A STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE 
 EXTRACT OBTAINED FROM A CAN- 
 NED COAL USEING BENZENE AND 
 XYLENE AS SOLVENTS 
 
 BY 
 
 PERRY ROBERT WILSON 
 
 THESIS 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE 
 
 GFIEMIGAL ENGINEERING 
 
 GOLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENGES 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1922 
 
5C02HH 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/studyofpropertieOOwils 
 
Acknowledgement 
 
 The writer wishes to express his thanks and appreciation 
 
 to Doctor Layng* 
 
Index 
 
 Introduction 
 
 The Extraction of a Cannel Coal . Intriducjsion 3 
 
 Purpose 4 
 
 Experimental 5 
 
 conclusions 9 
 
 A Study of the Extract Obtained from a Cannel Coal ....10 
 
 Purpose 12 
 
 Methods of Investigation 13 
 
 Experimental 15 
 
 Conclusions 17 
 
 Conclusions from entire work 18 
 
1 
 
 A STUDY OF TI-IF ^^ROPFRTIFS OF THE EXTRACT OBTAINED FROM A 
 CAMEL COAL USEING BENZENE AND XYLENE AS SOLVENTS. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 pannel coal has been classed with coals because of the 
 proximate and ultimate analysis. gut because cannel coals have a 
 different structure and their products on carbonization are 
 different from those ©f coal, it has been suggested that they be 
 
 classed rather as bitumens. 
 
 8 
 
 Theissen has made a microscopic examination of cannel coal, 
 and found that resin,pollin,and spores fonned the main biilk of the 
 coal. He admits that although almost all of the Ingreidients present 
 in a bituminous coal, are present in a cannel coal, but that the pro- 
 portions are so different, that the cannel coal should not be 
 classed as a true coal. 
 
 As to the other methods of investigation of the constitution 
 of coal, no one has investigated from a solvent point of view. 
 Solvent action and an examination of the extract should yield some 
 valuable evidence toward the classification of cannel coal. 
 
 The purpose of this investigation is, therefore, to attempt to 
 classify a cannel coal, by studying the extract obtained from it, 
 useing benzene and xylene as solvents. 
 
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3 
 
 Part !• 
 
 Tbe Bxtraction of a Oannel Coal Useing Benzene and Xylene 
 
 as Solvents. 
 
 I .Introduction. 
 
 Solvent action is a good way to study ooal or a similar sub- 
 stance since it will remove a jjart of the substance in its ori- 
 ginal form and not attack the tther portion. The first line of 
 investigation should consist of a study of solvents, in order to 
 determine tbe one which will seperate the material into two dis- 
 tinct portions, and give a maximum extraction. 
 
 Many investigations have been taken up in order to find such 
 
 1 
 
 a suitable solvent. J. A. Bmythe of Gottigen was one of the first 
 
 solvent workers, useing benzene, chloroform, ethyl alcohol, light 
 
 petroleum, and ace tone. However he was only able to obtain an ex- 
 
 1 
 
 traction of three percent. Bedson and Garrick tried pyridine and 
 
 obtained as much as twenty percent extraction, from a Durham coal. 
 
 1 
 
 Wheeler and his co-workers also used pyridine . They found that 
 
 pyridine took out the material which is responsible for the coking 
 
 of coal, and termed the extracted material the resinic constituent 
 1 
 
 of coal. Wahl used pyridine under pressure, that is sealed in a glass 
 tube, and was able to obtain an extraction of over forty percent. 
 
 He explained this by saying that the pyridine acted as a depolmer 
 
 izer in this case^rather than as a solvent. Phenol was used as a 
 , 2 1 
 solvent by Parr and Hadley ,and by Fraser and Hoffman, from which 
 
 conclusions as to the constitution of coal were made. However it is 
 
 feared that phenol is more of a reagent than a solvent. Fischer 
 
 was probably the first to do intensive work on benzene as a solvent 
 
 and came Jo the oonoluslone of the other worhere as regards the 
 
3 
 
 constitution of coal, These connclusions were that coal is made up 
 
 of tv;o main constituents, the cellulosic and the resinic. There is 
 
 \ 
 
 stillsa third constituent of which very little is known, which is 
 
 3 
 
 termed the nitrogenous part.^rfim and Ulbrick used benzene but. supple 
 mented the treatment with that of hydrofluoric acid first. This gave 
 a higher yield of extract , probably due to the removal of the ash 
 and the benzene was able to attack the soluble constituents easier. 
 Nothing can be found in the literature on the use of xylene as 
 a solvent, but since it is found in both petroleum and coal tar, it 
 should be a valuable solvent in this investigation, This follows 
 from the fact that sitoilar solvents or substances should disolve 
 in one another much easier than two substances more distantly 
 related. 
 
 Solvents for bitumens and substances of like nature have been 
 
 confined to two classes. The first is used t4) seperate the two main 
 
 constituents, called "asphaltenes" and "petroleneB",This class of 
 
 solvents includes petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, and acetone. 
 
 The other class of solvents is used for completly disolving the 
 
 material when used in bituminous paints, etc. This class consists of 
 
 5 4 
 
 carbon disulfide and turpentine mainly.Endenmann in 1696 did some 
 work on this seperation, which seemed to be an old field then. He 
 called the material , precipitated by petroleum ether and soluble 
 in chloroform, asphaltenes. The material soluble in petroleum ether 
 was termed petrolenes. Carbon disulfide is the solvent most generaljry 
 used to disolve the bituminous material for most work, and most 
 asphalts such as Gilsonite and Grahamite are souble in all pro- 
 portions. 
 

 
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 II .Purpose 
 
 The purpose of this part of the investigation is to find a 
 suitable solvent for the study of the extract of a cannel coal, 
 and to ditermine under what conditions this extraction can be 
 carried out (to the best advantage. 
 
5 
 
 III .Experimental 
 
 A, Description of sample. 
 
 The original sample was from a peice of material supposed to 
 be a Kentucky cannel coal. The block was very hard, could not be 
 sawed or chiseled except into small chips./, sample was finally 
 obtained by splitting the chunk along the grain. The coal has a 
 slate color before grinding, but after grinding a brownish black 
 color was nottcable. After going through the coffee mill the wanple 
 had to be air dried before grinding in the ball mi 11, as the powder 
 was sticky.This coal on carbonization is recorded as giving a 
 yield of sixty three gallons of tar per ton, which is an extremely 
 high yield. 
 
 B. Benzene extraction. 
 
 Benzene was first tried useing a Barrett free carbon extraction 
 apparatus, with an alundum cup as the filtering medium. Twenty grams 
 of the powdered sample, which had all passed through a hundred mesh 
 seive,was placed in the cup. Extraction was carried out for five 
 hours, and after allowing the cup to drain and cool, the extract was 
 poured out and fresh benzene added. The extract in the benzene was 
 fluorescent , green in reflected light, and red by transmitted light. 
 After another five hours of extraction, the extracts were united 
 and the benzene evaporated off at a temperature of eighty five 
 degrees in an electric furnace , until no further odor of benzene 
 was notica-ble.A third extraction of five hours was found to be use- 
 less as the benzene was scarcely colored. 
 
 In order to check the effeciency of the Barrett extractor 
 twenty grams of coal were refluxed in an erlenmeyer flaskwith 
 

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 benzene for three hours. This gave a smaller extraction, probably 
 because of lack of time and a.lso beca.use the benzene may not have 
 come in contact v/ith all of the coal. 
 
 Vignon recommended the use of hydrflouric acid before ex- 
 traction with the benzene, so tv/enty grams of coal were treated 
 with a mixture of hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid in a 
 parrafin cup. Heat was developed which almost melted the cup, 
 showing that some sort of a chemical reaction was taking place, 
 but after washing vdth hot water and drying, the coal failed to 
 give a much higher yield of extract. 
 
 Pressure extraction was next carried out in a mercury shipp- 
 ing cylinder. This cylinder v/s.s an iron container six inches in 
 diameter and fourteen inches in heighth, v/ith a screv/ plug in the 
 top. Twenty grams of sajrple v/ere -placed in the bomb and a liter 
 of benzene added. The plug was sealed in with a litharge-glycerol 
 mixture and the bomb heated to two hundred, and seventy five de- 
 grees for fifty hours. This temperature v/ould give a pressure 
 of about fifty atmospheres. On filtration and washing the ex- 
 tract v^as much darker in color than any previous extraction, but 
 the coal still resembled the original sample s-lltho it had lost 
 some of its original lustre. 
 
 
 
 Table I 
 
 
 
 m .of 
 sample 
 
 T^t. of 
 residue 
 
 Ft. of 
 extract 
 
 Percent 
 
 extraction 
 
 Treatment 
 
 20 
 
 19.56 
 
 . 602 
 
 3.01 
 
 Barrett extractot 
 
 20 
 
 19.67 
 
 .574 
 
 2.67 
 
 Refluxing 
 
 20 
 
 — 
 
 . 680 
 
 3.40 
 
 Treated with HP. 
 
 20 
 
 18.27 
 
 1.876 
 
 9,38 
 
 Under pressue for 
 
 50 hours. 
 

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 The sura of the weight of the extract and the residue did not check 
 with the weight of the coal treated, altho the residue was washed 
 v;ith alcohol and ether, and dried at on hundred degrees for one 
 hour, and the extract was dried at eighty five degrees vOiich is 
 above the boiling point of benzene. Indicating that some of the 
 benzene must have been left in either the extract or residue. 
 
 The extract in all cases was tarry, serai-solid, and liquid 
 at the drying!.: temperature, and could be dented with a glass rod 
 at room temperature. 
 
 C. Xylene extraction 
 
 Xylene was next used in the Barrett extraction apparatus in 
 a similar way to that of the benzene. It was found that six or 
 eight hours w^ere sufficient to take out all of the extractable 
 material useing this method. The xylene extract v.^as a much darker 
 solution than any of the solutions obtained by the use of benzene, 
 showing that something v^as being extracted, which the benzene did 
 not remove. 
 
 A relux apparatus v;as used to obtain a raaxiiiiura yield of ex- 
 tract to use in further tests. It was a suprise to find that this 
 gave a higher j'-ield than that given by the Barrett free ca,rbon 
 apparatus. This v/as probably due to the fact that the coal v^as 
 in direct contact vdth the hot xylene instead of the newly con- 
 densed cold xylene as in the Barrett apparatus. 
 
 Pressure was the next thing in order and v.^as carried out in 
 the same manner as the benzene extraction except that the temper- 
 ature was raised to three hundred and seventy five degrees. 
 
 Several different runs were Made, and it was found that a period 
 of two days was the best for maximum extraction. 
 
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 The x;/-lene v;ns evaporated off in all caBee at a temperature of a 
 nteam bath, under a diminished pressure of about eight centimeters 
 of mercury. 
 
 Table II 
 
 Y/t . of Wt . of \Tt . of Percent Treatment, 
 sample residue extract . extract 
 
 20 .830 4.15 Barrett free carbon 
 
 appctratus . 
 
 100 95.04 5.470 5.47 Refluxing;. 
 
 50 3.485 6.97 Pressure for 15 
 
 hours . 
 
 50 44.85 6.325 12.65 Pressure for 50 
 
 hours . 
 
 B. Ultimate analysis. 
 
 In order to check up on the extraction of the coal an ulti- 
 mate analysis was run on the original coal, the extract, and the 
 residue. Ca.rbon v/as determined in a Parr total carbon apparatus, 
 and sulfur v;as run on the solution, after the carbon dioxide ho,d 
 been determined, by gravimetric determination. The b. t. u. v/as 
 determined in a Parr oxygen bomb calorimeter. Nitrogen v/as de- 
 termined by the Kjeldahl method, hydrogen by Bulong's formula and 
 
 Oxygen by difference. 
 
 Table III 
 
 Extract Residue Coal 
 
 Dry 
 
 Percent 
 
 Dry 
 
 Percent 
 
 Total 
 
 Dry 
 
 Air 
 
 
 
 coal 
 
 
 coal 
 
 
 
 dry . 
 
 Yield 
 IToist . 
 
 
 12.65 
 
 
 87.35 
 
 100 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ash. 
 
 1 
 
 .1 .14 
 
 16.43 
 
 14.35 
 
 14.49 
 
 14.39 
 
 14 . 1 
 
 Carbon 
 
 81 
 
 .8 10.35 
 
 73.1 
 
 63,85 
 
 74.20 
 
 74.84 
 
 74.1 
 
 ITydrog 
 
 en9 . 
 
 74 1.23 
 
 3.61 
 
 3.15 
 
 4.33 
 
 4.30 
 
 4.3 
 
 Ox^'g en 
 
 4. 
 
 03 . 50 
 
 2.53 
 
 2.21 
 
 2.71 
 
 2.64 
 
 2.6 
 
 Nitrogenl . 
 
 48 .18 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.54 
 
 1.32 
 
 1.31 
 
 Sulfur 
 
 1. 
 
 82 . 23 
 
 2.67 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.56 
 
 2. 59 
 
 2.57 
 
 B . t . u . 
 
 17, 
 
 728 2242 
 
 12,876 
 
 11, 246 
 
 13,488 
 
 13, 524 
 
 13,384 
 
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9 
 
 E. Discussion of results. 
 
 The results obtained in the ultimate analysis of the extract 
 and residue check fairly v:ell with those of the original sainple 
 v;ith the exception of the carbon. The total carbon in the extract 
 and residue is less than that in the original coal. This loss in 
 carbon can only be explained by the fact that it was extremely dif 
 ficult to get a complete fusion of the extract. Also the extract 
 was in such a state that a saraple had to be weighed out on a piece 
 of glass and then the glass and all had to be placed in the bomb. 
 On ignition tlie glass fromed a sodiura silicate and this floculent 
 precipitate may have kept some of the carbon dioxide from being 
 evolved on the addition of acid. 
 
 V. Conclusions. 
 
 1. The results show Xylene to be a good solvent, and better 
 than benzene under pressure, probably because a higher temperature 
 can be used under the same pressure. 
 
 2. The ultimate ana.lysis shows that Xylene is a solvent and not 
 a reagent, as no new compounds could be formed and still have the 
 ultimate analysis check so well. 
 
 3. Nitrogen and sulfur are about evenly distributed between 
 the extractable material and the residue. 
 
 4. From the heating values the extract seems to be the stronger 
 heating element of the two const ituents. 
 
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10 
 
 A Study of the Propertiee of the Extract Obtained from a Canned 
 Coal uneinc Benzene a.nd Xylene d.s Solvent n. 
 
 Part II 
 
 I. Introduction. 
 
 AmonG our great natural resources, coal and petroleur.i are 
 among the most important. Altho these tv'O substances can not be 
 classed together, there is no doubt that some relation exists 
 bet^veen the tv/o. A comparison of the formation of these tv/o 
 final products may show a closer relationship. 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 r > 
 
 non-asphalt ic petroleum Mineral base and asphaltic petroleum 
 
 •’ Aspha.lt s 
 
 ( \ 
 
 mineral v.'axes Impure pure a,nd fairly pure 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Prom this v/e see that there is a substance forriied during the 
 formation of coal/ and one formed from the metamorphisis of 
 asphaltic petroleum, v:hich resemble each other to a marlced d^egree. 
 Of course these materials are not identical, since they are 
 
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11 
 
 formed under' different conditions and from a-. different ^motherL sub- 
 stance. However they have some of the same physical and chemic:il 
 properties. 
 
 II. ■'historical. 
 
 The explaination of the formation of the asohaltic material, 
 is that it v/as formed during the filtration of the mother liquid, 
 thru a filtering medium of clay or roch, and the more viscous 
 asphaltic material was left behind, in the silicious matter to 
 form the natural asphalt. Thus we see that altho coal is supposed 
 to have been deijosited cont emporaneously with the rocks and clay 
 material, the deposite of the asphalt material was subsequent to 
 that of the rocks. 
 
 Hackford(6) says that the chief difference between the so- 
 called coal and the true coals rests in the fact that the^/ possess 
 no cellulose residue. It is conceivable that a kerite produced 
 from vegetable remains, containing some cellulose, but not suf- 
 ficient quantities to form a sponge like material necessary to 
 hold the oil in situ while the decomposition proceeds, would be 
 an intermediate betv:een oil and coal. It is a substance of this 
 nature which v^e are investigating. 
 
 Arne’ Picte(7) has done some work on the relationship of these 
 two substances, coal and petroleum, and drav;s the conclusion that 
 they are of the same origin, from the common characteristic shovm 
 b;/ the two substances. These are the boiling point, density, and 
 index of refraction of petroleum and tar from coal. The tar was 
 obtained in tv:o different ways, either by distillation or by 
 extraction . 
 
 Asphalts were knovTi as early as 3000 to 2500 B.C., but were 
 

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12 
 
 not discovered in U.S. until 1555. Grahaniite -was discovered in 
 V'est Virginia in 1863, and Gilsonite in Utah in 1885. All of the 
 native asphalts in the state of Kentucky, from vdiich the object 
 of this investigation ccrnie, are com osed of sand and sandstone, 
 co.rrying between tv;elve and fourteen per cent of soft asphalts 
 in the interstices. The extracted asphalts from one of these 
 samples gave a penatration test of 35 to 45 at 77°!P. and yielded 
 twelve per cent of fixed carbon. (5) 
 
 Purpose 
 
 To determine the similarity or distinction between cannel 
 coa.1 and asphalt, expecia.lly Gilsonite and Grahmite which seem to, 
 resemble the coal most closely. 
 
13 
 
 Hethodn of Invest i/-;:at ion 
 
 In defininc a substance v;e have to rely on several different 
 criteria among the most important arc origin, physical properties, 
 solubility, and chemical properties ( 5 ) . In the case of asphalt, 
 such as Gilsonite, and a cannel coal it mig/it be hard to differ- 
 entia,te betv.'een the tro as far as origin is concerned. The in- 
 dications rs to the origin are most likely to be confusing since 
 many geological obstacles may be met. But considering the other 
 factors, physical properties, chemical properties, a,nd solubility, 
 ive c.an come closer to the truth. From these v/e can Sc.y that 
 a.sphalt, Gilsomite in this case is a species of bitumen, including 
 dark colored conpa.ritively Htird and non- vola.tile solids; composed 
 of hj”- dr 0 carbons, substancialy free from oxygenated bodies and 
 crj^stallized paraffins; some times associated vdth mineral matter, 
 the non-mineral constituents being difficultly fusible and largly 
 soluble in carbon disulfide, - and v/hose distillate fractioned be- 
 tween 300 °- 350 '^C. yields considerable sulfonation residue(5). 
 
 ■ViThile on the other hand a coa,l might be defined as a degradation 
 product of Tegeta,ble remains composed of hy droca,rbons containing 
 a fairly large amount of parraffins and a.bout the same amount 
 of minera.l natter as the a.sphalt contains. Altho cannel coa.l 
 vill burn on lighting vith a natch it does so with out fuseing, 
 and is not very soluble in carbon di-sulfide. On heating it gives 
 off a large amount of volatile ma.tter, sometimes as much as 
 
 Bitumens ;vere knovm to yield a part of their constituents to 
 a certain class of solvents a.nd another constituent to another 
 class of solvents by Boussinggault in 1857(6). Today v/e detemnine 
 o.sphaltines a.s that portion insoluble in petroleum ether, but 
 
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14 
 
 F-oluMe in l^enr^ene, ?.s a direct application of this principal. 
 Asphaltenes and their parent substance asphaltic resins care re- 
 garded cas saturated polycyclic compounds containing Sulphur or Ox- 
 ygen either of which c...n replace the other(5). This asphaltene 
 test can he employed for the purpose of identification, p^s mineral 
 v;axes, peat-, lignite-, and shale tars or pitches s.re largely sol- 
 uble in petroleum ether, while native and petroleufla asphalts are 're- 
 latively in soluble, depending on their previous treatment. 
 
 Ai-nong the physicp.1 properties that can be used are 'specific 
 gravity, melting point, color, streak, hardness, fracture, and 
 ductility. Some of tests are common to both; but the specific 
 gravity of Gilsonite is less than that of the ordinary coal; The 
 melting or fusing point of asphalt is veil defined while cannel 
 coal is infusible. :^Both ha^-e a concoidal fracture, mid the color 
 mid streak might be the sr.me. 
 
 In the chemical properties the ultimate analysis is very im- 
 portant, also ash, fixed carbon, free Ccarbon, and water may be 
 determining factors. A cannel coal contains about 77-78/^ conbon, 
 11-12^ Hydrogen, and less than \% nitrogen and Sulfur, and about 
 9/' Oxygen. TTnile Gilsonite gives an analysis of carbon 
 Hydrogen 8-10^, Sulfur 1.7- 2.0?^, Hitrogen less than 1%, Oxygen up 
 to 2^. Cannel coal has a fixed carbon of 7-8< Y.'hile Gilsonite 
 
 has from 10-20^ (5). 
 

 
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15 
 
 Experimental on the extr.'',ct. 
 
 (1) Physical properties. 
 
 The extract was a stichy ginmy substance, black in color and 
 had a (Glassy lustre. The odor was that simil''r to tar. 
 
 The specific gravity was deterrained by weighing in air and 
 water and proved to be very close to that of v/ater. The inateria.1 
 when made into a ball and suspended in a hot air bath melted at 
 82°C. and had a flash point of 160*^0. On heating in a dish the 
 ball melted suddenly and flowed readily. 
 
 ( 2 ) Chem i c al properties. 
 
 Paraffins determine the characteristic of a tar, and were run 
 by the sulfonation method. The extract was disolved in bensene 
 and treated v/ith fuming suluric acid, and heated for one hour <at 
 lOO^C, shaking at intervals. The liquid was then washed into a 
 Eabcock bottle v;ith concentrated sulfuric acid and cetrifuged after 
 one cubic centimeter of gasoline had been added. As no increase 
 of the volume of the gasoline could be noted the gasoline wa.s re- 
 moved with a pipette and evaporated to dryness. A very small 
 amount, . 1 % was found. A blank was run on both the gasoline and 
 benzene and the arnount in the'm v;as negigible. 
 
 Asphaltenes were determined by the method of Hamor and Pagett, 
 a,nd gave a yield of 38.5/^. The asphaltic material on evaporating 
 off the benzene v/as a black solid, \vhich cracked off the bottom 
 of the beolcer easily, and somewhat resembled the shiny parts of 
 coal . 
 
 Iodine number run xrith a Hanus solution according to the 
 method outlined by Cherry sho:ve ' the coal to be unsaturated but 
 the extract v;as not. 
 

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16 
 
 Pree carbon according to the Hajnor (Sc. Pjigett method proved to 
 be almost negigible, beinc only ,2Z%. 
 
 ( 3 ) Solubility, 
 
 A1 tho the Xylene took out ?nore extract than the benzene the 
 xylene extract v;as entirely soluble in benzene. 
 
 The extract was also 97.5 percent soluble in ca^rbon disulfide 
 and 7S.5 percent soluble in carbon disulfide ether. 
 
 Conclusion to tests:- 
 
 The chemical tests show that the material must have been 
 formed from an asphaltic base, and that the degree of unsaturation 
 of the extract is very lov;. 
 
 The physical tests show the extract closely resembles natural 
 asphalts, al tho all of the temperatures are a little lower. 
 
 This is possi'^'le since the extract contains none of the higher 
 boiling constituent that are present in the natural asphalt. Also 
 there is no ash in the extract as there is in the natural product 
 v^hich should keep the material from melting at such a low temper- 
 ature. 
 
 The soulubility tests resemble those of a natural asphalt 
 very much. Follov;ing is a comparison of the extract which with 
 several natural asphalts:- 
 
i; 
 
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17 
 
 
 Extract 
 
 Gilsonite 
 
 Grahainite 
 
 Lignite 
 
 Eass color 
 
 
 
 
 tar pitch 
 
 
 Black 
 
 black 
 
 black 
 
 black 
 
 Lustre 
 
 bright 
 
 bright 
 
 bright 
 
 dull 
 
 Sp. gr. 
 
 1.005 
 
 1.05-1.1 
 
 111.-1.2 
 
 1.05-1.2 
 
 Fussing point 
 
 82°C 
 
 llOOG 
 
 180O 
 
 up to 110° 
 
 Mineral mat. 
 
 1 
 
 up to 5 
 
 up to 1 
 
 1 
 
 Solubility ; - 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fenzene 
 
 all 
 
 71 
 
 
 largely'' 
 
 CS2 
 
 97.5 
 
 all 
 
 45-100 
 
 95-99 
 
 Ethyl ether 
 
 75.5 
 
 all 
 
 
 
 Paraffin scale 
 
 .08 
 
 trace 
 
 great 
 
 5 
 
 C 
 
 82.7 
 
 n 30 
 
 37 
 
 
 H 
 
 9.7 
 
 8.5-10 
 
 8 
 
 
 S 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.7-2 
 
 1.8 
 
 .5-1.5 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 5.10 
 
 Conclusions 
 
 1. The extract had a low degree of unsaturation . 
 
 2. The soluhility of the extract resembles that of asphalts. 
 
 3. The physical properties resemble those of asphalts. 
 
18 
 
 Conclusions 
 
 (1) investigation show that in reality, a cannel coal 
 should not he classed as a coal, hut more as a variety of 
 natural asphalts. 
 
 ( 2 ) Xylene is a good solvent for the asphaltic constituent 
 of coal. 
 
 (3) There is a possibility of obtaining a valuable asphaltic 
 constituent from cannel coal by extraction if a suitable 
 cheap solvent can be found. The use of some petroleum 
 product might be invest igat ed. 
 

 
 
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Bibliography 
 
 1. Wm.A.Bone.Coal and Its sclentlfio uses. 
 
 2, Parr and Hadley, Uni v, of 111. B'iHsttln No.'J'B. 
 
 5. Grftn and Ulbrick. Chem.abs, j; 744, 
 
 4.H.Endenmann. J.S.C.I . 15:871>S76. 
 
 Abraham. Asphalts and allied substances. 
 
 6. J.E.Haokford. Nature of coal. Min. and Met. 163 ; 35. 
 
 7. Ak 4 PlotAt. Ann.Chemle, 10;349i-330. 
 
 8. White and Thelssen.The origon of coal. B. of K.B'.jI.No.SS.