^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 B 
 
 RZtxIp 
 
 H1INCIS 
 
 MIS HISTORICAL SURVEY
 
 Anne Royall
 
 THE LIFE AND TIMES 
 
 OF 
 
 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 BY 
 
 SARAH HARVEY PORTER, M. A. 
 
 Member of the Columbia Historical Society 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 PUBLISHED AT CEDAR RAPIDS 
 IOWA IN 1909 BY THE 
 TORCH PRESS BOOK SHOP
 
 COPYRIGHT. 1908. BY 
 THE TORCH PRESS
 
 
 To the 
 Memory of an American 
 Citizen of the Highest Type 
 Benjamin Evans Porter 
 this Representation of Our 
 Country's Earlier Days is 
 Dedicated with Sisterly 
 Affection : : : : : 
 
 He could not frame a Word unfit, 
 
 An act unworthy to be done — emerson 
 
 553606
 
 Contents 
 
 Introduction ..... 
 
 9 
 
 Chapter I 
 
 
 Childhood 
 
 17 
 
 Chapter II 
 
 
 Girlhood and Marriage 
 
 31 
 
 Chapter III 
 
 
 Anne Eoyall in Her Prime 
 
 44 
 
 Chapter IV 
 
 
 Northern Tour .... 
 
 59 
 
 Chapter V 
 
 
 Mrs. Royall as an Author 
 
 76 
 
 Chapter VI 
 
 
 Freemasonry ..... 
 
 92 
 
 Chapter VII 
 
 
 Mrs. Royall versus Evangelicalism . 
 
 114 
 
 Chapter VIII 
 
 
 The Trial 
 
 131 
 
 Chapter IX 
 
 
 Mrs. Royall as a Journalist 
 
 146 
 
 Chapter X 
 
 
 Paul Pry ..... 
 
 166 
 
 Chapter XI 
 
 
 The Huntress ..... 
 
 177 
 
 Chapter XII 
 
 
 The West 
 
 192 
 
 Chapter XIII 
 
 
 Old Age 
 
 212 
 
 Chapter XIV 
 
 
 Conclusion ..... 
 
 228 
 
 Appendices 
 
 
 Appendix A . 
 
 239 
 
 Appendix B . 
 
 247 
 
 Appendix C . 
 
 254
 
 Introduction 
 
 In overflowing measure ridicule, injustice, and 
 vilifying persecution were poured upon Anne Royall 
 while she yet walked on earth — the most widely 
 known woman of her day and country. Dead, she 
 has been long forgotten. Nine readers out of ten, 
 seeing her name upon this title-page, will ask, "Who 
 was Anne Royall?" 
 
 Even in the city of "Washington, the scene of her 
 greatest and longest activity, Mrs. Royall is thought 
 of, by the few who think of her at all, as a shrill- 
 tongued old infidel, beggar, and black-mailer who, 
 convicted by jury of being a common scold, narrowly 
 escaped an official ducking in the Potomac. This 
 unpleasing picture of Anne Royall, along with a 
 mythical story that she was for years a captive among 
 Indians, is preserved in several more or less gossipy 
 contributions to Washingtoniana, and from them has 
 been copied, almost word for word, by the biograph- 
 ical dictionaries and encyclopaedias. 
 
 An allusion in an important historical work to 
 "that common scold, Anne Royall," aroused my cu- 
 riosity. I sought Mrs. Royall's ten volumes of Trav- 
 els in the United States and the files of her news- 
 papers published weekly for nearly a quarter of a 
 century in Washington, D. C. In spite of their crude
 
 10 INTRODUCTION 
 
 vehemence, I found these writings to be the expression 
 of a sane, generous, virile and entertaining personality. 
 
 Led by psychological, rather than by historical, 
 interest, I began a search for Mrs. Royall's maiden 
 name and other primary biographical facts concern- 
 ing her which had long been missing. Searching for 
 those facts has been like hunting for a dozen needles, 
 each hidden in a different haystack. Ancient re- 
 cords of the District of Columbia, of five states, and 
 of more than a score of cities have been scanned care- 
 fully; many libraries and bookshops have been ran- 
 sacked; correspondence has been carried on with sec- 
 retaries of Masonic lodges and with local historians 
 in many different sections of the United States; the 
 War Department, the Pension Office, the State De- 
 partment and the Bureau of Indian Affairs have 
 yielded help ; annals of the American Revolution have 
 been studied; every line of Mrs. Royall's voluminous 
 writings has been read, and oral tradition has been 
 sifted with care. My research has covered several 
 years. The result is the discovery of biographical 
 material which seems to show that Mrs. Royall was 
 really far less black than she has been painted. 
 
 Anne Royal, however, is not a figure of historic 
 national importance. Neither do her writings pos- 
 sess sufficient intrinsic merit to rank as literature. 
 Nevertheless, there are good reasons why the dust 
 of prejudice and oblivion should be blown from her 
 tomb. In the first place, justice is due her. It is 
 never too late to right a wrong where biography is 
 concerned. Anne Royall's life-span stretched from 
 George the Third to the political rise of Abraham
 
 INTRODUCTION 11 
 
 Lincoln. Her personal history is more closely inter- 
 twined with, and more analogous to, the growth of 
 our Republic than that of any other woman of whom 
 record is preserved. Her courage deserves remem- 
 brance. At a time when a narrow, and now obsolete, 
 theology reigned almost supreme in the United States, 
 Anne Royal dared to think her own thoughts, and to 
 proclaim them from the house-tops — often, it must 
 be confessed, in ungentle words. In regard to Cal- 
 vinistic dogmas, she stood exactly where the churches 
 that condemned her stand today. Mrs. Royall was 
 an observant traveler. She visited every city, 
 town, and village of importance in the United 
 States of her day. Her recorded impressions and de- 
 scriptions of her journeyings are of considerable 
 sociological importance to the student of American 
 culture-history. She was a pioneer woman journalist. 
 During thirty years there was not a famous man or 
 woman in the country whom Mrs. Royall did not 
 interview. She met and talked with every man who 
 became President of the United States from George 
 "Washington to Abraham Lincoln, inclusive. Many of 
 her almost innumerable pen-portraits of noted Amer- 
 icans are of extreme historical value. During the 
 long Jacksonian era, Mrs. Royall was a force. Against 
 that shadowy army, the alleged secret Church and 
 State party, she wielded her free-lance with superb 
 courage and telling effect. She very materially aided 
 the cause of Freemasonry. In short, Anne Royall's 
 life, in personal desire, thought, and effort, made for 
 race-advancement. Why, then, the question is quick- 
 ly asked, has Anne Royall been forgotten — the im-
 
 12 INTRODUCTION 
 
 plication of the query being that the world remembers 
 everybody worth remembering. The world does no 
 such thing. For instance, the world has quite for- 
 gotten Hubert Languet, the man who made Sir Philip 
 Sidney what he became — the ideal answering to the 
 word "gentleman" wherever the English language is 
 spoken. Yet not oftener than once in a century is a 
 mind like that of Hubert Languet embodied on this 
 planet. The world is always in a hurry. "When 
 great social and political changes come tumbling over 
 each other many men and women worthy of remem- 
 brance go under and never reappear upon the sea of 
 popular thought. The cataclysm of the civil war in 
 our own country buried hundreds of thinkers and 
 doers — many of them far abler persons than Anne 
 Royall. 
 
 Furthermore, the causes for which Mrs. Royall 
 worked — sound money, Sunday mail-transportation, 
 liberal immigration laws, and the like — were not 
 soul-compelling. They appealed to reason and to 
 common-sense rather than to the emotions. The dis- 
 repute into which her fierce opposition to the pre- 
 vailing theology of her day brought her, also hastened 
 her march to oblivion. In some places almost entire 
 editions of her books were bought and destroyed by 
 her opponents. It was Mrs. Royall 's misfortune not 
 to live in Boston. New England always remembers 
 her minor as well as her major prophets — those that 
 she stoned no less than those that she received gladly. 
 Washington, on the other hand, has been until very 
 recently, a city of shifting population. Each admin- 
 istration brought in its own celebrities. The old
 
 INTRODUCTION 13 
 
 ones, especially the shabby old ones like Mrs. Royall, 
 were soon lost to sight. Not until the formation of 
 the Columbia Historical Society in 1895 did either 
 Washington city or the country at large realize what 
 a mine of wealth (information relating to every phase 
 of American development) lay waiting to be worked 
 at the national capital. 
 
 But, after all, the main reason why Anne Royall 
 should be resurrected is the fact that, though long 
 entombed, she is still very much alive. To speak in 
 the vernacular, she is exceedingly good fun. Her 
 personality is so strong, her turns of speech are so 
 unexpected, her common-sense is so refreshing, and 
 her ability in controversy to hit the nail on the head 
 is so unfailing that any reader with the slightest 
 sense of humor must find her decidedly amusing. In 
 this biography, therefore, I shall, wherever possible, 
 allow Mrs. Royall to speak for herself. A few pref- 
 atory statements, however, briefly epitomizing her 
 career, may prove useful to those who care to follow 
 chronologically the development of Anne Newport 
 Royall 's interesting personality. 
 
 Anne Newport was born in Maryland, June 11, 
 1769. Leaving Maryland with her parents at the age 
 of three years, she lived on the frontier of Pennsyl- 
 vania until she was thirteen years old, suffering there 
 all the rigor and dangers of pioneer life in an Indian- 
 haunted country. In 1797 she married Captain Wil- 
 liam Royall, an officer of the war of the American 
 Revolution, and a Virginia gentleman of wealth and 
 of high family. Anne first met Captain Royall, who 
 was many years her senior, under romantic circum-
 
 14 INTRODUCTION 
 
 stances and from him received the greater part of her 
 excellent education. Left a widow and losing, by an 
 adverse legal decision, the fortune bequeathed to her 
 by her husband, Mrs. Eoyall came to Washington in 
 1824, hoping to secure a pension from Congress. 
 Aided by the Masons, she traveled extensively in the 
 United States between the years 1824 and 1831 and 
 also, between those dates, published a novel and ten 
 volumes of Travels. In 1831 she established in Wash- 
 ington a small newspaper named Paul Pry — an in- 
 dependent sheet which fought vigorously Anti-Mason- 
 ry, the Church and State supporters, and the United 
 States Bank. Contrary to traditional belief (founded 
 on its unfortunate name and the adoption of that 
 name by several vile sheets of a later date) the Paul 
 Pry did not deal in scandal. Both Paul Pry and its 
 far abler successor, The Huntress, were clean news- 
 papers. 
 
 In 1829 Mrs. Royall was arrested, tried, and con- 
 victed in Washington on the charge of being a com- 
 mon scold — a charge which was obsolete even in the 
 remotest parts of Europe at that date. The accusation 
 was brought by persons connected with a small Pres- 
 byterian congregation which worshiped in an engine 
 house near Mrs. Royall's dwelling on Capitol Hill. 
 There is much reason to believe, however, that the 
 real instigators of the arrest were men living outside 
 of Washington, and prominently identified with the 
 then burning question of Anti-Masonry and other 
 causes and institutions which Anne Royall had bitterly 
 and effectively attacked in her widely read Black Book.
 
 INTRODUCTION 15 
 
 Mrs. Royall continued to edit The Huntress up 
 to within a few weeks of her death, which occurred at 
 Washington, October 1, 1854. 
 
 Perhaps nothing could more plainly show the 
 enormous activity of Anne Royall 's life than the 
 appendix, at the end of this volume, to which atten- 
 tion is respectfully asked. Every name there given 
 represents a personage once of local or national im- 
 portance. For lack of space hundreds of other 
 names have been omitted. It is hoped that even this 
 partial index may prove useful to state, town, and 
 family historians, to newspaper men and women and, 
 in some degree at least, to general students of United 
 States history. 
 
 For aid in unearthing facts concerning the life 
 of Anne Royall my thanks are due, and sincerely 
 given, to Dr. Ainsworth Rand Spofford, Mr. David 
 Hutcheson, Mr. John G. Morrison, Mr. Hugh A. Mor- 
 rison Jr., Mr. W. T. Moore, and Mr. W. D. Johnston, 
 of The Library of Congress; to Mr. William L. Boy- 
 den, of The Library of the Supreme Council, 33° ; to 
 Mr. W. R. McDowell, Mr. H. G. Crocker and Miss 
 Kathryn Sellers, of The State Department Library; 
 to Miss Anna Pope, of the Pension Office; to Mr. 
 John T. Loomis, Mr. W. B. Bryan, and Hon. Mont- 
 gomery Blair, of Washington; to Hon. J. C. Mc- 
 Laugherty, of Union, West Virginia, and, immeasur- 
 ably, to Mrs. Eva Grant Maloney, of Craig City, Vir- 
 ginia. For advice as to values, and information 
 concerning proper arrangement of the appendix 
 I owe much to Dr. Edward Allen Fay, editor of The 
 American Annals of the Deaf. To Mr. G. A. Lyon,
 
 16 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Jr., of the editorial staff of The Washington Evening 
 Star, I am very deeply indebted for encouragement 
 and for most valuable literary criticism. 
 
 S. H. P. 
 "Ben-Evan," Keene, 
 Essex Co., N. Y. 
 June, 1908
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 Childhood 
 
 The pioneer phase of life in the United States 
 is almost forgotten. The Indian is no longer the most 
 terrifying factor in new settlements. He has even 
 dropped out of literature. Editions of Cooper's 
 works have become infrequent. The dime novel, its 
 yellow cover picturing a swooning heroine borne in 
 the arms of a mounted hero from pursuing savages, 
 is no more. The scalping-knife and the tomahawk 
 have been relegated to museums. The names of Jack- 
 son, Grant, and Lincoln have saved the word "log- 
 cabin" from oblivion, but of the daily life in and 
 around those primitive little houses which once formed 
 a chain of mimic forts from the edge of the thirteen 
 Atlantic states westward over the Alleghanies to the 
 Mississippi, the present generation possesses but the 
 haziest notions. 
 
 The passing from the national memory of the 
 details of pioneer expansion is to be regretted, for 
 those early struggles against forest, soil, climate, wild 
 beasts, and Indians were the growth-roots of our best 
 and soundest citizenship. For a long time the word 
 West was very loosely used to denote the entire region 
 lying beyond the Alleghany mountains and extending 
 from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. The men and 
 women who pushed forward from the older settlements
 
 18 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 into this so-called ' ' western ' ' wilderness sought neither 
 gold, nor adventure, nor the establishment of any one 
 form of religious faith. Their sole object was to se- 
 cure that blessing most highly prized in all ages by 
 the Anglo-Saxon heart — a private home. Out of the 
 home, through common privation, danger and neigh- 
 borly cooperation, civic ethics was born. 
 
 From Maryland, about the year 1772, went forth 
 a man called William Newport, accompanied by his 
 wife, Mary, and two little daughters. The elder 
 daughter, named Anne for the English Queen Anne, 
 was then three years old. Anne Newport was born 
 in Maryland, June 11, 1769. Apparently, the New- 
 port family went first to Middle River, Virginia, 
 where Mrs. Newport had relatives named Anderson. 
 From thence, with a company of Virginia people, the 
 Newports emigrated to the frontier of Pennsylvania, 
 where we find them in 1775 living in Westmoreland 
 county, near the mouth of the Loyalhanna. 
 
 A mystery hangs over William Newport which his 
 daughter Anne never revealed although, in later life, 
 under her married name of Anne Royall, she freely 
 interspersed her voluminous writings with autobio- 
 graphical reminiscences. Presumably, Newport was 
 a tory. He took many long journeys on secret er- 
 rands. He was not popular with his co-emigrants and 
 there are indications that he was a discontented man, 
 though kind and affectionate toward his family. He 
 was evidently a man of education. He taught his 
 elder daughter the rudiments of reading by the then 
 uncommon method of phonetic resemblance, and kept 
 her supplied with children 's books even in their forest
 
 ANNE ROYALL 19 
 
 home. The father of Anne Newport Royall may have 
 been only a common emigrant but there is a bare 
 possibility that, under the disadvantage of the bar 
 sinister, Calvert and, therefore (again under the bar 
 sinister through that merry monarch, Charles II), 
 Stuart blood flowed in William Newport 's veins. The 
 value of the result for present purposes hardly justi- 
 fies working out this intricate genealogical hypothesis. 
 One or two curious suggestions concerning it, how- 
 ever, are worth noting. 
 
 The early Maryland archives mention but one 
 William Newport. In a letter to Governor Sharpe, 
 dated 1767, Lord Baltimore writes from London: 
 
 "An absurd report, I am informed, has been 
 spread through the Province that my late uncle, Mr. 
 Calvert's son, was doubted to be Legitimate and con- 
 sequently I had settled the Province on him after my 
 death. Whereas Mr. Calvert has appointed me by 
 his will his Guardian and Executor, expressly declares 
 him as not Legitimate and before his death gott me 
 to give him an annuity by the name he goes by of 
 Mr. Newport, son of Judith, I forgett her name." 
 
 An old Maryland list of persons to whom official 
 allowances were made, records: "Four hundred 
 pounds of tobacco to William Newport." When the 
 Proprietary government of Maryland fell of course 
 all annuities, whether paid in money or tobacco, 
 ceased. About this time Anne Newport's father left 
 Maryland forever. His frontier cabin was rather bet- 
 ter furnished than the dwellings of his pioneer neigh- 
 bors. Anne writes : 
 
 "Our cabin, or camp, rather, was very small — 
 not more than eight or ten feet. This contained one
 
 20 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 bed, four wooden stools with legs stuck in them 
 through augur holes, half a dozen tin cups and the 
 like number of pewter plates, knives, forks and spoons, 
 though my sister (very mischievous) broke one of the 
 spoons and seriously damaged one of the plates, for 
 which I was chastised. Besides these we had a tray 
 and a frying-pan, a camp kettle and a pot; and our 
 cabin was considered the best furnished on the fron- 
 tier. A pewter dish or spoon, in those days, were 
 considered articles of opulence — two-thirds of the 
 people of the frontiers ate with mussel shells, and I 
 have had a great admiration for mussel shells ever 
 since; for my sister soon lost, or broke together our 
 half dozen spoons. Besides the things I have men- 
 tioned, we had a table made of a puncheon (a tree 
 split in half) and which like the other furniture, was 
 graced with four substantial legs of rough-hewed 
 white oak. I think we had towels, but as for a table- 
 cloth, I had never seen one to my knowledge; and 
 neither box nor trunk incommoded us. There were 
 a few skins upon which reposed those who thought 
 proper to share them. Sometimes we had bread and 
 always plenty of corn-meal and jerk (dried venison)." 
 
 Anne Royall's was not a nurse-guarded childhood. 
 Reared among wild birds, wild beasts, and wild men 
 — small wonder that a flavor of wildness marked her 
 character to the end of her long life. The Newport 
 cabin stood upon a wooded hill called by the first 
 settlers Mount Pisgah. 
 
 "On the summit of the hill stood an enormous 
 tree which overtopped its neighbors. At the junction 
 of the limbs with the tree there was a large nest, 
 which had remained there from time immemorial and 
 was still inhabited by the bald eagle. There were 
 three eagles, two of which were of amazing size and 
 strength. They would carry large sticks of wood to 
 their nest, for miles, as stout as a man's arm, from
 
 ANNE ROYALL 21 
 
 three to five feet in length. Standing in our door 
 we could see them every day (at the season of feeding 
 their young) carrying fish from the Loyalhanna. We 
 saw the fish distinctly, struggling in their talons; 
 sometimes they would drop them, and darting back 
 to the river would soon appear with another. They 
 always passed each other on the way and were con- 
 stantly adding to their nest, which could not have been 
 less than four or five feet in diameter, and it was sup- 
 posed the weight of the nest would finally break down 
 the tree." 
 
 Red-Ridinghood saw but one wolf. Little Anne 
 Royall saw a whole pack. 
 
 "A man called at our hut one day and asked for 
 a drink. My mother sent me to the spirng with a tin 
 cup for water. As I drew near the spring a large 
 gang of wolves, as I found out afterward, trotted 
 across the spring without deigning to look at me. 
 When I returned to the house, I informed my mother 
 that I had seen a large gang of dogs at the spring." 
 
 Every living thing found its way to the spring 
 that bubbled up, cold and clear, at the base of a giant 
 hemlock. Going to the spring was a perilous under- 
 taking for little folks, but chubby, stout-fisted Anne 
 never quailed but once — when a big black snake 
 chased her, hissing at her bare heels, for several rods. 
 The Newport cabin was the last house in the settle- 
 ment between that point and Pittsburg. 
 
 Next to corn-meal, the greatest necessity of the 
 frontier people was salt. Each fall a caravan of 
 pack-horses, laden with peltry which was to be ex- 
 changed for salt, started out from the settlement to 
 the nearest town. A bushel of alum salt, says Ker- 
 cheval in his History of the Valley of Virginia, was
 
 22 ANNE ROY ALL 
 
 worth a good cow and calf. Until weights were intro- 
 duced, Kercheval continues, "the salt was measured 
 into the half-bushel as lightly as possible. No one 
 was permitted to walk heavily over the floor while the 
 operation was going on." 
 
 Fashion was not a disturbing factor in frontier 
 life. The men wore leather trousers and leggings and 
 a hunting-shirt made full enough to serve as a pouch 
 for provisions. The scalping-knife always formed 
 part of a frontiersman's equipment. Women and 
 girls wore gowns of linsey-woolsey spun, woven, and 
 dyed by their own hands. It should never be forgot- 
 ten that manufacturing in the United States was born 
 of woman in a log-cabin. When the men who went 
 out with the caravan returned to the settlements they 
 always brought back a neck-handkerchief to each of 
 their women-folks. A fresh neck-handkerchief was 
 considered full dress regalia for a woman or girl. 
 When Anne Royall wishes to express her direst pov- 
 erty she writes, "I was forced to sell my last neck- 
 handkerchief. ' ' 
 
 Both sexes, when they did not go barefooted, 
 wore moccasins made of deer skin. The moccasins 
 were held together by thongs, commonly called 
 whangs. Cutting out whangs by firelight was the 
 usual evening occupation of the younger members of 
 a frontier family. Thorns were used to fasten small 
 articles of clothing. Mrs. Royall says, "I never saw 
 a pin until I was as tall as I am now." 
 
 During the Revolution the English called in the 
 Indians as allies, thus bringing down upon the almost 
 defenseless pioneers the unutterable horrors of border
 
 ANNE KOYALL 23 
 
 warfare. Nowhere was the butchery caused by this 
 unholy alliance more constant and terrible than in 
 Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania. The hatred of 
 England, which has hardly yet died out in some 
 portions of the United States, was caused, not by 
 unjust taxation but by the unforgettable, unforgivable 
 fact that the mother-country set savages on to murder, 
 by horrible torture, men, women, and children of her 
 own blood. 
 
 ' ' 'Twas a foul deed which ought never to be for- 
 gotten or forgiven," wrote Anne Royall bitterly half 
 a century afterward. 
 
 "We get a glimpse of little Anne's generous, im- 
 pulsive nature from an incident of her childhood at 
 Mount Pisgah: 
 
 "A vast number of sugar trees grew in that 
 region, and my mother employed herself in the spring 
 of the year in making sugar. I was about four or 
 five years old when, my father being on a journey, 
 and my mother as usual being at the sugar camp, had 
 left my sister (younger than myself) in the house 
 by ourselves. The spring was far advanced, and as 
 my sister and myself were amusing ourselves by catch- 
 ing butterflies before the cabin door late on a warm, 
 sunshiny afternoon, we were surprised by a gentleman 
 on horseback, who rode up to us and asked if he 
 might stay all night. We stood still staring at the 
 gentleman, not knowing what answer to make, till he 
 inquired where our parents were and what were their 
 names. I was always first to speak and said, 'My 
 mamma is at the sugar camp and her name is Mary. 
 My papa's name is William.' 
 
 " 'I shall stop,' said the man. Alighting from 
 his horse and taking off the saddle, he laid it down 
 by the door and asked me if we had a stable to put
 
 24 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 horses in. I told him I did not know what that was — 
 but we put old Bonny in the pen there, pointing it 
 out to him. 
 
 " 'Have you any corn?' asked the gentleman. 
 
 1 ' ' Yes sir, we have corn in the crib. ' 
 
 " 'You are a fine girl, come and show me the 
 crib,' he said, smiling, and after turning his horse 
 in the pen I ran to show him the crib, communicating 
 every incident within my memory to him without 
 reserve, at which he laughed heartily and chatted with 
 me in return. But a violent dispute succeeded to 
 this. I told him he took too much corn for his horse ; 
 he must not take more than twelve ears, that was all 
 we gave Bonny. He gave the best of reasons why 
 his horse should have more than Bonny, but he argued 
 to the wind. Our parents had laid down certain 
 rules for us to go by and these were as firm and 
 steadfast as the laws of the Medes and Persians. I 
 did not grudge him the corn but I thought he was a 
 novice in the art of feeding a horse. Finally, he was 
 forced to let me have my own way. 
 
 ' ' The gentleman on entering the hut asked if we 
 had anything to eat. 'I am very hungry; I have 
 eaten nothing since morning.' 
 
 " 'We have plenty of jerk in the chimney,' I re- 
 plied. He soon had a piece in his hand and, hearing 
 a hen at the door, he asked if we had any eggs. My 
 sister, upon hearing the inquiry, ran out to a nest 
 hard by and brought in four eggs and gave them 
 to him. He made a hole in the ashes and covered 
 up the eggs. Having salt and biscuit with him, he 
 made a hearty meal. He gave us a cake each. It was 
 near night and after taking a walk to look at his 
 horse, the gentleman, being weary, said he would lie 
 down. He had travelled that day from Pittsburg. 
 I offered him the only bed in the house, saying we 
 could sleep on the floor, we had done so many a time. 
 He declined the offer and throwing himself down on 
 a bearskin, said that would do very well. ' I am used
 
 ANNE KOYALL 25 
 
 to camping out. This will be delightful.' He threw 
 himself on the floor. I ran and brought him three 
 or four more skins but seeing I was hardly able to 
 drag them along, he laughed and took them from 
 me. He put his saddle under his head and I took 
 a square quilt and threw it over him. In a very few 
 minutes he was fast asleep, and still my mother came 
 not, although it was quite dark. I put my sister to 
 bed, as she was sleepy, and sat up alone. ' ' 
 
 A little later, Mrs. Newport, accompanied by an 
 Irishwoman, commonly known as Aunt Molly Carra- 
 han, came home. Great was the terror of the two 
 women when they saw a man lying on the floor. They 
 at once suspected the stranger of being a British spy 
 in command of, or recruiting Indians. Soundly they 
 scolded Anne for her mistaken hospitality. Crest- 
 fallen, the little girl crept to her bed. 
 
 ' ' Faith, and he looks for all the world like Paddy 
 Dunahan, that was hung in Limerick for the killing 
 of Dennis O'Shean," whispered Aunt Molly. As a 
 means of defence, should the man show signs of 
 hostility, the women hung a huge kettle filled with 
 water on the crane in the fireplace. They kept the 
 water boiling all night. "If he offers to stir, I'll 
 scald his eyes out," threatened Aunt Molly. 
 
 But the strange visitor did nothing more violent 
 than to snore occasionally. In the morning he made 
 proper explanation and apology to the two ladies, 
 who were highly delighted with him. Anne says: 
 
 "Breakfast was prepared for him before he set 
 out and his horse fed. At his departure he gave me 
 a silver dollar, the first I ever saw. Who do you 
 think the gentleman was? No less than the amiable 
 Mr. Findlay, long a member of Congress from Penn-
 
 26 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 sylvania, distinguished for his republican principles, 
 and one of the ablest men in the state. He used to 
 be called 'the walking library' from his knowledge 
 of books and he was one of the finest looking men in 
 the world. ' ' 
 
 One never-to-be-forgotten summer afternoon Anne 
 Royall came into her own. She learned to read. 
 
 "Here in the woods near the Loyalhanna I first 
 learned to sing Fire on the Mountains. I recollect 
 well, too, after receiving from my father a little in- 
 sight into the sounds of letters and putting them 
 together I went out and sat alone upon a small stump 
 before the cabin door, and went through several pages 
 by myself. I learned to read in the course of the 
 afternoon. The joy I felt in both these acquirements 
 was unspeakably great. ' ' 
 
 Very likely the little girl who sat upon the forest 
 stump gloating over the newly-fathomed mystery of 
 print was of neither Calvert nor of Stuart lineage. 
 But she might well have been of both, for the lords 
 of Baltimore were all men of brains. Of one of them 
 Frederick the Great wrote, "Lord Baltimore and I 
 talked much of philosophy, art, science — in short, 
 of all that is included in the taste of a cultivated 
 people. ' ' 
 
 The scene recalls, too, the eagerness for reading — 
 as described by Lord Harrington — of Elizabeth, the 
 little Stuart Princess later famous in history as the 
 unfortunate "Winter Queen" and ancestress of a 
 long line of royal descendants. The mental resem- 
 blance of Anne Royall to Elizabeth 's daughter, Sophia, 
 electress of Hanover, and mother of George I of Eng- 
 land, is absolutely startling to one who has studied 
 both women. Many of Sophia's reflective but ener-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 27 
 
 getie letters might have been written by Mrs. Royall, 
 while many of the latter 's fearless acts might easily 
 have been performed by the indomitable electress. 
 
 The Newport family were driven from Mount 
 Pisgah by Indians. They moved nearer a fort or, 
 rather, near three forts — Hannastown, Shields 's, and 
 a fortified house called Deniston's. The clearing 
 where the Newports next lived, "if it could be called 
 living," writes Anne, was a small settlement which 
 Mrs. Royall indistinctly remembers as "Moore's," but 
 which, perhaps, may have been Miller's Station. Anne 
 Royall spent so much of her early life in one or anoth- 
 er of these so-called forts that the following description 
 by Kercheval may well be quoted here. It is probably 
 the most accurate picture extant of a pioneer fort 
 in the early days of United States expansion : 
 
 "My reader will understand by this term not only 
 a place of defence, but the residence of a small number 
 of families belonging to the same neighborhood. As 
 the Indian mode of warfare was an indiscriminate 
 slaughter of all ages and both sexes, it was requisite 
 to provide for the safety of the women and children 
 as well as for that of the men. The fort consisted of 
 cabins, block-houses and stockades. A range of cabins 
 commonly formed at least one side of the fort. 
 Divisions or partitions of logs separated the cabins 
 from each other. The walls on the outside were ten 
 or twelve feet high, the slope of the roof being turned 
 wholly inward. A very few of the cabins had pun- 
 cheon floors; the greater part were of earth. 
 
 1 ' The block-houses were built at the angles of the 
 cabins and stockades. Their upper stories were about 
 eleven inches larger every way than the center one, 
 leaving an opening at the commencement of the sec- 
 ond story, to prevent the enemy from making a lodg-
 
 28 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 ment under their walls. In some forts instead of 
 block-houses the angles of the forts were furnished 
 with bastions. A large folding gate made of thick 
 slabs, nearest the spring, closed the fort. The stock- 
 ades, cabins and block-house walls were furnished with 
 port-holes at proper heights and distances. The whole 
 of the outside was completely bullet-proof. 
 
 "It may be truly said that 'necessity is the 
 mother of invention,' for the whole of this work was 
 made without the aid of a single nail or spike of 
 iron, and for this reason — such things were not to 
 be had. In some places less exposed, a single block- 
 house, with a cabin or two, constituted the entire fort. 
 As the Indians had no artillery they seldom attacked 
 and scarcely ever took one of these forts." 
 
 Families actually grew callous to the danger of 
 Indian attacks. Mrs. Royall tells of one extremely 
 neat pioneer housewife who refused to fly from ap- 
 proaching savages until she had swept and dusted, 
 saying, "I can't go off and leave such a looking 
 house. ' ' 
 
 Kercheval, whose book has become very rare, 
 gives a vivid description of a family preparing for 
 flight. Many times little Anne Royall took part in 
 a similar scene : 
 
 "I well remember that, when a little boy, the 
 family were sometimes waked up in the night by an 
 express with a report that the Indians were at hand. 
 The express came softly to the door or back window, 
 and by a gentle tapping waked the family. This was 
 easily done as an habitual fear made us ever watchful 
 to the slightest alarm. The whole family was instant- 
 ly in motion. My father seized his gun and other 
 implements of war; my step-mother got up and 
 dressed the children as well as she could; and being
 
 ANNE EOYALL 29 
 
 myself the eldest of the children, I had to take my 
 share of the burthens to be carried to the fort; there 
 was no possibility of getting a horse in the night 
 to aid us in removing to the fort. Beside the little 
 children, we caught up what articles of clothing and 
 provision we could get hold of in the dark, for we 
 durst not light a candle or even stir the fire. All 
 this was done with the utmost dispatch and the 
 silence of death, the greatest care being taken not to 
 awaken the youngest child. To the rest it was enough 
 to say, 'INDIANS,' and not a whimper was heard 
 afterward. Thus it often happened that the whole 
 number of families belonging to a settlement, who 
 were in the evening in their homes were all in their 
 little fortress before dawn of the next morning. In 
 the course of the succeeding day their household fur- 
 niture was brought in by parties of men under arms." 
 
 While living at Moore's, or Miller's, Mr. and 
 Mrs. Newport placed their two little girls for safety 
 with different families living some distance apart in 
 fortified houses. Anne went to a family named Den- 
 iston. While there she attended a field school, or 
 school in a forest clearing. All that she learned at 
 this school, she says, was a ring game called ''Under 
 the Juniper tree." 
 
 About this time William Newport drops out of 
 sight. We have no hint as to the manner or time 
 of his death. Anne, ever reticent about her father, 
 simply tells us that soon after his death her mother 
 married again. The name of Mrs. Newport's second 
 husband was Butler. The issue of this second mar- 
 riage was a son named James. James Butler was 
 twelve or thirteen years younger than his half-sister, 
 Anne Newport. He rose to prominence as a colonel
 
 30 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 in the war of 1812. In his later life, Colonel James 
 Butler lived in Connersville, Indiana. 
 
 Anne 's mother was a woman of much strength of 
 character. She was skilled in the medicine of herbs 
 and acted as physician to the entire settlement. Her 
 personal appearance was pleasing. "My mother," 
 says Anne, "was a low, light woman and considered 
 the prettiest of her day, though, like myself, she was 
 undersized." 
 
 Anne, in her youth, was plump as a partridge, 
 with pink cheeks, fair hair, very blue and very bright 
 eyes, and strong white teeth that showed to advan- 
 tage when she laughed which, says one who knew 
 her, she was always doing. 
 
 Anne's sister appears to have remained with the 
 family in which she was placed. She married a man 
 named Cowan from the neighborhood of the Newports' 
 first home at Mount Pisgah. After Mrs. Butler's 
 second marriage the family, with the exception of 
 Anne's younger sister, moved to Hannastown.
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Girlhood and Marriage 
 
 Hannastown, Pennsylvania, near where Greens- 
 burg now stands, was the first place west of the 
 Alleghany mountains where the white man ruled by 
 legal forms. In 1773 the settlement of Hannastown 
 was made the seat of "Westmoreland county. It con- 
 sisted of about thirty log dwellings, a wooden court- 
 house, a jail, and a fort. Robert Hanna was the first 
 presiding judge of the court held there. The first 
 court of common pleas held in the United States was 
 held at Fort Pitt by General Forbes, whose army 
 passed through Hannastown. On this occasion little 
 Anne Newport saw the new flag of the new United 
 States for the first time. Writing long afterward, the 
 twenty-second of February, she says: 
 
 "This day, the anniversary of our beloved Wash- 
 ington, was ushered in by all manner of rejoicing. 
 The star-spangled banner is now waving from the 
 cupola before my window. While I sat with my eyes 
 on the flag my mind was thrown back to the Revolu- 
 tionary War, and whilst I gazed on this emblem of our 
 liberty, I thought of the day when I first s^w the 
 colors of the then conflicting states; the occasion nor 
 the date I do not now remember. But I well remem- 
 ber the brilliant striped flag. I was then a child and 
 lived at Hannastown, not far from Pittsburg. I was 
 standing in the street one morning with other little
 
 32 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 children and happening to turn my eyes in the direc- 
 tion of Pittsburg, I caught a glimpse of soldiers march- 
 ing into the town, their colors flying and drums beat- 
 ing. I remember the order of march — I remember, 
 too, that there were several women. I never see the 
 United States colors since that they do not recall that 
 day. The whole repasses again before me, and with 
 it all the sufferings of those trying times. I suffered 
 all that human nature could bear, both with cold and 
 hunger. Oh, ye wealthy of those times! little idea 
 had ye of what the poor frontier settlers suffered ! 
 often running for our lives to the forts, the Indians 
 pursuing and shooting at us. At other times lying 
 concealed in brushwood, exposed to rain and snakes, 
 for days and nights without food, and almost without 
 clothes; we were half the time without salt or bread; 
 we pinned our scanty clothing with thorns; lived on 
 bear's meat and dried venison." 
 
 Hannastown was totally destroyed by Indians 
 July 13, 1782. "On that day," writes Anne Royall, 
 "my heart first learned the nature of care." 
 
 The people who were in the town at the time the 
 Indians approached fled to the fort and, with one ex- 
 ception, were saved. But many of the wives and 
 daughters of the wealthier class were guests at a wed- 
 ding celebration at Miller's Station, a few miles dis- 
 tant from Hannastown. A large crowd of young 
 people from Hannastown, drawn by a desire to see the 
 wedding fun, had also gone to Miller's. The house 
 in which the ceremony had just been celebrated was 
 attacked by the savages. The slaughter was terrible. 
 Amid heartrending scenes, many captives were taken, 
 among them Mrs. Hanna and her two beautiful daugh- 
 ters. After hours of massacre, the Indians, sated 
 with blood and pillage, collected their prisoners
 
 ANNE ROYALL 33 
 
 (among them sixty women and girls) and, loading 
 them heavily with plunder, drove them, like cattle, 
 northward. An old writer says: 
 
 ' ' Heavy were the hearts of the women and maidens 
 as they were driven into captivity. Who can tell the 
 bitterness of their sorrow? They looked, as they 
 thought, for the last time upon the dear fields of their 
 country and of civilized life. They thought of their 
 fathers, their husbands, brothers and sweethearts. As 
 their eyes streamed with tears, the cruelty and uncer- 
 tainty which hung over their fate as prisoners of sav- 
 ages overwhelmed them with despair." 
 
 Tradition has long insisted that Anne Newport 
 was one of these captives. The legend is to be doubted. 
 In all the millions of words that she wrote, Mrs. Royall 
 nowhere states that she was ever held prisoner by In- 
 dians. Such an experience would have been journalis- 
 tically valuable. She would hardly have passed it 
 over in silence. The probability is that her frequent 
 allusions to being "brought up among the Indians," 
 "learning virtue and independence from the lords of 
 the forest," etc., misled careless readers. From what 
 were really only references to her pioneer childhood a 
 captivity legend might easily, and probably did, grow 
 up. Her alleged rescue by Captain Royall, the Vir- 
 ginia gentleman of wealth and high family, whom she 
 married, made a romantic ending to the story. The 
 biographical dictionaries and encyclopaedias all con- 
 tain the tale. 
 
 Mr. Butler did not long survive the destruction 
 of Hannastown. He may have been killed by Indians 
 in his own field as so many other men were in those 
 uncertain days. Mrs. Butler and her two children,
 
 34 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Anne and James, wandered miserably back to Vir- 
 ginia. In 1785 they passed through Staunton. They 
 were in dire poverty. The following interesting ac- 
 count of William Eoyall is substantially authentic, 
 though founded of course on traditions handed down 
 in the neighborhood from one generation to another. 
 The sketch is kindly furnished for this biography by 
 Mrs. Eva Grant Maloney, better known, perhaps, as 
 a writer, under her maiden name, Eva Grant. Mrs. 
 Maloney writes : 
 
 "In early days there was no wagon road from 
 Fincastle to Staunton — two frontier posts — to the 
 Sweet Springs. Persons walked the foot-paths or took 
 pack-saddle trains. I think, perhaps, wagons could 
 travel from Staunton to Fincastle — it was then called 
 Monroe — but from that point pack-saddles for 
 freight, and horse-back or foot were the only means 
 of transportation across the mountains. At what was 
 then called Middle Mountain my great-grandfather, 
 Thomas Price, a Lieutenant in the Revolutionary war, 
 lived. One of his friends and neighbors, Captain 
 William Royall, lived about fourteen miles farther 
 west on what was called Sweet Springs Mountain. 
 People going to Royall's necessarily passed Price's 
 and stopped going and coming. 
 
 "William Royall was an elderly gentleman and 
 considered very learned, possessing a great store of 
 books which were treasures in the isolated fastnesses 
 of the mountains. William Royall was called eccen- 
 tric. He kept his cattle and horses in their natural 
 state; there were neither geldings nor steers to be 
 found in his herds. 
 
 ' ' The Sweet Springs were unknown at a distance 
 but their fame was beginning to spread locally. There 
 is a story, coming down unvarnished, which says that 
 in one of the last raids made by the Indians into the
 
 ANNE KOYALL 35 
 
 Holston country one big warrior was stricken with 
 illness. His entire body was covered with sores. 
 His tribe guided him to the Sweet Springs and there 
 buried him in mud arranged so that the waters could 
 flow over him and he could just manage also to drink. 
 There they left him with a supply of parched corn 
 and the sweet waters. In a few weeks the warrior 
 followed his tribe, and the story further has it that 
 the tribe thought he was a ghost. 
 
 "Now this story spread among the settlers and 
 many of them made their way to the springs for 
 cures. Among those who came, and stopped at my 
 grandfather's for rest and food, was a poor woman 
 much afflicted with sores and what we now call 'blood 
 poison. ' This white woman had a child with her and 
 that child was Anne Royal. The woman, Anne's 
 mother, went to the Sweet Springs and was taken in by 
 the wealthy and eccentric old Captain William Royall. 
 She was his wash-woman and menial — a subject of 
 reproach of course to the slave-owning aristocratic 
 neighbors; for few white women on our frontier had 
 to be menials, and those only of the lowest class. 
 
 "Now William Royall took an interest in little 
 Anne and taught her until she became the most 
 learned woman in all the county. He had a store of 
 fine books and Anne read them all." 
 
 This story of the meeting of Anne Newport and 
 William Royall, Mrs. Maloney had from the lips of 
 Mrs. Sarah Hamilton, now eighty-seven years of age. 
 Mrs. Hamilton says that Anne was frequently at her 
 grandfather's house and that her mother, who was 
 married in 1809, liked and admired the bright, ener- 
 getic girl. Mrs. Maloney adds: 
 
 "Mrs. Hamilton says that when Anne developed 
 into a writer her mother bought all her writings that 
 she could. Mrs. Hamilton further says that her first
 
 36 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 husband, Dr. Thomas Wharton, collected all the infor- 
 mation he could about Anne Royall and left it in 
 manuscript when he died in 1836. This manuscript, 
 unluckily, has been destroyed. Mrs. Hamilton, my 
 aunt, is now 87 years old, in full possession of her 
 great mental faculties, and has lived in Botetourt 
 county all her life. She is an exceedingly intelligent 
 woman, and having always been a woman of means 
 and prominent family, has had rare opportunities for 
 local observations and her store of information is 
 practically endless. Anne Royall's story, beginning 
 in so humble a manner and ending in what seemed 
 splendid fame to the quiet country people has been 
 preserved intact just as I have written it here for 
 you." 
 
 According to Anne 's marriage certificate, she was 
 married to "William Royall by Rev. William Martin 
 in Botetourt county, November 18, 1797. But Mrs. 
 Royall herself disputes this date of the official record, 
 claiming a possible clerical error or tardiness in mak- 
 ing the required governmental return of marriage. 
 She says: 
 
 "A mystery hangs over this certificate. I could 
 swear that we were married in May and not in No- 
 vember. The dogwood was in bloom and I was out 
 sowing seeds when the messenger came with a saddle- 
 horse for me to go and get married." 
 
 At all events, whether the spring woods were 
 white with dogwood-flower, or the ground carpeted 
 with autumn's fallen leaves, young Anne Royall 
 obeyed her old master's command with truly feudal 
 willingness and submission. That she adored and rev- 
 erenced him is beyond a doubt. Nevertheless, many 
 of Royall's friends and relatives claimed that there 
 was never any real marriage. A bundle of ancient
 
 ANNE ROYALL 37 
 
 yellow papers preserved in the Pension Office at Wash- 
 ington settles that question, however. The dispute as 
 to the legality of the marriage was threshed out again 
 and again by Congressional Committees. The names 
 of John Quincy Adams, Judge Taliaferro and other 
 men of equally high standing are signed to the oft- 
 reiterated statement, "There is no question as to the 
 validity of the marriage." 
 
 Captain Royall was a good husband of the bluff 
 British Squire type. He was both wealthy and gen- 
 erous. Half a dozen times a year (on her birthday 
 and at other festival times) he made over, legally, to 
 his wife valuable gifts of property in land, houses, and 
 slaves. It was Anne 's nature, too, to give, and during 
 the sixteen years of her married life she experienced 
 the joy — to her the greatest joy that could be vouch- 
 safed — of scattering her bounty broadcast among the 
 sick, the needy, and the sinful. Sinners always fared 
 well where Anne Royall was, not because she condoned 
 with sin but because she had unfailing faith in the 
 reclamatory power of human sympathy. 
 
 In summer, and when court was in session at 
 Sweet Springs, the Royall mansion was always full 
 of guests. As hostess, Anne met some of the first 
 people of the state who, thanks to Captain Royall's 
 jealous watchfulness, treated the former backwoods 
 girl with the same deference that invariably marked 
 her husband's demeanor toward her. 
 
 In winter husband and wife read much together. 
 French thought, filtered through Thomas Jefferson's 
 mind, colored all William Royall's philosophy. More- 
 over, Royall had served under Lafayette and passion-
 
 38 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 ately admired that gallant Frenchman. It is not 
 strange, therefore, that the first winter's reading in- 
 eluded a full course in Voltaire. Anne's mind was 
 ever hungry. She shared and agreed with every view, 
 liking, or aversion held by her husband. To each she 
 added a fire of enthusiasm that warmed the cockles 
 of the old warrior's heart. William Royall's humor 
 was of the dry, quiet, rather cynical order. Anne's 
 sense of the ludicrous was an ever-bubbling spring 
 constantly fed by the little happenings of every- 
 day plantation life. In spite of the disparity of 
 their ages, probably no other married couple ever 
 found more happiness together than Captain Royall 
 and his pioneer-bred wife. Often in winter evenings, 
 when they sat before a crackling fire in the great hall, 
 the old soldier described to his wife, while she sewed 
 or embroidered, the campaigns he had fought. Those 
 campaigns were well worth fighting over again. Wil- 
 liam Royall did the nation good service — service 
 which should have ensured his wife from want after 
 she became a widow. Mrs. Royall writes, and there 
 is no reason to think that she does not state facts 
 although the actual official records were lost in the 
 great fire at Richmond: 
 
 "My husband raised the first company that was 
 raised in Virginia — took his men (Patrick Henry 
 being one) and entered the ship where Lord Dunmore 
 took refuge with all the ammunition he could lay hold 
 of. Then these gentlemen (all of the first rank) took 
 the whole of it away from him. My husband spent 
 a fortune in the war. He was rich and generous. 
 He brought the troops from Virginia and North Caro-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 39 
 
 lina, after Gates' defeat, at his own expense to Guil- 
 ford Courthouse, N. 0. Entitled to ten rations a 
 day, he never drew a dollar. He was Judge- Advocate 
 to the Brigade, Judge-Advocate to the regiment, Pay- 
 master to the Regiment and the same to the Brigade. 
 He lost two fine horses, his servant and a portmanteau 
 containing a hundred pounds in specie by the British 
 at the battle of Petersburg, Va. General Lafayette 
 ordered him to remove some American horses out of 
 the way of the British. He did so, delivering them 
 to the quartermaster. One was lost which cost him 
 200 pounds." 
 
 Lafayette afterward gave Mrs. Royall a note 
 written by his own hand concerning her husband's 
 valuable war-services. 
 
 When Boston was blockaded by the British 
 William Royall sent the citizens a sloop of wheat at 
 his own expense. 
 
 Often, too, in those long winter-evening talks, 
 Royall descanted on the virtues and the glory of 
 Masonry, telling Anne, over and over, what she after- 
 ward had good reason to practice, "If ever you find 
 yourself in trouble, appeal to a Mason. ' ' 
 
 Anne Royall reverenced and idolized her husband. 
 To the end of her long life, when traveling, she would 
 go miles out of her way, often spending her last dollar 
 for the purpose, to look upon a spot of earth his feet 
 had once pressed. 
 
 William Royall was born where two generations 
 of his ancestors (Welsh, and French Huguenot stock) 
 had lived, at a place called Bermuda Hundred, near 
 City Point, Virginia. Long years after her husband 's
 
 40 ANNE KOYALL 
 
 death, Mrs. Royall turned aside from her route to visit 
 his birthplace. She says: 
 
 "This region near City Point which I was now to 
 see for the first time, had for years been familiar to 
 me. I had had the history of every inch of ground, 
 swamp, tree, orchard, grove and garden; the houses, 
 the shores, the river, the sedge fields, even to the 
 river banks. The very ducks in the swamps were as 
 familiar as though I had spent my days there. It 
 was the birthplace of my husband, where he had spent 
 his boyhood and grew up to be a man. As we came 
 in view of City Point, I naturally cast my eye over 
 the well known marsh where, with his faithful spaniel 
 and his gun, he passed whole days in pursuit of the 
 shell drake. Over the river I saw the well known 
 solitary house, peeping through a thick grove, where 
 he spent his childhood some eighty years since. This 
 house is at the Hundred which took its name from a 
 creek. A little higher up the river is Shirley Plain, 
 then the wharf, or where it once was — upon which 
 the Guinea ships used to land their numerous slaves. 
 I saw the grove through which he used to wander 
 when young. The sight of all these places appeared 
 like so many old acquaintances and filled me with a 
 train of ineffable sadness." 
 
 Mrs. Royall adds a pleasantly illuminative foot- 
 note which shows that, in her young days, at least, 
 she was easily managed: 
 
 ' ' His favorite spaniel was named Spad, and, from 
 all accounts, he was worth his weight in gold. He 
 would follow the wounded ducks for miles and bring 
 them to his master. During our winter evenings my 
 husband used to relate many of these ancient tales; 
 and being extremely fond of fowling, many of these 
 anecdotes related to his dog and his gun. But Spad, 
 though the best of his kind when in good humour,
 
 ANNE ROYALL 41 
 
 would sometimes get in the pouts and run home as 
 fast as his legs would carry him. Deaf to all en- 
 treaty, he would leave his master to get the ducks 
 out of the water the best way he could. Whenever 
 I got in the pouts, my husband would uniformly call 
 me 'Spad,' which never failed to restore me to good 
 humour." 
 
 Anne was considerably afraid of the man she 
 worshiped, for she lived in a day when the man was 
 still "the head of the woman." The following anec- 
 dote gives as clear a picture of old Captain Royall 
 as Harry Fielding, himself, could have drawn. Re- 
 ceiving news of an election in western Virginia, Mrs. 
 Royal writes: 
 
 "The people have elected C. C. Were there ever 
 such fools? They must have been intoxicated! Can 
 America stand? Can she preserve her liberty thus? 
 She cannot. She ought not. They are prodigal of 
 their sovereignty, indeed. It appears to be painful 
 to them. To elect the greatest fool, by all odds the 
 greatest fool in the country. You know he always 
 has 'Lord Hale' in his mouth. This 'Lord Hale' 
 (the new Representative) came to our house and spent 
 a day. You know my husband's hospitality. He 
 entertained all alike. Court was sitting at this time 
 at Sweet Springs and this booby (how he ever came 
 to be licensed as a lawyer is strange) while at the 
 dinner table began to repeat a part of a defence he 
 had made for a criminal. In doing this he referred 
 to Lord Hale's 'Plea for the Crown.' Finding we 
 were all silent, he took it for granted that we were 
 all delighted, and launched out in praise of Demos- 
 thenes and Cicero. My husband had remained silent 
 until, weary of the fool, he at last asked, 'Who was 
 this Demosthenes? I am very ignorant of these 
 things?' 'You don't know who Demosthenes was?
 
 42 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Why, lie was a great Roman Emperor ; and Cato was 
 another. There are very few things come amiss to 
 me. ' Thus he kept on until he swept away all the great 
 men of antiquity, whilst I suffered the ordeal in si- 
 lence, since being at my own table, I dared not laugh. 
 My husband never laughed at anything. But this day 
 he did something much better. He always sat some 
 time at table after the cloth was removed, and had 
 a fashion of leaning forward, when displeased, upon 
 his arms, which were usually crossed, at the same 
 time biting his thumb. I always trembled when I 
 saw this; nor dared I rise from the table until he 
 made a signal. Though our house was usually full, 
 we happened to have no one this day but 'Lord Hale.' 
 At length, my husband, addressing his Lordship, said, 
 ' Now, what a damned fool you are ! This is the way 
 you expose yourself. Do you know you are a laugh- 
 ing-stock for the whole country? My dog, Citizen (a 
 favorite pointer) has more sense. Just go home and 
 go to plowing, for, if my dog could speak he would 
 make a better lawyer.' " 
 
 Mrs. Royall adds, "C. C. took it in good part and 
 said it was the best lesson he ever learned. ' ' She also 
 admits, somewhat grudgingly, that in after years no 
 matter which side C. C. took he always won. 
 
 After sixteen years of contented married life, 
 William Royall died of a painful and lingering illness 
 through which his wife nursed him with tenderest love 
 and care. His will was recorded at Monroe, March 
 Court, 1813. It is a short document, but explicit. 
 
 ' ' In the name of God, AMEN. I, William Royall, 
 of Monroe County, do make and ordain this, my last 
 Will and Testament in manner and form following 
 viz: I give unto my wife, Ann, the use of all my 
 Estate, both Real and Personal, (except one tract 
 of land) during her widowhood. I also give unto
 
 ANNE ROYALL 43 
 
 Ann Malvina Cowan, when she comes of the age 
 Eighteen, one bed and furniture, one Cow and Calf 
 and one tract of Land lying and being at the mouth 
 of Elk River as per patent bearing date etc, found 
 in the county of Kennahway, or Four Hundred in 
 leiu thereof, if she chuses, to her and her heirs for- 
 ever. After my wife's decease I give all my Estate 
 unto William Archer, Son of John Archer, to him 
 and his heirs forever. That my lands, or so much of 
 them as will discharge all my debts, be sold for that 
 purpose. 
 
 "I do appoint my wife, Ann Royall, Executrix 
 and William Archer Executor of this my last Will 
 and Testament, revoking all others. Dated this fourth 
 day of November, Eighteen hundred and Eight. 
 
 "W. Royall (seal) 
 ' ' Signed in presence of 
 
 "James Wiley 
 
 "Mary Butler" 
 
 William Archer was the son of a half-brother of 
 William Royall. In his later life William Archer 
 served as Representative in Congress, where his testi- 
 mony proved of value in establishing the genuineness 
 of Mrs. Royall's assertions as to her husband's long 
 and valuable military service. Ann Cowan was the 
 niece and namesake of Mrs. Royall. Apparently she 
 lived with Captain and Mrs. Royall at Sweet Springs. 
 
 The will was at once disputed by a nephew of 
 Captain Royall. Ten years of litigation followed.
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 Anne Royall in Her Prime 
 
 King Cophetua was dead, and his aristocratic rel- 
 atives and friends were anxious to see his widow 
 speedily return to her original beggar estate. 
 
 William Royall was no sooner in his grave than 
 slander began its best-loved task — the discrediting 
 of marital relations, with all blame laid on the woman. 
 The accusation was freely circulated through the 
 county, even through the state, back to Amelia county 
 where Royall was born, that Anne Newport was never 
 legally married to the man who, in his last will and 
 testament, called her his wife. That will, said those 
 who were trying to break it, was either a forgery or 
 was obtained from the old man by undue influence 
 when he was in a state of partial senility. In connec- 
 tion with the will, rumor coupled the name of a young 
 lawyer with that of Anne to her discredit. The 
 very phrasing of the will, itself, the clause allowing 
 Anne to have the use of the property only during 
 her widowhood, prove the baselessness of the charge 
 either of forgery or of undue influence. As will be 
 shown later, documentary proof exists which proves 
 these charges false. Nevertheless, brought to her by 
 busybodies in the early months of her widowhood, they 
 caused her much pain and humiliation. Apparently,
 
 ANNE ROYALL 45 
 
 she never for one moment believed it possible that the 
 litigation begun by her husband 's nephew could result 
 in setting aside the will made in her favor. 
 
 Soon a strange restlessness came over her. She 
 missed the care which for months she had given her 
 invalid husband. She missed the kind, yet dominating 
 mastership which had ruled her life completely for 
 twenty-eight years. Most of all, she missed the intellec- 
 tual companionship which had formed the strongest 
 bond between herself and her scholarly husband. In a 
 significant passage upon the duty of cultivating a 
 child's reason and instilling a love of humanity from 
 the earliest years, Mrs. Royall gives us a glimpse of 
 her mental state when Captain Royall began her real 
 education. Using the vernacular of the mountain 
 region, she writes: 
 
 "When I was yet a very small child, being a 
 'terrible' great scholar, and a 'cruel' good reader, my 
 mother, proud of her first-born, procured scores of 
 ' little histories ' for me to read — such as ' The Seven 
 Wise Masters,' 'Paddy from Cork,' etc. Many an 
 hour did I pore over those 'little histories.' I knew 
 they were stories, that is falsehoods, and what was 
 the consequence? When I came to read real history 
 I had no more idea that it was reality than I had 
 that Aladdin and his lamp were true. The very name 
 history, of all others, bore the impression of falsehood, 
 and it was long before I could believe that history 
 was a record of facts ; and had I not fortunately fallen 
 in with a person of learning, I should have delved at 
 'little histories' all my life." 
 
 That "person of learning" was William Royall, 
 and never yet had schoolmaster an apter or more 
 eager pupil than he found in young Anne Newport.
 
 46 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Captain Royall constantly led Anne to the contempla- 
 tion of the principles of just government as laid down 
 by his master, Thomas Jefferson. This training in 
 state politics was the foundation of Mrs. Royall 's 
 newspaper work long afterward. 
 
 Nor did Captain Royall neglect the English clas- 
 sics in the education of the wild little maid that had 
 wandered to his door. Anne knew Shakespeare, Gold- 
 smith, and Addison by heart. But, after she found 
 out its real meaning, her dearest love and his, was the 
 study of history. It is an odd picture — the old 
 hermit-philosopher and the forest-bred girl following, 
 from their wild mountain fastness, the unfolding of 
 the great world-drama as played upon the stage of 
 earth from the beginning up to their own day. If 
 Royall taught his enthusiastic pupil that the act in 
 which he, himself, took part — the American Revolu- 
 tion — was the most significant and most glorious in 
 the long series who shall blame him ? Perhaps it was. 
 
 Anne read all the books in her husband's great 
 library; many of them she read over and over again. 
 Tradition says, also, that she read every book belong- 
 ing to the neighbors scattered miles apart over the 
 bleak mountain sides. Mrs. Maloney writes: 
 
 "Hearing that my great-aunt had some Welsh 
 books handed down from past generations, I asked her 
 to let me see them. She replied: 'They are lost. 
 Anne Royall who used to live over on Sweet Springs 
 mountain borrowed them and never returned them 
 after her husband's death. Anne read every book she 
 could lay her hands on.' " 
 
 But, for awhile, after Captain Royall died, books 
 seemed to lose their charm for Anne. An intense
 
 ANNE ROYALL 47 
 
 longing to see the world came over her. She hated the 
 bleak mountain walls that shut her in. Selling a 
 house and two lots of land, in Charlestown, that be- 
 longed to her, she used the proceeds of the sale for 
 a trip south. The taste of freedom proved sweet. 
 She writes exultantly : ' ' Hitherto, I have only learned 
 mankind in theory — but I am now studying him in 
 practice. One learns more in a day by mixing with 
 mankind than he can in an age shut up in a closet." 
 From that opinion Anne Royall never receded. Her 
 merely studious days were over. Thenceforth, she 
 would mix with men and women, join in their strug- 
 gles, feel their heartaches, fight their battles and, above 
 all, hold aloft before them (shake, if you will) the 
 United States flag as a constant reminder of their civic 
 duty. With every step she took in the newly settled 
 southern and southwestern states and territories, her 
 patriotism grew stronger. 
 
 Mrs. Royall traveled very comfortably, with a 
 retinue of three slaves — two men and a maid — and 
 a courier. There were warmth, comfort, and cheer 
 in plenty at those old roomy southern inns which 
 were often kept by rich and educated owners who were 
 also mail contractors. The guests had no desire for 
 speed. They had time, and to spare, for viewing the 
 beauties of Nature, for full enjoyment of the cook's 
 savory productions, for prolonged converse in stately 
 forms of speech, and for almost unending serious dis- 
 cussion concerning the needs of the new United States 
 so dear to all their hearts. Not the least pleasant 
 feature of those old-time southern taverns was the
 
 48 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 just-before-bed-time hour in one's big chamber. Mrs. 
 Royall writes: 
 
 "I am never better pleased than when seated by 
 a bright fire and a well-swept hearth with a candle 
 by my side. I have a pair of snuffers, too, and a 
 snuffer-tray. But one who was raised in the woods 
 you know, can easily dispense with a snuffer-tray. I 
 confess, though, I hate that practice of snuffing the 
 candle with your fingers. I was going to say that noth- 
 ing gives me greater pleasure than to seize my pen at 
 night, sitting comfortably, as just described, and talk- 
 ing to you on paper." 
 
 Mrs. Royall's correspondent is a young man 
 whom she addresses as ' ' Matt ' ' — probably the young 
 lawyer before mentioned. 
 
 We get one or two vivid glimpses of ' ' Matt ' ' and 
 Mrs. Royall's almost motherly relation to him. 
 Writing in 1817 from Cabell Court House, she says: 
 
 "You say you are going to Ohio to spend the 
 winter — for your health, I presume. Better go to 
 North Carolina or any southern climate. Go to bed 
 early and rise betimes in the morning. You ruin 
 your health by sitting up late. Hang the cards! I 
 never knew any good to come from them. They will, 
 if you persist in them, cost you your health, your 
 reputation, perhaps your life. Oh, Matt, quit them 
 and pursue something more worthy of yourself ! ' ' 
 
 Again she writes to him: 
 
 "If I were not the best tempered person in the 
 world, I should get into a pet and quit this correspon- 
 dence. If it were not for some way to pass off the 
 time, I would do so. I have not received a word from 
 you in three weeks. What are you about? Are you 
 sick, or sullen, or are you bemiring your horse and 
 yourself by riding up and down the river through the
 
 ANNE ROYALL 49 
 
 mud? Or, taking the opportunity of my absence, 
 have you gone to your old tricks again? I shall be 
 likely to hear no good of you, I suspect. When I 
 return I mean to make very particular inquiries about 
 you; and there are not wanting those who will tell me 
 the truth about you, and a great deal more." 
 
 Between the years 1817 and 1823 Mrs. Royall 
 spent most of her time in the south. She made flying 
 trips back to western Virginia but never lived there 
 again. She writes: "They look well, but nothing 
 wears worse than mountains. I have suffered too 
 much among the mountains ever to love them." 
 
 The successful termination of the war of 1812 
 had left Americans jubilant. Almost every other citi- 
 zen of the triumphant United States would have felt 
 just as Anne Royall felt when she found herself travel- 
 ling through Andrew Jackson's country: 
 
 ' ' At length, I have reached the state of Tennessee, 
 the land of heroes. I have been in the state about 
 three hours and already I seem to tread on sacred 
 ground. As I rode to the inn where I now am, I was 
 informed that I was in Tennessee, and I immediately 
 fell into a train of pleasant musing. The victory of 
 New Orleans, the battles of Talushatches, Talladega, 
 and Emuckfrau all passed in retrospection before me 
 — the brave, the intrepid, the invincible JACKSON, 
 and his brilliant achievements, engrossed every faculty 
 of my mind. I shall see him, I thought, I shall now 
 be gratified with a sight of the brave Tenneseeans 
 whose valor has secured forever the honor of their 
 state. ' ' 
 
 A little later she writes: 
 "Dear Matt, 
 
 "Good news awaits you. Read on. Having se- 
 cured a few books, I was devouring 'Phillips's Speech-
 
 50 ANNE EOYALL 
 
 es' (first sight of the book) in a corner, when 
 I heard a loud cry, 'General Jackson comes.' Run- 
 ning to my window I saw him walking slowly up the 
 hill between two gentlemen, his aids. He was dressed 
 in a blue frock coat with epaulettes, a common hat 
 with a black cockade, and a sword by his side. He 
 is very tall and slender. He walked on by our door 
 to Major Wyatt's, his companion in arms, where he 
 put up for the night. His person is finely shaped, 
 and his features not handsome, but strikingly bold and 
 determined. He appears to be about fifty years of 
 age. There is a great deal of dignity about him. He 
 related many hardships endured by his men but never 
 breathed a word of his own. His language is pure 
 and fluent, and he has the appearance of having kept 
 the best company." 
 
 This correspondence between Mrs. Royall and the 
 young lawyer is a strange one in some respects, in- 
 cluding, as it does, discussions upon education, litera- 
 ture, religion, politics, social vices and their remedy, 
 crop statistics, and clever portraiture of persons and 
 places. Matt's letters are lost. Of his side of this 
 interesting correspondence we have only scattered and 
 broken reflections in his correspondent's answers. 
 Often he shows himself petulantly ungrateful for all 
 the pains Mrs. Royall takes to amuse him in his in- 
 validism. He grumbles when her letters are short 
 and complains of their length when they are long. 
 But she is always good-natured and patient with him. 
 Constantly, without direct preaching, she holds up 
 high ideals. The just critic will feel that these let- 
 ters were written by a good and a pure woman. No 
 adulteress and forger would ever have written thus 
 to a young man. This correspondence, printed under
 
 ANNE ROYALL 51 
 
 the rather incorrect title, Letters from Alabama, 
 ought to dispose of the ghost of slander that, even to 
 this day, in some quarters, shadows Anne Royall's 
 name. 
 
 Apparently, Matt is inclined to be pessimistic. 
 He sees little hope of redemption of the world through 
 education. Mrs. Royall takes issue with him on this 
 point : 
 
 "Respecting your last letter, you say, and very 
 plausibly, too, 'No wonder the ignorant are preju- 
 diced against learning, when they see learned men 
 inflicting every evil, cheating, defrauding, and op- 
 pressing the poor.' 
 
 "Aware of these objections 'made, acted and 
 done,' to use one of your law phrases, I am ready 
 to enter my rejoinder. The very reason you adduce 
 to excuse the ignorant, is the reason I would advance 
 against them. If their minds were improved they 
 would not become the dupes and victims of their 
 learned neighbors. They would then be able to cope 
 ,with them. If men of the best learning and parts 
 often fall a sacrifice to the artful disguises which 
 hypocrisy and knavery put on, how, then, are the 
 ignorant to escape ? If education was better attended 
 to, it would greatly alleviate the evils of fraud and 
 oppression. If a few, now and then, emerge from 
 the night of ignorance, the great mass of people are 
 still the same, and this ignorance is to be our downfall. 
 It strikes at the vitals of our liberty. It affects our 
 nation morally and politically, and the few are soon 
 to rule the many, instead of the many ruling the few. 
 
 I would not, as someone has said, have them all 
 philosophers ; but I would have them raised above the 
 brute creation. I would have them know they are 
 endowed with Reason. I would have them know this 
 Reason was bestowed upon them as a guide to enable 
 them to distinguish between right and wrong, truth
 
 52 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 from falsehood, good from evil. I would have them 
 know that it is the cultivation of this Reason, alone, 
 that can secure to them its advantages. As a fertile 
 field, without cultivation, produces nothing but nox- 
 ious weeds, so our Reason without cultivation, is of 
 no more advantage to us in transacting the common 
 concerns of life, than if we were destitute of this glory 
 of human nature. But I am sleepy and must bid you 
 good night." 
 
 Trite enough, in this age, that preaching may 
 sound. Nevertheless it is doubtful if three other 
 women in the United States, in the year 1818, held 
 such advanced views on popular education. 
 
 There was no other subject upon which Anne 
 Royall felt more deeply than that of woman's inhu- 
 manity to woman. Once Matt's conventional views 
 seem to anger her and she replies, spiritedly: 
 
 ' ' You ask what I would have ladies do — ' take 
 such persons into their homes, associate with them?' 
 
 "Yes, if they repent; I would not only take them 
 into my house, but unto my bosom. I would wipe the 
 tears from their eyes — I would soothe their sorrows, 
 and support them in the trying hour. I would divide 
 my last morsel with them. 
 
 "For those who would not repent — if they were 
 hungry I would feed them ; if they were naked I would 
 clothe them; and, much more, if they were sick, I 
 would minister unto them; I would admonish them, 
 and I would then have done. "What did our Saviour? 
 I would not revile them. I would not persecute them. 
 Good night, I beg pardon for troubling you with a 
 long letter. I was led on by my feelings." 
 
 Anne Royall lived up to the creed of womanly 
 charity that she preached. Always, wherever she 
 went, there was a repentant (and sometimes an unre-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 53 
 
 pentant) Magdalen clinging to her for protection and 
 sympathy. Long after that letter was written, Mrs. 
 Royall's poor dwelling in Washington served almost 
 continuously as a refuge for some homeless fallen 
 woman. Often, too, Mrs. Royall's own reputation 
 suffered thereby. 
 
 Melton's Bluff was Mrs. Royall's favorite stop- 
 ping-place. She spent many months there each year 
 for several years. The company was lively. There 
 were dances, picnics, camping-parties, musical enter- 
 tainments without end. Into this gayety Mrs. Royall, 
 bright, witty, entertaining, entered with all her heart. 
 
 Florence, Alabama, was another place which Mrs. 
 Royall liked exceedingly. She was entertained by 
 many wealthy families there and gave several dinners 
 in return. Called on once for a toast, unexpectedly, 
 she says: "I gave the following, said to have been 
 given extempore by one of my Irish ancestors: 
 
 Health to the sick, 
 "Wealth to the brave, 
 A husband to the widow, 
 And freedom to the slave. ' ' 
 
 Mrs. Royall almost drops into poetry over the 
 beauty of the city of Savannah, Georgia: 
 
 ' ' The streets of Savannah are one sea of sand ; the 
 novelty of this, and the pride of China (alias China- 
 tree) in full bloom, filling the air with the sweetest 
 fragrance, the profusion of its foliage, and the soft 
 tinge of its exuberant flowers, the hum of insects, the 
 Cabbage-tree, the fruit shops, the genial sunshine, and 
 the pleasant shade — I have no name for the scene — 
 Savannah is the garden spot of the south, whether as 
 to opulence, trade, hospitality, or site. It certainly
 
 54 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 does not surpass Wilmington or Camden in hospital- 
 ity or refinement, for that is impossible, but it equals 
 them in this respect, and greatly exceeds them in 
 numbers. 
 
 "Amongst the novelties of Savannah I was amus- 
 ed at the gait of the people, as they walked the streets. 
 They are so much accustomed to wade through the 
 sand, that they have contracted a habit, something 
 like a wading-step, as one would walk through a bed 
 of tough brick mortar. Their gait is slow and regu- 
 lar, their step long, the head thrown back — the better 
 to breathe I suspect — and they rise and fall every 
 step. This is more strongly marked in the men." 
 
 With New Orleans, also, she was enchanted: 
 
 "I shrink from the task in despair, I confess, of 
 portraying the beauty which meets the eye. All I can 
 say of it is that it is one blaze of flowers, with groves 
 and gardens of incomprehensible beauty, doubtless the 
 most finished picture of landscape art in the world 
 — not an atom of room left for improvement. One is 
 astonished at the skill displayed by the magic hand of 
 taste in laying out these gardens for which we have 
 no parallel. The dark green avenues of orange trees 
 and magnolias, all in bloom — on each side of these 
 run hedges of roses intermingled with flowers of every 
 hue, white, blue, scarlet, purple and yellow, forming 
 one solid representation of bright gems, as varied as 
 the rainbow." 
 
 She continues: 
 
 1 ' The ladies of New Orleans have been variously 
 represented, as the humour or taste of the traveler 
 felt disposed. From seeing them mostly in the public 
 places, and generally veiled, one cannot give a correct 
 idea of them. Nor have I met with any town where 
 there is less uniformity. There is every shade, as the 
 poet said, from ' snowy white to sooty. ' Here you see 
 a little squat, yellow foreigner from the West Indies
 
 ANNE ROYALL 55 
 
 — from South America — from no one knows where, 
 covered with the finest lace; yards of it, and glitter- 
 ing with jewels ; and again, a tall elegant figure from 
 France — England, Netherlands, or Poland. Some- 
 times a face of inexpressible beauty, and, again, one 
 of horror; sometimes a face of lily whiteness, and 
 next to her one of saffron, and so on to coal black." 
 
 In Mrs. Royall's eyes, Alabama was almost whol- 
 ly good: 
 
 1 ' I have seen no state or country equal to it. The 
 people wealthy, and generous, the land rich, the fields 
 large, its rivers deep and smooth, its lofty bluffs, its 
 majestic trees, its dark green forests — altogether 
 grand. ' ' 
 
 In spite of her strong states' rights views, the 
 shadow of slavery in the beautiful land where she 
 tarried constantly oppressed Mrs. Royall. Once when 
 she was visiting a plantation owned by General Jack- 
 son, "kindest and best of masters," she says: 
 
 "As I lingered behind the party thinking of m> 
 own negro children, the little things flocked around 
 me, and as they were looking up into my face, eager 
 to be caressed, I discovered traces of tears on some 
 of their cheeks. Oh, Slavery! Slavery! Nothing 
 can soften thee! Thou art Slavery still!" 
 
 Again, she writes: 
 
 "With all the blessings here we have a few curses 
 and one of them is slavery. Not that the slaves are 
 treated badly, if we except the total neglect of their 
 owners to enlighten their minds, they live as well their 
 masters and are by no means as hard tasked." 
 
 Years afterward, when her own slaves were all 
 scattered, Mrs. Royall spent much time and money
 
 56 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 trying to trace them to find out if they were well 
 treated. Nevertheless, she always stoutly insisted 
 that slavery was a question which each state should 
 settle for itself. 
 
 For the dumb beasts, too, Anne Royall spoke her 
 word : 
 
 "One shrinks with horror at the barbarity here 
 to poor, innocent beasts. A curse must fall upon a 
 land so lost to feeling. These innocent creatures were 
 given to us for our use and not to glut a worse than 
 savage disposition." 
 
 Mrs. Royall always found time to read : 
 
 "Melton's Bluff, Feb. 6, 1818. 
 "Dear Matt: — 
 
 "You ask me if I have books. Yes, I have read 
 'Salmagundi,' 'Phillips's Speeches,' and Lady Mor- 
 gan's 'France,' all new to me. They are very inter- 
 esting. Standing in a store one day I saw a book 
 lying among some rubbish, and, requesting the clerk 
 to hand it to me, after I had brushed the dust from it 
 I found it to be 'Salmagundi,' a humorous and well- 
 written work by a Mr. Irving of New York. 'Oh,' 
 said the boy, 'that is not a good book. If you want 
 a book to read, here is a good book,' and he handed 
 me Russell's 'Seven Sermons.' He put me in mind 
 of old Mrs. W — whom you must have known. She 
 came to our house one Sunday (she hardly missed a 
 Sunday) when I was reading Buff on and, laying the 
 book on a chair to attend to something about the 
 house, the woman picked it up and, turning over the 
 leaves, said, 'La, do you read such books on Sunday?' 
 " 'Why, what is the matter with it?' 
 ' ' ' Why; it aint a good book. I never would read 
 such a book on the Sabbath. ' Now this woman would 
 pick whortleberries, and even wash her clothes on
 
 ANNE ROYALL 57 
 
 Sunday. The young man was doubtless of the same 
 stamp. 
 
 ' ' Have you seen Lady Morgan 's ' France ? ' You 
 will be pleased with it. For a woman she is a fine 
 writer. This work will long remain a standing evi- 
 dence of that towering genius which knows no sex. 
 Her delineations of men and manners are well-drawn. 
 Her style is nervous, glowing and pure, and discov- 
 ers a perfect knowledge of mankind. She is the best 
 portrayer I have met with except "Voltaire. She 
 descends to the bottom and searches the lowest depths 
 of society. She reascends amongst the nobility and 
 gentry, and unlocks the cabinets of kings and min- 
 isters. She examines for herself. She bursts the 
 chains of prejudice, and comes forth in honors all her 
 own. This female, an honor to her sex, and the bright- 
 est ornament of literature, was once, it seems, an 
 actress on the stage. 
 
 "I have seen several new novels which, with the 
 exception of Walter Scott's, I do not read. Insipid, 
 nauseous stuff, I cannot endure them — they are so 
 stuffed with unmeaning words. Now what do you 
 say to ' playfulness, ' ' fastidious witchery ? ' How silly 
 in sound and significance ; it makes one sick, and serves 
 no purpose but to entangle the subject and obscure the 
 sense. And, by the way, these silly novel writers must 
 show their learning. Profound philosophers ! Deep- 
 ly read in history! Simpletons! "We suppose every 
 one knows these things! But, as some one has said, 
 'let blockheads read what blockheads write.' 
 
 ' ' But I find these novels corrupt the morals of our 
 females and engender hardness of heart to real dis- 
 tress. Those most pleased with fictitious distress 
 have hearts as hard as iron. If they are pleased with 
 one who relieves fictitious distress, the reality ought to 
 please them much more, and every one may be a real 
 hero or heroine, with less trouble than writing or 
 reading a romance. Let them just step into the 
 streets, the highways, or the hovel of the widow and
 
 58 ANNE EOYALL 
 
 orphan. Heaven knows they may find enough there. 
 They need not look in books for distress. I have seen 
 pictures of real distress, which greatly exceeded the 
 pen of any novel writer; and yet none heeds it. Re- 
 lieving these would be Godlike and would import a 
 heaven on earth. But you like short letters. 
 
 "Adieu." 
 
 At the close of a decidedly free-thought commun- 
 ication Mrs. Royall writes: 
 
 "A preacher here again, as I hope to live! And 
 he is going to preach, too. The house is filling fast — 
 a great many women, few men. I shall put this away 
 and join them in worship. I shall leave my prejudice 
 behind with my ink and paper. Be he Jew or Turk 
 I care not. In the firm belief that the worship of God 
 is paramount to all other duties, I spurn the narrow 
 mind which is attached to a sect or part, to the ex- 
 clusion of the rest of mankind. Can I not implore 
 the Divine mercy? Can I not praise that fountain 
 of all excellence as sincerely with these people as with 
 others? You will laugh and think I am jesting; but 
 I assure you, my friend, I am serious. I am far from 
 being among the number of those who set at naught 
 the worship of the Deity, however much I may deplore 
 the abominable prostitution of that religion which is 
 pure and undefiled. Go thou and do likewise." 
 
 Once, when he was in good humor, Matt pleases 
 Mrs. Royall immensely by complimenting her epis- 
 tolary style. She replies: 
 
 "Am I not a good old lady to send you so much 
 amusement ? I have a notion of turning author some 
 day for, though I know you are only indulging in 
 your irony (is that the way to treat your betters you 
 saucy rogue?), let me tell you I would not make 
 the worst author in the world." 
 
 And she did not.
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 Northern Tour 
 
 At last the blow fell. In 1823 the suit to break 
 "William Royall's will was decided against his widow. 
 Mrs. Royall was in Alabama when the bad news reach- 
 ed her. The world reeled. For the first time Anne 
 Royall almost lost her grip on life. Her health be- 
 came seriously impaired. A tradition, which can- 
 not be verified, says that, in addition to her two 
 great troubles — the loss of her husband and the loss 
 of her fortune — the widow was arrested and put 
 in jail as an imposter. Of course, Mrs. Royall was 
 not imprisoned in Alabama for an alleged offence 
 committed in Virginia. It is, though, quite possible 
 that she was for a short period imprisoned for debt, 
 although contempt of court would have been a mis- 
 demeanor decidedly more in her line. Many times 
 in her long, hard life she was forced to incur pecun- 
 iary obligations, but she always discharged such debts 
 as soon as possible. Anne Royall was never, even 
 when her trembling old fingers could no longer easily 
 hold a quill, the shameless beggar her opponents have 
 pictured her. 
 
 Rallying after the first shock of her misfortunes, 
 Mrs. Royall decided to go to Washington to apply for 
 a pension as the widow of an officer of the American 
 Revolution. Accordingly, she set out on horseback
 
 60 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 from St. Stephen's, Alabama, the first day of June, 
 1823. At Huntsville she took a stage. 
 
 The strength of Mrs. Roy all's will is seen in the 
 way she treated her nerves. When she left Alabama, 
 she had come to the parting of the ways, as far as her 
 nervous system was concerned. Melancholia was al- 
 most upon her. A little more brooding over her 
 troubles might induce insanity. Realizing her dan- 
 ger, she took the only remedial course. She stoutly set 
 to work to make herself forget herself. .She says: 
 "With a view to divert my mind from melancholy 
 reflections to which it was disposed by ill health, I 
 resolved to note everything during my journey worthy 
 of remark and commit it to writing. ' ' The notes thus 
 taken formed the nucleus of her first book, Sketches 
 of History, Life and Manners in the United States. 
 
 The book makes but slight reference to the hard- 
 ships which gave it birth. During this first journey 
 north, Mrs. Royall was frequently indebted to strang- 
 ers for her stage fare. She ate scraps thrown out 
 from tavern kitchens. She slept where she could. 
 Her clothes were almost past mending. 
 
 During 1823 Mrs. Royall got no nearer Washing- 
 ton than Alexandria. There she met a man who proved 
 a friend indeed — a Mason of prominence and pro- 
 prietor of the City Hotel. In her own effusively 
 grateful style, Mrs. Royall writes of this benefactor: 
 
 "M. E. Clagget, the friend of the friendless and 
 pride of mankind. If I had a diadem to dispose of I 
 know of no man at whose feet I would choose to lay 
 it before Mr. Clagget. At ten o'clock, one cold De- 
 cember night, I arrived at his house without one cent 
 in my pocket, a single change of raiment and badly
 
 ANNE ROYALL 61 
 
 dressed. I had not a friend on earth. Mr. Clagget 
 took me in and from the 15th of December to the 6th 
 of April following kept me — not in a style according 
 to my appearance, but furnished me with an elegant 
 parlor and bed-chamber and gave me a servant to 
 wait on me the whole winter. At this time, too, Mr. 
 Clagget paid a high rent for his house and had a fam- 
 ily of ten children." 
 
 At the City Hotel in Alexandria, Mrs. Royall 
 wrote a part of her first book. In April she made a 
 short visit to Richmond to collect evidence to lay 
 before Congress in connection with her application for 
 a pension. From Richmond, she went directly to 
 Washington, arriving by a boat-omnibus, July 24, 
 1824, in the early morning. She was a stranger. She 
 was penniless. She was ill. She was fifty-four years 
 old. But she had courage. "With the agility of a 
 girl, she leaped from the high stage step to the ground. 
 The goal of all her hopes, the Capitol, "white as 
 snow," loomed before her. Toward it she turned her 
 steps. Almost at random she knocked at the door of a 
 house under the shadow of the great dome. The house 
 was occupied by a family named Dorret. Anne Royall, 
 with the honest directness that marked her whole life, 
 told her story to the kindly woman who answered her 
 knock. 
 
 An indigent seeker of a pension has never been 
 a rarity on Capitol Hill. The Dorrets expressed no 
 surprise when the stranger told them that she had 
 not money to pay for board and lodging. They sim- 
 ply took her in ("kept me for six months without fee 
 or reward," Mrs. Royall says, later, when rejoicing 
 that she could at last repay them), fed her and lent
 
 62 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 her respectable clothing. Sally, the eldest daughter of 
 the house of Dorret, was especially kind to her. 
 
 After eating a hearty breakfast, Mrs. Royall start- 
 ed out to hunt up John Quincy Adams, then Secre- 
 tary of State under President Monroe. She found him, 
 and very good, too, that so-called iceberg was to the 
 plucky little old woman. Mr. Adams paid in advance 
 a subscription for the proposed Sketches. He invited 
 her to call on Mrs. Adams at their residence on F street 
 and promised to give his earnest support to her pen- 
 sion claim — a promise which he sacredly fulfilled 
 through many years. 
 
 Six weeks later, Mrs. Royall started on a trip 
 through Pennsylvania, New York, and New England 
 to collect material, and to solicit advance subscriptions 
 for her book. 
 
 The United States through which Anne Royall 
 traveled was a queer country — a very far-away coun- 
 try it seems now. For practical purposes, electricity 
 was not. From Portland, Maine, to Cincinnati in far- 
 off Ohio, not a telegraph pole marred the landscape. In 
 the majority of towns, and in all country places, the 
 tallow-dip still held sway although there was beginning 
 to be considerable talk, some of which Mrs. Royall 
 chronicles amusingly, about a new and mysterious il- 
 luminating agent called gas, a substance of which, she 
 says, most people were ''deathly afraid." The Erie 
 Canal was the pride of the country. The steam loco- 
 motive, so to speak, was in its smoky swaddling clothes. 
 In one of her later journeys, Mrs. Royall found a new 
 company, called the Baltimore and Ohio, superintend- 
 ing strange doings on which she looked with contempt.
 
 ANNE KOYALL 63 
 
 She writes: "We came to the railroad, a few miles 
 of it being completed. I think the undertaking the 
 wildest scheme for men in their senses! To think of 
 carrying it over the Alleghany at this point. Why, 
 it will take all the iron in this country and in Europe, 
 and where the funds are to come from no one knows. ' ' 
 Not a single steam passenger ship crossed the 
 Atlantic regularly although, a few years before, the 
 Savannah, a sailing packet aided by steam, had broken 
 all records for speed, and roused the enthusiasm of 
 the civilized world by making the trip from Liverpool 
 to New York in the astonishingly short period of 
 twenty-six days. For months after this maritime feat 
 American newspapers were filled with jubilant editor- 
 ials upon the subject of "Modern Progress." Some 
 spindles were turning in New England, but manufac- 
 turing in the United States, generally, was in its 
 infancy. Stenography was an unpracticed art. There 
 were, therefore, no newspapers in the present day 
 sense of the word "news." There were "Gazettes," 
 "Journals," and "Newsletters" which called them- 
 selves newspapers and made themselves as lively as 
 possible under the circumstances. Without stenogra- 
 phic reports even the records of congressional elo- 
 quence made but lean volumes. No automobile devils 
 rendered the public highways unsafe. There were, 
 though, plenty of "fast" mail coaches like those 
 advertised in Mrs. Royall's first newspaper: 
 
 "NOTICE TO EASTERN TRAVELERS. 
 
 "The Proprietors respectfully inform the public 
 that they have established a new line of mail-coaches 
 between Washington City and Philadelphia, by way
 
 64 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 of York, Lawrence, etc., traveling the whole distance 
 over a fine turnpike road, and crossing the Susque- 
 hanna over the splendid bridge at Columbia. Travel- 
 ers by this route can, by securing their seats with the 
 subscriber, next door to Brown's Hotel, proceed im- 
 mediately by Baltimore, York, etc., to Philadelphia 
 in thirty hours. 
 
 "Thomas Cockendofe. " 
 
 Every stage-driver was obliged to carry a "time 
 watch" enclosed in a small wooden box with a lock. 
 At each mail station these watches were examined by 
 representatives of the mail contractors. Owing large- 
 ly to the fact that she always carried several large 
 trunks filled mostly with books, about which she was 
 very particular, Mrs. Eoyall was in a state of chronic 
 war with stage-drivers. Her pages are all too freely 
 sprinkled with accounts like the following: 
 
 "As sometimes happens, a little beyond Worcester? 
 a dispute took place between the passengers and the 
 driver. All the passengers except myself were going 
 to Northampton. But when we arrived at the place 
 where the Northampton stage was to meet them, no 
 stage was there, nor was any expected. The truth of 
 the matter was that the stage proprietors, who were 
 the mail contractors, overreached the Northampton 
 line, by taking their passengers, and having but one 
 passenger to Springfield, myself, they expected to take 
 me on to Northampton slyly, and to send the mail to 
 Springfield in a chaise. Finding a great deal of whis- 
 pering going on and the stage stopping rather longer 
 than usual, the mail taken out and bolstered up in a 
 chaise, I asked why we did not proceed and what was 
 the meaning of these proceedings. One of the pas- 
 sengers said the mail would be sent on in a chaise and 
 the stage would go on to Northampton. I called the 
 landlord, without getting out of the stage, and asked
 
 ANNE ROYALL 65 
 
 if this was so. He said it was. I told him I had 
 taken the stage to Springfield, that I had paid my fare, 
 and to Springfield I would go ; and if he did not take 
 me there I would prosecute the whole concern. He 
 said I certainly ought to go to that place and he was 
 sorry the mistake occurred. I told him to look at the 
 waybill and showed him my receipt. The passengers, 
 finding that I stuck to the stage (they had got out) 
 now tried to decoy me out. Their object was to step 
 in and drive off, leaving me there. This I perceived 
 to be their drift and, looking behind, I saw that my 
 baggage had been taken off. But I sat firm in the 
 stage. ' ' 
 
 The upshot of it all was that Mrs. Royall went to 
 Springfield, driving off in solitary triumph while the 
 other passengers were left "to their own reflections" 
 which, presumably, were not altogether complimentary 
 to the victor. 
 
 There was no such thing as easy traveling in 
 those days. Mrs. Royall was jolted over abominable 
 roads in springless, iron-tired stages; she bumped up 
 and down on horseback ; she was alternately baked and 
 frozen in tiny cabins of dirty boats; she rowed; she 
 trudged many a mile on foot. Nevertheless, whenever 
 Anne Royall made up her mind to go anywhere she 
 went. 
 
 Springfield, Mass., delighted her, especially the 
 paper factories. Manufacturing of any kind always 
 fascinated her. She found the schools, at that time, 
 all that they should be. She writes : 
 
 "The manners of the citizens of Springfield may 
 be gathered from what has been said. They are polite 
 and hospitable beyond anything I have seen, in the 
 Atlantic country. In their appearance they are about
 
 66 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 the same as New York, with fairer complexions; the 
 children and females are uncommonly beautiful. I 
 have often stopped on the streets to admire the child- 
 ren as they returned from school, nor could I resist 
 the curiosity of ascertaining the progress and nature 
 of their pursuits, which proved honorable to them and 
 to their teachers." 
 
 At Albany, Mrs. Royall had two interviews with 
 Governor Clinton: 
 
 "Among the great men of Albany, it will be ex- 
 pected particularly by my Western friends, that I am 
 not to overlook one whose fame is held in veneration 
 by them, I mean Governor Clinton. His Excellency, 
 DeWitt Clinton, the present Governor of New York, 
 is about fifty years of age; he is six feet, at least, in 
 height, robust and a little inclined to corpulency; he 
 is straight and well-made; he walks erect with much 
 ease and dignity; his complexion is fair, his face 
 round and full, with a soft dark gray eye, his coun- 
 tenance mild and yielding; he regards you in silence 
 with a calm, winning condescension equally removed 
 from servility and arrogance, while it inspires the 
 beholder with admiration and respect. His whole 
 deportment is dignified and commanding, with all 
 the ease and grace of an accomplished gentleman. 
 Governor Clinton is a man of great size, great soul, 
 great mind and a great heart. To him may be ap- 
 plied that line of Thompson's, 
 
 " 'Serene yet warm, humane yet firm, his mind.' 
 
 "Perhaps his best eulogium is 'The Governor of 
 New York.' " 
 
 Elsewhere, and later, in the midst of the Anti- 
 Masonic outcry against New York's chief executive, 
 Mrs. Royall says: "It is well known that the Erie 
 Canal emanated from the great head of Governor 
 Clinton; and from his looks I would suppose it con-
 
 ANNE KOYALL 67 
 
 I 
 
 tained several more. His mind, like a mighty river, 
 flows steadily on in one even channel as regardless of 
 the little curs who yelp at his heels as the elephant is 
 of the tiny ant. If I were to give an opinion on the 
 subject, I would say he was the greatest man at this 
 time in the world." 
 
 Mrs. Eoyall went to Saratoga Springs but did not 
 stay long. She was aghast at the price of board there. 
 She says, that ' ' the three great hotels, viz. : Con- 
 gress Hall, United States Hotel, and the Pavilion, 
 charge ten dollars a week ! This is abominable ! No 
 wonder they have few boarders. It is perfect rob- 
 bery!" 
 
 At Saratoga she met Joseph Bonaparte and his 
 nephew, Prince Murat. The Prince gave her five 
 dollars for her book. 
 
 One of the queerest bits of information we find in 
 Mrs. Royall's account of her travels is that, in 1825, 
 ii?h New Yorkers lived the simple life. She writes: 
 
 "The native citizens of New York City are about 
 the middling size, more stout than those of Philadel- 
 phia, differing little in complexion, a slight shade 
 darker; black hair and a full black eye are peculiar 
 characteristics. They lay no claim to taste or refine- 
 ment; their attention to business which pours in on 
 them like a flood, leaves them no time to cultivate the 
 graces. They have, however, a sort of untaught no- 
 bility in their countenances, and in all their move- 
 ments. They are mild, courteous, benevolent, and, 
 above all people, they have the least pride. That 
 curse of the human family, if it exists at all in New 
 York, is found in the lower orders of her citizens; it 
 is banished from the houses of the great and opulent. 
 Their manners are truly republican, no eclat, hauteur
 
 68 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 or repelling stiffness, much of which exists in Phil- 
 adelphia and the southern towns with their boasted 
 hospitality. These are hospitable, it is true, but the 
 poor man is made to feel the difference between him- 
 self and his hospitable entertainers. Not so, in New 
 York, as respects that sort of homage exacted from 
 a fellow-man. In New York all are upon a level." 
 
 To the ladies of New York, Mrs. Royall concedes 
 style but deprecates the fact that they give much more 
 thought to dress than to literature. In Boston Mrs. 
 Royall's books were sold "faster than the binder 
 could cover them." In New York, on the contrary, 
 but few copies were ordered. She concludes, there- 
 fore, that "the ladies of New York do not read. This 
 is perhaps owing to their numerous sources of amuse- 
 ment such as the theaters, gardens, etc. The ladies 
 of New York, however, have one excellence peculiar 
 to them — that is their elegant and graceful walk. 
 This excellence is attributed to their smooth paved 
 Broadway, upon which they practice walking to a 
 degree which has been crowned with success. But 
 the excellence of the Boston ladies is found in the 
 improvement of their minds, which gives ease to their 
 manners, and an intelligence of countenance which 
 forms a striking contrast to the vacant stare of many 
 of the ladies of New York." 
 
 New England, Mrs. Royall pronounced to be ' ' the 
 soil of human excellence." In Boston, she declared, 
 "the human mind has reached perfection." Patriot- 
 ism, too, she found more unalloyed in Boston than 
 anywhere else in the United States. She says : ' ' When 
 Freedom was hunted out of the world it took up its
 
 ANNE ROYALL 69 
 
 abode in Boston from which no power has been able 
 to dislodge it." 
 
 Her husband had made the Revolutionary cam- 
 paigns so real to her that the reverential attitude of 
 Bostonians toward everything connected with that 
 mighty struggle was very congenial to Mrs. Royall. 
 She saw a relic which greatly moved her: 
 
 "One of my printers in Washington who had 
 formerly lived with General Edes (a Revolutionary 
 soldier) finding I was particular to notice incidents 
 relating to that war informed me that General Edes 
 was a Bostonian and had now in his possession the 
 bowl in which the punch was made which was pre- 
 sented as a treat to the Mohicans (as they were called) 
 who threw the tea overboard at Boston, at the com- 
 mencement of the war. It may be supposed, there- 
 fore, I lost little time in paying my respects to Gen. 
 Eces, all impatient to see the sacred relic. The Gen- 
 eral, happily, was in his office; a small, elderly, 
 sprightly man with all the hospitality of his native 
 town beaming in his countenance. He invited me to 
 sit down and, to my inquiries respecting the bowl, he 
 replied that he was a boy at the time the tea was 
 thrown overboard, and made the punch himself, at the 
 request of his father, in whose house it was drank by 
 the men who assembled there after emptying the boxes 
 of tea, and who, from their Indian dress, were called 
 Mohicans. He said the bowl was at his house, and 
 invited me to call there at two o'clock. 
 
 "I attended accordingly, when I was met by the 
 General and his wife, an intelligent Boston lady. The 
 interesting bowl was soon produced. It is a large 
 flowered bowl, red and white, cracked in several places, 
 but so carefully mended it is water tight. It would 
 hold about two gallons — the largest bowl I ever saw. ' '
 
 70 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 In the old State-house at Boston Mrs. Royall saw 
 a chandelier presented by a relative of her husband 
 — one of the Massachusetts Royalls. 
 
 Of Honorable Edward Everett, she says that "he 
 might be taken for another Deity. He has a very an- 
 gelic face and fair youthful appearance, and, as Major 
 Noah justly puts it, goes on in 'his own neat, quiet 
 way.' " 
 
 She witnessed an interesting event in Boston, the 
 celebration during Lafayette's visit, of the Battle 
 of Bunker Hill: 
 
 "This was the greatest procession, probably, that 
 ever took place in the history of America. I saw it 
 all from a window in School Street — Masons, Knights 
 Templar with their nodding plumes, General Lafa- 
 yette in an open carriage, the soldiers of the Rev- 
 olution in open carriages (a venerable band) driven 
 by young gentlemen of the first distinction in the city. 
 It was a moving scene. But while our ecstasy was 
 wrought up to the highest pitch a dear old man, 
 dressed in an old coat and hat, passed under us. He 
 was sitting in the front of the carriage, with his right 
 arm extended, and in his hand he held an old Con- 
 tinental shot-bag, with the same bullets in it which 
 he had used at the battle of Bunker Hill. He gently 
 waved it backward and forward, from one side to the 
 other, so that the people on each side might have a 
 chance to see it, and continued to do so throughout 
 the procession. The coat and the hat he had on were 
 likewise those he wore in the battle ; we saw distinctly 
 several bullet-holes in each. The effect cannot be de- 
 scribed. General Lafayette, the Knights all glorious 
 as they were, shrunk into nothing beside this war-worn 
 soldier. It transported us back fifty years and we
 
 ANNE EOYALL 71 
 
 were in imagination fighting the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 Not a word was uttered for several minutes. Every 
 cheek was wet. ' ' 
 
 The feature of traveling which Mrs. Royall most 
 enjoyed was meeting famous people. No other Amer- 
 ican woman ever met so many. There is pathos in 
 her account of the venerable John Adams : 
 
 "I found the dear old man sitting up before the 
 fire. He would have risen but I flew forward to prevent 
 him. He pressed my hand with ardor and inquired af- 
 ter my health. We conversed upon general subjects re- 
 lating to Alabama, the state I was from, such as its 
 trade, navigation, productions of the soil, etc. In 
 answer to several inquiries relating to himself he re- 
 plied that he was then (April, 1825) eighty-nine years 
 and six months old — 'a monstrous time,' he added, 
 'for one human being to support.' He could walk 
 about the room, he said, and even down stairs though 
 at that time he was very feeble. His teeth were 
 entirely gone and his eyesight very much impaired. 
 He could just see the window, he said, and the weath- 
 er-vane outside it. But he retained his hearing per- 
 fectly. His face did not bear the marks of age in 
 proportion to his years, nor did he show the marks of 
 decay in his appearance except his teeth, and his legs 
 which were very much reduced. He was dressed in a 
 green camblet morning-gown, and his head uncovered, 
 except his venerable locks which were perfectly white. 
 The most childlike simplicity and goodness appeared 
 in the sunshine of his countenance which, when speak- 
 ing or listening became extremely animated, but when 
 left to itself, subsided into an unclouded serenity. 
 When I mentioned his son, the present President, and 
 Mrs. A. the tear glittered in his eye; he attempted 
 to reply but was overcome by emotion. Finding the 
 subject too tender I dropped it as quickly as possible."
 
 72 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Mrs. Royall's first book was published in New 
 Haven, which town, she says, "is decidedly the Eden 
 of the Union." At Hartford she finds the American 
 Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, "the crowning glory 
 of the city, and, indeed, that of the United States. 
 This asylum was incorporated in 1816 ; the first estab- 
 lishment of the sort in the United States, and the 
 parent of those since established in Philadelphia and 
 New York. Having mentioned those asylums for the 
 deaf now for the third time in these Sketches, a brief 
 historical outline of the art by which these unfor- 
 tunate beings are instructed may not be unwelcome 
 to the reader." 
 
 Mrs. Royall next gives an excellent sketch of the 
 work of Rev. Dr. Thomas Gallaudet, founder and first 
 head of the Hartford school, and of his chief assistant, 
 Laurent Clerc of France. She quotes in full a com- 
 position written for her by one of the older pupils in 
 Mr. Clerc 's class : 
 
 "The thanks of the Deaf and Dumb to the Pub- 
 lic. — In the United States there were a great num- 
 ber of schools for children but there were none places 
 for instruction for the deaf and dumb. All the pa- 
 rents thought that their deaf and dumb sons and 
 daughters were impossible to learn how to read and 
 write, and were grieved with them. Fortunately, the 
 Kind Being brought Mr. Gallaudet to France on the 
 purpose of learning how to teach the deaf and dumb. 
 When Mr. Gallaudet applied to Mr. Clerc to come 
 to this country, and incited Mr. Clerc to think those 
 poor deaf and dumb had no idea of God and Christ, 
 and then his consent made Mr. Gallaudet pleasant. 
 They came to the western country by water and ar- 
 rived in it. They prayed to the citizens and country-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 73 
 
 men to give them money for the Asylum and the 
 generous contributed to the helps of the American 
 Asylum. It was worthy that they were benevolent; 
 so that all the deaf and dumb are thankful to them 
 and think God will send the rain to pour out over 
 the farms of the countrymen; to provide them fruits 
 and live in happiness. We are sorry that they visit 
 the Asylum but little; before they came frequently 
 to attend schools, and if they pass through Hartford 
 and stay at the hotel, they should come to see it, that 
 they might wonder at seeing the deaf and dumb 
 writing on slates and talking to each other by making 
 signs." 
 
 Mrs. Royall was well entertained at the Hart- 
 ford school for the deaf. She writes : ' ' Mr. Gallaudet 
 lives in a handsome house, near the Asylum, and has 
 married one of the dumb pupils (a wise choice) who 
 is very handsome — with one of the most expressive 
 faces in creation. Mr. Laurent Clerc has married an- 
 other of the pupils, likewise a very handsome female. 
 She is a sister of Mr. Boardman, of Huntsville, editor 
 of the Alabama Republican. I spent the evening at 
 their house in Hartford, conversing with them by 
 signs and means of a slate. They are both people of 
 no common information, and possessed of easy and en- 
 gaging manners. They had a very beautiful child be- 
 tween two and three years old, who could talk fast 
 enough, but it was amusing to see it hold communica- 
 tion with its parents by signs. They seemed very 
 fond of it though it stood in great awe of its father. 
 Mr. Gallaudet also has one child, though it is not old 
 enough to talk. I would advise all gentlemen who 
 wish to avoid a scolding wife, to go to the American 
 Asylum, where, I can assure them, they will find a
 
 74 ANNE EOYALL 
 
 great deal of good sense as well as beauty. I never 
 did see so great a number of interesting females to- 
 gether." 
 
 Of the schools for the deaf at New York and 
 Philadelphia, also, Mrs. Royall gives a full and in- 
 teresting account. Colleges she venerated. Yale, 
 Harvard, Princeton — all the institutions of learning 
 in the United States of her day — receive attention 
 from her pen. 
 
 Salem, Massachusetts, almost awed Mrs. Royall 
 with its old-fashioned gentlehood: 
 
 "The citizens of Salem are stout, able-bodied 
 men, more so than I have seen this side the Blue 
 Ridge, and their ladies excel in beauty and personal 
 charms. This was observed by our friend and nation- 
 al guest, Lafayette. Both men and women have the 
 true New England round, full face, with large black 
 eyes, and a soft bending countenance. Their man- 
 ners are still more improved than the people of 
 Boston. Besides the affability and ease of the Bos- 
 tonians, they have a dignity and stateliness peculiar 
 to them. ' ' 
 
 The Crowninshields, Whitneys, Putnams, Storys, 
 Endicotts, Peabodys, Flints, Pickerings, Whites, 
 Princes, Mr. Palfrey and Mr. Upham of Salem all 
 received Mrs. Royall cordially on her visit to that 
 ancient city. 
 
 Mrs. Royall found Providence, Rhode Island, "a 
 very romantic town lying partly on two hills and 
 partly on a narrow plain about wide enough for two 
 streets. It contains 12,800 inhabitants." Nosing 
 into jails and charitable institutions, after her usual 
 fashion, Mrs. Royall found, also as usual, some things
 
 ANNE ROYALL 75 
 
 to criticise: "The churches are very splendid in 
 Providence; the jail is tolerable; but the poorhouse 
 does not deserve the name, and the hospital is a 
 wretched abode, disgraceful to the town." 
 
 She gives much space to Roger Williams, gaining 
 her information concerning him from Hon. Judge 
 Martin, who walked with her to many historic locali- 
 ties in and around the city. 
 
 All New England pleased Mrs. Royall on this 
 first northern tour. She even defends the New Eng- 
 lander's natural food, pumpkin pie: 
 
 "As to 'pumpkin eating,' they do make pumpkin 
 pies in the fall; but they have plenty of everything 
 else. Let those who have traveled there say if their 
 tables do not abound? and they are able to furnish 
 them. But why is a pumpkin worse than any other 
 vegetable, pray ? It is not from necessity that the Yan- 
 kees eat pumpkins but from choice. Why may not a 
 pumpkin be as good as a cymblin, or a sweet potato, 
 or an opossum ? Pumpkin pies are fully as palatable 
 as potato pies. Though I never eat either, I have 
 tasted them and I see no difference. The cost is the 
 same, I believe. Perhaps it would be better for the 
 southern people to try the pumpkins, if their land 
 would bring them. It may be owing to this article of 
 food that the Yankees excel and are taking the lead 
 in everything."
 
 CHAPTER V 
 Mrs. Royall as an Author 
 
 Mrs. Royall was fifty-seven years old when her 
 first book was published. The woman's energy, in- 
 dustry, and endurance were marvelous. "Within a 
 period of five years, while constantly traveling, she 
 issued eleven volumes: 
 
 Sketches of History, Life and Manners in the 
 United States, by a Traveller, New Haven, 1826. 
 
 The Tennesseean, a Novel founded on Facts, New 
 Haven, 1827. 
 
 The Black Book, a Continuation of Travels in the 
 United States, 3 Vols., Washington, D. C, 1828-1829. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2 Vols., Washington, D. C, 1829. 
 
 A Southern Tour, 3 Vols., Washington, D. C, 
 1830-1831. 
 
 Letters from Alabama, Washington, 1830. 
 
 The chief faults of Mrs. Royall's writings are: 
 too much detail, especially in regard to private in- 
 juries received by the author; amateurishness; intol- 
 erance of intolerance; too free and abusive use of 
 names, even in an age when names of persons were 
 freely, often scandalously, published ; hasty judgments 
 based on feeling ; exaggerated praise of friends. 
 
 On the other hand, Mrs. Royall's style possesses 
 the merits of spirit; accuracy of fact and of descrip- 
 tion ; practicality ; perfect clearness ; a strong and tell-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 77 
 
 ing vocabulary; humor; an underlying ethical pur- 
 pose based on honest, though often mistaken, con- 
 viction ; patriotic fervor ; minute observation, and live- 
 ness — a genuine personality makes itself felt on 
 every page. 
 
 A critic in the Boston Commercial, reviewing the 
 Sketches, in 1828, sums up Mrs. Royall's style fairly 
 well: 
 
 "She marches on, speaking her mind freely, and 
 unpacks her heart in words of censure or praise as 
 she feels. Sometimes she lets fall more truths than 
 the interested reader would wish to hear, and at others 
 overwhelms her friends with a flattery still more 
 appalling. At any rate, hit or miss, the sentiments she 
 gives are undoubtedly her own; nor will it be denied 
 that she has given some very good outlines of char- 
 acter. Her book is more amusing than any novel we 
 have read for years." 
 
 In reply to another critic who had picked her 
 somewhat uncertain syntax to pieces Mrs. Royall says : 
 "He says I do not understand the language I write 
 in. This might be said of a great many but when 
 applied to me it is false as I pretend to know no 
 language but that of truth, and it makes no difference 
 in what language truth is told — it will stand for- 
 ever. " Elsewhere, she says very justly: "I am not 
 capable of dressing out a subject in learned phrases 
 or bold images or any elegance of style. I seek only 
 to give such a description of things as may bring 
 them as near as possible before the eyes of those who 
 have not an opportunity of seeing them, and in my 
 own homespun way, without regard to style or rules
 
 78 ANNE KOYALL 
 
 of composition, which I know nothing of, and care as 
 little as I know. ' ' 
 
 It is a rather curious fact that three very able 
 women — Mrs. Trollope, Frances Wright (afterward 
 Madame D'Arusement), and Anne Roy all were travel- 
 ing in the United States and carefully recording their 
 impressions of the country, with a view to publication, 
 at about the same time. A little later, Harriet Mar- 
 tineau and Margaret Fuller journeyed over much of 
 the same ground covered by the other three. 
 
 Of these five interesting women, Frances "Wright 
 wrote most gracefully and with the finest feeling. 
 Miss Martineau was the ablest, intellectually. Mrs. 
 Trollope had seen more of the world than the others, 
 Miss Martineau 's deafness interfering much with her 
 enjoyment of society. Margaret Fuller was the most 
 classically cultured. But to backwoods Anne Royall 
 every one of these other talented women must yield 
 the palm for readability. 
 
 Between Mrs. Trollope and Mrs. Royall, espe- 
 cially, an amusing contrast exists. Wherever she went 
 in the United States, Mrs. Trollope found her fas- 
 tidiousness continually offended. There were dirty, 
 miry places in the fairest meadows; women had no 
 style and wore their shawls unbecomingly draped; 
 people ate with their knives; callers stayed too long 
 and — worst of all — tobacco-chewing men expecto- 
 rated everywhere ! 
 
 Mrs. Royall, although always scrupulously neat 
 about her own person and belongings, had no fas- 
 tidiousness to speak of. It was the woman's heart 
 under the dowdy shawl, the life-experience of the
 
 ANNE ROYALL 79 
 
 working-people who ate with their knives that inter- 
 ested her. Pioneer-raised Anne hardly noticed the 
 spitting. Very likely (on the principle laid down 
 later by her favorite author, Dickens, that "manners 
 is manners but your 'elth's your 'elth") Mrs. Royall, 
 herself, might have horrified Mrs. Trollope by ex- 
 pectorating, had she chanced to cross the path of that 
 delicately-reared, sensitive English lady. 
 
 Mrs. Trollope suffered untold, or, rather, pro- 
 fusely told, agonies at the public inns. To Anne 
 Royall, almost any tavern was a joy. The big com- 
 mon-room with its wide, blazing hearth; the smoking 
 (Anne possibly sometimes took a whiff herself) and 
 jollity, the cheerful clink of the grog glasses; the 
 good stories told by the men ; the music extracted by 
 some strolling, self-taught player from a cracked fid- 
 dle or out-of-tune "melodeon;" above all, the eternal 
 talk about politics, colored by that sincere spread- 
 eagle patriotism which Mrs. Trollope and, later, 
 Dickens criticised — all these signs and tokens of a 
 bubbling, new civilization based on individual freedom 
 delighted Anne Royall 's shrewdly observant humor 
 and sympathetic heart. 
 
 The other four women are highly subjective. 
 Mrs. Royall never wasted a stroke of ink in her life 
 analyzing her own emotions. She never needed to. 
 Anne's emotions were always clearly defined. In this 
 respect a comparison of the descriptions of Niagara 
 given by the five women is illuminating. 
 
 Mrs. Trollope expatiates at length on the fact that 
 she wet her feet going to the falls. She gives four 
 pages to her physical sensations in viewing the grand-
 
 80 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 eur of the spectacle, and a paragraph or two to the 
 mighty cataract. Miss Martineau does almost the 
 same thing. Margaret Fuller, too, goes deeply into 
 an analysis of the torrent of her own emotions. Fanny 
 Wright softens Niagara. She writes a really beau- 
 tiful prose-poem about the rainbow spray. Anne 
 Royall in her description, does not once use the pro- 
 noun "I." With her usual passion for practicality, 
 she begins with — "What makes the fall?" Then 
 she proceeds to answer the question as clearly and 
 concisely as if she were a civil engineer. Next, she 
 sweeps away a pile of literary rubbish about Niagara : 
 
 "Most writers, indeed all that I have met with, 
 when speaking of these falls, never fail to say what 
 is not corre3i, that they are surrounded by immense 
 woods. Because there were woods once and Mr. Her- 
 riot said so, every one must copy Mr. H. There are 
 no woods near the falls. That was only said to 
 heighten the descrpition and give coloring to the 
 scenery. If all the woods of a thousand hills sur- 
 rounded the falls they would add nothing to the 
 grandeur of the scene. They would remain unno- 
 ticed. The finest forest in the world would shrink 
 into nothingness by the side of the falls. But no 
 language can convey an idea or express the sensations 
 of the human mind upon viewing the falls. A name- 
 less majesty rests upon them which to understand 
 must be seen. Words were never made to describe 
 the scene. It laughs description to scorn; struck 
 dumb with amazement. There seems to be nothing 
 else in all the world. No stop, no pause, nights and 
 days and years, on, on, it rolls." 
 
 From a literary point of view, Mrs. Royall's first 
 book, Sketches of History, Life and Manners in the 
 United States, is her best. Her so-called novel is a
 
 ANNE ROYALL 81 
 
 failure. It bears all the ear-marks of a resurrected 
 manuscript dug out of a writing-desk and sent abroad 
 after its author had won fame through better work. 
 Concerning it, Judge Story writes from Washington 
 to his wife : ' ' We have the famous Mrs. Royall here 
 with her new novel, The Tennesseean, which she has 
 compelled the Chief Justice and myself to buy for 
 fear of a worse castigation. I shall bring it home 
 for your edification." 
 
 The word ' ' castigation ' ' — justly enough used, 
 it must be confessed — refers to a clever journalistic 
 device hit upon by Mrs. Royall which made her books 
 sell like hot cakes, namely — her far-famed Pen-Por- 
 traits of members of congress and other noted persons. 
 Americans of Anne Royall's time were but a few 
 degrees removed from ancestors to whom a throne 
 was sacred. Political upheavals had destroyed the 
 outward forms of monarchy, but the inner feelings 
 of thousands of American men and women de- 
 manded some fitting substitute for the awe-inspiring 
 pageantry of the old social order. Therefore, royalty- 
 worship, strong in the blood, was changed into gov- 
 ernment-worship. The spirit was born that would, 
 in time, supplant "God save the King," as the na- 
 tional anthem, by: 
 
 "Land of the Pilgrim's pride, 
 Land where our fathers died, 
 Of thee we sing." 
 
 Washington, the capital of the new republic, became 
 a venerated city. There the widespread rays of 
 patriotism were so focussed that, to his constituents, 
 each legislator wore a halo. Mrs. Royall's word-like-
 
 82 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 nesses were eagerly read all over the country. She 
 frankly gives her reason for her new departure: 
 
 "I resolved to risk my talents, generally or spe- 
 cially, as the case happened, at a personal description 
 of the Members of Congress. I was partly tempted 
 to this by my own inclination and partly to please 
 my friends. When I first began to write I impercep- 
 tibly fell into this manner of writing — I mean that 
 of personal description. I had been told (for I am 
 not a judge, of course) that this, and scenery, was my 
 forte. I have pursued it until it has become an 
 amusement to myself ; and though there is a sameness 
 in it from the barrenness of our language, yet it is 
 popular and pays. What does anybody care about 
 the dead? I wish to write books that people will 
 read, and I find there is nothing like throwing in 
 plenty of spice. Possibly a gentleman may not like 
 his portrait (for which he can give no reason) yet 
 twenty other gentlemen may, and may buy the book 
 for the sake of the portrait, just as we buy the por- 
 traits executed by painters, and he will buy it for 
 twenty other portraits." 
 
 Mrs. Royall 's "spice" was not the spice of mod- 
 ern sensationalism. She never pried into closets to 
 discover family skeletons. She fought much in print, 
 but she fought squarely and always hit, straight from 
 the shoulder, a clean, though often a staggering blow. 
 
 In making her pen-portraits, Mrs. Royall went to 
 work much like a professional artist. Often she asked 
 for, and obtained a "sitting" from the subject of her 
 description. She says: "It is a difficult species of 
 writing, and to portray correctly it is always necessary 
 to see the eye, particularly the color. I find, too, I 
 am most happy in describing those I have conversed 
 with." In her later years Mrs. Royall fell into man-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 83 
 
 nerisms of portraiture. "DeMedicis figures," "oval 
 faces," "stalwart frames," etc., figured largely 
 therein. 
 
 The following picture of John Randolph is in 
 her best vein. 
 
 1 ' Honorable John Randolph has been in Congress 
 since 1809 and is deservedly reckoned the finest orator 
 in the House. His voice is loud and shrill, yet melo- 
 dious, and his gestures pertinent and graceful; never 
 at a loss, his language is flowing, refined and classical, 
 his remarks brief and cutting. He seems to be of 
 no party though severe against the Yankees. Mr. 
 Randolph is tall but straight and very slender. His 
 face is like no other man's, if we except the Lords of 
 the Forest, from whom he is descended. It inclines 
 to oval, with a high, square, jutting forehead. His 
 complexion is sallow, and his features are neither 
 handsome nor the contrary. But such another eye 
 does not exist, if we except the piercing eye of Red 
 Jacket. His eye is terrible in debate, and gives tone 
 to his words and gestures. It is black with scarcely 
 any white. It is not jet black, but rather a shade — ■ 
 large and piercing, and when excited, glistens with 
 a never-to-be-forgotten fierceness. His countenance is 
 stern and immovable. I never saw him smile, and his 
 manners are distant and lofty, unlike the pomposity, 
 however, of his fellow-Virginians, but are nevertheless 
 gentlemanly. In size he is tall enough but very light. 
 He is said to be immensely rich but not charitable." 
 
 Mr. Randolph gave Mrs. Royall a letter of intro- 
 duction which, she says, was more eagerly read by 
 persons to whom she presented credentials than even 
 the letter given her by Lafayette. 
 
 Some readers may be able to trace a family re- 
 semblance in the following portrait of Hon. James I.
 
 84 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Roosevelt, grandfather of President Theodore Roose- 
 velt: 
 
 "Mr. R. is a new Member, if we do not mistake, 
 from New York. He is quite a young looking man 
 and has a fine, tall, showy figure, rather slender but 
 exceedingly well-formed. His face is Grecian in 
 shape, with keen, delicate features and rather wan 
 complexion. His eye is between a blue and a gray, 
 uncommonly keen and penetrating, which gives great 
 vivacity to his countenance. He is gay and lively, 
 and appears to be a real business man. With papers 
 in hand, and people tugging at him, he could not 
 stand still a moment, for which reason, and the fact 
 of his wearing his hat and his glasses, the present 
 hasty sketch of Mr. R. may be imperfect. Having 
 received some marks of polite attention from Mr. 
 Roosevelt, we merely wished to indulge our feelings in 
 acknowledging the favor. Mr. Roosevelt is descended 
 from one of the wealthiest families who came over 
 from Holland at the settling of New York." 
 
 Some of Mrs. Royall's portraits were abominably 
 savage, like the following of a Brigadier-General who 
 opposed Freemasonry: 
 
 "Upon going into the store, I inquired for the 
 gentleman — asked if he was in. Being answered in 
 the affirmative, I looked around, expecting to see 
 some tall, elegant personage, of course. Seeing no 
 person but the clerk of whom I had inquired, and 
 some ladies who were shopping, I asked the clerk to 
 point him out to me. 'There he is,' said the clerk, 
 pointing to a small animal who was squatting close 
 under one of the bottom shelves of the store. I saw 
 the thing upon my entrance, but thinking it was a 
 baboon, probably tied there for the General's amuse- 
 ment, I never thought of saluting it. Upon this, I turn- 
 ed around to look at it again, and suspecting the clerk, 
 I asked if it was the Brigadier? It grinned at me
 
 ANNE ROYALL 85 
 
 and replied it was. I instantly quit the store, think- 
 ing my friends had sent me there to afford a laugh, 
 which proved to be the case. But his person! He 
 is in height not quite so tall as the Puppy-skin Par- 
 son, about five feet, I should think, and about the 
 size of a full-grown raccoon, which he resembles in 
 phiz. His appointment does honor to the state, and 
 proves the judiciousness of the choice, for they are 
 certain never to lose him in battle, as it would require 
 the best Kentucky rifleman to hit him at a hundred 
 yards distance. ' ' 
 
 Considering the fact that the Black Books con- 
 tained scores of similar unflattering portraits we 
 can hardly wonder that, in some quarters, they were 
 bought up by interested parties and destroyed whole- 
 sale. It was an age of brutal acrimony — the direct 
 descendant of eighteenth century coarseness in Eng- 
 lish pamphleteering. But Mrs. RoyalPs vocabulary 
 was peculiarly her own. Her images were more un- 
 expected than those of her compeers in dispute. They 
 made readers laugh and therein, largely, lay her 
 power. 
 
 There is no manner of doubt but that her widely- 
 praised gift of word-portraiture did aid Mrs. Royall 
 amazingly in securing subscribers for her books. Her 
 entrance into either House, Senate, or Supreme Court, 
 when she was in the hey-dey of her fame, created a 
 sensation. Of one visit to the Capitol at Washington 
 she writes: 
 
 "I had been but a short time seated in the House 
 gallery when there was a great stir among the Mem- 
 bers. Several kissed their hands to me. Others 
 pulled their hats over their eyes — clowns, ought 
 to have pulled them off. Here, let me observe, that
 
 86 ANNE EOYALL 
 
 a legislative hall is like the rest of the world, a rough 
 and smooth place — a little good and a little bad, so 
 I just take the Members as they come." 
 
 Mrs. Royall was present at an opening of the 
 Virginia state legislature. She sat near, and ex- 
 changed friendly greetings with, ex-Presidents Monroe 
 and Madison. She writes: 
 
 "Mr. Madison is a small, aged man with a re- 
 markably small face and keen, vigorous countenance. 
 He was dressed in a plain, Quaker colored coat, and 
 his hair was powdered. He was looking forward and 
 seemed to listen to the debates with deep attention." 
 
 After the session was over Mrs. Royall tried to 
 hire a carriage, at a reasonable rate, to take her to 
 the home of Mr. and Mrs. Madison, some miles from 
 the capitol. But finding cab-fare beyond her means, 
 she walked the whole distance, although the day was 
 extremely hot and the roads were bad. 
 
 American biography is well peppered with de- 
 scriptions of charming Dolly Madison, but not one 
 among them all shows her in a pleasanter light than 
 does the following, where she is seen wiping the dust 
 from the feet of a tired old woman who had trudged 
 far to see her. 
 
 "Never was I more astonished," exclaims Mrs. 
 Royall. "I expected to see a little dried up old 
 woman. Instead, a tall, active woman stood before 
 me. She was the selfsame lady of whom I had heard 
 more anecdotes than about any family of Europe or 
 America. No wonder she was the idol of Washing- 
 ton — at once in the possession of everything that 
 could ennoble woman. But chiefly, she captivated by
 
 ANNE HOY ALL 87 
 
 her artless, though warm, affability. Affectation and 
 her are farther assunder than the poles. Her tine full 
 eyes and her countenance display a majestic brilliancy 
 found in no other face. She is a stout, tall, straight 
 woman, muscular but not fat, and as active on her 
 feet as a girl. Her face is large, full and oval, rather 
 dark than fair. Her eye is dark, large and expressive. 
 Her face is not handsome nor does it ever appear to 
 have been so. It is suffused with a slight tinge of 
 red and is rather wide in the middle. But her power 
 to please — the irresistible grace of her every move- 
 ment — sheds such a charm over all she says and does 
 that it is impossible not to admire her. She was 
 dressed in a plain black silk dress and wore a silk 
 checked turban on her head, and glossy black curls. 
 But to witness how active she was in running out to 
 bring me a glass of water — in stooping to wipe the 
 mud from my shoes and tie them. Seeing I was 
 fatigued, she pressed me with much earnestness to 
 await dinner. She appears young enough to be Mr. 
 Madison 's daughter. ' ' 
 
 Mrs. Royall 's books of travel were issued between 
 the years 1826 and 1831. They contain descriptions 
 of every important village, town, and city of the 
 United States of that early period. In describing a 
 town, Mrs. Royall usually gives a historical sketch of 
 the place and full information concerning schools (she 
 was one of the first Americans to advocate the methods 
 of Pestalozzi) and their curriculum, charitable, re- 
 formatory, and punitive institutions. She describes 
 public buildings very well. She devotes much space 
 to trade statistics. On the whole, considering the lack
 
 88 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 of official figures in those days, her information on 
 most points is remarkably accurate. Local celebrities 
 she mentions by name, and thousands of pen-portraits 
 are given. Indeed, he is a rare American who cannot 
 find an ancestor, either glorified or lampooned, some- 
 where in Mrs. RoyalPs books. 
 
 The old lady chose a very hard way of earning 
 a living. The sight-seeing necessary for her amateur 
 Baedeckers would have worn out most women of her 
 years. She seldom hired a carriage. Day after day 
 she trudged in all weathers taking notes, interviewing 
 prominent persons, soliciting subscriptions, and deliv- 
 ering her books. Her grit never failed. When her 
 tired feet were bleeding from long traveling over Phil- 
 adelphia's streets she only said sturdily, "I may as 
 well walk to death as starve to death," and trudged 
 on with genuine pioneer fortitude. "In Pittsburg," 
 she writes, "I was thirteen days on my feet taking 
 notes, viewing and admiring the workshops, from 
 early morning till dark, often long after dark. From 
 the mud on the pavements, occasioned by the bursting 
 of the pipes which occurred at that time, the smoke 
 and black from the coal and the furnaces with their 
 fumes, I had a most fatiguing tour of it. It was 
 infinitely greater than my tour through the whole 
 state. Such was my ardour to complete it that I 
 never stopped to dine but once. The task was cer- 
 tainly too great for a female, especially one of my 
 years, and being quite lame at the time I was scarcely 
 able to crawl to my room at night. My weariness was 
 such that I was unable to sleep or take sufficient 
 nourishment, but I determined not to look back."
 
 ANNE KOYALL 89 
 
 In other words, Mrs. Royall had made up her 
 mind to rectify the mistakes and injustice of the 
 Duke of Saxe-Weimar who, not long before, had pub- 
 lished an unflattering and inaccurate account of Pitts- 
 burg — a city that lay very near her heart. 
 
 Whenever Mrs. Royall received money — and for 
 a few years her earnings were large — she immediately 
 gave it away. Therefore, she was often hungry. She 
 was often cold. Seldom, indeed, was she sufficiently 
 clothed. In chill March, day after day, through Bos- 
 ton's ocean sleet she fought her way, her shoulders 
 only partially protected by a thin, summer shawl 
 given to her by Mrs. John Quincy Adams. 
 
 Nearly all Mrs. Royall 's books were written in 
 dingy bed-rooms of second class taverns. Long after 
 midnight her candle burned. Sheet after sheet, in 
 her clear bold handwriting, slipped from the light- 
 stand to the patchwork quilt that covered the poor 
 little bed. 'Twas a very different room from the 
 comfortable chamber in which she had written those 
 happy letters to "Matt" years before. But resolute 
 old Anne Royall wasted no time in useless repining. 
 Bright and early next morning, in her clean calico 
 gown, with its mutton-leg sleeves, and wearing a big 
 poke-bonnet, she was out on the street again, notebook 
 in hand, her pencil sharpened for business. Un- 
 doubtedly, the old lady was a persistent book-agent. 
 She had to be persistent. Selling her books meant 
 keeping out of the poor-house. This is the way in 
 which she was sometimes rebuffed: "I approached 
 Mr. F. in his office with my best courtesy and told 
 him I had come to pay my respects to him, hoped he
 
 90 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 was well, etc. To which he replied in a voice that 
 suggested the hoarse croak of a raven, ' I want none of 
 your respects, nor your books. Get out of here, you 
 old hag.'" 
 
 Mrs. Royall's only comment on this reception is, 
 "Rather extraordinary in a gentleman of his gal- 
 lantry. ' ' 
 
 In view of the assertion that has been made that 
 Mrs. Royall 's books are still readable, the question will 
 naturally be asked, ' ' Why, then, have those books been 
 consigned to Limbo?" There are several reasons. 
 One is, that, as Mrs. Royall said, they were written 
 for the living. Her own words proved true in the 
 case of her own books — ' ' Nobody cares for the dead. ' ' 
 Another reason is that the big, black shadow of the 
 civil war blotted out a great deal of minor American 
 literature including Anne Royall's, and much that 
 was far better than hers. Some that was far worse 
 than hers, has, queerly enough, survived and is em- 
 balmed in modern "Histories of American Litera- 
 ture. ' ' The great reason, however, why Mrs. Royall 's 
 books have been ignored by critics and compilers for 
 three-quarters of a century lies in the woman's bit- 
 terly hostile attitude to the prevailing theology of her 
 day and her brave espousal of the then greatly-dis- 
 credited cause of Freemasonry. 
 
 Strictly speaking, Mrs. Royall's books cannot 
 properly be classed under the head of literature. 
 Nevertheless, they are a most valuable contribution 
 to the social-history of the United States. They have 
 become very rare. Probably no library in the world 
 contains an entire set. Even the library of Congress
 
 ANNE EOYALL 91 
 
 lacks the first volume of the first series of The Black 
 Book. "Wherever found, copies of Mrs. Royall 's books 
 command high prices. Some of them are well worth 
 reprinting. Many a town and city would be glad to 
 see itself as it looked before the year 1831 to the eyes 
 of a clever, observant woman.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Freemasonry 
 
 Old William Royall believed that Freemasonry- 
 more fully made for right daily living than any other 
 institution of human origin. This fundamental belief 
 he instilled into the mind and heart of his devoted 
 pupil and wife. Moreover when that wife found her- 
 self a penniless widow, deserted by many who, during 
 her husband's lifetime, had seemed to be her friends, 
 Freemasons stepped to her aid, offering shelter, food, 
 clothing, and sound advice. At the home of that kind 
 Mason, Mr. Clagget, in Alexandria, she prepared her 
 first book for the press. 
 
 Shortly after the publication of this work, in 
 1826, an event occurred in Genesee county, N. Y., 
 which plunged the country, especially the east, into 
 acrimonious turmoil that lasted nearly twenty years, 
 namely, the abduction and the permanent disappear- 
 ance of William Morgan, a man who professed to 
 reveal, in a printed account, some of the secrets of 
 Freemasonry. In consequence of this abduction, and 
 possible murder, committed by a small group of hot- 
 headed Masons, American society was riven. A strong 
 Anti-Masonic sentiment arose which was skilfully 
 played upon, and systematically fostered by profes- 
 sional politicians. Nearly all the evangelical sects, 
 as sects, ranged themselves upon the side of the Anti-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 93 
 
 Masons. Between 1826 and 1836 Freemasonry sank 
 to its lowest ebb in the United States. It was every- 
 where more or less discredited. Every city, every 
 town, every village, nearly every family was divided 
 upon the question whether Freemasonry should or 
 should not be suppressed by law. The most exaggerat- 
 ed, absurd, blood-curdling rumors were afloat. In 
 short, one branch of the "Antis," as they were called, 
 furnished in print to the masses ghastly accusations 
 which the yellowest of modern sensational journals 
 would almost hesitate to use. Freemasonry, indeed, had 
 its martyrs in those days among both old and young. 
 It was seriously proposed in the legislative halls of 
 more than one state to disbar Masons from holding 
 public office or even from jury duty. Many a little son 
 or daughter of a Mason crept home from school weep- 
 ing bitterly because some bullying companion had 
 singsonged, tauntingly: "Your father's a Mason. 
 Rawhead and bloody bones! Rawhead and bloody 
 bones! Your father's a Mason. Where's Morgan?" 
 
 Since comparatively few Americans of the pres- 
 ent generation are familiar with the details of the 
 Morgan affair, and as the raging excitement of the 
 period exerted an enormous influence upon Anne Roy- 
 all's career, the whole story may fittingly be con- 
 densed in her biography. 
 
 The personal account of William Morgan here 
 given is taken, purposely, from an Anti-Masonic source 
 — a book which is generally reckoned among both 
 Masons and the highest class of Anti-Masons as the 
 strongest and most accurate expression of opposition 
 to the order ever given out, Letters On Masonry and
 
 94 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Anti-Masonry, by William L. Stone. Mr. Stone's 
 Letters were published in 1834 and by permission 
 were addressed to John Quincy Adams, one of the 
 most prominent Anti-Masons. Mr. Adams's hostile 
 attitude toward her beloved fraternity was a source 
 of great sorrow to Mrs. Royall, but she did not allow 
 her gratitude to the illustrious man to swerve her 
 one inch from loyalty to the order. 
 
 Mr. Stone was a Mason who came to believe, he 
 says, that Masonry was wholly inconsistent with the 
 state of society at that time. The author is worthy of 
 all praise for the pains he took to ascertain facts about 
 the Morgan affair at a time when lurid rumors were in 
 much greater demand than facts, and, also much bet- 
 ter paid for. Mr. Stone resisted the great temptation, 
 to which many other writers yielded, of apotheosizing 
 the unfortunate figure around which the storm cen- 
 tered. His account of William Morgan and his ab- 
 duction is undoubtedly correct. Condensed, he tells 
 the following story: 
 
 William Morgan was born in Culpepper, Va., in 
 1775 or 1776. According to his own testimony, he 
 was a private and not a captain (as has been claimed) 
 in the War of 1812. In 1819, at the age of forty -three 
 or forty-four, he married Miss Lucinda Pendleton of 
 Virginia. The bride was only sixteen years of age 
 and the marriage permanently estranged her from 
 her father, a Methodist minister. By trade, Morgan 
 was an operative mason. Two years after their mar- 
 riage, Mr. and Mrs. Morgan moved to upper Canada 
 where Morgan worked for a brewery. Later he and 
 his family — there were now two children, a boy and
 
 ANNE ROYALL 95 
 
 a girl — moved to Le Roy, near the little village of 
 Batavia, Genesee county, New York. Morgan pro- 
 fessed to be a Freemason although where he took the 
 three lower degrees he claimed has never been ascer- 
 tained. 
 
 By the influence of Major Ganson, a prominent 
 man of the locality, Morgan was advanced to the 
 degree of Royal Arch Mason. About this time a new 
 building for the use of the Knights Templars was 
 planned at Le Roy. Morgan had a contract to labor 
 on this building but, in some way, lost the job. A 
 quarrel between him and Major Ganson followed. 
 Meanwhile, Morgan had settled at Batavia. His hab- 
 its were bad. Early in 1826 the few Royal Arch 
 Masons of Batavia determined to apply to the Grand 
 Lodge to constitute a chapter in that village. By the 
 rules, all petitioners would become members. Mor- 
 gan's name was upon the petition. He was not want- 
 ed by many on account of his dissolute habits and for 
 other reasons, hence another petition was secretly cir- 
 culated upon which Morgan's name did not appear, 
 thus effectually shutting him out from membership in 
 the new chapter. Stung to the quick, the humiliated 
 man planned revenge. One David C. Miller, editor 
 of a paper published in Batavia, also had a personal 
 grievance against the local Masonic body. The two, 
 further assisted by a third man with a grudge (a 
 better educated person than the other two) prepared 
 for publication a book purporting to expose some of 
 the secrets of Masonry, extremely discreditable to the 
 order.
 
 96 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 At first, Masons outside the local circle in Genesee 
 county paid little attention to Morgan's threatened 
 publication. But hot-heads in Batavia were soon up 
 in arms. Miller's establishment was burned. A part 
 of the Morgan manuscript was captured by a group 
 of Masons. Morgan was arrested for debt and for 
 alleged theft of some small articles of clothing. He 
 was placed in jail at Canandaigua the evening of Sep- 
 tember 11, 1826. The next evening two men appeared 
 at the jail and prevailed upon the wife of the jailer 
 (her husband being absent) to release Morgan after 
 they had paid the debt and the legal costs. Mrs. Hall, 
 the wife of the jailer, testified later that while she was 
 fastening the inner door of the jail, after Morgan had 
 gone out with the two men who professed to be his 
 friends, she heard a piercing scream and cries of 
 "murder." She ran to the outside door in time to 
 see a carriage and four men. Morgan was struggling 
 in the grasp of two men. He was quickly forced into 
 the carriage which drove away rapidly. William Mor- 
 gan was never seen again. 
 
 This high-handed abduction of an American cit- 
 izen aroused the country. Governor DeWitt Clinton, 
 of New York, himself a Mason of high degree, imme- 
 diately issued a proclamation condemning the outrage 
 and offering a reward for the capture of the abductors 
 and for information concerning the whereabouts of 
 Morgan. This reward was finally increased, through 
 three gubernatorial proclamations, to fifteen hundred 
 dollars. Four persons known to have been concerned 
 in the abduction were afterward tried, convicted, and 
 imprisoned for the offence.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 97 
 
 The testimony given at the trials of the con- 
 spirators seemed to establish the fact that Morgan 
 was hurried to Fort Niagara and was there confined 
 overnight in a building used for a powder magazine. 
 At this point rumor began, all manner of horrible and 
 circumstantial accounts of Morgan's taking off were 
 luridly pictured and scattered abroad. The favorite 
 version, however, was that he had been sent over 
 Niagara Falls in a small canoe and drowned. Anti- 
 Masonic sentiment rose high and politicians, first 
 those of New York and a little later men of national 
 importance, were not slow to take advantage of it. 
 Thurlow Weed, later known as the "King of the 
 Lobby," was prime mover among the Antis. 
 
 On October 27, 1827, a little more than a year 
 after Morgan's mysterious disappearance, the body 
 of a drowned man was washed ashore on the beach 
 of Lake Ontario about forty miles from Niagara on 
 the American side. The body was promptly buried. 
 Then somebody suggested that the drowned man might 
 be William Morgan. Everybody was wild. The body 
 was exhumed and, after various "committees" and 
 Mrs. Morgan had viewed it, was "positively identi- 
 fied" as that of Morgan. Mr. Stone writes: 
 
 ' ' The utter improbability, or, rather, the physical 
 impossibility that the body of a drowned man could 
 have been so long preserved in the waters of Ontario, 
 regardless alike of the hunger of fishes, the action of 
 the waves and the heat of summer's sun for the long 
 period of thirteen months so as to be identified seems 
 never to have occurred to the people on that occasion. 
 Or, if such a doubt was suggested, the prompt reply 
 was, 'Murder will out.' It was fiercely contended by
 
 98 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 some that heaven, itself, had directly interposed a 
 miracle that the murderers might no longer escape the 
 vengeance of the offended law. The whole country, 
 therefore, rang with the shout, 'Morgan is found.' " 
 
 A Presidential campaign was approaching (the 
 bitter Adams-Jackson struggle which ended in Jack- 
 son's election in 1828) in which many hoped that the 
 Anti-Masons might hold the balance of power in the 
 country at large as they did already in New York 
 state. 
 
 When the body claimed as Morgan's was washed 
 ashore Thurlow Weed was one of those who hurried 
 to view it. According to Henry O'Reilley, editor 
 of a Rochester newspaper, Mr. Weed, when asked if 
 he thought the body was really that of the missing 
 man about whom the country was so concerned, re- 
 plied, "It's a good enough Morgan for me until after 
 the election. ' ' It was. Through Mr. Weed 's manage- 
 ment the body was given a great funeral at Batavia 
 which small village, for that one day in its history, 
 was transformed into a metropolis. Thousands of 
 people poured in to attend the funeral of "the Ma- 
 sonic Martyr." Mr. Stone says: 
 
 "A funeral discourse was preached, and at the 
 close of the solemn service the body was once more 
 committed to its kindred earth, amid the tears of 
 the widow and the curses of the people, deep and bit- 
 ter, against the Masons. Then what showers of hand- 
 bills and addresses and appeals to the passions of the 
 people were sent forth in clouds, upon the wings of 
 every breeze. 'The majesty of the people,' 'The tri- 
 umph of justice over oppression,' 'Morgan's ghost 
 walks unavenged among us,' 'Murder will out,' 'Ma- 
 sons have had their day,' 'He that sheddeth man's
 
 ANNE KOYALL 99 
 
 blood by man shall his blood be shed,' 'The voice of 
 thy brother's blood ariseth to me from the ground.' 
 These and such like expressions were watch-words and 
 rallying-signals of a political party and the still, small 
 voice of reason and reflection were drowned amid the 
 universal din." 
 
 Mr. Stone gives proofs at length to show that the 
 body was not that of William Morgan. Moreover, 
 all doubt was set at rest, by further investigation, 
 caused by a newspaper advertisement asking for infor- 
 mation concerning the body of one Timothy Monroe, 
 of Clarke county in Canada who, a few weeks before 
 the body was found, went in a boat to Newark, and 
 was drowned in the Niagara river. Again the body 
 was exhumed and again it was ' ' positively identified. ' ' 
 The widow of Timothy Monroe swore that the body 
 was that of her husband, and that the clothing was 
 his to the least detail. But this rectification came too 
 late to help the Masons politically. The last coroner's 
 inquest was held October 29. Elections began the 
 following Monday. Mr. Weed 's ' ' Morgan ' ' held good 
 for the voters. Instead of being allayed, the fight 
 over Freemasonry went on, with ever increasing bitter- 
 ness and coarseness on both sides. 
 
 Now, in the midst of excitement like this, Anne 
 Eoyall was not the woman to remain neutral. Her 
 traditions and her convictions were all on the side of 
 Masonry, and into Masonry she plunged with all the 
 ardor of her being — and Anne 's ardor was a thing 
 to be reckoned with. 
 
 Mrs. Royall 's first book, Sketches of Life, Manners 
 and History in the United States, had been on the 
 whole, very favorably received. Perhaps the thought
 
 100 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 occurred to some Mason, possibly Clagget, that the 
 successful authoress might prove a valuable auxiliary 
 to the threatened cause of Freemasonry in the United 
 States, especially in the north and the east where op- 
 position was most bitter. At all events, this much is 
 sure, in 1827-28, Mrs. Royall did take an extended 
 tour through Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, and 
 all the New England states, during which trip her 
 expenses were paid by Masons. Ostensibly, Mrs. Roy- 
 all was gathering material for a second book during 
 this tour. In reality, she also worked, and worked in 
 some places (notably Harrisburg, Pa.) to pretty good 
 purpose for the cause she held sacred — the cause of 
 Freemasonry. 
 
 Whenever she entered a town for the first time 
 she brought with her to one or more of the prominent 
 Masons of the place, a letter of introduction commend- 
 ing her to their care. The Mason, or Masons, to whom 
 the letter was addressed always made arrangements 
 for her comfortable lodging and entertainment. Of 
 her very cordial reception in Salem, Massachusetts, 
 she says: 
 
 "At Salem, as in all other cities, I was directed 
 to a gentleman whose lot it fell, to see that I was 
 comfortably situated as to pecuniary affairs. To a 
 certain portion of the benevolent citizens of Salem, 
 this needs no explanation. For others who do not 
 understand me, I refer them to the Golden Rule of 
 our Saviour." 
 
 In New York city Mrs. Royall was given a benefit 
 at the Chatham theater. Masons, to the number of 
 four hundred, attended and the net receipts were a
 
 ANNE ROYALL 101 
 
 hundred and eighty dollars — a much larger sum in 
 those days than now. 
 
 A brutal assault upon Mrs. Royall in Vermont 
 by an angry Anti-Mason caused great indignation 
 among the Fraternity generally. It will be remem- 
 bered that, of all the states, Vermont was most strong- 
 ly Anti-Masonic. Mrs. Royall was warned not to 
 enter the state upon her second tour but, as usual, 
 she laughed at the idea of personal danger. Upon 
 her arrival in Burlington in 1827, she was waited 
 upon by three prominent Masons — Ex-Governor Van 
 Ness, Mr. Haswell and Mr. Langdon. She writes: 
 "In the course of the interview the state of society 
 in Vermont, the various denominations, and the mis- 
 sionary scheme, formed a part of the conversation." 
 
 Probably the Morgan affair and its deplorable 
 consequences also formed a "part of the conversa- 
 tion," but Mrs. Royall was too good a Mason to say 
 so. One of the gentlemen, pointing to a store oppo- 
 site, told her that the proprietor was a typical ' ' Blue- 
 skin." 
 
 Next day Mrs. Royall entered this store. She 
 says; 
 
 "The house had high steps before the door from 
 which the snow had been removed. Upon going in I 
 found a hard-featured, gloomy looking man standing 
 outside the counter. Another was standing inside. 
 I took him to be the proprietor. If the first was 
 gloomy, the latter was fierce and savage. He was 
 about fifty years of age, stoutly built, and wore a 
 wig of a sandy color. His face looked of iron hard- 
 ness, and seemed as if it had laid out on a frosty 
 night. Of all Jonney Saws he had the most terrific 
 look."
 
 102 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Mrs. Royall invited the gentleman thus pleasantly 
 described to buy her book. He replied that he would 
 give her a permit to the workhouse where she belonged. 
 A spirited word-encounter followed in which, doubt- 
 less the woman came out victor. She admits using 
 the term ' ' hypocrite ' ' effectively. She goes on : 
 
 "I was standing near the stove, which, as well 
 as I can remember, was in the center of the room. 
 While I was opening a paper to show him that I was 
 not a subject for the workhouse, he walked deliberately 
 to the door and opened it. Then he walked back and 
 came behind me. He took hold of me with a hand on 
 each shoulder and pushed me with such force that he 
 sent me to the foot of the steps into the street. My 
 ankle was dislocated, one of the bones of the same 
 leg broken, and the whole limb bruised and mangled 
 in the most shocking manner. This happened Decem- 
 ber 17, 1827, and I never walked a step until June, 
 1828, and I have not fully recovered yet." 
 
 Passers-by picked her up and carried her to her 
 boarding-house. Gen. Van Ness took legal steps but 
 they seem to have been useless so far as any money 
 damages were concerned. In the following hard 
 weeks Mrs. Royall would have been very lonely had 
 it not been for a young Canadian named Brooks. 
 She writes: "This amiable young man never missed 
 an evening coming to see me. He read aloud from 
 some amusing book, but chiefly Sterne. Verily, the 
 Green Mountains never before nor since looked down 
 upon so alien a sight as this amiable young man and 
 supposedly Godless old Anne Royall chuckling to- 
 gether over Tristram Shandy." 
 
 During her enforced confinement Mrs. Royall was 
 just about as easy to handle as a disabled lioness. She
 
 ANNE ROY ALL 103 
 
 confesses: "The doctors had a grievous time of it. 
 Never having been confined in my life before, I was 
 so outrageous and ungovernable that they one after 
 another forsook me and left me to die in my sins." 
 
 The following performance shows that the physi- 
 cians could hardly be blamed: 
 
 "A good natured Boston Doctor Pomeroy had 
 splintered the limb up nicely. I refused to lie down. 
 Shortly after he went off, I very deliberately took off 
 the bandage and splints and, setting my ankle and foot 
 in some warm beef brine, drew my table to me and 
 went on writing. I continued to work, though grin- 
 ning with pain, for about two hours." 
 
 It was more than three years before the old lady 
 was able to walk without limping. During that time, 
 also, she suffered much pain. Small wonder that the 
 book she was working on just after the assault, 
 Volume III of the Black Book, is somewhat vitrolic. 
 
 Mrs. Royall's views on the subject of Freemason- 
 ry would fill a good sized volume and it is a safe 
 guess that she was willing to, and did, express her 
 views on the subject in every company. She was a 
 good talker, quick in repartee. She used uncommon 
 and telling similes. Moreover, she had a trick of 
 hitting the nail on the head which was very convincing 
 to listeners. And there always were listeners wher- 
 ever Anne Royall was. By general consent, she usu- 
 ally held the center of the stage. She was good fun. 
 Young men, especially, enjoyed her immensely, and 
 admired her courage. Her ridicule of Anti-Masons 
 and their performances was entertaining even to many 
 of the Anti-Masons themselves. As has been said, 
 Masonry in the United States received its deadliest
 
 104 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 blows from the Calvanistic churches. In lambasting 
 Evangelicals in her Black Books, therefore, Mrs. Roy- 
 all was at the same time defending Masonry by dis- 
 crediting its opponents. Her most atrociously savage 
 pen-portraits were of pious Antis, and her fiercest 
 attacks were against the same set of individuals. 
 The Black Book, in fact, is little more than a compila- 
 tion of extremely unflattering portraits of Anti-Ma- 
 sons. The essence of the satire has of course evap- 
 orated with time but in their day the famous Black 
 Books of Anne Royall gladdened many an angry 
 Mason because he saw therein impaled hundreds, yes, 
 thousands, of his enemies. In her newspapers, too, 
 for almost a quarter of a century, Mrs. Royall kept 
 up her fight for Masonry. Of the Morgan affair she 
 disposes in a most Betsy Trotwood-like manner : 
 
 "I believe the Morgan affair is a vile speculation 
 to make money, and not only to make money, but 
 further designed as a political engine. The story, 
 like Juggernaut, operates upon the weak and ignor- 
 ant; and the crafty and the designing use it to their 
 own advantage. If Morgan was murdered, what of 
 it? How many men are murdered daily without 
 ascertaining by whom ! You cannot open a newspaper 
 but you find a late murder. If the same fuss was 
 made about every man murdered, of which no account 
 can be given, it would exclude everything else from 
 the papers. The presses would fail. Why is Morgan, 
 if he be murdered, more than any other man ? If he 
 be murdered, it was a wicked deed, and why not hang 
 the murderer, if he can be found, and say no more 
 about it? 'But,' they say, 'he was certainly mur- 
 dered, though we cannot find his body nor the mur- 
 derer. ' Then if they cannot find the murderer, with 
 all the police force of the country to ferret out the
 
 ANNE ROYALL 105 
 
 crime, they are not very smart. This Morgan story is 
 precisely like the witches of Salem. This Morgan 
 plan is a match for the Missionary scheme to raise 
 money and, like them, they are aiming at power. 
 
 " 'But the Masons,' they say, 'are heretics, too.' 
 Was not General Washington a good man? He 
 was a Mason. Was not Dr. Franklin a good man? 
 He was a Mason. Was not DeWitt Clinton a good 
 man ? He was a Mason. These are enough. Now all 
 these are not only the best, but the greatest men in the 
 world." 
 
 Mrs. Royall meant every word she said when she 
 declared : 
 
 "These silly opponents might as well attempt to 
 pluck the sun and moon out of the heavens, as to 
 destroy Masonry — old as the deluge. And, to give 
 my opinion of it in a few words, — if it were not for 
 Masonry the world would become a herd of savages. 
 Like the fire on the altar, Masons are the only class 
 of men that have preserved charity and benevolence 
 alive — that sacred spark which came down from 
 heaven, has been preserved by Masons. What more 
 it consists of I do not know (for I have never looked 
 into Morgan) this was enough, and more than any 
 other institution can boast. Masonry can boast of the 
 best Christians since the world began. My husband, 
 well known to have been one of the most respectable 
 of men, and descended from one of the most respecta- 
 ble families in America, uniformly told me that Ma- 
 sonry was the greatest institution in the world, and 
 that if I was ever in distress to call on them. This I 
 have found to be true. When Christians, so-called, the 
 godly missionaries, have shut their doors upon me, 
 the Masons have opened theirs." 
 
 As a means of spreading disaffection, Anti-Ma- 
 sonic almanacs were freely issued, and distributed all 
 over the country. They were lurid and often illiter-
 
 106 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 ate, but they sold well. The New England Almanac 
 of 1830, is a rather superior specimen of these al- 
 manacs. Over a hideous wood-cut is the sentence: 
 "A poor blind candidate receiving his obligation." 
 The cut shows a blind-folded candidate with a rope 
 around his neck. He kneels before a dais upon which 
 sits a ruling Mason with the face of a pig. Upon his 
 head this ridiculous Grand-Master wears a conven- 
 tional tall hat. He holds a wicked-looking gavel. 
 Skulls and cross-bones are much in evidence. Near 
 by stands another candidate, his hair on end with 
 horror as he listens to the vow : 
 
 ' ' To all of which I do most solemnly promise and 
 swear without the least equivocation, mental reserva- 
 tion, or self evasion of mind in me whatever, binding 
 myself under no less penalty than to have my throat 
 cut across, my tongue torn out by the roots, and my 
 body buried in the rough sands of the sea at low 
 water mark where the tide ebbs and flows twice every 
 twenty-four hours, so help me God, and keep me stead- 
 fast in the performance of the same." 
 
 Instead of the signs of the zodiac, at the top of 
 each page is pictured a Mason making a sign — each 
 of these twelve signs being of a horrifying nature. 
 In the back part of the almanac are accounts of church 
 and legislative action against Masonry during the 
 preceding year and, also, a list of quotations from 
 great men condemning Masonry. Even Washington 
 is invoked by an abjuration, "Beware of secret so- 
 sieties." Other almanacs picture Morgan's coffin, 
 somewhat inconsistently with facts, showing his corpse 
 with wife and children weeping above it.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 107 
 
 Mrs. Royall dealt with Anti-Masonic almanacs 
 after a fashion of her own. She made and dissem- 
 inated most unflattering pen-portraits of all who sold 
 them. In one number of Paul Pry, too, she gives the 
 names of every bookseller in "Washington who keeps 
 the almanacs on sale, along with caustic comments 
 on each offending merchant. In picturesque language 
 she warns the public not to patronize these book-sellers 
 but to trade with others whose names she prints in 
 large type as a roll of honor for not handling the 
 almanacs. 
 
 In view of the well known attitude of the Cath- 
 olic church in regard to Masonry it is really remark- 
 able how little Catholics in the United States seemed 
 to mix in this fierce strife. Anne Royall said they 
 "minded their business" and she respected them ac- 
 cordingly. But Presbyterians, Baptists, and Meth- 
 odists fell greatly under her displeasure because of 
 their hostile attitude toward Masonry. 
 
 At large religious conventions, especially when 
 held in New York state, resolutions were nearly al- 
 ways introduced condemning Masonry. At a conven- 
 tion of the Saratoga Baptist Association held at Mil- 
 ton in 1828, fifteen reasons were solemnly set forth 
 why Freemasonry should be suppressed by law. One 
 of these reasons was: "Masonry amalgamates in its 
 societies men of all religions professing to believe in 
 the existence of a Supreme Being of any description ; 
 thereby defeating all its pretensions to the morality 
 and religion of the Bible and sapping the foundations 
 of Christian fellowship."
 
 108 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 The way Mrs. Royall falls afoul of this plank in 
 the ecclesiastical platform is both spirited and amus- 
 ing, but her tirade is too long for quotation. 
 
 Just before she established her first newspaper 
 Mrs. Royall made a hurried trip to Boston, "on busi- 
 ness of a confidential nature." Whether this secret 
 business concerned Masonry or only her own affairs 
 we do not know. She makes several flings about this 
 time which seem to hint that her trip was not uncon- 
 nected with proposed legislation by the state of Mas- 
 sachusetts against Masonry. Among other things she 
 says, — "The editor of the Northampton, Mass., 
 Courier has lately taken a trip to Worcester to visit 
 the Insane Asylum. He ought to have gone to the 
 Massachusetts Legislature — a great bundle of 
 BOOBIES, with their ' Grand Lodge' legislation! The 
 Members had better go home and go to driving oxen 
 again, a business for which they are much better fitted 
 than making laws." 
 
 While in Boston, Mrs. Royall received a letter 
 from students of Harvard University who seem, also, 
 to have been Freemasons. Judged by the epistolary 
 standards of today the letter is almost florid enough 
 for burlesque. Compared to other similar communi- 
 cations however, of other authors of that barren liter- 
 ary period, it may well be accepted as a tribute of 
 genuine admiration: 
 
 "Harvard University, Nov. 15, 1831. 
 "Deak Madam: 
 
 "Hearing of your arrival in Cambridge but a 
 few hours since we, humble admirers of your talents 
 and literary acquirements hasten to pay our respects 
 to one whose labors (laying flattery aside) in the
 
 ANNE ROYALL 109 
 
 cause of truth and science, cannot fail of rendering 
 her one of the brightest spots in the literary horizon, 
 to which the youthful devotee may offer his humble 
 homage, without the fear of being either insincere or 
 disrespectful. 
 
 "It has heretofore been a matter of astonish- 
 ment to the literary world that females have con- 
 tributed in so small a degree to the advancement of 
 knowledge and science, and indeed so much so that 
 men had begun to think that they were deficient in 
 point of intellect. It was reserved for Anne Royall 
 (we say it with unsophisticated pleasure) to remove 
 this unjust impression from the minds of men, and 
 to show that the female character, however useless and 
 incapable of literary exertion it may have been thought 
 to be, can rank with the Newtons and Lockes of other 
 days, and Scotts and Coopers of the present. 
 
 "It would be useless for us, humble individuals, 
 to attempt to do justice to the works with which you 
 have favored the world, but we sincerely hope we may 
 not be deemed impertinent- if we express with classic 
 enthusiasm, our admiration of works which are ad- 
 mirable beyond the diamond's splendor or the ruby's 
 brilliancy. God grant that your future exertions in 
 the good cause you have undertaken may render your 
 fame and popularity greater, if possible, than that 
 gained by your former productions. 
 
 "We have heard with pleasure of your intention 
 of visiting the vile and unprincipled system of Anti- 
 Masonry with the severity of your powerful pen. No 
 wonder that its intolerant principles should excite the 
 indignation of a virtuous and fearless female whose 
 great spirit will not brook to be fettered by any nar- 
 row-minded blood-suckers. Let us hope that, with 
 justice and divine Providence on your side, you can- 
 not fail of success — and as incentive to exert your 
 gigantic powers your name will hereafter be enrolled 
 on the tablet of fame as one who, while her country-
 
 110 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 men were tamely submitting to unjust oppression, 
 casting aside in the hour of peril, the garb of woman- 
 ish bashfulness and timidity, opposed the lowering 
 storm and restored her countrymen to peace and lib- 
 erty. 
 
 ' ' "We have viewed with heartfelt sorrow the black- 
 guard manner in which you have been treated in many 
 parts of this country, and have also admired the spir- 
 ited manner in which you have resented those insults 
 alike against common decorum and female delicacy. 
 Were it not that modesty forbids it we would not hes- 
 itate to say that our hands and our powers will at all 
 times be devoted to the cause of one persecuted as you 
 have been. 
 
 ' ' It may seem, respected Madam, that our address- 
 ing you in this manner, is impolite as well as un- 
 called for, and insulting to the delicate feelings of a 
 woman — but may we venture to hope that the en- 
 thusiasm of youth, and a devoted admiration of your 
 superior worth, will excuse this abrupt expression of 
 our feelings and remove any disagreeable impressions 
 which may have at first arisen in your mind. 
 
 ' ' Hoping this communication may meet with your 
 approbation, permit us to subscribe ourselves, 
 "Your Devoted Admirers, 
 
 "Many Students. 
 "Mrs. Anne Royall, 
 ' ' Cambridge. ' ' 
 
 For about six years the Anti-Masonic party in- 
 creased with amazing rapidity, holding the balance of 
 power in New York state and spreading over all of 
 New England, much of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and 
 Delaware, the South, and, to some extent, the West. 
 
 In 1832 it named a presidential candidate, Wil- 
 liam Wirt, who received the electoral vote of Vermont. 
 Up to his amalgamation with the Anti-Masons, Mrs.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 111 
 
 Royall had admired Mr. Wirt, who was the author 
 of Letters of a British Spy, a book that passed in a 
 short time through twelve editions. Mrs. Royall 
 quotes ironically, "Mr. Wirt died the day after he 
 published the Spy. ' ' 
 
 In Harrisburg, Penn., which was a stronghold of 
 Masonry, Mrs. Royall was treated like a queen. She 
 was given the privilege of the floor in both houses of 
 the legislature, dined and feted and publicly thanked 
 for her services. She even went to church — and 
 in style: 
 
 "I arrived Saturday. Next morning, General 
 Ogle, the old 76, attended with a barouche and five 
 or six outriders, and thus honored I was led to the 
 front pew which had been reserved for the purpose. 
 Next day I was escorted to the Senate where I found 
 matter enough for my pen." 
 
 Mrs. Royall then gives a long line of pen-por- 
 traits of the members of both houses, of the supreme 
 court, and of the bar of Pennsylvania in 1828 — a 
 most interesting collection. A farewell dinner was 
 given her: 
 
 "When my departure drew near, the gentlemen 
 of Harrisburg were pleased to honor me with a din- 
 ner. Without flattering Mr. Wilson, at whose tavern 
 the dinner was given, it was the most splendid I ever 
 saw in the western or the eastern states. 
 
 ' ' But the Toast — I was supported on the right 
 by Gen. Ogle, the oldest General of the Revolution, 
 and on the left by Gen. Wise. I was asked whom I 
 would have in front. I replied, the editors, my great- 
 est friends. Accordingly, three editors sat before me, 
 of whom Mr. Stambaugh of the Reporter, was one.
 
 112 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 "While I was thus honored, Mr. Hay, of the 
 Sentinel, came up behind me and, leaning on my chair, 
 proposed a reconciliation. I always come to the point 
 at once, and, taking a glass of wine, I proposed he 
 should abjure Blue-skins forever. This was a tough 
 pill, he hummed and hawed some time. Mr. Stam- 
 baugh, finding that he hesitated, filled up a glass and 
 said, ' I will pledge you, Mrs. Royall ; Blue-Skins, may 
 all their throats be cut.' 
 
 "Harrisburg contains between three and four 
 thousand inhabitants ; and beside the buildings already 
 mentioned, has a magnificent Masonic hall, a court 
 house, a prison and several churches." 
 
 Always, in her small newspapers, Mrs. Royall 
 made room for articles favoring Masonry. Once she 
 gives two full pages of four-page Paul Pry to a State- 
 ment of Masonic Principles, originally issued (1832) 
 in the Boston Commercial, by prominent Masons of 
 Boston and neighboring towns. She introduces the 
 Statement by saying: 
 
 "As the widow of a Mason who sat in the lodge 
 with General Washington and General Lafayette, and 
 who fought by their sides in the cause of Freedom, 
 it gives us much pleasure to exhibit to the world so 
 large and respectable body of the Fraternity. ' ' 
 
 This declaration of principles is interesting as 
 showing the serious state into which the ancient order 
 of Freemasonry had fallen in the United States within 
 a comparatively short time: 
 
 "While the public mind remained in the high 
 state of excitement, to which it had been carried by 
 the partial and inflammatory representations of cer- 
 tain offences committed by a few misguided members 
 of the Masonic Institution in a sister state, it seemed 
 to the undersigned (residents of Boston and vicinity)
 
 ANNE ROYALL 113 
 
 to be expedient to refrain from a public declaration of 
 their principles and engagements as Masons. But be- 
 lieving the time now to be fully come, when their 
 fellow-citizens will receive with candour, if not with 
 satisfaction, a solemn and unequivocal denial of the 
 allegation which, during the last five years, in conse- 
 quence of their connection with the Masonic Frater- 
 nity, have been reiterated against them, they respect- 
 fully ask permission to invite attention to the sub- 
 joined Declaration." 
 
 A lengthy setting forth of uplifting principles 
 follows, ending with: ''The undersigned can neither 
 renounce nor abandon Masonry. We most cordially 
 unite with our brethren of Salem and vicinity in the 
 declaration and hope that should the people of this 
 country become so infatuated as to deprive Masons 
 of their civil rights, in violation of their written con- 
 stitutions, and of the wholesome spirit of free laws 
 and just governments, a vast majority of the Frater- 
 nity will still remain firm, confiding in God and the 
 rectitude of their intentions for consolation under the 
 trials to which they may be exposed." 
 
 There were hundreds of signatures representing 
 many different towns. Among the Boston names are 
 Cabot, Wells, Chickering, Shaw, Melvil, and many 
 others well-known in the history of Massachusetts. 
 
 From the first day of her desolate widowhood to 
 the time, long afterward, when she was carried to her 
 still unmarked grave in the Congressional cemetery at 
 Washington, Masons were Anne Royall's friends even 
 as she, through evil and good report, was a loyal friend 
 to them.
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 Mrs. Royall Versus Evangelicalism 
 
 To understand Anne Royall 's character — to ac- 
 count for her writings — the reader must, emotionally 
 and intellectually, put himself back into the age in 
 which she lived. To do this he is forced to view, al- 
 most exclusively, the harsher side of a great religious 
 faith to which the advancement of the United States 
 — the advancement of the world — owes a vast debt, 
 namely, Calvinism, or, as it was then more loosely and 
 generally termed in the United States, Evangelicalism. 
 
 The best in that stern old Puritan faith survives 
 in upright individual characters and in noble and use- 
 ful churches and colleges of our own day. Its harsh- 
 est practices and teachings, mere outgrowths of mon- 
 archical despotism, have, thanks largely to natures of 
 the Anne Royall type, fallen into deserved desuetude. 
 Those fearful old doctrines made no man or woman 
 spiritually content. They drove many men, women, 
 and even children insane. "Alas!" cries Anne Royall, 
 "when will the long catalogue be filled of the unfor- 
 tunate victims of the impious and cruel dogmas of AN 
 IMPLACABLE GOD, AN OMNIPOTENT DEVIL, 
 AND AN ENDLESS HELL ? Never until those hor- 
 rid dogmas are banished from the earth. ' ' 
 
 In Anne Royall's time literal fire and brimstone 
 were preached from many pulpits. Any person who
 
 ANNE ROYALL 115 
 
 admitted doubts of the man-made "Westminster 
 Confession" or who did not go to "meeting" regu- 
 larly was, in many places, practically ostracized. The 
 fight was on, almost to the death, between so-called 
 Orthodoxy and the twin heresies of Unitarianism 
 and Universalism. In this unyielding conflict meth- 
 ods were used on both sides which, in calmer times 
 would have been condemned by both as dishonorable 
 and dishonoring. Writing in 1823 to a classmate who 
 had left Harvard, then the fountain-head of Unitar- 
 ianism, to go to Andover, the stronghold of Evangeli- 
 calism, Ralph Waldo Emerson says: 
 
 "I am delighted to hear that there is such a 
 profound studying of German and Hebrew, Parkhurst 
 and Jahn, and such other names as the memory aches 
 to think of at Andover. Meantime, Unitarianism will 
 not hide her honors; as many hard names are taken, 
 and as much theological mischief is planned at Cam- 
 bridge as at Andover. By the time this generation 
 gets upon the stage, if the controversy will not have 
 ceased, it will have run such a tide that we shall 
 hardly be able to speak to one another, and there will 
 be a guelph and ghibelline quarrel which cannot tell 
 where the difference lies." 
 
 The controversy did not cease. Instead, it grew 
 dangerously each year until, in some quarters, the 
 state was actually threatened as any unprejudiced and 
 independent historical student may learn who will 
 force himself to browse long over the dry pastures of 
 dead American politics. Among the Evangelicals 
 were many who believed that Universalism and Uni- 
 tarianism could be put down only by the establish- 
 ment of a state religion. The growing tide of immi-
 
 116 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 gration from Ireland at that date also strengthened the 
 popular prejudice, especially in New England, against 
 Catholicism. That old faith, too, many claimed should 
 be put down by law. Others, less scrupulous, saw 
 that, under pretext of "spreading the Gospel in the 
 West" at government expense, much advantage 
 might come to them personally as administrators 
 of the public bounty. The mails were called upon to 
 carry printed evangelical literature free. In fact, a 
 good many laws were actually put through which 
 greatly aided the Church and State supporters — the 
 ''Christian party in politics," as it was often called. 
 A celebrated clergyman said openly: "If we cannot 
 bring our party into the field in ten years, we can in 
 twenty, and can carry an election against any party." 
 
 It was this actually proposed and secretly worked 
 for union of Church and State that Anne Royall 
 fought with voice and pen (not always gracefully) 
 until the day she died. Stationing herself under the 
 very dome of the Capitol at "Washington, Mrs. Royall, 
 for thirty-odd years, watched Congress, as a cat 
 watches a mouse-hole, to see that Evangelical lobbyists 
 made no breaches in the Constitution. Unquestiona- 
 bly, Anne Royall did discover, expose, and frustrate 
 several well-laid plans to make sincere and self-deny- 
 ing missionaries in the West the tools of political am- 
 bition and corporate greed. The bitterest hatred 
 against Mrs. Royall in Evangelical circles was due, not 
 to her free-thought theories nor her defence of Free- 
 masonry; but, mainly, to her actual achievements in 
 blocking religio-political schemes.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 117 
 
 That England, the traditional foe of the United 
 States, secretly aided the Church and State people 
 was believed in many quarters. Two men who came 
 over to the United States from Scotland about the year 
 1817 to introduce the tract system among the Evan- 
 gelical churches, were supposed by many to be political 
 emissaries. Anne Royall strongly shared this suspicion. 
 
 Tracts soon flooded the land. Of the poorest 
 literary quality and the most driveling substance, they 
 were turned out by the ton. Tracts were left on 
 steamboats. Tracts were placed in racks on the walls 
 of every tavern. Tracts cluttered stage-coaches. 
 Tracts were thrust into door-ways. Professional and 
 volunteer ' ' readers ' ' of tracts forced themselves, after 
 the manner satirized by Dickens in Bleak House, into 
 the homes of poverty and sickness. Young women 
 held out tracts to strangers whom they met in the 
 streets. In fact, it snowed tracts all over the United 
 States for a period of more than thirty years. 
 
 Mrs. Royall treated a tract much as a bull would 
 treat a red rag. Traveling on a river boat she says: 
 "On the table in the main saloon were large bound 
 volumes of tracts. I threw several of them over- 
 board." Again, "According to my custom, I opened 
 the window and, tearing the hotel tracts to bits, threw 
 them out in the street." Her contempt for tracts 
 was unbounded: 
 
 "I affirm that these tracts are scandalous imposi- 
 tions, void of decency and common-sense, a libel on 
 religion and morality — such as the following from 
 the tract called The Little Chimney-sweep Boy: 
 
 " 'I very much regretted that I had no Bible of 
 my own; this was a treasure that I longed to have
 
 118 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 constantly near me. I resolved to save all the money 
 which was given to me to buy the word of God. In 
 about six months I had saved a sum that I thought 
 might be sufficient for the purpose, with which I post- 
 ed off to an old book-shop, where I bought a second- 
 hand Bible ; and as I carried it away I thought myself 
 one of the happiest individuals in the world. All my 
 spare time I employed in reading the sacred Scrip- 
 tures; and I have to bless God that they were made 
 very useful to my master 's daughter. ' ' ' 
 
 The reference to "my master's daughter" par- 
 ticularly infuriates Mrs. Royall. She tears the whole 
 tale to pieces in a vigorous manner. She points out 
 that no child of normal mind would ever cherish any 
 such feelings as those attributed to the little chimney- 
 sweep prig. "Nothing but hyprocrisy," she declares, 
 "is bred from a story like this. Truth and falsehood 
 cannot occupy the same portion of the mind at the 
 same time, and it is an axiom that every tenet or prin- 
 ciple founded on error, is equally erroneous. The ob- 
 ject of education is completely frustrated by these 
 tracts in the very first step — for instead of making 
 truth the guide which is to lead the youth on step by 
 step, till he is able to judge for himself, which is the 
 end of education, these pious teachers make falsehood 
 his guide, and he is cut off from all possibility of im- 
 proving those talents which he inherits from Nature; 
 and by implanting in his young mind false notions of 
 morality and religion, he becomes either a hypocrite 
 or a confirmed bigot, and if his mind happens to be 
 weak, a fanatic." 
 
 The influence of ministers over women was a 
 standing matter of scorn to Anne Royall. Even her
 
 ANNE ROYALL 119 
 
 own sister, whom she had seen but twice in fifty years, 
 did not escape her sarcasm. "As soon as I saw my 
 sister I set her down for a Missionary and I was not 
 wrong. I cannot praise the neatness of her house — 
 but then, she had to go to Meeting which left her but 
 little time to attend to her domestic concerns." The 
 term ' ' Missionary, ' ' as Mrs. Royall employs it, means 
 simply any person subscribing to evangelical doc- 
 trines, and Red Jacket, himself, did not hate a Mis- 
 sionary worse than Mrs. Royall did. 
 
 Again, describing conditions at Washington: 
 
 "It is painful to see handsome young females 
 who might grace a levee, caterwauling about with a 
 parcel of ignorant young fellows (for their singing is 
 more like cats' mewing than anything else) every 
 evening. Here they sit, flirting their fans and suffo- 
 cating with heat for hours while some cunning Mis- 
 sionary tells them a long story about the Lord's do- 
 ings. They have the Lord's doings in the Bible better 
 told than any Missionary tells it. Why do they not, 
 if religiously inclined, stay at home in their father's 
 house and read the Lord's doings? But there are 
 no young men there. Now if these young ladies were 
 really Christians, instead of dressing and flirting 
 about at night with young fellows they would hunt 
 up the destitute and afflicted and relieve their suffer- 
 ings. ' ' 
 
 With unbridled indignation, Mrs. Royall witness- 
 ed the shameful frauds practiced on the Indians in 
 the name of Christianity. In spite of her early fear 
 of the Indians, she always defended them. She says : 
 
 " It is a well known fact that there was not a more 
 upright, noble or virtuous people on the globe, or one 
 possessed of a higher sense of honor than the aborig-
 
 120 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 ines of America until they were contaminated by the 
 missionaries. Was there ever a nobler character than 
 Logan?" 
 
 Very likely, too, there were personal reasons for 
 Mrs. Roy all's hatred of "missionaries." She sprang 
 from Catholic Maryland. Her parents were probably 
 Catholics. She had heard them tell, perhaps, the 
 shameful story of state hospitality abused by Protest- 
 ant exiles who found in Catholic Maryland an asylum 
 from the religious fury of their fellow-Protestants. 
 Claiborne's rebellion was not forgotten. 
 
 Although often asserting that she could not ac- 
 cept the dogmas of the Catholic church, Mrs. Roy all 
 has only praise for the members of that church who, 
 she says, ' ' are always ready to relieve distress. ' ' The 
 probability is that Father William Matthews, of Wash- 
 ington, her closest friend on earth, was the only human 
 being beside herself, who knew the family history of 
 William Newport. In his day Father Matthews kept 
 many a secret for the nobility of England and the old 
 families of aristocratic Maryland. 
 
 That the Evangelists had organized begging into 
 a systematic net-work cannot be denied. Anne Royall 
 spoke truly when she declared : ' ' Their force of col- 
 lectors overspreads the country — steam-boats, stages, 
 little wagons, single horses, foot-travelers. Females 
 we could not enumerate, poor things, how they must 
 suffer! All these have a certain per cent on what 
 they collect. The foot trudgers get ten per cent." 
 
 Again she writes: "The next is the money part, 
 yes, money is the moving spring — money — money 
 — money — all their plans tend to fill their treasury.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 121 
 
 The heathen are to be converted. This cannot be done 
 without pious young men. These pious young men 
 must be clothed and educated — this cannot be done 
 without teachers and money. These teachers must be 
 fed, too, and have large fine houses to live in, and 
 large houses to teach in. Then there are all their 
 foreign and home missions — their Bible, Tract and 
 other societies — all require money ; and the priest 
 is not backward in telling them. In the forenoon it is 
 money, in the afternoon it is money, in the evening 
 it is money. Why, their God must be a very Dagon, 
 without bottom or shore. ' ' 
 
 Mrs. Royall once quoted with considerable effect, 
 before a congressional committee, an official appeal, 
 made by the Presbyterian Board asking for seven 
 thousand ministers and twenty-five thousand compe- 
 tent religious teachers. She comments on this esti- 
 mate sharply: 
 
 "There is an army for you. They call for a 
 missionary revenue of $748,323,999, and there is 
 enough to pay it. These pious young men would 
 leave Saint Paul, if he were still on earth, far in the 
 background. Saint Paul coveted no man's silver or 
 gold. He labored with his own hands. Which of our 
 priests was ever seen at work? Which of them can 
 say he never coveted any man's silver or gold? Is 
 it St. Ely, of Philadelphia, St. Beecher of Boston, St. 
 Spring of New York? Let these reverend saints 
 answer the question. These three or four thousand 
 dollar saints would not invite Saint Paul into their 
 houses." 
 
 Repeated thrusts of this sort told. "Saints 
 Beecher, Ely and Spring" did not love Anne Royall, 
 whose Black Books were beginning to be talked of
 
 122 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 everywhere. One, at least, of these reverend saints 
 later made his influence felt against the woman. 
 
 But if Mrs. Royall had been bitter against Evan- 
 gelicalism before Anti-Masonry arose, she was ten 
 thousand times more savage in her onslaughts after 
 the Morgan excitement had riven American society 
 and the Calvanistic sects had ranged themselves with 
 the opponents of what Mrs. Royall believed to be the 
 noblest institution on earth — Masonry. 
 
 Naturally, when Mrs. Royall entered a town there 
 was something of a furore in evangelical circles. 
 "She could always say something which would set 
 the ungodly in a roar of laughter," according to the 
 testimony of a New Hampshire admirer. When she 
 went to Cincinnati a clerical gentleman there wrote 
 her the following letter: 
 
 ''Cincinnati, 3d Sept., 1830. 
 "Madam: — 
 
 "The cloth I wear is sufficient apology for ad- 
 dressing you. Your arrival in this city has caused a 
 considerable sensation, even among my own little 
 flock. The various congregations here were much en- 
 gaged, and indeed labouring hard, in the work of our 
 Saviour, Jesus Christ. At a recent meeting held 
 near this city, we had a glorious harvest — a feast of 
 love was enjoyed by more than three thousand of our 
 fellow-mortals (after the manner of the apostles) the 
 doctrines of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ were 
 freely delivered to thousands, by those who were chos- 
 en for that purpose. 
 
 ' ' That your writings and conversation have oper- 
 ated injuriously to the cause of good Morals, not to 
 say of Religion, is well known to all who have be- 
 stowed a thought on the subject. Yet, that the motive 
 influencing you is also bad I am not prepared to say,
 
 ANNE ROYALL 123 
 
 but so far from it, the Christian's charity would as- 
 cribe it to a mistaken view — to a want of that inti- 
 mate knowledge of our faith and practice, without 
 which it is unsafe to war with an established creed. 
 
 "Without further preface, then, I will ingenu- 
 ously confess to you, Madam, that my object in ad- 
 dressing you is to elicit your views, succinctly, in 
 relation to 'Tract,' and to 'Missionary Societies.' 
 That you have been in opposition to these great and 
 vital interests I am well apprised. But as to the 
 exact, the specific, objections urged to each, I am in 
 some degree ignorant. 
 
 "If to subserve the cause of religion and morals 
 be, indeed, your motive, I pledge myself to use my 
 feeble abilities, with divine assistance, to expose their 
 fallacious character to the world — even that those 
 who run may read. 
 
 "Your views through either of the public prints 
 of the day, to which you have access, will be responded 
 to in like public manner. 
 
 "Very respectfully yours 
 
 "Mrs. Anne Royall 
 
 "P. S. If you would prefer a public discussion 
 of these questions I will not, under proper restric- 
 tions, object to it." 
 
 Mrs. Royall 's reply is eminently characteristic : 
 
 "Cincinnati, Sept, 4, 1830. 
 
 "Mr. 
 
 "Sir: — 
 
 "I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of 
 your letter of yesterday, and admit your apology as 
 to your cloth, which I presume is that of a clergy- 
 man, though you happened not to name it. You 
 say, sir, that my 'arrival in this city has caused a 
 considerable sensation even among your own little 
 flock.' Then they do not trust in their god, it is
 
 124 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 plain, or they would not be afraid of an old woman. 
 Permit me to assure them, through you, that I shall 
 leave them in full possession of all the piety and 
 goodness they ever possessed — to which I may add, 
 life and limb. 
 
 "You speak of various congregations 'recently 
 engaged in the good work of your Lord Jesus Christ ' 
 in this city, and of ' a glorious harvest — feast of love 
 enjoyed by more than three thousand fellow-mortals,' 
 and that the doctrines of your Lord and Saviour, etc., 
 were ' freely delivered to thousands by those who were 
 chosen for that purpose. ' To these declarations, per- 
 mit me in the first place to say, that I am entirely 
 governed by actions, and pay no more respect to peo- 
 ple who boast of their ' labors, ' ' glorious harvest, ' etc., 
 etc., etc., than I would to a female who would boast 
 of her virtue, or a man who would boast of his hon- 
 esty. I would rather see one good action, (and I pre- 
 sume God would too) than hear ten thousand good 
 words. In the second place, I would merely remark 
 as I have seen none of your good works, I am unable 
 to judge of them, and that self-praise is very much 
 like hyprocrisy. Now the essence of the foregoing is 
 this — that three thousand righteous people, with their 
 god on their side, and yourself at their head, should 
 be intimidated by a single old woman, and one, too, 
 who was raised in the woods among the Indians, with- 
 out the benefit of education, or any religion, save that 
 of the savages, demonstrates either that your god is 
 not able to protect you, or that you are unworthy of 
 his protection. I do not, I assure you, sir, say this 
 from any other motive than a strict regard for our 
 mutual benefit. I am one of those heathen you are 
 so anxious to convert. I never read the Bible nor do 
 I know the tenets of any sect. I am a heathen and 
 have come to your door. I have saved you the trouble 
 and expense of traveling. I am not an infidel — 
 that is, I do not say the Bible or the Christian religion
 
 ANNE ROYALL 125 
 
 is untrue. All I say is that I do not read the Bible 
 and I will tell you why. I was raised, as I said, among 
 the heathen, where I learned nothing but virtue and 
 independence. When introduced among civilized 
 people the Bible was put into my hands. But before 
 I looked into it I watched the conduct of those who 
 read it, and I found they committed murder, they 
 robbed, they got drunk, they betrayed their friends 
 and were guilty of all kinds of abominations, and I was 
 afraid to read the Bible lest I might do so too. 
 
 "You say, in the next place, that my 'writings 
 and conversation have operated injuriously to the 
 cause of good morals, not to say religion.' This 
 proves that you have never read my writings, for you 
 will find that the main object of them is to inculcate 
 virtue and expose vice — to patronize merit of what- 
 soever sect, country or politics, to put down pride 
 and arrogance; to strip the mask from hypocrisy. 
 You speak of christian charity, and suppose I am 'ig- 
 norant of your faith and practice ' without which it is 
 at least ' unsafe to war with an established creed. ' To 
 this I reply that the threat in the last sentence proves 
 the kind of christian charity you possess. But you 
 are a little mistaken, sir. I am not ignorant of your 
 practice (or at least the practice of your sect) what- 
 ever I may be of your faith. The attempt upon my 
 
 life in Vermont, by one of your elders, a Mr. H , 
 
 of Burlington, who left me for dead! The attempt 
 on my liberty at Washington, last summer, proves 
 enough. Both these parties practiced long prayers, 
 attended Bible-Sunday-school, and other societies, 
 which includes your practice too — what the faith 
 of such people is, is a matter of no consequence. 
 
 "But your object, you say, is to 'elicit my views 
 on the subject of Bible, Tract and Missionary socie- 
 ties.' I view all those schemes as vile speculations 
 to amass money and power (for money is power)
 
 126 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 which (and the Sunday mail) proves your object is 
 to unite church and state. I am opposed to these 
 schemes because the money is taken from the poor 
 and ignorant, as no man of sense would pay for the 
 gospel which, I understand, is to be had without 
 money and without price. I know you will say this 
 money is to spread the gospel. What I understand 
 of it is, that it comes from God, some of his laws, 
 perhaps. Now I would not give a fig for a god that 
 could not spread his own gospel, or any gospel, with- 
 out money. I would rather have a god of wood or 
 stone than one who robs the poor and ignorant under 
 a cloak. But to come to the point at once: God 
 made the heaven, and the earth, sun, moon and stars, 
 etc. Now I am a poor ignorant heathen, as I told 
 you before, and would merely ask if the god who 
 made all these things could not make money, if he 
 wanted it? But the fact is that God has nothing to 
 do with this swindling; the money is laid up in the 
 bank to overturn our government. Every Bible given 
 away last year cost the poor (see the Report) the 
 modest sum of $17.57. This proves your practice 
 and tracts the same. Now these tracts, you say, are 
 to save souls. What became of the souls of all who 
 died before tracts were invented ? You say, sir, that 
 if I would prefer a public discussion you would not, 
 under proper restrictions, object to it. As I did not 
 seek the discussion so neither will I shrink from it, 
 in any place, and assure you, sir, that I would be 
 happy to see you at my rooms, or in public as Messrs. 
 Campbell and Owen did heretofore. I do not know 
 what you mean by 'proper restrictions' but I would 
 suppose that, armed as you are, with mountains of 
 tracts and Bibles, to say nothing of your sex, you can 
 be in no danger from an old woman. If you are 
 afraid of one heathen, how are you to convert thou- 
 sands, nay, millions? And who knows but (as I hear
 
 ANNE ROYALL 127 
 
 you are very pious and holy) you may convert me? 
 This blessed event would be of infinite benefit to your 
 cause. I am, very respectfully, yours, 
 
 "Anne Royall. 
 
 "P. S. I am disposed to meet and part with you 
 on friendly terms, but if you choose to 'war,' as you 
 say, you recollect the fate of Dr. Ely — I have a few 
 more sky-rockets left." 
 
 Even in this day a letter as ' ' sassy ' ' as that would 
 create something of* a sensation. Needless to say it 
 did not add to Mrs. Royall's popularity among the 
 Evangelicals. 
 
 Mrs. Royall firmly believed that Sunday schools 
 were nothing more nor less than training-schools for 
 traitors. An attempt made in several states to secure 
 charters for Sunday schools, and certain injudicious 
 sermons of zealous clergymen furnished, in the eyes 
 of many who agreed with her, proof enough of the real 
 existence of a Church and State party in politics. 
 One celebrated preacher declared: 
 
 "The electors of those five classes of true Chris- 
 tians united in the sole requisites of apparent friend- 
 ship to Christianity, in every candidate for office whom 
 they will support, might govern every public election 
 in our country without infringing in the least, upon 
 the character of our civil liberties. I am free to avow 
 that, other things being equal, I would prefer for my 
 chief magistrate, and judge and ruler, a sound Pres- 
 byterian." 
 
 In the Boston Recorder, Dr. Lyman Beecher said : 
 
 "It is needless to say that under this economy 
 the destinies of the Church and the State will soon 
 be in the hands of those who are receiving their edu-
 
 128 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 cation. In our academic halls will be the future law- 
 givers and religious teachers of our great Republic." 
 
 This speech was followed by an impassioned ap- 
 peal for funds to support denominational schools and 
 (what moved Mrs. Royall to extreme wrath) to get 
 the Sunday School Union books into the Congres- 
 sional Library. 
 
 "Do our Senators and Representatives want to 
 read these driveling baby-books ? V she asks, ironically. 
 
 Fully one-third of the first Black Book is devoted 
 to an arraignment of the missionary system. There 
 is much, very much, in this and in the third Black 
 Book, as well as in the Southern Tour, to offend the 
 taste of a literary critic. But there is also a great 
 deal of truth. It was the grain of truth in each 
 bushel of tiresome personal experiences related that 
 made Mrs. Royall hated by Evangelicals all over the 
 United States. The Montgomery, Alabama, Journal 
 said: 
 
 "She is doing much good in opposition to fanati- 
 cism. Mrs. Royall has a rare knack of castigating an 
 enemy. If they think she has no power to hurt them 
 they deceive themselves, for she cuts as deep as any 
 of the Washington editors." 
 
 Wherever Anne Royall went intelligent young 
 men always liked her immensely, and sought her com- 
 pany. The softest spot in her heart was reserved for 
 her ' ' boys. ' ' She writes : 
 
 "At Northampton I met a number of my saucy 
 Boston Yankees, who take great liberties with me 
 knowing I am partial to them. They were wealthy 
 gentlemen's sons who had come there to study law as,
 
 ANNE ROYALL 129 
 
 amongst other good things, Northampton boasts of 
 the first legal knowledge in the state. But these 
 saucy rogues (had seen me before at Harvard they 
 said) almost tore me to pieces amongst them. I 
 threatened them with my Black Book, but well they 
 knew they lay too near my heart. We finally amused 
 ourselves with a black ramrod of a missionary who 
 was stalking along the street under our window. It 
 was laughable to see his loftiness and pomposity, and 
 how he looked down with sovereign contempt on the 
 Unitarians. He had just come from the tailor's with 
 a new black surtout coat which he studiously viewed 
 as he measured the pavement. ' ' 
 
 A nephew of the artist Vaux, of Philadelphia, 
 slyly sketched Mrs. Royall while she interviewed his 
 uncle. She says, laughingly, ' ' I would not have cared 
 had he not hit off my old flop-bordered cap so exactly. 
 He knew I loved him and rolled his black eye at me 
 as unconcernedly as though he had done nothing at 
 all." 
 
 Many of Mrs. RoyalPs adversaries have called 
 her "shrewd." She was not a shrewd woman, Back- 
 woods simplicity always clung to her. In slang par- 
 lance, anybody could "gull" her by making the slight- 
 est protestation of friendship or good will or, easiest 
 of all, by pleading distress. 
 
 In many respects Anne Royall was the child of 
 her time. Her method of fighting what she believed 
 to be evil left much to be desired in the way of amen- 
 ity. In regard to Evangelicalism, she was preju- 
 diced, partisan, aggressive, suspicious, and unreason- 
 able as Andrew Jackson, himself, was toward the 
 objects of his dislike or suspicion. But, like him, she 
 was honestly, ruggedly patriotic. In every attack she
 
 130 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 made — whether against a windmill of her own imag- 
 ination or against a real ecclesiastical abuse — she 
 sincerely believed that she was fighting for the preser- 
 vation of that government whose upbuilding had cost 
 the lives of countless American martyrs.
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 The Trial 
 
 Mrs. Royall's biographer would have no right to 
 dip his brush in whitewash, for she would scorn a 
 spurious vindication. Truth was the key-note of 
 Anne Royall's oft-discordant life. She handled others 
 without gloves and she would wish to be handled 
 plainly herself. 
 
 There is no denying the fact that, for awhile 
 after the astounding success of her Black Book, Mrs. 
 Royall's head was turned. For a year she gave her- 
 self ridiculous airs. She showed herself happily con- 
 scious of the flutter occasioned by her entrance into 
 a public assembly or a private house. When a person 
 did not at once recognize her she would say, with 
 childish naivete, "It is Mrs. Royall with whom you 
 are talking." She exulted openly that persons for- 
 merly insolent to her had suddenly become deferen- 
 tial. Her quick sense of humor was tickled when 
 politicians, judges, office-holders, Doctors of Divinity 
 took to their heels at her approach. Not all ran, 
 however, by any means. Many people of high social 
 standing liked to see their own portraits touched up 
 alluringly, by Mrs. Royall's gratitude or admiration. 
 Hundreds of such men and women, when she was in 
 the heydey of her power, met Anne Royall with feign-
 
 132 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 ed smiles, hoping thereby to obtain a line of favorable 
 mention in one of her forthcoming books. 
 
 The accusation that Mrs. Royall sometimes paid 
 back in ugly printed satire personal insults she had 
 received is true. That she grossly flattered her friends, 
 though, is less strictly true. Mrs. Royall idealized 
 her friends. She really was as grateful as she seemed 
 for the slightest favor. She believed her own words 
 when she wrote of A. B. C, and so on to the end of 
 the chapter, ' ' He is the finest human being on earth. ' ' 
 Anne Royall was always meeting the "finest human 
 being on earth." What is more surprising, in the 
 case of an impetuous nature like hers, she never re- 
 tracted her friendship. Even when one to whom she 
 had been sacrificingly generous proved unworthy the 
 harshest thing she had to say was, "He was kind to 
 me once and I can never forget that." 
 
 On the other hand, there are hundreds of cases 
 where men and women with whom she had once been 
 at sword's points afterward became her staunch 
 friends. 
 
 During this prosperous period of her authorship, 
 money was coming in rapidly. But it went more 
 rapidly. Right and left she scattered it, in response 
 to tales of real or fictitious distress. One who studies 
 Anne Royall's entertaining personality can but smile 
 to think how she would snort and run amuck through 
 the labyrinthine red tape of modern Associated Char- 
 ity. While she was still a power, Mrs. Royall often 
 forced rich men to give to the poor. For a time she 
 was lionized in Washington. In view of all she had 
 suffered before and of all she was to suffer afterward,
 
 ANNE ROYALL 133 
 
 few readers will begrudge Mrs. Royall her one short 
 year of gratified vanity. Other authors greater than 
 she have been similarly intoxicated by an over-draught 
 of fame. Her fall was near. 
 
 Mrs. Royall had a formidable host against her. 
 All the evangelical ministers of the country (with the 
 exception of a few whose sense of humor was stronger 
 than their theology) hated her with what they be- 
 lieved to be godly zeal. Their congregations, as a 
 unit, abhorred her. Politicians whose elections de- 
 pended on the influence of church members — and in 
 that day there were few outside that category — were 
 tacitly pledged to discountenance her. The Anti- 
 Masons would gladly have torn her to pieces. A regi- 
 ment of office-holders in Washington resented her nos- 
 ing through the departments at frequent intervals 
 with a view to exposing their shortcomings as servants 
 of the people. The money-power, represented by the 
 United States Bank, a monopoly against which she 
 pluckily took up cudgels long before Andrew Jackson 
 thought of opposing it, was solidly against her. Two 
 infant causes which one would suppose Mrs. Royall 's 
 temperament would have led her to espouse — tem- 
 perance and anti-slavery — fought her because she 
 opposed them. She firmly believed that both were 
 only disguised auxiliaries of her dreaded bogey — the 
 Church and State party. 
 
 A free-lance is always lonesome. Even the Uni- 
 tarians did not care to affiliate too closely with Mrs. 
 Royall. Early Unitarianism was aristocratic. Anne 
 Royall, in dress, speech, and manners was emphatic- 
 ally unconventional. Unitarianism set much store by
 
 134 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 culture. Mrs. Roy all's education included neither 
 art, philosophy, music, nor foreign languages. Uni- 
 tarianism walked softly. A church that condemned 
 the mild, well-bred free-thought of Emerson could 
 hardly be expected to sympathize with tear-down 
 Anne Royall, who, moreover, was always stridently 
 declaring that she was not a Unitarian. 
 
 With the fool-hardy daring of a free-lance, Mrs. 
 Royall laughed in the faces of her enemies. When 
 her laughter began to be loudly echoed by a large 
 minority of the reading-public, the enemies got to- 
 gether and decided that "something must be done." 
 
 Something was done — something so infamous 
 that, in Mrs. RoyalPs own words, which are none too 
 strong, "all the waters of the Potomac can never 
 wash out its baseness." In 1829, at the capital city 
 of the nation whose birth she had witnessed, old Anne 
 Royall was arrested, tried, and convicted on a trump- 
 ed-up charge of being a common scold. 
 
 As nearly as can be found out at this distance of 
 time, the chief mover in the persecution of Mrs. 
 Royall were two clergymen who also figured, not at 
 all to their advantage, in the Mrs. Eaton, or Peggy 
 O'Neil scandal which broke up Jackson's cabinet. 
 Pretext for a concerted attack was found in the un- 
 pleasant relations which existed between Mrs. Royall 
 and a small Presbyterian congregation which wor- 
 shiped, almost continuously, in an engine-house near 
 her dwelling on Capitol Hill. Anne Royall is the 
 only woman ever tried in the United States as a com- 
 mon scold. The charge was obsolete, even in Europe, 
 at the time of this trial. As far as possible, the story
 
 ANNE ROYALL 135 
 
 must be told in the accused's own words. Her ac- 
 count is remarkably true although dressed out in thor- 
 oughly Royallesque language. The person whom she 
 calls "Holy Willie" was a prominent leader in the 
 engine-house congregation. Also, of course, he was 
 an Anti-Mason. Mrs. Royall begins: 
 
 "I arrived in Washington January 2, 1829. I 
 had written to W. to say I would arrive on that day, 
 and had sent money to purchase wood, and gave in- 
 structions to have a fire in my parlor and everything 
 in readiness, for the moment I arrived I must go to 
 writing. What was my astonishment to find my 
 young woman absent. No fire, no wood, and, my time 
 having nearly run out for the third Black Book, I 
 went to writing without a fire. To my astonishment, 
 not a neighbor could tell me what had become of my 
 young woman. 
 
 "Late one evening, about three weeks afterward, 
 she came in with a thumping young missionary under 
 her cloak — a fine boy, the very image of Holy Willie. 
 
 " 'And whose is that?' 
 
 " *I don't know, Madam.' 
 
 1 ' ' Why do you bring it to me?' 
 
 " ' I don 't bring it to you. I am taking it to my 
 sister to nurse, and just called in to see you.' " 
 
 Later, Mrs. Royall refers to this child as being 
 under the care of the infant school connected with the 
 church. She says, "The baby is now eight months 
 old, well grown, and begins to say 'tracts' already." 
 
 She goes on : 
 
 "Meantime, it appears, a scheme had been laid 
 among the godly on Capitol Hill to convert me, either 
 with or without my consent. To this end, holy mobs 
 of boys (black and white) would beset my house with 
 showers of stones — yell, blow horns, call me holy
 
 136 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 names. This was usually at night when the outpour- 
 ing of divine goodness is most powerful. Meanwhile, 
 as I still testified a stubborn spirit, Holy Willie, moved 
 with compassion for my lost state, would often be seen 
 under my window with his hands and eyes raised to 
 heaven in silent prayer for the conversion of my soul. 
 In this, however, I might be mistaken, as there was 
 another lost sinner under my room. She had strayed 
 from the path of rectitude and had two douce colored 
 children; and whether the holy man's prayers were 
 designed for her or for me I am unable to say." 
 
 A mass-meeting of the Evangelicals of Capitol 
 Hill was called which Mrs. Royall caricatures at con- 
 siderable length : 
 
 "A friend of mine who attended the meeting 
 could only distinguish such broken sentences as 'cart- 
 tail,' 'ducking-stool,' 'Sabbath school nuisance,' 'Lord 
 Mansfield,' 'we'll tie her neck and heels,' 'glorious 
 Gospel,' 'only let us get hold of her,' 'wish we could 
 hang her,' 'drowning will do as well,' 'Judge Holt, 
 page 226,' 'revealed religion,' 'statute of Henry VIII,' 
 'refreshing revival.' " 
 
 A formal complaint being made to the civil au- 
 thorities, Mrs. Royall was called before the court of the 
 District of Columbia. After examination, she was 
 discharged on the ground that there was no law to 
 punish her for the alleged offense. When this de- 
 cision was announced a mighty howl went up from 
 the prosecutors. Immense, though hidden, pressure 
 was brought to bear upon all the District authorities. 
 The result was such a scurrying around to find a law 
 to convict as was never seen outside a comic opera. 
 The formal report of Chief Justice Cranch to the Su- 
 preme Court of the case of "The United States versus
 
 ANNE ROYALL 137 
 
 Anne Royall ' ' is almost as funny as Mrs. Royall 's own 
 account of this legal absurdity. The general under- 
 standing of the obsolete English law was that no 
 other punishment than ducking was legal for the of- 
 fense of being a common scold. Judge Cranch balked 
 at ducking Mrs. Royall. Therefore, the statutes were 
 ransacked and numerous cases in England (mostly of 
 the thirteenth century) were cited to prove that a fine 
 or imprisonment might lawfully be substituted as a 
 penalty for the alleged offense. The discussion ranged 
 from the etymology of the word ''duck" to the sanc- 
 tion of Moses. The following is a specimen of the 
 arguments solemnly used (and quoted in Judge 
 Cranch 's report) by learned jurists of a United States 
 court regarding the case of an old woman who had, 
 very likely, used her tongue intemperately when boys 
 threw stones at her windows: 
 
 "The passage cited from 3 Inst., 219, seems rather 
 to justify a contrary conclusion. Lord Coke is speak- 
 ing of the different means of punishment; and after 
 describing the pillory and the tumbrel, he says, 'Tre- 
 backet or castigatory, named in the statute of 51 H. 
 3, signifieth a stool that falleth down into a pit of 
 water, for the punishment of the party in it; and 
 chuck, or guck, in the Saxon tongue, signifieth to 
 brawl (taken from cuckhaw or guckhaiv, a bird, qui 
 odiose jurgat et rixatur) and ing, in that language 
 water; because she was for her punishment soused in 
 water; others fetch it from cuckqueani pellix.' ! 
 
 A discussion of great length followed this lu- 
 minous citation. A model of a ducking-stool was made 
 at the navy yard by the Court's order and exhibited 
 before their Honors. More researches into English
 
 138 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 history and old English law followed. The upshot 
 was, that, finally, a law was patched up under which 
 Anne Royall, author of the Black Books, might be 
 brought to trial. As her lawyer, Mr. Cox, told her, 
 "Madam, yesterday there was no law to punish you. 
 Today, it seems, one has been found." Mrs. Royall 
 says: 
 
 "At length the trial came on. There were three 
 counts in the indictment : 1. A public nuisance. 
 2. A common brawler. 3. A common scold. The 
 first two charges were dismissed. The third was sus- 
 tained, and I made my courtesy before their Honors, 
 Judges Cranch, Thruston and the sweet Morsel. Judge 
 C. was formerly described as resembling Judge Mar- 
 shall. This is incorrect owing to my having seen him 
 but once before, in the dusk of the evening. He is 
 younger than the Chief Justice ; has a longer face with 
 a good deal of the pumpkin in it (though my friend 
 says the pumpkin is his head) ; but let this be as it 
 may; I was always partial to Judge Cranch because 
 he was a Yankee and a near relative of my friend, Ex- 
 President Adams, whom I shall always remember with 
 gratitude. ' ' 
 
 At this point in her narrative, Mrs. Royall breaks 
 off to defend both Mr. Adams and General Jackson, 
 saying that "Pope Ely" was responsible for much 
 of the campaign lying. She resumes : 
 
 "Judge Thruston is about the same age as Judge 
 Cranch but harder featured. He is laughing-proof. 
 He looks as if he had sat upon the rack all his life 
 and lived on crab-apples. They are both about fifty 
 years of age. The sweet Morsel, who seems to sit for 
 his portrait, is the same age. His face is round and 
 wrinkled, and resembles the road on Grandott after 
 the passage of a troop of hogs. They all have a
 
 ANNE ROY ALL 139 
 
 worn look and never were three judges better matched 
 in faces. This was the Court, called the Long Parlia- 
 ment, before which I was to be tried, I did not know 
 for what." 
 
 Mrs. Royall next pays her respects to the bar of 
 "Washington, including, on this occasion as a silent 
 member, Francis Scott Key, author of The Star- 
 Spangled Banner. 
 
 The courthouse was packed to the doors, for this 
 rejuvenescence of European medievalism — the trial 
 of a common scold — awakened lively interest all over 
 the United States. Fifteen witnesses were summoned 
 by the prosecution, twelve of whom came. The chief 
 witness against Mrs. Royall was an employee of the 
 government, a prominent member of the engine-house 
 congregation. Mr. Waterston, Librarian of Congress, 
 and Mr. Tims, door-keeper of the Senate, were among 
 the witnesses. The three judges sat in as dignified 
 state as though a case of high treason demanded their 
 attention. Mrs. Royall writes : " I shall make a prop- 
 osition to my friends in Congress to have the whole 
 scene painted and put in the rotunda of the capitol 
 with our national paintings, reserving a conspicuous 
 place for myself. Hear, O Israel, the testimony of a 
 
 . He began to place his feet as though he 
 
 had set in for a four hours sermon. It was quite an 
 outpouring of christian love." 
 
 Her chief accuser's testimony, condensed, was 
 that Mrs. Royall had talked abusively to members of 
 the engine-house congregation. He said that she swore 
 at him — a charge she indignantly denied. A mem- 
 ber of his family followed with similar testimony.
 
 140 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Mrs. Royall gives a few graphic pen-pictures of 
 other witnesses: 
 
 "Mr. O — , of the Senate, came next. He looked 
 like Satan's walking stick. Mr. S. is a good-natured 
 simpleton. His very countenance is a talisman to 
 mirth. He said he hated to tell the worst thing I ever 
 said. But the Judge said, 'We must have it, sir. It 
 is important that we get at the whole truth.' Mr. S. 
 answered, 'I was out walking with some ladies one 
 Sunday afternoon and Mrs. Royall asked me if I was 
 not ashamed to be seen walking with them old maids. ' 
 " 'Well, perhaps they were old maids.' 
 " 'No, they wasn't for one of them was my 
 sister.' " 
 
 The bar of Washington at that date, like the 
 friends of the versatile Mr. Jingle in Pickwick, must 
 have been "easily amused," for this colloquy set the 
 court-room in a roar. The Librarian of Congress 
 "seemed uneasy on the stand." No wonder. Mr. 
 Waterston was not a fool, and he probably hated to 
 appear like one. The old woman against whom he 
 was testifying had more than once done him a good 
 turn. Mrs. Royall says : 
 
 "My friend Waterston followed. He is a learned 
 man in Israel. He paid me many compliments, alike 
 honorable to himself and to me. He said I called all 
 Presbyterians cut-throats. I suppose he learned his 
 speech out of the Sunday School Union books. ' ' 
 
 Many admirers of the Bard of Avon have regret- 
 ted the weak expression on the face of the Stratford 
 image but it remained for Anne Royall to work that 
 fatuous look into an effective simile: 
 
 "Mr. F. is another walking-stick. His hair is 
 macaroni, his arms five feet extended, his face pale,
 
 ANNE ROYALL 141 
 
 his nose hooked, with a gray goggle eye and Shake- 
 speare 's smile." 
 
 Mrs. Roy all says of her own side : 
 
 "I had but few witnesses, knowing how it would 
 all end — Secretary Eaton and a few ladies. Their 
 testimony was clear and unequivocal, and directly op- 
 posed to that of the prosecution. Mr. Tims was true 
 gold. He said he never knew me to slander but two 
 people and that was when I said that he and Mr. Wat- 
 erston were the two cleverest and handsomest men in 
 all Washington. This, you may say, put an end to 
 the business for that day, as the whole were convulsed 
 with laughter, except Judge T. In fact, the whole of 
 the examination kept the house in a roar. Such an- 
 other judicial farce was never played before a judicial 
 tribunal. ' ' 
 
 Mrs. Royall made a short but spirited address to 
 the jury — "all Bladensburg men. ' ' 
 
 Wholly against the evidence, the jury brought in 
 a verdict of "guilty." Mrs. Royall was sentenced to 
 a fine of ten dollars and required to keep the peace 
 for one year. Security to the amount of fifty dollars 
 was demanded. Mrs. Royall summarizes the effect of 
 the trial upon the judges and prosecuting witnesses: 
 
 "This verdict was pumpkin-pie to Judge Cranch. 
 The sweet Morsel licked out his tongue. Judge Thrus- 
 ton looked as fiery as Mount Etna, so displeased was 
 he with the result. The sound Presbyterians gave 
 thanks, and I requested the Marshall, the next time 
 I was tried, to summon twelve tom-cats instead of 
 Bladensburg men. ' ' 
 
 Although Mrs. Royall showed herself game to the 
 end of the farce, she was really much shaken by the 
 trial. The ordeal was a great strain for a woman of
 
 142 ANNE ROY ALL 
 
 her years. She was never quite strong again. The 
 ignominy seared deep. Her enemies had won. Hence- 
 forth, Anne Royall would go branded. Even a mod- 
 ern book dealing with past Congresses, says of her: 
 ' ' She relied mainly upon her ability to blacken private 
 character." That assertion is absolutely false. Any 
 close and fair reader of Anne Royall's writings must 
 admit that her attacks, though often bitter, were in- 
 variably made upon persons whom she believed to be 
 scheming for the overthrow of the government, or of 
 Masonry, and upon no others. Anne Royall published 
 no petty gossip relating to the private lives of her 
 enemies. Her conduct in regard to the Mrs. Eaton 
 scandal stands out in sharp contrast to that of many 
 other journalists of her day, and of ours. Probably 
 Secretary Eaton gratefully remembered Mrs. Royall's 
 reticence when he testified warmly in her behalf at 
 the trial. 
 
 The story of pretty Peggy O'Neil, the tavern- 
 keeper's daughter, who, as the widow of Timberlake, 
 married John H. Eaton, senator from Tennessee, and 
 later Secretary of War, has often been told. In view 
 of Mrs. Royall's long and close friendship with the 
 Eatons, however, a brief review of this famous society 
 quarrel may not be out of place here. 
 
 The wives and daughters of Secretary Eaton's 
 fellow-cabinet members refused to receive, or to asso- 
 ciate in any way with, Mrs. Eaton. Vile charges 
 against her character were made by a Washington 
 clergyman to Dr. Ely, a celebrated Doctor of Divinity 
 in Philadelphia who, in turn, reported them in writing 
 to the President of the United States. President Jack-
 
 ANNE ROY ALL 143 
 
 son caused a searching investigation to be made. The 
 evidence presented to sustain the charges was of so 
 flimsy a character that the President became wholly 
 convinced of their falsity. With all the ardor of his 
 nature, Andrew Jackson threw himself into this social 
 quarrel. He invited Mrs. Eaton to receive with him 
 at the White House. He gave dinners in her honor. 
 He threatened to expel a foreign minister whose wife 
 snubbed the tavern keeper's daughter. He held con- 
 ferences without number. He sent away his nephew's 
 wife because she sided with the recalcitrant cabinet 
 ladies against Mrs. Eaton. He took Mr. Van Buren to 
 his heart for life when that diplomatic gentleman — 
 luckily unhampered by matrimonial ties — called on 
 Mrs. Eaton and, later, gave a dinner in her honor. 
 Parton, in his excellent life of Andrew Jackson, gives 
 an amusing catalogue of seventeen long documents re- 
 lating to Mrs. Eaton which have been preserved. 
 These papers show the intensity of Jackson's will in 
 the matter. 
 
 But the hero of New Orleans had at last run up 
 against something that he was powerless to conquer — 
 the prejudice of good women against a sister-woman. 
 In the end, his cabinet was dissolved. The immediate 
 cause of the disruption of the cabinet was a political 
 plan, but the event which rendered the break possible 
 was the refusal of the other cabinet ladies to rec- 
 ognize Mrs. Eaton socially. 
 
 Now if Mrs. Royall had been a sensational jour- 
 nalist this unsavory scandal would have been to her 
 — as it was to others — literally, a golden opportunity. 
 She took not the slightest advantage of it. She had
 
 144 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 known Secretary Eaton for many years. She knew 
 the 'Neils well, also. She believed fully in Mrs. 
 Eaton's innocence. But, had she been equally con- 
 vinced of her guilt, Anne Royall's conduct would have 
 been the same. She always stood loyally by her own 
 sex. 
 
 Mrs. Royall's trial ended late Saturday evening. 
 ' ' The next day, ' ' she writes, ' ' on the blessed Sabbath, 
 these wretches circulated a report through the city 
 that I was in prison. This report was carefully for- 
 warded to Secretary Eaton 's. From the testimony he 
 gave in court, he was suspected of being one of my 
 'secret friends.' General Eaton, not knowing them as 
 well as he does now, immediately signed a bond, to- 
 gether with the Postmaster-General and others who 
 were at his house, and sent a messenger off with it 
 to the Marshall to release me. ' ' 
 
 But Mrs. Royall did not need the bond of the 
 Secretary of War and the Postmaster-General. As 
 usual, young men sprang to her rescue. When, a little 
 shakily, she stepped from the dock, she was met by 
 two reporters of the Intelligencer — Thomas Dowling 
 and a Mr. Donahue — who were waiting to furnish 
 her security. 
 
 Of another young man's friendship on this hard- 
 est day of her hard life, Mrs. Royall says: 
 
 "But of all human beings, Master Wallack was 
 most attentive. This amiable youth hung over my 
 chair the whole time with the affection of a son. With 
 his head bent close to my ear, he would whisper, 'What 
 can I do for you, Mrs. Royall? Tell me if you want 
 anything and I will get it for you. ' ' '
 
 ANNE ROYALL 145 
 
 There are many more imposing scenes in the his- 
 tory of Washington city, which one would rather miss 
 than this of young Mr. Wallack's filial devotion to a 
 hunted old woman.
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 Mrs. Roy all as a Journalist 
 
 Mrs. Roy all's southern tour, in 1830, ended with 
 somewhat disastrous results, physically and financially. 
 The account of her trial had preceded her. She found 
 the South, then a stronghold of Evangelicalism, solidly 
 arrayed against her. Several towns refused to admit 
 her within their limits. She was mobbed by certain 
 students of the University of Virginia because she had 
 opposed successfully a legislative appropriation for 
 that institution. Other students from the same uni- 
 versity, however, made apology to her for the assault 
 and invited her to visit, as their guest, the old home of 
 Jefferson at Monticello. Mrs. Royall accepted the in- 
 vitation and enjoyed a day at the sacred spot, which 
 brought back to her memories of her husband and his 
 devotion to the great Republican. She also visited 
 many of the Indian reservations in the South but 
 was insulted, in one or two, by United States 
 soldiers who were not reproved for such action by 
 their superior officers. One of these officers was 
 Colonel Thomas Benton, later a leader in the great 
 Bank fight. 
 
 Mrs. Royall returned from this strenuous tour 
 considerably worn out. She was sixty-three years old. 
 She writes : ' ' Gladly would I have retired to a quiet 
 little hut in the country and devoted the remainder
 
 ANNE ROYALL 147 
 
 of my days to the peaceful pursuits of agriculture." 
 But money was lacking. The pen could not be ex- 
 changed for the hoe. So the gritty old lady deter- 
 mined to shift the burden of self-support a little by 
 editing a newspaper at Washington. She bought a 
 second-hand, ramshackle old Ramage printing-press, 
 made room for the same by taking the sink out of the 
 kitchen of her rented home in the old "Bank" house 
 behind the Capitol, hired a printer, took two small boys 
 from the Catholic orphan asylum to help about the 
 press, adopted the editorial ' ' We ' ' and with a full set 
 of principles on hand began her journalistic career. 
 
 The first copy of Paul Pry (now one of the rarest 
 finds of the American bibliophile) was issued Decem- 
 ber 3, 1831: 
 
 "PAUL PRY 
 
 "Published every Saturday by Anne Royall. 
 Terms Two dollars and fifty cents per annum, one 
 dollar to be paid in advance and the balance at the 
 end of six months. Subscribers may discontinue their 
 papers when they think proper, by giving notice to the 
 publisher. 
 
 ' ' All letters must be sent to the publisher through 
 the medium of the Post-Office (post paid)." 
 
 The Paul Pry is a four-page paper. Selected ma- 
 terial and advertisements cover the two outside pages. 
 The two inside pages are devoted to editorials, political 
 and local news, all deeply colored by Mrs. Royall 's 
 antagonistic attitude toward Anti-Masonry and Evan- 
 gelicalism. In her prospectus the editor says: 
 
 "Our course will be a straightforward one as 
 heretofore. The same firmness which has ever main- 
 tained our pen will be continued. To this end, let it
 
 148 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 be understood that we are of no party. We will 
 neither oppose nor advocate any man for the Presi- 
 dency. The welfare and happiness of our country is 
 our polities. To promote this we shall oppose and 
 expose all and every species of political evil, and re- 
 ligious frauds without fear, favor or affection. We 
 shall patronize merit of whatever country, sect or 
 politics. We shall advocate the liberty of the Press, 
 the liberty of Speech, and the liberty of Conscience. 
 The enemies of these bulwarks of our common safety, 
 as they have shown none, shall receive no mercy at our 
 hands." 
 
 If Mrs. Royall had stopped at this point her pros- 
 pectus would have been dignified and proper. Un- 
 fortunately, she did not stop here. Continuing, she 
 runs into silliness: 
 
 "As for those cannibals, the Anti-Masons, the 
 co-temporaries of negro insurgents, we shall meet them 
 upon their own ground, that of extermination. For 
 the rest, let all pious Generals, Colonels and Com- 
 manders of our army and navy who make war upon 
 old women beware. Let all pious Postmasters who 
 cheat the Government by franking pious tracts be- 
 ware. Let all pious booksellers who take pious bribes 
 beware. Let all pious young ladies who hawk pious 
 tracts into young gentlemen's rooms beware, and let 
 all old bachelors and old maids be married as soon as 
 possible. ' ' 
 
 Mrs. Royall did not coin the phrase "race-sui- 
 cide," but she was, probably, the first American to 
 preach against that evil in print. Certainly, she was 
 the first woman to do so. In Anne Royall 's time there 
 were men enough in the United States to go around. 
 "Old Maid," therefore, with her is always a term 
 of opprobrium. No militarist chieftain ever more
 
 ANNE ROYALL 149 
 
 firmly believed in the duty of raising up men and 
 women for state protection and preservation than 
 Anne Royall. She preached the duty and blessedness 
 of marriage and of family production, in season and 
 out of season. 
 
 Mrs. Royall worked up her subscription list almost 
 wholly by personal solicitation. She was tolerably 
 successful from the start, especially among Congress- 
 men, heads of departments, and government clerks in 
 Washington. By January, 1832, we find that she had 
 agents in almost every city and large town in the 
 United States, that is, one or two men in each place 
 were authorized to receive subscriptions and to keep 
 copies of the paper for sale. Subscriptions, however, 
 were not always paid promptly. At times the editor 
 of Paul Pry was obliged to resort to the drastic meas- 
 ure of publishing a "Black List" of delinquent 
 subscribers with the amount due opposite each name. 
 At other times, she issued appeals like the following: 
 "Will all who can pay, who ought to pay, who ever 
 intend to pay, please send in the needful at once?" 
 or, sometimes, a notice like this appeared: 
 
 "INFORMATION WANTED 
 
 "If any one can inform us where a Mr. T. Bell, 
 late of Sparta, Georgia, at present resides, he will con- 
 fer a favor on the editress of this paper. Mr. B. 
 went off in our Debt and is said to be somewhere in 
 the Creek (now Alabama) Nation." 
 
 Anne Royall had a genius for choosing unfitting 
 titles. Very few of her Alabama Letters were 
 written from that state. The misleading name of her 
 first newspaper, Paul Pry, harmed Mrs. Royall enor-
 
 150 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 mously, both in the eyes of her contemporaries and 
 of posterity. The name Paid Pry suggests personal 
 gossip of totally different, and less clean nature than 
 the free and honest, though very often tactless and ill- 
 judged, criticism which Mrs. Royall poured out weekly 
 in her little paper. The unfortunate name harmed 
 her in another way. Several vile sheets of a later 
 date — notably, the Viper's Sting and Paul Pry of 
 Baltimore, 1849 — adopted the name. A careless, and 
 more or less prejudiced, public easily confused the 
 famous Mrs. Royall with these slanderous and vulgar 
 publications. Even at the risk of wearying repetition, 
 it must in justice to her be insisted upon that Mrs. 
 Roy all's bitter invective was never of a low character 
 although, often, it was very decidedly out of taste. She 
 dealt not in innuendo. She fought only men whom 
 she honestly believed to be trying to overthrow the 
 government of the United States. The following re- 
 fusal to insert personal scandal is typical of Mrs. 
 Royall 's editorial attitude through her long journal- 
 istic career: 
 
 "We have received a shocking story of abuse 
 toward an unprotected female by a prominent man 
 who is a Presbyterian. But we must refuse to print 
 it for several reasons: It came in too late. It is too 
 personal. It bore no signature. It is against a pri- 
 vate man. Public men are fair game." 
 
 "Pro bono publico" is older than the wandering 
 Jew. He was abroad in the United States during 
 Anne Roy all's time. Even little Paid Pry was almost 
 swamped by letters from correspondents. Mrs. Royall
 
 ANNE ROYALL 151 
 
 is forever apologizing for not printing these unso- 
 licited effusions: 
 
 "It gives us infinite pain that we are unable to 
 find room for half, nay, one tenth of the valuable fa- 
 vors received from our friends. We pray them to 
 reflect that our small paper, to be useful, must be 
 devoted to the general affairs of the country. We 
 can print but few of the communications received. ' ' 
 
 Soon after Mrs. Royall embarked on her journal- 
 istic career, Mrs. Sarah Stack, a widowed daughter of 
 the Dorrets, came to live with her. Except for short 
 intervals, Mrs. Stack remained with Mrs. Royall from 
 1831 until the latter 's death in 1854. Mrs. Stack, 
 or "Sally," as she was generally known, acted as 
 secretary, carrier, and companion to Mrs. Royall. The 
 two women were deeply attached to each other and 
 the length and harmony of their friendship speaks 
 well for both. Mrs. Royall says of ' ' Sally ' ' : 
 
 "Her fidelity, industry, and dispatch of business 
 have never been surpassed. She is one of a thou- 
 sand. Undaunted, yet modest and humble, fleet as a 
 fawn, one moment you lose sight of her in Third 
 street and the next she will reappear from Twelfth 
 or Thirteenth. Again, she is off like a bird. She will 
 face the fiercest storms whether of snow, wind or 
 rain. Often have we been pained to see her come in 
 with a cheerful laugh, though wet to the skin, and all 
 this without fee or reward." 
 
 Sarah Stack was a noble woman. She brought 
 up to industry and honor five orphan children, paying 
 their expenses by the labor of her own hands. To 
 Mrs. Royall she was both sister and daughter to the 
 end of the latter 's life. Whenever Mrs. Royall was
 
 152 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 ill Sally took charge of the paper. At such times the 
 change from Mrs. Royall 's sharp wit and combative 
 language to Mrs. Stack's sincere, though common- 
 place, morality, must have been a little mystifying to 
 the habitual readers of Paul Pry or The Huntress. 
 Here is one of Mrs. Stack's selections which is typical 
 of her taste as well as of her christian character: 
 
 "If you have an enemy act kindly to him and 
 make him your friend. You may not win him over at 
 once, but try again. Let one kindness be followed by 
 another until you have accomplished your end. By 
 little and little great things are completed and even 
 so repeated kindness will soften the heart of stone." 
 
 Upon her mother 's side, Mrs. Stack was descended 
 from the celebrated Chase family of Maryland. 
 
 Mrs. Stack, it is said, was tall, thin, and angular. 
 She was frequently mistaken for her employer by 
 persons unacquainted with the author of the Black 
 Books. Mrs. Royall was the exact opposite of Sally in 
 appearance, being short, almost dumpy. Both were 
 exceedingly quick in their movements. Mrs. Royall 's 
 very blue eyes, it is said, never lost their brightness. 
 Her teeth, too, were generally remarked, being white 
 and hard even in extreme old age. She laughed much 
 all her life. 
 
 During her long term of editorship Mrs. Royall 
 lived in several different places on Capitol Hill. In 
 1833, she announces in Paul Pry. "Mrs. Royall has 
 removed from the Bank house, to a short distance east 
 of the Capitol in B, between First and Second, two 
 doors from the corner of B and Second street in a 
 new two-story brick. ' ' In 1838 she moved to ' ' North
 
 ANNE ROY ALL 153 
 
 B and Third streets — 150 yards from the Vice-Pres- 
 ident." 
 
 Mrs. Royall gives Van Buren's running mate, 
 Richard M. Johnson, a good character. She declares : 
 "A better, pleasanter neighbor I never had." One 
 day the Vice-President helped her to catch a hen. 
 At that time, it will be remembered, fashionable 
 Washington lived east instead of west of the Capitol. 
 After a good many migrations, in a sort of circle 
 around the Capitol, Mrs. Royall, in her extreme old 
 age, moved back to her favorite dwelling (the one in 
 which she died) on B street near Second — a spot 
 now included in the north-eastern corner of the 
 grounds of the Library of Congress. It was a pleas- 
 ant spot shaded by trees. There was a well of ex- 
 cellent water in the yard and connected with the 
 house was a good-sized shed in which, she says, "I 
 kept my pet hens." The hens gave her a good deal 
 of trouble, but they also brought her consider- 
 slJ* pleasure in their suggestion of that country- 
 life she ?50 well loved. Toward the last, it would 
 seem, her printing was done in another house not far 
 from her dwelling-place under the direction of a 
 printer named John Simmes. The picture of the 
 environs of Washington given in Paul Pry is not al- 
 luring : 
 
 "That the location of Washington is unhealthy 
 cannot be denied, the principal part of the city, Penn- 
 sylvania avenue, being built in a marsh which a com- 
 mon shower overflows, and from want of sewers and 
 proper attention, or rather no attention at all, it is 
 overspread with standing puddles of water from year 's 
 end to year's end. From neglect of the corporation,
 
 154 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 these puddles, as well as the gutters, are choked up 
 with filth, which being acted upon by the heat of the 
 sun becomes green and putrid. This is not all. The 
 whole of the flat land between the settled part of 
 the city and the Potomac, much of which is marsh, 
 is also overspread with stagnant pools of fetid water. 
 In consequence of a greater fall of rain this spring 
 than common, the tide of the Tiber, flowing into these 
 ditches, or as they are called, canals, and brick-holes, 
 we have a better prospect than was, perhaps, ever 
 known in the city for bilious attacks. Over and above, 
 there is a great, oblong, deep hole from which the 
 earth has been scooped out in years past intended for, 
 and called, a canal, but which has been the receptacle 
 for dead dogs, cats, puppies and, we grieve to add, 
 of infants. This also contains green, stinking water 
 which has accumulated for years, and doubtless has 
 been the cause of annual bilious fever since this death- 
 ditch, called a canal, was dug." 
 
 In the columns of both her papers Mrs. Royall 
 fought for a cleaner Washington as constantly, stren- 
 uously, and warningly as if she had known about 
 germs and the deadly peril of the mosquito. She 
 also advised people to keep fires in their sleeping- 
 rooms at least a portion of every day the year around. 
 "Our Congressmen," she says, "are too valuable to 
 be killed off as rapidly as they are by the unsanitary 
 conditions here at the capital city." 
 
 The Paul Pry was a hopelessly amateur little 
 sheet. It was also, undeniably, censorious and such 
 a journal becomes, after a little, as tiresome as a 
 scolding person. Nevertheless, scolding in print has 
 done much good in the world. In fact, modern jour- 
 nalism, beginning with the satirical political pam- 
 phlet, took its rise in scolding. Anne Royall's news-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 155 
 
 papers should not be judged by the enlightened stand- 
 ards of the best modern journalism, but by comparison 
 with other minor sheets of her own day. In the 
 United States of that time, the average newspaper 
 was little more than a bitterly partisan pamphlet. 
 In manners Paul Pry is but a rather poor imitation 
 of its abler compeers. Not until the Atlantic cable 
 spelled the word WORLD, writ large, did American 
 journalism cease to be ungracefully and aggressively 
 provincial. 
 
 Mrs. Royall has often been referred to as the 
 first woman-editor in the United States. She was 
 not. Half a dozen other women preceded her. None 
 of the others, however, remained in the newspaper 
 business long. Only one other, Frances Wright, a 
 young English woman residing in America, as boldly 
 defied current theology and public opinion. Miss 
 Wright foresaw an ideal Republic. Mrs. Royall be- 
 lieved that the present Republic might be perfect if 
 a few schemers could be made to keep their hands off. 
 It was never the future ideal — it was always the 
 now and here which claimed Anne Royall's energetic 
 attention. 
 
 During the long period in which Mrs. Royall 
 edited a paper, the United States was dominated by 
 a single personality — ANDREW JACKSON. In 
 vain did academicians and able statesmen point out 
 Jackson 's faults — his narrowness, his violent temper, 
 his prejudice, and lack of education. In vain they 
 dwelt upon and blazoned forth his thousand mistakes, 
 his aggressiveness, and his high-handed assumption 
 of legislative and executive powers never granted, and
 
 156 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 never meant to be granted, by the Constitution to any 
 President. The masses heeded not such cavil, for the 
 people — the great American people — admired and 
 idolized Andrew Jackson as they had never before, 
 and have not since, until the present day, admired and 
 idolized any other President. 
 
 Perhaps the reason for this widespread idolatry 
 (north, east, south and west it extended) lies in the 
 fact that Andrew Jackson almost perfectly represented 
 the majority of Americans of his day. They rejoiced 
 in courage. Andrew Jackson's name was a synonym 
 for personal bravery. They respected honesty. An- 
 drew Jackson was grandly honest. They worked for 
 their bread. Andrew Jackson felt himself above no 
 man; his hand was outstretched in cordial, heartfelt 
 greeting to every son and daughter of toil. Ameri- 
 cans, in spite of their Puritan traditions, held a lurk- 
 ing belief in luck. Andrew Jackson's "star" never 
 deserted him. Two successful wars had left Amer- 
 icans quite convinced that, with Andrew Jack- 
 son's help, they could whip the universe. He 
 held the same opinion. The people hated Eng- 
 land — their hereditary foe. So did Andrew Jack- 
 son. Early Americans were impatient of red-tape. 
 Setting aside diplomatic traditions, Jackson took the 
 people into his confidence at every critical turn of 
 national affairs — and the people responded as only 
 an Anglo-Saxon people can respond to such high con- 
 fidence. The people hated and feared the fast-en- 
 croaching monopoly of the United States Bank. Jack- 
 son freed them from it. That paragraph — potential- 
 ly the most important paragraph ever penned by any
 
 ANNE ROYALL 157 
 
 President of the United States — advocating a square 
 deal for every citizen, rich or poor, worked widely 
 and powerfully. Upon that famous paragraph Anne 
 Royall, along with a host of abler journalists, built 
 her editorial creed. Said Jackson: 
 
 "Distinctions in Society will always exist under 
 every just Government. Equality of talents, of edu- 
 cation or of wealth cannot be produced by human 
 institutions. In the full enjoyment of the gifts of 
 heaven and the fruits of superior industry, economy 
 and virtue, every man is equally entitled to protection 
 by law. But when the laws undertake to add to these 
 natural and just advantages artificial distinctions, to 
 grant titles, gratuities and exclusive privileges, to 
 make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, 
 the humble members of society, the farmers, mechanics 
 and laborers who have neither the time nor the means 
 of securing like favors to themselves, have a right to 
 complain of the injustice of their Government. Its 
 evils exist only in its abuses. If it would confine 
 itself to equal protection and, as heaven does its rains, 
 shower its favors alike on the high and the low, the 
 rich and the poor, it would be an unqualified blessing. ' ' 
 
 In Andrew Jackson's time the popular heart 
 throbbed with the consciousness of achievement. The 
 people knew, not from tradition, but by ties of kindred 
 and by personal experience, what the upbuilding of 
 the Republic had cost in blood and tears and treasure. 
 A proud sense of ownership was dominant in the pub- 
 lic mind. Every citizen, to the remotest corner of 
 the remotest village, felt that he had a word to say 
 about the government of his country. That spirit 
 was fine, as eternally fine as the most beautiful thing 
 America has to show today — the statue of Liberty
 
 158 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 holding aloft her torch at the entrance of New York 
 harbor. Nevertheless, the earlier manifestations of 
 the spirit of American patriotism were often unpleas- 
 ing, even intensely disagreeable. M. Tocqueville re- 
 marks with considerable truth: 
 
 "For the last fifty years no pains have been 
 spared to convince the United States that they consti- 
 tute the only enlightened, religious, and free people. 
 They perceive that, for the present, their democratic 
 institutions succeed while those of other countries fail ; 
 hence they conceive an overweening opinion of their 
 superiority, and they are not very remote from be- 
 lieving themselves to belong to a distinct race of man- 
 kind." 
 
 This national self-satisfaction which M. Tocque- 
 ville satirizes showed itself in nearly every American 
 newspaper of Anne Royall's time. For that matter, 
 no fowl in all the journalistic barn-yard crowed more 
 loudly and lustily than little Paul Pry. Nevertheless, 
 Mrs. Royall always retained the French sentiments 
 she had imbibed from her husband's mind. The 
 word "Humanity" meant much more to her than it 
 meant to most American writers of her day. 
 
 Paid Pry was generally counted a Jackson paper 
 owing to the fact that Mrs. Royall ardently supported 
 many of Jackson's acts. In some measures, though, 
 she vehemently opposed him. His Indian policy she 
 abhorred. The truth is, Paul Pry was, emphatically, 
 what it professed to be, an ' ' independent newspaper ' ' 
 — the most unvaryingly independent newspaper, with- 
 out doubt, ever published in the United States. It 
 may be more than suspected that, after all, Mrs. 
 Royall's main reason for starting a newspaper was to
 
 ANNE ROYALL 159 
 
 flaunt her independence in the faces of her late ac- 
 cusers, the Evangelicals. Mrs. Royall was determined 
 to speak her mind and, having a very good mind en- 
 tirely made up on most questions, she did speak it 
 during the remainder of her long life through the 
 columns of her newspapers. 
 
 At the time Anne Royall launched her powder- 
 laden little cockle-shells upon the rough sea of Amer- 
 ican journalism big political craft were anchored at 
 Washington. General Duff Green, editor of the 
 United States Telegraph, was printer to Congress. 
 When the breach between President Jackson and Vice- 
 President Calhoun became wide Green sided with Cal- 
 houn. Through the influence of Amos Kendall, a new 
 paper was started as the direct organ of the admin- 
 istration, the Globe, under the superb leadership of 
 Francis P. Blair, assisted by Amos Kendall and the 
 able John C. Rives. The latter was Blair's business 
 partner. The Globe became the most powerfully 
 trenchant party-organ this country has ever produced. 
 There was another great paper in Washington at this 
 time, The National Intelligencer, under the manage- 
 ment of Joseph Gales and William Seaton. Through- 
 out many years the editors of the Intelligencer showed 
 Mrs. Royall much personal kindness. The one great 
 blot on Paul Pry is its editor's unsuccessful attempt 
 to be witty at the expense of Mr. Gales to whom (in 
 silly imitation of a vulgar journalistic custom of the 
 day) she constantly referred as "Josy" or "Jo — ee." 
 Mrs. Royall 's conscience was deservedly troubled over 
 this piece of impertinence to a good man who had 
 many times befriended her. She took much pains to
 
 160 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 explain, later, that she was not fighting Mr. Gales, 
 personally, but, instead, the pro-Bank policy of his 
 paper. She says : "I should be a traitor to my coun- 
 try if I let my gratitude for personal favors keep 
 me from attacking the editor of the Intelligencer as 
 the author of sentiments which spell R-U-I-N for this 
 nation." 
 
 Toward these big papers, Paul Pry acted, much 
 of the time, as a persistent little gad-fly. The facts 
 that Paul Pry was a small sheet and its editor a wom- 
 an, one, too, generally discredited in evangelical cir- 
 cles, kept the larger papers from openly noticing the 
 little journal's stings. Once the Intelligencer sar- 
 castically congratulated Mr. Blair on having gained 
 Mrs. Royall as an ally in his fight against the Bank. 
 The great editor of the Globe took all Mrs. Royall 's 
 sharp-pointed shafts good-naturedly — much more 
 good-naturedly, it must be confessed, than Amos Ken- 
 dall took them. Through the kind courtesy of Francis 
 P. Blair's grandson, Montgomery Blair, Esq., of 
 Washington, D. C, I am permitted to quote part of 
 a letter which tells, interestingly, how old Mrs. Royall 
 took dinner with the bluff, kind-hearted President of 
 the United States. The chances are ten to one, too, 
 that Andrew Jackson enjoyed her company. This let- 
 ter also gives a capital picture of Washington social 
 life under Jackson 's hospitable administration. From 
 his boarding house, Mr. Blair writes : 
 
 "My folks get on here pretty well considering 
 that we have got into a horrid boarding-house. The 
 people are good enough but shockingly dirty, and live 
 so miserably that we are half starved. I have prac- 
 ticed all the skill I learned from you on the road. I
 
 ANNE ROYALL 161 
 
 bless the Irish potato with his russet coat. The crack- 
 er that defies pollution, being made of such impene- 
 trable stuff, is my bread. Rice, which shows like 
 snow the various spots that have been soiled and en- 
 ables me to avoid them, is my main living. I am 
 obliged to stand this dieting until Congress is over, 
 when I shall remove to Brown's tavern. I believe I 
 have passed through all the fashionable scenes this 
 winter 'as a looker on in Vienna.' I have come to 
 the settled belief that there was never at any time, or 
 in any country, such miserable parade labored through 
 under the pretence of seeking pleasure. It is all 
 heartless ostentation; or, as Solomon would say, Van- 
 ity and Vexation. 
 
 "The most hospitable host (the President) com- 
 monly invites the whole city, and those who can't get 
 in go away, and as fast as the company gets sick 
 of being wedged in a phalanx, and enabled to extri- 
 cate themselves and retreat, the house is thinned so 
 that a servant is able to pass through the rabble with 
 a waiter of trumpery over his head. This refresh- 
 ment is something like that of Tantalus. It is the 
 tyranny of Caligula who sets his laws so high that 
 nobody could reach them. So fashion puts its good 
 things out of reach. At these parties they sometimes 
 try to dance, but it puts me in mind of a Kentucky 
 fight, when the crowd draws the circle so close that 
 the contestants have no room to use their limbs. They 
 have, however, four and twenty fiddlers all in a row, 
 trying by dint of loud music to put amateurs in 
 motion. They jump up and down in a hole, and no- 
 body sees more of them than their heads. Oh, how 
 unlike the free space we have in Kentucky and the 
 life of Crockett 's music ! Let me dance with my big- 
 footed Bensonians under a Fourth of July arbour. 
 .... I have formed, I think, a pretty just opinion 
 of the head men in our administration. It is a great
 
 162 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 mistake to think that Old Hickory is in leading-strings, 
 as the coalition say. 
 
 "I can tell you that he is as much superior here 
 as he was with our Generals during the war. He is 
 a man of admirable judgment. I have seen proof of 
 it in the direction he has given to affairs this winter, 
 in which I know he differed from his advisers; and 
 there are other measures which he adopted, against 
 the opinions of those who are supposed to have con- 
 trol, that have already proved the superiority of his 
 judgment. He is fighting a great political battle, and 
 you will find he will vanquish those who contend with 
 him now as he has always done his public or private 
 enemies. I like him much better than any other per- 
 son with whom I have become connected by my trans- 
 lation here. He is very much like old Scott. Benev- 
 olent and kind to a fault to those he loves; frank, 
 affectionate and full of hospitable feeling. In this 
 last, he goes beyond our old Kentucky G-eneral. 
 
 "Old Mrs. Royall called in the other day with 
 one of her books to present it to him. When she 
 opened the budget he saw a partridge in the feathers 
 she had bought for her dinner. He invited her in 
 and the poor old crazy woman made a hearty meal 
 with him. When he told me the story I observed 
 carelessly that I was as hungry as Mrs. Royall, having 
 been busy in one of the public offices at dinner time. 
 Upon this, he had a very good dinner prepared for 
 me, against all my protestations, saying he had made 
 it a rule all his life that nobody should ever go out 
 of his house hungry, and I was obliged to comply 
 with this rule. 
 
 "When he talks about his enemies he puts me in 
 mind also of old Scott when he spoke of Humphrey 
 Marshall, but I have remarked that he does not level 
 his indignation at Clay, but at those who take sneaking 
 advantages.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 163 
 
 "You may rely upon it he is as good a patriot 
 as ever breathed and as much a democrat as your 
 humble servant. Gratz would call him a Jacobin. ' ' 
 
 The tone of compassionate tolerance toward ' ' poor 
 old Mrs. Royall" used by Mr. Blair is characteristic 
 of all the editors of secular papers of the time. Mr. 
 Blair had not been in Washington long. He had 
 heard of Mrs. Royall's trial as a common scold. He 
 had seen her bobbing around in the Capitol, wearing 
 her funny mob-cap. He had probably witnessed a 
 word-encounter between her and some "missionary," 
 and the natural inference he drew was that the old 
 lady was "cracked." As a matter of fact, though, 
 Anne Royall's mind remained keen as a razor to the 
 day of her death — twenty-two years after the White 
 House incident so sympathetically described by the 
 famous editor of the Globe. 
 
 Mrs. Royall describes Francis P. Blair pretty 
 well: 
 
 "THE GLOBE. It has been seen that a new 
 paper of this name has recently been established in 
 the city of Washington, and from what I have seen 
 of the paper so far, I am pleased to find it is ably 
 patronized. Mr. Blair, the editor, is a high-minded, 
 independent and enterprising Kentuckian, descended 
 from one of the first families in the United States, 
 which family I knew well, although I never had the 
 pleasure of seeing Mr. Blair until I saw him in Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 "F. P. Blair, Esq., is rather a young man of com- 
 mon height, good figure and light make, with a thin, 
 fair, Grecian face, and a countenance of singular 
 keenness of expression. His eye, a clear blue of un- 
 winking boldness, is a two edged sword, and every 
 feature of his face is stamped with genius. His man-
 
 164 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 ners are plain, frank and independent. His dress 
 simple, his conversation pointed and sensible, and be- 
 speaks a man of information. He is a keen, fearless 
 writer and for the sake of my country, I am pleased 
 at the manly and decided stand he has taken against 
 the United States Bank. The people may be assured 
 from this he is their staunch friend. I go heart and 
 hand with him. He is exactly a man after my own 
 heart; he is for his country, his whole country, and 
 nothing but his country. May that country appre- 
 ciate his worth." 
 
 Of the famous leader in the historic struggle for 
 sound currency the editor of Paul Pry says : 
 
 "Though we are not an admirer of Mr. Benton's 
 manners by any means, we are a great admirer of his 
 talents. No language that we are mistress of can give 
 any idea of his reply to Mr. Clay on the Bank Veto. 
 Such was the force and power of his language we for- 
 got he was a man. His words rolled in torrents, min- 
 gled with thunder and lightning, transfixing the lis- 
 teners to their seats. It was a succession of electric 
 shocks. He scattered Mr. Clay's arguments to the 
 winds like chaff. Mr. Clay was no more in Mr. Ben- 
 ton's hands than a kid in the paws of a lion. He was 
 so bold, so earnest that every avenue of the Capitol 
 resounded. ' ' 
 
 During Mr. Benton's tremendous speech Mrs. 
 Eoyall stood leaning on the railing exactly behind the 
 chair of Henry Clay, with whom she conversed at 
 intervals. A representative of the Alexandria Phoe- 
 nix, a pro-Bank paper, saw possibilities of ridicule of 
 Benton in Mrs. Royall's vigorous agreement with the 
 speech. Perhaps such a possibility was suggested to 
 the newspaper man by Clay himself, although with 
 true southern chivalry the Kentucky senator turned
 
 ANNE ROYALL 165 
 
 to Mrs. Royall and asked her if she objected to having 
 her presence noted. She replied that she did not ob- 
 ject. The Phoenix says sarcastically : 
 
 "Surrounding Mr. B. when he delivered his tre- 
 mendous retributive phillipic under which Mr. Clay 
 sank, were Kendall, Lewis, etc., etc., and the amiable 
 Mrs. Royall. The kitchen cabinet backed by the au- 
 thoress of the Black Book. ' ' 
 
 Mrs. Royall denies that she stood near Mr. Benton 
 but insists pluckily that the gentlemen named would 
 have been in very good company had she been of their 
 group.
 
 CHAPTER X 
 Paul Pry 
 
 Editors of weekly papers all over the country- 
 sustained a sort of "hail fellow, well met" attitude 
 toward Mrs. Royall, poking plenty of fun at her 
 which she took in good part. Often, indeed, she 
 adroitly twisted their jokes into compliments which 
 she copied, as such, in her columns. She writes ap- 
 preciatively : 
 
 "Editors are the most generous and feeling class 
 of men in our country and the worst rewarded ac- 
 cording to their deserts. They toil at the oar night 
 and day to improve, amuse and instruct mankind. If 
 it were not for editors the world would revert back 
 to barbarism." 
 
 One editorial admirer wrote an acrostic in honor 
 of Mrs. Royall : 
 
 "Me to inspire ye sacred nine, 
 
 Rifle your treasures — clothe each line, 
 
 Send me choice flowers to gem her crown, 
 
 And give my favorite fair renown. 
 
 No heroine more brave than she, 
 
 Nor toil nor danger doth she flee; 
 
 Ever prepared to take the field, 
 
 Resistless power therein to wield. 
 
 O, may Paul Pry with Samson's jaw 
 
 Your Pandemonium smite with awe; 
 
 And the Black Books give rogues their due — 
 
 Lend each a glass his crimes to view."
 
 ANNE ROYALL 167 
 
 Probably her attitude toward Masonry had much 
 to do with the kind feeling of many papers for her. 
 The older press was almost solidly Pro-Mason in char- 
 acter. But the friendliness of the secular papers was 
 more than offset by the virulence of the Evangelical 
 and Anti-Masonic organs. The following extract from 
 The New England Religious Weekly shows that all 
 the "blackguarding" did not come from Anne's side 
 of the firing line : 
 
 "Anne Royall, Esq. — Mistress Anne Royall, au- 
 thor of the Black Books and sundry other blackguard 
 publications, has forgotten her late conviction by a 
 jury of being a common scold and public nuisance, and 
 is now applying herself to her old vocation with all 
 the virulence of a Meg Merrilies. The old hag pub- 
 lishes a weekly paper at "Washington, ycleped the 
 Paul Pry, which is a strong Jackson print and con- 
 tains all the scum, billingsgate and filth extant." 
 
 "Wonder in what part of the Bible he found 
 that?" is Mrs. Royall 's comment upon this unflatter- 
 ing picture of herself and her paper. 
 
 During the Jackson era sharp pens were in great 
 demand on both sides. Once Mrs. Royall was offered 
 two thousand dollars for the silence of Paul Pry on 
 a certain question. She was poor — often to the point 
 of hunger and cold and nakedness. But she refused 
 the bribe. She says, "Some people think we write 
 for pay, and so we do, but we are not an hireling 
 writer. ' ' 
 
 Mrs. Royall gave strong approval to the Jack- 
 sonian policy of "turning the rascals out," for she 
 believed, and had good reason for so believing, that
 
 168 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 long tenure of office usually resulted in arrogance 
 and petty tyranny: 
 
 "You say that Mr. Sweeny, a very honest man, 
 has been in the post office for twenty years. Then 
 it was time for Mr. Somebody Else who has been out 
 of the post office for twenty years to take his place. 
 So of all these twenty years men. Our people, so far 
 as they have failed to turn out these incompetent old 
 incumbents, have proved themselves unworthy of the 
 trust reposed in them." 
 
 In a long editorial, Mrs. Royall argues that there 
 exists no valid reason why a salaried, practically de- 
 pendent class should be fastened on the government 
 for life. The more persons who, by actual service, 
 learn the science of government, the better citizens 
 we shall have, she preached. 
 
 Mrs. Royall 's repeated assertion that she never 
 meddled with politics had just about as much founda- 
 tion in fact as Anthony Absolute's declaration that 
 he was "calm." From the first number of Paul Pry 
 to the last issue of The Huntress, almost a quarter 
 of a century afterward, there was not a single political 
 battle fought in Washington about which Anne Royall 
 did not have, or rather, fling, her say. She hit, too, 
 with uncommon frequency, and always near the bull's 
 eye. Her pages contain much to offend a critical 
 literary taste, much that her admirers could wish had 
 never been printed. But, liked or disliked, her bit- 
 terest enemies must admit that her editorial and other 
 utterances never lacked point. 
 
 Twentieth century Americans know little, and 
 care little, more's the pity, about the economic bat- 
 tles which, quite as truly as gun-powder encounters,
 
 ANNE ROY ALL 169 
 
 have made their country great. It would seem to be 
 high time that text-books of United States history- 
 should describe, clearly and at length, the great fight 
 for sound money led by Andrew Jackson, with the 
 masses at his back, against the powerful United States 
 Bank — the octopus trust of his day. Adult special 
 students, of course, may find and read scores of books 
 about this mighty struggle. But the majority of the 
 persons who exercise the right of suffrage will never 
 be special students of United States, or any other, 
 history. A democratic government, for its own pres- 
 ervation, should catch its voters young. 
 
 The enormous power possessed by the Bank of 
 the United States is well summed up by Parton in his 
 admirable Life of Andrew Jackson : 
 
 "At the beginning of the administration of Gen- 
 eral Jackson the Bank of the United States was a 
 truly imposing institution. Its capital was thirty- 
 five millions. The public money deposited in its 
 vaults averaged six or seven millions ; its private de- 
 posits six millions more; its circulation twelve mil- 
 lions; its discounts more than forty millions a year; 
 its annual profits more than three millions. Beside 
 the parent Bank at Philadelphia with its marble pal- 
 ace and hundreds of clerks, there were twenty-five 
 branches in the towns and cities of the Union, each 
 of which had its President, cashier and Board of Di- 
 rectors. The employees of the Bank were more than 
 five hundred in number, all men of standing and in- 
 fluence, and liberally salaried. In every county of the 
 Union, in every nation on the globe, were stock-holders 
 of the Bank of the United States. One fifth of its 
 stock was held by foreigners. One fourth of its stock 
 was held by women, orphans, and trustees of charity 
 funds — so high, so unquestioned was its credit. From
 
 170 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Maine to Georgia, from Georgia to Astoria, a man 
 could travel and pass these notes without discount. 
 Nay, in London, Paris, Cairo, Calcutta, St. Peters- 
 burg, the notes of the Bank of the United States were 
 worth a fraction more or a fraction less, according to 
 the rate of exchange. They could usually be sold at 
 a premium at the remotest commercial centers. It was 
 not uncommon for the stock of the United States Bank 
 to be sold at a premium of forty percent. The Di- 
 rectors of this Bank were twenty-five in number of 
 whom five were appointed by the United States. The 
 Bank and its branches received and disbursed the 
 entire revenue of the nation. At the head of this 
 great establishment was the renowned Nicholas 
 Biddle." 
 
 Single-handed and alone, long before Jackson 
 actively opposed it, plucky old Anne Royall took up 
 cudgels against this great monopoly. In her Black Book 
 she pilloried one of the foremost bank officials. After- 
 ward, Nicholas Biddle said to her jestingly: "Ah, 
 Mrs. Royall, I will have you tried for your life for 
 killing my President." 
 
 Agitation against the Bank in Jackson's time was 
 begun by Isaac Hill, of New Hampshire, in a political 
 fight with Jeremiah Mason, a famous New Hampshire 
 lawyer, and president of the branch bank at Ports- 
 mouth. Jackson sided with Hill in the conten- 
 tion, and every message sent to Congress thereafter 
 by the President contained veiled or open threats 
 against the United States Bank. The charter of the 
 Bank was to expire in four years but its friends, 
 taking alarm, determined to ask Congress for a re- 
 newal of the charter ahead of time. The effort was 
 successful. In 1832 a bill passed both houses of
 
 ANNE ROYALL 171 
 
 Congress renewing the charter of the United States 
 Bank. The opposition papers declared that Jackson 
 would never dare to veto this bill. Little Paul Pry 
 and all the administration organs shrieked that he 
 would. Jackson did veto the bill with amazing 
 promptness. 
 
 Seldom in its history has the United States seen 
 such excitement as was caused by President Jackson's 
 veto of the Bank bill. The people were wild. Every- 
 where the working men and women rejoiced as if 
 Utopia were before them. Bonfires were lighted in 
 every public square and on hill-tops. Bands played. 
 Congratulatory speeches were made and much good 
 rum was drunk. Anne Royall expressed the feelings 
 and the opinion of thousands when under a big, black 
 eagle on the first page of Paul Pry, she declared, 
 "President Jackson has placed himself on the highest 
 pinnacle of honor by this courageous veto." 
 
 But the stock-holders of the Bank did not rejoice. 
 The smallest fish were not too small for an angry trust 
 to notice. Even old Mrs. Royall and her funny little 
 newspaper were marked for revenge. The few shreds 
 of reputation which the Evangelicals and the Anti- 
 Masons had left the editor of Paul Pry were soon torn 
 to pieces by friends of the mortally wounded Bank. 
 She even suffered physically for the cause of sound 
 money. A man who was, probably, a crazy stock- 
 holder, assaulted her by hitting her on the head as 
 she was standing in the post office of a southern town. 
 She says: "Only the fact that I had on a heavily 
 wadded bonnet, which I had purchased once when I 
 thought of traveling in Canada, saved my life."
 
 172 ANNE ROY ALL 
 
 The Paul Pry did good service for other causes, 
 notably fighting a proposed law to stop the transporta- 
 tion of mail on Sunday, and also against threatened 
 nullification of the tariff laws. Possibly Mrs. Royall is 
 the only woman in the United States who ever under- 
 stood the ins and outs of any tariff legislation. She 
 advocated a middle course — urging England to be 
 less greedy and warning the South not to become hys- 
 terical. In a capital editorial, too long to quote en- 
 tire, she scores and advises both sides: 
 
 "We see now, as heretofore, the same hostility to 
 the peace and happiness of the Union, for both the 
 High Tariff men and the Nullifiers, to carry their 
 point, would see the Union rent into atoms. A down- 
 east man is in tears over woolens. ' ' She then goes on 
 to dissect the arguments for a better tariff on flannel 
 put forward by the "down east" man. From him 
 she turns her attention to the Nullifiers who have 
 seriously proposed marching to the factories of the 
 north with guns in their hands. "This sort of Nul- 
 lification talk," she says, "is silly — the result of 
 money, tract, baby-cap and pin-cushion religion. It 
 is wholly without reason." Next, she calmly discuss- 
 es the bill at that time before Congress. She con- 
 cludes : 
 
 ' ' The hackneyed clause ' Congress shall have pow- 
 er to regulate foreign commerce' is always rung. We 
 ask the gentleman what he thinks of another clause in 
 the Constitution, viz : There shall be no unequal tax- 
 ation, or words to that effect. We have to say this 
 of the Constitution, that if it allows interested men to 
 vote great sums of money out of other people 's pockets 
 into their own it is very deficient."
 
 ANNE ROYALL 173 
 
 Access to the White House seems to have been 
 dangerously easy in Jackson's time. Mrs. Royall 
 writes : 
 
 "Making a few calls on our friends in the neigh- 
 borhood of the President last Wednesday, we called in 
 to offer him our congratulations on his late happy es- 
 cape from the assassin, Lawrence. We found the 
 door open, walked in, rang for the porter and waited 
 for some time but saw nor heard no person excepting 
 another female visitor. The President will, therefore, 
 have the goodness to accept our congratulations 
 through this channel." 
 
 The local news in both Paul Pry and The Hun- 
 tress was confined almost exclusively to the different 
 departments of the Government. Mrs. Royall cer- 
 tainly had a nose for graft. She made frequent tours 
 through the state department, treasury, post-office, 
 and other public buildings "spotting" corrupt offi- 
 cials who, in her judgment, ought to be removed for 
 the good of the service. Those who, in addition to 
 being dishonest, as she believed, were pious Anti- 
 Masons fared hard at her hands. Judged by modern 
 standards, Mrs. Royall 's free use of names in print 
 is abominable. Her coupling many of these names 
 with her own personal grievances is a still greater 
 offence against good taste. The modern reader is 
 continually offended by these flaws in Mrs. Royall 's 
 newspapers no less than in her books. But she had 
 plenty of company in her journalistic sins. Files of 
 many other newspapers of the same barren literary 
 era are equally distasteful, and far less amusing read- 
 ing. Every page of Anne Royall's newspapers 
 breathes patriotism. She was always reproaching
 
 174 ANNE ROY ALL 
 
 Washingtonians with their lack of that virtue. July 
 12, 1834, she writes indignantly in Paul Pry: 
 
 1 1 It will, it must astonish the people of the United 
 States that this anniversary of the Fourth of July, as 
 well as last year, was passed over in this city with 
 silent contempt, except for a few crackers and rockets 
 here and there. What does this mean, we should like 
 to know? The Intelligencer makes a pitiful apology 
 for this neglect of our sacred day. The Globe passes 
 it over in contemptuous silence. 
 
 ' 'Not a city, town or hamlet in the Union but has 
 testified more or less respect for this day, while this 
 'ten mile square' has not taken pains to conceal its 
 contempt. That there is a plot to make this place 
 the seat of MONARCHY or of a HIERARCHY, 
 which you please, is plain. Hence, they want to wean 
 the people from even the semblance of independence. 
 Yet the people let their representatives appropriate 
 money to build up this city." 
 
 Amusingly fanatical, perhaps, but Mrs. Royall 
 honestly feared all the dire evils that she prophesied 
 as likely to spring from ecclesiastical and Anti-Ma- 
 sonic influence. 
 
 Gradually, though, she came to love the city of 
 Washington. Year by year she grew less bitter. 
 Pride in the growth of the capital took the place of 
 her former suspicion that money was being wasted 
 in beautifying the place. 
 
 Although a painfully amateur sheet, Paul Pry 
 mastered one great lesson of newspaper success. It 
 learned to blow its own horn. In the last number, 
 November 19, 1836, just after the election of Van 
 Buren as Jackson's successor, its editor rehearses at
 
 ANNE ROYALL 175 
 
 length some of the services which her paper has per- 
 formed for the country at large and for Washington : 
 
 "Always in the van of the editorial corps, and 
 attacking the enemies of the country in their strong- 
 holds, Paul Pry dragged them into open day, and 
 pointed them out to the people. Paul Pry was the 
 first to sound the note of alarm that there were traitors 
 in the camp. It was the first to proclaim the aban- 
 donment of Reform by General Jackson. It was the 
 first to discover and to challenge the Post Office 
 frauds. It was the first to challenge the organiza- 
 tion of the office-holders, as a party, at the Fourth 
 of July celebration at Pittsburg and Brownsville, in 
 1833. It was the first that challenged the Indian 
 land frauds of the great land companies, and the per- 
 fidy of the southern Jackson men in selling the 
 country to Mr. Van Buren and his political intriguers 
 to conceal those frauds. Paid Pry was the first to put 
 a stop to the enormous swindling of a knot of 'God's 
 people,' as they call themselves. Millions of dollars 
 were swallowed up by this concern (thank God for 
 removing two of them) under pretence of drawing 
 money for corporation debts from Congress. Paul 
 Pry was the first to trace these pious rogues to their 
 den and drag them forth (may a speedy vengeance 
 overtake them) to the light of day. 
 
 ' ' And it is to Paul Pry that the citizens of Wash- 
 ington are chiefly indebted for the last act of Con- 
 gress in behalf of their Holland debt, by putting it 
 
 out of the power of this pious and his 
 
 friends to finger the cash. 
 
 "In return, we are proud to acknowledge that 
 the citizens of Washington have ever been the able, 
 willing and untiring friends Of Paul Pry. A thou- 
 sand years of service of ten such papers to such people 
 would not, nor could not repay them. The editress 
 has only to say that if the people will do their duty 
 to themselves as faithfully as has been done by them
 
 176 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 all will yet be well. But let no man sleep at his post. 
 Remember, the office holders are desperate, wakeful 
 and urgent." 
 
 Mrs. Royall's editorial utterances were often 
 stolen. Even a late two-volume historical work quotes 
 a full editorial from Paul Pry with only the vague 
 introduction, "A Washington paper of the time said." 
 The author of this same historical work also quotes, 
 with due and full acknowledgement, from the Globe 
 and the Intelligencer, of Washington. 
 
 Verily, the ghost of bigotry walks long! Seven- 
 ty-five years have passed, and yet an American his- 
 torian fears, apparently, that he may detract from 
 the dignity of his book by openly crediting the words 
 that vivify his description to the woman who wrote 
 them — a woman whose sole crime was that she cried 
 out (screamed out, termagant-like, if you will) to 
 those whom she honestly believed to be pharisees and 
 money-changers defiling the temple of Liberty, "Away 
 with ye, hypocrites and thieves."
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 The Huntress 
 
 Through the mistakes of her first paper Mrs. 
 Royall learned to edit her second one admirably. The 
 first number of The Huntress was issued December 
 2, 1836. Until extreme old age impaired Mrs. Royall 's 
 physical strength The Huntress remained a very 
 sprightly and readable paper, always excepting, of 
 course, editorial matter distasteful to Anti-Masons and 
 to persons holding strict Calvanistic views. Owing, 
 however, to the widespread horror of its editor among 
 the Evangelicals, The Huntress was never much of a 
 financial success. 
 
 Mrs. Royall started out on new and improved 
 lines. The first page of the little newspaper was 
 devoted to purely literary matter — well-selected 
 stories, poems, and instructive anecdotes. Two pages 
 were filled with lively editorial comment, news, and 
 a capital joke column. The remaining sheet was fair- 
 ly well covered with advertisements. 
 
 The rancor which lay behind Paul Pry at its 
 inception had almost wholly disappeared, as far as 
 the editor's personal grievances went. Mrs. Royall 
 now felt kindly toward the city of Washington al- 
 though she believed the capital city ought to be farther 
 west and prophesied its early removal thither. One 
 of the most sympathetic items in an early number of
 
 178 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 The Huntress is a paragraph of congratulation to 
 Judge Cranch (the presiding Judge at Mrs. Roy all's 
 trial, it will be remembered) upon his recovery from 
 a severe illness. She adds: 
 
 "Judge Cranch 's two sons are fine fellows. One 
 of them is a superior artist. It is a disgrace to our 
 country that these two young men should remain un- 
 recognized. ' ' 
 
 Looking over the story-pages of The Huntress is 
 like entering an old farmhouse attic hung around with 
 bunches of sage, catnip, spearmint, and penny-royal 
 — sweet homely herbs which, in Anne Roy all's time, 
 formed the materia medica of many an American 
 household. Agnes Strickland, Frederika Bremer, 
 Miss Mitford, Grace Greenwood, Mrs. Sigourney, 
 Sarah Jane Hale, are a few of the names that bring 
 to the elderly reader memories almost sacred. Mrs. 
 Hemans, Alice Cary, N. P. Willis, and O. W. Holmes 
 are names signed to many of the poems which Mrs. 
 Royall copied in The Huntress. Mrs. Malaprop, Jack 
 Downing, and Widow Bedott have much to say. Con- 
 cerning the latter, Mrs. Royall asks, "What has be- 
 come of the Widow Bedott ? He who has delighted the 
 readers of the Saturday Gazette ? Can he not get up 
 a new subject in nature's finest touches, of which the 
 table-talk of the Widow Bedott is the truest specimen 
 extant? These articles contain the most perfect paint- 
 ing of human nature, life and manners we ever met 
 with, not excepting 'Sam Slick.' " 
 
 Mrs. Royall worshipped the rising Dickens. 
 ' ' Sketches from Pickwick, " " Boz, " and " Wellerisms ' ' 
 head many a column of The Huntress. Pen portraits
 
 ANNE ROYALL 179 
 
 were continued in The Huntress, especially of mem- 
 bers of Congress. There was a "Ladies' Gallery" 
 also. Judging by Mrs. Royall's feminine portraits 
 there was not a single ugly woman in "Washington 
 society. The following is a specimen of her pictures 
 of her own sex as shown in The Huntress. The tribute 
 is wholly sincere, for Mrs. Jones, wife of Senator G. 
 W. Jones, of Iowa, had been very good to old Mrs. 
 Royall. Tradition says, too, that the account of the 
 lady's beauty is not exaggerated. 
 
 "MRS. HON. SENATOR JONES. 
 
 ' ' Here we must pause. This lady, with the high- 
 est accomplishments, unites a flowing figure of the 
 De Medicis model. She is, upon every account, a 
 splendid woman. Yet her style of beauty, particular- 
 ly the eye and countenance are new to us. We some- 
 times meet with traits in the human face that baffle 
 the English language and can only be reached figur- 
 atively. But in the present case we are bankrupt. 
 Mrs. J. is very young, quite a girl, tall and formed as 
 above mentioned, with all the grace and dignity of 
 the De Medicis sculpture. Her hair is black as the 
 raven, profuse and glossy. Her features are round 
 in contour, of the most becoming harmony. Her 
 skin is fair and diffused with a crimson bloom, 
 ornamented with dimples. Her bland smooth fore- 
 head — a most tranquil brow — chaste and spotless 
 as the downy snow, has much expression. But her 
 eye — it is like no other. It is large, of a dark hazel 
 and neither sparkles nor glitters, but has a steady 
 halo, or glow, as though it were on the point of burst- 
 ing into a magic flame. But the innocence, the shrink- 
 ing modesty and the imploring kindness of those eyes, 
 that countenance, and those lady-like manners, we 
 never shall forget."
 
 180 ANNE ROY ALL 
 
 Never in her portraits of ladies does Mrs. Royall 
 mention their clothes. She would have considered 
 such allusion impertinent. Neither does she in her 
 newspapers ever take the slightest notice of brilliant 
 social functions such as fill columns nowadays. A 
 political banquet at which good or significant speeches 
 were made sometimes claims her attention, and once 
 she quotes sympathetically a description of a picnic 
 at Lowell, Massachusetts, at which four thousand mill 
 girls were entertained by the owners of a new factory 
 which was to amaze the world by "using several hun- 
 dred power looms." 
 
 The Huntress, like its predecessor, Paul Pry, was 
 an independent journal. Its editor writes: 
 
 "They say, 'Why not take one side or the other, 
 Mrs. R., and stick to it?' Not so. We leave party 
 questions in better hands — to our friends of the 
 JJnion and the Intelligencer — while we look after the 
 great enemy of our country, Despostism. We beg 
 leave to state once for all, we are neither Whig nor 
 Democrat but put the rod to both when we think they 
 do wrong." 
 
 Mrs. Royall never lost her reverence for the press 
 as a means of enlightenment. The motto conspicu- 
 ously displayed on the first page of The Huntress was 
 a line from Jefferson: "Education, the main pillar 
 which sustains the Temple of Liberty." 
 
 A newspaper's chief business, according to Mrs. 
 Royall, was to educate the people to respect, maintain, 
 and defend free government. 
 
 Mrs. Royall 's personal choice for President as 
 Jackson's successor was Judge White, of Tennessee. 
 She did not trust Van Buren. She writes: "Mr.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 181 
 
 Van Buren is obnoxious to all parties because there 
 is no dependence to be placed on the man. He is 
 like the Irishman's flea, when you put your hand on 
 him he is not there." 
 
 In the days of The Huntress, election returns 
 came into Washington slowly. In the issue dated 
 December 2, 1836, she says : 
 
 "We had not received all the returns when our 
 paper went to press — the mails, as respects the peo- 
 ple, are dead. The general opinion was that the office- 
 holders and General Jackson had elected their candi- 
 date, Van Buren. This news will be received with 
 great indignation by the people. All the comfort we 
 have for them is to keep cool for the present, until they 
 can gain time and information, upon the best means 
 to rescue their country. Meantime, it is no small 
 gratification to us that in four cities which patronized 
 the EXTRA PAUL PRY viz: Philadelphia, New 
 York, Harrisburg and Lancaster, the party was de- 
 feated." 
 
 Of Van Buren 's message, she says, "It is some- 
 thing like the Indian 's knife — ' a great gewgaw of a 
 handle, no blade at all, almost.' " 
 
 But Anne Royall knew her civic duty. "The 
 office of President," she says, "should make any man 
 respected." Very soon, therefore, she called on Pres- 
 ident Van Buren at the White House: 
 
 "We have often heard it stated that President 
 Van Buren would not admit visitors to his house un- 
 less they had particular official business. This must 
 be erroneous. We found not half so much difficulty 
 as we sometimes find at the houses of common citi- 
 zens, or as we have sometimes found at the same man- 
 sion heretofore.
 
 182 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 "A very genteel porter answered our call, and 
 very promptly not only invited us in but upon our 
 saying that we wished to see the President, without 
 announcing us at all, led the way upstairs saying, 
 'Walk up, Madam.' Upon reaching the President's 
 door he announced us for the first time, at which we 
 were somewhat confused. But we were immediately 
 admitted and found Mr. Van Buren well. He was 
 alone except for his eldest son, his private secretary. 
 Both received us standing and with the same easy 
 courtesy for which Mr. Van Buren is justly distin- 
 guished. After chatting a few minutes and exchang- 
 ing reciprocal good wishes for each other's health and 
 happiness, we took leave much pleased with our visit. " 
 
 After the United States Bank was downed United 
 States funds were distributed among favored state 
 banks. A troublesome surplus soon accumulated 
 which Congress, after the manner of some later Con- 
 gresses, was quite willing to reduce by all manner of 
 land and other bills, many of which were designed to 
 aid corporate interests. Paper money flooded the 
 land. Paper banks sprung up like mushrooms all 
 over the country. Legally, the public money placed 
 in the different state banks was merely loaned to 
 these institutions. Nevertheless, most states regarded 
 the funds thus deposited, practically as a gift. Nat- 
 urally "distribution" of public money, was extremely 
 popular. The banks speculated wildly with these 
 government funds, especially in buying public lands 
 in the far West. A few, including Jackson himself, 
 saw the danger that threatened the country from this 
 unnatural inflation of the currency. Accordingly, a 
 week after the adjournment of a refractory Congress, 
 President Jackson issued his famous "Specie Cireu-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 183 
 
 lar, ' ' the full results of which were not felt until 
 Van Buren's administration. This circular ordered 
 all land commissioners, after a certain date, to accept 
 only gold and silver in payment for public land. A 
 financial crash followed which reached its height under 
 Van Buren in 1837. Distress was widespread. Even 
 Washington city, where there were no manufacturing 
 interests and where the population was made up large- 
 ly of salaried persons, felt the panic severely. Mrs. 
 Royall, who had always stood for sound money, writes 
 of the local situation: 
 
 "THE PROSPECT BEFORE US. 
 
 "People may say lo, here, and lo, there, and talk 
 as they please of the happiness of our country and the 
 fitness of our Constitution to insure peace and pros- 
 perity — but we see distress and trouble look which 
 way we will. If it be happiness for one portion of 
 the people — and no inconsiderable portion — to do 
 all the labor and yet suffer for the necessaries of life, 
 and, in many cases, after laboring hard a lifetime, 
 perish of want in our streets or in the poorhouse (the 
 same thing) while another portion lives idle, dresses 
 gay, visits, has splendid houses and furniture, fine 
 carriages, and every luxury for the table that money 
 can buy — if it be happiness and prosperity for pro- 
 visions to be out of the reach of the poor and indigent, 
 then we are prosperous. Bacon 16 cents, pork 10 
 to 12 cents, brown sugar 14, lard 14 to 18, butter 3iy 2 
 to 40, and whilst this rise in provisions is as sudden 
 as it is extraordinary money has as suddenly disap- 
 peared. This is the case in Washington and, from 
 the best information we are able to obtain, it is the 
 case generally, and starvation stares us in the face. 
 If this be happiness, then we are a happy people. So
 
 184 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 much for our domestic concerns. This is accounted 
 for by the multiplication of banks and corporate 
 concerns. ' ' 
 
 A certain much-abused Trust is evidently older 
 than many people know. An editorial in The Hun- 
 tress deals with it : 
 
 "THE BEEF MONOPOLY. 
 
 "We learn from undoubted authority that one 
 of the largest beef-monopolies of the South last week 
 obtained a loan exceeding $40,000 from one of our 
 banks to enable it to keep up the price of cattle. May 
 the beef men and the bank men be crushed to atoms 
 by the weight of their own enormities!" 
 
 About the year 1837 the cry began to be raised, 
 "America for the Americans." The feeling against 
 foreigners, especially against Catholic foreigners, be- 
 came intense. Mrs. Royall looked on this sentiment 
 as manufactured and fostered by the Church and 
 State party — a clever attempt to grasp political con- 
 trol. She says : 
 
 "A Catholic foreigner discovered America. Cath- 
 olic foreigners first settled it. Then foreigners of all 
 denominations came over and settled the new country. 
 Some came at one time and some at another — they 
 have been coming ever since. When the colonies were 
 about to be enslaved, foreigners rescued it. Mean- 
 time, we beg leave to say that the day may come when 
 it may be dangerous to permit foreigners to emigrate 
 to this country but that day, we believe, is far distant 
 — a thousand years, perhaps. 
 
 "At present, we verily believe, that the liberty 
 of this country is in more danger from this native 
 combination than from foreigners and it is as clear to 
 our view as the hand before our face, that the object 
 of this native association is to establish a despotic
 
 ANNE ROYALL 185 
 
 power. The outcry of these natives arises from the 
 well known fact that they dread foreigners as an 
 unsurmountable obstacle to the accomplishment of 
 their treacherous plot." 
 
 During the campaign of 1844 which ended in the 
 election of James K. Polk as President, Mrs. Royall 
 had an associate editor who managed a poetical-politi- 
 cal supplement at his own expense. Mrs. Royall al- 
 ways washed her hands of poetry. She says: 
 
 1 ' The poetical articles which appear in this paper 
 this week are the productions of the assistant editor. 
 His club-offer, etc., (in another column) is totally in- 
 dependent of the regular circulation and is done to 
 gratify the lovers of songs, etc. It is a speculation 
 of his own which, for his sake, we hope may be suc- 
 cessful. ' ' 
 
 Mr. C. W. Fenton, the assistant editor, was a 
 Whig of the most pronounced type. Under his in- 
 fluence the little Huntress suddenly broke out with 
 startling headlines: 
 
 "A RARE CHANCE: 
 
 ''ORIGINAL WHIG SONGS, THE HUNTRESS 
 FOR 50 CENTS UNTIL THE PRESI- 
 DENTIAL ELECTION. 
 
 "All who wish to have in their possession a col- 
 lection of choice, well-written, pointed, original Whig 
 Songs and other caustic productions have the oppor- 
 tunity now offered them, at the low price of FIFTY 
 CENTS." 
 
 The songs were jingles made up of personal allu- 
 sions, bad puns, and clumsy jokes. The following is a
 
 186 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 specimen which Mrs. Royall cautiously pronounces to 
 be "probably creditable to the author": 
 
 "WHY DON'T HE CROW? 
 
 "That bird on the top of the hickory pole, 
 That bird on the top of the hickory pole, 
 That bird on the top of the hickory pole ; 
 What is it — a pheasant ? Oh no sir, oh no. 
 That bird is a rooster. Then why don 't he crow ? 
 "That bird seems weary, how came it up there? 
 It should not have flown so high through the air. 
 He turns round about with so vacant a stare, 
 That I very much doubt he could crow if he dare. 
 
 "A splendid bald Eagle, 'twas said 'tother day, 
 Flew over this pole to the Westward away. 
 Which was construed by Amos* an omen of luck, 
 Who is or pretends to be prophesy-struck. 
 
 "But a prophet 'tis well known no honor obtains 
 In the land of his birth, thereupon it remains 
 To be seen in the issue how far he's correct, 
 When himself and his Omens shall meet with respect. 
 
 "But the Eagle which Westward was winging its way r 
 To Kentucky was bound on a visit to Clay. 
 Grapes come not of thorns nor of thistles the fig, 
 This bald Eagle at Ashland will find a good W(h)ig.' r 
 
 Mr. Fenton's Whig candidate, Henry Clay, was 
 defeated because of his indecisive views on the question 
 of the acquisition of Texas. James K. Polk, of Ten- 
 nessee, who strongly favored the annexation of Texas, 
 was elected, the Liberty party, objecting to slavery 
 and favoring the acquisition of Texas, holding the 
 balance of power. 
 
 It was extremely characteristic of Anne Royall 
 that she should let Mr. Fenton sing his songs in her 
 
 *Amos Kendall.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 187 
 
 newspaper while she, the chief editor, was strongly 
 for Texas. Mr. Polk was an old acquaintance and 
 patron of Mrs. Royall. In the interesting ' ' Polk Cor- 
 respondence" preserved in the manuscript division of 
 the Library of Congress we find a letter from Mrs. 
 Royall to Mr. Polk which shows her independence more 
 fully, perhaps, than any other single piece of evidence 
 extant. It shows, also, how thoroughly sincere she 
 was in her warfare against the Church and State 
 party. At the head of the long sheet on which the 
 letter is written is this receipt : 
 
 "Received of Hon. J. K. Polk, two dollars and 
 fifty cents for his paper, The Paul Pry. Washington 
 City, Feby. 6th, 1834. 
 
 "Anne Royall" 
 
 Underneath follows the letter: 
 "Hon. J.K.Polk 
 "Sir: — 
 
 "I do not feel reconciled in taking your money, 
 and before I would have you imagine I am under 
 obligations, which I am not, I shall be very happy to 
 return it to you. I make these remarks from a report 
 that would not justify silence and from the reluctance 
 with which you in particular paid for the paper. And 
 yet I hope I am mistaken. I rather think there is too 
 much money religion in that quarter which I shall 
 handle, not sparingly, when other matters are dis- 
 posed of. I despise the canting of Messrs. Clay and 
 March since they have been converted to Money Reli- 
 gion. I have the honor to be, 
 
 "Your obedient servant, 
 
 "Anne Royall. 
 
 "P. S. Men who are governed by women, and 
 those women governed by Priests, are not fit to govern 
 the Nation."
 
 I; 
 
 :: i : T' - r i - _ _: - i - 
 
 
 lt: 
 
 _z \z>- 
 
 ' - ' - - : * — r>-=iii£ x. 
 
 - "_: : i_- 
 
 tZ -...: _ -r- 
 
 "'- '.'.' 1 lr? 
 
 — 
 
 - - :--j- 
 
 iel :: \i- 
 
 — _ ., . 
 
 
 ----- " - 
 
 — • -
 
 ANNE EOYALL 1:.- 
 
 d.d not speak on this occasion with Ins accustomed 
 vigor." But Senator Johnston, of Georgia, who fol- 
 lowed the Massachusetts statesman, showed vigor 
 enough. He set forth the abolitionists in a most un- 
 complimentary light. Even Mrs. Eoyall : 
 for them. She myi 
 
 " ' These poor abolitionists are not the prime mov- 
 ers of these appalling principles. They are mos~ : 
 them morally honest even scrupulously so. They are 
 kind neighbors and charitable on many rasions. 1 
 they have be sly educated. There may be 
 
 a lack of intellectual grasp which cunning sectarians 
 have moulded to their own interest in fa nsti- 
 
 tuted for this purpose, wher- masoning powers 
 
 have been crushed out by forcing them to believe that 
 their religion is the only true religion on earth." 
 
 In fact, if the early abolitionists had not. in their 
 manifestos, constant"" leelared that was "a 
 
 sin against G :hey had not continually em- 
 
 ployed other phrases common to the "bluesk" 
 Anne Eoyall would, in all probability, have been their 
 most ardent support- 
 
 The editorial page of Tl ." like that : 
 
 Paul Pry. is a curious mixture of fanatical attack, 
 solid chunks of common-sense, acute criticism, expos- 
 ure of public corruption, and naive narration of the 
 editor's personal affairs. Sometimes the editor takes 
 the public into her confidence, thn - 
 
 "No paper will be issued from this office this 
 week. TVe really mast take me week men in ten 
 years to fix up our wardrobe which is getting shabby. 
 
 Our next issue will welcome Congr-—
 
 190 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Mrs. Royall witnessed the first exhibition of the 
 telegraph before a congressional committee. Mr. 
 Morse asked her what he should say to his assistant 
 in Baltimore, whom she knew well. 
 
 She replied, "Tell him Mrs. Royall is present," 
 to which the gentleman at the other end of the line 
 gallantly responded, "Give my respects to Mrs. 
 Royall." 
 
 Long afterward she again met the great inventor. 
 She says: 
 
 "We think very highly of this amiable man, and 
 our opinion is that his country is unworthy of him. 
 He has spent his life, his money and his talents in 
 the study of Science for the benefit of mankind; the 
 successful result, we believe, was offered to Congress 
 but was evaded under some pretence or other. 
 
 ' ' When we first had the pleasure to see Professor 
 Morse, some eighteen years since, he had just returned 
 from Europe, where he had been to finish his studies. 
 He was then a blooming young man and highly ac- 
 complished. He is now thin, gray and careworn, 
 though his manners are still fascinating. But he has 
 lost that animation that became him so well. Thus 
 Genius is suffered to languish and die in our country. 
 Shame! Shame!" 
 
 About this time the first daguerreotype rooms 
 were opened in Washington, and Mrs. Royall, ever 
 eager to see new inventions, immediately investigated 
 the process. She writes: 
 
 ' ' It requires but a few minutes to take a likeness. 
 You have nothing to do but sit still upon your chair 
 and look through a tube. At first you see nothing; 
 but in a short time (in our case) the cap-border was 
 distinctly discernible, and the face soon came into 
 full view."
 
 ANNE ROYALL 191 
 
 The editor of The Huntress reassures timid per- 
 sons who express doubts as to its being quite lady- 
 like to have their pictures taken : 
 
 ' ' No lady need apprehend the least thing unpleas- 
 ant. As soon as she arrives Mr. Charles H. Brainard 
 of Boston steps forward and offers his services and 
 protection. There is no mistake. Mr. B., though 
 quite young, is one of your high-minded men — ac- 
 complished, and pleasant in his manners." 
 
 Mrs. Royall could put a printing press together 
 and she was able to understand the working of most 
 of the machinery which delighted her at Pittsburg, 
 but Daguerre's process, she confesses, was beyond 
 her: 
 
 "We have no conception of this mystery and 
 should like to understand it. To us it appears super- 
 human, and among our greatest discoveries."
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 The West 
 
 With the fierce, exultant love of the triumphant 
 pioneer, Anne Royall loved the entire Union. Watch- 
 ing the frontier move steadily westward was her 
 dearest pleasure for three-quarters of a stirring cen- 
 tury. Nowhere, perhaps, has this pregnant migration 
 from the east to the Pacific been more effectively and 
 clearly set forth than in Theodore Roosevelt's The 
 Winning of the West. In his introduction to that 
 valuable work, the author makes very plain certain 
 facts, and their geographical importance, which every 
 intelligent American should know. By means of these 
 facts, with their enormous influence upon the national 
 temperament, much in Anne Royall's stormy career 
 is easily explained. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt writes : 
 
 "The Americans began their work of western 
 conquest as a separate and individual people at the 
 moment when they sprang into national life. It has 
 been their great work ever since." 
 
 After speaking appreciatively of George Rogers 
 Clarke and Houston, the historian continues : 
 
 ' ' The way in which the southern part of our coun- 
 try — that is all the land south of the Ohio, and from 
 thence on to the Rio Grande and the Pacific — was
 
 ANNE ROYALL 193 
 
 won and settled stands quite alone. The region north 
 of it was filled up in a very different manner. The 
 Southwest, including what was once called simply 
 the West, and afterward the middle West, was won 
 by the people themselves, acting as individuals, or as 
 groups of individuals who hewed out their individual 
 fortunes in advance of any governmental action. On 
 the other hand, the Northwest, speaking broadly, was 
 acquired by the government, the settlers merely tak- 
 ing possession of what the whole country guaranteed 
 them. The Northwest is, essentially, a national do- 
 main; it is fitting that it should be, as it is, not only 
 by position but by feeling, the heart of the nation. 
 
 "In the Southwest the early settlers acted as 
 their own army and supplied both leaders and men. 
 Sevier, Robertson, Clarke and Boone led their fellow- 
 pioneers to battle, as Jackson did afterward, and 
 Houston did later still. Indeed, the Southwesterners 
 not only won their own soil for themselves, but they 
 were the chief instruments in the acquisition of the 
 Northwest also. Had it not been for the conquest 
 of the Illinois towns in 1779 we would probably never 
 have had any Northwest to settle; and the huge tract 
 between the upper Mississippi and the Columbia, then 
 called upper Louisiana, fell into our hands only be- 
 cause the Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were reso- 
 lutely bent on taking possession of New Orleans, 
 either by bargain or battle. All our territory lying 
 beyond the Alleghanies, north and south, was first 
 won for us by the Southwesterners, fighting for their 
 own land. The northern part was afterward filled 
 up by the thrifty, vigorous men of the Northeast, 
 whose sons became the real rulers as well as the pre- 
 servers of the Union; but these settlements of North- 
 erners were rendered possible only by the deeds of 
 the nation as a whole. They entered on land that 
 the Southerners had won, and they were kept there
 
 194 ANNE ROY ALL 
 
 by the strong arm of the Federal Government ; where- 
 as, the Southerners owed most of their victories only 
 to themselves." 
 
 Anne Royall was born into the individualistic 
 pioneer life; traveling in Tennessee, Kentucky, and 
 Alabama, she had absorbed the splendid colonistic 
 enthusiasm of the Southwest; her army husband, 
 whose opinions she reverenced, upheld with all his 
 heart the ordinance of 1787 under which the North- 
 west was settled and which, says Mr. Roosevelt, "ab- 
 solutely determined its destiny, and thereby in the 
 end, also determined the destiny of the whole nation ; ' ' 
 her long residence of thirty-one years at the national 
 capital where territorial expansion never ceases to be 
 a topical storm-center, only strengthened her original 
 affection for the West and its people; moreover, there 
 was something congenial to her daring, impetuous 
 nature in the free, unconventional, hospitable atmos- 
 phere of the West. She even insisted that life in the 
 broad western domain left an ennobling mark upon 
 the faces of the men and women brought up there. 
 She writes: 
 
 ' ' There is an independence in the looks and man- 
 ners of the Western people, an elevation of thought, 
 and a serenity of countenance altogether peculiar to 
 them. ' ' 
 
 Mrs. Royall 's mother, Mrs. Butler, and her broth- 
 er, James Butler, it will remembered, went to Ken- 
 tucky and from thence migrated west to Indiana. In 
 1831 Mrs. Royall had the great happiness of seeing 
 both again after a separation of more than fifteen 
 years. On her way to them, in Lawrenceburg, In-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 195 
 
 diana, she was also overjoyed to meet one of the two 
 young men who came forward as her bondsmen the 
 day of her trial in Washington City. 
 
 "I was hardly seated in the parlor of the tavern 
 when, to my infinite joy, my friend Mr. Thomas Dow- 
 ling, whom I had left in Washington city, stepped in 
 and took me by the hand!" 
 
 After three exclamation marks to express her 
 pleasure, Mrs. Royall continues: 
 
 "My joy was unbounded, of all the friends I 
 have in the world I esteem him the most, and to meet 
 him in a strange land was a cordial. I forgot the 
 trunks, my brother, my mother, and all my cares. 
 He soon had the trunks forthcoming, and in a few 
 words informed me he lived in the place, and was the 
 joint editor of a paper published at Lawrenceburg. 
 The virtues and talents of this young man are well 
 known. He used to work with Messrs. Gales and 
 Seaton, and from a friendless, homeless orphan lad 
 has become one of the first members of society. His 
 brother, Mr. John Dowling, the eldest, equally respec- 
 table for talents, is now studying law at Lexington. 
 The latter is a Jackson man, and Thomas goes for 
 Henry Clay. I was much gratified to find he com- 
 manded (which he always will) the respect and es- 
 teem of all parties." 
 
 In a footnote, Mrs. Royall notes that "Mr. Dow- 
 ling has since removed to Greensburg, and publishes 
 a paper of his own." 
 
 Indiana in 1831 was such a "thickly timbered 
 state" that Mrs. Royall declares she very nearly suf- 
 focated on her way across it. She goes on : 
 
 "When we reached Connersville, Indiana, we 
 discovered that my brother lived three miles further
 
 196 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 on, and I coaxed up the man, who, for another dollar, 
 conveyed me to my brother's through the most fertile 
 and beautiful land under the sun. Great sugar trees 
 from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet high ! 
 I had been praying all the way that I might find my 
 brother on a farm, that I might once more drink in 
 the pleasure of a sylvan shade, and was in raptures 
 as we threaded our way through the dark shades and 
 tangled roads. I left it all to my driver and was n- 
 little amused with his 'right and left and straight 
 forward. ' 
 
 "I understood at Connersville that my mother 
 had left her son and gone to live with a grandson. 
 But there was still pleasure before me and novelty, 
 too. I had seen my brother, Col. James Butler, but 
 twice in thirty years, and we were a very short time 
 together then, fifteen years since, and I had never 
 seen wife or child belonging to him. I therefore 
 hoped he might not know me that I might amuse 
 myself in passing for a stranger. I had no knowledge 
 of his situation, nor comforts. All I knew of him 
 was that he was an intelligent, honest man. which I 
 had heard from the members of Congress from his 
 state. Though my Letters had preceded me to Con- 
 nersville. and had been noticed so often in the papers, 
 such is his retirement he never heard I was on the 
 tour as it appeared. I resolved, if I did not like the 
 appearance, to return in the same wagon to Conners- 
 ville; and when we reached my brother's fence (the 
 house setting back in a field) we left the baggage in 
 the wagon, tied the horse, and finding neither gate nor 
 stile, the driver helped me over, and we soon reached 
 the house which stood exposed to the blazing sun. 
 
 "As I drew near the door so as to see the house, I 
 saw my brother and discovered by his smiling that he 
 knew me. So it was all over. My sister Sally (as 
 we will call Mrs. Butler) was a great bouncing woman, 
 with rosy cheeks and a rolling black eye. She cried
 
 ANNE ROYALL 197 
 
 for joy. She looked young enough to be my brother's 
 daughter, and was nearly double his size. My brother 
 was careworn and shrunk up to nothing. 
 
 "I soon saw I was welcome on all sides. But 
 the children! — the house swarmed with them. 'Are 
 all these yours ? ' I asked. ' Here is not half, ' said my 
 brother. 'Here is a sweet little babe you haven't seen 
 yet, ' said my sister, taking an infant from the cradle. 
 'We have two married,' said my brother, 'and two 
 have gone away,' said my sister. There were six in 
 the house then. They had ten, or perhaps, twelve; 
 and from that day to this I never was able to retain 
 their names. Meantime, I remained standing for I 
 saw no chance to write. But one room in the house 
 below stairs, or, rather, below ladder. All this I 
 liked — it was novel, it was rural, it was wild — was 
 what I had once been used to, and what I had long 
 mourned for. But how was I to write? For you 
 might stop my breath if you stop my pen. The north 
 front of the house looked cool, and a grove of shady 
 trees stood near; and a small cabin, too, though it 
 looked rather rusty. I could have that fitted up and 
 shaded with boughs, and by the help of imagination 
 it might be changed to a new cabin — the very thing 
 I wished for. All this was conceived in half a minute, 
 or less, and, having settled the most important affair 
 I sat down and desired the man to bring in my bag- 
 gage. 
 
 "By this time one of the absent sons appeared, 
 who, although only a boy in age was a man in size. 
 His name was John. He was very handsome and very 
 raw. He stood and stared at me awhile and then 
 walked off to help with the baggage. After the man 
 had taken a hasty snack I paid him the extra dollar, 
 and he departed. "We spent a pleasant evening in 
 talking over old times. My mother, it appeared, lived 
 with Cowan, at Edenburg, between forty and fifty 
 miles distant, and they were about removing (if not
 
 198 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 actually gone) up the Wabash to Logansport, nearly 
 three hundred miles. This was a disappointment, 
 indeed, but I resolved to rest a few weeks. 
 
 "Accordingly, next morning, I slipped John a 
 dollar, and set him forthwith at work upon my little 
 cabin. He soon formed it into a pleasant bower by 
 covering it with green boughs to keep out the sun, 
 which otherwise would have assailed me through the 
 logs. A table and chair were placed in the hut, and 
 I was soon engaged with my pen as happy as heart 
 could wish. 
 
 "When tired of sitting, I often strolled about 
 under the lofty trees or called on a near neighbor. 
 Sometimes, indeed, my premises were visited by a 
 saucy hog which, I think, was a pet. But pet or no 
 pet, he was very impudent and made no bones of root- 
 ing down my shade, and often came to the door and 
 grunted in my face. A rude flock of geese, and a 
 still ruder flock of sheep often trespassed on my do- 
 main, but the children were very good, and kept clean 
 on the other side of the lot, and my time went off very 
 pleasant for eleven days." 
 
 This little oasis in her life did Mrs. Royall much 
 good. She was never quite so sharp again. Mrs. 
 Royall found her mother at Springfield, Vermilion 
 county : 
 
 "I inquired at the first house I came to if the 
 Messrs. Cowan lived in Springfield and was answered 
 in the affirmative. It being Sunday I supposed their 
 store was shut, they being merchants ; and wishing to 
 apprise my mother of my arrival indirectly, I con- 
 cluded to stop at the store myself and to send for 
 one of the Cowans to break the matter to my mother 
 by degrees. Accordingly, I stopped at the store, and 
 finding a genteel man in the yard I asked which was 
 Mr. Cowan's dwelling and if Mrs. Butler was at
 
 ANNE ROY ALL 199 
 
 home ? He pointed to the the house which was about 
 two hundred yards distant, and replied that he 
 thought she was." 
 
 Patrick and William Cowan, Mrs. Butler 's grand- 
 sons, came at once to the store. Mrs. Royall remarks : 
 
 "Patrick, I thought, saluted rather coldly. I 
 paid little attention to this for I was planning the 
 interview with my mother, whom I had not seen for 
 sixteen years. She was now in her seventy-eighth 
 year, and though stout and active, as I understood, I 
 did not wish to meet her unapprised. She was in a 
 neighbor's house in town to see a sick child; and 
 Patrick, after apprising his wife, as it appears, to 
 prepare breakfast, went for my mother — told her 
 he wanted her to come home as it was near breakfast 
 time. She paid little attention to him but continued 
 to give directions about the sick child. 
 
 " 'Come, come, Grandmother, I've got good news 
 to tell you.' 
 
 11 'What is it?' 
 
 " 'Oh, come along and I'll tell you. I've heard 
 of Aunt R — she's coming to see us.' 
 
 "She dropped the child and set off with him. 
 
 " 'Who told you, where is she? How did you 
 hear?' 
 
 " 'I heard it from a traveling man. She will 
 soon be here.' 
 
 "After she got over the first surprise, he said he 
 expected me there that day and that he would not be 
 surprised if I got there that day. When he reached 
 home, finding she bore it pretty well, he told her I 
 was in town, and that he had seen me, and she must 
 rig up a little while he went for me. All this he re- 
 lated afterward. While he was preparing my mother 
 William, the single one, called on me, but was much 
 embarrassed. He was a handsome, small man but 
 very diffident.
 
 200 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 "Patrick soon called again, and I was not many 
 minutes in reaching the house. The first object I 
 saw as I stept in at the door was my mother sitting 
 composedly in a chair. The minute I was fairly in 
 the house the dear old woman sprang with the rapidity 
 of lightning and caught me in her arms! The first 
 words I could distinguish were, 'Well, never, never 
 did I expect to see you again ! ' These were the only 
 words I could clearly distinguish while I was with 
 her; her voice being so low and inarticulate that I 
 could hardly understand her. Those accustomed to 
 her understood her very well; and the family had to 
 interpret most of what she said. She was quite serene. 
 All her joy seemed to be mental. I now saluted Mrs. 
 Patrick Cowan, a sweet, pretty, delicate woman whom 
 I had never seen before. The children were the hand- 
 somest creatures I ever laid my eyes on. I think they 
 had seven, but to this day I do not know the names 
 of half my nephews and nieces. ' ' 
 
 We catch a glimpse of Anne Royall's silent brav- 
 ery about her own troubles: 
 
 "I had met with a sad reverse of fortune since 
 I saw my mother, which subject she introduced. But 
 it is one upon which I have never been able to con- 
 verse and she dropped it. 
 
 "My mother is a low, light woman, and once, the 
 handsomest of her day, though, like myself, under- 
 sized. She is now considerably bent, her features 
 have grown longer, and she is much burned with the 
 climate. But her eye (and such an eye!) was as 
 brilliant as ever, and she could see to read the smallest 
 print without glasses. 
 
 1 ' She had been subject to what is called the shak- 
 ing palsy for many years, which I shall always attri- 
 bute to the immoderate use of strong coffee, and though 
 it has greatly increased and perhaps affected her 
 voice, her mental powers, contrary to the common
 
 ANNE ROYALL 201 
 
 effects of old age, had become stronger to an aston- 
 ishing degree — far beyond what she was at any- 
 time I knew her. Her remarks had so much point 
 that I shook from head to foot with amazement. 
 She appeared to be supernatural. This is the only 
 instance I ever heard of the same nature. 
 
 "She is never sick, but has devoted so much of 
 her time to the afflicted, that her knowledge of medi- 
 cine is said to be consulted before any physician 
 wherever she is known. I had heard this but treated 
 it as a farce. But after seeing her I would believe 
 anything. She was always reckoned sensible but she 
 is far beyond that now. She shakes so violently that 
 she is compelled to drink through a tube. Yet she 
 is active, eats hearty, and can outride most females 
 on horseback. 
 
 ' ' Poor old woman ! after experiencing every vicis- 
 situde of fortune she has the pleasure of seeing her 
 family respectable, wealthy and flourishing, and finds 
 a most comfortable asylum in its bosom. I was charm- 
 ed with the affectionate manner of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Cowan toward her; and Patrick is indeed the most 
 affectionate and tender-hearted man in the world. It 
 was with the most heartfelt pleasure I saw him taking 
 wine to a poor sick stranger, and devoting his whole 
 time to those in distress ; sitting up nights with them, 
 nursing total strangers with the care and tenderness 
 of a parent. I soon found that what I took for cold- 
 ness was only embarrassment. 
 
 "Two days was all I could spend with my mother 
 as William was obliged to return on urgent business. ' ' 
 
 This visit to the West strengthened, if possible, 
 Mrs. RoyalTs affection for that part of the country. 
 She writes: 
 
 "As to soil and water, Indiana and Illinois are 
 worth the whole United States. Not an inch of ground 
 that I have seen in either state but can be cultivated. ' '
 
 202 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Cincinnati, though, she found ' ' a den of thieving 
 missionaries — a spot where Anti-Masonry and money- 
 religion have done their worst. It is a fair Sodom." 
 
 A few righteous, however, Mrs. Royall found in 
 the city — the party of Masons who received her — 
 Judge Burke, Mr. Langdon, Mr. Henry and Mr. T. 
 Flint. She writes : 
 
 ' ' I never longed to see even my mother more than 
 I did Mr. Flint, whose fame has placed him far beyond 
 my feeble pen. He is well known to rank among the 
 first men of the age. As a gentleman and fine writer 
 — as a man of strong mind, deep conception, classical 
 elegance, and inventive powers, he is second to no 
 American writer. His teeming mind dresses his lively 
 ideas with a magic sweetness which never fails to 
 charm; nor are we less pleased with his spirghtly wit 
 and descriptive powers. As I anticipated, this ami- 
 able man, the proud leader of our literary band, had 
 to drop his Review for want of support. Oh, shame 
 to the 'Queen of the West.' " 
 
 At Shelbyville, Indiana, Mrs. Royall was hand- 
 somely entertained by Captain Walker, who, she says,. 
 was the son of the first settler of Indiana: 
 
 "He and the celebrated Daniel Boone came in 
 company to hunt in the (now) state of Indiana, and 
 Captain Walker, when a boy, used to keep camp for 
 them." 
 
 In her journal Mrs. Royall makes many reflective 
 remarks upon the superiority of Western character : 
 
 "One thing is peculiar to the Western country, 
 which is a native and inbred sense of honor. 
 
 "In the Western states, thank heaven, we have 
 some virtue and freedom of thought. 
 
 ' ' Refinement is moving her empire to the West. ' *
 
 ANNE ROYALL 203 
 
 She pays tribute to one of Ohio 's greatest sons : 
 
 "To my great joy I met with some dear friends 
 whose happiness is never forgotten in my prayers to 
 heaven, Judge McClean and lady, both looking well. 
 He, majestic, mild and dignified, she the admired of 
 all. Would she not adorn the White House? Per- 
 haps she may yet. 
 
 "They were making a tour through the upper 
 Mississippi country. But the best news of all is that 
 Judge McClean remembers the poor in his absence 
 and left particular instructions with his agents for 
 the benefit of the sick and destitute. This is true 
 gospel. May heaven reward him for the Godlike act." 
 
 "N. B. Markle, of Terre Haute, is one of our 
 own boys in the West. Terre Haute is the garden- 
 spot of Indiana for intelligence, wit and refinement." 
 
 Later in her editorial capacity, Mrs. Royall con- 
 stituted herself into a sort of advisory paternal gov- 
 ernment for the West: 
 
 In The Huntress, she says : 
 
 "It appears Hon. W. C. Johnson gets on slowly 
 with his bill for the relief of the indebted states. 
 
 1 ' For our life, we cannot see why those rich mines 
 in Illinois, for instance, cannot be allowed to be farm- 
 ed out to pay its debts. It is a hard case for a sover- 
 eign state, no matter how she incurred the misfortune, 
 to endure the odium, not to say distress, of a heavy 
 debt hanging over her while she possesses within her 
 borders so rich a treasure. We should say it was 
 'unconstitutional.' And as for those two saucy young 
 ladies, Miss Wisconsin and Miss Iowa, who are rolling 
 in wealth, and expect to be married to Uncle Sam 
 shortly, they should contribute to the wants of their 
 elder sister." 
 
 More than any other river on this planet, not 
 excepting the Nile, the Rhine or the historic Tiber,
 
 204 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 the mighty Mississippi has influenced the imagination 
 of mankind. English and French poets have apos- 
 trophized it in flowing, alliterative verse; German 
 philosophers have used it as a figurative boundary- 
 mark of thought; artists have brooded over it; to 
 historians its blood-tinged waters have inspired elo- 
 quence ; the novelist has made the great river and the 
 savage race that once roamed its banks his own; to 
 commerce it has proved a stream of gold and, last but 
 by no means least, the phrase employed in its early 
 navigation, "mark twain," has become a household 
 joy in every civilized nation through its connection 
 with the world's best-loved humorist, Samuel L. 
 Clemens. 
 
 The banks of the wonderful river were compara- 
 tively lonely when Anne Royall first steamed north- 
 ward upon it. She felt its mystery and charm as she 
 seldom felt the poetry of natural beauty: 
 
 "The scenery on this part of the Mississippi 
 River is said to be flat. It may appear so to those 
 who see it every day, but a first view is very interest- 
 ing. The mighty river, itself, is an object of deep 
 interest and untiring beauty, and always sublime. Its 
 serpentine figure renders it always beautiful. The 
 points of land caused by its windings which are seen 
 far ahead, assume every figure and every shade, ris- 
 ing one above another. Some of them appear like 
 green towers ; some like solid green walls. These again 
 are variegated by sudden changes in the growth, from 
 cotton trees to willows and from the willow to the 
 cedar tree. The numerous islands, bayous and fields 
 of dark green corn on the shores, stocked with droves 
 of sleek black and white cattle, the trees enveloped in 
 a green vine forming every kind of figure out of the
 
 ANNE ROYALL 205 
 
 twigs — some into goblets, some wreaths and fringe- 
 tufts, and some actually resemble a hand with green 
 gloves on. This vine produces a rich red flower as 
 large as one's fist. The person must lack taste in- 
 deed who would not be pleased with this scenery." 
 
 The sandbars appear above Memphis. Their 
 principal beauty arises from their uninterrupted 
 smoothness and their soft, nankeen color. They 
 stretch up and down the stream in sword points. The 
 banks above Memphis are lined with the green rush 
 called scrubbing grass. Tons of this might be gath- 
 ered. It adds much to the beauty of the country. 
 
 When she reaches the steeper banks crowned by 
 mighty sycamores, Mrs. Royall is enraptured. But 
 with her, poetical feeling never long crowds out prac- 
 tical possibilities. 
 
 "Above any other part of the world, the people 
 of the "Western states are indebted to Fulton. They 
 would never have been distinguished from the vegeta- 
 bles of their soil were it not for his invention. ' ' 
 
 It was like her, too, to return to Washington and 
 work, the rest of her life for the improvements which 
 would aid navigation of the river that had so deeply 
 moved her wonder and admiration. 
 
 In three columns of The Huntress, August 7, 
 1847, she scores Thomas H. Benton for arguing against 
 a grant of money to improve the Mississippi river 
 and the harbors of the western lakes. Benton claim- 
 ed that the government should give aid only to na- 
 tional and not to ' ' local improvements. ' ' At the same 
 time, perhaps to soften his refusal of money, he de-
 
 206 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 livers a glowing panegyric on the "great West." Mrs. 
 Royall falls afoul of his speech. 
 
 "Wonder if there is a small West," she sniffs 
 contemptuously. ' ' Colonel Benton has swapped some 
 of his ' I 's ' f or ' Me 's. ' Who would have believed that 
 after admitting all this greatness of the West that the. 
 Senator would come out pointedly against any resort 
 to Congress or the Treasury. We understand the 
 gentleman. As chief of the Demagogues, he wants 
 all the money in the treasury, both the trust funds 
 and revenue, to aid a certain gentleman to reach the 
 Presidency, as we shall show anon — all ' National. ' ' ' 
 
 Mrs. Royal goes on to give the following statis- 
 tics concerning the receipts at New Orleans from the 
 upper country for the year 1846 : 
 
 "Total 77 millions of dollars. 
 
 "Steamboats employed for the trade of St. Louis, 
 251. 
 
 "Whole number on Western rivers, nearly 1,200, 
 valued at 16 millions, to which are to be added 4,000 
 keel and flat boats. 
 
 "Annual cost of transportation, 41 millions. 
 
 "Value of the whole commerce afloat, 430 mil- 
 lions, being double the amount of the whole foreign 
 commerce of the United States." 
 
 ' ' I would be glad to learn, ' ' comments Mrs. Royal 
 "whether a country yielding an annual treasure to 
 the amount stated above comes under 'local' or 'na- 
 tional' subjects? Whether this portion of country 
 comprising thirteen large states and a large portion 
 of Pennsylvania, Virginia and New York is not as 
 bona fide a part of the United States, as fully and 
 truly, as the Atlantic states where millions of dollars 
 have been expended on rivers and harbors? What is 
 it that gives the Atlantic states the right to draw
 
 ANNE ROYALL 207 
 
 money from the treasury that the Western states do 
 not possess ? 
 
 "In both cases applications are made to Govern- 
 ment — for what ? Why, to protect human life and 
 property. The Atlantic states received it, the West- 
 ern states do not. Why not ? Because Senator Ben- 
 ton, Ex-Attorney Butler and a few scores of others 
 say it would be unnational, ungenerous and every oth- 
 er 'un' in the English language. 
 
 1 ' The West is refused redress on the ground that 
 'objects of general national importance can alone 
 claim the aid of the Federal government!' Why? 
 Because Col. Benton says so. Does he call rivers 
 thousands of miles in length, and their tributaries, 
 local or sectional? The lake harbors are places of 
 shelter for vessels to discharge their cargoes and are 
 necessarily connected with commerce connected with 
 the whole country. Does the gentleman mean to in- 
 sinuate that the 'Great West' is not a part of the 
 Union ? 
 
 "Can Col. Benton of Missouri have the face to 
 injure, or attempt to injure, a country that has shel- 
 tered and honored him, as no other ever did ? To use 
 his own words, he 'ought to be viewed with scorn.' 
 He, a man who has all his life been searching every 
 nook and cranny for a Presidency ! ' ' 
 
 Over and over again in her papers, Mrs. Royall 
 hammers at this subject: 
 
 "It is as clear as day that the protection of navi- 
 gation extends to the Western lakes and rivers. Navi- 
 gation is navigation or it is not. If it be navigation, 
 then it is entitled to the protection of the U. S." 
 
 So anxious was the editor of The Huntress to see 
 the Western rivers and lakes made wholly navigable 
 that she even invents, on paper, a machine for re-
 
 208 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 moving snags, derelicts and other obstacles. In answ- 
 er to various objections, urged by Congress, she ex- 
 claims : 
 
 "A fiddlestick's end! Import a ton of best steel, 
 get one of your ENGINEERS, or a common Black- 
 smith, and tell them to make an instrument something 
 in the form of a harpoon, or something that will ' hold 
 on.' Next, get the strongest cable you can find, 
 fasten it to one of your strongest steamboats, and when 
 the sawyer pops up its head, seize it, put on plenty 
 of steam, and pull away for life. 
 
 "Next pass a law to send every Captain or pilot 
 to the penitentiary for the longest possible term who 
 takes command of any steamboat unsound in wood, 
 iron, castings or sails, or who sails at night without 
 lights and bells. Every boat should have a thun- 
 dering big bell and keep it ringing every dark night 
 until daylight." 
 
 Significant testimony to the value of the stern 
 training of youth in our country's earlier days is 
 found in the fact that it was not unusual for several 
 members of the same family to rise to distinction — 
 the Bayards, Hoars, the Websters, the Lincolns, the 
 Chandlers, the Washburns, the Dodges — and others 
 — a long roll-call. 
 
 Of those remarkable men, Henry Dodge, of Wis- 
 consin, and his son Augustus Ceesar Dodge of Iowa, 
 Mrs. Royall writes: 
 
 ' ' There are two of the Dodges in Congress, father 
 and son, the only instance, we believe, on record. 
 They and the family of Senator Linn are nearly al- 
 lied and are from the extreme West, where they have 
 lived and hunted the wild man, the deer and the
 
 ANNE ROYALL 209 
 
 buffalo, and raised large families of children, and 
 although old and young have been reared in the forest 
 shades, remote from those schools and seminaries of 
 refinement, which abound in the Atlantic states — 
 yet it will be acknowledged by all who have the pleas- 
 ure of their acquaintance, that few of the families 
 that visit Washington can vie with them in pleasing 
 manners, taste or accomplishments. Above all, they 
 have that high-minded generosity which is character- 
 istic of the Western people. These three families 
 form a paradise among themselves and impart com- 
 fort to all around them. 
 
 "Gen. Henry Dodge is the brave man who brought 
 the protracted Black Hawk war to a speedy conclusion, 
 which saved the country some thousands of dollars. 
 He was the principal leader in promoting the wealth 
 and present prosperity of Wisconsin. He was born 
 in the West and has always lived in the West. His 
 son, Hon. Augustus Dodge, did the same by Iowa. 
 This noble scion of the true Western blood is inde- 
 pendent, generous, high-minded and will yield to no 
 man or party of the Atlantic states in appearance or 
 principle. We have known both father and son up- 
 wards of seventeen years and have never known nor 
 heard of spot or blemish laid to their charge." 
 
 Mr. Schoolcraft, the great scholar who devoted 
 his life to a study of the Indians, was much admired 
 by Mrs. Royall: 
 
 "Mr. S. is advanced in years, rather more than 
 middle age, with a tall, stout, comely figure, and a 
 still quiet countenance, as innocent as the sleeping 
 babe. His fine, manly face is round and placid, be- 
 speaking humility and erudition, while his mild, mod- 
 est blue eye drops with human kindness. What a 
 capacious mind the man must have ! ' '
 
 210 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 July 25, 1835, Mrs. Royall writes editorially: 
 
 "Every true patriot must rejoice at the indepen- 
 dence of the people of Michigan in forming their state 
 constitution. The noblest feature of their constitu- 
 tion is that 'no religious test shall be required of any 
 man who may be a candidate for office.' 
 
 "We are proud to see the head of the Mississippi 
 Valley take this bold stand. The Valley is now the 
 only asylum for freedom in the true sense of the 
 word, in the U. S." 
 
 Mrs. Royall was quite willing that Oregon should 
 be settled but she had no faith in some of the pro- 
 moters of that project — they were "too pious to be 
 honest," in her estimation. The caste which was 
 beginning to creep into the army also offended her: 
 
 " 'Oregon.' Our opinion is that it is altogether 
 a humbug, and will turn out to be a byway to the 
 Treasury, for the same reason, viz., those who favor 
 settling it are but little concerned for the real good 
 of their country. 
 
 " 'A standing army for Oregon?' It will take 
 millions to find them in silk stockings, kid gloves and 
 champagne, not to mention carriages and oyster sup- 
 pers." 
 
 Again, in more serious vein, she writes : 
 
 "We are gratified to find that Congress begins to 
 understand the vehemence with which this question 
 is pressed upon the government, and that some mem- 
 bers have a knowledge of the sterility of that distant 
 territory. Not that our Government ought to sur- 
 render one inch of it to any power on earth provided 
 the title is good. But to plunge hap-hazard into a 
 war until the true state of the case is ascertained and 
 every amicable measure to adjust the question fails 
 is madness."
 
 ANNE ROYALL 211 
 
 Speaking of Edward Gilbert, a delegate from 
 the new province of California, Mrs. Royall wrote 
 indignantly : 
 
 "It is with much regret, we might say grief, that 
 we witness the protracted course of Congress in re- 
 gard to admitting California into the Union, upon 
 any terms and trust to Providence for consequences, 
 or relinquish their claim to the settlers and let them 
 do the best they can. It is hard to keep these worthy 
 delegates [John C. Fremont, Edward Gilbert, "Wil- 
 liam M. Gwin, George W. Wright] as Senators and 
 Representatives waiting here so long in suspense, 
 while their adopted country, the richest in the world, 
 is suffering from every species of misfortune and 
 crime for the want of established laws." 
 
 Anne Royall never ceased to exult that she had 
 lived to see the frontier reach the Pacific. 

 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 Old Age 
 
 Of the hope deferred that maketh the heart sick, 
 Anne Royall and her faithful Sally suffered their 
 full share. Before every session of Congress for a 
 quarter of a century, Mrs. Eoyall laid a petition for 
 a pension based on the services of her husband, Cap- 
 tain William Royall, in the war of the American 
 Revolution. Until old age caused her hand to trem- 
 ble so that she could not prepare a page which seemed 
 to her neat enough to lay before their honors, Mrs. 
 Royall wrote the petitions, Sally carried them to the 
 Capitol and, almost up to the time of his death, John 
 Quincy Adams presented them and used all his influ- 
 ence with committees to secure favorable action there- 
 on. 
 
 In time, Mrs. Royall 's claim became a joke in 
 Congress — sometimes a cruel joke. One day, a north- 
 ern member, meeting her in a corridor, exclaimed cor- 
 dially: "Ah, I am glad I met you, Mrs. Royall, Hon- 
 orable Mr. S. wants to see you. He is in room 6." 
 Instantly elated, the old lady hurried to the com- 
 mittee room only to find Honorable Mr. S. fast asleep 
 and snoring on a sofa. 
 
 In other ways, "well-fed and better-vianded" 
 Congressmen made merry at old Mrs. Royall's ex- 
 pense. Once somebody nominated her for Public
 
 ANNE ROYALL 213 
 
 Printer — a jest which tickled the legislative sense 
 of humor immensely. After awhile she became the 
 "Miss Flite" of the Capitol. The personal inter- 
 views she sought were numberless, the letters she wrote 
 regarding her perfectly just and legitimate claim 
 would fill a good-sized volume. In 1839 she wrote 
 to Adams: 
 
 "Washington, D. C. 
 
 "Hon. J. Q. Adams, " Sept 20th ' 1839 ' 
 
 "Most Valued Friend, 
 
 "Once more I trouble you with a petition to 
 Congress. To you who have known me since the first 
 week I came to this city, it must be painful to see 
 my unsuccessful but unwearying struggles to obtain 
 my money from Congress, whilst millions of dollars, 
 session after session, are appropriated to objects of 
 doubtful utility. 
 
 "I have the honor to be sir, 
 
 'Your grateful friend, 
 
 "Anne Royall. 
 "N. B. I should be happy, if convenient to 
 you, sir, to let the petition be the first offered this 
 morning. ' ' 
 
 In that pathetic postscript were condensed the 
 hopes and disappointments, the privations and the 
 needs of many long, hard years. Among the objects 
 of "doubtful utility" which irritated Mrs. Royall, 
 waiting in vain for the payment of a debt which the 
 government certainly owed her husband, was the re- 
 peated removal of the Greenough statue of Wash- 
 ington in and out and all around the Capitol before 
 it was at last placed at the east front. She writes : 
 
 ' ' The thousands of dollars which have been spent 
 in carting that statue around would have supported
 
 214 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 an aged revolutionary widow in comfort for the re- 
 mainder of her life." 
 
 This statue, which seems always to have been 
 something of a white elephant on the hands of the 
 government is finally, in 1908, to be permanently 
 retired. 
 
 The excuses of legislators for not getting pension 
 bills on the calendar were also hard for the two pov- 
 erty-stricken women to bear : ' ' They won 't have time 
 they fear to get a pension bill through this session. 
 The mischief they won't. They have done nothing. 
 What have they done? Nothing but to put through 
 one bill voting extra pay for themselves. They never 
 will have time while they continue talking and never 
 acting. ' ' 
 
 In her efforts to obtain a pension everything 
 worked against Mrs. Royall from the first. The offi- 
 cial records of her husband's military services, pre- 
 served in the court-house at Richmond, were lost in 
 the great Richmond fire. Testimony, however, that 
 Royall did serve in the army as claimed by his widow 
 came in abundance from his junior fellow-officers, 
 from judges, governors, congressmen, and from Lafa- 
 yette, under whom Royall served. But the fact that 
 certain papers tied with red tape were missing was 
 enough to serve Mrs. Royall's enemies. Church and 
 State men and Anti-Masons whom she had flayed were 
 not slow in pointing out to their senators and repre- 
 sentatives that there was, extant, no official record of 
 William Royall's military services. To legislators 
 whose fences were weak this hint was enough. They
 
 ANNE ROYALL 215 
 
 knew how to vote when Mrs. Roy all's pension bill 
 came up. 
 
 Furthermore, Mrs. Royall was not married until 
 1797. By the statute of limitations pensions could be 
 granted only to widows married before 1794. A less 
 powerful advocate, too, than John Quincy Adams 
 would have better served her interest. Any measure, 
 no matter how trivial, introduced by Adams was sure 
 to be downed by the Jackson men. Small wonder, 
 then, in view of all handicaps, that the Index to Pub- 
 lic Documents (bulkiest and saddest of volumes) 
 should contain nearly a full page of bills under Mrs. 
 Royall's name each marked, "Adversely Reported." 
 
 Two points, however, are most significant in ev- 
 ery one of these official reports: First, that the val- 
 idity of Mrs. Royall's marriage is accepted; second, 
 the admission that William Royall did serve in the 
 Virginia continental line as claimed. The following 
 report of a committee is a fair reproduction, so far 
 as these two vital points are concerned, of nearly 
 every report made upon Mrs. Royall's pension. The 
 italics are the biographer's: 
 
 "27th Congress Rep. No. 796 450 
 
 "2nd Session H. of Reps. 
 
 "Widow of Captain William Royall, deceased. 
 
 "To accompany Bill H. R. No. 450, May 26, 1842. 
 
 "Mr. Fornance, of the Committee on Revolution- 
 ary Pensions, submitted the following: 
 
 "The Committee on Revolutionary Pensions to 
 whom was referred the petition of Anne Royall report : 
 
 ' ' That the Committee have carefully examined the 
 claim of the petitioner, who is the widow of Major 
 William Royall, an officer in the army of the Ameri-
 
 216 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 can Revolution. This claim with all the evidence and 
 papers, has been before Congress for some years, and 
 has been reported adversely several times. At the 
 26th Congress, Mr. Bond, from the Committee on 
 Revolutionary Pensions, reported that the l evidence 
 submitted fully establishes the alleged service of the 
 said William Royall, and it is satisfactorily proved 
 that the petitioner is his widow.' 
 
 ' ' The marriage, however, was not solemnized until 
 the month of November, 1797, and consequently is not 
 embraced within the provisions of the present pension 
 laws, which do not include cases of marriage after 
 1794. The Committee deem it inexpedient to extend 
 the provisions of the law thus referred to, and there- 
 fore, report against the prayer of the petitioner. 
 
 "Notwithstanding these adverse reports, however, 
 the fact has ever been admitted that William Royall 
 served as Captain in the Revolutionary war, suffering 
 many privations without compensation ; Tliat the pe- 
 titioner was married to him previous to the year 1798, 
 and that she is now his widow. As many applica- 
 tions have been made to extend the pension laws with 
 reference to widows who married previous to 1798, 
 this Committee, for the purpose of obtaining the opin- 
 ion of the House, report a bill granting to Anne 
 Royall a half-pay pension for ten years." 
 
 Great was the joy of the two poor women over 
 this favorable report. Castles in the air rose at once. 
 Sally should see Niagara Falls — her favorite dream. 
 Mrs. Royall, for the first time since her earliest widow- 
 hood, would buy an entirely new suit. Sally insisted 
 on that expenditure. The small boys who helped 
 about the printing-press were promised a half holiday 
 at the theater. Debts were to be paid and new ones 
 were never to be contracted. Maintenance for old age 
 was assured — a country home possible. No more
 
 ANNE ROYALL 217 
 
 fear of the poor-house when their busy fingers could 
 no longer work. 
 
 But all this rejoicing was premature. The bill 
 failed. Mrs. Royall's dismay overflowed into the col- 
 umns of The Huntress. Speaking editorially, she 
 says : 
 
 "Poor Sally! Her disappointment pierced my 
 heart. Her face fell and she burst into tears. We 
 do not mind so much for ourselves. We are used to 
 privation and can live on bread and water if need 
 be. Whatever happens, our paper shall not stop." 
 
 In 1848, when Mrs. Royall was in her eightieth 
 year, a law was passed granting pensions to widows 
 of Revolutionary soldiers married after 1794. Under 
 this act Mrs. Royall was entitled to ten years back 
 pay which would have given her an annual pension 
 of $480. Very foolishly, however, she chose to accept, 
 in lieu of the pension, a lump sum of full pay for 
 five years. By the provisions of the bill, as finally 
 amended, other legal heirs were allowed to share the 
 money equally with the widow of the Revolutionary 
 soldier. The result was that Mrs. Royall was no bet- 
 ter off after she received the money from the govern- 
 ment than she was before. She says: 
 
 "The heirs at law took half our commutation 
 money and every dollar of the remainder we owed to 
 those who had trusted us (the dear people). We kept 
 three dollars and Sally got seven out of the $1,200." 
 
 The main debt was for her printing-press — a 
 larger, second-hand one lately installed. She also owed 
 for printing-paper and type. 
 
 The winter that followed was a bitter one in 
 Washington. Snow fell frequently and the cold was
 
 218 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 unprecedented. Mrs. Royall apologizes for the ap- 
 pearance of one issue of The Huntress : 
 
 1 ' Our paper has looked bad — worse than ever 
 since March set in owing to the intensity of the 
 weather which has been the coldest and the longest 
 in duration which we have ever experienced — and we 
 have felt it keenly — since our recollection. The office 
 of The Huntress is the poorest apology for a house 
 that ever a paper was worked off in, being little better 
 than the open air. The present snow was as deep in 
 the press-room almost as in the open field. This, and 
 the vilest paper — so thin that it would not bear its 
 own weight when wet, to say nothing of its freezing 
 on the form which we were obliged to heat with 
 hot bricks, and hang old quilts around the gaping 
 walls — with our old type and none but little boys 
 to help print, it's a wonder we get on at all." 
 
 At this juncture that good man, Mr. Gales of the 
 Intelligencer came to old Mrs. Royall's rescue. Mr. 
 Gales, unlike some other big men, bore no grudge 
 against the old lady for her former attacks upon him- 
 self or his policy. He gave orders to his foreman to 
 supply the struggling octogenarian with all the paper 
 she wanted, at any time she wanted it, free of cost. 
 Meeting her in the street one day when the weather 
 was freezing, Mr. Gales slipped a five dollar bill into 
 Mrs. Royall's hand and told her to buy herself a pair 
 of warm shoes with it. 
 
 "It was the very last bill in Mr. Gales 's pocket- 
 book, too," she writes, gratefully. 
 
 By the advice of a lawyer, Mrs. Royall was soon 
 again before Congress asking for the payment of the 
 interest on the debt due her husband. But Congres- 
 sional patience was at an end. Her petition received
 
 ANNE ROYALL 219 
 
 no attention. Poverty pressed her hard. During 
 these closing years of her life Mrs. Royall was often 
 forced to beg. But she never felt that she was beg- 
 ging. She believed that her little newspaper, offered 
 in exchange, was a fair equivalent for what she re- 
 ceived. Also, she felt that a soldier's widow was 
 entitled to a living. She was of too independent a 
 nature to beg gracefully. When Amos Kendall sent 
 her a load of wood she told him he ought to have sent 
 her a cord. She meant, she explains, that he, as a 
 servant of the government, had received large fees 
 for a long period of years while she, the widow of a 
 man who had helped build that government, was treat- 
 ed in a niggardly manner. 
 
 The Masons, the Unitarians, the Catholics, and 
 the Hebrews in "Washington were still kind to old Mrs. 
 Royall. Actors, too, were her friends, notably, Man- 
 ager Jefferson, father of that kindest-hearted of ac- 
 tors, Joseph Jefferson. Upon one occasion, though, 
 Mr. Jefferson was unable to carry out her wishes. 
 He had accepted a play she wrote but was unable, be- 
 cause of adverse local sentiment against her, to pro- 
 duce it. 
 
 The first presentation of the play was advertised 
 to take place in a theater. Tickets sold briskly and, 
 at the time appointed, a good-sized audience had gath- 
 ered at the door. But the theater was dark. An 
 agent appeared and informed the waiting crowd that 
 no performance would take place, and that money 
 already paid for tickets would be refunded next day. 
 Mrs. Royall and her friends were thunder-struck. But 
 the mystery was soon explained. Ecclesiastical and
 
 220 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 Anti-Masonic influences brought to bear on the owner 
 of the building had induced him to forbid the produc- 
 tion therein of any play written by that "old infidel, 
 Anne Roy all. " 
 
 The Masons, however, came forward and took 
 the matter up, offering Mrs. Royall the use of their 
 hall. Unluckily, the night of her benefit proved very 
 stormy and receipts were small in consequence. The 
 play is lost but the Prospectus has been preserved : 
 
 "MASONIC HALL 
 
 "GREAT ATTRACTION, POSITIVELY THE 
 
 LAST NIGHT OF THE CABINET, OR 
 
 LARGE PARTIES IN WASHINGTON. 
 
 ' ' For the benefit of the Poor 
 
 "Thursday evening, March 21, 
 
 "Will be presented (by desire) and positively for the 
 
 last time, the Comedy in three acts written by 
 
 MRS. ANNE ROYALL entitled 'The Cabinet 
 
 or Large Parties in Washington. ' 
 
 "CAST 
 
 Williams Mr. Gibson 
 
 Jedidiah Ploughshare Alexander 
 
 Paperkite Hamilton 
 
 Dennis Hoburg 
 
 Famish Gibson 
 
 Parson Sneak Marll 
 
 Mrs. Foolscap Vurkhard 
 
 Legible A. A. Alexander 
 
 Furnish Smith 
 
 Miss Davis Grouard 
 
 "Ladies and gentlemen, Police Officers. 
 
 "Previous to which the farce of 'Fortune's Fro- 
 lics.' 
 
 "Recitation. 
 
 "For Characters see small bills.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 221 
 
 "Tickets reduced to twenty-five cents to be had 
 at Alexander's and at Blackwell's, Congress Hall, also 
 at the door on the evening of the Performance. 
 Doors open at half past six. Performance to com- 
 mence at half past seven." 
 
 It was unfortunate for Mrs. Royall's posthumous 
 reputation that, along toward the close of her life, 
 special correspondents began pouring into Washing- 
 ton. The funny little old woman, trotting through 
 the corridors of the Capitol, waylaying congressmen, 
 made amusing "copy" when news was scarce. Anne 
 Royall's bitterly poor old age has contributed a face- 
 tious paragraph to nearly every book that has been 
 written about early Washington. The tradition of 
 her trial as a common scold gave the key-note. Her 
 quick tongue did the rest. Anne Royall was probably 
 one of the first persons in the United States to whom 
 the term "crank" was applied. John Quincy Adams's 
 entertaining description of her as "a virago errant 
 in enchanted armor" was gleefully quoted in spite of 
 the well-known fact that John Quincy Adams could 
 never, even in state papers, restrain his pen from 
 turning a clever phrase. Moreover, at the date of 
 that utterance Adams was catering to the Anti-Ma- 
 sons for votes. As a matter of fact, Adams really 
 liked and respected the courageous woman. 
 
 But Amos Kendall, Prince of American diplo- 
 mats, did not like Anne Royall. More than once, in 
 her newspapers, Mrs. Royall exposed plans which the 
 ' ' brains ' ' of the Jackson administration — Blair and 
 Kendall — wished kept secret. No ferret was ever 
 keener after rats than Mrs. Royall on the scent of
 
 222 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 political plots. In later life, too, Mr. Kendall became 
 affiliated with the Evangelical element in Washington 
 which regarded the author of the Black Books with 
 horror. Of Amos Kendall, Harriet Martineau, in her 
 Retrospect of Western Travel, writes: 
 
 "He is supposed to be the moving spring of the 
 whole administration — the thinker, planner and doer ; 
 but it is all in the dark. Documents are issued of an 
 excellence which prevents their being attributed to 
 the persons who take the responsibility of them ; a 
 correspondence is kept up all over the country for 
 which no one seems answerable; work is done of 
 goblin extent and goblin speed, which makes men 
 wonder ; and the invisible Amos Kendall has the credit 
 of it all." 
 
 In his power to choose just the right word to 
 create prejudice without much departing from facts 
 in a description, Amos Kendall is without a paralell 
 in American literature. This remarkable gift (and 
 Kendall almost ranks here with Swift and Machievelli) 
 made him an enormous power in politics for many 
 years. Kendall's paragraph about Anne Royall is 
 somewhat characteristic of his style : 
 
 "There was living in Washington at that time, a 
 singular woman named Anne Royall, the widow of 
 Captain Royall, of the United States Army. She was 
 homely in person, careless in dress, poor in purse and 
 vulgar in manners. But she had a tolerable educa- 
 tion, much shrewdness, and respectable talents. She 
 procured her subsistence by publishing books in which 
 she praised extravagantly those who bought her books 
 or gave her money, and abused without measure those 
 who refused or in any way incurred her displeasure.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 223 
 
 Some, through love of flattery, and more through fear 
 of abuse, contributed to her support. She owned and 
 edited two small papers, Paul Pry and The Huntress. ' ' 
 
 Many of the assertions in that picture are true. 
 Yet, by adroit use of terms like "singular," "vulgar 
 manner," "tolerable," "shrewdness," "incurred her 
 displeasure," "gave her money," "contributed to her 
 support, ' ' etc. — by putting those terms just as they 
 are put an unkind and unfair impression is conveyed. 
 Mrs. Royall was not "homely in person," neither was 
 she ever "careless in dress" in the sense of not being 
 perfectly neat. The impression is given that abuse 
 for incurring "her displeasure" was a purely person- 
 al revenge for a personal insult. There is no word 
 of her attitude toward Anti-Masonry and hell-fire 
 theology — the two causes of her bitterest invective. 
 It may also be noted that Mr. Kendall passes very 
 lightly over the agencies which, whether she was loved 
 or hated, made Anne Royall a power throughout the 
 country for many years — her small but vigorous 
 newspapers. Amos Kendall was a great man and a 
 good man — a man whose memory deserves, and re- 
 ceives, reverence. But even a good and a great man 
 may harbor a prejudice. That Mr. Kendall was 
 prejudiced against Mrs. Royall is evident. 
 
 In 1852 Mrs. Royall lost by death her oldest and, 
 probably, her closest friend in Washington, Father 
 William Matthews, of Saint Patrick's Catholic church. 
 She mourned him loyally. Only a few friends were 
 left her now. 
 
 In 1854, because of poverty and failing strength, 
 she was obliged to contract The Huntress to the size
 
 224 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 of a child's paper — four pages, six by eight inches. 
 Few women eighty-five years of age could fill even so 
 small a newspaper as well as Mrs. Royall filled hers. 
 Fewer still, at so advanced an age, would have started 
 out on a third journalistic venture with such resolute 
 cheer. June 24, 1854, she says, editorially : 
 
 ' ' We issue today the first number of the new series 
 of The Huntress, having put ourselves to much ex- 
 pense in purchasing larger and more legible type, 
 rules, etc. In our next number we shall have re-set 
 our former advertisements, and shall issue the paper 
 promptly every week. We tender our thanks to our 
 friends for their support and shall strive to merit their 
 approbation in future. We are getting strong and 
 feel as blithe and gay as ever, and Sally is looking 
 much better." 
 
 The leading article of the first number is on " The 
 National Era and the Riot at Boston." The editor 
 quotes from the Boston Journal an account of the in- 
 tense excitement in the Bay state over the attempt to 
 remand the negro, Burns, to his owner Captain Suttle. 
 Mrs. Royall reiterates that she does not object to the 
 abolition of slavery but to the use that is made of the 
 question of abolition which, she declares, is only a 
 cloak for the Church and State party. 
 
 The second number of the new Huntress is also 
 hopeful in tone. Mrs. Royall has just made a visit 
 (her last, it proved to be) to the White House. Pres- 
 ident Franklin Pierce is the subject of Anne Royall 's 
 last pen-portrait : 
 
 "For the first time since he has been President, 
 we have had the pleasure of seeing the patriot and 
 statesman, Franklin Pierce a few days ago. He look-
 
 ANNE ROYALL 225 
 
 ed stout and healthy but rather pale. His counten- 
 ance used to be gay and full of vivacity when he was 
 a Senator in Congress several years ago, but now it 
 wears a calm and dignified composure, tinctured with 
 a pleasing melancholy. His fine blue eye is still bright 
 while his deep, placid forehead clearly bespeaks the 
 mind of the man who has won the admiration of his 
 countrymen by his independence and strict political 
 integrity. His soft and pleasing voice is attuned to 
 melody itself, and his engaging manners readily cap- 
 tivate the beholder, though he rarely smiles. We 
 could not refrain from dropping a tear when he spoke 
 to us of his lady, after whose health we inquired. The 
 sad bereavement she met with in the sudden loss of 
 her only and beloved boy has shadowed the bright 
 walks which surround the Presidential Mansion which 
 erst were beaming with sunshine and joy. We shall 
 leave Franklin Pierce on his retirement from office 
 with pleasing remembrances and feelings of regret." 
 
 But the flickering physical strength of the aged 
 woman could not long keep up with her unwaning 
 brain-energy. The summer of 1854 was intensely hot 
 in Washington. July 2, Mrs. Royall issued the num- 
 ber of The Huntress which (although she did not know 
 it) was to be her Valedictory. After analyzing the 
 Kansas-Nebraska bill with all her old-time vigor of 
 language, she expresses regret, in another column, that, 
 because of illness she was unable to attend Dr. John 
 Lord's historical lecture the night before. She does 
 fairly well in tearing Mr. Lord's theology to pieces 
 but evidently feels that she might be more destructive 
 had she listened to his lecture. 
 
 In the last editorial she ever wrote she says : 
 
 "We trust in Heaven for three things: First, 
 that Members may give us the means to pay for this
 
 226 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 paper — perhaps three or four cents a Member — a 
 few of them are behindhand in their subscriptions, but 
 the fault is not theirs; it was owing to Sally's sick- 
 ness. Others again, have paid us from two to six 
 dollars. Our printer is a poor man. We have only 
 thirty-one cents in the world, and for the first time 
 since we have resided in this city — thirty-one years — 
 we were unable to pay our last month's rent. Had 
 not our landlord been one of the best of men we should 
 have been stript by this time; but we shall get that 
 from our humble friends. 
 
 ' ' Second, that Washington may escape that dread- 
 ful scourge, the cholera. Our third prayer is (and 
 these were Anne Rovall's last printed words) that the 
 UNION OF THESE STATES MAY BE ETERN- 
 AL." 
 
 Quietly, almost painlessly, old Mrs. Royall died 
 the first day of October, 1854. The world had run 
 by her. Washington papers announced her death 
 only by the following curt notice : 
 
 "Yesterday morning, the first inst., Mrs. Anne 
 Royall, at a very advanced age. Her funeral will take 
 place this afternoon at 3 o'clock from her late resi- 
 dence on B St. and Capitol Hill, where her acquain- 
 tances are respectfully invited to attend without fur- 
 ther notice." 
 
 Next day the Intelligencer contained two columns 
 reviewing the life and works of Madame De Sevigne. 
 Of the able American woman whose Avhole life's 
 thought was given to her country's welfare not one 
 word was spoken. 
 
 In the Congressional cemetery, surrounded by the 
 cenotaphs of many of the men who in life feared or 
 courted her pen, almost within a stone's throw of the
 
 ANNE ROYALL 227 
 
 great white dome toward which her heart-strings and 
 her brain-fibers were ever turning — Anne Royall, 
 war-worn widow of a gallant officer of the American 
 Revolution, lies forgotten in a sunken, unmarked 
 grave.
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 Conclusion 
 
 A man who reads everything that he can lay his 
 hands on relating to the history of the United States, 
 and who knows Mrs. Royall 's writings well, has said : 
 
 ' ' After all, when one studies the causes for which 
 she stood one cannot help feeling that the old lady was 
 about right on every question she tackled." 
 
 There is much truth in that homely judgment. 
 Summarized, the main causes for which Anne Royall 
 fought were : 
 
 Entire separation of Church and State, in letter 
 and spirit. 
 
 Exposure and punishment of corrupt officials. 
 
 Sound money. 
 
 Public schools, everywhere, wholly free from reli- 
 gious bias or control. 
 
 Freemasonry. 
 
 Justice to the Indians. 
 
 Liberal immigration laws. 
 
 Transportation of Sunday mails. 
 
 Internal improvements. 
 
 Territorial expansion. 
 
 Liberal appropriations for scientific investigation. 
 
 Just tariff laws — no nullification. 
 
 States' Rights in regard to the slavery question.
 
 ANNE KOYALL 229 
 
 The abolition of flogging in the Navy. 
 
 Betterment of condition of wage-earners. 
 
 Free thought, free speech and a free press. 
 
 Good works instead of long prayers. 
 
 How much this pioneer woman journalist really 
 accomplished for any or for all these causes is a 
 matter of secondary importance. The significant fact 
 is that, for more than thirty years, Anne Royall was 
 a Voice, a strident Voice, crying out for national right- 
 eousness — at a time, too, when nearly all other Amer- 
 ican women of the pen were uttering themselves in 
 sentimental verse or milk and water prose. 
 
 Mrs. Royall 's manner of presenting her arguments 
 against men, measures and institutions which, in her 
 opinion, menaced Democracy was often abominably 
 offensive. Anything more disagreeable than portions 
 of the Black Book and some of the earlier numbers of 
 Paul Pry it would be hard to find in print. Mrs. 
 Royall sadly lacked the training of the schools. Her 
 mental faculties had been sharpened but they were 
 never disciplined. She lacked mental poise and coher- 
 ency. Her points were seldom logically arranged in a 
 manner to secure an effective and convincing climax. 
 There is an undue proportion of chaff to wheat in all 
 her writings. But the wheat is there. Even now her 
 diatribes concerning long dead issues hold a reader's 
 attention. "When those issues were alive and burning 
 curiosity was widespread to see what the irrespressible 
 Mrs. Royall would say next. 
 
 Every legislator of her era who kept his ear to 
 the ground knew that Mrs. Royall's influence was 
 not to be despised. Public men, almost without ex-
 
 230 ANNE ROYALL 
 
 ception, spoke her fair. Her books and papers reached 
 every city, town and village ir the United States. 
 They were read alike by friend and by foe. They 
 influenced that most important class in any age or 
 country, the free-thinking minority of today which 
 is sure to become the majority of tomorrow. 
 
 Mrs. Royall lacked spiritual insight, calm judg- 
 ment, culture, and the tact that comes from habitual 
 association with the gently-bred. In many respects 
 she was the child of her time — a period of national 
 swagger in the United States, of unspeakably bad art 
 and manners, of provincial thought and prejudice, of 
 acrimonious discussion and disagreeably insistent, 
 though deep and sincere, patriotism. The significant 
 thing about Anne Royall — what makes her worth re- 
 membering — is the fact that, though typical of her 
 time she yet, both in her private and in her public life, 
 often rose above the standards and practice of that 
 time. 
 
 In her private life, Anne Royall obeyed the pre- 
 cepts of the Founder of that Christianity which she 
 was accused of denying. She visited those who were 
 sick and in prison; out of her scanty means, no less 
 than in the days of her abundance, she fed the hungry 
 and clothed the naked ; she gave shelter to the homeless 
 widow and orphan and took the outcast Magdalen to 
 her arms. 
 
 The great natural law of Reform, using unafraid 
 human souls as its agents, works ceaselessly, surely, 
 relentlessly, throughout the ages. Every man or wo- 
 man who makes even a small break in the crust of 
 useless custom and harmful prejudice is a Reformer.
 
 ANNE ROYALL 231 
 
 Anne Royall, in her day and generation, made many 
 such breaches. The woman's courage was fine. Her 
 aim was single — the preservation of that government 
 which was a part of her very existence. Patriotism 
 was the ruling passion of her life. A map of the 
 United States filled the entire field of her mental 
 vision. Born into the horrors of border warfare, Anne 
 Royall witnessed three wars and anxiously scanned the 
 black storm-clouds gathering for a fourth. The loyal, 
 proud, and loving allegiance of a lifetime is expressed 
 in her last yearning cry, "I pray that the Union of 
 these States may be eternal. ' ' 
 
 The jeers of her enemies have pursued Anne 
 Royall beyond the grave. Only one good word has 
 been spoken for her by any modern writer. But that 
 good word comes from a high source — from the ac- 
 complished scholar to whom, while other librarians 
 come and other librarians go, the beautiful great Li- 
 brary of Congress on Capitol Hill in Washington will 
 ever remain a fitting and deserved monument — 
 AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD. 
 
 In a valuable article on Early Journalism in 
 Washington, Dr. Spofford says of Mrs. Royall : 
 
 "That she was regarded as a horrid creature by 
 many is most true. But it is equally true that Anne 
 Royall had many friends wherever she went, and that 
 she was not without kindliness and even charity. The 
 world 's judgment of erratic persons who become prom- 
 inent in any age is apt to be severe, but a more impar- 
 tial judgment holds in fair balance the good and the 
 evil in human character, and refuses to condemn too 
 harshly the struggling and industrious woman who, in 
 a ruder age than ours, conquered adversity and ate 
 her hard-earned bread in the sweat of her brow."
 
 Appendices
 
 Appendices 
 
 The main purpose of the following concordance 
 to Mrs. Royall's writings is to furnish a possible 
 source of information to persons interested in the 
 social, political, aesthetic, intellectual and moral de- 
 velopment of life in the United States. No claim 
 is made that this source is lofty. But Jansen in Ger- 
 many, Green in England, and McMasters in the 
 United States have proved conclusively that the tal- 
 low-dip of the common man's experience is an histor- 
 ical light not to be despised. A significant sign of 
 the humanistic tendency of the present day is that 
 the history most eagerly read deals almost wholly 
 with the daily environment and the manner of living 
 of the average multitude, and with the personalities 
 of the men and women to whom that average multi- 
 tude yielded more or less voluntary intellectual alle- 
 giance. As a chronicler, Anne Royall possesses points 
 valuable to the historian and student. She was a 
 comprehensive observer. Nothing objective ever es- 
 caped her forest-trained eye. She was honest. She 
 had a man 's liking for accurate information about the 
 manner in which things were done and made. When- 
 ever possible, she verified statements. She always 
 went to headquarters for information. She delighted 
 in the multiplication of buildings as the country grew.
 
 236 APPENDICES 
 
 She loved to gather statistics. Hence her descriptions 
 of places are trustworthy. 
 
 As to her pen-portraits, they are usually correct 
 as far as physical characteristics are concerned. 
 Whenever she makes an error, she apologizes therefor 
 later, after this wise: "We owe the honorable Senator 
 S. an apology for swapping his black eyes for blue 
 ones in our last issue. The light in the Capitol was so 
 poor that day that portraiture was unusually diffi- 
 cult. ' ' Of spiritual values, however, Mrs. Royall was 
 not always a competent appraiser, although her eth- 
 ics were sound enough. Her rage against the pre- 
 vailing theology of her day, her aggressive patriot- 
 ism, her hatred of the Anti-Masons and the "mis- 
 sionaries" often mar her judgment when she tries to 
 sum up a character. To the historian, however, these 
 faults on Mrs. Royall 's part are of small importance. 
 What he cares about is the fact that she painted, ex- 
 actly as she saw them, the leading personages of her 
 time and the places that knew them. 
 
 To the reader of the present age Mrs. Royall 's 
 personal descriptions may seem florid. Compared 
 with other similar productions of her own time, 
 though, they are not over- effusive. Early nineteenth 
 century English, both spoken and printed, was fervid. 
 The day of Romanticism had not passed. The influ- 
 ence of Walter Scott, Byron, Shelley, and Keats was 
 still strong. Oratory, not sordid bread and butter 
 facts, yet held its magic sway over the masses of gov- 
 ernment-adoring United States citizens. Even in the 
 home the English used was more stately and ornate 
 than now. Little boys and girls had not yet been
 
 APPENDICES 237 
 
 taught to answer their elders with the curt "yes" and 
 "no" which shock a few survivors who remember 
 the more courteous speech of olden time. Mrs. 
 Royall's descriptions may flatter their subjects but 
 they are never servile. 
 
 That she acquired mannerisms, as she advanced 
 in age, cannot be denied. Sometimes she explains her 
 pet terms: "By 'Medicean figure,' we mean bodily 
 contour resembling that of the Medicean Venus." 
 "By 'Grecian face,' we mean wide at the top, taper- 
 ing to the chin. But a friend recently informed us 
 that the Grecian face is square. If so, we have more 
 sins to answer for than we expected. But the models 
 before us give the argument in our favor. ' ' 
 
 As has been said, Mrs. Royall was usually ac- 
 curate. To her printers, however, the same compli- 
 ment cannot be paid. Their mistakes are legion. 
 Quite frequently the front page of the Huntress bears 
 one date and the second another. In such cases I 
 have given in this appendix the correct date but seek- 
 ers for portraits will do well to look at the date-head- 
 ings carefully. 
 
 This concordance is necessarily incomplete. A 
 complete index would fill a large volume. Only the 
 names of persons of more or less national importance 
 are here given. Mrs. Royall's harsher delineations 
 have also been omitted, although in the body of the 
 book, in order to show her as she really was, one or 
 two such unflattering portraitures are given without 
 names. 
 
 Where the author's spelling of proper names dif- 
 fers from that of the Congressional Directory I have
 
 238 APPENDICES 
 
 placed the latter form in brackets. Owing to impossi- 
 bility of verification in some cases unavoidable errors 
 may perhaps be found. Earnest and painstaking ef- 
 fort has been made, however, to secure accuracy.
 
 APPENDIX A 
 
 A Partial Index to Pen-Portraits in Mrs. Roy- 
 all's Books 
 
 Adams, Charles, Blade Boole II, 123. 
 
 Adams, Charles Francis, Blaclc Booh II, 123. 
 
 Adams, Hannah, Sketches, 336. 
 
 Adams, Pres. John, Sketches, 347; Black Book II, 128. 
 
 Adams, Pres. John Q., Sketches, 166; Black Book II, 126. 
 
 Adams, Judge, Black Book II, 125. 
 
 Andrews, Mr., Pennsylvania II, 81. 
 
 Archer, William, Virginia, Black Book III, 127. 
 
 Augustine, D., Southern Tour III, 74. 
 
 Bailey, Ann, Sketches, 49. 
 
 Baldwin, Henry, Pennsylvania II, 69. 
 
 Bancroft, Dr., "Worcester, Sketches, 306. 
 
 Barnard, Mr., Pennsylvania, Black Book III, 115. 
 
 Barron, Commodore, Black Book I, 257. 
 
 Baylor, Robert E., Alabama Letters, 226. 
 
 Bell, Joseph, Black Book II, 373. 
 
 Bennet, Editor, Black Book II, 8. 
 
 Benton, Thomas H., Missouri, Black Book III, 112. 
 
 Berrien, Mr., Georgia, Black Book III, 113. 
 
 Biddle, John, Michigan, Alabama Letters, 232. 
 
 Biddle, Nicholas, Philadelphia, Black Book I, 97. 
 
 Blair, Francis P., Southern Tour II, 213. 
 
 Blair, James, Alabama Letters, 226. 
 
 Bockee, Abraham, Southern Tour II, 215. 
 
 Bonaparte, Joseph, Black Book I, 17. 
 
 Branch, John, Gov., North Carolina, Black Book III, 117. 
 
 Broadhead, John, New Hampshire, Southern Tour II, 215. 
 
 Brockenborough, Mr., artist, Black Book I, 153.
 
 240 APPENDICES 
 
 Brown, Mr., artist, Black Book I, 91. 
 
 Brown, Senator, North Carolina, Alabama Letters, 225. 
 
 Brown, Moses, Soc. of Friends, Ehode Island, Black Book 
 
 II, 93. 
 Brown, Silas, Alabama Letters, 228. 
 Brownell, Thomas C, Sketches, 295. 
 
 Bryan, Mr., poet, Alexandria, Virginia, Black Book I, 141. 
 Butler, Mr., editor, Pennsylvania II, 8. 
 Butler, Gov., Vermont, Black Book III, 28. 
 Burroughs, Rev., Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Black Book 
 
 II, 180. 
 Byles, Miss, Boston, Sketches, 335. 
 
 Cabell, Benj. W., Southern Tour I, 41. 
 
 Cabell, Dr. G., Southern Tour I, 106. 
 
 Cabell, Dr. J., Southern Tour I, 107. 
 
 Calhoun, John C, Sketches, 166. 
 
 Carroll, Daniel, Black Book I, 139. 
 
 Carroll, Wm. Thomas, Alabama Letters, 199. 
 
 Cary, Mr., publisher, Philadelphia, Sketches, 229. 
 
 Carson, Samuel P., Alabama Letters, 184. 
 
 Chace, Miss Bertha, Black Book I, 305. 
 
 Chamberlain, Dr., Vermont, Black Book III, 41. 
 
 Chandler, Thomas, Maine, Black Book II, 115. 
 
 Chapin, Bev. E. H., Portsmouth, N. H., Black Book II, 282. 
 
 Chaplin, Morris W., Pennsylvania II, 173. 
 
 Chase, Senator, Vermont, Alabama Letters, 177. 
 
 Cilley, Mr., Exeter, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 70. 
 
 Clagget, H. H., Alexandria, Virginia, Black Book I, 140; 
 
 Black Book III, 122. 
 Clap, A. W., Black Book II, 222. 
 Clark, Gov., Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 181. 
 Clay, C. C, Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 226. 
 Clayton, Senator, Delaware, Alabama Letters, 224. 
 Clinton, DeWitt, Sketches, 283; Black Book I, 12. 
 Coffee, Gen., Alabama Letters, 45. 
 Cooper, James Fennimore, Sketches, 266. 
 Craig, Eobert, Virginia, Southern Tour II, 216. 
 Crawford, Mr., White Mountains, Black Book II, 282.
 
 APPENDICES 241 
 
 Crockett, David, Black Book 111, 131. 
 
 Crowninshield, Mr., Salem, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 149. 
 
 Dame, A. A., Black Book II, 111. 
 
 Dana, Hon. — , Connecticut, Black Book II, 164. 
 
 Daniel, Henry, Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 182. 
 
 Day, Pres., Yale University, Sketches, 383. 
 
 DeGraff, N. Y., Alabama Letters, 191. 
 
 Deniston, Mr., Pennsylvania II, 199. 
 
 Desha, Gen. Eobert, Alabama Letters, 185. 
 
 Dickinson, Wells M., Pennsylvania II, 142. 
 
 Drayton, William, South Carolina, Black Book III, 126. 
 
 Duane, William, Black Book I, 317. 
 
 Duncan, Joseph, New York, Alabama Letters, 185. 
 
 Dunlap, Mr., Pennsylvania I, 229. 
 
 Duval, Judge, Alabama Letters, 185. 
 
 Dwight, Henry, Massachusetts, Alabama Letters, 193. 
 
 Dwight, Secretary, Black Book I, 25. 
 
 Eaton, Gen. John, Tennessee, Black Book I, 126. 
 
 Edes, Gen., Pennsylvania I, 8, 9. 
 
 Ellis, Powhatan, Mississippi, Black Book III, 113. 
 
 Ely, Eev. Dr., Pennsylvania I, 83. 
 
 Everett, Edward, Massachusetts, Sketches, 354; Black Book 
 
 III, 135. 
 Ewell, Dr., Sketches, 152. 
 
 Fairbanks, Messrs., Boston, Black Book II, 116. 
 
 Faris, George, Pennsylvania II, 78. 
 
 Fenner, Gov., Connecticut, Sketches, 371. 
 
 Fessenden, Samuel, Black Book II, 116. 
 
 Findley, William, Pennsylvania, Alabama Letters, 84. 
 
 Flint, Timothy, Southern Tour III, 240. 
 
 Flint, Eev., Salem, Massachusetts, Sketches, 374. 
 
 Focet, Mr., Pennsylvania II, 174. 
 
 Foot, Samuel, Connecticut, Alabama Letters, 176. 
 
 Force, Peter, Washington, D. C, Sketches, 153. 
 
 Ford, James, Pennsylvania, Southern Tour II, 215. 
 
 French, Miss, Troy, New York, Sketches, 286.
 
 242 APPENDICES 
 
 Gadsby, John, Black Book I, 127. 
 
 Gaines, Gen., Southern Tour I, 27. 
 
 Gallatin, Albert, Sketches, 217; Southern Tour I, 52. 
 
 Gallaudet, Thomas, Sketches, 298. 
 
 Gaston, William, Southern Tour I, 88. 
 
 Germans, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 102-108; 132. 
 
 Grundy, Felix, Tennessee, Alabama Letters, 224. 
 
 Gurrow, Samuel, Southern Tour II, 204. 
 
 Haile, William, Mississippi, Alabama Letters, 186. 
 
 Hale, John P., New Hampshire, Black Book II, 193, 201. 
 
 Harrison, William H., Ohio, Black Book III, 115. 
 
 Haswell, Mr., Vermont, Black Book, 33. 
 
 Hayne, Eobert, South Carolina, Black Book III, 122. 
 
 Hill, Isaack Hill, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 348. 
 
 Hobart, Bishop, Black Book II, 11. 
 
 Hobbie, Selah, New York, Alabama Letters, 183. 
 
 Holmer, Gabriel, North Carolina, Alabama Letters, 184. 
 
 Houston, Samuel, Black Book I, 125. 
 
 Hubbard, Henry, New Hampshire, Southern Tour II, 214. 
 
 Huntingdon, Black Book II, 121. 
 
 Ingersoll, Ealph, Connecticut, Black Book III, 126. 
 
 Iredell, James, North Carolina, Alabama Letters, 223. 
 
 Isaacs, Judge, Alabama Letters, 228. 
 
 Irving, Washington, Sketches, 264. 
 
 Irwin, W. W., Ohio, Southern Tour II, 216. 
 
 Jack, Captain, Pennsylvania II, 13. 
 
 Jackson, Pres. Andrew, Alabama Letters, 69, 212. 
 
 James, J. S., Southern Tour I, 38. 
 
 Johnston, Chapman, Southern Tour I, 38. 
 
 Johnson, Col. B. H., Kentucky, Black Book III, 114. 
 
 Joy, T. H., Black Book II, 117. 
 
 Kane, Elias, Illinois, Alabama Letters, 176. 
 
 Kemp, Bishop, Black Book I, 105. 
 
 Kennon, William, Ohio, Alabama Letters, 231. 
 
 King, Mr., artist, Black Book I, 112. 
 
 Kilpatrick, Dr., Pennsylvania II, 223. 
 
 Knight, Prof. Yale, Sketches, 389. 
 
 Kremer, George, Pennsylvania, Alabama Letters, 190.
 
 APPENDICES 243 
 
 Lafayette, Gen., Sketches, 175, 344. 
 
 Lamar, Henry G., Georgia, Alabama Letters, 225. 
 
 Langdon, Mr., Burlington, Vermont, Black Book III, 33. 
 
 Laurence, Joseph, Pennsylvania, Alabama Letters, 189. 
 
 Law, Messrs., Washington, D. C, Black Book III, 205. 
 
 Lea, Prior, Tennessee, Alabama Letters, 184. 
 
 Levy, Chapman, Southern Tour I, 46. 
 
 Lewis. Dixon, Alabama, Alabama Letters, 226. 
 
 Lincoln, Levi, Gov. Massachusetts, Sketches, 305. 
 
 Lincoln, E., Maine, Gov., Black Book II, 217. 
 
 Livingstone, R. M., Black Book I, 71. 
 
 Livingstone, E., Black Book I, 125. 
 
 Longfellow, Stephen, Black Book II, 19. 
 
 Lynch, S. M., Dr., Southern Tour I, 216. 
 
 Lyon, Chittendon, Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 182. 
 
 McKean, Samuel, Pennsylvania, Alabama Letters, 189. 
 
 McLane, Louis, Delaware, Pennsylvania I, 43. 
 
 McLean, John, Illinois, Alabama Letters, 224. 
 
 McPherson, Col., Black Book I, 278. 
 
 Madison, Pres. James, Southern Tour I, 37. 
 
 Madison, Mrs. Dolly, Southern Tour I, 42. 
 
 Maitland, Sir Peregrine, Canada, Black Book I, 53. 
 
 Marshall, Judge, Black Book I, 127. 
 
 Martin, Judge, Providence, Ehode Island, Sketches, 371. 
 
 Mason, Jeremiah, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 181. 
 
 Matthews, Eev. William, Washington, D. C, Black Book I, 116. 
 
 Mills, Elijah, Black Book II, 61. 
 
 Mitchell, Dr. S. L., Sketches, 265. 
 
 Monroe, President, Southern Tour I, 37. 
 
 Moore, Bishop, Black Book I, 127. 
 
 Morse, Jedediah, Sketches, 387. 
 
 Murat, Prince, Black Book I, 17. 
 
 Murry, M. M., Pennsylvania II, 76. 
 
 Neef, Mr., Educator, Pennsylvania II, 149-163. 
 
 Noah, Major, Editor, Black Book II, 4. 
 
 Nott, President, Union College, New York, Black Book I, 33. 
 
 Nuckolls, William, South Carolina, Alabama Letters, 183.
 
 244 APPENDICES 
 
 Ogle, Gen., Pennsylvania II, 253. 
 
 Orr, Benj., Massachusetts, Black Boole II, 138. 
 
 Orr, Kobert, Pennsylvania, Alabama Letters, 189. 
 
 Parker, Eev., Black Book II, 180. 
 
 Parris, Albion, Maine; Black Book III, 114. 
 
 Palfrey, Mr., writer, Salem, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 142. 
 
 Paulding, Sketches, 264. 
 
 Peabody, W. O., Sketches, 292. 
 
 Pierpont, Eev., Boston, Sketches, 337. 
 
 Planteau, Madame, Sketches, 13. 
 
 Polk, James K., Alabama Letters, 182. 
 
 Pope, Col., Alabama, Alabama Letters, 162. 
 
 Powell, Hare, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 59. 
 
 Prince, Dr., Salem, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 142. 
 
 Prince, Oliver, Georgia, Alabama Letters, 178. 
 
 Randolph, John, Virginia, Alabama Letters, 187; Southern 
 
 Tour I, 389. 
 Richardson, Joseph, Massachusetts, Alabama Letters, 181. 
 Riddle, Col. James, Pennsylvania II, 70. 
 Ridgeley, Henry, Delaware, 178. 
 
 Ritchie, Mr., publisher, Richmond, Virginia, Black Book I, 151. 
 Rives, William, Virginia, Alabama Letters, 186. 
 Robbins, Asher, Rhode Island, Black Book III, 116. 
 Ross, George, Pennsylvania I, 175. 
 Rowan, John, Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 177. 
 Rowson, Mr., Boston, Black Book II, 116. 
 Ruffner, Henry, Sketches, 57. 
 Ruggles, Benj., Ohio, Alabama Letters, 176. 
 Rush, Rice, Pennsylvania, Black Book I, 109. 
 
 Salstonstall, Mr., Salem, Mass., Black Book II, 146. 
 Sawyer, Lemuel, North Carolina, Black Book I, 128. 
 Schulze, Gov., Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 188. 
 Schuyler, Major Philip, New York, Black Book I, 70. 
 Scott, Mrs. Hancock, Boston, Black Book II, 139. 
 Seaton, Mr., Sketches, 153. 
 Sears, D., Sketches, 338. 
 Sedgwick, Mrs., Sketches, 266.
 
 APPENDICES 245 
 
 Selkirk, Lord, Alabama Letters, 7. 
 
 Seymour, Horatio, Vermont, Alabama Letters, 177. 
 
 Sigourney, Mrs., Sketches, 300. 
 
 Silliman, Prof. Yale, Sketches, 389 ; Black Book II, 193. 
 
 Sister, Mrs. Eoyall's, Pennsylvania II, 213. 
 
 Smith, Oliver, Indiana, Alabama Letters, 185. 
 
 Smith, S. C, Blank Book III, 113. 
 
 Snowden, John M., Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 108. 
 
 Southwick, Mr., Sketches, 283. 
 
 Sparks, Jared, Sketches, 337; Black Book II, 111. 
 
 Speight, Jesse, North Carolina, Alabama Letters, 227. 
 
 Spencer, Richard, Alabama, Alabama Letters, 227. 
 
 Sprague, Peleg, Black Book II, 260. 
 
 Steckel, Dr., Penjisylvania I, 108. 
 
 Stevens, Philander, Pennsylvania, Southern Tour II, 215. 
 
 Stevenson, James, Pennsylvania II, 126. 
 
 Stith, Mrs., Black Book I, 318. 
 
 Swan, Samuel, New Jersey, Black Book II, 191. 
 
 Tammany Hall, Black Book I, 11. 
 
 Tappan, Benj., Pennsylvania II, 146. 
 
 Taylor, John, Pennsylvania II, 73. 
 
 Tazewell, Littleton, Virginia, Black Book I, 256; Alabama 
 
 Letters, 179. 
 Test, John, Indiana, Alabama Letters, 232. 
 Thayer, Col., West Point, Sketches, 381. 
 Tyler, Gardiner, A^irginia, Alabama Letters, 178. 
 Tucker, Starling, South Carolina, Alabama Letters, 183. 
 
 Union College, New York, Black Book I, 33. 
 
 Universalist minister at Hartford, Connecticut, Sketches, 301. 
 
 Upham, Rev. Charles, Salem, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 193. 
 
 Van Buren, Matthew, Black Book I, 11. 
 Vance, Joseph, Ohio, Alabama Letters, 186. 
 Van Ness, C. P., Vermont, Black Book III, 258. 
 Van Ness, Gen., Washington, D. C, Black Book I, 138. 
 Van Ness, Mrs., Washington, D. C, Black Book I, 139. 
 Van Renssallaer, Gen. Stephen, New York, Sketches, 281. 
 Vaughan, — , Black Book II, 258.
 
 246 APPENDICES 
 
 Walcott, Gov. Connecticut, Sketches, 390. 
 
 Walsh, Mr., Pennsylvania I, 93. 
 
 Watkins, Dr., Sketches, 152. 
 
 Watterston, George, Librarian of Congress, Sketches, 150; 
 
 Black Book III, 210. 
 Weare, Kev., Black Book II, 343. 
 
 Webster, Daniel, Black Book II, 327; Black Book III, 112. 
 Webster, Noah, Sketches, 383. 
 
 Weeks, John W., New Hampshire, Alabama Letters, 231. 
 Welsh, Mr., Sketches, 69. 
 
 Wheaton, Major, Black Book I, 118; Black Book III, 109. 
 White, Judge, Black Book III, 111. 
 
 Whitney, Mr., Salem, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 148. 
 Wiley, Mr., Black Book I, 3. 
 Willey, Calvin, Connecticut, Black Book III, 116. 
 Williams, Judge, Black Book III, 111. 
 Wilson, James, Pennsylvania, Alabama Letters, 189. 
 Wine, A. E., Michigan, Black Book III, 122. 
 Wingate, Gen., Black Book II, 224. 
 Wise, Calvin, Pennsylvania II, 30. 
 Wise, Fred A., Pennsylvania II, 30. 
 Wirt, William, Black Book I, 129; Sketches, 165. 
 Woodbury, Levi, New Hampshire, Black Book III, 122. 
 Woodsworth, Mr., Sketches, 266. 
 Worter, G. W., Georgia, Southern Tour I, 71. 
 Wright, Miss Frances, Pennsylvania II, 164, 174. 
 
 Yale University, Sketches, 383. 
 
 Yates, Gov. Van Ness, Sketches, 282; Black Book I, 34. 
 
 Yancey, Joel, Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 182.
 
 APPENDIX B 
 Places Described, 1824-1831 
 
 Alabama, Southern Tour II, 189. 
 
 Albany, Sketches, 273; Black Book I, 11; Black Book II, 33. 
 
 Alexandria, Sketches, 100; Black Book I, 140; Black Book 
 
 III, 222. 
 Allentown, Pennsylvania I, 142. 
 Annapolis, Pennsylvania I, 20; Black Book I, 311. 
 Augusta, Georgia, Southern Tour II, 66, 806. 
 Augusta, Maine, Black Book II, 268. 
 
 Ballston, Black Book I, 25. 
 
 Baltimore, Pennsylvania I, 5; Sketches, 187; Black Book I, 
 
 100, 301; Southern Tour I, 3. 
 Bangor, Black Book II, 292, 308. 
 Bath, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 376. 
 Bath, Maine, Black Book II, 229. 
 Bayou Sarah, Southern Tour III, 86. 
 Bedford, Pennsylvania I, 242. 
 Bedford Springs, Pennsylvania I, 257. 
 Belfast, Maine, Black Book II, 316. 
 Bellows Falls, Black Book II, 357. 
 Belleville, Southern Tour III, 160. 
 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania I, 114. 
 Black Bock, Black Book I, 57. 
 Blairsville, Pennsylvania II, 224. 
 Boston, Sketches, 307; Black Book II, 110; Pennsylvania II, 
 
 136. 
 Bowdoin College, Black Book II, 199. 
 Bowling Green, Letters, 13; Southern Tour III, 186. 
 Brandywine, Pennsylvania I, 44. 
 Brooklyn, Sketches, 269.
 
 248 APPENDICES 
 
 Brookville, Indiana, Southern Tour III, 220. 
 
 Brown University, Black Book II, 95. 
 
 Brunswick, Maine, Black Book II, 108. 
 
 Buekland, Southern Tour I, 5. 
 
 Bucksport, Black Book II, 312. 
 
 Buffalo, Black Book I, 46. 
 
 Burlington, Vermont, Black Book III, 33, 45. 
 
 Cabell Courthouse, Alabama Letters, 5. 
 Cambridge, Massachusetts, Sketches, 307, 350. 
 Camden, South Carolina, Southern Tour II, 40. 
 Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania II, 187. 
 Carlisle, Pennsylvania I, 190. 
 Carrollton, Black Book I, 300. 
 Castine, Black Book II, 313. 
 Chambersburg, Pennsylvania I, 122. 
 Charleston, South Carolina, Southern Tour II, 3. 
 Charleston, Virginia, Black Book I, 292. 
 Charlestown, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 353. 
 Charlestowu, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 139. 
 Charlottesville, Southern Tour I, 84. 
 Cincinnati, Southern Tour III, 338. 
 City Point, Virginia, Black Book I, 249. 
 China, Maine, Black Book II, 289. 
 Columbia College, New York, Sketches, 246. 
 Columbia, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 181. 
 Columbia, South Carolina, Southern Tcnir II, 53. 
 Concord, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 346. 
 Connersville, Indiana, Southern Tour III, 225. 
 Courtland, Alabama Letters, 137. 
 
 Danville, Indiana, Southern Tour III, 233. 
 Danville, Vermont, Black Book III, 19. 
 Dartmouth College, Black Book II, 363. 
 Denistown, Pennsylvania I, 195. 
 Dickinson College, Pennsylvania I, 190. 
 Dover, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 337. 
 
 Easton, Pennsylvania I, 100. 
 Ebonsburg, Pennsylvania II, 229.
 
 APPENDICES 249 
 
 Eddenburg, Southern Tour III, 230. 
 Eddyville, Southern Tour III, 184. 
 Elizabeth, Virginia, Southern Tour III, 205. 
 Erie Canal, Black Book I, 35, 66. 
 Exeter, Black Book II, 164. 
 
 Farmsville, Southern Tour I, 116. 
 
 Fayetteville, Alabama Letters, 33; Southern Tour I, 147. 
 
 Floating Bridge, Lynn, Massachusetts, Sketches, 356. 
 
 Florence, Alabama, Alabama Letters, 143, 146. 
 
 Fort Bainbridge, Southern Tour II, 148. 
 
 Fort Mitchell, Southern Tour II, 141. 
 
 Frederick, Maryland, Black Book I, 276. 
 
 Fredericksburg, Black Book I, 142. 
 
 Genesee, Black Book I, 45. 
 
 Georgetown, D. C, Sketches, 178; Alabama Letters, 222; Black 
 
 Book III, 218. 
 Gosport, Black Book I, 257. 
 Greensboro, Southern Tour I, 124. 
 Greensburg, Pennsylvania II, 24. 
 
 Hagerstown, Black Book I, 297. 
 Hallowell, Black Book II, 256. 
 Hanover, Black Book II, 62. 
 Harper's Ferry, Black Book I, 281. 
 Hartford, Sketches, 264; Black Book II, 67. 
 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania I, 187, 252-269. 
 Harvard University, Sketches, 351. 
 Haverhill, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 372. 
 Hebron, Black Book II, 87. 
 Herkimer, Black Book I, 65. 
 Hillsboro, Southern Tour I, 131. 
 Hopkinsville, Southern Tour III, 181. 
 Hudson City, Black Book I, 78. 
 Hundred, The, Southern Tour I, 47. 
 Huntingdon, Pennsylvania II, 235. 
 Huntsville, Alabama, Alabama Letters, 38, 151. 
 
 Indianapolis, Southern Tour III, 205, 231. 
 Ipswich, Black Book II, 150.
 
 250 APPENDICES 
 
 Jefferson Barracks, Southern Tour III, 142. 
 Johnstown, Black Boole I, 67. 
 
 Kennebec, Black Book II, 249. 
 
 Lancaster, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 389. 
 Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 160-176. 
 Laughlintown, Pennsylvania II, 139. 
 Laurenceburg, Indiana, Southern Tour III, 117. 
 Lebanon Springs, Black Book II, 42. 
 Lewiston, Pennsylvania II, 241. 
 Lexington, Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 9. 
 Littleton, Black Book II, 377. 
 Lockport, Black Book I, 59. 
 Louisville, Southern Tour III, 205. 
 Lynchburg, Southern Tour I, 100. 
 
 McConnelstown, Pennsylvania I, 237. 
 Macon, Southern Tour II, 129. 
 Maine, Black Book II, 336. 
 Marblehead, Black Book I, 148. 
 
 Mason's Island in the Potomac, Black Book I, 272; Pennsyl- 
 vania I, 25. 
 Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania I, 127. 
 Melton's Bluff, Alabama Letters, 52-76. 
 Middlebury, Vermont, Black Book III, 52. 
 Middletown, Connecticut, Black Book II, 75. 
 Milledgeville, Southern Tour II, 116, 126. 
 Mobile, Southern Tour II, 201. 
 Monticello, Southern Tour I, 87. 
 Montgomery, Southern Tour II, 189. 
 Moulton, Alabama Letters, 107. 
 Mount Pisgah, Pennsylvania II, 219. 
 Mount Sterling, Alabama Letters, 6. 
 
 Nahant, Sketches, 355. 
 
 Nashville, Alabama Letters, 19; Southern Tour II, 6; Southern 
 
 Tour III, 187; Pennsylvania II, 36. 
 Natchez, Southern Tour III, 101. 
 Nazareth, Pennsylvania I, 107. 
 New Baltimore, Southern Tour I, 57.
 
 APPENDICES 251 
 
 New Brunswick, Sketches, 239. 
 
 Newburg, Black Book I, 83. 
 
 Newburyport, Black Book II, 155. 
 
 Newcastle, Delaware, Sketches, 204. 
 
 New Economy, Pennsylvania II, 137. 
 
 New England, Black Book II, 71, 72, 290. 
 
 New Hampshire, Black Book II, 392. 
 
 New Haven, Sketches, 383; Black Book I, 3; Black Book 
 
 II, 82. 
 New Lebanon, Black Book II, 41. 
 New Orleans, Southern Tour III, 12. 
 New York City, Sketches, 241; Black Book I, 7; Black Book 
 
 II, 3; Black Book III, 91; Southern Tour I, 16. 
 New York State, Black Book I, 89. 
 Niagara Falls, Black Book I, 50. 
 Norfolk, Southern Tour I, 28; Black Book I, 253. 
 Northampton, Black Book II, 59. 
 North Carolina University, Southern Tour I, 140. 
 Norwich, Black Book II, 369. 
 
 Old Point Comfort, Black Book I, 259. 
 Oldtown, Black Book II, 303. 
 
 Pascagola, Southern Tour III, 2. 
 
 Pawtucket, Black Book II, 107. 
 
 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania II, 2-135. 
 
 Pittsfieid, Black Book II, 53. 
 
 Philadelphia, Sketches, 205; Black Book I, 95, 315; Black 
 
 Book III, 61; Pennsylvania I, 48-94. 
 Pennsylvania, State, Pennsylvania I, 262. 
 Petersburg, Southern Tour I, 30; Black Book I, 160. 
 Portland, Black Book II, 214, 326. 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 174. 
 Poughkeepsie, Black Book I, 80. 
 Princeton, Kentucky, Southern Tour III, 177. 
 Princeton, New Jersey, Black Book I, 93. 
 Princeton, Vermont, Black Book III, 99. 
 Providence, Sketches, 365; Black Book II, 91. 
 Plymouth, Black Book II, 123.
 
 252 APPENDICES 
 
 Queenstown, Canada, Black Boole I, 53. 
 
 Quincy, Massachusetts, Sketches, 347; Black Book II, 132. 
 
 Ealeigh, Southern Tour I, 134. 
 
 Beading, Pennsylvania I, 149. 
 
 Richmond, Sketches, 120; Black Book I, 147; Southern Tour 
 
 I, 33. 
 Rochester, New York, Black Book I, 60. 
 Eushville, Southern Tour III, 184, 288. 
 
 Saco, Black Book II, 333. 
 
 Salem, Massachusetts, Sketches, 356; Black Book II, 142. 
 
 Salem, Vermont, Black Book III, 68. 
 
 Saltsburg, Pennsylvania II, 221. 
 
 Saratoga, Black Book, I, 13; Black Book II, 37. 
 
 Savannah, Southern Tour II, 82. 
 
 Schenectady, Black Book I, 32. 
 
 Schuylersville, Black Book I, 69. 
 
 Selma, Southern Tour II, 193. 
 
 Shawneetown, Illinois, Southern Tour III, 169. 
 
 Shelbyville, Southern Tour III, 229. 
 
 Shepherdstown, Black Book I, 293. 
 
 Sideling Hill, Pennsylvania I, 241. 
 
 Sing-Sing, Black Book I, 84. 
 
 Smithland, Illinois, Southern Tour III, 171. 
 
 Smithville, Southern Tour I, 166. 
 
 Sparta, Southern Tour II, 113. 
 
 Springfield, Indiana, Southern Tour III, 234. 
 
 Springfield, Massachusetts, Sketches, 290; Black Book II, 64. 
 
 Staunton, Sketches, 86; Southern Tour I, 75. 
 
 St. Francisville, Southern Tour III, 92. 
 
 St. Johnsbury, Black Book III, 15. 
 
 St. Louis, Southern Tour III, 143. 
 
 St. Louis College, Southern Tour III, 155. 
 
 Steubenville, Ohio, Pennsylvania II, 139. 
 
 Suffield, Black Book II, 67. 
 
 Tappan, Black Book I, 86. 
 
 Tennessee University, Southern Tour III, 201. 
 
 Thomastown, Black Book II, 223.
 
 APPENDICES 253 
 
 Trenton, New Jersey, Black Book I, 123. 
 Troy, Sketches, 286; Black Book I, 31. 
 
 Union College, Black Book I, 32, 33. 
 Utica, Black Book I, 40. 
 
 Vassalborough, Black Book II, 286. 
 
 Vergennes, Black Book III, 47. 
 
 Vermont, Black Book III, 34, 44-62. 
 
 Vicksburg, Southern Tour III, 114. 
 
 Virginia University, Southern Tour 1, 92. 
 
 Visitation, Convent of, Georgetown, D. C, Sketches, 179. 
 
 Waltham, Sketches, 341. 
 
 Warrenton, Southern Tour I, 58. 
 
 Washington, D. C, Sketches, 130; Black Book I, 106, 124; 
 
 Black Book III, 108; Pennsylvania II, Appendix; Alabama 
 
 Letters, Appendix. 
 Washington, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania II, 181. 
 Waterford, Connecticut, Black Book I, 29. 
 Waterford, Vermont, Black Book III, 12. 
 Waterville, Black Book II, 277. 
 Weathersfield, Black Book II, 74. 
 West Chester, Black Book I, 321. 
 West Point, Sketches, 375; Black Book II, 27. 
 Wheeling, Pennsylvania II, 164. 
 White Mountains, Black Book II, 378. 
 Williams College, Black Book II, 57. 
 Williamstown, Black Book II, 57. 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware, Sketches, 392 ; Black Book I, 122. 
 Wilmington, North Carolina, Southern Tour I, 157. 
 Winchester, Southern Tour I, 68. 
 Windham, Connecticut, Black Book II, 87. 
 Windsor, Black Book II, 359. 
 Wise-asset, Black Book II, 234. 
 Worcester, Sketches, 305. 
 
 Yale University, Sketches, 383. 
 York, Pennsylvania II, 27.
 
 APPENDIX C 
 
 Partial Index to Personal Descriptions in Mrs. 
 
 Royall's Newspapers of Members of 
 
 Congress and Others, 1831-1854 
 
 Abbott, Amos, Massachusets, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
 Abercrombie, James, Alabama, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
 Adams, Eliza, Huntress, February 28, 1846. 
 Adams, Green, Kentucky, Huntress, January 29, 1848. 
 Adams, John Quincy, Massachusetts, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832 ; 
 
 Huntress, August 1, 1840; August 20, 1842; December 14, 
 
 1844; February 6, 1847; March 4, 1848. 
 Adams, Mrs. John Quincy, Huntress, June 2, 1849. 
 Adams, Mrs. Stephen, Mississippi, Huntress, February 21, 1846. 
 Alexander, Col., Charlotte, North Carolina, Huntress, April 
 
 29, 1843. 
 Alexander, Henry P., New York, Huntress, June 22, 1850. 
 Alford, Julius C, Georgia, Huntress, February 8, 1840. 
 Allen, A. H., Keeseville, New York, Huntress, September 
 
 18, 1852. 
 Allen, Elisha, Maine, Huntress, June 11, 1842. 
 Allen, Col. George, Ohio, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
 Allen, John W., Ohio, Huntress, February 24, 1838. 
 Allen, Judson, New York, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 Anderson, Alexander, Tennessee, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 
 Anderson, John, Maine, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; Huntress, 
 
 March 31, 1838. 
 Anderson, Joseph, New York, Huntress, January 13, 1844. 
 Anderson, Josiah, Tennessee, Huntress, March 9, 1850. 
 Andrews, George E., New York, Huntress, September 21, 1850. 
 Andrews, John T., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Andrews, Landaff, Kentucky, Huntress, January 25, 1840.
 
 APPENDICES 255 
 
 Andrews, Sherlock, Ohio, Huntress, July 3, 1841. 
 
 Appleton, Nathan, Massachusetts, Huntress, July 23, 1842. 
 
 Archer, William, Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; Huntress, 
 May 29, 1847. 
 
 Arnold, Leonard (Lemuel), Ehode Island, Huntress, April 18, 
 1846. 
 
 Arnold, Thomas, Tennessee, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Arnold, Mrs. Thomas, Tennessee, Huntress, June 25, 1842. 
 
 Arrington, Archibald, New York, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 
 Ashe, John B., Tennessee, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 
 
 Ashley, Chester, Arkansas, Huntress, December 14, 1844; .Feb- 
 ruary 19, 1846. 
 
 Ashley, William, Missouri, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; August 
 9, 1834; July 23, 1836. 
 
 Ashley, Mrs., Missouri, Huntress, June 11, 1842. 
 
 Ashmun, George, Massachusetts, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 
 
 Atchison, David, Missouri, Huntress, February 10, 1844; Febru- 
 ary 19, 1846; July 1, 1854. 
 
 Atherton, Charles (Colquitt), New Hampshire, Huntress, 
 March 31, 1838; February 10, 1844. 
 
 Atkinson, Archibald, Virginia, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
 
 Atkinson, Mr., Editor Satudray Post, Philadelphia, Huntress, 
 September 7, 1850. 
 
 Averett, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, April 6, 1850. 
 
 Avery, Miss Emily, Cincinnati, Ohio, Huntress, December 20, 
 1851. 
 
 Ayerigg, John, New Jersey, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 
 Babcock, Alfred, New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
 Badger, George, North Carolina, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 
 Bagby, Arthur, Alabama, Huntress, April 5, 1842 ; May 1, 1847. 
 Bagby, Mrs. Arthur, Huntress, April 13, 1844. 
 Bailey, Mrs. David J. (Daniel), Georgia, Huntress, March 20, 
 
 1852. 
 Baker, Osmyn, Massachusetts, Huntress, February 1, 1840. 
 Baldwin, Commodore B. S., Huntress, March 25, 1848. 
 Banks, Linn, Virginia, Huntress, June 27, 1840. 
 Barnum, Phineas T., Huntress, December 14, 1850.
 
 256 APPENDICES 
 
 Barnwell, Robert, South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; 
 
 Huntress, August 31, 1850. 
 Barrenger, Daniel (Barringer), North Carolina, Huntress, April 
 
 13, 1844. 
 Barret, Judge, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 15, 1S54. 
 Barrow, Mrs. Alexander, Louisiana, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
 Barry, Dr., U. S. N., Huntress, October 19, 1839. 
 Barton, Bichard, Virginia, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 Bay, William, Missouri, Huntress, May 4, 1850. 
 Bayard, James, Delaware, Huntress, August 7, 1852. 
 Bayard, Richard, Delaware, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 
 Bayley, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, May 18, 1844. 
 Beale, James, Virginia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834; Huntress, 
 
 Sept. 28, 1850. 
 Beale, Bichard, Virginia, Huntress, April 29, 1848. 
 Beale, T. D., Washington, D. C, Huntress, August 14, 1847. 
 Beardsley, Samuel, New York, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Beatty, William, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 Beaumont, Andrew, Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Beckinger, Henry, Virginia, Huntress, June 6, 1846. 
 Beeson, Henry, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
 Beeson, Mrs. Henry, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 30, 1842. 
 Bierne, Andrew, Virginia, Huntress, March 3, 1838; August 
 
 29, 1840. 
 Bell, John, Tennessee, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Bell, Mrs. John, Tennessee, Huntress, February 23, 1839. 
 Bell, Joshua, Kentucky, Huntress, May 16, 1846. 
 Bell, Samuel, New Hampshire, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Belser, James, Alabama, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
 Benton, Charles, New York, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 
 Benton, Master, page in Senate, Huntress, May 30, 1846. 
 Benton, Thomas, Missouri, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Bethune, Laughlin, North Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Bibb, T. P., Huntress, November 30, 1844. 
 Bicknell, Bennett, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Bicknell, Mrs. Bennett, New York, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 Bidlack, Benj. (Bidlock), Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 12, 
 
 1841. 
 Bidlack, Mrs. Benj., Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 2, 1842.
 
 APPENDICES 257 
 
 Biggs, Asa, North Carolina, Huntress, January 24, 1846. 
 Binell, William, Illinois, Huntress, February 23, 1850. 
 Bingham, Kinsley S., Michigan, Huntress, July 22, 1848. 
 Binney, Horace, Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Birdsall, Samuel, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838.* 
 Birdsall, Mrs. Samuel, New York, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 Black, Edward, Georgia, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 Black, Henry, Pennsylvania, Huntress, September 4, 1841. 
 Black, James, South Carolina, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 
 Black, John, Mississippi, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Blackwell, Jublus, Tennessee, Huntress, April 11, 1840. 
 Blair, Mrs. Bernard, New York, Huntress, February 19, 1842. 
 Blair, Francis P., Huntress, October 3, 1840. 
 Blair, James, South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Blair, John, Tennessee, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Blanchard, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 11, 1846. 
 Blanchard, Mrs. John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 1, 1846. 
 Blox, Bev. — , "Washington, D. O, Huntress, November 23, 1850. 
 Bocock, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, April 1, 1848. 
 Boggs, Mrs. E., Huntress, January 22, 1842. 
 Bokee, Abraam, New York, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 
 Bokee, Abraham, New York, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 
 Bond, Mrs. William, Ohio, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 
 Boon, Batliff, Indiana, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; August 16, 
 
 1834. 
 Booth, Walter (Boall), Connecticut, Huntress, February 23, 
 
 1850. 
 Booth, Mrs., Connecticut, Huntress, March 2, 1850. 
 Borden, Nathaniel, Massachusetts, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 Borden, Massachusetts, Huntress, February 25, 1843. 
 Bossier, P. E., Louisiana, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 
 Bossier, Madame, Louisiana, Huntress, December ,16, 1843. 
 Botts, John, Virginia, Huntress, February 1, 1840; April 18, 
 
 1840. 
 Botts, David, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Bouldin, Thomas, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832 ; August 16, 1834. 
 Bowden, F. W. (Bowdon), Alabama, Huntress, January 23, 
 
 1847. 
 Bower, Dr. Gustavus, Missouri, Huntress, December 23, 1843.
 
 258 APPENDICES 
 
 Bowlin, James, Missouri, Huntress, April 20, 1844. 
 Boydon, North Carolina, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 
 Brackenridge, Henry (Breckenridge), Pennsylvania, Huntress, 
 
 February, 1841. 
 Bradbury, James, Maine, Huntress, March 30, 1850. 
 Bradbury, Mrs., Maine, Huntress, April 13, 1850. 
 Bradford, Miss Mary Jane, Mississippi, Huntress, February 
 
 28, 1846. 
 Brady, Jasper, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 
 Brainard, Charles, Boston, Massachusetts, Huntress, June 13, 
 
 1846. 
 Branch, John, North Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Breck, Daniel, Kentucky, Huntress, March 9, 1850. 
 Breck, Mrs. Daniel, Kentucky, Huntress, March 9, 1850. 
 Breckenridge, John, Kentucky, Huntress, May 29, 1852. 
 Breese, Sidney, Illinois, Huntress, February 10, 1844; March 
 
 2, 1844. 
 Brent, J. C, Washington, D. C, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
 Brent, Col. William, Washington, D. C, Huntress, December 
 
 23, 1848. 
 Brenton, Samuel, Indiana, Huntress, May 29, 1852. 
 Brett, Mr. S. C, Huntress, July 11, 1840. 
 Bridges, Samuel, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 10, 1848. 
 Brinkerhoff, Jacob, Ohio, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 
 Brinkerhoff, Mrs. Jacob, Ohio, Huntress, December 21, 1844. 
 Broadhead, Bichard (Brodhead), Pennsylvania, Huntress, 
 
 January 6, 1844. 
 Brockway, John H., Connecticut, Huntress, December 28, 1839. 
 Bronaugh, John W., Washington, D. O, Huntress, September 
 
 25, 1841. 
 Bronson, David, Maine, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 
 Bronwell, Lieut., Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
 Brooke, Walter, Mississippi, Huntress, May 29, 1852. 
 Brown, Aaron, Tennessee, Huntress, April 25, 1840. 
 Brown, Albert, Mississippi, Huntress, March 21, 1840. 
 Brown, Bedford, North Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; 
 
 July 30, 1836. 
 Brown, Jeremiah, Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 14, 1841; 
 
 December 23, 1843.
 
 APPENDICES 259 
 
 Brown, Jesse, Washington, D. O, Huntress, November 30, 1839. 
 
 Brown, Milton, Tennessee, Huntress, July 10, 1844. 
 
 Brown, Col. Orlando, Kentucky, Huntress, November 24, 1849. 
 
 Brown, Samuel, New York, Huntress, June 12, 1841. 
 
 Brown, William, Indiana, Huntress, January 6, 1844; April 
 19, 1845. 
 
 Brownlow, Bev. William, Tennessee, Huntress, March 17, 1849. 
 
 Bryan, Andrew, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 
 Buchanan, Andrew, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 23, 1839. 
 
 Buchanan, James, Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 2, 1843; 
 April 9, 1845. 
 
 Buckner, Alexander, Missouri, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Buckner, Ayelet, Kentucky, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 
 
 Buell, Alexander (Buel), Michigan, Htmtress, March 30, 1850. 
 
 Buffington, Mrs. Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, May 16, 1846. 
 
 Bugg, Bobert, Tennessee, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
 
 Burges, Tristam, Ehode Island, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Burleson, Gen., Huntress, April 9, 1842. 
 
 Burnell, Barker, Massachusetts, Huntress, June 26, 1841. 
 
 Burroughs, J. M., New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
 
 Burt, Amstead, South Carolina, Huntress, April 13, 1844. 
 
 Burt, Mrs. Amstead, Huntress, April 13, 1844. 
 
 Burt, Col., Huntress, September 17, 1853. 
 
 Busey, Mrs. Dr. — , Washington, D. C, Huntress, April 2, 1853.. 
 
 Butler, Andrew, South Carolina, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 
 
 Butler, Major Gen., U. S. A., Huntress, August 5, 1848. 
 
 Butler, Sampson, South Carolina, Huntress, February 1, 1840. 
 
 Butler, William O., Kentucky, Huntress, May 30, 1840; Sep- 
 tember 11, 1841. 
 
 Cabell, E. C, Virginia and Florida, Huntress, February 26, 
 1848; April 29, 1848. 
 
 Cable, Joseph, Ohio, Huntress, December 15, 1849. 
 
 Cage, Harry, Mississippi, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 
 Caldwell, George A., Kentucky, Huntress, June 22, 1850; Feb- 
 ruary 3, 1844. 
 
 Caldwell, Joseph, North Carolina, Huntress, Feb. 5, 1853. 
 
 Calhoun, John C, South Carolina, Paul Pry, July 30, 1836. 
 
 Calhoren, Mr. (Calhoun?), Huntress, May 22, 1847.
 
 260 APPENDICES 
 
 Calvin, Samuel, Huntress, March 2, 1850. 
 Cambreling, Churchill, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Cameron, Simon, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 18, 1846.* 
 Campbell, John H., Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 28, 1846; 
 
 June 6, 1846. 
 Campbell, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
 Campbell, Thomas, Tennessee, Huntress, June 19, 1841. 
 Campbell, William, New York, Huntress, May 30, 1846. 
 Campbell, Mrs. WilHam, Tennessee, Hun tress, February 17, 1838. 
 Campbell, Gen. W. B., Huntress, March 4, 1848. 
 Car, John, (Carr), Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Carey, Jeremiah, (Cary), New York, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
 Carson, Samuel, North Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Caruthers, Samuel, Missouri, Huntress, June 24, 1854. 
 Cary, George, Virginia, Huntress, August 28, 1841. 
 Cary, Shepherd, Maine, Huntress, December 14, 1844. 
 Carpenter, Levi, New York, Huntress, January 11, 1845. 
 Casey, Gen., Washington, D. C, Huntress, September 17, 1853. 
 Casey, Mrs. Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 20, 1850. 
 Casey, Zadock, Illinois, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Cass, Lewis, Michigan, Huntress, May 30, 1846; February 14, 
 
 1852; February 15, 1851. 
 Cathcart, Chailes, Indiana, Huntress, January 24, 1846. 
 Catlin, George, Connecticut, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
 Chalmers, Joseph, Mississippi, Huntress, May 23, 1846. 
 Chandler, Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 20, 1850. 
 Chaney, John, Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Chapin, Eev. E. H., Huntress, October 19, 1839. 
 Chapman, Augustus, Virginia, Huntress, February 17, 1844; 
 
 May 30, 1846. 
 Chapman, Mrs. Augustus, Virginia, Huntress, June 1, 1844; 
 
 June 15, 1844. 
 Chapman, Charles, Connecticut, Huntress, May 1, 1852. 
 Chapman, John, Maryland, Huntress, April 18, 1846. 
 Chapman, Eeuben, Alabama, Paul Pry, July 23, 1836. 
 Chapman, William, Iowa, Huntress, February 16, 1839. 
 Chappell, Absalom, Georgia, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 
 Chappell, Mrs. Absalom, Georgia, Huntress, March 16, 1844. 
 Charlton, Eobert, Georgia, Huntress, June 26, 1852.
 
 APPENDICES 261 
 
 Chase, Lucius, Tennessee, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 
 
 Chastin, Elijah, Georgia, Huntress, May 22, 1852. 
 
 Cheatham, Richard, Tennessee, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
 
 Chilton, Adam, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Chilton, Samuel, Virginia, Huntress, January 27, 1844. 
 
 Chilton, Mrs. Sarah, Virginia, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
 
 Chilton, Thomas, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Chinn, Thomas, Louisiana, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 
 Chittenden, Thomas, New York, Huntress, February 8, 1840; 
 April 18, 1840. 
 
 Choate, Bufus, Massachusetts, Huntress, September 25, 1841. 
 
 Churchwell, William, Tennessee, Huntress, July 17, 1852. 
 
 Cilley, Joseph, New Hampshire, Huntress, August 1, 1846. 
 
 Claibourn, John, Mississippi, Paul Pry, July 16, 1836. 
 
 Clapp, Asa, Maine, Huntress, May 20, 1848. 
 
 Clark, Beverly, Kentucky, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 
 
 Clark, Horace, Connecticut, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 
 
 Clark, John, Rhode Island, Huntress, March 2, 1848. 
 
 Clark, Lincoln, Massachusetts, Huntress, February 19, 1853. 
 
 Clay, Clement C, Alabama, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Clay, Henry, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; August 9, 
 1834; Huntress, May 18, 1850; January 25, 1851. 
 
 Clayton, Augustine, Georgia, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Clayton, John M., Maryland, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Clayton, Thomas, Delaware, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 
 
 Clemson, T. G., Minister to Belgium, Huntress, July 27, 1844. 
 
 Clemens, Jeremiah, (Clemmons), Alabama, Huntress, Decem- 
 ber 29, 1849. 
 
 Cleveland, Chauncey, Connecticut, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 
 
 Clifford, Nathan, Maine, Huntress, December 28, 1839; August 
 8, 1840. 
 
 Clinch, Gen., Georgia, Huntress, May 25, 1844. 
 
 Clingman, Thomas, North Carolina, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 
 
 Clinton, Mrs. James, New York, Huntress, July 2, 1842. 
 
 Clowney, William, South Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
 
 Cobb, Howell, Georgia, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 
 
 Cobb, Miss Martha, Georgia, Huntress, June 29, 1850. 
 
 Cobb, Miss Mary, Georgia, Huntress, March 25, 1848. 
 
 Cobb, Williamson, Alabama, Huntress, March 18, 1848.
 
 262 APPENDICES 
 
 Cobb, Mrs. "Williamson, Alabama, Huntress, April 13, 1850. 
 Cocke, William, Tennessee, Huntress, February 21, 1846. 
 Cocke, Mrs. William, Tennessee, Huntress, June 6, 1846. 
 Coffee, John, Georgia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Coleman, Mrs. National Hotel, Washington, D. C, Huntress, 
 
 August 15, 1846; July 17, 1847. 
 Collamer, Mrs. Jacob, Vermont, Huntress, June 27, 1846. 
 Collin, John, New York, Huntress, August 1, 1846. 
 Collins, — , Maryland, Huntress, November 3, 1844. 
 Collins, William, New York, Huntress, January 15, 1848. 
 Colquitt, Gen. Alfred, Georgia, Huntress, March 20, 1847; May 
 
 27, 1854. 
 Colquitt, Walter, Georgia, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
 Colquitt, Mrs. Walter, Georgia, Huntress, April 6, 1844. 
 Compton, deaf-mute clerk, Treasury, D. C, Huntress, May 24, 
 
 1845. 
 Conger, Harmon, New York, Huntress, June 1, 1850. 
 Conger, Mrs. Harmon, Huntress, June 1, 1850. 
 Connelly, Owen, Huntress, June 2, 1849. 
 Conrad, Charles, Louisiana, Huntress, June 4, 1842. 
 Coons, Miss Mary, Missouri, Huntress, December 20, 1851. 
 Cooper, James, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 
 Cooper, Mark, Georgia, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
 Cooper, William, New Jersey, Huntress, May 2, 1840. 
 Corcoran, W. W., Washington, D. C, Huntress, February 21, 
 
 1852. 
 Corwin, Moses, Ohio, Huntress, June 1, 1850; July 24, 1854. 
 Cottrell, James L., Alabama, Huntress, January 23, 1847. 
 Coulton, Richard, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Cousin, J. M. S., Maryland, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
 Cowen, Benj., Ohio, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 
 Cummins, John D., (Commins), Ohio, Huntress, June 6, 1846. 
 Crafts, Samuel, (Crabb), Vermont, Huntress, May 14, 1842. 
 Craig, Robert, Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; June 20, 1840. 
 Cranston, Henry, Rhode Island, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 
 Cranston, Robert, Rhode Island, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 Crary, Isaac, Michigan, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 Crawford, Thomas, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832.
 
 APPENDICES 263 
 
 Crittenden, John, Kentucky, Huntress, May 22, 1847; May 29, 
 1847. 
 
 Crittenden, Mrs. J., Kentucky, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 
 
 Crockett, David, Tennessee, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 
 Crockett, John, Tennessee, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
 
 Cross, Edward, Arkansas, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 
 
 Crowell, John, Ohio, Huntress, January 1, 1848. 
 
 Crozier, John, Tennessee, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
 
 Crozier, Mrs. John, Tennessee, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
 
 Cullom, Alvan (Alva), Tennessee, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 
 
 Cullom, William, Tennessee, Huntress, June 19, 1852. 
 
 Cunningham, Francis, Ohio, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 
 
 Curtis, Edward, New York, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
 
 Cushing, Caleb, Massachusetts, Huntress, July 7, 1838; Sep- 
 tember 5, 1840. 
 
 Cutts, James Madison, Washington, D. C, Huntress, Decem- 
 ber 18, 1841. 
 
 Culver, Erastus, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 
 
 Daguerrian, S., Georgia, Huntress, June 13, 1846. 
 Daniel, John R., North Carolina, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 Darby, John F., Missouri, Huntress, January 22, 1853. 
 Darby, Mrs. John F., Missouri, Huntress, January 22, 1853. 
 Davies, Edward, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838; 
 
 April 18, 1840. 
 Davis, Garret, Kentucky, Huntress, February 8, 1840; Huntress, 
 
 June 5, 1847. 
 Davis, Jefferson, Mississippi, Huntress, December 25, 1847. 
 Davis, John, Massachusetts, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Davis, John, Indiana, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
 Davis, Mrs. Joseph, Huntress, July 29, 1848. 
 Davis, Rich, New York, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 
 Davis, Warren R., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Davison, John B., Louisiana, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
 Dawson, William D., Georgia, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
 Dayton, Edmund S., Alabama, Huntress, July 18, 1846. 
 Dayton, William L., New Jersey, Huntress, August 20, 1842. 
 Dean, Ezra, Ohio, Huntress, June 12, 1841. 
 Delano, Columbus, Ohio, Huntress, March 7, 1846.
 
 264 APPENDICES 
 
 Delano, Mrs., Columbus, Ohio, Huntress, March 14, 1846. 
 
 Dellet, Mrs. James, Alabama, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
 
 DeMott, John, New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846; July 18, 
 1846. 
 
 Dennis, John, Maryland, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 
 De Sassure, William F., South Carolina, Huntress, July 17, 1852. 
 
 Dickerson, Mahlon, New Jersey, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Dickinson, Daniel S., New York, Huntress, December 14, 1844. 
 
 Dickenson, Mrs. Daniel, New York, Huntress, May 16, 1846. 
 
 Dickey, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 
 
 Dillet, James, Alabama, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 
 
 Dillingham, William Paul, Vermont, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
 
 Dimmick, Melo M., Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 20, 1850. 
 
 Dimock, David, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 19, 1841. 
 
 Dix, John A., New York, Huntress, July 29, 1848. 
 
 Dixon, James, Connecticut, Huntress, July 18, 1846. 
 
 Dixon, Nathan F., Ehode Island, Huntress, February 27, 1841; 
 August 14, 1841; May 4, 1850. 
 
 Doan, William, Ohio, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 
 
 Dobbin, James O, North Carolina, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 
 
 Dockery, Alfred, North Carolina, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 
 
 Dodge, Mrs. Augustus, Iowa, Huntress, April 30, 1842; Febru- 
 ary 2, 1850; October 23, 1852. 
 
 Dodge, Gen. Henry, Wisconsin, Huntress, February 2, 1850. 
 
 Dodge, Mrs. Henry, Wisconsin, Huntress, December 14, 1844. 
 
 Doig, Andrew, New York, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
 
 Donelan, Eev., St. Matthew's Church, Washington, D. O, Hun- 
 tress, December 7, 1850. 
 
 Donnell, Eichard S., North Carolina, (Mississippi), Huntress, 
 January 8, 1848. 
 
 Doty, Judge James Duane, Wisconsin, Huntress, February 16, 
 1839. 
 
 Doty, Mrs. James Duane, Wisconsin, Huntress, February 23, 
 1839. 
 
 Douglass, Stephen A., Illinois, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 
 
 Dow, Mr., writer, Huntress, October 8, 1842. 
 
 Dow, Captain Jesse, Huntress, June 29, 1844. 
 
 Dowdell, James A., Alabama, Huntress, April 15, 1854. 
 
 Dowdell, Mrs. James, Alabama, Huntress, May 27, 1854.
 
 APPENDICES 265 
 
 Dowling, Col. Thomas, Indiana, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 
 
 Downing, Charles, Florida, Huntress, March 31, 1838; August 
 29, 1840. 
 
 Downs, Solomon, Louisiana, Huntress, July 22, 1848. 
 
 Drennan, Miss J. Anna, Huntress, February 28, 1846. 
 
 Drum, Augustus, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 18, 1854. 
 
 Duer, William, New York, Huntress, June 17, 1848. 
 
 Duncan, Alexander, Ohio, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 
 
 Duncan, Daniel, Ohio, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 
 
 Duncan, Mrs. Daniel, Ohio, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 
 
 Duncan, Garnett, Kentucky, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 
 
 Dunham, Cyrus L., New York, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 
 
 Dunlap, Gen. Eobert, Texan Minister, Huntress, October 23, 
 1839; December 14, 1844. 
 
 Dunn, George H., Indiana, Huntress, January 28, 1848; Feb- 
 ruary 10, 1838. 
 
 Eckert, George, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 8, 1848. 
 
 Editors, New York City, Paul Pry, November 1, 1834. 
 
 Edwards, John, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 
 Edwards, John C, Missouri, Huntress, August 20, 1842. 
 
 Edwards, Thomas, Ohio, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 
 
 Eghart, Joseph, New York, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 
 Elliot, Samuel, (Eliot), Massachusetts, Huntress, March 1, 1851. 
 
 Elliot, Seth, Historian, Washington, D. C, Huntress, June 29, 
 1839. 
 
 Ellis, Mrs. Chesedon (Chesselden), New York, Huntress, Feb- 
 ruary 15, 1845. 
 
 Ellsworth, Samuel, New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
 
 Ellis, Powhatan, Mississippi, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Elmer, Lucius, New Jersey, Huntress, March 30, 1844. 
 
 Elmore, Franklin H., South Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
 
 Elmore, Mrs. Franklin H., Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 
 Ely, John, New York, Huntress, December 28, 1839. 
 
 Erdman, Jacob, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
 
 Esdall, Joseph, New Jersey, Huntress, July 4, 1846. 
 
 Essler, Fanny, dancer, Huntress, April 3, 1841. 
 
 Evans, Alexander, Maryland, Huntress, April 29, 1848. 
 
 Evans, George, Maine, Huntress, December 14, 1844.
 
 266 APPENDICES 
 
 Evans, Josiah, South Carolina, Huntress, July 1, 1854. 
 Evans, Nathan, Ohio, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 
 Everett, Edward, Massachusetts, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Ewing, Edwin H., Tennessee, Huntress, April 18, 1846. 
 Ewing, John, Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Ewing, John H., Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 6, 1846. 
 Ewing, Thomas, Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 
 Farlee, Isaac, New Jersey, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
 
 Farrelly, John W., Huntress, January 8, 1848. 
 
 Featherstonehaugh, Mr., geologist, Huntress, December 10, 1836. 
 
 Felch, Alpheus, Michigan, Huntress, April 15, 1848. 
 
 Felder, John, South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Fenton, Charles W., Editor National Whig, Washington, D. 
 C, Huntress, May 27, 1848 ; May 5, 1849. 
 
 Fessenden, William Pitt, Maine, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
 
 Ficklin, Orlando, Illinois, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 
 
 Fillmore, Millard, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838; July 
 25, 1850. 
 
 Fish, Hamilton, New York, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
 
 Fisher, Charles, North Carolina, Huntress, June 27, 1840. 
 
 Fisher, Daniel, Ohio, Huntress, January 1, 1848. 
 
 Fletcher, Eich, Massachusetts, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
 
 Florence, Elias, Ohio, Huntress, May 11, 1844. 
 
 Florence, Thomas B., Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 24, 1852. 
 
 Flournoy, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 
 
 Flournoy, Mrs. Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 
 
 Floyd, Benj. E., Virginia, Georgetown College, Paul Pry, Au- 
 gust 6, 1836. 
 
 Floyd, Charles, New York, Huntress, March 19, 1842. 
 
 Foote, Henry S., Mississippi, Huntress, December 25, 1847. 
 
 Ford, Athanasius, Philadelphia, Huntress, December 5, 1846. 
 
 Fornance, Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 21, 1840. 
 
 Fornance, Mrs. Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 15, 
 1842. 
 
 Forsyth, John, Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Forward, Walter, Secretary-Treasury, Huntress, September 25, 
 1841. 
 
 Foster, A. Lawrence, New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841.
 
 APPENDICES 267 
 
 Foster, Henry A., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838 ; De- 
 cember 14, 1844. 
 Foster, Mrs. Henry, New York, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 Foster, Henry D., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 30, 1844. 
 Francis, John B., Ehode Island, Huntress, March 16, 1844. 
 Freedley (Friedley), John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 1, 
 
 1848. 
 French, Kichard, Kentucky, Huntress, June 15, 1844. 
 French, William, Philadelphia, Huntress, December 5, 1846. 
 Fries, George, Ohio, Huntress, March 14, 1846. 
 Fuller, George, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 4, 1845. 
 Fuller, Henry M., Pennsylvania, Huntress, May 29, 1852. 
 Fuller, Thomas J. D., Maine, Huntress, February 23, 1850. 
 Fuller, Mrs. Thomas, Maine, Huntress, April 6, 1850. 
 Fulton, Andrew, Virginia, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 
 Fulton, John, Virginia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Fulton, William S., Arkansas, Huntress, 1840. 
 
 Gadsby, John, District of Columbia, Huntress, November 30, 
 1839. 
 
 Gaines, John P., Kentucky, Huntress, January 29, 1848. 
 
 Gaines, Mrs. Myra Clark, Huntress, February 27, 1841; Feb- 
 ruary 26, 1848 ; May 5, 1848 ; March 13, 1852. 
 
 Gaither, Henry, Huntress, March 25, 1848. 
 
 Galbraith, John, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 
 Gales and Seaton, Washington, D. C, Huntress, December 10, 
 1853. 
 
 Gallaudet, Peter W., Connecticut, Huntress, June 15, 1839. 
 
 Gallup, Albert, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 
 Gamble, Eoger L., Georgia, Huntress, March 19, 1842. 
 
 Gamble, Miss Margaret, Mississippi, Huntress, May 14, 1842. 
 
 Gardner, Eufust K., (Gardiner), Huntress, December 15, 1849. 
 
 Garland, Eice, Louisiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834; Huntress, 
 August 15, 1840. 
 
 Garvin, William S., Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
 
 Gates, Seth M., New York, Huntress, February 8, 1840. 
 
 Gaylord, James M., Ohio, Huntress, June 26, 1852. 
 
 Gentry, Mrs., Georgia, Huntress, December 26, 1846.
 
 268 APPENDICES 
 
 Gentry, Mrs. Meredith P., Tennessee, Huntress, February 9, 
 
 1850. 
 Gerry, Elbridge, Maine, Huntress, April 13, 1850. 
 Gerry, James, Pennsylvania, (Georgia), Huntress, May 2, 1840. 
 Geyer, Henry S., Missouri, Huntress, April 1, 1854. 
 Giddings, Joshua, Ohio, Huntress, February 23, 1839. 
 Gilbert, Edward, California, Huntress, June 22, 1850. 
 Gilchrist, S., Maine, Huntress, March 28, 1853. 
 Giles, William F., Maryland, Huntress, July 4, 1846. 
 Gilman, Governor, Vermont, (New Hampshire), Huntress, June 
 
 26, 1841. 
 Gilmer, Mrs., Virginia, Huntress, June 25, 1842. 
 Gilmore, Alfred, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 9, 1850. 
 Gilmore, Mrs. Alfred, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 11, 1851. 
 Given, William, Mississippi, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 
 Given, Mrs. William, California, Huntress, June 29, 1850. 
 Goggin, Mrs. William L., Virginia, Huntress, July 23, 1842. 
 Goode, Patrick, Ohio, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
 Goode, William O., Virginia, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 Goodyear, Charles, New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
 Gordon, Samuel, New York, Huntress, July 31, 1841. 
 Gorman, Willis A., Indiana, Huntress, July 20, 1850. 
 Gott, Daniel, New York, Huntress, March 18, 1848; June 1, 
 
 1850. 
 Gould, Herman D., New York, Huntress, February 22, 1851. 
 Graham, Mrs. Hartley, Virginia, Huntress, February 19, 1848. 
 Graham, James, North Carolina, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 
 Graham, William, Indiana, Huntress, February 10, 1S38. 
 Graham, William A., North Carolina, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
 Graves, William J., Kentucky, Huntress, February 24, 1838. 
 Greeley, Horace, New York, Huntress, March 17, 1849. 
 Green, Byram, New York, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 
 Green, Gen. Duff, Washington, D. C, Huntress, February 6, 
 
 1847. 
 Green, James S., Missouri, Huntress, May 6, 1848. 
 Green, Mrs. James S., Missouri, Huntress, June 24, 1848. 
 Green, Willis, Kentucky, Huntress, February 8, 1840. 
 Greenwood, Alfred B., Arkansas, Huntress, June 24, 1854. 
 Greenwood, Grace, Huntress, July 20, 1850.
 
 APPENDICES 269 
 
 Grennell, George, Jr., Massachusetts, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 
 Greig, John, New York, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
 
 Grider, Henry, Kentucky, Huntress, June 8, 1844. 
 
 Griffin, John K., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Grover, Martin, iMew York, Huntress, May 30, 1846. 
 
 Grundy, Felix, Tennessee, Huntress, September 28, 1839. 
 
 Gustine, Amos, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 
 
 Habersham, Richard, Georgia, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
 Hale, Artemas, Massachusetts, Huntress, January 9, 1847. 
 Hale, John P., New Hampshire, Huntress, January 6, 1844; 
 
 May 1, 1852. 
 Hall, Mrs. Willard P., Missouri, Huntress, June 24, 1848. 
 Halloway, Ransom, New York, Huntress, June 29, 1850. 
 Halstead, Miss Anna, New Jersey, Huntress, July 2, 1842. 
 Halstead, "William, New Jersey, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Halstead, Mrs. "William, New Jersey, Huntress, April 30, 1842. 
 Hamer, Thomas L., Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Hamilton, "William, Maryland, Huntress, February 23, 1850. 
 Hamlin, Mrs. E. S., Ohio, Huntress, February 15, 1845. 
 Hamlin, Hannibal, Maine, Huntress, August 31, 1850. 
 Hamlin, Mrs. Hannibal, Maine, Huntress, February 25, 1854. 
 Hammond, Eobert H., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 Hammons, David, Maine, Huntress, May 20, 1848. 
 Hampton, James G., New Jersey, Huntress, April 18, 1846. 
 Hampton, Moses, Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 26, 1850. 
 Hampton, Mrs. Moses, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 26, 
 
 1850. 
 Hand, Augustus, New York, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 Hannegan, Edward A., Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834; 
 
 Huntress, February 10, 1841. 
 Hannegan, Mrs. E. A., Huntress, February 22, 1845. 
 Haralson, Hugh, Georgia, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
 Haralson, Mrs. Hugh, Georgia, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
 Haralson, Misses, Georgia, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
 Hardin, Benj., Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Hardin, John D., Illinois, Huntress, June 15, 1844. 
 Harlan, Andrew J., Indiana, Huntress, March 9, 1850. 
 Harlan, Mrs. Andrew J., Indiana, Huntress, February 15, 1851.
 
 270 APPENDICES 
 
 Harruanson, John H., Louisiana, Huntress, May 2, 1846; (Har- 
 
 menson), August 5, 1848. 
 Harmanson, Mrs. John H., Louisiana, Huntress, August 5, 1848. 
 Harper, Alexander, Ohio, Huntress, February 24, 1838; May 
 
 11, 1844. 
 Harris, Miss Josephine, Kentucky, Huntress, March 8, 1846. 
 Harris, Samson W., Alabama, Huntress, December 25, 1847. 
 Harris, Wiley P., Mississippi, Huntress, March 18, 1854. 
 Harris, William C, Virginia, Huntress, June 19, 1841. 
 Harris,; Mrs. William A., Virginia, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 
 Harrison, S. H., Turfman, New York, Huntress, May 6, 1837. 
 Harrison, President William Henry, Huntress, March 6, 1841; 
 
 March 13, 1841; April 27, 1841. 
 Harrison, Mrs. President, Huntress, April 24, 1841. 
 Harvey, Mr., Navy Department, Huntress, October 31, 1846. 
 Haskell, W. F., Tennessee, Huntress, January 1, 1848. 
 Haslines, William S., Massachusetts, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 Hastings, John, Ohio, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 Hastings, Serraneus (Syrenius), Iowa, Huntress, January 30, 
 
 1847. 
 Havener, Mr., Washington, D. O, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
 Hawes, Albert, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Hawes, Richard, Kentucky, Huntress, February 17, 1838; May 
 
 15, 1841. 
 Hay, Miss Ellen, Huntress, January 22, 1842. 
 Hayne, Robert, South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Hays, Samuel L., Virginia, Huntress, June 19, 1841; April 27, 
 
 1844. 
 Haywood, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, September 28, 1850. 
 Haywood, William H., North Carolina, Huntress, February 10, 
 
 1844. 
 Heath, James P., Maryland, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Hebard, William, (Hebart), Vermont, Huntress, September 21, 
 
 1850. 
 Henley, Thomas H., Indiana, Huntress, December 23, 1843. 
 Henn, Bernhart, Iowa, Huntress, June 19, 1852 ; February 26, 
 
 1853. 
 Henry, John, Illinois, Huntress, February 20, 1847. 
 Henry, William, Vermont, Huntress, April 15, 1848.
 
 APPENDICES 271 
 
 Hereford, Virginia, Huntress, July 27, 1850. 
 
 Herod, William, Indiana, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
 
 Herrick, Joshua, Maine, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 
 
 Hill, Hugh L. W., Tennessee, Huntress, May 5, 1848. 
 
 Hill, Isaac, New Hampshire, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Hill, Miss, New York, Huntress, January 13, 1844. 
 
 Hilliard, Henry W., Alabama, Huntress, May 23, 1846. 
 
 Hillyer, Junius, Georgia, Huntress, December 13, 1851. 
 
 Hoagland, Moses, Ohio, Huntress, March 30, 1850. 
 
 Hobbie, Major Selah, New York, Huntress, April 19, 1845. 
 
 Hodsden, Gen. Isaac, Maine, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 
 
 Hoffman, Michael, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Hoffman, Ogden, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 
 Hoge, Joseph, Illinois, Huntress, April 6, 1844. 
 
 Holliday, Alexander E., Virginia, Huntress, February 15, 1851. 
 
 Holmes, Mrs. Elias, New York, Huntress, May 9, 1846. 
 
 Holmes, Isaac E., South Carolina, Huntress, April 11, 1840 ; 
 
 March 4, 1848. 
 Holmes, Mrs. Isaac, South Carolina, Huntress, June 22, 1844. 
 Holt's Hotel, New York City, Paul Pry, November 1, 1834. 
 Hook, Enos, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 Hooker, Miss, Huntress, April 6, 1850. 
 Hopkins, George W., Virginia, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Hopkins, Mrs. George W., Virginia, Huntress, February 17, 
 
 1844. 
 Hotels in Washington, Huntress, November 30, 1839. 
 Houck, Jacob, New York, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 Houston, George S., Alabama, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 Houston, Mrs. George H., Alabama, Huntress, March 19, 1842; 
 
 May 27, 1848. 
 Houston, Gen. Samuel, Texas, Huntress, July 11, 1846. 
 Howard, Tilgham, Indiana, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
 Howard, Mrs. Volney E., Texas, Huntress, January 25, 1851. 
 Howe, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 26, 1850. 
 Howe, Mrs. John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 19, 1850. 
 Howe, Miss, Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 13, 1851. 
 How (Howe), Thomas M., Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 
 
 13, 1851. 
 Hubbard, David, Alabama, Huntress, January 4, 1840.
 
 272 APPENDICES 
 
 Hubbard, Mrs. David, Alabama, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
 
 Hubbard, Edmund, Virginia, Huntress, August 28, 1841; Jan- 
 uary 30, 1847. 
 
 Hubbard, Mrs. Edmund W., Virginia, Huntress, February 13, 
 1847. 
 
 Hubbard, Henry, New Hampshire, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; 
 Huntress, February 11, 1837. 
 
 Hubbell, William S., New York, Huntress, January 13, 1844. 
 
 Hubley (Habley), Edward B., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 
 10, 1838. 
 
 Hudson, Charles, Massachusetts, Huntress, June 26, 1841. 
 
 Hudson, Master Charles, Washington, D. C, Huntress, August 
 14, 1841. 
 
 Hughes, James M., Missouri, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 
 
 Hughes, Mrs. James M., Missouri, Huntress, February 22, 1845. 
 
 Hull, James, Huntress, January 18, 1851. 
 
 Hungerford, Orville, New York, Huntress, March 30, 1844. 
 
 Hunt, Washington, New York, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
 
 Hunter, Eobert M., Virginia, Huntress, June 27, 1840; March 
 13, 1847. 
 
 Hunter, General, Mississippi, Huntress, March 15, 1845. 
 
 Hunter, Mrs. General, Mississippi, Huntress, March 15, 1845. 
 
 Hunter, William H., Ohio, Huntress, February 24, 1838. 
 
 Huntingdon, S., New Jersey, Huntress, July 18, 1840. 
 
 Huntington, Judge, Indiana, Huntress, September 25, 1845. 
 
 Ingersoll, Colin, Huntress, August 28, 1852. 
 
 Ingersoll, Ealph, Connecticut, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Irwin, Mr., Kentucky, Huntress, January 25, 1851. 
 
 Irwin, James, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 
 
 Irwin, William W., Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
 
 Ives, Willard, Huntress, July 17, 1852. 
 
 Ivy, Master Charles, Senate page, Huntress, May 25, 1854. 
 
 Jack, William, Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
 Jackson, Thomas B., New York, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 Jackson, William J., New York, Huntress, February 9, 1850. 
 James, Charles T., Ehode Island, Huntress, May 1, 1852. 
 James, Mrs. Charles T., Ehode Island, Huntress, May 1, 1852. 
 James, Francis, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 27, 1841.
 
 APPENDICES 273 
 
 Jameson, John, Missouri, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 
 Jarnagin, Spencer, Tennessee, Huntress, February 10, 1844. 
 Jenkins, Timothy, New York, Huntress, May 23, 1846. 
 Jenks, Judge Michael, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
 Jenniss, Benning, New Hampshire, Huntress, January 24, 1846. 
 Jennifer, Daniel, Maryland, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 Johnson (Johnston), Andrew, Tennessee, Huntress, December 
 
 2, 1843. 
 Johnson, Cave, Tennessee, Huntress, April 9, 1845. 
 Johnson, Henry, Louisiana, Huntress, June 13, 1846. 
 Johnson, Mrs. Henry, Louisiana, Huntress, July 29, 1848. 
 Johnson, H. H., Ohio, Huntress, May 27, 1854. 
 Johnson, James, Georgia, Huntress, June 19, 1852. 
 Johnson, James H., California, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
 Johnson, James L., Kentucky, Huntress, September 21, 1850. 
 Johnson, Perley, Ohio, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 
 Johnson, Eeverdy, Maryland, Huntress, July 18, 1846; February 
 
 5, 1848. 
 Johnson, Col. Eobert M., Kentucky, Huntress, April 18, 1840; 
 
 November 12, 1842; March 25, 1848. 
 Johnston, Charles, New York, Huntress, February 1, 1840. 
 Jones, Benj., Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Jones, George W., Tennessee, Huntress, December 2, 1843. 
 Jones, General George, Iowa, Huntress, February 2, 1850; 
 
 August 24, 1850. 
 Jones, Mrs. General George, Iowa, Huntress, February 2, 1850. 
 Jones, Isaac D., Maryland, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 
 Jones, Mrs. Isaac, Maryland, Huntress, January 22, 1840. 
 Jones, James C, Tennessee, Huntress, May 1, 1852. 
 Jones, Mrs. James C, Tennessee, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
 Jones, Nathaniel, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Jones, Seaborn, Georgia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Julian, George W., Indiana, Huntress, June 8, 1850. 
 Julian, Mrs. George, Indiana, Huntress, June 8, 1850. 
 
 Kane, Elias, Illinois, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; August 9, 1834. 
 Kaufman, Col. David, Texas, Huntress, August 1, 1846. 
 Keim, William H., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Kelle, Joseph, New Jersey, Huntress, May 2, 1840.
 
 274 APPENDICES 
 
 Kempshall, Thomas, New York, Huntress, February 8, 1840. 
 
 Ken, Mrs. John, Maryland, Huntress, June 22, 1850. 
 
 Kennard, George L., Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 
 Kennedy, Mrs. Andrew, Indiana, Huntress, January 15, 1842. 
 
 Kennedy, John, Maryland, Huntress, July 23, 1842. 
 
 Kennon, William, Ohio, Huntress, February 19, 1848. 
 
 Kennon, Mrs. William, Ohio, Huntress, June 24, 1848. 
 
 Kent, Joseph, Maryland, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 
 Key, P. B., Washington, D. O, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
 
 King, Daniel P., Massachusetts, Huntress, January 13, 1844; 
 March 2, 1844. 
 
 King, Horatio, Washington, D. O, Huntress, October 9, 1841. 
 
 King, James G., New Jersey, Huntress, February 16, 1850. 
 
 King, John, Georgia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834; July 23, 1836. 
 
 King, Preston, New York, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 
 
 King, Thomas Butler, Georgia, Huntress, March 7, 1840; Octo- 
 ber 27, 1849. 
 
 King, William P., Alabama, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; August 
 16, 1834; July 23, 1836; Huntress, April 20, 1844. 
 
 King, Col., Louisiana, Huntress, August 5, 1848. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, Mrs. Littleton, New Jersey, Huntress, April 13, 
 1844. 
 
 Kneeland, Abner, Massachusetts, Huntress, July 21, 1838. 
 
 Knight, Mrs., Connecticut, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 
 Knight, Nehemiah, Ehode Island, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Knower, Mrs. Albany, New York, Huntress, November 23, 1839. 
 
 Labranche, Alec, Louisiana, Huntress, March 9, 1844. 
 Lahm, Samuel, Ohio, Huntress, July 22, 1848. 
 Lamar, G. A., Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Lamar, Henry G., Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Lane, Amos, Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Lane, Henry S., Indiana, Huntress, February 20, 1841. 
 Lane, Joseph, Oregon, Huntress, June 26, 1852. 
 LaPorte, John, Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 La Sere, Emile, Louisiana, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
 Lasselle, Hyacinth, Indiana, Huntress, March 17, 1849. 
 Laurence, Sidney, New York, Huntress, April 11, 1848. 
 Lawler, Joab, Alabama, Paul Pry, July 23, 1836.
 
 APPENDICES 275 
 
 Lawrence, Master, Huntress, January 18, 1851. 
 
 Leadbetter, Daniel D., Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 
 Leadbetter, O., Huntress, July 11, 1840. 
 
 Leake, Shelton F., Virginia, Huntress, January 17, 1846. 
 
 Leake, Mrs., Virginia, Huntress, January 17, 1846. 
 
 Lecompte, Joseph, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 1, 1832. 
 
 Leffler, Shepherd, Iowa, Huntress, January 30, 1847; March 4, 
 1848. 
 
 Leet, Isaac, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 10, 1840. 
 
 Leigh, Benj. M., Virginia, Paul Pry, July 30, 1836. 
 
 Lehman, Dr., Philadelphia, Huntress, November 28, 1846. 
 
 Lehman, Mrs. Dr., Philadelphia, Huntress, November 28, 1846. 
 
 Lenahan, Kev. H., Priest, Washington, D. C, Huntress, No- 
 vember 23, 1850. 
 
 Leonard, Moses G., New York, Huntress, January 25, 1845. 
 
 Letcher, John, Virginia, Huntress, May 22, 1852. 
 
 Levin, Lewis C, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 
 
 Levy, David, Florida, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 
 
 Lewis, A. Lewin, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 17, 1848. 
 
 Lewis, Abner, New York, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 
 
 Lewis, Dixon H., Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; August 16, 1834; 
 Huntress, May 9, 1847; June 5, 1847. 
 
 Lewis, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, March 8, 1857. 
 
 Lindsley, Dr. Harvey E., District of Columbia, Huntress, Au- 
 gust 5, 1848. 
 
 Linn, Lewis F., Missouri, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 
 Linn, Arch L., New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
 
 Linn, Mrs. Cumberland, Huntress, May 28, 1842. 
 
 Littlefield, Nathaniel S., Maine, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 
 Lockhart, Mrs. Hibernia, Virginia, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 
 
 Long, Edward, Maryland, Huntress, June 27, 1846. 
 
 Love, James, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 
 Lowell, Joshua, Maine, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 
 Lowell, Mrs., Maine, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 
 Loyall, George, Virginia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 
 Lucas, Edward P., Virginia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 
 Ludlow, Mrs. A. M., Ohio, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 
 
 Lumpkins, John H., Georgia, Huntress, May 18, 1844. 
 
 Lumpkins, Gov. "Wilson, Georgia, Huntress, June 16, 1838.
 
 276 APPENDICES 
 
 Lynde, Wm., Wisconsin, Huntress, June 24, 1848. 
 Lyon, Caleb, Consul to China, Huntress, May 27, 1848. 
 Lyon, Chittenden, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Lyon, Francis S., Alabama, Paul Pry, July 23, 1836. 
 
 McCarty, Wm., Virginia, Huntress, July 25, 1840. 
 McCarty, Gen. Jonathan, Indiana, Huntress, February 6, 1847. 
 McCauslen, Wm., Ohio, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 
 MeClellan, Abraham, Tennessee, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
 McClelland, Eobt., Huntress, July 11, 1846. 
 McClernard, Col. John, Illinois, Huntress, April 6, 1844. 
 McClernard, Mrs. Col. John, Illinois, Huntress, April 6, 1844. 
 McClure, Chas., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 McCulloch, Geo., Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
 McCulloch, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 1, 1854. 
 McCulloch, Mrs. John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 1, 1854. 
 McDaniel, William, Huntress, February 20, 1837. 
 McDonald, Joseph E., Indiana, Huntress, February 15, 1851. 
 McDonald, Mrs. Joseph E., Indiana, Huntress, February 15, 
 
 1851. 
 McDowell, James, Virginia, Huntress, July 18, 1846. 
 McDowell, Joseph, Indiana, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 
 McDowell, Master, son of J. J., Ohio, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
 McDowell, Wm., Ohio, Huntress, March 14, 1846. 
 McDuffie, Geo., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 McGaughey, Edw. W., Indiana, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
 McHenry, Mrs. Wm., Kentucky, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 
 McHenry, John H., Kentucky, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
 McHenry, August W., Kentucky, Huntress, February 23, 1850. 
 Mcllvaine, M. Abraham, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 17, 
 
 1844. 
 McKean, Samuel P., Huntress, August 16, 1834. 
 McKean, John, New York, Huntress, June 4, 1842. 
 McKennan, Thomas W. L., Pennsylvania, June 25, 1842. 
 McKennan, Thomas M., Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Huntress, June 25, 1842. 
 McKinley, John, Alabama, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 McKirsock, Thomas, New York, Huntress, September 14, 1850.
 
 APPENDICES 277 
 
 McLanehan, James X., Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 11, 
 1851. 
 
 McLaren, Dr. A. A., U. S. A., Huntress, March 21, 1840. 
 
 McLean, W. P., Lebanon Chronicle, Tennessee, Huntress, Jan- 
 uary 2, 1847. 
 
 McLean, Moses, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
 
 McLean, Judge John, Ohio, Paul Pry, January 26, 1830; Hun- 
 tress, November 4, 1843; March 23, 1844; January 17, 1846; 
 December 25, 1847. 
 
 McLean, Finis, Kentucky, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 
 
 McLelland, Eobt., Michigan, Huntress, March 30, 1844. 
 
 McLellan, Eobt., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 
 McLene, Jeremiah, Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 
 McMackin, Andrew, Philadelphia Saturday Courier, Huntress, 
 November 28, 1846. 
 
 McMillie, Wm., Mississippi, Huntress, March 8, 1851. 
 
 McMullen, Fayette, Virginia, Huntress, April 13, 1850. 
 
 McNulty, Mrs., District of Columbia, Huntress, June 29, 1844. 
 
 McNulty, Mrs. Caleb, Huntress, March 16, 1844. 
 
 McNulty, J. C, Ohio, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 
 
 McQueen, John, South Carolina, Huntress, June 29, 1850. 
 
 MeBoberts, Mrs. Samuel, Illinois, Huntress, May 28, 1842. 
 
 McEoberts, Samuel, Illinois, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
 
 Mace, Moulton, New Hampshire, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 
 
 Mace, Daniel, Huntress, June 19, 1852. 
 
 Macy, John B., Wisconsin, Huntress, March 18, 1854. 
 
 Maher, Mrs., and Indian Delegation, Huntress, March 13, 1852. 
 
 Mallory, Dr. Francis, Virginia, Huntress, February 20, 1841. 
 
 Mallory, Dr. Francis, Virginia, Huntress, February 20, 1841. 
 
 Mangum, Willie P., North Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; 
 
 Mann, Horace, Massachusetts, Huntress, June 3, 1848. 
 July 30, 1836; Huntress, May 29, 1847; June 19, 1841. 
 
 Mann, Job, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 15, 1848. 
 
 Marblehead People, Huntress, August 31, 1850. 
 
 Marchand, Albert G., Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 
 Mardis, Samuel W., Alabama, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 
 Marsh, George P., Vermont, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
 
 Marshall, Alfred, Maine, Huntress, September 11, 1841. 
 
 Marshall, Thos. F., Kentucky, Huntress, September 25, 1841.
 
 278 APPENDICES 
 
 Marshall, Humphrey, Kentucky, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 
 
 Martin, Barclay, Tennessee, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 
 
 Martin, Mrs. B., Tennessee, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 
 
 Martin, Frederick S., New Ycrk, May 29, 1852. 
 
 Martin, John P., Huntress, January 17, 1846. 
 
 Martin, Joshua D., Alabama, Paul Pry, July 23, 1836. 
 
 Martin, Mrs. Morgan L., Wisconsin, Huntress, February 27, 
 1847. 
 
 Martin, Mrs. W. L., Wisconsin, Huntress, February 21, 1846. 
 
 Marvin, Eichard P., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 
 Marvin, Eichard P., New York, Huntress, January 25, 1840 
 
 Mason, John T., Maryland, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
 
 Mason, John C, Kentucky, Huntress, September 21, 1850. 
 
 Mason, Mrs. Sampson, Ohio, Huntress, May 14, 1842. 
 
 Mathiot, Joshua, Ohio, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 
 
 Matthew, James, Ohio, Huntress, June 15, 1841. 
 
 Matthews, Eev. William, Washington, D. C, Huntress, Novem- 
 ber 16, 1850; death of, May 20, 1854. 
 
 May, Henry, District of Columbia, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
 
 Maynard, John, New York, Huntress, July 31, 1841. 
 
 Maxwell, John P. B., New Jersey, Huntress, March 10, 1830. 
 
 Meacham, James, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 
 
 Meade, Eichard K, Virginia, Huntress, April 1, 1848. 
 
 Medill, William, Ohio, Huntress, February 15, 1840. 
 
 Medill, William, Ohio, Huntress, April 19, 1845. 
 
 Meek, A. B., Alabama, Huntress, May 24, 1845. 
 
 Menefee, Eichard H., Kentucky, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
 
 Meriweather, James A., Georgia, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
 
 Merrick, William D., Maryland, Huntress, January 27, 1838. 
 
 Metcalf, Gen., Kentucky, Huntress, July 29, 1848. 
 
 Miller, Jacob W., New Jersey, Huntress, September 14, 1841. 
 
 Miller, John K., Ohio, Huntress, December 25, 1847. 
 
 Miller, John K., Ohio, Huntress, September 25, 1847. 
 
 Miller, John, Missouri, Huntress, March 21, 1840. 
 
 Miller, J. W., New Jersey, Huntress, September 4, 1841. 
 
 Miller, Mrs. John K, Ohio, Huntress, March 18, 1848. 
 
 Miller, Mrs. John K., Ohio, Huntress, March 18, 1848. 
 
 Miller, Stephen D., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832.
 
 APPENDICES 279 
 
 Miller, Stephen D., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Miller, William S., New York, Huntress, February 20, 1837. 
 Miller, William H., Philadelphia, Huntress, December 5, 1846. 
 Mitchell, Anderson, North Carolina, Huntress, June 11, 1842. 
 Mitchell, Eobert, Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Mitchell, Thomas E,, South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Mitchells, Charles F., New York, Huntress, March 21, 1840. 
 Monroe, Columbus, Huntress, September 28, 1839. 
 Monroe, James, New York, Huntress, March 14, 1840; August 
 Montgomery, J. C, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 19, 1842. 
 Moor, Wyman B., Maine, Huntress, April 9, 1848. 
 Moore, John, Louisiana, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 
 Moore, John, Louisiana, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 
 Morehead, Mrs. C. S., Kentucky, Huntress, January 29, 1848. 
 Morehead, Col., Himtress, January 1, 1848. 
 Morehead, J. T., Kentucky, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
 Morehead, Mrs., Kentucky, Huntress, May 14, 1842. 
 Morgan, Charles U, Commodore, Huntress, January 31, 1844. 
 Morgan, Christopher, New York, Huntress, December 28, 1839. 
 Morgan, Mrs. Col., U. S. A., Huntress, June 17, 1848. 
 Morgan, Edward, District of Columbia, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
 Morgan, William S., Virginia, Huntress, July 7, 1838. 
 Morris, Calvary, Ohio, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
 Morris, John D., Ohio, Huntress, March 4, 1848. 
 Morris, Joseph, Ohio, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 
 Morris, Samuel W., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 Morris, Thomas, Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. August 15, 
 
 1840. 
 Morrow, W., Ohio, Huntress, July 3, 1841. 
 Morse, Mrs., Louisiana, Huntress, April 11, 1846. 
 Morse, J. E., Louisiana, Huntress, January 4, 1845. 
 Morton, Alex, Louisiana, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Morton, Jackson, Florida, Huntress, March 2, 1850. 
 Morton, Jeremiah, Virginia, Huntress, January 26, 1850. 
 Muhlenberg, Henry A., Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 August 16, 1834. 
 Murphy, Charles, Georgia, Huntress, December 13, 1857.
 
 280 APPENDICES 
 
 Murphy, Henry, New York, Huntress, February 15, 1845. 
 Myers, Mrs., Philadelphia, Huntress, December 5, 1846. 
 
 Navy Department, clerks, Huntress, December 18, 1841. 
 Nayer, Charles, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 Neal, Joseph C, Philadelphia, Editor Saturday Gazette, Hun- 
 tress, November 28, 1846. 
 Nelson, John Alton, Gen., Huntress, November 30, 1844. 
 Nelson, William, New York, Huntress, February 5, 1848. 
 Nernhard, Peter, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 Nes, Henry, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 27, 1844. 
 Nes, Walter U., New York, Huntress, January 19, 1850. 
 Nesbit, E. A., Georgia, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
 Newell, William A., New Jersey, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 
 Newton, Eben, Ohio, Huntress, July 31, 1852. 
 Newton, Thomas, Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Newton, William, Virginia, Huntress, January 27, 1844. 
 Newton, Willoughby, Virginia, Huntress, January 27, 1844. 
 Newton, Mrs. William N., Huntress. 
 Nicholas, E. C, Louisiana, Paxil Pry, July 16, 1836. 
 Nicholas, Kobert G., Louisiana, Paul Pry, July 16, 1836. 
 Nicholson, A. O. P., Tennessee, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 Niles, Mrs. John M., Connecticut, Huntress, May 16, 1846. 
 Ninen, Archibold, New York, Huntress, April 4, 1S46. 
 Nisbet, Eugenius A., Georgia, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
 Noble, William H., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Norris, Moses, New Hampshire, Huntress, April 13, 1850. 
 Noyes, J. C, Maine, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 
 Oddfellows, District of Columbia, Huntress, October 19, 1839. 
 
 Ogle, C, Pennsylvania, Hxmtress, August 15, 1840. 
 
 Ogle, Gen., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 
 Ogle, Jackson, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 2, 1850. 
 
 Olds, Mrs. Edson P., Ohio, Huntress, February 5, 1853. 
 
 Olds, Edson B., Ohio, Huntress, June 29, 1850. 
 
 Oliver, William M., New York, Huntress, July 31, 1841. 
 
 Orr, James L., South Carolina, Huntress, June 22, 1850. 
 
 Osborne, Thomas B., Connecticut, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 
 
 Otis, John, Maine, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 
 
 Outlaw, David, North Carolina, Huntress, May 5, 1848.
 
 APPENDICES 281 
 
 Outlaw, Mrs., North Carolina, Huntress, June 17, 1848. 
 
 Owen, A. F., Georgia, Huntress, March 9, 1838. 
 
 Owen, Robert Dale, Jr., Huntress, February 3, 1844; March 
 
 15, 1845. 
 Owsley, Bryan Y., Kentucky, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 
 
 Page, Col., Collector of Port, Philadelphia, Huntress, December 
 5, 1846. 
 
 Palen, Eufus, New York, Huntress, February 8, 1840. 
 
 Paridan, James, Indiana, Huntress, February 10, 1838. 
 
 Parmenter, Wm., Maine, Huntress, March 2, 1839. 
 
 Parker, Amasa, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 
 Parker, Eiehard, Virginia, Huntress, February 8, 1851. 
 
 Parker, Mrs. Richard, Virginia, Huntress, Februay 8, 1851. 
 
 Parker, Mrs. Samuel, Indiana, Huntress, August 14, 1852. 
 
 Perkins, Jared, New Hampshire, Huntress, May 22, 1852. 
 
 Parris, Virgil D., Maine, Huntress, February 16, 1839. 
 
 Parris, Gov. A. K., Maine, Huntress, June 1, 1839; April 28, 
 1849. 
 
 Parsons, B. E., Arkansas, Huntress, May 19, 1849. 
 
 Partridge, Sani'l, New York, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 
 Patterson, Sam'l D., Philadelphia, Editor Post, Huntress, No- 
 vember 28, 1846. 
 
 Patterson, Thos. A., New York, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
 
 Patterson, Wm., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 
 Payne, Mrs. Wm. W., Alabama, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 
 
 Payne, Mr. and Mrs., New York, Huntress, March 15, 1857. 
 
 Payne, W., Alabama, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 
 
 Paynter, Lemuel, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 
 Pearce, E. J., Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Pearce, James A., Missouri, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 
 
 Peaslee, C. H., New Hampshire, Huntress, March 18, 1848. 
 
 Peasley, Mrs. Chas H., New Hampshire, Huntress, June 10, 
 1848. 
 
 Pendleton, John S., Virginia, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 
 
 Penn, Alex G., Louisiana, Huntress, February 1, 1857. 
 
 Pennypacker, Isaac S., Virginia, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
 
 Pennypacker, Mrs., Virginia, Huntress, February 23, 1839. 
 
 Perrill, Augustus L., Huntress, March 14, 1846.
 
 282 APPENDICES 
 
 Perry, Thos., Maryland, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
 Pettit, Mrs. John, Indiana, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 
 Pettit, John, Indiana, Huntress, April 13, 1844. 
 Petriect, Mrs., New York, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 
 Peyton, Joseph H., Tennessee, Huntress, June 8, 1844. 
 Peyton, Sam'l, Kentucky, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 
 Phelps, John S., Missouri, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 
 Phoenix, J. Philip, New York, Huntress, February 15, 1845. 
 Pickens, F. W., South Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
 Pierce, Franklin, Huntress, March 12, 1853; July 1, 1854. 
 Pitman, Mrs. P., Huntress, April 20, 1850. 
 Pitman, Mrs. P., Huntress. 
 
 Plumer, Arnold, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1858. 
 Plummer, Franklin E., Mississippi, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832 ; 
 
 August 4, 1834. 
 Plummer, Franklin, Huntress, December 8, 1838. 
 Plunkett, Eev. Joseph H., Huntress, December 7, 1850. 
 Polk, James K., Tennessee, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Polk, Pres., Huntress, July 17, 1847. 
 Polk, Wm. H., Tennessee, Huntress, April 17, 1852. 
 Pollock, James, Pennsylvania, Huntress, May 18, 1844. 
 Pope, John, Kentucky, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
 Pope, P. H., Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Porter, Jas. Alex., Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Porter, A. S., Michigan, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
 Porter, Augustus, Michigan, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 
 Potter, Mrs., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 Potter, Wm. W., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 Potter, Emery D., Ohio, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
 Potter, Elisha E., Ehode Island, Huntress, March 16, 1844; 
 
 May 4, 1844. 
 Powell, Paulus, Virginia, Huntress, February 1, 1851. 
 Powell, Mrs. Cuthbert, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 19, 
 
 1842. 
 Pratt, James T., Connecticut, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
 Prentin, John H., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Preston, J. A., Maryland, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
 Preston, Wm. C, South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834; 
 
 July 30, 1836.
 
 APPENDICES 283 
 
 Preston, Wm. P., Virginia, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 
 Price, Sterling, Missouri, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 
 Proffit, Geo. H., Indiana, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
 Putnam, Harvey, New York, Huntress, February 16, 1839; 
 
 May 5, 1848. 
 Putnam, Harvey, New York, Huntress, May 5, 1848. 
 Purdy, Smith M., New York, Huntress, January 13, 1844. 
 Radcliffe, Daniel, District of Columbia, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
 Eagan, Master A. H., page in Senate, Huntress, March 25, 1854. 
 Eamsey, Alexander, Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 
 Ramsey, Robert, Pennsylvania, Huntress, September 4, 1841. 
 Ramsey, Wm., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 21, 1840. 
 Randall, Benj., Maine, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 
 Randolph, J. B., U. S. N., Huntress, March 29, 1845. 
 Randolph, Joseph F., New Jersey, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 Rathbun, George, New York, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
 Rayner, Kenneth, North Carolina, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 
 Reding, John S., New Hampshire, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 Reding, Mrs. John S., New Hampshire, Huntress, January 15, 
 
 1842. 
 Reed, Gen. Charles M., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
 Reed, Mrs. Charles, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
 Reed, Judge, Ohio, Huntress, February 19, 1848. 
 Reed, Robert, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 2, 1850. 
 Reid, David S., North Carolina, Huntress, March 30, 1844; 
 
 January 17, 1846. 
 Reilly, Luther, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 7, 1838. 
 Rencher, Mrs. Abraham, North Carolina, Huntress, March 12, 
 
 1842. 
 Reynolds, Captain, U. S. A., Huntress, October 19, 1839. 
 Reynolds, Gideon, New York, Huntress, May 20, 1848. 
 Richardson, Wm. A., Illinois, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 
 Richie, Thomas, Ohio, Huntress, February 19, 1848. 
 Riggs, Lewis, New York, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 Ripley, Eleaza W., Louisiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834; July 
 
 23, 1836. 
 Ripley, T. O, New York, Huntress, January 9, 1847. 
 Risley, Elijah, New York, Huntress, June 1, 1850. 
 Ritter, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 16, 1844.
 
 284 APPENDICES 
 
 Rives, Wm. C, Virginia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Roane, Col. J. J., Virginia, Huntress, October 15, 1853. 
 Robbins, Asher, Rhode Island, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Robbins, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 23, 1850. 
 Roberts, Robert W., Mississippi, Huntress, March 23, 1844. 
 Roberts, Mrs. Robert, Mississippi, Huntress, December 26, 1846. 
 Roberts, Miss, Mississippi, Huntress, March 20, 1847. 
 Robinson, Edward, Maine, Huntress, March 2, 1839. 
 Robinson, John L., Indiana, Huntress, December 25, 1847. 
 Robinson, Mrs. John L., Indiana, Huntress, June 10, 1848. 
 Robinson, John M., Illinois, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Robinson, Orville, New York, Huntress, January 25, 1845. 
 Rockhill, Wm., Indiana, Huntress, March 18, 1848. 
 Rockwell, Julius, Massachusetts, Huntress, March 2, 1844 ; April 
 
 2, 1848; April 20, 1850; July 1, 1854. 
 Rockwell, Mrs. Julius, Massachusetts, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 
 Rodney, George B., Delaware, Huntress, September 4, 1841. 
 Rogers, Col. Charles, New York, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
 Roman, J. Dixon, Maryland, Huntress, February 26, 1848. 
 Roosevelt, James I., New York, Huntress, March 5, 1842. 
 Root, Erasmus, New York, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Root, Joseph M., Ohio, Huntress, May 9, 1846. 
 Rose, Robert L., New York, Huntress, September 14, 1850. 
 Rowan, Dr., Philadelphia, Huntress, January 23, 1847. 
 Royall, Captain Wm., Virginia, Huntress, February 4, 1843; 
 
 April 1, 1848. 
 Ruff, Dr. James H., Huntress, May 14, 1842. 
 Ruffington, Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 23, 1844. 
 Ruggles, Benj., Ohio, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Rumsey, David, New York, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 
 Runk, John, New Jersey, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
 Rusk, Thomas J., Texas, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 
 Russell, James M. (John), Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 
 
 19, 1842. 
 Russell, Jeremiah, New York, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 
 Russell, John, New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
 Russell, Mrs. Margaret, Missouri, Huntress, December 20, 1851. 
 Russell, Wm., Ohio, Huntress, July 3, 1841. 
 Ruter, Mrs. John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 20, 1844.
 
 APPENDICES 285 
 
 Salstonstall, Lemuel, Massachusetts, Huntress, February 16, 
 
 1839. 
 Sample, Samuel C, Indiana, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
 Sanford, John, New York, Huntress, June 12, 1841. 
 Santangelo, Madam, Huntress, April 20, 1850. 
 Sapp, Wm. E., Ohio, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
 Saunders, Romulus, North Carolina, Huntress, August 6, 1842. 
 Sawtelle, Cullen, Maine, Huntress, June 6, 1846. 
 Sawyer, Samuel, North Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
 Sawyer, Wm., Ohio, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 
 Sawyer, Mrs. Wm., Ohio, Huntress, June 10, 1848. 
 Scantland, Major J. M., IT. S. A., Huntress, August 12, 1848. 
 Scheffer, Dr. Daniel, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Schley, Wm., Georgia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Schenck, Eobert O, Ohio, Huntress, May 25, 1844. 
 Schoolcraft, Mr., Indian Commissioner, Huntress, December 
 
 22, 1849. 
 Scudder, Zeno, Massachusetts, Huntress, December 13, 1851. 
 Seaton, Mrs. W. W., Washington, D. C, Huntress, May 27, 1848. 
 Sebastian, W. K., Arkansas, Huntress, June 24, 1848. 
 Seddon, James A., Virginia, Huntress, June 27, 1846. 
 Sellers, Augustine R., Maryland, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
 Semple, James, Illinois, Huntress, February 10, 1844; February 
 
 17, 1854. 
 Senter, Wm. M., Tennessee, Huntress, February 22, 1845. 
 Severance, Luther, Maine, Huntress, May 18, 1844. 
 Sevier, Ambrose H., Arkansas, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Sevier, Miss Ann Maria, Arkansas, Huntress, February 21, 1846. 
 Sevier, Col., Mississippi, Huntress, April 18, 1840. 
 Sevier, Mrs., Mississippi, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 
 Sevier, Mrs. Matilda, Arkansas, Huntress, February 28, 1846. 
 Seymour, David L., New York, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
 Shepard, Charles, North Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
 Sheplor, Matthias, Ohio, Huntress, February 24, 1838. 
 Shields, Benj. G., Alabama, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 
 Shields, Judge James, Illinois, Huntress, May 24, 1845. 
 Shower, Jacob, Maryland, Huntress, March 18, 1854. 
 Sibley, Henry S., Mississippi, Huntress, March 31, 1849. 
 Sibley, Mark, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838.
 
 286 APPENDICES 
 
 Sibley, Mrs. Mark, New York, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 Silliman, Professor, Yale University, Huntress, March 13, 1852. 
 
 Silsbee, Nathaniel, Massachusetts, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Silver, H. A., District of Columbia, Huntress, Apirl 7, 1849. 
 
 Silver, W. P., Maryland, Huntress, March 31, 1849. 
 
 Simons, Samuel, Connecticut, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
 
 Simonton, Wm., Pennslyvania, Huntress, June 27, 1840. 
 
 Simmons, James F., Ehode Island, Huntress, June 19, 1841; 
 August 14, 1841. 
 
 Sims, Leonard H., Missouri, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 
 
 Slade, Wm., Vermont, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 
 Slade, Charles, Illinois, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 
 Smart, Ephraim, Maine, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 
 
 Smith, Mr., Pittsburg, artist, Huntress, April 1, 1837. 
 
 Smith, Albert, Maine, Huntress, April 11, 1840. 
 
 Smith, Albert, New York, Huntress, January 4, 1845. 
 
 Smith, Caleb, Indiana, Huntress, March 18, 1844. 
 28, 1839. 
 
 Smith, Hugh N., New Mexico, Huntress, May 4, 1850. 
 
 Smith, John T., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 23, 1844. 
 
 Smith, Perry, Connecticut, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 
 Smith, Eobert, Illinois, Huntress, May 25, 1844. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Sarah, Stafford, Virginia, Huntress, May 8, 1852. 
 
 Smith, Thomas, Indiana, Huntress, September 28, 1839; Jan- 
 uary 4, 1840. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Thomas, Indiana, Huntress, February 22, 1845. 
 
 Smith, Truman (Freeman), Connecticut, Huntress, December 
 
 Smith, Wm., Virginia, Huntress, March 19, 1842. 
 
 Snow, Wm., New York, Huntress, August 28, 1852. 
 
 Snyder, Adam, Illinois, Huntress, February 10, 1838. 
 
 Snyder, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 
 
 Soule, Pierre, Louisiana, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 
 
 Southgate, Wm., Kentucky, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
 
 Speight, Jesse, North Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832 ; July 
 30, 1836. 
 
 Speight, Mrs. Jesse, North Carolina, Huntress, May 9, 1846. 
 
 Spence, Thomas A., Maryland, Huntress, April 13, 1844. 
 
 Spencer, James B., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838.
 
 APPENDICES 287 
 
 Spencer, John C, Secretary of War, Huntress, November 6, 
 
 1841. 
 Sprague, Peleg, Maine, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Sprague, Wm., Michigan, Huntress, March 5, 1842 ; January 25, 
 
 1851. 
 Sprigg, James C, Kentucky, Huntress, August 28, 1841. 
 Stack, Sarah, District of Columbia, Huntress, December 16, 
 
 1843. 
 Stanton, Frederick P., Tennessee, Huntress, July 18, 1846. 
 Stanley, Edward, North Carolina, Huntress, April 18, 1840. 
 Starkweather, David, Ohio, Huntress, April 18, 1846. 
 Starweather, George, New York, Huntress, January 15, 1848. 
 Steenrod, Lewis, Ohio, Huntress, February 15, 1840. 
 Steenrod, Mrs. Lewis, Virginia, Huntress, May 28, 1842. 
 Stephens, Alexander H., Georgia, Huntress, February 28, 1846; 
 
 December 25, 1847. 
 Stetson, Lemuel, New York, Huntress, January 13, 1844. 
 Stevenson, Andrew, Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Stewart, Andrew, Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Stewart, Archibald, Virginia, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
 Stewart, Mrs. J. T., Illinois, Huntress, February 19, 1842. 
 Stiles, Wm. H., Georgia, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
 St. John, Daniel, New York, Huntress, June 17, 1848. 
 St. John, Henry, Ohio, Huntress, January 27, 1844; January 
 
 4, 1845. 
 St. Martin, Louis, Huntress, July 31, 1852. 
 Stoddard, John T., Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Stone, James W., Kentucky, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
 Stone, Mrs. James W., Kentucky, Huntress, February 22, 1845. 
 Stratton, Charles, New Jersey, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
 Strohm, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 
 Strong, Miss, New York, Huntress, March 9, 1846. 
 Strong, Selah, New York, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
 Strong, Theron, New York, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
 Strong, Mrs. Theron, New York, Huntress, April 11, 1846. 
 Strong, Wm., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 4, 1848. 
 Stuart, Mrs. A. H., Virginia, Huntress, January 22, 1842. 
 Stuart, Charles E., Michigan, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 
 Stuart, John, Illinois, Huntress, March 7, 1840.
 
 288 APPENDICES 
 
 Sturgeon, Daniel, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 27, 1847. 
 Summers, George W., Virginia, Huntress, June 26, 1841. 
 Summers, Mrs. Geo. W., Huntress, January 22, 1842. 
 Sumner, Charles, Massachusetts, Huntress, August 7, 1852. 
 Sumpter, Thomas D., South Carolina, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
 Swart, Alexander H., Virginia, Huntress, June 26, 1841. 
 Swearingen, Henry, Ohio, Huntress, February 16, 1839 ; July 
 
 25, 1840. 
 Sweeney, George, Ohio, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
 Sykes, George, New Jersey, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
 Sylvester, Peter H., New York, Huntress, May 6, 1848. 
 
 Tallmadge, Frederick A., New York, Huntress, May 6, 1848. 
 Tallmadge, Nathaniel P., New York and Wisconsin, Huntress, 
 
 February 27, 1841; July 13, 1844. 
 Taylor, Miss Mary, Kentucky, Huntress, February 13, 1847. 
 Taylor, Nathaniel G., Tennessee, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
 Taylor, President, Huntress, March 17, 1849; April 28, 1849. 
 Taylor, Wm., New York, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Taylor, Wm., Virginia, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
 Taylor, Mrs. Wm., Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
 Tazewell, Littleton W., Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Thomas, Dr., District of Columbia, Huntress, June 29, 1839. 
 Thomas, Philomon, Louisiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Thomas, William (Francis), Maryland, Paul Pry, August 16, 
 
 1834. 
 Thomason, Wm. P., Kentucky, Huntress, February 10, 1844. 
 Thompkins (Tompkins), Patrick, Mississippi, Huntress, March 
 
 18; 1848. 
 Thompson, Benj., Massachusetts, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 
 Thompson, Mrs. Benj., Massachusetts, Huntress, March 14, 1846. 
 Thompson, Dr., Columbus, Ohio, Huntress, January 10, 1852. 
 Thompson, Jacob, Mississippi, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
 Thompson, Mrs. Jacob, Mississippi, Huntress, January 22, 1842. 
 Thompson, John B., Kentucky, Huntress, January 29, 1848. 
 Thompson, Judge, District of Columbia, Huntress, September 
 
 7, 1844. 
 Thompson, Richard W., Indiana, Huntress, August 7, 1841; 
 
 January 29, 1848.
 
 APPENDICES 289 
 
 Thompson, Robert A., Virginia, Huntress, July 22, 1848. 
 Thompson, Waddy, South Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838; 
 
 May 11, 1834; January 18, 1851. 
 Thompson, Wiley, Georgia, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Thompson, Wm., Iowa, Huntress, February 19, 1848. 
 Thurman, John R., New York, Huntress, September 14, 1850. 
 Thurman, Mrs. John R., New York, Huntress, March 15, 1851. 
 Thurston, Samuel P., Maine and Oregon, Huntress, February 
 
 23, 1850. 
 Tibbets, Miss Jane, Kentucky, Huntress, February 13, 1847. 
 Tibbets, Mrs. John W., Kentucky, Huntress, March 14, 1846. 
 Tilden, Daniel R., Ohio, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 
 Tillinghast, Joseph, Rhode Island, Huntress, March 31, 1838; 
 
 February 1, 1840. 
 Tipton, John, Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
 Titus, Obadiah, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Toland, George W., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
 Tomlinson, Thomas A., New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
 Towns, George, Georgia, Huntress, June 27, 1846. 
 Towns, Mrs. George W., Georgia, Huntress, February 23, 1839. 
 Townsend, Eleazar L., New York, Huntress, September 11, 1841. 
 Tredway (Treadway), Wm. M., Virginia, Huntress, January 
 
 17, 1846. 
 Trotti, S. W., South Carolina, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 
 Troup, George M., Georgia, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Trumbo, Andrew, Kentucky, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 
 Trumbo, Mrs. Andrew, Kentucky, Huntress, January 9, 1847. 
 Triplett, Philip, Kentucky, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
 Tuck, Mrs. Amos, New Hampshire, Huntress, December 20, 
 
 1851. 
 Tucker, Tilghman, Mississippi, Huntress, March 30, 1844. 
 Turner, Thomas J., Illinois, Huntress, March 18, 1848. 
 Turner, Mrs. Thomas J., Illinois, Huntress, July 29, 1848. 
 Turney, Hopkins L., Tennessee, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
 Tyler, Asher, New York, Huntress, January 4, 1845. 
 Tyler, John, Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; August 16, 
 
 1834. 
 
 Underwood, Joseph R., Kentucky, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 
 Underwood, Mrs. Joseph R., Kentucky, Huntress, July 13, 1850.
 
 290 APPENDICES 
 
 Upham, Gen. Wm., Vermont, Huntress, February 10, 1844; May 
 
 27, 1847. 
 Upsher, Secretary, Virginia, Huntress, November 6, 1841. 
 
 Vail, George, New Jersey, Huntress, April 15, 1854. 
 
 Vail, Mrs. George, New Jersey, Huntress, April 15, 1854. 
 
 Vail, Miss, New Jersey, Huntress, April 15, 1854. 
 
 Van Buren, Col. John, New York, Huntress, March 25, 1848. 
 
 Van Buren, President Martin, Huntress, March 11, 1837; May 
 
 6, 1837. 
 Van Dyke, John, New Jersey, Huntress, May 6, 1848. 
 Van Meter, John, Ohio, Huntress, May 11, 1844. 
 Van Ness, Mrs., "Washington, D. C., Huntress, August 31, 1839. 
 Vance, Joseph, Ohio, Huntress, May 11, 1844. 
 Venable, Abraham, North Carobna, Huntress, April 29, 1848. 
 Verplanck, Gulian, New York, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Vroom, Peter D., New Jersey, Huntress, July 18, 1840. 
 
 Wade, Benj. F., Ohio, Huntress, January 10, 1852. 
 Wagener, David D., Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834; 
 
 July 25, 1840. 
 "Waggaman, George A., Louisiana, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
 Wagner, Peter, New York, Huntress, December 28, 1839. 
 Waldo, Loren P., Connecticut, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 
 Wales, John, Delaware, Huntress, August 31, 1850. 
 Walker, Eobert, Mississippi, Huntress, July 16, 1836. 
 Wallace, David, Indiana, Huntress, March 5, 1842. 
 Walsh, Thomas Y., Maryland, Huntress, July 31, 1852. 
 Ward, Aaron, New York, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
 Ward, Wm. T., Kentucky, Huntress, July 17, 1852. 
 Warren, Cornelius, New York, Huntress, May 5, 1848. 
 Warren, Lott, Georgia, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
 Washburn, Israel, Maine, Huntress, December 13, 1851. 
 Washington, P. G., District of Columbia, Huntress, April 19, 
 
 1845. 
 Washington, W. H., North Carolina, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
 Watterson, Harvey W., Tennessee, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
 Watkins, Albert, Tennessee, Huntress, January 25, 1851. 
 Waugh, J. H., District of Columbia, Huntress, September 25, 
 
 1841.
 
 APPENDICES 291 
 
 Waugh, Mrs., District of Columbia, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
 Webster, Daniel, Massachusetts, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; 
 
 Huntress, May 22, 1847; May 18, 1850; October 30, 1852. 
 Webster, Miss, Massachusetts, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
 Weightman, Richard, Maryland and New Mexico, Huntress, 
 
 June 26, 1852. 
 Welch, John, Ohio, Huntress, July 31, 1852. 
 Wellborn, Marshall, Georgia, Huntress, September 21, 1850. 
 Weller, John B., Ohio and California, Huntress, February 15, 
 
 1840; June 7, 1845; May 29, 1852; February 25, 1854. 
 Weller, Mrs. John B., Ohio and California, Huntress, December 
 
 4, 1847. 
 Wentworth, John, Illinois, Huntress, March 30, 1844; January 
 
 4, 1851. 
 Wentworth, Mrs. John, Illinois, Huntress, January 18, 1851. 
 Wentworth, Tappan, Massachusetts, Huntress, April 1, 1854. 
 Westbrook, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 12, 1840. 
 Wetherell, John, Maryland, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
 Wharton, Col., Texan Minister, Huntress, January 7, 1837. 
 Wheaton, Horace, New York, Huntress, April 27, 1844; July 
 
 18, 1846. 
 White, Albert S., Indiana, Huntress, February 10, 1838. 
 White, Mrs. Albert S., Indiana, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
 Wiekliffe, Charles A., Kentucky, Huntress, November 6, 1841. 
 Wight, Otis, Rittenhouse Academy, Washington, D. C, Huntress, 
 
 July 2, 1853. 
 Wilcox, Leonard, New Hampshire, Huntress, May 14, 1842. 
 Wildrick, New Jersey, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 
 Wiley, James S., Maine, Huntress, April 15, 1848. 
 Wilkins, Wm., Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Williams, Christopher H., Tennessee, Huntress, February 17, 
 
 1838; March 24, 1838. 
 Williams, Henry, Massachusetts, Huntress, December 28, 1839. 
 Williams, James W., Maryland, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
 Williams, Joseph, Tennessee, Huntress, July 23, 1842; Feb- 
 ruary 17, 1838. 
 Williams, S. S., Washington, D. O, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
 Williams, Thomas H., Mississippi, Huntress, February 16, 1839; 
 December 28, 1839.
 
 292 APPENDICES 
 
 Wilmot, David, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
 Wilmot, Mrs. David, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 13, 1846. 
 Wilson, Edgar C, Virginia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
 Wilson, James, New Hampshire, Huntress, May 20, 1848. 
 Winston, Miss Eliza, Alabama, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 
 Winthrop, Robert C, Massachusetts, Huntress, July 3, 1841. 
 Wise, A. A., Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 15, 1840. 
 Wise, Henry A., Virginia, Huntress, October 21, 1837. 
 Wood, Amos S., Ohio, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 
 Wood, Fernando, New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
 Woodbridge, William, Michigan, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
 Woodbridge, Mrs. William, Michigan, Huntress, June 25, 1842. 
 Woodbury, Levi, New Hampshire, Huntress, May 18, 1839. 
 Woodbury, Mrs. Levi, New Hampshire, Huntress, March 26, 
 
 1842. 
 Woodbury, the Misses, Huntress, March 26, 1842. 
 Woodruff, Thomas, New York, Huntress, January 30, 1847. 
 Woodward, Joseph A., South Carolina, Huntress, December 16, 
 
 1843; April 11, 1846. 
 Woodworth, Wm. W., New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
 Wright, George W., California, Huntress, March 1, 1851. 
 Wright, Mrs. George W., California, Huntress, March 1, 1851. 
 Wright, Joseph A., Indiana, Huntress, December 23, 1843. 
 Wright, Wm., New Jersey, Huntress, June 22, 1844. 
 Yancey, W. L., Alabama, Huntress, January 11, 1845. 
 Yates, Eichard, Illinois, Huntress, January 10, 1852. 
 Yorke (York), Thomas J., New Jersey, Huntress. March 10, 
 
 1838. 
 Yost, Jacob S., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 23, 1844. 
 Yost, Mrs. Jacob, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 13, 1846. 
 Young, Augustus, Vermont, Huntress, September 4, 1841. 
 Young, Bryan (Bryam), Kentucky, Huntress, May 16, 1846. 
 Young, John, New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
 Young, Judge, Illinois, Huntress, April 24, 1847. 
 Young, Lieut., U. S. N, Huntress, October 19, 1839. 
 Young, Richard M., Illinois, Huntress, January 27, 1838. 
 Young, Mrs. Richard M., Illinois, Huntress, May 2, 1840. 
 Yulee (Levy), Mrs. David, Florida, Huntress, February 27, 
 
 1847.
 
 Ind 
 
 ex
 
 Ind 
 
 ex 
 
 Adams, John, 71. 
 
 Adams, John Quincy, 37, 62, 
 
 94, 213, 221. 
 Alabama, 55. 
 
 Alexandria Phoenix, 164. 
 Alexandria, Va., 60. 
 Amelia County, Va., 44. 
 Anti-Masons, 92 ff. 
 Archer, William, 43. 
 
 Baltimore, Lord, 19, 26. 
 Baltimore & Ohio Eailroad, 
 
 62. 
 Baptists, 107. 
 Batavia, N. Y., 95, 96. 
 Beecher, Dr. Lyman, 127. 
 Beef Monopoly, The, 184. 
 Benton, Col. Thomas H., 
 
 146, 164, 205. 
 Blair, Francis P., 159, 160, 
 
 163. 
 Blair, Montgomery, 160. 
 Bonaparte, Joseph, 67. 
 Boston Commercial, 77, 112. 
 Boston, Mass., 68. 
 Brainard, Charles EL, 191. 
 Bremer, Frederika, 178. 
 Burlington, Vt., 101. 
 Bermuda Hundred, Va., 39. 
 Butler, Anne, 34. 
 Butler, James, 29, 33, 34, 
 
 194. 
 
 Butler, Mrs., mother of Anne 
 Boyall, 33, 194. 
 
 Cabell Court House, 48. 
 Calhoun, John C, 159. 
 Calvert, Lord, 19. 
 Calvanism, 114. 
 Carey, Alice, 178. 
 Carrahan, Aunt Molly, 25. 
 Catholics, 107. 
 Charleston, Va., 47. 
 Chatham Theatre, New 
 
 York, 100. 
 Church and State Party, 116 
 
 ff. 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, 62, 122. 
 City Hotel, Alexandria, Va., 
 
 60. 
 City Point, Va., 39. 
 Claggett, M. E., 60. 
 Clay, Henry, 164, 186. 
 Clerc, Laurent, 72. 
 Clinton, Gov. DeWitt, 66, 96. 
 Connersville, Ind., 30, 195. 
 Cowan, Mr., 30. 
 Cranch, Chief Justice, 136. 
 
 Daguerreotype, The First, 
 
 190. 
 Deniston, Fort, 27. 
 Dickens, Charles, 178. 
 Dodge, Augustus Caesar, 
 
 208.
 
 296 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Dodge, Henry, 208. 
 Dorrets, The, 61. 
 Dowling, John, 195. 
 Dowling, Thomas, 144. 
 Dunahan, Paddy, 25. 
 Dunmore, Lord, 38. 
 
 Eaton, John H., 142. 
 Edes, General, 69. 
 Elizabeth, Queen, 26. 
 Ely, Dr., 142. 
 
 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 115. 
 Erie Canal, The, 62, 66. 
 Evangelicals, 115 ff. 
 Everett, Edward, 70. 
 
 Fenton, C. W., 185. 
 Fineastle, Va., 34. 
 Findlay, Congressman, 25. 
 Florence, Ala., 53. 
 Forbes, General, 31. 
 Frederick the Great, 26. 
 Freemasonry, 92 ff. 
 Freemont, Jqhn C, 211. 
 Fuller, Margaret, 80. 
 
 Gales, Joseph, 159, 218. 
 Gallaudet, Eev. Dr. Thomas, 
 
 72. 
 Ganson, Major, 95. 
 George I, 26. 
 Gilbert, Edward, 211. 
 Glooe, The, 159. 
 Grant, Eva, 34. 
 Green, Gen. Duff, 159. 
 Greensburg, Pa., 31. 
 Greenwood, Grace, 178. 
 Guilford, Courthouse, N. C, 
 
 38. 
 Gwyn, "William M, 211. 
 
 Hale, Sabah Jane, 178. 
 Hamilton, Mrs. Sarah, 35. 
 Hanna, Mrs., 32. 
 Hanna, Eobert, 31. 
 Hannastown, Fort, 27, 30, 
 
 31, 32. 
 Harrington, Lord, 26. 
 Harrisburg, Pa., 111. 
 Hartford Asylum for the 
 
 Deaf and Dumb, 72. 
 Hartford, Conn., 72. 
 Harvard University, 108. 
 Hemans, Mrs., 178. 
 Henry, Patrick, 38. 
 High Tariff, 172. 
 Hill, Isaac, 170. 
 Holmes, O. W., 178. 
 Huntress, The, 168, 177 ff. 
 Huntsville, Ala., 60. 
 
 Intelligencer, The National, 
 
 159. 
 Irving, Washington, 56. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, 49, 143, 
 155 ff. 
 
 Jefferson, Joseph, 219. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 37, 46. 
 
 Johnson. Richard M., 153. 
 
 Johnston, Senator, 189. 
 
 Jones, George W., 179. 
 
 Jones, Mrs. George W., trib- 
 ute to, 179. 
 
 Kendall, Amos, 159, 222. 
 Kennahway County, Va., 43. 
 Kercheval's Virginia, 21, 28. 
 Key, Francis Scott, 139. 
 
 Lafayette, 37, 39; his visit 
 to Boston, 70.
 
 INDEX 
 
 297 
 
 LeRoy, New York, 95. 
 Letters from Alabama, 51. 
 Letters on Masonry and 
 
 Anti-Masonry, 93. 
 Loyalhanna, 18, 21. 
 
 McClean, Judge, 203. 
 
 Madison, Dolly, 86. 
 
 Madison, James, 86. 
 
 Maloney, Mrs. Eva Grant, 
 34, 35, 46. 
 
 Markle, N. B., 203. 
 
 Martineau, Harriet, 78, 222. 
 
 Martin, Judge, 75. 
 
 Martin, Rev. William, 36. 
 
 Maryland, Proprietary gov- 
 ernment of, 19. 
 
 Mason, Jeremiah, 170. 
 
 Massachusetts Legislature, 
 108. 
 
 "Matt," 48, 50, 56, 58. 
 
 Matthews, Father William, 
 120, 223. 
 
 Melton's Bluff, 53, 56. 
 
 Methodists, 107. 
 
 Middle Mountain, Va., 34. 
 
 Middle River, Va., 18. 
 
 Miller, David C, 95. 
 
 Millers Station, 27, 29, 32. 
 
 Missionary, The, 119. 
 
 Mississippi River, The, 204, 
 205. 
 
 Mitford, Miss, 178. 
 
 Monroe, President, 62. 
 
 Monroe, Va., 42. 
 
 Montgomery, Ala., Journal, 
 128. 
 
 Moore's Settlement, 27, 29. 
 
 Morgan, William, 92 ff. 
 
 Morse, Professor, 190. 
 Mount Pisgah, 20, 23, 27, 30. 
 
 New England Almanac of 
 
 1830, 106. 
 New England Religious 
 
 Weelcly, The, 167. 
 New Haven, Conn., 72. 
 New Orleans, La., 54, 206. 
 Newport, Anne, 18, 31, 33, 
 
 35, 45. 
 Newport, William, 18, 19, 
 
 29. 
 New York City, 67. 
 Niagara Falls, 80. 
 Niagara, Fort, 97. 
 Northampton, Mass., 64. 
 Nullifiers, 172. 
 
 O'Reilley, Henry, 98. 
 O'Shean, Dennis, 25. 
 
 Paul Pry, 147 ff, 166 ff. 
 Pendleton, Miss Lucinda, 94. 
 Petersburg, Va., 39. 
 Philadelphia, Pa., 63. 
 Pitt, Fort, 31. 
 Pittsburg, Pa., 88. 
 Polk, James K., 186. 
 Pomeroy, Dr., 103. 
 Portland, Me., 62. 
 Presbyterians, 107. 
 Price, Thomas, 34. 
 Providence, R. I., 74. 
 Public Documents, Index to, 
 215. 
 
 Randolph, John, 83. 
 Richmond, Va., 38, 61. 
 Rives, John C, 159.
 
 298 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Eoosevelt, James L, 83, 84, 
 
 192. 
 Boyall, Captain, 33, 34, 41, 
 
 42, 45, 46. 
 
 Saint Stephen's, Ala., 60. 
 
 Salem, Mass., 74, 100. 
 
 Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 67. 
 
 Savannah, Ga., 53. 
 
 Savannah, a sailing packet, 
 63. 
 
 Seott, Walter, 57. 
 
 Seaton, William, 159. 
 
 Sharpe, Governor, 19. 
 
 Shields, Fort, 27. 
 
 Sigourney, Mrs., 178. 
 
 Sketches of History, Life 
 and Manners in the United 
 States, 60, 62. 
 
 Slavery, 55. 
 
 Sophia, Electress of Han- 
 over, 26. 
 
 Specie Circular, 182. 
 
 Spofford, A. B., 231. 
 
 Springfield, Mass., 64, 65. 
 
 Stack, Mrs. Sarah, 151 ff. 
 
 Stage Coach Advertising, 63. 
 
 Staunton, Va., 34. 
 
 Stone, William L., 94. 
 
 Story, Judge, 81. 
 
 Strickland, Agnes, 178. 
 
 Sweet Springs, Va., 34, 37, 
 41. 
 
 Taliaferro, Judge, 37. 
 Telegraph, the first, 190. 
 Terre Haute, Ind., 203. 
 Thruston, Judge, 138. 
 Tocqueville, M., 158. 
 Tracts, 117 ff. 
 Trollope, Mrs., 78. 
 
 United States Bank, 163, 
 
 169 ff. 
 Unitarianism, 115, 133. 
 United States Telegraph, 
 
 159. 
 Universalism, 115. 
 
 Van Buren, President, 181. 
 
 Washington, D. C, 53, 59, 
 61, 63, 119, 153. 
 
 Washington, Early Journal- 
 ism in, 231. 
 
 Waterson, Mr., 139. 
 
 Webster, Daniel, 188. 
 
 Weed, Thurlow, 97 ff. 
 
 Westminster Confession, 115. 
 
 Wharton, Dr. Thomas, 36. 
 
 White, Judge, 180. 
 
 Willis, M. P., 178. 
 
 Wirt, William, 110. 
 
 Worcester, Mass., 64. 
 
 Wright, Frances, 78, 155. 
 
 Wright, George W., 211.
 
 
 fr>.« .,\V A :. ' .'tt.» #. ' * * * ■ ■- ■■ *n *» * - » ' ju«j.v» t.7i. 
 
 » * twri vr