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 Clark University, 
 
 WOECESTEE, MASS. 
 
 Opening Exercises. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1889. 
 
TRUSTEES. 
 
 President, - - - JONAS G. CLARK. 
 
 ( Charles Devens. 
 
 Vice-Presidents, - i GEORGE F. HOAR. 
 
 ( William W. Rice. 
 
 'Secretary, - - - FftANK P. GOULDING. 
 
 EULL, BOARD OF" TRUSTEES. 
 
 Jonas G. Clark. 
 Stephen Salisbury. John D. Washburn. 
 
 Charles Devens, Frank P. Goulding. 
 
 George F. Hoar. George Swan. 
 
 William W. Rice. Edward Cowles, M. D. 
 
 COMMITTEES. 
 FINANCE. BUILDINGS. 
 
 Jonas G. Clark. Jonas G. Clark. 
 
 Step^a^SgjIisbury. John D. Washburn. 
 
 Stephen Salisbury. 
 
 BY-LAWS 
 
 Jonas G. Clark. 
 William W. Rice. 
 John D. Washburn. 
 Stephen Salisbury. 
 George Swan. 
 
 James P. Hamilton, - Cashier. 
 
CLARK 
 
 i C Li ■ » Ul ' - 
 
 CCT a 1930 
 
 CF ILL 
 
 OPENING EXERCISES. 
 
 In accordance with a vote of the Trustees, the 
 dedicatory and opening exercises of Clark University 
 were held on Wednesday, October 2d, at three o'clock 
 in the afternoon, in the large hall of the University. 
 The Trustees had invited 
 
 The City Officials, 
 
 Clergymen of all Denominations, 
 
 Members of the Press, Bar and Medical Profes- 
 sions, 
 
 All Connected with Educational Institutions, 
 
 All Friends of the University. 
 
 An audience of fifteen hundred filled /L the avail- 
 able standing room and many could not gain entrance 
 to the hall. Seats were provided upon the platform 
 for the trustees and instructors. 
 
 General Charles Devens presided, and on taking 
 
 the chair spoke as follows : 
 Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 
 On behalf of the Founder and of the Corporate 
 Board of Trustees into whose hands he has confided 
 
his munificent gift, I cordially welcome all present to 
 the simple ceremony by which we propose to mark 
 the commencement of the work of this university. I 
 especially welcome the Mayor of the city, the principals 
 of its educational and literary institutions and their 
 associates, the clergy and all those whom we have 
 invited to meet us on this interesting«occasion. While 
 we have not , extended our invitations outside of the 
 limits of the city to many friends of science and 
 education whose appreciation and encouragement we 
 highly value, it is because our present state of 
 preparation, although sufficient to justify us in com- 
 mencing the work in those departments of science 
 which we have announced for instruction, is less 
 complete than we could desire, although in matters of 
 detail rather than in those of substance. Whether 
 there shall be at some later period a more formal 
 opening or dedication, will be a matter hereafter 
 to be considered. 
 
 Two years since, in this month of October, we 
 assembled to lay the corner-stone of the edifice in 
 which we are gathered to-day. While most of us have 
 been permitted again to unite to-day, it is impossible 
 to forget that of the original Board of Trustees then 
 present, one of the number has passed away, and I 
 linger for a moment to recall a gentleman so modest, so 
 learned, so wise, that he inspired alike love and respect 
 among all classes and conditions of men ; a scholar, 
 who in the toils of an arduous profession, never forgot 
 his love of learning, a physician justly reckoned in this 
 Commonwealth among its masters of medical science, 
 and yet, broad and generous as even the boundaries 
 of that science, who never limited his knowledge or 
 his studies to it. I need not in this presence say that 
 
I allude to the late Dr. Joseph Sargent. His loss was 
 a public one, to the community in which he dwelt, to 
 the State of which he was a citizen, to the charitable 
 and educational institutions with which he was con- 
 nected, in which we as his associates were compelled 
 to bear our share. 
 
 The edifice of which we then laid the corner-stone 
 and the laboratory which supplements it are completed 
 and furnished — intended for the purposes of investiga- 
 tion and instruction, its library halls and rooms for 
 recitations will be seen to be commodious and 
 convenient. The solidity and thoroughness which 
 characterizes these external structures will, we hope, in 
 a greater degree mark the education offered and the 
 studies pursued here. 
 
 It has been determined after full discussion to 
 commence our courses of instruction in five different 
 departments of science only, instead of at once 
 undertaking all those with which we hope and con- 
 fidently expect hereafter to deal, and to proceed 
 further only as we shall be satisfied that we have 
 reached, in what we have undertaken, the fullest 
 proficiency. 
 
 For these departments an ample corps of professors 
 and instructors (whose competency we cannot doubt) 
 has been provided, whom I cordially welcome on 
 behalf of the Founder and Trustees, and whom I know 
 will also be welcomed by the scholars and educators 
 and by all the citizens of this prosperous and hospitable 
 city. In apportioning their labors we have sought 
 that they should not be so incumbered by the work of 
 the immediate instruction of pupils that they shall 
 in any important degree be deprived of the opportunity 
 of pursuing themselves those scientific investigations 
 
4 
 
 which the whole community may properly look for 
 and expect from a university. 
 
 Some time since we invited Prof. G. Stanley Hall, of 
 Johns Hopkins University, to aid us in the organization 
 and preparation of our. University and to become its 
 first President. It might be indelicate in his presence 
 to say how warmly our choice has been approved by 
 most eminent scholars and scientists, perhaps even ta 
 say how much we feel that we have cause to felicitate 
 ourselves that we have been able to secure his ser- 
 vices, but it is not indelicate to assure him, as we reach 
 this important era, on behalf of the Founder and the 
 Trustees, of the respect and esteem in which, after an 
 intercourse of more than a year and a half, we hold 
 him, and of our entire confidence in his judgment 
 and ability. 
 
 President Hall will in his address say something of 
 his scheme for the University and the place which he 
 shall desire to have it fill among the educational 
 institutions of the country. 
 
 The moment of commencing a great enterprise, if 
 one of hope, is one of anxiety also. Of those to 
 whom much is given much is rightfully required. We 
 have received from the Founder of the University a 
 most generous gift, the good effect of which, if wisely 
 used, will be felt long after the grass grows green above 
 each one of us. It has been supplemented by those 
 provisions made by himself and his estimable and 
 honored wife, which, by means of fellowships, open 
 the gates of the University to those of narrow means. 
 In all that has been done it has been the wish of the 
 Trustees to keep themselves in communication with 
 the best thought, the noblest feeling, the highest aspi- 
 rations of the age in which we live. Nor can we 
 
speak words to-day more appropriate than those used 
 by the Founder at the laying of the corner stone, 
 worthy as they are, to be renewed again and again at 
 every advancing step of the University, — "We there- 
 fore here and now dedicate this university to science, 
 letters, art and human progress ; and may the giver 
 of all good crown its efforts and labors with his con- 
 stant and abundant blessing." 
 
 At the close of his remarks, Judge Devens called 
 upon the Reverend Calvin Stebbins to offer prayer. 
 
 Mr. Jonas G. Clark, the Founder of the University, 
 then made the following address : 
 
 The occasion which calls us together to-day marks 
 a decided as well as an original step in our undertak- 
 ing. Scarcely more than thirty months ago we form- 
 ally entered upon our work by accepting the charter 
 granted by the Legislature of the Commonwealth, and 
 by completing our organization under its several 
 provisions. During this time we have made perhaps 
 as rapid progress as could reasonably have been 
 expected when we take into consideration the greatness 
 ot the work and the almost infinite variety of detail 
 involved in its execution. 
 
 In the progress of our labors we have met with as 
 few obstacles as could have been anticitipated, and we 
 present to-day, as the result of those labors, the main 
 building of the University fully completed and 
 ready for occupancy, and a building for a Labora- 
 
6 
 
 tory far enough advanced to answer all our present 
 requirements. Both buildings are receiving the nec- 
 essary equipments and furniture to render them avail- 
 able for practical use. 
 
 In our announcement of May 23rd, we proposed 
 to open on October 2nd for the commencement 
 of actual work. For this purpose we are now 
 here assembled. When we first entered upon our 
 work it was with a well defined plan and purpose, in 
 which plan and purpose we have steadily persevered, 
 turning neither to the right nor to the left. We have 
 wrought upon no vague conceptions nor suffered 
 ourselves to be borne upon the fluctuating and unstable 
 current of public opinion or public suggestions. We 
 started upon our career with the determinate view of 
 giving to the public all the benefits and advantages of 
 a university, comprehending full well what that implies, 
 and feeling the full force of the general understanding 
 that a university must, to a large degree, be a creation 
 of time and experience. We have, however, boldly 
 assumed as the foundation of our institution the 
 principles, the tests and the responsibilities of univer- 
 sities as they are everywhere recognized — but without 
 making any claim for the prestige or flavor which age 
 imparts to all things. It has therefore been our 
 purpose to lay our foundation broad and strong and 
 deep. In this we must necessarily lack the simple 
 element of years. We have what we believe to be 
 more valuable — the vast storehouse of the knowledge 
 and learning which have been accumulating for the 
 centuries that have gone before us, availing ourselves 
 of the privilege of drawing from this source, open to 
 all alike. We propose to go on to further and higher 
 achievements. We propose to put into the hands of 
 
those who are members of the University, engaged in 
 its several departments, every facility which money 
 can command — to the extent of our ability — in the 
 way of apparatus and appliances that can in any way 
 promote our object in this direction. To our present 
 departments we propose to add others from time to 
 time, as our means shall warrant and the exigencies 
 of the University shall seem to demand, always taking 
 those first whose domain lies nearest to those already 
 established, until the full scope and purpose of the 
 University shall have been accomplished. 
 
 These benefits and advantages thus briefly outlined, 
 we propose placing at the service of those who from 
 time to time seek, in good faith and honesty of 
 purpose, to pursue the study of science in its purity ; 
 and to engage in scientific research and investigation — 
 to such they are offered as far as possible free from all 
 trammels and hindrances, without any religious, polit- 
 ical or social tests. All that will be required of any 
 applicant will be evidence, disclosed by examinations 
 or otherwise, that his attainments are such as to qualify 
 him for the position which he seeks. 
 
 In the government of the University it is our aim 
 and fixed purpose that nothing like favoritism in any 
 form shall be allowed ; that everything approaching 
 religious, political or social bias shall be excluded, and 
 in nothing can the friends of the University more 
 fervently unite than in the prayer that in all times 
 hereafter everything connected with its administration 
 or the ordering of its internal arrangements, and in 
 dispensing its advantages or bestowing its favors — 
 either in the selection of officers or in the admission 
 of applicants for place — shall be kept free from this 
 baleful influence. Experience on every hand teaches 
 
us that the moment these influences gain a hold in the 
 councils of a university the effectiveness of its work 
 will be seriously impaired and its influence for good 
 weakened or altogether gone. 
 
 The Board of Trustees extend to the gentlemen who 
 constitute the Faculty, and in whose hands have been 
 committed the educational labors of the University, a 
 sincere welcome to our city. Their presence with us 
 will be an additional attraction to Worcester as a place 
 of residence, and will constitute a new and strong 
 claim for it to be regarded as one of the educational 
 centres of our country. 
 
 Personally, I avail myself of this occasion to extend 
 to my associates on the Board of Trustees my sincere 
 and grateful thanks for the earnest co-operation which 
 they have shown in the progress of our initiatory work ; 
 for the zeal they have constantly manifested in the 
 execution of the trust which they have accepted, for 
 the unwearied labor which they have ever given and 
 for their willingness to bestow their best care upon the 
 work which we have had in hand, that it might be 
 crowned with abundant success. 
 
 It is fitting, in conclusion, that I should allude to 
 the great loss we have sustained by the death of one 
 of the original members of our Board — a loss that 
 can scarcely be estimated by those unacquainted 
 with the labors, the duties and the responsibilities 
 which fall upon one who occupied his position. 
 Those labors and duties were always discharged by 
 him with the most scrupulous exactness and with a 
 care which could not have been excelled in the man- 
 agement of his private affairs. But it was not alone 
 upon the University that the great loss fell. Distin- 
 guished in various walks of life, exceptionally skilled 
 
in the exercise of his chosen profession, he acquired 
 and maintained through life an enviable and com- 
 manding position. He was an accomplished scholar, 
 an upright and large-hearted gentleman. We deeply 
 realize our loss, but feel that ours is not comparable 
 to that of his immediate family. They have our 
 warmest sympathies. 
 
 It now only remains for me in behalf of the Trustees 
 to announce the University open and to welcome all 
 those who desire to avail themselves of its benefits 
 and advantages. We pray for the future success of 
 the University which we now dedicate to science, 
 letters, art and human progress in their best and highest 
 forms. We invite the Divine aid ; and may the Giver 
 of all good crown its efforts and labors with His 
 constant and abundant blessing. 
 
 President G. Stanley Hall then delivered the fol- 
 lowing address : 
 
 We are here to mark in a simple way, as befits its 
 dignity, a rare event which we hope and pray may 
 prove not only the most important in the history of 
 this favored city, but of forever growing significance 
 for our state and nation, for culture and humanity. 
 
 Located with great forethought in a city whose cul- 
 ture ensures that enlightened public sentiment so 
 needful in maintaining the highest possible academic 
 standards, in a city whose wealth and good will, we 
 trust, are as fair a promise as can anywhere be given 
 or asked of that perpetual increase of revenue now 
 required by the rapid progress of science — in a city 
 
10 
 
 central among the best colleges of the East, whose 
 work we wish not only to supplement but to stimulate, 
 whose higher interests we hope to serve, and whose 
 good will and active co-operation we invite ; governed 
 by trustees of eminence in the nation as well as in the 
 state, who ask no sectarian and no political questions 
 of their appointees, whose influence without and 
 whose counsels within are of inestimable and well 
 appreciated value ; consecrating ourselves to the toil 
 of science at an hour so peculiarly critical and so 
 opportune in the university development of the coun- 
 try, I must believe that not only every intelligent 
 inhabitant of Worcester, but every unbiased friend of 
 higher education everywhere, will wish to add to our 
 already unexpectedly large endowment of public and 
 private good will at home and abroad, his and her 
 hearty, ungrudging and reiterated God-speed. 
 
 Just because, instead of the easy and wasteful task 
 of repeating what is already well done about us, we 
 strive to take the inevitable next step and to be the 
 first, if we can, upon the higher plane ; because we must 
 study not only to utilize all available experience wher- 
 ever we can, but to be wisely bold in innovations 
 wherever we must ; because there will be indifference 
 and misconception from friends who do not see all 
 the importance of our work at first ; because there are 
 difficulties inherent in the very nature of that work 
 itself as great as the work is needed, we must go 
 slowly and surely, establishing but few departments at 
 first, and when they are made the best possible, adding 
 new and most related ones as fast as we can find the 
 men and money to support them. We must prolong 
 the formative period of foundation, and must each and 
 every one realize well that we are just entering upon 
 
11 
 
 years of unremitting toil, in which patience and hope 
 will be tempered with trial. But our cause is itself 
 an inspiration, for it is in the current of all good 
 tendencies in higher education, and of the ultimate 
 success of what is this day begun, there is not a shadow 
 of doubt or of fear. 
 
 Our history begins more than twenty years ago, in 
 the plans of a reticent and sagacious man, whose leave 
 we cannot here await to speak of, who in affluence 
 maintains the simple and regular mode of life inbred 
 in the plain New England home of his boyhood ; — 
 plans that have steadily grown with his fortune and 
 that have been followed and encouraged with an eager 
 and growing interest, which extended to even minor 
 items by the devoted companion of his life. Besides 
 a large fund already placed to our account, he has 
 given his experience and unremitting daily care, worth 
 to us large sums in economies, and resulting in well 
 appointed buildings, and a solidity of materials and a 
 thoroughness of workmanship which I believe are 
 without a parallel of their cost and kind in the country. 
 Not only in the multifarious work of the university 
 office, its methods of estimates, orders, book-keeping, of 
 individual accountability for all books, apparatus, sup- 
 plies and furniture, but in the larger questions of 
 university polity without and effective administration 
 within, in the definition of duty for each officer, the 
 strict subordination and the concentration of authority 
 and responsibility sure to appeal to all who have the 
 instinct of discipline, and which are exceptionally 
 needful where the life of science is to be so free, and 
 the policy so independent ; in the express exemption, 
 
12 
 
 too, of all instructors who can sustain the ardor of 
 research from excessive teaching and examination, in 
 the appointment of assistants in a way to keep each 
 member of the staff at his best work, and to avoid the 
 too common and wasteful practice in American 
 universities of letting four thousand dollar men do 
 four hundred dollar work, in the ample equipment of 
 each department, that no force be lost on inferior 
 tools — in all these and many other respects the ideal 
 of our founder has been to make everywhere an 
 independent application of the simplest and severest 
 but also the largest principles of business economy. 
 
 As business absorbs more and more of the talent 
 and energy of the world, its considerations more and 
 more prevading if not subordinating, whether for 
 better or worse, not only the arts, the school, 
 the press, but all departments of church and 
 state, making peace and war, cities or deserts, so 
 science is slowly pervading and profoundly modifying 
 literature, philosophy, education, religion and every 
 domain of culture. Both at their best have dangers and 
 are severe schools of integrity. The directness, sim- 
 plicity, certainty and absorption in work so character- 
 istic of both are setting new fashions in manners, and 
 even in morals, and bringing man into closer contact 
 with the world as it is. Both are binding the universe 
 together into new unities and imposing a discipline 
 ever severer for body and mind. When their work, 
 purified of deceit and error, is finished, the period of 
 history we now call modern will be rounded to 
 completeness, culture will have abandoned much use- 
 less luggage, the chasm between instruction and educa- 
 tion will be less disastrous, and all the highest and 
 
13 
 
 most sacred of human ideals will not be lost or dimmed,, 
 but will become nearer and more real. 
 
 When one who has graduated with highest honors 
 from this rigorous school of business, after spending 
 eight years of travel abroad studying the means by 
 which knowledge and culture, the most precious 
 riches of the race, are increased and transmitted, and 
 finding no reason why our country, which so excels 
 in business, should be content with the second best 
 in science, devotes to its services not only his fortune 
 at the end of his life, but also years yet fall of excep- 
 tional and unabated energy, we see in such a fact not 
 only the normal, complete, if you please, post-graduate 
 ethical maturity of an individual business life, but also 
 a type and promise of what wealth now seems likely to 
 do for higher education in America. It is no marvel 
 that our foundation has already been so often so conspic- 
 uously and so favorably noted in authoritative ways and 
 places in an european land where, if monarchy should 
 yield to a republic, university culture could not penetrate 
 its people as it now does. It is thus a more typical 
 and vital product of the national life at its best than 
 are foundations made by state or church in which to 
 train their servants. In thus giving his fortune to a 
 single highest end as sagaciously and actively as he has 
 acquired it, may our founder find a new completeness 
 of life in age, which Cicero did not know, and taste 
 
 u all the joy that lies 
 
 In a full self-sacrifice." 
 
 The very word science, especially when used in its 
 relation to business, is too often degraded by cheap 
 graduates who are just fit to look after established 
 
14 
 
 industrial processes, but are useless it competition finds 
 or needs new and better ones ; who certify to analyses 
 of commercial products that good chemists know are 
 impossible ; who, if international competition in manu- 
 factures were more free, would give place to better 
 trained, perhaps German, experts still faster than they 
 are doing; who, in criminal, medical and patent 
 law suits often have the address to carry judge and 
 jury against far better chemists, but who have no 
 conception of the higher quality and more rigorous 
 methods of their own science ; who make chemistry, 
 physics and geology mercenary, culinary, the servants 
 instead of the masters of industrial progress, and the very 
 " life-springs of all the arts of peace or war." This 
 evil, although so great and common that even the best 
 men in other professions too rarely see the high ideal 
 culture power of real science, is yet only incidental 
 and temporary. 
 
 A good illustration of the high and normal techno- 
 logical value of pure science is at hand in dyeing, one 
 of the most scientific among the many and increasing 
 chemical industries. England furnishes nearly all the 
 raw, formerly valueless, material for coal tar colors, out 
 of which Germany made most of the seventeen and a 
 half million dollars' worth manufactured in 1880. 
 England bought back a large fraction of the colored 
 goods, and Germany made the profits, because she 
 could furnish the best training in pure chemistry. It 
 is for this reason that she is driving other countries 
 out of the field in other leading chemical industries. 
 The great factories there employ from two or three to 
 more than a score each of good, and often the best, 
 university trained chemists at large salaries, and the 
 best of these spend a good part of their time in original 
 
15 
 
 research in the factory laboratories. The prospect of 
 these lucrative careers has had very much to do in fill- 
 ing the chemical laboratories of the universities with 
 hundreds of students, and the German government 
 (best that of Prussia) has met the demand by erecting 
 and equipping new and sometimes magnificent labor- 
 atories at nearly all of her universities. New artificial 
 processes of making organic products of commerce 
 have freed thousands of acres of land where they were 
 formerly grown, and have made new industries and 
 often impaired old ones. Many professors of chemistry 
 make large outside incomes, nearly all are sanguine ; 
 some even declare that before very long leading drugs, 
 and even food, that will equal if not actually excel 
 nature's products, will be made artificially. The 
 leading professor in one of the largest chemical 
 laboratories of Germany told me in substance that he 
 no longer went after outside technical work, but now 
 made it a virtue to wait for it to seek him, and it has 
 been strongly urged that even the government should 
 take steps to prevent the migration of German chemists 
 to the universities of other countries, lest Germany 
 lose her pre-eminence in chemical industries. 
 
 This remarkable contact of the marvelous new busi- 
 ness life and energy of Germany, particularly of North 
 Germany, (which in both suddenness and vigor 
 equals any of the wonderful developments in this 
 country), with staid and tranquil academic ways, has 
 had some marked reverberations and given new direc- 
 tion and impetus to other studies in some other 
 departments where it is not directly felt. It has led 
 to the erection and equipment by the government of 
 great technological schools, and has shown to business 
 men and employers that no course in the sciences 
 
16 
 
 which underlie technology can be too advanced, pro- 
 longed or severe to be practical. Where ought the 
 value and significance of such a training be better 
 appreciated than here in the land of Fulton, Morse, 
 Bell and Edison? 
 
 There are, however, eminent chemists in Germany, 
 and many more in surrounding European countries, 
 who deplore what they call the irruption of the tech- 
 nical spirit into the universities. They fear the prox- 
 imity of the factory and the patent office to the univer- 
 sity laboratory has narrowed the field of view and 
 made methods of research relatively less severe, they 
 complain that in their teaching they must hasten over 
 inorganic chemistry, neglecting all the other elements 
 for the carbon compounds, and that there are almost 
 no inorganic chemists in Germany ; that in choosing 
 between several substances inviting research, one of 
 which promises great commercial value and the other 
 none, strict scientific impartiality is lost ; that in the 
 eagerness for practical results, problems are attempted 
 too complex for the present methods of experimenters 
 who are trying to " eat soup with a fork," as one sad- 
 ly told me, and that thus while published researches are 
 more numerous they are less thorough and have intro- 
 duced many formulae that neither prove nor agree, 
 so that much work now accepted must be done over 
 again and far more thoroughly ; that even Liebig set a 
 bad example in this respect, and that many new prod- 
 ucts, of which university chemists boast, are so inferior 
 to those of nature as to be really adulteration. 
 
 What I have tried to illustrate mainly in the field 
 of one science is more or less true under changed 
 ways and degrees in the sphere of others. The sciences 
 are also at the very heart of modern medical studies. 
 
17 
 
 Biology explores the laws of life upon which not only 
 these studies but human health, welfare and modern 
 conceptions of man and his place in nature so funda- 
 mentally rest. The law of the specific energy of 
 nerves, e. g. which Helmholtz says equals in importance 
 the Newtonian law of gravity, and more than anything 
 else made physiology the science which has had so 
 large a share in raising the medical profession in Ger- 
 many to a position in the intellectual world such as it 
 never had before, doing for it in some degree what 
 chemistry has done for dyeing, and even instruments 
 like the ophthalmoscope, which almost created a de- 
 partment of medical practice, or the spectroscope, 
 now indispensable in the Bessemer process, sugar re- 
 fining, in wine and color-dye tests, the detection of 
 photographic sensibilators, in the custom house and in 
 two important forms of medical diagnosis, — all these, 
 to cut short a long list of both epoch-making laws and 
 important instruments, are the direct products of whole 
 souled devotion to unremunerative scientific research. 
 It is hard for medical students to realize that they 
 can not understand hygiene, forensic medicine, phar- 
 macology and toxicology without a rigorous drill in 
 chemistry ; that they must know physics to understand 
 the diagnostic and therapeutic use of electricity, oph- 
 thalmology, otology, the mechanism of the bones, 
 muscles, circulation, etc. ; that zoology is needed to 
 teach sound philosophic thought, generic facts about 
 the laws of life, health, reproduction and disease. 
 These, and sometimes also sciences like mineralogy, 
 anthropology, and psychology, are required in Europe, 
 with much more rigor than is common with us, of 
 every medical student. Thus doctors, like technolo- 
 gists, cannot know too much pure science. An emi- 
 
18 
 
 nent medical practitioner in Europe compares young 
 physicians who slight the basal sciences of their pro- 
 fession and pass on to the clinical, therapeutic and 
 practical parts, to young men who grow prematurely 
 old and sterile. The phrase of Hippocrates, " God- 
 like is the physician who is also a philosopher/' is 
 still more true and good in its larger, more modern and 
 looser translation, viz., exalted is the physician who 
 knows not only the most approved methods of practice, 
 but also the pure sciences which underlie and determine 
 both the dignity and value of his profession. 
 
 Medical instruction on the one hand must select as its 
 foundation those sciences and those parts of the sci- 
 ences most useful in meeting man's great enemy, disease. 
 It needs far more anatomy than physics and little 
 mathematics, astronomy or geology. Technical in- 
 struction on the other hand is and must be so organ- 
 ized as to reflect the state of industry. It properly 
 lays more stress upon chemistry with its many applica- 
 tions than upon biology, which has far fewer ; more 
 upon electricity than upon molecular physics ; and 
 more upon organic than inorganic chemistry. The 
 university, which is entirely distinct from and higher 
 than any form of technical or professional instruction 
 can be, should represent the state of science per se. 
 It should be strong in those fields where science is 
 highly developed, and should pay less attention to 
 other departments of knowledge which have not 
 reached the scientific stage. It should be financially 
 and morally able to disregard practical application as 
 well as numbers of students. It should be a laboratory 
 of the highest possible human development in those 
 lines where educational values are the criterion of what 
 is taught or not taught, and the increase of knowledge 
 
19 
 
 and its diffusion among the few fit should be its ideal. 
 As another puts it, " The more and better books, ap- 
 paratus, collections and teachers, and the fewer but 
 more promising students, the better the work." In 
 Europe, besides its duty to science the university must 
 not fail of its practical duty to furnish to the state 
 good teachers, preachers, doctors, advocates, engin- 
 eers and technologists of various kinds. Here a uni- 
 versity can, if it chooses, do still better and devote 
 itself exclusively to the pure sciences. These once 
 understood, their applications are relatively easy and 
 quickly learned. The university must thus stand 
 above, subordinate and fructify the practical spirit, or 
 the latter will languish for want of science to apply. 
 
 The important facts that are both certain and exact, 
 and the completely verified laws, or well ordered, 
 welded cohesion of thought that approach such mental 
 continuity as makes firm, compactly woven intellectual 
 or cerebral tissue, are so precious in our distracted 
 and unsettled age, that it is no marvel that impartial 
 laymen in all walks of life are coming to regard modern 
 science in its pure high form as not only the greatest 
 achievement of the race thus far, but also as carrying 
 in it the greatest, though not yet well developed, cul- 
 ture power of the world, not only for knowledge but 
 also for feeling and conduct. It is of this power 
 that universities are the peculiar organs ; to them is 
 now committed the highest interests of man \ from them 
 and from science now comes the light and advance- 
 ment of the world. They became and remained the 
 asylums of free thought and conviction when Rome 
 and all other privileged orders declined, and their 
 germs were brought and piously and early planted on 
 these shores by our fathers. The term is not only 
 
20 
 
 "the noblest in the vocabulary of science," but uni- 
 versities are the chief nurseries of talent, where is 
 kept alive the holy fervor of investigation that in its 
 passion for truth is fearless of consequences and has 
 never been more truly and loftily ideal than now, when 
 its objects of study are often most crassly material. It 
 is their quality more than anything else that determines 
 not only the status of the medical and all technological 
 professions, but also whether the legal profession is 
 formal, narrow, mercenary and unlearned as it seems 
 now in danger of becoming, in Germany, because 
 even the German universities, despite their great 
 preeminence in all other respects, are by general 
 consent of the most competent Germans themselves 
 relatively weak in those departments which underlie 
 the practice of law or broadly based on history and 
 social or economic science, informed in administrative 
 experience, and culminating in judicial talent and 
 statesmanship. Universities largely determine whether 
 a land is cursed by a factious, superstitious, half- cultured 
 clergy, or blessed by ministers of divine truth, who 
 understand and believe the doctrines they teach ; who 
 attract and enlarge the most learned, and penetrate 
 the life of the poor and ignorant, quickening, comfort- 
 ing and informing in a way worthy the Great Teacher 
 himself; and making their profession as it should be — 
 the noblest of human callings. 
 
 Compared with our material progress, we are not 
 only making no progress, but are falling behind in higher 
 education. It has been estimated that but five per 
 cent, of the practicing physicians of this country have 
 had a liberal education, and that sixty per cent, of our 
 medical schools require practically no preliminary 
 training whatever for admission, while European laws 
 
21 
 
 require a university training for every doctor before 
 he can practice. Again, we apply science with great 
 skill but create or advance it very little indeed. Should 
 the supply of European science, which now so 
 promptly finds its way here and fertilizes and stimulates 
 to more or less hopeful reaction our best scholars, and 
 upon which we live as upon charity, be cut off by some 
 great war or otherwise, the unbalanced and short- 
 sighted utilitarian tendencies now too prevalent here 
 would tend toward the same stagnation and routine 
 which similar tendencies unchecked long ago wrought 
 out in China. We all most heartily believe in and respect 
 technical and applied science and all grades of industrial 
 education, but these are as much out of place in a 
 truly academic university as money-changers were in 
 the temple of the Most High. 
 
 But yet the fact that these and other evils and 
 difficulties are now so widely seen and so deeply felt, 
 that endowments for higher education seem now the 
 order of the day, that the largest single endowment in 
 this country has already so effectively begun so many 
 reforms in scarcely more than a decade in Baltimore ; 
 that churchmen, statesmen and business men now 
 need only to see their own interests in a way a little 
 larger and broader, as they are now tending to do, to 
 co-operate more actively than they ever have done 
 in strengthening our best foundations — such considera- 
 tions sustain the larger and more hopeful view that 
 our country is already beginning to rise above the 
 respectable and complacent mediocrity still its curse 
 in every domain of culture, and will show that democracy 
 can produce — as it must or decline — the very highest 
 type of men as its leaders. The university problem 
 seems to be fairly upon us. We now need men in 
 
22 
 
 our chairs whose minds have got into independent 
 motion ; who are authorities and not echoes ; who have 
 the high moral qualities of plain and simple living 
 and self-sacrificing devotion to truth, and who show to 
 this community and the country the spectacle of men 
 absorbed in and living only for pure science and high 
 scholarship, and are not mere place-holders or sterile 
 routine pedagogues, and all needed material support 
 is sure to come. 
 
 A word so characteristic here that it might stand 
 upon our very seal, is concentration. Of this our 
 founder, in declining to scatter his resources among 
 the countless calls from individuals, institutions and 
 causes, from excellent to vicious, and refusing us as yet, 
 in the one work he has set out to accomplish, no 
 needed thing, sets an example. We have selected a 
 small but closely related group of five departments, 
 and shall at first focus all our means and care to make 
 these five the best possible. Neither the historical 
 origin nor the term university have anything to do with 
 completeness of the field of knowledge. The word 
 originally designated simply a corporation with peculiar 
 privileges and peculiarly independent to do what it 
 chose. We choose to assert the same privilege of 
 election for ourselves that other institutions allow their 
 students, and offer the latter in choosing their subjects 
 a larger option between institutions. The continental 
 habit of inter-university migration also on the part of 
 students, if once adopted here, would, no doubt, stimu- 
 late institutions no less than it has stimulated compet- 
 ing departments in the same university. Our plan in 
 this respect implies a specialization as imperatively 
 
23 
 
 needed for the advanced students, as it would we 
 admit, be unfortunate for students still in the disciplin- 
 ary collegiate stage. If our elementary schools are 
 inferior to the best in Europe, and if our fitting 
 schools are behind the French Lycee, the German 
 Gymnasium and the great English schools it is our 
 universities that are comparatively by far the weak- 
 est part of our national system. The best of these 
 best know that 50 or 100 instructors cannot do the 
 work of 350; that they cannot hope at present to 
 rival European governments which erect single uni- 
 versity buildings, costing nearly four million dollars 
 each, as at Berlin and Vienna, nor equal the clinical 
 opportunities of large European cities with poorer 
 populations and more concentrated hospital systems. 
 Our strongest universities are far too feeble to do 
 justice to all the departments, old and new, which 
 they undertake. Our institutions are also too uni- 
 form ; the small and weak ones try to copy every 
 new departure of the stronger ones as the latter 
 copy the far stronger institutions in Europe. If the 
 best of them would do work of real university grade, 
 they should specialize among the fields of academic 
 culture, doing well what they do, but not attempting to 
 do everything, the American system might yet come to 
 represent the highest educational needs of the 
 country. In contrast with the present ideal of hori- 
 zontal expansion and the waste of unnecessary dupli- 
 cation, we believe our departure will be as useful as 
 it is new. 
 
 Again, concentration is now the master word of 
 education. In no country has the amount of individual 
 information been so great, the range of intelligence so 
 wide, the number of studies attempted by young men 
 
24 
 
 in colleges and universities so large for the time and 
 labor given to each, the plea for liberal and general, 
 as distinct from special and exclusive studies, been so 
 strong. This is well, for general knowledge is the 
 best soil for any kind of eminence or culture to spring 
 from, and because power, though best applied on a 
 small surface, is best developed over a large one and 
 not in brains educated, as it were, in spots. More than 
 this, our utilitarian ideal of general knowledge is far 
 more akin to that of Hippias, who would make his 
 own clothes and shoes, cook his own food, etc., or to 
 that of Diderot, who would learn all trades, than to 
 the noble Greek ideal of the symmetrical all-sided de- 
 velopment of all the powers of body and mind. The 
 more general knowledge the better; but everything 
 must shoot together in the brain. In the figure of 
 Ritcher, the sulphur, saltpeter, and charcoal must find 
 each other or the man makes no powder. The brain 
 must be trained to bring all that is in it to a sharp 
 focus without dispersive fringes. The natural instinct 
 of every ambitious youth is to excel, to do, or make 
 or know something better than any one else, to be an 
 authority, to surpass all others, if only in the most ac- 
 cumulated specialty. Learning thus what true mental 
 freedom is, he is more docile in all other directions. 
 If it be extravagant to say that no minds are so fee- 
 ble that they cannot excel, if they concenrate all their 
 energies upon a point sufficiently small, nothing is 
 more true than that the greatest powers fail if too 
 much is attempted. This is not only a wise instinct 
 that makes for economy, but in the parliamentary 
 committee rooms, in corporation meetings, in the court 
 room, in business, in science, in the sick chamber, 
 the modern world in nearly every department is now 
 
25 
 
 really governed by experts — by men who have at- 
 tained the mastery that comes by concentration. The 
 young man who has had the invaluable training of 
 abandoning himself to a long experimental research 
 upon some very special but happily chosen point was 
 typically illustrated in a man I knew. With the dig- 
 nity and sense of finality of the American senior year 
 quick within him, his first teacher in Germany told 
 him to study experimentally one of the score of muscles 
 of a frog's leg. He feared loss and limitation in try- 
 ing to focus all his energies upon so small and insig- 
 nificant an object. The mild dissipation of too gen- 
 eral culture, the love of freedom and frequent change, 
 aided by a taste for breezy philosophic romancing, 
 almost diverted him from the frog's leg. But as he 
 progressed he found that he must know in a more mi- 
 nute and practical way than before — in a way that made 
 previous knowledge seem unreal — certain definite 
 points in electricity, chemistry, mechanics, physiology, 
 etc., and bring them to bear in fruitful relation to each 
 other. As the experiments proceeded through the 
 winter, the history of previous views upon the subject 
 were studied and understood as never before and 
 broader biological relations gradually seen. The sum- 
 mer, and yet another year were passed upon this tiny 
 muscle, for he had seen that its laws and structure are 
 fundamentally the same in frogs and men, that just 
 such contractile tissue has done all the work man has 
 accomplished in the world, that muscles are the only 
 organ of the will. Thus, as the work went on, many 
 of the mysteries of the universe seemed to centre in 
 Jiis theme ; in fact, in the presence and study of this 
 
26 
 
 minute object of nature he had passed from the 
 attitude of Peter Bell, of whom the poet says, 
 
 U A cowslip by the river's brim 
 A yellow cowslip was to him, 
 And it was nothing more," 
 
 up to the standpoint of the seer who " plucked a 
 flower from the crannied wall," and realized that 
 
 could he but understand what it was, " root and 
 
 all and all in all, he would know what God and man is." 
 Even if my friend had contributed nothing in the 
 shape of discovery to the great temple of science, he 
 had felt the otnne tutit punctum of nature's organic 
 unity, he had felt the profound and religious conviction 
 that the world is lawful to the core ; he had experienced 
 what a truly liberal education, in the modern as distinct 
 from the mediaeval sense, really is. We may term it 
 non- professional specialization. 
 
 Perhaps the most thorough and comprehensive 
 government reports ever made in any language are 
 those of the English parliamentary commissioners on 
 endowments. The first of these occupied nearly 
 nineteen years and fills nearly two-score heavy folio 
 volumes. In all, about twenty thousand foundations, 
 new and centuries old, large and small, devoted to a 
 vast variety of uses, good and questionable, were 
 reported. The conclusions drawn from this field of 
 experience, which is far richer and wider in England 
 than elsewhere, was that of all the great popular 
 charities, higher education has proven safest, wisest 
 and best, and that for two chief reasons — first, because 
 the superior integrity and ability of the guardians who 
 consented to administer such funds, the intelligence 
 and grateful appreciation of those aided by them, and 
 
27 
 
 the strong public interest and resulting publicity — all 
 three combined to hold them perpetually truest to 
 the purpose and spirit of the founders ; and secondly, 
 because in improving higher education, all other 
 good causes are most effectively aided. The church 
 can in no other way be more fundamentally served than 
 by providing a still better training for her ministers 
 and missionaries. Charity for hospitals and almshouses 
 is holy, Christ-like work, but to provide a better training 
 for physicians and economists, teaches the world to 
 see and shun the causes of sickness and poverty. 
 Sympathy must always tenderly help the feeblest and 
 even the defective classes, but to help the strongest in 
 the struggle for existence, is to help not them alone, 
 but all others within their influence. 
 
 Of all the many ways of supporting the higher ed- 
 ucation, individual aid to deserving and meritorious 
 students is one of the most approved. In the Uni- 
 versity of Leipzic, e. g., four hundred and seven dis- 
 tinct funds can aid eight hundred and forty-nine 
 students. Of these funds the oldest was established 
 in 1325, and they are increasing in number, more new 
 ones having been given between 1880 and 1885 tnan 
 in any entire decade before. In size they range from 
 thirty-five thousand to fifty dollars, in Berlin from one 
 hundred and forty thousand to one of less than forty 
 dollars. In cases where conditions are specified the 
 most frequent limitation is to students from a certain 
 locality and next to those of a certain family. By the 
 older founders students of theology were more often 
 preferred, but the more recent funds are for medicine, 
 law, philology and pure science, and a fund of over two 
 hundred thousand lately given the University of Marburg 
 is for advanced students in those sciences which un- 
 
28 
 
 derlie medicine. These funds are often given, named 
 for, held and sometimes awarded by churches or their 
 pastors, magistrates, heads of fitting schools, boards 
 of education, representatives of prominent families, 
 for students of their name, the donor himself or her- 
 self, individual professors, etc., subject of course to 
 satisfying the university examiners. Many are tenable 
 for one, more for three, and some for five and six 
 years. The funds must be invested with pupilary se- 
 curity, and with interest commonly less than four per 
 cent. In Cambridge and Oxford provision is made 
 for nearly 1,000 fellows and eight hundred scholars, 
 not to mention the exhibitions at Oxford. The fellowships 
 are more lucrative and are designed for more advanced 
 men than are provided for in the German universities, 
 the fellows aiding the master in internal administration. 
 In England, besides the religious and other founders, 
 as in Germany, the great historic industrial and mer- 
 cantile corporations provide many of the fellowships 
 and scholarships, particularly those of the sixteenth 
 and seventeenth centuries, and they are granted by 
 bishops, curates, heads of business corporations, mas- 
 ters of the great schools, heads or fellows of colleges. 
 In France, where these foundations were swept away 
 by the revolution, stipends and bursaries are provided 
 annually by the Government. New appropriations 
 for the most advanced students of all was the secret 
 of the remarkable Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 
 founded in 1868, of which a recent report just printed 
 for the Exposition says, condensing its substance, that 
 its purpose has always been to foster scientific zeal 
 with no shade of temporal interest, that it restored 
 the almost obliterated idea of higher education, gave 
 unity to scientific interests throughout France, and 
 
29 
 
 made her feel the scholarly desiderata of the age, 
 made young professors not only well instructed, but 
 trained in good methods, that although its profound 
 researches are not manifest to the public, has given a 
 more scientific character to all the faculties, and ren- 
 dered a service to the state out of all proportion to its 
 cost. In France individuals co-operate with the state 
 in this work. 
 
 Has there ever been devised a form of memorial to 
 and bearing the names of husbands, wives, children 
 or parents, by which even the smallest funds could be 
 bestowed in a way more lastingly expressive of the 
 individuality, spirit and the special lines of interest of 
 the donor, more worthy the dead and more helpful to 
 the highest ends of life ? Since the first endowment 
 of research in the Athenian Porch and Grove, thou- 
 sands and thousands of donations of this sort have 
 borne tangible witness to the sentiment so often and 
 vividly taught by Plato that in all the world there is no 
 object more worthy of reverence, love and service 
 than eugenic, eupeptic, well-bred, gifted young men, 
 for in them is the hope of the world. 
 
 The more advanced our standards are to be, the 
 fewer will be our students, and the more expensive 
 their needed outfit of books and apparatus. If we 
 divide our running expenses only by the number of 
 students our present fellowships and scholarships allow 
 us to receive out of our two hundred and fifty appli- 
 cants, the amount we spent per student, the first year, 
 will probably be without a parallel. Besides this, for a 
 number of students with important researches on hand 
 we are expending hundreds of dollars each for their 
 individual needs, and should be glad to do so for more 
 as good men. The best students very often graduate 
 
30 
 
 with empty pockets, but with their zeal and power at 
 its best, and when an extra year or two would make a 
 great difference in their entire career. Also, as the 
 field of knowledge grows more complex, the economy 
 of energy needed for concentration is impossible with- 
 out the leisure secured by comfortable support. 
 
 Connected with all the protection, exemptions and 
 privileges so dearly prized and tenaciously clung to by 
 the mediaeval universities, there have always been dan- 
 gers sometimes grave and not yet entirely obviated. 
 The new charity is often popularly called a science 
 as well as a virtue. Its axiom is that no man has a 
 right to give doles to beggars without satisfying him- 
 self personally or through some agency to that end 
 that his gift will do good and not harm to the recipi- 
 ent. History, and I may add personal observation, 
 shows that the same general law holds true to some 
 extent in universities. I believe they should not award 
 fellowships to men fresh from college (save in the very 
 rarest cases) , unless they are able to guide and direct 
 as well as to follow their woi*k in every detail. A fel- 
 low should be encouraged and stimulated by a daily 
 and familiar intercourse with the professors. His 
 methods, reading and researches should be kept at 
 their best and the entire resources of the institution 
 should be a soil for his most rapid and helpful growth. 
 Students thus served, even if their gratitude does not 
 prompt them, as in some late instances in Germany, to 
 study, revive and try to conform with piety to the ideal 
 of ancient and almost forgotten donors, whose pro- 
 visions they enjoyed, will not be lacking in apprecia- 
 tion. To appoint a man to use such funds in electing 
 among undergraduate courses, or to take his chances 
 among the confusing multifarious subjects offered in 
 
31 
 
 foreign institutions is, I believe, in most cases of small 
 utility, and in some cases that I know, positively- 
 harmful. May the methods of exclusion we are 
 studying be so effective that neither our precious 
 funds nor the precious energy of our instructors be 
 wasted upon the idle, stupid or unworthy students, 
 now too often exposed in vain for four years to the 
 contagion of knowledge. 
 
 " Education used to be a question for ladies and 
 for schoolmasters," said a French statesman last spring, 
 but it is now not only a question of state on which the 
 support of all great institutions depends, but the great 
 question into which all others issue if profoundly 
 discussed or studied. So greatly do republics need 
 the whole power of education, and so serious is their 
 struggle for existence against ignorance and its attend- 
 ant evils, that it has well been said that the problem 
 whether this form of government be permanent is at 
 bottom a question or education. But monarchies are 
 no less dependent upon the education of their leaders 
 and servants. In his faiftous address declaring that if 
 Germany was ever to be free and strong, it must be by 
 becoming the chief educational state of Europe, must 
 realize the platonic republic in which the education of 
 its youth was the highest care of the rulers, Fichte laid 
 down the policy which has been one of the chief 
 causes of the wonderful development of that country. 
 Moreover, evolution, which shows that even life itself is 
 but the education of protoplasm, cells and tissues, that 
 the play-instinct in children and the love of culture in 
 adults, not only measure the superfluous individ- 
 ual energy over and above that required by the pro- 
 cesses necessary to life, but are perhaps largely the same, 
 also makes it plain that the hunger for more and larger 
 
32 
 
 education of life is but the struggle of talent to the full 
 maturity and leadership which is its right. 
 
 For myself I have no stronger wish or resolve than 
 that in the peculiarly arduous labors I expect, I may 
 never forget that this institution should be a means ta 
 these high purposes and not degenerate to an end in 
 itself : and may it be as true of our graduates to re- 
 motest time, as it is of us in a unique way and degree 
 to-day, that we could not love Clark University so 
 much, loved we not science and education more. 
 
 Senator George F. Hoar then made the following 
 address : 
 
 An occasion so interesting as the opening of a 
 university ought not to pass by without some word of 
 public gratitude for the munificence that has founded 
 it, some utterance of gratulation and good cheer for 
 him who takes up the heavy burden of its administra- 
 tion, and some statement* of the beliefs, hopes 
 and conditions, under which this community welcomes 
 it, and is willing to adopt it among its governing 
 forces, to hold out a reasonable assurance of 
 its support. When the purpose of Mr. Clark was first 
 announced there were many people who thought it 
 would have been better to enlarge the resources of 
 some existing college. But, as his plans have gradually 
 unfolded, such critics have become satisfied, not only 
 that this university can do its work without jar or fric- 
 tion with any other, but that the time has come when 
 a work should be done in . this country which it may 
 not be wholly convenient for any other just now to un- 
 dertake. 
 
33 
 
 It would be hard to state too strongly the title to 
 public gratitude of a man who, after a life of extraordi- 
 nary success in great business transactions, devotes the 
 large fruits of that success to the benefit of his fellow 
 men, even if that were all. Such benefactions, though 
 hardly ever on so large a scale, are not unusual in this 
 country. They seem in our day to be the congenial 
 product of the American spirit. 
 
 Kal olde juev irpoorjuovrog ry iroT^ei roroiSe e") ivovro. 
 
 But certainly of all gifts for public objects there is 
 none so delightful to contemplate as the foundation of 
 a college. With rare exceptions it is the safest and 
 surest of all endowments. There may have been a 
 few obscure cases where an endowed institution of 
 learning has perished from the loss of its funds. But 
 they are almost unknown. These places become the 
 hallowed spots in the eyes of nations, like the scenes 
 of famous battles, or the places where the foundations 
 of great states have been laid, or where great civic 
 scenes have occurred, or the dwelling places or burial 
 places of heroes or statesmen. Pilgrims from afar 
 visit them. Foreign war spares them. They survive 
 all changes of constitution or dynasty. International 
 law throws its protection about them. In the bloodiest 
 and angriest civil strifes men 
 
 " Lift not their spears against the Muses' bower." 
 
 Their pupils, scattered over the country, retain an 
 attachment for them and for each other, which is . to 
 the college like a coat of chain armor, and which is 
 one of the strongest bonds of the national life itself. 
 
 It is curious to see the dates of the endowment of 
 the ten great schools of England ; Eton, 1440 ; 
 Winchester, 1380; Westminster, 1560; St. Paul's, 
 
34 
 
 1500; Merchants Taylors', 1560; Charter House, 
 1 6 1 1 ; Harrow, 1 5 7 1 ; Rugby, 1567; Shrewsbury, 
 1549 ; Christ's, 1552. At Winchester, William ofWyke- 
 ham, founded in 1380, a school which still stands, and 
 has remained through six dynasties. Hanover, Stuart, 
 Tudor, York, Lancaster, Plantagenet, have successfully 
 struggled for and occupied the English throne, while in 
 the building which Wykeham in his lifetime planned 
 and built, the scholars of Winchester are still governed 
 by the statutes which he framed. The origin of Oxford 
 and Cambridge, as of many of the universities of the 
 continent, is lost in the darkness of antiquity. 
 
 But I find an especial sublimity in the purpose of 
 the founder which gives this institution its distinctive 
 peculiarity, certainly among American institutions of 
 learning. It seems to me very remarkable that a man 
 whose own training and life, whose own disciplines and 
 successes have been among what are called practical 
 affairs, who in early life had so well known the need 
 of the strict economies in which our fathers in New 
 England brought up their children, should have con- 
 ceived the plan of endowing an institution where the 
 study of science for its own sake, as an end, and not 
 as an instrument, should be the leading object ; that 
 he should have called into its service eminent scholars 
 whose chief occupation is to be research rather than 
 teaching ; and should have understood so perfectly that 
 while waste and extravagance in the smallest things are 
 not only wrong but criminal, the costliest man or 
 equipment is often the cheapest, so the highest excel- 
 ence cannot otherwise be attained. 
 
 Those of us who have had any part in the organiza- 
 tion of this undertaking well know that the man who 
 founded it is still the wisest of its administrators. This 
 
35 
 
 whole people will join with them in the prayer that his 
 life may be long spared to witness the growth of the 
 tree he has planted, and to enjoy the gratitude of the 
 youth whose lives he has blessed. As God denied 
 children to Washington that his country might call 
 him father, so, to our founder shall, through remotest 
 time, uncounted generations educated by his bounty, 
 stand in the place of posterity. 
 
 Some questions or doubts have arisen in friendliest 
 quarters whether we may not find elements of weakness 
 in certain portions of oifr design. It is said that the 
 strength of the American university is its alumni • that 
 no endownment, however ample in the beginning, will 
 be enough to meet the new demands and great cost of 
 scientific education, or the emulations which must, 
 sooner or later, arise, without large and constant addi- 
 tion from the affection and gratitude of the graduates ; 
 and that, under our system of devotion by specialists 
 to a few special pursuits, neither class feeling, which is 
 born of community of studies, nor warmth of attach- 
 ment to the university as the alma mater who has 
 opened the eyes of the child to all knowledge and 
 beauty and truth, is likely to grow up. 
 
 It is said that our scheme does not include moral 
 or religious nurture, without which the chief end and 
 purpose of all education fail. 
 
 It is doubted, also, whether, after all, science has 
 any other proper function then that of the hand maiden 
 of human life ; whether the need of this country be not 
 still so great, both in the development of her vast re- 
 sources, and in the competition of her industries with 
 those of other countries, of all the aid which science 
 can lend her, that it is almost wasteful to use either the 
 
36 
 
 brains of her students or the resources of her capital, 
 for any other object. 
 
 These questions experience alone can finally answer ; 
 but we may perhaps say a word about them without 
 presumption. 
 
 There is no doubt that the relation of classmates to 
 each other has been a source of strength to our Amer- 
 ican colleges. Youths of the same age grow up to- 
 gether and pursue together the same prescribed studies. 
 They look back in after life on the same memories 
 and experience of the goldeh days of boyhood. But 
 that state of things is already changing. The elective 
 system and the increasing size of the classes have 
 already gone far to do it away. It is now almost un- 
 known in England. We hope to find an ample substi- 
 stute for it in the close and constant personal relation 
 between instructor and pupil. If we are able to bring 
 here great and shining lights of science, who shall con- 
 duct their pupils along the attractive paths of an origi- , 
 nal research, which they are to share and partake with 
 each other, we have no fear that our youth will fail in 
 gratitude and affection. The heart of no pupil of 
 Agassiz is likely to grow cold toward the spot hallowed 
 by the master's lessons. The thick warbled note of the 
 Attic bird never failed to bring back the olive groves 
 of Academe to the loving memory of the disciple of 
 Plato. 
 
 Let no man think that this university is to be indif- 
 ferent to the moral or religious character of her chil- 
 dren. She will signally fail in the judgment of those 
 who expect most from her, if the truths to be revealed 
 to those who study here shall fail to beget a spirit of 
 child-like reverence in the presence of the Author of 
 all truth, or if "by the unlocking of the gates of sense, 
 
37 
 
 and the kindling of a greater natural light, anything of 
 incredulity or intellectual night shall grow up in their 
 minds toward divine mysteries." 
 
 We do not exalt science above faith, or intellectual 
 attainment above moral character. The child that has 
 learned to govern its will by the golden rule, though it 
 can scarce count its fingers, is higher in the scale of be- 
 ing than the astronomer who has not learned that lesson, 
 though he know all Kepler's laws and have catalogued 
 the stars. Our pupils will come here, mature in years, 
 with characters largely formed. They will devote them- 
 selves to, and be absorbed by, the pursuit of truth. 
 They will have for guides, companions, and masters 
 men who will themselves be an example and an inspir- 
 ation to all moral excellence. There is little danger 
 that the tares will get into the measures that are 
 already filled with wheat. 
 
 Speaking now for myself alone, I have little sym- 
 pathy with that arrogant and disdainful spirit with 
 which some men who undertake, with little title, to 
 represent science in this country, sneer at any attempt 
 to make use of the forces she reveals to us for the 
 service of mankind. Some one said, the other day, 
 that science was becoming a hod-carrier. I do not 
 see why the term " hod-carrier " should express the 
 relation rather than the term " benefactress." I do 
 not see, either, that there is anything degrading in the 
 thought that the knowledge of the learned man enables 
 him to lift the burden, beneath which humanity is 
 bowed and bent. I do not know that science is 
 exempt from the divine law, "He that is greatest 
 among you, let him be the servant of all." If the 
 great forces of the universe perform all useful offices 
 for man, if the sunshine warm and light our dwellings, 
 
38 
 
 if gravitation move the world and keep it true to its 
 hour, nay, if it keep the temple or cathedral in its 
 place when the hod-carrier has builded it, I do not see 
 why it should not lend its beneficent aid to him also. 
 Our illustrious philosopher advised his countryman to 
 "hitch his wagon to' a star." The star will move no 
 less serenely on its sublime pathway when the wagon 
 is hitched to it. I do not know that any archangel or 
 goddess, however resplendent the wings, has yet been 
 constructed or imagined without feet. I do not know 
 that any archangel, however glorious, has ever been 
 created or imagined without sympathy for suffering 
 humanity, 
 
 I look for great advantage to the country, both in 
 wealth and power and in the comfort and moral im- 
 provement of the people by the application of science 
 to the useful arts. 
 
 But all this is very different from the hireling spirit, 
 which loses all interest in the revelations of divine 
 wisdom, but for the riches she displays in her left 
 hand ; all this is very different from requiring of the 
 investigator anything but the search for absolute truth. 
 Agassiz, who had no time to make money, and who 
 knew the rich treasures of the Calumet and Hecla 
 mine, without caring to take advantage of them ; 
 Henry, who knew the powers of magnetism years 
 before Morse came with his harness for the steed, are 
 still our best examples of the servant and teacher of 
 science. 
 
 So may this university of ours, modestly, yet hope- 
 fully, take its place in that lofty company. It will be 
 a base thing if we let it fail. Massachusetts in her 
 poverty and weakness created the common school and 
 the college. She will disdain to fall behind other 
 
39 
 
 countries in the higher education which the new cen- 
 turies require. 
 
 General Devens then called upon Rev. Edward 
 Everett Hale for remarks. 
 
 Dr. Hale, spoke briefly of the honor and privi- 
 lege it was to speak here. But a short time ago he 
 was present at the quarter millennium anniversary 
 of his college, and he wished he might be present 
 at the similar occasion in the history of this university. 
 But in place of this, people could look back among 
 the files of the papers and find his name with those 
 who spoke at the dedication. He wished he could 
 have foreseen the establishment of such an institution, 
 but he had not, though he could say that America 
 was doing wonderfully well for the Americans. It was 
 in the education of men that there was a lack of facil- 
 ities, especially in the education of those just out of 
 college. The progress of an education should not be 
 broken short when a man has just found out what he 
 wants ; when he has discovered what chemistry is, 
 what the study of physics implies, and so on. For 
 this purpose, it was that Clark University has been 
 organized. He said that he had been to many 
 university commencements, but never before had he 
 been present at the commencement of a university. 
 The country does not know yet the meaning of the 
 word university. Some think of the city of Paris as a 
 place where one goes to spend money for the opera, 
 or where, if they were lucky, they might see a revolu- 
 tion. But its great university is the greatest thing in 
 Paris. We go into our so-called universities and find 
 
40 
 
 professors explaining to the boys the difference 
 between the masculine and feminine genders. In the 
 Paris University the professors lecture to their equals ; 
 in America it ought to be the same. He said that he 
 was indebted to the audience for their kindness in 
 listening to him, and it was always a pleasure to talk to 
 a Worcester audience. He felt that America ought to 
 be able to teach Americans everything. It was true 
 though that men like Agassiz were Swiss and had 
 taught Americans, but he hoped that Clark University 
 might turn out many like him, who should give heart 
 and soul to the work of science. 
 
 U. S. Minister John D. Washburn, spoke as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 He thought it was worth while to come four 
 thousand miles to mingle his hopes and aspirations 
 with those of his associates. If it were merely 
 to express his personal sympathy, he would assume 
 that his presence would be an assurance of that, 
 but for the moment he held something more than a 
 personal relation to the occasion. He did not assume 
 to criticise past methods or any of the systems of other 
 institutions of the present day. In this departure re- 
 moving themselves in the first instance from rivalry 
 with any, conciliating the good will of all, he knew, 
 whatever the doubter or superficial critic may say, he 
 knew and testified before them that they had the sym- 
 pathy and jGod-speed of some of the highest institu- 
 tions of learning in the Old World and many of its 
 noblest apostles in every enlightened country of 
 Europe. He believed that at this stage in the world's 
 
41 
 
 development the plan here adopted was the wisest, 
 perhaps the only one, on which an institution of ad- 
 vanced learning could be framed and placed at once 
 in the position of doing the greatest possible amount 
 of good. The time is approaching in our country 
 when learning will be cherished for its own sake, not 
 merely nor mainly for the purpose of early entrance 
 on the harvest of pecuniary return, but because it is 
 recognized as one of the highest aims and privileges 
 in human life to help knowledge grow to more and 
 more. The hour has come, in the fullness of time, 
 when the practical may, without abandoning its own 
 ground, freely ana generously make room for the ideal 
 by its side. Of all the high qualities essential to the 
 administration of an institution, the highest and most 
 important is that of intellectual courage. Faithful to 
 ourselves, and to the noble founder, who this day 
 enters on those higher than earthly rewards, faithful 
 to the trust we have accepted and to the community 
 whose confidence we enjoy, and for whom we hold 
 this great blessing in trust, faithful in all things and 
 fearless as faithful we shall not fail. 
 
 The exercises closed with the benediction pro- 
 nounced by the Rev. Dr. Merriman. 
 
 E 
 
 GGT-; 1^30 
 / a ill 
 
43 
 
 ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS. 
 
 Hall, G. Stanley, 
 
 Michael, Arthur, 
 Michelson, A.JV., 
 Seasr, W.E., H<, r 
 Whitman, C. O., 1 
 
 Bolza, Oskar, 
 Donaldson, H. H., 
 Lombard, W. P., 
 Mall, F. P., 
 Nef, John U., 
 Sanford, E. C., 
 
 Boas, Franz, 
 Brace, De Witt B., 
 Burt, B. C, 
 Cook, Alfred, 
 Loeb, Morris, 
 MacDonald, Arthur, 
 McMurrich, J. P., 
 Muthmann, W., 
 Taber, Henry, 
 
 Albee, Ernest, 
 Benner, Henry, 
 Brown, E. N., 
 Bumpus, H. C, 
 Burnham, W. H., 
 
 94 Woodland Street 
 
 34 May Street 
 
 96 Woodland Street 
 
 14 May Street 
 
 936 Main Street 
 
 978 Main Street 
 873 Main Street 
 17 Hammond Street 
 862 Main Street 
 939 Main Street 
 21 Oread Place 
 
 210 Beacon Street 
 
 80 Woodand Street 
 
 978 Main Street 
 
 9 Maywood Street 
 
 77 Piedmont Street 
 881 Main Street 
 
 28 Woodland Street 
 
 1 Agawam Street 
 978 Main Street 
 
 862 1-2 Main Street 
 
44 
 
 Cardwell, J. C, 
 
 i Agawam Street 
 
 Clark, Thomas H., 
 
 14 Lancaster Street 
 
 Cravens, L. P., 
 
 
 Durand, W. F., 
 
 978 Main Street 
 
 Fulcomer, Daniel, 
 
 84 Woodland Street 
 
 Harrington, G. D. 
 
 5 Ripley Place 
 
 Harris, Rollin A., 
 
 1018 Main Street 
 
 Hodge, C. F., 
 
 3 Lowell Street 
 
 Maisch, H. C. C, 
 
 14 Crystal Street 
 
 Marsh, Chas. W., 
 
 70 Florence Street 
 
 Mayer, A. G., 
 
 9 Shirley Street 
 
 McAdie, Alexander, 
 
 7 Shirley Street 
 
 McCulloch, J. F., 
 
 8 Gates Street 
 
 Metzler, W. H., 
 
 428 Park Avenue 
 
 Miller, Dickinson S., 
 
 7 Shirley Street 
 
 Nichols, Herbert, 
 
 70 Florence Street 
 
 Orr, C. A., 
 
 
 Papcke, V., 
 
 14 Crystal Street 
 
 Ried, Camille, 
 
 84 Woodland Street 
 
 Stieglitz, Julius, 
 
 
 Swartz, Chas. K., 
 
 3 Lowell Street 
 
 Tuckermann, F., 
 
 64 William Street 
 
 Wadsworth, F. L. 0., 
 
 6 Castle Street 
 
 Warner, A. J., 
 
 6 Hancock Street 
 
 Watts, Oliver P., 
 
 9 Lagrange Street 
 
 Williams, J. F., 
 
 70 Florence Street 
 
 Wilson, Louis N., 
 
 1 1 Shirley Street 
 
 Young, J. W. A., 
 
 29 Benefit Street 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 
 3 0112111481963