an assassin, a student of the college, Sept. 5, 1850. CHAMBERLAIN, Joshua Lawrence, gov- ernor of Maine, was born in Brewer, Me. , Sept. 8, 1828 ; son of Joshua Chamberlain, second in com- mand in the Aroostook war; grandson of Joshua Chamberlain, a colonel of the war of 1812. He attended the military academy at Ellsworth, Me., was graduated at Bovvdoin in 1852 and at Bangor theological seminary in 1855. He was professor of rhetoric at Bowdoin from 1856 until 1862. In August of the latter year he entered the Union army as lieutenant-colonel of the 20th Maine volunteers, and served continuously in the 1st division of the 5tli corps, gaining succes- sive promotion and finally commanding the corps. He was mustered out of service Jan. 10, 1866, as brevet major-general. After having engaged in twenty-four pitched battles, being six times wounded, thrice severely, he received promotion as brigadier-general on the field, and -was hon { ored with the direction of the formal surrender of the Confederate forces at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. After the close of the war he resumed his professorship at Bowdoin college, but was elected governor of Maine in 1866, and by three successive re-elections held the office till 1871. On retiring from the governorship, he was elected president of Bowdoin college, and served as such till 1883, in the mean time occupying the chair of mental and moral philosophy, 1874-’79. In 1876 he was appointed major-general of Maine militia ; in 1878 was a United States commissioner to the Paris exhibition; and till 1885 lectured on public law and political economy in Bowdoin college. He removed to New York city in 1886, when he became interested in railroad affairs and was elected president of the Institute of arts of that city. He received from Pennsylvania college the degree of LL.D. in 1866, and from Bowdoin college the same degree in 1869. He is the author of “Maine- Her Place in History” (1877), and “ Education in Europe,” published by the United States government in 1879. CHAMBERLAIN, Mellen, librarian, was born at Pembroke, N. H., June 4, 1821; son of Mellen Chamberlain, a lawyer, who died in 1839. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1844, and at the Dane law school, Cambridge, in 1848, and began to practise law in Boston Jan. 1, 1849. He was a member of both houses of the Massa- chus etts legislature, and when in the sen- ate he was chairman of the judiciary commit- tee. In 1866 he was ap- pointed justice, and afterwards chief jus- tice of the municipal court of the city of Boston, and resigned that office in 1878, on his election as libra- rian-in-chief of the Boston public library. After a popular admin- istration of twelve years, he retired on account of ill-health, Oct. 1, 1890. He conducted a literary club in Chelsea for thirty years, which had no inconsiderable influence on the community, and led to the for- mation of similar clubs in other parts of the country. He prepared several addresses, re- views, and historical papers, which attracted much attention, by the learning, originality, and critical insight they evinced, and gave the author a high place among monographic writers of his- tory. Judge Chamberlain was elected in 1873 a member of the Massachusetts historical society, and its published proceedings evidence the value of his historical papers. He prepared a history of the municipality of Chelsea, which presents novel and interesting phases of judicial proceed- ings in the Massachusetts colony. He received the degree of LL.B. from Harvard in 1848, LL.D. from Dartmouth in 1885, and in 1892 he was elected fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences. Among his printed works are the following: “ The History of Winnisimmet, Rum- ney Marsh and Pullin Point ” (1880) ; “ Daniel Webster as an Orator” (1882); “John Adams the Statesman of the Revolution ” (1884) ; “ Samuel Maverick's Palisade House of 1630 ” (1885); “ The Authentication of the Declaration of Independence ” (1885) ; “ The Journals of Cap- tain Henry Dearborn, 1775-1783 ” (1886-'87) ; “ Notes to Sewall’s Letter Book ” (1886) ; “ Ad- dress at the Dedication of Wilson Hall, Dart- mouth College Library ” (1885) ; “ A Review of McMaster’s History” (1886); “Landscape in Life and in Poetry” (1886); “ Remarks at the Dedication of a Statue of Daniel Webster, at fGOll CHAMBERLIN. CHAMBERS. Concord, N. H. ” (1886); “Address at the Dedi- cation of the Brooks Library Building at Brattle- boro, Vt.” (1887); ■“ The Constitutional Relations of the American Colonies to the English Govern- ment at the Commencement of the American Revolution " (1887); “ The Revolution Impending, with a Critical Essay ” (1888) ; “ Josiah Quincy, the Great Mayor ” (1889) ; “A Review of Palfrey’s History of New England” (1890); “Review of the Belknap Papers” (1891); “The Memorial of Captain Charles Cochrane” (1891); “Governor Winthrop's Estate” (1892), and “The Genesis of the Massachusetts Town.” CHAMBERLAIN, Selah, engineer, was born in Brattleboro, Vt., March 4, 1812. He was a con- tractor for the constructing of the Erie exten- sion of the Pennsylvania canal and of other large canals in the state of Pennsylvania. In 1845 he superintended the improvements made in the Canadian canals along the St. Lawrence river. Returning to his native state he was contractor for the Rutland and Burlington railroad. In 1851 he completed the construction of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroad. In 1871 he was made president of the Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling railroad, of which he was the builder. He died in Cleveland, Ohio, Dec. 27, 1890. CHAMBERLIN, Humphrey Barker, philan- thropist, was born in Manchester, England, Feb. 7, 1847; son of Robert and Eliza (Barker) Cham- berlin. He was brought by his parents to New York when he was five years old, residing first in New York city, and later in Oswego, N. Y., where he was educated in the normal school. In 1862 he entered the service of the New York, Albany and Buffalo (afterwards the Western LI nion ) telegraph company, and was later given an appointment by General Eckert of the military telegraph corps in the U. S. service, and served during the last two years of the civil war. In 1866 he engaged in the drug business at Oswego, from which he retired in 1876, and was chosen general secretary of the young men’s Christian association of Brooklyn, N. Y., but was compelled to resign in 1879 on account of ill-health. Remov- ing to Denver, Col., he entered into the real-estate business, in which he was very successful. In 1889 he was elected president of the Denver chamber -of commerce. He founded the Chamberlin ob- servatory, which he erected and equipped at a cost of sixty thousand dollars, and presented to the University of Denver. He also contributed forty thousand dollars toward the erection of Trinity Methodist Episcopal church and parson- age in Denver, as a memorial to his mother. CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Chrowder, educator, was born near Mattoon, 111., Sept. 25, 1843; son of a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, a pioneer of that state, as well as of Wisconsin, whither he moved when his son was but three years old. He was graduated at Beloit college in 1866, and, after two years as principal of a high school, he spent a year at the University of Michigan in the study of the sciences. In 1868 he accepted the chair of natural science in the state normal school at Whitewater, Wis., and was soon after called to the chair of geology in Beloit college. He was also made assistant geologist of the Wis- consin geological survey. In 1876 he was ap- pointed chief geologist of Wisconsin, and devoted his entire time to the geological survey until it was essentially completed, contributing to its reports numerous valuable papers. In 1882 lie was made chief of the glacial division of the United States geological survey. From 1884 to 1886 he was professor of geology in the Colum- bian university, and in 1887 he became president of the University of Wisconsin. The work of President Chamberlin, as United States geologist, made him one of the recognized authorities on American geology, especially upon the glacial period. He is the author of many papers on the subject, some of which were delivered before the international congress of geologists; the Ameri- can association for the advancement of science, of which he was vice-president, and the Wiscon sin academy of science and arts, of which he was a charter member, and at one time president. In 1882 he received the degree of Pli.D. from the University of Michigan, and in 1883 the Univers- ity of Wisconsin conferred upon him the same degree. In 1887 Beloit college, the Columbian university and the University of Michigan, each gave him the degree of LL.D. He made val- uable contributions to the reports of the geo- logical survey of Wisconsin, the bulletin of the geographical society of America, and the reports of the United States geological survey. CHAMBERS, Alexander, soldier, was born in New York in 1832. He was graduated at West Point in 1853, and served in garrison and on frontier duty until 1855, when he escorted Cap- tain Pope's artesian-well expedition in New Mexico, and in 1856-'57 was engaged in the war against the Seminole Indians in Florida. He was on frontier duty on the Utah expedition, 1857-‘60, being promoted 1st lieutenant Jan. 19. 1859. On May 14, 1861, he was promoted captain and transferred from the 5th to the 18th infantry regiment. On March 12, 1862, he engaged in the Tennessee campaign, and was twice wounded in the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and once at the battle of Iuka, Sept. 19, 1862. For his con- duct in these battles he was brevetted lieutenant colonel. He then served in the Yicksburg cam- paign, and on July 4, 1863, received the brevet rank of colonel for his gallantry during the siege of Vicksburg, and was brigadier-general of vol- |6021 CHAMBERS. CHAMBERS. unteers, 1863-'64. He served on Sherman's raid to Meridian, and commanded a battalion at Look- out Mountain, Tenn., from Jan. 15, to Aug. 25, 1865. On March 13, 1865, he was bre vetted brig- adier-general, U. S. volunteers, for gallant ser- vices in the battle of Champion Hills, Feb. 4, 1864, and at Meridian, Miss., Feb. 14, 1864. He was judge -advocate of the district of Nebraska in the early part of 1866, and of the department of the Platte until July 31, 1867. He was promoted major, March 5, 1867, and lieutenant - colonel October, 1876, serving in the interim on garrison and frontier duty. From July, 1877, to Sept. 13, 1878, he was military attache of the U. S. lega- tion at Constantinople, Turkey, and in Novem- ber, 1878, was stationed at Fort Townsend, Wash. He died at San Antonio, Tex., Jan. 2, 1888. CHAMBERS, Ezekiel F., senator, was born in Kent county, Md., Feb. 28, 1788. He was graduated at Washington college in 1805, and in 1808 was admitted to the bar. He served in the war of 1812, attaining the rank of brigadier-gen- eral. In 1822 he was a member of the state sen- ate, and was elected United States senator from Maryland as a Whig, in the place of Edward Lloyd, resigned, taking his seat Feb. 22, 1826, and serving until 1834, when he resigned. In that year he was appointed presiding judge of the second judicial court of Maryland and a judge of the court of appeals, holding the posi- tions until 1851, when, by a change of constitu- tion, the judiciary of Maryland became elective. He was offered the position of secretary of the navy by President Fillmore in 1852, but declined on acount of feeble health. He was defeated as the Democratic candidate for governor of Mary- land in 1864. He received the degree of LL.D. from Yale college in 1833, and from Delaware college in 1852. He died at Chestertown, Md., Jan. 30, 1867. CHAMBERS, George, jurist, was born in Chambersburg, Pa., Feb. 24, 1786. The town was founded by his grandfather. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1804, and was admitted to the bar in 1807, beginning practice at Chambers- burg. In 1833 he was elected a representative from Pennsylvania in the 23d Congress as a Whig, and was re-elected to the 24th Congress, serving until March 3, 1837. In the latter year he was a member of the state constitutional con- vention of Pennsylvania. He was appointed a justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, April 12, 1851, and occupied that position until it was vacated by constitutional provision. He wrote a history of the Cumberland Valley, the manuscript of which was destroyed when the Confederate troops burned his house during their invasion of Pennsylvania. He died in Chambers- burg, Pa., March 25, 1866. f 603 J CHAMBERS, George Stuart, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 12, 1841 ; son of John and Margaret (Bready) Chambers. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1862 and served as a private in the 118th Pennsylvania regiment during the emergency, after which he acted as assistant secretary of the United States Christian commission, 1863-'65. He was ordained in the Presbyterian ministry and was pastor of Ebenezer, later Murray Hill, church, New York city, 1867-'79, and in 1879 became pastor of the Pine street church, Harris- burg, Pa. The University of Pennsylvania gave him the degree of A.M. in 1862, and that of D.D. in 1888. He published several sermons CHAMBERS, Henry, senator, was born in Lunenburg county, Va., in 1785; brother of Judge Edward Chambers. He practised medi- cine in Alabama, and served during the Mexican war as surgeon on the staff of General Jackson. In 1819 he was a member of the state constitu- tional convention. He was elected U. S. senator, serving from Dec. 5, 1825, until his death, which occurred in Mecklenburg county, N. C., Jan. 25, 1826. CHAMBERS, John, jurist, was born about 1700; son of Admiral William Chambers. He was licensed an attorney-at-law in New York April 7, 1723 He was married March 26, 1737, to Anne, daughter of Col. Jacobus and Eva (Philipse) Van Cortlandt of Yonkers, N. Y. On Nov. 5, 1739, he was appointed clerk of the com- mon council of New York, and on July 30, 1751, he was commissioned second justice of the supreme court, taking his seat May 8, 1752. On May 1. 1753, he resigned his office as clerk of the common council. In 1757 he was a member of the Congress at Albany, N. Y., convened for the pur- pose of forming a Confederate union of the Brit- ish American colonies. In 1760 he failed to receive the appointment to the chief-justiceship of the state, made vacant by the death of Judge DeLancey, to which he felt entitled by reason of rank, and on Nov. 19, 1761, he resigned his seat on the bench. He was a member of the council from 1752 until his death, April 10, 1764. CHAMBERS, John, representative, was born in New Jersey, Dec. 4, 1779. He removed to Ken- tucky with his father in 1792, and was admitted to the bar in 1800, practising his profession in Washington, Ky. He served in the war of 1812 as aid-de-camp to General Harrison, and was present at the battle of the Thames. In 1828 he was elected a representative from Kentucky in the 20th Congress, to fill the vacancy caused by Thomas Metcalfe’s resignation, and served until 1829. He was elected to the 24th and 25th con- gresses as a Whig, serving from Dec. 7, 1835, to March 3, 1839. He was appointed governor of CHAMBERS. CHAMBERS. the territory of Iowa in 1841, holding the office until 1846. In 1849 he was a commissioner to negotiate a treaty with the Sioux Indians. He died near Paris, Ky., Sept. 21, 1852. CHAMBERS, Julius, editor, was born in Belle- fontaine, Ohio, Nov. 21, 1850; son of Joseph and Sarabella Chambers. He attended the Ohio Wes- leyan university from 1866 to 1868, was gradu- ated at Cornell university in 1870, and accepted a position as reporter on the New York Tribune. In 1873 he became connected with the Herald, and served on this paper as re- porter, special cor- respondent, city ed- /. itor, foreign editor during the Turco- Russian war, and as night editor, accom- plishing feats in jour- nalism which gained him a national repu- tation. During 1878- '79 he attended Col- umbia law school. In 1886 he was made / 1 > managing editor of the Herald., and in May, 1887, established in Paris the only successful European edition of the Herald. In 1889 he accepted the same position with the New York World, on which paper he repeated his former success. He is the author of “ A Mad World and its Inhab- itants ” (1877), the experiences of the author who, feigning insanity, was confined in an in- sane asylum in New York; “On a Margin; The Story of a Hopeless Patriot ” (1884), and “ Lovers Four and Maidens Five’’ (1886); “Missing, A Tale of the Sargasso Sea ” (1896) ; “ The Rascal Club ”(1897). Mr. Chambers was the discoverer (1872) of Elk lake, south of Lake Itasca, which he claimed to be the source of the Mississippi river. CHAMBERS, Talbot Roland, physician, was born at Raritan, N. J., June 27, 1855; son of Tal- bot Wilson and Louise Mercer (Frelinghuysen) Chambers. He was graduated at the University of the city of New Yoi’k in 1875; pursued his medical course at the College of physicians and surgeons, 1875-’78, graduating with the degree of M.D. He was house physician at the New York hospital and provisional assistant in the woman’s hospital. During 1879— ’81 he was at- tending physician at the children’s dispensary. Later he served as surgeon on the steamer Acapulco, Pacific mail steamship company. After 1881 he practised medicine at East Orange and at Jersey city, N. J. In 1885 he was appointed township physician and health officer of East Orange, and treasurer of the Orange mountain medical society. He was made a member of the practitioners’ club, Newark, N. J., and of the New York pathological society. He received the de- gree of B.S. from the University of the city of New York in 1878. CHAMBERS, Talbot Wilson, clergyman, was born at Carlisle, Pa., Feb. 2, 1819; son of Dr. W. C. and Mary (Ege) Chambers. He attended Dickinson college, was graduated at Rutgers col- lege in 1834, and studied at the theological semin- aries of New Brunswick and Princeton (1836-'37). In 1837-’39 he was engaged in private teaching in Mississippi. His first pastorate was at the second Reformed Dutch church of Raritan at Somerville, N. J., where he was ordained and installed Jan. 22, 1840, and which he served until Dec. 2, 1849, when he was called to be one of the pastors of the collegiate Reformed Dutch church in New York city, and was stationed at the Lafayette place church. He was one of the American committee on the revision of the Bible, and for many years the chairman of the American section of the churches connected with the Reformed alliance. In 1875 he became lecturer at the New Brunswick theological seminary, N. J., and was made a trustee of Rutgers college in 1868, and of Colum- bia college in 1881. He received the degree of S.T.D. from Columbia in 1853, and that of LL.D. from Rutgers in 1888. He wrote: “Memorial of Theo. Frelinghuysen,” “The Psalter a Wit- ness to the Divine Origin of the Bible ” (1876), and “Companion to the Revised Old Testa- ment.” He died in New York city, Feb. 3, 1896. CHAMBLISS, John Randolph, soldier, was born in Hicksford, Greenville county, Va., Jan. 23, 1833; son of John R., and grandson of Lewis H., Chambliss. In 1853 he was graduated at West Point, and until March 4, 1854, was sta- tioned at the cavalry school, Carlisle, Pa., when he resigned and assumed the occupation of a planter at Hicksford, Va. From 1856 to 1861 he served as a major on the governor's staff, and from 1858 to '61 as colonel of militia. At the opening of the civil war he entered the Confed erate service, was first colonel of an infantry regiment and later colonel of the 13th Virginia cavalry. He was promoted to the rank of brig- adier-general, and was killed while leading a cav airy charge at Deep Bottom, near Richmond, Va. Aug. 16, 1864. CHAMBLISS, William Parham, soldier, was born in Chamblissburg, Va., March 20, 1827. He was educated for the law, and served in the war with Mexico as 2d lieutenant in the 1st Tennessee volunteers from 1846 until July, 1847, when he was promoted captain of the 3d Tennessee volun- teers. At the close of the war he practised his profession in Pulaski, Tenn., 1850— ’55 ; edited the [fiotl CHAMPE. CHAMPLIN. Citizen , a Democratic newspaper, 1850-’55 and was a member of the state legislature, 1853-N54. In March, 1855, he was given a commission as 1st lieutenant 2d cavalry, United States army, and stationed in Texas. In April, 1861, he was pro- moted captain, and in August of the same year was transferred to the 5th cavalry, served in the civil war during the Manassas and peninsular campaigns, and was brevetted major May 4, 1862, for meritorious conduct at Hanover Court House, Va. He was severely wounded at the battle of Gaines’ Mills, June 27, 1862, and, after lying exposed on the battlefield for four days, was taken to Libby prison. He received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for his gallantry at Gaines’ Mills, and after his release from Libby he served as instructor of cavalry at West Point, N. Y., 1862-'64. He was promoted major in the 4th cavalry March 30, 1864, and served as special inspector of cavalry in the division of the Missis- sippi, 1864-’65. He accompanied his regiment to Texas in 1865, and on Nov. 1, 1867, resigned from the army to engage in business in Canada. He was afterwards reinstated in the army as major, and was retired Dec. 21, 1886, by act of Congress. He died Feb. 22, 1887. CHAMPE, John, soldier, was born in Loudon county, Va., in 1752. He was a sergeant-major of cavalry, and was employed by Major Lee, at Washington’s request, to endeavor to capture Benedict Arnold. To accomplish his purpose he deserted from the American lines and was received by the British at Paulus Hook. His plan to seize Arnold, gag him, and carry him to a boat which he had ready, was frustrated by that general’s change of quarters on the night fixed for the event, and the removal of Cliampe to a trans- port, in which, with the legion to which he was attached, he was sent to Virginia. He escaped from the British army and joined Greene's forces, but was exempted from further service by Gen- eral Washington, lest he should be captured as a spy. He died in Kentucky about 1798. CHAMPLIN, Christopher Grant, senator, was born in Newport, R. I., April 12, 1768. He was a nephew of George Champlin, born 1738, died 1809, was graduated from Harvard college in 1786, and afterwards studied at St. Omer, France. He served as a representative in Congress from May 15, 1797, to March 3, 1801. He was chosen to the United States senate in place of Francis Malbone, deceased, took his seat Jan. 12, 1810, and resigned in 1811. He was president of the Rhode Island bank up to the time of his death, which occurred at Newport, R. I., March 28, 1840. CHAMPLIN, James Tift, educator, was born in Colchester, Conn., June 9, 1811. He was grad- uated as valedictorian of his class from Brown university in 1834, and served as a tutor in that institution from 1835 to 1838, when he became pastor* of the Baptist church, Portland, Me., resigning his pastorate in 1841 to accept the chair of ancient languages in Waterville college, which he held until 1857, when he became president of the college, so remaining until 1872, when he set- tled at Portland, Me., and occupied himself with literary work. He prepared English and Greek grammars and other educational works, and from 1850 was a contributor to the Christian Review. He published: “Demosthenes on the Crown” (1843) : “ Demosthenes’ Select Orations ” (1848) ; “ HCschines on the Crown” (1850); “ A Text- book of Intellectual Philosophy ” (1860) ; “First Principles of Ethics” (1861); “A Text-book of Political Economy ” (1868) ; “ Scripture Reading- Lessons with Notes” (1876); “Constitution of the United States, with brief comments ” (1880). He died in Portland, Me., March 15, 1882. CHAMPLIN. John Denison, author, was born at Stonington. Conn., Jan. 29, 1834; son of John Denison and Sylvia (Bostwick) Champlin. He attended the Hopkins grammar school at New Haven, was graduated from Yale in 1856, and received the degree of M.A. in 1866. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1859, and practised in New York city as a member of the law firm of Hoi lister, Cross & Champlin. In 1860 he removed to New Orleans to begin the practice of law in that city, but at the opening of the civil war re- turned to New York, and from 1862 to ’64 was engaged in general literary work. In 1864 he became associate editor of the Standard, Bridge- port, Conn., and in 1865 established a Democratic paper entitled the Sentinel, in Litchfield, Conn., which he edited for four years. In 1869 he sold it and removed to New York city. In 1872-'73 he wrote, from the journal of J. F. Loubat, a “ Nar- rative of the Mission to Russia in 1866 ” of the Hon. Gustavus Vasa Fox. assistant secretary of the navy, who was sent with a fleet by the U. S. government to congratulate Alexander II. on his escape from assassination. In 1873 he served as a reviser and in 1875 became associate editor of The American Cyclopaedia. He is the author of “ Young Folk's Cyclopaedia of Common Things" (1879): “Young Folk’s Catechism of Common Things ” (1880); “Young Folk’s Cyclo- paedia of Persons and Places” (1880); “Young Folk’s Astronomy” (1881); “Young Folk’s History of the War for the Union” (1881); “ Chronicle of the Coach” (1886) ; and edited Scribner's “ Cyclopaedia of Painters and Paint- ing ” (4 vols., 1887), and “ Cyclopaedia of Music and Musicians ” (1890). He was associate editor of the “ Standard Dictionary ” in 1892-'94. and editor (with Rossiter Johnson and George Cary Eggleston) of “ Liber Scriptorum,” the book of the Authors’ club (1893). CHAMPLIN. CHAMPNEY . CHAHPLIN, Stephen, naval officer, was born in South Kingston, R. I., Nov. 17, 1789; Son of Stephen and Elizabeth (Perry) Champlin. In 1794 his parents removed to Lebanon, Ky., where he received a common-school education. At the age of sixteen he went to sea and at twenty-two was captain of a merchantman. May 22, 1812, he was appointed a sailing-master in the navy and placed in command of a gunboat under Commo- dore Perry at Newport, and afterwards at Sacketts Harbor. He was in command of the Scor- pion at the battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813, the Scorpion firing the first shot on the American side, September 13, Champlin captured the Little Belt, and fired the last shot of the engagement. In 1814 he commanded the Tigress and participated in the blockade of Port Mackinac. On the 13th of September the Tigress and Seorjiion were sur- prised and captured by the British. Champlin re- ceiving a severe wound in the thigh, which crippled him for life. He was held as a prisoner at Mackinac for more than a month and was then paroled. He was promoted to a lieutenancy Dec. 9, 1814, and in 1815 was attached to Commo- dore Perry’s flagship, the Java. From 1816 to 1818 he was in command of the Porcupine, and during 1816 was employed in surveying the Canadian line. He served on the receiving ship Fulton from 1824 to 1834, when he settled in Buffalo, N. Y. He was promoted captain, Aug. 4, 1850; was placed on the reserve list Sept. 13, 1855, and was raised to the rank of commodore on the reserve list, April 4, 1867. He died in Buffalo, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1870. CHAMPLIN, Stephen Gardner, soldier, was born at Kingston, N. Y.. July 1. 1797. He acquired his education at Rhinebeck academy, N. Y., and was admitted to the bar at Albany, in 1850. He settled in the practice of his profession at Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1853, and later held office as judge of the recorder’s court, and prosecuting attorney of Kent county. In 1861 he was com- missioned major of the 3d Michigan infantry, of, which lie was promoted colonel. October 22. He participated in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Groveton.and Antietam. He was severely wounded at Fair Oaks, June 1, 1862, and as a result was incapacitated for active service after the battle of Antietam, and commanded the re- cruiting station at Grand Rapids upon his promo- tion to the rank of brigadier-general, Nov. 29. 1862. He died at Grand Rapids, Mich., Jan. 24, 1864. CHAMPNEY, Benjamin, painter, was born in New Ipswich, N. II.. Nov. 20, 1817, son of Ben- jamin and Rebecca (Brook) Champney. In 1834 he was graduated at Appleton academy, New Ipswich, and removed to Boston, where he was employed in a lithographic establishment, 1837-'40. He studied at the Louvre life 1841-46. In 1847-48 he painted his notable pano- rama of the Rhine. He reproduced many scene, of the White mountains and of the Swiss Alps. In 1858 he was elected president of the Boston art club. CHAMPNEY, Elizabeth Williams, author, was born in Springfield, Ohio, Feb. 6, 1850; daughter of Samuel Barned and Caroline (John- son) Williams. She was graduated at Vassar col- lege in 1869; married James Wells Champney, and in 1876 began to write stories, poems, and romances for the periodicals; her first book, “ In the Sky Garden,” also appearing in that year. She contributed to leading periodicals a series of papers embodying her observations in foreign lands, the most notable being “ A Neglected Cor- ner of Europe,” and another, “In the Footsteps of Fortuny and Regnault.” Her works comprise : “Bourbon Lilies,” “Rosemary and Rue,” “All Around a Palette,” “Great-Grandmother Girls in New France,” “Three Vassar Girls Abroad,” “The Witch Winnie” series, and a novel, “Sebia’s Tangled Web.” Her books were illus- trated by her husband. CHAMPNEY, James Wells (“Champ”), artist, was born in Boston, July 16, 1843. He studied in the Lowell institute, Boston, Mass., and at the age of sixteen entered the shop of a wood en- graver in that city. He served in the 45th Mass- achusetts volunteers during 1863, and afterwards taught drawing in the school of Dr. Dio Lewis, at Lexington. Mass. In 1866 he visited Europe, studying in Paris and at Ecouen under Edouard Frfere. In 1868 he spent some time in the acad- emy at Antwerp, then returned to Paris, where, in 1869, he painted his first genre picture. He spent some time in Rome, Italy, in 1869-70. He employed 1873 in visiting the southern states, making sketches to illustrate Edward King’s “ The Great South.” In 1885 he first turned his attention to pastel painting. It was as a " pastel- list ” that he became best known. His lectures before the leading art clubs on “ Pastels and Pas tellists ” and the various exhibitions of his famous copies of the old masters did much to promote the growth of art in the United States. His pic- tures of Lawrence Barrett, the Hon. John Bige- low, Robert Collyer, and Bishop Williams of Connecticut, are splendid exponents of the possi- bilities of pastel painting. He spent the summer of 1893 in the gallery at Versailles, producing his delightful replicas of the French court beauties, which were later exhibited in New York, Phil- adelphia, Boston, Chicago, Detroit. Milwaukee, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. He exhibited at the World’s Columbian exposition at Chicago, IH. (1893), and at the Paris salon of 1894. Mr. Champney was a graceful lecturer on art. illus- his talks with rapid and effective sketches. school in Paris trating [ 606 ] CHANCELLOR. CHANCHE. In 1882 he was elected an associate member of the National academy of design, and was early made a member of the American society of water color painters. After 1876 his studios were situated in New York city, and at Deerfield, Mass. Among the more noted of his early pictures are : ‘ ‘ Boy Shelling Peas” (1869); ‘-The Sere Leaf” (1874); “Where the Two Paths Meet” (1880); “Song without Words ” (1886). Among his portraits in pastel are noted those of Mrs. Egerton, Mrs. Rhinelander Stewart, Grace Kimball as “Betty Einley,” Mary Mannering as “ Daphne,” and Mrs. Henry Munn. His copy of “Moliere” is owned by the Players’ club. CHAMPNEYS, Benjamin, jurist, was born in Bridgeton, Cumberland county, N. J., in January, 1800. He was educated by a private tutor and en- tered the college of New Jersey but did not grad- uate. He was admitted to the bar April 2, 1818. From 1824 to 1830 he served as deputy attorney- general of the mayor’s court, Lancaster, Pa. ; from 1830 to 1833 as deputy attorney -general of the county ; and from 1839 to 1842 as president judge of the second judicial district. In 1825 and in 1828 he sat in the lower house of the state legis- lature, and from 1843 to 1846 in the state senate. He became attorney -general of the state in 1846, and resigned that office in 1848. He was elected to the state house of representatives in 1863, and to the state senate in 1864, '65, and '66. He left the Democratic party at the time of the civil war and joined the Republicans. He died at Lancas- ter, Pa., Aug. 9, 187i. CHANCELLOR, Charles Williams, physician, was born in Spottsylvania county, Va., Feb. 19, 1833. He attended the college at Georgetown, D. C., and the University of Virginia. In 1853 he received his M.D. degree at Jefferson medical college, and removed to Alexandria, Va., where he practised medicine until the breaking out of the civil war. In 1861 he was appointed medical director on the staff of General Pickett of the Confederate army, and served in this capacity throughout the war, removing at its close to Memphis, Tenn., where he practised for three years. In 1868 he accepted the chair of anatomy at Baltimore (Md.) university, became dean of the faculty in 1869, and professor of surgery in 1870. He severed his connection with the uni- versity in 1873 to return to general practice, arid in 1876 he was made secretary of the state board of health. He was elected a fellow of the Royal society of London. Among his writings are: “ Report upon the Condition of the Prisons, Reformatories and Charitable Institutions of Maryland” (1875) ; “ Mineral Waters and Seaside Resorts” (1883); and monographs on “Drainage of the Marsh Lands of Maryland ” (1884) ; and “Heredity” (1886). CHANCELLOR, Eustathius, physician, was born at Cliancellorsville, Va., Aug. 29, 1854; son of Dr. J. Edgar and Josephine (Anderson) Chan- cellor. He entered the University of Virginia in 1871, and in 1874 changed from the classical to the medical department, from which he was. graduated in 1876. He attended a course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, was appointed prosector at the University of Mary- land, and in 1877 was graduated from that institution. He became resident physician at the university hospital in 1878. In 1879 he began general practice in co-partnership with his father. In 1885 he was instrumental in founding the Beaumont hospital medical college, in which he was a professor from 1885 to 1890. In 1892 he was elected secretary of the national association of military surgeons. He is the author of: “ Researches upon the Treatment of Delirium Tremens ” (1881) ; “ Gonorrhoeal Articular Rheu- matism ” (1883) ; “ Woman in her Social Sphere ” (1885); “Marriage Philosophy” (1886); “The Correlation of Physical and Vital Forces ” (1887), and “ The Pacific Slope and its Scenery ” (1890). CHANCHE, John Mary Joseph, R. C. bishop, was born at Baltimore, Md., Oct. 4, 1795. At the age of eleven he entered St. Mary's seminary; he received the tonsure from Archbishop Carroll at the age of fifteen, and was ordained June 5, 1819. He was a member of the Sulpitian order, and continued his duties as a professor in St. Mary’s, of which he became president in 1834. He declined the position of coadjutor bishop of Boston, as well as of New York which he was offered later. He was master of ceremonies at the second provincial council of Baltimore, was one of the promoters of several others, and chief pro- moter of the first national council. Dr. Clianche was appointed bishop of the newly erected see of Natchez, and was consecrated March, 11, 1841, in the cathedral at Baltimore. He built and dedicated the cathedral, made laborious visi- tations of his diocese, organizing new churches and parishes, and did all that zeal and untiring energy could compass in so large a field of labor. His missions among the colored people were very successful. In 1848 he founded St. Mary's orphan asylum and school under the charge of sisters of charity from Emmittsburg. In 1848 he visited France to make efforts for the coalescence of the sisters of charity in the United States with those of France, in which design he succeeded. He built during his episcopacy eleven churches, and established thirty-two missionary stations. He attended the first national council at Baltimore, and on his way home was stricken with his mortal sickness, and died at Frederick, Md., in 1853. [ 607 ] CHANDLER. CHANDLER. CHANDLER, Abiel, philanthropist, was born in Concord, N. H., Feb. 26, 1777; son of Daniel and Sarah (Merrill) Chandler, and grandson of Capt. John Chandler, one of the original propri- etors of Concord. At the age of twenty-one he was given a tract of forty acres of land in Stowe, Me. , on the condition that he would settle there. He worked on his farm in summer, attending the Fryeburg, and afterwards Phillips, academy in winter, and was graduated at Harvard in 1806. He then taught school for nearly twelve years, and later became a commission merchant in Bos- ton, acquiring wealth and distinction. He retired in 1845. In his will, after providing generously for his immediate family, and be- queathing legacies to more than fifty nephews and nieces, he left fifty thousand dollars to Dart- mouth college to establish a scientific school, and the residue of his estate, amounting to twenty- five thousand dollars, to the asylum for the insane in New Hampshire. He died in Walpole, N. H., March 22, 1851. CHANDLER, Charles Frederick, chemist, was born at Lancaster, Mass., Dec. 6, 1836. He studied at the Lawrence scientific school of Har- vard university, and then at Gottingen aixd Berlin, gaining his Pli.D. degree in 1856. In 1857 he was appointed professor of chemistry in Union col- lege, removed to New York, 1864, and joined Thomas Egleston and Francis L. Vinton inoi'gan- izing the Columbia college school of mines, in which he was dean and professor of analytical and applied chemistry. He became professor of chemistry in the college of pharmacy in 1866, and adjunct professor of chemistry and medical jurisprudence in the college of physicians and surgeons in 1872, taking the full chair in 1876. He was chemist to the New York city board of health and its president for several years. Among the beneficial results of his work in this field were the careful inspection of milk, improve- ments in the markets, the supervision of slaugh- ter-houses aixd their restriction to prescribed regions on the rivers, restrictive legislation con- cerning the quality of kerosene and the tene- ment-house act. His connection with the state board of health was also fruitful in restraining the adulteration of food. He investigated the water supply of New York in 1866, of Brooklyn in 1868 and 1870, of Albany in 1872-'85, and of Yonkers in 1874; reported on waters for locomo- tives in 1865; analyzed the springs at Saratoga in 1863, and at Ballston in 1869, and directed analyses for several geological surveys. He is the author of contributions to the American Jour- nal of Science , the American Chemist, which he conducted with his brother, Prof. W. H. Chan- dler, from 1870 to 1877; the reports of the health department and the national academy of sci- ences. He presided in 1884 at the chemical con- vention which assembled at Northumberland, Pa., to commemorate Priestley's discovery of oxygen. He was made a member of the national academy of sciences in 1874, and became a life member of the chemical societies of London, Ber- lin, Paris and New York. He received the degree of M.D. from the Univei'sity of New York, and that of LL.D. from Union college, both in 1873. CHANDLER, Charles Henry, educator, was born in New Ipswich, N. H., Oct. 25, 1840; son of James and Nancy (White) Chandler. His father was a nxember of the legislatures of Massachu- setts and New Hampshire, and a direct descend- ant of Roger Chandler of Concord, Mass., who came from Plymouth colony in 1658, and was probably a son of Roger Chandler of Duxbury, and Isabella, daughter of James Chilton of the Mayflower. Charles H. Chandler was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1868, taught in the New Ipswich Appleton academy, at the Kimball union academy, aixd was principal of the Thet- ford academy and of that at St. Johnsburv (Vt.). In 1871 he was made professor of physics and chemistry at Antioch college, and held the chair until 1877, when he became professor of mathe- matics and physics. In 1881 he was made a professor at Ripon (Wis. ) college, at first holding the chair of chemistry and physics, afterwards changed to that of mathematics and physics, and after 1889 to that of mathematics alone. CHANDLER, Elizabeth Margaret, author, was boi'ii at Centi'e, near Wilmington, Del., Dec. 24, 1807 ; daughter of Thomas and Margaret (Evans) Chandler. She was taken to Philadel- phia at an early age, and educated in Quaker schools until she was thirteen years old. She began to write verses when in her ninth year, and at the age of sixteen became a frequent contributor to the press. In 1824 she wrote “ The Slave-Ship,” for which she was awarded the third premium by the Casket. This was copied into the Genius of Universal Emancipation, to which paper she was invited to contribute fre- quently. In 1829 she became editor of the “ Ladies’ Repository,” a department in that magazine, and wrote chiefly on the subject of emancipation, being the first American woman author to make this subject the principal theme of her writings. In 1830 she removed to 5liclxi- gan, settling near Tecumseh, where sl'xe contin- ued to write for the press. She is the author of “ Essays, Philanthropic and Moral ” (1836), and “ Poetical Works ” (1845, new ed., 1886). See “ The Poetical Works of Elizabeth Margaret Chandler ; with a Memoir of her Life and Char- acter ” by Benjamin Lundy (1845). She died at “ Hazel bank,” near Tecumseh, Lenawee county. Mich.. Nov. 2, 1834. >s] CHANDLER. CHANDLER. CHANDLER, John, senator, was born at Epping, N. H., Feb. 1, 1762; son of Joseph and Lydia (Eastman) Chandler. In 1776 he offered himself as a recruit in the army and served out two enlistments as a soldier. In 1777 he removed to Monmouth, in a part of Massachusetts which afterwards became Maine. From 1805 to 1809 lie represented Massachusetts in the 9tli and 10th congresses. In 1808 he was a specially appointed sheriff of Kennebec county to settle the disputes and quell the rising rebellion of the district. He was made a major-general in the militia and served during the war of 1812. On July 8, 1812, he was commissioned brigadier-general. He was a member of the general court of Massachusetts in 1819, and in the same year was a member of the convention which formed the constitution of Maine. In 1820 he was president of the Maine senate, resigning in the fall of that year to become one of the first two U. S. senators from Maine after its separation from Massachusetts. In 1822 he was one of the committee that selected Augusta as the capital of Maine. From 1829 to 1837 he was collector of the port of Portland, removing to Augusta in the latter year. He was the principal founder of Monmouth academy, and from 1821 to 1838 was a trustee of Bowdoin college. He died in Augusta, Me., Sept. 25, 1841. CHANDLER, Joseph Ripley, representative, was born in Kingston, Mass., Aug. 25, 1792. He was educated in the public schools of Kingston, and was at one time a school teacher. He moved to Philadelphia in 1815 and opened a school, which he conducted for eleven years. In 1822 he became an editorial writer on the United States Gazette , and in 1826 assumed the sole edi- torship. In 1847 he resigned his position on ac- count of ill-health. He was prominent in local politics, and in 1848 was elected a representa- tive from Pennsylvania in the 31st Congress as a Whig. He was re-elected to the 32d and 33d congresses, serving from Dec. 3, 1849, to March 3, 1855. He was appointed by President Bu- chanan minister to the two Sicilies, and served in this office from 1858 to 1860. Among his pub- lished writings are: “ A Grammar of the English Language ” (1821) ; “ The Pilgrims of the Rock ” (1846); “Civil and Religious Equality ” (1855), and “Outlines of Penology” (1874). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 10, 1880. CHANDLER, Ralph, naval officer, was born in New York city, Aug. 23, 1829. He entered the U. S. navy as midshipman Sept. 27, 1845, served during the Mexican war, was promoted passed midshipman, Oct. 6, 1851 ; master, Sept. 15, 1855 ; and lieutenant, Sept. 16, 1855. He was present at the battle of Port Royal, and in 1862 took part in the capture of Norfolk, Va., being on the San Jacinto of the North Atlantic blockading squad- ron. On July 16, 1862, he was promoted lieuten- ant-commander, and placed in command of the Maumee. He was advanced to the rank of com- mander, July 25, 1866; captain, June 5, 1874, and commodore, March 1, 1881. Later in 1884 he was placed in command of the Brooklyn, N. Y., navy yard, and Oct. 6, 1886, was promoted rear- admiral, and assigned to the command of the Asiatic squadron. He died in Hong Kong, China, Feb. 11, 1889. CHANDLER, Thomas Bradbury, clergyman, was born in Woodstock, Conn., April 26, 1726: son of Capt. William and Jemima (Bradbury) Chandler. He was graduated at Yale college in 1745, and in 1747 was appointed, by the vener- able society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, catechist in Elizabethtown. N J. In the summer of 1751 he went to England and was admitted into holy orders, returning in November to become a missionary in New Eng- land. In 1767 he published “ An Appeal to the Public in Behalf of the Church of England in America,” which gave rise to a long controversy, but did not result in any definite decision. At the outbreak of the revolutionary troubles in America, Dr. Chandler warmly espoused the royal cause. He soon found his position un- pleasant, and in 1775 left for England, where he remained until 1785. In 1785 he returned to the United States. He retained the rectorship at Elizabethtown, but was never able to resume his parochial duties. In 1786 he was invited to become bishop for the province of Nova Scotia, but declined. In 1766 the University of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of D. D. He died at Elizabethtown, N. J., June 17, 1790. CHANDLER, William Eaton, statesman, was born in Concord, N. H., Dec. 28, 1835; son of Nathan S. and Mary A. Chandler. He was edu- cated at the academy of Thetford, Vt., and Pem- broke, N. H., and was graduated at the Harvard law school in 1854. In 1856 he was admitted to the bar and began to practice in Concord, i d en t i f y ing himself with the Republican party, which was start- ed in that year. He was appointed law re- porter of the New Hampshire supre m e court in 1859, and pub- lished five volumes of the reports. He was elected a member of the state legislature in . 1862, and was speaker ^ of the house in 1864-’65. He was sent by the navy department in the latter part of 1864 as [609J CHANDLER. CHANDLER. special counsel in the navy yard frauds, and his conduct in the matter led to his appointment by President Lincoln as first solicitor and judge- advocate-general of the navy department. From June 17, 1865, to Nov. 30, 1867, he was first assist- ant to Hugh McCulloch, secretary of the treas- ury. After his resignation he practised law in New Hampshire and Washington, D. C. He was elected a delegate-at-large to the national Repub- lican convention in 1868, and was subsequently chosen secretary of the national committee, holding the position during Grant's administra- tions. Meanwhile he had become owner of the largest interest in the Statesman, a weekly, and the Monitor, a daily Republican paper of New Hampshire. In 1876 he was a member of the New Hampshire convention which met to revise the state constitution. In 1880 he was elected a delegate to the Chicago convention. He was nominated by President Garfield as solicitor- general in the department of justice, but on account of his radical views on the southern question his confirmation was opposed by Attor- ney-General MacVeagh and by all the Demo- cratic senators, and was rejected on May 20 by a majority of five votes. He was elected a mem- ber of the New Hampshire legislature in 1880, and served during 1881. On April 7, 1882, he was appointed secretary of the navy by President Arthur, and served until March 7, 1885, making many notable improvements in the department. He almost entirely reconstructed the complex and expensive system of conducting the navy, and brought about the beginning of a modern navy by building four new cruisers. In 1884 he organized the Greely relief expedition. He was elected to the U. S. senate, June 14, 1887, to fill the unexpired term of Austin F. Pike, which ended March 3, 1889. He was re-elected in 1889 and again in 1895. CHANDLER, William Henry, chemist, was born at New Bedford, Mass., Dec. 13, 1841; son of Charles and Sarah (Whitney) Chandler, and brother of Charles Frederick Chandler. He was graduated an A.M. at Union college in 1861 and until 1867 was chemist at the New Bedford, Mass., copper works and at the Swan Island guano company. From 1868 to 1871 he was assist- ant in chemistry at the school of mines, New York, and in the latter year was given the chair of chemistry at Lehigh university, Bethlehem, Pa. From 1878 he was also director of the uni- versity library. He was elected a member of various chemical societies in London, Paris, and America, and from 1870 to 1877 was joint editor and proprietor with his brother, Charles F. Chandler, of the American Chemist. He received the degree of Ph.D. from Hamilton college in 1873. He is the author of : “ Products of Mining and Metallurgy ” (1891); “The Construction of Chemical Laboratories ” (1893), and of various reports of the universal exposition at Paris in 1889. CHANDLER, Zachariah, senator, was born in Bedford, N. H., Dec. 10, 1813; son of Samuel and Margaret (Orr) Chandler. He attended the com- mon school of Bedford and the academies at Pembroke and Derry, and in 1833 removed to Detroit, Mich., where he commenced trade as a dry -goods dealer, with a capital of one thou- sand dollars, furnished him by his father in lieu of a collegiate education. His busi- ness steadily increased and he eventually ac- quired a large fortune. He was an abolitionist and helped support the ‘ ‘ underground r a i 1- road. In 1851 he was elected mayor of De- troit as a Whig, and in 1852 was an unsuc- cessful candidate for governor of Michigan. He was also Whig candidate for the U. S. senate in 1853. In 1854 he participated actively in the organization of the Republican party. He was elected U. S. senator, Jan. 10, 1857, to suc- ceed Senator Cass, receiving eighty-nine votes against sixteen cast for Cass, and took his seat March 4, 1857. He was a chairman of the com- mittee on commerce after March, 1861. In March, 1858, he opposed the admission of Kansas, under the Lecompton constitution, in a speech before the senate, and the same year made a written argument, defensive and offensive, with Senators Wade and Cameron against Senator Green of Missouri, who had threatened an attack on Senator Cameron for words spoken in debate. He gained notoriety through a letter written to Governor Blair, Feb. 11, 1861, in which he said, “ Without a little blood-letting the Union will not in my estimation be worth a rush,” and which he was called upon to defend on the floor of the senate. He contributed generously to the sup- port of the war, was in favor of confiscation measures, opposed short-term enlistments and expressed himself as sorry that the President did not call for five hundred thousand men, rather than seventy-five thousand. On Dec. 5. 1861. he moved the resolution which resulted in the ap- pointment of a joint committee on the conduct of the war, of which he became a member, but de- clined the chairmanship. This committee opposed General McClellan’s military management, and on July 16, 1862, Mr. Chandler made a powerful [ 610 ] CHANEY. tencf He? iCh he ? SSailed that Acer's compe- tency. He was re-elected to the senate in 1863 and made, in 1864, a vigorous campaign for the Republican ticket. He was re-elected to tpf senate in 1869, and in 1874 he made ! , the inflation the compromising in demanding a prompt re March 4, 18; , Up0 „ ££*£*£ r&^rs rr from * ’ > 'W Chandler was elected tr> made on Marclfs, ml STaoTti ' ***** Nation, which would include in’its T " F= lir/nf,^ 5*^ “* ^ -~ ,-ro m “U LtiThe' Xo m " Sht hiS ““ candidate Tn tp . 10 as a presidential chai^o,’ fc'SE 0 ' MT6 mittee. On Oct %T 8~Q p , C ° ngressional com- men s Kept, „licL 3 oif b ' L T‘, the ? U ” g found dead in his room tl7 ’ ’ and Was result of a cerebral pT v. mormn S- the 1* death Is NoT ! MW Sge ' The date » f «*<** ”* West and Happy (Kinney,' Chai'/ey”" ?' ,3?““ rchSrrt:* cari r> «/2£ Of schools in Gjci r , S Mr„ me rSfr° den ‘ Am '" e R,VeS ' <*• Rices, bo ™ <» Ellery and Ellen (Fuller)’ n ’ S ? n ° f WlIIlam graduated from Harva !l ,f mg - He was o iiom Harvard college in 1878 Tn issq lie was appointed instructor, and in 1887 n ! ant professor of • -r-, 1 o 7 assist- CHANNING. on 3 c The rr r “ 3 ' IT65_1865 ’’ <>«•*> 1 ‘he papers on The Companions of Columbus” and “The ai m the Southern Department” in Justin Wmsor s Narrative and Critical History of America (1886— ’88) ; “English History for American Readers » (with Thomas Wentworth Higginson 1893), and “Guide to the Study of chTnnin? 0 ^’ (with Albert B - Hart - i»8). CHANNING, Edward Tyrrel, educator, was boin m Newport, R. I., Dec. 12, 1790; son of Wilham and Lucy (Ellery) Channing. He en- tered Harvard in 1804, but was not graduated as he was involved in the famous rebellion of 1807 e received his degree in 1819, and after study mg aw with his brother was admitted to the bar In the winter of 1814-’15 he was one of a club of young men who planned to issue a bi-monthly STZ7Zt ca But T ,f EU9land Tudor from Europe. with°a ptoTr puShfng a similar periodical to be issued quartern af i"v°S, e H T made “> “" ite *he fw„“ T i “ -Ray, 1815, the first issue of the North American RemeW a PP ear ed. Mr. Tudor edited it for two ~yr 1817 ^ PaSS6d int0 ^e hands of a club of young men, among whom were p, i ■ l^arks, John Gallison, William P. Mason, Nathan a e, Richard H. Dana and Edward T Chan mng. Mr. Sparks edited it for one year and was succeeded by Mr. Channing, assisted by ! cousin, Richard H. Dana. Tn MW ke jlnld rhetoric and ^ the B ° yIston ^air of letonc and oratory at Harvard. Edward Eieiett succeeded him as editor of the North ZZZT^ He resigMd toe cLnt Ham aid college in 1851, in full vigor of mind and body, having formed an early resolution to retne from active life at the age of sixty H “ T pS:„ Am0ng his published writings are- (1836) ’- aUd Enures H otanni^^ (1856) ' Newport, R NG l’ J ia "’ Was born in -d Lucy (Elkny) Chann^- He^s ^ hSofTT'lf thetimeof th e “rebellion” i n his class he 10ugh lle was not graduated with s class he was awarded the degree of B.A with the others in 1808 Tn isno i • , 1111 gree of M D V A T he received the de- gree ot M.D. from the University of Pennsvl Ind Lond “I T aft6r Stud >’ iag in Edinbimgh ton a “’ T 11 10 PraCtiSe medic ine in Bos- Srtev at ‘^.delivering lectures „„ ob . Stater ST ' “ Whi0h tontitutiou, three med^M nr ^* me pr0fessor of <*««rica and Z 5 It , ?■ h0ldi " g the <*»'r until Seuer.1 ^taS® hf [6ii] 1 Jle ' vas made assistant CHANNING. CHANNING. physician. In 1845 he was foremost among those who urged the introduction of purer water into Boston, and in 1849 took the lead in introduc- ing ether into medical practice. In 1858 he was appointed consulting physician to the New England hospital for women and children. Among his many published writings are: "An Address on the Prevention of Pauperism ” (1843); "My Own Times, or, 't is Fifty Years Since” (1845); in Childbirth ” Hale” (1848); ‘ “ A Physician’s Europe in 1852 ” “ A Treatise on Etherization (1848) ; “ Memoir of Enoch ‘Miscellaneous Poems” (1851); Vacation ; or a Summer in (1856); "Bed Case: Its His- tory and Treatment” (1860), and “Memoir of T. W. Storrow ” (1863). He died in Boston, Mass., July 27, 1876. CHANNING, William Ellery, clergyman, was born in Newport, R. I., April 7, 1780; son of William and Lucy (Ellery) Clianning, and grand- son of William Ellery, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He attended school in New- port until his twelfth year, when he was placed under the care of his uncle, the Rev. Henry Chambers, of New London, Conn., who prepared him to enter Harvard. He was graduated in 1798 with the highest honors, having attracted the attention of both fac- ulty and students by the brilliancy of his scholarship, the origi- nality of his thought, and the remarkable charm of his person- After his graduation he became tutor in the family of David Meade Randolph of Rich- mond, Va. Though he there viewed slavery from its most attractive side, liis innate hatred of the system was confirmed during his eighteen months in Richmond, and he declared “ the in- fluence of slavery on the whites to be almost as fatal as on the blacks themselves.” His interest in politics, both American and European, was positive, and his private letters written at that time disclose great breadth of mind and lucidity of expression. The love of luxury which charac- terized the Virginians, he regarded as effeminate, and with unwise zeal he proceeded to curb the animal nature by the most rigid asceticism. He slept on the bare floor exposed to the cold, ab- stained from eating any but the most necessary food, wore insufficient clothing, and made a practice of remaining at his study-table until two or three o’clock in the morning. As a result, his ality. once fine health was permanently destroyed. In July, 1800, he returned to Newport, where he remained a year and a half, devoting his time to the study of theology, and to preparing the son of Mr. Randolpli and his own younger brother for college. In December, 1801, he was elected regent in Harvard, and while performing the merely nominal duties of the office he pursued his theological studies. He began to preach in the autumn of 1802, and in December received an invitation from the Federal street society. Bos- ton, to become their pastor. At the same time he was urged to accept the pastorate of the Brat- tle street church, but, believing that he could accomplish more good in the weaker society, he accepted the first call, and was ordained June 1, 1803. His earnestness and eloquence strength- ened the little society, and in 1809 the number of listeners had so increased as to necessitate the building of a larger church edifice. In 1812 he was elected to succeed Dr. Buckminster as Dex- ter lecturer in the divinity school at Harvard college, but was obliged to resign in 1813. His fame and influence as a preacher were steadily increasing, while his physical strength was be- coming enfeebled. In 1822 his parishioners deemed it necessary to send him abroad to recu- perate, and from May of that year until August of 1823 he travelled over the old world. In the spring of 1824, the Rev. Ezra Stiles Gannett was ordained the associate pastor of the Federal street society, and Mr. Clianning was relieved of part of the care of the church. At the organiza- tion of the "Anthology Club” Mr. Clianning contributed several essays to its journal ; and he wrote frequently for the Christian Disciple, which, in 1824, was enlarged and its name changed to the Christian Examiner. In the Examiner there appeared the series of what he called "hasty effusions,” which caused him to be recognized and admired by the world of letters. His subjects were: Milton (1826) ; Bonaparte ( 1827— ’28) , and Fdnelon (1829). Soon after this he was induced to collect and revise his writings, which resulted in “ Mis- cellanies,” the first volume of which was pub- lished in 1830. His theology broadened in advance of his time, and though his sympathies were with the Unitarian movement, his mind was too large and free to be bound by any sect He was “ a member of the church universal of the lovers of God and lovers of man ; his religion was a life, not a creed ora form.” In 1830 the state of his health again demanded rest, and he made a voyage to the West Indies. Dr. Chan ning gradually withdrew from church work to give his energies more to the outside world: the aim of his life being to promote freedom of thought, and to bring about the abolition of slavery. In T 612 J CHANNING. CHANGING. 1835, after years of preparation, he published his book on slavery, which was received with uni- versal commendation. He delivered lectures and addresses in the cause of emancipation whenever opportunity was offered. His writings were col- lected and published in seven volumes, the last of which appeared in 1872. In 1820 Harvard con- ferred upon him the degree of D.D. See “ The Life of William Ellery Channing, D.D.” (the centenary memorial edition in one volume, 1882), by his nephew, William Henry Channing. The Channing Memorial church and Noble’s heroic- size bronze statue of the great preacher stand in the Touro Park, Newport, R. I. He died in Bennington, Vt., Oct. 2, 1842. CHANNING, William Ellery, author, was born in Boston, Mass., June 10, 1818; son of Dr. Walter Channing, professor at Harvard. He was pre- pared for college at the Boston Latin school, and entered Harvard, but did not finish his course. At the age of twenty-one he made a trip west, and, after living alone on an Illinois prairie for several months, he went to Cincinnati, Ohio, and became a writer on the Gazette of that city. In 1842 he was married to a sister of Margaret Fuller, and made his home in Concord, Mass. In 1844 he became editorially connected with the New York Tribune, and remained with that paper for nearly two years. During 1855-’56 he was an editor of the Mercury, published in New Bedford, Mass. Among his published writings are: “ Poems "(1843; 2d series, 1847); “Conver- sations in Rome between an Artist, a Catholic and a Critic” (1847); “ The Woodman, and other Poems” (1849); “Near Home” (1858); “The Wanderer, A Colloquial Poem” (1871) ; “Tlioreau, the Poet-naturalist” (1873); “Eliot, A Poem” (1885), and " John Brown, and the Heroes of Har- per's Ferry ” (1833). CHANNING, William Francis, inventor, was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 22, 1820; son of Wil- liam Ellery and Ruth (Gibbs) Channing. He was appointed assistant on the first geological survey of New Hampshire, made in 1841-’42. In 1842-'43 he was associate editor of The Latimer Journal. In 1844 he was graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania with the degree of M.D. Shortly after his graduation he became associ- ated with Moses G. Farmer in improving the American fire alarm telegraph, and remained with him until 1851. He made several inven- tions, among them an inter-oceanic ship railway, patented in 1865, and an electro-magnetic tele- phone patented in 1877. He is the author of “ The Medical Application of Electricity ” (1849; 0th ed., cul., 1865); “The Municipal Electric Telegraph ” (1852) ; “ The American Fire-Alarm Telegraph ” (1855), and “ Inter-Oceanic Ship- Railway ” (1880) CHANNING, William Henry, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., May 25, 1810; son of Francis Dana and Susan (Higginson) Channing, grandson of Stephen Higginson, a member of the Continental Congress in 1783, and a nephew of William Ellery Channing. He was prepared for college at the Boston Latin school, and was grad- uated at Harvard in the famous class of 1829. In 1830 he began the study of theology, and in 1833 was graduated from Harvard divinity school. He spent some years in travelling, and in preach- ing at various parishes, and in March, 1839, accepted a call to the Unitarian church at Cin- cinnati. In June, 1839, the Western Messsenger, the organ of Unitarianism in the west, was removed to Cincinnati, and he succeeded James Freeman Clarke in editing the paper, continuing to conduct it until March, 1841, when it ceased to exist. He remained in Cincinnati three years, resigning because of a change in his theo- logical views. In 1841 he returned to Boston, and in 1842 preached for a few months in Brooklyn, N. Y. Returning to Boston he identified himself with the socialistic movements of the day, and contributed frequently to periodical literature, meanwhile occasionally lecturing and preaching. In September he established The Present, which was discontinued in April, 1844, in order that he might prepare a biography of his uncle, William Ellery Channing. This work occupied him until 1848. He was deeply interested in the Brook Farm experiment, spending the summer of 1846 with the colonists, and making valued contribu- tions to their papers, the Harbinger and the Phalanx. He was one of the original members and the minister of the religious union of associa- tionists founded in Boston Jan. 3, 1847, and con- tinued until the end of 1850. In the spring of 1852 he preached for a short time in Troy, N. Y., and in the summer went to Rochester, N. Y., where he remained as minister of the Unitarian society until August, 1854. Rochester was the last station on the “ underground railroad ” by which fugitive slaves were transported to Canada, and Mr. Channing aided in every possi- ble way its operations. In the fall of 1854 he went with his family to England, and became a working minister in Liverpool, in 1857 succeeding the Rev. James Martineau in the chapel on Hope street, and remaining there until June, 1861, when the breaking out of the civil war called him home, and he accepted an invitation to become minister to the Unitarian congregation in Wash- ington. He threw himself into the cause of anti-slavery with characteristic fervor. At his suggestion the church edifice was converted into a hospital, and his people worshipped in the senate chamber in the capitol. Afterwards, when the whole capitol was used for a hospital, they found [ 613 ] CHANUTE. CHAPELLE. a meeting place in Willard's Hall. Mr. Charming was commissioned chaplain of the Stanton hos- pital, for regular and constant services, and con- tinued in that position to the close of the war. In 1863 he was elected chaplain of the house of rep- resentatives, and held this office for two years. In August, 1865, he again sailed for England, where he remained, with only occasional visits to America, during the rest of his life. In 1866 his son, Francis Allston Channing, took the “ Ar- nold ” prize at Oxford university and afterwards became a member of parliament. His elder daughter was married to Sir Edwin Arnold. Among his published writings are : ‘ ‘ The Gospel of To-day ” (1847) ; “ The Life of William Ellery Channing” (3 vols. 1848; Centenary memorial edition, 1882); “Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli,” with R. W. Emerson and J. F. Clarke (2 vols., 1852), and “ Lessons from the Life of Theodore Parker ” (1860). See “ Memoir of Wil- liam Henry Channing” (1886), by Octavius Brooks Frothingham. He died in London, Eng- land, Dec. 23, 1884. CHANUTE, Octave, civil engineer, was born in Paris, France, Feb. 18, 1832, son of Joseph and Eliza (De Bonnaire) Chanute. He was educated in New York city, and began civil engineering in 1849 on the Hudson river railroad. He served on various western railroads, 1853-63, and from 1863 to 1867 was chief engineer of the Chicago and Alton railroad. In 1867-’68 he planned and superintended the construction of the first bridge built across the Missouri river, at Kansas City, and subsequently constructed several railroads in Kansas. He was chief engineer of the Erie rail- way from 1873 to 1883, and for a time superin- tendent of motive power. In 1883 he opened an office as consulting engineer, and supervised the construction of the iron bridges on the Chicago, Burlington and Northern railroad, and on the extension of the Santa Fe road. He also engaged in wood preserving. In 1880-’81 he was vice- president of the American society of civil engi- neers, and in 1891 was elected its president. He presented a report to that society on rapid transit which brought about the building of the elevated railroads in New York. He was chairman of the association of engineering societies in 1893, and was an honorary member of the British institu- tion of civil engineers. From 1889 he devoted his leisure to the problem of aerial navigation, and wrote “Progress in Flying Machines” (with George Morison, 1894). CHAPELLE, Placide Louis, R. C. archbishop, was born in the south of France. He came to America with an uncle, who was a missionary. Soon after his arrival young Chapelle entered young to receive ordination, he taught for two years in St. Charles college, was ordained to the priesthood in 1865, and appointed to the mis- sions in Montgomery county, Md. In 1866 the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by St. Mary’s, Baltimore. Father Chapelle was made an assistant at St. John’s church, Baltimore, in 1870, and soon afterwards became pastor of St. Joseph’s church in the same city. In 1882 he was made pastor of St. Matthew's church in Washington, D. C., and while at the capital won a national reputation. Dr. Cliapelle’s eminence as a theologian caused him to be frequently in demand. He was one of the board convened by Cardinal Gibbons to prepare the decrees of the last plenary council and was also secretary of one of the most important committees of the council. In 1872 he was appointed to the theo- logical conferences held every three months in Baltimore, and in 1885 was elected president of the Columbia conferences, resigning the presi- dency of those in Baltimore. He was resident member of the executive committee of the Catholic university of America, and selected and bought the site on which the university build- ings are erected. For a number of years Dr. Chapelle was a member of the board of Indian missions, and in the early part of 1891 was named coadjutor bishop of Santa Ft:. He was conse- crated bishop on Nov. 1, 1891, in the Baltimore cathedral, by Cardinal Gibbons, and took posses- sion of his see on December 6, following. On Jan. 7, 1894, Archbishop Salpointe decided that his increasing years demanded his retirement from official duties, and Bishop Chapelle suc- ceeded to the archbishopric. CHAPIN, Aaron Lucius, educator, was born in Hartford, Conn., Feb. 6, 1817. He was gradu- ated at Yale college in 1837, and at the Union theological seminary, New York, in 1842, mean- while, from 1838 to 1843, teaching in the New York institute for the deaf and dumb. He became pastor of the First Presbyterian church in Milwaukee in 1843: in 1845 was made a trus- tee of Beloit college, and in 1850 was elected president of that institution. This position he resigned in 1886, and became president emeritus and professor of civil polity. He was a member of the board of examiners of the United States military academy in 1872, and of the United States naval academy in 1873. He was president of the Wisconsin academy of sciences and of the board of trustees of the Wisconsin institution for deaf mutes. He was a trustee of Rockford seminary from 1845 to 1892, and of the Chicago theological seminary from 1858 to 1891. The degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Wil- liams college in 1853. and that of LL.D. by the University of the state of New York in 1882. He Mount St. Mary’s college, where he made his theological and philosophical course. Being too [ 614 ] CHAPIN. CHAPIN. edited and recast Way land’s “ Political Econ- omy ” (1878), and also published a small text- book on “ The First Principles of Political Econ- omy ” (1879). He wrote numerous articles in magazines and reviews, and for several years was one of the editors of the Congregational Review. He died at Beloit, Wis., July 22, 1892. CHAPIN, Alfred Clark, commissioner, was born at South Hadley, Mass., March 8, 1848; son of Ephraim and Josephine (Clark) Chapin. In 1852 his parents took him to Keene, N. H., where he attended school until 1862, when he removed to Rutland, Vt. He was graduated at Williams college in 1869, and at the law department of Harvard college in 1871. In 1872 he was admit- ted to the bar, and in 1873 removed to Brooklyn, where he became prominent in local politics. In 1881 he was elected an assemblyman, was re- elected in 1882, and in 1883 was made speaker of the assembly. In 1883 he was elected state comptroller, and served a second term by re- election. In 1887 he was elected mayor of Brook- lyn, and in 1889 was re-elected by the largest majority that had ever been given to a mayor of that city. He was appointed a member of the board of railroad commissioners of the state of New York in 1892. CHAPIN, Alonzo Bowen, clergyman, was born at Somers, Conn., March 10, 1808. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1831 and began to practise law at Wallingford, Conn. At the same time he was editor of The Chronicle of the Church, an Episcopalian periodical, published at New Haven. This work he continued for about eight years. In 1838 he was ordained an Episcopal minister, preached at West Haven, Conn., for twelve years. From 1850 to 1855 he was rector of St. Luke's church at Glastonbury, Conn., going to Hartford in the latter year to become editor of the Calen- dar. His published writings include : “ The Eng- lish spelling book ; containing Rules and Reasons for Orthography and Pronounciation ” (1841); “ A View of the Organization and Order of the Primitive Church ” (1845) ; “ Puritanism not Genuine Protestantism ” (1847), and “ Glaston- bury for Two Hundred Years ” (1853). He died in Hartford, Conn., July 9, 1858. CHAPIN, Edwin Hubbell, clergyman, was born in Union Village, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1814; son of Alpheus and Beulah (Hubbell) Chapin. He attended the seminary at Bennington, Vt., 1828-'32, and for two years was clerk in the post- office in Bennington. In 1836 he studied law in Troy, N. Y., later removing to Utica, N. Y. He was induced to give up his law studies and de- vote himself to theology, and he became at the same time associate editor of the Magazine and Advocate, an organ of the Universalists. In 1837 he was ordained to the Universalist ministry, and in May of that year was installed in his first pas- torate, at Richmond. Va. In 1841 he settled in Charlestown, Mass. In 1847 he became colleague of Hosea Ballou at the School street church, Bos- ton, and remained there until 1848, when, after repeated urgings from the Universalists of New York city, he accepted a call to the fourth Uni- versalist society, of which he continued as pastor of a constantly growing congregation during the remainder of his life. In 1852 a larger church edi- fice, was purchased, situated on Broadway, near Spring street. This also proved too small for Dr. Chapin's listeners, and in 1866 the society erected, at the corner of Fifth avenue and Forty-fifth street, a new temple, called the church of the Divine Paternity. In 1872 he became editor of the Christian Leader. He was one of the found- ers of the Chapin home for aged and indigent men and women, and a trustee of Bellevue med- ical college and hospital. Harvard college con- ferred upon him the honorary degree of A.M. in 1845, and that of S.T.D. in 1856, and in 1878 he received the degree of LL.D. from Tufts college. His published works include : “ Duties of Young Men” (1840); “Hours of Communion” (1844; new ed., 1853) ; “ The Crown of Thorns; a Token for the Sorrowing” (1848; enl. ed., 1860); “ Duties of Young Women ” (1849) ; “ Discourses on the Lord’s Prayer” (1850); “Characters in the Gospels, illustrating Phases of Character at the Present Day” (1852); “Moral Aspects of City Life” (1853); “Discourses on the Beati- tudes ” (1853) ; “ Humanity in the City ” (1854) “True Manliness” (1854); “Living Words” (1860); “Extemporaneous Discourses” (1860); “ Lessons of Faith and Life ” (1877) ; “ God's Re- quirements, and Other Sermons ” (1881) ; and “ The Church of the Living God, and Other Ser- mons ” (1881). See “ Life of Edwin H. Chapin,” by Sumner Ellis (1882). He died in New York city, Dec. 27, 1880. CHAPIN, Henry, lawyer, was born in Upton, Mass., May 13, 1811. He was graduated at Brown university in 1835, and three years later com- pleted a law course at Harvard university and was admitted to the bar. He practised at Ux- bridge, Mass., until 1846, representing that dis- trict in the Massachusetts house of representa- tives in 1845. In 1846 he removed to Worcester, of which city he was mayor in 1849 and 1850. In 1855 he was chosen a commissioner under the “ personal liberty ” law. The following year he became a commissioner of insolvency, and in May, 1858, was commissioned as judge of probate and insolvency, being the first incumbent of the combined offices of judge of probate and judge of insolvency. In 1873 Brown university conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. He died in Wor- cester, Mass., Oct. 13, 1878. [ 615 ] CHAPLIN. CHAPLIN. CHAPIN, John Henry, clergyman, was born in Leavenworth, Inch, Dec. 31, 1832. In 1873 he was installed pastor of the First Universalist church at Meriden, Conn., and remained in this position until 1885, when he resigned to make a tour of the world. In 1888 he was elected a member of the state legislature, and later took the chair of mineralogy and geology in St. Law- rence university at Canton, N. Y., which he held for many years. Shortly before his death he was admitted as a partner into the firm of G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York city. He was an active member of the American association for the advancement of science. He died at Nor- walk, Conn., March 14, 1892. CHAPIN, Stephen, clergyman, was born in Milford, Mass., Nov. 4, 1778. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1804, and in the following year was ordained to the Congregational minis- try. In 1819 he became a Baptist minister, and settled at North Yarmouth, Me., where he preached until 1822, resigning in that year to accept the chair of theology at Waterville col- lege, Me. From 1828 to 1841 he was president of the Columbian college at Washington, D. C. In 1822 Brown university conferred upon him the degree of S.T.D. Among his published sermons are notable, “ Letters on the mode and subjects of Baptism ” ; “ The Duty of Living for the good of Posterity ” He died Oct. 1, 1845. CHAPLIN, Jane Dunbar, author, was born in Scotland, Feb. 11, 1819; daughter of Duncan and Christine (Fletcher) Dunbar. She accompanied her parents to the United States in 1821, and was brought up and educated in New York city, where her father was a Baptist clergyman. In 1841 she married Dr. Chaplin, and in conjunction with him wrote a life of Charles Sumner. She contributed largely to religious periodicals and wrote many volumes for juveniles, notably: “ The Convent and the Manse, ” “The Old Gen- tleman and his Friends,” “ Gems of the Bog,” “ Out of the Wilderness ” “ Donald McBride’s Lassie,” “ Morning Gloom,” “ Black and White,” “ The Transplanted Shamrock,” “ Wee Maggie Forsythe,” “The House-Top Saint.” She died in Boston, Mass., April 17, 1884. CHAPLIN, Jeremiah, educator, was born in Rowley, Mass., Jan. 2, 1776. He prepared for college while laboring on his father’s farm, and was graduated at Brown university in 1799. He was tutor in that institution during 1800, and then pursued a theological course, and in 1802 accepted the pastorate of the Baptist church in Danvers, Mass., which he held until 1817, when he became principal of the Baptist literary and theological seminary at Waterville, Me. In 1820 this institution (now Colby university) was char- tered as Waterville college, and Dr. Chaplin be- came its first president ; in 1833 he resigned the office and resumed his clerical occupation. He served the church at Rowley, Mass., Wilmington, Conn., and later at Hamilton, N. Y. He pub- lished a volume entitled “ The Evening of Life,” of which new editions were issued in 1865 and in 1871. He died at Hamilton, N. Y., May 7, 1841. CHAPLIN, Jeremiah, author, was born in Danvers, Mass., in 1813; son of Jeremiah Chaplin, first president of Waterville college. He was graduated at Waterville college in 1828. He held the chair of Greek and Latin in Hampton literary and theological institute, N. H., 1834— ’37 ; was professor of Hebrew and moral science at the theological seminary, Winnsboro, S. C., 1839-'41. He entered the Baptist ministry and held pastorates at Bangor, Me., 1841-’46; Dedham, Mass., 1850— "63 ; Newton Corner, Mass., 1863-'65. From 1865 to 1868 he was theological instructor of the Home missionary society, New Orleans, La. After 1868 he settled in Boston and engaged in literary pursuits. He received the degrees of A.M. 1833, and D.D. in 1857 from Colby univer- sity. His “ Life of Henry Dunster, First President of Harvard College ” is considered of historical value. He also published ; “ The Memorial Hour ” (1864); “Riches of Bunyan,” “The Hand of Jesus ” (1869), and lives of Charles Sumner, Ben- jamin Franklin, Galen, and the Rev. Duncan Dunbar. He compiled “ Chips from the White House ” (1881). He died in New Utrecht, N. Y., March 5, 1886. CHAPLIN, Winfield Scott, educator, was born in Maine, Aug. 22, 1847. He was educated in the schools of Bangor, and was graduated at West Point in 1870, second in a class of fifty- eight. He resigned his commission in 1872 to engage in railroad engineering. In 1874 he was appointed professor of mechanics in the Maine state college of agriculture and mechanic art, and in 1877, professor of civil engineering in the im- perial university at Tokio, Japan, and on resign- ing his position he was awarded the imperial order of “ Meiji” of Japan, in recognition of his services. He returned to America in 1883, en- gaged in railroad engineering until September, 1884, when he was appointed professor of mathe- matics in Union college, N. Y. Here he remained until June, 1886, when he accepted the position of professor of civil engineering in Harvard uni- versity. In the following year he was appointed dean of the Lawrence scientific school, and he was for some years chairman of the parietal com- mittee of the faculty. During his deanship the school more than quadrupled the number of its students, and became one of the most progres- sive and successful departments of the university. In September, 1891, he was appointed chancellor of Washington university, St. Louis, Mo. £616 j CHAPMAN. CHAPMAN. CHAPMAN, Alvan Wentworth, botanist, was born at Southampton, Mass., Sept. 28, 1809; de- scended from English ancestry. He was grad- uated at Amherst college in 1830; taught in private and public schools of Georgia, 1831— ’35, at the same time pursuing studies pre- paratory for the medical profession, until Febru- ary, 1835, when he removed to Florida and studied medicine at Quincy. He received the degree of M.D. from the medical institute of Louisville, Ky., in 1846. Soon afterwards he removed to Appa- lachicola, Fla. , where he practised his profession until 1880, when he retired. In the reconstruc- tion period he held the offices of collector of internal revenue, and afterwards collector of customs at the port of Appalachicola, and for sev- eral years was judge of probate for Franklin county, Fla. In 1860 he published ‘‘ Flora of the Southern United States.” He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of North Carolina in 1886. CHAPMAN, Frederick Augustus, painter, was born in Old Saybrook, Conn., April 18, 1818. He entered mercantile life in Boston, but finding it uncongenial he went to New York, where he studied painting under Prof. S. F. B. Morse. In 1850 he removed to Brooklyn, where he engaged in the art of decorating in stained glass. His work in this line includes the window in the Holy Trinity church, Brooklyn. Several of his oil paintings were engraved or lithographed; no- tably, “The Perils of Our Forefathers,” “The Day we Celebrate,” “ Raising the Liberty Pole,” “ The Receding Race,” “ Discovery of the Hud- son," and “ The Battle of Chancellorsville.” He was founder and first president of the Brooklyn art association, and contributed many paintings to the exhibitions of that society. For some years before his death he chiefly employed him- self in illustrating. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1891. CHAPMAN, Henry Cadwalader, physician, was born at Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 17, 1845; son of George William and Emil}’ (Markoe) Chap- man, and grandson of Dr. Nathaniel Chapman. He was graduated at the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1864, and from the medical school of that institution in 1867. He studied in Europe for three years. On his return home he became resident physician at the Pennsylvania hospital, and lecturer on anatomy and physiology at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1880 he became professor of medicine and medical jurisprudence at Jefferson medical college, and held that posi- tion in 1897. He was coroner's physician in Phila- delphia, 1876-'81. In 1868 he became a member of the academy of natural science, Philadelphia, and its curator in 1875. He was made a fellow of the College of physicians, Philadelphia, 1880; was also a member of the Franklin institute and prosector of the Zoological society, Philadelphia. He received the degree of A.M. from the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, 1864, and that of M.D. from the same institution in 1867, and from the Jefferson medical college in 1878. He published: “ Evolution of Life,” “ History of the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood,” and “Treatise upon Human Physiology.” CHAPMAN, George Thomas, clergyman, was born in Pilton, Devonshire, England, Sept. 21, 1786. He was brought to the United States at the age of nine, and in 1804 was graduated at Dartmouth college. He received the honorary degree of B.A. in 1805 from Yale college. He practised law at Bucksport, Me., for about ten years, and in 1818 was ordained an Episcopal clergyman. He became rector of a church in Lexington, Ky., and remained in that city ten years, holding the chair of history and antiquities in Transylvania university from 1825 to 1827. After leaving Lexington he held pastorates in Maine, New Jersey and Massachusetts. In 1824 Transylvania university conferred upon him the degree of D.D. He is the author of: “Sermons on Doctrines of the Episcopal church ” (1828), and “ Sketches of the Alumni of Dartmouth Col- lege ” (1867). He died in Newburyport, Mass., Oct. 18, 1872. CHAPMAN, John Alfred Metcalf, clergyman, was born in Greenland, N. H., Aug. 21, 1829; son of Nathaniel and Martha (Meserve) Chapman, and a descendant of Edward Chapman, who came from England to Ipswich, Mass., in 1642. He was educated at the public schools, at Water- ville (Me.) college, and at the Concord (N. H.) Biblical institute. He was licensed as a Method- ist Episcopal clergyman in 1853, and preached in New England, New York and Philadelphia. In 1891 he became chaplain of the University of Pennsylvania. He received the degree A.M. from Colby in 1869 and that of D.D. from Wes- leyan university in 1871. CHAPMAN, John Gadsby, painter, was born in Alexandria, Va. , in 1808. When quite young he evinced a decided talent for design, and for several years studied art in Italy, and, returning to the United States, opened a studio in New York, where he was employed in portrait paint- ing, composition and illustrative designs. He was skilled in the arts of etching and wood en- graving. He was commissioned by the govern- ment to paint the “Baptism of Pocahontas” for the rotunda of the capitol. In 1848 he returned to Rome, Italy, where he set up his studio. He made several excellent copies of the old masters and produced a large amount of original work. Among the more noted of his pictures are: “Israelites spoiling the Egyptians,” “Etruscan [ 617 ] CHAPMAN. CHAPMAN. Girl,” “ Vintage Scene,” “A Donkey’s Head,” “Rachel,” “The Last Arrow,” “ Pifferine,” “ First Italian Milestone,” “ Sunset on the Cam- pagna, " a “ Harvest Scene,” “ Valley of Mexico,” “Stone Pines in the Bar her ini Valley,” and his copies of Teniers and other masters owned by the Boston Athenaeum. He was a national acade- mician. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1889. CHAPMAN, Maria Weston, reformer, was born at Weymouth, Mass., in 1806; daughter of Warren Weston of Weymouth. Her early edu- cation was obtained in her native town, and she was then sent to England to complete her studies. During 1829-'30 she was principal of the young ladies’ high school in Boston. In 1830 she married, and two years later became an ardent abolitionist. After the death of her hus- band in 1842 she resided in Paris, France, where she employed her pen in behalf of the anti-slavery cause. In 1856 she returned to the United States, and published a life of Harriet Martineau in 1877. She died at Weymouth, Mass., in 1885. CHAPMAN, Nathaniel, physician, was born in Summer Hill, Fairfax county, Va., May 28, 1780. He was educated at the academy at Alexandria, Va., and was graduated from the medical depart- ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1800 : he then studied under Abernethy in London for one year, and took a two years’ course at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, where he received the de- gree of M.D. He returned to the United States in 1804, established himself in practice in Phila- delphia, and rose to the front rank of the medi- cal profession. He was assistant professor of midwifery, 1810-' 13; professor of materia medi- ca, 1813— ’ 16 ; and held the chair of the theory and practice of medicine, 1816-'50, in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. In 1817 he founded the Philadelphia medical institute, and during twenty years delivered a summer course of lec- tures ; he was also lecturer on clinics at the hospital of the Philadelphia almshouse. He was president of the American philosophical society, of the Philadelphia medical society, and first president of the American medical association. In 1820 he founded, and for many years edited, the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Phys- ical Sciences. He published: “Select Speeches, Forensic and Parliamentary ” (1808) ; “ Elements of Therapeutics and Materia Medica ” (1828); “ Lectures on Eruptive Fevers, Hemorrhages and Dropsies, and on Gout and Rheumatism,” and “Lectures on the Thoracic Viscera.” He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 1, 1853. CHAPMAN, Orlow W., lawyer, was born in Ellington. Conn., in 1832. In 1854 he was gradu- ated at Union college, and was then employed for two years as professor of languages at Fergu- sonville academy, Delaware county, N. Y. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, and was ap- pointed to fill a vacancy as district -attorney of Broome county in 1862; in 1863 was elected to the office, and was re-elected annually until 1868. He was a member of the New York senate during 1870-’71, and was superintendent of the state insurance department from 1871 to 1876. He was United States solicitor-general from March 29, 1889, to the time of his death in Washington, D. C., Jan. 19, 1890. CHAPMAN, Reuben, governor of Alabama, was born in Randolph count}', Va., July 15, 1799. He was educated at an academy in his native state, was admitted to the bar, and settled in Somerville, Morgan county, Ala., where he prac- tised his profession. He served for many years as a member of the state legislature. He was elected as Democratic representative to the 24tli Congress, taking his seat Dec. 7, 1835, and was re-elected to the six succeeding congresses, serv- ing until March 3, 1847. He was governor of Alabama, 1847-'48, and was a delegate to the na- tional Democratic conventions held in Cincinnati. Ohio, in 1856; in Charleston, S. C., in 1860: and New York city in 1868. He died at Huntsville, Ala., May 17, 1882. CHAPMAN, Reuben Atwater, jurist, was born at Russell, Hampden county. Mass., Sept. 20. 1801. He received the education of a farmer's son, and was clerking in a store when he began the study of law with a neighboring lawyer. He was admitted to the bar, and practised his profes- sion at Westfield, Monson, Ware, and Springfield, Mass., where from 1840 to 1860 he was a partner with the Hon. George Ashmun. He was made associate justice of the supreme court in 1860, and chief justice in 1868. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by Williams in 1836 and by Amherst in 1841. and that of LL. D. by Amherst college in 1861. and by Harvard college in 1864. He died in Switzerland. June 28, 1873. CHAPMAN, Robert Hett, educator, was born in Orange, N. J.. March 2, 1772. In 1789 he was graduated at the College of New Jersey, after- wards studied theology at New Brunswick, where he was tutor in Queen’s college, and in 1793 was licensed to preach by the New York presbytery. He held pastorates at Rahway, N. J., 1796-99, and Cambridge. N. Y., 1801-12; in the latter year he was appointed president of the University of North Carolina, filling that office and that of trustee of the university until 1816. Later he held pastorates in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. He received the degree of A. M. from Queen's college and from the College of New Jersey in 1791. and that of S. T. D. from Williams college in 1815. He died in Winchester, Va., June 18, 1833. 181 CHARLES. CHARLTON. CHAPMAN, William, soldier, was born in St. Johns, Md. , Jan. 22, 1810. He entered the military academy at West Point, July 1, 1827, and was graduated in 1831. He was employed on frontier duty at Fort Mackinac, Mich., during 1831— ’32 ; on the Black Hawk expedition, 1832, and as an assistant instructor of infantry tactics at West Point from October, 1832, to June 29, 1833. He was promoted 2d lieutenant 5th infantry, March 4, 1833, and served on frontier duty at various forts until 1845. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, 5th infantry, Dec. 31. 1836, and cap- tain 5th infantry, June 8, 1845. He served in the Mexican war and participated in nearly all the principal engagements. He was wounded at the capture of San Antonio, was brevetted major, Aug. 20, 1847, for gallant conduct at Contreras and Churubusco ; and lieutenant-colonel. Sept. 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Molino del Rey. Garrison and frontier duties occupied him until 1861, when he was pro- moted major 2d infantry, Feb. 25, 1861. His first service during the civil war was in the defence of Washington, after which he engaged in the siege of Yorktown, battle of Malvern Hill, Harrison’s Landing, and in the northern Virginia campaign. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel 3d infantry, Feb. 20, 1862, and brevetted colonel Aug 30, 1862, for conduct at the second battle of Bull Run; was on sick leave from September to December, 1862, and was retired from active ser- vice, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, Aug. 26, 1863, “for disability resulting from long and faithful service, and disease contracted in the line of duty.” He was employed as commander of the draft rendezvous at Madison, Wis., and on various special duties until 1867. CHARLES, Emily Thornton, poet, was born at Lafayette, Ind., March 21, 1845; daughter of James M. and Harriet (Parker) Thornton, and wife of Daniel B. Charles. She was educated in the schools of Indianapolis, and was married at an early age. Her husband died in 1869, leaving her with two children to support. In 1874 she began a successful career as a journalist, at first as correspondent and reporter for various news- papers, and later as editor. She was associate editor of the book entitled “ Eminent men of Indiana.” In 1881 she became managing editor of the Washington World and was the founder, manager and editor of the National Veteran at Washington, D. C. She was actively identified with the National woman suffrage convention, the national woman’s press association, and the society of American authors. Her published writings, under the pseudonym “Emily Haw- thorne,” include “Hawthorne Blossoms” (1876); and “Lyrical Poems. Songs, Pastorals, War Poems, and Madrigals” (1886). CHARLTON, Robert M., senator, was born in Savannah, Ga., Jan. 19, 1807. He was admitted to the bar in 1827 and began practice at Savannah. He was a member of the state house of represen- tatives in 1829, and was afterwards made U. S. district attorney. In 1835 lie was elected a judge of the superior court, which office he afterwards resigned to resume his law practice. He was appointed a U. S. senator in place of J. McPher- son Berrien, resigned, serving from June 11. 1852, to March 3, 1853. He was afterwards elected mayor of Savannah and served two terms. He published a volume of poems in 1839, and “ Leaves from the Portfolio of a Georgia Lawyer." He died at Savannah, Ga., Jan. 18, 1854. CHASE, Carlton, 1st bishop of New Hampshire, and 42d in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Hopkinton, N. IL, Feb. 20, 1794. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1817, ordained a deacon at Bristol, R. I., Dec. 19, 1818, and advanced to the priesthood at Newport, R. I., Sept. 27, 1820. His ministry was spent at Imman- uel church, Bellows Falls, Vt., 1820-’44. In 1839 he received the degree of D.D. from the Univer sity of Vermont. He was consecrated bishop of New Hampshire at Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 20, 1844, and removing to Claremont, N. H., assumed the cure of Trinity church in that place, which he held for several years. The standing commit- tee of the diocese of New York, after the suspen sion of Bishop Onderdonk and before the election of Bishop Wainwright, invited Bishop Chase to perform the episcopal duties in that state, which he did with great satisfaction to the diocese, making three visitations, 1850-’51 and ’52. He published sermons and addresses. He died at Claremont, N. H., Jan. 18, 1870. CHASE, Dudley, jurist, was born in Cornish. N. H.. Dec. 30, 1771; son of Dudley and Alice (Corbett) Chase, and brother of Bishop Philander Chase. He was graduated with honors at Dart- mouth college in 1791, and was admitted to the bar two years later, practising first at Randolph, Vt. From 1803 to 1811 he was state attorney for Orange county, and in 1805 was elected a repre- sentative from Randolph to the Vermont legisla- ture. He served by re-election until 1812, being speaker of the house of representatives during the last five years. He was a delegate to the con- stitutional conventions of 1814 and 1822. In 1813 he succeeded Stephen R. Bradley as U. S. senator, and served until 1817, when he resigned his seat to become chief justice of the supreme court of Vermont. This office he held until 1821. In 1824 he was again elected to the U. S. senate, and served from 1825 to 1831, when he retired from public life and devoted himself to agricultural pursuits. He died in Randolph, Vt., Feb. 23, 1846. f619J CHASE. CARPENTER CHASE, George, lawyer, was born in Portland Me., Dec. 29, 1849; son of David T. and Martha E. ( Haynes) Chase. He was prepared for college in the Portland schools and was graduated at Yale in 1870 as valedictorian. Three years later he finished a course at the Columbia law-school, at the same time being principal of a classical school in New York city. From 1873 to 1875 he was an instructor in Columbia college; from 1875 to 1878 he was assistant professor of municipal law ; from 1878 to 1891 was professor of criminal law, torts, evidence, pleading and practice. In 1891 he re- signed and founded the New York law school in New York city, of which he became dean. He published: “ Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, Abridged, with Notes and Ref- erences to American Decisions,” (1876; 3d ed., 1890) ; “ The Ready Legal Adviser” (1881) ; andan edition of Stephens’s “ Digest of the Law of Evi- dence ” (1886). He also contributed to Johnson’s Universal Cyclopa?dia. CHASE, George Colby, educator, was born in Unity, Me., March 15, 1844; son of Joseph and Jane Chase (Dyer) Chase. He was prepared for college at the Maine state seminary and was graduated at Bates college with the class of 1868. He taught school at New Hampton, N. H., 1868 -'69; was tutor in Bates college and student at Bates theological school during 1870, when he took a graduate student’s course at Harvard, and in 1871 became professor of rhetoric and English literature in Bates college. He was married June 12, 1872, to Emma Francette Millett. On June 27, 1894, he was elected president of Bates college, to succeed the Rev. Dr. Oren Burbank Cheney. CHASE, Harry, artist, was born at Woodstock, Vt., in 1853. He was educated in his native town, and pursued his art studies in Europe. He went to the Hague, where he was a pupil of Hendrik-Willem Mesdag, and afterwards studied at the Munich academy under the instruction of Wilhelm von Kaulbach. On his return to the United States he opened a studio in New York city. In 1883 he was elected an associate of the National academy of design, where in 1885 he won the three Hallgarten prizes of 8300, 8200, and 8100, for his “New York — North River.” Among his paintings are : “Low Tide on the Welsh Coast” (1878) ; “ Herring Fishers of Scheveningen ”(1880) ; “ Dutch Boats at Anchor ” (1881) ; “ Bringing the Fish Ashore” (1882); “Summer Morning on the French Coast” (1883); “Battery Park in New York” (1884), and “Rising Tide on the Dutch Coast” (1885). CHASE, Ira, clergyman, was born in Stratton, Vt., Oct. 5, 1793, son of Isaac and Sarah (Bond) Chase. He was graduated at Middlebury college in 1814, and in September, 1817, completed his theo- logical course at the Andover seminary. In the same month he was ordained a Baptist minister at the session of the Boston association in Danvers, Mass. He then served as a missionary in the west- ern part of Virginia, and in 1818 became asso- ciated with Dr. William Staughton, in organizing the first Baptist theological institution, at Phil- adelphia, Pa., of which he was made professor of language and Biblical literature. This institution was removed to Washington, D.C., in 1822, and incorporated with Columbian college. In 1825 he resigned his chair to accept that of biblical theol- ogy in the Newton theological seminary which he was instrumental in founding. From 1836 to 1845 he was professor of ecclesiastical history in the same institution, resigning in the latter year from active work. He is the author of “Remarks on the Book of Daniel” (1844); “The Design of Bap- tism” (1851); “Life of John Bunyan”; “The Work Claiming to be the Constitution of the Holy Apostles, Including the Canons, Revised from the Greek” (1863), and “Infant Baptism an Inven- tion of Man ” (1863). He died in Newton Centre, Mass., Nov. 1, 1864. CHASE, Ira J., governor of Indiana, was born in Munroe county, New York, Dec. 7, 1834. At the age of fifteen he entered Milan (Ohio) semin- ary, where he remained two years. Then after studying two years at Medina, N. Y., he went to Chicago, 111., obtaining employment first as clerk in a store, and later as a teacher, re- maining in the latter profession until 1860. He joined the Union army in 1861, and served until March, 1863, when he left his regiment on account of broken health. In 1864 he became a min- ister in the church of the Disciples of Christ, and served nineteen years a s a pastor in various leading churches in Indiana. In 1886 he was chosen department chap- lain of the G. A. R. of Indiana. In 1888 he was elected lieutenant - governor of Indiana, with Gen. Alvin P. Hovey for governor. In 1888 he was elected department commander, G. A. R., of the department of Indiana, and in 1889 was again elected department chaplain by acclamation. On the death of Governor Hovey. in 1891, he became governor ex-officio. By the request of the family of the deceased, Governor Chase preached the funeral discourse of his predecessor. He filled the gubernatorial chair until January, 1893. [6201 CHASE. CHASE. CHASE, Lucien B., author, was born in Ver- mont, Aug 9, 1817. He removed to Tennessee and located in Clarksville, where he became inter- ested in politics. In 1844 he was elected a repre- sentative in the 29th Congress, and was re-elected to the 30th Congress, serving until 1849, when he declined to be again elected. He is the author of “ History of Mr. Polk’s Administration ”(1850), and “ English Serfdom and American Slavery ” (1854). He died at Clarksville, Tenn. , Dec. 14, 1864. CHASE, Philander, 1st bishop of Ohio, 1819- ’31, 1st bishop of Illinois, 1835-’52, and 18th in succession in the American episcopate, was born at Cornish, N. H., Dec. 14, 1775; son of Dudley and Alice (Corbett) Chase, and lineally descended through Samuel and Mary (Dudley) Chase; Dan- iel and Sarah (March) Chase; Moses and Ann (Follansbee) Chase, from Aquila and Ann Chase, who came from England and settled in New Hampshire in 1640. He was graduated at Dart- mouth college in 1796, was admitted to the dia- conate of the P. E. church by bishop Provoost in St. Paul’s chapel, New York city, June 10, 1798, and advanced to the priesthood by the same prel- ate, Nov. 10, 1799. He first labored as a mission- ary in northern and western New York, where he organized parishes at Utica, Canandaigua, and Auburn. In 1800 he assumed charge of the Poughkeepsie, and Fishkill churches. In 1805 he removed to New Orleans, La., where he organized Christ church and became its rector. In 1811 he became rector of Christ church, Hartford, Conn. He then resolved to transfer his labors to the missionary district west of the Alleghanies, held his first service at Salem, Ohio, March 16, 1817, and in June of the same year, assumed charge of the church at Worthington, Ohio, and of the outlying parishes of Delaware and Colum- bus. serving also as a principal of the academy at Worthington. His marked success in missionary work caused him to be chosen as bishop of the newly formed diocese of Ohio, and on Feb. 11, 1819, he was consecrated at St. James’ church, Philadelphia. He was president of Cincinnati college, 1821-23, and during that time took meas- ures which resulted in the founding and partial endowment of Kenyon college, of which he was president, 1828-’31. He was also president of the theological seminary at Gambier, Ohio, 1825-31. Bishop Chase later visited England for the pur- pose of obtaining funds to carry out the enter- prise, which resulted in a generous response to his appeal. In 1831, his disposition of the funds ob- tained in England being questioned by his clergy, he resigned the presidency of Kenyon college and Gambier theological seminary, as well as his ‘episcopate. In 1832 he removed to Michigan, where he was occupied in missionary work. In 1835 he was chosen bishop of Illinois. With the help of money which ho obtained on a second visit to England, he founded Jubilee college, at a place to which he gave the name, Robin’s Nest, Peoria, 111. A charter, placing the college en- tirely under the jurisdiction of the church, was obtained in 1847. On the death of Bishop Gris- wold in 1843, Bishop Chase became presiding bishop. He received the degree of D.D. from Col- umbia college in 1819, and that of LL.D from Cincinnati college in 1823. He published: “A Plea for the West” (1826); “The Star in the West” (1828); “Defence of Kenyon College” (1831); “A Plea for Jubilee” (1835); “Reminis- cences, and Autobiography ” (1847) ; the “ Pastoral Letters of the House of Bishops from 1844 to 1850, inclusive.” His life has been written, as well as a vindication of his course in regard to Kenyon college. He died at Jubilee college, Robin’s Nest, 111., Sept. 20, 1852. CHASE, Pliny Earle, scientist, was born in Worcester, Mass., Aug 18, 1820, son of Anthony and Lydia (Earle) Chase. He attended the Wor- cester schools and the Friends’ boarding school in Providence, R. I. , and was graduated at Har- vard in 1839. After teaching in Leicester and Worcester, Mass., and in Providence, R. I., he removed to Philadelphia, Pa., where he taught school. In 1848 he entered into the stove and foundry business in Philadelphia, Pa., and Wil- mington, Del. In 1861 he resumed the occupa- tion of teaching, in Philadelphia. In 1870 he vis- ited Europe, and in 1871 was appointed professor of natural science in Haverford college. He also served for several months as acting professor in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1875 he was transferred to the newly established chair of philosophy and logic at Haverford, and remained in this position during the rest of his life. On the organization of Bryn Mawr college, in 1884, he was appointed lecturer on psychology and logic in that institution. He devoted much time to scientific research and made many im- portant discoveries in astronomy and physics. He was an active member of several scientific societies, and was for a time vice-president of the American philosophical society, which in 1864 awarded him its Magellanic gold medal. He received the degree of A. M. from Harvard in 1844, and that of LL. D. from Haverford in 1876. Among his published writings are : ‘ ‘ The Elements of Arithmetic ” (Part 1, 1844; part 2, 1846) ; “ The Common School Arithmetic ” (1848) ; “ Elements of Meteorology for Schools and Households” (1884), and many contributions to the American Journal of Arts and Sciences ; the London, Dub- lin, and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine : to the Comptes Rcndus, of Paris, and to the Journal of the Franklin Institute. He died in Haverford, Pa., Dec. 17, 1886. CHASE. CHASE. CHASE, Salmon Portland, chief justice, was born in Cornish, N. H., Jan. 13, 1808, son of Itlia- mar and Janette (Ralston) Chase, and sixth in descent from Aquila and Ann Chase, emigrants, who left England in 1640, and settled in Newbury, Mass. His father was a farmer and in 1815 re moved from Cornish to Keene, N. H., where, with his wife and eleven children, he established a new home, having in 1812 engaged in the man- ufacture of glass and become bankrupt. Salmon attended the district school until 1817, when his father died, and he was sent to Windsor, Vt., where he continued his studies. In 1820 his mother sent him to Worthington, Ohio, at the suggestion of her brother-in-law, Bishop Philander Chase, who conducted a col- legiate school at that place, and who agreed to give him a home and educational advantages. He made the journey with an elder brother and H. R. Schoolcraft, who were going west to join the Cass exploring expedition. On the removal of the bishop to Cincinnati in 1822, to accept the presidency of Cincinnati college, Salmon entered that institution, and in 1823, when his uncle went to Europe to procure funds to establish Kenyon college, he returned to his mother’s home in Keene, N. H., taught school at Royalton, Vt., and matriculated at Dartmouth college in 1824, graduating with the class of 1826. He then went south, expecting to find employment as tutor in some private family, but in this was disappointed, and returning as far as Washington he there was refused a situation in one of the departments, his uncle, Dudley Chase, of Vermont, declining to aid him on the ground that such an appointment had already ruined one nephew. He secured a private school, where he had among other pupils a son of Attorney-General Wirt. This incident led to an offer from Mr. Wirt to receive the young tutor as a law student, and he was admitted to the bar of the District of Columbia in 1829. He continued his school until 1830, when he returned to the home of his uncle in Cincinnati, and was admitted as an attorney and counsellor at the Ohio bar. His anxious waiting for clients was relieved by industrious application to the prepar- ation of an edition of the statutes of Ohio, which his conscientious codification, copious annotation, and comprehensive historical sketch of the growth and development of the territory and state, ex- panded to three volumes. Upon its publication the fame of the author spread with its rapid sale, all previous “Statutes of Ohio” being superseded by the new work. Practice now came to the young barrister, and among his clients were the bank of the United States in Cincinnati, and the Lafayette, a prominent city bank, which en- gaged his services as director, secretary of the board, and solicitor. This experience directed the mind of the rising lawyer to subjects of finance, and was the preparatory school of the future U. S. treasurer. The question of slavery and the rights of fugitives from bondage was at this time (1837) uppermost in the public mind, especially in the vicinity of Cincinnati. Mr. Chase was retained as counsel fora colored woman claimed as a fugitive slave, and also in the case of James G. Birney, prosecuted under a state law for harboring a fugitive slave. Both causes were defended by him before the state supreme court, and his arguments against the right of the fed- eral government to demand of a state magistrate any service in the case of a slave voluntarily brought by his master into a free state and there escaping from his control, and in maintaining that the law of 1793 was unwarranted by the constitution of the United States, and there- fore void, — were published and extensively circu- lated by the anti-slaveiw party. In the case of Van Zandt, before the supreme court of the United States in 1846, he was associated -with William H. Seward, and there argued that under the ordinance of 1787 no fugitive from service could be reclaimed from Ohio, unless escaped from one of the original slave states, and that the question of slavery was an interstate, and not a federal question for adjudication by Congress. In politics Mr. Chase had taken no positive posi- tion, and had supported either Whig or Democrat as they promised to further his one political idea, the blotting out of slavery ; but in 1841 he called the convention that organized the Liberty party in Ohio, wrote the address to the people, and sup- ported the candidate for governor named by the party. In 1843, when the Liberty party met in convention at Baltimore to nominate candidates for president and vice-president, Mr. Chase was a member of the committee on resolutions, and opposed the radical proposition offered, refusing to support the tliird clause of the Constitution if it was applied to the case of a fugitive slave, his opposition preventing its becoming a part of the committee’s report. It was, however, introduced before the convention and adopted. The move- ment for a convention of ‘ ‘ all who believe that all that is worth preserving in republicanism can be maintained only by uncompromising war against the usurpation of the slave power, and f 622 J CHASE. CHASE. are therefore resolved to use all constitutional and honorable means to effect the extinction of slavery within the respective states, and its reduction to its constitutional limits in the United States” was led by Mr. Chase, and was intended to invite rep- resentation only from the southern and western states. It met in Cincinnati in June, 1845, and the address, urging the necessity of a political organization determined upon the overthrow of the slave power, was prepared by Mr. Chase, as chairman of the committee on platform. The second Liberty national convention was held in 1847, and in it Mr. Chase opposed making a ticket, and advised waiting to see how the Wilmot pro- viso would affect the political parties and the action of Congress. In 1848 he prepared a call for a free territory state convention at Columbus, Ohio, which was signed by over three thousand voters. This resulted in the national convention at Buffalo, N.Y., in August, 1848, over which Mr. Chase presided, and which nominated the Free- Soil ticket, Van Buren and Adams. Mr. Chase was the next year elected by the Democrats and Federal Whigs, as United States senator. In 1852, when the Democratic national convention at Baltimore nominated Franklin Pierce and de- nounced the agitation of the slavery question, and the ticket and platform were upheld by the Democrats of Ohio, Mr. Chase withdrew from the party, and prepared the platform for an indepen- dent party, which was adopted by the Pittsburgh convention of 1852. He opposed the Clay com- promise in a speech in the senate ; and his amend- ment providing against the introduction of slavery in the territories, to which the bill applied, re- ceived twenty-five votes, while thirty voted against the amendment. He also offered an amendment to the fugitive slave bill, by which so-called fugi- tive slaves should be accorded trial by jury, and another granting immunity to slaves escaping from states to territories, or the reverse, thus con- forming the act to the provisions of the constitu- tion, both of which were defeated. When the Nebraska bill was introduced in 1854, he drew up and caused to be circulated an appeal to the people to oppose the measure, and in the senate on February 3 made a speech in which he elaborated the objectionable features of the bill. On the very night of its passage he made an earnest pro- test against the measure. His efforts in the senate were directed to the confining of the question of slavery within its constitutional limits, to securing non-intervention on the part of the Federal gov- ernment in the affairs of the states and territories, to upholding the individual rights of persons and states, and to securing economy in the administra- tion of financial affairs. He favored free home- steads to actual settlers, cheap postage, govern- ment aid towards the construction of the Pacific railroad, and liberal appropriations for harbor and river improvements. The opponents of the Nebraska bill and of the administration nominated Mr.Chase for governor of Ohio in July, 1855, and he was elected. His policy, as outlined in his in- augural address, was economy in the adminis- tration of state affairs, annual sessions of the legislature, and liberal support to schools. At the Republican national convention of 1856 a majority of the Ohio delegates, backed by a large following from other states, proposed his name as a presidential candidate, but at his personal re- quest it was withdrawn. In 1857 he was again a candidate for governor, and received the largest vote ever given to a candidate for that office in Ohio. When the Republican national convention met at Chicago in 1860, Ohio presented Mr. Chase as a candidate, and in the first ballot he received forty-nine votes; but when the votes of Ohio were needed to secure Mr. Lincoln’s nomination they were promptly furnished. In the same year he was elected to a seat in the United States senate, and resigned it to accept the portfolio of the treasuiy in the cabinet of President Lincoln. The treasury was in need of money, and the secretary asked for §8,000.000, April 2, 1861, of which amount §3,099,000 was tendered at or under six per cent. He refused all bids at higher rates than six per cent and placed the balance in two- year treasury notes at par or over. When Fort Sumter was first fired upon, the secretary went to New York and obtained §50,000,000 from the banks in exchange for treasury notes payable in coin, and soon after obtained §100,000,000 more from the same source. The bankers could not sell the bonds for coin, and on Dec. 27, 1861, the agreement to suspend specie payment was entered into. When the resources of the banks were found inadequate to supply the secretary’s demand for money, he. largely through the sug- gestion of Mr. O. B. Potter of New York, issued ‘ ‘ the greenback,” which was made legal tender by act of Congress, for all purposes except custom duties ; these treasury notes, running for various lengths of time, and bearing interest at from six to seven and three -tenths per cent payable in coin, were readily taken by the people and the loan became very popular. This popular loan was followed by the national banking system, a part of the original plan of Mr. Potter. These financial measures enabled the government to prosecute the war, and furnished a stable cur- rency. When Mr. Chase left the treasury de- partment, June 30, 1864, the national debt amounted to §1.740,690,489. On Dec. 6, 1864, President Lincoln named Mr. Chase as chief jus- tice of the U. S. supreme court, to succeed Jus- tice Taney deceased, and his nomination was im- mediately confirmed by the senate. In the CHASE. CHASE. impeachment trial of President Johnson in March, 1868, Chief Justice Chase presided, and his im- partial and dignified demeanor won the respect of all save the intense partisans conducting the prosecution. He became dissatisfied with the policy of the Republican party as voiced by the majority in Congress, and when the Democratic national convention met in New York in July, 1888, he was announced as a candidate for the presidency. At one time his chances of the nomination seemed to be flattering, but the tide changed before the balloting began, and he re- ceived but four votes. In the presidential can- vass of 1872 he favored the election of Mr. Greeley, the Democratic candidate. Dartmouth conferred on him the degree of LL.D in 1855. Mr. Chase was thrice married, and his daughter Katherine, born to his second wife, Eliza Ann (Smith), to whom he was married Sept. 26, 1839, was the head of his household in Washington, his third wife, Sara Bella Dunlap (Ludlow), hav- ing died some years before. Miss Chase, popularly known as Kate Chase, was a society leader during the war; she was married to Senator William Sprague of Rhode Island, and after the expiration of her husband’s senatorial term established a palatial home in Rhode Island. Chief Justice Chase’s health became greatly impaired through a paralytic stroke, and he died in New York city, May 7, 1872. CHASE, Samuel, signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Somerset county, Md., April 17, 1741. His father, the Rev. Thomas Chase, was a clergyman in the Church of Eng- land. Two years after the birth of the boy he was appointed rector of St. Paul's church in Baltimore, and himself conducted the education of his son, who in 1759 began the study of law, and two years later was licensed to practise in the mayor’s court. In 1763 he was admitted to the bar, and settled in Annapolis. He was ar- dently devoted to the cause of the colonies, and became a member of the “Sons of Liberty.” When the stamp act was up for discussion he was vehemently opposed to it, and was among those who assaulted the stamp officers and destroyed the stamps. The authorities of Annapolis attempted to rebuke him, but this only added to his growing popularity with the people. In 1774, by a conven- tion of the people of Maryland, he was appointed one of the five delegates to the first Continental Congress, and became a member of the committee on correspondence. He was bold and outspoken in his .advocacy of independence. He was again a delegate in 1775, and did all in his power to strengthen the army then concentrating at Bos- ton. Mass. In 1776, with Benjamin Franklin. Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and Bishop Carroll he visited Canada to ask its concurrence with the [ 624 ] action of the other colonies. After the failure of their mission he returned to his seat in Congress. The question of independence had been broached, and Maryland had expressly prohibited her dele- gates from voting for it; Mr. Chase traversed the province, and made such effective addresses and instigated the sending of such petitions to the convention then sitting at Annapolis that the convention lifted its restrictions. This bar removed, Mr. Chase hastened to Philadelphia, tak- ing his seat Monday morning in time to join with the majority in a vote for, and to sign, the Declara- tion of Independence. He continued a member of Congress until 1778. In 1776, a delegate from Georgia, the Rev. Dr. John J. Zubly, was charged with secret correspondence with the royal gov- ernor, and Mr. Chase denounced him before the house as a traitor. Zubly fled and made good his escape. As chairman of the committee con- cerning those who gave “ aid and comfort to the enemy,” he recommended the arrest and im- prisonment of wealthy Quakers in Philadelphia. In 1778 Mr. Chase withdrew from the practice of his profession in Annapolis. He drafted in this year a convincing reply to charges made and circulated by the Tories. In 1783 an incident occurred that deserves notice. He was in Balti more and invited to attend a debating society. Among the speakers was a young man who at tracted his attention by his felicitous English and close argument. He ascertained that he was a clerk in an apothecary’s store ; he sought him and advised him to study law, offered him instruc- tion, the use of his library, and a seat at his table. The young man was William Pinkney, who after- wards became attorney -general of the United States, and minister at the court of St. James. In 1783 Mr. Chase visited England and recovered six hundred and fifty thousand dollars that had been invested by the state of Maryland in the bank of England before the war. He again served in Congress, 1784-’85. In 1786 he changed liis residence to Baltimore, and on leaving Anna- polis the corporation of the city presented him with an address commending his fidelity in the discharge of his public duties and his patriotism as a citizen. In 1788 he was appointed chief justice of the criminal court for the district of Baltimore, and also served in the convention that adopted the constitution of the United States. In 1791 he became chief justice of the supreme court of the state. In 1796 he was ap- pointed by Washington associate justice of the supreme court of the United States and the nomination was confirmed by the senate. His irritable temper brought him into trouble, and his sharp words from the bench, however true, were resented. At the Fries and Callender sedi tion trials he was accused of misdemeanor, and CHASE. CHASE. John Randolph instigated his impeachment, which had at lirst six and then eight counts. When he came to trial before the senate, six counts were dismissed, and the others failed to secure a two-thirds vote. Judge Chase resumed his seat on the bench, and dignified his office until his death, which occurred June 19, 1811. CHASE, Squire, missionary, was born in Scipio, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1802. In June, 1822, he received a preacher's license, and became a proba- tioner in the Genesee (N. Y. ) conference. He was assigned to the St. Lawrence circuit, and in 1823 was transferred to the Black river conference. At the close of his second year in conference he was ordained deacon, and was appointed to Sandy Creek circuit. In 1825 he was returned to Black river circuit and labored there and in other cir- cuits until 1831, when he was made presiding elder of the St. Lawrence circuit. In October, 1836, he went as a missionary to Africa, but ill health compelled him to return after an absence of less than a year. In 1839 he was elected a delegate to the general conference at Baltimore. In 1842 he again went to Africa, where he re- mained about sixteen months. During his stay there he was superintendent of the African mis- sion, and editor of the semi-monthly Methodist journal called Africa's Luminary. He died in Syracuse, N. Y., July 26, 1843. CHASE, Thomas, educator, was born in Wor- cester, Mass., June 16, 1827; brother of Pliny Earle Chase. He was graduated at Harvard with the degree of A.M. in 1848, and from 1850 to 1853 was tutor there. Pie then went abroad and studied at the University of Berlin and the Col- lege of Paris. In 1855 he became professor of philology and literature in Haverford college, and in 1875 was elected president of the institution. He served at times as classical professor at Brown university. He was a member of the American Committee on New Testament revision, and of the philological congress held at Stockholm. He received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard in 1878, and that of Litt.D. from Haverford in 1880. He is the author of “ The Early Days of Hellas ” (1858); “Hellas: her Monuments and Scenery” (1863), and “ Dr. Schliemann and the Archaeo- logical Value of his Discoveries ” (1891), and was senior editor of Chase and Stuart's classical series. He died Oct. 5, 1892. CHASE, William Henry, soldier, was born in Massachusetts in 1798. He was graduated at West Point in 1815, and served as assistant in the corps of engineers in the construction of the defences of Brooklyn, in making surveys in the vicinity of Lake Champlain, in repairing Fort Niagara, and in constructing Fort Pike, La., until 1822. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1819, and was superintending engineer of the defences of the Rigolets and Chef Menteur passes to New Orleans, La., 1822— '24 ; of Fort Jackson, Mississippi river, 1823-'24; of the breakwater for the preservation of Plymouth Beach, Mass., 1824; and of forts at the Rigolets, Chef Menteur, Bien- venue, and Bayou Dupre passes to New Orleans, 1824r-’28. He was promoted captain, Jan. 1, 1825, and served as superintending engineer for the construction of defences and improvements in the south until 1856. He was promoted major July 7, 1838, and on Oct. 31, 1856, he resigned his commission in the army to become president of the Alabama and Florida railroad company, hold- ing the position until 1861. In that year he joined the Confederate army and served through- out the civil war. He died in Pensacola, Fla., Feb. 8, 1870. CHASE, William Henry, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 25, 1844. He was gradu- ated at West Point in 1865 and assigned to gar- rison duty. He was promoted 1st lieutenant of 1st artillery Feb. 1, 1866, and was despatched to the Canadian frontier to prevent Fenian raids in June, 1866. He was transferred to the corps of engineers, and from November, 1866, to June, 1868, was battalion quartermaster. He was then made assistant engineer under General War- ren, and served as such until March, 1870, when he was transferred to the Pacific board of engi- neers for fortifications. In 1869 he completed a valuable topographical survey of the battlefield of Gettysburg. He died at Germantown, Phila- delphia, Pa., June 21, 1871. CHASE, William Merritt, painter, was born at Franklin, Ind., Nov. 1, 1849. He studied paint- ing in Indianapolis with B. F. Hays ; in New York with J. O. Eaton ; at the National academy at Munich with Wagner and Piloty; at the Royal academy, and in Venice, where he gave special attention to the works of Tintoretto. His work received honorable mention at the Paris salon. He returned to the United States in 1878. In 1890 he was elected a national academician, and after- wards was elected president of the Society of American artists. In 1875 he exhibited “The Dowager ” at the National academy of design, New York; in 1877 “The Broken Jug'’ and “The Unexpected Intrusion,” and 1878 “The Court Jester, or Keying Up,” which had won him a medal at the Centennial exhibition in 1876. His “ Ready for a Ride ” was contributed to the first exhibition of the Society of American artists in New York in 1878, and was purchased by the Union league club. He painted portraits of the five children of Director Piloty; Duveneck (1879) ; General Webb (1880), and Peter Cooper (1882). His other works include: “Venetian Fish-Market,” “The Apprentice.” “ Interior of St. Mark’s in Venice,” and “ The Coquette.” [625 J CHATARD. CHAUNCY. CHATARD, Francis Silas, fifth R. C. bishop of Vincennes, Ind., was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1834. After completing his primary education in the schools of his native city, he was sent to Mount St. Mary’s college, Emmittsburg, Md., where lie was graduated in 1853. He went to Rome in 1857, and became a student in the famous Urban college. After six years of assidu- ous study he was elevated to the priesthood in 1803. Soon after his ordination he was awarded the degree of D.D. He was subsequently ap- pointed vice-rector of the American college in Rome, and upon the resignation of Dr. McCloskey was made rector, and held this position for two years. He had the ear and confidence of the pope, and in this manner was enabled to be of inestimable service to American priests or bishops. In the Vatican council of 1870, Dr. Chatard took a conspicuous part. His services as theologian, secretary, and master of ceremonies were rewarded by the reigning pontiff, Pius IX., who presented him with a gold medal as a testi- monial of his regard. In 1878 he visited the United States in order to collect funds for the American college and revive popular interest in the institution. He had the support and sym patliy of both the pope and the American priests and bishops, and as a result obtained large sums of money for the institution. After his return from his trip, he was summoned to the presence of the holy father, and informed that he had been elected Bishop of Vincennes, Ind. Dr. Chatard was consecrated on May 12. 1878, and took up his residence in Indianapolis, Ind., al- though the cathedral of St. Francis Xavier is at Vincennes. He was one of the first to welcome Cardinal Satolli, shortly after whose arrival lie wrote: “ We recommend to all the most sin- cere regard for the apostolic delegate, the great- est docility to his wishes, and the most respectful silence regarding his judicial acts.” Bishop Chatard is the author of “ Symbolism of the Catholic Church,” and other controversial and devotional works. CHATFIELD=TAYLOR, Hobart Chatfield, (See Taylor, H. C. Chatfield. CHAUNCEY, Isaac, naval officer, was born at Black Rock, Conn. , Feb. 20, 1772 ; son of Wolcott and Ann (Brown) Chauncey, and a great-great- grandson of Israel, youngest son of Charles Chauncy of Harvard college. At the age of twelve he went to sea, and in 1791 was made com- mander of a ship. At t lie organization of the navy in 1 798 he received a commission as lieuten- ant in the navy, and was afterwards promoted commander, serving as such under Preble in the Tripolitan war. From this officer he received high commendation in official despatches. On May 23, 1804, he was promoted master, and on April 24, 1806, was made captain. At the time of the partial reduction of the navy in 1807-'08 he received a furlough, and took command of an East Indiaman belonging to John Jacob Astor. He made a trip to China, and on his return in 1808 was commissioned by the government to organize the navy yard at Brooklyn, N. Y. He remained in command of the yard until the break- ing out of the war of 1812, when he was ordered to the command of the lakes. He rendered dis- tinguished service during the war, assisting in the capture of York and Fort George, and in block- adingthe fleetof Sir James Yeoof the British navy in 1814. In 1816 he was assigned to the command of the Mediterranean squadron, conveyed to Naples William Pinkney, minister plenipoten- tiary to Russia: and in June, 1816, relieved Com- modore Shaw, senior officer in the Mediterranean. He was commissioned, with Mr. Shaler, to open negotiations with the Dey of Algiers, who vio- lated the treaty made with Decatur in 1815. The duty was successfully performed, and Commo- dore Chauncey cruised in the Mediterranean until 1818, when he returned to New York, taking command of the navy yard. In 1821 he was ordered to Washington as navy commis- sioner, and in 1824 was again ordered to the com- mand of the New York navy yard station, which he held until 1833. In June of that year he returned to Washington as president of the board of naval commissioners. He was married to Catharine, daughter of John and Catharine Sickles of New York. He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 27, 1840. CHAUNCEY, John Sickles, naval officer, was born in New York in 1800; son of Commodore Isaac and Catharine (Sickles) Chauncey. He was appointed midshipman in the U. S. navy Jan. 1, 1812, was promoted lieutenant Jan. 13, 1825, and commander Sept. 8, 1841. In 1847 he was stationed at Washington as inspector of ordnance, and remained there three years. On Sept, 14, 1855, he was commissioned captain ; was promoted commodore, July 16, 1862, and was placed on the retired list April 4, 1869. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., April 10, 1871. CHAUNCY, Charles, educator, was baptized at Yardley-Bury, Hertfordshire, England, Nov. 5, 1592; son of George and Agnes (Welsh) Chauncy, and the emigrant ancestor of all who bear the name of Chauncy and Chauncey in the United States. He received his preparatory training at Westminster school, and entered Trinity college, Cambridge, where he was made a bachelor of arts in 1613, and a master of arts in 1617. He was also made a fellow of the college, and in 1624 was given the degree of B.D. He was chosen profes- sor of Hebrew, but resigned in favor of a relative of the vice-chancellor, and was appointed to the >26] CHAUNCY. CHAUVENET. Greek professorship. He remained at Trinity for some time, and then preached for a season at Marston-Laurence, Northamptonshire. In 1627 he became vicar of Ware, Hertfordshire, where his peculiar puritanical opinions involved him in difficulties with his ecclesiastical superiors. In January, 1629, he was called before the high commission court on the charge of having used in his sermons certain expressions condemnatory of the church, and is said to have made his submis- sion to Bishop Laud. In 1635 he was again prose- cuted for opposing the railing in of the communion table at Ware; was suspended, cast into prison, condemned to costs, and obliged to make a humiliating recantation. He left England late in 1637, and arrived at Plymouth, Mass., in May, 1638. For about three years he preached with Mr. Reyner at Plymouth, and in 1641 was elected pastor of the church at Scituate, where he preached for twelve years. His pastorate in Scituate was for many reasons unpleasant to him, partly because of a difference of opinion among his parishioners, and partly because of a lack of financial support. His persecutor, Bishop Laud, had been executed, and a change had taken place in the attitude of the church; Mr. Chauncy was invited to return to Ware, and had reached Boston, whence he was to sail, when he was invited to become president of Harvard college. He was inaugurated Nov. 29, 1654, and entered upon the duties of the office at a salary of £100 per annum. He was married, March 17, 1630, to Catharine, daughter of Robert Eyre of Sarum, Wilts, and Agnes, his wife, daughter of John Still, bishop of Bath and Wells. He is the author of “ The Plain Doctrine of the Jus- tification of a Sinner in the Sight of God, Six and Twenty Sermons” (1659), and “ Anti- Synodalia Scripta Americana.” See Cotton Mather's “ Magnalia Christi Americana,” Beal's “ History of New England,” vol. ii. , and “ Mem- orials of the Chaunceys.” He died in Cam bridge, Mass., Feb. 19, 1672. CHAUNCY, Charles, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 1, 1705; son of Charles and Sarah (Walley) Chauncy, grandson of Isaac Chauncy, and great-grandson of Charles Chauncy, president of Harvard college. He was graduated at Harvard in 1721, and studied theology in Boston. On Oct. 25, 1727, he was ordained pastor of the first church in Boston. He was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Judge Hirst, and had three children. He was a fellow of the Ameri- can academy. In 1742 Edinburgh university conferred upon him tire degree of S.T.D. For a complete list of his published writings see, ‘‘Bibliotheca Chaunciana ” (1884); and “Mem- orials of the Chaunceys,” by William Chauncey Fowler. He died Feb. 10, 1787. CHAUNCY, Charles, jurist, was born in Dur- ham, Conn., June 11, 1747; son of Eliliu and Mary (Griswold) Chauncy, and great-great-grandson of Charles Chauncy, president of Harvard col- lege. He studied law under James A. Hillliouse, and was admitted to the bar in November, 1768. In 1776 he was appointed attorney for the state of Connecticut, and in 1789 to the bench of the superior court. This office he resigned in 1798 and retired from law practice, devoting his time to lecturing to a class of students at law. He was married to Abigail, daughter of Thomas and Abigail Darling of New Haven. In 1777 Yale college conferred upon him the degree of M.A., and Middlebury gave him that of LL.D. in 1811. He died in New Haven. Conn., April 28, 1823. CHAUNCY, Charles, lawyer, was born in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 17, 1777; son of Charles and Abigail (Darling) Chauncy, and great-great- great grandson of Charles Chauncy of Harvard college. He was graduated at Yale college in 1792, studied law for five years with his father, and in 1798 was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in Philadelphia, Pa. In 1808 he was married to Hannah, daughter of Col. John Ches- ter of Wethersfield, Conn. In 1837 and 1838 he was a member of the convention for revising t he constitution of Pennsylvania. He practised law at the Philadelphia bar for nearly forty years, with eminent success. In 1827 Yale college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. He died in Burlington, N. J., Aug. 30, 1849. CHAUNCY, Nathaniel, clergyman, was born in Hatfield, Mass., Sept. 21, 1681; son of the Rev. Nathaniel and Abigail (Strong) Chauncy, and grandson of Charles and Catharine (Eyre) Chauncy. He was educated by his uncle, and in 1702 was graduated at Yale college an A.M. in the first class and the first man graduated, and so honored by the college. He was then placed in charge of the Hopkins grammar school in Hadley, Mass., and later taught at Springfield, Mass., studying theology meanwhile under his brother-in-law, the Rev. Daniel Brewer. He preached at the newly settled town of Durham, Conn., from about 1704, but was not ordained until Feb. 7, 1711. He continued in office until his death. In April, 1746, he was elected a fel- low of Yale college, which office he resigned in September, 1752. He was married, Oct. 12, 1708, to Sarah, daughter of Capt. James and Rebecca (Wells) Judson of Stratford, Conn. He died at Durham, Conn., Feb. 1, 1756. CHAUVENET, William, mathematician, was born in Milford, Pa., May 24, 1820. He was graduated at Yale in 1840, and was for a time assistant to Alexander Dallas Baclie at Girard college. He became professor of mathematics in CHEATHAM. CHEEVER. the naval service in 1841, being stationed in Phila- delphia, and afterwards at Annapolis, Md. In 1859 he was chosen professor of mathematics in, Washington university, St. Louis, Mo., of which institution he became chancellor in 1862. This office he resigned in 1869 on account of failing health. He twice declined the chair at Yale col- lege made vacant by the death of Professor Olmsted. He was an original member of the National academy of sciences. He is the author of “ Binomial Theorems and Logarithms for the Use of Midshipmen at the Naval School ” (1843); “ Treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry ” (1850; 9th ed.. 1875); “A Manual of Spherical and Practical Astronomy ” (2vols., 1863); “ Navi- gation and Nautical Astronomy” (2d ed., 1865); “ New Method of Correcting Lunar Distances ” (1868,) and “ A Treatise on Elementary Geom- etry ”(1870; 2d ed., 1877). He died in St. Paul, Minn., Dec. 13, 1870. CHEATHAM, Benjamin Franklin, soldier, was born in Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 20, 1820. After attending the public schools of Nashville he entered into business in Philadelphia, Pa., where he remained a year. He joined the U. S. army at the outbreak of the Mexican war, was made captain, and fought with distinction at the battles of Monterey and Cerro Gordo. After the expiration of his term of enlistment he returned to Nashville and raised the 3d Tennessee regi- ment, of which he was commissioned colonel. He took active part in the closing battles of the war, and was honorably discharged in July, 1848. In 1861 he organized the supply department for the western Confederate army, and in May was commissioned brigadier-general. On Nov. 7, 1861, he fought at the battle of Belmont as com- mander of three regiments. He was promoted major-general in 1862, and on December 31 com- manded a division of Bragg's army at Murfrees- boro. He was offered by President Grant an official position, which he declined. He served for several years as superintendent of the Tennessee prison, and in 1885 was appointed postmaster of Nashville. He died in Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 4, 1886. CHECKLEY, John, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., in 1680. In 1723 he wrote and published a theological treatise which caused bitter feeling among New England people. He was sued for libel, and was sentenced to pay a fine of £50. In 1727 he was refused holy orders by the Bishop of London, but received them later from the Bishop of Exeter. In 1739 he estab- lished himself in Providence, R. I., where he passed the remainder of his life. He is the author of “ Choice Dialogues between a Godly Minister and an Honest Country-Man. concerning Election and Predestination” (1715), and “ Modest Proof of the Order and Government Set- tled by Christ and his Apostles in the Church (1723), both of which caused much comment. He died in Providence, R. I., in 1753. CHEETHAM, James, author, was born in Manchester, England, in 1772. He came to America in 1798 and entered journalism in New York city. He edited The American Citizen for some years, and wrote “ A Narrative of the Sup- pression by Colonel Burr of the History of the Administration of John Adams, written by John Wood ” (1802) ; “ A View of the Political Con- duct of Aaron Burr, Esq., Vice-President of the United States ” (1802) ; “ Antidote to John Wood's Poison ” (1802) ; “ Nine Letters on Aaron Burr's Political Defection ” (1803) ; “ Reply to Aristides ” (1804) ; “ Peace or War? or, Thoughts on our affairs with England ” (1307), and " Life of Thomas Paine” (1809). He died in New York city, Sept. 10, 1810. CHEEVER, David Williams, educator, was born in Portsmouth, N. H., Nov. 30, 1831, son of Charles A., and Adeline (Haven) Cheever. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1852 and from the medical school in 1858. In 1866 he was made assistant professor of anatomy in Harvard, and in 1868 was advanced to the adjunct professorship of clinical surgery. He was given the full chair in 1875 and held it until 1882. From 1882 to 1893 he was professor of surgery, and in the latter year be- came professor emeritus. In 1894 Harvard con- ferred upon him the degree of LL.D. His pub- lished writings include: “ The Value and the Fal- lacy of Statistics in the Observation of Disease " (1861), the Boylston prize essay for 1860; ‘'Two Cases of (Esophagotomy for the Removal of Foreign Bodies” (1861); “Narcotics” (1862): “ Lectureson Hernia ” (1866) ; “ Surgical Cases " (1869); “ The Future of Surgery without Limit " (1889); “ Is the Study of Medicine a Liberal Edu- cation?" (1891), and “ Lectures on Surgery " (1894). He edited, with J. N. Borland, the first five volumes of the medical and surgical report of the Boston city hospital. CHEEVER, Ezekiel, educator, was born in London, England, Jan. 25, 1614: son of William Cheever, skinner. He was preferred to the Uni versity of Cambridge, April 27, 1633. He arrived in Boston, Mass., in June, 1637, and the follow- ing year went with Governor Eaton to his new plantation at New Haven, Conn. In 1638 he be- gan to teach school. In 1646 he was elected a deputy from New Haven to the general court. He removed to Ipswich, Mass., in December, 1650. where he took charge of the grammar school. There he remained until 1661, when he went to Charlestown, Mass., teaching there for nine years. He removed to Boston Jan. 6, 1670, and for thirty-eight years taught the school which A [62SJ ' CHEEVER. CHENEY. from 1790 was known as the Boston Latin school. He was the author of “ Cheever’s Latin Acci- dence,” for more than a century a standard text- book. See “ Biographical Sketch of Ezekiel Cheever,” by Henry Barnard (1856). He died in Boston, Mass., Aug. 21, 1708. CHEEVER, George Barrell, clergyman, was born in Hallowell, Me., April 17, 1807; son of Nathaniel and Charlotte (Barrell) Cheever. He was graduated at Bowdoin college in the famous class of 1825, and at Andover theological semin- ary in 1830. In 1832 he was ordained pastor of the Howard street Congregational church of Salem, Mass. On one occasion he remarked in a public speech upon the inadequacy of the Unita- rian faith to produce the highest excellence in lit- erature. His attack aroused fierce indignation, and he was challenged to a newspaper controversy which resulted in a series of articles in the Salem Register and a “ Defence of the Orthodoxy of Cudworth.” In 1835 he published, in the inter- est of the temperance cause, an allegory called “Inquire at Amos Giles’s Distillery.” It hap- pened that there dwelt in that region a deacon who appropriated to himself the allegorical coat and resorted to the courts on a charge of defama- tion. Mr. Cheever was twice tried and twice convicted, and then obliged to sp( nd thirty days in the county jail. Upon regaining his freedom he resigned his pastorate and went to Europe, where he spent the following two years and a half, during which time he contributed a series of letters to the New York Observer. Upon his return to America he became pastor of the Allen street Presbyterian church of New York, and shortly after his installation delivered a course of remarkable lectures on the “ Pilgrim’s Progress,” and on the life and times of John Bunyan, which were published in 1844. When in 1841 the ques- tion of the abolition of capital punishment was agitating the country, he engaged in a series of debates with John L. O'Sullivan, arguing for capital punishment, and scored a victory. Soon after this he became involved in a discussion with Bishop Hughes concerning the reading of the Bible in the public schools, which resulted in his “ Hierarchical Despotism in the Romish Church. ” In 1846 his admirers organized for him a new church, the “Church of the Puritans,” where he remained as pastor until 1870, when he retired from his labors and took up his residence in Englewood, N. J. On retiring from the min- istry he gave his home in New York city to the American missionary society and the American board of commissioners for foreign missions, for their joint use. He bequeathed to various chari- table societies sums aggregating twenty-two thousand dollars. His published works include: “The American Commonplace Book of Prose” (1828); “Studies in Poetry” (1830); “The American Commonplace Book of Poetry ” (1831); “God’s Hand in America” (1841); “Wanderings of a Pilgrim in the Shadow of Mont Blanc” (1845); “The Pilgrim in the Shadow of the Jungfrau Alp” (1846); “A Defence of Capital Punishment” (1846); “The Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth in New England, in 1620” (1848); “Windings of the River of the Water of Life ” (1849); “ The Hill Difficulty, with other Miscellanies” (1849); “ Voices of Nature to her Foster Child, the Soul of Man” (1852); “Right of the Bible in our Public Schools ” (1854); “ Lectures on Cowper ” (1856); “The Powers of the World to Come” (1856); “God against Slavery ” (1857) ; “Ameri- can Slavery ” (1860); “ The Guilt of Slavery, and the Crime of Slaveholding ” (1860), and “ Faith, Doubt, and Evidence ” (1881). He died at En- glewood, N. J. , Oct. 1, 1890. CHEEVER, Henry Theodore, author, was born in Hallowell, Me., Feb. 6, 1814; son of Nathaniel and Charlotte (Barrell) Cheever. He was graduated from Bowdoin college in 1834, and spent two years in Spain, France, and Louisi- ana as correspondent of the New York Evangelist » On his return he entered the Bangor theological seminary and was graduated in 1839. He was correspondent of the New York Evangelist, 1840-’42, in the Sandwich and the South Sea Is- lands, and on returning home was for a year one of its editors and regular contributors. He was pastor at Jewett City, Conn., and Worcester, Mass., 1844-'58, and agent and secretary of the church anti slavery society, 1859-'64. In 1892 Bowdoin college conferred upon him the degree of D.D. His books are principally biography and travel, and include: “The Whale and its Captors” (1849); “ The Island World of the Pacific ” (1851) ; “ Memorials of the Life and Trials of Nathaniel Cheever, M.D.” (1851); “ Life in the Sandwich Islands ” (1851) ; “ Auto- biography and Memorials of Captain Obadiah Congat ” (1851) ; “ Short Yarns for Long Voy- ages ” (1855); “ Waymarks in the Moral War with Slavery between the Opening of 1859 and the Close of 1861” (1862); “Autobiography and Memoirs of Icliabod Washburn ” (1878); and ‘ ‘ Correspondencies of Faith and Views of Madame Guyon ” (1885). He edited “Ship and Shore, in Madeira, Lisbon, and the Mediterranean,” by the Rev. Walter Colton, U. S. N. (1856). CHENEY, Benjamin Pierce, expressman, was born in Hillsboro, N. H., Aug. 12, 1815; son of Jesse and Alice (Steele) Cheney. He was edu- cated in the public schools, leaving his studies when ten years old to work in his father’s blacksmith shop. In 1831 be became a stage- driver, and in 1836 went to Boston as agent of CHENEY. CHENEY. the northern stage route. He went into busi- ness for himself in 1842 and organized, with Nathaniel White and William Walker, Cheney & Co. ’s Express, running between Boston and Montreal. This venture was highly successful. Shortly after this another line was established, which was purchased by Mr. Cheney in 18.12. He continued to buy out all competing lines until he formed the United States and Canada express company. This name was retained for more than thirty-five years, when it was merged into the American express company, of which he was made treasurer. He also held large inter- ests in other express and railroad companies. At his death his property was estimated at nine million dollars, about seventy-five thousand dol- lars of which he bequeathed to various charities. He died in Wellesley, Mass., June 23, 1895. CHENEY, Charles, manufacturer, was born in what was then called East Hartford Woods, Conn., in 1804; son of George and Electa (Wood- bridge) Cheney. He established himself in busi- ness in Providence, R. I., before he had attained his majority, and there remained until 1837, when lie removed to Ohio, and engaged in farm- ing until 1847. He then joined his brothers in the manufacture of silk at South Manchester and Hartford, Conn. He was an abolitionist, and served in the state legislature. He died at South Manchester, Conn., June 20, 1874. CHENEY, Charles Edward, clergyman, was born at Canadaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1836. He was graduated at Hobart college, Geneva, in 1857, and at the Protestant Episcopal theological seminary of Virginia, in 1859. He was ordained as a priest of the Protestant Episcopal church and was assistant minister of St. Luke’s church, Rochester, N. Y., then temporarily in charge of St. Paul’s church, Havana, N. Y., and after 1860 of Christ church, Chicago. While rector of this church he was cited before an ecclesi- astical tribune, because of his refusal to use the word regenerate in the baptismal offices, at the instance of his diocesan, Bishop White- house. Mr. Cheney was found guilty and sus- pended from his sacerdotal functions; refusing to obey the order of the court, he was tried for contumacy, and on this charge was deposed from the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church. He affiliated with George David Cum- mins, assistant bishop of Kentucky, and others, in the organization of the Reformed Episcopal church. His congregation followed him into the new organization and he remained rector of Christ church. He was elected missionary bishop of the northwest and consecrated Dec. 14, 1873. In 1876 he was made bishop in charge of the synod of Chicago. On Sunday, March 14. 1897. Bishop Cheney completed his 37th year as rector of Christ church; that being the longest pastorate in the ecclesiastical history of Chicago. He pub- lished several volumes of sermons, notably: “ The Evangelical Ideal of a Visible Church ” (1874), “ A Word to Old-Fashioned Episcopalians ” (1878); “The Prayer which God Denied, and other Sermons ” (1880), and the “Enlistment of the Christian Soldier ” (1893). CHENEY, Ednah Dow, author, was born in Boston, Mass., June 27, 1824; daughter of Sar- gent Smith and Ednah (Parker) Littlehale. She was educated at private schools, and was a mem- ber of the classes held by Margaret Fuller, 1830-'40. She participated in the institution of the school of design in 1851, and was its secre- tary, 1851-'54. She was married in 1853 to Seth Wells Cheney, the artist. In 1859 she was instru- mental in founding a hospital in connection with the woman’s medical school, and in 1862 became secretary of the New England hospital. In 1863 she was secretary of the teachers’ committee of the Freedmen’s aid society and held the same office on the committee to aid colored regiments. For several years she was actively interested in the education' of the colored soldiers and in the colored schools of the south. She attended the Freedmen’s conventions held in New York city in 1865 and in Baltimore in 1866. She was one of the founders of the New England woman’s club, and became its vice-president in 1868. She assisted in founding a horticultural school for women in 1869, and lectured on agriculture before the Massachusetts horticultural society in 1871. In 1879 she gave a course of ten lec- tures on art before the Concord school of philosophy; in this year also she was elected vice-president of the Massachusetts woman suf- frage association, of which she afterwards be- came president, and in 1887 was elected presi- dent of the hospital she had been instrumental in founding in 1859. Mrs. Cheney was a dele- gate to the woman's council held in Washing- ton, D. C., and in 1890 was present at the Lake Mohonk negro conference. She contributed vo- luminously to numerous periodicals, and pub- lished in book form: “Handbook of American History” (1866); “Faithful to the Light" (1870); “Sally Williams” (1872); “ Child of the Tide” (1874); “Life of Dr. Susan Dimock" (1875); “Religion as a Social Force” (1875); “Memoir of Seth Wells Cheney,” “Gleanings in the Fields of Art” (1881); “Selected Poems from Michelangelo Buonarotti ” (1885); “A ■ Story of the Olden Time” (1890); “Life of Daniel Rauch ” (1893). She also edited a col- lection of poems by D. Wasson (1887); those of Harriet Sewall (1889), and “Louisa 51. Alcott: Her Life, Letters, and Journal” (1889; 2d ed., 1893). [ 630 ] CHENEY. CHENEY. CHENEY, Frank Woodbridge, manufacturer, was born in Providence, R. I., June 5, 1832; son of George and Electa (Woodbridge) Cheney. He was graduated at Brown university in 1856. He was in charge of the Hartford house of the Cheney Brothers, silk manufacturers, Manches- ter, Conn., 1856~"62. In 1862 he was commis- sioned lieutenant-colonel of the 16th Connecticut volunteers, and in his first skirmish, the day before the battle of Antietam, received a severe wound, which caused his retirement from the service. He travelled extensively in China, Japan and Europe. The death of his brother Ralph, March 26, 1897, left him the sole sur- vivor of the founders of the house of Cheney Brothers. CHENEY, John Vance, poet, was born at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848; son of Simeon Pease and Christiana (Vance) Cheney, and grandson of Moses Cheney, an eloquent Baptist divine. He received an academical education, studied law, and was admitted to the Massachu- setts bar. He practised bis profession in New York city until 1876. Ill health caused him to remove to California, and in 1887 he was ap- pointed librarian of the San Francisco free library, where his management was conducive of the best results. In 1894 lie succeeded Wil- liam F. Poole as librarian of the Newberry library, Chicago. While in New York he contributed poems to the principal magazines, and was elected a member of the Authors’ club (1883). He also wrote numerous essays on literary sub jects, and published in book form: “The Old Doctor” (1881); “ Thistle Drift,” poems (1888), and “ The Golden Guess: Essays on Poetry and the Poets” (1892), and “Ninette, a Redwoods Idyll" (1894). He also edited “Wood Notes Wild,” by Ids father, Simeon Pease Cheney (1892). CHENEY, Oren Burbank, educator, was born at Holderness, N. H., Dec. 10, 1816; son of Moses and Abigail (Morrison) Cheney. When a boy he worked in Iris father’s paper mill to fit himself to follow the business, and in 1829 was sent to the New Hampton academical institute. In 1832 he entered the first school of the Free Baptist denomination, established in that year at North Parsonsfield, Me. He was graduated at Dart- mouth college in 1839, and was soon after chosen principal of tire academy at Farmington, acting in tlrat capacity there and elsewhere until 1845. In that year he went to Whitestown, N. Y., where he studied theology in the Biblical school, and taught Latin in the seminary. Having entered the ministry he preached in various locations until 1851, when he was elected repre- sentative to the state legislature by the Whigs and Free Soilers. In 1854 Parsonsfield seminary was burned, and Dr. Cheney at once began the carrying out of a long-cherished plan of estab- lishing a Free Baptist college in Maine, and in 1854 he was instrumental in founding the insti- tution which, in 1863, became Bates college, and he was made its first president. In 1894 increasing years made it necessary for him to relinquish the cares of office and he was made president emeritus, Prof. George Colby Chase succeeding to the presidency. In 1863 Wesleyan university conferred upon President Cheney the degree of D.D. CHENEY, Person C., governor of New Hamp- shire, was born in Holderness, N. H., Feb. 25, 1828; son of Moses and Abigail (Morrison) Cheney. He received an academic education, and when seventeen years old was placed in charge of his father’s paper-mill at Manchester. In 1853 he was a member of the state legislature; in 1862 quartermaster of the 13th New York vol- unteers, and was forced to resign because of ill- ness caused by exposure at Fredericksburg. In 1861— ‘67 he was a state railroad commissioner; in 1871 mayor of Manchester; and governor of New Hampshire, 1875-'77. On the death of Austin F. Pike, United States senator, October, 1886, ex-Governor Cheney was appointed to fill the vacancy. He took his seat in 1886, and was suc- ceeded on June 14, 1887, by William E. Chandler, after which he devoted himself to his manufac- turing interests, travel, and the cultivation of a model stock farm. CHENEY, Seth Wells, artist, was born at East Hartford Woods, Conn., Nov. 26, 1810; son of George and Electa (Woodbridge) Cheney. He was educated in the common school, and in 1829 removed to Boston, where he learned the art of engraving. In 1833 he went to Paris, where he studied under Isabey. His engravings were remarkable for their excellence. In 1840 he began to draw in crayons, being one of the earli- est artists in black and white in America. In 1841 he opened a studio in Boston, and devoted himself to portraiture, in which he became emi- nently successful, his ideal heads being still much in request by collectors. Among his sitters were Lowell, Putnam, Appleton, Bow- ditch, Mrs. Horace Gray, W. C. Bryant, Miss Appleton, and a host of other well-known people. In 1843 he went to Europe and studied for a time under Ferrero, returning to Boston in 1844. He was made an associate of the National academy of design, May 10, 1848. Mr. Cheney was twice married: September, 1847, to Emily Pitkin, who died May 11, 1850, and in 1853 to Ednah Dow Littlehale. Many portraits of him are extant. His memoir was published by Mrs. Cheney in 1881 He died in South Manchester, Conn., Sept. 10, 1856. [631 J CHESBROUGH. CHESHIRE. CHENEY, Ward, manufacturer, was born in Connecticut in 1813; son of George and Electa (Woodbridge) Cheney. He began his business career in Providence, R. I., and became inter- ested in the culture of silk in Burlington, N. J. , which led to his establishing, with several of his brothers, in 1836, a silk manufactory at Man- chester, Conn. Later they built mills at Hart- ford also, their chief productions being sewing silks, and silk fabrics woven by power looms, both plain-dyed and printed. He was a benevo- lent and pi'ogressive man, and afforded assistance to many young men entering business life. The relations of the firm of Cheney Brothers with their employees were exceptionally kind and cordial ; upon the family homestead they built a model village of homes for their operatives, a school and library, boarding-houses, with pleasure grounds, and a spacious hall and theatre. The firm eventually was incorporated, and Ward Cheney became its president. He died at Man- chester, Conn., March 22, 1876. CHENOWETH, Caroline Van Deusen, edu- cator, was born near Louisville, Ky., Dec. 29, 1846; daughter of Charles and Mary (Hunting- ton) Van Deusen. She was educated in the St. Charles institute, New Orleans, and at Moore's Hill college, near Cincinnati. She was married to Colonel Bernard Peel Chenoweth, accompanied him to China, where he acted as vice-consul, and during his last illness herself conducted the affairs of the vice-consulate, being highly compli- mented for this service by Secretary Fish when she returned to Washington to settle Colonel Chenoweth's affairs. She was afterwards pro- fessor of English literature at Smith college, and taught private classes in Boston. She became a member of the London society for psychical re- search. the Brooklyn institute, the New York Dante society, and the medico-legal society of New York. She wrote stories on child life in China, and published “ Stories of the Saints (1882). CHESBROUGH, Ellis Sylvester, civil engi- neer, was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1813. His first work was done at the age of thirteen as chainman on the survey of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. He was next employed on the Alleghany and Portage railway, and assisted AY. G. McNeill in constructing the Paterson and ’Hudson River railroad. He became senior assist- ant in the building of the Louisville, Cincinnati, ami Charleston railroad in 1837 ; was appointed chief engineer of the Boston water-works in 1846, and as such planned the Brookline reservoir and other important improvements for the water system. In 1850 he was made sole commissioner of the Boston water department; in 1851 was made city engineer and surveyor of street and harbor improvements. He planned the sewerage system of Chicago, being appointed engineer for the Chicago board of sewerage commissioners in 1855; he also constructed the river tunnels In 1879 he resigned his position as commissioner of public works. He was considered an expert on water supply and sewerage of cities, being fre- quently consulted by the officials of the great cities in that capacity. He was president of the American society of civil engineers. He died in Chicago, 111., Aug. 19, 1886. CHESEBRO, Caroline, author, was bom at Canandaigua, N. Y., about 1828. She received an academical education, and after 1848 con- tributed to the magazines and wrote novels. From 1865 to 1873 she was instructor of rhetoric and composition in the Packer collegiate insti- tute, Brooklyn. She published; “ Dream-Land by Daylight ” (1851) ; “ Isa, a Pilgrimage ” (1852); “ The Children of Light” (1853); ‘‘The Little Cross-Bearer ” (1855) ; “ Philly and Kit ” (1856); “Amy Carr,” and “Peter Carradine,” “The Beautiful Gate, and other Tales” (1863), and “ The Foe in the Household ” (1871). She died in Piermont, N. Y., Feb. 16, 1873. CHESEBROUGH, Robert A., inventor, was born in London, Eng., Jan. 9, 1837 ; son of Henry A. Chesebrougli, and grandson of Robert Chese- brough and of Richard M. Woodhull. His par- ents were Americans, and he was taken to New York city soon after his birth. He acquired a good education, devoting especial attention to the study of chemistry. In 1858 he established a manufactory of petroleum and coal oil products, and in 1870 discovered the substance called vas- eline. He obtained exclusive rights on this pro- duct, and in 1876 organized a stock company. He originated the New York real estate exchange, and became a prominent member of the consoli dated stock exchange. He became a member of many prominent clubs of New York city, in- cluding the Exchange, the Union league, the Manhattan athletic and the New York riding. He is the author of “ A Reverie, and other Poems.” CHESHIRE, Joseph Blount, 5th bishop of North Carolina and 172d in succession in the American episcopate, was born at Tarboro, N. C., March 27, 1850; son of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Blount Cheshire, rector of Calvary church, Tarboro, for half a century. He graduated at Trinity college, Hartford, 1869. For two years he followed the occupation of teaching, after which he studied law and was admitted to the bar of North Carolina in 1S72. He decided to enter the ministry of the Episcopal church, was ordained a deacon, April 21. 1878, and to the priesthood May 30, 1880. During his diaconate, and for a year after his ordination as a priest he !2J CHESTER. CHESTER. served at Chapel Hill and Durham, N. C\, estab- lishing a church at each of these places. From 1881 to 1893 he was rector of St. Peter's church, Charlotte, N. C. He was a deputy to the gen- eral conventions of 1886, 1889 and 1892, and a trustee of the University of the -south from 1885. He received his degree of D.D. from the Uni- versity of North Carolina in 1890, and from the University of the south in 1894. He was conse- crated bishop Oct. 15, 1893, and made coadjutor bishop of North Carolina, and on the death of Bishop Lyman in the same year succeeded him as diocesan. Bishop Cheshire became the his- toriographer of his diocese, and published sev- eral exceptionally valuable monographs. CHESTER, Albert Huntington , educator, was born at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1843. He attended Union college in 1868, and was graduated at the Columbia school of mines, receiving the degree of E.M. In 1870 he accepted the chair of chemistry, mineralogy, and metal- lurgy at Hamilton college, Clinton, N. Y., which he held until 1881 ; he became professor of chem- istry and mineralogy at Rutgers college in 1881, and chemist of the New York state board of health in 1882. He made an exploration of the iron deposits of the vermilion district in Minne- sota, a full account of his survey being given in the “ Tenth Annual Report of the Geology of Minnesota.’’ He received the degree of A.M. from Union in 1871; that of Pli.D. from Colum- bia in 1878, and that of Sc.D. from Hamilton in 1891. CHESTER, Colby Mitchel, naval officer, was born in New London, Conn., Feb. 29, 1844; son of Melville and Frances C. (Harris) Chester. Hewas graduated at the United States naval academy and saw his first service on the Richmond, of the western gulf squadron, in the operations against Mobile, 1863-’64. He was advanced to the grade of master, Nov. 10, 1866; was promoted lieutenant, Feb. 21, 1867; lieutenant-commander. March 12, 1868; commander, Oct. 15, 1881. From 1881 to 1885, he was employed as hydrographic inspector of the coast survey, and on October 31 of the latter year took command of the Galena and rendered assistance to the British ship Historian, which had struck on Magdalena river bar, Dec. 21, 1885; for which the officers of the Galena received a service of silver from the owners, and the thanks of the British government. He was detached from the Galena in 1888, was a member of the navy yard commission, 1888-89 ; attached to bureau of navi- gation, July, 1890, to April, 1891 ; to naval academy, 1891-94. On June 12, 1896, he was made captain. In 1896 he was in command of the receiving ship Richmond, at League Island, Pa., and in 1897 commanded the Newark, of the North Atlantic station. [ 633 ] CHESTER, Frederick Dixon Walthall, geolo- gist, was born in Porte an Platte, Santo Domingo, Oct. 8, 1861. He attended Washington univer- sity, St. Louis, and was graduated at Cornell in 1882. He held the chair of geology and mineral- ogy at the Delaware state college, 1882-’85, and became professor of agriculture and geology in that institution in 1885. He received the degree of B.S. in 1882, and that of M.S. in 1887, from Cornell university. CHESTER, John, soldier, was born in Wethers- field, Conn., Jan. 29. 1749. He was graduated at Yale college in 1766, and was a representative in the state legislature in 1772. He distinguished himself in the battle of Bunker Hill, where he served as a captain, remaining in the army until 1777, being promoted to the rank of colonel. He was speaker of the Connecticut legislature, a member of the council, 1788-’91, and again in 1803 ; was supervisor of the district of Connecticut 1791-1801, and was made a probate county judge. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from Harvard in 1775, and those of A.B. and A.M. from Yale in 1776. He died in Wethersfield, Conn., Nov. 4, 1809. CHESTER, Joseph Lemuel, antiquarian, was born in Norwich, Conn., April 30, 1821; son of Joseph and Prudee (Tracy) Chester, and was de- scended through Joseph and Elizabeth (Lee) Chester, Joseph and Elizabeth (Otis) Chester, and John Chester, from Captain Samuel, who removed from Boston to Connecticut in 1663. He was educated in Norwich, Conn., at Rome, Ohio, whither the family removed in 1835, and at Ash- tabula, Ohio. In 1838 he entered the employ of Arthur Tappan & Co., silk merchants, New York city. He contributed to periodical literature under the pseudonym of “ Julian Cramer.” In the winter of 1839-’40 he entered the lecture field as a temperance advocate. In 1845 he removed to Philadelphia, and during 1848-’49-’50 was musi- cal editor of Godey’s Ladies’ Book, and in 1852 be- came one of the editors of the Philadelphia In- quirer and of the Daily Sun. He was assistant clerk of the U. S. house of representatives under John W. Forney, and from 1855 to 1858 was one of the aids of Governor Pollock of Pennsylvania, with the military rank of colonel. In 1858 he went to London, England, where he permanently settled and acquired fame by his genealogical and antiquarian researches. He collated and edited much valuable information concerning the English origin of many American families, and was consulted as an authority on matters gene- alogical by distinguished antiquarians in England. He was one of the founders of the Harleian society and a voluminous contributor to its records. He was made a member of the New England historical genealogical society in 1862 CHESTNUT. CHEVERUS. of the New York genealogical and biographical society in 1871, and was an honorary or corre- sponding member of almost every genealogical society in the United States. He was a fellow of the Royal historical society. He received from Columbia college the degree of LL.D. in 1877, and from Oxford that of D.C.L. in 1881. His early publications are : ‘ ‘ Greenwood Cemetery and other poems ” (1843) : “ A Preliminary Treat- ise on the Law of Repulsion ” (1853) ; “ Narrative of Margaret Douglas” (1854). His publications on genealogical subjects are so numerous that it is possible to mention only the most important : ‘ 1 The Marriage, Baptismal and Burial Registers of the Collegiate Church or Abbey of St. Peter, Westminster” (1876). A tablet was erected to his memory by the dean and chapter of West- minster Abbey. He died in London. England, May 28, 1882. CHESTER, Thomas Morris, soldier, was born in Vermont, of colored parents. After graduat- ing from the Thetford (Vt.) academy in 1826. he went to Liberia, where he was superintendent and instructor of the colony of Africans recap- tured from American slavers. He returned to America in 1861, and assisted in the enlistment of colored soldiers in the 54th and 55th Massachusetts regiments. He was the war correspondent, with the army of the James and Potomac, of the Phila- delphia Press. In 1866 he visited Europe and passed the winter in Russia, where he was a special guest of Alexander II., on the occasion of a grand review of forty thousand troops in St. Petersburg. He afterwards visited Denmark, Sweden, Saxony and England. He then studied law at Middle Temple Inn, London, and was ad- mitted to the English bar in 1870, being the first colored lawyer in England. He returned to America in 1871 and settled in Louisiana, where he practised law and was prominent in estab- lishing schools for the education of colored per- sons. He commanded the Louisiana guard, a militia regiment. In 1873 he was appointed U. S. commissioner, serving until 1879. In 1884 he became president of the Wilmington. Wrights- ville and Onslow railroad in North Carolina. He died in Harrisburg, Pa.. Sept. 30. 1893. CHESTNUT, James, senator, was born near Camden, S. C., in 1815; son of James Chestnut. He was graduated from Princeton in 1835. He was a member of the South Carolina legislature, 1842-52, and of the state senate 1854-58. He was appointed United States, senator to succeed Arthur P. Ilayne, and was elected for the full term beginning Dec. 5, 1859. On Nov. 10, 1860, he resigned, anticipating the secession of South Caro- lina; his resignation was not accepted ; and upon his appointment as a delegate in the Confederate provisional congress lie was expelled from the United States senate. July 11, 1861. He served during the war in the Confederate army, receiv- ing a commission as colonel. He served on the staff of Jefferson Davis, and was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. He was a delegate to the national Democratic convention in 1868. He died in South Carolina in 1885. CHETLA1N, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born in St, Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824; son of Swiss parents who emigrated from Neuchatel, Switzer land, to Red River, British America, in 1823. Two years later they removed to the United States, lived in St. Louis during 1825, and early in 1826 settled at Galena, 111., where the son received a common-school education, and entered mercantile life. At a meeting held in Galena in response to President Lincoln’s call for volunteers in 1861. he was the first to enlist, and was chosen captain of a company which became a part of the 12th Illinois regiment, of which he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, April 16, 1862. From Septem- ber. 1861, to January, 1862, he was in command at Smithland, Ky. ; he then rejoined his regiment and led it in the Tennessee campaign. He par- ticipated in the capture of Fort Henry and at the bat tle of Fort Donelson. He was promoted colonel and led his regiment at Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and at the siege of Corinth, May. 1862. After the battle of Corinth, in which he distinguished him- self, he was left in command of Corinth by Gen- eral Rosecrans. While in this service he recruited the first colored regiment raised in the west. He was relieved in 1863, was promoted brigadier-gen- eral and given charge of the organization of colored troops in Tennessee and Kentucky. He was suc- cessful in raising a force of seventeen thousand men, for which service he received special com- mendation in General Thomas’s report to the de- partment of war. During 1864— ’65 he was in command of the post of Memphis, and in June of the latter year was brevetted major-general for meritorious service. In the fall of 1865 lie was given command of the central district of Alabama, and in February, 1866, was mustered out. In 1867 President Johnson appointed him collector of internal revenue for Utah and Wyoming, and in 1869 General Grant gave him the appointment of U. S. consul-general at Brussels, which office he resigned in 1872. On his return to the United States he took up his residence in Chicago, where he was made president of the Home bank on its organization in 1872. He held various local offices, and in 1891 organized the Industrial bank of Chi- cago, of which he was elected president. CHEVERUS, John Louis Ann Magdalen Le= febre de, R. C. cardinal, was born in Mavenne. France, Jan. 28. 1768. His father was civil judge of Mavenne, and his mother. Ann Lemarchaud De Novers. was a woman of great piety and learning. [ 634 ] CHEVES. CHEW. Young De Cheverus pursued his studies at May- enne, and assumed the tonsure at the age of twelve years. He was made prior of Torbechet in 1771, and was admitted at the college of Louis Le Grand in Paris. In 1786 he entered the seminary of St. Magloire and attended lectures at the Sor- bonne. He was made a deacon in October 1790, and ordained a priest in December of the same year. The bishop of Mans having procured a dispensation on account of his being under the required age. he acted as assistant to his uncle, the curate of Mayenne, and was made a canon of the cathedral. On the death of his uncle, he was appointed to suc- ceed him, but refusing to take the oath of the revo- lution he was driven from Mayenne, kept under surveillance at Laval, imprisoned in the prison of Cordelier, and, after incredibly narrow escapes from death, managed to break prison in June, 1792. He fled in disguise from Paris to Calais, and reached England, where he studied the language, taught French and mathematics in a school, and organized a congregation of Catho- lics to whom he preached in English. He was invited by Abbe Matignon to join him in Boston, Mass., and arrived there, April, 1796. Arch- bishop Carroll tendered him the pastorate of St. Mary’s church, Philadelphia, which he refused, preferring his missionary work. He encom- passed the erection of the first Catholic church in Boston, the Church of the Holy Cross. He was one of the most prominent encouragers of art, science, and literature in Boston, and was one of the instigators and founders of the Athenamm. Abbe De Cheverus was consecrated first bishop of Boston by Archbishop Carroll at Baltimore, Nov. 1, 1810. He was held in very high esteem in Boston by Protestants as well as Catholics, and performed the duties of his position with dignity and urbanity. In 1800 the Grand Almoner of France conveyed to Bishop De Cheverus the desire of Louis XVIII. that he should accept the bishopric of Montauban, which at first he was unwilling to do. The solicitations of the king at length pre- vailed, and he left Boston for France, Oct. 1, 1823. In 1826 he was made Archbishop of Bordeaux and a peer of France. In 1830 he was appointed a councillor of the order of the Holy Ghost. He founded many charitable institutions, and when the cholera broke out in France he opened a hospital in his palace with the inscription, “ House of Succor.” He was proclaimed cardinal, Feb. 1, 1836, and on March 9 received the hat at the hands of the king, at Paris. He died Cardinal Archbishop of Bordeaux, July 19, 1836. CHEVES, Langdon, statesman, was born in Abbeville district, S. C., Sept. 17, 1776, son of Alexander and Mary (Langdon) Cheves. His father was a native of Scotland and his mother a Virginian. He engaged in mercantile business in 1786-95; was admitted to the bar in 1797, and in a few years had acquired a competence thro ugh the practice of his profession. He was elected to Congress in 1808 as a representative from South Carolina, serving through the lltli, 12th, and 13th congresses. He was a vigorous supporter of the war with Great Britain and served as chair- man of the naval committee in 1812, and of the ways and means committee in 1813. He was elected speaker to succeed Henry Clay, Jan. 19, 1814, by the Federalists and anti-restriction Demo- crats. His position as speaker enabled him to defeat the Dallas scheme for re-chartering the United States bank. He declined re-election in 1815, resumed the practice of law, and was made judge of the superior court of South Caro- lina the next year. He was elected president of the board of directors of the United States bank in 1819, and resigned in 1823, after having placed the bank in a firm financial condition, to accept the position of chief commissioner of claims under the treaty of Ghent, to which President Monroe had appointed him. He returned to South Caro- lina in 1829, where he occupied himself in the cultivation of his extensive plantation for twenty- eight years. He published a notable letter in the Charleston Mercury, Sept. 11, 1844, on the political issue of the times. He condemned the nullification scheme of 1832, but supported the secession movement, and as a delegate to the convention of the Southern Rights association at Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 14, 1850, in a powerful speech, declared himself friendly to the scheme of a separate southern Confederacy. He was married to Mary Dallas of Charleston, in 1806. He died in Columbia, S. C., June 25, 1857. CHEW, Benjamin, jurist, was born at West River, Md., Nov. 29, 1722; son of Dr. Samuel and Mary (Galloway) Chew; grandson of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Benson) Chew ; great-grandson of Samuel and Anne (Ayres) Chew, and great- great-grandson of John and Sarah Chew. John Chew is said to have been a cadet of the family of Chew of Chewton, Somersetshire, England, and came over from England in 1622; was a member from Jamestown to the Virginia house of assembly in 1623, was afterwards a burgess from Hogg’s Island in the assembly until 1643, and had two sons, Samuel and Joseph. Ben- jamin's father, Dr. Samuel Chew, born Cct. 30, 1693, was at one time chief justice of the three lower counties of Pennsylvania, now included in the state of Delaware. Benjamin Chew read law in Philadelphia and in London, settled on the Delaware river in 1743, and in 1745 removed to Philadelphia. He was recorder of the city from 1756 until 1776, and register of wills and attorney -general until 1776. He represented the three lower counties of the state in the house of CHICKERING. CHICKERING. delegates and was speaker of the assembly. On April 29, 1774, he became chief justice of Penn- sylvania. At the opening of the revolution Justice Chew sided with the Royalists, and when, in 1777, he refused his parole, he, with John Penn, the proprietary of Pennsylvania, was placed under arrest, but they were allowed to retire to Mr. Chew’s property, Union Forge, N. J., and were released from arrest the next year. His stately mansion in Germantown, Pa., still standing in 1897, was the resort of Tories and British officers, and before the battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777, the English troops used it as a fort; it was cannonaded by Wash- ington's army as it entered the place, but the stone walls resisted the assault, and the prog- ress of the army was delayed, giving the British forces a decided advantage. From 1791 till 1806 he served as president of the high court of errors and appeals. He died in Germantown, Pa., Jan. 20, 1810. CHEW, Richard Smith, naval officer, was born near Washington, D. C., Sept. 7, 1843; son of Robert Smith and Elizabeth R. (Smith) Chew. He was graduated at the United States naval academy in 1861, was promoted lieutenant, Feb. 22, 1864, and lieutenant-commander, July 25, 1866. In April, 1862, he took part in the engage- ment between the Minnesota and the Merrimac. On Aug. 5, 1864, he participated in the battle of Mobile Bay. He was retired Feb. 2, 1875, and died in Washington, D. C., April 10, 1875. CHEW, Robert Smith, government clerk, was born in Virginia in 1811; son of Robert Smith and Elizabeth (French) Chew; grandson of Robert and Molly (Parrott) Chew, and a lineal descendant of Joseph, second son of John and Sarah Chew. About 1845 he became a govern- ment clerk in the state department in Washing ton, D. C., and in July, 1866, was promoted chief clerk, to succeed William Hunter, appointed assistant secretary of state. His continuous service under seven successive administrations made him an authority on affairs of state. He died in Washington, D. C., Aug. 3, 1873. CHICKERING, Charles A., representative, was born in Harrisburg, Lewis county, N. Y., Nov. 26, 1843. He was educated at the common schools, and at Lowville academy, where he afterwards became a teacher. From 1845 to 1875 he was a school commissioner of Lewis county. Was a member of the assembly in 1879, '80 and '81 : in 1884 lie was elected clerk of the assembly, and was re-elected each year up to and inclusive of 1890; also served as secretary of the Repub- lican state committee. In 1892 he was elected a representative in the 53d Congress as a Repub- lican, and was re-elected to the 54th and 55th congresses. CHICKERING, Charles Frank, manufacturer, was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 20, 1827; son of Jonas Chickering. He attended school until 1841, when he entered his father’s manufactory to become familiar with the piano business. He introduced the Chickering piano into India when he was but seventeen years old. In 1851 he went to England in the interest of his father, who exhibited his stock at the London world's fair, and two years later he became a member of the firm. At the Paris exposition of 1867 he was awarded the cross and ribbon of the Legion of Honor. He became senior partner of the firm in 1871, on the decease of his brother. In 1875 he built Chickering Hall in New York city, at that time the largest music hall in that city. He was prominent in musical circles, and held the office of president of the Handel and Haydn society of Boston. The first musical festival in the United States was projected by him. He died in New York city, March 22, 1891. CHICKERING, Jesse, statistician, was born at Dover, N. H., Aug. 21, 1797. He was gradu- ated at Harvard college in 1818, and pursued a divinity course there, graduating in 1821, and in the same year receiving his A.M. He became a Unitarian minister, but later returned to his alma mater to pursue the study of medicine. He was graduated M. D. in 1833, and practised as a physician in Boston and West Roxbury. He published: “Statistical View of the Population of Massachusetts from 1765 to 1840” (1846); “Emigration into the United States ” (1848); “ Reports on the Census of Boston ” (1851), and “ A Letter Addressed to the President of the United States on Slavery considered in Relation to the Principles of Constitutional government in Great Britain and the United States ” (1855). He died in West Roxbury, Mass., May 29, 1855. CHICKERING, John White, clergyman, was born at Woburn, Mass., March 19, 1808; son of Joseph and Betsey' (White) Chickering. He was graduated at Middlebury college in 1826, and at Andover theological seminary in 1829. From 1830 to 1835 he was pastor of a Congregational church at Bolton, Mass., and in 1835 accepted a call to the High street church in Portland, Me., where he remained until 1865. From 1865 to 1870 he was secretary of the Suffolk temperance union, and from 1870 until his death he held the same position in the Massachusetts and the Con- gressional temperance societies. He received the degree of D.D. from Bowdoin college in 1855. He died at Brooklyn, N. Y.. Dec. 9, 1888. CHICKERING, John White, educator, was born at Bolton, Mass., Sept. 11, 1831; son of John White and Frances E. (Knowlton) Chick- ering. The family came to New England about 1670, and is descended from Jeffrey 7 de Chicker- f 036 J CHILCOTT. CHILD ing, of Chickering Hall, Hoxne, Suffolk, Eng- land, 1311. His paternal ancestors for five gen- erations were clergymen. He attended the public schools of Portland. Me., was graduated at Bowdoin college in 1852; vyas occupied in teaching school and in editing until 1858, and was graduated at the Bangor theological sem- inary in 1860. He was pastor of the Congrega- tional church, Springfield, Vt., 1860-'63; secretary of the Vermont Bible society, 1863-’65, and pastor at Exeter, N. H., 1865-’T0, resigning this charge to accept the chair of natural science at Gallaudet college, Washington. D. C. He was elected a member of the American association for the advancement of science, and of the anthropologi- cal, biological, philosophical and geographical societies of Washington, and of the Appalachian mountain club. CHICKERING, Jonas, manufacturer, was born in New Ipswich, N. H., April 5, 1797. He was educated in the schools of his native place, and learned the trade of cabinet - making. In 1818 he removed to Boston, and obtained employ- ment in a piano factory. In 1823 he established himself in business as a piano manufacturer, later becoming associated with John Mackay, a retired shipmaster, who undertook the importa- tion of fine woods for the making of piano cases. He made improvements in a cast-iron frame for pianos which he patented in 1840, and he exhib- ited at the London exhibition, 1851, a frame for grand pianos in one casting. The system of over- stringing was adopted by him in 1853. He made many improvements in pianos. He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 8, 1853. CHICKERING, Thomas Edward, manufac- turer, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 22. 1824; son of Jonas Chickering. He was educated in Boston, became a member of his father’s firm in 1845 and senior partner in 1853. In 1862 he went to New Orleans in command of the 41st Massa- chusetts volunteers. April, 1863, he was made militarj r governor of Opelousas, La., and was brevetted brigadier-general at the close of the war for his efficient services. He died in Bos- ton, Mass., Feb. 14, 1871. CHILCOTT, George Miles, lawyer, was born in Huntingdon county, Pa., Jan. 2, 1828. In 1844 his parents settled in Jefferson county, xowa, where he studied medicine and taught school until 1850. In 1853 he was elected sheriff, and in 1856 removed to Burt county, Neb., where he was elected to the territorial legislature on the Republican ticket. He removed to Colorado in 1859, was elected to its legislature in 1861— ’62, and was also a member of the constitu- tional convention. He was admitted to the bar in 1863 and appointed register of the United States land office for Colorado. In 1864 he was elected as a delegate to Congress by a state oi - ganization, but his election was not recognized. In 1866 he was regularly elected a delegate to the 40th Congress. During 1872 he was a member and president of the territorial coun- cil, was re-elected a member of that body in 1874, and was elected to a seat in the state legislature in 1878. On April 11, 1882, he was appointed to fill a vacancy in the United States senate, caused by the appointment of Senator Henry M. Teller as secretary of the interior, and served one year. He died in St. Louis, Mo., March 6, 1891. CHILD, Calvin Goddard, lawyer, was born in Norwich, Conn., April 6, 1834; son of Asa and Alice Hart (Goddard) Child, and grandson of Rensselaer Child. His maternal grandfather was Judge Calvin Goddard, and he was lineally descended from Dr. Joseph Bellamy, the noted Puritan divine. His preparatory education was obtained at the university grammar school in the city of New York, and he was graduated in 1855 at Yale college, which later conferred on him the degree of M.A. He was admitted to the bar and practised law at Norwich, Conn. In May. 1862, he was appointed secretary executive of Governor Buckingham, and in the August follow- ing aid-de-camp on his staff. In 1864 he removed to New York city, and entered into partnership with Thomas E. Stuart. Returning to Connecti cut in 1867 he formed a partnership with Joshua B. Ferris at Stamford, Samuel Fessenden being admitted in 1870, and the firm dissolving in 1873. In 1870 he was appointed United States district attorney for Connecticut, and he held the office up to the time of his death. He was counsel for the New York and New Haven rail- road company, and had a large private practice. He died at Stamford, Conn. , Sept. 28, 1880. CHILD, David Lee, journalist, was born at West Boylston, Mass., July 8, 1794; son of Zacha- riah and Lydia (Bigelow) Child. He was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1817, and for a short time held a sub-mastership in the Boston Latin school. In 1819 he was appointed by President Monroe secretary of legation at Lisbon, Spain, under Min- ister John Forsyth, but he soon resigned, and participated in the insurrection headed by Riego and Quiroga, which resulted in the acceptance of the constitution by Ferdinand VII. from 1820 to 1823. In 1824 he returned to the United States, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He introduced the manufacture of beet sugar into the United States, specially visiting Belgium in 1836 to learn the process of its manufacture. He edited the Massachusetts Journal about 1830, was also a member of the state legislature, and in both these capacities condemned the annexation of Texas, which he also denounced in a pam- phlet entitled “ Naboth’s Vineyard.” Hp was an [637 J CHILD. CHILD. abolitionist, and an early member of the anti- slavery society. He wrote voluminously upon the subjects of slavery and the slave trade, his most notable articles being a series of letters addressed to the English philanthropist, Edward S. Abdy, and a memoir presented on his visit to Paris in 1837 to the Society pour l’abolition d'esclavage. He was a trustee of the Noyes academy, Canaan, N. H., which opened its doors to colored youth in 1834, giving them equal privileges with the white students. In 1843, in conjunction with his wife, Lydia Maria Child, he edited the Anti- Slavery Standard in New York city. He died in Wayland, Mass., Sept. 18, 1874. CHILD, Francis James, educator, was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 1, 1825. He was prepared for college at the Boston English high and Latin schools, and was graduated at Harvard in 1846. He remained there as tutor until 1848, and in 1849-'50 travelled in Europe and studied at Gottingen. In August, 1851, he returned to Harvard to succeed Professor Clianning as Eoyls- ton professor of rhetoric and oratory, holding the position twenty-five years. During this time he collected the English and Scottish ballads and published them in eight volumes, with critical, historical and introductory notes, in 1857. This work gained for him recognition throughout England and America as authority on Anglo- Saxon and Old English. In 1876 lie resigned liis chair and became professor of English literature, which position he filled until his death. He received the degree of A.M. from Harvard in 1849; that of Pli.D. from Gottingen in 1854; that of LL.D. from Harvard in 1884, and that of L.H.D. from Columbia in 1887. He was a fellow of the American academy. His published works include: “Four Old Plays” (1848); “Songs for Freemen” (1862); “ Poems of Religious Sorrow, Comfort, Counsel and Aspiration” (1865), and “ Observations on the Language of Chaucer and Gower ” in Ellis’s “ Early English Pronuncia- tion ” (1869). He superintended the American edition of the British poets, edited the works of Spenser, and prepared annotations for many other literary works. In 1897 the Child memorial library was established in his honor at Harvard university. He died in Boston, Sept. 11, 1896. CHILD, Lydia Maria, author, was born at Medford, Mass., Feb. 16, 1802; daughter of David Francis. She attended the village schools and later a private seminary, and was taught by her brother, Convers Francis, afterwards professor of theology in Harvard college In her nineteenth year she went to live with her brother at Water - town. Mass., and in his study wrote her first story, “ Hobomok ” (1821). It met with imme- diate success and was soon followed by “ The , Rebels: A Tale of the Revolution ” (1822), which ran through several editions. This was followed by “ The Mother's Book,” which passed through eight American editions, twelve English and one German. In 1826 she became editor of the Juve- nile Miscellany, which was the first children’s periodical published in the English language. In 1828 she was married to David Lee Child, and some three years later she and her husband be- came deeply interested in the subject of slavery, through the influence of William Lloyd Garrison. Mr. Child was a member of the Massachusetts legislature and the editor of the Massachusetts Journal , and he used all l.is powers of tongue and pen in upholding the anti -slavery cause, which at that time was extremely unpopular in the north. In 1833 Mrs. Childs published “ An Ap- peal in Behalf of that class cf Americans called Africans,” which called forth a volley of indigna- tion and abuse from press and rostrum. She at once found herself almost friendless. Social and literary doors were closed against her, the Boston Athena?um withdrew its ticket cf admis- sion, the sale of her books ceased, and the sub- scriptions to her magazine became painfully less. Whenever opportunity presented itself, however, she wrote and spoke with telling effect, net only on the slavery question, but upon peace, tem- perance, education, and woman’s equality re- forms. In 1859, upon the capture of John Brown, she wrote a letter of sympathy to him under cover of a letter to Governor Wise, who rebuked her for her misguided enthusiasm. She also received a letter of vituperation from Mrs. Mason, wife of Senator Mason, author of the fugitive slave law. These letters were all published in pamphlet form, and had a circulation of three hundred thousand copies. The last years of her life were spent in quiet retirement at Wayland, Mass. Among her published writings are : “The First Settlers of New England ” (1829); “The American Frugal Housewife” (1829; 33d ed., 1855); "The Mother’s Book." “The Girl’s Own Book,” and " The Coronal ” (1831) ; “ The Ladies’ Family Library ” (5 vols., 1832-’S5) ; “ Philothea,” a romance of ancient Greece (1835) ; “ Letters from New York” (2 vols., 1843-’45) ; “Flowers for Children” (3 vols., 1844-’46) ; “Fact and Fiction ” (1846) ; “ The Power of Kindliness ” (1851) ; “ Isaac T. Hopper, a True Life ” (1853) : " The Progress of Religious Ideas Through Suc- cessive Ages” (3 vols., 1855); “Autumnal Leaves ” (1856) ; “ Looking Toward Sunset " (1864) ; “ The Freedman’s Book ” (1865) ; “ Miria. A Romance of the Republic ” (1867), and “As- pirations of the World ” (1878). See “Letters of Lydia Maria Child, with a Biographical Introduc- tion by John G. Whittier and an Appendix by Wendell Phillips ” (1882). She died in Way- land, Mass., Oct. 20, 1880. CHILDS. CHILDS. CHILDS, George William, journalist, was born in Baltimore, Md., May 12, 1829. He came of humble parentage and what education he re- ceived was obtained in the public schools of his native city. His aptitude for business was manifested in early boyhood, and in his twelfth year he became an errand boy in a book store. In his thirteenth year he entered the United States navy, but resigned the service at the end of fifteen months, and, re- turning to Balti- more, attended school for a few weeks. He then re- moved to Philadel- phia, where he ob- tained a situation as clerk and errand boy in the store of a bookseller. His previous experience in the business made him a valuable assistant, and he was intrusted with the task of attending auction sales in New York and Boston. At the end of four years of faithful labor, the firm of George W. Childs & Co., entered upon the manu- facture and sale of confections and candies, and later became venders of soaps, powders, and patent medicines. He sold out his interest in the business in 1850, and became a clerk in the pub- lishing house of Daniels & Smith, afterwards R. E. Peterson & Co., of which firm he finally be- came a member, the name being subsequently changed to Childs & Peterson. Although some of the publications of the house reached enor- mous sales, the firm was insolvent in 1860, when Mr. Peterson retired, leaving Mr. Childs to con- tinue the business alone under a heavy load of debt. In 1863-‘G4, while still engaged in pub- lishing books and editing the American Literary Gazette and Publishers’ Chronicle, he conducted an agency for the sale of sewing machines. On Dec. 5, 1864, he purchased, in conjunction with Mr. Anthony J. Drexel, the Philadelphia Public Ledger, a prominent penny journal which had fallen upon evil days. Under his judicious man- agement the paper soon assumed new life, its tone and morals were changed, and its circula tion and its list of advertisers were soon doubled, despite the facts that the price of the paper was two cents, and the price of space in its advertising columns materially increased. The Public Ledger rose rapidly to a commanding position among the leading journals of the day, and in 1876 a new building, erected specially for its accommodation testified to the financial prosperity of the under- taking. Mr. Childs was the friend of amateur | 639 J writers, and he was continually offering prizes and other inducements to encourage the produc- tion of good American literature. He possessed good literary taste and judgment, and his selec- tion of material for his journal was uniformly ex- cellent. He surrounded himself with a staff of able assistants, and under his management the Ledger became famed for its pure literary tone. In 1868 he presented to the typographical union of Philadelphia a large and handsomely enclosed lot in Woodlands, to be used as a printers’ ceme- tery, and to this he added a liberal endowment for its proper care. He also established a fund for the maintenance of superannuated printers, and of widows and orphans of printers. He was one of the founders of Fairmount park, contribu- ting half the money that secured that splendid addition to the attractions of Philadelphia, and was one of the first to subscribe ten thousand dollars towards the expense of the Centennial ex- hibition in 1876. The Meade fund was raised with remarkable rapidity as soon as he identified himself with it; so great was his reputation as a business man, that his example in contributing to any public enterprise was an assurance of popular recognition and sympathy. He placed in Westminster Abbey a memorial window to the poets Herbert and Cowper, another in St. Mar- garet’s church, Westminster, to the poet Milton, and he was the largest contributor to the Thomas Moore window in the church at Bromham, Eng- land. He gave to the church of St. Thomas, Winchester, a reredos in memory of Bishops An- drevves and Ken, and in 1887 he erected at Stratford-on-Avon a highly ornamented drinking fountain and clock tower in memory of Shakes- peare. Mr. Childs numbered among his friends the most distinguished men and women in every walk of life. Presidents, emperors, military men. titled foreigners, statesmen, eminent publishers and politicians, authors, poets, artists, actors, financiers, all were entertained at his handsome home in the most unostentatiously royal style, and by his genial and graceful hospitality he did more than any other single individual in the United States to elevate foreign ideas of Ameri- can culture and refinement. He devoted much time, attention and money to the accumulation of a fine collection of rare and standard books, and he possessed many original manuscripts and literary treasures of priceless values. Among these were a sermon written by Cotton Mather, a copy of Leigh Hunt’s works and an autograph inscription to Charles Dickens, Hood’s comic almanac for 1842, poems of Fitz-Greene Halleck with autograph inscription, the original manu- script of Hawthorne’s ’‘Consular Experiences,” letters and manuscripts of President Pierce, William Cullen Bryant, James Russell Lowell, CHILDS. CHILDS. J. Fenimore Cooper, Hawthorne, Dickens and a host of celebrities besides. Two extraordinary treasures were the original manuscript of ‘ ‘ Our Mutual Friend,” dated Thursday, Jan. 4, 1865, and signed “Charles Dickens,” and a volume con- taining a portrait of every president of the United States with an autograph letter of each. Mr. Childs published “Some Recollections of General Grant,” who was his personal friend for many years, and in 1890 his own “Recollections” was issued. Both works are interesting, and the latter is full of delightful reminiscences of famous persons and famous occasions. Mr. Childs died at Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 3, 1894. CHILDS, Henry Halsey, physician, was born in Pittsfield, Mass., Jan. 7, 1783; son of Dr. Timothy and Rachel (Easton) Childs. He was a brother of Col. Thomas Childs, the distinguished soldier. He was graduated from Williams in 1802, and studied medicine with his father. Through much opposition he introduced the practice of vaccination into Pittsfield. He obtained a charter for the Berkshire medical institute in 1823; secured an endowment, a library, and a cabinet for the institution ; in 1823 became its professor of theory and practice of medicine; and was its president from 1837 to 1863, when he retired and was elected professor emeritus. He was a member of the faculty of the medical colleges at Woodstock, Vt., and at Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio. He represented Pittsfield in the house of representatives of Massachusetts in 1816 and 1827, Berkshire county in the constitutional convention of 1820, and was lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts in 1844. He died in Boston, Mass., March 22, 1868. CHILDS, Orville Whitmore, engineer, was born at Stillwater, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1803; son of Dr. Ephraim and Mary (Woodworth) Child. He qualified as a civil engineer, was engaged in the construction of the Champlain canal improve- ments in 1824— ’25, and in building the Oswego canal, 1826-’28. His plans for the improvement of the Oneida river, made in 1829-'30, were ac- cepted and later carried into effect, the work being completed in 1850. He assisted John B. Jervis in the construction of the Chenango canal in 1833- ! 36, and in the latter year was made chief engineer of one of the divisions of the Erie canal enlargement. He was occupied in this work for many years, and in 1840 was ap- pointed chief engineer of the entire New York state work, which position he held until 1847. In 1848-’49 he acted as chief engineer of the New York central railroad from Syracuse to Rochester. He was chief engineer of the Nica- ragua ship canal built by the American, Atlantic and Pacific ship canal company in 1850-’52. The difficulties overcome in this work, and his accu- [ 640 ] rately scientific maps, reports and estimates of it, established him in the foremost ranks of his profes- sion. Subsequently he surveyed and constructed the Terre Haute and Alton railroad, of which he was chief engineer, 1855— ’58 ; later was one of a commission of three to report on the practica- bility of tunnelling the Hudson river at Albany, made the survey which fixed the boundaries of the county and city of New York, and was em- ployed in the construction of the harbor defences of that city. In 1860 he removed to Philadel- phia, where he engaged as one of the proprietors and patentees of the newly invented sleeping cars, and became president of the Central transportation company, and of the Philadelphia car works. He was the first of his branch of the Child family to add the final “s”to the name. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 6, 1870. CHILDS, Thomas, soldier, was born in Pitts- field, Mass., in 1796; son of Dr. Timothy and Rachel (Easton) Childs. He was graduated from West Point in 1814, and served with dis- tinction at Fort Erie and Niagara in the same year. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, April 20, 1818, and captain, Oct. 1, 1826. In the Florida Indian war he planned the attack at Fort Drane. Aug. 21, 1836, and won for his conduct the brevet of major, and for subsequent service in the same war was bre vetted lieutenant-colonel, Feb. 11. 1841. In the Mexican war he was brevetted colonel, May 9. 1846, for gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. He led a storming party at Monterey, and served at Yera Cruz. Cerro Gordo and Puebla. He was commissioned major of 1st artillery, Feb. 16, 1847, and brevet- ted brigadier-general. Oct. 12, 1847, and served as military governor of Jalapa and Puebla in 1847. He was designated by General Scott the “often distinguished Colonel Childs," and was in command of East Florida from Feb. 11, 1852, until his death by yellow fever at Fort Brooke, Tampa Bay, Fla., Oct 8, 1853. CHILDS, Thomas Spencer, clergyman, was born in Springfield, Mass., Jan. 19, 1825; son of Joshua and Susan (King) Childs. He was gradu- ated at the University of the city of New York in 1847. and at the Princeton theological seminary in 1850; in the same year he was licensed by the presbytery of New. York. In the following year he organized the First Presbyterian church of Hartford. Conn., and he continued its pastor until 1866, when he was elected pastor of the First church at Norwalk, Conn., where he re- mained until 1870. From 1871 until. 1879 he was professor of Bible and ecclesiastical history in the theological seminary of Hartford. Conn. ; from 1880 to 1882. professor of mental and moral science in the University of Wooster. Ohio; and from that time until 1890, acting CHILTON. CHINN. pastor in Washington, D. C. He served as com- missioner to the general Presbyterian assembly. In 1890 he united with the Protestant Episcopal church, and became associate rector of Trinity church, Washington, D. C. In 1888 he was appointed by President Cleveland a commis- sioner to negotiate with the southern Ute Indians in regard to a change which they had requested in their reservation. In 1882 the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the University of the city of New York. He is the author of: “ The Heritage of Peace ” (republished in Eng- land): ‘‘The Lost Faith,” and “Difficulties of the Scriptures tested by the laws of Evidence ” (1888). CHILDS, Timothy, physician, was born in Deerfield, Mass., April 9, 1748. He was at Har- vard 1764— ’67, when he was obliged to leave on account of his poverty. He then studied medi- cine and began practice at Pittsfield, Mass., in 1771. Before the revolution he was chairman of the committee to petition the court of common pleas to stay all proceedings until oppressive acts of parliament were repealed ; joined the revolu- tionary army in 1775 with a company of minute- men, and went to New York and afterwards to Montreal with Colonel Patterson's regiment, as surgeon. He served in the state legislature as representative, and also as state senator and member of the executive council for several years from 1792. He was married in 1778 to Rachel, daughter of Col. James Easton. Harvard college conferred on him the honorary degree of M.D. in 1811. He died at Pittsfield, Mass., Feb. 25, 1821. CHILTON, Horace, senator, was born in Smith county, Texas, Dec. 29, 1853 ; son of a Confeder- ate soldier killed in battle during the civil war. He entered a printer’s office, worked himself up to the case, and later started a newspaper; from its proceeds, and his earnings as a type- setter, he supported his mother and gave his sister an education. While editing his paper he studied law, and was admitted to practice. He was appointed assistant attorney-general of the state in 1881 by Governor Roberts, and was a delegate-at-large to the national Democratic con- vention at St. Louis in 1888. In 1891 he was appointed to the United States senate by Gov- ernor Hogg, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John H. Reagan, April, 1891, but was defeated in the election before the legisla- ture, and he was succeeded by Roger Q. Mills. In 1895, he was elected for the full senatorial term expiring March 3, 1901. CHILTON, Thomas, representative, was born in Elizabethtown, Ky., July 30, 1798; brother of Judge William P. Chilton. He was admitted to the bar and established a successful practice. He was repeatedly elected to the state legislature. and in 1828 was chosen a representative to the 20th Congress. He was re-elected to the 21st Congress, and also served in the 23d Congress. In 1842 he entered the Baptist ministry and preached for several years in Montgomery, Ala. He sub- sequently made his home in Montgomery, Tex., where he died Aug. 15, 1854. CHILTON, William Parish, jurist, was born in Kentucky in 1810; son of the Rev. Thomas John Chilton and a brother of Thomas Chil- ton. His father was a Baptist minister, and his mother was a sister of Judge Jesse Bledsoe, of Kentucky. He studied law in Tennessee, and in 1834 removed to Alabama, where he began practice in Mardisville, Talladega county. In 1839 he represented the county in the state legis- lature, and in 1843 he was an unsuccessful candi- date for Congress. He removed to Macon county in 1846, and Dec. 31, 1847, was chosen to succeed Judge Ormond on the bench of the supreme court. On the resignation of the chief justice he succeeded to that position, holding the office from Dec. 6, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1856. In 1859 he was elected a state senator from Macon county, and in 1860 removed to Montgomery, Ala. He was a member of the provisional congress in 1861, then a representative in the Confederate congress, and was re-elected in 1863. He was twice married, each time to a sister of Gen. John T. Morgan of Dallas county, Ala. He died at Montgomery, Ala., Jan. 20, 1871. CHINN, Joseph Graves, physician, was born in Bourbon county, Ky., April 1, 1797; son of William Ball Chinn, and great-grandson of Raleigh Chinn, who emigrated from England, settling in Virginia, and married a Miss Ball, a near relative of Martha Washington. His father removed to Kentucky in 1790 and settled in Bour- bon county, on the estate where the son was born and attended school. When the war of 1812 broke out he enlisted in the army, his father obtaining a special permit from Governor Shelby before the lad of fifteen could be admitted to the ranks. At the battle of Lake Erie he was cap- tured by the Indians, but was afterwards re- leased. He studied at the medical university of Pennsylvania, and at the time of his death he was ninety-four years old, the oldest practitioner in Kentucky. In 1834 he removed to Lexington, where he served six years in the city council. In 1868 he was elected mayor of that city, and he served in that capacity several terms. In politics he was an old-line Whig, and opposed to the civil war. He attributed his long life and his remarkable health to his regular habits, never using tobacco and being a total abstainer from spirituous liquors. He married his third wife when he was eighty-two years of age. He died in Lexington, Ky., Sept. 7, 1891. [ 641 ] CHIPLEY. CHIPMAN. CHIPLEY, William Dudley, railway man- ager, was born at Columbus, Ga., in 1840; son of Dr. William S. Chipley, and a grandson of Rev. Stephen Chipley, both natives of Lexing- ton, Ky. He was educated at the Kentucky military institute, near Frankfort, and at Tran- sy lvania university, Lexington. When the civil war began he en- listed in the Confeder- ate army as sergeant- major of the 9th Ken- tucky regiment, w a s afterwards made adju- tant and was appointed as the officer to collect and formulate the rec- ord of the Kentucky troops, with rank of cap- tain, which work he performed without neg- lecting his duties in the field, but the records were burned at Augusta, Ga. He was wounded at Shiloh and again at Chickamauga. After the war he settled a.t Columbus, Ga., became prominent in the city government and projected and commenced the construction of the Columbus and Rome railroad. Subsequently he took charge of the southern interest of the Baltimore and Ohio and Virginia Midland roads, and in December, 1876, lie became general manager of the Pensacola railroad. He also' established a steamship line to Havana, and another to Cedar Keys. He left those roads to become superintendent of the Mobile and Mont- gomery railroad, together with the leased line from Montgomery to Selma, and at the same time bought the Columbus and Rome road. In 1881 he resigned all other interests to build the Pensacola and Atlantic road, which he had pro- jected and chartered, and of which he became vice-president. He was mayor of Pensacola three years, resigning in his fourth term. He was also chairman of the Democratic committee and represented Escambia county in the state senate. He was a candidate for the U. S. senate in 1897, and after a close and exciting contest his opponent was declared elected. He was a foun- der of the Florida Chautauqua and its home, De Funiak Springs, and prominently identified himself with other educational interests. CHIPMAN, Daniel, representative, was born in Salisbury, Conn., Oct. 22, 1763; son of Samuel and Hannah (Austin) Chipman; was graduated from Dartmouth in 1788, studied law with his brother Nathaniel, practised in Poultney, Vt., 1790-'94, when he removed to Middlebury, which he represented in the Vermont legislature sev- eral times from 1798 to 1808, when he was elected to the governor's council. He was mar- ried in 1796 to Eletheria, sister of Prof. Levi Hedge of Harvard. He was again a representa- tive in the state legislature 1812, ’13, '14, ’18, and '21, and speaker 1813-'14. He was elected a representative in Congress in 1814, and resigned after the first session of the 14th Congress on account of ill-health. He was a member of five state constitutional conventions, 1793, 1814, ’36, ’43 and '50, and state's attorney of Addison county twenty years, 1797-1817. He was professor of law in Middlebury college, and a member of the corporation from its foundation, from 1806 to 1816. He received the degree of LL.D. from Middlebury college in 1849. As first reporter of the supreme court he published: “Law of Con- tracts ” (1822) ; “ Reports of Cases in Supreme Court of Vt.” (1824-'35), and afterwards wrote biographies of Nathaniel Chipman (1846); Seth Warner and Gen. Thomas Chittenden (1849). He died at Ripton, Vt., April 23, 1850. CHIPMAN, John Logan, lawyer, was born in Detroit, Mich., June 5, 1830; son of Judge Henry and Martha Mary (Logan) Chipman, and grand- son of Nathaniel Chipman, U. S. senator and judge of the supreme court. He received a public-school education, and in 1843-'45 attended the University of Michigan. In 1846 he made explorations in the Lake Superior region. He was afterwards admitted to the bar; aided in paying the Chippewa Indians of Lake Superior, and in making the Detroit treat}’ with them and the Ottawas in 1854. He was city attorney of Detroit in 1856-'61 ; a member of the state legis- lature in 1863, and attorney of the Detroit police board from 1865 to 1879. He was elected judge of the superior court of Detroit, May 1, 1879, and re-elected for a second term of six years. In 1886 he was elected a representative to the 50th and was re-elected to the 51st and 52d con- gresses. CHIPMAN, Nathaniel, jurist, was born in Salisbury, Conn., Nov. 15, 1752; son of Samuel and Hannah (Austin) Chipman. John Chipman, his first American ancestor, came from England in 1630 and settled in Connecticut. He was graduated from Yale in 1777, served as a lieuten- ant in the revolutionary army at Valley Forge, Monmouth and White Plains, returned to Litch- field, Conn., studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1779. and settled in Tinmouth, Vt.. where he, in addition to practising law, cultivated a farm and manufactured bar iron. He served in the general assembly of 1784—’85. In 1786 he was elected assistant judge of the superior court and was chief justice 1789— '91. In 1791 he was a commissioner to Congress to negotiate for the admission of Vermont, and on its admission Presi- dent Washington appointed him United States. [C42J w CHISHOLM. CHITTENDEN. district judge. In 1796 he was again elected chief justice, and in 1797 United States senator to succeed Isaac Tichenor, serving from 1797 to 1803. He then represented Tinmouth in the state legislature, 1806-' 11. He was chosen one of the council of censors in March, 1813, to review the constitution of the state. The same y ear he was elected chief justice of the state by the Federalists, but was displaced by the Republi- cans in 1815. He was professor of law in Middle- bury college, 1816-'43. He published several works on law, including: “Sketches of the Principles of Government” (1793; revised ed., 1833); “Reports and Dissertations'' (1815), and in 1826 he revised the statutes of Vermont. He died at Tinmouth, Vt., Feb. 15, 1843. CHISHOLM, William, inventor, was born at Lochleven, Fifeshire, Scotland, Aug. 12, 1825. At an early age he was apprenticed to a dry- goods merchant, remained with him for three years and then went to sea. He was a sailor for a period of seven years, after which time he settled in Montreal, Canada, where he became a builder and contractor. His brother Henry lived in Cleveland, Ohio, and William removed there in 1852. After that he went to Pittsburg, where he remained till 1857, returning to Cleveland at that date. He joined his brother in the rolling mills and remained with him two or three years, when he withdrew from active management of the concern and engaged in the manufacture of horseshoes, spikes and bolts. After showing the practicability of manufacturing screws from Bessemer steel, lie organized the Union steel company of Cleveland. His inventions were numerous and eminently useful, and he devised new methods and machinery for manufacturing spades, scoops and shovels, and for this purpose he opened a factory in 1879. In 1882 he turned his attention to steam engines, and invented a new model for hoisting and pumping, and trans- mitters for carrying coal between vessels and railway cars. CHISOLM, William Wallace, jurist, was born in Morgan county, Ga., Dec. 6, 1830. His father died in 1851, leaving him the family guardian and protector. In 1847 the Chisolm family moved to Kemper county. Miss. In 1856 he mar- ried Emily S., daughter of John W. Mann, a prominent Florida lawyer. Up to this time Chis- olm had had very little opportunity to pursue his education, but his wife gave him much assistance and he made rapid progress. In 1858 he was elected justice of the peace, and in 1860 probate judge, which office he retained until 1867. Dur- ing the civil war he was a pronounced Unionist, and notwithstanding this fact he was kept in office, though many looked upon him with sus- picion. For some time after the war, Mississippi, like the other southwestern states, was politically unsettled, the negroes always taking the side of the Republicans. Chisolm was elected sheriff by the Republicans, and was frequently in danger of his life from the followers of the Democratic party. In November, 1873, he was again elected sheriff for Kemper county, and this section be- came a great Republican stronghold. Four years later he was nominated as a representative to Congress, but was defeated. John W. Gully, a leading Democrat, was shot and killed near Chisolm's house, and warrants were sent out for the judge's arrest. His wife, three sons and daughter accompanied him, and the party was guarded on the way to the jail by Angus McLel- lan. a sturdy Scotchman, and stanch friend of Chisolm. As McLellan, at the sheriff’s order, left the jail to go to his own house, he was shot down, and the building, being left unguarded, was broken into by the mob. The judge's son, John, a child of thirteen, was killed while pro- tecting his father, and then another shot mortally wounded Chisolm, who obtained a rifle and killed the murderer of his boy. His daughter Cornelia, aged eighteen, also died from wounds received at the time. The leaders of the mob were indicted, but not punished. The local papers endeavored to justify the mob on the ground that Chisolm had been a party to the murder of Gully, though no evidence was ever shown to prove that Judge Chisolm or his friends had in any way been accessory to this crime. It was generally supposed that the Democrats of the district were enraged at the friendship of Chisolm with the newly enfranchised negroes, more particularly as he had organized them in order to control the elections in favor of the Republican party. In December, 1877, a negro, Walter Riley, confessed to the murder of Gully, which completely exonerated Chisolm from any part in the affair. He died- in DeKalb, Miss., May 13, 1877. CHITTENDEN, Lucius Eugene, author, was born at Williston, Vt., May 24. 1824, son of Giles and Betsey (Hollenbeck) Chittenden, grandson of Truman Chittenden, and great - grandson of Thomas Chittenden, first governor of Vermont. He was educated at Williston academy, was - ad- mitted to the bar in 1844, and commenced prac- tice in Burlington in 1845. He was a member of the Vermont state senate from 1857 to 1859, and a delegate to the peace conference held in Wash- ington in February, 1861. In April, 1861, he was appointed register of the treasury by President Lincoln and removed to Washington. He resigned Iris office in April, 1865, and removed to New York city, where he practised his profession. In May. 1848, with other delegates, he seceded from the Democratic state convention, held at Mont. [ 643 ] CHITTENDEN. CHITTENDEN. pelier, because, among other reasons, of the adop- tion of a resolution that it was the duty of a citizen to assist in the capture of fugitive slaves. These delegates immediately organized the Free -Soil party, which matured into the Republican party. With E. A. Stansbury, he established, and until the election in September, 1848, edited and pub- lished, the Free-Soil Courier at Burlington. He edited and annotated an edition of “ Reeve’s Domestic Relations” (1846), and “Debates and Proceedings of the Secret Sessions of the Peace Conference held in Washington in February, 1861 ” (1864). He also published “ An Address at the Opening of the Fair of the Christian and Sani- tary Commissions” (1863); “Debates and Pro- ceedings of Congress on the Subsidies to the Pacific Railroads” (1871); “The Capture of Ticonder- oga” (1873); “Three Letters on Repudiation in Virginia” (1873); “Address at the Inauguration of the Statue of Ethan Allen ” (1874); “Recollec- tions of President Lincoln and His Administra- tion” (1891); “Personal Reminiscences, 1840-’90” (1893); “An Unknown Heroine: an Historical Episode of the War Between the States” (1893), and compiled “Lincoln’s Addresses” (1895). CHITTENDEN, Martin, governor of Vermont, was born at Salisbury, Conn., March 13, 1769, son of Gov. Thomas and Elizabeth (Meigs) Chitten- den. He removed to Jericho, Chittenden county, Vt., in 1776, and was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1789. The year after his graduation he was elected a representative from Jericho to the state legislature, and served by re-election eight years. In 1798 he removed to Williston, Vt. , and for two years served in the state legislature from that town. In 1803 lie was elected a representa- tive in the 8th Congress, and was re-elected to the four succeeding congresses. In 1813 he was elected governor of the state, and was re-elected in 1814. He served as judge of probate during 1831-33. He died at Williston, Vt., Sept. 5, 1840. CHITTENDEN, Russell Henry, chemist, was born in New Haven, Conn., Feb. 18, 1856. He was graduated a Ph.B. at Yale in 1875, and after studying in Germany for a few months he re- turned to Yale as instructor of chemistry in the Sheffield scientific school, and was advanced to the chair of physiological chemistry in 1883. In 1880 Yale conferred upon him the degree of Pli.D. He was elected a member of the national academy of sciences in 1890. He is the editor of “Studies from the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry of the Sheffield Scientific school of Yale College,” begun in 1885, and of many valuable contribu- tions to scientific periodicals. CHITTENDEN, Simeon Baldwin, merchant, was born in Guilford, Conn., March 39, 1814. He was educated at Guilford academy and in 1843 engaged in mercantile business in New York city. He was vice-president of the New York chamber of commerce in 1867-’69, and was elected to fill a vacancy in the 43d Congress, taking his seat Dec. 7, 1874. He was re-elected to the 44tli, 45th, and 46th congresses. He was prominent in many railroad enterprises and president of the New Haven and New London Shore line. He gave to Yale university in 1887 the sum of §350,000, to be used for a library building. He also endowed a professorship at Yale, and gave large sums to the New York eye and ear infirmary, the Brooklyn art association and the young women’s Christian association of Brooklyn. A memorial window to his memory was placed in the Church of the Pil- grims, the Rev. Dr. R. S. Storrs, pastor. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., April 14, 1889. CHITTENDEN, Thomas, governor of Vermont, was born in Guilford. Conn., Jan. 6, 1730; son of Ebenezer, and fourth in descent from William Chittenden, who, with a colony of twenty-sis others from the parish of Cranbrook, in the county of Kent, England, settled in and near Guilford, Conn., in October, 1639. In his eighteenth year he shipped as a sailor on a schooner from New Haven to Cuba, was captured by pirates, landed on a barren island, and returned in October, 1749, when he was married to Elizabeth Meigs. He then removed to Salisbury, Conn., where he be- came a leading citizen, representing the town for six years in the legislature, and was colonel of militia. After 1763 he, with others, procured from the colonial governor of New Hampshire a grant of the township of Williston, which they organized in 1774. He removed to his new home in October, 1774, and was scarcely settled when the breaking out of the war compelled another removal. He lived through 1776 in Dauby, then removed to Pownal, and later to Arlington, where he resided until 1787, when he returned to his Williston farm. He was elected president of the council of safety upon its organization early in 1777, and held that office until the end of the war. He was chairman of a committee which met at Dorset, July 34 and Sept. 35, 1776, and adopted the first “covenant or compact ” between the settlers. He was a mem- ber of the conventions at Westminster, January 15, and at Windsor. June 4, July 3, and Dec. 34, 1777, which framed and adopted the first consti- tution. In February, 1778, he was elected the first governor of Vermont, and held the office by annual re-elections (except during the year 1779) until his death. He furnished Governor Clinton help in 1781 when Fort Ann was captured, but when Vermont was in danger Clinton refused help, and Chittenden wrote General Washington in 1783 that he would join the British rather than submit to New York. In 1791 he was one of the commissioners to negotiate for the admission of Vermont into the Union. He died Aug. 35, 1797. [ 644 ] CHOATE. CHOATE. CHOATE, Charles Francis, lawyer, was born at Salem, Mass., May 16, 1828; son of Dr. George and Margaret M. (Hodges) Choate, and a de- scendant of John Choate, who emigrated from the western part of England in 1643, and settled in Ipswich, Mass. He was educated at the Salem Latin school, was graduated at Harvard college in 1849, and from Harvard law school in 1853. From 1850 to 1853 he was tutor of mathematics in the college. He was admitted to the bar of Bos- ton in 1854, and became an authority on railroad law. In 1864 he was made counsel for the Boston & Maine and Old Colony railroad corporations. He was elected a director of the latter in 1872, and in 1878 was chosen president of the corpora- tion, holding also the presidency of the Old Col- ony steamboat company. He continued in the presidency of the road by annual re-election until May 1, 1893, when it was consolidated with the New York, New Haven, and Hartford railroad company. On June 13, 1893, he was chosen actuary of the New England trust com- pany. He received from Harvard the degree of A.M. in 1852, that of LL.B. in 1853, and from Dartmouth the degree of A.M. in 1872. CHOATE, David, educator, was born in Che- bacco, Ipswich, Mass., Nov. 29, 1796; son of David and Miriam (Foster) Choate, and brother of Rufus Choate. He was employed as a school teacher from 1815 to 1842. He inaugurated and developed the local high school, was one of the founders of the Essex county teachers’ associa- tion, and for many years its president ; was one of the trustees of the Mount Holyoke female seminary from its incorporation in 1836; was a trustee of Dummer academy, Byfield, Mass., 1840- ’50; a member of the state legislature, 1839-’41, and a member of the state senate and chairman of the committee on education, 1841-'42. He was for many years justice of the peace. He wrote ; “ An Agricultural and Geological survey of Essex County,” which was published by the Essex county agricultural society, of which he was an officer and member. He died in Essex, Mass., Dec. 17, 1872. CHOATE, Joseph Hodges, lawyer, was born at Salem, Mass., Jan. 24, 1832; son of George and Margaret M. (Hodges) Choate. He was grad- uated from Harvard college in 1852, and from the law school of that institution in 1854. He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1855, and to the New York bar in 1856, after a course of study in the office of Scudder & Carter, New York. He then formed a partnership with W. H. L. Barnes, under the firm name of Barnes & Choate, so remaining until 1860, when he became a member of the firm of Evarts, Southmayd & Choate. Among the celebrated cases in which he was concerned are the Del Valle breach of promise case, the de Cesnola libel case, Geb- hard vs. the Canada southern railroad, Stewart vs. Huntington, and the Fitz John Porter case, in which Mr. Choate, as counsel for General Porter, secured the reversal of the decision of the original court martial. He was active in the presidential campaign in 1856 in behalf of Fre- mont, and his witty and ready speeches were largely heard in every important canvass after that date. He was in constant demand as a speaker on all manner of public occasions; from 1867 to 1871 was president of the New England society, as well as of many important social organizations. He was elected president of the state constitutional convention which assembled in 1894 to revise the constitution of the state of New York, and in 1897 was a candidate in Republican caucus for United States senator. He received the degrees of LL.B., 1854; A.M., 1860 ; and LL. D. , 1888, from Harvard ; and that of LL.D. from Amherst in 1889. Many of his argu- ments were published. CHOATE, Rufus, lawyer, was born in Ipswich, Mass., Oct. 1, 1799; son of David and Miriam (Foster) Choate, and descended from John Choate, who immigrated to Massachusetts in 1643. His father's sterling integrity and unusual intellectual endowment marked him as a superior man, and his moth- er's keen perceptions, ready wit, and native dignity of bearing were re m a r k a b 1 e. Rufus was early noted for his insati- able thirst for knowl- edge, for his tenaci- ous memory, and his extraordinary preco- city. He could re- cite whole pages of Pilgrim's Progress when he was but six years old, and he had perused the greater part of the village library before he was ten. He entered Dartmouth col- lege at the age of sixteen, after attending the academy at New Hampton, N. H., for a term, and was graduated with the valedictory in 1819. The famous Dartmouth college case was on trial during his undergraduate days, and it was Web- ster’s great speech in connection therewith that so inspired Choate as to lead to his final choice of the law as his profession. After tutoring at Dartmouth for a year, he spent three years in Washington, D. C., studying law under William Wirt, attorney-general of the United States in 1823 was admitted to the bar, and for five years practised at Danvers, Mass. In 1825 he was sent [ 645 ] CHOATE. CHOULES. to the state legislature as a representative, and in 1827 as a senator. He was chosen as a repre- sentative in Congress in 1830, and distinguished himself by a brilliant speech in the 22d Congress on the tariff. He was re-elected in 1832 to the 23d Congress, but resigned his seat at the close of the first session and removed to Boston, where he devoted himself to his profession, and acquired a reputation as an eloquent, powerful and success- ful advocate. When in 1841 Daniel Webster accepted the portfolio of state in President Harrison's cabinet, Mr. Choate was elected to fill the seat he had vacated in the senate, and he made several brilliant speeches, notably those on the tariff, the Oregon boundary, the fiscal bank- bill. the Smithsonian institution, and the annex- ation of Texas. At the close of the term Mr. Webster was returned to the senate, and Mr. Choate once more resumed the practice of his profession. He went to Europe in 1850, and dur- ing his brief tour in England and on the conti- nent a most forcible impression was made upon his mind by his observation of the characteristics of the older civilizations of the world, and, in his comparison of these with those of the newer, he saw the perils that were likely to follow a disrup- tion of the union existing between the states. In his earnest desire to avoid such disruption will be found the key to his whole later life, and his last public utterance was an oration in behalf of an undivided nation. In 1852 he was a dele- gate to the Whig national convention at Balti- more, and there urged the nomination of Daniel Webster for the presidency. He was a delegate to the state convention of 1853, and took an important part in revising the constitution of Massachusetts. In 1856 he supported the Demo- cratic national ticket, and made some speeches in the interest of Buchanan and Breckinridge. Busy as was his life he yet devoted a portion of each day to the study of literature, history, and philosophy, and it was this habit, together with his tenacious memory, which made him one of the most scholarly of public men. He was especially fond of Greek literature, and was only restrained from writing a history of Greece by seeing the early volume of Grote’s great work. He contemplated a visit to Europe in 1859, and had proceeded as far as Halifax when his health failed so utterly that his son, who accompanied him, decided to return home, and while resting at the lodgings he had temporarily taken he died suddenly. Among his most famous speeches will always be named: the eulogy on President Har- rison (1841); an address upon the anniversary of the landing of the pilgrims (1843); a eulogy on Daniel Webster (1853) ; an address at the dedica- tion of the Peabody institution in Danvers (1854) ; an oration before the young men's Democratic club of Boston (1858); two addresses before the law-school at Cambridge, Mass., and two lectures before the Mercantile library association of Bos- ton ; but no adequate idea of his wonderful ora- tory can be obtained from reading his speeches. His works, with a memoir, published in two vol- umes, was prepared by Samuel Gilman Brown (1862). He died in Halifax, N. S., July 13, 1859. CHOATE, Rufus, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., May 14, 1834; son of Rufus and Helen (Olcott) Choate. He was graduated at Amherst in 1855, was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1858, and practised his profession until the open- ing of the civil war. He joined the 2d Massachu- setts regiment as 2d lieutenant, was present at Winchester, Cedar Mountain and Antietam. He was promoted to a captaincy, and in the autumn of 1862 was compelled to resign because of ill- health. He died in Dorchester, Mass., Jan. 15, 1866. CHOATE, William Gardner, jurist, was born at Salem, Mass., Aug. 30, 1830; son of George and Margaret Manning (Hodges) Choate, and brother of Joseph Hodges Choate. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1852, and from the Harvard law school in 1854. He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1855, and practised in Dan- vers and Salem, Mass. In 1856 he went to New York and became a partner in the law firm of Prichard, Choate & Smith. In 1878 he was ap- pointed by President Hayes district judge for the southern district of New York, and was sworn in by his predecessor, the Hon. Samuel Blatch- ford, who had been appointed circuit judge, and to whom he in turn administered the oath of office. His written opinions while in this office are to be found in the 10th vol. of “ Benedict's Admiralty Reports,” in the 17th, 18th and 19th vols. of Bankruptcy Register, and in the first nine volumes of the Federal Reports. He re- signed his judgeship in 1881, and resumed prac- tice as a member of the firm of Shipman, Barlow, Laroque and Choate. He served as president of Harvard club from 1872 to 1874. In 1860 Harvard college conferred upon him the degree of A.M. CHOULES, John Overton, clergyman, was born in Bristol, England, Feb. 5, 1801 ; of parents who were Wesleyans, and who died when he was twelve years old. He was educated by an uncle, a wealthy merchant; entered the Baptist theo- logical college at Bristol in 1822, and settled in America in 1824, where he was principal of an academy at Red Hook, N. Y.. and supplied sev- eral Baptist churches in the vicinity. He was ordained pastor of the Second Baptist church in Newport, R. I., Sept. 27, 1827. He became pas- tor of the First Baptist church in New Bedford, Mass., in 1833; of the church at Buffalo. X. V, 1836; of the Sixth street church, New York city, CHOUTEAU. CHRISTENSEN. 1841; at Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass., in 1843, and returned to the church in Newport in 1847. He was a well-known lecturer and author. He completed and published Smith's “Christian Missions ” (1832) ; edited “ Neal's History of the Puritans” (1844); wrote “ Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star ” (1854) ; “ Young America Abroad” (1854); edited Forster's “Statesmen of the Commonwealth of England ” (1846), and continued Hinton’s “History of the United States to 1850.” He died while on a visit to New York city, Jan. 5, 1856. CHOUTEAU, Auguste, pioneer, was born in New Orleans, La., in 1739; a brother of Pierre Chouteau. He was always known as Colonel Chouteau, and was in command of Pierre Ligueste Laclede’s expedition up the Mississippi in 1763. He shared the prosperity of his brother in the new settlement of St. Louis, Mo., and died there, Feb. 24, 1829. CHOUTEAU, Berenice, pioneer, was born in Kaskaskia, 111., in 1801, daughter of Col. Peter Menard, first territorial governor of Illinois. The official position of her father afforded her educa- tional and social advantages beyond those of the average young .women of her locality and time. She was married when eighteen years old to Francis F., son of Pierre Chouteau, Jr., and part- ner in the firm of P. Chouteau, Jr., & Co., fur traders. The newly married couple decided to make their home at a point on the Missouri river near Black Snake Hills, which location became the site of the city of St. Joseph, Mo. The journey was made on a flat-boat, and after living there two years they removed to the present site of Kansas City, Mo., where they established the first trading post and built in the woods the first log house erected in that section. Here her hus- band acquired title to large tracts of land and ex- tended his domain to the mouth of the Kansas river, making it to include all the valuable farm- ing land in the vicinity. The city of Kansas City was subsequently built upon a portion of this property, and squatters located on other sections and gave title to new settlers. The question of ownership in this way became much involved, and long and expensive litigation ensued, in which Mrs. Chouteau after her husband’s death sought to recover possession, her claims amounting to over §5,000.090. The statutes of limitation operated to deprive her of her rights, the decision being made by the highest courts, in November, 1888, but two weeks before her death. She was a lib- eral benefactress and distributed her large fortune in promoting the interests of the Roman Catholic church, of which she was a devout member. She built in Kansas City the first church edifice, and her liberality during her life expanded with the growth of the church and its institutions in that locality. She lived to witness Kansas City created a diocesan see, and a cathedral take the place of her first little chapel. She died in Kansas City, Mo., Nov. 20, 1888. CHOUTE AU, Pierre, pioneer, was born in New Orleans, La., in 1749. With his brother Auguste he joined the famous expedition of Pierre Ligueste Laclede, which was organized under' the auspices of the director-general of Louisiana and had for its object the extension of the fur trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. Three months after its departure from New Orleans the expedition reached St. Genevieve, then the oldest settlement on the west bank of the upper Mississippi. After stopping a few weeks at Fort Charles, the pioneers journeyed sixty-one miles farther on. Discovering a pleas- antly situated bluff on the western bank of the river they concluded to make this their head- quarters for trading, and founded the city of St. Louis. Pierre Chouteau remained here and be- came a very prosperous and respected merchant, having a high reputation amongst the Indians. He died at St. Louis, Mo., July 9, 1849. CHOUTEAU, Pierre, Jr., Indian trader, was born at St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 19, 1789; son of Pierre Chouteau, pioneer. In 1804 he became clerk for his father and uncle, and was soon able to launch forth into business for himself. He did a vast amount of trading with the Indians all along the Missouri river, and early in 1806 went as far as Dubuque to negotiate with the Sac and Fox Indians. Among his associates in the fur trade was John Jacob Astor, from whom he purchased his (Astor's) interest in the American fur com- pany, changing the name to that of P. Chouteau, Jr., & Co. Under his supervision the company widely extended its operations. Pierre Chou- teau, Jr., died at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 8, 1865. CHRISTENSEN, Christian T., soldier, was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, Jan. 26, 1832. He came to America in 1850, and entered into business in New York city. He was made presi- dent of the Scandinavian society of New York, and became very popular with his countrymen. In 1861 he raised a company of one hundred Scandinavians, which joined the 1st New York volunteer regiment. From his rank of lieutenant Mr. Christensen was steadily promoted, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier -general. He was made a knight of the order of Danebrog by the King of Denmark in 1862, and in 1873 was given the military silver cross of the same order. He was commissioned brigadier-general on July 12, 1880. In 1879 he became manager of the firm of Drexel, Morgan & Co., and in July, 1890, was chosen president of the Brooklyn trust company. He was Danish consul at New York, and acting charge d’affaires for several years. [ 647 ] CHRISTIAN. CHRYSLER. CHRISTIAN, Joseph, jurist, was born at Hewick, Middlesex county, Va., July 10, 1828; son of the Rev. Richard Allen Christian, M.D., and brother to Dr. William Steptoe Christian, a prominent physician, temperance advocate, and Baptist church worker in Virginia. He attended an academy at Richmond, and in 1849 was graduated at Columbian college, which con- ferred upon him the degree of A.M. in 1853 and that of LL.D. in 1872. He was admitted to the Virginia bar, and located himself in Middlesex county, Va., where he became eminent as a lawyer, and served as judge of the 6th Virginia district. He was for some years in the Virginia senate, serving both before and after the civil war. In 1871 he was appointed judge of the Vir- ginia court of appeals. Mr. Christian made -his home in Richmond, Va. where he engaged in the practice of his profession. CHRISTIANCY, Isaac Peckham, senator, was born in Johnstown, N. Y., March 12, 1812. Hav- ing at an early age to support his family, his education was somewhat limited, and for some time he taught school in order to obtain the means to pursue the more advanced branches of learning. He studied law under the tutelage of John Maynard, in 1836, and removed to Mon- roe, Mich. Here he was admitted to the bar, and from 1838 to 1857 practised his profession. From 1841 to 1846 he was prosecuting attorney for Monroe county. In 1848 he was a delegate to the Buffalo free soil convention, having differed from the Democratic party on the subject of slavery. From 1850 to 1852 he was a member of the state senate, and in the latter year was the un- successful candidate on the free soil ticket for governor. He was a prime mover in the political combination of 1854, of which the result was the organization of the Republican party. This party not only had its birth in Michigan, but received its name at a convention held in the city of Jackson. He was a delegate to the national convention held in Philadelphia in 1856. The following year he purchased and became the editor of the Monroe Commercial, which had up to that time been a Democratic paper. Later in 1857 he was an unsuccessful candidate for U. S. senator. In 1857 was elected judge of the su- preme court, and was re-elected in 1865 and again in 1873. He became chief justice in 1872. He was elected U. S. senator in 1875, resigning his seat in 1877 and in 1879 was appointed by Presi- dent Hayes United States minister to Peru, which office he held for two years, returning to the United States in 1881, when he resumed the prac- tice of law. During the civil war he served on the staff of General Humphreys and on that of General Custer. He died at Lansing, Mich., Sept. 8, 1890. CHRISTMAN, Joseph Alonzo, financier, was born in Lvansburg, Pa., Sept. 1, 1838. He was graduated at Yale in 1857, and engaged as a teacher in the southern states until 1860, when the mutterings of civil war hurried him home to take his part in suppressing the incipient rebel- lion. He joined the army as an officer on the staff of Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, and was sererelv wounded at the battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 8, 1862. He continued in service until the end of the war, when he removed to Louisville, Ky., where he was admitted to the bar, and began to practise at St. Louis, Mo. He was appointed U. S. district attorney for California by Presi- dent Johnson in 1867. In 1869 he returned to St. Louis, and resumed the practice of law. In 1876 ill-health led him to visit Europe, and while in Paris he with several acquaintances established a banking house, in which he continued an active partner until his death. Out of his estate he be- queathed to Yale university §60,000, and to St. James’ church, Evansburg, Pa., §10,000. He died in Paris, France, April 5, 1888. CHRYSTIE, John, soldier, was born in New York city in 1786; son of James Clirystie. He was graduated at Columbia college in 1806, and was admitted to the bar in 1808. He entered the U. S. army and was appointed 1st lieutenant of the 6th infantry, May 3, 1808. He was promoted captain in February, 1809, serving until Novem- ber 15, 1811, when he resigned his commission. He again entered the service as lieutenant-colonel of the 13th U. S. infantry, March 12, 1812, and was present in the assault on Queenstown Heights, Oct. 13, 1812, where he was conspicuous for his bravery, being wounded while leading the regular troops and finally forced to surrender to a superior force. He was made colonel of the 23d U. S. infantry, March 12, 1813, and promoted inspector general with rank of colonel, March 18, 1813. He died while in active service at Fort George, Canada, July 22, 1813. CHRYSLER, Morgan Henry, soldier, was born at Ghent, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1826; son of John Chrysler. He was educated in the common school and began life as a farmer. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the 30th N. Y. volunteers, and was promoted captain, May 7; major, March 11. 1862. and lieutenant-colonel, Aug. 30, 1862, serving in the army of the Potomac. In 1863, having served out his enlistment, he returned to New York and raised the 2d New York volunteer cavalry regi- ment, of which he became colonel, Dec. 5, 1863. He served with his regiment in the army of the Gulf until Nov. 8, 1865, and was present at the capture of Mobile. He was brevetted brigadier- general. Jan. 23, 1864; promoted brigadier-gen- eral, and brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13. 1865. [64SJ I *