V I Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign https://archive.org/details/yearbookfor1915a00illi STATE OF ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FRANK W. DE WOLF. Director bulletin No. ftfl N0 | S STATE LIBRARY JAN 23 1989 YEAR BOOK FOR 19 ILLINOIS DOCUMENTS ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT AND EGONOMIG AND GEOLOGICAL PAPERS Work in cooperation with U. S. Geological Survey PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA 1916 jrfT 7 G'b cU STATE GEOLOGICAL COMMISSION Edward F. Dunne, Chairman Governor of Illinois Thomas C. Chamberlin, Vice-Chairman Edmund J. James, Secretary President of the University of Illinois Frank W. DeWolf, Director Fred H. Kay, Asst. State Geologist LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL State Geological Survey, University of Illinois, November 3, 1916. Governor E. F. Dunne, Chairman, and Members of the Geological Com¬ mission, Gentlemen:—I submit herewith my administrative report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, accompanied by miscellaneous papers of economic interest, and recommend that they be published as Bulletin No. 33. Three of the papers have appeared as extracts from this bulletin, but the report on mineral resources of Illinois in 1915 and the oil reports for the Birds and Vincennes quadrangles are published for the first time. Very respectfully, Frank W. DeWolf, Director . GONTENTS PAGE 1. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT, BY F. W. DeWOLF. 11 2. MINERAL RESOURCES OF ILLINOIS IN 1915, BY H. J. SKEWES 27 3. PETROLEUM IN ILLINOIS IN 1914 AND 1915, BY FRED H. KAY. 71 4. GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE OF CANTON AND AVON QUAD¬ RANGLES, BY T. E. SAVAGE. 91 5. NOTES ON BREMEN ANTICLINE, RANDOLPH COUNTY, BY FRED H. KAY. 101 6. OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE, BY JOHN L. RICH 105 7. OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE, BY JOHN L. RICH . 147 Plan of third floor, Ceramics Building, occupied by the Illinois State Geological Survey ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT FROM JULY 1, 1915 TO JUNE 30, 1916 By F. W. DeWoli, Director OUTLINE PAGE Introduction . 12 General statement . 12 Organization and personnel. 12 Cooperation . 14 Geological section . 15 General stratigraphy . 15 Coal . 15 Oil and gas . 16 Ground water . 17 Clay . 17 Educational bulletins . 17 Overflowed lands . 18 Mineral statistics. 18 Bureau of information . 18 Topographic and drainage sections . 18 Publications . 21 Reports . 21 Maps . 21 Expenditures . 22 Recommendations . 23 Needs of the Geological Survey. 23 Form of appropriations . 25 Consolidation of State bureaus . 25 PLATE 1. Map showing progress of topographic surveys. 18 TABLE 1-—Progress of field work by the topographic and drainage sections. 20 2. —Total expenditures July 1, 1915 to June 30, 1916. 22 ( 11 ) 12 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Introduction GENERAL STATEMENT During the fiscal year 1915-1916, the Geological Survey completed a large amount of work on coal, oil and gas, ground water, clay, drainage, and educational bulletins. The usual amount of topographic mapping was done. The office was moved at the close of the year to the new Ceramics Building at the University, where ample space is provided for office, library, and laboratory work of all kinds. The beauty of the building and the prac¬ tical arrangement of rooms are illustrated by the frontispiece. The Survey is now better housed than any State Survey, and will doubtless be better able to work efficiently and economically. organization and personnel The Survey included a general office section and two technical sec¬ tions,—Geologic and Topographic, as before. Cooperation was maintained with the U. S. Bureau of Mines, two engineers of which are located at Urbana. The geologic section was administered by F. W. DeWolf, Direc¬ tor, and F. H. Kay, Assistant Director. The topographic section was in general charge of R. B. Marshall, Chief Geographer, U. S. Geological Survey, until his appointment as Superintendent of National Parks and the appointment of Sledge Tatum as Acting Chief Geographer. After the death of Mr. Tatum the work of administration was taken up by W. H. Herron, former Geographer of the Central Division for the U. S. Geological Survey, who was appointed Acting Chief Geographer. The U. S. Bureau of Mines is represented by H. I. Smith and J. R. Fleming, under the gen¬ eral supervision of G. S. Rice. Miss C. H. Thory acted in the capacity of Chief Clerk, assisted by Miss Faith Neighbour, as stenographer and clerk. Professors Salisbury, Grant, and Barrows continued to serve as con¬ sulting geologists, and professors Parr and Bartow as consulting chemists. R. T. Stull, Ceramist, was in general charge of the clay studies until he re¬ signed from the University of Illinois to accept a private position; his work was taken up by R. K. Hursh. Professors Weller, Savage, and Salisbury have given part time service to the Survey as geologists. G. H. Cady, Assistant Geologist, spent one month on the study of the La Salle anticline and the remainder of his time has been divided between quadrangle work and mining studies. Wallace Lee of the U. S. Geological Survey mapped the Shawneetown and part of the Equality quadrangles in cooperation with the State Geological Sur¬ vey. Fred H. Kay, Assistant State Geologist, completed a report on the coal resources of the Danville district. He then took up the oil work of ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 13 the Survey and spent two months in the field for a report on the oil in¬ dustry. A considerable amount of his time was given over to administrative work. T. E. Savage and J. L. Rich made new surveys of the Birds and Vincennes quadrangles and revised work on the Hardinville and Sumner quadrangles. C. B. Anderson continued work on artesian water resources of northeastern Illinois and submitted his report at the end of the year. Coal analyses and various chemical studies were carried on by J. M. Lindgren and D. F. McFarland, chemists, under the general direction of Professor Parr of the University of Illinois. Helen Skewes, Assistant Geologist, continued in charge of the technical files and of editing Survey publications. W. S. Nelson acted as Draftsman and Engineer. A number of other men served for short periods of time in the field and office. The organization of the Survey was as follows: COMMISSIONERS Governor E. F. Dunne, Chairman Professor T. C. Chamberlin, Vice-Chairman President E. J. James, Secretary. ADMINISTRATIVE WORK F. W. DeWolf. Director Fred H. Kay, Assistant State Geologist C. H. Thory, Chief Clerk geological section F. W. DeWolf, Geologist R. D. Salisbury, Consulting Geologist U. S. Grant, Consulting Geologist Harlan H. Barrows, Consulting Geologist S. W. Parr, Consulting Chemist Edward Bartow. Consulting Chemist Stuart Weller, Geologist T. E. Savage, Geologist Fred H. Kay, Geologist G. H. Cady, Geologist C. B. Anderson, Assistant Geologist J. L. Rich, Assistant Geologist W. C. Morse, Assistant Geologist Helen Skewes, Assistant Geologist Wallace Lee, Assistant Geologist R. T. Stull, Ceramist R. K. Hursh, Ceramist J. M. Lindgren, Chemist D. F. McFarland, Chemist W. S. Nelson, Engineering Draftsman M. K. Read, Field Assistant J. H. Bell, Field Assistant E. F. Relinquish Field Assistant O. F. Brooks, Office Assistant 14 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 S. T. Wallage, Office Assistant P. T. Primm, Office Assistant Faith Neighbour, Clerk TOPOGRAPHIC AND DRAINAGE SECTION The following members of the United States Geological Survey were engaged in the field work under cooperative agreement: Topographic mapping — C. W. Goodlove, Topographic Engineer Gilbert Young, Topographic Engineer J. A. Duck, Assistant Topographer F. W. Hughes, Assistant Topographer J. M. Rawls, Assistant Topographer R. L. Harrison, Assistant Topographer L. L. Lee, Assistant Topographer R. M. Herrington, Junior Topographer M. A. Roudabush, Junior Topographer H. E. Burney, Junior Topographer W. S. Gehres, Junior Topographer Primary traverse — J. H. Wilson, Assistant Topographer Levels — J. M. Rawls, Assistant Topographer R. G. Clinite, Junior Topographer J. M. Perkins, Junior Topographer W. S. Gehres, Junior Topographer COOPERATION Formal cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey has been main¬ tained in the topographic work, in geological surveys on quadrangle areas, and in the collection of mineral statistics. Drainage surveys along the Pecatonica River were completed also in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey. The U. S. Bureau of Mines and the Engineering Experiment Station, of the University of Illinois continued to cooperate with the Geological Survey in the publication of reports by the Illinois Coal Mining Investigations, the work of which was begun in 1912. The University of Chicago has kindly furnished office facilities for C. B. Anderson while writing his report. From year to year the cooperation between the Survey and various coal and oil companies becomes closer and the results to the Survey more beneficial. The past year has witnessed a large amount of drilling, espe¬ cially for oil; the information collected from various sources regarding the drill records will be of great value in adding to our knowledge of the underlying formations. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 15 Geological Section The administration of the geological section of the Survey has been in charge of the Director and the Assistant Director. A large amount of field work has been done and reports have been issued on coal, oil, lead, and zinc, and general educational topics. GENERAL STATIGRAPHY The Survey has persisted in its efforts to keep up to date on all of the drilling for oil, coal, and water. Arrangements have been made whereby the Ohio Oil Company notifies the Survey regarding the location of any new well being drilled for oil within the State, which greatly facilitates our securing records. Mr. Morse spent about two months in western Illi¬ nois collecting drill records from oil and water wells in counties bordering the Mississippi River. This work looks forward to additional field exam¬ ination of western Illinois for oil and gas. Professor Weller continued studies of the Missisippian formations of southern Illinois and the adjacent parts of Kentucky under a cooperative arrangement of the Kentucky Sur¬ vey and the U. S. Survey with that of Illinois. The work seems to establish a new classification which is satisfactory, but a further field conference is to be held during the coming season in order to adjust differences of opinion. Detailed mapping of the same area depends upon the success of these prelim¬ inary investigations. One month was spent by Mr. Cady in a detailed examination of the LaSalle anticline in the northern part of the State. The results of this examination will probably be published in one of the year books. The stratigraphy of the Birds, Vincennes, ITardinville, and Sumner quadrangles was the subject of special examinations by Mr. Rich and Professor Sav¬ age. The manuscript for geological folios for these two sets of quad¬ rangles was submitted to the U. S. Geological Survey for publication, and a State bulletin on the same area is now ready to be issued. The Coulter- ville quadrangle was practically finished by Mr. Cady, who has prepared a report for combination with a similar paper on the area immediately west. COAL A large amount of the work dealing distinctly with coal has been carried on by the Illinois Coal Mining Investigation, under a cooperative agreement between the State Geological Survey, the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois. During the early part of the year a report by Fred H. Kay and K. D. White on the coal resources of the Danville district was published. A similar report for the Franklin, Williamson, and Jefferson County area by G. H. Cady is in press. A report of the Jackson County area by Mr. Cady is ready for publication, and another on the Saline-Gallatin County area 16 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 is being prepared by the same author. The new year's work will take care of similar reports of the Springfield-Peoria region and for the west¬ ern Illinois area. After the completion of all the district reports it is planned to publish a summary report covering the coal resources of the entire State. This will be the most complete report of its kind ever pub¬ lished for Illinois. Two reports on evidences of subsidence due to coal mining in Illinois have been written by L. E. Young. The first general report is being pub¬ lished by an arrangement with the Engineering Experiment Station. The second report, referring especially to Illinois, is ready for publication and will be sent to press early in the fall. Detailed investigation of the coal in the Shawneetown and Equality quadrangles was undertaken by Wallace Lee of the U. S. Geological Sur¬ vey, in cooperation with the State Geological Survey. The work was not completed and will be continued by Mr. Charles Butts of the Federal Sur¬ vey during the field season of 1916. The resulting folio will be one of the most important yet published for Illinois. Professor S. W. Parr submitted a manuscript for Bulletin Xo. 3 of the Illinois Coal Mining Investigation entitled “Chemical Studies of Illinois Coals." This book is in press at the close of the fiscal year and will be ready for distribution in the fall. A report on clay material available at coal mines was submitted in September, 1915, but requires some additional work before publication on ac¬ count of Prof. Stull’s resignation from the University. The extra work will be undertaken by Mr. R. K. Hursh and it is expected that the bulle¬ tin will be distributed before January 1, 1917. A coal mine map of Illinois was prepared and sent to the printer before the close of the fiscal year. The map contains all of the shipping coal mines in the State with a reference number to a list of mines printed on the same sheet. It is planned to distribute the map in AMvember. OIL AND GAS Production of petroleum for the calendar year 1915 totaled 19.041,695 barrels with a value of $18,655,850 as compared with 21,919,749 barrels in 1914, with a value of $25,426,179. Inactivity marked the first half of 1915 until the rapidly advancing prices brought a response in development work during the final months of the year. The Staunton gas field, which was predicted by the Survey, was discovered early in 1915 and develop¬ ment work continued throughout most of the year. The first half of 1916 witnessed a remarkable rise in the price of crude oil and a consequent increase in development work. Mr. Kay spent two months in the oil fields of the State at the close of the calendar year 1915 gathering information on the oil industry, which ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 17 was published as Extracts from Bulletin No. 33, together with a paper on the geologic structure of the Canton and Avon quadrangles by T. E. Savage. Mr. Kay also made a short examination of the Bremen anticline in Randolph County and issued a report as Second Extract from Bulletin No. 33. Mr. Nelson and rodman ran detailed levels in the Staunton gas field and the results were embodied in Extract from Bulletin No. 33. In this paper recommendations were made for the extension of the produc¬ ing area. J. L. Rich, a levelman, and two rodmen were engaged through the field season of 1915 on new surveys of the Birds and Vincennes quad¬ rangles and on the revision of the Hardinville and Sumner quadrangles for publication as geological folios and as State bulletins. T. E. Savage and assistant were engaged practically two months on the same area, more es¬ pecially on the stratigraphy of the upper beds. At the close of the fiscal year, Mr. Kay made a hasty trip through the western part of Illinois for the purpose of selecting favorable areas for geologic work. Detailed structural work was begun at the south end of the State. A preliminary report will be issued in September. Because of the insistent demands for information regarding oil and gas in this State, it is the policy of the Survey to make available all reliable informa¬ tion at the earliest possible date. A large number of inquiries regarding areas favorable for oil and gas, have been received and answered both in personal conference and by correspondence. The Survey plans to keep in close touch with operations and to make readily accessible any information that will be of value to the public. GROUND WATER Mr. Anderson continued his study of artesian water resources of northeastern Illinois until the end of December. Since that time he has given part time service to the preparation of his report, and it is now ready for editing, prior to publication. The bulletin promises to be of great value to those interested in the water supply of Chicago and vicinity. CLAY The results of burning tests on a large number of samples collected in 1913 from the roof and floor of coal mines in the State were sub¬ mitted in a report by Professor Stull. Some additions are now being made by R. K. Hursh, and the bulletin will be printed during the fall. EDUCATIONAL BULLETINS Bulletin No. 26 on the geography and geology of the Galena-Eliza- beth area by A. C. Trowbridge, E. W. Shaw, and B. H. Shockel was printed and distributed, and Bulletin No. 27 on the geography of the upper Illinois Valley by C. O. Sauer will be distributed about October 1. 18 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 The geography of Illinois by Professors Salisbury and Barrows is in progress. The latter has made considerable headway on a preliminary study of historical and geographic facts. OVERFLOWED LANDS A report on reclamation of Spoon River Valley by J. G. Melluish of Bloomington, under contract with the Survey, was sublet by him for com¬ pletion to the Elliott and Harman Engineering Company of Peoria with the consent of the Director. The report is now in the hands of the printer and will be ready for distribution about September 15. The balance of the old appropriation for work on overflowed land was expended for a survey on the Pecatonica River, in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey. The survey was undertaken at the special request of the Rivers and Lakes Commission. It was finished in November and the published sheets were available in April. MINERAL STATISTICS The Survey has continued to cooperate with the U. S. Geological Survey in the collection of mineral statistics, and the results for the year 1915 are given on a later page. BUREAU OF INFORMATION The Survey maintains a bureau of information for the convenience of inquirers about mineral resources of Illinois. Requests are received in great numbers both from inside and outside the State. When possible, a bulletin containing the desired information is mailed. Frequently, how¬ ever, it is necessary to make special study and to reply by letter at some length. Many requests for the identification of minerals are received and answered promptly; others for chemical analysis of specimens are, for the most part, necessarily refused. It has been found that the collec¬ tion of a representative sample of a material and the investigation of its favorable occurrence for development are quite as essential and require expert advice, just as does chemical analysis. As a rule, therefore, un¬ less a representative of the Survey investigates and samples a mineral deposit, an analysis at public expense is not justified, particularly because otherwise Survey funds would be seriously depleted by work which fre¬ quently is of no permanent value. Preliminary examinations and opinions as to probable value of minerals are always cheerfully given. Topographic and Drainage Sections In accordance with the cooperative agreements the Commission al¬ lotted $9,000 for the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys in Illinois, and the United States Geological Survey allotted an equal amount. The Commission also made an additional allotment of $3,000 for a survey DEPARTMENT OF THE INTER FRANKLIN K. LANE, SECRETAP U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE. SECRETARY U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH DIRECTOR BULL. NO 33 PLATE I ILLINOIS TATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 19 of the Pecatonica Drainage Basin, which was met by an allotment of $1,500 by the Federal Survey. The following is a summary of the field and office work accomplished during the period July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, under the general direc¬ tion of Mr. W. H. Herron, Acting Chief Geographer, and under the im¬ mediate supervision of Mr. Glenn S. Smith, Geographer of the Central Division. The office drafting of the Morris quadrangle map and of the Peca¬ tonica Drainage Basin map was completed. On June 30, 1916, progress in the drafting of topographic maps had been made as follows: Alten- berg (Ill.) 9 per cent; Brownfield (Ill.-Ky.) 98 per cent; Campbell Hill (Ill.) 38 per cent. The adjustment of the levels for the Campbell Hill, Freeport, Morris, Pecatonica, Rockford, Vienna, and Wilmington quadrangles was com¬ pleted, and the final computation of geographic positions was made for the Belvidere, Campbell Hill, Dongola, Essex, Joliet, Joppa, Marion, Oregon, Pecatonica, Peotone, Rockford, Vienna, and Wilmington quadrangles. The methods of the Pecatonica survey party are described as follows: The horizontal control consisted of primary traverse run with transit and steel chain lines about six miles apart, locating all section corners, road crossings, et cetera, along the line and establishing permanent marks at intervals of six miles. This control was then computed and the latitudes and longitudes of all points determined were plotted on planetable sheets covering an area of 7G minutes each for the use of topographers in the field, polyconic projections being used. From these localized points, the topographer by means of the telescopic alidade and planetable ran control lines, using stadia measurements, connecting the section comers within the area surrounding the primary 7 traverse, to which were adjusted the land lines by use of the Land Office measurements. The vertical control was based on mean sea level datum and was run with a 20-inch Y level and New York rod, using steel pin for turning points, the limit of closure being .05 V length of circuit in miles and the length of sights limited to 300 feet. Level lines were run on both sides of the valley, with cross lines about six miles apart, establishing permanent bench marks every three miles and temporary bench marks every mile. With the control plotted on a planetable sheet, the topographic party, consisting of a topographic engineer, recorder, and two stadia rodmen, equipped with a telescopic alidade and 18 by 24 inch planetable board mounted on a Johnson tripod, with a magnetic compass or solar chart for orientation, proceeds to locate the topographic features by stadia measurements and vertical angles, an average of 100 points being located to the square mile, thus insuring an accurate topographic map. In the wooded area traverse lines were run at such intervals as would insure the same degree of accuracy as in the open country, and it is safe to say that the elevations shown by the contours on these maps are correct within .4 foot. The area of the map was extended to show the line of the bluffs and carried up the valleys of the incoming drainage far enough to take care of the backwater of the Pecatonica River. The methods employed on the Pecatonica River survey are very* similar to those used in connection with the Embarrass and Spoon River projects. Table 1. — Progress of field work by the topographic and drainage sections 20 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 cj C/3 Ih 03 U H o o » C3J On 00 00 u a § M" NO CO C s c A3 £ pH 6 r>> P cu > rr> Os 00 eg cu lO T CO OnOOOOnC'OOOnCM ro 1—I rf i—i t-h CM CM CO ON CM On CM CM CM NO co NO C*j Cu CN K lt, OC CM t-h NO co M - LO CM CM 00 CM NO NO m t'x CM eft lO NO i—I o 1-1 1-1 1 —I t-h cm cm Tf LO <>> O O O O O O O o o o o o o o l_n in LT) LO LO LO LO CM CM CM CM CM CM CM NO NO NO NO NO NO NO o o o M" CM CU Oh O P CJ 03 c/3 c n cb O r- e 03 c/3 03 jz o rv ’3) *C O c/3 o c/3 A3 CJ u r— 1 H-P a c n 6 >; lb CJ CJ > 'o £ CJ Gri > • rH £ i O C/3 o o O 1—1 u c S-J rj CJ rt c C/} r-c CJ CO c/i r— 4 o >< "ft rt * £1 CJ CJ /*\ 5 < -4-> in <—i tc Cft ou^>p o o ^ .0 c Uh Ih o X +- O CJ c/3 03 o o be CU bo 03 .£ cb u o Ui 2 cn Q CJ > b NJ C/3 X ~ S -S c/3 c/} w P rt cj cj p p ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 21 Publications reports Specifications for printing and binding Survey reports were submitted for bids in December, and a contract was made with the Pantagraph Printing and Stationery Company of Bloomington, Illinois, with the ap¬ proval of the Superintendent of Printing. Publications of the year in¬ clude the following bulletins: Bulletin 31 : Oil investigations in Illinois in 1914. Bulletin 14: Illinois Coal Mining Investigations: Coal resources of the Dan¬ ville area. Bulletin 20: Miscellaneous oil and coal reports and administrative report for 1910 and 1911. Bulletin 26: Geology and geography of the Galena and Elizabeth quadrangles. The following Illinois Coal Mining Investigations bulletins are in press : Bulletin 15: Coal resources of Franklin, Williamson, and Jefferson counties, by G. H. Cady. Bulletin 3: Chemical studies of Illinois coal, by Professor S. W. Parr. Other reports awaiting printing are: Bulletin 27: Geography of the upper Illinois Valley, by Carl O. Sauer. Bulletin 23 : Miscellaneous papers of 1912. Bulletin 30: Miscellaneous papers of 1913 and 1914. Bulletin 33: Administrative report and miscellaneous papers for 1915. The distribution of these reports so as to prevent waste, and yet make them most widely available, has been in itself a considerable task. It is thought that the interests of all concerned would be best met if 500 copies of each report were reserved for sale at the cost of printing, the receipts from the sales being turned into the State treasury. This makes it pos¬ sible for libraries to complete their sets and for persons having real need for any of the volumes to obtain the earlier ones at small cost. The re¬ mainder of the edition is distributed by the Survey and the Secretary of State to institutions and individuals making application for them, or is exchanged with other Surveys or publishing organizations. Any of the published reports will be sent upon receipt of the amount noted. Money orders, drafts, and checks should be made payable to F. W. DeWolf, Director. MAPS A coal mine map of the State is being published on the scale of our large base map. Shipping coal mines are located hy symbols, with a number which refers to a printed list of mines and addresses. The map should be ready for distribution in September. Contracts have been let for topographic maps of Clinton and Monroe counties, and are being considered for Gallatin and Lawrence counties. 22 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 In the spring of 1917 similar maps for Randolph and Hardin counties will be ready for engraving. The publication of maps on a county-unit basis seems to be very popular and probably should be kept in mind in the selec¬ tion of quadrangles for topographic survey from year to year. The work proposed for the coming year will complete McDonough County. The accompanying illustration (PI. I) shows the areas for which topographic maps have been prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Geolo¬ gical Survey. Those already published may be obtained from this office by remitting 10 cents for each copy. As the maps do not conform to county lines, those desired should be ordered by quadrangle name. The topographic maps are distributed also from Washington. They may be purchased at the rate of 10 cents each, when fewer than 50 copies are purchased, but when they are ordered in lots of 50 or more copies, the price is 6 cents each. Drafts or money orders should be sent to the Direc¬ tor, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. He is not allowed to re¬ ceive postage stamps or personal checks in payment. Expenditures The total expenditures for the period from July 1, 1915 to June 30, 1916, were as follows: Table 2. —Total expenditures July i, 1913 to June 30 , 1916 General appropriation— Balance on hand July 1, 1915 Appropriation July 1, 1915.. $ 402.09 35,805.00 Total available . Expenditures July 1, 1915 to June 30, 1916— Salary and expenses of administration. Clerical help and general office expenses. Equipment for new offices. Postage for distribution of bulletins. Oil investigations . Coal investigations . Cooperative geological surveys (quadrangles) General stratigraphic studies . Water resources investigations . Clay resources investigations. Geological surveys (quadrangles). Structural geology . Educational series . Statistics . Miscellaneous . Topographic surveys . 6,491.03 4,804.72 1,153.55 451.00 1,247.30 948.21 4,093.56 602.06 1,127.23 250.00 30.00 369.98 309.30 114.90 247.13 6,149.60 $36,207.09 28,389.57 Balance available July 1, 1916 $ 7,817.52 ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 23 Special appropriation for survey and study of overflowed lands — Balance on hand July 1, 1915. A lAnrrvnrisitinn T 11 1 v 1 1915. $3,714.61 $3,714.61 $3,714.61 T'ntnl available . Expenditures Tulv 1 1915 to Tune 30, 1916. Ttalanrp availahlp Tnlv 1 1916 . — Appropriations for engraving and lithographing maps and illustrations— Balance on hand July 1, 1915. Appropriation July 1, 1915 . Total available . $ 120.04 2,500.00 $2,620.04 492.37 Expended July 1, 1915 to June 30, 1916. Balance available Tuly 1, 1916 . $2,127.67 $6,500.00 3,477.20 $3,022.80 Appropriation for printing and binding — Balance on hand July 1, 1915 . Appropriation July 1, 1915 . Total available . $6,500.00 Expended Tuly 1, 1915 to June 30, 1916. Balance available July 1, 1916. Recommendations (NOVEMBER, 1916) NEEDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Funds for the Geological Survey Commission have not been increased during the past three bienniums except that $10,000 for printing and binding was transferred to the Commission by the last General Assembly instead of being provided indirectly through the State Board of Contracts as form¬ erly. A relative loss of effective funds has been experienced because of increased cost of all kinds of work, including that intrusted to this Commis¬ sion. An increase of 8 per cent, or about $3,500 per year, in appropriations is urgent in order to maintain the past rate of various surveys related to development of coal, oil, and other State resources. Real additional increases in funds are needed in certain special lines, as follows: 7 opographic mapping .—Topographic mapping to date has included 52 quadrangles lying in 43 different counties and covering 11,700 square miles. Thus 20 per cent of the State has been finished. The usefulness of these surveys in efforts to develop natural resources, drain farm lands, and to build railroads and highways is beyond question. Other states appreciate 24 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 such surveys also, and maps have been completed or very nearly completed for Connecticut, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, Utah, and West Virginia. Illinois will not be completely mapped for 40 years if the present rate is continued, but larger appropria¬ tions should be made, especially now while the policy of the Federal Govern¬ ment is to allot an amount equal to that provided by the cooperating states. Therefore I strongly recommend that the State appropriate with a view to completing the surveys in 20 years. This requires an additional appropria¬ tion of $9,600 per year. Oil investigations .—Oil production in Illinois has declined 45 per cent since 1908, and the State is now fourth in rank instead of second. However, four new fields of oil or gas have been discovered by Survey work, other¬ wise the decline in production would be much greater. If rising costs of gasoline and oil are to be checked, it must be by the opening of new fields. I believe that additional fields can be found in Illinois and request increased funds in order that the past successes of the Survey can be repeated in much larger measure. An increased appropriation of $5,000 per year is needed. Clay investigations .—Development of Illinois clay materials for high- grade products is in its infancy, and progress demands State-wide investiga¬ tions. Ten years ago an unusual deposit in Union County was investigated and recommended for development on a large scale. Today it is considered equal or superior to clay imported before the war for making crucibles and retort linings. Similarly, a great clay belt in 15 western counties deserves investigation and development. Since clays which may be discovered by the Survey can now be tested in the new building of the Ceramics Depart¬ ment at the University of Illinois, there should be an adequate program of cooperation. The Survey should have an increase of at least $3,500 per annum for this purpose. Assembling these urgent items of incrase we have a total of $21,600 per annum. To meet increased costs .$ 3,500 Topographic mapping . 9,600 Oil investigations . 5,000 Clay investigations . 3,500 $21,600 The chief reason for a substantial increase of the work of the Geolog¬ ical Survey is that the expenditure is not for routine services, but is for scientific investigation looking toward the development of the resources of the State. The practical value of such work has sufficient proof from our own experiences as well as from other states and from foreign countries where industrial development is intense. Increased work will guarantee opportunities for profitable investment of capital and for employment of ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 25 our population. It will surely be more economical to utilize our own resources than to ship materials into our markets from other states and countries. FORM OF APPROPRIATIONS Great difficulty has been experienced in conducting the work of the Survey under the limitations of the detailed appropriation bill passed by the last General Assembly. Twenty-five distinct items were provided, and thus elasticity to meet changing conditions and needs of a two-year period was quite insufficient. Unusual competition for geologists exists at present because of com¬ mercial openings in many lines, especially in oil investigations. At other times men are more available and at lower salaries. The appropriations should be sufficiently elastic to permit the Geological Commission and the Civil Service Commission to meet changing conditions which are certain to arise and can not be foreseen. In general the interests of the State will be best served by making appropriations in suitable lump sums under a few specified items, such as: Salaries, Supplies, Equipment, and Open-order or Contract Service. CONSOLIDATION OF STATE BUREAUS The movement for consolidation of certain State bureaus doubtless deserves support in many instances. I venture to suggest, however, that the administration of the Illinois Geological Survey at the University under a small unpaid Commission is most conducive to successful service, and is essentially the same as the administration of the strongest and most effective surveys of the country. A change in organization should be undertaken only to effect better or more economical service. The recommendations of the Economy and Efficiency Commission to combine the Geological Sur¬ vey, the Water Survey, and the Natural History Survey would not provide any economy, and in my judgment could not increase the efficiency of the Geological Survey. Whereas this plan for combination is perhaps the least destructive that has been recently proposed, its constructive value may be seriously questioned. MINERAL RESOURCES IN ILLINOIS IN 1915 By H. J. Skewes OUTLINE PAGE Introduction . 28 Public interest in mineral resources. 28 Scope and purpose of report. 32 Acknowledgments . 32 Review of mineral resources. 32 Coal . 35 Coke . 41 Pig iron . 42 Petroleum . 42 Natural gas . 44 Gasoline . 45 Asphalt . 46 Clay-working industries . 46 Clay . 46 Clay products . 47 Sandstone and limestone. 48 Lime . 53 Cement . 54 Sand and gravel. 55 Fluorspar . 60 Mineral water . 61 Tripoli or silica. 62 Pyrite and sulphuric acid. 63 Lead, zinc, and silver. 63 Mineral paints . 66 Bibliography . 66 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1. Map showing coal and oil fields of Illinois. 36 2. Diagram showing production of coal in the leading counties of Illinois, 1899-1915 . 37 3. Diagram showing production of petroleum in the leading states, 1860-1915. 43 4. Map showing distribution of limestone quarries, 1915. 52 5. Map showing distribution of sand and gravel pits, 1915. 56 TABLES 3. Comparison of values of total mineral production in Illinois with those of total agricultural products, 1905-1915. 29 4. Output and value of mineral products in Illinois, 1906-1915. 30 5. Products and total mineral values by counties, 1915. 33 6. Average price per short ton of Illinois coal at mines, 1905-1915. 35 ( 27 ) 28 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 PAGE 7. Production of coal in Illinois by counties in short tons, 1905-1915. 38 8. Production of coal in Illinois by counties in short tons in 1915. 40 9. Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Illinois, 1905-1915. 41 10. Production in long tons and value of pig iron in Illinois, 1906-1915. 42 11. Marketed production of petroleum in Illinois, 1889-1915. 44 12. Record of natural gas industry in Illinois, 1906-1915. 45 13. Production of gasoline from natural gas in Illinois, 1913-1915. 46 14. Production in short tons and value of clay mined and marketed in Illinois, 1902-1915 . 47 15. Clay products in Illinois, 1906-1915. 48 16. Production and value of brick and draintile in Illinois by counties, 1914 and 1915 . 49 17. Values of production of sandstone and limestone in Illinois, 1902-1915.... 51 18. Lime burned in Illinois, 1904-1915. 53 19. Portland cement industry in Illinois, 1900-1915. 54 20. Production in short tons and values of different kinds of sand and gravel in Illinois, 1904-1915. 57 21. Production in short tons and value of sand and gravel in Illinois by coun¬ ties, 1914 and 1915. 58 22. Production in short tons and value of fluorspar in Illinois, 1902-1915. 61 23. Production in gallons and value of mineral water in Illinois, 1903-1915... 62 24. Production in short tons and value of tripoli mined in Illinois, 1909-1915.. 62 25. Production in long tons and value of pyrite mined in Illinois, 1909-1915.. 63 26. Tenor of lead and zinc ore and concentrates in Illinois, 1914 and 1915.... 65 27. Production and value of lead, zinc, and silver in Illinois, 1907-1915. 65 INTRODUCTION Public Interest in Mineral Resources Continued investigations in the State are rapidly revealing new sources of wealth until it has reached the front ranks among mineral-producing states, having been preceded only by Pennsylvania and West Virginia in 1915. Inasmuch as Illinois has always had so great a reputation as an agricultural State, comparatively few realize the increasing wealth arising from the growing mineral industries. A comparison of the figures for the total agricultural products in 1915 with the total mineral products for the same year is hardly an average true relationship as the agricultural produce for 1915 was phenomenal, the greatest in the history of the State. The increasing ratio of values of mineral production to agricultural produc¬ tion during the past 10 years (Table 3) will no doubt be an interesting revelation to many. The low ratio for 1915 is only temporary. Because of the tremendous importance of the mineral products of Illi¬ nois, this source of wealth and revenue rightfully demands the attention of its citizens, for the promotion of this phase of activity afifects the social and industrial interests of all, as history shows the advancement of civili¬ zation depends almost wholly on the development of mineral resources. A MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 29 Table 3. —Comparison of values of total mineral production in Illinois with those of total agricultural products, 1905-1915 Year Mineral production Agricultural production Ratio of values of mineral to agricul¬ tural production 1905 . $ 68,025,560 $272,794,107 Per cent 24.9 1906 . 72,723,572 253,409,404 28.7 1907 . 93,539,464 280,666,020 33.3 1908 . 92,765,688 276,614,637 33.5 1909 . 98,840,729 322,144,944 30.7 1910 . 98,891,759 297,976,709 33.2 1911 . 106,275,115 311,525,706 34.1 1912 . 123,068,867 285,249,557 43.2 1913 . 131,825,221 288,613,140 45.9 1914 . 117,145,108 289,781,140 40.4 1915 . 1 . 114,704,587 486,561,355 23.5 1 state that produces practically all the country's supply of fluorspar for the great steel industries, stands high in its output and value of cement, clay products, coal, pig iron, petroleum, sand and gravel, and tripoli is indeed worthy of special attention. It is interesting to note the increasing efficiency in the coal mining industry. In the past 10 years the production has increased from a yearly average of 670 tons per employee to 854 tons, due to a better class of mine workers, improved mining conditions, and modern mine equipment—con¬ tributions of labor, capital, and science. The ratio per thousand of lives lost in this work is now only 2.38 as compared with 3.4 in 1905. This human aspect must be encouraging to all interested in the welfare of fellow citizens. Thus to derive the maximum value from our mineral resources the earnest cooperation of the legislative and scientific departments of the State is necessary. It is a governmental duty to the industries to improve con¬ ditions and promote efficiency; with the scientific department rests the educational and investigative work that points out to the citizen the most certain investments of his money. Recent examples of this assistance of science to capital has been most striking in the oil industry. In early years it was the custom to put down many test holes in a wild and rambling fashion without any knowledge of the underground conditions. Now the custom is to make careful investigations as to the structure and other factors, based on rock outcrops and a few test holes intelligently placed. In this way the new and profitable oil field of Schuyler, Hancock, and McDonough counties was discovered. In 1915 the favorable structures (Staunton dome and Spanish Needle Creek dome) that had been pointed out and described by members of the State Geological Survey 1 and by Wallace Lee 2 of the lBlatchley, R. S., Oil and gas in Bond, Macoupin, and Montgomery counties: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 28, 1914. Also Kay, F. H., Coal resources of District VII: Ill. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 11, 1915. 2Lee. Wallace, Oil and gas in the Gillespie and Mt. Olive quadrangles: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 71, 1915. 30 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 *0) 3 C V C J3 13 u - c5 Ui 3 O a 3 rt 13 u u GJ o H t/5 E P o u c • • *+ U 13 u •a V • rs 3 *3 c3 3 3 u 'O c c V 3 — O ^3 co 3 4i v, ° V o 2 c > c 3 • — N CO 3 a> a> c — 3 3 3 U - ^ o x a u ts3 > > h e •© o MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 00 • NO 00 vr> T—H NO o r-H o NO On Ov o t-H CM VO CM CO co o vo On VO NO vo T-H t-H CO CO T—H c CO • o_ Ch NO ON NO OV - co 00 vo 3^ CO ON CM 3 * Tf" y—> (\f VO rC On CM w vo o vo CM T—H NO (M CM T-H 00 ON • M- Tf* Tf 00 T-H CM CM T—H CM vo to t—H NO >o CO r-H VO o On VO VO , NO 00 Tf M* On • vo Ov , VO • On On vo o 00 • On M- ^H NO CO 4-> VO VO • VO On >“S 00 On VO ^ M- • NO 00 o 00 VO ^H 4-* 00 VO • On NO VO oo Z Ov • t-H 3" 00 co VO G 00 CO CNJ 00 vo 00 VO t-H o 3 t-H Tf 00 NO M" vo o 3 a VO to 00 VO r-H CM ^H OV T-H CM <&- o M- CO vo M“ to T-H CM T-H r-H c 1 NO •to CM CM •» to vo t—H Tf ON t—H CO . 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M" Tf vo vo NO vo M* On M- 3* 3" CO CO VO VO 00 CM On ON M" 00 CM T-H vo T-H CM T—H *9- £ 00 On V—' vo CM VO NO co T—H CM CO VO CM 3 3 CO r—1 VO 00 On Ov ^H On T-H On On • NO 00 to 00 w CM 00 t-H a ' ’-f o r-H NO T-H CM T-H co CM VO o 00 CO co NO o CM VO vo o CM ON 3- tT ON O CM 00 On CO o vo r-H 00 On ’'’I' NO o 00 CM o O NO CO CO o On CO On NO 00 CO CO NO ON oo ON to vo CO ON NO 3 to o Tf On to NO 00 VO M- M- NO CM CM On CM T—H 3* o CM 13 w m- T“H ON NO vo CM T-H On ^ t-H CO NO CM 3- NO CM NO On m- CM CM o 00 T-H CO w NO co On 00 o VO On NO > *© CO VO o 00 to CM 3" T-H co' T-H t-H 00 w- T-H to M" CM 00 CM to to NO On NO Tt* o 00 CM o VO 00 CO ^H T—H 00 vo >» t-H CM M" T—H 00 VO CM o o O CO NO CM ■*-> to NO CM ON to CO CM M* NO CO o On CO o r-H •*-» CNJ VO Tj* M - NO r-H 00 ^ CO ^H M* o M" *9- c to ^-s o 00 NO /«n t-H o Os vj M- o CM vo NO 3 w VO 00 T-H 00 t-H vo ON T—H 3 a M" On ^H CM t-H 00 NO c vo CM T-H 00 r-H VO o CM • o NO Ov o CM OV O t-H O NO VO /—V o i—1 VO /—v CO CM NO NO • CO CM CO CM CM O CO ON NO o CO o M- CM to NO Ov Ux CO CO o Ov NO ON vo On ON 3- JS CO CO ON o T-H CM NO CO CM r>» TT o r-H oo VO o On 3 to to 00 CO T—H ON to 00 VO 00 CM 00 00 CO 3- On NO vo 3" 00 On > VO CO vo^ CO M- ^H ■M- . NO 3" OV t-H r-H CO* M" On NO y—< oT T—H co t-H r-H t—H m- to vo CO to r-H VO CM ON T-H r-H 00 CM T—H Tf On . o 00 ^H CO NO vo Ov >» Tf T—H ^H T-H 00 NO NO . VO CO 00 CO o T-H o 4J CO T-H CM 00 o Ov T-H • Ov O M- NO O 00 CM 4-» /*\ cm On o 00 VO cm : Tf N 00 CO M* G ■W A 00 T-H to NO CO On o t-H T-H 00 3" 3 w VO VO NO o CO CO Tt" T-H 3 a 3" « CO VO r-H CM t-H r—H CO 00 c n C/5 in c n CO C/5 in w in m Tl in in in in in c h c c c s c c c c c . 13 G c V G G o o u o o o o o o O tn o O o u O o u H-> -k- 4-» 4H 4H 4H 4-> 4H u 4-» 4-* c 4-> 4-» 3 C in c p u u JS 4-1 U ■- be 4-» U bo 4-> u t: v JS bo *-> u o 4-» U 4-» U 0 0 o o G o G o O 3 o G o V o o JS JS JS JS O JS O JS js be JS JS JS C/5 c/5 C/5 C/5 w C/5 w -h 3 too in G in in • Or us • "3 /—N • 3 . n G I ^3 3 3 4-* o \ 3 M 3 T3 • —5 o o • ^ NO r—4 u * N S-' 3 Oh in u 3 2 in H o C/5 >T • *3 in 3 u bo U 3 O Asphalt Briquets Cement . O p l >» a U *c5 O U Coke ... . o 13 6 •— u V Fluorspar Iron, pig Lead .... Lime ... Mineral p; £ 13 u V G • rr Natural g Petroleum Pyrite .. ”3 C rt T5 C « Silver . . . Stone . . . o u 3 -C *3 m Tripoli . . Zinc .... 0/ C ^3 13 o in c n 3 O > o c o • *+ js £ o JS rt > - ‘ » "rt *-* *j C O e r G CA 3 O O 3 X « W > e •=> 11 N § 6 •3 2 > 31 32 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 U. S. Geological Survey working in cooperation with the State, were tested and found to comply with all expectations. This method of systematic and intelligent procedure increases financial efficiency and makes for the advancement of society and industry. Scope and Purpose of Report It is the purpose of this report to present not only bare statistical figures for each mineral product, but to make new interpretations, to discuss chang¬ ing conditions and their causes, to present comparisons of figures, and to show the rank of the different counties of the State and of Illinois amongst other states in those products in which she has attained a prominent place. A little geology has also been presented where it has an interesting rela¬ tionship to statistics. It is hoped that the bibliography at the end of the paper may be of considerable assistance to many, as the Survey receives many requests for sources of information regarding the various mineral industries. Acknowledgments The mineral statistics for Illinois in 1915 were collected by the U. S. Geological Survey and the Illinois State Geological Survey in cooperation. Many of the figures used in this report are the result of compilations by the Federal Survey, as published in the series of Annual Reports and of the Mineral Resources of the United States. Acknowledgments are due also to individual members of the Survey who willingly rendered consider¬ able assistance. Review of Mineral Resources The value of the total mineral production in Illinois for 1915, ex¬ clusive of pig iron and coke, was $114,704,587, which ranked it third among the states, having been exceeded by Pennsylvania and West A ir- ginia. A comparison of Illinois values in 1914 and 1915 shows a de¬ crease of 2.08 per cent in total value of output. Almost two-thirds of the decrease in the petroleum production was made up by the marked in¬ crease in output of other products. Table 4 shows the value of Illinois products from 1906 to 1915. In order of values for 1914, the products derived strictly from Illinois are coal, petroleum, clay products, cement, stone, sulphuric acid, zinc, asphalt, fluorspar, tripoli, lime, natural gas, mineral paints, lead, mineral waters, pyrite, and silver. Pig iron, coke, and ferro-alloys were manufactured in Illinois from imported raw ma¬ terials. Of the 102 counties only three made no report of mineral production in 1915—Calhoun, Clay, and Piatt. Exact figures can not be given in Table 5 for total mineral output of every county, as the production of petroleum and natural gas is not kept by counties by the large producing companies in the main oil field, but a fair approximation has been reached. MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 33 The county of highest value of mineral output was Lawrence, which ex¬ ceeded ten million dollars in petroleum, natural gas, and clay products. Franklin County produced coal valued at $8,813,376. Cook County was valued at $7,719,486 in clay products, stone, sand and gravel, lime, and cement, named in decreasing order of importance; Williamson, at $7,572,- 132 in coal and clay products; and La Salle at $7,437,624 in cement, coal, clay products, sand and gravel, quartz, clay, mineral water, and stone. Crawford County, with petroleum, natural gas, and stone, and Sangamon County, with coal, clay products, and sand and gravel, each exceeded the five million dollar mark. Each of 26 counties exceeded one million dollars in total output; besides the 7 already mentioned these are Bureau, Christian, Clark, Clinton, Crawford, Fulton, Jackson, Jo Daviess, Lee, Macoupin, Madison, Marion, Montgomery, Peoria, Perry, St. Clair, Saline, Vermil¬ ion, and Will. The counties showing the greatest variety of mineral products were La Salle, already discussed, and Madison, which reported coal, clay products, stone, sand and gravel, lime, mineral water, pyrite, and petroleum, totaling $3,794,216. Table 5 presents a summary of statistics by counties for 1915. Table 5 .—Products and total mineral values, by counties, 1915 County Products (named in decreasing order of importance) Total value Adams .... Alexander . Bond . Boone .... Brown .... Bureau . .. Calhoun . . Carroll . .. . Cass. Champaign Christian . . Clark . Clay. Clinton . • • Coles. Cook . Crawford . . Cumberland Dekalb . .. . Dewitt .... Douglas . . Dupage . .. Edgar . Edwards . . Effingham . Fayette ... Ford . Franklin . . Fulton . ... Gallatin . .. Greene .... Lime, stone, clay products . Tripoli, stone, sand and gravel. Coal, sand and gravel, natural gas. Clay products, stone, sand and gravel. Mineral water, clay products. Coal, clay products, sand and gravel, natural gas Sand and gravel, stone. Clay products, sand and gravel Clay products, natural gas. . . . Coal, clay products. Petroleum, natural gas, stone.. Coal, clay products. Petroleum . Clay products, stone, sand and gravel, lime, cement Petroleum, natural gas, stone. Petroleum, natural gas, mineral water. Sand and gravel, clay products. Natural gas, clay products. Clay products . Stone, clay products, sand and gravel. Clay products, petroleum, natural gas. Clay products . Clay products . Clay products, sand and gravel. Ciay products . Coal . Coal, clay products, sand and gravel. Coal, clay products. Clay produ ;s, coal, clay. $ 221,467 142,913 59,813 18,528 450 2,164,727 4,478 10,022 42,633 2,312,234 “1,428,216 “1,352,757 “25,600 7,719,486 “5,600,737 “464,878 952 2,026 ( 6 ) 114,189 14,087 144,703 (t» 40,475 1,500 8,813,376 2,301,505 73,700 303,268 34 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Table 5. —Products and total mineral values, by counties, 1915 — Continued County Products (named in decreasing order of importance) clay. Grundy .Coal, clay products, Hamilton .Clay products . Hancock .jClay products, coal, stone. Hardin .Fluorspar, lead, silver, stone. Henderson .:Sand and gravel. Henry .Coal, clay products, mineral water Iroquois .Clay products . Jackson . Jasper . Jefferson . Coal, clay products. Petroleum . Coal . Jersey .Clay products, stone. Jo Daviess. Johnson . Kane .. Kankakee . Kendall. Knox. Lake . La Salle . Lawrence . . Lee . Livingston . Logan .... McDonough McHenry . . McLean . . . Macon . .. . Macoupin . Madison . . . Marion .... Marshall . . . Mason .... Massac .... Menard Mercer .... Monroe . .. . Montgomery Morgan . . . . Moultrie . . . Ogle . Peoria . Perry . Piatt . Zinc, lead, stone, sand and gravel. Stone .. Sand and gravel, clay products, stone, mineral water. Clay products, stone, lime.. Sand and gravel. Clay products, coal. Clay products, sand and gravel, mineral water. Cement, coal, clay products, sand and gravel, quartz, clay, min¬ eral water, stone. Petroleum, natural gas, clay products. Cement, clay products, stone, sand and gravel, natural gas. Clay products, coal. Coal, sand and gravel, clay products. Clay products, petroleum, clay, coal. Clay products, sand and gravel, mineral water. Coal, clay products, natural gas. Coal, clay products. Coal . Coal, clay products, stone, sand and gravel, lime, mineral water, pyrite, petroleum . Coal, petroleum, clay products. Coal . Clay products . Clay products . Coal, clay products, sand and gravel. Coal, clay products, sand and gravel. Stone, sand and gravel, clay products. Coal, clay products. Mineral water, clay products, coal, petroleum, natural gas. Coal, clay products. Sand and gravel, clay products, clay. Coal, sand and gravel, clay products, mineral water. Coal . Pike .Stone, clay products, natural gas, lime. Pope .Mineral water . Pulaski .Clay products . Putnam .Coal . Randolph . .. Richland . . . Rock Island. Saline . Sangamon . . Schuyler . .. Scott . Shelby . St. Clair . . . . Stark . Stephenson . Tazewell Coal, stone, clay products. Clay products . Clay products, sand and gravel, coal, stone, mineral water. Coal, clay products. Coal, clay products, sand and gravel. Coal, clay products. Clay products, clay, coal. Coal, clay products. Coal, stone, clay products, sand and gravel. Coal, clay products. Stone . Coal, clay products, sand and gravel, mineral water. Total value $ 483,581 ( b > 36,653 670,745 9,800 98,373 35,014 1,058,993 2,265 (6) 81,406 1,422,818 (6) 315,903 715,072 (6) 941,690 483,539 7,437,624 "10,512,983 1,200,100 884,775 482,174 “862,192 377,288 192,770 405,387 “4,653,018 3,794,216 “1,357,113 768,009 (6) ( 6 ) 112,080 751,130 19,674 3,011,806 49,131 201,576 76,154 1,575,548 2,357,064 34,885 ( 6 ) ( 6 ) 922,191 933,215 (6) 164,199 4,439,401 5,479,461 13,168 39,211 134,028 3,022,740 25,580 7,999 557,810 MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 35 Union .... Vermilion . Wabash . .. Warren . .. Washington Wayne . .. White .... Will . Whiteside . Williamson Winnebago Woodford . Tripoli, stone, clay. , Coal, clay products, stone, pyrite. . Petroleum, sand and gravel. .. , Clay products, coal. Coal, clay products. Clay products . Coal, clay products, lime, sand and gravel. Clay products, stone, coal, sand and gravel, mineral Sand and gravel. Coal, clay products. Sand and gravel, stone, lime. Coal, clay products, mineral water. . $ 494,125 . 3,898,562 . “61,757 . 354,839 . 456,343 (b) . 61,329 water. 1,022,760 . 36,977 . 7,572,132 . 419,544 . 317,419 “The figures for natural gas and petroleum for certain counties have been estimated, since the Ohio Oil Co. has no way of dividing its total figures for each of its districts into county units. A fair approximation of the values for petroleum has been reached for Clark, Clinton, Coles, Crawford, Cumberland, Lawrence, Marion, McDonough, and Wabash counties by first dividing the total for the State into the proportion of the daily output by districts; the dis¬ tricts were then subdivided into counties according to the proportion of the number of wells in each county. T'he approximation of the natural gas for Clark, Crawford, Cumberland, Law¬ rence, and Macoupin counties was made by dividing the totals for two different large com¬ panies into the proportion of the number of wells in each county. & Concealed, fewer than 3 producers. COAL In 1915 the value of the output of coal in Illinois comprised 12.8 per cent of the total value of the bituminous coal production for the country, and 56.3 per cent of the total value of the mineral production of the State. The output of the 443 mines for this year was 58,829,576 short tons valued at $64,622,471 as compared with 519 mines producing 57,589,197 short tons valued at $64,693,529 in 1914. Because of the boom in the manufacturing industries, the coal mining business began to improve in 1915. In quantity of production Illinois ranked third in 1915, a position it has held since 1909, when it yielded its second place to West Virginia. The total production of coal in Illinois from 1833, when its mining became a commercial industry, to 1915 was 1,081,935,096 short tons, a figure which gives the State second rank. The total for Pennsylvania was 3,037,983,490; for West Virginia, 936,380,719 short tons. The average price for coal at the mines from 1905 to 1915 is given in Table 6. Table 6. —Average price per short ton of Illinois coal at mines, 1905-1915 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 $1.06 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.14 1.11 36 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Fig. 1. — Map showing coal and oil fields of Illinois in 1915. MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 37 1912 . . 1.17 1913. . . 1.14 1914 . . 1.12 1915 . . 1.09 Of the 102 counties in the State, 49 within the area of the coal field (Fig. 1) reported a production of coal in 1915. For the last two years Franklin County has enjoyed the distinction of first rank, the output in Fig. 2.—Diagram showing production of coal in the leading counties of Illinois, 1899-1915. 1915 having been 8,027,773 short tons. The rapid rise of this county since the opening up of its first shaft mine at Zeigler in the spring of 1903 is illustrated graphically in figure 2. Prior to 1903—1890, 1891. 1892 and Table 7. —Production of coal in Illinois, by counties, in short tons, igo 5 - 1915 38 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 05 00 l CM 00 CO CP O -H 0 1 LD 05 CM 0 • 1 LD _ _ CD CM O 0 LD LD CD CO O 05 8 S 05 1 ID 00 CD CD • CO -H 0 1 1 eft 05 *r *r CO 01 ID -H ID CD LD CD 1 O CD t- 05^ CO l- CD 1 CM CM O 05 1 1 05 t- CO C' - ' CO LD ID 05 CO LD X GO rr ID £3 cm’ & ID 05 tr. 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MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 49 Table 16 . — Production and value of brick and draintile in Illinois, by counties, igi4 and 19/5 County 1914 1915 Common brick Draintile Common brick Draintile Thou¬ sands Value Value Thou¬ sands Value Value Adams _ _ _ 4,553 $32,211 5,459 $29,461 Bureau - -- - — - 2,677 15,863 $51,314 2,693 16,155 $42,101 Christian _- -- . 993 7,418 5,791 722 5,580 8,968 dnnk 597,694 2,661,476 739,173 4,794,452 Edgar -- _ _ _ 12,700 (a) Edwards - - __ __ - 2,254 14,403 3,322 485 3,307 (d) Fulton - - - _ - - . 8,420 45,690 (a) 5,750 28,800 (a) Gallatin -- - - 461 3,310 3,450 413 3,000 8,000 Grundy _ --- (a) (a) 63,964 (a) (a) 47,965 Hancock _ __ __ . -- 1,466 10,605 (a) 1,277 9,558 (a) Henry — _ - - -- — 720 5,700 3,176 385 2,715 1,185 Iroquois -- - - - 284 1,542 54,038 (a) (a) 33,564 Kankakee __ 45,487 152,281 (a) (a) (a) (a) La Salle __ -- -- 2,061 12,555 185,758 3,291 34,071 196,266 Lee -- - - -- ( a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 27,700 Livingston __ - - _ 12,377 86,569 36,677 14,316 101,281 25,243 Logan - — - — 858 5,703 (a) (a) (a) (a) McDonough -- - 2,450 18,000 27,486 2,400 16,600 52,869 McLean - -- - - - (a) (a) (a) 3,123 19,289 (a) Macon _ . 6,100 38,700 (a) 7,933 50,000 (a) Madison _ _ _____ - 10,416 65,637 (a) 12,990 80,491 (a) Marion — __ __ — __ __ - __ 485 2,813 (a) (a) (a) (a) Montgomery - 2,552 16,243 2,666 813 5,800 3,407 Morgan _ . —- ______ 1,469 10,807 5,508 1,087 8,621 8,245 Peoria _ _ (a) (a) _ 2,635 16,800 (a) Rock Island _____ _ _ _ _ 4,330 35,608 ( 0 ) 2,350 15,915 (a) St. Clair _ _ 28.064 180,070 (a) (a) (a) Sangamon __ . 9,014 80,124 36,603 4,570 33,729 ( 0 ) Shelby -- (a) ( 0 ) (a) 262 2,141 6,429 Tazewell _ _ __ _ 17,607 88,089 (a) 14,190 72,385 (a) Vermilion _ 00 (a) 5,250 ( 0 ) (a) 6,000 White ___ __ 1,180 7,995 18,791 680 4,830 15,00C Other counties 6 . -- - 177,371 1,299,286 525,433 240,049 1,516,009 510,767 Total -- __ _ 941,343 4,898,698 1,041,927 1,066,057 6,870,990 991,709 "Concealed in “Total.” 6 In 1914 including: Boone, Cass, Champaign, Clark, Clinton, Coles, Dekalb, DeWitt, Douglas, Dupage, Effingham, Fayette, Ford, Fulton, Greene, Grundy, Hamilton, Hancock, Jackson, Jefferson, Jersey, Kane, Kankakee, Knox, Lake, Lawrence, Lee, Logan, McLean, Macon, Macoupin, Madison, Marion, Mason, Massac, Menard, Mercer, Monroe, Moultrie, Ogle, Peoria, Pike, Randolph, Rich¬ land, Rock Island, St. Clair, Saline, Schuyler, Shelby, Stark, Stephenson, Tazewell, Vermilion, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Will, Williamson, and Woodford counties. In 1915 including: Boone, Cass, Champaign, Clinton, Dekalb, Dewitt, Douglas, Dupage, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Ford, Greene, Hamilton, Iroquois, Jackson, Jersey, Kane, Kankakee, Knox, Lake, Lawrence, Lee, Logan, McLean, Macon, Macoupin, Madison, Marion, Mason, Massac, Menard, Mercer, Monroe, Moultrie, Ogle, Peoria, Pike, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, Rock Island, St. Clair, Saline, Sangamon, Schuyler, Stark, Tazewell, Vermilion, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Will, Williamson, and Woodford counties. 50 YEAR ROOK FOR 1915 third in value of the different clay products, and 73 per cent of this out¬ put came from Cook County. Fourth in total value is draintile, in pro¬ duction of which La Salle County stood first. Table 16 gives by counties the production and value of common brick and draintile for Illinois in 1914 and 1915. In the manufacture of pottery Illinois has seventh place. In 1915 the production was valued at $948,892 as compared with $780,579 the previous year, an increase of 22 per cent. An increase in the produc¬ tion of each kind of ware was reported. Stoneware constituted 60 per cent of the total for pottery and was made in Brown, Greene, La Salle, McDonough, Tazewell, and Warren, the last named having led with by far the largest amount. Of the other kinds of pottery products, sanitary ware, porcelain, electrical supplies, red earthenware and white ware fol¬ lowed in decreasing order. In 1915 twenty-two operators reported sales. SANDSTONE AND LIMESTONE The total value of the material reported as sandstone in 1915 was $43,307, a decrease of about 40 per cent as compared with 1914. The value for 1914, however, (see Table 17) was far in excess of any previous output, and the figure for 1915 is in reality high. Practically all the output was from Alexander County, Lee, Randolph, Union, and St. Clair having quarried small amounts. The classification as sandstone of the production of these counties is very misleading; the output from Alexander and Union counties is a flint or chert from a 115-foot bed of Devonian age. In Lee County the quarry is operating in a portion of the Platteville-Galena limestone which is soft and granular and might easily be taken for sandstone. In Randolph County the output may be from a sandstone of the Mississippian series; no definite data could be found regarding this quarry. At Chester the Palestine sandstone of the Chester series has been used for building pur¬ poses, but no report of production was made in 1914 or 1915. The value of limestone production in Illinois for 1915 showed an increase of less than one-tenth of one per cent as compared with the pre¬ ceding year. A study of Table 17 shows that for the last two years this industry has been suffering a decided decline. Of the 27 counties reporting an output of this product. Cook County as usual led the list with a value $1,429,117, an increase of 8 per cent over the value for 1914, and 49 per cent of the State total. The four counties of following rank were Will, Vermilion, St. Clair, and Kankakee, each having values exceeding one hundred thousand dollars. Central Illinois is so heavily drift covered that at only a very few locations in this portion of the State have quarries ever been opened. The outcrops are confined almost entirely to the river portions in the northern MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 51 part of the State and along the Mississippi (fig. 4). Almost 70 per cent of the value of limestone production in 1915 belonged to the Niagaran which was quarried mostly in Cook, Will, Dupage, and Kane counties ; a little came from Savanna and Port Byron on the Mississippi. In the cen¬ tral-northern counties the Platteville-Galena limestone was worked at Rockford, Dixon, Pecatonica, Durand, Mt. Carroll, and other locations. At Moline the Hamilton limestone of Devonian age supplied a small amount, the only place in Illinois where the Devonian was quarried for limestone. Along the Mississippi from Henderson County to Randolph County, and along the Ohio in Pope and Hardin counties outcrops along the bluffs afford economic sites for many quarries. Several of the lime¬ stones of Mississippian age in the western and southern portion of the State were worked. The Burlington and Keokuk limestones were quar¬ ried at Quincy and Marblehead in Adams County; the Salem limestone at Jonesboro in Union County; the St. Louis limestone at Niota in Han¬ cock County, at Alton in Madison County, south of St. Louis in St. Clair County, and at Elizabethtown in Hardin County; the Ste. Genevieve at Alton in Madison County, south of East St. Louis in St. Clair County, and in the southwest corner of Johnson County; the Yankeetown chert at Millstadt; and a limestone ledge of the Okaw formation at Menard. Table 17 . — Values of production of sandstone and limestone in Illinois, 1902-1915 Year Sandstone Limestone Year Sandstone Limestone 1902 . $ 32,200 $3,222,608 1909 . $ 26,891 $4,234,927 1903 . 26,293 3,206,271 1910 . 5,710 3,847,715 1904 . 47,377 3,151,890 1911 . 30,953 3,436,977 1905 . 29,115 3,511,890 1912 . 32,720 3,808,784 1906 . 19,125 2,942,331 1913 . 28,781 4,112,172 1907 . 14,996 3,774,346 1914 . 72,738 2,861,340 1908 . 12,218 3,122,552 1915 . 43,307 2,864,103 Definite geologic data at several other quarry locations along the Mississ¬ ippi are unavailable. The limestone above coal No. 6 at Belleville was used commercially. In Vermilion County at Fairmount is a lens of lime¬ stone in the McLeansboro formation above coal No. 7; this furnishes large amounts of stone for the Chicago steel mills for blast furnace flux and considerable for Portland cement. A limestone of the McLeansboro formation near Casey and Marshall in Clark County was of economic im¬ portance in 1915. Most of the limestone quarried in Illinois is high in magnesium. The Ordovician beds are mainly of this character though a little high-calcium limestone of this age is found. The Silurian (Niagaran) limestones are also magnesian, but the Devonian limestones are very high in percentage of calcium carbonate. Most of the Carboniferous limestones are hi eh in o 52 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Fig. 4 .—Map showing distribution of limestone quarries, 1915 . The figures state the number of quarries at towns having more than one. MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 53 calcium and low in magnesium, but the Mississippian limestones are likely to contain a considerable amount of silica in the form of chert. The value of the stone used for concrete comprised about 36 per cent of the total State value; the value of the stone used for road making, 24 per cent; and the values for flux and railroad ballast each about 12 per cent. Other uses for this product were building, paving, curbing, flagging, rubble, and riprap. LIME The lime industry in Illinois has changed very little for several years. In 1915 this State ranked tweflth in quantity and fourteenth in value of production. Though the amount of lime manufactured showed a slight increase, a drop from the average price from $4.38 to $3.98 per ton caused a decrease of about 8 per cent in the total value. As about 50 per cent of the Illinois lime is used for building purposes, this decrease in prices is clearly due to the unfavorable building conditions in Chicago and the three months’ strike in the brick trade, thus arousing keen competition for what trade existed. Other uses for the Illinois lime are in chemical works, paper mills, sugar factories, tanneries, and as a fertilizer. In 1915 lime was burned at 14 plants located in the following counties named in order of rank: Cook, Adams, Madison, Winnebago, Will, and Kankakee. The output of Cook County valued at $183,812 and that of Adams valued at $124,926 comprised almost 88 per cent of the State total. Both high-calcium and high-magnesium lime was manufactured in Illinois, since both kinds of limestone were quarried. By far the larger percentage was high-magnesium lime which was made in Cook, Will, and Kankakee counties where the Niagaran limestone is used. Table 18. —Lime burned in Illinois, 1904-1915 Year Number of plants Quantity Value Average price per ton 1904 . Short tons 108,881 $ 461,068 $ 4.23 1905 . • • • • 98,907 421,589 4.26 1906 . • • • • 121,546 534,118 4.39 1907 . 22 124,784 559,305 4.48 1908 . 18 92,549 393,951 4.26 1909 . 17 104,260 454,682 4.36 1910 . 14 113,239 503,581 4.45 1911 . 16 92,169 423,762 4.60 1912 . 15 98,450 394,892 4.01 1913 . 16 95,977 433,331 4.51 1914 . 16 87,603 362,727 4.14 1915 . 14 88,604 352,954 3.98 54 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 CEMENT In 1915 there were four producing and five shipping Portland cement plants in Illinois at Oglesby (2), Dixon, and South Chicago. Because of the overproduction in 1914, one of the plants temporarily ceased manu¬ facture, and the total for Illinois was 4.5 per cent less than for the prev¬ ious year; the shipments, however, increased 2.9 per cent. This condition of excessive production of cement was representative of the entire coun¬ try and considerable caution was exercised in the amount of manufacture of new stock during 1915. In rank of Portland cement-producing states, Illinois stood third, a position it attained in 1914. During 1915 Pennsylvania manufactured 31 per cent of the total for the United States, Indiana 9 per cent, and Illinois 6 per cent. Table 19 shows the figures for this State from 1900 to 1915. Analyses 0 of many limestones in Illinois show low magnesia limestones suitable for use in Portland cement manufacture occur in the Ordovician, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian rocks of this State. As yet only the Ordovician and Pennsylvanian rocks are being used, though the Mississ¬ ippian limestones would seem to be commercially the most valuable because of their thickness in outcrop, accessibility and proximity to transportation along Mississippi River and railroads, and easly available coal. A limestone of the Pennsylvanian series (La Salle limestone of the McLeansboro formation) is utilized by the Chicago Portland Cement Company at Oglesby, by the Marquette Cement Manufacturing Company Table 19.— Portland cement industry in Illinois, 1900-1915 (Figures opposite P relate to production; tlose opposite S to shipments.) Year Number of plants Quantity Value Average price per barrel Barrels 1900 .. .P 3 240,442 $ 300,552 $1.25 1901 .. .P 4 528,925 581.818 1.10 1902 .. .P 4 767,781 977,541 1.27 1903 .. .P 5 1,257,500 1,914,500 1.52 1904 .. .P 5 1,326,794 1,449,114 1.09 1905 .. .P 5 1,545,500 1,741,150 1.13 1906 .. .P 4 1,858,403 2,461,494 1.33 1907 .. .P 5 2,036,093 2,632,5 76 1.29 1908 .. .P 5 3,211,168 2,707,044 .84 1909 .. .P 5 4,241,392 3,388,667 .80 1910 .. .P 5 4,459,450 4,119,012 .90 1911 .. .P 5 4,582,341 3,583,301 .79 1912 .. ...J P 5 4,299,357 3,212,819 .... l s 5 4,602,617 3,444,085 .75 1913 .. l P 5 5,083,799 5,109,218 .... • / s 5 4,734,540 4,784,696 1.01 1914 .. \ p 5 5,401,605 5,007,288 • • • • I s 5 5,284,022 4,848,522 .92 1915 .. .... J l 4 5,156,869 4,884,026 • • • • l s 5 5,435,655 .90 oBleininger, A. V., Lines, E. F., and Layman, F. E., Portland cement resources of Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 17, pp. 97-100, 1912. MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 55 at Dickinson, and by the German-American Portland Cement Company just east of La Salle. The Universal Portland Cement Company uses a mixture of slag and crushed limestone from Fairmount, Vermilion County, where a lens of the McLeansboro limestone outcrops. The Ordovician limestone at Dixon, Lee County, is used by the Sandusky Portland Cement Company. The LTica Hydraulic Cement Company whose plant began operation under Messrs. Norton and Steele in 1838, is producing a natural cement from the Prairie clu Chien (“Lower Magnesian") limestone at Utica and operates one of the twelve natural cement plants of the country. The lime¬ stone used comes from two beds, the upper one 6 to 8 feet thick, the lower one 12 to 14 feet thick. The material that is used in the mixture for Portland cement occurs in the proper proportions in this rock. Analyses of these two beds are given below. Analyses of natural cement rock (“Lower Magnesian”) at Utica Bed Loss on ignition Silica (Si0 2 ) Iron oxide and alumina (Fe„0 3 , ai 2 o 3 ) Lime (CaO) Magnesia (MgO) Water at 105° Upper... 38.54 15.02 8.20 25.40 12.50 .33 Lower . . 38.80 14.42 11.34 26.12 9.82 .12 SAND AND GRAVEL For two years Illinois has taken the lead in total quantity of produc¬ tion of sand and gravel, having displaced New York from first position in 1914. The states following Illinois in order of rank in 1915 were New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana. In value of total output, how¬ ever, this State continued to hold fourth rank, having been preceded by Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York. A comparison of figures for the last two years shows in 1915 an increase of 0.1 per cent in quantity, and 6.7 per cent in value of output of sand and gravel in Illinois. Table 20 shows in general a steady increase in value of sand and gravel production since 1904 when the collection of the statistics for this product was begun. The sand and gravel in this State is from alluvial deposits, valley trains, pockets in the drift, and outcrops of the St. Peter sandstone. Figure 5 shows the distribution of the pits in 1915. By far the larger production of the output comes from the northern part of the State along Rock River valley and the Fox-Illinois Valley. In this area the valley deposits from the receding glaciers are heaviest. Of the 37 counties reporting a production of sand and gravel. La Salle County led with an output valued at $429,054, which was 21.6 per cent of the State total; Winnebago County was a close second, its value having 56 YEAR ROOK FOR 1915 Fig. 5 . —Map showing distribution of sand and gravel pits in Illinois, 1915 . The figures state the number of pits at towns having more than one. 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LO^ rH 4-> CM. o tH 00 00 rH X H. LO CM. rH -4-* as rH 00 LO -r H 1 x" rH x" o as co" W 4-> X rH o" X H rH x" co as as" X X rH CO CO X as CM CO LO (M LO X co c tH rn rH o rH rH LO L'- as 03 CM CM CM CM rH CM CM CM X X CO LO d rH rH © 3 3 s a a “© © «S 1 j 1 1 1 1 I i l 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 eg • 1 1 1 I w | 1 1 1 1 l ea l < D 03 1 u a l H H rH LO CO r- i X as o rH CM X rH 1 1 i i I 1 l i 1 1 1 ( 1 LO o O o O s y— y— 1 r- rH r— < rH O S o o o o rH rn as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH r f— r-» ^■H rH rH rH “Concealed in “Total 58 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Table 21. — Production in short tons, and value of sand 1914 cn u 4> U 3 Glass sand Molding sand Building sand Grinding and pol- Fire or turn ishing sand | ace sand T3 o u Ph Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Bond 5 13,510 $13,018 Ul) (a) Bureau 8 (a) (a) 13,649 $3 496 Carroll . 3 (a) (a) (a) (a) Cook - 4 (a) (a) Kane__ _ 12 120,293 24,605 148,483 39 064 La Salle _ 18 273,334 $207,195 168,978 129,764 (a) (a) 58,351 $38,780 60,67 Lee ... . .. 6 3,300 1 500 McHenry _ 6 (a) (a) (a) (a) 198,240 61,124 Madison _ 3 -- (a) (a) (a) (a) Ogle - 4 (a) (a) Peoria - 12 (a) (a) 38,892 16 519 Rock Island_ 7 _ _ (a) (a) (a) (a) Tazewell _ . 4 18,310 10 117 Whiteside __ 5 (a) (a) (a) (a) Will _ 7 (a) (a) 8,404 3 367 Winnebago _ 7 12,739 8,010 241,970 86,413 Other counties'' 21 3,000 2,550 5,499 5,287 331,328 87,400 State total_ 133 339,551 $246,803 347,543 $200,011 1,196,873 $383,209 58,351 $38,780 60,674 ' Concealed in totals. ''Including: Alexander, Boone, Cass, Clinton, Dekalb, Dupage, Henderson, Kendall, Lake, Logan, Menard 1915 County c n u D O 3 Glass sand Molding sand Building sand Grinding and pol- Fire or Fun inshing sand aee sand u Ph Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity 1 1 Bond 6 18,387 (a) $14,902 (a) 3,700 (a) $1,395 (a) Bureau 8 Carroll __ .. 3 (a) (a) Cook _ . 4 194,336 393,402 (a) 107,475 75,209 (n) Kane 10 23,169 11,584 Lake ____ 3 La Salle 18 495,884 $251,552 260,207 115,168 (a) (a) 62,366 $26,370 <■> Lee 6 6,900 41,745 (a) 1,800 15,482 (a) McHenry 5 (a) (a) Madison _ _ _ 3 (a) (a) Ogle . - _ 5 (a) (a) (8) («) Peoria _- 10 41,710 23,700 28,508 11,780 (a) Rock Island 7 (a) (a) 110,390 43,338 (a) Tazewell 4 Whiteside_ 7 (a) (a) Will _ 5 (a) (a) 10,305 (a) 3,950 (n) Winnebago _ Other counties 6 6 (a) (a) 20 2,500 2,125 28,999 13,975 385,100 105,899 State total- 127 566,128 $299,286 383,185 $195,992 1,600,521 $472,654 62,366 $26,370 <"> "Concealed in totals. 6 Including: Alexander, Boone, Cass, Dekalb, Dupage, Fayette, Fulton, Henderson, Jo Daviess, Kendal . MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 59 gravel in Illinois, by counties, 1914 and 1915 : furn- sand Engine sand Paving sand Other sands Gravel Total ilue Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value (a) (a) 700 $100 (a) (a) 17,445 $14,223 (a) (a) (a) (a) 49,272 $18,536 66,788 24,352 (a> (a) 6,640 2,875 (a) (a) 156,638 26,106 227,445 32,201 541,858 121,377 • 48,807 16,270 294,986 69,696 621,569 139,635 1,569 (a) (a) 17,374 11,743 705,860 80,877 1,294,821 499,028 (a) (a) 13,040 2,140 22,190 4,840 109,897 9,825 118,897 32,289 433,970 107,953 965 750 91,127 25,345 190,000 21,165 252,281 57,708 (a) (a) 16,290 5,702 144,444 54,341 204,699 78,579 37,800 14,000 80,983 24,475 174,624 55,019 (a) (a) (a) (a) 582,237 74,983 630,766 95 932 (a) (a) (a) (a) 1,804 810 17,175 12,025 64,634 16,539 65,810 19,669 807,364 195,386 889,578 222,422 (a) (a) 887 20 791,049 32,089 1,048,071 126,564 — 41,293 4,655 51,306 15,622 65,836 15,640 938,497 343,271 1,436,759 474,425 1,569 93,299 $12,239 121,812 $39,851 522,808 $120,635 4,955,219 $793,422 7,696,130 $1,859,519 :er, Monroe, Piatt, Pike, St. Clair, Sangamon, Wabash, and White counties. >r furn- sand Engine sand Paving sand Other sands Gravel lue Quantity V alue Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 65,771 4,153 547,991 349,273 208,640 20,513 7,221 (a) $21,111 1,328 96,325 147,296 37,208 9,519 1,925 (a) (a) (a) 1,500 $200 ) (a) (a) 5,000 3,000 (a) (a) 1,500 1,125 (a) (a) 321,415 154,966 72,253 (a) 23,325 55,200 20,711 (a) (a) la) 72,255 (a) $21,834 (a) (a) (a) 69,615 28,590 (a) (a) 2,091,145 386,763 297,510 99,640 49,002 6,471 43,755 12,495 376 77 ' 73,427 $14,677 291,436 $73,645 8,376 $4,402 4,424,527 $885,548 Total Quantity Value 23,594 $17,399 84,221 26,504 5,548 2,453 742,327 203,800 767,344 234,289 343,640 71,208 1,160,266 429,054 14,621 3,825 58,194 23,605 95,046 26,194 398,909 72,534 196,946 78,980 185,867 51,882 234,599 77,931 98,646 36,977 33,234 15,926 2,368,515 371,313 886,495 240,682 7,708,012 $1,984,569 m, Menard, Mercer, Monroe, Pike, St. Clair, Sangamon, Wabash, and White counties. 60 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 been $371,313, which was 18.7 per cent of the total. Kane and Cook counties held the third and fourth ranks with values exceeding a hun- dred thousand dollars. In 1914 six counties exceeded this value—La Salle, Will, Kane, Winnebago, and McHenry—but the value of output for Will County fell to only 7.1 per cent that of the previous year, but that for McHenry County to 21.8 per cent. Table 21 gives the detailed production of the different kinds of sand and gravel by counties, where three or more producers are represented. The production and value of glass sand in Illinois, as for the entire country, was the largest ever reported, and for the first time this State led in its quantity of output and relegated Pennsylvania to second place. In value, however, the ranks of these two states were reversed. The 66 per cent increase in tonnage of glass sand arose from the decided increase in demand by the glass manufacturers in this country, since imports of glass have decreased and exports increased. This activity still continues. The average price per ton fell from 73 cents in 1914 to 53 cents in 1915. In Illinois excellent glass sand comes from the pure and friable St. Peter sandstone which outcrops in Upper Illinois Valley and Rock River Valley. In 1915 glass sand was mined at Utica, Ottawa, Wedron, Sen¬ eca, Millington, and Oregon, as shown on the map, figure 5. At many other localities along the Rock and Illinois rivers this formation might be profitably worked; and in Calhoun County between West Point and Dogtown its outcrop is about 150 feet in thickness. It is reported that a glass sand deposit occurs at Greenville, Bond County. An increase of 10 per cent in amount of molding sand results from increased demand of the manufacturers of machinery and munitions. The average price per ton, however, fell from 57 cents per ton to 51 cents, and the total value of molding sand was less in 1915 than the previous year. FLUORSPAR Since 1905 Illinois has led in the production of fluorspar and Ken¬ tucky now holds second place. The total output of fluorspar in 1915 was the largest in the history of the State, but as the production was from only two producers the figures must be concealed. This enormous in¬ crease is in harmony with the increased activity in steel manufacturing. The value of the output, however, was not so high as in 1912 (Table 22). This decline in value per ton has been caused largely by the improvements in milling and handling of larger quantities; but it is believed that the operators have kept the price down in order to procure and to hold for domestic spar the eastern markets, formerly supplied by importations of spar which have been interrupted by the European war. Heretofore the imported material has been slightly cheaper for eastern markets, but that MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 61 from Illinois is much purer and it is hoped by the producers that in the future the imported spar will not be in demand. The Illinois-Kentucky district is practically the only source of spar for the American market and the product is used in steel-making and foundry work mainly; only a small fraction of the output contains less than 1 per cent silica and is used in enameling, chemical, and glass trades. The commercial importance of the Illinois fluorspar district is rapidly growing. The small mines in the Rocky Mountain region can hardly ever expect to compete with those in Illinois, as the proximity of our location to the steel mills gives these mines a decided advantage. Illinois produces almost five times as much as Kentucky, Colorado, New Mexico, and New Hampshire together. The two leading operators have during the last year been extending their workings considerably, and 1916 promises to be a record breaker. In Fope and Hardin counties the fluorspar accompanied by smaller amounts of many other minerals, occurs in fissure veins that mark planes of extensive faulting. These tabular ore bodies are commonly 10 to 12 feet thick and in places attain a thickness of 25 feet. By far the largest ore body is the Fairview-Rosiclare which consists of two veins having a northeasterly trend and merging just south of the Rosiclare mine. The two active mines for 1915 were the Fairview and Rosiclare which had operated steadily for a great many years. They have reached depths exceeding 400 and 500 feet and find the veins of undiminished strength and thickness. Table 22.— Production in short tons and value of fluorspar in Illinois, 1902-1915 Year % Quantity Value Year Quantity Value 1902 _ 18,360 $121,532 1909 _ 41,852 $232,251 1903 _ 11,413 57,620 1910 _ 47,302 277,764 1904 _ 17,205 122,172 1911 _ 68,817 481,635 1905 _ 33,275 220,206 1912 _ 114,410 756,653 1906 _ 28,268 160,623 1913 _ 85,854 550,815 1907 _ 25,128 141,971 1914 _ 73,811 426,063 190S _ 31,727 172,838 1915_ (a) (a) ''Concealed because of only two producers. MINERAL WATERS The production of mineral waters in Illinois for 1915 was from 23 springs, Gravel Springs near Jacksonville, Morgan County, having pro¬ duced by far the largest amount. Four new wells reported an output, and two ceased commercial production. Table 23 shows a decrease as com¬ pared with 1914 which was the record year. The price per gallon is stead¬ ily falling, due probably to the improvement of municipal supplies. 62 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Table 23. —Production in gallons and value of mineral waters in Illinois, 1903-1915 Year Number of springs Quantity Value Average price per gallon 1903 . . 20 1,118,240 $149,978 $0.13 1904 . . 14 392,800 38,096 .10 1905 . . 11 425,750 47,995 .11 1906 . . 15 574,453 77,287 .14 1907 . . 15 720,400 91,760 .13 1908 . . 17 685,763 58,904 .09 1909 . . 14 639,460 49,108 .08 1910 . . 16 1,117,620 83,148 .07 1911 . . 14 1,304,950 82,330 .06 1912 . . 17 1,143,625 74,445 .07 1913 . . 21 1,216,442 68,549 .06 1914 . . 21 1,760,030 81,307 .05 1915 . . 23 1,559,489 75,290 .05 SILICA Two forms of silica were mined commercially in Illinois in 1915—tripoli and quartz. The production of tripoli in 1915 by four operators in Alex¬ ander and Union counties far exceeded that of any other year (Table 24). Because of the check on importation, this country has been forced to look to its own resources for supplies, and it has been found that the heavy beds of disintegrated Devonian chert that outcrop in great thicknesses in south¬ ern Illinois are a very satisfactory substitute for the imported French chert used in the manufacture of the high-grade white ware. The ground quartz sand of Ottawa (St. Peter sandstone) is also used somewhat, but the amorphous silica or tripoli is better adapted for this purpose. It has been partly this new use that has increased the demand for the Illinois product. Missouri has produced small amounts used in making filters, but Illinois is the main source of this product. Table 24.— Production in short tons and zalue of tripoli mined in Illinois, igog-1915 Year Quantity Value 1909 . $ 38,262 33,390 45,910 27,339 128,892 1910 . 1911 . 1912 . 1913 . 12,994 1914 . 10,387 59,394 1915 . 23,756 502,937 The Illinois tripoli has been used for some time as a paint, wood filler, metal polish, in soaps, cleansers, glass manufacture, and for facing foundry molds. The process of preparation consists essentially in fine crushing and careful sizing, since the value of any grade depends mainly on the fineness and uniformity of grain. Silica employed in the pottery business must be free from contamination by iron. Considerable interest in the exploita- MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 63 tion of the Illinois deposit is now being shown, and undoubtedly a new and rapid growth has begun. PYRITE AND SULPHURIC ACID A decrease of 34 per cent in quantity of output of pyrite was suffered in 1915. The rank of Illinois, however, still remained fourth, having been preceded by Virginia, California, and Ohio. Throughout the country a large demand for pyrite for the manufacture of sulphuric acid made the total United States production much larger than ever before. The industry of pyrite-mining in Illinois is only incidental, and is associated with coal mining. Especially in Vermilion County the value of whose production was almost 100 per cent of the State total, is the industry developed, since the pyrite (or marcasite in reality) occurs in the coal of this district in distinct lenses and bands instead of being finely disseminated throughout the coal as in most parts of the State. Madison Table 25 .—Production in long tons and value of pyrite mined in Illinois, 1909-1915 Year Quantity Value Average price per ton 1909 . 5,600 $17,551 $2.60 1910 . 8,541 28,159 3.30 1911 . 17,441 47,020 2.70 1912 . 27,008 62,980 2.33 1913 . 11,246 31,966 2.84 1914 . 22,538 59,079 2.62 1915 . 14,849 22,476 1.51 County reported a very small production. Miners are paid by the ton for the pyrite thrown out of the coal, an inducement to load as clean and marketable coal as possible. Table 25 gives the production of pyrite from 1909 to 1914. Previous to 1909 the reports of production were combined with those of Indiana. The sulphuric acid produced in Illinois is a by-product in the smelting of zinc in which process the waste gases, sulphur dioxide and sulphur triox¬ ide, are converted into acid. The grade, 60° Peaume, given in Table 5 is 78.04 per cent sulphuric acid, and the amount produced in Illinois smelters in 1914 was equivalent to about 111,000 long tons of pyrite associated with the ore; as the acids as reported for 1915 were not convertible to the same strength, the quantity can not be stated. LEAD, ZINC, AND SILVER The lead and zinc deposits of Illinois fall into two distinct areas of very different geologic character. Those of northern Illinois occur in the gently folded Galena dolomite and upper part of the Platteville lime¬ stone, both of Ordovician age. Those in Hardin and Pope counties are 64 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 associated with fluorspar in fissure veins controlled by jointing and fault¬ ing in the Mississippian limestones in the northern extension of the Ken¬ tucky-1 llinois fluorspar district. Northern Illinois .—The increasing importance of zinc in northern Illinois is shown in Table 27, practically none having been produced in the southern section. The entire output for northern Illinois in 1915 was from the Galena district where the quantity of lead produced was practically the same as for the previous year, but the total value was 21 per cent greater. The output of zinc increased 15 per cent and the value 179 per cent. The tenor of the ore produced is shown in Table 26. The Galena district has shown considerable activity and development during the past year. The Vinegar Hill Zinc Company drilled 13 holes on one lease and will mine there during 1916; on another lease 36 holes were put down, a shaft sunk, and a 200-ton concentrating plant begun. The Wisconsin Company is developing the Birbeck mine extensively and has completely rebuilt the property of the Joplin Separating Company that was destroyed by fire in 1910. The Pittsburg mine claims a new roasting and separating plant for 1915. The largest production of lead and zinc concentrates in northern Il¬ linois in 1915, as the previous year, was from the old Marsden-Black Jack mine of the Mineral Point Zinc Company; second in production was the Pittsburg mine of the Great Western Lead Manufacturing Company; and the third in output was the North Unity mine of the Vinegar Hill Zinc Company. Other smaller mines reported activity. Southern Illinois .—In the southern district the lead and silver are recovered as by-products in the concentration of the fluorspar with which the argentiferous galena is associated in the veins. Therefore since the fluorspar production was decidedly greater in 1915 than the year before, the increase in lead and silver was also marked. No shipments of zinc ore have been reported since 1906. The difficulty of making a clean sep¬ aration of the zinc middlings has kept down the output of this product in southern Illinois. In 1915 the quantity of lead produced was slightly more than double that for 1914, and the value 146 per cent greater. The increase in the quantity of silver was 83 per cent, in the value 68 per cent. The galena of southern Illinois is notable argentiferous, the silver content ranging up to 12 and 14 fine ounces per ton of lead concentrates, and averaging for the last five years 4 to 7 fine ounces per ton. The average silver content per ton recovered from the lead concentrates de¬ creased from 6.86 ounces in 1914 to 6.03 ounces in 1915. The largest producer of fluorspar and lead cencentrates in southern Illinois is the Rosiclare Lead and Fluorspar Company which has a long and steady record of production and is now mining at a depth of more than 500 feet and possesses a modern equipment sufficient to handle 500 MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 65 Table 26. —Tenor of lead and zinc ore and concentrates in Illinois, 1914 and 1915 NORTHERN ILLINOIS Total crude ore-short tons- Total concentrates in crude ore: Lead _per cent- Zinc _per cent- Metallic content of crude ore: Lead _ per cent- Zinc _per cent_ Average lead content of galena concentrates-per cent- Average zinc content of sphalerite concentrates_per cent_ Average value per ton: Galena concentrates - Sphalerite concentrates - SOUTHERN ILLINOIS Average lead content of galena concentrates-per cent- Average value per ton of galena concentrates -- 1914 1915 261,300 316,000 0.25 0.22 6.4 6.5 .19 .17 2.3 2.18 76.2 72.9 36.5 33.5 $44.70 $47.27 $19.13 $36.73 73.5 71.6 $39.99 $43.45 Table 27. —Production and value of lead, zinc, and silver in Illinois, 1907-1915 Year District Lead Zinc Silver Quan¬ tity Value Quan¬ tity Value Quan¬ tity Value 1907 Total . Short tons 830 $87,980 33,516 Short tons 737 $ 86,966 161,398 Fine ounces 2,852 2,051 1,882 1,087 1908 Total . 399 1,717 1909 Northern Illinois. Southern Illinois. 88 20 7 7,566 17,804 2,163 223,604 1,011 526 Total . 295 25,370 8,888 23,936 32,824 56,250 30,510 1910 Northern Illinois. Southern Illinois. 101 272 3,549 383,292 2,022 1,092 Total . 373 .... 1911 Northern Illinois. Southern Illinois. 625 339 4,219 480,966 3,036 • • • • 1,609 Total . 964 86.760 1912 Northern Illinois. Southern Illinois. 687 595 61,830 53,550 4,065 560,970 4,731 2,909 Total . 1,282 115,380 1913 Northern Illinois. Southern Illinois. 588 371 51,744 32,648 2,236 250,432 3,541 2,139 Total. 959 84,392 1914 Northern Illinois. Southern Illinois. 492 225 38,376 17,550 4,811 490,722 2,112 1,168 Total . 717 55,392 46,530 43,146 1915 Northern Illinois. Southern Illinois. 495 459 5,534 1,372,432 3,864 1,959 Total. 954 89,676 66 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 tons daily. The Fairview Fluorspar and Lead Company is another large operator which is planning further development of the Good Hope vein which it has been working since 1862. A new shaft has been put down, and prospects seem favorable for increased activity. MINERAL PAINTS In 1915 the pigments made in Illinois directly from the ores were sublimed white lead or “basic lead sulphate" and sublimed blue lead or “blue fume"; the St. Louis Smelting and Refining Company at Collins¬ ville is one of two firms manufacturing this product in the United States. The chemically manufactured pigments made at Chicago, Argo, and East St. Louis were litharge or lead monoxide; lithopone or a mixture of about 70 per cent barium sulphate, from 25 to 29 per cent zinc sulphide, and from 1 to 5 per cent zinc oxide; red lead which is produced by heating litharge; and basic carbonate, white lead which contains about 85 per cent lead oxide and 15 per cent carbon dioxide and water. The total value of all these products was $6,195,435, but only the value for sublimed lead was included in the total Illinois value of mineral products, as duplication would be involved if the others were also included. BIBLIOGRAPHY COAL Bement, A., Illinois coal field : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 182, 1910. Cady, G. H., Geology and coal resources of West Frankfort quadrangle, Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 242, 1910. - Coal resources of District I (Longwall) : Ill. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 10, 1914. - Coal resources of District VI (Franklin, Jefferson, and Williamson counties) : Ill. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 15, 1916. DeWolf, F. W., Coal investigations in the Saline-Gallatin field : Ill. State Geol. Sur¬ vey Bull. 8, p. 121, 1907. - Coal investigations in Saline and Williamson counties : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 230, 1907. Kay, F. H., Coal resources of District VII (southwestern Illinois) : Ill. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 11, 1914. - Coal resources of District VIII (Danville) : Ill. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 14, 1915. Parr, S. W., Purchase and sale of coal under specifications: Ill. State Geological Sur¬ vey Bull. 29, 1914. - Chemical study of Illinois coal: Ill. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 3, 1915. Savage, T. E., Geology and coal resources of the Herrin quadrangle: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 266, 1910. - Geology and mineral resources of the Springfield quadrangle: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 20, p. 97, 1915. MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 67 Shaw, E. W., Geology and coal resources of the Murphysboro quadrangle: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 286, 1910. - and Savage, T. E., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Murphysboro-Herrin folio (No. 185), 1912. -U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Tallula-Springfield folio (No. 188), 1913. Udden, J. A., Geology and mineral resources of the Peoria quadrangle: U. S. Geologi¬ cal Survey Bull. 506, 1912. - and Shaw, E. W., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Belleville-Breese folio (No. 195), 1915. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS Blatchley, Raymond S., Oil resources of Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 42, 1910. - Oil and gas in Crawford and Lawrence counties: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 22, 1913. - Oil and gas in Bond, Macoupin, and Montgomery counties: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 28, 1914. Kay, F. H. Carlinville oil and gas field : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 20, p. 81, 1915. - Petroleum in Illinois in 1914 and 1915: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 33, 1916. - Notes on the Bremen anticline: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 33, 1916. Knirk, Carl F., Natural gas in the glacial drift of Champaign County: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 14, p. 272, 1910. Lee, Wallace, Oil and gas in Gillespie and Mt. Olive quadrangles: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 71, 1915. Morse, W. C., and Kay, F. H., Area south of the Colmar oil field: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 8, 1915. -The Colmar oil field—a restudy: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 37, 1915. Rich, J. L., Allendale oil field : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 57, 1915. - Oil and gas in the Birds quadrangle : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 33, 1916. - Oil and gas in the Vincennes quadrangle: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull 33, 1916. Shaw, E. W., Carlyle oil field and surrounding territorv: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 20, p. 43, 1915. Udden, J. A., and Shaw, E. W., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Belleville-Breese folio (No. 195), p. 14, 1915. Udden, Jon, Coal deposits and possible oil fields near Duquoin : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 14, p. 254, 1910. Weller, Stuart, Anticlinal structure in Randolph County: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 69, 1915. GASOLINE Burrell, F. M. S., and Oberfell, G. G., The condensation of gasoline from natural gas: U. S. Bureau of Mines Bull. 88, 1915. Kay, F. H., Petroleum in Illinois in 1914 and 1915: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 33, 1916. 68 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 CLAY AND CLAY PRODUCTS Bleinjnger, A. V., Lines, E. F., and Layman, F. E., Portland cement resources of Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 17, 1912. Cady, G. H., Cement-making materials near La Salle (includes analyses of clay) : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 127, 1909. Rolfe, C. W., Purdy, R. C., Talbot, A. N., and Baker, I. O., Paving brick and paving brick clays of Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 9, 1908. Purdy, R. C., and DeWolf, F. W., Preliminary investigation of Illinois fire clays : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 129, 1907. Shaw, E. W., and Savage, T. E., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Murphysboro- Herrin folio (No. 185), p. 15, 1912. -U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Tallula-Springfield, folio (No. 188), p. 12, 1913. - and Trowbridge, A. C., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Galena-Elizabeth folio (No. 200), p. 12, 1916. Udden, J. A., Geology and mineral resources of the Peoria quadrangle: U. S. Geologi¬ cal Survey Bull. 506, pp. 89-90, 1912. - and Shaw, E. W., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Belleville-Breese folio (No. 195), p. 14, 1915. Udden, Jon, and Todd, J. E., The occurrence of structural materials in Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 342, 1910. LIMESTONE AND CEMENT Alden, W. C., The stone industry in the vicinity of Chicago : U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 213, pp. 357-360, 1903. Bleininger, A. V., Lines, E. F., and Layman, F. E., Portland cement resources of Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 17, 1912. Burchard, E. F., Concrete materials in vicinity of Chicago : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 245, 1907. Cady, G. H., Cement making materials near La Salle : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 127, 1907. Eckel, E. C., Burchard, E. F., and others, Portland cement materials and industry of the United States : U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 522, 1913. Shaw, E. W., and Savage, T. E., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Murphysboro- Herrin folio (No. 185), p. 15, 1912. - and Trowbridge, A. C., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Galena-Eliza¬ beth folio (No. 200) p. 12, 1916. Udden, J. A., and Shaw, E. W., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Belleville-Breese folio (No. 195), p. 14, 1915. Udden, Jon, The Shoal Creek limestone: Ill. State Geological Survey Bull. 8, p. 117, 1907. - and Todd, J. E., The occurrence of structural materials in Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 342, 1910. Van Horn, F. B., Limestones available for fertilizers: Ill. State Geological Survey Bull. 4, p. 177, 1907. Weller, Stltart, The Salem limestone : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8. 1907. MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1915 69 LIME Burchard, E. F., and Emley, W. E., Source, manufacture, and use of lime: U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources, 1913, pt. 2, pp. 1,509-1,593, 1914. Shaw, E. W., and Trowbridge, A. C., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Galena- Elizabeth folio (No. 200), p. 12, 1916. SAND AND GRAVEL Burchard, E. F., Glass sand of the middle Mississippi Basin : U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 285, 1906. - Production of glass sand, other sand, and gravel, in 1909 (includes analyses of Illinois sands) : U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources, 1909, pt. 2, pp. 519-542, 1911. -Concrete materials in the Chicago district: Ill. State Geological Survey Bull. 8, p. 345, 1907. Shaw, E. W., and Savage, T. E., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Tallula-Spring- field folio (No. 188), p. 12, 1913. Udden, J. A., Geology and mineral resources of the Peoria quadrangle: U. S. Geologi¬ cal Survey Bull. 506, p. 97, 1912. Udden, Jon, and Todd, J. E., The occurrence of structural materials in Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 342, 1907. FLUORSPAR Bain, H. Foster, Fluorspar deposits of southern Illinois: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 255, 1905. Burchard, E. F., Methods of concentration of fluorspar : U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources, 1908, pp. 609-611, 1909. - Mining and milling developments in the Illinois fluorspar industry: U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources, 1910, pp. 706-709, 1911. Ulrich, E. O., and Smith, W. S. T., The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky: U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 36, 1905. TRIPOLI OR SILICA Bain, H. Foster, Analyses of silica deposits of southern Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 185, 1907. Ernest, T. R., Experiments on the amorphous silica of southern Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 147, 1907. Savage, T. E., Lower Paleozoic stratigraphy of southwestern Illinois : Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 113, 1907. Williams, W. S., Artificial silicates with reference to amorphous silica: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 14, p. 276, 1909. LEAD AND ZINC Bain, H. Foster, Lead and zinc deposits of Illinois: U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 225, 1904. - Fluorspar deposits of southern Illinois (includes discussion of lead and zinc) : U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 255, 1905. 70 YEAR ROOK FOR 1915 - Zinc and lead deposits of northwestern Illinois: U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 246, 1905. - Zinc and lead deposits of the upper Mississippi Valley: U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 294, 1906. Cox, G. H., Lead and zinc deposits of northwestern Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 21, 1914. - Elizabeth sheet of the lead and zinc district of northern Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 24, 1910. Grant, U. S., and Purdue, M. J., Millbrig sheet of the lead and zinc district of north¬ western Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 335, 1911. Shaw, E. W., and Trowbridge, A. C., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Galena- Elizabeth folio (No. 200), 1916. PETROLEUM IN ILLINOIS IN 1914 AND 1915 By Fred H. Kay OUTLINE PAGE General review . 71 Southeastern Illinois . 73 Cumberland, Coles, Clark, Jasper, and Edgar counties. 73 Crawford County . 74 General conditions . 74 Deep sands . 75 Wildcatting . 76 Lawrence County . 76 Wabash County . 77 Western Illinois . 77 McDonough County . 77 Hancock County . 78 Schuyler County . 79 Wildcat tests in 1915. 79 Summary of tests in Schuyler County. 80 South-central Illinois . 80 Macoupin County . 80 Staunton oil and gas field . 80 Spanish Needle Creek dome . 83 Clinton County . 83 Marion County . 86 Miscellaneous drilling . 86 Cementing process as practiced in Illinois. 87 New fields for casing-head gasoline tests. 88 Summary tables . 89 TABLES 28. Illinois oil production, 1905-1915 . 72 29. Fluctuation in prices, per barrel, of Illinois petroleum, 1914-1915. 73 30. Data concerning wells and coal tests in the vicinity of Staunton . 84 31. Monthly record of wells drilled in Illinois in 1914 and 1915. 89 32. County record of wells drilled in Illinois in 1914 and 1915. 89 GENERAL REVIEW The production of oil in Illinois continued to decline in 1914 and 1915. The former year as compared with 1913 showed a decrease of 1,974,150 barrels, or 8.2 per cent; whereas in 1915 the production was 19,041,695, a decline of 13.6 per cent. Table 28 shows the annual produc¬ tion and value of Illinois oil from 1905 to 1915 inclusive. The State reached its greatest output in 1908, when it produced 33,686,238 barrels. It continued to produce more than 30,000,000 barrels until 1912, but a ( 71 ) 72 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 steady decline has been in progress since 1911. The new fields that have been discovered have not been able to overcome the normal decline in the output of Crawford, Lawrence, and Clark counties. Previous 1905 ... 1906 ... 1907 ... 1908 ... 1909 ... 1910 ... 1911 ... 1912 ... 1913 ... 1914 ... 1915 ... Table 28. — Illinois oil production, 1905 - 191 =, Barrels Value 6,576 $ . 181,084 116,561 4 397,050 3,274.818 24,281,973 16,432,947 33,686,238 22,649,561 30,898,339 19,788,864 33,143,362 19,669,383 31,317,038 19,734,339 28,601,308 24.332,605 23 893,899 30,971,910 21,919,749 25,426,179 19,041,695 18,655,850 The State maintained its rank as third in production until 1915 when the discovery of new prolific fields in Texas forced Illinois into fourth place, and unless some unexpected discovery is made, it will probably be compelled to yield its present rank to Louisiana in 1916. The first half of 1914 was characterized by a considerable amount of development work which was stimulated by the strong market. The de¬ clining prices prevailing during the latter months resulted in a marked de¬ crease in the number of well completions. Inactivity continued until the latter months of 1915 when the rapidly advancing prices brought a response which augurs well for the coming year. Table 29 shows the fluctuation in price per barrel for the years 1914 and 1915. In 1914, according to J. D. Northrup, 1 1,579 wells were completed, of which number 1.163 or nearly 74 per cent yielded an average initial produc¬ tion of 33.75 barrels per well per day; 28. or about 1 per cent were gas wells, and the remaining 388, or 25 per cent were barren. I 11 1915 only 756 wells were completed, according to the Oil and Gas Journal and the Oil City Derrick. Of these 72 per cent yielded an initial production of 26 barrels each; 18, or 2 per cent, were gas wells and 197, or 26 per cent, were dry. 1 Xorthrup, T. D., Illinois oil field: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources, 1914, pp. 9S4-992, 1916. PETROLEUM, 1914 AND 1915 73 Table 29. —Fluctuation in prices, per barrel, of Illinois petroleum, 1914-1915 Date 1914 Jan. 1 .$1.45 April 18 . 1.40 April 22 . 1.35 April 28 . 1.30 May 1 . 1.25 May 5 . 1.20 May 12 . 1.15 June 17 . 1.12 Aug. 1 . 1.07 Aug. 7 . 1.02 Sept. 14 . 0.97 Sept. 23 . 0.92 Oct. 26 . 0.89 Average .$1.16 Date 1915 Feb. 16 ..$0.84 Aug. 12 . 0.89 Aug. 20 . 0.94 Aug. 23 . 0.99 Sept. 4 . 1.04 Sept. 15 . 1.09 Sept. 27 . 1.12 Oct. 5 . 1.17 Oct. 23 . 1.27 Nov. 15 . 1.32 Nov. 17 . 1.37 Dec. 3 . 1.42 Dec. 15 . 1.47 Jan. 3, 1916. 1.57 Average .$0,992 At the beginning of 1914, stocks in Illinois aggregated 8,179,351 bar¬ rels. There was a gradual accumulation of oil in storage throughout the year and on Dec. 1, 1914, the tanks held 13,563,743 barrels. On Jan. 1, 1915 the Ohio Oil Company stocks amounted to 12,375,165 barrels, but by Feb. 1 they had been reduced to 3,675,839 barrels. The remainder of the year showed only minor fluctuations and on Dec. 1, 1915 this company held 5,234,963 barrels in storage. The decline of high grade production from the Cushing, Oklahoma, field, the more normal export conditions, and the constantly increasing de¬ mand for motor fuels have resulted in a phenomenal rise in prices and have started the oil industry on its way to unprecedented development. The coming year will no doubt see wildcatting on a large scale in an effort to locate new fields. SOUTHEASTERN ILLINOIS Cumberland, Coles, Clark, Jasper, and Edgar Counties Out of a total of 1,579 wells drilled in Illinois in 1914, 271 or 17 per cent, were in the shallow-sand fields of Cumberland, Coles, Clark, Jasper, and Edgar counties. The production in this area comes from lenticular sandstones and porous limestones which vary in depth from 350 feet to about 600 feet. Initial production varies from 5 to 10 barrels but within 3 or 4 months it declines to less than 5 barrels. Many of the wells in the Casey pool now yield an average of only ljj barrels per day. In 1915, out of a total of 756 wells, 192 were drilled in the shallow territory. Attention was naturally directed to this area on account of the low drilling cost as compared to the deep sand territory of Lawrence County. 74 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 In Cumberland County slight additions to the productive territory were made in 1914, but during the 2-year period included in this report most of the drilling has been confined to inside locations, that had been neg¬ lected as long as higher-yielding territory was available. The drilling of new wells within 30 or 40 feet of old ones has been attended with some suc¬ cess in parts of the shallow-sand area. In most places it is found that the initial yield of the new well very nearly equals the initial production of the old well which may have been producing 5 or 6 years. The explana¬ tion probably lies in the fact that the sands near the old wells become so clogged with parafifin that the ordinary methods of cleaning do not render the pores free from wax. Re-shooting in many instances produces no beneficial efifect, whereas the drilling of another hole about 40 feet distant taps the sand where it is fresh and where the oil has free access to the well. The producing sands of the shallow fields are “spotty” and irregular and the finding of a dry hole means only that the sand is absent at that location. A producer may be brought in a short distance away. Crawford County GENERAL CONDITIONS In 1915, only 215 wells were drilled in Crawford County, as compared with 706 completed during 1914. A large part of this drilling was routine, deepening of old wells and drilling inside locations. Town-lot excitement prevailed at Robinson during the early part of 1914 but the area was rap¬ idly drilled and almost exhausted. Most of the new drilling at the close of 1915 was in Honey Creek Township, secs. 2, 3, 13 and 24, T. 5 N., R. 12 W.; secs. 18 and 19, T. 5 N., R. 11 W.; and secs. 34 and 35, T. 6 N., R. 12 W. Of these secs. 13, 18, 19, and 24 had not been drilled until the latter part of 1914. Secs. 2 and 3 constituted the Shafifer and Smathers gas area, which has now been drilled to oil sands below the gas. The initial production of about 35 barrels de¬ clines rapidly to about 2 barrels per day. On Jan. 1, 1915, according to Mr. W. W. McDonald of the Ohio Oil Company, the average settled production of Crawford County wells was 2.8 barrels each and by the end of the year it had dropped to about 2.4 bar¬ rels each. The production of the wells in secs. 15 and 16, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek), holds up better than in any other part of the county. The wells .are almost 7 years old and their average daily production is about 4.2 bar¬ rels or 75 per cent greater than the average for the county. The wells in the heavy oil district north of Flat Rock are showing remarkable staying qualities. New wells between old ones have about the same initial produc¬ tion as the original wells and the decline is slow. The pool seems to lie along the axis of a narrow anticline which extends northeast at right angles PETROLEUM, 1914 AND 1915 75 to the La Salle anticline. The oil increases in gravity toward the northeast along this small fold. The sands dip below the level of salt water northwest and southeast of the pool, and production is limited to a strip about ^ mile wide. Wells in the Flat Rock pool show about four times as much water as in any other part of the county south of the Bellair pool, in the northwest part of the county. Salt water is especially troublesome in sec. 11, T. 8 N., R. 14 W. (Licking) ; in secs. 30, 31, T. 6 N., R. 11 W., and 36, T. 6 N., 12 W. (Honey Creek) ; and in sec. 29, T. 6 N., R. 11 W. (Montgomery). Much of the casing is corroded in 4 or 5 months to such a degree that it must be replaced. The Ohio Oil Company now purchases only copperized casing and it is believed that corrosion will be lessened, although this type has not been in use long enough to determine whether or not the increased life of the casing will offset its higher cost. It is now proposed to pump mud¬ laden fluid into the well outside of the casing in order to shut off acid waters near the coal beds. Its usefulness in this field has not yet been dem¬ onstrated, but since it has been used successfully in California and Okla¬ homa for sealing up sands containing gas under high pressure, there ap¬ pears to be no reason why it could not be used to prevent strong acid waters from reaching the outside of the casing. However, this will not be effective so far as the water in the oil sand is concerned. DEEP SANDS IN CRAWFORD COUNTY In Honey Creek Township, secs. 2, 3, and 4, T. 5 N., R. 12 W., and secs. 34 and 35, T. 6 N., R. 12 W., wells were formerly drilled to a depth of 1000 feet as in the Parker pool, and only gas was produced. Within the last year and a half the Ohio Oil Company has drilled 75 feet deeper and into an oil sand which, although not so productive as the sands in the Parker pool, nevertheless shows wells with an initial production of 40 or 50 bar¬ rels per day. A decline of 50 per cent occurs during the first month and continues to a settled production of 5 or 6 barrels per day. In Oblong Township, secs. 17, 18, 19, and 20, T. 7 N., R. 13 W., pro¬ ducing sands are found at about 1,320 and 1,400 feet; and in sec. 3, T. 5 N., R. 12 W., and sec. 28, T. 6 N., R. 12 W., of Honey Creek Township, Shaffer and Smathers found gas and sour oil at 1,520 feet in mixed sand and limestone, which probably represents the McClosky. Limestone was found to a depth of 2,225 feet. At the center SE. )4 sec. 27, T. 6 N., R. 13 W. (Martin), and Ohio Oil Company found the McClosky sand at 1,260 feet. The well was exhausted after 2 years’ pumping. In the NW. )4 SE. 34 sec. 15, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek), the top of the lime from 1.510 to 1,540 feet is filled with salt water. 76 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 WILDCATTING IN CRAWFORD COUNTY The narrow anticlines that extend northeast from Flat Rock and Birds, as shown by the present producing areas and the gas wells that have been drilled at various places in the east side of the county, have encouraged the hope that oil might be located east of the present pools. It is well known that on the east side of the La Salle anticline the beds dip much more gradually than on the west, and that in the eastern part of the county they start to rise toward Indiana where older beds outcrop in succession. The basin bordering the La Salle anticline on the east is shallow and it is not unreasonable to expect pools of oil and gas where the sands rise above the level of salt-water saturation east of the basin, provided the dip is not regular. With these facts in mind, members of the Survey have attempted to collect all the available information bearing on the dip of the beds. The altitude of a limestone, which outcrops at various places and which is identifiable by the fossils it contains, was determined by T. E. Sav¬ age during the summer of 1915. Instrument levels were run by J. L. Rich and party to all of the wells, and available logs were secured. After plotting the data on a map, it is found that the limestone outcrops are so scattered that they are practically useless for showing the position of the underlying beds. There is reason to believe also that the limestone does not lie perfectly parallel to the deep rocks and that its evidence might lead to an incorrect interpretation of the oil sand structure. A study of the logs brings out the fact that the sands are “spotty” and that correlations from one hole to another are uncertain, especially where the wells are a mile or so apart. It is, therefore, impossible to state defin¬ itely whether the apparently higher position of a sand is due to its dip or to the existence of two separate beds. In general, the presence of gas may be taken to indicate that the sand containing it lies somewhat higher than in surrounding territory. Most of the wells near Wabash River, east of the Birds pool show gas bubbling up through salt water. However, the area on the Illinois side has been fairly well tested and only two small pools have been developed. One lies in sec. 7, T. 5 N., R. 10 W.; the other, which shows gas only, is in sec. 18 of the same township. Lawrence County In 1915 only 157 wells were completed as compared with 365 in 1914. The low price of oil did not stimulate drilling in this deep-sand territory. Considerable excitement followed the discovery, April 6, 1914, of a 3,100-barrel well on the M. J. Murphy farm sec. 5, T. 2 N., R. 11 W. (Den¬ nison), which led to a substantial southeast addition to the productive area of the McClosky sand, at 1,835 feet. The large yields soon gave place to much lower production. During the latter part of 1914, a separated pool was located in secs. 20 and 29, T. 2 N., R. 11 W., southwest of St. Francis- PETROLEUM, 1914 AND 1915 77 ville. The McClosky sand at this place lies at about the same depth as in the Murphy pool. According to Mr. Tracy of the Ohio Oil Company the average daily production of Lawrence County is about 6.83 barrels per well as compared with 9.14 barrels in January, 1914. However, Lawrence County continues to be the largest producer in the State on account of its large number of sands. Only an occasional addition is made to productive territory, but many of the large farms contain considerable undrilled land and near Bridgeport several farms are yet to be drilled to the deeper sands. The Buchanan and Bridgeport sands maintain a very good production and contain little gas; whereas the Kirkwood, which shows a considerable amount of gas, has a large initial production and declines rapidly. The Buchanan shows the encroachment of salt water in the edge wells which produce a larger amount yearly, especially in the area south of Bridgeport. Great loss is entailed in the destruction of casing by corroding waters in the Kirkwood and Bridgeport sands. At one well, center sec. 35, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (Dennison), copperized casing was rendered useless in 20 months. However, the Lawrence County acid waters do not appear to effect as great destruction as do those of Crawford and Clark counties. The manufacture of casing-head gasoline is assuming greater import¬ ance annually. At present about 20 plants are operating in the main fields, all but 3 being in Lawrence County. The product which is worth many thousands of dollars yearly, was wasted until the present plants came into use. The average recovery of gasoline is said to be between 1 and 2 gallons per 1000 cubic feet of casing-head gas. Wabash County Six wells were completed in the Allendale field in 1915 of which 5 gave a combined initial production of 328 barrels. There are now 45 producing wells in the pool. The territory has not been extended to any material extent, although a good well has been found north of the original Adam Biehl No. 1. The Allendale pool is located on a small elongate dome with north-south axis, on the west dip of the La Salle anticline. A report on the field by J. L. Rich was published by the Survey in Bulletin 31. WESTERN ILLINOIS McDonough County On March 5, 1914, a showing of 5 gallons of oil in a 425-foot well in sec. 20, T. 4 N., R. 4 W. (Lamoine), and the prospecting that followed resulted in the opening of the Colmar pool on the J. Hoing farm in the SW. NW. J4 sec. 16 of the same township. The oil was found in a sand, later known as the Hoing sand, at a depth of 417 feet. Great excitement 78 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 followed and by the end of 1914, about 200 wells had been drilled in the Colmar district, of which 59 were dry. The initial output of the 141 pro¬ ducers amounted to 3,989 barrels. The pool developed in 1914 lies on a flat part of the oil sand at the northeast side of a low well-defined dome, the top of which had produced only small showings of oil up to 1915. Roberts No. 1 near the center sec. 24, St. Marys Township, Hancock County, was located at the south end of the dome and produced 45 barrels initially. Others were drilled immediately, but all of them found salt water in the sand. In July, 1915, drilling on the Hamm farm at the apex of the dome in sec. 19, T. 4 N., R. 4 W. (Lamoine), developed wells good for 100 barrels, and this pool furnished most of the development of the year. Another small area of good production is located near Colmar in the south part of sec. 18, of the same township. The oil sand lies at or near the base of the Niagaran limestone, known as the “second lime.” It was probably deposited in depressions on the sur¬ face of the shale that underlies the limestone, and therefore the sand exists as lenses separated by areas in which the limestone lies directly on the shale with no intervening sand. No direct connection is apparent between the Hoing pool where the sand lies 90 feet above sea level and the Hamm pool in which the sand is 70 feet higher. Likewise the pool at the town of Colmar lies on the north side of the dome and probably has no direct connection in the sand with either of the other pools. In November, 1915, 106 wells belonging to the Ohio Oil Company yielded about 3,450 barrels per week. Most of this oil was produced by the comparatively small number of wells in the new Hamm pool. In 1915, 130 wells were drilled in McDonough County having an initial production of 2,592 barrels per day, and 32 were dry. The area was orig¬ inally recommended in a report by H. Hinds of the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the State Geological Survey, and a later report on the held was published in Bulletin 31 of the State Survey. The dome in the oil sand conforms very closely in position and amount to the arching of coal No. 2 which was mapped before any oil wells had been drilled. Hancock County Section 13, T. 4 N., R. 5 W. (St. Marys), has not been thoroughly prospected. It is impossible to state whether or not the Hoing sand is pres¬ ent in the section, but if the lens of sand which extends in an east-west direc¬ tion on the J. B. McAllister farm in the southern part of sec. 18 and north¬ ern part of sec. 19, T. 4 N., R. 4 W. (Lamoine), does continue to the west, at least the southern half of sec. 13, T. 4 N., R. 5 W. (St. Marys), would bear testing. PETROLEUM, 1914 AND 1915 79 Schuyler County WILDCAT TESTS IN I 915 Considerable wildcat drilling was undertaken during 1915 in Schuyler County, for the most part confined to domes to which attention had been called by the Survey in Bulletin 31, issued in August. The structure of the county was worked out during 1914 by methods similar to those prev¬ iously employed in the Colmar area. Several areas were described in which the beds lie higher than in the surrounding territory. Being fully cog¬ nizant of the “spotty” nature of the Hoing sand and of the possibility and even the probability that it is absent over most of the county, the Survey prefaced its description of the structural features by the following para¬ graph which is quoted from Bulletin 31 : “Because the oil-producing bed is lenticular and is absent over consid¬ erable areas, the selection of favorable locations for drilling is fraught with more than the usual element of uncertainty. There is little doubt that in some of the areas described below, the sand is absent, and in this event there will be no accumulation of oil despite the favorable geological structure. It is hoped that the sand is present in at least a few of the areas listed below so that the combination of porous beds with favorable dips may be tested. The presence or absence of the sand cannot be predicted in advance of the drill." The Scott Mill dome was well tested by the Ohio Oil Company, and no sand was found at the Hoing horizon. Similar results followed drilling in the dome southwest of Rushville. The same company drilled a well a short distance from the Huntsville terrace without finding any sand, and it is probable that no sand is present in the terrace itself. In sec. 9 of the Buena Vista dome the Indian Refining Company found a good showing of oil in the upper part of the “second line.” However, the Hoing sand was absent. South of the Frederick terrace the Ohio Oil Company drilled a hole where the beds are 20 feet lower than on the top of the terrace. They found no Hoing sand, but considerable gas and a large amount of salt water in the second lime. If the sand had been present in this well, another test y<\ mile northwest would be advisable but it is probable that no sand is pres¬ ent on the terrace proper. The well drilled by this company 2 miles north¬ east of Frederick is located in a basin which would be regarded unfavorable. The Macomb Oil and Gas Company in their Caldwell No. 1. NE. *4 NE. 14 sec. 11, T. 3 N., R. 2 W. (Littleton), reports 18 feet of white sand, saturated with salt water at the Hoing horizon. The sand was found at a depth of 585 feet. The same sandstone, likewise saturated with salt water, was found at 692 feet in the Bovey well of the Macomb Oil and Gas Com¬ pany, SE. l /4 SW. *4 sec. 14 of the same township. Similarly, Elting and others in Dean No. 1, NE. % NE. *4 sec. 20, T. 3 N., R. 1 W. (Oakland), report 10 feet of Hoing sand with water and a showing of oil at 700 feet. 80 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 C. E. Hites and Company completed a well 40 rods from the north line and 60 rods from the east line of sec. 13, T. 3 N., R. 2 W. (Littleton), where the beds are somewhat higher than in the wells mentioned immediately above. At a 648-foot depth, the Hoing sand was found, and in the upper 3 feet a good showing of oil was noted. As the well was deepened, however, salt water came in and filled the hole 350 feet. It was impossible by bailing to lower the water more than 150 feet, but when the bailer was run, a good showing of oil was found. The presence of the sand in the wells near Littleton and the shows of oil that have been noted are favorable indications for the northeastern part of Schuyler County. The last well mentioned is located near the highest part of a low dome in which coal No. 2 is 600 feet above sea level. The fact that the sand is saturated with salt water makes it seem rather doubtful that the sand rises enough in the immediate vicinity to hold a commercial amount of oil above the water. A considerable area in Littleton and Oakland town¬ ships probably contains the Hoing sand. The surface outcrops of rocks by which the structure can be determined are scarce. The beds lie higher in the dome mentioned above—namely, 3 miles east and 1 mile north of Little¬ ton, as pointed out in Bulletin 31, than anywhere else in Littleton and Oak¬ land townships where measurements were possible. SUMMARY OF TESTS IN SCHUYLER COUNTY During 1915, 7 wells were drilled on domes and terraces in Schuyler County; ten others were drilled without regard to structure or at least so far from favorable features that they can not be regarded as tests except as to the presence or absence of the sand. Of the 7 wells drilled on domes and terraces, 6 found no sand at the Hoing horizon, a probability to which at¬ tention was called in Bulletin 31. Despite the absence of sand, the Indian Refining Company, in sec. 9, T. 2 N., R. 2 W. (Buena Vista), found a splen¬ did show of oil in the “second lime,” near the top of the Buena Vista dome. The only well located near the top of the Littleton dome—C. E. Hites and Company, NE. Rj NE. % sec. 13, T. 3 N., R. 2 W. (Littleton)—found a good show of oil in the Hoing sand which contains salt water. SOUTH-CENTRAL ILLINOIS Macoupin County STAUNTON OIL AND GAS FIELD In 1914 the Illinois Geological Survey described a dome northwest of Staunton, Macoupin County. 2 The existence of the dome was determined by the position of coal No. 6 in coal test holes drilled by the C. & N. V . R. R. Co. It was later described in greater detail by Wallace Lee of the U. S. 2 Blatchley, Raymond S., Oil and gas in Bond, Macoupin, and Montgomery counties: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 28, 1914. Also Kay, F. IT, Coal resources of District VII: Illinois Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 11, 1915. PETROLEUM, 1914 AND 1915 81 Geological Survey in cooperation with the Illinois Survey. 3 Early in 1915, Miller Bros., of Staunton, drilled a well near the highest part of the dome in the SE. cor SW. 34 SW. 34 sec. 14, T. 7 N., R. 7 W. (Dorchester), and brought in a large production of gas from a sand at 441 feet. Prospecting was stimulated, and before the end of the year a number of wells were drilled in the area. In the N. sec. 23, and the S. sec. 14, 7 gas wells were completed, the largest of which (Daniel Groves No. 1), is reported to have a capacity of 20,000,000 cu. ft. per day. One mile northwest of the principal gas area, the Ohio Oil Co. drilled G. W. Groves No. 1 in the NE. cor. SE. 34 NW. 34 sec. 15, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., and at 461 feet reached a sand that produced about 2,000.000 cu. ft. of gas per day. At 480 feet a show of black oil was found, and at 565 a good show of green oil was developed. Salt water came in at the same time. About 1 mile southeast of the main gas wells the Miller Bros, completed a 5-barrel oil well at the center of sec. 24, T. 7 N., R. 7 W. The sand lies at 442 feet. In the SE. 34 SW. 34 sec. 24, Fleeger and Lamberton discovered gas at 427 with a reported flow of about 700,000 cu. ft. per day. The large gas wells are located on the top of the dome, where the beds lie from 40 to 60 feet higher than in the surrounding area. In the Isaacs well, NW. 34 SW. >4 sec. 12, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., coal No. 6 is almost as high as it is in the dome 1)4 miles southwest. However, without further drilling it is impossible to state definitely whether or not the sands are high all the way between the gas area and the Isaacs well. The lower position of the coal and sands northwest and southeast of the gas wells, together with the altitude of the coal southwest and northeast of the present main field, make it seem probable that the dome is longer northeast-southwest than in the opposite direction. The producing sands lie in the basal part of the “Coal Measures,” the upper one occupying about the position of coal No. 2. No single sandstone can be traced throughout the area; in other words, the sands were probably deposited in channels whose streams eroded away the beds such as the coals normally in the bottom part of the “Coal Measures.” Two such lenses are represented in the larger gas wells, the top of the first being from 195 to 215 feet below the top of coal No. 6, whereas in H. Woolridge No. 1, SW. 34 SE. 34 sec. 14, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., no sand was found at the upper horizon, but 255 feet below coal No. 6 a good flow of gas was tapped in a lower lens. This lower sand corresponds in position with the sand from which oil is obtained in the Miller oil well at the center of sec. 24, T. 7 N., R. 7 W. Whether or not the sand is continuous between the two wells must be decided by the drill. It is probable that the sand 233 feet below the coal in the gas well, NW. 34 NE. >4 sec. 23, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., represents a lens intermediate between the two mentioned above. 3 Lee, Wallace, Oil and Gas in Gillespie and Mt. Olive quadrangles: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 101, 1915. 82 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Half-way between the oil well and the main gas field, the upper sand lies 35 feet lower than at the gas wells, and in A. Schnaare Xo. 1, XE. *4 SE. J4 sec. 23, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., only a show of gas was found, although the sand is 20 feet thick. The well was continued to 610 feet and at 605 feet, or 330 feet below coal No. 6, salt water was tapped. The top of the gas- producing sand in E. D. Wilder No. 2, SE. l /^ SW. }4 sec. 24, T. 7 N., R. 7 W. is 222 feet below coal No. 6 and may be the intermediate lens be¬ tween the main gas sand and the oil-producing sand in L. Schnaare No. 1, center sec. 24. However, the sands vary greatly in thickness, and it is likely that in places they are connected. In his report on the Gillespie and Mt. Olive quadrangles, Wallace Lee 4 calls attention to 3 productive lenses of sand in the Carlinville field, the upper one about 200 feet below coal No. 6, the second 20 or 25 feet lower, and the main horizon 15 to 25 feet below the second. In position, the Staun¬ ton sands agree in general with those at Carlinville, although it must be understood that laterally at any given horizon shale exists here and there in place of sand, and no one sand is continuous. In G. W. Groves No. 1 in the SE. Rj NW. }4 see. 15, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., the upper sand, at 461 feet, lies 55 feet lower than at the wells in the south part of sec. 14, a fact that is corroborated by the position of the coal which shows the same amount of dip. Two million cubic feet of gas per day and a strong show of black oil, together with salt water, were found in the upper sand, whereas a good showing of light-green oil was found in a sand at 565 feet, 302 feet below the coal. Only one other well, A. Schnaare No. 1, NE. >4 SE. >4 sec. 23, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., has tested this deep sand near the top of the dome. In this well a salt sand in approximately the same position was reached at 605 feet. According to available data it would seem reasonable to expect some ex¬ tension of the main gas-producing area on all sides of the top of the dome. It would seem well at first to test the remainder of sec. 14, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., in a general northeast direction from the present wells. The SE. J4 sec. 15 should be tested to determine the possibility of securing commercial gas for some distance down the dip toward G. W. Groves No. 1. The show of oil in the Groves sands encourages the belief that higher up the dip, above the salt water, some oil may have accumulated. The structure appears favorable in the northwest part of sec. 24 and the southwest part of sec. 13, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., but only the drill can deter¬ mine whether or not sand is present. If the sand is continuous from the gas wells in secs. 23 and 14 to the oil well at the center of sec. 24. a good deal of productive territory should be developed. Drilling for oil should be done, location by location, away from the Schnaare oil well, cen. sec. 24, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., and unless shallower sands 4 Lee, Wallace, Oil and Gas in Gillespie and Mt. Olive quadrangles: Til. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, pp. 71-107, 1915. PETROLEUM, 1914 AND 1915 83 produce, all holes should be continued to a depth of at least 270 feet below coal No. 6. If the operator desires to test the horizon that produced a show of green oil in the G. W. Groves well, he should drill about 330 feet below coal No. 6. Coal test holes near the center of sec. 10, T. 7 N., R. 7 W. (Dorchester), show that the coal lies almost 350 feet above sea level, whereas in the NE. cor. sec. 10 it is at least 20 feet lower. One mile south, at the G. W. Groves well, SE. ^ NW. sec. 15, T. 7 N., R. 7 W., the coal is 312 feet above sea level. At the center of sec. 9, its altitude is 337 feet. The gas and oil at the Groves well, and the higher altitude of the coals near the center of sec. 10 would render worth while a test at about the cen¬ ter of sec. 10. The sands may be absent, but no prediction can be made in advance of the drill. Table 30 furnishes such information as is available regarding the Staun¬ ton wells. Very few complete logs have been preserved, and consequently one who attempts correlations that are very important as regards the sands, is decidedly handicapped. SPANISH NEEDLE CREEK DOME In Mr. Lee’s report included in Bulletin 31, he recommended the Span¬ ish Needle Creek dome, which lies chiefly in the western part of sec. 21, T. 9 N., R. 7 W. (Honey Point). The existence of the dome was determined from the position of a limestone that outcrops in the area. The first well at the SE. cor. SW. Vt NW. sec. 21, T. 9 N., R. 7 W., reached a good flow of gas at 380 feet in a sand that continued to the bottom of the well at 415 feet. According to Mr. Thomas Rinaker, of Carlinville, the well has a capacity of 2,000,000 cu. ft. of gas per day. A second well was drilled near the cen. E. y 2 SW. ]/\ sec. 21, where the limestone is about 20 feet higher than at the first well. A good flow of gas was struck at 364 but salt water came in at 370 and drowned the gas. The interval between the coal and sand in the first well is 205 feet, whereas in No. 2 it is only 177 feet, if the meagre records are correct. This may signify that the sand in No. 2 is a higher bed not present in No. 1, and that another sand lies lower in No. 2. In view of the fact that the main horizon at the Carlinville field lies 40 or 50 feet below the upper bench of coal No. 2, it would be well to drill at least 250 feet below coal No. 6 in any attempt to test the area. In case salt water is found in the upper sand, it would he worth while to case it ofif for the purpose of testing the lower sands. In the old Carlinville field no wells were added in 1915. Three pro¬ ducers, with a total initial production of 15 barrels, were drilled in 1914. Clinton County The Carlyle pool, discovered in 1911, was quickly defined and only a small amount of inside drilling remains to he done. Table 30. —Data concerning wells and coal tests in vicinity of Staunton 84 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 if) U CT3 S u Pi uoponpojj 3 l ol l u * 4-1 ° ts. § 15 o C/3 LO u -4-> C3 £ 03 t/3 C/3 73 fl 13 3 ° N o 1.s§ U C. Q< o cS V to on o o t/3 s S*i« — Cvl tc a. ^ .£ Q. ^ .3 5 — n O 3 rj O 3 ct cn .E io J ■” sfl t/3 if. ajoq jo uao;;oq pue 9 -Oj\J jbod JO doi U33MJ -oq JBA-I9;UJ 9 Ojvj jbod JO do; puB puBS jo do; U 33 M.; -oq [BAao;uj . • >> • • • >» (f) tfi if) if) >. • In • • • u u a rt C3 c3 !7! u U • C • • • Q Q G G G G C) w r\ V Q G Hni Cvl 00 Cvl LO LO On t-H O LO o LO LO Os CO On On i—• o o t-H T—t NO NO o CM »—- • • • "~T OO 14, co eg LO CO co CO LO NO M- LO LO LO LO LO CM • CM o o eg CO oo • • • o CO • • eg co eg LO NO NO • • • tT CM • ft, CM M" eg CM cvi CO CO -*«a • co • NO NO LO o • 00 • • oo • • • • • • • • t-H • On ^H LO eg • ON • • O’ • it, eg CM CM CM CM eg CM LO • • • • • • • CO • M" O M" t-H T-H On • o, • ft, t-H t-H • m eg T—4 eg CO O • NO • • o • NO t-H o NO NO 00 • On • . LO • M" M” LO T M- M - M" • M- • ft, C- if) o rt r ", o H v co Tt* . NO 00 00 On LO co NO CM CO c co O CO • CO M" CO eg eg NO NO LO VO 1-H LO O* co ft. CO CO CO CO CO co CO co CO CO CO CO CO CO co CO HO t-H On • ON NO o On o LO 00 CO o 00 NO CO 00 • o On o T—1 00 CO LO rr NO o TT ft, CO CM • CO eg CO CO O 6 o z V be T3 No. V be IH No. oves No. No. No. No. 4-> if) N u o s. In. tN* tN. tN. no rs. rx 'A\ 'H rs 'N 'X LO On 0 \ o o O CM CO rr M- LO On ^ CM • 03 S r— ' t-H t-H t-H ^H t-H t— eg CM • • • • pa • • ; m cj • • • u • £ W ^ c a> K c3 fa « C fa ta g G £ C/) m G £ z U C /3 C /3 Z z Z G Z PETROLEUM 1914 85 AND 1915 h i 4 -> u 4 -* 03 £ C /3 c 3 bo * 4-4 c M-. ,__ ° o i u G o ’o v-t— a u V 4-4 c 3 be C '% m o tT 4 -* h u 4-4 h 41 ON o in 4 -* o u o o 03 03 rN cn ^ Q. r- & in O 2 & o c- 1 c 75 M" 4 —* a II Q m ^ .2 4-4 tion o <—• cn •o c rt ! 444 C o o U-I 41 2 c/: 41 rt cr, C /3 r 3 U c n t /3 C /3 >* >» t /5 >> >> >1 • >< • C f) >. >> c 3 C 3 • h h . G rt u hi h h • • h a h • u o o u • P p o o p p p p • • • PUP • p lO O m 00 o o VO M- o 00 T —4 M- Os m On CM o in o y—* in Os O • o in T -1 T— < VO • M- CM CO 1^ 1^ M- CM M- • Os o T-H In in T-H in m CM in VO O’ M- CM m VO TT CM m CM CM VO M" co co in in CO ON tN © VO CM 00 VO On O o O CO co in • • co M" VO • M" • In • VO • • • CO M- CO • • CM • CM CM CM CO CM CM CM M - CM CM CO CM O m CO T—H cn m in u o o o bo x O . O 6 o" o o o O O o o o o d 2 2 o £ h OJ *"0 2 a Cu c 2 C /3 c 41 C /3 1" o 2 h _o 41 (/3 h 03 41 — r s p p o £ C3 PQ o o S o o o rS O U <4 o >,u U i « a; 41 6 4-4 13 41 o U o h 3 Co O o r - o c <2 pp nfl 2 CJ o T3 "O h O 03 £ h o o 03 2 u u 41 o XJ 3 ffi d. g h o u 4 SW. sec. 24, T. 7 N., R. 7 W. (Dor¬ chester), in which the gas comes from a sand that is probably connected with the oil sand in the Miller oil well. 2. The oil in the Staunton field contains a lower per cent of the lighter constituents than the oils of Clinton, Marion, Lawrence, and Crawford coun¬ ties, and gas associated with the oil at Staunton would probably not contain so large a per cent of gasoline as is present in the gas of the counties men¬ tioned. The notable supply of gas, however, renders thorough testing highly desirable. 5 Burrell, G. A,, Seibert, F. M., and Oberfell, C. C., The condensation of gasoline from nat¬ ural gas: U. S. Bureau of Mines Bull. 88, 1915. PETROLEUM, 1914 AND 1915 89 SUMMARY TABLES The following tables show the oil development in Illinois during 1914 and 1915. The figures have been compiled from the Oil City Derrick and the Oil and Gas Journal. Table 31. — Monthly record of wells drilled in Illinois in 1914 to 1915 Month Completed New production Dry holes Average initial production Abandoned wells Gas wells 1914 1915 1914 1915 1914 1915 1914 1915 1914 1915 1914 1915 January . .. 148 47 Bbls. 2,925 Bbls. 975 15 14 Bbls. 21.9 Bbls. 29.6 15 31 7 2 February .. 135 35 3,459 640 28 11 32.3 26.6 2 10 4 1 March .... 136 53 2,443 1,478 18 11 20.7 35.1 6 8 2 1 April . 192 54 4,852 1,254 41 10 32.1 28.5 1 9 2 1 May . 154 53 5,552 953 35 19 46.6 28.0 2 7 3 1 June . 180 54 6,542 1,219 52 16 51.1 32.1 5 11 5 2 July . 139 64 3 801 1,356 36 17 36.9 28.8 16 13 3 1 August .... 142 71 2,807 1,367 39 18 27.2 25.8 2 18 3 1 September . 139 66 2,925 1,236 28 16 26.3 24.7 12 12 0 1 October . .. 98 79 1,517 1,263 27 19 21.4 21.0 13 18 2 4 November . 63 84 1,056 1,051 14 25 21.6 17.8 11 12 1 1 December . 57 96 1,358 1,263 22 21 38.8 16.8 10 6 0 2 Total .... 1,583 756 45,237 14,055 335 197 95 155 32 18 Table 32. — County record of wells drilled in Illinois in 1914 and 1915 1914 County Completed New production Dry Gas Abandoned Clark . 222 Bbls. 1,581 62 2 5 Cumberland . 25 141 2 0 0 Crawford . 707 8,613 136 28 48 Lawrence . 365 24,263 69 2 42 Marion . 7 70 1 0 0 Clinton . 4 20 2 0 0 Wabash . 12 345 5 0 0 Macoupin . 5 15 2 0 0 Coles . 21 172 5 0 0 Madison . 1 0 1 0 0 Jasper . 5 28 2 0 0 Union . 1 0 1 0 0 McDonough . 175 3,944 35 0 0 Saline . 1 0 1 0 0 Bond . 2 0 2 0 0 Schuyler. 5 0 5 0 0 Hancock. 20 45 19 0 0 90 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Table 32. — County record of wells drilled in Illinois in 1914 and 1915 —Concluded 1914 County Completed New production Dry Gas Abandoned Shelby . 1 0 1 0 0 Franklin . 1 0 1 0 0 Champaign . 1 0 1 0 0 Montgomery . 2 0 2 0 0 Total . 1,583 45,237 355 32 95 1915 Clark . 141 1,914 33 1 3 Cumberland . 44 810 4 2 0 Crawford . 215 1,766 55 8 87 Lawrence . 157 6,329 27 1 63 Coles . 3 35 1 0 0 Marion . 6 270 1 0 0 Clinton . 2 0 2 0 0 Wabash . 6 328 1 0 2 McDonough . 130 2,592 32 0 0 Hancock. 9 0 9 0 0 Schuvler. 17 0 17 0 0 Macoupin. 10 5 3 6 0 Montgomery . 3 0 3 0 0 Edgar . 4 6 1 0 0 Jackson . 1 0 1 0 0 Adams . 2 0 2 0 0 Washington . 1 0 1 0 0 Edwards . 1 0 1 0 0 Madison . 1 0 1 0 0 St. Clair. 2 0 2 0 0 Randolph . 1 0 1 0 0 Total . 756 14 055 197 18 155 The total number of wells drilled to Tan. 1, 1916, was 23,854 of which 4,316 or 18 per cent were dry. GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE OF CANTON AND AVON QUADRANGLES By T. E. Savage (In cooperation with United States Geological Survey) OUTLINE Page Introduction . 91 Strata penetrated in drilling . 92 Oil-bearing bed . 95 Relation of accumulation to folds in the oil-bearing bed. 96 Localities already tested . 97 Gas in glacial drift . 97 Structure of beds. 97 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE II Map showing structure of Canton quadrangle . 96 III Map showing structure of Avon quadrangle . 98 FIGURE 6. Cross-section showing relation of beds in Avon and Canton quadrangles to those of Colmar field . 93 7. Diagram showing significance of unconformities in the Avon-Canton region . . 96 8. Diagram showing relation of oil accumulation to geologic structure. 98 Introduction It should be remembered that the geological structure is only one of the factors which control the accumulation of oil and gas into commercial deposits. In the Avon-Canton region it is doubtful if the Hoing sand exists in more than a few separated areas. The most that the geologist attempts to do is to eliminate as much of the chance as possible by selecting areas in which the beds are arched up into domes or anticlines where the accumulation will take place if the sand is present, and if the water sat¬ uration is great enough to hold the oil and gas in the upward folds. By limiting exploration to small areas, the geologist renders invaluable service, but he can by no means guarantee oil at any given location. In the present paper, it is intended simply to describe the position of the beds in the Can- ton-Avon quadrangles. Idle Survey has received a number of requests for this information, and since wells are to be drilled, it would be wise to test first the areas which have one factor—namely, favorable geological struc¬ ture, determined in advance of drilling. The field work upon which this report is based was done in 1914 as part of the regular program of the State Geological Survey in cooperation with ( 91 ) 92 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 the United States Geological Survey. Ordinarily the present paper would constitute part of a geological folio; but in view of the wide interest and renewed activity in the oil fields of western Illinois, it is regarded best to make immediately available any information that may aid the prospector in selecting the more favorable areas for oil and gas accumulation. Strata Penetrated in Drilling The strata in this region are very similar to those of the Colmar area. Because of the general eastward dip, all of the formations are somewhat deeper in the territory under consideration, than in the Colmar field. Figure 6 gives a graphic representation of the relation of the strata in the two areas. The succession of strata above the oil horizon known as the Hoing sand and the increase in the depth of this horizon from the west toward the east, in the direction of the dip in this area, may be seen from the logs of drillings given below. A boring put down by J. E. Harris in the SW. Rj sec. 31, T. 6 N.. R. 1 E., near the town of New Philadelphia, reached the Hoing sand horizon at a depth of 651 feet as shown in the following log. The sand itself is not present. All but the upper 238 feet of this log was compiled from a study of samples that were saved from every bailer as the well was put down. The upper part was taken from the driller’s record. Log of well drilled in SIV. H sec. T. 6 N. } R. I E. (See figure 6, No. 3) Thickness Depth Feet Feet Pleistocene and Recent— Soil and yellow clay. 17 1/ Sand, soft . 2 19 Clay, blue . 39 58 Quicksand and fine gravel (gas at 58 feet). 4 62 Gravel (water and gas). 10 72 Pennsylvanian series— Pottsville formation— Limestone (?) . 14 86 Shale, blue . 69 155 Mississippian series— Burlington limestone (“first lime”) — Limestone, white to light gray (water). 190 345 Kinderhook shale— Shale, light gray to bluish. 85 430 Devonian system— Upper Devonian (Sweetland Creek) shale— Shale, dark and light . 155 585 Wapsipinicon limestone (top of “second lime”) — Limestone, light gray, slight showing of oil at 610 and 635 feet . 56 641 12 3 4 0 100 -200 -300 -400 - 500 - 600 - 700 - 800 -900 L 1000 Fig. 6. —Cross-section showing relation of beds in Avon and Canton quadrangles to those of Colmar field. ( 93 ) 94 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Silurian system— Limestone, gray, magnesian . 10 651 Horizon of Hoing sand Ordovician system— Maquoketa shale— Shale, bluish gray . 160 811 Shale, gray, somewhat sandy. 20 831 Galena limestone— Dolomite, yellowish gray. 89 920 About 22 miles east of New Philadelphia a deep well at Canton, put down for water by the Parlin and Orendorff Plow Company, reached the horizon of the Hoing sand at about 980 feet, or nearly 330 feet deeper than in the well near New Philadelphia. The log of the Canton well is given below: Log of well in SE. H TP. H sec 27, T. 7 N., R. 4 E. (See figure 6, No. 4) Pleistocene and Recent— Thickness Feet Depth Feet Surface clay . Sand . Clay, blue . Pennsylvanian series— Carbondale formation— Shale . Coal (Springfield or No. 5) . Shale . Limestone . Shale . “Slate” . Shale . Coal . Pottsville formation— Clay shale . Shale . Flint . Shale . “Slate” . Coal . “Slate” . Shale . Limestone (?) . Shale . Limestone (?), blue . Shale, sandy . Sandstone and conglomerate Sandstone . 22 22 2 24 16 40 40 80 4^ 84 y 2 15 99]/ 2 20 11954 61 180J4 15 19554 30 225 p2 227 6 233 15 248 5 253 35 288 7 295 1 296 12 308 50 358 17 375 23 398 18 416 12 428 30 458 7 465 CANTON AND AVON QUADRANGLES 95 Mississippian series— Burlington formation (“first lime’’) — Limestone, white . 100 565 Kinderhook shale— Shale, gray, calcareous, about . 125 690 Devonian system— Upper Devonian shale— Shale, dark, with sporangites, about. 101 791 Wapsipinicon limestone (top of “second lime”) — Limestone, gray . 62 853 Silurian system— Niagaran limestone— Limestone, magnesian . 127 980 Horizon of Hoing sand Ordovician system— Maquoketa shale— Shale and limestone . 175 1155 Galena-Trenton limestone— Limestone . 186 1341 Sandstone (dolomite) . 5 1346 Limestone . 10 1356 Sandstone and limestone mixed . 20 1376 Limestone . 69 1445 St. Peter sandstone— Sandstone, white ... 282 1727 Definite figures regarding the thickness of the formations above the Hoing sand cannot be given for the entire area, since some of them were affected by erosion after having been deposited and before other beds were laid down upon them; in some places this erosion progressed to greater depths than in others. The significance of the unconformities is shown graphically in figure 7, the unconformities being represented by the irregular contact lines between different formations. Such contact planes are simply ancient land surfaces, some of which had almost as much relief as the surface today; whereas others exhibit a relief of only a few feet. OlL-BEARING Bed In the western Illinois oil field the producing stratum is a sandstone, known as the Hoing sand, which is locally present immediately below the Silurian limestone and above the Maquoketa shale. Sandstone is not known at this horizon in any other portion of Mississippi Valley, and in this region it is not a persistent bed but occurs in separated areas, the general direction and extent of which have not yet been determined. 1 This sandstone appears never to have been laid down over an extensive area, for many of the wells ’This sand was probably derived from the deeply weathered residual material that was de¬ veloped on the surface of the Maquoketa shale during the long period of land conditions that prevailed in this region between the end of the Maquoketa and the beginning of Niagaran time. This residual mantle was worked over, and the sand sorted out and deposited in local depressions by the Niagaran sea when it first advanced over the region. 96 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 pass from the Niagaran limestone (“second lime”) directly into the Ma- quoketa shale. In some places it may have been removed by erosion before the later beds were deposited. During this erosion period the Silurian strata were in some places entirely removed, so that the Devonian limestone was deposited upon the Maquoketa shale. Relation of Accumulation to Folds in Oil-bearing Beds In most of the productive fields of Illinois, as in Lawrence and Craw¬ ford counties, the oil occurs in the upper parts of anticlines or domes, or in Fig. 7. —Diagram showing significance of unconformities in the Avon-Canton region. terraces on the sides of the folds. The productive oil fields of Illinois are surrounded by a barren area in which the wells tap salt water. This is strong evidence that the water is an important factor in determining where the oil will accumulate in the sand stratum after it has been more or less folded. Where the sand is practically saturated with water (fig. 8, A), the oil generally occurs near the crest of the anticlines. Where the sand is BULLETIN NO. 33, PLATE II ILLINOIS S' ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 33, PLATE II KNOX CO BQVNP ARY LINE 23T\Aaaa [9 JJSj. • Hi n iWi >i >.l CENTRAL .L/NO/S JbchloliL St.-liool 1 Maa-kl-y , School Hippie Scliuol. .SfRMONi School CANTOS' EAGLE MINEi phool id E M Bandi Contour interval 20 feet. Datum U m«m 8 «» ZjmJ, Map showing structure of Canton quadrangle S y idea Contxrur intei-v'al 20 feel HcBUan, is MM)* >SCL IstmZ Map showing structure of Avon quadrangle r - w ^ • iUlS t jL DESCRIPTION OF MAP The heavy black lines show the posi¬ tion of coal No. 2 above sea level, and arc to be considered apart from the fine black lines which represent the surface of the region. The reader is requested to imagine that all of the beds are removed down to the surface of coal No. 2, and that the southeast comer of the area is flooded by water which stands 520 feet above sea level. The heavy black 520-contour line would represent the shore-line at the first stage, but if the level of the water were raised by 20-foot intervals the suc¬ cessive shore-lines would be represented in turn by the higher contour lines. Thus the surface of the coal one mile north of Babylon is high and would remain above water as a peninsula until the water level was raised to 620 feet. The general dip of the coal and under- lying beds is toward the southeast, but the irregularities represented by the curves in the contours may best be un¬ derstood by a study as outlined above. SPECIAL NOTICE It is impossible to predict the presence of oil in any given area. The fact that the Hoing oil sand is present at only a comparatively few places adds an addi¬ tional large element of uncertainty in the western counties of Illinois. Since in most fields the oil accumu¬ lates where the sand has been folded up¬ ward, and since the downward folds or synclines are usually filled with salt water, a map which shows the position of the beds previous to drilling is very val¬ uable. The operator can then confine his tests to territory where accumulation would take place if the other conditions are favorable. Thus one element of chance is eliminated. CANTON AND AVON QUADRANGLES 99 Structure of Beds In the Colmar region farther west, the oil is found in the upper part of a dome, and in a terrace on its side. Even on this favorable structure, the sand is present only in limited areas. Consequently, any recommendations for test borings for oil in the Avon and Canton area, based on the usual structure features, must be recognized as carrying an unusual amount of uncertainty. However, since it is not possible to tell before borings are made whether the Hoing sand is present or to what extent it is saturated with water in any particular locality, if test borings are to be made, it would seem wise to proceed first on the usual assumption that the rocks will be thoroughly saturated with water, and to test first the places where the structure is favorable, as the highest parts of the anticlines and domes. From the structure map (PI. II) it will be seen that a broad dome is present northwest of Fairview, the highest point of which is in the NE. sec. 29, and the SE. sec. 20, T. 8 N., R. 3 E. Southwest of Farmington in secs. 10 and 11, T. 8 N., R. 4 E., there is a low arch in which the beds are somewhat higher than to the north or south. From Fiatt a low arch extends toward the southeast corner of the Can¬ ton quadrangle. The axis passes about one-half mile north of Jones School, SYV. cor. sec. 27, T. 7 N., R. 3 E., and has been traced southeast to the cen¬ ter of sec. 10, T. 6 N., R. 4 E. In the northwest quarter of the Avon quadrangle (PL III), a low anti¬ cline in present in the SE. sec. 14, T. 8 N., R. 1 W. The beds here are somewhat higher than to the west, south, and east; but no outcrops are avail¬ able toward the north, and the dip in that direction is uncertain. One mile north of Babylon in secs. 11 and the western part of 12, T. 7 N., R. 1 E.. the beds are higher than in any other direction except northwest. In a few places in the southeast quarter of the Avon quadrangle irreg¬ ularities of small extent are present, but no places particularly favorable for prospecting might be mentioned. It must be remembered that the Survey has no way of ascertaining the presence of the Hoing sand in advance of drilling and that the accompany¬ ing maps are published in the hope that they may be useful in case drilling is planned. The structures above described in detail are comparatively mild, and may or may not reflect identical structures in the deeply buried formations. NOTES ON BREMEN ANTICLINE— RANDOLPH COUNTY By Fred H. Kay OUTLINE Page Introduction . 101 The Bremen anticline . 101 Second well recommended. 102 Lack of other folds. 103 ILLUSTRATION FIGURE 9. Map of Bremen anticline. 102 Introduction The Bremen anticline (fig. 9) was first described in 1915 by Stuart Weller in Bulletin 31 of the Illinois State Geological Survey. Not long after its publication Kiskaddon Brothers of Oklahoma leased considerable land along the anticline and drilled a well on the William Winkleman farm in the NE. *4 SW. Rj sec. 23, Bremen Township. Rock outcrops nearby show that the well was located a short distance north of the axis of the anticline. Some gas was found but a large quantity of salt water drowned out the flow and the well was abandoned at a depth of about 970 feet in limestone which is probably the upper part of the “Big Lime.” A number of citizens living in the vicinity of Chester requested an ad¬ ditional examination of the outcrops in the region along the anticline with a view to locating a second well whose position might be somewhat more favorable than that of the former well. Prominent among those specially interested in further developing the anticline are Mr. C. E. Kingsbury and Mr. William Ebers, both of Chester, Illinois. The writer wishes to ac¬ knowledge his indebtedness to these two gentlemen for kindly cooperation and for personal assistance while making a short field examination upon which this report is based. The Bremen Anticline In the tributaries on the eastern side of Little Mary’s River the upper beds belonging to the Chester group of formations are well exposed. The Palestine sandstone and the Clore limestone in the NW. Rj sec. 27, Bremen Township, show a distinct dip of 2 degrees to the southeast. The strike of these beds is about N. 70° E. The beds are well exposed along an east-west stream near the line between the farms of IT. Magers and H. P. Wilson. One-half mile north of the outcrops mentioned immediately above is another east-west tributary in which the rocks are well exposed. Mere, however, the dip is to the northwest and is much steeper than that of the beds men¬ tioned at the first location. Near the center of the SW. R[ sec. 22 a north ( 101 ) ! 02 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 dip of 13 degrees was measured, but this is the strongest dip noted on the north side of the fold. Outcrops are plentiful on the Henry Heitman farm varies from 2 degrees to about 6 degrees. The south side of the anticline is much less clearly marked than the north. Slight southeast dips were noted in the SE. 34 NE. 34 sec. 27 on the Henry Schnoeker farm and also in the NE. 34 NW. 34 sec. 26. The dips here vary from 1 to 2 degrees. It was found impossible to trace the anticline east from the Kiskaddon well near the center of sec. 23, since the rocks do not outcrop in the critical territory. In the SW. 34 sec. 19, T. 6 S., R. 5 W., and in the NW. corner sec. 30, of the same township, the lowermost rocks of the coal measures come to the surface, but here all the beds lie flat. R. 6 W. Arrows show direction and amount of dip. Kiskaddon well indicated by black circle. Sug¬ gested location for second well shown by shaded area. Crosses indicate outcrops at which dip is not measurable. in the NE. corner of the SE. 34 sec. 22, and on the Frederick Hogrefe farm in the NE. 34 sec. 22. The dip at these outcrops is to the north and Second Well Recommended The Survey believes that the Bremen anticline deserves one more test which should be located as near as possible on the axis of the fold. It is suggested that the second well be placed near the southwest end of the fold where the dips are most pronounced and where the axis of the anticline may NOTES ON BREMEN ANTICLINE 103 be closely located. A well in the shaded area as shown in figure 9 would test the anticline in as favorable a location as can be selected. It is thought that the well need not be more than 700 feet deep to test the entire thick¬ ness of the Chester beds and to penetrate enough of the Ste. Genevieve limestone to determine its possibilities. Lack of Other Folds An examination was made to determine the presence of any other anti¬ clines in the vicinity, but the outcrops failed to disclose any favorable structure except the Bremen anticline. Field work was confined to the SE. Ft of T. 6 S., R. 6 W., and to secs. 19 and 30 of T. 6 S., R. 5 W. , * . OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE By John L. Rich (In cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey) OUTLINE PAGE Introduction . 106 Purpose and scope of report. 106 Acknowledgments . 107 Physiography . 107 Geology . 108 Unconsolidated rocks . 108 Consolidated rocks . 109 General section . 109 Mississippian series . 109 St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve formations. 109 Chester group . 114 Pennsylvanian series . 115 Pottsville formation . 115 Carbondale formation . 116 McLeansboro formation . 116 Gas ... 116 Horizons for oil and gas. 116 Shallow gas sands. 117 Robinson gas sand. 118 Canaan gas pool. 118 Heathsville gas pool. 119 Minor gas pools. 119 Oil in Robinson sand. 119 Description of pools. 120 Parker pool . 120 General description . 120 Description of oil sand. 120 Position of oil in sand. 121 Water conditions . 121 Structure . 122 Birds pool . 122 General description . 122 Description of oil sand. 122 Flat Rock pool. 124 New Hebron pool. 126 Jackson pool . 127 Weger pool . 128 Minor pools . 129 Allison pool . 129 Chapman pool . 129 Swearingen pool . 130 ( 105 ) 106 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Relation of pools in Robinson sand. 130 Mode of origin of Robinson sand. 131 Prospects of further oil development in Robinson sand. 138 Character of oil . 139 Salt water phenomena. 140 Relation of water conditions to origin of oil. 142 Deep wells . 142 Locations . 142 Structure of lower beds. 144 Oil possibilities of lower beds. 145 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE IV. Map of Birds quadrangle, showing oil field. 118 V. Profile sections of Robinson sand. 120 VI. Stereogram showing characteristics of oil sand. 132 VII. Map showing drill holes to Robinson sand. 138 FIGURE 10. Diagrammatic cross-section of sand-bar deposits. 134 11. Map of Barnegat Inlet and Bay. 135 12. Contour map showing surface form of portion of Birds pool sand. 135 13. Map showing wells which penetrate Mississippian rocks. 143 INTRODUCTION Purpose and Scope of Report This report deals with the occurrence of oil and gas within the Birds quadrangle, which includes the eastern part of the main Illinois oil field in southern Crawford and northern Lawrence counties. The field work was done during the summer of 1915 in cooperation with the United States Geol¬ ogical Survey, and the results will appear in briefer form in the Hardin- ville-Birds folio now in preparation by the United States Geological Survey. But since the folio text must necessarily be brief and there is likely to be considerable delay in its publication, the State Geological Survey has deemed it advisable to prepare for immediate issue this bulletin in which a full ac¬ count of the results of the investigation is presented. The report deals only with the area included in the birds quadrangle which lies between longitude 87°30' and 87°45' and latitude 38°45' and 39°. For an oil field like that of the Birds quadrangle where the productive territory has been fairly well outlined, it is the principal function of an oil report to present a description of the conditions under which the oil occurs; a discussion of the structures responsible for the oil accumulation; and any facts which throw light on the problem of the origin of the oil or on the laws which have governed its accumulation, or that may be of value in guid¬ ing future explorations in this or other regions where the geological condi¬ tions are similar. The report is intended primarily as a contribution to the OIL AND GAS IN THE BTRDS QUADRANGLE 107 geological theory of the origin and mode of occurrence of oil in the Pennsyl¬ vanian rocks of Illinois. In the field each well, whether producing or dry, was located, and the elevation at its mouth ascertained. For the greater part of the area, includ¬ ing that part in which the wells are closely spaced, the locations and eleva¬ tions were determined by means of a plane table and telescopic alidade, and the work was done with great accuracy. Scattered wells and dry holes were located by pacing from road corners and other points which could be identified on the contour map, and their elevations were determined by hand level. The wells in sec. 15, T. 5 N., R. 12 W., (Honey Creek Town¬ ship), and many of those in sections 9, 10, and 16 of the same township were located, and their elevations determined in previous years by Mr. R. S. Blatchley of the State Geological Survey. Acknowledgments Special acknowledgement is due to Mr. W. S. Nelson of the State Geol¬ ogical Survey, to whom was intrusted the plane table work and the draft¬ ing of the accompanying maps, and to Messrs. E. F. Rehnquist and John Hazlett Bell for able cooperation as rodmen. Grateful acknowledgment is here made to one and all of the numerous oil companies and individual operators who furnished logs of the wells, without which no detailed study of the field could have been made. To Professor T. E. Savage and Mr. F. H. Kay of the State Geological Survey, with whom the writer has coun¬ seled freely in connection with the preparation of the report, acknowledg¬ ment is also due. PHYSIOGRAPHY The broad Hood plains and terraces of Wabash and Embarrass rivers occupy respectively the eastern and southern portions of the quadrangle. The remainder of the area, except for about 20 square miles of low, gently rolling topography in the northwestern part of the quadrangle, south and east of Robinson, and a strip of lowland along Brushy Creek from one to two miles wide extending south past the villages of Flat Rock, Birds, and Pinkstafif to the Embarrass flats, is a maturely stream-dissected upland divided by the lowland of Brushy Creek into an eastern and a western section. Hie upland lias a relief of 100 to 150 feet. The Wabash and Embarrass flood plains and terraces range in eleva¬ tion between 415 and 445 feet above sea level. They determine the base level to which all the secondary streams have graded their flood plains. The terraces are sandy and gravelly and lie in general above the level of high water. The low flood plains, however, are covered by water at times of flood and are frequently more or less swampy for long periods. Roads on low flood plains, unless properly graded, are almost impassable for 108 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 long - periods after high water. Terrace roads as a rule are good at all seasons. The low, alluvium-filled valley of Brushy Creek is poorly drained (except near the drainage ditch), and its roads are frequently bad after wet weather. The uplands in general are very rough, the western more so than the eastern, since it is higher and more sharply cut by the streams. The high¬ est point in the quadrangle, 645 feet, is in this western upland. The up¬ land roads are prevailingly rough, though in wet weather they are more passable than those on the undrained flats. The prevailing system of lay¬ ing out the roads on the section lines in defiance of local topographv is to a considerable extent responsible for their roughness, since many of the hills might have been avoided had the roads been located in harmony with the topography. On the steep hills the roads wash badly. GEOLOGY Unconsolidated Rocks Glacial drift, alluvium, loess, and wind-blown sand, named in order from the older to the younger, constitute the unconsolidated mantle rocks of the region. The drift is pebbly bowlder clay (till) with some gravel and sand. Where fresh it is blue, but it is commonly oxidized to a yellow color for ten feet or more below the surface. It varies in thickness from a few inches to about 100 feet. In general it is thickest in the valleys and thinner on the hill tops. The alluvium overlies the drift in all the stream valleys, but its great¬ est development is along Wabash and Embarrass rivers, where it constitutes the extended flood plain and terraces above described. Along Wabash and Embarrass rivers the terraces are mainly gravel, but the low flood plains, at least at the top, consist mainly of clay loam, sand, or fine gravel. The maximum depth of alluvium in the Wabash valley is not known, but a well in the SW. cor. sec. 20, T. 4 N., R. 10 W., passed through 102 feet of gravel and quicksand before reaching bed rock. Two borings on the low flood plain of the Embarrass, one in the SE. *4 SW. 54 sec. 22, T. 4 N., R. 12 W., and another in the NE. sec. 25, struck rock at 50 feet. Numerous borings to the west and south of the quadrangle reveal from 75 to 90 feet of alluvium. The loess, a fine wind-blown dust, forms a mantle from two to ten or more feet in thickness everywhere over the uplands except where the slopes are so steep that it has been eroded away. Along the bluffs of Wabash and Embarrass rivers the loess is locally much thicker. Wind-blown sand occurs abundantly on the river terraces and on the bluffs bordering them. It commonly forms low, irregular, dune-shaped mounds, but along the river bluffs sand hills of considerable size are found. OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 109 Consolidated Rocks GENERAL SECTION The rocks beneath the drift clown to the greatest depth penetrated by the wells belong to the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian series of the Paleozoic system. A generalized geologic column for this part of the State is presented in tabular form below : r McLeansboro Shales and sandstones containing thin limestones and coal beds. Includes all the Pennsylvanian rocks - above the top of No. 6 (Herrin) coal. Thickness, 500-700 ft. in Birds quadrangle; entire thickness not represented. Pennsylvanian - Carbondale Pottsville Shales, sandstones, thin limestones and important coal beds. This formation includes all the rocks from the top of No. 6 (Herrin) coal to the bot¬ tom of No. 2 (Murphysboro) coal. Thickness, 300- 350 feet. Sandstones and gray and black shales; thick sand- - stone beds dominate; few thin beds of coal. Thick¬ ness, 500-600 feet. Mississippian Chester Limestones, shales, and sandstones; some red shales. Thickness, approximately 300 feet. - Ste. Genevieve {Limestone, in part oolitic. Thickness about 85 feet. St. Louis and Mainly dense blue or gray limestones; thin sand Salem beds. Thickness, 300 feet and over. MISSISSIPPIAN SERIES The data on the rocks of the Mississippian series are very meager. On the map, figure 13, are shown all the wells which are known to have penetrated these rocks. ST. LOUIS AND STE. GENEVIEVE FORMATIONS These formations can not be separated from each other in well records. The wSte. Genevieve is a soft, partly oolitic limestone about 85 feet thick. It grades downward into the St. Louis limestone, which is light blue and hard. The thickness of the St. Louis limestone in this area is not known because no wells within the quadrangle are known to have passed entire¬ ly through it. The character of the formation is well represented in the following logs of the Wash Parker and Lagow wells. 110 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Log f of IV. A. Lagow well, NE. *4 NE. l /\ sec. 31 , T. 5 N., R. 10 W. (Elevation 436 feet) Description of strata Soil and gravel. “Slate” . Sand. Lime. Sand . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Sand (water) . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Lime (water) . Sand (water) . Lime . “Slate” . Sand . “Slate” . Lime . Sand . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Sand . Lime . “Slate” . Lime (water) . Sand (water) . Lime . Black slate . Lime . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Lime . Sand . Lime . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Yellow lime . Lime, white . Sand (water) . Thickness Depth Feet Feet 20 20 80 100 20 120 20 140 40 180 5 185 7 192 13 205 5 210 . 104 314 36 350 3 353 2 355 . 170 525 25 550 65 615 3 618 42 660 50 710 19 729 2 731 11 742 10 752 10 762 18 780 10 790 35 825 8 833 2 835 85 920 30 950 60 1010 18 1028 7 1035 22 1057 22 1079 11 1090 20 1110 70 1180 30 1210 12 1222 47 1269 3 1272 43 1315 53 1368 32 1400 70 1470 OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 111 Thickness Description of strata Feet Lime . 15 Red rock . 3 '‘Slate,” white . 5 Lime . 77 “Slate,” black . 18 Lime, hard . 3 Lime, soft . 7 Sand, oil, and water . 3 Lime . 10 Lime, soft, sandy . 10 Limestone . 155 Depth Feet 1485 1488 1493 1570 1588 1591 1598 1601 1611 1621 1776 tThe base of the Pottsville formation cannot be recognized with certainty from this log. The top of the Ste. Genevieve formation (“Big Lime”) is believed to he at 1,493 feet. Log * of Wash Parker well No. 7 , SW. % sec. 3 , T. 5 N., R. 12 W., Honey Creek Township (Elevation 555 feet) Water at . “Slate” . Water at . “Slate” . Coal . “Slate” . Hard shell Show gas . Shells and lime “Slate” . Hard shell .... Coal . “Slate” . Shell . “Slate” . Water sand .. . “Slate” . Gas, good show “Slate” . Shell . “Slate” . Stray oil sand Water sand ... “Slate” . Parker oil sand Shell . Water sand ... “Slate” . Water sand ... Shell . Water sand ... “Slate” . Water sand ... • • • 73 67 140 • • • 280 170 450 6 456 24 480 • • • 480 10 500 50 550 50 600 • • • 600 • • • 612 58 670 5 675 107 782 16 798 34 832 13 845 52 897 5 902 44 946 7 953 90 1043 7 1050 5 1055 • • • 1075 61 1136 4 1140 88 1228 8 1236 94 1330 20 1350 50 1400 112 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Description of strata Hole full of water . Hard shell and lime . Lime and dry sand . Gas sand ., Oil, show of . Hard lime and dry . Water at . Water enough to drill with at. Lime, hard and dry. Too much water to carry at.. , Hole full and running over at. Sand and slate to.. Limestone . Limestone . Water at . Water sand . Water increased . Limestone . at approximately 1,595 feet. (Elevation 415 feet) Surface . Quicksand . “Slate” . Quicksand . Red rock .. Quicksand .. “Slate” . “Slate”. Sand .. Coal . “Slate” . Limestone . “Slate” . Sand .. “Slate” . “Slate” and shells Lime . “Slate” . Red rock .. “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Coal . “Slate” and shells, “Slate”, black .... Lime . Thickness Depth Feet Feet 60 1460 8 1468 75 1543 17 1560 5 1565 15 1580 . • • • • 1582 • • • • • 1595 40 2035 > • • • • 2035 > • • • • 2055 > • • • • 2100 95 2195 25 2220 • • • • • 2220 30 2250 , s • • • 2250 29 2279 base of the Pottsville forma- Ste. Genevieve (“ 'Big Lime”) , T. 4 N., R. 12 w. 15 15 35 50 7 57 13 70 5 75 38 113 17 130 30 160 70 230 5 235 5 240 5 245 30 275 15 290 10 300 30 330 15 345 5 350 3 353 12 365 10 375 80 455 3 458 27 485 25 510 20 530 OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 113 Description of strata “Slate” . Lime . Sand . “Slate” and shells . Coal . “Slate” and shells. Sand . “Slate” . “Slate” and shells . Sand . “Slate” and shells. “Slate”, black . Lime and shells . Bridgeport sand . Water sand . Lime . “Slate” . Sand . “Slate” . Sand . “Slate” and shells. Sand . Lime . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Hard lime . Sand . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . “Slate” and shells . Lime . Water sand . Hard lime . “Slate” . Lime . Sand shells . “Slate” . Sand . Lime . Lime . Sand . “Slate” . Water sand . Lime . “Slate” . Water sand . Thickness Depth Feet Feet . 125 655 5 660 40 700 55 755 5 760 55 815 30 845 35 880 45 925 30 955 65 1020 10 1030 10 1040 15 1055 15 1070 5 1075 5 1080 20 1100 10 1110 15 1125 35 1160 10 1170 5 1175 73 1248 4 1252 5 1257 8 1265 5 1270 7 1277 13 1290 25 1315 5 1320 15 1335 70 1405 44 1449 'j 0 1452 8 1460 45 1505 20 1525 10 1535 20 1555 23 1578 7 1585 5 1590' 10 1600 35 1635 25 1660 4 1664 16 1680 10 1690' 114 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Description of strata Lime . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Lime . Lime, shells, and “slate” Hard lime . Gritty lime . Red rock . “Slate” and shells . Lime . Red rock . “Slate” and shells . Sand, water . Thickness Depth Feet Feet 5 1695 17 1712 13 1725 10 1735 5 1740 36 1776 4 1780 14 1794 6 1800 28 1828 7 1835 5 1840 50 1890 2 1892 jin this log the base of the Pottsville formation cannot be identified with certainty. The two beds of red shale at 1,794 and 1,835 feet are interpreted to be those normally lying above the Kirkwood sand, which is, therefore, thought to be the sand at the bottom of the well. The “big lime” was not reached. The thickness of Chester rocks revealed by this well appears to be several hundred feet greater than in the Parker or Lagow wells. In the Lagow well, NE. ^4 NE. sec. 31. T. 5 N., R. 10 W., green oil, probably equivalent to the McClosky oil of the main field of Law¬ rence County, was struck at a depth of 1,598 feet, or 1,162 feet below sea level and 338 feet above a datum plane 1,500 feet below the sea. 1 The yield was small, and the well was abandoned. Oil at approximately the same horizon was struck in the W. O. Pink- staff well, in the NW. % sec. 8, T. 4 N., R. 11 W. (Bond Township), 1,700 feet below the surface or 238 feet above datum. The amount was too small to be of value. In a deep well on the S. J. Parker farm (Parker well No. 2), sec. 28, T. 6 N., R. 12 W., a few hundred yards west of the limits of the quadrangle, a showing of "green’' oil was found in the hard and soft limestone at a depth of 2,029 feet, or 23 feet below datum. This is doubtless from a lower horizon than is the oil in the other wells. The log of a deep well on the W. T. Highsmith farm, NW. Ct sec. 14, T. 6 N., R. 12 W., from which samples were studied by Udden 2 , shows limestone corresponding in character to the Ste. Genevieve limestone from a depth of 1,575 feet to 1,655 feet, and to the St. Louis limestone from 1,655 feet to the bottom of the hole at 1,940 feet. A showing of oil was reported at 1,580 feet. CHESTER GROUP The rocks of the Chester group consist of alternating beds of lime¬ stone, shale, and sandstone of moderate thickness. One or more beds lOn following pages all elevations unless otherwise stated will refer to height above an assumed datum plane 1,500 feet below sea level. Confusion owing to the variable elevation ol the ground at the mouths of the wells is thereby avoided, and direct comparisons of the rela¬ tive elevations of the strata described can be made. 2TJdden, J. A., Some deep borings in Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 24, pp. 113-114, OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 115 of red shale (“red rock”) are found in the lower part of the forma¬ tion. The Chester series may be distinguished from those of the over- lying Pennsylvanian series by its characteristic composition of nearly 50 per cent of limestone and roughly 25 per cent of sandstone; whereas the rocks of the basal part of the Pennsylvanian are mainly sandstone. Wells in the southwest corner of the quadrangle penetrate 250 to 400 feet of Chester rocks 3 , as is shown by the log of the Robinson well, sec. 25, T. 4 N., R. 12 W. Elsewhere in the quadrangle, where, as will be shown, all the formation lie 300 to 400 feet higher than in the south¬ west corner, only the basal part of the Chester seems to be represented. The upper part seems to have been eroded away before the Pennsylvanian rocks were deposited. The Chester rocks in the Birds quadrangle have not been found prod¬ uctive of either oil or gas, though traces of both have been reported from several of the deep wells. It is probable that over all the quadrangle ex¬ cept the southwestern corner the Kirkwood sand, elsewhere the most pro¬ lific oil-bearing horizon of the Chester, has been eroded. PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES The Pennsylvanian series in this region is represented by three forma¬ tions. Named in order from the bottom up they are the Pottsville, the Carbondale, and the McLeansboro formations, the latter constituting the surface rocks. POTTSVILLE FORMATION The Pottsville formation lies at the base of the Pennsylvanian series. As revealed by the wells, it is 550 to 575 feet thick. Its base, which is reached in only a few wells, lies about 1,500 feet below the surface, or more exactly 573 feet above datum in the S. J. Parker well No. 2, in the SW. %. sec. 28, T. 6 N., R. 12 W.; 595 feet in the Wash Parker well No. 7, SW. cor. NE. p) sec. 3, T. 5 N., R. 12 W.; and 698 feet (or possibly 608 feet depending on the uncertain correlation) in the W. O. Pinkstafif well in the center of the NW. pj sec. 8, T. 4 N., R. 11 W. (Bond Township). The formation is prevailingly sandy but contains numer¬ ous beds of shale and some thin limestones and lenses and stringers of coal. The Robinson sand, the most important oil-producing sand in the quadrangle, lies in the Pottsville formation 450 to 475 feet above its base and, it is thought, 50 to 100 feet below its top. The latter boundary of the formation, however, is not easily distinguished. The gas sands oc- •lOn account of the impossibility of distinguishing, in the well records available, the exact boundary between the Chester and the Pennsylvanian rocks, the exact thickness of the Chester is not known. 116 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 curring within the first 100 feet above the Robinson sand are thought to be near the top of the Pottsville. Below the Robinson sand, the sandstones of the Pottsville are as a rule filled with salt water. CARBONDALE FORMATION The Carbondale formation is 300 to 350 feet thick. Roughly, it ex¬ tends from sea level to 300 feet below the sea, or from 1,500 to 1,200 feet above a datum plane 1,500 feet below sea level. In composition the Car¬ bondale formation does not differ essentially from the next higher forma¬ tion except that it is richer in coal beds. The shallow 7 gas sand described on following pages lies near the middle of this formation. Coal No. 6, which marks the top of the Carbondale, was found in w r ell No. 9 on the C. T. Cochran farm 4 in the NE. cor. SW. 34 sec. 21, T. 5 N., R. 11 W. (Montgomery Township), to lie 40 feet below sea level or 563 feet below the surface. In other wells in this and adjoining quad¬ rangles, this coal lies very near sea level; in some slightly above, in others below. The general accordance of the levels at which the coal was found indicates that the Pennsylvanian rocks of the region have never been greatly deformed. MCLEANSBORO FORMATION The rocks which outcrop at the surface are light and dark-gray shales and yellow and white sandstones containing an occasional thin bed of limestone or coal. They belong to the McLeansboro formation approxi¬ mately 500 feet above its base. The surface rocks are very flat over the entire quadrangle. Below the surface, the McLeansboro formation, as revealed in the logs of the wells, is composed mainly of gray, micaceous, sandy shale. There are also thin beds of black, carbonaceous shale, limestone, and sand¬ stone. In the lower 250 feet of the formation one or more thin coal beds are found. GAS Horizons for Oil and Gas Oil and gas is, or has been, produced in commercial quantities from several sand horizons at levels ranging from 1,565 feet down to 1.023 feet above a datum plane 1,500 feet below' sea level. This represents 435 feet to 1,100 feet below the surface of the ground. The principal productive horizons fall into three groups: (1) shallow' gas sands at 1,400 feet, more or less, above datum, or about 650 feet below the surface; (2) inter¬ mediate gas sands at 1,100 to 1,300 feet; and (3) the Robinson oil and 4 Udden, J. A., Some deep borings in Illinois: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 24, p. 117, 1914. OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 117 gas sand, which lies at elevations ranging between 1,030 and 1,100 feet above datum. Of these by far the most important, and practically the only one from which oil is produced, is the Robinson sand. This sand receives its name from the fact that it is the productive sand in the pool northwest of the city of Robinson, the first important oil pool to be devel¬ oped in this vicinity. 5 Almost all the shallow wells in Crawford County obtain their oil from this horizon. The Robinson sand lies near the top of the Pottsville formation of the Pennsylvanian series. It is encountered in the wells at depths varying from 850 to over 1,100 feet, depending on the elevation of the surface of the ground and on the level of the sand with respect to the sea. Shallow Gas Sands The highest productive horizon is found in the SE. )4 sec. 2 and the SW. 34 sec. C T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township), where in at least two wells gas is produced from a sand at 1,550 feet above datum. In five other wells sand, some of which contained gas, was reported at this level, but the principal supply of gas came from deeper sands (PI. IV). This gas horizon is very close to coal No. 6. The most widespread productive bed of the higher sands is a gas sand found over a large part of the northern and western portions of the quadrangles at about 1,400 feet above datum. From its average depth below the surface this sand is known locally as the 650-foot gas sand. The largest and most important area from which it has yielded gas in¬ cludes the greater part of secs. 35 and 36, T. 6 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township), and adjacent portions of the surrounding sections. Owing to the short life of the wells this gas field has been considered to be nearly exhausted. It is only since November, 1914, that the discovery of oil in the Chapman pool, sec. 3, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Town¬ ship), has attracted attention to this portion of the field and has led to deeper drilling. All but a few of the original gas wells in this vicinity are now abandoned. During the period from 1910 to 1912 a small gas field was developed near the village of Duncanville in sec. 24, T. 6 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township). This proved short-lived and most of the wells were abandoned within a year. None are now in operation. The gas was obtained from the shallow sand at about 1,400 feet above datum. Since the wells penetrated only a few feet into the sand, its thickness is un¬ known. Near the center of sec. 18, T. 6 N., R. 12 W. (Lamotte Township), three or four gas wells, two of which are now abandoned, obtained their • F >Blatchley, R. S., Oil and gas in Crawford and Lawrence counties: Ill. State Geol. Sur¬ vey Bull. 22, p. 14, 1913. 118 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 supply from this sand which here is only about 30 feet in thickness. Xo water was reported in the sand. Another small gas-producing area in which the gas comes from sand at 1,400 feet elevation is found along the line between secs. 14 and 23, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township). Five wells have drawn gas from this sand. Over much of the remainder of the Birds quadrangle sand is re¬ ported at levels between 1,350 and 1,430 feet above datum. In general the sand contains water, but locally it holds gas at the top. Over the New Hebron oil pool this sand is reported in many of the wells as a thick water sand at the top of which in some places gas is found. Over the Birds oil pool in T. 5 N., R. 11 W., a thick water sand at this hori¬ zon is reported. It is, however, barren. This shallow sand varies great¬ ly in thickness and, although widely developed, is probably not continuous over the entire field. The drill is the only means of testing its gas possi¬ bilities. Robinson Gas Sand In at least six localities in the quadrangle gas has been drawn in considerable quantity from sands which correspond neither to the shallow 1,400-foot gas sand nor to the Robinson oil and gas sand, which lies from 1,030 to 1,100 feet above datum. These intermediate gas sands are marked by great irregularity in their occurrence both vertically and horizontally. They are found at intervals in a zone ranging in elevation from 1,110 feet to 1,250 feet above datum, though in a single area the production com¬ monly comes from a single lens or closely related lenses at approximately equal altitudes. This horizon lies either at the top of the Pottsville forma¬ tion or at the base of the Carbondale, probably the former. The principal areas in which this gas of moderate depth has been found are indicated on the map (FI. IV). A short description of each follows. Canaan Gas Pool In the vicinity of Canaan church and school, near the common corner of secs. 13 and 24, T. 5 N., R. 11 W., and secs. 18 and 19, T. 5 N., R. 10 W. (Montgomery Township), a small isolated gas pool was discovered and developed during the summer of 1913. By August, 1915, ten wells had been drilled two of which had proved to be dry, three had been abandoned, and another was being used only to supply a farm house. The gas was found in a sand at 1,110 to 1,133 feet above datum. The gas sand appears to be of very limited extent, but the possibilities of slight extensions of the field seem not to have been exhausted. The Robinson sand underlies this gas pool at 1,040 to 1,050 feet, but is filled with salt water. BULLETIN NO. 33, PLATE IV Producing oil well Abandoned oil well Dry hole Gas well Abandoned gas well Oil pools in Robinson sand Gas pools in or within 100 feet above Robin¬ son gas sand ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 33. PLATE IV Producing oil well Abandoned oil well Dry hole Gas well Abandoned gas well j Gas pools In or within 100 feet above Robln- .' '% son gas sand Gas pools in shallow sands W H Herron,Geographer in charge Topography by Fred Greff Jr, Control by Corps of Engineers U.S.Army, U S-Coest and Geodetic Survey, CB.Kendal G W. Luces.H W Rsabody, end R.G.CIinite Surveyed in 1914. Suevcvae m coopination with t«i statc or Illinois. Contour interval 20 feet Map showing oil field in Birds quadrangle OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 119 Heathsville Pool In sec. 7, T. 5 N., R. 10 W. (Montgomery Township), gas is found in from one to three sands between 1,100 and 1,203 feet above datum. The sands are lenticular and very irregular. The field forms the eastern extremity of the Birds oil pool, and the majority of the wells pass through the gas sand into the Robinson oil sand below. Such wells produce both gas and oil. Minor Gas Pools Around the common corner of secs. 8, 9, 16, and 17, T. 5 N., R. 11 W. (Montgomery Township), over the outlier of the Birds oil pool in the Robinson sand to be described on the following pages, a gas sand is found at elevations of 1,123 to 1,170 feet above datum. Other small areas in which gas sand at this horizon is found are in the SE. cor. sec. 14 and the NW. cor. sec. 24, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township), and in the SE. ^4 sec. 30, T. 5 N., R. 11 W. (Bond Township). In the eastern half of sec. 3 and the western part of sec. 2, T. 5 N., R. 12 W.; and the SE. T 4 sec. 34, T. 6 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township), gas is found at several levels within the general horizons un¬ der discussion. There seem to be several gas lenses at the levels ranging from 1,110 to 1,300 feet. This region constituted the Shaffer-Smathers gas area in which in November, 1914, by deeper drilling oil was discov¬ ered in the Robinson sand, and the so-called Chapman pool was opened. The gas undoubtedly was derived in part from the upper lenses of the Robinson sand. Previous to the opening of the Chapman pool, hope of finding oil in the lower sand seems to have been given up following the drilling of scattered deep wells in which no paying quantities of oil were found. Several scattered gas wells, all but one of which are now aban¬ doned, have been drilled in secs. 7, 8, 9, and 17, T. 6 N., R. 11 W. (Eamotte Township). Their gas supply came in part from sands at various levels between 1,100 and 1,300, in part from the Robinson sand at 1,070 to 1,080 feet above datum. Great irregularity characterizes the sand of this vicinity. Wells near Palestine, secs. 2, 3, and 11, T. 6 N. R. 11 W. (Lamotte Township), tapped gas at one to three levels at the horizon under discus¬ sion. At least three of these wells were drilled down to the top of the Robinson sand but obtained only a showing of oil. OIL IN ROBINSON SAND The territory in which the Robinson sand is productive falls natural¬ ly into several districts, units, or pools, each of which it will be shown is quite distinct and independent of the others (PI. V). In the follow¬ ing sections each pool is described in detail and the facts which form the 120 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 basis of the discussion of the origin of the oil sand and the conditions which have controlled the oil accumulation are presented. The various pools are described approximately in the order of their development. Description of Pools PARKER POOL GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Parker pool, in which oil was first discovered within the quad¬ rangle, underlies an area of about 2^4 square miles in secs. 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, and 16, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township). Like the Flat Rock and New Hebron pools, described on following pages, it is entirely isolated from other producing areas. The main body of the pool in section 15 and adjacent portions of sections 10, 11, 14 and 16 is the most compact and, for its area, one of the richest pools in the quadrangle. Section 15 contained 130 wells of which all but 12 were productive. The outlying portion of the pool in section 9 is practically distinct from the main body, not only in position but also in the character of its sands. The northeastern prolongation in section 11 is also somewhat isolated. The limit of the pool seems to have been very closely determined by test wells around most of its border except on the southwest, where there seems to be a possibility of slight extension. On the south and southeast the border is very sharp. The field was developed and the productive territory closely outlined mainly during the years from 1907 to 1910. DESCRIPTION OF OIL SAND The production comes mainly from a thick, continuous bed of sand whose limits seem to be closely indicated by those of the producing area. The sand is penetrated to depths of 20 to 40 feet in the majority of the wells, but very few pass entirely through it. In the central part of the field (see Plate V, A, B, C, and D.) the top of the sand lies from 1,045 to 1,100 feet above datum. At the west end the sand breaks up into a num¬ ber of smaller lenses of very irregular form and elevation (Plate V, A, B.). On the south and southeast borders it either pinches out, or its surface descends steeply toward the southeast, for from producing wells at 1,055 to 1,070 feet above datum there is a drop in the wells on the next location only 400 feet distant of 30 to 50 feet to a water sand lying almost flat at about 1,020 feet (Plate V, A, C, and D). From the abrupt char¬ acter of this descent and from the nearly flat-lying attitude of the lower water sand, it seems more probable that the oil sand pinches out than that it dips down so steeply. Near the common corner of sections 10, 11, 14, and 15 the top of the sand presents very great irregularities in the form of mounds and hollows which have a relief of over 50 feet and a width of from 1,200 to ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 33, PLATE V I Oil.best oil Indicated „ __ .« __. by widest part ot triangle' ~ ottom °* hole * Gae * Watcr • Sand,thickness unknown *“ Profile sections of Robinson sand in Birds quadrangle OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 121 2,000 feet (PL V, C). That the irregularity is due to irregular heaping up of the sand, not to structure, is indicated by the fact that the sand is very thick in the mounds, A marked ridge in the surface of the sand extends in a direction a little east of north through the western part of section 15 (PL V, D). It is due to a thickening of the sand at the top which develops locally into a narrow lens separated from the main sand body by shale, but elsewhere is joined with it. Immediately east of this ridge, in the SE. 34 NW. 34 sec. 15, is a low depression in which the sands are very thin and bear only water. Except along the western side there is no marked splitting up of the Parker sand bed into lenses. The partially isolated outlier in section 9 consists of very irregular lenses of sand, the principal and the most productive of which lies at an elevation about 30 feet above the top of the sand in the main mass in section 15. The lenses are thin and not distinctly connected with the sand in the main pool. The wells produce considerable gas with the oil, and the oil is reported to be 2 or 3 degrees Beaume lighter than in the main pool. POSITION OF OIL IN SAND Except in a very few wells the oil in the main body of the Parker pool lay at the top of the sand. Here and there it was reported to lie 10 to 20 feet below the top, but such cases were exceptional. Even in the local high spots in the surface of the sand the oil commonly extended to the top. The oil is reported to be heavy. WATER CONDITIONS In the main body of the pool water fills the lower part of the sand. The water records given in the well logs are so incomplete that a more detailed statement can not be made. A peculiar feature, however, mani¬ fested in the eastern part of the field (PL V, D) is a progressive lowering of the water level toward the east in a continuous bed of sand. This fea¬ ture is so marked that the easternmost producing well draws its oil from a level slightly below that of the salt water in a well four locations, or 1,600 feet, to the west in the same bed of sand. This seems to indicate that the relative positions of water and oil may to some extent be controlled by capillarity rather than by the ordinary laws of hydrostatics. In the local lenses on the western border of the field and in section 9 the distribution of the oil and water is irregular. Each lens seems to be independent of the others. In any single lens the water lies in the lower part and the oil in the upper part of the sand. Water in one lens may, however, lie above oil in an adjacent lower lens, an indication that the lenses are not closely connected. (See Plate V, B.) 122 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 STRUCTURE On the whole, taking - into consideration the irregular character of the western end of the pool and its outliers, together with the abrupt limit of production along the southeastern side, it appears probable that the Parker pool is due to an accumulation of sand at the Robinson horizon in beds elsewhere impervious, rather than to structural arching or doming of the strata. Such probability is strengthened by the fact that many of the dry wells outside the producing area are reported to have struck no sand or only very thin sand. BIRDS POOL, GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Birds pool is the largest of four principal producing fields within the Birds quadrangle. It extends in a direction about N. 30° E. from the western side of the village of Birds in the E. 3/2 sec. 30, T. 5 N., R. 11 W., Bond Township, for a distance of seven miles to the center of sec. 7, T. 5 N., R. 10 W. (Montgomery Township). Its greatest width is a little over two miles. A loosely connected outlier extends westward into secs. 17 and 18, T. 5 N., R. 11 W., and another is found round the common corner of secs. 8, 9, and 16. The most prolific part of the pool is in secs. 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, and 22, Montgomery Township, and in sec. 29 and the northern part of sec. 28, Bond Township, all of T. 5 N., R. 11 W. The extreme eastern end of the pool in section 7, Montgomery Township, is separated from the other producing territory by one-half mile of untested ground. A noteworthy feature of the main pool is a narrow strip of productive territory which marks its almost perfectly straight southeastern margin in the NE. cor. sec. 28, Bond Township, and in secs. 22 and 23, and the south¬ ern part of sec. 14, Montgomery Township. This narrow productive area is separated from the main body of the pool by a strip of unproductive ground about one-quarter mile in width. DESCRIPTION OF THE OIL SAND In the main body of the pool the producing sand is struck at elevations ranging from 1,060 to 1,110 feet above datum—most commonly between 1,080 and 1,100 feet. In the southwestern part of the field secs. 20 and 21, Montgomery Township, and 28 and 29, Bond Township, there is a single thick bed of sand penetrated by the wells to depths of 20 to 60 feet. (See PI. V, E.) In it the oil lies at an almost uniform level of 1,070 feet, in spite of the irregularity of the top surface of the sand which amounts to as much as 40 feet. Gas occurs in most of the wells in the sand about 10 feet above the oil. That water lies in the lower part of the sand is inferred from the fact that all the wells end at about 1,050 feet above datum, and that at this level water is reported in a few of them. OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 123 The conditions as regards sand, oil, and water in this part of the field are well shown on the profile. In the central part of the pool in sections 15, 16, and 21 the conditions are much the same as in the southwestern por¬ tions except that here and there the upper part of the sand rises above the shale parting and fingers out, and a few local lenses appear at higher levels, from 1,100 to 1,140 feet above datum. On the northwestern side of the pool the principal sand beds thin to less than 20 feet. Over most of section 16 the sands are very irregular. Here the oil lies at an almost perfectly uniform level of 1,070 feet, and there is gas about 15 feet above —whether in the top of the oil sand or in a higher gas sand could not be determined from the well records. A pronounced local lens at an elevation slightly higher than the gen¬ eral level appears in the southern quarter of section 16. It is similar to the outfingering lenses in section 14 described below, and like them is probably connected at some point with the main sand mass. The partly isolated producing strip which marks the southeastern bor¬ der of the pool (PI. V, E, right) appears to be a local reef along which the sand is piled up higher and thicker than in the barren territory between it and the main body of the pool. In section 14 the regularity which characterizes the sand in the section to the west (sec. 15) largely disappears. In the southern half of the sec¬ tion the fingering lenses shown on the profile (PI. V, F.) introduce a great deal of irregularity; in the northern part and in sections 11 and 12 the sand lies low, and water is found near its top in most of the wells. Above the water there appears to be only a scum of oil. At the eastern end of the pool in sec. 7, T. 5 N., R. 10 W. (Montgomery Township), the irreg¬ ularity is still greater on account of the presence of several local lenses at elevations higher than that of the sand in the main body of the pool to the west. The lower of these lenses at about 1,090 feet above datum pro¬ duces the oil, and higher lenses at 1,120 to 1,203 feet yield considerable gas. It is doubtful if the oil-bearing sand in this portion of the field con¬ nects directly with that farther west. The outliers of the Birds pool in sections 8 and 9 and the northern part of sections 16 and 17, Montgomery Township, are partly isolated from the main body, though their oil is produced from about the same horizon. This area is characterized by great irregularity in its sand. The oil sand is subject to marked variations in thickness and thins out toward the north and northeast from its thickest part in the NE. ^4 sec. 17 into diverging, outfingering beds separated by shale. A gas-bearing sand is found at elevations of 1,121 to 1,146 feet above datum in the wells in the southwestern part of this area. Gas is also found not uncommonly in the upper lenses of the oil sand in places where it fingers out to two 124 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 or more distinct beds. Considered as a whole this oil pool seems due to a lens of sand which is thickest near the northwest corner of section 17 and splits and thins out toward the north and northeast. The limits of this area have been closely determined by drilling. Near the common corner of sections 17, 18. 19. and 20, T. 5 N., R. 11 W., is a moderately productive outlier of the Birds pool. The sands here are thin and relatively uniform (see stereogram, PI. VI). Their thickness averages only 10 to 20 feet, though locally it is as great as 40 feet. The majority of the wells pass entirely through the sands into the underlying shales. The stereogram shows clearly that thickening and thinning of the sand beds is of dominant importance in determining the high and low places on its surface. The characteristic splitting off of beds into separated lenses is also distinctly revealed. Where such split¬ ting has occurred and two sand beds are separated by shale, gas is com¬ monly found in the upper, and oil in the lower bed. The sands particu¬ larly where thickened at the top, are not completely saturated with oil. Water lies in the bottom of some of the lower depressions in the sand beds. The conditions in this outlier are particularly significant when com¬ pared with those in the main field to the south. Here the sand beds are thin and low; there they are thick, and the thickening appears to be at the top, for the bottom of the sand in the 10- to 20-foot bed of the out¬ lier is at about the same level as the bottom of the majority of the wells in the main field to the south, but these wells end in sand about 60 feet below its top. Thus a thickening of the sand at the top to the extent of 40 to 50 feet is indicated. FLAT ROCK POOL The Flat Rock pool is a long, narrow, and compact area of producing territory distinctly isolated from neighboring pools. It extends from the NE. sec. 1, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township), in an almost straight line northeastward for four miles to the SW. % sec. 21, T. 6 X., R. 11 W. (Montgomery Township). Its width ranges from one-half to three-quarters of a mile, being greatest at the south end. In its nar¬ rowest part in the west center of sec. 29, T. 6 N., R. 11 W., an area with a large proportion of dry holes, nearly divides the pool into two parts. The oil is produced from the Robinson sand at elevations ranging from 1,050 to 1,110 feet above datum, but the majority of the wells obtain oil from levels between 1,070 and 1,080 feet. The extreme southern end of the pool in sections 1 and 6, Honey Creek Township, is characterized by great irregularity in the sand. Cor¬ relations can scarcely be made from one well to the next. In general one or more gas sands overlie the oil from 50 to 100 feet above it, but the oil lies at levels which differ as much as 30 feet. Near the north line of sec¬ tions 1 and 6 the sand bed becomes continuous and from 30 to 70 feet OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 125 thick and is penetrated by very few wells. Its surface presents a series of ridges and hollows extending northeast and southwest parallel to the trend of the pool (PI. V, G). These persist northward at least to the north line of section 31 and characterize all the widest part of the pool. Water stands near the top of the sand so that wells in the hollows have either struck water at the start or have been small and short-lived producers. Most of the producing wells yield abundant salt water with the oil. Fur¬ thermore, salt water in this region is proving very troublesome on account of the great rapidity with which it corrodes all casings and pipes. In the narrow middle part of the pool the sands become broken into several thin beds, and many dry holes and abandoned wells testify to the spotty character of this portion of the field. On the Tohill and Hope farms, SE. ^4 sec. 30, T. 6 N., R. 11 W. (Honey Creek Township), and SW. Ct sec. 29, Montgomery Township, the sands are heaped up to 30 or 40 feet above their normal height, and three thin lenses overlie the main body of the sand whose thickness is unknown, since the wells end in sand (see PL VI). Near the north end of the pool in the SE. ^4 sec. 20 and the NE. l /\. sec. 29, Montgomery Township, is the small Higgins pool. In this pool the sands consist of two lenses, one above the other, both of which thicken in the middle till they join, and taper out at each end (PI. V, H). Above both, at about 1,150 feet, is a thin gas sand. The extreme northeastern end of the pool, in the SW. l /\. sec. 21, Montgomery Township, lies on a flat terrace at 1,060 to 1,070 feet, about 30 feet below the top of the sand in the SE. sec. 20 (PI. V, I, right). On this terrace the wells have been poor and most of them short-lived. This is due to the fact that the oil is closely underlain by water which breaks through at the shot or later and ruins the well. The initial production of these wells is low but suffi¬ cient to have stimulated repeated drillings. (During the winter and spring of 1916 this field has been extended eastward into the SE. Nt sec. 21, and a few good gas wells have been drilled in the north half of section 22.) The Flat Rock pool as a whole is an area in which the top of the sand lies from 30 to 50 feet above the level of the sands in adjoining areas at either side; but the character of the surface with its parallel ridges and its fingering lenses is such as to indicate that the elevated position of the top of the sand is due to its mode of deposition rather than to deformation of the stratum after it was deposited. A profile along the axis of the pool (PI. V, I) shows that the level of the top of the axis is variable and that there is no noticeable plunge in either direction. Over the southern and widest part of the Flat Rock pool the shallow gas sand, roughly 1,400 feet above datum, was reported in several of the wells and has been drilled in some places for its gas which is used for 126 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 pumping. This gas sand is reported as being thick and to contain water in the lower parts. A small pool in which three wells were producing in 1915 has been developed a quarter of a mile north of the center of sec. 20, T. 6 N., R. 11 W. (Montgomery Township), three-quarters of a mile north of the Higgins pool. The oil is derived from a lens in the Robinson sand at 1,115 to 1,125 feet above datum. This is 20 to 30 feet above the level of the oil in the Higgins pool and corresponds closely with that of the upper gas lens in that pool. It is noteworthy that the oil in this small pool is reported to be decidedly lighter than elsewhere in the region, whereas the oil in the Higgins pool is very heavy, testing about 23° Beaume. NEW HEBRON POOL During the first week of July, 1909, the first successful well in the New Hebron pool was completed on the Ida A. Love farm about one- half mile south of the hamlet of New Hebron in the SE. )4 SE. 34 sec. 21, T. 6 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township). This region had been supposed to have been condemned by various dry wells in the neighbor¬ hood. The initial production of 25 barrels started a local boom which resulted in the rapid extension of drilling. A large proportion of the first test wells happened to be dry, but a few good wells led to continued drilling and to the rapid opening of the field. The producing portion of the New Hebron field as now developed covers an area of about two square miles in parts of secs. 20, 21, and 22, T. 6 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township), and sec. 16, T. 6 N., R. 12 W. (Robinson Township). Of this the western third in sec. 20 and the western half of sec. 21 lies outside the Birds quadrangle. The pool is due to a distinctly local development of irregular lenses in the Robinson sand. On all sides its limits appear to be determined by a thinning out and disappearance of the sand lenses. Over most of the area two beds of sand are encountered in the wells, the upper at about 1,130 feet, the lower at 1,080 to 1,095 feet above datum (PI. V, K). Over a small part of the area along the east side of the SE. 34 sec. 21 the two lenses are merged and form a single thick lens thickened at both top and bottom. In the bottom of this thick sand lens one of the richest produc¬ ing pools was found (PI. V, J). Both the lenses are developed in the southeastern part of the pool—namely, in the NE. 34 SE. 34 sec. 21, and the SW. 34 sec. 22. To the south, along the northern line of section 27 the lower bed disappears and only the upper is represented; toward the east the upper lens disappears, but the lower persists for a short distance; toward the north both lenses thin out and in a strip about one-quarter mile in width extending east and west through the center of sections 21 and 22, neither sand is present. In the northern half of the field in the OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 127 NE. 34 and NW. 34 NE. 34 sec. 21, and the southern part of sec. 16, Robinson Township, a separate lens (PI. V, J, Kaley and Van Horn wells) at the horizon of the lower lens to the south yields the oil. This lens is subject to marked local thickening and thinning, as is shown in the profile. A small lens at about the level of the upper of those described fur¬ nished limited production in the center of section 22. Most of the wells in this area were, however, short-lived. The most striking feature of the oil-bearing sand beds in the New Hebron pool is their irregularity and marked lenticular character. The larger lenses are more even on the top than on the bottom. In the thick sand bed already described along the east side of the SE. 34 sec. 21, the downward convexity of the bottom of the sand bed is very marked. In fact, the great local thickening of the sand at this point is due mainly to this downward convexity. In the western part of the field the sands are very irregular, but most of the production comes from the horizon of the lower lens. Underlying the New Hebron field at a level of 1,000 to 1,020 feet is a persistent bed of sand which in most of the wells shows water, but in a few produces oil in small quantities. This water-bearing sand is reported in almost every well of sufficient depth and is recognized in the logs of many of the dry holes outside the limits of the field. It appears to be entirely distinct from and lower than the producing oil sand. The Robinson sands in the New Hebron pool are free from water. Gas was found in the majority of the wells, particularly in the upper lens of the Robinson sand. In general, this upper lens produces some gas, and in a few wells a little oil, whereas the lower lens produces mainly oil, and the largest production comes from those wells which lie in the areas where the two lenses are united and the sand is thickest. There has been no recent development in the main part of the field, but a small amount of drilling has been done in extending the field to the northwest. The field, on the whole, is declining. In the NE. 34 NE. 34 sec. 21, in the northern part of the village of New Hebron where a town lot boom resulted in many wells being drilled close together, a majority of the wells have been abandoned and pulled. The close spacing hap¬ pened to be in a place where the sand is thin and soon led to exhaustion. There is no indication that the field connects with any other known fields. On all sides the sandstone beds thin out. The pool must, there¬ fore, be looked upon as an isolated group of sand lenses in which the oil has accumulated. There is no evidence whatever that the oil accumula¬ tion was governed by a folding or a deformation of the strata. JACKSON POOL d he small field thus designated covers an area of about one square mile lying mainly in the southern part of sec. 28, T. 6 N., R. 12 W. (Honey 128 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Creek Township), but extending over the line into the northern part of sec. 33 and in a narrow tongue to the southeastward into the NW. Y\ sec. 34, T. 6 N., R. 12 W. Only the eastern half of the field as thus described lies within the Birds quadrangle. This eastern half has been developed very recently—during 1913 to 1915—while the western part, in the Hardinville quadrangle, was developed somewhat earlier. The field produces both oil and gas, but both in small amounts. The initial yield of the wells in the portion of the field within the Birds quadrangle averaged only about 5 to 10 barrels per day. Those in the western half of the field, in the Hardinville quadrangle, averaged considerably higher—from 20 to 50 barrels per day. The gas suffices for pumping purposes. The oil and gas come from a sand whose top lies at elevations between 1,020 and 1,060 feet above datum. The thickness of the sand is very imperfectly known because only a few wells have entirely penetrated it. Many, how¬ ever, in the central part of the pool have penetrated it from 25 to 40 feet. Toward the southeast the sand is known to thin and pinch out. The oil in most of the wells lies near the top of the sand, and water has been struck in the lower parts in many wells at about 1,000 feet. The producing sands in this pool lie at a considerably lower level than in the New Hebron pool and are doubtless entirely distinct. From a study of the logs of the wells in the area between the two pools it is concluded that the sand in the Jackson pool is continuous with the lower water sand which is encountered in many of the New Hebron wells at about 1,010 to 1,020 feet and which produces oil in small quantities in some of them. The producing part of the Jackson pool is thought to be condi¬ tioned by a local thickening of this sand which brings its top above the general water level. There is a possibility, however, that a local structural dome may be present and may have controlled the accumulation of the oil, but in view of conditions in the other pools, such an explanation seems unlikely. In scattered wells gas is encountered in sands of the level of the producing beds in the New Hebron pool. This is the horizon of the two gas wells in the NE. )4 sec. 33, both of which stop in this upper sand, and of well No. 3 on the J. D. Highsmith farm in the SW. ]/\ NE. 34 sec. 33, which penetrated to a greater depth but failed to encounter the lower Jackson sands. WEGER POOL A small pool about 134 square miles in area lies in sections 13 and 18, and adjacent portions of secs. 7, 12, 19, and 24, T. 5 N., Rs. 11 and 12 W. (Honey Creek Township), midway between the Birds and the Parker pools. It is separated from the Birds pool by a strip of unproduc¬ tive ground only about one-half mile wide, extending north and south through the middle of sec. 18, T. 5 N., R. 11 W. OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 129 The oil in this pool, as elsewhere, is produced from the Robinson sand. Nowhere within the quadrangle is the essentially local development of the producing sand more clearly displayed than here. (See profile, PI. V, L.) At the south end of the pool in the NW. Rj sec. 19, the sand thins out and disappears; northward it becomes more than 40 feet thick in a distance of only one-quarter mile. The thick sand underlies all the producing territory northward along the line between sections 18 and 13, and the eastern part of section 13. To the east, in the southern part of the field, the sand apparently thins out within a short distance. T he boundaries of the thick sand to the west have not been reached, wherefore it appears that the possibilities of further development in this direction have not yet been exhausted. In the northern part of the pool the thick portion of the sand bed lies in the southeast corner of section 12. East¬ ward from there the sand breaks into two beds the upper of which is locally known as “gas sand” and the lower as the “oil sand”. Water is developed in the lower sand at about 1,050 feet. Of the two lenses the upper, or gas sand, is the more extensive and spreads out to the east at least as far as the NW. R4 NW. Rj sec. 17, T. 5 N., R. 11 W. (Montgom¬ ery Township). MINOR POOLS IN THE ROBINSON SAND ALLISON POOL A small productive pool has been found near the center of sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township). The production comes from what appears to be a local accumulation of sand at the Robinson horizon between 1,060 and 1,085 feet above datum. Water fills the sand just below the oil at the general level of 1,050 feet. CHAPMAN POOL The completion in November, 1914, of a successful well on the Charles Chapman farm in the NE. Rj NE. Rj sec. 3, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township), opened a new field in territory supposed to have been barren of oil. At least five wells had been drilled in this territory previous to the completion of the successful Chapman well, but they had produced only gas or had been dry. Oil seems not to have attracted the attention of the operators even in wells which penetrated to depths as great as or greater than those at which oil was later found in nearby wells. In general, the new development is due to deeper drilling. The major¬ ity of the previous wells tapped only the upper lens of the Robinson sand in which considerable gas was found. The fact that the few wells which had been drilled to depths great enough to have struck the oil in the lower part of the sand failed to strike oil at levels which have later been found productive, must it is believed, be attributed to the irregular, “spotty” character of the sand, though there is a possibility, in some cases at least, 130 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 that the gas pressure may have held back the oil, and that after this was relieved by the earlier wells the oil may have migrated to higher levels. The oil comes from the general horizon of the Robinson sand. It is re¬ ported in various wells between 1,050 to 1,080 feet. The sands appear to be notably irregular, both in thickness and in areal distribution. The available records are so few and show so great irregularity that a more detailed statement of conditions can not be made. The field was being actively extended during the latter part of 1914 and the summer of 1915. By September 1, 1915, there had been com¬ pleted 15 productive wells. SWEARINGEN GAS POOL A small pool which produces gas from sand at the Robinson horizon, has been found near the Swearingen Chapel at the common corner of secs. 17, 18, 19, and 20, T. 6 N., R. 11 W. (Lamotte, Honey Creek, and Montgomery Townships). The principal part of the pool is in the SE. y\ sec. 18, and the SW. % sec. 17, Lamotte Township, on the F. G. Swearin¬ gen farm. The area covered is somewhat less than one-half square mile. The wells produced gas in considerable quantities, but the majority of them lasted only two or three years. Only 6 of the 12 original wells were producing in the summer of 1915. The sand is found between 1,050 and 1,080 feet above datum. Only the upper 10 or 20 feet has been pene¬ trated because salt water is thought, and in at least one case has been proved, to lie below. A few scattered wells, all now abandoned, tapped gas sand at the Robinson level in secs. 8 and 9, T. 6 N., R. 11 W. (Lamotte Township), at elevations ranging from 1,056 to 1,081 feet. The wells are too far apart for detailed correlations. Relation of Pools in Robinson Sand The four principal productive pools are the New Hebron, Flat Rock, Parker, and Birds. These pools are almost if not entirely separated from each other. Each has as its essential nucleus a continuous thick bed of sand of considerable extent, which, in general, thins out or becomes lentic¬ ular along the margins and in irregular outliers. That the formations which yield oil in the larger pools are not pres¬ ent, or are very much thinner in adjacent unproductive territory is shown very clearly by the logs of many of the dry wells on the borders of the pools. This feature is illustrated along the southeast side of the Parker pool, the south side of the Birds pool, and the south end of the Weger pool. The smaller productive pools, such as the Weger, Allison, Jackson, and Chapman, lie at about the same level as the larger pools, but are en¬ tirely distinct from them or at most connected with them only by thin, OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 131 unproductive beds of sand which are both thinner and lower than the productive beds in either the larger or the smaller pools. The character of the thin beds between the larger pools is graphically shown on the stereogram (PI. VI) of the area between the Birds and the Weger pools. Plere the producing sands are thin and low and are re¬ markably uniformly bedded as compared with the thick sand masses which constitute the main pools. That most of the wells pass entirely through the sands into the underlying shales is definite proof of the thinness of the sand beds. The sand formations in the minor pools are, in general, irregular as compared with the larger sand masses of the Birds, Parker, Flat Rock, and New Hebron pools. This is notably true of the Jackson, Chapman, Allison, and to a less extent of the Weger pool. A similar irregularity is also characteristic of the outliers of the main sand masses, such as the western end of the Parker pool and the outlier northwest of the Parker pool in sec. 9, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. (Honey Creek Township) ; the outlier of the Birds pool in secs. 8, 9, 16, and 17, T. 5 N., R. 11 W. (Montgom¬ ery Township) ; the extreme eastern end of the Birds pool; and the eastern end of the Flat Rock pool. The scattered test wells in the areas between the producing pools show so great irregularity in the sands that correlation between wells one-half mile or more apart is almost impossible. In many of the wells no sand occurs at the Robinson sand horizon, whereas in others the sand is pres¬ ent but unproductive, in some places being filled with salt water. Summarizing the foregoing, it may be said that the accumulation of oil occurs where the Robinson sand is thick and massively developed and seems to have been conditioned by this feature; and that between the known producing areas the sand where tested has proved spotty or is absent. (This statement should not, however, be taken as implying that productive pools may not be found in the areas between those now known.) No apparent relation to geological structure other than this has been dis¬ covered. The producing sands lie at approximately the same elevation everywhere within the quadrangle, and it is a more plausible explanation that whatever differences in elevations there may be are due to irregular¬ ities in the deposition of the sands than that they are due to differences in folding or arching of the strata. Any differences due to arching are certainly less in amount than the known differences in elevation due to the irregularities in the sand lenses, and therefore, even if present, can not be detected with certainty. Probable Mode of Origin of Robinson Sand For areas in which wells are not more than one or two locations (400 to 1,000 feet) apart, the logs or driller’s records of the wells, though in many cases not so detailed as might be desired, nevertheless yield sufficient 132 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 data for a fairly satisfactory study of the oil sands. Particularly is this true regarding records of wells that pass entirely through the sand into underlying formations. The oil sands in each of the pools studied by means of these logs, have been described in detail on the preceding pages. Jt is here proposed to inquire more fully into the question of the origin of the sands which constitute the producing beds. Because sand beds have different structural and textural characteristics and different types of dis¬ tribution corresponding with various modes of origin, a knowledge of the origin and the mode of deposition of the sand formations involved in a particular oil-producing area is of the greatest importance to the geologist or to the oil operator who may desire to locate new territory or to attempt the extension of the old fields. As an illustration of the preceding state¬ ment, it might be pointed out that sand beds spread out over the ocean bottom by waves have very different characteristics and areal extent from sands deposited by rivers on deltas or in river channels. Prediction as to the extension of known fields which might be perfectly safe when applied to sands of the former type would be utterly worthless if one were dealing with deposits made under the latter conditions. The problem of the origin of the sands has therefore a very distinct and important practical bearing. The available data on the sands of the Birds quadrangle, presented in the following paragraphs, is believed to be sufficient to shed much light on the problem of their origin. By way of caution it should be pointed out that the accuracy of the results must of course depend on that of the well records used, and that where these are in error or were carelessly recorded, peculiar structures may appear in the profiles which are not present in nature. A feature, however, which is consistently recorded in the logs of several adjacent wells may be accepted with assurance. It is conceivable that an oil-bearing formation like the Robinson sand, may have been deposited in any one of the following ways, or in combin¬ ations of two or more of them: (1) spread out by waves and currents over the sea bottom, (2) deposited in the form of basal conglomerate by the waves of an advancing sea, (3) thrown up by waves a short distance off shore in the form of off-shore bars such as are now in process of formation along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States and Mexico and along other low sandy coasts, (4) deposited by rivers on a land surface or in very shallow water in which wave-action was weak. (5) deposited by rivers on the surface and on the front of a delta and in part re-worked by waves and currents into bars and beaches or spread out over the adjacent ocean bottom. If formed by methods 3, 4, or 5, portions of the sand might be worked over more or less by winds and pos¬ sibly heaped up into sand dunes. The testing of the preceding hypotheses for the Robinson sand may perhaps best be accomplished by considering in detail the logical conse- ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 33, PLATE VI Stereogram showing characteristics of oil sand in Birds quadrangle 1-M. Montgomery OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 133 quences of each according to the well-known principles of geology and physiography, and by comparing these deduced consequences with the fea¬ tures exhibited by the formation under discussion. In this way, by a pro¬ cess of elimination, the problem may be narrowed down to only a few possibilities. 1 . Sands spread out over the sea bottom by waves and currents .— Sand deposits made in this manner should lie in beds of great uniformity of elevation over considerable areas. In general there should be a grad¬ ual slope toward the former open sea, interrupted by only minor irreg¬ ularities of a broad type. The resulting sand beds should be uniform and persistent over areas not uncommonly many times greater than that of the entire Birds quadrangle. From the descriptions of the occurrence of the Robinson sand it is clear that it is not of this type. Its very pronounced irregularity from place to place, its marked lenticular character, and the great variation in its top surface are all out of harmony with such an explanation. It may, therefore, be discarded as inadequate for the formation as a whole, though it may apply in a limited way to certain areas such as that between the Weger and the Birds pools, shown on the stereogram (PL VI). 2. Beach deposits of an advancing sea (basal conglomerates or basal sandstone) .—When on account of a rise in ocean level or a sinking of the land, the sea advances over a land surface its waves attack the land and strew the debris in the form of gravel and sand along the shore and out over the adjacent ocean bottom. As the sea advances the coast line is pushed farther and farther inland. Meanwhile as the water becomes deeper the sand and gravel which marked its former shore becomes buried under finer material. In similar manner the basal sandstone or conglom¬ erate is spread out over the entire area over which the sea transgresses. Such a conglomerate, according to Ulrich 6 , is not in all cases continuous over the entire area of transgression and may vary considerably in com¬ position, but it should at least have a very uniform top, for that surface is determined by the action of the waves in open waters. Applied to the Robinson sand this hypothesis meets with the same objection as the previous one—namely, the great irregularity of the sands, their lack of continuity, and their uneven top surface. Furthermore, there is no apparent reason why a basal conglomerate should lie in channels extending down into the underlying beds as do the sands in several places in the region under consideration. 3. Off-shore bar and lagoon deposits. —Along a shelving coast the sea throws up long off-shore bars of sand such as are now forming along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Behind the bars are oUlrich, E. O., Revision of the Paleozoic systems: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 22, pp. 454-456, 1911. 134 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 sheltered lagoons which are slowly being filled up by mud and sand in part derived from the land, in part washed in over the bar at times of storm. At varying intervals the bars are broken by inlets through which the tides have access to the lagoons. Such off-shore bars are not uncom¬ monly hundreds of miles in length, though broken at intervals by inlets. In width they vary from one-fourth mile to five miles or more. They are composed of sand heaped up by the waves but modified on the surface by winds and not uncommonly piled up into sand dunes. On the ocean side the sand of the bar is continuous with that spread out over the ocean bot¬ tom by the waves. On the landward side are the muds and sands of the lagoons. If a bar is pushed landward by the waves as the lagoon fills up, the sands of the bar transgress over the mud of the lagoon at higher and higher levels and a deposit is formed which in section is illustrated in figure 10, drawn to represent conditions as they would be if the waves Fig. 10.—Diagrammatic cross-section of sand-bar deposits. were pushing the bar from the right to the left, and if the whole later became buried in mud. At the inlet the tides scour effectively and not only maintain a channel but scour down from 50 to 100 feet, making a deep hole at the narrowest part of the inlet. Opposite the inlet a delta¬ like heaping up of the sand takes place on the oceanward side of the bar. All these features are very clearly shown on the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey charts. At the inlets the end of the bars are turned in¬ ward, or landward, in a very characteristic manner, as shown in figure 11, a sketch of such an inlet taken from one of the U. S. Coast Survey charts and here reproduced for comparison. From the above description it is apparent that many points of sim¬ ilarity exist between the features of the Robinson sand and those charac¬ teristic of off-shore bars now in process of formation. A closer comparison emphasizes this similarity. Each of the three larger oil pools the Birds, Parker, and Flat Rock pools, are composed of massive beds of sand. Both the Flat Rock and the Birds pools are notably linear in extent and nearly OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 135 Fig. 11. —Map of Barnegat Inlet and Bay. R. 11 W. Fig. 12. —Contour map showing surface form of Birds pool sand. 136 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 « parallel to each other. The Parker pool, though not linear in outline, is in line with the Flat Rock pool. The surface of the southern part of the Mat Rock pool is marked by undulations parallel to the length of the sand mass, a feature strikingly in harmony with the bar theory. The surface of the sand in the Birds pool is marked by narrow, curving ridges (Fig. 12} which bear a remarkable resemblance to the sand formations at the inlets which interrupt the continuity of the sand bars on modern coasts (Fig. 11). The minor ridge of sand which constitutes the southeastern margin of the Birds pool has already been noted. It is distinctly a long, straight ridge or reef of sand. Its structure, furthermore, is notable in that it presents outfingering sand lenses of a type shown in the sketch (Fig. 10) directed toward the northwest, thus indicating open water to the southeast. The general upward convex profile of the top of the sand beds is, according to Barrell 7 , further indication, though not necessarily proof, that they are wave formed. The dune-like mounds on the surface of the sands in the northeastern part of the Parker pool are in harmony with the bar theory as is also the regular, relatively steep descent of the southeastern border of the sand mass, in case, as is indicated by the reef at the southeastern margin of the Birds pool, the open sea lay to the southeast. Notwithstanding the many points of agreement between the phenomena under discussion and those which should be expected under the bar theory, certain features seem to show that, at least for the minor pools, some modification of this explanation must be sought. The objections are: (1) that the sand masses are too small and too discontinuous to be compared strictly with the great ofif-shore bars now forming on the coasts of the open ocean; (2) the minor pools have the characteristics of channel de¬ posits such as are formed by rivers, rather than sea-bottom deposits or bars; (3) they are too irregularly distributed for open-water deposits. Some explanation must therefore be found which is in harmony with these characteristics as well as with those of the larger sand bodies which con¬ stitute the major pools. 4. Sands deposited by rivers on the surface of the land either in channels or on the tops of deltas. —River channel deposits are character¬ ized by the greatest irregularity both in form and in composition. This irregularity is due to the constant shifting of the channels and to the variable character of the sediment load carried by the river. In general river-deposited sand should lie in more or less regular, braided, linear belts. Such deposits differ from those formed on the ocean bottom in that they habitually cut down into the underlying beds and are convex down¬ ward on the under side, whereas the top surface may or may not be convex upward. This feature, together with very great irregularity, may be taken as the most characteristic of river deposits. An examination of the cross- TBarrell, Joseph, Criteria for the recognition of ancient delta deposits: Geol. Soc. America, Bull. vol. 23, pp. 428, 433, 1912. OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 137 section profiles of the sands in the various pools reveals the fact that they not uncommonly cut down into the underlying beds and are convex down¬ ward. This is particularly true in the New Hebron and the Weger pools. On the other hand, the large sand masses which compose the Birds, Parker, and Flat Rock pools with their upward convex and ridged surfaces, are not readily explained as purely river-channel deposits The various sand beds seem therefore to possess characteristics of a mixed order, some peculiar to river deposits, others to those of wave- worked sea bottom and sand bars. A recognition of this complexity leads directly to a consideration of the fifth of the proposed hypotheses ; namely, that: 5. The oil-bearing sands may be part of a great delta formation in which are combined river-channel deposits, off-shore sand bars thrown up by the leaves along the front of the delta, and wave-worked sands spread out over the adjacent ocean bottom. —The present deltas of the earth where exposed to wave action are much modified along their margins by the waves. The materials supplied by the rivers are picked up and strewn along the coast by waves and currents and built up into sand bars which differ, however, from typical off-shore bars in that they are smaller and more irregular and furthermore, in that the constant building out of the delta front causes new bars to be thrown up at intervals outside the older ones, thus producing a more or less parallel series of discontinuous sand bars, the inner and older of which are protected from wave erosion and, in the normal course of events, are finally buried under delta deposits and preserved intact. On the modern deltas, irregular shifting of the distrib¬ utary streams constantly alters the form of the delta front; incloses lakes here and there by building out irregularly ; fills others with sand; and gives rise to numerous channel deposits in the upper beds of the delta. Thus on modern deltas are found in appropriate proportion, all the features described as characteristic of the Robinson sand as determined from the well records. Such an explanation harmonizes the bar-like form of the larger sand masses with the channel features and the irregularity of certain of the smaller pools and with the even, thin sand beds of such outliers as that shown in the stereogram (PL VI), near the corner of secs. 17, 18, 19, and 20, T. 5 N.. R. 11 W. (Montgomery Township). According to this explanation the Flat Rock and Parker pools are sand bars, probably of the same age ; the Birds pool is a larger bar parallel to the first and built presumably at a later time farther off shore. The smaller and more irregular pools may be river-channel deposits, portions of a delta top or front; smaller, more irregular bars, or lagoon delta deposits formed opposite the mouths of tidal inlets. The deep channels revealed in the southern parts of the New Hebron and the Weger pools may be deep 138 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 river channels or possibly deep basins analogous to those produced by tidal scour at the inlets which interrupt the continuity of sand bars. If the Robinson sand formation has originated in this way, the sands between the reefs should be expected to be thin or absent and to lie at lev¬ els several feet lower than the sands of the same age in the reefs. These inter-reef areas should have been filled on the lagoon side with mud and irregular lenses of sand; on the ocean side by more evenly distributed sand or sandy mud. The conditions actually found in the areas between the reefs, in so far as they have been explored by the drill, meet these expectations. Since the distribution of the formations at the horizon of the Robin¬ son sand, as revealed by the well records, corresponds very closely with the conditions found in connection with modern deltas built into seas in which waves are moderately active it is believed that such an explana¬ tion of the origin of the rocks of this horizon accords best with the ob¬ served facts. Certain characteristics of the sand beds indicate that the delta was built out from the northwest, and that the open sea lay to the south¬ east when these deposits were being laid down in upper Pottsville time. Prospects of Further Oil Development in Robinson Sand Since the productive areas are dependent on the presence of local thick masses of sandstone, and since the formations involved seem to be deltas and sand reefs (formations which are notable for their irregular¬ ity), it is clear that no safe prediction of the presence or absence of oil¬ bearing sands can be made in advance of drilling. Where structure alone controls the distribution of the oil, the geologist, by studying the structure of the overlying rocks, is often in a position to predict new developments, but he is helpless where the presence or absence of lenticular sand is the determining factor which governs the accumulation of the oil. For these reasons no attempt is made to outline other areas within the quadrangle which might be found productive. Instead a map (PI. YII) has been prepared to show the areas in which the horizon of the Robinson sand lias been tested and the location and depth of scattered wells which have penetrated deep enough to test this sand. Owing to the “spotty” charac¬ ter of the producing sands, it should be borne in mind, however, that no area may be condemned until it has actually been tested by a reasonable number of wells. Several of the smaller pools are of such local extent that, they might readily have been missed even by moderately close wildcat drilling. Even pools as large as that at New Hebron might readily have been overlooked. In fact, after the first successful well was drilled, the next two or three to be completed proved dry, and it was only by persist¬ ence that the field was finally developed. In the absence of test holes there is nothing to indicate that any part of the quadrangle might not prove productive, whereas on the other hand there is nothing to indicate the BULLETIN NO. 33, PLATE VII R. 10 W. +- ro OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 143 x ot -6- W. T. Highsmith ,1940 S. J. Parker 2056 55 C. C. Wheeler -<^- 1646 5 181 50 ' _<^J. Wesley ^ 1570 Highsmith 2278 W Parker 1695 -- E. A. Young 1575 39 -<>- H. Parker 1643 1 W. H. Parker > 1 A Goff 1641 ^ Warner Bros , 1613 4- Hrs J. Pinkstaff -- 1426 1 + W. A. Lagow -4>- J. C. Weger 1875 T77T G. W. Mills 1450 <^- W O. Pinkstaff 852 -<>- F. K. Miller 1850 C o CO in o CD i— _l IE $ IE £ d z: 1725 d c o CO c !q o CC CO > Ellen Curry 1700 33 * 45 ' 1 7*80 1900-^, R7° 45’ ' < T > - 1892 1920 40 ' Scale of miles 45 ' 87 30 O Fig. 13.—Map showing wells which penetrate Mississippian rocks. 144 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 4. John Wesley No. 2 NW. % sec. 2, T. 5 N., R. 12 W., at 550 feet above datum (Chester). 5. S. J. Parker No. 2, SW. 34 sec. 28, T. 6 N., R. 12 W., at 487 feet (probably Chester). There was also a show of green oil in limestone at -22 feet or 2,030 feet below the surface (St. Louis). 6. W. O. Pinkstaff, NW. 34 sec. 8, T. 4 N., R. 11 W., Bond Township, at 258 feet. (Some oil in sandy lime: McClosky.) 7. W. A. Lagow, NE. 34 NE. 34 sec. 31, T. 5 N., R. 10 W. (Russell Township), a 14-barrel well (later abandoned). Oil at 338 feet above datum (Mc¬ Closky) . 8. F. K. Miller, NW. cor. sec. 11, T. 4 N., R. 11 W.; a showing of green oil at 326 feet above datum (McClosky). Structure of Lower Beds Since there are few wells deeper than the Robinson sand horizon in the Birds quadrangle, the discussion of the structure of the deeper rocks is based on a small number of records. The available data indicate that a comparatively sharp monocline, extending southeastward from the west¬ ern edge of the map at about latitude 38° 50' to near the center of the south line of the quadrangle, separates a low basin on the southwest, occupying all the southwestern corner of the quadrangle, from a relatively high, nearly flat area which occupies all of the quadrangle north and northeast of the monocline. This monocline is without doubt a continuation of the one recognized in the Hardinville quadrangle as bounding the Robinson oil pool on the west. The facts on which the preceding summary statement of the structure is based are as follows: In the southwestern corner of the quadrangle at least 6 deep wells have been drilled. In one of these, the Dickerson well, near the south center of sec. 22, T. 4 N., R. 12 W., a sand, prob¬ ably the Kirkwood lying beneath two beds of red shale was encountered at a depth of 240 feet above datum, or 1,260 feet below sea level. The well ended in sand at 1,300 feet below the sea. Another well (J. B. Robinson, log published herewith on a previous page) in the SW. J4 NE. Y\ sec. 25, T. 4 N., R. 12 W., penetrated to a depth of 1,892 feet, or 23 feet above datum, and ended in a sand probably Kirkwood. The top of the Ste. Genevieve formation, or “Big lime”, was not reached in either well. To the north of the assumed line of monoclinal folding, every well of which a record is available penetrated the “Big Lime” at elevations between 378 and 475 feet above datum. The locations of these wells with the elevations above datum of the top of the “Big Lime” (Ste. Genevieve) are tabulated below. The first in the list is only 3J4 miles north of the well in section 25 already mentioned (J. B. Robinson), which at 23 feet above datum was still above the Ste. Genevieve. 1. NW. 34 sec. 8, T. 4 N., R. 11 W„ W. O. Pinkstaff, 378 feet above datum. 2. NW. cor. sec. 11, T. 4 N., R. 11 W., F. K. Miller, 412 feet above datum. OIL AND GAS IN THE BIRDS QUADRANGLE 145 3. NE. 34 NE. 34 sec. 31, T. 5 N., R. 10 W., W. A. Lagow, 443 feet above datum. 4. SW. cor. NE. 34 sec. 3, T. 5 N., R. 12 W., Wash Parker, 460 feet above datum. 5. NW. 34 sec. 14, T. 6 N., R. 12 W., W. T. Highsmith, 475 feet above datum. These figures indicate that north of the monocline, the Mississippian rocks lie approximately hat; but have a slight dip toward the east or southeast. As has already been shown, the data yielded by the wells which penetrate the Robinson sand in the Birds quadrangle prove that sand to lie essentially hat over the entire northern two-thirds of the area. Inas¬ much as the surface rocks reveal only slight irregularities in structure, whereas the Mississippian rocks show differences in elevation of over 400 feet in the southern part of the quadrangle, the existence of a great un¬ conformity between the two is very clearly indicated. The absence, in the wells which reveal the “Big Lime” at elevations of 400 feet or more above datum or recognizable representatives, of any but the basal rocks of the Chester group indicates that the major uncon¬ formity is between the top of the Mississippian series and the base of the Pennsylvanian series. This interpretation harmonizes with the evidence of unconformity at this horizon yielded by the fact that south of this area in the southern part of the Vincennes quadrangle, the thickness of the Chester beds occupying the interval between the “Big Lime” and the base of the Pottsville increases, wedge-like, toward the south. Oil Possibilities of the Deeper Rocks North of the line of monoclinal folding mentioned in preceding para¬ graphs, the Mississippian rocks seem to he high and comparatively flat. As explained above, the data at hand indicate that the upper beds of the Chester group are missing. If this interpretation is correct, the Kirkwood sand, one of the most persistent and reliable oil horizons in the Missis¬ sippian series, should be absent over much or all of the quadrangle. The McClosky and probably the Tracey sands are, however, present. Whether or not there are valuable oil pools in these sands is believed to depend on whether there are small local domes in the generally flat-lying rocks which underlie all but the southwestern corner of the quadrangle. The presence or absence of such domes can not be predicted in advance because the slight irregularities in the surface rocks are known to be independent of the structure of the deep rocks. It is possible that small oil pools in the Tracey or McClosky sands will be discovered within the quadrangle, but prospecting must be blind, and it is doubtful whether any pools that may be found will repay the cost of prospecting. OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE By John L. Rich (In cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey) OUTLINE PAGE Introduction . 148 Scope of report. 148 Field work . 148 Acknowledgments . 149 Physiography . 149 Geology . 150 General statement . 150 Mississippian series . 150 St. Louis formation . 150 Ste. Genevieve formation. 156 Chester group . 156 Pennsylvanian series . 156 Pottsville formation . 156 Carbondale formation . 157 McLeansboro formation . 157 Quaternary and recent rocks. 157 Oil and gas. 158 Main field . 158 Productive oil sands. 158 McClosky sand . 158 Tracey sand . 160 Kirkwood sand . 160 Buchanan sand . 161 Bridgeport sand . 162 Shallow sand . 162 Recent developments in the main oil field. 162 General statement . 162 McClosky sand . 163 Tracey sand . 163 Kirkwood sand . 163 Buchanan sand . 163 Bridgeport sand . 163 Shallow sand . 164 Oil pools developed outside the main field. 164 General statement . 164 Allendale pool . 164 Billett pool . 166 Hebert pool . 168 Murphy pool . 168 St. Francisville pool. 169 ( 147 ) 148 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 PAGE Structure of the rocks in the Vincennes quadrangle in relation to the ac¬ cumulation of oil and gas. 171 Explanation of map. 171 Structural features . 172 Areas favorable for further drilling. 174 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE VIII. Oil fields of the Vincennes quadrangle. IX. Oil pools in Bridgeport, Buchanan, Kirkwood, Tracey, and McClosky sands . X. A. Profile west to east through Murphy pool, showing even bedding of the McClosky as compared with more irregular Tracey, Kirkwood, Buchanan, and Bridgeport sands. B. Section along north line of sec. 13, Lawrence Township, showing more than one McClosky oil sand. C. Section west to east across productive part of La Salle anticline along first tier of wells south of center of secs. 27, 26, and 25, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. Includes original McClosky well. FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic illustration of the probable unconformable relation between the Mississippian rocks at the south end of the oil field. 170 INTRODUCTION Scope of Report About one-half of the deep oil field of southeastern Illinois lies within the Vincennes quadrangle. This field was described in detail by R. S. Blatchley in 1913 and the oil development to July 1, 1911, was shown on the map accompanying his report. 1 Since the completion of the field work on which Blatchley’s report was based, there has been a considerable ex¬ tension of the oil pools within the quadrangle and four important, though small, new pools have been opened. The purpose of this report is prim¬ arily to present the results of an investigation of these new pools and of the development within the older fields since July 1, 1911. The general geological conditions of the area and the oil-bearing formations within the older field will receive only brief description, since they have been thoroughly covered in the report already mentioned. The emphasis will be placed upon the new developments since 1911. Field Work The wells in the new fields were located and their elevations deter¬ mined in September, 1915, by a party under the charge of Mr. W. S. Nelson of the State Geological Survey. The plane table and telescopic alidade were used. The locations and elevations of scattered dry holes lBlatchley. R. S., Oil fields of Crawford and Lawrence counties: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 22, 1913. BULLETIN NO. 33, PLATE VIII Producing oil well Abandoned oil well Dry hole Gas well BULLETIN NO. 33, PLATE VIII ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY POOL >oh.o61 BaxullJ ill r& n.12 w. ■ T u ^*“' R.B. Marshall Chief Geographer. W H.Herron, Geographer in charge Topography by Freni* Tweec\y,C.LSadler.Che8-HerTmann.Jr,. LXl.ee,W.S Gehrea, and J.B Leavitt. Control by Corpa of Engineers U S.Army.Coast and Geodetrc J.R. Ellis,C.B.Kendall,Geo.T.Hawl»ins,H.W FVabody. R.G.CIinite,and S-Lf^rfeor Surveyed in 1911*1913. the Vincennes quadrangle f*k r * a 2 OTL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE 149 and of the wells within the main oil field were determined by pacing and hand level. The work was done by W. S. Nelson, E. F. Relinquish Mason K. Read, and the writer. All of the scattered dry holes and many of the wells within the producing area were thus definitely located, but time did not permit the location of all the latter. The remainder have been located from the map of the Ohio Oil Company. Their elevations were deter¬ mined approximately by reference to the United States Geological Survey topographic map of the region. Acknowledgments Grateful acknowledgment is made to one and all of the oil companies and independent operators in the field who have furnished records and other data indispensable for the preparation of the report. To Mr. W. S. Nelson and to the other members of the surveying party, grateful acknowledgment is also made. The writer has incorporated the substance and part of the actual wording of an unpublished manuscript on the oil and gas resources of the Sumner and Vincennes quadrangles prepared by Mr. R. S. Blatchley for use in a United States Geological Survey folio now in preparation. The map herewith presented (Plate VIII) is a composite. It represents largely the work of Mr. Blatchley, who in 1913 prepared a similar map for insertion in the United States Geological Sur¬ vey folio. To Mr. Blatchley's map the new data were added and what¬ ever changes were necessary as a result of the additional information were made by the writer. The contouring, except in the new pools, is essen¬ tially the work of Mr. Blatchley. The writer has modified his contours only with respect to the newer data. PHYSIOGRAPHY The physical configuration of the Vincennes quadrangle is dominated by the plains, terraces, and bluffs of Wabash River which crosses the quadrangle from northeast to southwest, and by those of Embarrass River which enters near the northwest corner and joins the Wabash a little north of the center of the sheet. Flood plains and terraces of these two streams, together with accordant plains along Raccoon Creek and other tributaries, cover nearly three-fourths of the quadrangle. The remaining fourth is oc¬ cupied by low, rolling hills whose relief ranges between 50 and 100 feet. The greater part of the oil field is situated on the hills south of Lawrence- ville. The Allendale field, also is on the group of low hills west of that town. The physical features of the quadrangle are, on the whole, favorable for the operations connected with the development of its oil resources. The fact that the greater part of the field lies in the hilly parts of the quadrangle greatly facilitates the transportation of the oil, since the topography permits a gravity system to be operated. At the same time 150 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 the topography is not sufficiently rough to interfere seriously with pump¬ ing the wells or with the hauling of supplies. GEOLOGY General Statement The geological formations at the surface and in the wells of the Vincennes quadrangle belong to the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian series of the Paleozoic group and to the Quaternary and Recent groups. The latter groups include glacial drift, alluvium, and wind-blown sand which mantle the bed rocks of the region. Mississippian Series The Mississippian rocks are the oldest and deepest of those here described. In this part of the State three formations are recognized: the St. Louis at the base, the Ste. Genevieve, and strata of the Chester group at the top. The Ste. Genevieve and the Chester contain important oil horizons—the former, the McClosky; the latter the Tracey and the Kirk¬ wood sands. ST. LOUIS FORMATION The St. Louis limestone is the rock penetrated by the deepest wells in the quadrangle. It is a hard, light-blue to yellowish limestone in part dolomitic and containing some chert. A well recently drilled on the Col- lison farm (Collison well No. 2), sec. 27, T. 2 N., R. 12 W. (Denison Township), a log of which is published herewith, penetrated the St. Louis formation to a depth of over 250 feet. The formation consisted of lime throughout, some of it dolomitic and some cherty, but mainly pure lime¬ stone. The rock as a whole was very hard, but occasional softer beds were encountered. The latter showed oil at several horizons but in very small quantities. Other wells within the quadrangle have penetrated as as much as 890 feet of St. Louis limestone. 2 Nowhere has the formation been found productive of oil in paying quantities. 2Blatchley, R. S., Oil fields of Crawford and Lawrence Counties: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 22, p. 85, 1913. Fogf of Collison well No. 2 , NW. 34 NE. sec. 2 7 , T. 2 N. R. 12 W. (Elevation 443 feet) Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quicksand . . 99 99 Sand (water) . . 26 125 “Slate” . . 185 310 Lime. . 15 325 Red rock . . 10 335 “Slate” . . 115 450 OIL AND GAS IN THE Description of strata Coal . “Slate” . Lime . Sand (water) . “Slate” . Lime . Coal . Lime . “Slate” . Lime . Sand . Lime . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Lime. “Slate” . Lime. “Slate” (broken) . Lime. Lime (broken) . “Slate,” black. Sand (water) . Lime. “Slate” . Lime. “Slate” . Sand (water) . “Slate” . Lime. “Slate”. Lime. “Slate” . Lime. “Slate” . Lime. Lime, sandy . Sand (show of oil) . Sand (broken) . Sand and shells (water) Shale. “Slate” . Limestone (broken) .... p Lime, very hard . Sand . Lime, gritty . Sand (water) .. “Slate” . VINCENNES QUADRANGLE 151 Thickness Depth Feet Feet . 5 455 . 45 500 . 15 515 . 10 525 . 15 540 . 5 545 . 8 553 . 7 560 . 5 565 . 95 660 . 10 670 . 8 678 . 112 790 . 5 795 . 25 820 . 8 828 . 22 850 . 50 900 . 125 1025 . 20 1045 . 20 1065 . 20 1085 . 15 1100 . 10 1110 . 65 1175 . 10 1185 . 5 1190 . 50 1240 . 5 1245 . 31 1276 . 12 1288 . 22 1310 . 10 1320 . 20 1340 . 26 1366 . 10 1376 . 30 1406 . 10 1416 . 10 1426 . 49 1475 . 25 1500 . 20 1520 . 70 1590 . 10 1600 . 15 1615 . 15 1630 . 30 1660 . 50 1710 . 10 1720 152 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Lime. 23 1743 “Slate” . 47 1790 Lime. 10 1800 Broken. 30 1830 Red rock. 12 1842 Lime, very sandy. 19 1861 Sand (and wash of oil) . 4 1865 Sand (water) . 25 1890 “Slate”. 2 1892 Lime. 3 1895 “Slate” . 20 1915 Lime. 25 1940 “Slate” . 15 1955 Shale, green. 15 1970 Red rock. 2 1972 Sand, brown (show of black oil). 10 1982 “Slate,” black . 17 1999 Lime, brown (streaks of red shale). 66 2065 Lime, brown . 54 2119 Lime, brown, small oolites (green oil). 5 2124 Lime, blue, hard. 8 2132 Lime, brown (water, little black oil). 2 2134 Lime, brown, hard. 9 2143 Lime, brown, soft (show of green oil). 2 2145 Lime, brown, hard . 10 2155 Lime, brown, soft (show of oil). 5 2160 Lime, brown, very hard . 9 2169 Lime, soft (little show of oil). 2 2171 Lime, brown (wash of oil now and then). 57 2228 Lime, brown (showed oil). 2 2230 Lime, brown, hard . 15 2245 Limestone, gray, white, coarse. 10 2255 Lime, brown (show of oil). 15 2270 Lime, brown (show of oil). 20 2290 Lime, light brown . 10 2300 ? 7 2307 Dolomite, light brown; quartz fragments. 43 2350 Lime, light brown, pure. 5 2355 Lime, a little chert, light brown. 10 2365 Lime, dolomitic, light brown. 10 2375 Lime, dolomitic, light brown; some chert. 15 2390 ? 29 2419 Limestone, dolomitic . 6 2425 Continued in limestone to a little over 2,500 feet; at bottom struck 2^2 feet of “Blue Lick” water. fThe base of the Pennsylvanian series is believed to be at either 1,240 or 1,475 feet. The sand, with a showing of oil, at 1,406 to 1,416 feet, correlates with the Biehl sand of the Allendale field. The sand at 1,861 feet is believed to be the Kirkwood and that at 2,119 the McClosky. The top of the “big lime” is at some point between 2,000 and 2,065. OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE 153 Log * of Jane Jones well No. 7 , N.W. x /\ N.W. *4 sec • 28 , T. 2 NR. 11 W. (Elevation 409 feet) Description of strata Soil . Sand and gravel. Sand. “Slate” and shells . Lime. “Slate”. Lime. “Slate” . “Slate” . Lime. “Slate” . Sand . “Slate” . Lime. “Slate” . Lime. “Slate” . Lime. “Slate” . “Slate” . “Slate” . Sand . “Slate” . Lime. “Slate” . Gritty lime . “Slate” . Lime. “Slate” . “Slate” . Lime (gritty). “Slate” . Lime . Sand (broken) . Sand . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Lime (gritty) . “Slate” . Lime . “Slate” . Sand (broken) . “Slate” . Sand . “Slate” . Lime (gritty) . Thickness Depth Feet Feet 8 8 16 24 71 95 . 115 210 3 213 4 217 11 228 12 240 90 330 6 336 49 385 30 415 85 500 6 506 . 225 731 6 737 13 750 6 756 30 786 6 792 10 802 10 812 70 882 6 888 22 910 10 920 30 950 5 955 30 985 5 990 10 1000 3 1003 12 1015 15 1030 75 1105 20 1125 25 1150 25 1175 25 1200 25 1225 5 1230 10 1240 60 1300 30 1330 20 1350 21 1371 29 1400 154 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet “Slate” .. . 6 1406 Lime (gritty) . . 19 1425 “Slate” . . 20 1445 Sand (water at 1450) . 70 1515 Lime . . 17 1532 “Slate” . . 59 1591 Lime (gritty) . . 5 1596 Sand . . 20 1616 Lime (gritty) . . 9 1625 “Slate” . ... 50 1675 Lime . . 15 1690 “Slate” . . 10 1700 “Slate,” red . . 2 1702 Lime . . 13 1715 “Slate” . . 15 1730 Lime (gritty) . . 10 1740 “Slate” . . 10 1750 Lime. . 10 1760 Sand . . 10 1770 “Slate” . . 8 1778 Lime . . 2 1780 “Slate” . . 10 1790 Lime (gritty) . . 60 1850 Lime changing from light to dark brown and black from 1850 to 2565; ‘ ‘Blue lick” water at 2540 to 2560; little water at 1900; small show of oil at 2150. *The base of the Pennsylvanian series is at 1,515 feet; the horizon of the St. Francisville oil is between 1,790 and 1,850 feet. LogX of Nellie Tracy hole No. 2 , NE. Lt NE. yX sec. 13 , T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (Elevation approximately 425) Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Lime shell . . 170 170 Sand . . 70 240 Lime. . 15 255 “Slate” . . 7 262 Big lime shell . . 12 274 Red rock . . 10 284 Lime. . 6 290 “Slate” . . 10 300 “Slate” . . 200 500 Lime . . 40 540 “Slate” . . 35 575 Lime . . 28 603 Sand . . 23 626 “Slate” . . 19 645 Salt sand (water) . . . 30 675 “Slate” . . 10 685 “Slate,” white . . 10 695 Sand . . 48 743 OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENN F.S QUADRANGLE 153 Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet “Slate” . . 192 935 Sand . . 15 950 “Slate” . . 15 965 Bridgeport sand (water at 985). . 85 1050 “Slate” . . 20 1070 Sand . . 88 1158 “Slate” . . 12 1170 Lime. . 10 1180 “Slate” . . 5 1185 Lime . . 13 1198 “Slate” . . 20 1218 Lime. . 14 1232 “Slate” . . 75 1307 Lime . . 21 1328 “Slate” . . 24 1352 Buchanan sand . . 23 1375 “Slate” . . 11 1386 Lime . . 9 1395 “Slate” . . 5 1400 Lime. . 65 1465 “Slate” . . 4 1469 Lime . . 3 1472 “Slate” . . 3 1475 Red rock . . 10 1485 “Slate” . . 20 1505 Lime . . 20 1525 “Slate” . . 16 1541 Kirkwood sand . . 6 1547 “Slate” . . 5 1552 Sand . . 50 1602 Top of pay, 1573 Bottom of pay, 1595 “Slate” . . 78 1680 Lime . . 6 1686 “Slate” . . 3 1689 Sand, show of oil (Tracev). . 12 1701 “Slate” . . 3 1704 Red rock . . 4 1708 Lime . . 5 1713 “Slate” . 4 1717 Red rock . . 11 1728 “Slate” . . 10 1738 Lime . . 20 1758 “Slate” . . 3 1761 Lime. . 19 1780 McClosky sand . . 4 1784 Lime . . 53 1837 McClosky sand (lower). . 2 1839 Lime . . 116 1955 JThe base of the Pennsylvanian series, and top of the Mississippian (Chester) is at 1,375 feet; the top of the “Big Lime” (Ste. Genevieve) is at 1,761 feet. 156 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 STE. GENEVIEVE FORMATION The Ste. Genevieve limestone, about 85 feet thick, overlies the St. Louis formation from which it is not easily distinguishable in well rec¬ ords. It is, however, softer than the St. Louis and is characterized by oolitic beds. The Ste. Genevieve limestone is one of the most important oil horizons in the State in being the source of the McClosky oil. The oil is found commonly 20 to 50 feet below the top of the formation, though in places it is considerably lower, probably in distinct lower beds. The Ste. Genevieve limestone appears to be very evenly bedded in strong contrast to the overlying formations which are characteristically irregular. This feature is clearly brought out on the profile (PI. X, A) of the Murphy oil pool which presents a graphic comparison of the Mc¬ Closky oil horizon in the Ste. Genevieve formation with the Kirkwood, Buchanan, and Bridgeport horizons. CHESTER GROUP The Chester group lies unconformably on the Ste. Genevieve in such a way that only the upper part is present in this area. The Chester rocks consist of relatively thin-bedded limestone, shale, sandstone, and near the base thin layers of “red rock” (red shale). Limestone and shale predom¬ inate. The average thickness of the formation in this region is 365 feet with a range of 295 to 440 feet. 3 According to the writer's correlation, the maximum thickness in the Allendale field is about 550 feet. The top of the formation is uneven. It is thought to represent the low hills and shallow valleys on an old buried land surface. Two or more thin beds of red shale are prominent features of the formation. They commonly lie both above and below the Kirkwood sand. The Chester group contains two important oil-producing horizons, the Kirkwood and the Tracey sands. The former averages about 200 feet; and the latter, near the base, a little over 300 feet below the top of the formation. South of the main oil field, in the St. Francisville and Allendale pools, the intervals are 50 to 200 feet greater. Pennsylvanian Series The Pennsylvanian series in southeastern Illinois is represented by three formations: the Pottsville at the base, the Carbondale, and the McLeansboro. The latter constitutes the bed rock at the surface over the entire quadrangle. The lower formations are known only from well rec¬ ords. POTTSVILLE FORMATION The Pottsville formation consists mainly of sandstone and shale, with a few thin beds of limestone. The formation is 300 to 600 feet thick, 3ldem, p. 83. OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE 157 averaging about 450 feet. It is thinnest on the higher parts of the La Salle anticline and thicker toward the east in the less-disturbed area. Along the eastern side of the oil field its average thickness is about 500 feet. The Pottsville formation is marked by two prominent sandstone hor¬ izons, the Buchanan sand at the base and the Bridgeport sand near the top. Both are very massive and range in thickness from 50 to over 150 feet, averaging at least 100 feet. Both vary greatly in thickness from place to place and are irregular at both top and bottom. The Buchanan sand is the basal sandstone of the formation and was spread out along the shores of the sea as it advanced over the Chester land surface. Over most of the quadrangle the Buchanan sand contains large quantities of salt water. Locally, however, on the higher parts of the structure oil is found at the top of the sand. The Bridgeport sand corresponds to the Robinson sand of the Birds and Hardinville quadrangles. It also contains large quantities of salt water over most of the area, though near the southern end of the main oil field, an area of three to four square miles is productive of oil. CARBONDALE FORMATION The Carbondale formation, about 300 feet thick, overlies the Potts¬ ville. It contains the important coal beds in this part of the State and consists mainly of shale with some sandstone, thin beds of limestone, and coal. The “shallow” sand which is productive of oil in a few wells at the extreme south end of the main oil field, probably lies near the top of this formation. MCLEANSBORO FORMATION The McLeansboro formation, as exposed at the surface and encount¬ ered in the wells, consists mainly of gray to black, micaceous shale and shaly sandstones, massive sandstones, and a few thin beds of limestone. It presents no features worthy of special mention except a remarkably persistent bed of red shale associated with thin limestones which lies ap¬ proximately 150 to 200 feet above the base of the formation. Quaternary and Recent Rocks Glacial drift, alluvium, loess, and wind-blown sand constitute the rocks of Quaternary and Recent age within the quadrangle. The glacial drift was spread out as a mantle of varying thickness over the entire area at the time of the Illinoian glacial period. The drift consists mainly of till or bowlder clay, a compact mixture of fine clay with pebbles and bowlders. The glacial drift is encountered at all points within the quad¬ rangle where it has not been removed by stream cutting. The common practice in drilling oil wells is to extend a conductor or drive pipe through 158 YEAR KOOK FOR 1915 the drift and seat it upon the underlying bed rock. The length of drive pipe necessary varies from 10 to over 100 feet. A large part of the quadrangle is occupied by the flood plains and terraces of Wabash and Embarrass rivers and by alluvial plains which have extended up the streams tributary to them during a period of gen¬ eral silting up of the rivers. The depth of alluvium, as revealed by the well records, varies commonly between 50 and 100 feet. Quicksand and gravel are the commonest constituents of the alluvium below the soil zone, which is a sandy loam. The quicksand sometimes causes considerable dif¬ ficulty in starting drilling operations. Loess, a fine, wind-blown dust, is spread out in a bed from 3 to 20 or more feet in thickness over the drift in all parts of the quadrangle not occupied by recent alluvium. Loess constitutes the soil of most of the western part of the quadrangle. Wind-blown sand, derived apparently from the flood plains of Wabash and Embarrass rivers, covers considerable areas near Allendale and St. Francisville, a small area northeast of Billtee, and the bluff along the east side of the quadrangle south of Vincennes. OIL AND GAS Main Field PRODUCTIVE OIL SANDS Named in the order in which they are encountered by the driller, the productive oil horizons of the Vincennes quadrangle are the “shallow” sand, the Bridgeport, Buchanan, Kirkwood, Tracey, and McClosky sands. The position of each of these in the geological column has been indicated in preceding paragraphs. A brief description of each and of its develop¬ ment within the quadrangle is here presented. For a more detailed ac¬ count the reader is referred to Blatchley’s report in Bulletin 22 of the State Geological Survey. MCCLOSKY SAND “The McClosky sand has yielded the largest initial productions of any of the producing sands in Illinois”. 4 This sand has yielded several gushers, notably in the Murphy pool, to be described in detail in a fol¬ lowing section. The McClosky oil comes from a thin sandstone, or in places, apparently from a soft, oolitic limestone in the upper part of the Ste. Genevieve formation. The productive horizon is commonly thin, ranging from 2 to 10 feet in the Murphy pool and averaging not more than 10 feet over the entire field. It is clearly not a single bed every¬ where. It is rather a zone in the upper part of the Ste. Genevieve forma¬ tion, in which here one, there another, bed carries the oil, the porosity of 4ldem, page 113. OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE !5M the rock being evidently the controlling factor. Within this zone, which has a maximum observed thickness of 80 feet, one to three oil-bearing horizons are reported. In nearby wells it is not uncommonly found that in one well the upper porous zone is productive; in another the lower. Localities where two or three oil-bearing beds of the McClosky have been noted are in secs. 12 and 13, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (Lawrence Town¬ ship) ; secs. 23 and 24, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (Dennison Township) ; and secs. 15, 22 and 23, T. 3 N., R. 11 W. (Allison Township). PI. X, B, a section along the north line of sec. 13, T. 3 XL, R. 12 W., illustrates this feature. In other places, notably in the Murphy pool, a single productive bed is dominant, though even here a tendency to multiplicity is apparent. This multiple character of the McClosky oil horizon makes it impos¬ sible to represent accurately its structure by structure contours, and it makes inevitable a margin of error of approximately 80 feet in the cor¬ relation of scattered outside wells yielding data on the McClosky. Never¬ theless, where a single bed can be identified over a considerable area the McClosky is found to be much more uniform than any of the higher oil sands. In other words, the Ste. Genevieve limestone is evenly bedded and differences in elevation in different localities represent the dip of the rocks, not, as in the case of some of the higher sands, merely irregularities in the thickness of the sand bed. The depth of the McClosky horizon below the surface of the ground varies with the surface topography and with the structure of the underlying rocks, from 1,700 to about 1,860 feet for the producing territory. These depths correspond to elevations of 70 to 260 feet above a datum plane 1,500 feet below sea level. This variation is due mainly to the dip of the rock, but partly to the compound nature of the McClosky horizon. Outside of the productive territory, in scat¬ tered dry wells off the anticline (PI. VIII), the depth as a rule is greater. Though many of the McClosky wells have shown enormous initial yields, a large number have declined rapidly, and many others have been small producers. Owing to the expense of drilling the deep wells, the latter have to some extent offset the gain from the more prolific wells. The McClosky oil is green, with a large sulphur content, and its gas has a rank odor. The McClosky sand is productive over a belt from one-half mile to two miles wide, extending north and south through the principal oil field and including large parts of secs. 14, 23, 25, 26, 35, and 36, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., and sec. 2, T. 2 N., R. 12 W., and in several small outliers in the same general area. Outside the main field a small pool has been located in the SW. cor. sec. 17 and the NW. cor. sec. 20, T. 3 N., R. 11 W. (Lawrence Township), and in secs. 15, 22, and 23, T. 3 XL, W. 11 W., as well as in the prolific Murphy pool in secs. 5 and 8, T. 2 XL, R. 11 W. (Dennison Township). 160 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 TRACEY SAND The original Tracey sand developed by Busch and Everett on the Tracey and Seed farms, sec. 13, Lawrence Township, has on investiga¬ tion proved to be McC'losky. The term Tracey has, however, persisted and has been applied to a sand intermediate between the McClosky and the Kirkwood. The designation as now used applies to a soft, calcareous sandstone, in the lower part of the Chester group, which lies on the aver¬ age from 100 to 118 feet above the upper productive horizon of the Mc¬ Closky sand. The Tracey oil horizon, to an even more marked degree than the underlying McClosky is a zone in which sands are developed irreg¬ ularly and discontinuously rather than a single bed of sand. The horizon is more irregular and the sandy phases are less continuous over the field than in any of the other oil-bearing horizons. The sand rarely attains a thickness of more than 50 feet. The Tracey commonly yields a “sour” or sulphur oil of high gravity. In the Vincennes quadrangle the produc¬ tion is mainly oil, gas being subordinate, but at the northern end of the field in the Hardinville quadrangle gas is the chief product. Owing probably to the irregular development of sands at the Tracey horizon, the producing areas within the main field are confined mainly to small isolated pools, the only notable exception being a pool which covers about three square miles mainly in secs. 25, 26, 35, and 36, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., and the NE. Et sec. 2, T. 2 N., R. 12 W. The second largest pool lies in the SW. >4 sec. 11, and the NW. 14 sec. 14. and adjacent portions of secs. 10 and 15, T. 3 N., R. 12 W.; a third and smaller pool has been developed in the western part of sec. 23, T. 3 N., R. 12 W.; and there are several small isolated areas in which from one to ten wells are produc¬ ing from this sand. KIRKWOOD SAND The Kirkwood is by far the most prolific oil horizon within the quad¬ rangle. Not only does it cover a larger area than any of the others, but it shows excellent initial production and is long-lived and steady in its yield. Furthermore, its depth is not excessive, ranging in the main field from about 1,400 feet to about 1,590. In the St. Francisville pool it is 1,830 to 1,850 feet below the surface, and in the Allendale pool it is pre¬ sumed to lie still deeper. The Kirkwood horizon lies about 100 feet on the average, varying somewhat between 90 and 130 feet, above the top of the Tracey sand. Since the McClosky is more regular in its bedding than the Tracey a more definite expression of the position of the Kirkwood is given by the statement that it lies on the average 200 to 230 feet above the upper lens of the McClosky. In several localities within the quadrangle the Kirkwood sand is len¬ ticular, having in many places two and even three lenses. In some places the lower, in others the upper, beds are developed. The thickness of the OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE 161 sand also varies greatly, ranging from 0 to 100 feet. The average thick¬ ness has been computed by Blatchley to be 33 feet. Owing to irregular thickening and thinning both the top and the bottom of the sand bed or beds are irregular. On account of this irregularity and of the replacing of one lens here and there by another higher or lower in the series, con¬ tours drawn on the top of the Kirkwood sand show many irregularities which should not be interpreted as structural features of the rock forma¬ tions as a whole. The contours do, however, represent with the greatest attainable accuracy the elevation at the various localities of the upper sand of the Kirkwood horizon. A conception of the general structure of the oil field may best be gained from the contours on the Kirkwood sand by omitting in imagina¬ tion all of the minor irregularities of the contours and considering only their broader features. The Kirkwood sand, in spite of its uneven thickness and lenticular character, is remarkably persistent. “The Kirkwood sand is a medium, fine-grained sand often called the ‘sugar’ sand because it resembles brown sugar in the churn-drill samples. * * * * * The * * * oil is generally considered sweet oil which is more free from sulphur than is the oil from the lower sand, although in some localities the sulphur content is variable. The average specific gravity of the oil is about 36° Beaume”. 5 Some gas is produced with the oil over a large part of the field. In the main oil field the outlines of the territory in which the Kirk¬ wood is productive nearly coincide with the outlines of the field itself. A notable exception occurs in secs. 15, 16, and 21, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., and secs. 27, 34, and 35, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., and sec. 3, T. 2 N., R. 12 W., where the Buchanan and Bridgeport sands are productive beyond the Kirkwood limits. Outside the main field productive pools in the Kirkwood have been opened in secs. 1 and 12, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (Lawrence Town¬ ship) ; in the Billett pool secs. 13, 17, and 18 (Lawrence Township) ; at the eastern end of the Murphy pool secs. 4 and 5, T. 2 N., R. 11 W.; and in the St. Francisville pool, secs. 20, 28, and 29, T. 2 N., R. 11 W. (Den¬ nison Township). Each of these outside pools will be described in detail in following sections. BUCHANAN SAND The Buchanan sand which constitutes the basal sandstone of the Pottsville formation is persistently developed over the entire quadrangle. As already indicated, it averages about 100 feet thick and in the main field its top lies on the average about 250 feet above the top of the Kirk¬ wood sand, but the interval is much greater off the anticline at St. Francis¬ ville (440d=) and at the Allendale pool (460dt). Almost everywhere 5Blatchley, R. S., Unpublished manuscript of Vincennes-Sumner folio. 162 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 in the quadrangle the sand is filled with salt water, and it is only at a few localities, notably secs. 15, 16, and 21, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., on the western border of the quadrangle; a small area north of Lawrenceville; another at the southern end of the field; and in the Allendale pool, that it is pro¬ ductive of oil. Inasmuch as there has been no significant development or extension of the territory producing from this sand, except in the Allendale pool, which has already been fully described, 0 the reader is re¬ ferred to Blatchley’s original description and to the Allendale report for more detailed accounts. 7 BRIDGEPORT SAND The Bridgeport sand, like the Buchanan, is widely developed within the quadrangle, but almost everywhere contains only salt water. A notable exception is an area of a little over 3 square miles at the southern end of the main oil field. This has been fully described in Blatchley’s report, and inasmuch as there have been no developments of moment since that report was written, it is not here described in detail. “shallow” sand The oil pools in the shallow sand are limited to the extreme south end of the main oil field. There are but 8 producing wells in this sand, and these yield a very small amount of oil. The average depth of the sand is about 450 feet, being about 500 feet above the Bridgeport sand. 8 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MAIN FIELD GENERAL STATEMENT The recent developments have been mainly the routine drilling of leases already outlined and proved at an earlier date. This inside drilling has resulted in increasing here and there the areas of the productive pools in the various sands, particularly in the deeper sands, and in the closer de¬ lineation of the limits of these pools. The outlines of the oil pools in the various sands as developed on September 1, 1915, are shown on Plate IX. A comparison of this map with those published in Bulletin 22 will indicate the increase in productive territory and the new discoveries since July 1, 1911, the date at which the field work for Bulletin 22 was completed. In a belief that it may have value in indicating the trend of recent developments within the field, the most important additions to the produc¬ tive territory of each of the sands made within the last two years are out¬ lined in order. fi Kay, Fred H., and others, Oil investigations in Illinois in 1914: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, pp. 59-68, 1915. ‘Blatchley, R. S., Oil in Crawford and Lawrence counties: Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 22, 1913. SBlatchley, R. S., Unpublished manuscript of the Sumner-Vincennes folio. OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE 163 MCCLOSKY SAND Within the main field recent drilling has resulted in the following ad¬ dition to the areas producing from the McClosky horizon. In the NW. l /4 sec. 12, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (Lawrence Township), a small pool of 4 wells has been added, and near the center of the section two other new wells have been brought in. In the SW. T /\. sec. 24, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (Dennison Township), a small pool one-half mile east of the main pool has been found. In the NW. Y sec. 35, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (Dennison Township), the west¬ ern limits of the large pool in this locality have been pushed westward about one-quarter mile. A similar extension has been made along the east side of sec. 27, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. In the western half of sec. 26, the com¬ pletion of drilling has proved the McClosky to be productive. TRACEY SAND The only important additions to the productive area of Tracey sand have been made in secs. 23, 26, and 35, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., and sec. 2, T. 2 N., R. 12 W. The small pool along the south side of sec. 15, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., has been extended southward to include 3 new wells. KIRKWOOD SAND Within the main field the most important extensions of the Kirk¬ wood area have been made in secs. 3 and 10, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (Law¬ rence Township). Here about one-half square mile has been added to the productive field. A considerable addition has also been made in the somewhat isolated pool in the NE. C4 sec. 12 and SW. Y\ sec. 1, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (Lawrence Township). Considerable additional inside drilling was done and some extensions were made to the southeastern end of the pool in sec. 21, T. 2 N., R. 12 W., and secs. 6 and 7, T. 2 N., R. 11 W. (Dennison Township). The latter territory lies immediately west of the Murphy pool and serves to connect it with the main field. BUCHANAN SAND The only significant additions to the area of productive territory in the Buchanan sand were made near the center of sec. 11, T. 2 N., R. 12 W., where twelve new wells have been drilled without apparently ex¬ hausting the possibilities of further extension, and in the Allendale field. BRIDGEPORT SAND No significant additions to the territory producing from this sand have been made. A number of wells within the territory already out¬ lined have been drilled and a few scattered ones outside, but these have resulted in no definite extension of the limits of the field. 164 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 "shallow" SAND In sec. 2, T. 2 N., R. 12 W. (Dennison Township), fewer than a half dozen new wells in the “shallow’’ sand have been drilled. They have not materially altered the limits of the area. Oil Pools Developed outside the Main Field GENERAL STATEMENT Since the completion of the field work on which Mr. Blatchley’s report was based, five small though important oil pools have been discov¬ ered outside the limits of the main field. These are, in order of their dis¬ covery: the Allendale, Billett, Hebert, Murphy, and St. Francisville pools. Of these the Allendale is in the Buchanan sand; the Billett is mainly in the Kirkwood sand; the Murphy and the Hebert mainly in the McClosky sand; and the St. Francisville is believed to derive its oil from the Kirk¬ wood sand. Since the discovery of these outlying pools indicates the pos¬ sibility of further extension of the field, each of them is here described in considerable detail. ALLENDALE POOL The Allendale pool is in the southwestern corner of the quadrangle about two miles northwest of Allendale. The western part of the field lies outside the limits of our map in the Sumner quadrangle. The larger part, however, lies within the area under discussion. The field was studied by the writer in the summer of 1914, and in 1915 a detailed report was published by the State Geological Survey. 9 Since that study and report were completed an important addition to the field has been made at the northeastern end, and the completion of the Collison well about halfway between this field and the main pool to the north has made possible a revision of the correlation of the sands of the Allendale field. In that report the Biehl sand was correlated with the Kirkwood. The recent study has shown that it should, rather, be correlated with the Buchanan sand of the main field, though there is a possibility that it is a hitherto undiscovered sand in the upper part of the Chester group. For a detailed description and map of the Allendale field as it existed in 1914, the reader is referred to the report already mentioned. A brief summary of the essential features of that report is here presented, to¬ gether with a more detailed discussion of the recent development of the field. The pool was opened in August, 1912, by a 650-barrel well on the Adam Biehl farm in the NE. cor. SE. *4 sec. 4. A boom resulted and the field was rapidly developed and the surrounding territory tested. 9Rich, John L., The Allendale oil field: HI. State Geol. Survey, Bull. 31, pp. 59-68, 1915. OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE 165 The principal producing sand of the Allendale pool is known locally as the Biehl sand. A second sand lens, about 35 feet below the Biehl, which has been developed in the course of the recent drilling, is known as the Jordan sand. Over most of the field the Biehl sand is a single bed 20 to 30 feet in thickness, having a maximum observed thickness of about 45 feet. A marked local thinning of the sand was disclosed in the wells in the NW. J4 sec. 9, and, in several wells south and east of the Biehl well, the Biehl sand is absent, and only the Jordan sand is encountered. This absence of the Biehl sand in the Lucy Courter well No. 1 and the Eli Jor¬ dan well No. 1 near the west center of section 3 led to an erroneous repre¬ sentation of the structure in the earlier report because the Jordan sand in these wells was taken for the Biehl which was supposed to have dipped down to the lower level actually occupied by the Jordan sand. In the summer of 1915 the drilling of two productive wells in the northeastern part of the Allendale pool, one of them indicating the pos¬ sible extension of the pool to the east, attracted renewed attention to the region. These wells were No. 8 on the Jacob Smith farm, two locations south of the Biehl well and the Jordan Brothers line well, one location east of Smith No. 8. Both wells produced from the Jordan sand at a horizon about 35 feet below the level of the Biehl sand. In both, the Biehl sand was lacking. Later in the year well No. 2 on the Eli Jordan farm and No. 2 on the Jo Jordan farm both proved productive and ex¬ tended the limits of the pool one location farther east. The northern of these wells, Eli Jordan No. 2, had an initial production of 180 barrels. Both the Biehl and Jordan sands were encountered in each of the wells. On November 23, 1915, a 10-barrel well on the V. H. Price farm in the NE. NE. J4 sec. 4 was completed. This proved that the field extends northward. The low yield of the well is probably attributable to lack of porosity in the sand, since structurally the Biehl sand is high, its top lying 511 feet above datum. On March 12, 1916, the completion of a 300-barrel well on the Lucy Courter farm in the SW. J4 NW. J4 sec. 3, proved the pool to extend northeastward and created considerable excitement. Dur¬ ing the spring and summer of 1916 drilling was in active progress. A let¬ ter from the field dated June 12th states that 5 wells have been completed on the Courter and Eli Jordan farms in the west half of sec. 3, and that two test wells in the SW. J4 NE. l /\. sec. 3 and the SE. cor. SW. ]/\ sec. 34, respectively, have proved dry. In the latter well the Jordan sand seems to lie about 40 feet lower than in the wells on the highest part of the Allen¬ dale dome. The principal production in the new wells is from the Biehl sand. In the Courter well No. 1 (Allendale Oil Company) the top of this sand is 512 feet above datum. A restudy of the logs of the deep wells around the Allendale field in the light of the data from the Collison well leads to the conclusion that the 166 YEAR HOOK FOR 1915 Biehl sand is not Kirkwood, but is a higher sand at least 450 feet above the Kirkwood, probably Buchanan. It is certain, therefore, that the principal productive sands of the main oil field, the Kirkwood, Tracey, and McClosky, lie below the level of the Biehl sand. No wells on the higher parts of the Allendale dome have been drilled deep enough to test these sands. The deep wells south of the pool did not penetrate below the Kirkwood, and it is doubtful if more than one of them even reached it. In the light of these facts it is believed that the deeper sands should be tested by one or more deep wells on the higher parts of the dome. The data at hand indicate that the Kirkwood sand should be struck about 450 to 475 feet, the Tracey 575 feet, and the McClosky 700 to 750 feet below the top of the Biehl sand. The anticlinal structure of the rocks in the Allendale field is favorable for the accumulation of oil in these lower sands. Should a deep well he drilled, samples should be saved systematic¬ ally and sent to the State Geological Survey, charges collect, for exam¬ ination. The success of wildcat drilling east and northeast of the Allendale pool would seem to depend upon the accidental discovery of other small domes similar to that which is responsible for the Allendale pool. There is no direct indication that such domes are present. P.ILLETT POOL The Billett pool is 2 miles south of Lawrenceville. As developed in September, 1915, it covered an area of about one square mile in secs. 13, 17, and 18, Lawrence Township, and secs. 19 and 20, Dennison Town¬ ship (T. 3 N., Rs. 11 and 12 W.). The pool is isolated, being separated on all sides from other productive territory by at least one-half mile of barren or untested ground. The first successful well in this area was drilled on the Roy Tracey farm in the NW. *4 sec. 18, and the field was developed rapidly during the summer and autumn of 1913. The Tracey well en¬ countered oil in the lower of two lenses of the Kirkwood sand 380 feet above datum. In the summer of 1915 very little development of the field was going on, but in the spring of 1916 several new wells were being drilled. From the standpoint of the oil producer, the first important formation encountered in the wells in this region is the Bridgeport sand the top of which is here found at 930 to 1,000 feet above datum. This sand varies greatly in thickness, but not uncommonly is nearly 200 feet thick. In most of the wells it shows large quantities of salt water. W ells in the NW. Rt section 18 struck a showing of oil at the top of the Bridgeport sand, but the quantity was not sufficient for exploitation. Below the Bridgeport sand are 120 to 280 feet of shale with some thin beds of limestone suc¬ ceeded by the Buchanan sand 30 to 170 feet thick. The Buchanan is not OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE 167 uncommonly broken into two or three lenses with limestone between. '1 he elevation of the top of the Buchanan sand, as of the Bridgeport above it, varies within limits of nearly 100 feet on account of thickening and thin¬ ning and irregular development of the sand. The same is true of the bot¬ tom of both sands. Below the Buchanan is a series of limestones and shales with one or more thin beds of red rock. One of the latter is notably per¬ sistent at about 460 feet above datum, approximately 170 feet below the top of the Buchanan sand. Two hundred and fifty feet, on an average, below the top of the Buchanan sand is the Kirkwood sand. This is well developed and is encountered in almost every well, though it is notably lenticular, two and three lenses being as common as one, particularly in the western part of the field in the SE. Ct sec. 13. At the eastern end of the pool only one lens, as a rule, is developed. The Kirkwood sand varies in thickness from 10 to 60 feet. From 20 to 25 feet is the most common thickness. About 110 feet below the top of the Kirkwood is the Tracey sand. This is well developed at the western end of the field, though not found at the east. It is somewhat less lenticular than the Kirkwood. Its thick¬ ness averages about 20 feet, but varies in the wells from which it has been reported between 12 and 50 feet. Between the Kirkwood and the Tracey sands the rocks are prevailingly shale with a subordinate amount of lime¬ stone. Beneath the Tracey sand, revealed by the logs from this locality (see log of Nellie Tracey well No. 2 in early part of report), limestone constitutes at least 90 per cent of the rock. About 200 feet below the Kirkwood, and a little less than 100 feet below the top of the Tracey, is the McClosky sand. This is not well developed at the western end of the field. Only one well obtains oil from it, and the amount is very small. At the eastern end of the field the Mc¬ Closky sand has been struck in all the wells that have penetrated deep enough. It is only 2 to 10 feet thick. In one well three thin lenses were found within a vertical distance of 50 feet. The McClosky sand is notably more regular in its development than are any of the sands above. Be¬ neath the McClosky sand wells have penetrated limestone to depths 100 to 200 feet below datum but have struck no more sand or oil. The Billett pool is located on a low dome in rocks elsewhere lying ap¬ proximately flat. The highest part of the dome is near its western end where the top of the Kirkwood sand reaches an elevation of 416 feet above datum. At the eastern end of the pool the rocks are 40 to 50 feet lower, but are higher than on either side. A few wells are producing oil from the Kirkwood sand northeast of the Billett pool near the center of section 17, and in the NW. T 4 sec. 8. T. 3 N., R. 11 W. (Lawrence Township). The rocks are nearly flat at 340 to 360 feet above datum. 168 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 HEBERT POOL The beginnings of the development of what may later prove to be a considerable pool in the McClosky sand were made in the summer of 1913 in secs. 14, 15, 22, and 23, T. 3 N., R. 11 W. (Allison Township). On September 1, 1915, seven wells were producing from the McClosky sand in this area. As is shown on the map, the wells are scattered in such a way as to indicate that an area of a square mile or more may be found productive. The yield, however, is small, from 12 to 40 barrels at the start. The oil is produced from flat-lying rocks at depths of 1,840 to 1,860 feet, or at elevations of 55 to 72 feet above datum. This is about 100 feet lower than the McClosky sand at the east end of the Billett pool 2 l / 2 miles to the west. The Kirkwood sand, however, at 320 to 335 feet above datum, is only 30 to 40 feet lower than at the east end of the Billett pool. It seems possible, therefore, that the McClosky oil in the area under discussion, may be produced from a lens somewhat lower than at the lat¬ ter locality. This probability is heightened by the fact that in each of two of the wells two lenses of McClosky sand were encountered at 25 and 68 feet apart, respectively. The one produced oil from the lower lens, the other from the upper. The data on the McClosky sand in the scattered dry wells in the neigh¬ borhood also indicate the probability that not all the McClosky records are on a single bed of sand. MURPHY POOL On April 6, 1914, 10 a 2400-barrel well on the M. J. Murphy farm, sec. 5, T. 2 N., R. 11 W. (Dennison Township), opened the Murphy pool. The original discovery was in the McClosky sand at a depth of 1,835 feet, and the greatest production has come from this sand though later drilling has revealed considerable productive territory in the Kirkwood sand. As developed in the summer of 1915, the pool, including both Kirkwood and McClosky sands, covered an area of about one-half square mile in the southern part of sec. 5, the southwestern part of sec. 4, and a small strip along the north side of sec. 8. The pool in the Kirkwood sand extends westward into the SE. 34 sec. 6, T. 2 N., R. 11 W., whence it connects with a southeastern prolongation of the main oil field. The McClosky sand in the productive pool is from 2 to 10 feet in thickness. It lies almost perfectly flat and about 100 feet above datum. The sand is very uniform, though in a few wells two lenses were noted, the upper of which carried gas. In most of the wells some gas was found with the oil. Outside the productive limits of the pool the McClosky sand either is absent or is broken into thin lenses some of which carry gas. The greatest production centered around a small area near the south center 10 Kay, F. H., Petroleum in Illinois in 1914 and 1915, Ill. State Geol. Survey Bull. 33, 1916. T.2 N. T.3 N. ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 33, PLATE IX R. 12 VV. MAP SHOWING OIL POOLS IN VARIOUS SANDS OF THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE BY J. L. RICH AND R. S. BLATCHLEY LEGEND y/'/, Kirkwood y/ , MoClosky Tracey Buchanan Bridgeport Seal© of miles R.12 W. R11 V/. T.3 N. _ T.2 N OIL AND Gas IN THE VINCENNES quadrangle 169 of section 5. Here 6 wells produced the first day more than 1,000 barrels each, another 750 barrels. Outside this small area of great production the yield was relatively small, varying from 5 to 150 barrels. After the first few days the production declined very rapidly to such an extent that by September, 1914, the production of the entire pool is said to have been only 1,500 barrels per day—not much more than half the initial daily pro¬ duction of some of the best single wells. The Kirkwood sand varies considerably in thickness, ranging from 10 to 95 feet. It averages about 30 feet thick. Within the productive area of the McClosky sand only one well reported oil from the Kirkwood though that sand was present in nearly every well. The outlines of the areas producing oil from the Kirkwood sand appear on the map (PI. IX). The production ranged up to 150 barrels for the first day. Water is reported in the bottom of the Kirkwood sand in several of the records. Over the area covered by the Murphy pool the Kirkwood sand seems to be a single continuous bed, though it varies greatly in thickness. There is considerable irregularity in its elevation, indicating that it was not de¬ posited evenly. It is notably less regular than the McClosky sand below. The Buchanan sand is present in a bed ranging up to 150 feet in thickness. In only one well was there any show of oil or gas. The Bridge¬ port sand with a thickness of somewhat over 100 feet, may also be recog¬ nized but is barren of oil or gas. The McClosky sand, on account of its great regularity is the most favorable for a study of structure. Plotting of the elevations above datum, of this sand reveals the almost perfectly flat character of the beds. Within the producing area the range in elevation is from 90 to 110 feet. No systematic variation in elevation appears. Toward the west there may be a slight rise of the strata, but this can not be determined with certainty because of the poor development of the McClosky sand and the difficulty of exact correlations. The data on the Kirkwood sand, however, indicates a slight rise toward the west. In the SE. >4 section 6 it stands 360 feet above datum as compared with about 330 feet along the east side of sec¬ tion 5 and the west side of section 4. Toward the east are no data on the McClosky sand, which appears to be absent; but the elevations of the Kirkwood indicate that there is no marked dip eastward from the produc¬ tive portion of the Murphy pool, at least as far as has been explored. ST. FRANCISVILLE POOL In the early part of November, 1914, Taylor and others completed a successful test well on the Lagote farm about three-fourths of a mile southwest of St. Francisville. The well gave an initial production of 100 barrels. The ordinary local boom resulted, and within a year 44 wells had been drilled 35 of which were producing oil on September 1, 1915. In the spring of 1916, further extension of the field was in active progress. The 170 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 majority of the wells started with initial productions of 25 to 30 barrels per day. The oil is encountered at a depth of 1,820 to 1,850 feet, or 60 to 85 feet above a datum plane 1,500 feet below sea level. It comes from a sand which varies in thickness from 4 or 5 to 60 feet. The oil is black instead of green like that from a similar depth in the Murphy pool. It lies 300 to 320 feet below the base of the Pottsville formation. This is approximately the position occupied by the Tracey sand in the field to the north, but the oil at St. Francisville is reported to be “sweet”, whereas the Tracey oil is “sour”. This characteristic, together with the absence of a well-defined sand corresponding to the Kirkwood above the producing sand, and the known thickening of the Chester rocks at the top in the Collison well and in the Allendale field, leads to the belief that the pro¬ ducing sand at St. Francisville should be correlated with the Kirkwood sand of the main field. The relations which are known to apply in the Allendale field, and which seem also to apply here, between the rocks of the Chester group and those of the Pottsville are illustrated in the accompanying sketch (Fig. 14). This is not drawn strictly to scale and purposely exaggerates the Fig. 14.—Diagrammatic illustration of the probable unconformable relation be¬ tween the Mississippian rocks at the south end of the oil field. vertical element, for the purpose of clearly expressing the idea of the unconformity between the rocks of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian series, which at the southern end of the quadrangle, results in the lower level of the Kirkwood sand with respect to the sands of the Pennsylvanian rocks. OIL AND GAS IN THE VINCENNES QUADRANGLE 171 Both the higher sands, the Bridgeport and the Buchanan, contain large quantities of water. They lie in their regular position and are about 100 feet lower than in the Murphy pool. Within the limits of the St. Francisville pool the producing oil sand lies nearly flat. It is also remarkably regular. There is a slight and uni¬ form rise toward the east and southeast, the highest elevations of the sand being on the southeastern side of the field where it is 95 feet above datum. It appears probable that a further extension of the field will be made toward the southeast and possibly toward the east. The two dry wells on the eastern border of the pool owe their lack of oil to the absence of the sand bed. The records give no indication that the rocks there are lower. Should it happen, as it probable, that the absence of the sands is only local, there would be a good prospect that successful wells might be found farther east. A well on the T. L. Lewis farm in the NW. 34 NE. 34 sec. 20, T. 2 N., R. 11 W., three-fourths of a mile north of the north end of the St. Francisville pool, struck the Kirkwood and McClosky sands at practically the same level as the wells in the Murphy pool. The rocks must, therefore, dip southward steeply from this well to the flat terrace on which the St. Francisville pool lies. Test wells in the surrounding territory do not yield records of sufficient detail to permit a more exact statement of the rela¬ tion of the rocks of the St. Francisville field to those of other pools. Structure of the Rocks in the Vincennes Quadrangle in Relation to the Accumulation of Oil and Gas explanation of map The principal features of the structure of the rocks in the portions of the quadrangle occupied by the main oil pool are shown on Plate VIII by structure contours on the top of the Kirkwood sand. In order that the contour numbers may be positive, all elevations are based on a datum plane 1,500 feet below sea level. The figures printed in connection with the contours and beside outlying wells represent elevations above this datum plane. Depth below sea level may be obtained by subtracting the figures given from 1,500, and depth below the surface of the ground by subtracting the contour figures from 1,500 plus the elevation above the sea of the month of the well. For the outlying pools the contours on the top of the Kirkwood are shown where sufficient data could be secured. Elsewhere the elevations of the top of the Kirkwood above the datum plane are shown by printed figures beside the wells. In these outlying wells exact correlation of the formations is difficult on account of the horizontal variability in the charac¬ ter of the rocks and the incompleteness of most of the logs, the majority giving data only on certain sand beds. The figures given represent the 172 YEAR BOOK FOR 1915 best correlations that could be made in the light of a comparative study of the logs. They are believed to be approximately correct. STRUCTURAL FEATURES As is clearly shown by the structure contours on the Kirkwood sand, the dominant structural feature of the quadrangle is the broad, low anti¬ cline, extending north and south through the area occupied by the main oil field a nearly flat terrace extending eastward from this anticline, and the low basin which occupies the southwestern portion of the quadrangle. The anticline is clearly marked along a line extending from sec. 2, T. 2 X., R. 12 W., northward for about 6 miles to sec. 1, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. (See west-east cross-section of anticline, Plate X, C.) At the north it appears to flatten out as the rocks dip northward toward the structural basin along Embarrass River. The anticline is connected along its northwestern side in secs. 15 and 16, 9 and 21, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., by a broad, nearly flat terrace with the sharper anticline which extends northward through the Sumner and Vincennes quadrangles from Bridgeport to Embarrass River. Along the western side of the anticline and terrace southward and south¬ eastward, from the border of the quadrangle in sec. 21, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., the rocks on the western flank of the anticline dip deeply southwestward into the Illinois Basin. This steeply dipping flank of the anticline extends across the southern end of the oil field from sec. 10, T. 2 A 1 ., R. 12 W., toward St. Francisville, passing through the northern half of sec. 20, T. 2 N., R. 11 W., a short distance north of the town. It is probable that a comparatively sharp monocline crosses the north¬ eastern corner of the quadrangle in a northwest-southeast direction from the middle of the north line, northeast of which the rocks are 300 to 400 feet higher than on the southwest. The presence of this monocline is inferred from the logs of the deep wells in the Birds quadrangle to the north. The probability of the presence of this monocline is confirmed by the detailed log of a well on the Boonilletts farm, 4 miles north of Vin¬ cennes (not located on the map), in which the top of the Ste. Genevieve limestone is not less than 280 feet above datum. The eastern flank of the principal anticline dips much less steeply than the western. From the crest is an eastward dip of about 40 feet in a dis¬ tance of two miles beyond which the rocks flatten out, and the average dip, as is indicated by the records of the wells farthest east, does not ex¬ ceed 10 feet per mile. On this flat eastern limb of the anticline small local domes 20 to 60 feet in height have permitted the accumulation of oil at several localities forming the Billett, Hebert, and Murphy pools. Through out this area the general conditions for the accumulation of oil are moder¬ ately favorable wherever small local domes occur. Such domes are likely to be of small area, and their presence can be determined only by the drill. ILLINOIS STATE G Sect ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 33, PLATE X o 1 G» *0 UJ *0 *- o £• 9- 3 5 O X ^ t «? t if) o T T T jncv. 11 / Bridgeport 1 •V^ Buchanan //■ v Kirkwooc 1 « 1 S Cl ItC ‘1"^^ McCloskv _ J ,-T»_ 8 S O CM * ‘m- 8 8 iO CM ^ CO <0 o ^fr 00 8 - LEGEND Sand Oil Best oil indicated by widest part of triangle Bottom ol hole • Gas * Water 150 Initial production ■s 0 <0 o 13 00 0 > O JO OB O O c o jj uj § <0 O) N CO tO a> o (0 Z CM „ Kirkwood J *IkSI McGJosky lO CO B £ n o o “ * Id a: o id £ o o O 2 r^co 00 o r^CM CM CM CM CM CO CM co T *7 •P <7 T T t >9 Sec. 27 I Sec. 26 l-yn Qr, '^ep ( ort It ? Buchanan t Q "A-: J-''— r-, ^" r 9Cey 6 -6 ?s in co ^ i I o • 141 lasper County, c>i development in ... 73-74 Jones well No. 7, log of.153-154 PAGE K Kinderhook shale in Canton and Avon quadrangles.92, 93,95 Kirkwood sand in Birds quad¬ rangle . 144 Kirkwood sand in Vincennes quadrangle.156, 160, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174 L Lagow well, log of.110-111 La Salle anticline in Crawford County .75-76 Lawrence County, oil and gas in .44, 45, 76-77 quality of gas in. 88 Lead, production of.63-66 Lee County, gas in. 45 Lime, production of. 53 Limestone, production of.50-53 Littleton, oil wells near. 80 Logan County, gas in. 45 M Macoupin County, oil and gas in .29-42, 45, 80-85,86 Maps in 1915.21-22 Maquoketa shale in Canton and Avon quadrangles.94,95 Marion County, oil and gas in... 44, 86 quality of gas in. 88 McClosky sand in Birds quad¬ rangle .142, 145 in Crawford County. 75 in Lawrence County.76-77 in Vincennes quadrangle. ....156, 158-160, 167, 168. 169,171 McDonough County, oil field in . .29, 44, 77-78 McLean County, gas in. 45 McLeansboro formation in Birds quadrangle . 116 in Vincennes quadrangle. 157 Mineral paints, production of. . .. 66 Mineral water, production of....61-62 Mineral statistics.18, 27-70 Mis sis sip pi an series in Birds quadrangle .109-115,145 in Canton and Avon quadran¬ gles .92, 93, 94,95 INDEX —Continued 179 PAGE in Vincennes quadrangle. 150-156, 170 limestone quarries in.50-51 oil and gas in. 4 4 45 sandstone quarry in. 50 Montgomery County, gas in. 45 Morgan County, gas in. 45 Murphy pool, description of... 168-169 structure of. 172 PAGE Pottsville formation, gas in. 118 in Birds quadrangle.109, 115-116 in Canton and Avon quad¬ rangles .92-94 in Vincennes quadrangle.. . . 157, 170 Pig iron, production of. 42 Publications in 1915. 21 Pyrite, production of. 63 N R Natural gas in glacial drift.45,97 production of.44-46 New Hebron pool, description of . 126-127 gas sand in. 118 relation of, to Robinson sand.. 130 salt water in. 141 Niagaran limestone, oil in.. .. 78, 91-99 O Oil, character of.139-140 in Birds quadrangle.120-130 in Vincennes quadrangle.... 158-164 production of.36, 42-44, 72 studies of.16-17, 24, 29 Overflowed lands, study of. 18 P Parker pool, description of. 122 relation of, to Robinson sand . 130, 131 salt water in. 140 Parker well, log of.111-112 Pennsylvanian series in Birds quadrangle.109, 115-116,145 in Canton and Avon quadran¬ gles .92, 93,94 in Vincennes quadrangle. 156-157, 170 Petroleum, see Oil Pike County, gas in. 45 Platteville - Galena limestone, limestone quarries in. 51 Pleistocene deposits in Birds quadrangle . 108 in Vincennes quadrangle. 150, 157-158 Robinson sand in Birds quad¬ rangle.116-117, 118, 119-142 salt water in.140-142 Robinson well, log of.112-114 Rushville, oil tests near. 79 St. Francisville pool, description o f .169-171 sands in. 156, 160, 161 structure of. 173 St. Louis formation in Birds quadrangle.109-114 in Vincennes quadrangle. 150 St. Peter sandstone in Canton and Avon quadrangles . 95 Ste. Genevieve limestone in Birds quadrangle .109-114, 145 in Vincennes quadrangle. .156, 158-159,171 Salem formation in Birds quad¬ rangle .109-114 Salt water phenomena in Birds quadrangle .140-142 Sand and gravel, production of..55-60 Sandoval, quality of gas at. 88 development of. 44 Sandstone, production of. 50 Scott Mill dome, oil tests in. 79 Schuyler County, oil field in.... .29, 79-80, 86 Silica, production of.62-63 Silver, production of .63-66 Spanish Needle Creek dome, in. 29, 45, 83 180 INDEX —Continued PAGE Staunton oil and gas field. .29, 42, 45, 80-85, 86 quality of gas at. 88 Stratigraphy, work on. 15 Sulphuric acid, production of.... 63 Swearengen pool, description of.. 130 salt water in. 141 Sweetland Creek shale in Canton and Avon quadrangles.92,95 T Terra cotta, production of.47-48 Tile, production of.47-48 Topographic work.18-20, 23-24 Tracey hole No. 2, log of.154-155 Tracey sand in Birds quadrangle 145 in Vincennes quadrangle. . 156, 160, 167,170 PAGE V Vincennes quadrangle, oil and gas in .147-175 W Wabash County, oil development in . 77 Wapsipinicon limestone in Canton and Avon quadrangles.92,95 Water, studies of. 17 Weger pool, character of oil in.. 139 description of.128-129 relation of, to Robinson sand . 130,131 salt water in. 140 Wells in Birds quadrangle.142-145 Z Zinc, production of.63-66 II ■■ mm* * . .