// gift from 
 Received 
 
 Hew 
 Colleqe 
 
 
 %&''\^^^$,%?''". ! '/-<^~ :}$$ -^v^" '.'fc^-tf/-*? 
 
 ^rt/K'fsfc *. g" ^^^.'^ V i*^^F^ 
 
 ,.<- ,\^ \ it "* , ' f vV/ ; -> ; *^~^ s :\ r %-'.- ^ff A/ ^ sN 
 
V; N '^ [ '^.f^n 
 
 Kjfe : " : ?^^^ 
 ^:^S^*^^^^ 
 
 JISP^^^^fK 
 
 1 flfcwV. ""; 
 
 
 
 ^sgf^ftK^W? 
 
 W^^^' 'A^^ ^' 
 
 Sf^/'J N^-v^L-^'V 
 
 M v- 
 
 y . r >^l ; '^ '\<s\ - j - : ~ 'iW^K- **- \f f 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 
 
 Agricultural Experiment Station, 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, MAY, 1889. 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 5. 
 
 Grasses and Clovers: Effect of Ripeness on Yield and Composition. 
 
 Expet iment No. JO. 
 
 The yield and the utility in feeding determine chiefly the value of 
 such crops as grasses and clovers; account must also be taken of some 
 other things, such as cost and certainty of growing, and the risks and 
 expense of harvesting. These last items are also not to be overlooked in 
 an inquiry as to the stage of ripeness at which it is most profitable to cut 
 any variety of grass or clover. The expense and risk in securing timothy? 
 for example, may both be greater, if it be cut early when it will require 
 much handling and long exposure in curing, than if cut late when with a 
 little tending it will dry quickly. But in such an inquiry the main ques- 
 tion is, To what extent are the yield and the feeding value of the hay 
 affected by the ripeness of the crop when cut? The food value of hay 
 depends upon its composition, its digestibility by the animal eating it, and 
 the readiness and relish with which it is eaten. The investigations 
 reported in this bulletin were undertaken to ascertain the effect of cutting 
 certain grasses and clovers at different periods of growth upon the yield 
 of hay and its composition. The results obtained by several others who 
 have made investigations on the same lines are also given, and the whole 
 is believed to be a fairly comprehensive summary of the data so far 
 accumulated upon this subject in this country. 
 
 The digestibility of the crops harvested was not investigated; but the 
 conclusions reached by men who have pursued this branch of the inquiry 
 have been used preference being given to experiments made in America. 
 
142 BULLETIN NO. 5. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 
 
 The treatment of the subject is necessarily technical to some extent, 
 and an explanation of some of the terms used may help the general 
 reader. 
 
 Fresh substance- -Water Water-free substance. Air- dry products, 
 such as hay and well dried corn, contain some water, which is driven off 
 when they are heated to the boiling point of water. Accurately speaking, 
 therefore, hay is not a dry substance. To avoid confusion, the sample of 
 hay taken to the chemist in its usual condition is called fresh substance. 
 When the water has been driven off, that which is left is termed water- 
 free substance. 
 
 Crude ash. When the chemist has burned his sample of hay, etc., he 
 has left the mineral constituents, a part of them in the form of carbon- 
 ates, and some sand. To this residue the term crude ash is applied. 
 
 Crude protein True protein. Some of the group of nutrients dis- 
 tinguished by containing nitrogen (the gluten of wheat, white of eggs, 
 and the lean of "meat belong to this group) go to build up flesh and mus- 
 cle. The term true protein is applied to such nitrogenous compounds, 
 and the nitrogen in them is called albuminoid nitrogen. Other compounds 
 containing nitrogen do not produce muscle. When these two classes are 
 spoken of collectively, the term applied to them is crude protein. 
 
 Crude fat. This comprises the substances soluble in ether, such as 
 the fat, wax, and the green coloring matter of plants (chlorophyll). 
 
 Crude fibre. This is the woody part of the plants. 
 
 Nitrogen-free extract. To what is left in the chemical analysis after 
 the crude ash, the nitrogenous compounds, the crude fat, and the crude 
 fibre, have been removed the term nitrogen-free extract is applied. 
 
 Co-efficient of digestion. The term co-efficient of digestion denotes the 
 number of parts in a hundred of any given nutriment which are digested 
 by the animal eating it. This co-efficient is determined by comparing 
 the known quantity of the several nutrients in the amount of food fed 
 to an animal in a given time with the amount of each found in the solid 
 excrements for the same time. When the co-efficients of a particular 
 food have not been ascertained, they are assumed to be -the same as the 
 known co- efficients of some closely similar food. The co-efficients vary 
 with the class of animals fed. In this bulletin the co-efficients for cattle 
 are used. 
 
 The pounds per acre of a crop being known, and its composition, 
 the number of pounds of each nutritive constituent may be computed. 
 The number of each thus found gives, when multiplied by its co-efficient 
 of digestion the amount of each nutrient digested, and the sum of these 
 several amounts is the total of digestible substance in the crop. 
 
 For example, take the first cutting of timothy reported in table 2: 
 The yield per acre of hay was 4480 Ibs. After driving out the water by 
 heating, the dry substance left was 3287 Ibs. This gives: 
 
1889-] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 143 
 
 Parts Lb. per Digestion Lb. per acre 
 
 in 100. acre. co-efficients. digestible. 
 
 Crude ash 6.81 224 
 
 Crude fat 5. 165 -49 81 
 
 Crude protein 7.33 240 .49 118 
 
 Crude fibre 32.11 1056 .5 528 
 
 Nitrogen-free extract 48.75 1602 .63 1009 
 
 Total 100 3287 1736 
 
 With our present knowledge we must hold such results not as conclu- 
 sive, but rather as tentative and suggestive. They will, however, be of 
 value to such as will use them with discretion. 
 
 Nutritive ratio. The relation between the digestible nitrogenous 
 substances of a food, and the sum of its digestible, non-nitrogenous 
 organic substances, is termed the nutritive ratio. In making up the sum 
 of the non-nitrogenous substances, two and one-half times the amount of 
 fat given by the analysis is taken; for the fat in burning produces two and 
 one-half times as much heat as the starch, etc., and, hence, is assumed to 
 have two and one-half times as much food value. The nutritive ratio 
 of the sample of timothy considered above is thus formed: 
 
 ( (81 X 2.5 202.5) + 528 -f 1009 I739-5) -*- II8 M.S. 
 
 The best nutritive ratio may be determined, approximately, for each 
 class of stock; but, in general, a large proportion of nitrogenous sub- 
 stance, which makes the nutritive ratio small, is held to show a high food 
 value, for this substance is the most useful food nutrient. 
 
 GENERAL STATEMENT. 
 
 Four grasses, timothy, Kentucky blue grass, orchard grass, and 
 meadow fescue, and two clover?, medium red and mammoth red, were 
 used in the investigation. Incidentally there was some comparison of 
 the varieties. 
 
 Tracts were selected which promised an even and a full yield. They 
 were divided into plats each one rod square. 
 
 Two or more plats of each species were cut at each time of cutting, 
 so that accidental variations might be in a measure overcome. 
 
 The grass, or clover, was shaken out after cutting, and turned once 
 or twice. If left out over night, it was shocked. The weather was usually 
 favorable, and the hay was mostly of good quality. When dry enough for 
 storage the hay was weighed, chopped in a feed cutter, carefully mixed, 
 and samples were analyzed by the Station chemists, Dr. Manns, B. Ta- 
 tarian, and H. S. Grindley. 
 
 TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense). 
 
 The timothy, which was substantially pure, was cut at four dates, 
 June 25th, July 2d, nth, and 23d, four plats at each date. The plats, 
 numbered 27-42, were in a row; and to eliminate, as far as possible, any 
 variations in land or yield from the averages of the cuttings, plats 27, 31, 
 
144 BULLETIN NO. . 
 
 35, and 39 were cut the first time; the second time, plats 28, 32, 36, and 
 40, etc. [Diagram (, /. /jj.] 
 
 June 25th, the timothy had been in full bloom two days a few heads 
 a little longer. July 2d, it had shed its pollen and half its anthers. July 
 nth, the seeds were in the dough and either the whole or the tips of the 
 lower leaves were brown. 
 
 The hay from the first cutting was but moderately well cured. Plats 
 27 and 31 were cut between n o'clock a- m. and noon; plats 35 and 39, 
 between i and 2 o'clock p. m. The hay from the plats first cut contained, 
 when weighed, 24.6 per cent, of water; that from the plats cut later in 
 the day, 28.46 per cent, of water. The hay from plats cut at the subse- 
 quent dates was excellently well cured. 
 
 Composition [Table /]. The first cutting, which was not thoroughly 
 cured, being left out, twelve lots of thoroughly field-cured hay, cut at 
 three dates, contained an average of 21.93 P er cent, of water. The aver- 
 age per cent, of air-dry timothy hay is put at 10.21 in No. 39; but prob- 
 ably samples dried in the laboratory were included. Atwater makes 12.5 
 per cent, or one-eighth of the whole, a fair average of water in timothy 
 hay in barns in New England. If we accept this average for timothy hay 
 in the barn, the loss on hay put into the mow in condition as above would 
 be 215 pounds in the ton after storage. , 
 
 In general, as the timothy ripened there was a decrease in the per 
 cent, of crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein, and an increase of crude 
 fibre and riitrogen-free extract. The exceptions were that the per cent, 
 of ash was greater in the third than in the second cutting; that the per 
 cent, of crude protein was greater in the fourth than in the third cutting; 
 that the per cent, of crude fibre was greater in the third than in the 
 fourth cutting; and that the percentage of nitrogen-free extract was 
 greater in the first than in the second cutting. Jordan found a larger per 
 cent, of crude fibre in timothy when nearly ripe than when in full bloom; 
 while Ladd found a larger per cent., of nitrogen-free extract at full bloom. 
 Atwater, whose percentage of fat was small, found an increase of fat and 
 a decrease of nitrogen-free extract in timothy nearly ripe. Richardson's 
 analyses are marked by a large percentage of crude protein and a small 
 percentage of crude fibre. Otherwise, the results correspond in general 
 with those of the Station. 
 
 Yield. Table 2 shows an increase of field-cured hay during the first 
 two periods between cuttings, and a slight decrease in the third. There 
 was a constant increase of water-free substance from the first to the last 
 cutting. The average yield of the first two cuttings was two and one-fifth 
 tons of field-cured hay per acre; of the last two, two and three-fifths tons. 
 Similar averages of water-free substance were one and two-thirds and two 
 tons, respectively. The largest increase in yield was between the second 
 and third cuttings. There was a greater average yield of all the nutri- 
 ents, fat excepted, at the last two cuttings than at the first two. The 
 increase was mostly in crude fibre, 273 pounds, and nitrogen-free extract, 
 
.] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 145 
 
 376 pounds. Jordan found a decrease in the crude protein and an 
 increase in the crude fat, while Atwater found a decrease of crude protein 
 and ash at the last two cuttings, on an average. 
 
 If we assume equal digestibility for the hay secured at the several 
 dates, there was, using Jordan's co-efficients of digestibility \_Table f\, an 
 average of 1,773 pounds of digestible organic substance per acre at the 
 first two cuttings, and 2,148 at the last two, or fifty-three per cent, of the 
 water-free substance. In like manner Jordan found 1,404 pounds and 
 1,684 pounds; and Atwater, 1,647 pounds at first two cuttings, and 1,845 
 pounds at last two. 
 
 The nutritive ratio increased from the first to the third cutting, and 
 slightly decreased from the third to the fourth. Jordan and Atwater 
 both found a larger nutritive ratio 'than was found here. 
 
 These experiments, while conflicting in some points, indicate in gen- 
 eral that although the quality of the hay may be better from grass cut at 
 full bloom than from the late cut grass, the yield of timothy is greater 
 when late cut. According to the test here, there was no considerable 
 increase in yield from the time the seed was in the dough until the grass 
 was nearly ripe. Atwater, however, found a considerable increase during 
 that period. 
 
 KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS (Poa praiensis). 
 
 Eight plats [Diagram (a), /. 153} of Kentucky blue grass were cut at 
 two stages of ripeness Nos. i, 3, 5, and 7, June i4th, seeds in the milk; 
 Nos. 2 and 6, June 2 ist, Nos. 4 and 8, June 22d, seeds ripe. From 80 to 90 
 per cent, of the crop was blue grass; the rest was mostly timothy. One 
 would have pronounced it almost pure blue grass on a casual glance, and 
 it was as nearly pure as is usually found. The hay of the first cutting 
 was well cured; that of the second was not. A heavy rain, which fell on 
 plats 2 and 6 five hours after they were cut, bleached the hay'somewhat. 
 
 The investigation of blue grass was extended to take in plats of past- 
 ure land. The grass on these plats had been cut with a machine July ist 
 and after that date was left to grow until cut for this experiment. The 
 grass on 16 plats was cut on as many different days from July 3oth to 
 September loth. The weather was hot and dry, and the grass was grow- 
 ing slowly. Equal quantities of water- free substance of each cutting 
 were mixed and the sample thus obtained was analyzed February pth, the 
 grass (aftermath or fog) was cut with a sickle on a square rod of the same 
 pasture, and the grass weighed and sampled. The growth since July ist 
 had been from 4 to 8 inches, averaging about 6 inches. There was a little 
 live grass which was about 4 inches high. 
 
 Composition \_Table /J. At the first cutting the seeds of the blue 
 grass were in the milk; at the second cutting, a week later, they were 
 ripe. During th s time the percentage of crude fibre and of nitrogen- 
 free extract increased slightly; that of the crude ash, crude fat, and 
 crude protein increased. Scovell found similar changes, but much more 
 
146 BULLETIN NO. 5. [May,. 
 
 marked, except in the crude fibre, from the time the grass was well 
 headed until it had been ripe two weeks. Richardson found variations 
 in the crude fat; Scovell found a much larger per cent, of crude protein, 
 and a smaller per cent, of crude fibre in pasture grass than was found 
 here. The grass from the winter pasture contained much less crude pro- 
 tein and more nitrogen-free extract than the summer pasture. Other- 
 wise, the results of analyses made elsewhere are in general similar to 
 those obtained here. 
 
 Yield [ Table 2] . The average yield of field-cured hay at the first 
 cutting was one and two-thirds tons; at the second, two tons, and of 
 water-free substance, 2,508 pounds at the first, and 2,907 at the second. 
 There was an increase in all the nutrients during the ripening. This may 
 have been due, in part, to the timothy, of which, it will be remembered, 
 there was a small percentage mixed with the blue grass; for the timothy 
 was heading at the first cutting, and developed rapidly during the week 
 before the second cutting. 
 
 The average yield per acre of fresh blue grass pasture, cut at 16 dates 
 from July 3oth to September loth, was rather less than two tons. The plat 
 cut in February yielded at the rate of two and a half tons per acre. The 
 yield of water-free substance from the summer pasture, was at the rate of 
 1,991 pounds per acre; from the winter pasture, 2,813, an increase of over 
 800 pounds in all, which consisted of crude ash, crude fibre, and nearly 
 600 pounds of nitrogen-free extract. These somewhat phenomenal results 
 need a word of explanation. The pasture had not been grazed in the 
 spring and was mown with an ordinary machine July ist. The cutting 
 with the sickle, four to ten weeks later, was made close to the ground, 
 and thus much grass was secured which the machine had missed. 
 
 Table 3 shows for the blue grass hay an increase of 200 pounds of 
 digestible organic substance per acre, and a slight increase of all the 
 nutrients from the time the seeds were in the milk until they were ripe. 
 The yield of digestible substance on the summer pasture was about as 
 great as on the meadow that was mowed; and was greater in mid-winter 
 on a pasture that had not been grazed or cut since July ist. These 
 results come from assuming a much higher digestibility for the grass 
 than for the hay [See DESCRIPTION OF TABLES, Table 3, p. 153], and they 
 need to be verified before they are used as the basis for any general con- 
 clusions. 
 
 ORCHARD GRASS (Dactylis glomerata). 
 
 Six plats [Diagram (), p. /Jj] of orchard grass were cut at two 
 periods of growth Nos. 9, 12, and 14, June 1 4th, when in full bloom; Xo. 
 u, June 2 ist, and Nos. 10 and 13, June 22d, when the seeds were in the 
 milk. The panicles were green, tinged with purple. About three- fourths 
 of the grass was orchard grass; the rest was mostly blue grass. The hay 
 of the first cutting was well cured, but not of the second. That from plat 
 ii was bleached by rain. 
 
1889.] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 147 
 
 Composition \_Table /]. The well cured hay contained a little more 
 than one-fourth of its weight of water. The late cut hay was not well 
 cured and contained over one-third its weight of water. 
 
 The average per cent, of crude ash and of nitrogen-free extract 
 increased, and that of crude fat, protein, and fibre decreased between the 
 first and second cuttings. Goessmann found an increase during the 
 same period in the per cent, of nitrogen-free extract, it being from 1,090 
 to 1,446 pounds. 
 
 According to the digestion co-efficients, as determined by Jordan and 
 Ladd [Table j], 1,371 pounds of organic substance in the first cutting, 
 and 1,655 pounds in the second were digestible. There was an increase 
 in the nutritive ratio and an increase in the amount digestible of each 
 nutrient from the time of full bloom until the seeds were in the milk. 
 
 MEADOW FESCUE (Festuca pratensis) . 
 
 A tract two rods square, of pure meadow fescue, the third year from 
 seed, was divided into plats one rod square, Nos. 15-18 [Diagram, (i), p. 
 i$3\. The stand was thin. Plats 16 and 17 were cut June i4th, when 
 about one-half the heads had seeds in the milk, and the other half were 
 in blossom. Plats 15 and 18 were cut one week later, when the seeds 
 varied from the milk to the dough stage. The spikelets were yellowish 
 and the seeds shelled off easily. 
 
 Composition [Table /]. The hay of the first cutting was well cured 
 and contained nearly 29 per cent, of water. That of the second cutting 
 was only fairly cured and contained 32 per cent, of water. 
 
 The percentage of crude ash and of nitrogen-free extract increased, 
 and of crude protein and of crude fibre decreased during ripening. The 
 average per cent, of crude fat remained the same. The analyses of the 
 first cutting here compared with Ladd's analyses, show a larger per cent, 
 of crude ash, fat, and fibre, and a smaller per cent, of crude protein and 
 of nitrogen-free extract. Richardson's analysis is marked by a large per 
 cent, of crude protein, and a small per cent, of crude fibre. Goessmann 
 found in meadow fescue hay in seed a very small per cent, of crude fat. 
 
 Yield. The field-cured hay averaged one ton per acre at the first 
 cutting; at the second, a little more than one and one-fifth tons [Table 2]. 
 Of water-free substance there were 1,424 pounds at the first cutting; at 
 the second, 1,954. There was an increase in yield in all nutrients during 
 ripening [ Table j] . 
 
 MEDIUM RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense). 
 
 Eight plats [Diagram (</), /. TJTJ] were cut at two stages of ripeness 
 plats 19-22 June i4th, when the clover was in full bloom, one head in five 
 being considerably brown; plats 23 and 24, June 2tst, when three-fourths 
 of the heads were dead and a few of the leaves were brown. Before any 
 cutting was done, plats 23 to 26 seemed to have more clover than the other 
 plats. At the first cutting the leaves were well cured while the stems 
 
148 BULLETIN NO. 5. [May, 
 
 were still green in color and texture. At the second cutting the clover was 
 cured in the barn after plats 23 and 24 had received a heavy rain which 
 bleached the leaves. 
 
 Composition [ Table 7] . The per cent, of crude ash, fat, and protein 
 decreased, and of crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract increased during 
 ripening. Jordan found similar variations, except that nitrogen -free 
 extract decreased on the whole. He found a greater increase in the crude 
 fibre than was found here. Atwater found an increase in crude fat after 
 the plant was nearly out of bloom. Richardson found a large per cent, 
 of crude protein and a small per cent, of crude fibre. In aftermath the 
 per cent, of crude fat increased during ripening, and in samples taken in 
 New Hampshire the per cent, of crude ash increased. In general, how- 
 ever, there was a decrease in the per cent, of crude ash, fat, and protein, 
 and an increase in the per cent, of crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract. 
 Although there were exceptions, Voelcker also found a decrease in the per 
 cent, of crude ash and nitrogenous matter, and an increase in the non- 
 nitrogenous matter during the growth and maturing of the plant. 
 
 Yield [Table 2]. It was said above, that the plats which were cut 
 last seemed to have a larger growth of clover; but those first cut gave 
 the larger yield both of field-cured hay and of water-free substance. 
 There was a slight increase of crude fibre, but a decrease in all the other 
 nutrients from the time of full bloom until three-fourths of the heads 
 were brown. 
 
 Atwater found an increase in yield until the clover was nearly out of 
 bloom, and thereafter a decrease. Voelcker found a rapid increase in 
 yield from April i5th to May 26th, a gradual increase from May 26th to 
 June 1 6th, and, with slight exception, a gradual decrease from that date. 
 
 Table 3 shows that the total of digestible organic substance was, 
 at full bloom, 1,445 pounds per acre, and when three-fourths of the heads 
 were dead, 1,283 pounds. There was a less quantity of each of the nutri- 
 ents at the later stage of growth. The nutritive ratio increased during 
 the ripening. 
 
 MAMMOTH RED CLOVER (Trifolitim medium). 
 
 Ten plats [Diagram (/),/. I53\ were cut at three periods of growth 
 Nos. 43, 47, 51, and 55 June 3oth when the clover was just beginning 
 to blossom, about one head in ten being in bloom; Nos. 45, 49, and 53 
 July nth when about one-half the heads were in full bloom and some 
 were turning brown, and when the stems were already lodged; Xos. 46, 50, 
 and 54 July 23d, when three-fourths of the heads were brown (containing 
 ripe seeds), and when the lower leaves were brown and dead. The hay 
 from each cutting was well cured when weighed and sampled. 
 
 Composition [Table /]. The per cent, of crude ash, fat, and protein 
 decreased during ripening; though with some irregularity, the crude fibre 
 and nitrogen-free extract increased. The exceptions were that the nitro- 
 gen-free extract decreased from the first to the second cutting, and the 
 
1889-] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 149 
 
 crude fibre from the second to the third. The sum of these two nutrients 
 increased during each period. 
 
 The percentage of water in the field-cured hay decreased with each 
 cutting. At the last it contained 19.53 P er cent, which was the least 
 average per cent, of water in any of the field-cured hays of this experi- 
 ment. 
 
 Yield. The average yield per acre of field-cured hay from the clover 
 cut when just beginning to bloom, was a little over two tons; from the 
 clover in full bloom, nearly two and three-fourths tons; and from that 
 nearly out of bloom, about two tons. The yield per acre of water-free 
 substance at the three cuttings was 3,196, 4,038, and 3,392 pounds, respect- 
 ively. The yield of all the nutrients was largest in the hay from clover 
 cut when in full bloom. 
 
 According to Table 3 there were 2,036 pounds of digestible organic 
 substance at the first cutting, 2,299 at tne second; and 1,806 at the third. 
 Fat excepted, there was the largest digestible quantity of all the nutrients 
 at full bloom. The rapid deterioration in composition and in yieJd of 
 clovers during ripening is, in part at least, due to loss of the leaves and 
 finer parts. On this account the value of a crop of clover hay depends 
 much upon the skill with which it is harvested. 
 
 WEIGHT OF GREEN SUBSTANCE. 
 
 The day when each grass or clover was cut, a sample of the green 
 substance was taken and the percentage of water in it ascertained. This 
 being known, the weight of green substance per acre was easily computed. 
 As given in Table 6, there was from 53.31 to 67.25 per cent, of water in 
 the grasses, and from 68.19 to 76.05 per cent, of water in the clovers. 
 The clovers contained about ten per cent, more water than the grasses. 
 The per cent, of water decreased in each instance with the growth of the 
 plant. In every case the green plant contained over one-half its weight 
 of water. 
 
 The yield per acre of green substance varied in the grasses from three 
 and one-half to four and three-quarters tons, and in the clovers from four 
 and two-fifths to seven and three-fourths tons. The grasses lost while 
 curing, from one and three-fourths to two and three-fifths tons. 
 
 IN GENERAL. 
 
 An analysis of the results embodied in the tables given shows that 
 while there are marked exceptions, there is, in general, a decrease in the 
 per cent, of water, crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein, and an increase 
 in the per cent, of crude fibre, and nitrogen-free extract as the plant 
 matures during that period within which it is at all practicable to harvest 
 the crop for hay. The increase of the non-nitrogenous over the nitrog- 
 enous portions has such few exceptions that they may be attributed to 
 accidental variations of sampling. The decrease in the per cent, of fat is 
 quite general, but there are marked exceptions. 
 
150 BULLETIN NO. 5. \M(iy, 
 
 An increase in the per cent, of crude ash is often accompanied by a 
 decrease in crude fibre. Unusual variations in the percentage of crude 
 ash may occur through an accumulation of dirt from various causes on 
 the exterior of the plants, and these will change the relative proportion 
 of the other substances. The increase in the per cent, of nitrogen-free 
 extract is fairly general. The decrease of the crude protein and the 
 increase of the crude fibre is more rapid in the clovers than in the grasses. 
 
 The increase of yield of the grasses from the period of full bloom 
 until seeds are formed is appreciable. There is an increase of all the 
 food nutrients, but the increase is most marked in the crude fibre and 
 nitrogen-free extract. With timothy, orchard grass, and meadow fescue, 
 there was, according to the experiments at this Station, an increase of six 
 hundred pounds of water-free substance, or an average increase of one- 
 fourth their weight from the full bloom until seeds were formed. With 
 the clovers there was a decrease of yield after the period of full bloom 
 (when about one-half the heads are in full bloom). There was a decrease 
 in all the nutrients, with the exception of crude fibre, in which there is 
 sometimes an appreciable increase. Last season medium and mammoth 
 red clovers decreased about 375 pounds, a decrease of one-ninth from the 
 period of full bloom until three-fourths of the heads were dead, the greater 
 decrease occurring in the mammoth clover. Since part, at least, of the 
 decrease is due to the loss of the leaves and finer parts as tjie plant ripens 
 and is handled in harvesting, the loss would be greater, probably, in 
 ordinary practice than in this experiment, as the care taken in handling 
 while harvesting is usually less than was taken here. 
 
 According to the digestion experiments of German investigators there 
 is a rapid decrease in the digestibility of clover after full bloom, and this 
 still further reduces the value. 
 
 Whether the decrease in the digestibility of the grasses after full 
 bloom will offset the increase of yield has not yet been determined. Pre- 
 sumably, the decrease in digestibility is not so rapid with the grasses as 
 with the clovers. 
 
 With an ordinary yield the loss of water while curing in the field may 
 be from two to five tons per acre; the loss is larger in the clovers than in 
 the grasses. The loss in weight by drying after storing may be from two 
 to four hundred pounds per ton. 
 
 COMPARISON OF HAYS. 
 
 In comparing the composition, as shown in Table 4, of the different 
 forage plants cut for hay in this experiment, the most noticeable differ- 
 ence is to be seen in the percentage of crude protein in the clovers as 
 compared to the grasses. Medium red clover contained over twice as 
 large a per cent, of this substance as did timothy. Mammoth red clover 
 contained about 3 per cent, less than did medium red clover. Timothy 
 is distinguished by containing the least percentage of crude ash, crude 
 
1889.] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 151 
 
 fat, and crude protein, the largest percentage of nitrogen-free extract, and, 
 with one exception, meadow fescue, the largest percentage of crude fibre 
 of any of the species analyzed. Of the grasses, orchard grass contained 
 the largest percentage of ash and crude protein, and Kentucky blue grass 
 the largest percentage of fat. 
 
 The analyses of mammoth red clover [Trifolium medium] published 
 in this bulletin are believed to be the first published American analyses 
 of this plant. This species is less known than the medium red clover 
 [ Trifolium pratense\ . 
 
 It is distinguished, agriculturally, by its larger and coarser growth, 
 later maturity, and by the fact that it usually yields but one crop in a 
 season. It is more esteemed as a renovater of old and poor lands than the 
 medium red clover, on account of its larger growth; but on rich lands its 
 coarseness is considered by many an objection. Its ripening when tim- 
 othy does is a point in its favor for sowing with that plant. Except for 
 its larger growth and later ripening, it is not readily distinguished from 
 medium red clover. The results obtained last year with the two clovers 
 are comparable, the soil, cultivation, etc., being similar. Table 4 shows 
 a larger percentage of crude fibre and a smaller percentage of crude pro- 
 tein, ash, and fat than in medium clover. In other words, the analyses 
 indicated that the medium clover hay is the better food. The average of 
 33 American analyses, compiled by Jenkins, more nearly corresponds 
 to those of the mammoth red clover than to those of the medium red 
 clover as determined here. 
 
 Yield. Table 4 gives yield of each kind of hay harvested. While 
 the results are not strictly comparable on account of the varying 
 location of the tracts from which they were harvested, the stage of 
 ripeness when harvested, and other modifying influences, still the soil 
 was not radically different, and the climatic influences of course 
 were the same. In yield, both of field-cured hay and water-free sub- 
 stance, timothy leads the list, followed by mammoth red clover, orchard 
 grass, Kentucky blue grass, medium red clover, and meadow fescue. 
 
 Of timothy there were about two and two-fifths tons, of mammoth 
 red clover two and one- third tons, of orchard grass two and one-eighth 
 tons, of Kentucky blue grass one and four-fifths tons, of medium red clover 
 one and three-fourths tons, of meadow fescue one and one-fourth tons of 
 field-cured hay per acre; of dry or water-free substance there were one 
 and four-fifths, one and three-fourths, one and one-half, one and one-third; 
 one and one-fourth tons, and four-fifths of a ton per acre, respectively. 
 Mammoth red clover gave the largest yield of crude protein, nearly twice 
 as much as timothy hay. Next to mammoth red clover in yield of this 
 substance stands medium red clover, followed by orchard grass, timothy, 
 Kentucky blue grass, and meadow fescue. In yield of crude fat they 
 stand in the same order, except that timothy stands third instead of 
 orchard grass. Timothy gives the largest yield of crude fibre, followed 
 by mammoth red clover, orchard grass, Kentucky blue grass, medium red 
 
152 BULLETIN NO. 5. 
 
 clover, and meadow fescue. In yield of nitrogen-free extract the order 
 is the same. 
 
 In computing the yield of digestible substance, as given in Table 4, 
 the digestion co-efficients ascertained by several investigators have been 
 used, as already explained in detail. 
 
 The most striking fact with reference to this part of table is the much 
 larger proportion of digestible nitrogenous matter in orchard grass hay 
 than in timothy hay, as shown by the nutritive ratios, that of orchard 
 grass hay being 8.5, and that of timothy 16.6. This is in part due to the 
 former's larger percentage of crude protein, and in part due to the larger 
 percentage of digestible crude protein in orchard grass hay, as deter- 
 mined by Jordan and Ladd. [DESCRIPTION OF TABLES, Table j, p. /5J.] 
 
 While the yield of orchard grass was less than of timothy, the diges- 
 tible organic substance being about three-fourths that of timothy, its com- 
 position and digestibility indicate a better quality of hay for milch cows 
 and growing stock. Orchard grass does not seem difficult to grow suc- 
 cessfully in this state. It ripens with medium red clover, which makes it 
 desirable for mixing with that plant. Nevertheless, its cultivation is 
 adopted slowly. It has generally been held to be less readily eaten by 
 stock than timothy, and the cost of the seed probably retards its adoption 
 and general culture for meadows. As a pasture grass it is conceded to 
 be inferior to Kentucky blue grass for this state. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF TABLES. 
 
 Table i. In this table may be found the proximate composition of the hay from 
 each plat, and the average composition of the hay from so many of the plats bearing the 
 same variety of grass or clover as were cut at one time. Analyses are also given of the 
 Kentucky blue grass, secured from the pasture in August and February in the way already 
 described, p. 145. To these results, obtained at this Station, are added analyses by W. H. 
 Jordan, of timothy, medium red clover [fa. State Coll. Rep't 1886, p. .277] , and orchard 
 grass [Aft. Exp't Sta., Bull. No. 26, p. 7]; by E. F. Ladd, of timothy, meadow fescue 
 [Sixth Rep't N. Y. Exp't Sta., p. 407], timothy, Kentucky blue grass, orchard grass, and 
 medium red clover [N. Y. Exp't Sta., Bull. No. 14, New Series, p. So]; by W. O. At- 
 water, of timothy and medium red clover [Rep't Conn. B'd of Agri. and Exp't Sta., 
 Y<?7<?~9, p. 322] ; by Clifford Richardson, of the four grasses and medium red clover [Rep* t 
 U. S. Dep'tAgri., 1880, p. 151; 1881-2, p. 351; 1883, P- 2 3 f ] '> b 7 M - A - Scovell, of Ken- 
 tucky blue grass [fCy. Agri. Exp't Sta., Bull. No. jj, p. 23]; by C. A. Goessmann, of 
 orchard grass and meadow fescue [Fifth Rep't Mass. State Agri. Exp't Sta., 1887, p. 
 i25\\ by \Vm. Frear, of medium red clover [Rep't Pa. State Coll., i88"j, Pt. 2, p. nz\, 
 an average of 55 American analyses of timothy and an average of 33 American analyses 
 of medium red clover, both compiled by E. H. Jenkins [Rep't Conn. Exp't Sta. 1888, 
 P-9]- 
 
 Table 2. This table gives for each plat the yield per acre of field-cured hay, of 
 water-free substance, and of each of its constituents; and the average of these is given 
 for each set of plats bearing the same variety of grass or clover which were cut at the 
 same time. The yields are also given for the blue grass pasture. To this are added 
 yields per acre, as ascertained by W. H. Jordan, for timothy and medium red clover 
 [Pa. State Coll. Reft t886, p. 271]; by W. O. Atwater, for timothy and medium red 
 
i88 9 .] 
 
 TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 
 
 153 
 
 clover [Reft Conn. fi'd Agri. and Exp't Sta., 1878 g, p. 322]; by A. Voelcker, for 
 medium red clover [Jour. Koyal Agri. Soc., 1867, p. 41}. In Nos. 11-13 tnc weight of 
 fresh substance was taken after five months drying; and in samples (a)-(l), the weight is 
 calculated on the basis of the fresh substance containing 16.7 per cent, of water. 
 
 Table 3. This table gives the yield of digestible substance calculated from the data 
 given in Table 2, using for timothy, Kentucky blue grass hay, and meadow fescue, the 
 co-efficients of digestion of timothy as determined by W. H. Jordan in four trials: Crude 
 protein, .49; crude fat, .49; crude fibre, .50; nitrogen-free extract, .63 [Me. Exp't Sta., 
 Bull. No. 26, p. //] ; for the blue grass from the pasture, the co-efficients of pasture as 
 given by Julius Kuhn: Crude protein, .75; crude fat, .66; crude fibre, .73; nitrogen-free 
 extract, .79 [Armsby's Manual Cat lie Feeding, p. 487} ; for orchard grass, the average of 
 the co-efficients of digestion, as determined by E. F. Ladd [Proceedings Ann. Meet. Soc. for 
 Promotion Agri. Science, 1888, p. 96] and W. H. Jordan [Me. Exp't Sta. Bull. No. 26, p. 
 //]: Crude protein, .59; crude fat, .54; crude fibre, .60; nitrogen-free extract, .55; for 
 medium red clover and mammoth red clover, co-efficients of digestion determined by 
 Julius Kuhn [Armsby's Manual Cattle Feeding, p. 487], for Nos. 1-8, 12, and 5-7: Crude 
 protein, .67; crude fat, .63; crude fibre, .48; nitrogen-free extract,. .70; for Nos. n, 13, 
 and 8-10: Crude protein, .59; crude fat, .45; crude fibre, .39; nitrogen-free extract, .71; 
 for Nos. 1-4: Crude protein, .74; crude fat, .71; crude fibre, .56; nitrogen-free extract, .77. 
 To this are added yields of timothy as ascertained by Jordan [Pa. State Coll., kep't i88b, 
 pp. 271-3], and by Atwater [Rep't Conn. B'd Agri. and Exp't Sta., 1878-9, p. 322.} 
 
 Table 4. In Table 6 are brought together, for purposes of comparison, the facts as 
 to composition, yield per acre of field-cured hay, and yield of digestible substance, devel- 
 oped in the experiment conducted here with the four grasses and two clovers named. 
 
 Tablt j. This table gives the proximate composition, as determined by A. Voelcker 
 [Jour. Royal Agri. Soc. 1867, p. 41], of fresh medium red clover cut at twelve dates, 
 from April I5th to July 28th. Voelcker's report gives nothing in regard to the 
 maturity of the plant at the different cuttings. Evidently the cutting was begun soon 
 after the clover started in the spring, and it must have been entirely ripe at the last 
 cutting. 
 
 Table 6. See Weight of Green Substance, p. 149. 
 
 DIAGRAMS OK PLATS. 
 
 IO 
 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 H 
 
 23 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 21 
 
 26 
 22 
 
 (f) 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 5 
 
 52 
 5i 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 55 
 
 (e) 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 
 
 (a) Kentucky blue grass. 
 
 (b) Orchard grass. 
 
 (c) Meadow fescue, 
 
 (d) Medium red clover. 
 
 (e) Timothy. 
 
 (f) Mammoth red clover. 
 
154 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 5. 
 
 [May, 
 
 TABLE i. PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF HAYS FROM GRASSES AND CLOVERS; STAGE 
 OF GROWTH WHEN CUT; DATE OK CUTTING; PERCENTAGE OF WATER; COMPOSI- 
 TION OF WATER-FREE SUBSTANCE; NITROGEN. 
 
 * 
 
 p 
 
 2 
 P 
 
 X 
 
 p 
 
 r 
 
 P 
 
 cr 
 
 ^ 
 p 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 
 y 
 
 <? 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 B 
 P 
 
 Percentage 
 of water. 
 
 Water-free substance. 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 n 
 
 p 
 
 &. 
 
 CD 
 
 P 
 
 r 
 
 n 
 
 S 
 
 a. 
 ft 
 
 P- 
 
 o 
 
 -i 
 
 S'8- 
 
 
 
 2. 
 a' 
 
 n 
 
 .2 
 
 CL 
 rt> 
 
 Eh 
 
 cr 
 
 ~t 
 P 
 
 <T* 
 
 31 
 
 s <* 
 
 8 ? 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 cr 
 c 
 
 . 
 5' 
 o_ 
 
 5J 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 3' 
 
 35 
 39 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 54 
 
 Timothy. 
 
 Full bloom. Has been 
 in full bloom 2 days. 
 
 Av. 1st cutting. . . . 
 
 June 25 
 
 23.61 
 25.58 
 28.03 
 28.88 
 26.53 
 
 6-99 
 6.84 
 6.14 
 7.27 
 6.81 
 
 5-07 
 4-59 
 4-77 
 5-58 
 5 
 
 7 
 7-43 
 
 7.87 
 7-33 
 
 6.56 
 
 7 
 6.56 
 
 6.12 
 
 6.56 
 
 5-25 
 6.56 
 
 6.12 
 
 6.56 
 
 6.12 
 
 3I-I 
 
 32.37 
 
 33-9 1 
 31.08 
 32.11 
 
 49.84 
 48.77 
 48.18 
 48.2 
 48.75 
 
 I. 12 
 1. 1 9 
 I. 12 
 
 1.26 
 I.I7 
 
 .98 
 .98 
 .98 
 
 ' 9 1 
 .96 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 28 
 32 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 64 
 
 One-half anthers shed. 
 
 Pollen shed. 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 July 2 
 
 20.86 
 21.59 
 20.03 
 
 20.53 
 20.75 
 
 6.79 
 6.49 
 6.79 
 
 6-54 
 6.65 
 
 4-59 
 4.28 
 
 4-37 
 4-58 
 4-46 
 
 35-21 
 3507 
 32-31 
 32.37 
 33-74 
 
 46.85 
 47.16 
 49-97 
 50.39 
 48.59 
 
 1.05 
 I .12 
 1.05 
 . 9 8 
 1-05 
 
 i. 02 
 
 i-5 
 i .02 
 .98 
 
 1.02 
 
 
 9 
 10 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 29 
 33 
 37 
 4i 
 
 72 
 73 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 Seed in dough, 
 lower leaves partly 
 brown. 
 Av. 3d cutting 
 
 July II 
 
 23-32 
 23-9 
 
 23-I7 
 23-24 
 23.41 
 
 6.14 
 8.19 
 5-79 
 6-79 
 6-73 
 
 344 
 4.15 
 
 4.07 
 3-6i 
 3-8i 
 
 33-66 
 33-i 
 33.48 
 37-55 
 34-45 
 
 Si-Si 
 
 48 
 
 50.54 
 45-49 
 48.89 
 
 -84 
 1.05 
 .98 
 
 1-05 
 .98 
 
 .84 
 .98 
 .98 
 .98 
 
 95 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 3" 
 34 
 
 39 
 42 
 
 85 
 86 
 
 87 
 88 
 
 Seeds in ^ to % of 
 the heads ripe. 
 % leaves brown. 
 Av. 4th cutting. . . . 
 
 July 23 
 
 22.72 
 22.48 
 22.72 
 18.63 
 21.64 
 
 6.19 
 5-69 
 5-84 
 5-89 
 5-9 
 
 3-36 
 3-36 
 3.58 
 3.21 
 3.38 
 
 6.12 
 6.12 
 
 6.56 
 
 6.12 
 
 6.23 
 
 32.08 
 
 34-19 
 34-89 
 34-i 
 33-82 
 
 52.25 
 5064 
 49-13 
 50.68 
 50.67 
 
 .98 
 .98 
 I .05 
 .98 
 I 
 
 .98 
 .84 
 .91 
 .91 
 .91 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 AT. AT. Jordan. 
 Av. 4 Anal., in bloom. 
 Av. 4 Anal., nearly ripe. 
 
 1881-2 
 1881-2 
 
 12.5 
 12.5 
 
 4.06 
 3-6 
 
 2.38 
 2.49 
 
 6.51 
 5.38 
 
 9-57 
 7.12 
 7.06 
 6.81 
 
 38.54 
 35-8 
 
 48.51 
 52-73 
 
 I .04 
 
 .86 
 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 W. O. A (water. 
 Well headed out. 
 In full bloom. 
 Out of bloom. 
 Nearly ripe. 
 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 
 12.5 
 12.5 
 12.5 
 12.5 
 
 15-35 
 
 15-35 
 15-35 
 
 7.85 
 8.8 
 6.8 
 5-6 
 6.3 
 5-95 
 7-05 
 6.1 
 
 7-5 
 7 
 6 
 
 7-i 
 6-5 
 
 *Pur 
 *4-6 9 
 *4-35 
 *4-i5 
 *3-65 
 
 e ash 
 
 1-95 
 1.96 
 
 i-75 
 1.97 
 
 33-03 
 33-28 
 33.78 
 35-43 
 
 50.74 
 53-29 
 53-26 
 52.14 
 
 i-53 
 1.14 
 
 i-i3 
 i .09 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 E. F. Ladd. 
 Av. 3 Anal., full bloom. 
 Av. 3 Anal., late cut. 
 Av. 21 Anal., full bloom 
 
 1887 
 1887 
 
 5-14 
 4-32 
 4.91 
 
 2.95 
 I'.iS 
 
 7.98 
 6.31 
 7-79 
 
 31.64 
 35-03 
 31-75 
 
 52-29 
 51-54 
 52.37 
 
 1.27 
 
 I .01 
 
 1-25 
 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 2 9 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 
 Clifford Richardson. 
 Spike invisible. 
 Spike visible. 
 Before bloom. 
 Early bloom. 
 Full bloom. 
 Early seed. 
 In bloom. 
 Full bloom. 
 Spike invisible. 
 Spike visible. 
 In bloom. 
 After bloom. 
 Early seed. 
 
 1880, 
 June I 
 June I 
 June 23 
 June 23 
 June 18 
 June 18 
 June 4 
 July i 
 1881 
 1881 
 1881 
 1881 
 1881 
 
 8.68 
 6.41 
 9.82 
 6.04 
 5-66 
 
 10-53 
 6.56 
 
 5-64 
 5-19 
 4-73 
 4-57 
 3-88 
 3.02 
 
 4.67 
 
 4-56 
 3-4 
 3-63 
 3-85 
 3-58 
 3-4 
 3-95 
 2.98 
 4.6 
 4.22 
 4.2 
 3-23 
 
 2-7 
 
 12.54 
 11.9 
 
 10-33 
 
 10.2 
 
 9-9 
 
 12. 1 
 
 8.48 
 7.46 
 9.66 
 9.61 
 
 5-79 
 5-25 
 5-41 
 
 19.91 
 21.03 
 
 22.03 
 22.7 
 21.93 
 22.9 
 
 23-53 
 2284 
 23-46 
 25-34 
 28.28 
 29.92 
 26.03 
 
 54-31 
 57.26 
 
 54-19 
 57-21 
 58-93 
 50.07 
 
 57.48 
 61.08 
 
 57-09 
 56.1 
 57-16 
 58.72 
 62.05 
 
 2.01 
 
 .86 
 -65 
 63 
 -58 
 
 9 l 
 36 
 
 .19 
 
 55 
 54 
 93 
 . 04 
 .87 
 
 3i 
 3i 
 29 
 33 
 
 .2 
 .42 
 .06 
 83 
 25 
 .09 
 
 .83 
 .69 
 
 .69 
 
 39 
 
 E. H. Jenkins. 
 Av m Am. Anal. 
 
 
 10.21 
 
 2.36 
 
 68q 
 
 33-8 
 
 ^2.^2 
 
 i .1 
 
 
i88 9 .] 
 
 TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 
 
 TABLE i. CONTINUED. 
 
 155 
 
 3 
 
 p 
 
 2 
 
 H~ 
 
 2 
 
 p 
 
 r- 1 
 p 
 
 0" 
 
 1 
 
 p 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 O 
 ST 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 OQ 
 
 Percentage 
 of water. 
 
 Water-free substance. 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 n 
 N 
 
 o. 
 
 rt 
 8 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 o. 
 
 n 
 P- 
 
 sl 
 
 ID 
 Q. 
 
 5' 
 
 O 
 
 N 
 Pi 
 
 a> 
 
 Eft 
 
 0* 
 
 H-! 
 
 a> 
 
 ^v 
 
 n ^ 
 
 n 
 
 S 3 
 ROT 
 
 "t n> 
 
 H ? 
 
 H 
 
 
 E. 
 
 > 
 
 cr 
 a 
 
 . 
 
 5' 
 o_ 
 
 
 40 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 
 Kentucky blue 
 
 Seeds in milk. 
 
 grass. 
 
 June 14 
 
 22.46 
 
 23-43 
 26.47 
 25.07 
 
 9-5 
 9.9 
 
 7-85 
 9.8 
 
 4.38 
 4-58 
 
 5-53 
 4-54 
 
 8.31 
 7-87 
 8.31 
 8.85 
 
 32.14 
 32.04 
 
 32-49 
 32.61 
 
 45-67 
 45.61 
 45.82 
 
 44-2 
 
 i-33 
 i .26 
 
 i-33 
 1-4 
 
 1.26 
 1.26 
 1.26 
 1.19 
 
 
 
 
 Av. 1st cutting. . . 
 
 
 24.36 
 
 9.26 
 
 4.76 
 
 8-33 
 
 3232 
 
 45-33 
 
 i-33 
 
 1.24 
 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 6 
 8 
 
 40 
 42 
 
 43 
 46 
 
 Head yellowish. 
 Seeds ripe. 
 Some timothy in 
 bloom. 
 
 June 21 
 June 22 
 June 21 
 June 22 
 
 23.69 
 25-36 
 32.82 
 29.32 
 
 10.17 
 9.6 
 
 7-54 
 8.09 
 
 4-i3 
 4.49 
 4.21 
 3-9i 
 
 7-87 
 8-75 
 7-87 
 7-8? 
 
 33-72 
 32.77 
 30.41 
 35-16 
 
 44.11 
 44-39 
 49-97 
 44-97 
 
 1.26 
 1.4 
 i .26 
 1.26 
 
 I .12 
 I. 12 
 1. 12 
 1. 12 
 
 
 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 
 27.8 
 
 8.85 
 
 4.18 
 
 8.09 
 
 33-02 
 
 45-86 
 
 i .29 
 
 I .12 
 
 
 48 
 49 
 
 
 "3 
 
 128 
 
 Summer pasture. 
 Winter pasture. 
 
 July 30 
 Sept. 10 
 F'bg/Sg 
 
 47-05 
 44.18 
 
 8-49 
 10.34 
 
 4-74 
 3-" 
 
 3-58 
 
 15-55 
 10.7 
 
 28.95 
 25.06 
 
 32-24 
 
 42.27 
 50.79 
 
 2.48 
 1.71 
 
 2.17 
 1.58 
 
 50 
 
 . ^. Ladd. 
 Hay. 
 
 
 15-35 
 
 4.91 
 
 7.72 
 
 51-55 
 
 1.24 
 
 
 Si 
 
 52 
 53 
 
 /]/. /?. Scovell. 
 About 5 inches high. 
 Headed, not in bios' m. 
 Ripe about 2 weeks. 
 
 
 11.07 
 8.78 
 16.09 
 
 9.12 
 9.12 
 5-59 
 
 5-78 
 4.01 
 2.4 
 
 26.29 
 
 17.88 
 8.42 
 
 21. 6l 
 
 31.89 
 31-9 
 
 37-2 
 37-i 
 51.69 
 
 4.21 
 
 2.86 
 i-35 
 
 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 
 P 
 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 63 
 64 
 65 
 
 Clifford Richardson. 
 Panicle just visible. 
 Panicle spreading. 
 Full bloom. 
 In seed. 
 Panicle closed. 
 In full bloom. 
 After bloom, brown. 
 Full bloom. 
 In seed, brown. 
 Before bloom. 
 In bloom. 
 After bloom. 
 
 1880. 
 April 23 
 May i 
 May 21 
 June 5 
 April 27 
 May 8 
 June i 
 May I q 
 June 8 
 May 10 
 May 17 
 May 27 
 
 6.65 
 
 7-15 
 6.98 
 
 7-55 
 6-95 
 6 
 
 7-35 
 6-15 
 7-45 
 6.15 
 5-95 
 5-15 
 
 8.07 
 5-57 
 8-3 
 6.38 
 6.61 
 7.02 
 7-23 
 7-73 
 
 6.21 
 
 8.42 
 7.82 
 9.07 
 
 4.88 
 4.07 
 
 3-9 
 
 4-25 
 3-92 
 2.85 
 
 3-92 
 3-4i 
 3-Si 
 4-99 
 3-77 
 3-3 
 
 19.88 
 16.21 
 12.61 
 12.49 
 12.23 
 7.82 
 8.88 
 10.44 
 
 7-36 
 19.38 
 15.09 
 12.36 
 
 18.43 
 22.83 
 23.76 
 24-34 
 
 21.92 
 
 25-49 
 
 23.85 
 
 23.1 
 
 24.34 
 21.87 
 
 24.93 
 22.75 
 
 48.74 
 5 J -32 
 51.43 
 52.54 
 55-32 
 56-85 
 56.12 
 
 55-32 
 58.58 
 
 45-34 
 48.39 
 52.51 
 
 3-i8 
 2.68 
 
 2.01 
 2 
 I .96 
 1.28 
 1.42 
 1.6 7 
 
 1.18 
 
 3-i 
 2.41 
 1.97 
 
 2-7 
 2 3 8 
 
 99 
 -63 
 .84 
 .18 
 
 17 
 
 -53 
 03 
 47 
 9 
 .62 
 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 14 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 Orchard grass. 
 
 In full bloom. 
 
 June 14 
 
 26.2 
 28.21 
 24.81 
 
 9.85 
 
 4.68 
 4-84 
 4-5 
 
 4.68 
 
 10.06 
 10.93 
 10.5 
 
 32.86 
 33.48 
 36.56 
 
 42.55 
 41.25 
 
 39-58 
 
 i.6l 
 
 i-75 
 1.68 
 
 4 
 .68 
 .61 
 
 6gT 
 70 
 7i 
 
 
 
 Av. 1st cutting. 
 
 
 26.41 
 
 9-4 
 
 10.49 
 
 34-3 
 
 4LI3 
 
 1.68 
 
 L56 
 
 
 II 
 10 
 3 
 
 45 
 4i 
 44 
 
 Seeds in milk. 
 Heads green in color. 
 Tinged with purple. 
 
 June 21 
 June 22 
 June 22 
 
 35-49 
 33-69 
 31.62 
 
 10.64 
 10.72 
 9-49 
 
 3-65 
 4-75 
 4-03 
 
 9.62 
 
 8-75 
 9.62 
 
 35,45 
 3I-78 
 26.24 
 
 40.64 
 
 44 
 50.62 
 
 i-54 
 1-4 
 
 1-54 
 
 1.26 
 
 i-4 
 1.26 
 
 
 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 
 33-6 
 
 10.28 
 
 4.14 
 
 9-33 
 
 31.16 
 
 45-09 
 
 '49 
 
 i 3i 
 
 72 
 73 
 
 C. A. Goessmann. 
 In bloom, 2 Anal. 
 In seed, 2 Anal. 
 
 1880. 
 June 4 
 
 9-13 
 
 855 
 
 8.28 
 
 5.82 
 
 2.4 
 3-4i 
 
 10.12 
 
 7.86 
 
 34-13 
 
 35-63 
 
 45 -7 
 47.28 
 
 i .62 
 
 i .26 
 
 
'5 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 5. 
 
 TABLE i. CONTINUED. 
 
 X 
 p 
 
 2 
 
 JB 
 
 X 
 
 p 
 
 r 
 p 
 
 p~ 
 
 2 
 p 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 Date of cutting. 
 
 Percentage 
 of water. 
 
 Water-free substance. 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 p 
 
 3 
 
 (& 
 
 re 
 
 53 
 </> 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 &- 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 |l 
 
 o^ 
 
 r? 
 
 5' 
 
 n 
 *-t 
 
 d 
 a 
 
 re 
 Etl 
 
 cr 
 1-1 
 re 
 
 *? K> 
 
 re ^ 
 
 re 55: 
 re 3 
 cS 
 3 n 
 S ? 
 
 H 
 
 
 . 
 
 > 
 cr 
 
 | 
 3' 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 
 77 
 78 
 
 79 
 80 
 81 
 82 
 
 Orchard grass. 
 
 Clifford Richardson. 
 Panicle not out. 
 Panicle closed. 
 Full bloom. 
 After bloom. 
 In bloom. Late growth. 
 Late bloom. 
 Seed nearly ripe. 
 Early .bl'm, Av. 2 Anal. 
 Full bloom, Av. 6 Anal. 
 
 Confd. 
 1880. 
 April 23 
 May 4 
 May 13 
 June I 
 June 18 
 June 23 
 July I 
 
 5-75 
 7-35 
 6.4 
 8.84 
 6.25 
 6.65 
 6.4 
 
 10.95 
 15-35 
 
 10.29 
 8.26 
 8.07 
 9.01 
 
 8.64 
 6 
 
 6-73 
 8.77 
 
 7-38 
 
 4.12 
 3-3 
 3-24 
 2.83 
 
 3-98 
 3.62 
 
 3-34 
 3-83 
 3-33 
 
 15-97 
 10.39 
 
 9-53 
 8.25 
 12.51 
 8.62 
 
 7-3 
 11.4 
 8.91 
 
 18.76 
 23.18 
 
 25-4 
 27.26 
 24.67 
 24.42 
 25.09 
 24.82 
 25.19 
 
 50.86 
 55-04 
 53-76 
 52.65 
 50.2 
 57-34 
 57-54 
 51.18 
 
 55-17 
 
 2-49 
 1-63 
 
 '53 
 1.32 
 1.99 
 i.p 
 1.16 
 1.8 
 1-43 
 
 1.48 
 1.63 
 
 i-37 
 99 
 
 1.22 
 .96 
 
 71 
 I .1 
 1.07 
 
 83 
 84 
 
 W. //. Jordan. 
 7-10 days past bloom. 
 
 
 
 7.02 
 7.24 
 
 3-4 
 4.17 
 
 8.42 
 9.58 
 
 37.08 
 36.79 
 
 44.08 
 42.09 
 
 i-35 
 
 I.I 9 
 I.I 9 
 
 E. F. Ladd. 
 6 Analyses. 
 
 i-53 
 
 85 
 86 
 
 1 6 
 17 
 
 33 
 34 
 
 Meadow fescue. 
 
 ^ in bloom. 
 ]/z in milk. 
 
 June 14 
 
 29-5 
 28.18 
 
 9-35 
 7-65 
 
 4.04 
 4-34 
 
 7.87 
 8.31 
 
 38.34 
 32-79 
 
 40.4 
 46.91 
 
 1.26 
 i-33 
 
 
 
 
 Av. ist cutting. . . . 
 
 
 28.84 
 
 8-5 
 
 4.19 
 
 8.09 
 
 35-56 
 
 43-65 
 
 1.29 
 
 I.I9 
 
 
 87 
 88 
 
 15 
 
 39 
 38 
 
 Seeds, milk to dough 
 state. Spikeletsy'llow 
 
 June 21 
 
 31-73 
 32.53 
 
 9-94 
 "39 
 
 4.06 
 4-32 
 
 6.56 
 8-75 
 
 33-25 
 31-55 
 
 46.19 
 43-99 
 
 1-05 
 i-4 
 
 1-05 
 1. 12 
 
 
 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 
 32-13 
 
 10.66 
 
 4.19 
 
 7.65 
 
 32.4 
 
 45-09 
 
 I .22 
 
 1. 08 
 
 
 89 
 90 
 
 E. F. Ladd. 
 Full bloom. 
 Full bloom. 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 
 15-35 
 15-35 
 
 6.29 
 8.84 
 
 3-63 
 3-92 
 
 7.81 
 11.13 
 
 34-93 
 33-28 
 
 47-34 
 42.83 
 
 I.Og 
 1.78 
 
 
 9 
 
 Clifford Richardson. 
 After bloom. 
 
 1880. 
 June I 
 
 7-6 
 
 7.16 
 
 3-3 
 
 "37 
 
 27.63 
 
 50-54 
 
 1.82 
 
 1-03 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 C. 
 
 A. Goessmann. 
 In seed, fertilized. 
 In seed, unfertilized. 
 
 1886. 
 June 28 
 June 28 
 
 7-4 
 8.03 
 
 7.17 
 8.18 
 
 2.17 
 1.78 
 
 7.02 
 
 7.27 
 
 34-46 
 34.61 
 
 49.18 
 48.16 
 
 I. 12 
 
 1.16 
 
 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 32 
 30 
 29 
 31 
 
 Medium red clover 
 
 Full bloom. I head in 
 5 brown. 
 
 Juue 14 
 
 31-27 
 28.67 
 29.12 
 29.77 
 
 29.71 
 
 9-5 
 8-45 
 7-95 
 8.25 
 
 8-7 
 7-38 
 7.96 
 
 7-03 
 
 15-75 
 15-75 
 16.18 
 
 15-75 
 
 26.51 
 
 25-4 
 27.19 
 
 25-45 
 
 3954 
 43.02 
 40.72 
 43-52 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.59 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.17 
 
 2.24 
 2.38 
 2.17 
 
 
 
 
 Av. 1st cutting 
 
 
 8-54 
 
 7-77 
 
 I5-85 
 
 26.14 
 
 41.7 
 
 2.54 
 
 2.24 
 
 98 
 99 
 
 IOO 
 101 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 a 
 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 50 
 
 ^ heads dead. Few 
 lower leaves brown. 
 
 June 21 
 June 22 
 
 30.4 
 22.31 
 22.83 
 25.86 
 
 8.24 
 
 7-94 
 8.29 
 7.89 
 
 5-65 
 6.31 
 
 5-79 
 7.87 
 
 I5-3I 
 
 15-75 
 15-75 
 15-75 
 
 29.96 
 27.21 
 
 25-57 
 27.61 
 
 40.84 
 42.79 
 44.6 
 40.88 
 
 2.45 
 2.52 
 
 2.52 
 2.52 
 
 2.1 
 2.1 
 2.1 
 I .96 
 
 
 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 
 25-35 
 
 8.09 
 
 6.4 ' 
 
 15-64 
 
 27-59 
 
 42.28 
 
 25- 
 
 2.O6 
 
1889.] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 157 
 
 TABLE i. CONTINUED. 
 
 2 
 
 p 
 
 -: 
 P 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 p 
 
 !B 
 
 p- 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 D 
 p 
 
 A 
 
 O 
 **> 
 o 
 fs 
 
 5" 
 
 CT5 
 
 Percentage 
 of water. 
 
 Water-free substance. 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 n 
 
 E 
 
 ft. 
 
 n> 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 A 
 n> 
 
 P 1 
 
 
 
 s! 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 ?' 
 
 n 
 
 Ht 
 
 3 . 
 D. 
 ft) 
 
 tft 
 
 o- 
 n 
 
 %* 
 
 H) '-" 
 
 3 
 
 y ^ 
 
 God 
 
 -1 ft 
 
 E ? 
 
 H 
 
 
 E. 
 
 > 
 
 cr 
 a 
 B. 
 
 *3 
 O 
 51 
 
 1 02 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 106 
 
 Medium red clover. 
 
 W, H. Jordan 
 Heads forming. 
 Heads formed. 
 Full bloom. 
 Some heads dead. 
 Heads all dead. 
 
 -Con^d. 
 1882. 
 May 24 
 Junes 
 June 22 
 'July 3 
 July 19 
 
 ii 
 
 9-73 
 9.82 
 
 9-05 
 10.13 
 
 8.42 
 
 7-73 
 7.07 
 6.6 
 6.19 
 
 4-52 
 
 3.58 
 3 .I6 
 3.08 
 2. 7 8 
 
 23.31 
 18.36 
 14.66 
 13.69 
 12.52 
 
 17-53 
 
 23-37 
 28.06 
 
 3 6 -4 
 
 37-5 
 
 46.22 
 46.96 
 
 47-05 
 40.23 
 41.01 
 
 3-23 
 2.94 
 
 2-35 
 2.19 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 107 
 1 08 
 109 
 
 IIO 
 
 W, O. Atwater. 
 Just before bloom. 
 Full bloom. 
 Nearly out of bloom. 
 Nearly ripe. 
 
 i875 
 
 14-3 
 H-3 
 14-3 
 14-3 
 
 8-34 
 7-65 
 7-36 
 6-5 
 
 I.7I 
 2.38 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.4 
 
 14.27 
 13.48 
 13.I3 
 10-37 
 
 27-75 
 27-79 
 29.87 
 
 31-75 
 
 47-93 
 48.7 
 47-86 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 ii i 
 
 112 
 
 113 
 114 
 "5 
 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 
 119 
 
 1 20 
 
 121 
 122 
 
 Clifford Richardson. 
 Head invisible. 
 Head well formed. 
 Full bloom. 
 After bloom. 
 In seed. 
 Head invisible. 
 Head well formed. 
 Full bloom. 
 After bloom. 
 In seed, brown. 
 Full bloom. 
 After bloom. 
 
 1880. 
 April 19 
 May 4 
 May 10 
 June i 
 June 8 
 June 23 
 June 27 
 July i 
 July 10 
 
 Jiy 15 
 
 1881 
 1881 
 
 7.68 
 945 
 8-55 
 8.36 
 
 8-15 
 6 
 
 7-35 
 7-4 
 7-2 
 7-3 
 7-4 
 5-8 
 
 9 29 
 8.89 
 8.31 
 7-25 
 7-35 
 
 11.22 
 8. 9 
 8.91 
 
 7-43 
 6.69 
 
 7-45 
 8.17 
 
 7.62 
 5-8 
 
 4-79 
 4.62 
 
 3-97 
 3-96 
 3-33 
 3-89 
 4.72 
 4.72 
 7-58 
 4-23 
 
 26.54 
 
 25.5I 
 19.14 
 18.09 
 15.24 
 26.44 
 2O.O2 
 20.79 
 16.22 
 I5-I 
 
 16.8 
 14-33 
 
 io-99 
 13.09 
 
 1 S-9 1 
 19.91 
 19.11 
 
 13-93 
 17.16 
 
 15.82 
 
 15-41 
 17.86 
 18.68 
 19.88 
 
 45-56 
 46.71 
 51=85 
 50-13 
 54-33 
 44-45 
 50.59 
 50.59 
 56.22 
 
 55-63 
 49-49 
 53-39 
 
 4.25 
 4.08 
 
 3-7 
 2 72 
 2.44 
 4.23 
 3-21 
 
 3-33 
 2-59 
 2.42 
 2.69 
 2-39 
 
 3-43 
 2.94 
 i-93 
 2.51 
 
 1.83 
 2.78 
 2.23 
 2.19 
 2.23 
 
 i-75 
 2.05 
 
 i-94 
 
 'Vm. Frear. 
 123 Full bloom. 
 
 1881 
 
 71.27 
 
 7.24 
 
 3-73 
 
 12.03 
 
 29.08 
 
 47.92 
 
 i-93 
 
 i-54 
 
 E. 
 124 
 
 F. Ladd. 
 Full bloom, 21 Anal. 
 
 
 15-35 
 
 6-5 
 
 4.11 
 
 14.24 
 
 30.7 
 
 44-45 
 
 2.28 
 
 
 125 
 
 K. 
 
 43 
 
 47 
 S' 
 
 55 
 
 //. 
 
 33 
 
 56 
 
 H 
 
 59 
 
 Jenkins. 
 American Anal. 
 
 
 11.38 
 
 7-03 
 
 2-75 
 
 14.16 
 
 30.3 
 
 45 76 
 
 2.27 
 
 
 126 
 
 127 
 128 
 129 
 
 Mammoth red do 
 
 About i head in 10 
 in bloom. Others 
 small and green. 
 
 ver. 
 
 June 30 
 
 23.72 
 
 29.44 
 24.12 
 27.96 
 
 7-49 
 8.19 
 7.89 
 7-99 
 
 6.98 
 6.65 
 6.68 
 6.31 
 
 6.65 
 
 13-56 
 H 
 14 
 
 13-75 
 
 3i-3 
 30-63 
 30.32 
 29.05 
 
 40.67 
 
 40-53 
 41.11 
 
 42.9 
 
 2.17 
 2.24 
 
 2 24 
 2.2 
 
 1.82 
 1.82 
 1.82 
 2.03 
 
 45 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 Av. ist cutting. . . . 
 
 
 26.31 
 
 7.89 
 
 13.84 
 
 30-32* 
 
 41-3 
 
 2.21 
 
 1.87 
 
 130 
 
 131 
 132 
 
 76 ]/z heads in full bloom 
 77 Some turning brown, 
 78 lodged. 
 
 July 1 1 
 
 26.7 
 24.08 
 26.6 
 
 7.09 
 
 6-54 
 6.09 
 
 6.22 
 
 6-75 
 4.49 
 
 13.12 
 13.12 
 
 12.25 
 
 34-21 
 35-89 
 34-H 
 
 3936 
 37-7 
 43-03 
 
 2.1 
 2.1 
 I .96 
 
 1.82 
 1.82 
 1.82 
 
 
 46 
 $0 
 
 54 
 
 89 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 
 25-79 
 
 6-57 
 
 5.82 
 
 12.83 
 
 3475 
 
 40.03 
 
 2.05 
 
 1.82 
 
 i 75 
 
 i-75 
 i-75 
 
 133 
 134 
 135 
 
 ^4 to 4-5 of heads 
 brown. Seeds ripe; 
 lower leaves dead. 
 
 July 23 
 
 19.62 
 18.34 
 20.63 
 
 6.04 
 
 6-99 
 6.29 
 
 5-18 
 482 
 
 5-33 
 
 "37 
 "37 
 "37 
 
 32-36 
 29-37 
 37-02 
 
 45.05 
 47-45 
 39-99 
 
 1.82 
 1.82 
 1.82 
 
 
 
 Av. 3d cutting 
 
 1953 
 
 6.44 
 
 5.11 11.37 
 
 32.92 
 
 44.16 
 
 1.82 
 
 i-75 
 
BULLETIN NO. 5. 
 
 [May 
 
 TABLE 2. YIELD PER ACRE OF HAYS FROM GRASSES AND CLOVERS POUNDS OF 
 FRESH SUBSTANCE; OF DRY SUBSTANCE, AND ITS COMPONENTS. 
 
 No 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 Fresh sub- 
 stance. 
 
 Water- free 
 substance. 
 
 n 
 
 -= 5 
 3 G - 
 
 S- n> 
 2_ 
 
 ?' 
 
 p 
 cL 
 
 n 
 P> 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 ET> ft 
 
 cr 
 
 *j 
 P 
 
 Nitrogen- 
 free extract 
 
 Crude ash. 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 Timothy. 
 
 Full bloom. 
 
 4320 
 4000 
 4960 
 4640 
 
 3300 
 2977 
 3570 
 33o 
 
 231 
 
 221 
 25O 
 260 
 
 I6 7 
 
 137 
 170 
 184 
 
 1026 
 964 
 
 I2IO 
 1025 
 
 1645 
 145 l 
 1721 
 1591 
 
 231 
 204 
 219 
 240 
 
 
 Av. 1st cutting 
 
 4480 
 
 3287 
 
 24O 
 
 16s 
 
 1056 
 
 1602 
 
 224 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Pollen and y z anthers 
 shed. 
 
 4400 
 4320 
 4160 
 4400 
 
 3482 
 3387 
 3327 
 3497 
 
 228 
 
 237 
 219 
 2I 4 
 
 160 
 H5 
 145 
 160 
 
 1226 
 
 1188 
 
 1075 
 1131 
 
 1632 
 
 1597 
 1662 
 
 1763 
 
 236 
 22O 
 226 
 229 
 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 43 2O 
 
 7,423 
 
 22? 
 
 K2 
 
 lice 
 
 1663 
 
 228 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 Seed in dough. 
 
 4960 
 6080 
 4960 
 4960 
 
 3803 
 4627 
 3811 
 3807 
 
 200 
 303 
 233 
 250 
 
 130 
 192 
 155 
 137 
 
 1280 
 1532 
 1276 
 1430 
 
 1959 
 2221 
 1926 
 1732 
 
 234 
 
 379 
 
 221 
 
 2 5 8 
 
 
 Av. 3d cutting . . . 
 
 C24O 
 
 4OI 2 
 
 24.6 
 
 JCl 
 
 1380 
 
 1960 
 
 2Ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 H 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Seed nearly ripe. 
 
 4320 
 6OOO 
 4800 
 5600 
 
 3338 
 4651 
 3709 
 
 4557 
 
 204 
 284 
 243 
 279 
 
 112 
 
 J 5 6 
 '33 
 146 
 
 1071 
 
 '590 
 1294 
 
 1554 
 
 1744 
 2356 
 1823 
 2310 
 
 207 
 265 
 
 216 
 
 268 
 
 
 Av. 4th cutting 
 
 u8o 
 
 4O64. 
 
 2Ct 
 
 177 
 
 1-177 
 
 2058 
 
 2"?O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 W. H. Jordan. 
 Av. 4 cutti's in bloom. 
 Av. 4 cutti's ner'y ripe 
 
 2955-5 
 3501-5 
 
 2586.5 
 3063-4 
 
 i 168.4 
 164.9 
 
 62.4 
 
 76 3 
 
 996.4 
 1096 9 
 
 1254.4 
 1615 
 
 104.9 
 II0.3 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 
 W. O. A (water. 
 Well headed out. 
 In full bloom. 
 When out of bloom. 
 Nearly ripe. 
 
 3120 
 3760 
 3600 
 4200 
 
 2749 
 33oi 
 3<i7 
 3616 
 
 263 
 
 ! 235 
 220 
 
 i 246 
 
 54 
 65 
 55 
 7i 
 
 908 
 1099 
 
 1053 
 1281 
 
 1395 
 1759 
 l66o 
 1886 
 
 129 
 
 '43 
 129 
 
 132 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 Kentucky blue grass 
 
 Seeds in milk. 
 
 336o 
 2720 
 3520 
 3680 
 
 2605 
 2083 
 2588 
 2757 
 
 216 
 
 164 
 
 215 
 244 
 
 114 
 96 
 
 U3 
 125 
 
 837 
 667 
 841 
 899 
 
 IIOX) 
 
 950 
 
 1186 
 1219 
 
 248 
 2O6 
 203 
 270 
 
 
 Av. ist cutting 
 
 "?"?2O 
 
 2<;o8 
 
 2IO 
 
 IIQ 
 
 811 
 
 1136 
 
 2}2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 Seeds ripe. 
 
 3520 
 3840 
 4080 
 4720 
 
 2686 
 2866 
 2741 
 3336 
 
 211 
 251 
 
 216 
 
 263 
 
 III 
 
 129 
 
 "5 
 130 
 
 906 
 939 
 834 
 "73 
 
 "85 
 1272 
 
 1379 
 1501 
 
 273 
 275 
 2O7 
 269 
 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 4O4O 
 
 2QO7 
 
 27S 
 
 121 
 
 061 
 
 I-J74 
 
 2?6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 Pasture, summer. 
 Pasture, winter. 
 
 3760 
 5040 
 
 1991 
 
 2813 
 
 310 
 301 
 
 94 
 
 87 
 
 576 
 70S 
 
 842 
 
 1429 
 
 169 
 2Q I 
 
i88 9 .] 
 
 TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 
 TABLE 2. CONTINUED. 
 
 No 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 TJ 
 f+ ri 
 
 
 3 
 
 =r 
 
 Water- free 
 substance'. 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 5' 
 
 n 
 
 -t 
 
 a. 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 *-t 
 P 
 
 gfr 
 
 cr 
 9 
 
 Nitrogen- 
 free extract 
 
 Crude ash. 
 
 I 
 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 
 Orchard grass, 
 
 Full bloom. 
 
 3760 
 4160 
 2880 
 
 2775 
 2987 
 2166 
 
 280 
 326 
 228 
 
 130 
 
 145 
 98 
 
 912 
 
 1000 
 
 792 
 
 1180 
 1232 
 
 857 
 
 273 
 284 
 191 
 
 
 Av. 1st cutting 
 
 3600 
 
 2642 
 
 278 
 
 124 
 
 901 
 
 1090 
 
 249 
 
 
 69 
 70 
 7* 
 
 Seeds in milk. 
 
 5680 
 4640 
 4320 
 
 3664 
 3077 
 2954 
 
 353 
 269 
 284 
 
 133 
 146 
 119 
 
 1299 
 978 
 
 775 
 
 1489 
 1354 
 1495 
 
 39 
 330 
 281 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 4880 
 
 3232 
 
 302 
 
 133 
 
 1017 
 
 1446 
 
 334 
 
 
 Meadow fescue. 
 
 Full bloom. 
 
 1920 
 2080 
 
 1354 
 1494 
 
 107 
 124 
 
 55 
 65 
 
 519 
 49 
 
 547 
 701 
 
 126 
 114 
 
 Av. 1st cutting 
 
 2000 
 
 1424 
 
 116 
 
 60 
 
 504 
 
 624 
 
 120 
 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 
 Passed bloom. 
 
 2560 
 3200 
 
 1748 
 2159 
 
 "5 
 
 189 
 
 7i 
 93 
 
 58i 
 68 1 
 
 807 
 950 
 
 174 
 246 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 2880 
 
 1954 
 
 152 
 
 82 
 
 631 
 
 879 
 
 2JO 
 
 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 Medium red clover. 
 Full bloom. 
 
 4400 
 
 3440 
 2880 
 3680 
 
 3024 
 2454 
 2041 
 
 2584 
 
 477 
 387 
 330 
 407 
 
 263 
 181 
 163 
 182 
 
 802 
 623 
 
 555 
 658 
 
 "95 
 1056 
 
 831 
 1124 
 
 287 
 207 
 l62 
 213 
 
 
 Av. 1st cutting. r . 
 
 3600 
 
 2526 
 
 400 
 
 197 
 
 660 
 
 1052 
 
 217 
 
 
 98 
 99 
 
 IOO 
 IOI 
 
 % heads dead. 
 
 3600 
 336o 
 2720 
 336o 
 
 2506 
 2610 
 2099 
 2491 
 
 383 
 411 
 
 33i 
 392 
 
 141 
 165 
 
 121 
 
 196 
 
 751 
 710 
 
 537 
 688 
 
 1024 
 1117 
 936 
 1018 
 
 2O7 
 207 
 
 174 
 I 9 7 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 3260 
 
 2427 
 
 379 
 
 156 
 
 672 
 
 1024 
 
 196 
 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 106 
 
 107 
 1 08 
 
 109 
 no 
 
 W. H. Jordan. 
 Heads in bloom. 
 Some heads dead. 
 Heads all dead. 
 
 4210 
 4141 
 39!5 
 
 3680 
 3428 
 336i 
 
 539-5 
 469.3 
 420.7 
 
 Il6.3 
 105.6 
 
 93-7 
 
 1032.6 
 1247.8 
 1260.3 
 
 I73I-4 
 I379-I 
 1378.3 
 
 26O.2 
 226.2 
 208 
 
 W. O. Atwater. 
 Just before bloom. 
 Full bloom. 
 Nearly out of bloom. 
 Nearly ripe. 
 
 1618 
 1641 
 2054 
 1802 
 
 1385 
 1401 
 
 175 
 1523 
 
 198 
 189 
 230 
 158 
 
 24 
 33 
 3i 
 36 
 
 384 
 390 
 523 
 484 
 
 664 
 682 
 837 
 746 
 
 "5 
 107 
 129 
 99 
 
 (a) 
 (b) 
 (c) 
 (d) 
 (e) 
 (0 
 (g) 
 (h) 
 (i) 
 (j) 
 <k) 
 O) 
 
 Augustus Voelcker. 
 April 15 
 April 28. 
 May 12. 
 May 26. 
 June 2. 
 June 9. 
 June 16. 
 June 23. 
 June 30. 
 July 7. 
 fuly 18. 
 'I uly 28. 
 
 970 
 
 2028 
 3517 
 5357 
 5372 
 6947 
 
 7557 
 7233 
 7215 
 6611 
 
 6843 
 5950 
 
 808 
 1689.6 
 2931.2 
 4464 
 4476.8 
 5788.8 
 6297.6 
 6027.2 
 6012.8 
 5508.8 
 5702.4 
 4958.4 
 
 120 
 249.6 
 
 449 6 
 470.4 
 430.4 
 510.4 
 710.4 
 560 
 489 6 
 
 430.4 
 369.6 
 299.2 
 
 
 1 
 
 92.8 
 1 66 4. 
 248 
 39-4 
 342.4 
 436 8 
 456 
 465.6 
 420.8 
 
 387-2 
 412 8 
 
 294-4 
 
 595-2 
 1273.6 
 2233.6 
 3603.2 
 
 3704 
 4841 .6 
 
 5131 2 
 
 5001 .6 
 5102.4 
 
 469! 2 
 4920 
 
 4364 8 
 
i6o 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 5. 
 
 TABLE 2. CONTINUED. 
 
 {.May, 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 23 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 3*2 
 
 n 
 
 No 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 3 
 p & 
 
 3 ST 1 
 
 cr P 
 
 n 
 p i-t 
 
 
 G 
 
 a 
 
 ft> 
 
 a 
 p- 
 
 31 rtl 
 
 ft ~- 
 
 n % 
 
 a 
 
 P 
 
 a< 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 n g 
 
 = ~> 
 
 fD 
 
 
 cr 
 
 r 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 cr 
 
 ? % 
 
 p 
 
 P> 
 
 3 
 
 o 7 
 
 pr 
 
 
 Mammoth red clover 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 126 
 
 
 3440 | 2624 
 
 356 
 
 183 
 
 822 
 
 1067 
 
 196 
 
 127 
 
 Beginning to bloom. 
 
 5040 
 
 3556 
 
 498 
 
 234 
 
 1089 
 
 1444 
 
 2 9 l 
 
 128 
 
 
 5440 
 
 4128 
 
 578 
 
 275 
 
 1254 
 
 1696 
 
 325 
 
 129 
 
 
 344 
 
 2478 
 
 
 156 
 
 720 
 
 1063 
 
 198 
 
 
 Av. 1st cutting. . 
 
 434.0 
 
 -2106 
 
 4J7 
 
 212 
 
 O7I 
 
 1317 
 
 2^2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 5600 
 
 4105 
 
 538 
 
 255 
 
 3404 
 
 1617 
 
 29! 
 
 i3ilFull bloom. 
 
 5600 
 
 4252 
 
 558 
 
 287 
 
 1526 
 
 1603 
 
 2 7 8 
 
 132 
 
 
 5120 
 
 3758 
 
 460 
 
 169 
 
 1283 
 
 1617 
 
 229 
 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 t44O 
 
 4038 
 
 CIQ 
 
 237 
 
 1404 
 
 1612 
 
 266 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 133 
 
 
 4560 
 
 3665 
 
 417 
 
 190 
 
 1186 
 
 1651 
 
 221 
 
 134 
 
 Nearly out of bloom. 
 
 4240 
 
 3462 
 
 393 
 
 167 
 
 1017 
 
 1643 
 
 -242 
 
 135 
 
 
 3840 
 
 3048 
 
 347 
 
 162 
 
 1128 
 
 1219 
 
 192 
 
 
 Av. 3d cutting. . 
 
 4213 
 
 33Q2 
 
 386 
 
 173 
 
 i no 
 
 i";o4 
 
 218 
 
i88 9 .] 
 
 TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 
 
 161 
 
 TABLE 3. YIELD PER ACRE OF HAYS FROM GRASSES AND CLOVERS POUNDS OF 
 DIGESTIBLE SUBSTANCE, AND ITS COMPONENTS; NUTRITIVE RATIO; PERCENTAGE 
 OF DIGESTIBLE DRY SUBSTANCE. 
 
 No 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 Organic 
 substance. 
 
 Crude protein. 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 ft. 
 
 n 
 3 
 
 IX 
 
 n> 
 
 sn 
 cr 
 3 
 
 5 
 1 ? 
 
 2 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 E 
 O 
 
 ?r= 
 rt o 
 
 =- r- 
 
 :T. </) 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 Timothy. 
 
 Full bloom. 
 
 1744 
 1571 
 1895 
 1732 
 
 "3 
 108 
 
 123 
 127 
 
 82 
 67 
 
 83 
 90 
 
 5i3 
 482 
 605 
 5i3 
 
 1036 
 914 
 1084 
 
 1002 
 
 '5-5 
 14.4 
 
 15-5 
 13.6 
 
 53 
 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 
 
 Av. 1st cutting 
 
 1736 
 
 118 
 
 81 
 
 528 
 
 lOOq 
 
 14.8 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 Pollen and l / 2 anthers shed. 
 
 1831 
 
 1787 
 1760 
 1860 
 
 112 
 
 116 
 107 
 105 
 
 78 
 78 
 
 613 
 594 
 535 
 566 
 
 1028 
 1006 
 1047 
 IIII 
 
 16.4 
 
 15-3 
 16.4 
 17.9 
 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 1810 
 
 no 
 
 74 
 
 578 
 
 1048 
 
 16 c 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 Seed in dough. 
 
 2036 
 2408 
 2041 
 1996 
 
 98 
 149 
 114 
 123 
 
 64 
 94 
 
 6f 
 
 640 
 766 
 638 
 
 1234 
 
 1213 
 109! 
 
 20.7 
 16.2 
 
 179 
 
 16.1 
 
 54 
 52 
 54 
 52 
 
 
 Av. 3d cutting. . . 
 
 2 1 2O 
 
 121 
 
 7< 
 
 600 
 
 121.4. 
 
 17.6 
 
 ;? 
 
 
 
 
 
 '? 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 Seed nearly ripe. 
 
 1789 
 
 2495 
 1980 
 2441 
 
 IOO 
 139 
 
 55 
 77 
 65 
 72 
 
 535 
 795 
 647 
 
 777 
 
 1099 
 
 1484 
 
 "49 
 
 1455 
 
 17.7 
 
 16 
 17.1 
 
 54 
 54 
 53 
 54 
 
 
 Av. 4th cutting 
 
 2176 
 
 124 
 
 67 
 
 688 
 
 I2Q7 
 
 17.4 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JT- 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 W. //. Jordan. 
 Av. 4 cuttings in bloom. 
 Av. 4 cuttings nearly ripe. 
 
 1404 
 1684 
 
 83 
 
 81 
 
 37 
 
 498 
 549 
 
 792 
 1017 
 
 16.6 
 
 20.8 
 
 54 
 55 
 
 19 
 2O 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 W. O. Alwater. 
 Well headed out. 
 Full bloom. 
 Out of bloom. 
 Nearly ripe. 
 
 1488 
 1805 
 1707 
 1984 
 
 129 
 
 "5 
 
 1 08 
 
 121 
 
 26 
 32 
 27 
 35 
 
 454 
 55 
 526 
 640 
 
 879 
 
 1108 
 1046 
 1188 
 
 10.9 
 
 15-2 
 15-9 
 
 54 
 55 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 Kentucky blue grass. 
 Seeds in milk. 
 
 1330 
 1060 
 
 1343 
 1398 
 
 I O6 
 80 
 
 105 
 1 2O 
 
 56 
 47 
 70 
 61 
 
 418 
 
 334 
 421 
 
 449 
 
 75 
 599 
 747 
 768 
 
 12.4 
 
 12.7 
 "5 
 
 52 
 
 
 Av. 1st cutting 
 
 1282 
 
 
 S8 
 
 4.0 c 
 
 716 
 
 12.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 Seeds ripe. 
 
 1357 
 H57 
 1448 
 
 1725 
 
 103 
 123 
 
 106 
 129 
 
 I 4 
 63 
 
 56 
 64 
 
 453 
 470 
 
 586 
 
 747 
 801 
 869 
 946 
 
 12.9 ; 
 
 ii. 6 
 
 13-5 
 13-1 
 
 Si 
 
 5i 
 52 
 52 
 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 I4O6 
 
 IK 
 
 CQ 
 
 481 
 
 841 
 
 12.8 
 
 51.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 49 
 
 Pasture, summer. 
 Pasture, winter. 
 
 1380 
 
 IQ27 
 
 233 
 
 62 
 
 -7 
 
 420 
 
 665 
 1129 
 
 5-3 
 
 7-9 
 
 68 ! 5 
 
BULLETIN NO. 5. 
 TABLE 3. CONTINUED. 
 
 :NO 
 
 <66 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 Organic 
 substance. 
 
 Crude protein. 
 
 Crude fat. 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 n 
 
 eh 
 
 g 
 ft 
 
 J{1 
 
 re y 
 n 2*. 
 n " 
 
 2& 
 d n 
 
 E ? 
 
 Nutritive ratio 
 
 I'r. ct. dry sub- 
 st'ce digestible 
 
 Orchard grass. 
 
 [n full bloom. 
 
 1431 
 
 1548 
 "34 
 
 165 
 192 
 
 135 
 
 70 
 78 
 53 
 
 547 
 600 
 
 475 
 
 678 
 471 
 
 83 
 V 
 
 52 
 52 
 52 
 
 
 Av. ist cutting 
 
 1371 
 
 164 
 
 67 
 
 54i 
 
 599 
 
 8 
 
 52 
 
 
 69 
 70 
 7i 
 
 Seeds in milk. 
 
 1878 
 1568 
 1519 
 
 2C8 
 
 '59 
 1 68 
 
 72 
 
 I 9 
 64 
 
 779 
 587 
 465 
 
 819 
 
 745 
 822 
 
 8-5 
 
 Q.6 
 
 o. o 
 
 51 
 5 
 51 
 
 *S 
 
 :86 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 1655 
 
 178 
 
 72 
 
 610 
 
 795 
 
 8.9 
 
 51 
 
 
 Meadow fescue. 
 
 Full bloom. 
 
 684 
 779 
 
 52 
 61 
 
 27 
 32 
 
 260 
 245 
 
 345 
 441 
 
 12.8 
 12.6 
 
 50 
 52 
 
 
 Av. ist cutting 
 
 73' 
 
 57 
 
 29 
 
 252 
 
 393 
 
 12.7 
 
 5 
 
 
 :87 
 :88 
 
 Passed bloom. 
 
 890 
 1077 
 
 56 
 93 
 
 35 
 46 
 
 291 
 
 340 
 
 508 
 598 
 
 15-7 
 11.4 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 94 
 
 9 I 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 984 
 
 74 
 
 40 
 
 316 
 
 554 
 
 13-5 
 
 51 
 
 
 Medium red clover. 
 
 Full bloom. 
 
 1707 
 1412 
 1172 
 1490 
 
 320 
 259 
 
 221 
 
 273 
 
 1 66 
 114 
 103 
 114 
 
 385 
 299 
 266 
 
 316 
 
 836 
 
 740 
 582 
 787 
 
 5-i 
 5-i 
 5 
 5-i 
 
 II 
 H 
 
 .98" 
 
 99 
 
 I<X> 
 IOI 
 
 Av. ist cutting 
 
 1445 
 
 268 
 
 124 
 
 317 
 
 736 
 
 5-i 
 
 57 
 
 
 Heads dead. 
 
 1309 
 
 1387 
 1124 
 1310 
 
 226 
 243 
 95 
 231 
 
 63 
 
 74 
 
 293 
 
 277 
 
 727 
 793 
 665 
 
 723 
 
 6.1 
 
 5-2 
 5-2 
 5-2 
 
 52 
 53 
 
 54 
 53 
 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 1283 
 
 224 
 
 70 
 
 262 
 
 727 
 
 5-4 
 
 53 
 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 106 
 
 Heads in bloom. 
 Some heads dead. 
 Heads all dead. 
 
 2143 
 1790 
 1760 
 
 362 
 
 277 
 248 
 
 73 
 
 47 
 42 
 
 49 * 
 
 1212 
 
 979 
 979 
 
 5-2 
 
 5-7 
 6.4 
 
 58 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 126 
 127 
 
 128 
 129 
 
 Mammoth red clover. 
 Beginning to bloom. 
 
 1675 
 2256 
 2631 
 1585 
 
 263 
 
 369 
 428 
 252 
 
 130 
 1 66 
 
 95 
 in 
 
 460 
 610 
 702 
 403 
 
 822 
 
 IIII 
 
 1306 
 819 
 
 6.1 
 
 S '5 
 5-6 
 
 5-9 
 
 64 
 63 
 64 
 64 
 
 
 Av. ist cutting 
 
 2036 
 
 328 
 
 'So 
 
 544 
 
 1014 
 
 5-9 
 
 64 
 
 
 O " N 
 ro ro c*> 
 
 _ _ 
 
 Full bloom. 
 
 2327 
 2409 
 2162 
 
 360 
 
 374 
 308 
 
 161 
 181 
 106 
 
 674 
 732 
 616 
 
 1132 
 
 1 122 
 1132 
 
 7 
 
 6.2 
 
 6-5 
 
 57 
 
 % 
 
 133 
 134 
 '35 
 
 Av. 2d cutting 
 
 2299 
 
 348 
 
 149 
 
 674 
 
 1128 
 
 6.6 
 
 57 
 
 
 Nearly out of bloom. 
 
 1966 
 1870 
 1583 
 
 246 
 232 
 205 
 
 85 
 
 75 
 73 
 
 463 
 397 
 440 
 
 1172 
 
 1166 
 865 
 
 7-7 
 
 7-5 
 7-3 
 
 53 
 54 
 52 
 
 
 Av. 3d cutting. . . 
 
 1806 
 
 227 
 
 78 
 
 4.11 
 
 1068 
 
 T.? 
 
 M 
 
1889.] 
 
 TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 
 
 163 
 
 TABLE 4. HAYS COMPARISON OF VARIETIES. 
 Proximate Composition of Field- cured Hays. 
 
 Name of variety. 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 Water in fresh 
 substance. 
 
 Water-free substance. 
 
 Crude ash. 
 
 n 
 
 ji 
 
 Cu 
 
 n> 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 p 3 
 
 ft CL 
 
 a'n 
 
 T3 
 3 
 
 Crude fibre 
 
 Nitrogen- 
 free extract 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Full bloom 
 
 26-53 
 20.75 
 
 2341 
 21.64 
 
 6.81 
 6.65 
 6-73 
 5-90 
 
 4.46 
 3-8i 
 3-38 
 
 7-33 
 6.56 
 
 6.12 
 
 6.23 
 
 32.11 
 
 33-74 
 3445 
 33-82 
 
 48.75 
 48.59 
 48.89 
 50.67 
 
 y z anthers shed. . . . 
 Seed in dough 
 
 
 Seeds nearly ripe. . 
 
 
 Average 
 
 23.68 
 
 6.52 
 
 4.16 
 
 6.56 
 
 33-53 
 
 49- 2 3 
 
 
 Ky. blue grass. . . 
 
 Seeds in milk 
 
 24.36 
 27.80 
 
 9.26 
 8.85 
 
 4.76 
 4.18 
 
 8-33 
 8.09 
 
 32-32 
 33-02 
 
 45-33 
 45-86 
 
 Seeds ripe 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 26.08 
 
 9.05 
 
 4-47 
 
 8.21 
 
 32-67 
 
 45.60 
 
 
 Orchard grass. . . . 
 
 Full bloom 
 
 26.41 
 33-6o 
 
 9.40 
 10.28 
 
 4.68 
 4.14 
 
 10.49 
 
 933 
 
 34-30 
 31.16 
 
 41.14 
 45-09 
 
 Seeds in milk 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 30.00 
 
 9.84 
 
 4.41 
 
 9.91 
 
 32.73 
 
 43-" 
 
 
 Meadow fescue . . 
 
 Full bloom 
 
 28.84 
 32.13 
 
 8.50 
 10.66 
 
 4.19 
 4.19 
 
 8.09 
 7-65 
 
 35-56 
 32-40 
 
 43-65 
 45-09 
 
 Seeds in milk 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 30.48 
 
 9-58 
 
 4.19 
 
 7-87 
 
 3368 
 
 44-37 
 
 
 Med'm red clover 
 
 Full bloom 
 
 29.71 
 25-35 
 
 8-54 
 8.09 
 
 7-77 
 6.40 
 
 15-85 
 15.64 
 
 26.14 
 27-59 
 
 41.70 
 42.28 
 
 fy heads dead. . . . 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 27-53 
 
 8.31 
 
 7.08 
 
 15-75 
 
 26.87 
 
 41.99 
 
 
 Mammoth red 
 clover 
 
 Beginning to bloom 
 Full bloom 
 
 26.31 
 25-79 
 J 9-53 
 
 7-89 
 6-57 
 6-44 
 
 6.65 
 5-82 
 5-" 
 
 13.84 
 12.83 
 "37 
 
 30.32 
 34-75 
 32-92 
 
 41.30 
 40.03 
 44.16 
 
 Nearly out of bloom 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 23.88 
 
 697 
 
 5-86 
 
 12.68 
 
 32.66 
 
 41.83 
 
 Comparative Yields per Acre of Hays. 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 n 
 
 fa; 
 
 
 
 *** 
 
 sri 
 
 - 3 
 
 5 
 
 H 
 
 d 
 
 
 (^ 
 
 Name of variety. 
 
 ~ 3 
 
 ca n 
 
 is- 
 
 n 
 
 f ftl 
 
 p n 
 
 "f? 
 
 p ft 
 
 il 
 
 2. 
 
 3 
 
 B- 
 ft 
 
 P 
 
 a. 
 cr n 
 ? 
 
 li 
 
 p 
 
 BT 1 
 
 Timothy 
 
 4805 
 
 ^606 
 
 241 
 
 152 
 
 124.2 
 
 1821 
 
 241 
 
 Kentucky blue grass 
 
 3680 
 
 2708 
 
 222 
 
 1 2O 
 
 887 
 
 1235 
 
 244 
 
 Orchard grass 
 
 4240 
 
 2Q17 
 
 2QO 
 
 I2Q 
 
 Q5Q 
 
 1268 
 
 2QI 
 
 Meadow fescue 
 
 244" 
 
 1689 
 
 
 71 
 
 568 
 
 
 165 
 
 Medium red clover 
 
 141O 
 
 2477 
 
 2QO 
 
 176 
 
 666 
 
 10^8 
 
 2O7 
 
 Mammoth red clover. . . . 
 
 4632 
 
 3508 
 
 449 
 
 208 
 
 "43 
 
 1462 
 
 246 
 
 Comparative Yield per Acre of Digestible Substances of Hays. 
 
 
 , p H 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 fa 
 
 ^ 
 
 B |? 
 
 Name of variety. 
 
 3 o' P* 
 O ui " - 
 
 II 
 
 CL 
 ft 
 
 31 ft 
 
 2 3 
 
 FT A 
 
 3 S. 
 o' " 
 
 ifi. p o 
 
 P "~ 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 rt 
 
 
 
 
 0-7 
 
 3 
 
 r 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 Timothy 
 
 1960 
 
 118 
 
 74 
 
 621 
 
 1 14.7 
 
 16 6 
 
 51 
 
 Kentucky blue grass 
 
 1389 
 
 109 
 
 3 
 
 443 
 
 779 
 
 12.6 
 
 51 
 
 Orchard grass 
 
 I 511 
 
 171 
 
 60 
 
 ^76 
 
 60 7 
 
 8.5 
 
 52 
 
 Meadow fescue 
 
 857 
 
 66 
 
 14 
 
 284 
 
 474 
 
 n. I 
 
 
 ? Tedium red clover 
 
 1808 
 
 296 
 
 54 
 
 AOI 
 
 
 5 8 
 
 54 
 
 fammnth red clover 
 
 20*1*7 
 
 10J 
 
 126 
 
 
 1070 
 
 * 
 
 6.7 
 
 58 
 
164 
 
 TABLE 5. [See Table i. 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 5. 
 
 [Afay, 1889. 
 
 PROXIMATE COMPOSITION FRESH MEDIUM RED CLOVER. 
 [A. Voelcker.] 
 
 
 Date of cutting. 
 
 Fresh substance. 
 
 Water-free substance. 
 
 
 
 n 
 ji 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 Nitrogenous 
 matter. 
 
 Non-nitroge- 
 nous matter. 
 
 y 
 
 <T> 
 1 
 
 Nitrogenous 
 matter. 
 
 Non-nitroge- 
 nous matter. 
 
 (a) 
 (b) 
 (c) 
 (d) 
 (e) 
 (0 
 (g) 
 (h) 
 i) 
 (j) 
 (k) 
 \\\ 
 
 April 15 
 
 82.25 
 80.8 
 81.31 
 
 78.7 
 78.8 
 
 73-2 
 74.1 
 
 72-5 
 .65-2 
 68.7 
 64.01 
 so. 8 
 
 2.07 
 1.91 
 
 i-59 
 1.81 
 
 1-63 
 2.03 
 1.88 
 2.13 
 2-44 
 
 2.21 
 2.6l 
 2 01 
 
 2.68 
 2.88 
 2.87 
 2.25 
 2.06 
 297 
 
 2-94 
 2.56 
 2.87 
 
 2-5 
 
 2-37 
 i 
 
 13 
 14.41 
 14.24 
 17.24 
 I7-5I 
 
 21.8 
 
 21.08 
 22.81 
 
 29-49 
 26.59 
 31.01 
 
 47.. 27 
 
 II. 61 
 
 9 94 
 
 8.1 
 
 7.68 
 
 7-57 
 7-25 
 7-74 
 7.01 
 7.06 
 
 7-25 
 
 <;.a<; 
 
 15.12 
 14-93 
 15-37 
 10 56 
 9.69 
 8.81 
 11.31 
 9.31 
 8.25 
 
 7-94 
 6.62 
 6.c6 
 
 73-27 
 73-13 
 76.13 
 80.94 
 82 68 
 83.62 
 81.44 
 82.95 
 84.74 
 
 85 
 86.13 
 87.00 
 
 April 28 
 
 May 12 
 
 May 26. 
 
 June 2 
 
 Tune o . 
 
 June 16. . . 
 
 Tune 23 . . 
 
 Tune "?o 
 
 fuly 7. 
 
 July 18. . 
 
 Tulv28.. . 
 
 TABLE 6. GRASSES AND CLOVERS PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN GREEN SUBSTANCE; 
 YIELD PER ACRE; Loss OF WATER IN CURING. 
 
 H 
 p 
 
 cr 
 
 * 
 a 
 
 Name of variety. 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 Date 
 
 cutting. 
 
 Pr ct. wat'r 
 in green 
 substance. 
 
 Calculated 
 y'ld green 
 substance. 
 
 Water lost 
 in curing. 
 
 60 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Anthers ]/% shed.. . 
 
 July 3 
 
 64.. 14 
 
 01541; 
 
 "5221; 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 Seed in dough .... 
 
 fuly II 
 
 =57. S 
 
 944 
 
 4200 
 
 83 
 
 i'i 
 
 Seed nearly ripe. . 
 
 flllv 21 
 
 C7.7I 
 
 8704 
 
 71:24 
 
 19 
 
 35 
 
 Kentucky blue grass 
 
 Seeds in milk. .... 
 Seeds ripe 
 
 June 14 
 June 22 
 
 65.08 
 61.48 
 
 7182 
 
 7'54 [ ; 
 
 3862 
 71501; 
 
 71 
 
 Orchard grass. ...... 
 
 Full bloom 
 
 Tune 14 
 
 67. 2S 
 
 8067 
 
 4467 
 
 3, 6 
 
 it 
 
 Seeds in milk. 
 
 Jnne 22 
 
 6^.21 
 
 Q2QO 
 
 44 1 
 
 70 
 
 Medium red clover. . 
 
 Full bloom 
 
 Tune 14 
 
 76.0*5 
 
 10^47 
 
 6947 
 
 57 
 f.6 
 
 Mammoth red clover 
 
 Heads % dead. . . . 
 Full bloom . . 
 
 June 22 
 lulv ii 
 
 72.4 
 
 7-3.01 
 
 8794 
 
 ICA77 
 
 5534 
 IOO"?7 
 
 82 
 
 tt <t 
 
 Ne'ly out of bloom 
 
 July 23 
 
 68.19 
 
 10663 
 
 6450 
 
 THOMAS F. HUNT, 
 
 Assistant Agriculturist. 
 
 All communications intended for the Station should be addressed,, 
 not to any person, but to the 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS. 
 
 The bulletins of the Experiment Station will be sent free of all 
 charges to persons engaged in farming who may request that they be sent. 
 
 SELIM H. PEABODY, 
 
 President Board of Direction* 
 
-,"* 
 
 ' iJI? 
 
 "^vL_ -- '' iarltJ 
 
 ^^^^t^at^^W'S 
 
 ^f? .: ^:7?t -->feM6 ; i *S1 - -*&*! $&:.: ', 
 
 
 
 
 ^^mmm^ 
 
 t > "^- j^^-jfe,;^ % -- - , / v ' ?: -fe 
 
 

 \ mm 
 
 V, , ahi*y> 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^K^^^^S^K^^ i^^fe- k. 
 
 P^^^^^^^m^^m^^&< 
 
 mf^^Mm 
 
 i-fllfr;-. i^^-^te :5 'mh :-^2i*> p *r,r^^.^R.\ ; -^ 
 
 ^x 
 
 M^M^^i^^^JiW^&^M^ 
 
 9&*^^v &^w^to^^S^= 
 
 ^rt : 
 
 S^trS#w 
 
 -|^%t^S i^>: %^^'' 
 
 V'^.'a' x * ? ' ' ^fe? ; v - 
 -'^^t' *^7f^:5 
 
 >f/ ^\^- v-s-^ ''-SJ& y ' -^.4 ./ i " "%. -^ \ -- *-&&*' i ' -' ' ~~ f *x ' - , ' -' "i,'-'-