LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAICN q725 J718h VAULT Arch. # '^7 A Half C^entur of y Chica^-o Building; A Half Century of Chicago Building A PRJCTICAL REFERENCE GUIDE All Building Laws and Ordinances Brought to Date Historical, Tec/iuical inid Statistical Revic\jc of t/ic Co)istrnctio)i and Material Development of America's I?/ land Metropolis CHICAGO... 1910 ,wun LIBRARY OF ARCHITtClUKt Ji/SK A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Edited by Hon. John H. Jonks Hon. Frkd A. Britten CHAIRMAN MKMIihR ClTV ColNCIL BriLUlNG COMMIITEE CiTV COL'N'CU. BuiLDINCi CoMMinEK A (iv ISO ry Co ;// /// i tt e c E. R. GRAHAM . . D. H. Burnham & Co., Architects CHAS. S. FROST .... P>ost & Granger, Architects WILLIAM HOLABIRD . . Holabird & Roche, Architects B. H. MARSHALL . . . Marshall & Fox, Architects WM. A. M UN DIE . . . Jenney, Mundie & Jensen N. S. PATTON .... Patton & Miller, Architects RICHARD E. SCHMIDT, Schmidt, Garden & Martin, Architects DWIGHT H. PERKINS . . Architect, Board of Education JOHN E. ERICSSON City Engineer JOHN M. McEWEN Consulting Engineer E. C. SHANKLAND ..... Consulting Engineer GEORGE W. JACKSON Engineer Pub lie lit ion Office: Room 1010 Hartford l3llilcliIl^^ C'hica^o 5.*5r>41() A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING INTRODUCTION HIS IS an era of construction, and no city in the world better typifies the age than Chicago. The building of this great metropohs of two and a half million people, within the span of less than half a century, stands as a marvel of constructive achievement. For the Chicago of today, with its towering buildings reared on foundations laid deep underground, with its miles of harbor frontage and inland docks, its great drainage canals, its tunnels bored under the city and under the Lake, its countless factories and endless miles of modern homes, its parks and circling suburbs, has practically all been builded since the great conflagration of 1871 cleared the ground for the rebuilding of the modern metropolis. By reason of its new start and the progressive character of its citizens, Chicago has been particularly responsive to modern advances in the builder's craft and foremost to adopt and apply all improvements and changes in structural materials and methods. The most adverse conditions confronted Chicago's builders. The site lay on low, boggy ground offering no secure foundation for buildings and no solid material in which to tunnel beneath the surface; the level plain afforded no natural drainage, yet modern building science has set the great city securely in its place, reached out beneath the surface of the bordering inland sea for water on the one side, and connected its drainage system with the Gulf of Mexico on the other; a net-work of tunnels underlies its streets, and the construction of adequate sub-ways to solve its pressing traffic problems waits only upon capital. The material accomplishments of the past are eloquent of the future. The great work of building Chicago has only begun, yet the peculiar nature and great magnitude of the problems of construction here encountered has brought correspondingly great advances in the adoption of improved materials and methods. All true progress must proceed under law and the ever changing conditions in the building world of Chicago have necessitated repeated revisions of the city's Building Code to keep it abreast with the times. A careful historical and critical study of these developments in modern building science, as typified in Chicago, with a compilation of the legal regulations on the subject brought down to date, must be of greatest interest, not only to those who are actually engaged in the field of construction, wherever it may be, but also to every property owner and citizen whose interest lies in Chicago and its future devel- opment. The editors of this work have spared no effort to make it a complete and comprehensive treatment of this subject in its broadest sense. To this end special articles by acknowledged authorities have been secured treating the most important developments in modern materials and methods of construction, and the great and peculiar problems yet awaiting the constructor in Chicago. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING TABLE OF CONTENTS Title ICditors. Advisory Committee. Special Contributors. Introduction. Historical and Descriptive Site of Chicago. Geological, Physiological and 'rci]ii)t;;ra]iliic d Features. I-'rench Explorers. l-'irst White Settlers. I-"ort Dearborn Massacre. \'illage of Chicago Incorporated. Early Growth and Develo])nient. Illinois and Michigan Canal. The Civil War. Social. Commercial, and .Architectural I'ealures before the Great Fire. The Great Fire of 1871. Chicago .After the I-"ire. Tlie Rebuilding begun. The Panic of 1873. Inc(>r|)uration under ( ieneral .\ct. I'henonienal (irowth of City. Commercial and Railroad Supremacy, llaymarkct Riot and Railway Strikes. Industrial Conditions. WorMs i'air. Drainage Canal. Chicago Today .Area and l^opulation. Commerce and Industry. Cioverimient. Political Divisions. Revenue Taxation and .Assessment. Miuiiciiial Expenditures. Transportation. Water Sui)ply and Drainage. Harbor and Docks. Bridges. Public lm])ri)venients. Present lUiildiiig Conditions and .Advances I^'uture Problems. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING INDEX Contributors CiiAS. S. Frost William llnLAiuun r,KN II. Maksuai.l XclKM AND S. PaTTON Ku iiAUii F. Schmidt Dwicin 1 1. rKKKINS John E. Ericsson 1(111 N M. E\vi:n- E. C. SlIANKLANl) (. Maiiison Pack I-RANK G. HoVNE IIknrv G. Zaniucr Edgar M. Snow Ali-.lrt G. \\hi:eli:r H ERIUCRT Darli NtnoN J. B. Strau-ss G. P.. F. Owen Geo. T. Goodrow Subjects Railway TcniiinaN l)cvcloi)nK'iU of l-ii-L' Risi^tint,' .Mali-rial for P)iiiltate Real Estate Cliicago l-'reiglit Subways The Relation of Insurance to Substantial Bldfi P.ascule Bridges Mechanical Cleaning The Use of Wall l-"inish. Chicago's Street Railways Chicago Railways Co. Chicago City Railways Co. 13 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago = Historical PH^ SICAL environment has marked effect upon the structural growth and development of cities, as well as upon the character of their peoples. In the case of Chicago, located upon a strikingly level marshy plain, bordering the head and scarcely raised above the level of Lake Michigan, and traversed by sluggish streams, its unusual situa- tion has had peculiar influence upon the city's growth and development. The flat, boggy land bordering the Lake offered no natural drainage, afforded no se- cure foundation for building, and provided very lim- ited harbor facilities. In the erection of a gigantic city upon this unfavorable site, it has been necessary to solve the most difficult problems in building con- struction, especially in the matter of providing foun- dations for modern skyscrapers, by engineering works of immense magnitude to provide adequate drainage and water supply for the city, while, to make Chicago a port, it has been necessary to con- struct an artificial harbor and make the shallow Nvinding streams threading the site of the city navi- gable for the largest vessels. In view of the building and engineering problems which these physical conditions have occasioned, a brief description of the geological and topographical formation of the site of Chicago will be of interest. The plain on which Chicago now stands was at one time the bottom of an ancient lake, sometimes called by geologists. Lake Chicago, which, at its highest state, seems to have stood about sixty feet above the present level of Lake Michigan, and extended west to the ridges, bordering the level land in the vicinity of LaGrange. Out of this lake, at its various stages, rose as islands those elevations, now known as Blue Island, Stony Island, Mt. Forest, etc., names which suggest the early condition of these places. The various sandy ridges which here and there seam the plain, represent bars or spits formed by the action of the waters of the ancient Lake Chicago. This lake was formed when the immense fields of glacial ice, that once covered the surface of this part of the country, began slowly to melt, and retreat to the north. By the diversion of the waters of the Chicago plain into the Mississippi basin, through the building of the present Drainage Canal, the former drainage of this section is re-established, for the wa- ters of Lake Chicago found their outlet to the south- west through the present valley of the Des Plaines and the Sag, following the course of the modern ca- nal. To the north, any outlet for the waters of the lake was blocked by barriers of ice. At its highest stage the discharge of the waters of Lake Chicago through the valley now containing the Des Plaines River and the Drainage Canal was comparable to the present flow of water in the Niagara River, and below Lemont, where the floor of the valley de- scends rather steeply, must have been imposing rapids. When the ice which co\ered the Chicago plain had retreated and allowed the waters of the former lake to subside from the site of the modern city, they left behind them a loose, level, unconsolidated de- posit of soil, overlying the pre-glacial surface of the country. This deposit varies considerably in thick- ness over the bed-rock, showing that the land where Chicago now stands was formerly of a broken and undulating character. At its deepest point, along the North Branch of the Chicago River about a half mile above the forks, the bed rock is 1 24 feet below the level of Lake Michigan; at other points it crops above the surface of the Chicago plain. On this un- inviting flat of loose spongy soil, deposited by the action of glaciers and lake, and intersected by slug- gish water courses, was to be built the great city and port of Chicago. The French, who came by the Great Lakes, were the first white people to arrive in the Illinois country. Father Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, and Louis Joliet, who represented the French government at Quebec, together explored the Mississippi River in I 673, and, early in the Fall of that year, on their re- turn trip, ascended the Illinois and Des Plaines Riv- ers, and portaged to the Chicago River, thus being the first white people to visit the present site of Chi- cago. After them came by the Lakes French trad- ers and adventurers, most noted among them La Salle and Tonty. These early French explorers must have visited the site of Chicago, and possibly 15 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING built there a temporary fort, but the place offered few attractions to them and they established their first settlement farther to the south along the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Not for a century and a quarter after the first French came was any settlement of which we have certain knowledge made where the city of Chicago now stands. August 1 7, 1 803, Captain John Whist- ler and a company of soldiers arrived on the site of Chicago, where he found three or four Canadian French traders, and began the construction of Fort Dearborn. This was the beginning of building con- struction in Chicago. The fort was named for Henry Dearborn, then Secretary of War, and con- by the Indians. Capt. Nathan Heald, then in con- mand, abandoning the Fort on orders sent by Gen. Hull, was attacked by overwhelmmg numbers of In- dians, who massacred the garrison and most of the accompanying women and children. Fifty-nine per- sons, including officers, two women and twelve chil- dren, were slain. The next mornmg the Indians burned the Fort, and with it every vestige of Amer- ican authority disappeared from the region around Lake Michigan. Four years later, after the conclu- sion of the war with Great Britain, Fort Dearborn was rebuilt, but for many years thereafter only a trading post composed of scattered uninviting cabins occupied the site of the present city. sion Chicago Historical Socict- RESIDENCE (i. . The first house built .\ RIXZIE, ESO. Chicago. sisted of four log houses and two block houses, the whole surrounded by a twelve foot palisade sur- mounted by pointed iron. In 1804, John Kinzie, then residing near Niles, Michigan, moved to Chi- cago having purchased the property of one of the four French traders then here. His house was on the north side of the river, and, for many years, was the only house of an English speaking settler where Chicago now stands. The chronicle of the life ad- ventures of John Kinzie, Chicago's first settler, would rival in excitement those of Capt. John Smith. Nine years after its construction had begun, on the 1 5th of August, 1812, Fort Dearborn was destroyed In 1818, legislation of immense importance to the future city of Chicago was enacted by the Congress of the United States. The Ordinance of I 787, re- lating to the Northwest Territory, had provided that either one or two states might be formed out of the territory lying north of a line drawn through the southerly bend of Lake Michigan. Had this pro- vision been acted upon in its original form, Chicago would have been located in some other state than Illinois. On January 16, 1818, Nathaniel Pope, the delegate in Congress from Illinois, presented to the House of Representatives a petition from the Territorial Legislature praying the admission of Illi- 16 HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING no's as a state of the Union. Shortly thereafter a bill enabling Illinois to become a state was passed by- Congress which contained an amendment vital to Chicago proposed by Mr. Pope himself. By that amendment the northern boundary of the new state of Illinois was fixed at its present line 42 30'. dis- regarding the Ordinance of I 787, and bringing the present site of Chicago within the state so formed. TTie reasons advanced by Mr. Pope in support of his amendment were prophetic of the city's future: — that in this way more attention would be drawn to the Winter of 1833-4 amusements of any kind were few and far between. One fine moonlight night, when the ice was good, the whole of Chicago turned out for a skate and a frolic, and we had it. There must have been at least a hundred persons on the River between Wells Street and the forks." In June, 1834. the first steamer, the Michigan, entered the Chicago River. Population began now to in- crease more rapidly, and, four years after its incor- poration as a village, Chicago was granted a char- ter as a city, March 4, 1837. COURT IlOU.Sli .\XU .I.\1L, 18^8. After painting owned by Chicago Historical Society. the plan for a canal between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River and for improving the harbor of Chicago. Between the years 1818 and 1830 Chicago ad- vanced very slowly. In 1 83 1 -2 occurred the Black Hawk War. This had little direct effect upon the eastern part of the State, but is important as marking the last stand of the Indian against the white man in Illinois. In 1833, while still a small straggling trading post, Chicago was incorporated as a village. Charles Cleaver, who came to Chicago in 1833, wrote: "In TTie original city of Chicago contained a popula- tion of about 4000, and embraced about ten square miles of territory, extending from North Avenue to Twenty-second Street and from the Lake to Wood Street. There were six wards, two to each division, and the assessed valuation of its property was $236.- 842. That portion of the city now embraced within the 2 1 st Ward began from the start to furnish may- ors for the city; William Butler Ogden, Democrat, representing the north diMsion, was elected first Mayor of Chicago, May 2, 1837, over John H. Kinzie, Whig. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Construction problems in Chicago early assumed a political aspect. The first bridge over the Chicago River, at Dearborn Street, had been demolished and communication between the north and south sides was maintained by ferries at Clark and Dearborn Streets. Public sentiment was opposed to a bridge so far down the River as Dearborn Street, and the people of the south side were opposed to bridging the river at all and thus bringing the north side merchants into easier communication with visiting traders, who came in mainly from the South. After a close con- test the north side won, and a bridge was built, 1840, at Clark Street, the expense of which was met largely by private subscriptions of the interested north side merchants. This bridge was a floating swing bridge, the first of the kind to be built in the West. The next year a similar bridge was estab- lished at Wells Street. By 1 849 there were bridges at Clark, Wells, Randolph and Kinzie Streets, all of which were swept away by the great flood of 1849. The building of Chicago had an inauspicious be- ginning. The panic of 1837 came on and business was at a standstill; many merchants abandoned the city and returned to the East, but many dauntless settlers remained, putting full faith in the future of the city, and reaped their reward when the period of depression at last was over. Northern Illinois was steadily filling with settlers; the completion of the Erie Canal opened easy communication with the East, and Chicago began to assume importance as a lake port. By 1 850 it had a population of 30,000. In 1848 the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad ran the first train out of Chicago; by 1850 this road had been completed as far west as Elgin. In 1853 the feasibility of connecting the North and South Sides with a tunnel was discussed at a public meeting. Another important constructive achievement dur- ing this period, the building of the Illinois and Mich- igan Canal, opened a water way between Chicago and the older settlements along the Illinois River, and first linked together the commerce of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. The project of a canal connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois River had been talked of for years. As has been seen, it was already in contemplation when Illinois was admitted as a state, in 1818, with its boundary pushed north to include Chicago. In 1835 the State Legislature finally authorized a lean for the construction of the canal. By 1 848 the work was completed, following closely the course of the pres- ent Drainage Canal, and for twenty years thereafter formed an important highway of commerce. To- day agitation for a deep waterway to the Gulf has supplanted thoughts of the old canal. At the half-century mark, 1850, the phenomenal growth of Chicago may be said to have begun. From 30,000 in 1850, the city had increased to I 1 0,000 in 1 860, and to nearly 200,000 at the close of the War. This remarkable growth was mainly due to the tide of immigration now setting toward Chicago. Manufacturing industries sprang up, rail- roads were built, and commerce grew apace. The Illinois Central Railroad, encouraged by the State, was built, 1851-56, giving the whole interior of the state an outlet at Chicago. February 20, 1852, the first through train from the East entered Chicago over the Michigan Southern Railway. During the decade, 1850-1860, Illinois did more railroad build- ing than any state in the Union, and by 1 870 ranked first among the states in the total number of miles of railway. Various public improvements were undertaken, but capital was still very scarce. There were no paved streets up to 1 849, and the principal thorough- fares of the city were often impassable. In 1 849-50 about three miles of plank road was laid. Plank and cobble stones, both of which proved very unsat- isfactory and ill adapted to physical conditions in Chicago, remained the only pavements for several years; not until 1857 was macadam used and plank and cobble discarded. In 1 852 the city secured a loan of $250,000 in the East to be used for the con- struction of a new system of water-works. The greater part of the city was but a few feet above the level of the Lake and drainage early became one of the great problems. In 1855 the legal level of the city was raised seven feet, not without loud protest on the part of property owners affected, making the established level of the city about fourteen feet above Lake Michigan. Still the remarkable growth of the city continued. The Civil War made heavy drains upon its people and the tide of immigration temporarily slackened, but, with the close of the War, the city grew again 18 X■'"^^,^^^i^'" A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING l..\K.E AND STATIC STREETS, Ls From original print ozcncil by Chicago Historical Society. CirAJIBKR OF COMMEKlE. \»i>: t-'rom original /riiw otcncJ by Chicago Historical Society. 19 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING with unprecedented rapidity. In 1871, on the eve of the great fire, Chicago was a city of nearly 350,- 000 inhabitants, one of the leading manufacturing and railroad centers of the country, and a port of the first importance. Numerous spacious hotels afforded ample accommodation for the many transients, and Chicago was already famed as a "convention city." It was up to this period that Chicago deserved the name "Garden City," or "Urbs in Horto," which it had adopted as its motto at its incorporation in 1 837. Most of its houses were of frame, many scattered in open cultivated lots, and surrounded with shade trees and flowers. The rebuilding of Chicago was begun under new laws and new conditions. The constitution of 1 870 had expressly forbidden the granting of special char- ters or privileges to cities, and had limited cities in the amount of taxes they could raise, and the amount of money they could borrow. Just as the old city of Chicago encountered a financial panic at its birth, so the new city was confronted by the panic of 1 873. But fire and panic could not daunt the Chicago spirit nor check the growth of the young metropolis. \^hen Chicago was finally incorporated under the General Cities and Villages Act, in 1875, the city contained about 400,000 inhabitants. From the iion Chicago Historical Society CHICAGO IN I-LA.MES. October 9, 1 871 , the Great Fire broke out, and burned for three days. All but the outskirts of the great city that had been built at the head of Lake Michigan was devoured by flames. Over 1 7,000 buildings were destroyed. But the faith in its cit- izens in the future of Chicago, which had prevailed over financial disaster in 1837, was manifested in still greater degree in 1871, and was to accomplish the physical regeneration of the city. It has been the task and triumph of Chicago's builders, in less than forty years, to raise, as if by magic art, an imperial towering city of two and a half million people upon the ruins of its former self. great fire to the present day, the phenomenal growth of Chicago has received no serious interruption. In 1870 Cook County contained about one seventh of the population of the state; in 1900 the proportion was nearly two fifths. In these thirty years the state outside Cook County gained only 36 per cent, but Chicago gained over 500 per cent. Naturally, however, the extremely rapid growth and material development of Chicago brought with them unsettled conditions and friction — particularly friction between Capital and Labor. In 1 886, the Anarchist riots startled the city and the whole coun- try. In 1 894, the year after the magnificent cele- 20 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING miKT IK^USK IX 1S(.5. WIIKX I.IXCOLX'S UEMAIXS I. W IX STATK TIIKKK Original photo taken from south, showing procession entering south tUior. Chicago Historical Society. Chicago Historical Society. CITY HALL AND COUNTY BUILDING. Kaze B1KI)SEM<; MEW OF tiKANT I'AKK AND I'KOPOSEU TUNNEL. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING This connection can be accomplished at about the same expense as the proposed tunnel boulevard as shown in the picture. We give preference, however, to the Tunnel Con- nection, which we believe will provide for the peo- ple that which they are continually demanding, "An uninterrupted connection at a minimum expense." We respectfully submit that it is conceded by the Commercial Club Plan Committee, the Michigan Avenue Improvement Association, and a great many property owners and business people, that a connect- ing Boulevard at the Lake Front, connecting Grant Park with Lake Shore Drive Extension on the North Side is inevitable. Die Confusion of True Basis of Land Values 3«/ Edgar M. Snow A COMMON error is made by confusing the value of land with the value of the landlord's estate in land. Thus, conveyances of re- versions carrying with them ground rents are fre- quently referred to as establishing a present market value of the land. This is a mistake. Such trans- actions simply show the value of the landlord's estate in the land thus conveyed. For example, a conveyance was made some time since, at $125,000, of IO51/2X 171 feet m Michi- gan Avenue, 38 feet north of Jackson Boulevard, subject to a long term ground lease, made years ago, at a fixed annual rental which, on the basis of present value, is too low. This transaction did not mean that land at that point was worth less than $1,200 a foot at that time, as indicated by this transfer — it was, in fact, worth several thousand dollars a foot, — but it meant merely that $1,200 a foot was the value of the landlord's estate in the land, incum- bered by such lease, and ascertained by capitalizing the yearly ground rental upon a percentage basis satisfactory to the investor, and acceptable to the seller. On the other hand, it is sometimes found that land is leased for a long term of years, upon a basis con- siderably in excess of its present value, but because the lessee of the land has erected thereon valuable buildings, affording an abundant security for the ground rent, the owner of this "fee" (that is, this land and the lease) is able to find a purchaser at a price determined upon the basis of the ground rental. This price, thus secured, is not the value of the land, but is the value of the land and the lease, and is in excess of the value of the land alone, and affords no proper criterion thereof. It is merely the value of the landlord's estate in the land and the lease. Nor, in fact, does the landlord's title to the land itself without the lease — that is, the probable value of the land at the end of the lease — cut much figure in a transaction where the ground lease has, say, fifty years or more to run. It is really the secured lease which is the landlord's asset. Without the ground rent, the present value of such land alone, (that is, the reversion, the possession of it at the end of 99 years) is merely a nominal speculative sum. The difference between the value of the land- lord's estate in a "fee" and the true, or market, value of such land is represented by a profit or loss, as the case may be, to the lessee of the land. Certainly no appraiser, asked to give the value of land, con- siders that this means other than its market value upon a free and clear basis, and this only is the true value. There can obviously be no such thing as various values at the same time for adjoining land of equal desirability. Hence, to quote "ground rent" trans- actions as proper cntenons of actual values of land, is clearly wrong, as it is apparent that the market value of land may be in excess of, or may be below, that shown by the sale of a "ground rent." 50 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Taxation Si/ Frank G. Hoyne OCTOBER 9th. 1871. the Great Chicago Fire laid in waste the entire business district and the territory from Harrison Street on the South to Lincoln Park on the North. Chicago in ruins, property gone, insurance companies bankrupt, left with nothing but that un- quenchable spirit I WILL burnt upon her virgin breast. Had Chicago citizens not been pos- sessed of that spirit I WILL. Chicago would not have risen from its ashes and become the Great Me- tropolis she is today. With this same spirit she over- came the panic of 1873 and was able in 1893 to bring to her shores that glorious Exposition which has never been equalled and in my opinion never will be equalled, and for all ages will be known as the WORLD'S FAIR. Chicago's growth and prog- ress has been phenomenal and has today the smallest bond issue outstanding of any of the large cities of this country. And do you know why Chicago has such a small bond issue? It is because Chicago cit- izens know what a mortgage the paying of interest and providing a sinking fund means. After the fire of 1871 the owners of property with practically no insurance money to rebuild were obliged to mortgage their holdings to put their property in shape to earn incomes and it is not so very long ago that these mort- gages and debts were liquidated and their properties cleared. ^ ou can not convince an old Chicago cit- izen that he is in a better financial condition with a mortgage upon his property than he would be with- out the incumbrance, or that a city is more prosper- ous because of a large bond issue. America is the greatest country on the face of the globe not because she has the largest national debt, but because she has the smallest national debt. Bond issues are a drain upon the income of an individual as well as upon the revenue of a municipality. I am decidedly opposed to shifting upon the next generation an indebtedness you had not the courage or honesty to meet. I call it contemptible and cowardly; pay your bills as you go; if you have not the money on hand for pressing needs, get it in hand before you spend it; keep your City in repair by revenue only and impress upon the officials whose duty it is to provide and collect reve- nue that they secure all the revenue the law contem- plates and from the sources you know to be equitable and fair. My theory is, a city should as carefully avoid bond issues as an individual endeavors to avoid mortgaging his holdings; revenue and income is what a city and the individual needs, not bond issues (a la Yerkes) to eat into and reduce net incomes. The Chicago citizen, generally speaking, is prac- tical and upon most propositions he votes wisely and well. The citizens of Chicago have overcome many obstacles; the City is gradually but surely growing better every year. There are many reforms and im- provements yet to be made and I am optimistic enough to believe that they will be made. Our method of taxation is constantly improving and if politics could only be eliminated when this question is being considered it would make much faster strides forward. Still we have made some little headway, for Chicago has outlived and overcome the vicious system of Town assessment boards and is now trying to impro\e upon her improved system of taxation. Taxation is a necessary evil and has been such from the first formation of recognized governmental organ- ization. The great problem is and always has been how can this evil be best regulated and made least burdensome and most equitable. Unjust taxation and the rapacious greed and methods of tax gather- ers was one of the principal causes of the downfall of the Roman Empire, the same causes brought about the American Revolution. In every country and at all times it has been the cause of much tur- moil, violent uprisings and has brought ruin and de- struction to whole communities. A just tax would be hard to prescribe and to levy and collect such a tax during the present generation would be almost the impossible. An absolutely fair tariff act (and I have had prac- tical experience in administering the law under four different acts) has never been placed upon the stat- ute books and in my opinion never will be. A rev- enue system for our local government equitable and satisfactory to all interests has not yet been found. 51 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING for in all communities it has been opposed by the spirit of aggression, oppression, self-interest and m- justice. Marcus Licinius Crassus, the great friend of Caesar and the wealthiest Roman of his day, Plu- tarch tells us accumulated the greater part of his for- tune from war and fines, making public misfortunes the source of his wealth. "Observmg the accidents that were indigenous and familiar at Roman confla- grations and tumbling down of houses owing to their weight and crowded state, he bought slaves who were architects and builders. Having got these slaves to the number of more than five hundred it was his prac- tice to buy up houses on fire, for the owner owing to fear and uncertainty would sell them at a low price, the slaves would set to work and extmguish the fire and Crassus at small cost would repair the damage, and thus the greatest part of Rome fell into the hands of Crassus." I am sorry to say that the spirit of Crassus is not entirely extinct today. If he were alive he would be one of the many asking that taxes be assessed upon the amount he paid the owner of the burning build- ings. While this character of citizen still exists who seeks to escape paying his just share of governmental cost, I sincerely believe it to be true that the great ma- jority of objections made is not because of the tax nor the amount but because the individual thinks his share proportionally is greater than his neighbor. I am sure the large majority of our citizens are willing to pay their share of the taxes to maintain our City, but with some justice do they rebel against paying $200.00 when their neighbor with probably double the value and more elegant furnishings is taxed but $100.00. How can the Board of Assessors equal- ize the assessment throughout Chicago unless some plan IS adopted for comparison of all assessments which is not possible under the present system and within the time taken to make assessments? Under the present custom the Board of Review can give but slight consideration to the whole assessment and the inequalities still remain. As the late Mr. Galloway truly said, as now conducted the Assessors and Board of Review are like football teams, kept on the rush for a short season and then laid off for the next year. The Assessors rush the ball one way and the Reviewers the other, neither giving heed to the other while the great body of taxpayers stand on the side lines yelling and gen- erally ignorant of the rules of the game though they pay the bills. Still with this great handicap and even under this old habit of rushing the assessment each year and the wear and tear upon the grey matter of the mem- bers of the Board of Review we have progressed. The increase in assessed value of personal property since the passage of the Juul law in 1 898 from thirty millions to one hundred millions shows that we have made headway and I would like to ask the oppo- nents of the personal property tax what system can they advocate to take its place and produce a like revenue. If the advance we have made can be done under this rushing process, what an advance could be made if it was discontinued ; the law was designed expressly to avoid this trouble; why not follow the intent of the law? To bring about a fair assessment of realty is a dif- ficult proposition and to search out the amount of personal property which should be assessed and then fairly assess it under our present system is much more difficult, but the greatest difficulty of all is to suggest a remedy that will cure and there are as many dif- ferent prescriptions for our ills as there are M. D.'s in the community. In lieu of a personal property tax the "habitation tax" certainly has some merit. This tax suggested by Professor Taussig of Harvard University to the Massachusetts Tax Commission, provided for the levying of a tax on all persons occupying dwellings of an annual rental of more than $400, at the rate of ten per cent on the excess of rental value over that sum. The act of the Province of Ontario providing for a "business assessment" of 25 to 75 per cent on the value of the property occupied or used for bus- iness purposes, such assessment to be computed by reference to the assessed value of the land so occu- pied. This IS irrespective of any assessment of land; this also has some strong features, and recommenda- tion, but in both of these methods the correct rentals and honest values must be ascertained and the ques- tion is here as with our method, will the law be con- scientiously carried out and will honest values be re- turned and made. I am sure that every one will admit that the basis of a fair and equal assessment must be the correct and complete listing of property subject to taxa- tion. Under our present system more or less prop- 52 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING erty escapes taxation; although the law requires the scheduling of personal property, the law is not en- forced as the only penalty of disobeying the law is an increased assessment, a small penalty and not car- ried out to any great extent. In my opinion every resident should be required to furnish the Assessors with a complete list of all his property, personal and real. Failure to file such a list should be punished by a heavy fine or some other more stringent method used to compel the filing of a complete list of all taxable property. If this could be brought about and all the personal and real property of the residents of Chi- cago were properly listed and taxed and the City received only its share and a fair compensation from the companies enjoying or asking franchises from the City, and the Legislature brought to see the in- justice of exempting from taxation by the City of Chicago of all the valuable railroad termi- nals within the City, or in other words to give Chicago what properly and fairly belongs to her, the amount of revenue would be increased to such an extent that there could be no cry for an in- creased bond issue and lack of revenue, but instead the City would be so overburdened with riches that every street and alley could be paved with the most extravagent pavement at the City's expense and spe- cial assessments abolished. Even under the present mode and this year's assessments, Chicago should be, can be and I am sure will be made a City beautiful. Now in closing I will say I heartily endorse Prof. Merriam's suggestion for a Central Body of Control to insure unity of action in regard to revenue and ex- penditure but I think you will agree with me, admit- ting our laws are not perfect and in many ways can be improved, still the fault does not wholly lie there but also to a large extent with a spirit uppermost in many minds to evade or overcome the real meaning and intent of our laws and I will say further that no greater work can be done than to preach strict ob- servance of the law and then be sure to practice what you preach. The first suggestion I think on record by any man for the establishment in each or our collegiate insti- tutions of a professorship to occupy a chair of integ- rity for the teaching of that ancient and important ac- complishment HONESTY, was contained in an address by the late Hon. Wm. B. Ogden, an old and respected citizen of Chicago before the Trustees of the Old Chicago University. I know of no such chair in any of our present day colleges and I heart- ily second his suggestion. Such a professorship might be able to impress upon the rising generation, using some of the recent exposures in the Insurance world and other lines, that no matter what walk of life a young man may choose to follow, that honesty, pure and unadulterated, is the only SAFE and sure principle to follow if he anticipates to pass the clos- ing years of his life in a SAFE and contented man- ner and free from all regrets. 3UC Subdivisions and Their Development Henry G. Zander of Koester & Zander THE subdivision is the first step in the expansion of the city. From the time when the first plat of our city was filed, until the present day, the subdivider has been the pioneer in its expansion, buying the vacant area on the outskirts of the grow- ing city and developing same according to the de- mand of the growing population and not infrequently far beyond the immediate necessity. The first Chicago subdivision (Kinzie's Addi- tion) was filed for record February 22, 1833, over four years before the map of the "Town of Chicago" was filed on May 30, 1837. The canal commission- ers were authorized to lay out subdivisions m canal lands in 1829, and either in the fall of that year or in the spring of 1 830 the original town was platted. The earliest sale of lots was in 1 830 but it was not until 1837 that the plat was recorded. In the mean- time three subdivisions or additions had been laid out — Kinzie's in 1833, Russell, Mather & Roberts' was filed on January 22, 1 835 and Wolcott's on 53 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING July 2, 1835. The official record therefore shows the subdivider to have preceded even the official platting of the original town. The development of the city may well be traced by the recorded history of its subdivisions. The carefully planned residence district of a few years ago is the business or factory section of today. The spirit of progress has driven the residences further and further from the center of the city, giving the subdi- vider full opportunity for the display of his ingenu- ity. The treeless prairie, sand hills and swamps sur- rounding original Chicago had very little of natural beauty. The homey park-like appearance had to be created from a barren waste. To the credit of the early subdivider be it said that his first thought was trees, and this is true to the present day. The nursery man nearly invariably fol- lows the surveyor. When it is decided that the farm is ready to be turned into a subdivision and the pre- liminary steps of determining width of streets and al- leys, size and frontage of lots, have been completed ; trees and shrubs are set out and the plowed fields sowed in grass. Streets are graded, side-walks laid and in very many instances all of the underground work, such as sewer, water and gas mains, are laid, "stubbed" into the lots and the streets paved. Ex- perience has taught the subdivider to safeguard his interests by prescribing building lines and m many in- stances restricting the occupancy, in fact very few subdivisions are filed today without restrictions of some kind. In recent years the subdivider has sought to establish the character of the neighbor- hood by erecting the first buildings, and conveying the vacant only upon conditions prescribing the cost and nature of the improvements. Subdivision building is divided into two classes, that which is done with the view of developing the land and that which is done with the view of profit on the building only. The larger operator in subdivisions today confines himself mainly to building with the view of develop- ing the land, and makes his profit out of the en- hanced value of the remaining vacant. This plan is feasible only with a tract of considerable size, pref- erably in an undeveloped district where the establish- ment of desirable surroundings, will not only make the subdivision easily marketable but largely enhance its value. There have been many pronounced suc- cesses in this line of work and more failures. In building a house for sale a number of things must be taken into consideration. First an attractive exterior is absolutely necessary. The interior must be so ar- ranged as to suit the greatest number of people. While it IS important that the builder and architect work as much of their individuality as possible into each building, great care is necessary to avoid any- thing bordering upon the eccentric. If an interior is worked out that seems to meet the requirements of the greatest number of people in the locality being developed, great care must be taken to avoid duplication of exterior design and this is by no means an easy matter. It does not require a build- ing expert to pick out the work of the same architect in a row of houses. No matter how competent he may be or how different his plans look upon paper, there is a similarity in little things which must be avoided. For that reason several architects are em- ployed to design exteriors, which confine them to the same general floor plan. Articles in magazines and newspapers, "plan- books," sold at a moderate price, and particularly the opportunity to examine a great many buildings offered for sale, has made the average home seeker an excellent judge. He or she, and generally the wife is the best posted, have learned of the pitfalls of poor construction. They inquire and examine closely and woe to the continued prosperity of the builder who attempts to cover up, with paint or fresco, defective or shoddy construction. 54 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Deals Halted by Taxes ^y Edgar M. Snow IN the multiplicity of details that constitute the various elements in real estate transactions, no one item, other than the price, contributes to the upsettmg of real estate sales so much as the matter of taxes. The usual procedure is to leave this important matter unadjusted until the last moment, after weeks, or perhaps months, have been spent by the buyer and seller in getting together upon the other features of the transaction. This is due, perhaps, to the thought of each that the other will not let "the little matter of taxes" break the deal, after all other matters have been un- derstood and agreed to, or perhaps it is because each, being in doubt as to how to approach the matter, in the absence of a correct understanding of the sub- ject, procrastinates until a time ^\'hen the subject must be met. Taxes becomes a hen upon the first day of April. They are assessed in June, and are acted upon by the board of review in September, and by the board of equalization at Springfield in October. The col- lector's books are then made up in November and December and are turned over to the county col- lector in December or January, and taxes may be paid without penalty to May 1 following, but be- come in default from May 1 , and are advertised in May or June, and judgment thereon is taken in the county court in July. The tax sale commences thirty days after judgment, which is around August 15, and the tax sale continues until all the property delinquent is disposed of — either sold or forfeited. Now, the occasion of the disagreement which the matter of taxes causes is more particularly because there is no uniformity' of understanding as to the period for which any year's taxes apply, and there IS, perhaps, no specific law fixing it. Many persons suppose that they apply from May I of the year in which they are assessed to May 1 of the following year; first, for the reason that until a comparatively recent date taxes became a lien upon May 1 : and, second, because they may be paid without penalty until May I the following year; and. thud, because leases more generally run from May to May. Others suppose that taxes apply from April I to April I on the theory that April I is the date upon which taxes becomes a lien. But the consensus of opinion among lawyers and and real estate men is that taxes apply from Jan. I of the year in which they become a lien, to Jan. I of the following year. It IS to this confusion as to what period taxes apply that the difficulty exists in getting buyer and seller together on the matter of taxes. Generally speaking, it might be said to be the custom that if a sale is negotiated earlier in the year than July I , the purchaser assumes the general taxes for that year, but even prior to that date, it is fre- quently difficult or impossible to induce buyers to do so. After July I , and for a period of perhaps three months thereafter, buyers usually urge that the seller shall pay all the way from one-half the taxes to all the taxes for the year, and after Oct. 1 buyers are disposed to insist that the seller shall pay the whole tax for the year, though this latter is by no means always conceded by the seller. Such, in a general way, might be said to be the practice, though the experience and observation of different brokers may vary some in this regard. If it were universally conceded that the taxes of any given year apply from January to January, it would appear that little difficulty would be experi- enced to establish a custom that the seller shall pay the taxes for that proportion of the year during which he recenes the income from the property, and that the purchaser shall pay for the remainder of the year. In the absence of this definite undertsandmg as to just what period taxes apply, and with the various contentions that they apply from January, April, or May, sellers making a sale prior, for example, to July I, often contend either that the purchaser shall assume the taxes for the whole year, or, in any event, that the seller should be called upon to pay the taxes for but two or three months, depending upon the A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING seller's notion as to whether taxes apply from April 1 or May 1 . The purchaser, claiming, perhaps, that they apply from Jan. 1 , demands that the seller pay for SIX months. In the case of vacant property the seller should pay the taxes for that proportion of the year that applies prior to the date of the contract of sale — that is, from the date the bargain is made — and the pur- chaser the proportion of the year thereafter. The difficulty in having adjudicated how taxes apply is, perhaps, m part due to the fact that the fiscal year of the different taxing bodies whose levies go to make up the total taxes is from different dates, whereas the fiscal year of all taxing bodies should be uniform and correspond to the calendar year. This lack of uniformity of dates of the various taxing bodies is one of the many arguments in favor of their consolidation. The Relation of Insurance to Substantial Building ^y Herbert Darlington NOWHERE is the relative value of an ounce of prevention greater than in the precautions taken to protect our modern buildings and their contents from the ever-present danger of de- struction by fire; and it is an essential function of a properly equipped insurance office to co-operate with property owners and their representatives to this end. The average life of a Chicago building can no longer be estimated at twenty years; but we cannot build for permanency unless we safeguard our structures against the most destructive of the elements. And nowhere is the high class of trained expert advice available without expense as in the matter of fire protection. The evolution of modern industrial activities requires the constant adaptation of build- ings to conditions forever changing; new processes are being introduced, new hazards are created, and new safety devices are brought forward daily. The Underwriters' Laboratories maintain a paid force to investigate these hazards and these devices, and thoroughness and impartiality give scientific value to their conclusions. No architect and no underwriter, personally, can always keep abreast of the very latest knowledge, during the present period of substantial progress in so many of these lines ; but a modern in- surance office, if properly equipped for its ultimate purpose, will have experts in the different branches, and be able to give every possible assistance to build- ers, to the end that our modern structures shall be as , free from the danger of fire as human foresight can provide; and be ready to promote and encourage every device for safety, to the end that the cost of indemnity shall be as small a tax on the community as the financial permanency of the Insurance Com- panies will warrant. The wise are always alert to learn from any source, and the competent architect of today is not deterred by a misplaced professional pride from availing himself of the valuable assist- ance of the Underwriter, whose practical experi- ence in his own broad field is at his service, gratuit- ously. The theory, once boldly announced, that the underwriter should charge for the hazard as he finds it, that he has no responsibility for dangerous conditions — no concern about the conservation of this important part of the wealth of the country — is as shocking today as would be a parallel claim by the medical profession, that they should deal only with cures, and not interest themselves m causes and prevention of disease. Like the physician, the un- derwriter owes a duty to his country and to human- ity which he cannot avoid, and which he does not seek to evade. The frank co-operation between the architect and the underwriter, which is such a gratifying feature of present construction work, affords grounds for sincere faith that the Chicago of the future will be not only the City Beautiful, but also the Beautiful City Permanent. 56 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Libraries and lyfuseums ^y NORMAND S. PaTTON IN the development of a new community, the foundmg of libraries and museums is not to be expected in the early years, and the erection of suitable buildings for such institutions must await the growth of the institutions and the accumulation of a certain amount of public and private wealth. It is not surprising, therefore, that all the library and mu- seum buildings of note in Chicago have been erected within the past twenty years and, that some of the most notable exist as yet only in the architects' de- signs. Previous to the great fire of 1 87 1 there were only two libraries open to the public in Chicago. One of these was that of the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation organized in 1841. The other was the Chi- cago Historical Society library, founded in 1 856. The latter institution had its collection of 100,000 books, manuscripts and pamphlets, destroyed by the great fire of 1871, and the beginnings of a second collection burned in the fire of 1874. A third col- lection was begun in 1877, which in 1890 was placed in the fireproof building on the corner of Dearborn Avenue and Ontario Street. This build- ing, designed by Architect Henry Ives Cobb, has an exterior of Aberdeen red granite in the Romanesque style, and an interior in which there is no combustible material either in construction or furniture. The cost of the building was $190,000. The Chicago Historical Society was organized "to collect and preserve the materials of history, and to spread historical information especially concerning the Northwestern States." This purpose has been extended to cover the Mississippi Valley. The main hall of the building, two stories in height, IS devoted to portraits and relics of the rep- resentatives of the French regime in the Mississippi Valley. Here is a fireplace built of relics of the great fire — stones taken from the old Illinois Cen- CHlC.XCiO IllbToKIC.M- SOCIKTN A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING tral Depot, Cook County Court House, and the Nixon Building. On the right of the entrance is the John Crerar Hall, the lecture room of the society. The library contains manuscripts, books, maps and newspapers relating to the early history of the Mis- sissippi Valley, and other historical relics, now placed beyond all peril from fire and made accessible to the public. The Chicago Public Library There is no telling how long the founding of the Chicago Public Library might have been delayed had not the calamity of the great fire aroused the sympathy of Thomas Hughes of England, the fa- mous author of "Tom Brown's School Days." Mr. Hughes and those associated with him made an ap- peal to authors, publishers, scientific societies, and literary institutions of Great Britain, which resulted in the donation of about 7,000 volumes. These books, each of which bore a book plate stating that it was presented to the City of Chicago toward the for- mation of a free library after the great fire of 1 87 1 — as a mark of English sympathy, formed the nucleus of the Chicago Public Library. For a period of twenty-five years, the library occupied various quar- ters meanwhile increasing rapidly in size and repu- tation. In September, 1897, it moved into its present magnificent building, which occupies the entire front- age on Michigan Avenue, from Washington to Ran- dolph Streets, and extending back to Garland Court on the west. The extreme dimensions are 3521/2 x 146 1-3 ft., and the height from the sidewalk to the top of the cornice is 90 feet. The design is in a renaissance style of markedly Greek character by Sh epley, Rut^n and Coolidge, Architects. The exterior is of Bedford limestone with a granite base and the foundation rests on piles driven to a depth of 74 feet below the sidewalk. The entrances are on the ends of the building. That on Washington Street, leads directly to the main staircase hall of nearly white statuary Carrara marble, illummated by sparkhng mlays and panels of glass mosaic, mother of pearl and shells. The mosaic floors are of marble. A magnificent marble stairway leads to the upper floors. The delivery room on the second floor, and ex- tending across the whole width of the building, is 1 34 by 48 feet in size, with a vaulted ceiling and a central dome of stained glass. The books, which on January 1, 1909, numbered 355,000 volumes, and 60,000 unbound pamphlets, are stored in steel book stacks with glass floors. These stacks open direcdy from the delivery room. The floor above the stacks is occupied by the ref- erence and reading rooms. The former, 1 38 feet long, 38 feet wide and 30 feet high, with accommo- dations for 225 readers, is situated on the east front of the building and directly connected with the stack below by means of automatic electric lifts. The north entrance, from Randolph Street, leads to the Grand Army Memorial Hall on the second floor, and to the great Periodical and Newspaper Reading Rocm on the fourth floor. This reading room IS 1 42 feet long and 55 feet wide, seating 450 readers. It occupies the entire north front of the building and adjoins the reading and reference room, previously mentioned. In addition to these main rooms, there are ample rooms for administrative purposes, storage of public documents, books for the blind, etc. In a room on the upper floor, almost unknown to the public, IS one of the most significant evidences of the growing national position of Chicago. The geo- graphical location of this city, which marks it as the national center of trade and manufactures, marks it also as a center of art and learning and in some de- partments as The National Center. In the matter of libraries, Chicago is already the National Head- quarters, for the room referred to on the upper floor of the Public Library is the headquarters of the American Library Association, removed here from Boston in September, 1909. The construction of the Chicago Public Library building IS strictly fireproof, and the total cost was about $2,125,000. A description of this building IS not complete without a comment upon the interior decorations which mark an epoch in Chicago archi- tecture by their rich and permanent character. The main material is white marble, which has become the standard finish for our down-town buildings where light is of the utmost importance. The special inno- vation in this library is the inlaying of the marble with designs in mosaic of colored glass, mother of pearl and semi-precious stones, that add richness and brilliance of effect without detracting from the gen- eral lightness of the marble. 58 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDINi Till-: (iinAco rriu.R- i.inRAin ■\&H1 T I!. I'.I.Al KSIDNK MKMOKI \|. I.1I•.U\K^ 59 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING In Europe the use of marble and mosaic for in- terior decoration has been common from the days of ancient Greece and Rome to the present time. In this country such materials have only come into gen- eral use in connection with the development of fire- proof buildings. The earlier use of marble in the United States could best be described under the title of "the abuse of marble." Therefore it is a matter of interest to learn the impression made by our later Chicago buildings on a European observer familiar with the best work of the old world. Dr. A. B. Meyer, the distinguished director of The Royal Museum in Dresden, Germany, com- ments thus on the general arrangement, construction and decoration of the Chicago Public Library: "In Modern Europe, I would not know where to find anything similar in this line. The new German library buildings certamly cannot compare with it. I am quite unable, within the limits of this report, to give a description of the lavish magnificence here dis- played. I must curtail myself with saying that as a whole whatever might be said of single portions, the structure is an imposing artistic creation, to which justice cannot be done in a few words." The T. B. Blackstone Memorial Branch Library This building, erected as a memorial to T. B. Blackstone and presented to the city by his widow, is said to be the most beautiful and costly library building of its size in the world. It is notable also as marking the beginning of a series of branch libra- ries which are to be built in various sections of the city so as to bring the great collection of books into closer touch with the people. This branch library, located at the intersection of Lake and Washington Avenues, and 49th Street, is 100 by 45 feet in size. It is constructed of white granite in pure Grecian Ionic style, from the designs by S. S. Beman, Achitect. The interior contains a book room on the left, with a capacity of 20,000 volumes, a reading room on the right, and a small reading room at the rear, all open- ing from a rotunda which is finished in Italian stat- uary marble. The interior finish is of the finest mahogany and marble and the book stacks are of bronze with shelves of mahogany. Newberry Library On the "North Side" of the city, between Clark Street and Dearborn Avenue, and three-quarters of a mile north of the river, is Washington Square. Facing this square on the north stands a build- ing of pink Milford, Conn., granite, Romanesque in style, massive, dignified, and yet graceful in design. This is the Newberry Library, the gift to the city of one of its citizens, Walter Loomis Newberry. Mr. Newberry died in 1 868, leaving by his will one-half of his property, after the death of his direct heirs, for a free public library in the northern part of the city. After the direct heir died in 1885, the property amounted to over two million dollars. The Newberry Library is solely for works of ref- erence. In 1896, a scheme of co-operation was en- tered into with the John Crerar Library, by which the Newberry books on science and the useful arts were transferred to the Crerar Library and the two libraries arranged to cover the field jointly. The arrangement of the building is somewhat un- usual, in that the books on each subject are placed in a separate room, with space for the readers immedi- ately adjacent. This scheme was laid out by the librarian, Mr. W. F. Poole, and the design of the building by Henry Ives Cobb, Architect. The present building, erected in 1 890, and which is but one wing of the ultimate design, cost $545,000 and has a shelving capacity of a million volumes. The John Crerar Library The latest established of the free public libraries of Chicago owes its existence to the bequest of the late John Crerar, for many years a prominent citi- zen of this city. Mr. Crerar died in 1 889, leaving a fund estimated at $2,500,000, for the erection of a library building that shall be "tasteful, substantial and fireproof," and a collection of "books and periodicals selected with a view to create and sustain a healthy, moral and Christian sentiment m the community." The fund has increased in value until it is now estimated at $3,400,000. The directors of the library adopted at the outset the policy that the whole of the bequest was not too great for an endowment fund, and therefore the en- dowment should not be encroached upon either for 60 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING land, buildings, or books. A building fund was started that now amounts to $900,000. Because of this conservative policy of the directors, the building for the John Crerar Library cannot be chronicled among the achievements of the past half century; but if a site shall be secured on the Lake Front Park, the building will follow not long after the publication of this book. Meanwhile, the library has been started in the Marshall Field Building, as a reference library to cover such departments of knowledge as are not fully covered by the other great libraries. The books now number about 260,000 volumes. The Chicago Academy of Sciences In the year 1857, an association, "to promote sci- ence," was organized under the name of "The Chi- cago Academy of Natural Sciences." It began at once to make collections, but in the great fire of 1871 their building, supposed to be fireproof, was de- stroyed. In 1891. a gift was obtained of $75,000 from Mr. Matthew Laflin, of Chicago, to which the Lincoln Park Board added $25,000, and gave a site in Lincoln Park. The $100,000 thus obtained was put into the building that now stands in Lincoln Park, facing Center Street. The architects chosen were the Chi- cago firm of Patton & Fisher (now Patton & Mil- ler). The small amount of money available was sufficient only to erect the present building 133 feet long, 61 feet wide and 70 feet high, planned so that it may form part of a larger structure. The exterior is designed in the Renaissance style of Bedford limestone, with cornice of terra cotta and a roof of red tile. The construction is strictly fire- proof. In spite of its small style, compared with the mu- seums in other cities, this building has received spe- cial commendation from Dr. Meyer, director of the Dresden Museum, on account of the rational plan- ning by the architects to meet the needs of a museum. Dr. Meyer remarks: "Examples are odious, but it would be really hard to mention a museum at the erection of which the proceedings were as judicious as at the erection of the Academy of Sciences in Chicago." The first floor contains the library at one end and the offices of the Lincoln Park Commissioners at the other end. The museum proper occupies the whole of the second floor and consists of a central hall, two stories in height, surmounted by a domed ceiling and lighted from above. Surrounding this hall on all sides IS a gallery supported by columns spaced to cor- respond with the exhibit cases, which run from each column to the outer wall, thus dividing the space be- low the gallery into alcoves, each of which is lighted by a broad window. NEWBERRY LIBR.\RY. 61 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The space in the gallery is similarly divided by low cases and a graceful colonnade supports the domed ceiling of the central hall. The gallery rail- ing is designed to carry, as a part of its structure, cases in the form of a counter. The essential feature of this museum design is that the architects first determined the proper length and depth of the exhibit cases, and the most economical spacing of such cases. Then with these dimensions as a unit of measure, the windows on the exterior were spaced to correspond with the alcoves formed erected on the Lake Front opposite the end of Ad- ams Street. This building was constructed in con- nection with the "World's Fair," which contributed $200,000, that it might have a central location for the holding of Congresses. The Art Institute gave $500,000 for the building and the city furnished the site. The building was designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, Architects, in the Italian Renaissance style, and as originally built was 350 feet long and 225 feet wide. THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO— JIAIN ENTRANCE. by these cases, and the columns placed opposite the end of the case. Thus the exhibits and the archi- tecture are blended into one design, and the exhibits accentuate the architectural details. In this way the exhibits are not only interesting individually but help to decorate the interior. Art Institute The "Art Institute of Chicago," beginning with an art school founded in 1866, received its present name in 1883. In 1886 it erected a museum build- ing which soon became too small, and in 1 893 it was sold to the Chicago Club and the present building The exterior is of Bedford limestone. The broad steps of the entrance are flanked by magnificent bronze lions by E. Kemeys. The building contains two lofty stories of galleries for paintings, sculpture and other works of art, above a lofty basement de- voted to the art school. The galleries on the first floor, devoted to sculpture, are lighted by windows, while those for paintings on the second floor are lighted from the roof. Of special interest from an architectural point of view are the Fullerton Memorial Hall, which seats 500 and IS used for lectures, and the Ryerson 62 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING M \l.\ K.\ IK .- I I I I II-, II \l I I I I' MsiXi . MM III INTKRIOK \1K\V UK KVKKSON LIltKAUI. ART INSTITITK. lllUA(;o. r.3 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Library, which contains a splendid collection of books on art. Another notable room is the Blackstone Hall for architectural casts, 208 feet long, 58 feet wide, and 33 feet high, where are displayed full size casts of many interesting details of European buildings. This collection of casts, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. T. B. Blackstone, is unique in this country. Some of the casts are 35 feet long and more than 30 feet the building and will cost probably not less than $80,000. The Art School, maintained in connection with the Art Institute, is the most comprehensive and prob ably the largest fine art school in the United States. In concluding this description of the Libraries and Museums of Chicago, we quote again from Prof. Meyer of Dresden. He says of Chicago: "Its architecture exhibits more evidence of an American MAIN STAIRWAY, ART IXSTITLITE. high. The largest pieces are portals of the cathedrals of Bordeaux, Charlieu, and St. Gilles, and the choir gallery of Limoges. The various additions to the building have brought the present cost up to over a million dollars and the value of the art collections is estimated at an equal amount. There remains to be built the monumental staircase of marble, which will occupy the center of national style than is seen in the other great cities of the eastern part of the country. In originality, in youthful vigor, and in the astonishing rapidity of its development Chicago excels all, with a prospect of a yet greater future. The motto 'I will' is often found on the allegorical figure of the city, and the words appear to me most suitable to indicate the en- ergetic, aspiring character of its citizens." 64 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The Proposed Field Museum Grant Park, Chicago The Field Museum of Natural History was founded at the close of the World's Columbian Ex- position and from that time until his death, Marshall Field was one of its chief supporters. For a number of years before his death occurred, the question of a new building had been under con- sideration as the Museum had grown far beyond its present quarters in the old Art Building of the Ex- position — quarters which had never been suitable for Front, where it would serve as the culminating feat- ure of the decoration of Grant Park and at the same time, be the pivot or center of the whole park and boulevard system of the city. It was thought that a very high standard should be set m the design of the new building in order to influence the design of all the buildings overlooking the park, so that the final appearance of the park and its surroundings should be as noble and monumental as is possible under our lax methods of regulating these matters. The col- lections of the Museum being educational in their CALI.ERY OF KRF.XCII Srrr.PTURF.— ART TN'STITUTE. the exhibition of Natural History collections. The temporary character of the building and its non-fire- proof construction were also strong reasons for pro- viding safer and more permanent quarters. In the discussion of the new building with the architects, D. H. Burnham & Company, it was de- cided that the building should be made primarily to house, exhibit and protect the great collections in the best possible manner, and according to the latest ideas in Museum practice — in addition to this, the building was to be made monumental in character as would benefit its probable location on the Lake effect on the people, it was thought that the designers of the building should also help in this educational work by creating a monumental work of art at the same time they fulfilled adequately all the needs of a modern, up-to-date museum. The building was planned to be erected in Grant Park, with its principal entrance on the center of Congress Street prolonged beyond the Illinois Cen- tral tracks — the west elevation to be about 1,000 feet from the buildings on Michigan Avenue. The length of this elevation is approximately 1 ,000 feet and consists of a great central pavilion, two end pa- 65 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING vilions, each one on the center of Van Buren and Harrison Streets, respectively, and two great colon- nades connecting these pavilions with the central one. The central pavilion consists of a portico of monu- mental proportions, forming the main entrance to the museum — this portico is crowned by an attic, decor- ated with heroic figures above the Ionic columns, and by a pediment — two flanking stair pavilions com- plete the central pavilion as a whole, and a great flight of steps takes up the height of the stylobate on which the orders of the central and side colonnades are placed. The side colonnades consist of free standing Ionic columns placed very close to the wall so that the light will not be barred from entering the great windows between them. In height these col- umns mark the two public floors of the museum, it being the intention to use the third and ground floors for working floors. In length, these colonnades mark the long exhibition halls of the interior, side-lighted and placed with their long axes lying north and south as best for side-lighting in this latitude. The central pavilion is carried back into the build- ing to the center in the form of a great interior nave — another hall of similar proportions is carried through the building from north to south and at the intersec- tion of these great interior halls or naves, a dome is placed as the crowning feature of the whole com- position — in dimensions this dome will be compara- ble with the greatest domes in the world and com- bines the elements of several of them. The elevation of the building toward the east is similar to that toward the west and the two end ele- vations are alike, consisting of a great colonnade with a central pavilion marking the center. The ma- terial of these elevations will be granite, with two roofs of terra cotta tile matching the granite. The cost of the building will be cared for by the bequest of Marshall Field of $4,000,000 with the interest which has since accrued. A sum of $4,000,- 000 was also left for the maintenance of the build- ing and for carrying on the museum work. It IS the intention to connect the museum and its setting of terraces, balustrades, etc., with Michigan Avenue by a great plaza, similar to the Place de la Concorde and others in Europe. This is to be done by covering over the Illinois Central tracks for a space of several blocks and appropriately framing in the great space so created, by walks, balustrades, planting, etc., and forming a composition of museum, plaza, boulevard and park which will be worthy of its location in the heart of the city. In the interior the building consists of the great cross, formed by the two naves and dome and in the four corners left, are placed the long exhibition halls. These halls are so designed that the cases fit in be- tween the windows and form alcoves on each side of the hall, leaving a broad aisle down the center — in each alcove is a large window throwing light into the cases — these halls are separated by light courts, and are connected at the ends by transverse halls, similar in width and arrangement to them. The elevators and main stairways are placed near the entrance and smaller stairways are conveniently located at the ends of the long exhibition halls. The Directors' offices are placed near the main entrance — the Curators' offices are on the third floor, in con- nection with the working forces of the different de- partments. Several lecture halls are placed in the building, the two principal ones, seating 600 and 1 ,200 each, being on the ground floor, with a separate exterior vestibule and entrances at the south end of the building. The rest of the ground floor is given up to work- shops for the rough work of the departments, for storage and for the heating plant. 66 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago Theatres fiy Benjamin H. Marshall THE first public entertainment in Chicago for which an admission fee was charged and of which any record has been preserved occurred shortly after the village was incorporated. Febru- ary 18,1834, the Chicago Democrat announced the coming appearance of Mr. Bowers, Professor "de Tours Amusant" in a series of fire-eating feats, ven- l()\ KI<-UL\M1'U triloquism and legerdemain. This performance was to commence at "early candle light," "tickets to be had at the bar," and was given at the Mansion House on Lake Street. Following this early public offering, at brief in- tervals we find mention of other similar entertain- ments, concerts and diminutive circus, and church fairs, but not until after Chicago was incorporated as a city was any attempt made to open a theatre or pre- sent a dramatic production. The first attempt, how- ever, failed. May 29, 1837, Messrs. Dean & Mc- Kinney, well known in theatrical circles in the East, applied to the Common Council for a license "to open a theatre in some suitable building for the term of one or more months as business may answer." The council, however, apparently saw no reason to greatly encourage the project and named $100.00 as the license fee. Evidently the promoters considered this too much to pay, and they left the city without giving a performance. But in the fall of that year a license to produce plays in Chicago was finally secured. Witness the following petition: "Chicago, October 17, 1837. The subscribers respectfully petition the Honorable the Mayor and Council of the City of Chicago for a license to per- form plays in said city. They respectfully represent that this establishment is intended to afford instruction as well as amusement; that they are encouraged and patronized by the leading portion of the inhabitants of the city who are interested in their success; that they propose to remain here during the Winter, and that they make no calculation to receive more in the city than what they will expend during their stay, and, therefore, they trust that in offering a rate for license these facts may be taken into consideration. Isherwood & McKenzie. the Petitioners, request this license for six months, if agreeable to the Board." The license fee was fixed at $125.00, and after protest by the petitioners, it was finally paid. Isher- wood & McKenzie now needed only a suitable place and they were ready to begin their theatrical ventures. l-OVKk Mt\KK!:R'S Tl I i:.\Tui:. The place selected for the first dramatic produc- ticn in Chicago was the then deserted Sauganash Ho- 67 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING tel, which stood on the lot where was erected in 1 860 the "Wigwam" in which Abraham Lincoln was first nominated for the presidency of the United States. Mark Beaubien had erected a log house on the East side of Market Street, about 1 00 feet south of Lake Street, which he afterward converted into a tavern and called the "Sauganash" after a famous Indian chief of that name. Messrs. Isherwood & McKen- zie secured the Sauganash and converted the din- ing room into a theatre seating about 200 persons. The opening production in Chicago's first theatre on the American stage, William Warren, afterward the favorite of the Boston public, and a flaxen haired boy of nine, who was destmed to become the dean and greatest favorite of the American stage, Joseph Jefferson. September 23, 1903, when Chicago was celebrating her centennial, Joseph Jefferson stepped before the curtain at Powers' Theatre and said "I played in Chicago sixty-five years ago." In 1 838 the Sauganash was abandoned as a thea- tre and the place of production transferred to the "Rialto" at 8 and 1 South Dearborn Street, nearer PRINCESS THEATRE. bore the extremely melodramatic title — "The Idiot Witness of a Tale of Blood," to which an admission fee of seventy-five cents was charged. It is worthy of remark that Alexander McKenzie, the junior partner in this first enterprise, was an uncle of Joseph Jefferson. The company which played in Chicago during the first season was an excellent one, but no complete rec- ord of the plays presented has been found. In 1 838 the company returned. Among its members were two who afterward achieved the highest distinction the center of Chicago. The casts in these early plays were of exceptional quality, but the returns were small. Among the players of this period was I. M. Singer, afterward famous as the inventor of the Singer Sewing Machine. August 31,1 839, the third theatrical season was opened by Joseph Jefferson (father of "Rip") who had become the partner of McKenzie in the enter- prise. During this season the first presentation of a Shakespearean play was given in Chicago, October 7, 1 839. "Romeo and Juliet" was the play se- 68 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING lected, Mrs. McCIure appearing as Juliet and Mr. Charles Kemble Mason as Romeo. This was fol- lowed by "Macbeth, " "Hamlet," and "The Mer- chant of Venice." October 30, 1839, "The Ri- vals" was first produced in Chicago. A glance at the cast in the play will show how greatly the dram- atic art in the early days of Chicago was indebted Rialto passed through various vicissitudes and changes of name and finally burned February 1 , 1847. The year 1847, however, that saw the destruction of the Rialto, was also to see the building of the first actual theatre in Chicago. The city then contained 15,000 inhabitants; the dire effects of the panic had PRIXCKSS TIIICATRE. to the Jefferson family — it included Joseph Jeffer- son, senior, his wife, his two sisters, his niece, his stepson, his cousin and his niece's husband. But the results of the panic of 1837 were now making themselves painfully felt in Chicago. The- atrical ventures as well as other business enterprises languished, and no dramatic company of special re- pute appeared in the city for several years. The old passed and it was the year of the great River and Harbor Convention which would bring here thou- sands of people from all over the country. Under these conditions Mr. John B. Rice, later destined to become the mayor of this city, came to Chicago from Buffalo and entered into a contract for the erection of a building to be used as a theatre. Mr. Rice received local support in his project and a theatre building 69 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING costing $4,000.00 was completed in less than two months and formally opened June 28, 1847. It was a very plain wooden structure, two stories high, and stood where the Unity building now is. But at least it was arranged like a theatre and every part of the house afforded a good view of the stage. Many actors well known to the American stage trod the boards of Rice's Theatre in those early days. Edwin Forrest and Junius Brutus Booth both appeared there in 1848, also Mr. James H. Mc- This period saw the opening of another theatre in Chicago which deserves more than passing men- tion. November 5, 1857, McVicker's Theatre was opened. No other theatre has so long preserved its name and popularity. All the great actors of the day played at McVicker's. Joseph Jefferson pro- duced "Rip Van Winkle" for the first time here at this theatre in 1 868. In 1871, McVicker's was en- tirely remodeled at an expense of $90,000.00 and six weeks later destroyed by the great fire. Again INTERIOR OF THE BEAUTIFUL CORT THEATRE, ing mural painting on steel curtain. Dearborn, near Randolph. Vicker. But the career of the theatre was short; in 1 850 it was destroyed by fire. However, the theatre was now an established institution in Chicago. Early in 1 85 1 Mr. Rice had completed a new and more pretentious play house on practically the same spot as the old one. An innovation was made in this new Rice's Theatre by abolishing the pit with its noisy occupants, and providing a gallery at the top of the house. In 1861 this theatre was converted into a business house. the theatre was rebuilt and reopened August 15, 1872; again remodeled in 1885 and again destroyed by fire, August 26, 1890. The present McVick- er's Theatre was opened March 31, 1 892, when Joseph Jefferson, William J. Florence, Mrs. John Drew, Miss Viola Allen, and Frederick Paulding appeared in "The Rivals." On many occasions Mr. McVicker appeared in his own theatre, either at the head of his company, or in support of some of the visiting stars. 70 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING .\i.\.ii..->i II i 111-;. \ IKE. 71 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Many theatres were built in Chicago during the decade before the fire; Wood's Museum on Ran- dolph Street, Aiken's Theatre on Dearborn Street, Crosby's Opera House, famous in its day, on the north side of Washington Street between Dearborn and State Streets, Bryan Hall, 87-89 Clark Street, transposed by Mr. Hooley into Hooley's Opera House in 1870. After the fire this theatre was re- built, and after being called the Coliseum and Ham- lin's Theatre, was remodeled in 1 880, and leased to Mr. John A. Hamlin as the Grand Opera House with Mr. Will J. Davis as active manager. Other places of amusement opened during this period were the first Academy of Music and the first Olympic Theatre. The Globe Theatre on Desplaines Street between Madison and Washington Streets, a frame structure was the only theatre in Chicago to escape destruction by fire. Of the more prominent theatres built after the fire, Hooley's was opened October 1 7, 1 872. In 1876 and 1877 it was known as Haverly's. It then became Hooley's again and so remained until it passed into the hands of Mr. Harry J. Powers in 1 898. The theatre was then reconstructed in ac- cordance with the designs of Mr. Benjamin H. Mar- shall, afterward architect of the Illinois and Colon- ial Theatres, and was reopened as Powers' Theatre. Haverly's Theatre was built in 1875, the walls of the old postoffice destroyed in the fire, being used in its construction. This theatre was demolished in 1880. In 1881 another theatre was built on Monroe Street between Dearborn and Clark and called Hav- erly's. January 31, 1885, during the engagement of Irving and Terry, Ellen Terry rechristened this theatre the "Columbia." Mr. Will J. Davis, for- merly connected with the old Haverly's and the Grand Opera House, became the lessee of this theatre in 1 889 and remained in control of it until March 30. 1900, when it was destroyed by fire. The Chicago Opera House was opened in 1 883 ; the new Chicago Theatre in 1875, which became the Olympic in 1 885 ; the Haymarket in 1 887 ; the Auditorium in 1889, the Schiller, later the Dear- born and now the Garrick Theatre in 1892; the Great Northern Theatre in 1 896 ; the Studebaker in 1898. The opening of the Illinois Theatre October 15, 1900, marked a new era in theatre building, inas- much as this was the first building in Chicago to be constructed and employed solely for theatrical pur- poses. Hyman & Davis Company were the builders of the new theatre and Will J. Davis the manager. On the suggestion of Mr. Charles Frohman it was called the Illinois. Like Chicago's first theatre this twentieth century theatrical temple bore an Indian name. The Iroquois was the third Chicago theatre with an Indian name. The unfortunate calamity which befell this house so soon after its opening is alas, too well remembered. That it was properly constructed and meant by its owners, builders and architects to be a model theatre, is attested in the fact that its structural and decorative equipment was scarcely injured by the fire which was confined to the scenic investitures of the spectacle which occupied the stage. The loss of life was occasioned by the spontaneity of the fire which consumed all the oxy- gen m the upper tiers of the theatre. And as the year 1910 approaches, Chicago has in the last year built something like twenty-five first class, modern neighborhood theatres, besides com- pleting the New Cort Theatre on Dearborn Street, the American Music Hall on Wabash Avenue and Peck Court and the new Blackstone Theatre on Hubbard Court and Wabash Avenue, just starting, and which will open September 1 , 1 9 1 0, as the finest theatre architecturally west of New York. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING < « U E S S 74 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago School Buildings 3t/ DwiGHT H. Perkins ONE may observe progress of various kinds by studying Chicago elementary school build- mgs. The growth of the city, the changes m buildmg methods and materials, the development of educational requirements and the increase in size as well as expenditure have been constant from year to year are clearly apparent to anyone who studies the (18) schools in Chicago; today, there are two hun- dred and seventy-eight (278) elementary schools. The first high school was built in 1855-1856 and served for the entire city until 1875, while today there are seventeen (17) high schools and one Nor- mal School for the training of teachers for the pub- lic school system. MOSKLKV SCHOOL. schools of today, reflecting the expansion of the community as they do. It is possible to make a survey practically com- plete from existing buildings. But few have been burned or razed and such as ha\e been may be studied by their counterparts still standing. The north building of the Moseley School was built in 1856. At that time there were eighteen To give a fairly complete history of Chicago pub- lic school buildings, one would have to describe the following twenty-six schools in the order named: 1, Moseley; 2, Jones; 3, Goldsmith; 4, Skinner; 5, Sexton; 6, Raymond; 7, McLaren; 8, Haven; 9, Van Vlissingen; 10, Tennyson; II, Franklin; 12, Yates; 13, Willard; 14, Dewey; 15, Coonley; 16, Armour; 17, Hamilton; 18, Fiske; 19, Graham; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING 20, Harvard; 21, Hayt; Tl, Penn; 23, Rogers; 24, Moos; 25, Tilton; 26, Nobel. Each of these is typical or a duplicate of many others and the list represents the entire city. No reference will be made to school buildings m annexed portions of the city, as none of these is dis- tinctive or valuable and they are being torn down as rapidly as circumstances permit. As it is not feasible within the limits of such an article as this to describe all these buildings, the writer will compare the Moseley and the completed Tilton School without showing all of the gradual steps by which the latter was developed from the former. The Nobel is later than the Tilton, but is in construction at this time, (October, 1909), and cannot be photographed. The five views of elementary schools other than the Moseley and Tilton — shown herewith of the Jones, McLaren, Willard, Graham, and Hamilton schools, fairly represent the twenty-six listed above and illustrate the various kinds and styles of schools as well as the work of the different Chicago School Architects. There are also shown three views of high schools. The original "Chicago" High School on West Mon- roe Street contained a few ordinary class rooms only. They were for "academic" studies and no provision was made for laboratory work in the sciences nor for technical work, such as is common now. Nor were there any provisions for physical culture then, while gymnasiums are considered essential now. It would be interesting to illustrate the Normal School, but as there is but one such institution in Chi- cago, no comparative exposition can be made. The comparison of the Moseley and Tilton schools, above referred to, is presented in the follow- ing parallel columns. It is also given by the illus- trations which include cuts of the plans. The en- deavor has been made to reproduce the plans at sim- ilar scales so that their differences in size are prac- tically proportional to the differences in the dimen- sions of the actual buildings: MOSELE Y SCHOOL Common Combustible Construction TILTON SCHOOL ( when completed) Fireproof Throughout Cost $40,000.00 $320,000.00. Cubic contents 307,600 cu. ft 2,125,000 cu. tt. Cost per room $3,333.00 $8,400.00. Cost per pupil $66.00 $168.00. Breadth 58 teet 146 ft., 6 in. Length 78 feet 258 ft., in. Height 3 stories and basement . . 4 stories and no basement. Number of rooms 12 40. Number of pupils 600 2,000. Assembly hall None 700 seats. Gymnasium None One. Manual training dept. . . . None One. Domestic science dept. . . None One. Library None One. Construction room None One. Teachers' rooms None Six. Principal's office None One. Assistant principal's office None One. Heating Direct steam Indirect steam. Ventilation None Mechanical system. Ejrterior Brick Brick. Floors Wood throughout Wood top surface in class rooms. Asphalt for all corridors, stairs and toilets, all on fire clay tile arches. Toilet rooms 2 basement toilets Tower toilets, one for each sex in each story. Toilet room walls Plaster Enamel brick. Flexibility of plan None May be 20, 30, or 40 class rooms. Playgrounds Not described as not being a part of the buildmg. The modern practice is to provide large playgrounds for every school. Stair capacity 800 pupils 2.200 pupils. Size of class rooms 27 ft. x 32 ft 26 ft.. 6 in. x 33 ft. Window glass area in each class room 126 sq. ft 160 sq. feet. Unilateral light in class rooms None All rooms. Cross light in class rooms . All rooms None. Wardrobes Large Area Small area. Not ventilated Ventilated. Accessible from halls . . . Accessible from rooms only. Blackboards Composition Natural slate. Corridor wainscot Wood ceiling Glazed brick. 76 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING These columns show not only the increased cost due to changes in building methods and cost of la- bor and material, but they also show the very great change in educational demands. Formerly, the class room was everything; now, it is only a little more than half of the facilities demanded for the pupils. and planned originally and wholly for high school purposes. The development is best shown by the two photographs of the Wendell Phillips, and Al- bert G. Lane high schools. These schools show the absence and the presence of technical or man- ual training courses for two, three or four years in addition to the usual academic courses. In manv D. H. Perkins, ArcUiU-ct. TILTOX SCHOOL. A comparison of "yard improvements" would also be interesting although not strictly a part of school building. Formerly an ordinary yard with a wood fence was sufficient. Now it must be paved and then fenced with concrete and iron. Provision must also be made for planting and for gardening, but, as all of these relate to "education" rather than to "building," they are not included here. There are seventeen high schools m Chicago at this date. Of these but seven were built at one time particulars the differences in construction pointed out between the Moseley and Tilton Schools apply to the early and late high schools. A type of school not referred to above nor shown in the illustrations has been developed by the con- struction of additions to existing buildings. It has been found advisable to modernize a large number of old buildings while increasing their class room ca- pacity. This has been done by constructing fireproof extensions including assembly halls, gymnasiums. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING manual training and domestic science rooms with the class rooms. Typical instances are the Jackson, Brentano, Cornell and Farragut schools. In each of these cases — while making a complete modern plan — the exterior design has been made to conform exactly to the old building, becoming a natural or corresponding extension of the original structure. Viewing all the photographs will give the differ- ences and the development in exterior effect or arch- itectural design. Similar study would reveal in like manner the changes m construction and the greater requirements of the later buildings and all would il- lustrate clearly and typically "A Half Century of Chicago Building," as well as a half century of mu- nicipal change and growth. ■FIE5T FLOOK I'L.AM TfLTON SCHOOL. TlLTOri SCHOOL. 78 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ASSEMIiLV HALL. TILTOX SCHOOL. W. B. Mutidie. Architect. AI.KXANDKR MAMILTOX SCHOOL. 79 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING JONES SCHOOL. Norman,/ S. Palton, Architect. FRANCES WILLARD SCHOOL. 80 ^J^^L^Burunv or CHICAGO bu.ldi NG CKAil \,\l SCHOOL. McLAREX SCHOOL. 81 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING WOOD-WORKING SHOP, ALBERT G. LANE TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL. MACHINE SHOP, ALBERT G. LANE TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL. 82 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING \vi-:ni)1-:ll piiii.i.ips iiici: siik.x)!.. m5m' mw?mw-m 83 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Railway Terminals 3i/ Charles S. Frost THE first railroad chartered from Chicago to the West was the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad. On October 10, 1848, the brig "Buffalo" arrived at Chicago with the first locomotive "The Pioneer." One month later the road then extended 10 miles west and its rolling stock consisted of 6 freight cars, one passenger coach and the "Pioneer." In 1 867 one through passenger train each way daily furnished ample accommodations for passen- gers travelling between Chicago and Council Bluffs. From this nucleus the present great system has been Union Railroad in 1848. It stood on what is now a triangular piece of vacant ground west of Canal Street south of Kinzie and but a short distance west of the west abutment of the City bridge that crosses the north branch of the Chicago River at Kinzie Street. In those days there was a narrow street named West Water Street that ran close along the north branch of the Chicago River at the east of what is now Canal Street. This depot ran east and west and its east end was entered from this West Water Street. Building faced the railroad tracks which GALENA & CHICAGO UiMUX DEFUT. CANAL AND KINZIE STREETS. CHICAGO. developed, which for the year ending June 30, 1909, had about 900 passenger trains a day and carried over its rails more than 27,000,000 passengers. It IS not my purpose to give here the history of the development of a railway system, neither to discuss or even touch the railway terminal problem, but rather to trace briefly the growth of the terminal pas- senger station in Chicago of this one system which is typical in many ways of the numerous other systems having terminals in Chicago. From a history of the road published in 1905 entitled "Yesterday and To- day" I am able to quote description of the early buildings, and to give here a few illustrations. The first railroad station that was built in Chicago was a one story wooden affair built by the Galena & were south of the station. Whatever package freight the railroad had to handle in Chicago at this time was handled at this place. In 1 849 this building was enlarged and a portion of it was set aside for freight, while the original east end was still used for passengers. The second story was added to the structure and that was surmounted with a sort of observatory. The second story was used by the officers of the road as its general office and m it John D. Turner, the president of the road and his associates planned the extension of the road and controlled its destiny. West of the station was what was substantially an open praine and from the observatory Mr. Turner often watched for the in- coming of his trains with the aid of a long old fash- 84 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ioned marine telescope that he possessed and thus could annnounce the coming of a tram while it was yet as far away as Austm, 6 miles. In those days the use of the telegraph was not even dreamed of on any western railroad. In 1851 the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad began to purchase station ground east of the north branch of the Chicago River and in 1852 and 1833 built a pontoon or floating bridge across the river on practically the same ground where the Chicago & Northwestern Railway bridge now stands. In those days a street ran along and not far north of the main other story and in the room so made a portion of the general offices of the company were located. This building remained in use until destroyed by the Chi- cago fire in 1871 . The third station scarcely deserves to be named but to make this history full it must be referred to. In 1851 this road bought land east of the north branch of the Chicago River and on part of this pur- chase, erected on the east side of North Dearborn Street and south of Kinzie Street a two story build- ing, the lower story of which was intended for freight purposes, while in the upper rooms some of the Gen- WELLS STREET STATION. n,-slroyi-d iii tliu Gr.-at Fir,-. Octoh.-r. IS71. Chicago River and was named North Water Street. The second passenger station was built in 1852 and 1853, east and west along this North Water Street with its east end on Wells Street. It was built of brick and was two stories high. The passenger en- trance was from Wells Street but a sort of private al- ley or perhaps a vacant lot ran south from Kinzie Street and this was used to reach the station through the baggage room. After the building had been occupied for some time Wells Street was filled in and raised about eight feet, and this caused the Galena Company to add an- eral Officers of the road were to have their offices. For some time, but for reasons now not known, the passenger trains of the Galena Road ran to and from this building and while this was done neither of the first or second depots were used. The records of the company that were burned in the great fire of 1871 doubtless contained a full explanation of these facts. That this building was used as the road's pas- senger station is established beyond any question. The next passenger station of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, which now had become the successor of the Galena Company, was the one that 85 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING was built on the then North Wells Street in the late fall of 1871 to take the place of the one that was burned in the great fire. It was a modern wooden structure and faced south with an entrance from Wells Street. What is now a portion of the Chicago & North- western Railway in Chicago was begun under the corporate name of the Illinois & Wisconsin Railway Company. This afterward by consolidation with the Rock River Valley Union Railroad became the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad and that by bankruptcy and reorganization became the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railway. This railroad while under the second of the corporate titles built in 1 854 and occupied a passenger station in Chicago. It stood with its gable end to Kinzie Street and its greatest length west of and quite close to and parallel with the north branch of the Chicago River. It was quite a pretentious structure of wood and had a large train shed that was shut off from Kinzie Street by slatted gates. After the Chicago & Milwaukee and the Milwaukee & Chicago Railroads were consoli- dated and ultimately those, together with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad became the present Chi- cago & Northwestern Railway. This building was known as the Kinzie Street depot and was used until it was abandoned on the occupation of the present Wells Street station in 1 882. The next passenger building of the road is the present structure that stands on the corner of Wells and Kmzie Streets on the site of the old Galena de- pot. The planning of this building was for that time on broad lines and was thought would anticipate the requirements far into the future. It was to be the largest and finest passenger station in Chicago built on the headhouse type with a shed covering the tracks. It was begun in 1 880 and occupied in 1 882. The building was planned a few years too early to show in its general effect much result of the arch- itectural awakening, which about this time began to WELLS STREET STATION. Main portion finished in 1SS2, .Annex 1902. 86 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING gain strength and which has since gone steadily for- ward. About this time ihe railways having con- quered in the struggle for existence and slackened somewhat their expansion into new territory; some portions of an available surplus was used in many kinds of improvements, notably the right of way, suburban and way stations and their surroundings. And now corporations and the people generally rec- ognize the fact that beauty has actual value. In a comparatively few years the rapid growth of this city and the more rapid development of the great North- west country, this railway system, always in the van- guard of progress, found the Wells Street station too small and the property lying between it and the river was purchased and preliminary studies prepared for a great terminal and office building. This study of the problem developed numerous limitations of the site, the north branch of the Chicago River being no small factor. This and the new conditions due to the general elevation of the railroad tracks from I 2 to I 5 feet above the street level led to search for a new site and to meet the temporary requirements the annex to the Wells Street station was built and occu- pied in 1^02. As the result of the search for an ade- quate site, the railway company undertook the gigan- tic task of acquiring by purchase practically four city blocks in the heart of Chicago for a terminal build- ing, train shed and power house, and in addition to this, the purchase of a new right of way wide enough for four tracks for each of the two divisions extending both west and north about one mile, thus securing for the passenger service of the road a complete elevated system eight tracks wide into the center of the city, eliminating all dangers and delays due to freight ob- structions, grade crossings and open bridges. The last piece of the property was secured and the work of building commenced in the fall of 1 908 . The Terminal building proper will be of granite and front on Madison Street, will be used for sta- tion purposes only, and will occupy the greater por- tion of the city block bounded by Madison, Canal and Clinton Streets, extending north nearly to Wash- ington Boulevard. The track floor covered by the train shed is ap- proximately 18 feet above the general street level. The tracks approaching the station therefore pass over Lake, Randolph Streets and Washington Boulevard and the trains are screened from view from the street by curtained walls about 48 feet high, extending from the main building north on Clinton and Canal Streets as far as Lake Street with special treatment where passing over the street and Washington Bou- levard. The high shed, so objectionable from many points of view, both external and internal, has been aban- doned and a low form of shed substituted covering entire space excepting for openings directly above the locomotive stack so that all smoke and gas are ex- hausted directly into the open air above the shed. The shed will contain sixteen tracks, each with a ca- pacity of 1 3 Pullman coaches or 1 6 day coaches. This terminal will have ample facilities for handling 250,000 passengers daily. iTTOT'" •'lng»"ijl f Ij" C. & N. \V. KV, CO.'S TKRMINAI N( i\\ ruil IHM, \I\n!<(>\ ( .\N.\I. WD CI.lNTdN STKEF.TS. 87 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago Freight Sub\vays ^y Albert G. Wheeler CHICAGO was incorporated as a city at the time of the earhest development of steam rail- roads in the United States for transportation. Its importance was fully realized by the earlier pio- neers in transportation, as all steam railroads in this section of the country either started or terminated at this point. At that time, the city being young, these transpor- tation lines acquired property for their terminals in what has since turned out to be the heart of the city and today in an area of two miles square in the cen- ter of the city the important freight yards of rail- roads, representing over forty-seven per cent of the entire mileage of the United States, are located. The rapid growth of the city South, West and North so encircled these freight yards that as the Western country developed the railroads found that the city had grown so much faster it was impossible to acquire more property m its business center and the value of this real estate they had acquired made these freight terminals the highest priced real estate occupied by freight yards m the world. To relieve this situation and to enable the rail- roads to increase their facilities for handling freight in the future without acquiring additional property in this business center, the tunnels of the Illinois Tun- nel Company were constructed. To lay out a system of tunnels to make delivery in any and every building m this business center, several important points had to be considered: — 1st. That such tunnel system should not require the remodelling of buildings to put it in operation; 2nd. That the tunnels, when constructed, should permit curves at all street intersections to be built and not necessitate building under private property to get the proper radius for such curves ; 3rd. To prevent congestion in the tunnels, no freight should be loaded or unloaded in them; 4th. That increased traffic could not congest the tunnels. To carry out plan No. 1 , it was necessary to es- tablish a car unit, that any car could be hoisted to any floor of any building without overloading the floor or necessitating strengthening the building, and that the size of the car when established could han- dle any size package that would pass through a rail- road car door. No. 2. The size of the car established, the tun- nel need not be any larger than to accommodate the car, and with a small tunnel curves could be made at street intersections in the streets and thus avoid go- ing under private property. Also with a small tun- nel, sidings could be built in each block to hold cars of the shippers without blocking the main track. Srd. Had the tunnel been built larger and the cars too large to enter the buildings, it would have been necessary to load and unload cars in the tunnels and the tunnels would have been blocked up at all such points during the time. No. 4. All cars being switched on side tracks or being elevated in the buildings keeps the main track open and no congestion occurs m the tunnels. Twenty miles of tunnels were completed in 1904 and the Company purchased a terminal property at West Taylor Street and the Chicago river, intend- ing to put it in operation early in 1905, when parties largely in control of the railroads entering Chicago were attracted to it and business arrangements were made with such parties to fully develop the property and make it more of a railroad terminal before it was put in operation. The Company had secured the mail contract from the Government, which was oper- ated to show the tunnels' efficiency. This contract required a close schedule as to time of delivery be- tween the railroads and the postoffice. Its service required one thousand train movements a day and heavy fines for failures to make deliveries on time. During the last year of this contract the service was operated 99.98 per cent perfect, an unknown high rate of service, and fully demonstrated the practica- bility of the capacity of the tunnels as well as the low cost of operation which justified carrying out the future plans of extension of the property. When the A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING contract expired with the Government the price was so low that the Company felt it should be compen- sated for such service to the extent of at least one dollar per train load, but the Government was not willing to pay this, and as a car movement of one thousand trams each day for other freight was so much more, the Company could not continue the service. The new interests in the property fully convinced and satisfied from the operation of the mail service that the size of the car and the size of the tunnel were correct, laid out plans increasing the scope of the tunnels to reach all points in the railroad freight yards and to complete its transportation before it was put in full operation. This necessitated building for- ty-two miles additional of tunnels, requiring fully three years. At the time of completion of the six- ty-two miles of tunnels, before the property had been put in full operation, the death of one of the principal owners of the property caused a change in the Com- pany's plans, necessitating a reorganization of the property. The large parties in interest holding the Company's securities have agreed to such plans and when carried out the Company will be prepared to operate the property on the broad scope for which it was built. The tunnels of this Company and the purpose for which they were built has been little understood by the people of Chicago. To realize the importance of them as to the future of Chicago, they must be looked upon as a railroad terminal. The growth of the great railroad transportation systems entering Chicago necessitates provision for future terminals here, and the fact that the railroads own practically all the real estate they can acquire in the center of the city, forces their increased facilities for handling freight to be moved several miles from the city's bus- iness center where they can acquire land at fifty cents to one dollar per square foot as against twelve dollars to thirty dollars per square foot in the center of the city. To establish such new freight yards means that the railroads should have them connected with the center of the city. To extend the tunnels of this Company to such new yards is not to increase the cost of delivery or receiving goods to any extent, as the haul through the tunnels, whether one mile or seven, is an unimportant matter. When such im- provements are made by the railroads it will greatly reduce the number of locomotives entering the city and therefore greatly reduce the smoke made by them. When the full idea for which these tunnels were planned is carried out, from a public standpoint it will prove to be as beneficial to the public's interest as any public improvement ever made. To undertake to operate this as an independent property is to dwarf its real use to the community and make it only an ordinary success. To make it a railroad freight terminal is to make it the greatest freight terminal property in the United States. Terminals for railroads are as important as any part of a railroad system. The great earnings of the rail- roads are produced from freight, in many cases the passenger traffic being operated with very small prof- its: yet the terminals for passenger traffic were im- portant enough for the New York Central lines and the Pennsylvania lines to each expend over one hun- dred million dollars in New York City for passenger terminals, while here in Chicago, the Chicago and Northwestern Railway is building a terminal for passengers at an enormous cost. When one realizes and compares in the way of earnings of freight to passenger traffic of the steam railroads, and that it is necessary to make such ex- penditures for passenger terminals, then one can bet- ter appreciate the great importance of the Chicago Subway Company's great freight terminal for the many railroads terminating in Chicago. 89 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Subway's Telephone Department [By Albert G. Wheeler THE originators of this SUBWAY construc- tion believed that the telephone was becoming more everyday the main method of transact- ing business, and business men were compelled to transact their business through the telephone in the hearing of their own private switch-board operators as well as of those of the several switch-board opera- tors of the Telephone Exchange Company. They realized that business men do not want to transact business in the hearing of employees or disinterested parties, but were compelled to by existing circum- stances. To improve on these conditions they de- cided to have their Telephone Department equipped with devices to prevent anyone breaking in on, or overhearing any conversation over the telephone. To this end the Automatic Telephone devices were per- fected. The first equipment of its Telephone Department provided for an exchange giving service to 10,000 subscribers. It was installed with a view of com- pleting an extensive telephone plant to cover the whole city. The Company's plan at the time of the installation of the exchange was to have its trans- portation department in operation in 1905 and then proceed to complete its Telephone Department, but as stated, at this time a change of ownership and pol- icy compelled it to develop its transportation depart- ment on such a broad scope that the telephone plans had to be deferred until its traffic department had been completed. Fortunately this delay will prove of great value to the subscribers of this Company, for, in the mean- time over one hundred cities have equipped their ex- changes with these Automatic devices which have proved very successful and to the entire satisfaction of their subscribers. This Company can now install its new plant with all of the Automatic improvements up to date, giving its subscribers the most modern and improved telephone system installed in any city in the world. The Company's plan of reorganization includes the immediate installation of a comprehensive tele- phone exchange, the first section of which will pro- vide for 20,000 subscribers having connection through long-distance service with the whole adja- cent country to Chicago. 90 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The Bascule Bridge in Chicago ^y J. B. Strauss, C. E. CI lie AGO is, among other things, a city of bridges. Perhaps nowhere in the United States is there a larger number and variety of bridge structures and there certainly is no smgle city where these structures play a more important or conspicuous part in the city's every day existence. In Chicago all the main arteries of communication in the city proper, are cut through by the Chicago River and its two branches and in the outlying dis- tricts, the Calumet River, the Drainage Canal and its feeders, together with the minor streams and canals, present multiplied opportunities for bridge construc- tion of every kind and degree. With but few exceptions, Chicago bridges are movable and despite the heavy traffic on both land and water, these movable bridges serve the com- munity so well that the effect of the withdrawal, dur- ing the past few years, of the three old tunnels from service has been scarcely, if at all, noticeable. With- out attempting to enter into a discussion of the rela- tive merits of tunnels and draw bridges, this experi- ence clearly indicates the sufficiency of the above- surface methods of transit for heavy traffic, and throws some doubt upon the wisdom of general sub- surface transportation. Up to the years 1893 or 1894 all the movable bridges of Chicago were the ordinary type of draw or swing bridges, the earlier structures being com- bination wood and iron, and the latter steel. Some of the former are still in service on the South and North branches and a considerable number of the latter are also in use at the principal crossings of the main river. There were also two or three deviations from the draw bridge, such as the folding lift bridges at Weed and Canal Streets over the North Branch and the vertical lift bridge over the South Branch, representing the first halting steps towards the supremacy of Chicago in the practice and use of the modern bascule bridge. At the present time Chicago is the acknowledged bascule center of the world; it is here that this type of movable bridges has reached its greatest develop- ment; with but few exceptions, all the recent designs originated or were recreated or exploited here and almost all the bascule patentees and going bascule bridge companies are located in Chicago. The most successful work in this field has been conceived and executed in Chicago and the largest number of these bridges in any one spot is found within its environs. The term "bascule " is derived from the French, and specifically means a rocking bridge. It has, however, been extended to cover all types of bridges moving in a vertical plane, and about a center, being thus distinguished from the bridge which is simply hoisted up bodily and which is designated as a lift or hoist bridge. The vertical lift over the South Branch or the Halsted Street bridge already referred to, is an example of the latter. Contrary to general opinion, this particular design is not a novelty in bridge construction, except in that the size of span and height of lift are greater than in other bridges of this type. The lift bridge is not a bascule and is not comparable to the bascule, as is evidenced by the amazing rapidity with which the latter has multiplied since the completion of the Halsted Street bridge in 1893, while the lift bridge still counts but very few structures of any size. The first of the modern types of bascule bridge in this country was built for the Metropolitan West Side Elevated R. R. near Van Buren Street, Chi- cago, in 1894. It was designed by William Scherzer, then engineer for the Metropolitan Ele- vated, and was patterned after a small bridge of the same general type built at Havre, France. A sec- ond bridge was built at Van Buren Street in 1895 and a third at North Halsted Street in 1897, both constructed for the City of Chicago. William Scherzer died before the completion of the Metro- politan bridge and this design remained simply the occasional design for special conditions until Albert Scherzer undertook its commercial development un- der the name of the Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge Co., but the Van Buren and North Halsted Street bridges are still the only Scherzer bridges used by the municipality of Chicago. The greatest impulse to the Scherzer bridge and to the bascule bridge in general was given by its adoption by the Sanitary District of Chicago, in 91 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING pursuance of a policy adopted in connection with the water flow and calhng for the ehmination of center pier bridges. In all ten Scherzer bridges, consti- tuting, with the exception of the three above men- tioned, the full total in the city of Chicago, were built under the direction of the Sanitary District and subsequently turned over by it to the City of Chi- cago to be maintained and operated. From its in- ception and up to 1902 the Scherzer Bridge Co. occupied the field entirely alone and with the impetus given by the Sanitary District, succeeded in introduc- ing its bridges at numerous other points. In 1902, however, the first hint of future competition came in the construction of the Page bridge at Ashland Avenue, also a result of the policy of the Sanitary District, and in 1906 a second Page bridge, this time ordered by the C. & A. R. R., was built for this company over the South Fork of the South Branch of the Chicago River, near Archer Avenue. The Page bridge is unlike the Scherzer, an original design, the particular aim of the inventor being the elimination of the deep pits required in the usual form of the Scherzer highway bridge. A small bridge designed by William Rail, of Chi- cago, was built at Delphos, Ohio, in 1901. The right for this type has since been acquired by the Strobel Steel Construction Co., and three bridges have been built by this company for the Pennsyl- vania, the Baltimore & Ohio and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rys. jointly where their lines parallel each other in the crossing of the East Chi- cago Canal at Indiana Harbor, a few miles from Chicago. The canal is not in service as yet and the bridges therefore are not operative. The design is a different and distinct type from any of the other Chicago bridges and is a development of a design originated by W. L. Worden, of Milwaukee, in 1895, but never reduced by him to practice. The Chicago design of trunnion bascule bridges first became a reality in the Clybourn Place bridge built in 1902. The design is an adaptation of the standard trunnion bridge of Europe to American practice and Chicago conditions, and so well has the work been done by the Chicago Bridge Department that this type has been adopted, in more or less modified form, by the cities of Milwaukee, Phila- delphia and others, as well as by the District of Columbia and by the State of New York in con- nection with its Barge Canal. About nine bridges of that type in all have been constructed in Chicago to date. In 1905 the Strauss Trunnion Bascule Bridge, following its successful construction and operation in a half dozen other cities, was adopted by the Chi- cago & Northwestern R. R. for its crossing of the North Branch of the Chicago River near Kinzie Street. A second bridge of this type is under construction at Polk Street for the city of Chicago, being the first deviation of the city authorities from the city type of trunnion bridge. The Chicago & North- western bridge holds the record for the longest double track single leaf bascule bridge in the world and the most heavily trafficked and frequently oper- ated, but it will be exceeded by the Strauss bridge now under construction for the C. & W. I. R. R. across the Grand Calumet River. The above five types represent practically all those which have passed beyond the stage of a single initial installation, so that we have here in Chicago examples of every design which has experienced commercial development. And it is in Chicago therefore that the true rating and standing of these types will be determined. The highway bridges whether built by the city or the sanitary district, are all operated and maintained by the city, and the bridge department has put into practice an excel- lent system of performance and maintenance records, covering the different types, which records are prov- ing of incalculable value, in arriving at an accurate idea of their efficiency. From these records it has become evident that bascule bridges naturally fall into two groups, namely, those with rolling contacts and those without. The trunnion bridge, which include the City Trun- nion and the Strauss Trunnion, belong to the latter group; the remaining three types belong to the roll- ing contact group. The rolling contact bridges have given evidence of elemental weakness in the tracks and threads which in two or three structures have resulted in fracture, throwing grave doubt upon the suitability of the rolling contact principle for such usage. On the other hand, the trunnion has proven here as it has during a period of fifty years or so in Europe, that it is a highly efficient and absolutely reliable device under all conditions of service and for all limits of size and weight. 92 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING TYPE OF STR \l>- At the present time Chicago faces the necessity for further advance in bascule bridge design in con- nection with the proposed increase in the clear width of channel in the main river. The existing bascules provide a clear waterway of 1 40 feet between fen- der lines, cutting off approximately 60 feet of the river width because of the projecting abutments. The new harbor commissioner appointed by the mayor to improve and develop the harbor and river and which commission is headed by John M. Ewen as harbor engineer, has recommended a clear chan- nel width equal to the full width of the river or ap- proximately 200 feet, and it seems more than likely that the future bascule bridges of Chicago will be required to provide this clear width. Since the building line in almost all cases extends to the dock, and since the dock will be the new fender line, it becomes rather a knotty problem to 1IK;E ()\F.R CHICAGO RIVF.R. develop a design which shall not encroach on either, or interfere with the full utility of the river or the value of abutting property. The present depth of counterweight pit is also close to the maximum limit and it will be necessary for the new design to exceed this limit but little. Last but not least, the cost must not amount much above the cost of the present city standard, all of which means a bascule bridge of still greater efficiency and greater capacity, and it is safe, therefore, to expect still further Chicago contributions to the bridge builder's art in the future than have been given in the past. What the Chicago engineers have already accom- plished is the firm establishment of the bascule, throughout the world, as the most advanced type of movable bridge, and in so doing they have con- tributed in no small degree to the present remarkable development of our internal waterways. 93 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago's Water Supply System St/ John E. Ericsson Introduction IN the transition of the world from chaos to cosmos water formed one of the early stages, and ever since the formation of the organic world it has been one of the essential necessities for progress and development. The life of the little unobserved herb in the crevice on the mountain side is as dependent thereon as is man, the crowning glory of God's creation. After performing its life giving functions to ani- mal life, it IS taken into the earth and is passed by natural forces to the arteries of all organic growth or percolates to the streams or oceans that float the com- merce between nations. Straggling veins extract the medicinal qualities from organic substance or dissolve equally valuable elements from inorganic matter and emerge as springs to relieve the ailments of afflicted man. All unseen it ascends to the clouds in its invisible purity and descends, scouring, cleansing and absorb- ing the impurities in the air we breathe, ready to re- peat indefinitely the cycle of its functions. Ever since man came upon earth his life and hap- piness have depended on a sufficient and pure supply of water. The lonely settler, whose cabin was located by the everlasting spring or brook, had no necessity for any mechanical device for the collection or storage of the commodity, but as the race increased and people commenced to live in communities, smaller or larger, the earliest method of artificially obtaining a water supply was undoubtedly by the digging of wells. As communities grew larger, many collected the water through aqueducts, some several miles in length, to cisterns and reservoirs, where the inhabi- tants secured their supply and carried it to their homes. Among such ancient constructions the Aqua Ap- pia of Rome, built about 312 B. C. and which had a length of eleven miles, may be mentioned. The development of modern water works in Eu- rope was slow, up to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and was confined principally to London and Paris. With the application of steam to the pumping of water, a great impetus was given to the development of water works constructions. In the United States the progress in the develop- ment of such works, especially in the improvements in the making of cast iron pipe and the perfection of pumping machinery, has been marked since 1 850. Today there is not a city, and hardly a village of some two thousand inhabitants, that has not its own water supply system. Early Development of the Water Supply System of Chicago The town of Chicago was incorporated in 1833 and the city of Chicago in 1837. In those early days the little group of citizens with their homes located on the shore of one of the largest natural fresh water reservoirs in the world, and not being used to the luxury of having the supply delivered by gravity or machinery through pipes into their homes, gave but little thought to water works development, se- curing their supply in buckets and barrels as it was needed, from wells, river or lake. An enterprising corporation, the Chicago Hy- draulic Company, however, came into existence in 1836. By the construction of a reservoir at Lake Street and Michigan Avenue the supply was brought nearer to the homes of the citizens, and a part of the new city obtained its supply therefrom. It was not until 1840, however, that a pumping engine was constructed, and thereafter the water was brought still nearer to the consumers through bored out logs, of which two miles were then laid. The supply was obtained from Lake Michigan through an iron pipe running out into the lake about 1 50 feet. The young city grew rapidly in population, the services rendered by the private water company were unsatisfactory, and in 1 85 1 , by legislative act, the city was given power to establish its own water works, and the franchise of the Chicago Hydraulic Company were taken over by the city. 94 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING From this time a new era in the development of water supply system of Chicago was initiated. The Beginning of the Half Century With these preliminary remarks, we will take a glance at the system at the termination of the year 1858, or the beginning of the semi-centennial period, which is the object of this sketch. Chicago had now grown to be a city with about 100.000 inhabitants. Its people were supplied with water by means of two pumping engines and four boilers, located in a pumping station at the foot of Chicago Avenue near the lake; the supply being ob- tained through a 30 inch wooden pipe reaching about 600 feet out into the lake. The total nominal capacity of the plant was 21,- 000,000 gallons per 24 hours and the average daily pumpage in 1859 was at the rate of 3,877,1 19 gal- lons per 24 hours. The water was distributed through 72 miles of mains with which 272 fire hydrants were connected. The area of the city at that time was about 18 square miles, and the daily consumption of water per capita was only about 39 gallons. Contamination of the Supply While the capacity of the new pumping station with the low per capita consumption was more than ample for some years, the rapid increase in popula- tion of the city, its increasing commerce and trade, and the construction of miles of sewers which dis- charged their foul contents into the waters of the lake and river, brought about a condition as regards pur- ity of the water supply that soon became well nigh unbearable, and made Chicago a butt for jokes all over the country. The Chicago River, ordinarily more like a cur- rentless bayou, became a cesspool of filth, which the spring floods carried out into the lake, contaminating its water for a considerable area and rendering the water supply extremely impure. Small fish that sought the shallow water near the shore were drawn into the water intake pipe, and after passing through the pumps were disseminated through the water pipes of the city. Owing to the War, which absorbed the attention of engineers and others all over the country, this state of affairs was endured until 1863, when the limit of endurance was reached, and the citizens be- gan to show a determination to have the conditions changed. Many schemes were proposed to purify the Chi- cago River, all more or less extreme and impractical. Even at this early date the suggestion to construct a series of intercepting sewers was made, but the ex- pense and the time required would be so great and the entire matter so much of an experiment that the scheme was abandoned. The Ship Canal idea was also under considera- tion, but a bill introduced in Congress for this pur- pose was killed, and deprived the citizens of Chicago of all hope of relief in that manner. With an inexhaustible reservoir of pure water lo- cated at their outer door, requiring only some means whereby the crystal fluid could be brought from a sufficient distance from shore, the authorities were bordering on a state of desperation. The First Water Tunnel The idea of constructing a tunnel under the bed of the lake, which was now brought forward, was a new one and was by many engineers declared im- practicable. To the forethought, skill and determination of the City Engineer at that time, Mr. E. S. Chesbrough, IS due the adoption and consummation of this idea of securing for the coming metropolis an improved water supply, which method has since added so much to the growth, health and happiness of the city, and made the later problems of extensions comparatively easy. This first lake tunnel, five feet in internal di- ameter and two miles long, was completed in 1867, and the water supply problem was solved for the time being. The increase in area of the city through annexa- tion of adjoining territory and the rapid increase in population soon brought up another problem as re- gards the water supply situation. The pumping station located at the lake on the eastern margin of the city could not deliver sufficient water at the required pressure to distant inland por- tions of the city, and it became apparent that a pump- ing station must be located and constructed so as to provide an effective service to those districts. The successful completion and operation of the first tun- 95 HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING DIAGRAM SHOWING GROWTH OF CHICAGO WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM DURING 50 YEARS 1858 — 1908 COMPLETED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF JOHN ERICSON CITY ENGINEER 96 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING .— -.^^ CAKIKK li. II AKklSD.N (Kll!. 1 ComniciiccU 1SS7. KUUU-.Mll.K ( UIi:. I irV 111 LUlcAuO. 97 l\.iii|)lclc'»n'^*"' HIGHWAY AND ELECTRIC RAILWAY SCHERZER ROLLING LIFT BRIDGE ACROSS THE CHICAGO RIVER AT MAIN STREET, CHICAGO, FOR THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. In the open position. HIGHWAY AND KLKCTKIC KAILW.W SCHERZER ROLLING LIFT F.RIDGE ACROSS THE CIIIC.VCO RI\ ER AT MAIN STREET, CHICAGO, FOR THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. In the closed position. 104 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING IIIilllWAV AM) EI.ECTKK kAIL\\A\ >U 1 1- K/:h/< K.u.i.l.N.. ).ll-l l;Kll",K Ai R( >SS TIIECIIICAnO kivhk \1 MAIK mkm-.i. CmCAdO, EOR THE SAXITARV DISTRICT OK CHICAIIU. \'iew showing bridge in the open m>silion. This bridge is the tirst bascule briilge on the route of the Deep Waterway from the C;reat Lakes to the (iulf of Mexico and Panama Canal. llIi;llWAV AM) EI.El TKU KAII.W A'l SlllEKZER ROM. INC. LIFT ItRIIH.E ACROSS THE (IIICAC.O RI\ ER AT STATE STREET. (IIICAC.O. FOR THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF IHIi ACo. In the closed position. 105 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING but in the main the project of forty years ago has been abandoned and the area m question is now de- voted to park purposes. Chicago in recent years has been losing its lake commerce. Perhaps if the development of earlier years had been carried out as planned the story might have been different. While to some extent the com- merce of Chicago has declined because of the natural falling off of the supply of some of the commodities of lake commerce — notably lumber — it is undoubt- edly true that better facilities would have meant more water traffic. It is significant that the Chicago river harbor is the only one showing decline of water traf- fic. The movement of freight on the Great Lakes has increased tremendously in the past decade. Mil- waukee, Duluth, Cleveland and Buffalo all show large increase in tonnage. The port of Chicago has just about held its own during the past ten years. Chicago proper shows a large decline. The water traffic for the port as a whole has remained constant because the commerce of South Chicago has in- creased by about the same amount that that of Chi- cago proper has fallen off. There are signs that the city is awakening to the importance of water transportation. The vessel men and the dealers in the few commodities of heavy lake traffic, who heretofore have been waging the battle for river improvements practically alone, are now receiving the support of the public authorities and of public opinion. The appointment by Mayor Busse of the Harbor Commission was one evidence of this reawakening. The Harbor Commission after more than a year of work upon the subject, submitted to the Council on March I , last, a report recommend- ing a comprehensive plan of harbor development. The city administration and the Council Committee on Harbors, Wharves and Bridges are now dealing with these various recommendations with a view to carrying them into effect as speedily as possible. The subjects first to receive attention are those of center pier bridges and the developments of docks north of the mouth of the river. For years the street car tunnels under the river were serious obstacles to navigation, and prevented vessels entering the river loaded to their full capac- ity. After years of agitation, these obstacles to navigation were removed. The center pier bridges. however, remained. The agitation for their removal, and the substitution for them of bridges of the bas- cule type has been carried on for a number of years. Recently some of these old bridges have been taken out and new bridges of the bascule type having a clear span of 1 40 feet at the water line have been substituted in their place. The Harbor Commission was of the opinion that the bridges, instead of being 140 feet in the clear, should be 200 feet. The problem confronting the city at this time is, not only to do away with the cen- ter pier structures, but to get in their place bridges ad- equate for the needs of the future. The War De- partment has already fixed a date within which the bridges at Lake Street and Indiana Street must be removed. The city administration and the Council Committee on Harbors, Wharves and Bridges are now dealing with this matter with a view to making arrangements for the best type of structure that can be devised. Within a few years the policy of har- bor improvement should make it possible for the larg- est vessels navigating the lakes to enter the main river and its branches and traverse them for as great a dis- tance as the interests of shipping call for. The Harbor Commission, created by resolution of the City Council and appointed by Mayor Busse, was directed primarily to consider the question as to how much of the lake front should be reserved for future harbor uses. The commission was of the opin- ion that extensive reservations should be made south of Grant Park, but it did not recommend the immedi- ate construction of harbors m that vicinity. Its sug- gestion was, that the contemplated park improve- ments for that area be so carried out as to permit of later adaption for harbor uses, if found necessary. The commission was of the opinion, however, that piers projecting into Lake Michigan north of the mouth of the river should be constructed as speedily as possible. These piers would be intended primari- ly for the accommodation of passengers and package freight boats. The passenger-carrying vessels are now doing business in the port of Chicago under very great difficulties. It is important that the facilities for these boats be increased. With the construction of a street car line running to the piers the location north of the mouth of the river would be well adapted to passenger boat purposes. 106 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING HIGHWAY AND ELECTRIC RAILWAY SCUERZER ROLLING LIFT BRIDGE ACROSS THE CHICAGO RIVER AT RANDOLPH STREET, CHICAGO, FOR THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. Open for navigation. lIli.UU W \xn F.LECTRIC RAILW.W ?Cin"RZER ROLLING LIFT nUIDGE ACROSS THE CHICAGO RIXKR AT KAXnoU'lL STREET, CHICAGO, FOR THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. In the closed position. 107 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The package freight boats now have their docks at various places in the Chicago River. Most of them have insufficient room for the proper transac- tion of their business. New boats that might desire terminal facilities in the port of Chicago, whether for the passenger or package freight business, would find serious difficulty in securing the desired accommoda- tions. With the construction of piers north of the mouth of the river, adequate facilities could be pro- vided for the passenger and package freight boats now doing busmess m Chicago. This location prob- ably will not provide facilities sufficient for all time to come. But the thing to do now is to provide these facilities as soon as possible, and then take up for consideration the question as to what shall be done when these piers shall be utilized to their limit of capacity. The Council Committee on Harbors, Wharves and Bridges is now considering the questions of pol- icy involved in the carrying out of this project. The mam question is as to whether the city itself shall build and own the docks, or whether it shall allow a private corporation to construct and manage them. While removal of center pier bridges and the con- struction of docks north of the mouth of the river are the two problems of most pressing importance in con- nection with dock matters, they are by no means the only ones demanding attention. Harbors are classi- fied as of two kinds, Commercial and Industrial. The harbor north of the mouth of the river would be a commercial harbor. For Chicago and the area tributary therto, what is known as Industrial Harbor Development is quite as important as Commercial Harbor Development. The branches of the Chicago River, the Sanitary District canal, the Calumet River and its branches and Lake Calumet all afford many excellent factory sites in locations having both water and rail transportation. In some cases the channels need widening and dredging. In particu- lar, there is a project on foot for deepening and im- proving Lake Calumet, filling in large portions thereof, and thus providing a system of docks within a landlocked harbor that shall afford exceptional op- portunities for industrial development. The new steel plant at Gary, Indiana, means that cheap iron and steel will be available in the Chicago district for manufacturing concerns that use those products as raw materials. This should signify much for the future of Chicago as a manufacturing center. The Harbor Commission in its report took the po- sition that the entire area from Waukegan on the north to Gary on the south should be regarded as a single industrial community, with Chicago as its nat- ural center. No development can take place in any part of this area without benefiting the whole. The Harbor Commission, therefore, very properly recom- mended that Chicago should take the leadership of the movement for improving the water transportation facilities, both commercial and industrial, of this en- tire area. If the recommendations of the Harbor Commis- sion be carried out, and if the water terminal facilities of the community be speedily improved, it is unques- tionable that the public will gain much thereby. 108 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Foundations ^y Edward C. Shankland THE development of the foundations support- ing the buildings in Chicago has kept pace with the evolution of the skyscraper, which originated in Chicago, but which on account of the restrictions imposed by the City has not been carried to the heights reached elsewhere. The illustration on following page is a record of borings and caissons from 1 2th Street on the South, to Chicago Avenue on the North, and gives a com- prehensive and accurate representation of the soil supporting Chicago's high buildings. The following is a brief description of the loca- tion of the different borings. Boring No. I — Brand building now being erected at 1223-27 Wabash Avenue. Boring No. 2 — Addition to Fisher building. Dearborn and Van Buren Streets. Boring No. 3 — Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way Company's Office building, Franklin Street and Jackson Boulevard. Boring No. 4 — Northern Trust Bank building. La Salle and Monroe Streets. Boring No. 5 — Chicago & Northwestern Ter- minal Station now being erected at Lake and Clin- ton Streets. Boring No. 6 — Steele Wedeles building. Dear- born Avenue and Chicago River. Boring No. 7 — Montgomery Ward & Co., Chi- cago Avenue and Chicago River. Boring No. 8 — IS submitted as a matter of inter- est. It is a record of an artesian well at Franklin Street and Jackson Boulevard for the Chicago and Northwestern Office Building and shows the strati- fication of the rock down to a depth of 1 400 feet. TTie soil underlying the business district of Chi- cago does not vary greatly down to a depth of about 75 feet below street level. Below this level and es- pecially from about 1 00 feet below street level down to bed rock, great variations are found sometimes within a radius of only a few feet. East and south of the Chicago river, and as far south as 12th street, the upper stratum was originally a yellow, sandy loam extending 12 to 15 feet below the street level. The material is very fine, more or less inclined to run and is subject to considerable shrinkage when the water is removed, so that it is not at all a satisfactory material upon which to build. Below this sandy loam is usually found a tough, blue clay, containing considerable quantities of yellow, sandy loam often giving the appearance of yellow clay. This stratum usually contains but little water and is hard digging with a shovel. It is hardest on top and gradually merges into a soft blue clay at 4 to 8 feet below the hard clay. This soft blue clay contains considerable fine gravel mixed through it, with numerous sand or gravel pockets from a few inches to several feet in diameter, and occasional granite or other hard boulders. This stratum usu- ally extends to a depth of 50 to 60 feet below street level, where it gradually merges into a tough blue clay, of the same general nature as the soft clay above. This clay becomes harder and harder as the depth into it increases and becomes a hard, dry, blue clay that cannot be dug into with a shovel but must be grubbed. This hard clay stratum is found throughout the down town district of the city but var- ies greatly in thickness, 5 feet in some localities, 15 or 20 feet in others. In places it merges into the hard pan stratum, in other places it may change into al- ternating layers of hard, dry, blue clay and thin seams of compact loam or silt. In places it is found to overlay seams of tough, blue clay, from a few inches to several feet in thickness. After passing through the upper 6 or 8 feet of hard, dry, blue clay the stratification becomes very irregular and the material found at one point cannot be taken as an indication of what may be expected a few hundred feet distant. Below the hard, dry, blue clay is often found 5 to 10 feet of hard, dry, flaky clay, which usually lays in thin seams 2 to 8 inches thick and separated by thin layers of silt. In other localities thick beds of compact, dry loam or silt occurs under the hard, dry, blue clay — this mate- 109 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING 110 HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING rial is often so compact that it must be loosened up with a grub, though, if dry it falls to pieces immedi- ately upon being loosened up. The hard pan stratum consists of fine and coarse gravel, stones and occasional boulders cemented with a hard, dry. blue clay, and varies greatly in hard- ness — often it is no harder than the hard, dry clay found above — m other places it is so hard that but slow progress can be made in it with railroad picks. This hard pan in places extends to rock; in other places it may overlay beds of fine sand, loam or gravel and boulders, with a second layer of hard pan on the rock. Wherever rock lies below I 10 feet below street grade with sand, gravel or loam immediately above, water usually occurs, rising in places 1 5 feet or more above the rock. The distribution of boulders above rock is also very irregular; caissons have been put down to rock without striking a gravel bed or boulder, while less than 40 feet from the same caisson another put down where 12 feet of boulders were encountered, rock in both cases being at practically the same elevation. The compressible nature of the soil makes the proper designing of the foundations a complex and somewhat difficult problem. The plain truth, pointed out by Mr. Frederick Baumann, who is known as the father of the isolated pier foundation, and which is described by him in a little book pub- lished in 1 873, that a flat body resting on a yielding soil must be centrally loaded in order to settle evenly was not observed in the early days. As a conse- quence the settlement of those buildings was very un- even and their walls were apt to be considerably out "of plumb. Before Mr. Baumann brought out his method of isolated foundations some improvements had been attempted from time to time, but not al- ways with success. One new architect introduced inverted arches in the foundations with the result that the posts were thrown out of plumb so badly, that extra anchors had to be provided to prevent the buildings from toppling over. The most notable example of this was in the case of three water reservoirs built by the City of Chicago in 1854. Each one was 60 feet in diameter and 30 feet high, resting partly on the foundations under the outside walls and partly on inverted arches sprung between them. The exterior was pressed brick with a good deal of cut stone. When finished and one was being filled with water the arch shoved out the foundations of the walls, and there would have been a total collapse had not the water been immediately drawn off. The old buildings, from three to six stories in height to be found on Adams, Monroe and other streets are typical of the class of buildings first put up after the fire. In these buildings the foundations vary in size according to the number of stories in the building. As a consequence the load per square foot on the soil under these buildings is often very great and averages much greater than those under buildings erected later. There are buildings of this type where the pressure on the soil from the dead weight of the building is from 14,000 to 15,000 pounds per square foot. These excessive loads caused very great and very uneven settlement, but the buildings, being of brick and wood could withstand the distortion produced by the great variations in settlement, variations which would not be allowed in the more recent steel frame buildings. Then too the settlement was not noticed because the street grades varied so much. Only a few years ago it was common to have steps in the sidewalk caused by the different grades of adjoining buildings and several such sets of steps would be found in the same block. Where the street varied in height sev- eral feet in the same block, the settlements of build- ings however great, would attract little attention. Some of these foundations rested on the blue clay spoken of above as being about 14 feet below street grade, but very often they rest on the filled ground, one foot or even two or three feet above the clay. This makes these buildings unstable when adjoining buildings are removed, and they have to be handled carefully when new buildings are erected as the foundations of the latter are carried down to a much greater depth. However, these buildings in the down town district are being replaced so rapidly that they are really not an important factor in the subway problem. The next type is the spread foundation made of steel rails or I beams embedded in concrete. The 111 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING TEST MADE AT SOUTH END OF IIAXUFACTURERS AXn Lir.ERAL ARTS BUILDIXG. CAISSON, AMERICAN TRUST AND SAVINGS BANK BUILDING. 112 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Rand McNally on Adams Street, the Royal Insur- ance on Jackson Boulevard, the Rookery, the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, the Temple, and Home In- surance on La Salle Street, and the Marquette, on Dearborn Street are of this class. Buildings resting on spread foolmgs are among the highest and costliest in the city and include besides those mentioned, the Marshall Field wholesale, the Masonic Temple, Ta- coma, Monadnock Block, Great Northern buildings, Ashland Block and others. In this type the load carried by each column or pier was accurately calculated and the area of its foundation determined by dividing this load by the assumed pressure per square foot. This pressure was commonly taken 3,000 pounds although in some cases it was taken as high as 4,000. Thus the areas and therefore the depths of the footings varied ac- cording to the loads. In the most successful build- ings, the dead weight of the structures was alone con- sidered in proportioning the area of the footing, for when the live load \vas taken into account the varia- tions in settlement were greater. In erection the foundations were set up higher than they were ulti- mately intended to be in order to allow for the set- tlement sure to take place and which is all the way from 9 inches to over 20 inches. This necessitates also raising the inside line of the sidewalks and ac- counts for the steep slope of some sidewalks now to be found, where the assumed settlement did not take place. When the construction plans of the World's Col- umbian Exposition buildings were begun in March, 1 89 1 , the bearing value of the soil at Jackson Park was an unknown quantity. Over 200 borings were made on the sites of the main buildings, and the soil was found to average 1 foot black soil, I 3 feet sand, the lower portion being saturated with water, 1 3 feet soft clay, hard pan be- ing found at an average depth of 27 feet. Loading tests were also made to determine the safe load to put upon the soil, also whether it would squeeze out under pressure, as most of the large build- ings were to be placed on the banks of the lagoons. The accompanying photograph of the test at the south end of Manufacturers and Liberal Arts Build- ing is interesting. The load was 3161 pounds per square foot on a base 3 feet by 3 feet one inch which caused a settlement of 8 inches while load was being put in place and in 90 hours the settlement was 3 feet 2 inches. The test was then discontinued; although the settlement had not ceased. Pile foundations have always been used along the liver and to some extent in the business center. The Medinah Temple, on Jackson Boulevard, The Fed- eral building, on the block bounded by Jackson, Clark, Adams and Dearborn, and the Merchants Loan and Trust building, Clark and Adams Streets, are built on piles. In the latter building concrete walls were used on the west wall where the building adjoins the Chicago Edison building. The latest type of foundations and the one used almost exclusively now for the high steel buildings is the concrete well or caisson. The word well is a better definition as it describes the method more ac- curately, but "caisson" has come into universal use and it will be used hereafter in this report. These caissons are preferably carried down to and rest upon bed rock which is found as stated previously at from 105 to 120 feet below street level. Sometimes, however, they stop at hard pan about 70 feet below street level and are belled out, that is the diameter of the caisson is increased at the bottom in order to re- duce the pressure per square foot on the clay. The Corn Exchange shown on caissons going down to the rock. The west wall of Merchants Loan and Trust Company and the Chicago National Bank, and the Rector building, are supported on caissons which rest on the hard pan and are belled out. The accompanying photograph shows bed rock in the bottom of one of the caissons supporting the American Trust and Savings Bank building, corner of Monroe and Clark Streets, at a depth of 105 feet below street level. The use of compressed air in sinking caissons has been used for the first time on a large scale in putting down the caissons for the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company's Terminal Station at Madison and Canal Streets. These caissons were completed a few months ago. They were dug down about 80 feet in the ordinary manner and then air locks were put in the shafts and the rest of the work down to rock about 120 feet was done under a pressure of 15 pounds. 113 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Development of Fire Resisting IVEaterial for Buildings Sp William Holabird EACH passing year contains accounts of many fires, large and small, mvolvmg complete or partial destruction of valuable property and losses due to necessary rebuildmg or extensive re- pairs, including the consequent loss in time and money before the business is again in running order. Such disasters as the Baltimore fire and the San Francisco conflagration have shown the unreliabil- ity of many classes of construction previously con- sidered fireproof. Engineers, architects and build- ers throughout the country have been spurred to re- newed efforts toward the finding of a material which will, in the highest degree possible, assure protection against the destructive effects of fire. An article in "Insurance Engineering" several years ago by J. S. Sewell, then Captain of Engin- eers, U. S. A., gives the following conditions under which a material may be considered as fireproof, viz: "It shall be incombustible. It shall undergo no molecular change in a fire that will impair its strength or change its form. It shall be possessed of considerable strength and shall be so applied that the expansion and contraction stresses due to rapid heating and sudden cooling will not destroy it or impair its usefulness. It shall be a poor conductor of heat." Other authorities have added further requirements, namely : That the material shall be of such a nature as to make it adaptable not only as a protective covering, but also as a structural part of a building. That it shall be economical in construction and require only a minimum amount of repair in case of damage by fire. That it shall possess a rate of expansion nearly equal to that of the steel which it is de- signed to protect, so that at no time will the metal be exposed to the heat of the fire through a cracking or falling away of the protective coating, or be liable to rust through contact with moisture. Upon examination of the different fireproofing ma- terials now available, it seems that the above condi- tions are most nearly fulfilled by two, brick and con- crete. The former, when made of good quality, hard burned clay, either in the form of common or pressed brick, is indeed an excellent fireproofing ma- terial; but its extensive use as a protective covering for steel and its employment in any structural parts of the building is largely prohibited by the necessary massiveness of the construction and the resulting heavy cost of erection. Concrete, however, meets the requirements more fully ; hence it is used more and more in the construc- tion of fireproof buildings. In the form of cement blocks it is being extensively used in the building of smaller business structures and private dwellings. Reinforced concrete is adaptable not only for the construction of the floors and partitions of steel skel- eton buildings and for the protection of interior col- umns, beams and girders, but also, and most success- fully, for the entire structural work of offices, ware- houses, mills, factories, public buildings, etc. Reinforced concrete, besides best fulfilling the conditions for a fireproof structure, has several other distinct advantages. Chief among these may be mentioned, continual improvement with age instead of deterioration, absence of vibration (an important factor in the construction of mills and factories), easy production of any desired architectural effects, and decrease in insurance and maintenance charges. It also permits a type of construction with a flat ceiling, thus decreasing the height of the outside walls, while preserving the same interior head room, lessening the cost of the building, making easier the installation and operation of sprinkler systems, and giving assur- ance that a stream of water from a fire hose against the ceiling will spread over the maximum area and 114 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING will not be deflected by intervening beams and girders. Concrete, when tested in the laboratory in the form of cubes and exposed to high temperatures, showed a tendency to decrease in strength, and was therefore thought by many to be a poor fireproof ma- terial; but fire tests of floors and partitions and of buildings actually constructed showed no such dis- couraging results, as the concrete appeared to be lit- tle affected by the fire. Prof. Ira A. Woolson of Columbia University discovered the solution of this apparent contradiction in the fact that concrete was a remarkably poor conductor of heat, and hence the heat penetrated the thinner cubes more rapidly than the thicker concrete used in the floors tested and in the structural parts of the buildings actually erected. This IS an item of the greatest importance in the selec- tion of a fireproof material. Several authorities state that when concrete is heated to a high temperature — say between 700 and 1 ,000 Fahrenheit — the moisture present in the form of water of crystallization is evaporated, and upon further application of heat is driven off. This process requires a considerable length of time during which the concrete is affected to the depth of only a quarter of an inch. To disintegrate the material un- derneath the heat must first pass through the dried- out upper portion, \vhich is now a better non-conduc- tor than before. This involves a period of time con- siderably longer than that of the severest fire to which any structure might be subjected, without consider- ing the presence of apparatus for quenching the flames. Because of this peculiarity of concrete it is found that a covering of two or three inches will amply pro- tect from fire structural steel work; and the density of concrete preserves it from moisture and the for- mation of rust, while necessary repairs after the fire generally involve a mere resurfacing because of the spalling or chipping of the concrete at exposed cor- ners, or the breaking away of the finish from the body of the concrete floor. Since with all materials angular surfaces are more liable to damage by fire than flat or rounded surfaces, and with concrete a sharp corner is more liable to damage by water, it has been suggested as a remedy that all exposed corners should be rounded. With a material like concrete this is very easily accom- plished. In many cases of floor construction time elapses between the placing of the concrete proper and the wearing surface or finish; thus the bond between the two is often imperfect. A better bond can be ob- tained by applying the finish coat immediately after the structural concrete of the floor is laid. This would probably prevent the scaling of the surface un- der fire. In reinforced concrete construction some authori- ties think it best to place an additional coating around columns and girders in order that the danger of fire exposing the reinforcing steel and causing a weaken- ing or possible collapse of the structure may be re- duced to a minimum. For fireproofing, and for partitions or other parts where no heavy loads are to be sustained, numerous tests and actual experiences have shown that the best material is concrete made with cement, sand and cinders; but in order to give the most efficient results the cinders should be of the best quality and contain a minimum amount of unburned coal, and the con- crete must be well proportioned and mixed, and must form a dense compact mass. For floors and other structural parLs of the building the most efficient fire- proof material is concrete, made of gravel, trap rock, granite or limestone. Though fire may cause a cal- cination of the limestone concrete this rarely extends more than three-quarters of an inch below the sur- face, even after the severest fire. Concrete has not lacked convincing proofs of its practicability and fireproofing qualities as the reports of experts and commissions, and the results of tests and actual experience have shown. Recent tests made by the U. S. Geological Survey at the Under- writers' Laboratories in Chicago were more severe than any possible conflagration and demonstrate clearly the efficiency of concrete as a fireproof material. No one has forgotten the fires at Baltimore and San Francisco and the lessons taught. At the time of the Baltimore fire concrete was not so well known as it is today. In the area devasted there were only two buildings of four stories in which the floor sys- tems were constructed throughout of reinforced con- crete. In other cases where concrete was employed 11; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING it was used for floor panels in place of hollow tile, and as a covering for columns and girders. Yet, even at this stage in the history of concrete, the re- sults of the severe tests of fire upon these earlier types of construction greatly encouraged those who be- lieved in its fireproofing qualities. Experts and scien- tists in their reports spoke favorably of its value as a protective material. In one instance the banking floor of a building was saved from injury by a floor immediately above it, which was of concrete construction; yet this floor was subjected to the falling debris of the floors and roof above which were of inflammable material and were completely destroyed. Another interesting incident was the case of a four story brick building, with attic and basement, in which the original wooden floor system had been re- placed by reinforced concrete, the floor panels being cantilevered to recesses cut in the brick walls. After the fire it was found that, as there was no real connec- tion between the side walls and floors, portions of the side walls fell away leaving the upper floors exposed, while the front and rear walls of the building bulged outward. An examination of the floor system re- vealed the fact that although the concrete had spalled or chipped away from the edges of the beams and columns, and on wide flat surfaces had calcined in some places to a depth of % inches, still the con- struction was otherwise apparently sound; further- more, a test load of 300 pounds per square foot on a panel of the second floor gave a deflection under ^ inch, though the total load for which the floor was designed was only 1 50 pounds per square foot. A cantilevered section of the floor, subjected to a test load of 1 50 pounds per square foot, showed no seri- ous deflection. Again, in the San Francisco disaster, though there was not a single instance of modern reinforced con- crete construction in the section of the city traversed by the fire, concrete was used extensively in floor con- struction and in covering steel columns and girders. Here also it demonstrated its fire-resisting qualities and its ability to effectively protect the metal and pre- vent buckling or collapse. A proof of the confidence which the people of San Francisco place in concrete is found in the fact that it has been extensively em- ployed in the rebuilding of the city. Fires such as those at the Dayton Motor Car Works and at the Huyler Building in New York City also reveal the ability of reinforced concrete, when properly constructed, to confine a severe fire to one floor or section of a building with little or no damage to floors above and below, and to allow the portions affected by the fire to be reoccupied in a few days' time. It is therefore evident from the characteristics of concrete, as proven by tests and actual experience, that it IS a most efficient fireproof material. To give the best results, however, it must be of good work- manship, well proportioned and mixed, and, where reinforcement is used, the steel must be so placed as to guarantee a sufficient amount of concrete protect- ing the metal. Observing these precautions there would seem to be no reason why concrete should not be universally used for this purpose. In the years to come it is bound to grow in favor in the minds of en- gineers, architects, builders and the general public. 116 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Fireproofing Chicago's Buildings By J. J. Rockwell CHICAGO has been one of the leading cities of the country in developing the art of fireproof- ing buildings from the time of the construction of the Home Insurance Building, which it is gener- ally believed was the first steel skeleton fireproof building ever erected, down to the present day when this type of building has become comparatively common. What IS know as the Standard Type of Fireproof Construction is that in which a building is constructed of a steel frame and the steel is then protected with a covering of Terra Cotta Hollow Tile Blocks, which also form the fireproof floors carried between the steel floor beams. These blocks are, essentially, merely a modern de- velopment of brick, one of the oldest construction materials known. They are of clay, which in a plas- tic condition is molded into the various shapes and sizes necessary for purposes of fireproof construction, and the resulting blocks are then burned in kilns, as bricks are burned, under a temperature of two thou- sand degrees and upward. Few persons, even in the building industry, recog- nize the tremendously important part which hollow tile blocks have played in modern fireproof construc- tion. Indeed, it is doubtful whether the steel frame construction of buildings could ever have reached its present tremendous popularity, without the use of Terra Cotta Hollow Tile as a protection against fire, and as a means of constructing fireproof floor spans of sufficiently light weight to permit of the floors being carried to any desired height on a steel frame composed of members so light and of dimen- sions so small as to make the entire investment com- mercially economical. The first function of fire proofing in a steel frame building is to protect the steel from fire. As an in- cidental fact, in performing this duty, it also protects the steel from corrosion and rust. In connection with this duty it spans the spaces be- tween the steel floor beams, thus forming fire proof floor arches which carry the loads placed on the floors of the building in use, and at the same time ef- fectually prevent the spread of fire from one floor to another. In roof construction. Terra Cotta Hollow Tile answers the same purposes as in floor construction, but as roof loads are naturally much lighter, usually, than floor loads, the steel construction, and conse- quently the fire proof construction, are much lighter than in floor arches, and the methods of application are frequently different. The next extremely important use of Terra Cotta Hollow Tile is for the construction of fire proof par- titions for subdividing floor area as may be desired in the occupancy of the building, or as may be required for the division of large floor areas to prevent the spread of fire on a single floor. Under the classifi- cation of partitions are, of course, included closet and vault walls, enclosures for elevator shafts, et cetera. The exterior walls of steel frame buildings are usu- ally of brick or stone, through which moisture easily penetrates. To prevent this moisture from reaching and destroying the plaster on the interior Terra Cotta Hollow Tile Furring Blocks are used. TThese blocks provide a dead air space through \\'hich the dampness cannot go, and the plastering is applied di- rect to the inner side of these blocks without neces- sity for any additional furring. It will be seen from the above that Hollow Tile Blocks act not only as a protective covering for the structural steel of a building, but they, at the same time, perform important structural functions. The few years just past have seen, of course, a great many developments of Fireproofing with Hollow Tile Blocks, chiefly along the line of recognition of the great structural value which this material has in ad- dition to its fireproofing qualities. Its structural value is seen most frequently in the development of what are known as Long Span Floor Construction Systems in which the Hollow Tile, with certain methods of reinforcing, is utilized to its great- est capacity as a means of economizing the amount of steel necessary in the construction. 117 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING It still remains true, however, that Hollow Tile finds its greatest use in the fireproofing of Standard Type Buildings, as spoken of above, and which rep- resent the typical monumental buildings of Chicago, such as the La Salle Hotel, The Cook County Court House, The City Hall now in process of erection. The Commercial National Bank Building, The First National Bank Building, the great new Black- stone Hotel, The Rookery Building, and practically all of the great monumental buildmgs of the city which give to the commercial center of the city its present architectural character. Reinforced Concrete By Richard E. Schmidt THE latter half of the last century were years of triumph for steel and iron, but the universal reign of these is past and we are building largely with an artificial stone, i. e. cement, sand, stone and steel. The use of mass concrete dates from very early times and has been used for centuries for founda- tions, fortifications and other structures where great strength was required. There are several examples of comparatively old mass concrete in Chicago, which have successfully withstood the ravages of smoke and the elements, namely, the old Staats Zeit- ung Building on Washington Street, the Farwell Block on Monroe Street, Lyon & Healy's building, and the Farwell home in Lake Forest, concrete rein- forced with steel in the sense of its present day use, probably dates back only half a century. Twenty-five years ago, probably nothing was taught of this form of construction in many of the Technical Institutions of the country, and the sub- ject was not included in the curriculum of the Insti- tute of Technology at Boston. Monier, and the water tanks, drain pipes and jardinieres which he built of beton and wire netting in France, were mentioned in the Architectural magazines from time to time, but such work was not recognized as a system of construction, and appeared to be more a kind of jugglery of materials. Only a few more years passed and Mr. Ransome addressed one of the monthly dinners of the Illinois Chapter of A. I. A. and described his work in California. His description awakened some of the local architects to the comparatively unknown con- struction. Some were ready to grasp its importance and at once apply themselves to the study, the in- vestigation and the application of the new medium. They were considered with pity and looked upon as cranks and harmless experimenters. The others were very skeptical and did not consider the new style of work as useful. In June, 1900, the "American Architect and Building News" contained one of its earliest refer- ences to Reinforced Concrete, and printed an article, as a special fresh news item with the title, "The Proposed Building of a Seven-Story Building to be built of Concrete, in Connection with which large Twisted Iron Rods are to be used." The same volume of the "American Architect" contains a long article expounding on the great strengths, resistance to fire and comparative cheapness of solid concrete floors used in connection with steel beams spaced comparatively close together, and used m a number of contemporaneous English buildings. When considering the present position of rein- forced concrete in the art of building, it is almost impossible to conceive that a paper on such a prim- itive and costly method of using concrete and steel was read to a Society of Architects less than ten years ago, but notwithstanding its obscurity, a good number of buildings of reinforced concrete construc- tion were built around the year 1 900. Inasmuch as new inventions and new methods usually appeal to the inexperienced and are practiced by them before the experienced man is willing to make expensive experiments on permanent structures, and as laymen do not recognize the difficulties and dangers as quickly as trained men, they are very often ready to adopt something new and make good 118 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING use of it before the trained men make their mvesti- gations and are wiHing to accept it. Consequently rem forced concrete \vork was practiced by the inex- perienced and especially by men conversant only with sidewalk concrete work, who were without engineering knowledge and without any conception of the principles of reinforced concrete. The result was that a number of buildings collapsed, through the ignorance or haste of these people. The failures were probably not due to scamping, but to a lack of knowledge on the part of the principals and also from the lack of instructive knowledge of the con- struction on the part of the mechanics and laborers. The actual accidents, also untruthful reports of the impending collapse of reinforced concrete build- ings were noised about, and a wave of deprecation and opposition temporarily checked the advance of the new form of construction, which was to be ex- pected, for such opposition to new inventions is the usual course. It was so when the first mills equipped with Arkwright's weaving machine were fired by incendiaries; when the coach owners went to Parlia- ment to prevent the issuing of a charter for a railroad, and \\hen the mobs drove off the surveyors of the first English railroad, but all of the attempted hind- rances have had little effect. Most of the opponents finally saw "a light" and saved themselves by em- bracing one of the "systems." Only now and then is a lonesome bark heard, and today, if you ask architects, contractors, engineers and men of affairs for their opinion as to the most significant develop- men of the day in construction work, they will tell you, almost to a man, that it is the tendency to make concrete the universal building material. The pos- sible exception will be a man who has been trained in the older forms of construction and is too old to learn. Few people realize the great number of uses to which concrete may be put and to which it is put in Chicago and throughout the world. It is used in the construction of the great bridges, viaducts, tun- nels and subways. The forces of rivers and seas are defied by it. The largest engines, turbines, boilers and chimneys of immense power stations and skyscrapers stand on foundations of concrete. Boats, pontoons, telephone poles, railroad ties, electroliers, chimneys, vaults, prison cells, plumbing fixtures and even furniture are made of concrete. When the antagonism to reinforced concrete from the few who are left and who were trained in the design and use of steel and masonry ceases altogether and everyone in the building world has more knowl- edge of reinforced concrete, the labor learns its use in the same instinctive manner in which it works wood and masonry, and organized research will have established high safe unit stresses in the same manner in which the Federal Government has fixed the allowable stresses in timber under different con- ditions in recent years, the use of reinforced concrete will be increased still more for reasons of economy. Methods will be standardized and simplified, the cumbersome and expensive form work will disap- pear. Edison's scheme or some other will take their place, so that variety can be obtained, monotony and repetition avoided, and satisfactory interior and ex- terior finish obtained in one operation, doing away with furring, plastering and exterior trimmings. Texture and modelling of the walls will be ob- tained at but little additional expense, so that bald buildings will be avoided; shade and form will be obtained by simple and expedient means. The unfortunate color of Chicago common brick has been one of the city's misfortunes; in other cities the common brick is usually red so that the sides, rear and party walls appear as pleasing in color as the street elevation, whereas most of our buildings have only "fronts." The salmon color of our common brick is soon dingy, weather beaten and finally blackened. Con- crete, if it does become blackened and streaked, has an original color better able to bear it, so that its use will tend to better the general appearance of the city, and with the increased use of concrete, chemists will find new and pleasing cement colors, so that it will not always be gray. The quality of cement will be improved so that the useful particles will be in the majority and the inert in the minority, permitting even lighter and more graceful construction. Methods will be found for retarding or accelerating the setting as will be desired. Surface finish will be improved; new methods will be found to overcome the well known objections. It will be frankly treated as concrete and not as stone. 119 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING It will be used as a plastic material should be used, if the block form survives; the joints which are thereby an essential will become an essential element of good design, accentuated rather than hidden, recognized as they were in the Renaissance. Inasmuch as concrete is built with shovel and trowel, and its proper ornamentation is cast in molds, it is evident that this method ought to depart from classic forms, that it means something new, and that precedent is only a stepping stone. Opening in the walls must be built and it is to be expected that they will vary from those used in an architecture of arches, vaults and lintels. Chicago is leading the country in this method of construction as it did in steel construction, and the cause for the leadership is easily discovered. In the first place our builders have always been pioneers, and inasmuch as unfinished reinforced con- crete work is suitable for industrial plants and ware- houses, Chicago capitalists were very quick to per- ceive the cheapness and advantage of this form of construction, consequently there are now innumerable very large buildings, bridges and viaducts, all of reinforced concrete, among them, a building which probably contains a greater floor area under one roof than any other building in the world, built of reinforced concrete from the foundations to the roof. Inasmuch as a good hard rock suitable for rein- forced concrete is so close to the surface of the ground in many places within the confines of the city, in some instances, it may be crushed and used on the same property in which it was quarried, the cost of such construction is at a minimum, and fur- ther, nature has given Chicago such bountiful de- posits of good building sand in the Lake, on its beaches, and in the enormous glacial deposits of the best of materials for fire resisting concrete, that is, gravel, all within the limits of cheap transportation, the raw material for Portland Cement being also at hand in large quantities in the confines of the city and the surrounding states, Chicago is indeed favor- ably located, in the economic center of activity of reinforced concrete construction. The expansion in steel industries on the lower end of Lake Michigan, very close to Chicago, will pro- duce the steel required by reinforced concrete at the lowest prices. Possessing the ingenuity of trained engineering skill, also all of the components of rein- forced concrete, this material will lead all other forms of construction used in the city. We will live to see it increase in use until wood is not used for structural purposes, if not actually pro- hibited. Its volume will increase in an ever increas- ing ratio and its uses in an increasing number of ap- plications; some may be only ephemeral but the per- manent uses will increase continually. All other trades will remain and bloom ; each will follow the line of least resistance and all humanity will benefit by better and more beautiful dwellings and structures of all kinds. 120 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago's Street Railways THE earliest public transportation in the streets of Chicago was afforded by omnibuses. In 1853. Frank Parmelee & Co. and M. O. & S. B. Walker established bus lines in Chicago, and these remained the only means of public conveyance down to 1 859. In the year 1859 charters for street railroads were obtained for each of the three divisions of the city. February 14, 1859, the Legislature granted charters to the Chicago City Railway Company, and to the North Chicago Railway Company, and one week later a further charter was granted to the Chicago West Division Railway Company. The Chicago City Railway Company at once be- gan the construction of a steet railroad under its char- ter, and, early in the Spring of 1 859, the first horse cars ran on the streets of Chicago. The first line built was a single track road in State Street from Lake to 1 2th Street, and the equipment of the road consisted of 5 two-horse cars and 1 one-horse car. This line was soon extended to 22nd Street, thence to Cottage Grove Avenue and down Cottage Grove Avenue to 3 I st Street. The following year double track was laid from Adams Street to Cottage Grove Avenue. Lines were next extended by the Chicago City Rail- way Company on the West Side, along Madison and Randolph Streets to Ogden Avenue, and, in 1864, a branch was extended on Archer Avenue. By the close of the year 1 867, the company operated 1 7'/4 miles of track and its average daily receipts were about $837. The North Chicago Railway Company, like the City Railway Company, began the construction of lines immediately upon the granting of its charter. Within a short time tracks had been laid in North Clark Street from North Water Street to North Av- enue, on Division Street to Clybourn Avenue, and thence to the then city limits, and in Wells Street to Division Street. Other lines were rapidly extended on the principal North Side streets. By 1867 the company owned 20 cars and operated about ten miles of road. August 1 , 1863, the Chicago West Division Rail- way Company, which had been incorporated more than four years before, purchased the lines of the Chicago City Railway Company on Madison and Randolph Streets, paying $200,000 therefor. In 1867 the West Division Company owned 20 miles of track and 65 cars; its average daily receipts were $868. These three principal traction companies, and their successors, reaching from the down town district to the North, South and West Sides, have always afforded by far the greater part of Chicago's surface transportation, and are the underlying companies with which Chicago's great traction problem has been mainly concerned. With the growth of the city a number of minor outlying companies have been formed reaching the outskirts of the city and its sur- rounding suburbs. The early operation of street railways in Chicago was beset with many difficulties. The down town streets were paved with cobble stones and elsewhere wUh plank, which formed a very yielding and inse- cure road bed. The great fire of 1871 temporarily wiped out the greater part of Chicago's traction sys- tem. The West Division Company suffered least from its effects, but the track, rolling stock and barns of the North Chicago Company were entirely de- stroyed. However, the lines were quickly restored, and extensions were yearly added. With the growing extensions of Chicago's street railways, the old horse cars became too slow. The cable had been successfully used in San Francisco, and January 17, 1881, the City Council granted the Chicago City Railway Company the right to con- struct and operate a cable system. The first cable cars ran on State Street to 39th, January 28, 1 882. The North Chicago Street Railroad Company was organized. May 18, 1886, by Charles T. Yer- kes, then of Philadelphia, and acquired a controlling interest in the North Chicago Railway Company. The new company became the lessee of the old one and the operator of its lines. By agreement made by Yerkes with the city, utilization of the La Salle Street tunnel began in 1 887. The cable system was adopted on all the principal lines of the North Side Company, June 7, 1888. Similarly, the West Chi- 121 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING cago Street Railroad Company, organized by Yerkes, acquired, in 1 887, the control of all the lines of the Chicago West Division Railway Com- pany, and became its lessee and operator. The next year the West Chicago Company began the installa- tion of cables on its lines. In 1893 the use of the overhead trolley was be- gun, and within the next few years, as fast as it was practicable to make the changes, this system was ex- tended to all of Chicago's traction service. In 1 899 another great change in the management of the city's traction system took place. The com- panies on the North and West Sides were joined and the operation of all their lines was undertaken by the Union Traction Company. The campaign for the betterment of Chicago's traction system was now fairly on, and raged fiercely until the final passage of the present Traction Ordi- nance by the City Council in February, 1 907, and its ratification by the people in the April elections of that year. The Ordinance was promptly accepted by the Chicago City Railway Company, and in Janu- ary, 1908, the Chicago Railways Company took over all the lines of the Union Traction Company, together with a number of subordinate lines and be- gan the work of rehabilitation under the Ordinance. The transformation of Chicago's wornout dilap- idated street car service into an up-to-date superbly equipped traction system, without a superior any- where, within the short space of time that has elapsed since the passage of the Traction Ordinance, is a ver- itable marvel of constructive achievement and has ex- ceeded in realization the most sanguine hopes of the supporters of that measure. Under the terms of the Traction Ordinance the Chicago Railways Company, operating the lines on the North and West Sides, and the Chicago City Railway Company, operating the South Side lines, have already expended on the work of rehabilitation over $43,000,000. The work has all been done and the contracts let under the supervision of the Board of Supervising Engineers created by the Ordinance, and full value obtained for every dollar expended. In this labor an average of 6000 men have been daily employed; over 300 miles of new steel, grooved 129- pound rails have been laid in the most perfect road bed that could be devised. The right of way of the companies along the lines has been repaved with new granite blocks, many hundreds of miles of conduit laid, and trolley renewed and erected. More than 300 miles of trolley poles have been set back from the street curb, and twenty-two new buildings and car barns have been constructed. The Chicago Railways Company has let contracts for the con- struction of the La Salle and Washington Street tun- nels, on which work is now progressing. The Chi- cago Railways Company has 850 pay-as-you-enter cars in operation on its lines, while on the North and West Sides the Chicago Railways Company will shortly have in service 1 ,000 of these new pay-as-you- enter cars, and, in addition is remodeling 300 double truck cars into cars of the latest type. The city of Chicago receives 55 per cent of the net profits derived from the operation of these lines, and the patronage IS rapidly increasing with the improved service. With the final establishment of the through routes mapped out in the Traction Ordinance, Chicago's system of surface transportation will be as perfect as could be devised under existing conditions. Physical conditions, such as low subways, lack of bridges, in- sufficient equipment of connecting roads, etc., have caused delay in the establishment of most of these routes, and considerable public disappointment has been occasioned thereby. It is the belief, however, of the supervising engineers and traction officials that all the prescribed through routes will be in operation within another year. Great progress is also being made toward the im- provement of the traction service of the connecting companies operating outside the territory reached by the City Railway Company and the Chicago Rail- ways Company. The former company already has an agreement with the Calumet and South Chicago Railway Company under which that road is operated under the supervision of the City Railway Company. Similar arrangments will doubtless soon be made be- tween the Chicago Railways Company and the Con- solidated Traction Company, operating lines as far as Evanston on the north and Lyons on the west. With such arrangements carried into effect the resi- dents of the outlying districts will enjoy the benefits of a traction service unsurpassed in the world. 122 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago Railways Company Remarkable Record in Work of Rehabilitation UPON the formal acceptance of the present Traction Ordinance, January 28, 1908, the Chicago Railways Company took over the lines then operated by the Union Traction Company on the North and West Sides, together with a num- ber of subordinate lines, comprising a traction system extending from 26th Street and Fortieth Avenue on the south and west to Devon Avenue on the north, and serving a population of 1 ,600,000 people. This new company is strictly a Chicago company, its stockholders and directors are Chicagoans, and, with characteristic Chicago energy, the company set about the work of complete rehabilitation of its vast network of lines. The transformation of Chicago's old street car service, familiarly known as "the worst in the world," into a modern traction system, "the best in the world," within the space of two years, is one of the marvels of modern constructive enterprise. The Chicago Railways Company has voluntarily far exceeded the requirements of the Traction Ord- inance. The best cars and the best track that money will buy have been provided ; 1 11 miles of modern steel grooved rails, weighing 1 29 pounds to the yard, imbedded in concrete, with electrically welded joints, and costing about $50,000 to the mile, have been laid. Six hundred and fifty new pay-as-you- enter cars have been placed in operation on twenty different lines of this company. Three hundred and fifty additional cars of the same type are under con- struction at Pullman, which will soon be ready for use, and, further, over three hundred double track cars are being remodelled and converted into cars of the most modern style. Ten miles of extensions have been built, and new stations constructed. On this colossal work an average of 3,000 men have been daily employed, and already over $22,000,000 have been expended in the undertaking. The work of betterment, however, has not ceased. During the past year contracts have been let by the Chicago Railways Company for the construction of the La Salle and Washington Street tunnels, and \sork on them is now progressing. Orders have been placed by the company for thousands of new forged steel wheels, which will greatly diminish the noise and jar of the cars. With the establishment of fur- ther through routes as soon as operating conditions will permit, and with the completion of the tunnels, Chicago will have in every part of the city served by the Chicago Railways Company as nearly perfect a system of surface transportation as is physically pos- sible. 123 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago City Railway Company Work of Rehabilitation of This Company Far Exceeds Requirements of Traction Ordinance THE Chicago City Railway Company, which provides surface transportation for the South Side, was in a position to accept immediately the Traction Ordinance passed by the City Council in February, 1907, and the work of rehabilitation along all its lines was forthwith begun. By the terms of the Ordinance the company had three years within which to complete the work of rehabilitation; the Chicago City Railway Co., however, has not waited upon the letter of the agreement, but has pushed the work on its lines to practical completion far in advance of the time fixed in the Ordinance. On this work thousands of men have been con- stantly employed, by day or by night, as conditions required. By November 1 , 1 909, the City Railway Co. had replaced old tracks with 109 miles of new 1 29-pound steel grooved rails, had provided the lat- est and best equipment throughout, and had trans- formed the old street car service into a modern trac- tion system without a superior in the world. On this work of rehabilitation the City Railway Co. has ex- pended over $19,000,000. Eight hundred and fifty modern pay-as-you-enter cars are now in operation over the Imes of this com- pany, riding over the heavy rails with the ease of a Pullman coach. Four new car barns with a capacity of 1 05 1 modern cars have been completed. By the terms of the Traction Ordinance, the street railway companies are to keep paved the sixteen feet of their right of way, and the Chicago City Railway Com- pany alone, since the passage of the Ordinance, has laid 520,000 square yards of new granite paving. The company receives its power from the Common- wealth Edison Company, and maintains two storage batteries with sufficient power to operate all its cars for twenty minutes in case of breakdown. On December 1 , 1 909, when the time granted the company by the Traction Ordinance for the work of rehabilitation had still over four months to run, the Chicago City Railway Company had completed 98 per cent of the work required by the terms of the Ordinance. The company has earnestly endeavored to bring home to the people the fact that the city of Chicago is more than an equal partner in the net profits earned by the company, and to enlist the co-operation of the public in bringing its service to the highest possible degree of perfection. That the public appreciates the unexcelled service afforded by the Chicago City Railway Company is evidenced by the fact that its patronage has grown during the past year 1 5 per cent over that of the year before, and is still rapidly increasing. 124 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING lyfechanical Cleaning Bi; G. B. F. Owen H ALF a Century of Chicago" could be no more "cribbed, cabined and confined" within the covers of a book than could the history of the world be compressed within the limits of a present-day telegram. Hence, in this neces- sarily brief and rapid retrospect it is only possible to touch the high spots and much has been omitted that is well worthy of notice if time and space would permit. A moment's consideration will convince us that the fifty years now closing form an epoch probably unmatched in history as regards progress and devel- opment of every kind. Overlapping as it does two centuries, both remarkable for their discoveries, the best of both is at our command and it is peculiarly fitting that this great city, with her marvelous growth since the days of Fort Dearborn, should present a record of achievement that will be an inspiration for all generations and for all time. Notable among the advances made, is the science and art of building. From the log cabin of the pio- neer to the new Chicago City Hall is a far cry but every step has been the logical and legitimate out- come of study and experiment by specialists in their respective lines of endeavor, and who shall say that we have reached the ultimate? Yet, if human effort could no further go, we have numerous monuments to the skill and ability of those who have so bravely and generously blazed the way. And what a lib- eral education this has been to those privileged to see it. Was it not Pericles, the builder and beauti- fier of Athens, who said, "I found her mud and left her marble"? Even Moses, the greatest sanitarian of ancient times, has been passed by modern improve- ments. Opening a door or window is not now consid- ered ventilation, nor is the making of a fire on the ground considered the proper way to heat a build- ing. Drawing water from a well, or carrying it from the creek has been entirely superseded, and even modern water works are equipped with filtra- tion plants. Daylight is "on tap" by a twist of the wrist. Cooking is done by gas, and the general trend of all improvements has been toward simplic- ity and the saving of time and labor. One of the more important developments and one of the latest in this history-making epoch is Mechan- ical Cleaning. With the advent of larger, more beautiful, more complex and more expensive build- ings came the problem of peeping them clean, not so much from an economic point as to meet the physical difficulties presented. As the best ideas are fre- quently of humble origin, so this great industry had a very modest beginning. It was a railroad car "hostler," or cleaner who, after spending many years in the effort to dislodge dust and dirt from car cushions and other furniture in the ordinary way, conceived the idea that it might be possible to use compressed air, which is a common adjunct to every railroad yard; to blow this dust and dirt from his cushions instead of beating and brushing them. Greatly to his surprise the work was much better done and in much less time. A patent was taken out in the early 80's, since which time over twelve hun- dred patents have been allowed, all pertaining to this great modern industry. For many years after the issue of this first patent intelligent effort was made to popularize the subject, but it was not until more recently that it became a commercially valuable proposition. A striking evidence of this is the fact that less than four years ago the architect who would consider Mechanical Cleaning was a rarity, the opin- ion seeming to obtain that even the most improved and scientifically perfected system now known the world over under the name of "Vacuum Cleaning," was a fad, or a toy, or an experiment, or something for the very wealthy, but not worthy of serious con- sideration. Today, however, the architect is still more rare who does not provide for Vacuum Clean- ing in his plans and specifications for any building, from a residence to the State Capitol. Following the development of a crude idea through all the stages of experiment, elaboration and simplification into the position it now occupies among the world's utilities, and which is daily becoming a greater neces- sity, is a most interesting page of history. As soon as it was proven a success, capital and brains vied with each other to participate in the opening of a new field. As in all such cases an immense variety 125 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING of ideas was put forth and more or less elaborately and intelligently exploited, until the market became flooded with everything that could be suggested from the original system of high efficiency and rapid operation, adapted to every class of building and ev- ery character of interior surface and furnishing, down to the exaggerated hand syringe, which even in this day of enlightenment is offered to an unsuspect- ing public. As no chain can be stronger than its weakest link, so no Vacuum Cleaning System can be better than its least efficient part. Such a System properly de- signed may be said to consist of five distinct ele- ments, each of which must be scientifically adapted not only to its own function, but to every other part of the System. These elements may be considered as follows: 1 . Vacuum Producer. 2. System of Dust Separation. 3. System of Automatic Control. 4. Vacuum Conduits. 5. Cleaning Tools. In addition to the structural features above named there are several vitally important matters that must not be overlooked, for instance: — Automatic Con- trol, without which no System today is tolerable. Until the perfection of this device the engine and pump were started by the engineer and ran continu- ously whether sweeping were being done or not, un- til he stopped them. Vacuum consumes power: — power costs money, and the only control available was such as is known as "engine regulation," which governs its speed to a certain extent, but at no time shuts off the power completely. Automatic Control on the other hand enables the operator of the tool at any distance from the plant to absolutely and auto- matically open and close the steam supply in exact proportion to power needed for the actual work done. In a word, when actually sweeping, power is used and is automatically supplied, but during any intervals of inaction, whether momentary or of longer duration the steam is automatically shut off, while at the same time a predetermined maximum vacuum is available at the tool at all times, whether power be shut off or not. It also preserves a uniform degree of vacuum per tool regardless of the number of tools in use, shutting off power in a 6-sweeper plant 5-6 of the time if but one tool be in use, and automatic- ally supplying power as more tools are added. This will average a saving in cost of operation of about 50 per cent as aginst the types lacking this important feature. Dust separation in many cases is accomplished by drawing the dust-laden air through a body of water, or past a spray nozzle. Modern refinement in the art seems to show that this water separation is both unnecessary and undesirable; unnecessary, because dust can be separated and is being separated from the air without any water whatever; undesirable, be- cause it takes about one-fourth more vacuum than is necessary to do perfect cleaning, to pull this dust- laden air through a body of water, and vacuum costs money. Keeping in view the important fact that vacuum costs money because it requires power, it is easy to see that every inch of Vacuum Conduit from tool to tank should be smooth and unobstructed throughout. This means something better than ordinary pipe fit- tings, or even than drainage fittings, neither of which type was primarily intended for vacuum work, and for this reason special fittings had to be designed and made for this service. Cleaning Tools of every conceivable shape and material have been offered. Many of them seem totally unfit in design and operation for the work ex- pected of them. It is really a fine art to differentiate between the good and the bad in the matter of clean- ing tools. Experience in this as in most others is the best, though sometimes most expensive, teacher. Until recent years mechanical cleaning has never been accomplished without the use of more or less cumbersome and costly machinery. Either a vac- uum pump or an air compressor, operated directly or by steam or indirectly by electricity, was a part of every such equipment. These complications, trans- lations, transmissions and deviations in the use of power cause losses in all directions, aggregating 80 to 90 per cent. This in itself was very costly. The machinery and installation were necessarily expen- sive. The wear and tear on machinery in the old-style Vacuum System is very great, especially in the valves and cylinders of the vacuum pump, where the entrained dirt-laden air soon cuts the sliding parts and utterly ruins it. It is safe to say that no old- 126 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING style vacuum cleaning plant in use in any part of the country has maintained its full efficiency for six months after installation. The modern System has neither engine nor pump, and maintains its highest efficiency indefinitely. Outside the question of price of plant and main- tenance comes the cost of operation. The real ques- tion should be "How much will it cost to operate a one-sweeper plant one hour?" Or, "How much coal will be needed to produce a sufficient vacuum to operate a one-sweeper plant one hour?" (A one- sweeper plant means a one-man operated plant, and "Sufficient vacuum" would mean a vacuum of suf- ficient intensity to operate the largest cleaning tool properly.) Answering this question would say that with steam at a hundred pounds pressure the maxi- mum cost per sweeper hour should not exceed bYz cents. This, under very ordinary conditions of fuel cost and boiler performance, will enable a man, wo- man or boy to sweep and clean four times the surface ten times better and in a hundred fold more sanitary manner than is possible with brooms and carpet sweepers. By a strange coincidence the year that gave us the first U. S. Patent on mechanical cleaning de- vices, also marked the period at which the scientific world first published the result of its work in tracing the origin of many infectious diseases, and today it is a scientifically demonstrated fact that dust is the most prolific source of disease and death among mankind. Sweeping with broom or brush and more particularly the process known as "dusting" gets rid of only such matter as is large and heavy enough to be classed as "dirt" while most of the finer and more dangerous "dust" is merely raised into the air, held for a time in suspension, and then settles back on walls, furniture, books and floor. In-doors dust contains a far larger proportion of germs than does the air out-of-doors, for the reason that the large volumes of air out-of-doors, which are more or less constantly moving, so dilute the germ- laden air that the actual number of living organisms in a given volume is on the average very small, while in a recent test made in a school room in one of our principal cities, the dust that settled on 100 square feet of surface was collected and weighed, and the number of germs or living micro-organisms found in this amount of dust, 22 100 of an ounce, was thir- ty-eight and one-quarter millions! From the original desire to clean car seats evolved the ability to clean carpets, rugs and upholstery. Mechanical ingenuity, never willing to stand still, saw that its sphere must be extended to uncovered floors, walls, ceilings, draperies, and in fact the whole interior of a building, and practical tools were designed for each of these uses, so that the same sys- tem with an almost instantaneous change of cleaning tools can perform equally good work on any surface and in the most inaccessible places, and we find this great utility has earned its way all over the civilized world and into practically every class of building that is kept clean. Its source of power may be al- most any form of kinetic energy, of which the usual commercial types are steam, electricity, gasoline, or even water. In its development from the work in a railroad car to that of a large building new problems constantly presented themselves, and had to be met. This fact, perhaps more than any other, called forth persistent effort to adapt the appliance to new conditions, so that today we have buildings containing one million square feet of floor space to be cleaned, and there are tools with which to do it, tools that sweep in both directions and also at both ends, while sweeping a swath 36 inches wide and about 4 feet long at each motion, and 6,000 square feet of floor space an hour sanitarily and completely cleaned by one man is neither impossible, nor even unusual. The inevitable result was that architects, contractors, and owners became deeply interested in the subject. Inquiries from all parts of the country became so numerous and showed such a dearth of tabulated information as to what should be demanded in a vacuum cleaning system that a sort of standardization of specifications became necessary, that the busy architect might have in his reference library a concise form suggesting the points to be covered in drawing his plans. So we see that vacuum cleaning has assumed its place in the commercial world, not only as a 20th Century neces- sity, but has evolved into the dignity of an indus- try with its own specifications, and in this as in many other lines of endeavor the "I will" spirit of Chicago has produced results that are the admiration of the world. 127 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The Use of Wall Finish By George T. Goodrow THE term Wall Finish includes all classes of water color preparations used for the whiten- ing, tinting or decorating of walls and ceilings, the material in common use for such purpose being kalsomine, distemper colors and the various brands of prepared wall finishes found on the market. Wall finish is employed more extensively in the treatment of interior wall surfaces than wall paper or any other class of material, for although in the average dwelling wall paper is still used to a large extent, almost all office buildings, hotels, churches, theaters, schools, and large public buildings are treated throughout with wall finish. The necessity for frequent refinishing of walls and ceilings, due to the accumulation of smoke and dirt, or for the purpose of changing the color to suit dif- ferent tastes and requirements, or last, but not least, for the maintaining of strictly sanitary conditions, is what renders the use of a water color wall finish more highly desirable for this work than any other material, for it can, if properly made, be entirely removed with sponge and water when desired, even though a number of coats have accumulated, the walls being thus kept in the most perfect and sanitary condition with the least possible cost. It must be borne in mind that no matter what ma- terial IS applied to walls, be it wall paper, wall finish or other covering, coat after coat can not be applied indefinitely without removing the old material. The time will come when it is desirable, if not necessary, to get down to the bare walls and take a fresh start, therefore a material that can be removed with the least labor and without damage to the wall surface is the most practical, satisfactory and economical. From an artistic standpoint as regards interior wall decorating, the plain solid harmonious tints and col- ors obtained through the use of wall finish are most appropriate and desirable. The soft, dead-flat effect produced gives an air of repose and delicate richness with which no other treatment compares, and there is the great advantage of being able to tone up the shades to harmonize with any furnishings. Many beautiful interiors are rendered common- place and vulgar by the application of figured wall paper to the rooms. Architectural lines are de- stroyed, and the walls brought into such prominence that the most elaborate furnishings are often rendered dull and inconspicuous. The effect is oppressive, tiresome to the eye and distracting to persons of re- finement and good taste. The average household contains a multitude of furnishings in the way of furniture, pictures, draper- ies, bric-a-brac, etc., for which the walls form a back- ground, and this background should be a perfectly plain harmonious shade if it is desirable to have these furnishings show up to the best advantage. If any ornamentation is desired it should be brought in at the ceiling line, in the form of a stenciled or hand painted border or frieze, but a cove or room moulding suit- ably colored is generally sufficient. That the above facts are becoming known to the householder, and the many advantages of wall finish over other decorative materials more generally appre- ciated by the public, is evidenced by the rapidly in- creasing use of this material, as indicated by the government statistics covering its manufacture. Ar- chitects, superintendents of public and private insti- tutions, school boards and sanitary officials indorse its use and specify some reliable brand of wall finish for work in their charge. The leading brands of wall finish in the market can be obtained in any shade required, and are far more reliable and satisfactory in service than the old style kalsomine made from whiting, common dry colors and glue, as the binding ingredients used are more permanent and are adjusted to just the right point so that chalking and peeling never occurs; also, the colors being made expressly for water color work and thoroughly milled together with the white base, are free from grit or sediment, resulting in su- perior working and covering properties, freedom from spotting or clouding, and give greater clearness of tone and permanency. These advantages, however, apply only to the better class of wall finishes, that require boiling water for mixing, the finishes soluble in cold water having been found lacking in the most essential features. 128 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Electric Protection in IVIodern Bank, Safe and Vault Construction IN view of the large number of new bank and trust company buildmgs recently completed, or in course of construction, special interest attaches to the prevailing systems employed in safe and vault construction. The Baltimore conflagration, the San Francisco earthquake and other recent disasters have served to exhibit the durable and surviving qualities of modern safe and vault construction in contending against the elements. The most scientific methods and most patient labor has been bestowed by safe and vault constructors and experts upon the subject of resisting the clever tactics of the professional safe burglar. The attention of bank and trust company officials, interested in modern safe construction, has been di- rected of late to the successful achievement credited to a Chicago company. The American Trust and Savings Bank of Chicago adopted this system of electric protection which has thus far withstood the severe tests of government officials and has proven itself to be invulnerable against attack. Before in- stalling a system of safe and vault construction the American Trust and Savings Bank employed engi- neers to investigate the subject and finally adopted the electric protective system devised by James W. Donnell, president of the Donnell Safe Company. Trust companies are among the foremost to en- courage and accept improvements in safe and vault construction because of the large sums of money, negotiable instruments, bonds and securities and valuables held in trust. Moreover, the average bank or trust company official prefers to leave the bank knowing that his institution is equipped with the most advanced and proved system of safe construction. The report of J. G. Carlisle, as secretary of the U. S. Treasury Department, which was published September 29, 1893, in book form, showing how easily safes were blown by explosives, made quite a stir among bankers, as well as safe men. It led to a new construction of burglar-proof vaults and safes by the making of heavy solid plates of armor metal and also casting safes made of manganese metal and also constructing vaults of steel rails, laid up in con- crete, and also steel and electric linings. Most of the safe manufacturers having only the machinery for constructing old style laminated plates paid but very little attention to it, as the book was not generally distributed among bankers and the public. However, the parties making their safes out of solid castings and those using the laminated plates had them blown in a short time. Burglars also reaped a harvest by opening this class of laminated construc- tion. A few years ago the Government's attention was called to the easy manner by which both the lam- inated plate safes and solid casting safes could be opened in a few minutes by the electric arc or com- pound blow pipes. Holes were put through 6 inches of metal in less than one-half hour. This led to a further investigation by the Government and their engineer made the following report : First: That the best types of safes or vaults are not invulnerable to the attacks of the expert burglar. Second : That the ordinary or obsolete types of safes or vaults, constructed relatively a few years ago, are not invulnerable to the attacks of the tyro or amateur burglar. Third : That if, by any combination of circum- stances, sufficient opportunity be afforded the expert cracksmen, any safe or vault can be opened. Fourth: That a satisfactory form of electric protection is both obtainable and desirable for all safes and vaults wherever applicable, and constitutes a form of protection superior to that afforded by the construction of the safes and vaults themselves. In 1893 Jas. W. Donnell of Chicago, who is an old safe expert, became convinced that any safe made of either laminated plates of steel or solid cast- ing steel could not stand the test of burglars for one- half the time they had to work. His experience with the electric arc and compound blow-pipe made it very evident that the security afforded by any of them was but for a few hours' time and some of them for a fc\v minutes' time. This led to a new departure 129 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING in the construction of burglar work, which has proven successful and is endorsed by both electrical experts and engineers throughout the country. This construction consists of steel rails fastened in solid steel corners so shaped as to take the form of the rail in snugly. Between the head of the rails there is a steel rod held in position by a steel key block in such a manner that it makes it impossible to pull the rails apart unless the heads of the rails are sheared off. This steel key bar and lugs extend all around the vault on top, bottom, sides, front and back. On the inside of this rail lining there is a steel lining composed of two plates of steel. Between these two plates there are placed electric envelopes, made of four layers of tin foil, each insulated and separate from the others. These electric envelopes are con- nected up in series throughout the vault and are thoroughly insulated. On the outside of the vault lining there is a housed alarm box electrically lined same as the vault. This alarm box contains two large 1 8-inch steel gongs, which notify the public of any tampering with the system for a great distance around. It is impossible to tamper with these bells without creating an alarm. This electric system is also connected by wires to the police station so that if an alarm is given at the bank the police will be noti- fied at the same time. This system is under full con- trol of the officers of the bank and works automat- ically, governed by a chronometric time lock for the number of hours it is desired to be locked out. This system at all times can be tested, and the vault entrance can also be made to connect with the electric system. The doors cannot be opened without an alarm being sounded. These doors are also made of heavy construction, and the plates of the door are insulated so that they cannot be drilled with the electric arc. These doors have double the security of any solid door, and are sold subject to a test of this character. The rails of the vault are placed two inches from the inside lining. The outer walls are made of concrete and quartz, thus imbedding the rails in a solid concrete wall in a manner that they are safe against explosives and the electric arc, or other appli- ances now known to burglars. The security these rails afford is thoroughly recog- nized by the bankers of Chicago, as they have put in over eighteen of them within the past two years. They are not as expensive as the old laminated and solid plates are, but afford more security. 130 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The Wonderful Durability of Wood Paving THE bulletin issued by the Forest Service in the U. S. Department of Agriculture cites the following instances of the great durability of creosoted wood block pavements. The first two were U. S. Wood Blocks laid by this Company and the blocks in the third instance were very similar to ours. "In Baltimore, Md., in the summer of 1901, there were laid several adjacent strips of experi- mental pavements, including sheet asphalt, creosoted wood, and several kinds of brick. After five years' service, and after passing through the great fire, the wood was in better condition than any of the others. "In 1902 the Metropolitan Street Railway Com- pany, of New York City, decided to experiment with creosoted wooden blocks for paving between its tracks. A small area of longleaf pine was laid on Hudson Street, the wood being flanked at either end by granite, the material hitherto used. At the point selected there is a very heavy trucking traffic from the North River wharves, and the stresses on the pavement, where the trucks run with one wheel just outside the car rail, are so great that the granite begins to show a rut in six months, and is renewed almost annually. At the end of four years the wood, though showing a heavy rut, was still sound and in position and good for at least one more year. The granite on either side had been renewed three times during the four years. "In front of the Auditorium Hotel, on Michigan Avenue, Chicago, is a creosoted longleaf pine pave- ment, laid in the year 1900. Adjoining it an area of asphalt block was laid at the same time. In 1905 the asphalt blocks were removed and replaced with wood. In the five years the asphalt had worn down on an average one inch, but very unevenly, so that ruts had formed and the blocks were badly rounded. The wooden blocks during this time had worn off only one-eighth of an inch, and the surface, except for a badly constructed gutter at one point, was still perfectly smooth and of even grade." Z\ m C The IMetal Weather Strip THERE is perhaps no problem so annoying to the householder as that of windows and doors with their manifold difficulties, and in order to overcome it the metal weather-strip has been a serious study for over twenty years and numerous complicated styles have been patented, but were gen- erally pronounced unsatisfactory. Within the past five or six years more simple and practical metal strips have been patented and are extensively used and the results are decidedly successful. They are gradually superseding the storm sash which in a few years will be considered antiquated. French and casement windows, so commonly in- stalled in residences at the present time, have been a source of worry to Architects and Owners until the modern metal weather-strips have made them air- tight and water-proof. Formerly the greatest drawback to metal strips was that it was necessary to install them before the building was completed or remove the sash in com- pleted buildings to apply them, but no\v the windows and stops can be in place and the metal strips fitted without removing the sash; furthermore, some of the patents are made of a material that makes no allowance for contraction and expansion of the sash as the modern strip does. In addition to being weather-proof the latest strip is a dust shield as well as a window-slide. Lack of space will not permit of the enumeration of all the articles that can be improved by the appli- cation of the metal strip. We will mention a few besides windows and doors: refrigerators, book- cases, show-cases, show windows, clothes closets, in fact any articles, or openings closed by a window or door, which are to be kept air-tight or dust-proof. 1.^1 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING BUILDING ORDINANCES of the City of Chicago As contained in Chapter X\^ of the revised Municipal Code of Chicatro (passed March 20, 1905, pubhshed April 15, 1905), together with all amendments up to and includinor July 18, 1910 \^^ A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CHAPTER FIFTEEN ARTICI.l': I. OFFICKRS— I'OWKHS AND 1)L TIKS. Section 199. Department of Buildings Established — Officers. — There is hereby establislied an executive department of the municipal government of the city, which shall he known as the Department of BuiUlings, and shall embrace a Conunis- sioner of Buildings, a Deputy Commissioner of Ruilthngs. an Assistant Deputy Conunissioner of Buildings, a Civil Engi- neer, a Secretary to the Commissioner, a Cliief Building Inspector, and such Inspectors of Elevators, Inspectors of Stand Pipes and Fire Escapes, and Inspectors of Buildings, and sucli other assistants and employes as the City Coiuicil may by ordinance provide. Sec. 200. Buitdins Commissioner — Office Created — .lr>tot lo violations of this section. ) Sec. ill). .Irhilrolioii .//>/>€•«/ from Di-cisioii.—]n cases where discretionary power to estimate damage to frame build ings is given the Commissioner of Buildings, as also in ques- tions relating to the security or insecurity of any building or buildings, or parts thereof, and in all other cases where discretionary powers are, by ordinance, given to the Com- missioner of Buildings, an appeal to arbitration shall be allowed to parties believing themselves injured or wronged by the decisions of the Commissioner of Buildings, as follows, to-wit : Sec. 211. .l/>/ii'ii/ — Limit of Time Of. — .\ny person wisliiuK lo make such appeal shall do so within live days after written notice of the decision or order of the Commissioner of Build- ings has been given him. .An appeal made later than live days after the serving of the notice of the Commissioner of Buildings shall not entille llu- appellant to an arbitration. The request for arbitration shall be in writing and shall state the object of the proposed arbitratii>n and tlie name of the person who is to represent the appell.int as aibitr.ilor. See. 212. .Il>fi\il — Cost Of. — The Commissioner of Build- ings shall thereupon state lo the appellant the cost of such •irbitration, and such appellant shall, within twenty-four hours from the time of tiling the original request for arbitration, ileposit with the Comiuissioner of Buildings the sum of money require»cd Plans — Hozi' Cared For — Return of Same. — .Aiuended by ordinance Feb. 26, 1506, to read as follows : -Application for such permits shall be made liy tlie mvncr or his agent to the Commissioner of Buildings. When sucli application is made, plans and specifications in conformity with the provisions of this chapter, which have been exam- ined and approved by said Connnissioner as hereinbefore provided for, shall be filed with the Commissioner of Build- ings, who shall then issue a permit and shall file sucli appli- cation, and shall apply to such plans and specifications a final official stamp, stating that the drawings and specifications to which the same have been applied comply with the terms of this chapter. The plans and specifications so stamped shall then be returned to such applicant. True copies of so much of such plans and specifications as may be required in the opinion of the Commissioner of Buildings to illustrate the features of construction and equipment of the building re- ferred to, shall be filed with the Commissioner of Buildings and shall remain on file in his office until the completion or occupation of such building, after which such drawings and specifications shall be returned by the Cotnmissioner of Build- ings to the person by whom they have been deposited with him upon demand. It shall not be obligatory upon the Com- missioner of Buildings to retain such drawings in bis custody for more than three months after the completion or occupa- tion of the building to which they relate. Sec. 232. Plans — lissenlials Of. — .Ml such plans ;ind draw- ings shall be drawn to a scale of not less than one-eighth of an inch to the foot, on paper or cloth, in ink, or by some process that will not fade or obliterate. .Ml distances and dimensions shall be accurately figured, and drawings made explicit and complete, showing the entire sewerage and drain pipes and location of all plumbing fixtures within such build- ing. Each set of plans presented shall be accompanied by a set of specifications describing all materials to he used in the proposed building, and both the plans and specifications shall be approved by the Cuinmissioner of Buildings before a pertuit will be granted. No permit shall be granted or plans approved unless such plans shall be signed and sealed by a licensed architect, as provided in ".An act to provide for the licensing of architects and regulating the practice of architecture as a i)rofession in the State of Illinois," approved Jiuie 3. 1897, provided, that permits may be granted for tlie erection of buildings of Class III., as hereinafter defined, if such building shall not be more than two stories in height and shall have a superficial area of not more than 1,250 square feel outside dimensions, on plans approved by the Commissioner of Buildings, wdiich plans neef Class I which are one hundred feet or more in height sh.ill be built entirely of fireproof construction. Buildings of Class I less than one hundred feel and more tlian sixty feet in height shall 1)e built entirely of slow-burn- ing, mill or fireproof construction. No building of Class I more than five stories in luigbl shall be permitted to be built of ordinary construction. Sec. 253. Walls— E.rcet'tion to Table of Thickness Of.— If buildings of Class I are erected of less depth than 100 feet from front to rear or between cross walls, or if the walls supporting their floors and roofs are less than twenty- five feet apart, the thickness of the walls given in the afore- said table may be reduced by four inches, excepting only that no wall in such buildings shall l)c less than twelve inches tliick. Sec. 254. Walls — Metol Lath, and Solid Cement Plaster Cotr/id.i;. — .\ one or two-story building used for the purposes of Class I, no part of which is within twenty feet of any lot line, alley line or street line, having a complete self- supporting steel frame consisting of wall columns supporting steel trusses, with steel trusses and steel diagonals designed to resist safely within the safe limits of stress provided by tliis chapter a wind pressure of thirty pounds per square foot for each and every exterior surface exposed to the winf stair- ways, as specified in Section 265 of this chapter, and such doors shall not be locked during business hours or while such buildings are occupied by a number of persons for any purpose. Revolving doors shall not be considered as comply- 141 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ing with this section, unless the revolving wings of said re- volving doors are so arranged that hy the application of a force slightly more than necessary to revolve said doors and which one person of ordinary strength is capable of exerting, all the wings of said doors fold flat on each other and in an outward direction, and unless each side, or the half circles of such revolving doors, are hinged and fastened so as to like- wise swing backwards on application of force slightly beyond the normal, and which will permit of exit space for two ordinary persons on either side of the collapsed w-ings of said revolving doors and their inclosing half circles. As amended by ordinance March 30, 1906. Sec. 256. Buildings of Class I— Increasing Height Of.— In all cases where buildings of Class I, of ordinary construction, already built, are to be increased in height above the height of sixty feet or above the height of one hundred feet, the additional parts of such buildings shall be constructed as herein provided for buildings over sixty feet high or over one hundred feet high, respectively, and shall be made to conform in all respects and throughout their entire extent to the requirements for buildings of this class more than sixty feet or more than one hundred feet high, respectively, before it shall be lawful to occupy them. Sec. 257. Ceilings and Roof of Class I— Space Between.— In buildings of Class I, if the inclosed space between the ceiling and the roof is of greater average height than two feet, easy and convenient means of access, satisfactory to the fire marshal, shall be given to such space. Sec. 258. Fire Walls— In Buildings of Class /.—Buildings occupied by more than one person or corporation, or for more than one business enterprise conducted by the same person or corporation, in separate inclosures on any one floor, shall have a brick dividing wall for every fifty (50) feet of street frontage if of ordinary construction, or for every eighty (80) feet of street frontage if of slow-burning or mill construction, and such dividing walls shall extend from the front to the rear wall, and such dividing walls, and the doors therein shall be built as dividing wafls, and the doors therein are required to be built by the provisions of this chapter. All of the partitions between the parts of such buildings, occupied by different persons or corporations shall be built of incombustible material from the floor to the floor boards or roof boards next above such story or stories so occupied. Only metal framed windows glazed with one-quarter inch thick fire-resisting glass may be used in such partitions. Sec. 259. Dividing Walls— When Required in Class I.— Dividing walls wil be required in buildings of Class I as follows : For buildings of ordinary construction if their floor area exceeds nine thousand square feet ; for buildings of slow-burning or mill construction more than one story in height if their area exceeds twelve thousand square feet ; for fireproof buildings more than two stories in height, if their area exceeds twenty-five thousand square feet. In each of the before mentioned cases such buildings shall be subdivided by brick walls built of the thickness given in the table for the thickness of inclosing walls, and all doors and other openings in such walls shall have iron doors or shutters at each side of same. The buildings so subdivided shall be treated as regards stairs and fire escapes the same as two or more separate buildings, provided, however, one-story build- ings of ordinary, mill or slow-burning construction or two- story buildings of fireproof construction of any size, used as one store, room or workshop and occupied by only one person or corporation, may be erected without any dividing walls. Sec. 260. Dividing Walls and Iron Doors — Openings In- serted In. — If openings are to be inserted in dividing walls, as before described, or in dividing walls between non-fireproof and fireproof buildings or parts of either of such buildings, they shall be made as follows ; They shall have doors placed on each side of each opening in such walls, which doors shall be made of No. 12 plate iron with a continuous 2 by 2 by one-half-inch angle iron frame extending all around the same and the plate riveted thereto with one-half-inch rivets, placed four inches between centers. If such doors are made double they shall have cross bars, levers and hooks so arranged that when the doors are closed they will be of strength equal to that of a single door. All doors shall be hung on frames made of three-quarter by 4-inch iron stiffened with an angle iron extending all around the same and fitting up snug to the wall. The frames shall be fastened to each other by bolts extending through the wall, such bolts being not more than two feet apart, and such doors shall swing on three hinges and shall be made to fit closely to the frame all around. The sills between the doors shall be of brick, iron, stone or concrete and shall rise at least two inches above the floor on each side of each opening. The lintel over the door shall be made of brick or iron, and the wall between the two door frames shall be covered with a coat of plaster at least one-half inch thick. Sec. 261. Elevator Buildings — Bins Of. — Elevator buildings ( which term shall be interpreted as including all buildings intended solely for the receipt, storage and delivery of grain in bulk) may be constructed with the bin walls, both ex- ternally and internally, made entirely of wood; provided such walls are made solid and without cellular open spaces within them. The external bin walls shall have a covering of brick or hollow tile not less than twelve inches thick, which shall be united to the bin walls by anchors, in the construction and arrangement of which due allowance is made for the varia- tions of shrinkage of the inclosing wall and of the wooden bin wall. If the weight of the bins is independently carried on a skeleton construction of timber, steel or iron, the first- story walls shall be of brick not less than twenty inches thick. If the outer walls of the outside bins and their facing are not carried on a skeleton construction, then the first-story wall shall not be less than twenty-eight inches thick, or as much thicker as may be required to keep the load upon the brickwork within the limits of stress elsewhere specified in this chapter. Elevator buildings may be built of reinforced concrete and in such case they shall be built according to the provisions of Section 554 of this chapter. Sec. 262. Cupola — Inclosing Walls Of — Openings. — The in- closing walls of cupolas on elevator buildings, if constructed of wood, shall be covered with corrugated iron or other in- combustible material. The outside openings in elevator buildings shall have pro- tections of wire netting made of No. 14 wire, with meshes not over one-half by one-half inch. All openings in the body of the first story of elevator build- ings and the openings in the engine and boiler houses of the same and between these and the main building shall have iron doors made in accordance with the provisions of Section 260 of this chapter. Sec. 263. I'entilating Duets — Chutes — Walls Surrounding. — Walls surrounding ventilating ducts and rubbish and ash chutes shall be considered in accordance with the regulations governing the construction of smoke flues elsewhere herein contained. Walls around ventilating ducts shall not be less than four inches thick, and when the ventilating duct is larger U2 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING tlum 260 square inclu'S llu- walls >liall In- mil inclic-s thick. than eight Sec. 264. Store l-'roiils — Coliiiniis iiiid Lintels Siift""'l'"li- — The colunins and lintel.'; supporliuK store fronts in buildings within the lire limits of more than one story in height shall be made of incombustible material. Sec. 265. Stairs in Buildings of Class I — Xiintbcr and Width t)/.— .Vmended by ordinance .\ov. 25, 1907, to read as follows : There shall be in all buildings of Class I of ordinary con- structions two flights of stairs not less than three feet wide each. For buildings of ordinary construction of Class I and of greater floor area than three thousand square feet, there shall be six inches added to the width of each such flight of stairs for eacli additional one thousand s(|uari' feet of floor area or fractional part thereof up In nine thcmsand square feet of floor area. Every Class I building of sluw-lnniiiiig or mill construction less than 4,000 square feet floor area sliall have two llighls of stairs, not less than three feet wide each, and there shall be si.x inches added to the width of each such flight of stairs for each additional one thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof, up to twelve thousand .square feet. Provided, however, that additional flights of stairs may be used to make the aggregate width reoses of More Than One Class. — See Section 249. See. 266. Courts, Light Shafts and Well Holes. — Courts, light shafts and well holes shall be built in accordance with tlie provisions of Section 455 of this chapter. Sec. 267. Loads — .Uhncanee for Live Loads in Conslrue- tion of Floors of Class /. — The floors of all buihlings of Class I shall be designed and constructed in such a manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of floor construction, of partitions and permanent fixtures and nuch.misms that may be set upon the same, a live load of niu- liuiidred pounds for every square foot of surface in such fiiinr: and the strength of such building shall be increased al)ove the capacity to carry each a live load of one hundred pounds per square foot of floor surface when the uses to which such building or part thereof is to be applied involve greater stress. Sec. 268. Floors — Dis/nal flight of stairs not less than three feet wide for each additional three thousand feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof. For all hnildings of Class II of fireproof construction used as hospitals, hotels, hoarding or lodging houses, there shall he required for each building at least two flights of stairs, which, for huildings of live thousand square feet or less in floor area, shall he of not less width than three feet each, with an increase of live inches in width for each additional one thousand square feet of floor area up to a floor area of ten thousand square feet, and there shall be required an addi- tional flight of stairs not less than three feet wide for each additional four thousand square feet of floor area, or frac- tional part thereof. Each stairway in the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth stories may be built six (6) inches less in width in the clear than the stairways in the first to the fourth stories, inclusive. Each stairway in the ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth stor- ies may be built twelve (12) inches less in width in the clear than the stairways in the first to the fourth stories, inclusive. Each .stairway in the thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth stories may be built eighteen (18) inches less in width in the clear than the stairways in the first to the fourth stories inclusive, and this reduction in width may be contin- ued in the same ratio in each additional four (4) stories add- ed to the height of the building; provided, however, that no stairways shall have a less clear width than three (3)- feet. .Ml stairways in buildings of Class II shall have a hand rail on each side thereof, and where there is more than one flight of stairs in any building of Class II such stairways shall be located at each end of the building, or as far apart from each other as is practicable. In hotels, hospitals, lodging houses or boarding houses, of other than fireproof construction, there shall be a fire stop of brick, concrete or tile, between the ceiling and floor in each floor of joists for each twenty-five feet, or fractional part thereof, measured in the direction of the length of the joists. Sec. 274. Air — Means of Communication With Outer Air in Buildings of Class II. — .Vmended by ordinance of Oct. 22, 1906, to read as follows : In all buildings of this class, the fire escape, stairs, stair halls, entrance halls, bay windows, vent shafts, courts, lights in halls, porches, windows in public halls, shall be of the size and dimensions as are prescribed in Sections 392, 400, 402, 404. 412. 415. 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, and 423 of this chapter relating to buildings of Class VI. Where vent shafts as defined in Section 389 of this ordi- nance, are used to ventilate water closet compartments, bath rooms, or pantries, of hotels, oflice buildings, or club houses, they shall be of the following dimensions : Square Least Ruilding feet width 2 stories 22;^ 3 feet 3 stories 27 3 feet 4 stories 36 3 feet 5 stories 48 5 feet 6 stories 72 6 feet 7 stories 96 8 feet 8 stories 120 8 feet In every hotel, ofiice building, or club house, hereafter erected, and every hotel. oflSce building, or club house, which shall be increased or diminished in size, nr otherwise altered after its erection, and in every building, now or hereafter in existence, not now used as a hotel, office building or club house, but hereafter constructed or altered to such use, and every habitable room, excepting water closet compartments, bathrooms and pantries, shall have at least one window open- ing directly upon a street, alley, yard, or court. The total area of the windows opening from any such room (other than water closet compartments, bathrooms an than eight inches in thickness erected on wooden sills, the sills supported on iron, masonry or concrete supports extending four feet below the surface of the ground, rile foundations under such supports shall be of concrete, stone or brick, each covering not less than (ive square feel area and not more than eight feet apart to support the weight that may rest upon them with safety; sills shall be placed not higher than four feet above the established grade of the street upon which the lot fronts, and upon which lot the building is erected, where grades are established, and not ex- ceeding seven feet above the ground where grades are not established. In all cases of buildings being m(»re than one story and less than two stories high, and having a gable or hip roof of not less than one-third (1-3) pilch, 8-inch walls on solid brick or stone masonry may be used, provided they do not exceed 14 feet in height measured from the first floor joist, and provided such buildings have a floor area not ex- ceeding one thousand two hundred (1,200) feet, and arc not over twenty-two feet in width. Koofs— Strength Of. See Section dill. Hoofs — Shingle and Gravel. See Section 609. Wind Pressure. Precautions against. See Section 603. Walls — Reinforeed Conerete. See .Section 554. Walts — Ledges. See Section 588. Towers, Domes and Spires. See Section 613. Liinilalioiis in Changing Class of Buildings. See Section 633. ARTICl.l'. \ II. PROVISIONS RF.L.VTING SOLI-XV TO CLASS IV. In Class IV shall be included every building used as an as- senil)Iy hall, whether such hall is used for the purpose of wor- ship, instruction or entertainment, unless such building is used for any of the purposes for which buildings of Class V or Class VIII are used. Sec. 289. H'alls-Outside Walls of Class ll—Struetures Built Above — Walls Of. — The outside walls of every building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV the roof or ceiling of which is carried on trusses or girders of a span of fifty feet or more, shall be as follows: If .such walls are less than twenty-five feet high, not less than twenty inches thick. If they are more than twenty-five feet high and less than forty-five feet high, they shall not be less than twenty-four iiiclies thick. If they ;ire more than forty-five feet and less than sixty feet hi.gli. tluy shall not be less than twenty-eight inches thick. If tiny are more tli.m >ixty feet .unl less than .seventy-five feel high, they shall not l)e less than thirty-two inches thick. If they are more than seventy-five feet and less than ninety feet high, they shall not be less than thirty-six inches thick. .\n increase of four inches in thickness of such walls shall be made in all cases where they are over one hundred feet long without cross walls of eiiual height. Walls around stairs, elevators and shafts. See Section 588. I""or rooms used for the purposes of Class IV where such rooms are less than fifty feet wide in the clear, the thickness of the walls enclosing or surrounding such rooms ni.iy be reduced by four inches. The outside walls of every lii-ilding of Class IV the roof or ceiling which is not carried on trusses or girders, shall be of the same thickness as in buildings of Class I. If one or mr>re stories are built above the rofmi or rooms. or portion of any such Imilding devoted to the uses of Class 147 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING IV and such stories are carried on trusses or girders, the thickness of walls shall be increased by four inches for each two stories or part thereof above every such room. If solid masonry buttresses are employed, and placed eighteen feet or less apart, and extended to the foot of the trusses or girders carrying the ceiling, or if iron or steel pillars are inserted in such walls for the support of the super- structure, and at distances not more than twenty-four feet between centers, and if such pillars extend to and carry the superimposed trusses and girders, the thickness of such walls may be reduced in proportion to the increase of strength afforded by such buttresses or pillars; but in no case shall any such wall be less than twelve inches thick in the top story; four inches shall be added, going downward, for each story, or for each twenty-five feet in height of wall. Pro- vided, that if in any building of this class now in existence the structural parts thereof do not comply with the foregoing- requirements, and structural changes are made therein, then all walls, columns or other structural parts shall be strength- ened in a maimer satisfactory to the Commissioner of Buildings. Sec. 290. Walls — Coliiiiiiis In. — If iron or steel columns are introduced in such walls, the brickwork around the same shall be bonded into that of the connecting walls, and each of such columns shall be fireproofed, as provided in Section 511 of this chapter. Sec. 291. Frontage of Class IV—Seatirig Less Than 800.— Buildings of Class IV containing halls or rooms of an aggre- gate seating capacity of eight hundred persons or less, shall have for each hall or room a frontage upon two public spaces, of which at least one shall be a street, and of which the other, if it is not a street, shall be a public or private alley, not less than ten feet wide, opening directly on a public street. Sec. 292. Frontage of Class IJ'— Seating Over 800.— Buildings of Class IV containing halls or rooms used for the purposes of Class IV of greater aggregate seating capacity than eight hundred, shall have for each such hall or room a frontage upon three open spaces, of which at least one shall be a public street, while the two others, if not streets, shall be public or private alleys of a width of not less than ten feet each, opening directly on a public street, or fireproof passage- ways or tunnels of not less than seven feet each in width may be used in place of these alleys, provided, such passage- ways or tunnels lead to a public thoroughfare. Sec. 293. Bnildings, Class IV — Construction Of. — Amended Dec. 11, 1905, to read as follows: Buildings of Class IV containing halls of an aggregate seating capacity of not more than eight hundred, may be built of ordinary construction. If such halls have a greater aggregate seating capacity than eight hundred (800) and less than one thousand five hundred (1,500), such building shall be built of mill, slow-burning, or fireproof construction. If such hall have an aggregate seating capacity of one thousand five hundred (1,500) or more, such buildings shall be built entirely of fireproof construction, provided that buildings mainly used for exposition or exhibition purposes, and not exceeding two stories in height, or having for pulilic use only a main floor and one gallery, and which have their outside walls and structural members of incombustible material and which comply in all other respects with this ordinance, may have their temporary seats, boxes, showcases, platforms, or booths, constructed of combustible material. In computing the seating capacity of any room or building used for the purposes of Class IV in which the seats are not fixed, an allowance of eight square feet of floor area shall be made for each person, and all space between the walls or partitions of such room or building shall be measured in this computation. Provided, that in church buildings not having more than two stories and each floor having its own separate exits and standing free from all buildings, the seating capacity of each floor shall be estimated alone as determining the kind of construction under this article. Distance of said building from any other structure or building, to be at least seven feet on all sides. ."^s amended February 4, 1907. Sec. 294. Buildings of Class II' Used Partly for Other Purposes. — Any building occupied wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV shall be built entirely of fireproof con- struction, if the halls or rooms used for the purposes of Class IV therein have an aggregate seating capacity greater than one thousand five hundred. Sec. 295. Buildings of Certain Height — Construction Of. — Any building higher than sixty feet and connected with or made part of any building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV shall be entirely of fireproof construc- tion. Any such building less than sixty feet in height shall, if its case is not already covered by other provisions of this chapter, be made of fireproof, slow-burning or mill con- struction. Sec. 296. Opening Betzi'cen Non-Fireproof Buildings. — In all cases where fireproof construction is not used for the whole of two or more connected buildings, used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV there shall be at each connecting opening double iron doors. Sec. 297. Spires. Cupolas and Domes Upon Houses of Worship — J'iolation — Spires, etc.. to be Taken Down — Roofs of Isolated Buildings of Class IV. — Spires, cupolas or domes with a framework of non-fireproof material and covered on the outside with incombustible material, may be erected as part of any house of public worship, and if such house of worship is so built that it is nowhere nearer than twenty feet to any line of the lot upon which it stands (street and alley lines excepted), sucli non-fireproof spires, cupolas or domes may be maintained only while this intervening space of twenty feet is maintained unoccupied as part of the grounds or premises belonging to such house of public wor- ship. If the conditions of such building be so changed that there shall not be a vacant space as hereinbefore required surrounding same, such spire, cupola or dome shall be forth- with taken down. The roofs of isolated buildings, occupied for purposes of Class IV shall be constructed in the same manner as that provided for spires, domes and cupolas. Provided, however, that the roofs of houses of worship outside the fire limits not exceeding twentj-eight hundred square feet in area may be covered with shingles. Sec. 298. Floor Levels — Limitation of Floor Levels of Class IV — Atiditorium Floor of Class IV — Height Aboz'e Sidczealk — Stairs. — The following limitations of floor levels in buildings occupied either wholly or in part for purposes of Class IV shall be observed in all cases. In buildings occupied either wholly or in part for purposes of Class IV no auditorium of a greater seating capacity than one thousand shall have the highest part of its main floor at a greater distance than ten feet above the adjacent sidewalk 148 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING grades. Xo room or rooms usi-il for the purposes of Class I\' of greater seating capacity than live hundred, shall be at a greater distance above the sidewalk grade than thirty feet. No room or rooms used for the purpose of Class IV of greater seating capacity than Iwt) hundred, shall he at a higher level above the sidewalk grade than forty-live feet. Provided, however, that in the case of a building used either wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV and built wholly of fireproof construction, a room or rooms to be used for the purposes of Class IV and of an aggregate seating capacity of less than five hundred, may be located in any story thereof, but in such case there shall be at least two separate and distinct flights of stairs from the floor or floors in which such room or rooms are located to the ground, each of which stairs shall be not less than four feet wide in the clear. Sec. 2S9. Loads, AHoivancc for Live Loads in Coiisliui-- lion of Floors of Class II' — Stairways — Eiilraiiccs and Exits, Width Of.—\\\ floors of all buildings of Class IV shall be designed and constructed in such a manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of floor construction, partitions and permanent lixtures and mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live load of one hundred pounds for every square foot of surface in such tloor. The width of stairways in buildings used wlioUy or in pan for the purposes of Class IV shall be eigliteen inches for every one hundred of the aggregate seating capacity of all rooms in such building, which are used for the purposes of Class IV and for fractional parts of each one hundred seating capacity a proportionate part of eighteen inches shall be added to the width of such stair- ways, but no stairway in such building shall be less than four feet wide in the clear, except as hereinafter provided; and provided, further, that in any such building having a room or rooms used for purposes of Class IV the aggregate seating capacity of which shall not exceed two hundred and fifty persons, two separate and distinct tlircc-foot stairways shall be permitted. .Ml stairways shall have hand railings on each side tlicreof. Stairways which are over 7 feet wide shall have double in- termediate handrails, with end newel posts at least 5^^ feet high. No stairways shall ascend a greater height than thirteen feet six inches without a level landing, which, if its width is in the direction of the run of the stairs, shall not be less than three feet wide, or which, if at a turn of the stairs, shall not be of less width than the widlli of the stairs. Stairways leading to a box or boxes, seating not to exceed thirty people in the aggregate, shall be independent of all other stairs or seats and not less than two feet six inches wide in the clear. For each additional twenty-five of seating capacity, or major portion thereof, in such boxes, an addi- tional width of five inches shall be added to such stairways. Walls — Ledges. — See Section 588. Doors and Windows — When Required to Be Closed — P ire- Resisting Glass. — See Section 632. Sec. 300. Balconies and Galleries — E.vil and Entrance. — Distinct and separate places of exit and entrance shall be provided for each gallery. .\ common place of exit and entrance may serve for the main floor of the auditorium and the balcony, provided its capacity be equal to the aggregate capacity of all aisles or corridors leading from the main floor and such balcony to such place of exit and entrance. Sec. 301. Balconies and Galleries — Designation Of. — Where there arc balconies or galleries, the first balcony or gallery >\y.i\l be designated the "Ualcony," and the second and third balcony or gallery shall be designated, respectively, "(iallery" and "Second Gallery." Such designation shall be plainly printed on all admission tickets. Sec. 30.'. Aisles — Steps in Aisles — rassagezcays — Kept L'nobslnuled — Width of Corridors, Passages, llalln'ays and Doors. — .-\isles in rooms or auditoriums used for the pur- poses of Class IV shall in the aggregate be eighteen inches in width for each one hundre.ays. JLilhuvys and Doors — Width Of. — The width of corridors, passageways, hallways and doors adjacent to, connected with or a part of such rooms or auditoriums, shall be computed in the same manner as is herein provided for stairways and aisles, excepting, liowever, that no such corridor, passageway or hallway shall l)e anywhere less than four feet in width, and no such door shall be less than three feet in width. Sec. 304. Seals— Number of in Rozfs.— There shall not be more than fourteen seats in any one row between aisles. Rows of seats shall not be less than 2 feet 8 inches from liack to back, and no bank of seats shall be of greater rise tlian 24 inches. Sec. 305. Emergency £.ri/i.— Emergency exits and stair- ways shall be provided outside of the walls of all assembly halls of a larger seating capacity than eight hundred. Pro- vided, however, that if any such assembly hall is used for any of the purposes described in Section 311 of this chapter, and has a seating capacity of more than four hundred, such assembly hall shall have emergency exits to the street of one-half the aggregate width of the main exits, but no such emergency exit shall be less than three feet in width. Such emergency exits and stairways therefrom may be built inside the walls of the building in a corridor or passage- way not less than seven feet wide, which corridor or pass- ageway shall be surrounded liy a fireproof partition, not less tlian four inches thick. Such stairways shall be made of wrought iron or steel, or other approved fireproof material and cast iron is not approved for this work. .Ml emergency exits and stairways therefrom shall be kept free from obstruction of any kind, including snow and ice. Sec. 306. Doors to Open Outward.— .\\\ doors affording access directly or indirectly to the street from any room used for the purposes of Class IV shall open outward upon suitable hinges. Exit doors from such rooms shall not be obscured by draperies and shall not be locked, or fastened, in any manner 149 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING during the entire time any such room is open to the pubHc, but shall be so constructed and maintained that they may be easily opened from the interior. Sec. 307. JValls Between Auditoriuin and Stage. — In buildings used either wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV hereafter erected, there shall be a solid brick wall, of the same thickness as that called for on the outside walls, between the auditorium and stage ; and in non-fireproof buildings such walls shall extend to a height of three feet above the roof. Provided, however, that in existing build- ings, any room used for the purposes of Class IV and having a seating capacity greater than four hundred, shall have the proscenium wall built of incombustible material. Sec. 308. Curtain Shall Be Iron, Steel or Asbestos — In- speetioH Of — Fee. — The main curtain opening in any such room shall have a wrought iron or steel or asbestos curtain, which shall be inspected by the building department semi- annually, for which inspection a charge of two dollars shall be made, and all other openings in the proscenium wall shall have self-closing iron doors. Sec. 309. Stnietures Over Ceiling — Construction. — If any structure is built over the ceiling or roof of any building used either wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV the different members of the girders or trusses supporting same shall have their fireproofing double, in the manner re- quired for columns for fireproof buildings of Class I. Sec. 310. Fire Apparatus on Stage. — In all rooms used for the purpose of Class IV of a seating capacity of two hundred and fifty or more, where stationary scenery is used, there shall be kept for use two or more portable fire ex- tinguishers or hand fire pumps on and under the stage, and also four fire department axes, two fifteen-foot hooks and two ten-foot hooks on each tier or floor of the stage, subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal, and in such rooms of less seating capacity than two hundred and fifty, there shall be at least one portable fire extinguisher. Sec. 311. Rooms Used for Regular Theatrical or I'aiide- ville Performances — Exit Doors — Fireman — Employment Of — Duties. — Amended by ordinance June 8, 1908, to read as follows : Exit doors shall not be obscured by draperies and shall not be locked or fastened in any manner during the entire time any such room of Class IV is open to the public, so as to prevent them from being easily opened outwardly; and such doors shall be so constructed and maintained as to require no special knowledge or effort to open them from the interior. It shall be the duty of every person, firm or corporation conducting, operating or maintaining any room having a seating capacity of three hundred or more, used for the purposes of Class IV and which is used regularly for the- atrical or vaudeville performances, and where an admission fee is charged, to procure at his, their or its own expense the attendance at each and every performance of one fireman who shall be detailed by the Fire Marshal from the regular City Fire Department; he shall be in the uniform of the Chicago Fire Department and he shall be on duty at such place wherein such theatrical or vaudeville performance is given during the entire time it is open to the public. He shall report to and be subject to the orders of the Fire Marshal and shall see that all fire apparatus required by this Chapter is in its proper condition, ready for use, and that all exit doors are unlocked during the entire time such building is open to the public, and are all in efticient and ready working order. Such fireman and the Fire Marshal shall require all persons employed in or about such room to be drilled in the use of all apparatus and appliances for the prevention of fire installed therein, at least twice in every week, and such fireman shall report to the Fire Marshal the manner and efficiency of sucli drill. Such fireman shall report in writing daily to the Fire Marshal the condition and equipment of the building, or portion thereof, to which he is detailed. No fireman shall be on duty at any one building for a longer period than two weeks. The compensation to be paid to the city for the services of such city fireman so detailed shall be based on the regular salary paid by the city to such fireman and shall be computed according to the ratio between the number of hours such fireman is required by his duties hereunder to devote to such theater and the total nuiuber of hours such fireman is employed by the city for all purposes. All sums received by the city under the provisions of this section shall be for the use and benefit of tlie Fire Department. Sec. 312. Standpipe and Hose on Stage. — A standpipe not less than one and one-half inches in diameter, with a hose connection and hose valve therein, shall be installed on each side of the stage in such room, and shall at all times have a hose connected thereto, ready for use. Such standpipe shall be connected with a power pump or gravity tank so that a sufficient pressure of water shall be furnished through such standpipe to afford adequate fire protection. The pressure to be furnished by such tank or pump shall be satisfactory to the Fire Marshal. Sec. 313. I'cnts or Flue Pipes. — One or more vents or flue pipes of metal construction or other incombustible ma- terial approved by the Commissioner of Buildings shall be built over the stage, and shall extend not less than ten feet above the highest point of the roof, and hsall be equivalent in area to one-twentieth of the area of the stage. In buildings where additional stories are built above the stage, such vents or flue pipes may be carried out near the top of the stage walls, and shall be continued and run up' on the exterior of the building to a point five feet above the highest point of the additional stories. All such flues or vents shall be provided with metal dam- pers, and shall be opened by a closed circuit battery, approved by the City Electrician. Such dampers shall be controlled by two switches, one at the Electrician's station on the stage, which station shall be fireproof, and the other at the city fireman's station on the opposite side of the stage ; such switches shall be located in such places on the stage as may be designated by the Fire Marshal, and each switch shall have a sign with plain direc- tions as to the operation of same printed thereon. Sec. 314. Fuse Boxes. — All fuse boxes shall be sur- rounded by two thicknesses of fireproof material, with an air space between, and no fuse shall be exposed to the air between the switchboards ; all electrical equipment in such rooms shall be installed and maintained to the satisfaction and approval of the City Electrician. Sec. 315. License. — The amusement license for each room used for the purposes of Class IV shall state the number of persons such room has accommodations for, which number shall be governed by the provisions of this chapter relating thereto, and no more than that number shall be allowed to be in such room at any one time. 150 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING No anuisemfiit liccnsv shall In- issurd lor any room used lor till- purposes of Class l\' unless tlie Coinniissioner of Buildings, tlic Fire Marshal and the City Klectrician shall lirst have certified, in writing, that such room complies with the provisions of this chapter in every respect. Sec. 316. £.ri/.f — Dinjiniiii of. Printed on I'ronrtiins — Signs Over. — It shall he the duty of the owner, lessee, or manager of every room used for the purposes of Class IV' and in which programs are issued for performances given therein, to cause to be printed on such programs a diagram showing conspicuously the exits from such room. The word "Exit" shall be in letters at least six inches high over the opening to every means of egress from any such room, and in any such room having a greater seating capacity than four hundred, a red light furnished by gas or sperm oil shall be kept burning over such word during the entire period such room is open to the public and until the audience has left such room. Sec. 317. All Paris of Room Well Lighted During Per- formanee. — Every portion of any room used lor the purposes of Class IV and all outlets therefrom leading to the streets, including the passageways, courts and corridors, stairways, exits and emergency exit stairways, shall be well and prop- erly lighted during every performance, and the same shall be kept so lighted until the entire audience has left the premises ; and every passageway, or court, or corridor, or stairway, or exit, or emergency exit stairway, shall be pro- vided with signs, indicating the way out of the building, tlie letters of which shall not be less than six inches in height. Sec. 318. /.i,!,'/i/,f in llolls. Corridors ond Lohhies. Control of — Sefarote Shut-Off — Cunneelion leith l,\is Moins — Pru- leclion of Siisfended and Bracket Linhls — Protection of Lights Inserted in Halls — Protection of Fool Lights — Con- struction of Border Lights — Duels and Shafts Conducting Heated Air from Lights — Protection of Stage Lights. — .All gas or electric lights in the halls, passageways, corridors, lobby or other means of ingress to or egress from any such room shall be controlled by a separate shut-off, located in the lobby, and controlled only iii that particular place. Gas mains supplying any such room shall have independent con- nections for the auditorium and stage, and provision shall be made for shutting ofT the gas from the outside of the building. .Ml suspended or bracket lights surrounded by glass, in the auditorium, or in any part of any such room, shall he provided with proper wire netting underneath. N'o gas or electric light shall be inserted in the walls, woodw-ork. ceilings, or in any part of any such room, uidess protected by fireproof materials. The footlights, if gas light, in addi- tion to the wire network, shall be protected by a strong wire guard, not less than two feet distant from such footlights. and the trough containing such footlights shall be formed of. and be surrounderl by. fireproof materials. .Ml border lights shall be constructed according to the best known methods, subject to the approval of the City Electrician, and shall be suspended by wire rope. .Ml ducts and shafts used for concluding heated air from the main chandelier, or from any other light or lights, shall he constructed of metal, and made double, with an air space between. .Ml stage lights, if gas, shall have strong metal wire guards or screens, not less than ten inches in diameter, so conslructeil that any material coming in contact therewith shall be out of reach of the flame, and such guards or .screens shall be firmly soldered to the fixtures in all cases. The use of calcium lights in any hall or room used rcgu- l.irly for theatrical or \andeville performances is prohibited ane kept unfastened. There shall be an iron stairway or stairways from the stage to the fly galleries and gridiron, continuing to the roof of the building or to some fireproof passageway or exit. Such stairways may be circular. Such circular stairways, however. shall not he used for access to the dressing rooms. Stairs leading to a box or boxes seating not to exceed thirty people, in the aggregate, shall be independent of all other stairs and scats and not less than two feet eight inches wide in the clear. For each additional twenty-five of seating capacity, or major portion thereof, there shall be an additional width of five inches added to such stairways. .\11 stairways on the stage side of the proscenium wall sb.dl be not less than two feet six inches wide. Instead of increasing the width requirKl for enlrances, aisles, exits and stairways to that required by this chapter, ihe owner, lessee or manager of any such theater shall have the privilege of reducing the number of permanent scats therein until the same ratio between such width and number of seats as hereinbefore provided for shall be established, and if such privilege be taken advantage of. it shall be the duly of the Commissioner of Buildings to make inspection aiul Certify that such ratio actually exists before a license for the operation of any such theater shall he issued. Sec. 331. Floors at Exits. — Floors at all exits shall be so designed as to be level and flush with adjacent floors and shall extend for an unbroken width of not less than four feet in front of each exit, and shall be two feet wider than such exit. Sec. 332. Scats in l<<):^s lict-.^rni . /I'j/c-i.— More than ten seats in any row between aisles in any gallery shall not be permitted. On the main floor and balcony, not more than eleven scats hetween aisles shall be permitted: provided, how- ever, that in banks of seats no main floors ant Cn- obstrueled — Stel's in .lisles. — The miniinum width of aisles w'ith diverging sides in any room or auditorium used for the purposes of Class V shall be two feet eight inches at the end near the stage and not less than three feet at the other end. The Miininniiii width of aisles with parallel sides shall be three feet. I-^very aisle shall lead as nearly as possible directly to an exit, but in no case shall the center line of such exit be more than three feet from the center line of any such aisle leading tlicrelo. Steps shall not be permitted in aisles except as extending from bank to bank of seats and no riser shall be greater than seven and three-eighths inches, and no tread shall be less than nine and one-half inches, and whenever the rise from bank to bank of scats is less than five inches, the floor of the aisles shall be made as an inclined plane, and where steps are placed in outside aisles or corridors they shall not be isolated, but shall be grouped together and a light shall be m.iintained .so that every place where there are steps in inclosing aisles or corridors shall be clearly lighted. .-Ml aisles, passageways, corridors and exits shall be kept free from camp stools, chairs, sofas anrarshal. Sec. 342. I'l-slibult- of Slagc Doors. — All doorways or open- ings in the rear or sides of tlic stage shall be vestihulcd or protected in a manner satisfactory to the Commissioner of Buildings, so as to protect the curtain, scenery and auditorium against drnnghts of air. Sec. 343. I ill Is. l-'hii- I'iffS. Sice Of—Duiiil'iis—SiCilflu-s for Diiiiifcrs. — One or more vents or Hue pipes, of metal con- struction, or other incombustible material suitable for carry- ing away smoke, approved by the Commissioner of Huildings, and extending not less than fifteen feet above the highest point of the roof, and equivalent in area to one-twentieth of the area of the stage, shall be built over the stage. In buildings where additional stories are built above the stage, such vents or Hue pipes may be carried out near the top of the stage walls and shall be continued and run up on the exterior of the building to a point five feet above the highest point of such additional stories. All sucli flues or vents shall be provided willi metal damp- ers, and shall be opened by a closed circuit battery approved by the city electrician : such dampers shall be controlled by two switches, one at the electrician's station on the stage, which station shall be fireproof, and the other at tlie city fireman's station on the opposite side of the stage ; such switches shall be located at such places on the stage as are designated by the fire marshal, and each shall have a sign with plain directions as to the operation of same printed thereon. All fuse boxes shall l)e surrounded l)y two thicknesses of fireproof material, with an air space lietween, and no fuses shall he exposed to the air between the switchboards. Sec. 344. .Aiitoiiuilii .Sfriitklcrs — Locution Of — Tonk — Con- nections. — There shall be provided an approved system of automatic sprinklers, with approved automatic closed circuit electric devices connecting the valves regulating the flow of water in the various sprinkler pipes, with the headquarters of the city fire alarm telegraph and such other place or places as the Fire Mar.shal shall direct, so arranged as to prevent any tampering with the system or the shutting oflf of the water from the sprinkler pipes without automatic notice to the fire department. Such system of automatic sprinklers shall I)e supplied with water from a tank located not less than twenty feet above the level of the highest sprinkler head in the system, and it shall be the duty of the fireman provided for in this chapter to include in his daily report the result of an inspection to determine the sufliciency of water in this tank. .Automatic sprinklers shall be placed in the paint room, store-room, property room, scene storage room, carpenter shop and dress- ing rooms, if such rooms are in or connected with a building used for the purposes of Class V, such tank shall not be con- nected with a standpipe and ladder system, but shall be filled through a separate pipe from a fire pump, and a three-inch iron pipe shall extend from such tank to the outsfile of such building, with Siamese connections for fire department use. Such entire automatic sprinkler system and equipment and the location thereof shall be subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal. .Sec. 345. l-irc .Ift'oiatiis on .Sloiic — Hand I'irc I'uinps— Fire .\hilcrials — Hot Air Furnaces. — .A standpipe not less than two and one-half inches in diameter, having a hose valve or valves thereon, shall be installed on each sicndent Lighting System for E.rils — Red Liglit Over E.vits. — .Ml stairways and corridors shall be supplied with a supplementary lighting system of electricity, gas or sperm oil. and such system shall be independent of all other lights in such building and shall be in operation during the entire period such theater is open to the public and until the audience has left the building. The word "F'.XIT" shall be in letters :it least six inches bigli over the opening to every means of egress from such theater and a red light furni.shed by gas or sperm oil shall be kept burning over such word "EXIT" at every .such opening, during the entire period such theater is open to tlie pu1)lic and until Ihe audience has left the building. Sec. 348. fire .Alarm .-Ipfaratiis. — Every theater shall be provided with an .ipproved system of automatic or manual fire alarm telegraph apparatus, connected by the necessary wires with the headquarters of the city fire alarm telegraph, and such other place or places as the Fire Marshal may direct. The number and location of the boxes and the character of the system, whether automatic or manual, or both, shall be determined by the Fire Marshal. Sec. 349. Firemen— Emt>loymenl 0/—/)h/;<\«.— Amended by ordinance, June 8, 1908, to read as follows : It shall be the duty of every person, firm or corporation conducting, operating or maintaining a theater to procure at his, their or its own expense, the attendance, at each and every performance, of one lireman who shall be detailed by the h^ire Mar.shal from the regular City Fire Department; he shall be in the uniform of Ihe Chicago Fire Department and he shall be on duty at such theater during the entire time it is open to the public, lie shall report to and be subject to the orders of the Fire Marshal and shall see that all fire apparatus required by this Chapter is in its proper condition, ready for use and that all exit doors are unlocked during Ihe entire time such theater is open to the public and are all in efficient and ready working order. During the performance he shall remain on the stage and shall generally perform such duties as may be required of him by ihe rules and regulations of the F^ire Department governing firemen detailed at theaters. 155 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING It shall also be the duty of every person, firm or corpora- tion conducting, operating or maintaining a theater to employ in addition to the fireman hereinbefore provided for, one other experienced and competent person as a private watch- man or fireman who shall be approved by the Fire Marshal and who shall be in distinctive uniform and shall be on duty at such theater during the entire time it is open to the public. Such private watchman or fireman shall report and be subject to the orders of the Fire Marshal and it shall be his duty to see that the provisions of this Chapter are complied with in all portions of the theater occupied and used by the public, and that all exit doors are unlocked during the entire time such theater is open to the public, and in efficient and ready working order. The city fireman and Fire Marshal shall re- quire a drill of the employes of such theater, including such private watchman or fireman, in the use of all apparatus and appliances for the prevention of fire inside the building and the saving of life, at least twice in every week, and such city fireman shall report to the Fire Marshal the manner and efficiency of such drill. Such city fireman shall report in writing daily to the Fire Marshal the condition and equip- ment of the theater to which he is detailed. No city fireman shall be on duty at any one theater for a longer period than two weeks. The compensation to be paid the city for the services of such city fireman so detailed shall be based on the regular salary paid by the city to such fireman, and shall be computed according to the ratio between the number of hours such fireman is required by his duties hereunder to devote to such theater and the total number of hours such fireman is em- ployed by the city for all purposes. All sums received by the city under the provisions of this section shall be for the use and benefit of the Fire Department. Sec. 350. Aiinisc'iiiciit License. — The amusement license issued for each theater shall state the number of permanent seats the theater contains, which number shall be governed by the provisions of this ordinance relating thereto, and no more than that number of persons shall be permitted to be in such theater at any one time. No license for the operation of a theater will be issued un- less the Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal and the City Electrician shall first have certified, in writing, that such theater complies with the provisions of this chapter in every respect. Sec. 351. Lighting— All Parts IVclI Lighted Dnring Per- formances. — Every portion of any theater devoted to the use or accommodation of the public and all outlets therefrom leading to the streets, including all open courts, corridors, stairways, exits and emergency exit stairways, shall be well and properly lighted during every performance, and the same shall remain lighted until the entire audience has left the premises. Sec. 352. Lights — Control of Lights in Halls, Corridors and Lobbies — Separate Shut-off^Connections zcith Gas Mains — Indej^endent Connections — Protection of Suspended and Bracket Lights — Protection of Lights Inserted in Walls — Protection of Footlights — Construction of Border Lights — Ducts and Shafts Conducting Heated Air from Lights—Gas Stage Lights to Have Metal Screens. — All gas or electric lights in the halls, corridors, lobbies or any part of any the- ater used by the audience, except the auditorium, shall be controlled by a separate shut-ofT, located in the lobby, and controlled only in that particular place. Gas mains supplying such theater shall have independent connections for the audi- torium and the stage, and provision shall be made for shut- ting oft the gas from the outside of the building. All sus- pended or liracket lights surrounded by glass in the audi- torium, or in any other part of the theater, shall be provided with proper wire netting underneath. No gas or electric lights sliall be inserted in the walls, woodwork, ceilings, or in any part of the theater, unless protected by fireproof ma- terials. In case gas is used the footlights, in addition to the wire network, shall be protected by a strong wire guard not less than two feet distant from such footlights, and the trough containing such footlights shall be formed of and surrounded by fireproof material. All border lights shall be constructed according to the best known method, and subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal and the City Electrician, and shall be suspended by wire rope. All ducts and shafts used fo.- conducting heated air from the main chandelier, or from any other light or lights, shall be constructed of metal and made double, with an air space between. All gas stage lights shall have strong metal wire guards or screens not less than ten inches in diameter, so constructed that any material coming in contact therewith shall be out of reach of the flames of such lights, and such guards or screens shall be soldered to the fixtures in all cases. The use of calcium lights in any theater is prohibited. All arc lights used on the stage shall at all times be subject to the approval of the city electrician, and no arc lights shall be used on any stage unless approved by said city electrician. Sec. 353. Fire Apparatus — Under Control of Fire Depart- ment. — The standpipes, automatic sprinklers, gas pipes, electric wires, hose, footlights, fire alarm boxes, fireproof proscenium curtain, switch boxes, ventilators, controlling levers, axes and pike poles, and all apparatus for the extinguishing of fire or guarding against the same, as provided for by this chapter, shall be made and kept at all times in condition satisfactory to and under the control of the Fire Marshal. Sec. 354. Officers E)npowered to Enter Buildings. — The Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal, City Electrician, Superintendent of Police, or any of them, and their respective assistants, shall have the right to enter any building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class V, and any and all parts thereof, at any reasonable time, and at any time when occupied by the public, in order to examine such build- ings ; to judge of the condition of the same and to discharge their respective duties, and it shall be unlawful for any per- son to interfere with them, or any of them, in the perform- ance of their duties. Sec. 355. The Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal, City Electrician or Superintendent of Police Shall Close Buildings for Violations. — The Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal, City Electrician and the Superintendent of Police, or any one of them, shall have the power and it shall be their joint and several duty, to order any building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class V, closed, where it is discovered that there is any violation of any of the provisions of this chapter and keep same closed until such provisions are complied with. Sec. 356. License — Mayor Shall Revoke. — Upon a report to the Mayor by the Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Mar- shal, City Electrician or the Superintendent of Police that any requirement of this chapter, or that any order given by them or any of them in regard thereto has been violated, or not complied with, the ^Nlayor shall revoke the license of any such theater or place of amusement so reported and cause the same to be closed. 156 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING lIllLlilXCS OF CLASS V HKREAFTEK KRKCTKl). Sec. 357. The following provisions shall apply to buildings hereafter erected and used wholly or in part for tlic purposes of Class V. Sec. 358. It'iills—Oiilsiil,- lliills—Slni,lun'S Built Above. — The outside walls of all such buildings, the roofs or ceilings of which are carried on trusses or girders of a span of fifty feet or more, shall be as follows : If such walls are less than twenty-five feet liigli they shall not he less than twenty inches thick. If they are more than twenty-five feet and less than forly- fivo feci high they shall he not less than twenty-four inclies thick. It they are more than forty-live feet and less llian sixty feel high they shall he not less than twenty-eight inches thick. If they are more than sixty feet and less than seventy-five feet high they shall be not less than thirty-two inches thick. If they are more than seventy-five feet and less than ninety feel high, they shall be not less than thirty-six inches thick. .\n increase of four inches in thickness of such walls shall be made in all cases where they are over one hundred feet long without cross walls of equal height. The thickness of the enclosing or surrounding walls of rooms used for the purposes of Class V, where such rooms are less than fifty feet wide, may be reduced by four inches. If one or more stories are built above any room devoted to the use of Class V, and such stories are carried on trusses or girders, the thickness of walls shall be increased by four inches for each two stories or part thereof above such room. If solid masonry buttresses are employed and placed eighteen feet or less apart, and extended to the foot of the trusses or girders carrying the ceiling, or if iron or steel columns are inserted in such walls for the support of the superstructure, and at distances not tiiore than twenty-four feet between centers, and if .such columns extend to and carry the superimposed trusses or girders, the thickness of such walls may be reduced in proportion to the increase of strength aflforded by such buttresses or columns, but in no case shall any such w-all be less than twelve inches thick in the top story, and four inches shall be added, going downward, for each story, for each gallery, or for each twenty-five feet in height of wall. Sec. 359. Columns in IWitls. — If iron or steel columns are introduced in such walls, the ])rickwork around such colunms shall be bounded into the brickwork of the connecting wall, and each of such columns shall 1)e fireproofed, as provided in Section 511 of this chapter. Walls Around Stairs, Elevators and Shafts. — See Section 588. Sec. 360. Construction — Frunla'^c — Open Spaces and En- closed Passages. — All buildings hereafter erected and used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class V shall be built entirely of fireproof construction and shall be located so that they adjoin at least two public thoroughfares, one of which shall be a public street, and the other may be a public alley not less than ten HO) feet in width. .Ml floors, balconies and galleries of the audience room of every theater shall have open spaces or fireproof passageways on the three sides other than the proscenium ; and on each of the two opposite sides other than the back and proscenium of every stage there shall be open spaces or fireproof passage- ways, and such open spaces or fireproof passageways shall open on or connect directly with the public thoroughfares. All open spaces shall not l)e less than ten (,10) feet in width and all fireproof passageways shall not be less than eight (S) feet in width, and shall be outside of the audience room, and shall be kept and maintained free and clear of obstructions of any and all kinds at any and all times. Provided, however, that where said theater does not seat more than (wi; hundred persons on the main floor, the width of such fireproof passageway on each side of the auditorium on the main floor may be reduceil to \wq feet for that portion of passageway immediately adjoining the auditorium. Tlie width of such passageways shall be increased twelve (12) inches for each 100 ailditional seating capacity or frac- tion thereof of such main floor, until the maximum now required by law, namely, eight (8) feet, is reached, but m. such passageway shall be less than five (5) feel in width in this class. .\s amended Xov. 25, 1907. .\1I open spaces shall be open and unobstructed from the floor or pavement of such space to the sky, with the exception tliat emergency stairs and emergency balconies may be built in such open spaces. The entire floor of every open space shall 1)e level or inclined; the incline shall not exceed two (2) inches in height for each one foot of horizontal measurement. If one or more fireproof passageways are required on one side of the stage, then the fireproof passageways of each floor and the balcony and each gallery of the auilience room shall be continued through the stage house as fireproof passage- ways to an open space or public thoroughfare, and from the end of each such fireproof passageway there shall be doors or stairs, or both, which shall be arranged so as to afford a safe exit for the audience of .such theater to the pavement of the public thoroughfares, and if fireproof passageways are required on both sides of the stage, then they shall be ar- ranged and connected with all of the fireproof passageways on both sides of the audience room in the same manner as descril)ed for lireproof passageways when these are required only on one side of the stage. The fireproof passageways for the main floor may pass under the stage floor. Provided, however, tlial wliere there is no public thorough- fare or open space at llie back of the stage and on one side of the stage, then the fireproof passageways for the main floor shall be on the stage floor and shall be built along that side of the stage on which there is no public thoroughfare and across the back of the stage to one of the public thorough- fares, and the fireproof passageways for tlie balcony and the fireproof passageways for the galleries shall each be buili along the side of the stage and across the back of the stage, in a continuation of the balcony and gallery floor level to a public thoroughfare. The fireproof passageways of the different floors, of the lialcony and of the galleries, shall be indcpenes Construction — Fire Escofcs Leading to Street or .illey — Doors Ol>cn OK/ri'orrf.— F.mergency exits and stairways shall be provided separately for each floor, balcony or gallery. They shall be of the same size as that provided for tlie main exits, and no emergency exit, doorway or stairway sliall be less than three feet in width. Such emergency stairway sliall be made of iron, steel or other incoml)Ustible material. Sucii emergency exit shall be kept free of obstructions of any kind, including snow and ice. Such emergency exits and stairways may be built inside the walls of the building, provided they are surrounded by a lire- proof partition not less than four inches thick, separating the exits and stairways from the audience room or auditorium. If such emergency exits lead outside the building, the open- ings leading thereto shall have metal door frames and metal doors with panels filled with fire-resisting glass, opening out- ward, hung from the inside corner of the janib.s, and so constructed as not to project when opened beyond the outside face of the wall, and outer shutters shall not be permitted. Whenever any such emergency stairway passes over an exit or door or window or other opening, such stairway shall be completely enclosefl for a space of live feel greater in width than such opening, by iron, steel or other incombustible ma- terial. .\11 such emergency exits and stairway^ >hall land at the ground level in a jiublic thoroughfare or in some space that connects directly with a street or alley, and direct and im- mediate exit to such public thoroughfare shall not be ob- structed by any door, gate, bars or other obstruction of any character. Every court in which there is an emergency stairway shall liave direct .Mid unobstructed access along the surf.ice of the ground to a street, alley or yard opening into an alley or street without entering into or passing through or over any building unless by a four-foot wide fireproof passage on the court or ground level. .Ml doors in openings from emergency exits and stairways shall be so constructed that when opened they will not ob- struct any portion of any other doorway, opening or passage- way. .Ml doors affording ingress to or egress from any theater shall open outward upon .suitable hinges. Exit doors shall not be obscured by draperies and shall not lie locked or fastened in any manner during the entire time such theater is open to the public, so as to prevent them from being easily opened outwardly : and such doors shall be so constructed and maintained as to require no special knowl- edge or effort to open them from the interior. Sec. 370. Wall — liriclc — I'rosceninm Bef.eeen Auditorium and Stage — Steel Curtain Fire[iroofed on Stage Side- — .\o Combustible Material on Audience Side — Plans for Curtain — Permit from Building Department — Insfieelion Fee. — There shall be a solid lirick wall of the same construction and thick- ness as is required in the outside walls of the building in which such lliealer is located, between the auditorium and tlie stage. The main proscenium opening shall have a vertically oper- ated steel curtain which shall, when it is lowered, completely close such proscenium opening. The curtain shall be raised and lowered liy mechanical power, other than hand power, as the regular curtain and act drop each and every time there is an audience in the theater. The lowering of the curtain shall be controlled from not less than two points in the building, one of which shall be designated by the Commissioner of Buildings. The curtain shall have a steel covering on the outer or auditorium side. The stage side covering shall be of a non- conducting substance of such a thickness and such material as shall stand a test of two thousand degrees F. on the stage side for fifteen minutes and without heating the opposite side to a higher temperature than three hundred and fifty degrees F. All metal work willi llie exception of the fr.iiiu- -ball be covered with a non-conducting substance on the stage side. The curtain shall operate vertically in steel guides of such a cross section that the edges shall engage and secure the edges of the curtain and prevent the curtain from le.iving the guiding channel or channels if the curtain should lend to buckle or hag either inward or outward. N'o metal in the guide channels or in the engaging edge of the curtain shall be less than three-eighths ( >.sl of an inch thick. The joints of the curtain with llie proscenium wall, with the -lage floor 159 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING and with the head of the opening shall be made gas tight as nearly as practicable. The calculations for the strength of the curtain, the curtain guides and the guide anchors, and the workmanship shall be according to the best modern engineering practice, the stresses in the material and in the various sections of steel shall be within the safe limits of stress described in this ordinance. No part of a curtain or of the curtain guides shall be supported by or fastened to any combustible material. The supports of the curtain and the curtain guides and edges and the curtain shall be of sufficient strength to safely resist a pressure of twenty (20) pounds for each and every square foot of the curtain, either inward or outward, if such curtain does or does not bag. No combustible material other than painted decorations shall be applied to the audience side of any such curtain. Plans for every such curtain shall be approved by the Building Department and a permit obtained for its erection. The Building Department shall inspect such curtain semi- annually, and for each such inspection a fee of two ($2) dollars shall be charged. All other openings in such proscenium wall shall have self- closing, regulation standard iron fire doors and iron frames and thresholds ; such doors and frames shall be built in such a manner as to resist warping. Sec. 371. Slagc, Construction of — Fireproof Paint — Scenery — How Treated. — The framing of the floor of every stage shall be of iron or steel or fireproof material. The stage floor may be of wood, but shall not be less than two and three-fourths inches thick. The entire floor con- struction and floor or fly galleries, rigging lofts and paint galleries, all railings and supports and stanchions thereon, and all sheaves, pulleys and cables and their supports, shall be if iron or steel. All woodwork, including the under side of floor boards, and all framing for scenery used on or about the stage shall be coated with a fireproof paint, the qualities of which shall be submitted to and approved by the Com- missioner of Buildings, All wood used for floor and floor supports shall be coated on the under side with the same kind of paint. No scenery or stage paraphernalia of any sort shall be used upon the stage of any room used for the purposes of Class V unless such scenery and paraphernalia shall have been treated with a paint or chemical solution which shall make it noninflammable, and which treated scenery or stage paraphernalia, or both, shall be tested and approved by the Fire Marshal. Sec. 372. Vestibules for Stage Doors. — All doorways or openings in the rear or sides of the stage shall be vestibuled or protected in a manner satisfactory to the Commissioner of Buildings, so as to protect the curtain, scenery and audi- torium against draughts of air. Sec. 373. Structures Over Ceiling — Construction. — If any structure is built over the ceiling or roof of any theater, the dififerent members of the girders or trusses supporting same shall have their fireproofing double in the manner prescribed for columns of fireproof buildings as specified in the General Provisions of this chapter. Sec. 374. ]' cuts—Size Of— Flue Pipes— Dampers— Szcitclies for Dampers. — One or more vents or flue pipes of metal construction, or other incombustible material, suitable for carrying away smoke, and approved by the Commissioner of Buildings, and extending not less than fifteen feet above the highest point of the roof, and equivalent in area to one- twentieth of the area of the stage, shall be built over the stage. In buildings where additional stories are built above the stage, such vents or flue pipes may be carried out near the top of the stage walls, and shall be continued and run up on the exterior of the building to a point five feet above the highest point of such additional story. All such flues or vents shall be provided with metal dampers, and shall be opened by a closed circuit battery, approved by the City Electrician. Such dampers shall be controlled by two switches, one at the electrician's station on the stage, which station shall be fireproof, and the other at the city fireman's station, on the opposite side of the stage; such switches shall be located in such places on the stage as are designated by the Fire Marshal, and each shall have a sign with plain directions as to the operation of the same printed thereon. All fuse boxes shall be surrounded by two thicknesses of fireproof material, with an air space between, and no fuses shall be exposed to the air between the switchboards. Sec. 375. Automatic Sprinklers — Location — Tank — Con- nections. — There shall be provided an approved system of automatic sprinklers with approved automatic closed circuit electric devices connecting the valves, regulating the flow of water into the various sprinkler pipes with the headquarters of the city fire alarm telegraph, and such other place or places as the Ffre Marshal shall direct, so arranged as to prevent any tampering with the system or the shutting off of the water from the sprinkler pipes without automatic notice to the fire department. Such system of automatic sprinklers shall be supplied with water from a tank located not less than twenty feet above the level of the highest sprinkler head in the system, and it shall be the duty of the firemen provided for in this chapter to include in their daily report the result of an inspection to determine the sufficiency of water in this tank. Automatic sprinklers shall be placed in the paint room, store room, property room, scene storage room, carpenter shop and dressing rooms, if such rooms are in or connected with a building used for the purposes of Class V. Such tank shall not be connected with a standpipe and ladder system, but it shall be filled through a separate pipe from a fire pump, and a three-inch iron pipe shall extend from such tank to the outside of such building with Siamese connections for fire department use. Such entire automatic sprinkler system and equipment and the location thereof shall be subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal. Sec. 376. Fire Apparatus on Stage — Hand Fire Pumps — Fire Materials — Hot Air Furnaces. — A standpipe not less than three inches in diameter, having a hose valve or valves thereon shall be installed oti each side of the stage with a hose connection at the stage and at each level above and below the stage, and hose connected thereto at each valve ready for use at all times. Such standpipes shall be con- nected with a tank on the roof containing not less than three thousand gallons of water, protected from frost, and such tank shall be connected with and supplied by a power pump, all of which shall be subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal. Portable fire extinguishers or hand fire pumps shall always be kept ready for use on and under the stage, in fly galleries and in rigging loft, and in addition thereto at least four fire department axes and si.x pike poles shall be kept ready for use on each tier or floor of the stage, all of which shall be subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal. 160 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Tlic use of ortlinary liol ;iir fiiriiacos or stoves is prohibited. Sec. 377. Exits — Diii!;ntiii of — I'rinlcd on I'roaraiiis. — It shall be the duty of the owner, lessee or manager of any theater, for any perforniance in which programs are issued, to cause to be printed on such programs on the page opposite that on which the cast is printed, a diagram showing con- spicuously all exits of such building. .\ diagram of seats on each tloor. and the exits leadirig from each Hour, drawn to a scale of one-eighth inch to the foot, sh.dl be hung in a frame within two feet of the ticket seller's window and so as to be easily seen by the public. Sec. 378. Iiidcpciidriit Lighting System for Exits — Red Light Over Exits. — .Ml stairways and corridors shall be supplied with a supplementary lighting system of electricity, gas or sperm oil, and sucji system shall be independent of all other lights in such building, and shall be in operation during the entire period such theater is open to the public and until the audience has left the building. The word "E.XIT" shall be in letters at least six inches high over the opening to every means of egress from such theater and a red light, furnished by gas or sperm oil, shall be kept burning over such word "EXIT" at every such opening, during the entire period such theater is open to the pulilic and until the audience has left the building. Sec. 379. Fire Alarm Apparatus. — Every theater shall be provided with an approved system of automatic or manual lire alarm telegraph apparatus, connected by the necessary wires with the headquarters of the city fire alarm telegraph and such other place or places as the Fire Marshal shall direct. The number and location of the bo.xes and the character of the system, wliether automatic or manual or both, shall be determined by the Fire Marshal. Sec. 380. Firemen — Employment of — Duties — .\niended by ordinance June 8, 1908, to read as follows : It shall be the duty of every person, finn or corporation conducting, operating or maintaining a theater to procure at his, their or its own expense, the attendance at each and every performance, of one fireman who shall be detailed by the Fire Marshal from the regular City Fire Department ; be shall be in the uniform of the Chicago Fire Department and be shall be on duty at such theater during the entire time it is open to the public. He shall report to and be subject to the orders of the Fire Marshal and shall see that all fire apparatus required by this Chapter is in its proper condition, ready for use and that all e.xit doors are unlocked during the entire time such theater is open to the puljlic and are all in efficient and ready working order. During the per- formance he shall remain on the stage and shall generally perform such duties as may be required of him by the rules and regulations of the Fire Department governing firemen detailed at theaters. It shall also be the duty of every person, firm or corpor- ation conducting, operating or maintaining a theater to employ, in addition to the fireman hereinbefore provided for, one other experienced and competent person as a private watchman or fireman who shall be approved by the Fire Marshal and who shall be in distinctive uniform and shall be on duty at such theater during the entire time it is open to the public. Such private watchman or fireman shall report and be subject to the orders of the Fire Marshal and it shall be his duty to see that the provisions of this Chapter are complied with in all portions of the theater occupied and used by the public, and that all exit doors are unlocked during the entire time such theater is open to the public, and in efficient, and ready working order. The city fireman and Fire Marshal shall require a drill of the employes of such theater, including such private watchman or fireman, in the use of all apparatus and appliances for the prevention of fire inside the building and the saving of life, at least twice in every week, and such city fireman shall report to the l-'ire Marshal the manner and efficiency of such drill. Such city lireman shall report in writing daily to the Fire Marshal the condition and equipment of the theater to which he is detailed. No city fireman shall be on :isiim-nt IukIi shall lie of fireproof construc- tion ( acconling to tlu- definition of "fireproof construction" contained in Section 500 of this chapter); every new tene- ment house more than three stories and hasement high, but not more than five stories and basement high, shall be of "slow-burning" or "fireproof construction" (according to the delinition of "slow-burning" or "fireproof construction" as defined in this chapter I. In case slow-bnrning construction be used the cellar and basement construction, including the floor construction of the first story above the cellar or base- ment, shall be of fireproof construction. In all new frame tenement houses outside the fire limits of the city each suite of apartments shall be separated from the next suite in such iiuilding by a wall of four-inch tile or metal studding and metal lath. .\s amended by ordinance of October 22, 1906. In all new frame tenement houses outside the fire limits of the city, each suite of apartments shall he separated from the next suite in such building by a wall of incomlnistiblc material of such character as the Commissioner of Buildings may require. Sec. 391. Joists — Sii/'l'ofls for. — If in buildings of Class VI the (listance between the enclosing walls is more tlian twenty-four feet in the clear, there shall be intermediate supports for the joists, which supports shall be either brick walls or iron or steel. If brick walls are used for this pur- pose they may. in all cases where the thickness of walls is given in the table as 16 inches or more, be made 4 inches less in thickness than the dimensions stated in tlie tal)le. Walls — Ledges in. — See Section 588. Sec. 392. Fire Eseo/'es. — Every tenenKiu liouse four or more stories in height shall be provided with a fire escape or fire escapes, such as are required by the statutes of this state and the ordinances of the city. In every case each separate apartment shall have direct access to at least one such fire escape unless such apartment shall have direct access (without passing through any other apartment ) to at least two separate flights of stairs leading to the ground, one of which is placed in front and one in the rear of sucli buililing. and one of which may be placed outside of the building; but where such separate apartment shall not have access to two such flights of stairs, then there shall be a metal stairway between the balconies of every .such fire escape, securely fastened to the walls of the building not less than two feet wide, with a proper hand rail, in.stead of the usual vertical ladder. Every court in which there shall be a fire escape shall have direct and utiobstructed access along the surface of the ground to a street, alley, or yard opening into the alley or street, without entering into or passing through or over any building, unless by a four-foot wide fireproof passage on the court or ground level. Sec. 393. Fire Eseal>es to Be Fainted. — Every new fire escape shall be painted with two coats of durable paint, one put on in the shop and the other at once upon the erection of such fire escape. Sec. 394. Bulkheads and Seulttes — Stairs to. — Every tenement house shall have in the roof a bulkhead or scuttle. fireproof or covered with fireproof materials, with stairs or ladder leading thereto: no such roof opening shall be less than two feet by three feet. Xo scuttle or bulkhead door shall have upon it any lock, but may be fastened on the inside by movable bolts or hooks. Sec. 395. Stairs and Halls — In Case of Alterations — Requirements. — Every now existing and every new tenement house shall have at least two flights of stairs, which shall extend from the entrance floor to the top story. Such stairs and the public halls in every tenement house shall each be at least three feel wide in the clear, and every apartment shall be directly :iccessible from both such flights of stairs. If any existing tenement house be so altered as to increase the number of apartments therein, or if such building be increased in height, or if the halls and stairs therein be damaged by fire or otherwise to an extent greater than one- half the original cost thereof, the entrance, stair halls, entrance halls and other public halls of the whole building shall be made to conform to the requirements of this chapter as to new tenement houses. .Sec. .396. liailinns and Guards. — In every lenenunt bouse all stairways shall be provided willi sutticient railings and guards. Sec. 397. Stairs in Son-Fireproof Buildings, Eighty to One Hundred and T-^K'enty Rooms. — Every new non-fireproof tenement house containing over eighty rooms, exclusive of bath rooms, sliall have one additional flight of stairs (over and above the flights hereinbefore provided for) for every additional eighty rooms, or fraction thereof; but if such building contains not more than one hundred and twenty rooms, exclusive of bath rooms, at the owner's option, in lieu of an additional stairway, the stairs and public halls through- out the entire building shall be at least one-half wider than is provided in Sections 395 and 402 of this chapter. Sec. 398. Stairs in Fireproof Buildings One Hundred and Twenty Rooms and (ptK'ard. — Every new fireproof tenement house containing over one hundred and twenty rooms, exclu- sive of bath rooms, shall have one additional flight of stairs (over and above the flights hereinbefore provided for) for every additional one hundred and twenty rooms or fraction thereof; but if such buildings contains not more than one Inmdred and eighty rooms, exclusive of bath rooms, at the owner's option, in lieu of an additional stairway, the stairs and public lialls tliroughout the entire building shall be made at least one-half wider than is provided in Sections 395 and 402 of this chapter. Sec. 399. Stairs — Entranee to — Treads and Risers. — Every flight of stairs required in a tenement house shall have an entrance on tlie entrance floor from a street or alley, or from a yard or court which opens into a street or alley. .All stairs except rear stairs, in new tenement houses, shall have risers not more than seven and three-quarters inches high and treads not less than nine and one-half inches wide exclusive of nosings, except in winding stairs, where all treads at a point eighteen inches from the strings on the well side shall be al least nine and oni-half inches wide, exclusive of nosings. Sec. 400. Stairs and Stair Halls — Over Three Stories — Fire-Resisting Glass. — The stairs and stair halls in all new tenement houses more than three stories and basement high shall be constructed of incomlmstible material throughout, except that the treads of stairs (not less than one and three- fourths inches thick) and all hand rails, may be of hard wood. .Ml windows in stair halls in new tenement houses more than three stories and basement high opening on inner courts or shafts shall be of good quality fire-resisting glass. Sec. 401. 5/ Inehes He- low the Ploor — graded — Cunereled — Drained. — In every new tenement house, the iiottom of all shafts, courts and yards which extend to the liasement and light and ventilate the living rooms in such basement shall, by means of areas, not less than two feet six inches in their least dimension or other- wise, 1)e extended a distance of at least two inches below the floor level of the part intended to be occupied. .Ml shafts, inner courts and areas which extend to the ground shall be properly concreted, and all shafts, inner and lot line courts and areas shall be properly graded and drained, and sb.ill be so connected with a street sewer through an inter- mediate trap or surface basin (where such a sewer is adjacent to the lot), that all water may be drained freely into it. Sec. 4,W. .Sinks — Ketjiiireinent. — In every new tenement liouse there shall be in each apartment at least one proper sink with running water. In every now existing tenement liouse there shall lie on every floor at least one proper sink with running water, accessible to all the tenants of tli.it floor, wMtbout passing through any other apartment, if there be not one such sink in each apartment. In no tenement house shall there be woodwork inclosing sinks located in the public li.ills : the space underneath sinks shall be left entirely open. Sec. 434. Water Closets — Aeeess to — Windoies in — Arti- fieial Light. — In every new tenement house there shall he a separate water closet in a separate compartment within each ap.irtinent, accessible to each apartment, without passing tlirough any other apartment, provided that where there are .ipartmcnts, consisting of only one or two rooms, there shall lie at least one water closet for every two apartments. Every water closet compartment in every new' tenement hou.se shall li.ive a window opening upon a street, alley, yard, court or vent sliaft, and every water closet compartment in every existing tenement house shall be ventilated by such a window, or else by a proper ventilating pipe running through the roof. Every water closet compartnicnt in every tenement house shall lie provided with proper means of artificially lighting the s.iiiie. I f li.xtures for gas or electricity are not provided in any such compartment, then the door thereof shall have grcnind glass or wire glass panels or transoms. .Sec. 43.S. .Sanitary Requirements. — No drip trays shall be permitted in new tenement houses. .Ml water closet fixtures ill every new tenement house shall be constructed and set up comfortably to the requirements of the Department of Health. .Ml privy vaults used in connection with any existing tenement house shall be replaced by water closets, constructed and set up in conformity with the provisions of this chapter, whenever connection with a public sewer is in any way prac- ticable, and the Department of Health of the city shall be the sole judge as to the practicability of such connection with the public sewer. M least one such water closet shall he pro- vided for every two apartments in each existing tenement house, and such water closets may he located in the yard if neces.sary. If so located, long hopper closets Jiiay he used, provided all trajis. flush tanks and pipes be protected against frost. Sec. 436. Loads — AlUn^wnce for Lire Loads in Construe- tion of Floors. — For all huildings of Class VI the floors shall be designed and constructed in such a manner as to be cap- able of hearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of the floor construction, and including the weight of parti- tions and permanent fixtures and mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live loa 5.000 4,000 3.000 2.000 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. Story or Stories SOfett 25 feet 20 feet 19 feet IS feet 17 foot U, fcpt 15 feet 14 feet 13 feet 12 feet 11 feet 10 feet 9 feet 8 feet mdless 7 feet SQUARE .5tli. Mh.7th. 22 ft. 6 in. 18 feet 17 feet 16 feet 15 feet 14 feet 13 ft. fi in. 12 ft. 6 in. 11 ft. 6 in. 10 ft. 6 in. 9 ft. 6 in 9 feet 8 feet 7 feet FEET OF — 9th.10tli.llth 12th. Story or Stories 24 feet 20 feet 16 feet 15 feet 14 feet 13 feet 12 feet 12 feet 11 feet 10 feet 9 feet 9 feet 8 feet 7 feet 6 feet 6 feet Stories 21 feet 17 ft. 6 i 14 feet 13 feet 12 feet 12 feet 12 feet 10 ft. 6 i 9 ft. 6 i 9 feet 9 feet 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet 6 stairways 5 stairways 4 stairways 4 stairways 4 stairways 4 stairways 4 stairways 3 stairways 3 stairways 3 srairways 3 stairways 3 stairways 2 stairways 2 stairways 2 stairways 2 stairways Whenever any building of fireproof construction used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class VII shall adjoin or be attached to a fireproof building, used by the same occu- pant, and having in its required intervening fire wall one or more openings, fitted with fire doors, on each side of the fire wall, having self-closing device thereon, as approved by the Building Department, then every such opening shall, for all purposes, be held to be equivalent to and take the place of and be regarded as a stairway, built and enclosed in the manner described in the following section (459). But in no case shall there be less than one stairway in any such building. As amended by ordinance, October 29, 1906. Sec. 459. Stairs — Firc/'roof Interior. — Where an interior stairway and its stair hall of a building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class VII are inclosed in all stories of the building by fireproof partitions built as described in Section 533 of this chapter for fireproof construction, and where the stairways and landings are built as described in Section 534 of this chapter for fireproof construction, and where the doors, frames, sashes and casings and the glazed portions thereof are built as described in Section 525 of this chapter for fireproof construction, then such stairway, if not less than five feet in width from first floor to the topmost floor, shall be considered as the equivalent of two open stair- ways, but in no case shall there be less than two stairways in any such building". Sec. 460. Stories— Jl'licrc Stories Above Tzwlfth Are Used for Class I'll Purposes. — Where stories above the twelfth story are used for the purposes of Class VII as hereinbefore described for employes' locker rooms, then the stairways from the first to the topmost floor shall be built and inclosed as described in the preceding section, but the stairways shall be in number and in their aggregate width as required in the table of stairways set forth in Section 458 of this chapter. Sec. 461. Stairs — Halls — Passagezcays and Aisles — Signs and Ligljts, — The stair halls, passageways or stair aisles shall be unobstructed and shall be as wide as the stairs, and not less than four feet wide in any place in the clear. The exit door or doors between floors and stair halls shall be as wide as the stairway to which they afford access, and for each elevator opening into such a stair hall the doors to floors shall be increased to two feet in width. The stairways and stair halls of any building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Glass VII shall be illuminated by gas or electric light, and the gas piping and the electric wiring shall be accomplished by piping and circuits separated and distinct from the general illuminating piping and circuits of the premises. Each stair light shall have a red glass in- closure. At the bottom of each such st.-iirway there shall be an illum- inating red glass sign with the number of the story in which it is situated inscribed thcrcim in letters not less than six inches high. Sec. 462. Aisles in Class VII Buildings. — In buildings used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class VII there shall be aisles in such portions of the building as are used for such purposes, connecting the stairways and the elevators directly with the street or alley doors, and such aisles shall be termed "main aisles." Such main aisles shall have a clear width equal to the width of the stairways connecting therewith, and for each elevator connecting with such an aisle there shall be an additional width of six inches, and no such main aisle shall be less than five feet wide in the clear between the counters in any department store or between the fixed seats therein. One-third the width of any basement stair- •170 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING \v:iy shall he ailik'd to ilic xvicltli of the main aisle coiinecliiig witli such stairway. If there is a colunin in any such aisle, then the wiillli of the aisle shall be increased by the width of such column. If there is a counter or counters or settee, or any case or other obstruction, in an aisle, then that part of the aisle on each side of such counter, settee or case or other obstruction shall be considered as a separate aisle. Xo aisle other than a main aisle shall be less than three feet in width. Sec. 463. Exit Si^iis mid Lights. — All exits in buildings used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class VII shall he clearly indicated by illuminated red signs with the word "EXIT" thereon in letters not less than six inches high. .Xt the Iwttoin of each stairway on tile street level floor there shall be similar signs indicating the direction of the nearest exit to a street or alley. Fire escape doors and windows shall lie iii.s — iVhcn Required to Be Closed — Fire Resisting Glass. — See Section 632. Sec. 466. Floors — Strength Of — .-IHoicanee for Live Loads. — Every structural part of every building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class VII shall safely support, in addition to the weight of floor construction, partitions and permanent mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live load of not less than one hundred pounds per square foot of floor area, and the construction shall be calculated according to the safe unit stresses elsewhere defined in this chapter. Every part of any such building which is subjected to a live load of more than one hundred pouiuls per square foot of floor shall be of sufficient strength in the parts which support such load to safely support the load imposed, calculated according to the safe allowable unit stresses elsewhere defined in this chapter. Sec. 467. Fire Fsealloyes.— It shall be the duty of every person or corporation maintaining or in possession, charge or control of any building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class VII to designate certain adult male employes in such building (the number of which employes shall l)e prescribed by the Fire Marshal), who shall be reg- ularly and throughout the entire time such building is open to tlie public employed in such building, and who shall be physically and mentally able to perform the duties which shall be required of them in case of fire occurring in any such Imilding. Such employes shall at least once in each month, wlien directed by the Fire Marshal or any authorized niem1)er of the Fire Department, take part in a fire drill con- ducted by the Fire Marshal, or any authorized member of the Fire Department, in the use of all apparatus for the pre- vention and extinguishing of fire in such building, whenever tlie Fire Marshal shall deem .such drill necessary or advisable. Such person or corporation shall pay to the city the propor- tion of the regular salary of any employe of the Fire Depart- ment who shall be employed in drilling and examining the employes of any such building, based upon the time of such employment, and the Fire Marshal shall render bills monthly for such services. Sec. 471. Standl>ipes—rnnifove sidewalk level. .\ot to exceed five hundred seating capacity, in any story provided, however, that there shall be at least two separate and distinct stairways from the floor in which such audi- torium or assembly hall is located to the ground, each of which shall not be less than four feet wide in the clear. Sec. 479. Floor Levels — In Buildings Having Stairs and Corridors of Fireproof Construction. .\<)t to exceed one thousand five hundred seating capacity, not over ten feet above sidewalk level. Xot to exceed one thousand seating capacity, not over twen- ty-five feet above sidewalk level. Xot to exceed eight hundred seating capacity, not over forty-two feet above sidewalk level. Xot to exceed five hundred seating capacity, not over fifty feet above sidewalk level. Xot to exceed two hundred and fifty seating capacity, not over sixty feet above sidewalk level. Sec. 480. Floor Lcz-els in Buildings of Mill, Slon'-Burning or Ordinary Construction. Xot to exceed one thousand seating capacity, not over ten feet above sidewalk level. X'ot to exceed si.x hundred and fifty seating capacity, not over thirty feet above sidewalk level. Xot to exceed five hundred seating capacity, not over forty- five feet above sidewalk level. X'ot to exceed two hundred seating capacity, not over si.xty feet above sidewalk level. Sec. 481. Floors — Height Of, .Measured from Sideivalk Level. — Heights shall be measured from sidewalk level at en- trance of buildings to highest part of main floor of audi- torium or assembly hall. Sec. 482. Stairzcays — Width Of. — Stairways in buildings used wholly for the purposes of Class VIII shall be in width equivalent to fifteen inches for every hundred of seating capacity in such building, as measured by the aggregate seat- ing capacity of the auditorium, assembly rooms and school rooms ; provided, however, that the number of persons allowed in such buildings at any one time shall be limited by the width of stairways available as exits therefrom. Xo stairway shall be less than four feet in the clear, except where more than two stainvays lead down from any floor. in which case stairways three feet wide in the clear may he counted in the total width of stairways required. Where two or more stairways are used, they shall be placed at opposite ends of the building, or as far apart as practicable, and all such buildings hereafter erected shall have at least two separate and distinct stairways from the ground floor to the top floor, and all existing buildings shall have two such separate and distinct stairways, or one stairway and one stair or sliding fire escape. Sec. 483. Stairzcays — Railings on liach Side — Height of Landing. — All stairways shall have railings on each side thereof. Xo stairway shall ascend a greater height than thirteen feet six inches without a level landing, which, if its width is in the direction of the run of the stairs, shall be not less than four feet wide, or which, if at a turn of the stairs, shall be of not less width than the stairs, and no winder shall be permitted in any stairs. Sec. 484. Stairzi-ays — Fireproof. — In such Imildings here- after erected more than two stories and basement in height, the stairways and their enclosing walls shall be of fireproof construction. Sec. 485. Corridors, I'assagezeays, Hallu-ays and Doors — Width Of. — The width of corridors, passageway.*, hallways and doors shall be computed in the same manner as that herein provided for stairways ; provided, however, that no corridor shall be anywhere less than five feet in width, and no door less than three feet in width, except where two or more doors, each two feet four inches or more in width, arc grouped together. Sec. 486. Doors lo Open Outward. — .Ml doors in such buildings shall open outward, and all entrance and exit doors shall be unlocked at all limes when the building is occupied for school purposes, or open to the public. Sec. 487. Doors — Exits Covered zvith Metal. — .Ml exit doors from assembly halls and class rooms to other parts of tlie building shall be covered with metal or other fireproof material, approved by the commissioner of buildings. Sec. 488. Aisles — Width Of — Number of Seats in Audi- torium. — Aisles in auditoriums and assembly halls in such buildings shall be in width equivalent to eighteen inches for every one hundred of seating capacity in such auditorium or assembly hall, but no such aisle shall be less than two feet six inches wide in its narrowest part. -Ml groups of seats shall be so arranged that they shall have an aisle on each side, and not more than twelve seats in any one row shall be placed between aisles. Sec. 489. Aisles in Class and Recitation Rooms. — Aisles in class rooms, recitation rooms and study rooms of such buildings shall be in width equivalent to eighteen inches for every one hundred permanent seats in any such room, but no main or cross aisle shall be less than two feet six inches wide in its narrowest part. Sec. 490. Aisles and Passagezivys — Kept Clear of Obstruc- tions. — All aisles and passageways in such buildings shall be kept free from camp stools, chairs, sofas and other obstruc- tions, and no person shall be allowed to stand in or occupy any of such aisles or passageways during any performance, service, exhibition, lecture, concert or any public assembly, nor shall there be any chairs, settees or camp stools in such aisles or corridors at such times or occasions. Sec. 491. Emergency E.rits for Auditoriums or Assembly Rooms — .-iggregate Width Of. — All auditoriums or assembly halls of such buildings having a seating capacity of eight 173 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Inuidred or more shall be provided with emergency exits. The aggregate width of such emergency exits which shall be provided for each floor, balcony or gallery of such auditorium or assembly hall shall be one-half of the width of the main exit. No emergency exit or stairway shall be less than three feet in width. Sec. 492. Exils—Signs.— AW exits opening from auditor- iums and assembly halls of such buildings shall have the word "EXIT," in letters at least six inches high, applied to the auditorium side of every such exit, and when such audi- torium or assembly hall is used at night, a red light shall be kept burning over the word "EXIT" during the entire time such building is so used and until the pupils or audience have left the building. Sec. 493. Lights in Buildings. — Every portion of any such building devoted to the uses or acconunodation of the public and all outlets therefrom leading to the streets, including the open courts and corridors, stairways and exits, shall be well and properly lighted during the entire time such portion is in use, and shall remain lighted until all the pupils or the audience have left the premises. All gas or electric lights in the halls, corridors, lobbies, stairs and exits leading from the auditorium or assembly halls shall be controlled by a sep- arate shut-off and shall be independent of all other lights in such building. Sec. 494. Windozcs. — The total glass area of outside win- dows and skylights of each class room, recitation room or study room in such buildings shall be not less than one-ninth of the floor area of such room. Sec. 495. Basement. — In every such building in which the lower or basement floor is below the surface of the ground surrounding such building, and is used in part or as a whole for heating or ventilating apparatus, such floor shall be con- sidered the basement story of such building. Permanent class rooms in basement shall not be permitted. Sec. 496. Fire Escapes. — Every Iniilding used for the pur- poses of Class VIII of four or more stories in height shall be provided and equipped with one or more stairways or sliding fire escapes in such locations and numbers as shall be satisfactory to the Commissioner of Buildings. Sec. 497. Fire Escafes to Be E.vaniined. — It shall be the duty of the janitor of every such building, or such other em- ploye or employes thereof as may be directed by the principal of such school to examine all fire escapes of such buildings from the topmost story to the ground, and to examine and operate all doors, windows and platforms leading to and from such fire escapes ; and such inspection shall be made at least once each and every week that such building is used for school purposes, and a written report made of such inspection to the principal of such school, showing the time it was made and the condition of the fire escapes. Such fire escapes shall be kept in good condition ready for immediate use at any and all times that such building is in use, and shall be kept free of snow and ice. Sec. 498. Fire Drill. — The principal or other person in charge of the pupils in every such building shall establish and maintain a good and efficient fire drill, which shall be practiced at least twice every month during the time such building is used for school purposes. A record shall be kept by the principal or other person in charge of the pupils of each fire drill held and of the time that elapses from the first fire signal until the last person is out of the building. Walls — Around Stairs, Elevators and Shafts. — See Section 588. ARTICLE XII. GENERAL PROVISIONS. FIREPROOF CONSTRUCTION. Sec. 499. Fireproof Construction. — In cases in which it is claimed that any equally good or more desirable mode or manner of construction, or material, or device for fireproofing. other than specified in this chapter, can be used in the erec- tion or alteration of buildings, the Commissioner of Build- ings, upon written application to him for a permit to use the same, shall have power to appoint a Board of Examiners, consisting of not less than three nor more than five members, each of whom shall have had at least ten years' experience in Chicago as an architect, engineer or builder, who shall take the usual oath of office. The said examiners shall adopt rules and specifications for examining and testing such mode or manner of construction, or material or device for fire- proofing, and furnish a copy of the same to the applicant. And such specification shall provide for a comparative fire test of not less than four hours and for a period of at least two hours an average temperature of 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit shall be maintained. At the end of this test water shall be applied to the construction through a H^-inch nozzle under 60 pounds pressure for five minutes. Hollow tile shall bf used as a basis for comparison, and if the proposed material shall pass said test as well or better than hollow tile, it shall be approved as a fireproofing material. The said examiners shall thereupon notify such applicant to submit to such exam- ination and make such tests in the presence of the said exam- iners, or a majority thereof, according to such rules and specifications. All expenses of such examiners, and of such examinations and tests, shall be paid by the applicant, and said examiners may require security therefor. The said examiners shall, after such examination and tests, certify the results and their decision on the said appli- cation to tlie Commissioner of Buildings, who shall have power, in the event of the examination and tests being satis- factory, to grant a permit to the applicant in accordance with such decision of the said Board of Examiners. A complete record of the proceedings and all acts and decisions of the said Board of Examiners shall be kept by the Commissioner of Buildings in his office. The Commissioner of Buildings shall have the power to pass upon any question relative to the mode or manner of construction or materials to be used for fireproofing in the erection or alteration of any building or structure to make the same conform to the true intent and meaning of the sev- eral provisions of this chapter. Sec. SCO. Fireproof Construction — Definition Of. — The term fireproof construction shall apply to all buildings in which all parts that carry weights or resist strains, and also all exterior walls and all interior walls and all interior par- titions and all stairways and all elevator enclosures are made entirely of incombustible material, and in which all metallic structural members are protected against the effects of fire by coverings of a material which shall be entirely incom- bustible, and a slow heat conductor, and hereinafter termed "fireproof material." Reinforced concrete as defined in this ordinance shall be considered fireproof construction. Sec. 501. Fireproof Material. — The materials which shall be considered as filling the conditions of fireproof covering are: First, burnt brick; second, tiles of burnt clay; third, approved cement concrete ; fourth, terra cotta ; fifth, approved cinder concrete. 174 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Sec. 502. Ciiiiin-lc — . //i/>»«;vliall he cast and rammed in an unset condition against tlie metal. Sec. 503. Mailiiiii- or Haiiil I'lissi'tl Omrr./.-.— Machine or hand pressed concrete hricks or hlocks ,ire not considered in this chapter as a fireproof material for the jjiotection of metallic structural memhers. Sec. .S04. Hriclc. Ihiiiil Clay. Tiles. lilc.—Hoxc .■\t are made fire- proof entirely, and have skeleton construction so designed that their enclosing walls do not carry the weight of floors or roof, then their walls .shall be not less than twelve inches in thickness; provided, such walls shall be thoroughly anchored to the iron skeleton, and whenever the weight of such walls rests upon beams or colunms, such beams or col- innns shall be made strong enough in each story to carry llie weight of wall resting upon them without reliance upon the walls below them. .Ml walls shall be of fireproof or in- combustible material. Sec. 511. Ctilunins — E.vlerior. — .Ml iron or steel used as a vertical supporting member of the external construction of any building exceeding sixty feet in height shall be protected as against the effects of external changes of temperature, and of fire, by a covering of fireproof material consisting of at least four inches of brick, or of four inches of concrete, or of four inches of burnt clay tiles, or of four inches of hollow terra cotta. or of a combination of any two of tliese materials, I)rovided that their combined thickness is not less than four inches. The thickness of four inches shall be measured from the extreme projections of the metal of the column proper. Where stone or other incombustible material is used for the exterior facing of a building, the distance between the back of the facing and the extreme projections of the metal of the column proper shall be at least four inches, and this four-inch .space sliall be filled with one of the fireproof materials. In all cases, the brick or burnt clay, tile or terra cotta, if used as a fireproof covering, shall be bedded in cement mor- tar close up to the iron or steel members, and all joints shall be made full and solid. -Sec. 512. I-'ireproofinii of E.vlerior Sides of Mullions. — In buildings required by this chapter to l)e of fireproof con- struction, all vertical door or window mullions over eight inches wide shall be faced w'ith incombustible material; hor- izontal transom bars over six inches wide shall be faced with a fireproof or with an incombustible material. Sec. 513. Spandril Beams, Girders. Lintel. — The metal of the spandril beams or .spandril girders, or lintels of exterior walls, which support a part of exterior walls, shall be covered in the same manner, and with the same material, as specified for the exterior columns in this chapter. The covering thickness shall be measured from the extreme projection of cif tile iMelal in every case. Sec. 514. Fireproof Coveriuj^ Independent. — .Ml covering of brick, concrete, burnt clay tiles, hollow- terra cotta or of a combination of any two of these materials shall be applied to all of the structural members of the exterior of a fireproof l)uilding previously and independently of the application of the architectural facing of such fireproof building with an incombustible or fireproof material. Sec. 515. Iron or Steel Plates for Support of Wall.— If iron or steel plates or angles are used in each story for the support of the facings of the walls within such story, sucli plates or angles shall be of sufficient strength to carry 175 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING the weight within the limits of fiber stress for iron and steel elsewhere specilied in this chapter, the enveloping material for such story, and such plates or angles may extend to within two inches of the exterior of such covering. Sec. 516. Jl'iills. Siipfoi-t and Fireprooftng O/.— Where skeleton construction is used for the whole or part of a build- ing, the enveloping material and the walls shall be independ- ently supported on the skeleton frame for each individual story. Sec. 517. Term Cotta.—U terra cotta or other hollow blocks are used, as fireproof covering, they shall be backed up with brick or hollow tile or concrete; whichever is used shall be, however, of such dimensions and laid up in such a manner that the backing will be built into the cavities of the facing so as to secure perfect bond between the facing and its backing. Sec. 518. Coping.— The upper surfaces of all breaks or offsets in external coverings and fillings and walls, as well as the tops of walls, shall be covered with stone, terra cotta, metal, concrete or fire clay copings set in cement mortar. Copings of all kinds which do not have lapped joints shall be pointed with mortar composed of one part of standard Portland cement and two parts of torpedo sand. Sec. 519. Columns— Interior.— Tht covering of interior columns shall be one or more of the fireproof materials herein described. If such covering shall be of brick or concrete it shall be not less than four inches thick; if of burnt clay tiles such covering shall be in two consecutive layers, each not less than two and one-half inches thick, with one air space; if of por- ous clay solid tiles it shall consist of at least two layers not less than two inches thick each, or if constituted of a com- bination of any two of these materials, one-half of the total thickness required for each of the materials shall be applied, of each of such materials. Whether hollow tile, porous tile or terra cotta is used, the two consecutive layers shall be so applied that neither the vertical nor the horizontal joints in the same shall be opposite each other, and each course shall be so anchored and bonded within itself as to form an inde- pendent and stable structure. In all cases, the brick or hollow tile, solid tiles or terra cotta shall be bedded in cement mortar close up to the iron or steel member, and all joints shall be made full and solid. In the case of columns having an "H" shaped cross section or of columns having any other cross section, with channels or chases open from base plates to cap plates on one or more sides of the columns, then the thickness of the fireproof cov- ering may be reduced to three inches, measuring in the direc- tion in which the flange or flanges project, and provided that the thin edge in the projecting flange or arms of the cross sections does not exceed three-quarters of an inch in thick- ness. The thickness of the fireproof covering on all surfaces measuring more than three-quarters of an inch wide and measuring in a direction perpendicular to such surfaces shall be not less than that specified for interior columns in the beginning of this section, and all spaces, including channels or chases between the fireproof covering and the metal of the column, shall be filled with a solid fireproof material. Lattice or other open columns shall be completely filled with approved cement concrete. Sec. 520. Foundations — Steel In — Concrete Around Bottom of Columns. — If steel or iron in any form is used as part of a foundation, it shall be thoroughly imbedded in a concrete. the ingredients of which shall be such that, after proper ramming, the interior of the mass will be free from cavities. The steel or iron shall be entirely enveloped in approved cement concrete, and around the exposed external metal sur- faces of such foundation there shall be a covering of ap- proved cement concrete not less than four inches thick. After the bases or base plates and columns have been set in place, both shall be protected from the effects of moisture by a covering of approved cement concrete applied direct to the metal in an unset state, measuring not less than two and one-half inches thick from the extreme projection of the metal, filled solid into all spaces, and forming a continuous concrete mass from the grillage or other foundations to an elevation six feet above the floor level nearest the column base plate or column stool. Sec. 521. Columns — Wiring Clay Tiles On. — Burnt clay tile column covering shall be secured by winding wire around the columns after the tile has all been set around such col- umns. The wire shall be securely wound around the tile in such manner that every tile is crossed at least once by a wire. If iron wire is used it shall be galvanized, and no wire used shall be less than No. 12 gauge. Sec. 522. Fireproofing — Protective Covering For. — In places where there is trucking or wheeling or other handling of packages of any kind, the lower five feet of the fireproofing of such columns shall be encased in a protective covering either of iron or oak plank, which covering shall be kept con- tinually in good repair. Sec. 523. Pipes Inclosed by Covering. — Pipes shall not be inclosed in the fireproofing of columns or in the fireproofing of other structural members of any fireproof building, pro- vided, however, gas or electric light conduits not exceeding one inch inside diameter may be inserted in the outer two inches of the fireproof of such structural member. Sec. 524. Shafts, Etc. — In cases where a pipe, conduit, dumb waiter, cable, wire, conveyor, belt or any combination thereof passes from one story to another story through an open hatch or floor opening, a shaft or enclosure of fireproof material shall be built from floor to floor around such hatch or floor opening, in each story above and below such hatch or floor opening in the same manner as described for fireproof partitions in this chapter. The area of space thus inclosed shall not exceed the area of the hatch or floor opening by more than one hundred per centum. In no case shall any wood be used in the construction or support or fittings of such shaft as described above. If such holes in floors as described above in this section are not en- closed by such fireproof enclosures, then the open spaces in each floor opening not occupied by pipes, conduits, cables, wires, conveyors, belts or any combination thereof, shall be filled solid with fireproof material not less than eight inches thick. Sec. 525. Shafts, Partitions Around, Plastering of Shafts, Doors and JVindoz(JS. — All burnt clay or terra cotta partitions or walls around shafts having openings in floors shall be plastered on the outside and plastered or pointed on the inside. All doors, frames, sashes, casings and windows in parti- tions or walls around floor openings, or around stair shafts or elevator shafts, shall be built of incombustible material. The supports of such doors, frames, sashes, casings and win- dows shall also be of incombustible material ; in the case of doors, such supports shall be of rolled structural metal ex- tending from floor to ceiling and secured to both. Where 176 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING there are brick walls of twelve inches or more in thickness, the supports need not extend to ceiling as above spccilicd. All glass used in connection with such partitions or walls shall be tire resisting. Sheet metal work pressed over asbestos paper and wood may be used for the doors, frames, sashes and casings, and for openings in such partitions, except for elevator doors in shafts and where the provisions of this chapter require all metal doors. Sec. 526. Ucaiiis mid (.iirdrrs. CotTiiuas Of. — The beams and girders of the interior structural parts of a building shall he covered by one of the fireproof materials, so applied as to he supported eiuirely by the beam or girder protected, and shall be held in place by the support of the fiances of such beams or girders and by the cement mortar used in setting. If metal binding or metal anchors are use as fastenings of such fireproof covering, such melal binding or such metal anchor shall be protected l>y not less than i>iir lialf inch of fireproof covering. If the covering is of l)rick it shall be not less than f(5ur inches thick; if of hollow tiles or if of solid porous tiles, or if of terra cotta, each of such tiles shall l)e not less than one and one-half inches thick, applied to the metal in a bed of cement mortar ; hollow tiles shall be constructed in such a manner that there shall be one air space of at least three- fourths of an inch by the width of the metal surface to be covered within such clay coverings ; the minimum thickness of concrete on the bottom and sides of metal shall be two inches. The top of all girders and beams shall be protected with two inches of brick or one and one-fourth inches of burnt clay, or two inches of approved cement concrete, or three inches of approved cinder concrete. The brick or burnt clay shall be bedded solid on the metal in cement mortar. In all cases of beams or girders, in roofs or Hoors, no matter what the material or form of the floor arch used, the protection of the bottom flanges of the beams and girders and so much of the web of the same as is not covered by the arches shall be made as hereinbefore specified for the covering of beams and girders. In every case the thickness of the covering shall be measured from the extreme projec- tion of the metal, and the entire space or spaces between the covering and the metal shall be filled solid with one of the fireproof materials excepting the air spaces in hollow tile. Sec. 527. Girders and Trusses. — AH girders or trusses, when supporting loads from more than one story, shall be lireproofed with two thicknesses of fireproof material or a combination of two fireproof materials, as required for exter- ior columns in Section 511 of this chapter, and each covering of fireproof material shall be bedded solid in cement mortar. .Ml other girders or trusses supporting only a ceiling or roof shall be covered with a fireproof covering as specified for beams and girders in .Section 526 of this chapter. Sec. 528. Cut-Out Bo.vcs, Chases, Ele. — No electric service cut-out box, switch box, cabinet, chase or any other recess, shall encroach on the minimum thickness required for any fireproof covering on structural metal, except as provided in Section 523 of this chapter. If the depth of any cut-out box, switch box. cabinet, or chase, or of any other recess, is to be concealed or partially concealed, then the thickness of the fireproof covering shall be increased correspondingly. Sec. 529. Floor, Construction Of — Hollow Tile Flooring. — Brick, hollow tile, porous terra cotta, or approved cement concrete, or approved cinder concrete, shall be used for the construction of floors and roofs of lireproof buildings. Flat arch hollow tile, or flat arch porous clay tile floor arches shall have a height of at least one and one-half inch for each foot of span. Hollow tile ll.il .ircli floor construction having a thickness of only one and one-half inch for each foot of span shall lie used oidy for the minimum floor loads, and the area of liurnt clay in the flanges and ribs, and webs of the hollow l)urnt clay tiles shall be proportioned to the safe value of resistance to compression of the materials used in the most slresse, when constructed continuous and when provided with reinforcement at top of plate over the supports, may be trealerl as continuous beams, the bending moment for uniforndy distributed loads being taken at not less than \V. L. divided by eight : the bending moment may be taken at W. L. divided by twenty in the case of .square floor plates which are reinforced in both directions and sup- ported on all sides. The floor plate to the extent of not more than live times the width of any beant or girder may be taken .IS part of that beam or girder in computing its moment of resistance. The moment of resistance of atiy reinforced concrete con- struction under tranverse loads shall be determined by for- mulas 1)ased on the following assumptions: (a) The bond between the concrete and steel is sufficient to make the two materials act together as a homogeneous solid. (b) The strain in any fiber is directly proportionate to the distance of that fiber from the neutral axis. (c) The modulus of elasticity of the concrete remains constant within the limits of the working stresses fixed in this chapter. I-'rom these assumptions it follows that the stress in any fiber is directly proportionate to the distance of that fiber from the neutral axis. The tensile strength of the concrete shall not be con- sidered. Sec. 550. Coiislruetioii — Reinforced Concrete. — Reinforced concrete construction shall be designed so that the shearing stresses, l)oth vertical and horizontal, developed in any part of the construction, shall not exceed the safe working strength of the concrete as fixed in this chapter, or a sufficient amount of steel shall be introduced in such a position that the defic- iency in the resistance to sheer is overcome. When the safe limit of adhesion between the concrete and steel is exceeded, some provision shall be made for trans- mitting the strength of the steel to the concrete. Sec. 551. Columns — Reinforced Concrete. — Reinforced con- crete may be used for columns when the ratio of length to the least side or diameter does not exceed twelve. The re- inforcing rods shall be tied together at intervals of not more than the least side or diameter of the column, or spirally wound steel may be used. When vertical reinforcing rods are used in columns, such rods shall have their ends milled normal to the longitudinal a.xis, and such rods shall have full perfect bearings at each joint, and such joints shall occur only at floors or other points of lateral support and a tight fitting sleeve shall be provided at all joints of vertical reinforcing rods. Sec. 552. Wind Pressure. — In the case of buildings in which allowances must be made for wind pressure as pro- vided in Section 603 of this chapter, the reinforcing rods of cohnnns shall be connected and the milled end surfaces shall be brought together by threading the rods and by threaded sleeve nuts, or threadenslruction will sustain ;i lf>ad twice that for which it is de- signed, without any sign of failure, or in the case of beams. 179 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING girders or floors, without deflecting more than onc-scven- hundredths of the span. Sec. SS4. Reinforced Concrete (Cn/Zi.— Buildings of Classes I, II, III, VI and VII having a complete skeleton construction of steel or of reinforced concrete construction or a combination of both, designed to safely resist all of the strains caused by the dead weights of the structure and of ■ the live loads and of the wind pressure within the safe limits of stress provided in this chapter for each material used, may have walls of reinforced concrete six inches thick for the upper two stories and walls seven inches thick for the two stories next below the upper two stories, and walls eight inches thick for the stories next below the upper four stories, and walls nine inches thick for the stories next below the upper six stories, and so on downwards, increasing the thick- ness of the walls one inch for each two stories or part thereof. Provided, however, that such walls shall support only their own weight, and that such walls have steel rods three-quar- ters of an inch in diameter or of an equivalent area set ver- tically, and spaced not more than eighteen inches apart, and steel rods five-eighths of an inch in diameter or of an equiv- alent area set horizontally tied to the vertical rod at each intersection with these, and set not to exceed twenty-four inches apart ; and provided that where the weight of the walls of each story is not transferred to the skeleton by spandril beams, the vertical reinforcement shall be increased in weight in an arithmetical ratio of twice as much steel in the two stories next below the upper two stories, and three times as much steel in the two stories next below the upper four stories, and so on downward. Vertical bars shall be spliced together by winding with iron wire. Horizontal bars shall be wired to the columns. Additional bars shall be set around openings, the verticals wired to the nearest horizontal bars and the horizontal bars at top and bottom of openings shall be wired to the nearest vertical bars. The steel rods shall be combined with the concrete and placed where the combination will develop the greatest strength, and the rods shall be staggered or placed and se- cured to the steel or reinforced concrete structural skeleton of the building, so as to resist a pressure of fifty (50) pounds per square foot, either from the exterior or from the interior on each and every square foot of each wall panel. Sec. 555. Molded Hullozc Concrete and Hollozv Tile Block. — Molded hollow concrete blocks or molded hollow vitrified clay building blocks of the full thickness of a ten-inch wall may be used wherever eight-inch walls are called for by this chapter, and such blocks may also be used wherever twelve- inch brick walls arc called for in this chapter under frame cottages and in one and two story Class III and Class VI buildings. ARTICLE XIII. SLOW-BURNING CONSTRUCTION. Sec. 556. Slozc-Burning Construction Defined. — The term "slow-burning construction" shall apply to all buildings in which the structural members which carry the loads and strains which come upon the floors and roofs thereof are made wholly or in part of combustible material, but through- out which the structural metallic members shall be protected against injury from fire by coverings of incombtrstible, non- heat conducting material similar to those described ui:der the head of "skeleton construction," except that plastering and metalHc lath may be used as provided herein. In the case of columns the inetalhc lath shall be fastened to metallic furrings and the plastering upon the same shall be of three coats of mortar. The lower five (S) feet of each column shall be protected as required for brick, concrete or tile cov- ering in Section 522 of this chapter. A covering of three (3) coats of plastering on metallic laths shall be considered suf- ficient protection for the under side of joists and girders and a layer of mortar or other incombustible material at least one and one-half inches thick shall be applied on all floors and roof surfaces above the joists of the same. Sec. SS7. Posts, Partitions and Elevator Enclosures. — Where oak posts of greater sectional area than one hundred square inches are used, they need not be covered. All parti- tions and all elevator enclosures in buildings of this type shall be made entirely of incombustible material. The use of wood furring or of stud partitions shall not be allowed in buildings of this type. Sec. 558. Stairs — To be Incombustible. — Amended by ordi- nance Nov. 25, 1907, to read as follows : Where buildings are recjuired to be of "slow burning con- struction," all stairs in such building shall be of incombustible material ; provided, however, said stairs may be of ordinary construction, if said building is equipped with an automatic sprinkler system, and stairs are enclosed in a fireproof wall. ARTICLE XIV. MILL CONSTRUCTION. Sec. 559. Mill Construction Defined. — The term "mill con- struction" shall apply to all buildings in which all the girders and joists supporting floors and roof have a sectional area of not less than seventy-two square inches, and above the joists of which there is laid a timber floor not less than three and three-fourths inches thick. Wooden posts used in buildings of this type shall not be of smaller sectional area than one hundred square inches. Sec. 560, Fireproofing. — Partitions and elevator enclosures in buildings of this type shall be made entirely of incom- bustible material. If iron columns, girders or beams are used in buildings of this type, they shall be protected as specified in this chapter, but the wooden posts, girders and joists need not be protected by fireproof covering. The use of wood furring, wood laths or stud partitions shall not be permitted in buildings of this type. Sec. 561. Stairs — To be Incombustible. — Amended 1)y ordi- nance Nov. 25, 1907, to read as follows : Where buildings are required to be of "mill construction," all stairs in such buildings shall be of "incombustible" mater- ial ; provided, however, said stairs may be of ordinary con- struction, if said building is equipped with an autoinatic sprinkler system and stairs are enclosed in a fireproof wall. Sec. 562. Concrete Construction — Approved Cinder. — The term "approved cinder concrete construction" shall apply to all buildings in which all parts that carry weights or resist strains, all exterior walls, all interior walls, all interior parti- tions, all stairs and all elevator enclosures are made entirely of incombustible material, and in which all metallic struc- tural members are protected against the effects of fire by ap- proved cinder concrete proportioned, mixed, applied and se- cvired as herein descriljed. Approved cinder concrete con- struction may he I'seil for all liuildings in which fireproof construction is mandatory by this chapter, or where ordinary construction may be used. Approved cinder concrete shall consist of a standard Port- land cement, torpedo sand, and clean, thoroughly burnt steam 180 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING boiler ciildt-rs, tree Ironi ililclcrinn'; in:itltr. no particle of which shall l)c larsir than one iTicli Sec. 563. Cinders — (Jimiility. — The voliiineiric inianlily of cinders conihineil witli ihe torpedo sand sliall not exceed the vohime of the rortland cement by more than eiglit (8) times. .Ml of the ingredients of approved cinder concrete shall he tlioronghly worked and wet so as to cover each piece of cinder with moistened cement ; and the cement and santh Below Surfaee — Least Limit — Depth Regulated by Sewer — Exceptions. — Founda- tions shall in all cases extend at least four feet below the sur- face of the ground upon which they are built, and in the case of all buildings forty feet or more in henght, foundations shall ex' end at least to the depth drained by the street sewer in the neighboring streets or alleys ; but if such sewers are at a greater depth than ten feet below the sidewalk grade, such foundations need not extend to a greater depth than ten feet, provided that sound, hard soil is found at that depth. Sec. 582. Concrete — Broken Stone — Sand — Cement — Mor- tar — Foundations Of. — Broken stone or concrete in making foundations shall be clean and free from dirt and dust. And sand shall be free from admixture of loam and shall be other- wise clean and sharp. Cement shall have been kept dry and shall be used fresh from the package ; cement which has been permitted to be- come wet, hard or lumpy before it is mixed into the mortar or concrete shall not be used. The use of concrete or mortar of any kind, the ingredients of which are not thoroughly and completely mixed and which are not free from lumps, or other unmixed portions of any of the ingredients, is prohibited : and also the use of cement mortar which has become partly or wholly set before use. Concrete foundations wherever used shall have boxes of plank all around them, and the concrete shall be well rammed in in- dividual layers not more than six inches each in thickness. The ramming shall be continued until the water stands on the top of the mass of concrete. Sec. 583. Steel Rails or Beams in Concrete. — If steel or iron rails or beams are used as parts of foundations, they shall be thoroughly imbedded in a concrete, the ingredients of which shall be such that after proper ramming the inter- ior of the mass will be free from cavities, the beams or rails shall be entirely enveloped in concrete, and around the ex- posed external surfaces of such concrete foundations there shall be a coating of a standard cement concrete not less than four inches thick. Sec. 584. Concrete Foundations—Steps— Safe Load Where Reinforced by Beams. — If concrete foundations are used by themselves and without the insertion of iron or steel beams or rails, the offset on top of same shall not be more than two-thirds the height of the respective courses, and such con- crete foundations shall not be loaded more than twenty-five thousand pounds per square foot. If reinforced by iron or steel beams or rails, the loads and offsets in the same shall be so adjusted that the fiber stress upon the metal, if iron, shall not exceed twelve thousand pounds per square inch, or, if steel, tliat the fiber stress shall not exceed sixteen thousand pounds per square inch. Sec. 585. Dimension Stones — Safe Load. — Dimension stones shall have uniform beds and the offsets in the same, where two or more layers are used, shall not be more than three-quarters of the height of the individual stones. They shall be set with full beds of cement mortar under their en- tire area, and in such manner that they will not rock after being set. Dimension stones in foundations shall not be sub- jected to a load of more than twenty thousand pounds per square foot in tiers. If the beds of the stones are dressed and leveled off to a uniform surface and the stones are set in a standard cement mortar, this strain may be increased to twenty-five thousand pounds per square foot. Sec. 586. Rubble Stone. — Rubble foundations and rubble walls shall be built of approximately square and flat bedded stones, well and thoroughly bonded in both directions of the walls, each stone thoroughly bedded in mortar under its en- tire area. Wherever walls of any kind are used as curb 182 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING walls, tlii-ir exterior surfaces shall be rciidercd approximately water tight by a coating of a standard cement mortar. Sec. 587. BrUb—Sofl—isc Of—Boiid—Safi- Loiid.—T\\e use of soft bricks is prohibited in all parts of buildings ex- posed to the weather and in internal or external piers or bear- ing walls. The bond of brick work shall be formed by lay- ing one course of headers for every live courses of stretchers. Rrick work in walls laid in a standard Portland cement mor- tar shall not he loailed more than twenty-live thousand pounds per square foot. Brick work laid in an ordinary cement mortar shall not be loaded more than eighteen thousand pounds per square foot. Brick work in walls laid in lime mortar shall not be loaded more than thirteen thousand pounds per square fiK)t. Si-c. 588. H'(ills—l.i-d;ii-s—.loisls Siiffils—U'olls Around Slnirs. Elei'ators and Shafts. — Whenever walls sixteen inches or less in thickness shall be used for the support of ordinary joists in buildings 'of all classes, ledges of the thickness of the furring, latli and plaster shall be fopned between such joists and shall be carried up and leveled off on the line of the tops of the joists, or standard cast iron joist boxes shall be used for the support of such joists. Where a stairway or an elevator shaft or an air shaft is surrounded by brick walls, such surrounding brick walls may Ik." built sixteen (16) inches thick, excepting that the upper fifty (50) feet of the height may be built twelve (12) inches thick, but the length or breadth, or either, of such a stairway or elevator shaft or air sliaft shall not exceed twenty-five (25^ feet, and in no case shall the load on the brick of such wall or walls exceed the safe limits of load .specified for brick work in this chapter. Sec. 589. Pressed Briek Faeinn — Bond Joints. — If pressed brick facings are used, they shall be bonded into their back- ing every seventh course. Bond shall be established by .solid headers or by blind headers. In the case of piers faced with pressed brick, only solid headers shall be used, but bond stones or iron bond plates may be substituted for such head- ers. Pressed brick in all cases shall be so laid as to have a full bed of mortar under its entire surface. The laying of pressed brick merely with a joint all around the outer edge of the bricks shall be unlawful. Sec. 590. Briek Piers— Offsets— Bond Stone— Cap Stone.— In building brick piers there shall be provi(lects — Pity lliii- do'cs. — Where sheet metal cornices or external metal sheet gutters are used, their entire frame work and covering shall be of metal, and the walls shall extend liehind all such cornices or gutters along their entire height. .Ml metal work in and about any cornice, gutter, cave or parapet, or in or about any any bay, or oriel window, shall be supported by suitable brackets placed not more than four feet apart and firmly se- cured to the wall. Wood shall not be used as the support of any gutter or cornice for buildings of one hundred feet or more in height. Sec. 613. Toii'crs — Domes and .Spires — Construction Of. — Towers, domes and spires may be built on top of the roofs of buildings, but shall not occupy more than one-fourth of the street frontage of any building. Such towers, domes or spires, if any part thereof is built to a height of more than sixty feet and less than ninety feet, shall be of slow-burning construction, and if of greater height than ninety feet above the sidewalk shall be of fireproof construction ; and in all cases where the area of such spire, dome or tower exceeds line Inmdred square feet, its supports sli.dl be carried down 111 the ground, and shall be, if the construction sup|)orted is mure than sixty feet and less than ninety feet high, of slow- burning construction, .md if more than ninety feet high, of fireproof construction. Sec. 614. .Skylights — Coitstrnetioii Of — Gloss In. — Any sky- light on the roof of any building, other than a frame building, shall have the sides, sashes and frames constructed of metal ; or of wood, metal clad on all exterior surfaces. The glass in all such skylights, except in frame buildings of Classes 111 and VI not exceeding three stories in height shall have at least six inches over same, a strong wire net- ting (wire not lighter than Xo. 8 and mesh not coarser than one and one-half inch by one and one-half inch), uidess the glass contains a wire netting within itself. Sec. 615. Porches — / 'eraiidds — Porticos — Biilconics — Con- struction of Inside Fire Piinits. — 1 f verandas, jjorches or por- ticos are enclosed, the enclosing walls shall be made of in- combustible material, the only exception being in case such piirticos or verai\das are to be made part of a storm house or of a storm dour enclosure, which, however, shall in no case l)e more than twelve feet high, nor shall it occupy a greater frontage than two feet more than the width of the inner doors for which the storm doors are made. Sec. 616. Sidezeolhs — Occupation of by Parts of Buildings. —The use of any part of the sidewalks for steps or for open areas is prohibited. Sec. 617. Chimneys— trails Of-IIeiaht Above Roof.— .\mendcd June 5, 1906, to read as follows : N'o chimney shall be built with less than four inches thick brick wall, and no chinmey having a greater flue area than two hundred and sixty square inches shall have walls less lliaii eight iiiclus thick; provided that in all cases where cliinmeys ,ne Iiuilt with walls less than eight inches thick the same shall liave Hue liners of fire clay or terra rotta in their entire length. Kxcept that where flues are to be used for gas grates or gas ranges, the flue lining may be omitted, but the inside of the flue shall be smoothly plastered. Chimneys that are built of fireproof composition composed of cinders, cement and burnt sand shall be no less than two and one- half (.21/2) inches thick, and perfectly smooth. Chimneys that are built of fireproof composition shall be built in two sections capable of being shoved into one another where it touches the roof : the flue hole of the base stone must be much larger than the lower part of the chimney, so that the said base stone incases the lower portion of the chimney, and 1)olh can move independent without cracking a joint in a sec- lion : there being an air space or a cooler between tlie flue hole of the base stone and the lower portion of the chimney. It is not neces.sary that this chimney should be lined with fire clay or terra cotta, as it is itself a fireproof composition. The use of unprotected metal flues inside of buildings will not be permitted. Kvery chimney having an area of not more than two hun- dred and sixty square inches shall be carried up to at least five feet above the highest part of the roof of the building of which such chiiuney is a part, if such a roof is a flat roof. If the roof is a pitched roof the chimney shall be carried up at least two feet above the highest point of same. Sec. 618. Chimneys— Interior— Walls O/.— Chimneys hav- ing a greater flue area than six hundred square inches shall, if built of brick, have surrounding walls of at least sixteen inches of brick work, and such walls shall he built hollow with at least four inches hollow space in such walls, at a 185 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING height of fifty feet above smoke inlet the thickness of the surrounding brick work may be reduced to twelve inches, but in all cases the surrounding walls of chimneys of this or any other size shall be so proportioned that the brick work in same will not be subjected to a greater stress than elsewhere herein fixed as a maxinuim safe stress for brickwork. For chimneys having a greater flue area than one thousand six hundred square inches the thickness of walls shall be increased above the thickness above specified, four inches for each increase of one thousand square inches or fractional part thereof. Sec. 619. Chimneys or FJiics — Height above Roof. — All flues having a greater area than two hundred and fifty square inches, and not more than six hundred square inches, shall be carried up at least twelve feet above the highest point of roof or building of which they form part ; and all flues hav- ing a greater area than six hundred square inches and not more than nine hundred square inches, shall be carried up at least twenty feet above highest point of roof. All chim- neys having a greater area than nine hundred square inches shall be carried to a height of at least twelve feet above any roof within a radius of sixty feet ; provided that the top of the chimney shall be not less than twenty feet above the high- est point of the roof of the building of which it forms a part. Sec. 620. Chimneys or Flues — Linings Of. — .Ml flues hav- ing a greater area than four hundred square inches shall be lined on the inside with insulating material, which lining shall start at least two feet below the smoke inlet, and for flues having an area of from four hundred to six hundred square inches shall extend twelve feet above smoke inlet, and for all flues of more than six hundred square inches, and not more than one thousand six hundred square inches, shall ex- tend twenty feet above smoke inlet, and for all flues having a greater area than one thousand six hundred square inches, shall extend at least thirty feet above smoke inlet. If an in- ternal smoke pipe of metal is used, so much of the brick work as is inside of the insulating cavity of the stack may be omit- ted. Metal smoke-stacks shall, however, be lined with in- sulating material for at least thirty feet of their height. If internal stacks in buildings be made of metal then they shall be entirely surrounded within the building with a fire- proof material which shall thoroughly protect the building from fire, and there shall be an air space, not less than four inches in the smallest part between the fireproofing and the metal stack. Sec. 621. Chimneys — Interior — Framing .4ronnd. — No joists or girders shall rest and be supported on the walls of any chimney, and the framing around chimneys of all kinds shall be so constructed that in no case will any joists or tim- bers be placed nearer than two inches from the outside face of walls or flues, and in no case shall the distance from the inside of any flue to any joists or timbers be less than seven inches. The foregoing shall apply only to chimneys which are en- closed by, or form part of, the interior of any building. Sec. 622. Chimneys — Externa! — Loeation Of — Built of Iron or Steel. — Chimneys may be built outside of the walls of ex- isting buildings (but not in such manner as to encroach upon any street or alley), and shall be built as follows: If at least one side of such chimney abuts entirely upon the wall of an existing building and the chimney is throughout its entire length securely and firmly anchored to the walls of such existing building, the wall of such chimney may be built of hollow tiles, in which case, however, it shall have a cast iron base, lined with fire brick, and extending to a height of at least ten feet above the street or alley grade. Such external chimney may also be built of rolled steel or iron not less than one-fourth inch in thickness, and lined with insulating material, laid in fire clay, for at least thirty feet above street or alley grade, or it may be built throughout its entire height of cast iron, in which case the first ten feet above street or alley grade shall be lined with insulating ma- terial ; provided, however, that in chimneys not exceeding five hundred square inches in flue area, the upper twenty-five feet may be constructed of steel or iron not less than one-eighth inch thick. Sec. 623. Chimneys — Isolated. — Isolated chimneys shall be so designed and constructed that the stress upon any part thereof, due from the weight of the stack itself and from wind pressure, shall never e.xceed the safe limits as provided in this chapter. Sec. 624. Chimneys or Smokestacks — Foundation Of. — The foundations of chimneys or sinoke-stacks, whether inside or outside of buildings, or whether connected with the same or isolated, shall be designed and built in conformity with the provisions relating to foundations of buildings hereinbefore given. Sec. 625. Smoke Flues Passing Through Partitions — IVoodzvork Around. — Where smoke flues of diameter of six inches or less pass horizontally through a wood or a plas- tered stud partition, they shall be surrounded by a ventilated thimble of incombustible material. Where a smoke flue of a greater diameter than si.x (6) inches passes through a wood or plastered stud partition, it shall be surrounded either by a body of brick, hollow tile, porous terra cotta or other incombustible substance, measur- ing at least eight (8) inches all around such smoke flue. Smoke flues of less diameter than twelve inches shall be kept at least twelve inches distant from any combustible partition, ceiling or floor, and such woodwork immediately over and for a distance of two feet on each side of such smoke flue shall be covered with sheet metal or with porous terra cotta, hol- low tile or with plaster. Smoke flues of greater diameter than twelve inches and less area than six square feet, shall be kept at least twenty inches away from any woodwork, and svich woodwork shall be protected as before specified for the smaller smoke flues to a distance of four feet on each side of such smoke flues. Wherever smoke flues of larger area than six square feet are used they shall be kept at least three feet distant from any woodwork, and such woodwork for a distance of at least six feet on either side of such smoke flues shall be protected as before specified for smaller Hues. Sec. 626. Floors — Protection Of — Around Boilers, Fur- naces. Etc. — Wherever steam boilers or furnaces or ovens, coffee roasters or other structures in which fires are main- tained, are set inside of a Imilding, or in a room with wooden floor or ceiling construction, the floor of the same shall be protected by a covering of brick or concrete not less than five inches thick set in mortar upon a continuous sheet metal bearing plate not less than three-sixteenths of an inch thick, all the joints of which are to be securely riveted, and the edges of which are to be turned up five inches all around. This foundation of sheet metal and brick and concrete shall extend under the whole of the fire box and ash pit of such steam boiler or furnace or other structure, and to a distance 186 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING of not less than ten fcit in front and at least four foot on the other three sides of same. Sec. 627. Ci-ilitig — Pmlcclion Of — Around HoiU-rs. Fur- miics, Etc. — The space between the tops of such steam boiler or furnaces and any wood ceiling construction shall in no case be less than three feet, unless such boiler be a low press- ure boiler, in which case such space shall be not less than eighteen inches, and the under side of such wood ceiling con- struction shall in all cases be protecte> I. i^ne story in height anil h.iving a tloor area of less than twelve hundred and fifty s(|uare feet, nor shall it apply to buildings of Class II not more than two stories in height. .\s amended by ordinance of February 18, 1907. Sec. 633. Class of Building Xot to Be Changed H'ilhout Conforming to Provisions of This Ordinance. — If buildings, the uses of which bring them within any of the classes men- tioned in this chapter are to be applied to the uses of any other class for which a better system of construction is called for by this chapter, the ctHistruction and eiiuipmeni of such buildings shall first be made to conform to the requirements of this chapter as specified for their intended use. .Xnd it shall be unlawful to ii]t[t\y any such building to a new or dif- ferent use than tliat to which its structure anl upon. Such balconies shall have a substantial cast or wrought iron post every three feet, bolted to the balcony. .\o balcony shall have less than two guard rails, which sli;ill be of wrought iron, or new pipe not less than three- fourths inches in diameter, and the ends shall be anchored in the wall of building not less than ten inches on an angle of thirty-five degrees. Sec. 678. Ladders. — The ladder, where used in combination with the standpipe, shall be bolted to such standpipe with short tapped bolts every four feet and bolted to the balconies. Rungs of ladder shall be one-half inch square iron, with the corners upward, so as to give a safe footing. Every other run shall be riveted and shall be fourtcen-inch centers. Where a ladder is put up without a standpipe, the side guards shall be two by three-eighths inch flat iron or one and one- fourth inch pipe. .Ml ladders shall be seventeen inches or more between pipes. \o second-hand pipe shall be used. Sec. 679. SUnidpil>es Outside Buildings. — Amended by ordi- nance of Feb. 17, 1908, to read as follows (superseding amendatory ordinances of Oct. 22, 1906, and Nov. 25, 1907) : The standpipe shall be of the best three-inch wrought iron, seven ami one-half pounds to the foot, and a two and one- half inch brass hose valve, of the City standard thread, shall be attached to the standpipe at every outlet at each floor and on the roof. The owner, agent, occupant, or person in possession, charge or control of the premises where said standpipe is located is hereby required to keep the said stand- pipe and hose connections oiled, free from all obstructions, in good working order, and accessible for immediate use at all times. The said standpipe and hose valves shall be inspected and tested by the Fire Department as often as once in three months, .ind ofteiier if deemed necessary by the Fire Marshal. Sec. 6SU. Staiidpil>es — Fumps — Axes, Etc. — Amended by ordinance of July 8, 1907. to read as follows (superseding amendatory ordinance of March 19, 1906) : (1) In every building over one hundred (100) feet in height not provided with a three (3) inch or larger standpipe. in all buildings hereafter constructed of a greater height than seventy-five (75) feet (except buildings used for theater purposes, as herein elsewhere provided for) ; in all buildings used for hospital purposes of a greater height than three (3) stories, with accommodations for at least twenty (20) pa- tients; and in all buildings of a greater height than five (5) stories now or hereafter used for hotel or public lodging house purposes there shall be constructed one (1) or more four (4) inch standpipes, which shall extend from basement to roof and which shall be connected at street or alley side of building with two-way Siamese connection for use of Fire Department, and which shall be provided with one hose con- nection, with Fire Department thread, on the roof of said Iniilding, on each floor and in the basement thereof, with sufficient hose attached to reach any point thereof. The pat- tern, quality, installation and maintenance of such standpipe, hose and couplings, shall be subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal. (2) In any of the buildings herein referred to where approved sprinkler systems are installed and properly main- tained, it shall not be necessary to install additional inside standpipe as above provided for. (3) On each floor and in the basement of every building used for hotel, public lodging or school purposes, three or more stories in height, there shall be two (2) or more port- alile hand pumps or chemical extinguishers, one or more fire axes and one or more pike poles. In the basement or janitor quarters of all apartment buildings three or more stories in 193 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING height, the floors of which are divided into two or more apartments, and in the basement of all office buildings four or more stories in height, there shall be provided one or more portable hand pumps or chemical extinguishers, one or more fire axes and one or more pike poles; all of which shall be installed and maintained subject to the approval and super- vision of the Fire Marshal. (4) The interior of all grain elevators and malt houses of a height of fifty (50) or more feet, which are not entirely fireproof, and which have a capacity of two hundred and fifty thousand (250,000) bushels or over, and the interior of all cold storage houses of a height of four (4) or more stories, which are not entirely fireproof and which have a ground floor area of ten thousand (10,000) or more square feet, shall be equipped with either a dry or wet sprinkler system, to each of which systems there shall be a feeder or riser pipe or pipes not less than four (4) inches in diameter, leading from one or more Siamese steamer connections ; all of which shall be installed and maintained subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal. (5) Grain elevators which are equipped with Journal t'irc Alarm Systems of the most approved pattern and which are left at all times in the most perfect working order, or grain elevators, malt houses and cold storage houses, which are now equipped with standpipes of approved pattern and hose with not less than two (2) inch connections which have been installed in accordance with City ordinances and approved by the Fire Department, each floor of which is approved by said department as being at all times easily accessible to firemen, where fire extinguishers, water barrels and pails are dis- tributed at intervals on all floors on advice and instruction of the Chicago Underwriters' Association ; where the neces- sary pump pressure is maintained; where some approved electric watch service and fire alarm system is maintained and watchmen are employed during nights, Sundays and holidays, pulling such stations not less frequently than once per hour, and which have outside Siamese connections and standpipes not less than two and one-half (2^) inches, sliall be exempt from the provisions of this ordinance. Sec. 681. Siamese. — Amended by ordinance Feb. 17, 1908, to read as follows : There shall be a two-way automatic Siamese at the bottom of each standpipc, so that two steam fire engines may be attached to it without interfering with each other. Such Siamese shall be within easy reaching distance from the side- walk and be securely anchored to the wall of the building. The owner, agent, occupant, or person in possession, charge or control of the premises where such standpipe and Siamese are located, is hereby required to provide such covering or protection to the fittings of said Siamese steam engine con- nection for the purpose of keeping said fittings and connec- tion clear and upobstructed as shall be ordered and required by the Fire Marslial. The protection or covering herein referred to shall apply to all standpipes located inside of buildings, as well as outside of buildings, and include connec- tions to automatic sprinkler equipment. Sec. 682. Anchors for Tol' of Standpipc— Paiiiiing.— AW the anchors for the top of standpipe and ladders shall pass through the wall and bolt on the inside of same. All work shall be painted with two coats of the best mineral paint, and all holes shall be filled up with the best cement. Sec. 683. Stairway Fire Escapes — Erection Of — Location — Component Parts. — The Commissioner of Buildings or In- spectors shall determine upon the location of all stair fire escapes before erection of same is commenced. A permit shall be obtained from the Department of Build- ings before work is commenced, which permit will be issued on payment to the city collector of a fee of two ($2) dollars. No permit for a stairway fire escape projecting three feet or more from the face of the wall shall be granted unless a detailed plan for the fire escape, approved by a licensed architect or practicing structural engineer, is submitted to the Commissioner of Buildings, and a copy of such plans shall be left on file with said commissioner. Anchors. — All anchors for stairway fire escapes shall, wher- ever possible, pass through the wall of building and be secured on inside of same. Where it is impossible to anchor through walls, anchors shall be put in wall not less than fifteen inches at an angle of thirty-five degrees. On buildings of steel construction, where walls are less than twenty inches in thickness, there shall be steel channels at least four inches wide set on inside of building from column to column and bolted or riveted to columns, and anchors shall be bolted on inside of channels. Anchors for a platform four feet two inches or less in width shall be made of one-inch square iron; over four feet two inches and not over six feet, shall be one and one-fourth inch square iron, with brace ; over six feet, shall be one and one-half inch square iron, with brace. All anchors shall be turned up not less than six inches at the outside of platform to bolt post to. Braces. — Braces shall be the same thickness as the anchors. Spread of braces shall be the width of platform. Where the platforms are over five feet in width anchors shall have double braces, one to the outside and one to the center of platform. Platforms. — Platforms shall be not less than fifty inches wide at ends ; passageways shall be not less than twenty-four inches between building and railings. Platforms shall be not less than twelve feet in length. The frames and crossbars shall be made as specified by Section 677 of this chapter. Platforms shall have clips at each end bolted to anchors. No door or window or shutter shall open so as to obstruct in any way the free passage on or along a platform or a stair- case or ladder fire escape. Stairs.— All fire escape stairs for apartment buildings, hotels, boarding houses, factories and office buildings, where there are less than one hundred people, shall be not less than two feet wide between railings and stringers. Where there are more than one hundred people, stairs shall be three feet wide. All stairs for halls, churches, theaters, hospitals, schools, department stores and buildings where large numbers of people congregate shall be not less than three feet wide in the clear, and all passageways shall be not less than three feet wide in the clear ; stringers shall be made of two bars three by five-sixteenths inch, about one inch apart, or four and one-half by three-eighths inch flat iron. Where over twelve feet in length, they shall have anchor and brace in center. The treads shall be made of one-half inch square steel or iron, corner upwards not to exceed one and five- eighths inches center, riveted at ends to two by five-sixteenths inch flat iron or steel. There shall be not less than four bars to a tread, where treads are less than twenty-seven inches in length ; where treads are over twenty-seven inches in length, there shall be not less than six bars to a tread ; then, there shall be a truss supporting treads made of bar iron two inches by three-eighths of an inch, riveted to bars of treads in center, supported by two seven-sixteenth inch rods bolted at each end of treads. All stairs shall have an incline of about forty-five degrees ; rise of treads shall be not less than seven inches and not more than ten inches. 194 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Rtiiliiiiis. — All st;iirs shall have three har railings made of onc-iiicli bar iron for top rail and three-(|narier inch har iron for lower rail, and when such stairs are more than three inches from wall of linilding, then there shall he one or more hand rails on the wall side of such stairs. Posts. — All posts used for stair lire escapes shall he made of one and one-half inch angle or channel iron not less than three feet six inches high, and shall have braces on outside turneottom of page.) Sec. 692. Amended July 13, 1908, to read as follows : It shall not be lawful for any person or corporation to locate, build, construct or maintain on any street or alley in the city any building or place used for junk shop or junk yard without the written consent of a majority of the prop- erty owners in the block in which said junk shop or junk yard is sought to be located, built, constructed or maintained according to the frontage on both sides of such street or alley: nor for any person or corporation to locate, build, construct or maintain on any street or alley in the city in any block in which two-tliirds of the buildings on both sides of the street are used exclusively for residence purposes any building or place used for gas reservoir, packing house, ren- dering plant, soap factory, tannery, boarding, livery or sale stable, blacksmith shop, foundry, lirewery or distillery, grain elevator, or laundry to be run by machinery, or machine shop, without the written consent of a majority of the property owners according to the frontage on both sides of such street or alley. Such written consent shall be obtained and tiled with tlic Commissioner of Buildings before a permit is issued for tlie construction of any such building or place : provided, that in determining whether two-thirds of the buildings on both sides of the street are u.sed exclusively for residence purposes any building fronting upon another street and located upon a corner lot shall not be considered. Under amendments, see al.so ordinance requiring frontage consents for buildings used for theatrical or dramatic enter- tainments, etc.. together with an ordinance prohibiting sucli buildings nearer than 2C0 feet of a church or educational building. Sec. 693. Reformatories — Shelleriitg Inslilulioiis. — It shall be unlawful for any person or corporation to build, construct, maintain, conduct or manage any reformatory, rescue or sheltering institution in any block or square in whicli two- thirds of the buildings on both sides of the street or streets on which the proposed reformatory, rescue or sheltering insti- tution may front are used exclusively for residence purposes, without the written consent of a majority of the property owners, according to frontage, on both sides of tlic streets bounding such block. Such written consent shall be nl)t;iined and tiled with tlie Commissioner of Huildings before a permit is issued for the construction or keeping of such building. Provided, that in determining whether two-thirds of the buildings on both sides of the street arc used exclusively for residence purposes, any building fronting upon another street and located upon a corner lot shall not be considered. Sec. 694. Permits for .\fofitig Frame Buildings — Require- ments — U'ritten Coiiseuls ^fust Be Obtained — Affida'^its Made. NoTK — Si*e also ordinanc<* amendini; N-c. 691 as to Blacksmith Shops, under "Amendments.*' on paiif 2U3. NoTF— Sections. 690 and 691 (loKether with 279). repealed by ordinanci' eovemine Hospitals, passed J\ine 1, I9W. page Hfi rt seq.. Council Proci-od- inKS. — Permits to move frame Imildings shall be granted, if any such frame building has not been damaged to an extent greater than fifty per cent of its original cost, by tire, wear and tear, the action of the elements or otherwise. .\ny per- .son desiring to remove a frame building shall first obtain the written consent to such removal from persons owning a majority of the frontage of the lots on both sides of the street in the same block to which the building is to be removed. .\s amended by ordinance of June S, 1906. This section shall not apply to the case of any person removing a building upon his own premises and not going upon the premises of any other person, or upon any street, alley or other public place, in making such removal. Provided, however, that no permit shall be issued for the removal of any frame building from any point outside the fire limits to any point within the fire limits, when such building is of such a char.icler that it would not be lawful to l)uild it uitliin the lire limits. .VRTICLE XXII. LSI-; AXl) (JRSTRUCTIOX OF STRKRTS FOR RUILDIXG PURPOSES Sec. 695. Side-walk and Street— Oeeupation (.)f—Liiniliilioiis. — The extent of occupation of sidewalk and street to be covered by the terms of a permit for street obstruction or buililing shall be as follows : Such permit shall not authorize the occupation of any side- walk or street or part thereof other than that inunediately in front of the lot or lots upon which any building is in process of erection and in relation to which such permit is issued. During the progress of l)uilding operations a sidewalk not less than four (4) feet in width shall be at all times kept open and unobstructed for the purpose of passage in front of such lot or lots. Such sidewalk shall, if there are excavations on either side of the same, be protected by substantial railings whioli shall be built and maintained thereon so long as such excavations continue to exist. It is not intended hereby to prohibit the maintenance of a driveway for the delivery of material across such sidewalk from tlie curb line to the building site. Sec. 696. Sidee in full force and effect from and after its passage. 203 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING PROVISION'S FOR MOVING PICTURE MACHINES. Sections 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 are omitted as not containing anything of special interest to architects or builders, only those portions of the ordinance being published which might have bearing on construction. Be it ordained by the City Council of Chicago : Passed July 13, 1908. Section 1. There is hereby established a Board of Exam- iners of moving picture operators, consisting of three mem- bers, who shall be appointed by the Mayor by and with the advice and consent of the City Council, and shall be subject to removal by the Mayor. Sec. 5. All moving picture films, when not in use in the operating booth, shall at all times be kept in metal cases. This ordinance was considered by the Committee on Build- ings, recommended by it, and passed February 3, 1908. ILLUMIN'ATED ROOF SIGNS. Be it ordained liy the City Council of the City of Chicago : Section 1. That Chapter LXI, Article II of the Revised Municipal Code of Chicago of 1905 be and the same is hereby amended by inserting in said Chapter LXI, Article II, between Sections 2181 and 2182, Revised Municipal Code of Chicago of 1905, as amended July 2, 1906, a new section to be known as Section 2181a. HOSPITALS. AN ORDINANCE RELATING TO HOSPITALS WITHIX THE CITY. Ordinances passed June 1, 1908. Sections 1103, 1104, 1105, 1109a, 1109b, 1109c, 1109d, 1109c, 11091 are omitted as having no special bearing in construction of hospitals but containing requirements as to license and oper- ation of interest to physicians and hospital management after the building is constructed. Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of Chicago ; Section 1. That Section 690 of the Revised Municipal Code of Chicago of 1905, and Sections 279 and 691 of said Muni- cipal Code as amended and now in force, be and the same are hereby repealed. Sec. 2. That Article XIII of Chapter XXXII of the Re- vised Municipal Code of Chicago as amended February 26, 1906, be and the same is hereby amended to read as follows : Sec. 1102. Hospitals and Matcniily Hospitals — Definitions. — For the purpose of this article a hospital is hereby defined to mean any institution or place used for the reception or care, temporary or continuous of two or more sick, injured or dependent persons ; or used for the treatment of two or more persons suffering from or afflicted with any mental or physical disease or bodily injury; including all hydropathic and massage institutions. For the purposes of this article a maternity hospital is here- by defined to mean any institution, or place used for the re- ception and care, temporary or continuous, of one or more women during pregnancy while awaiting confinement, during confinement, or for one month or less after confinement while recovering therefrom. LTnless otherwise specified, the word "hospital" as used in this article includes maternity hospital. Sec. 1105. Hospital Building Board. — For the purposes of this ordinance there is hereby created a Hospital Building Board which shall be composed of the Commissioner of Health, the Commissioner of Buildings and the Chief Fire Marshal. The Hospital Building Board shall meet upon call of the Commissioner of Health and shall make such recom- mendations to the City Council as they may deem necessary or expedient for the construction and erection of new hospi- tal buildings and for changes in buildings now being used or which may hereafter be used for hospital purposes. Sec. 1107. Acconimodalions for Patients. — In every such hospital each room occupied or to be occupied by patients shall be of such dimensions as to give each patient not less than 800 cubic feet of space ; every room shall have at least one window connecting with the external air for each two beds; said windows shall be of such dimensions as shall secure to each patient at least 2,400 cubic feet of fresh air per hour by natural ventilation, or in case said window shall not secure said 2,400 cubic feet of air per hour by natural ventilation, then each room shall additionally be fitted with such appli- ances for ventilation as shall secure to each patient in said room at least 2,400 cubic feet of fresh air per hour. Each bed shall have at least eighty square feet of floor space. ' In case of a maternity hospital, a regularly licensed physician must reside on the premises. Each ward or wing in said hospital shall have running water furnished in one or more places either in said ward or convenient thereto so that the same may be adequate and convenient to the occupants thereof; the plumbing, water closets, bath rooms and other sanitary appliances and conditions shall be constructed in ac- cordance with the city ordinances relating to these matters. The building shall have the floor of the cellar properly ce- mented so as to be water tight; the halls of each floor shall be open to the external air with suitable windows and shall have no room or other obstruction at the end unless sufficient light or ventilation is otherwise provided for said hall and the building as a whole shall be provided with adequate and proper fire escapes, stairways or inclines or exits. There shall be provided in each hospital building a suitable room or rooms approved by the Commissioner of Health to be used for the isolation of cases of contagious, infectious, epi- demic or communicable diseases that may lie found in the hos- pital until such time as the parties suffering from such con- tagious diseases shall be removed, in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Health Department ; and a suitable room or rooms approved by the Commissioner of Health for the proper care of the dead pending their removal. Sec. 1108. Frontage Consents. — It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to build, construct, maintain, conduct or manage in any block in which two-thirds (2-3) of the buildings fronting on both sides of the street or streets on which the proposed hospital may front are devoted to exclusive residence purpose, any hospital for the care, treat- ment or nursing of two or more insane persons ; or any hos- pital for the care, treatment or nursing of two or more in- ebriates, or person suffering from the effects of the excessive use of alcoholic liquors ; or any hospital for the care, treat- ment or nursing of two or more epileptics ; or any hospital for the care, treatment or nursing of two or more persons addicted to, or suffering from the excessive use of morphine, cocaine or other similar drugs or narcotics ; or any hospital for the care, treatment or nursing of any person or persons affected with any contagious disease unless the owners of a majority of the frontage in such block, and the owners of a majority of the frontage on the opposite side or sides of the street or streets on which said building faces consent in writ- ing to the building, constructing or maintaining, managing or conducting of any such hospital in said block. Such written consent of the majority of said property owners shall be filed 204 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING with the ComiiiissioniT of Hoallli before a permit sliall lie granteil for the huiUling or constructing, or a license be issued for the maintaining, conducting or managing of any such hospital. Sec. 1109. Location of Ilosfiliils Xctir School.—So hos- pital of any kind or description, shall hereafter be erected or established within four hundred (-UKI) feet of any property use^.ua»»i so. OIV. BARN OAKLAND In addition to the above, all of which have been built within twenty-five years, the Company occupies over two hundred and sixty-five thousand square feet in other buildings lowned and leased within the Chicago City limits. Over 210,000 telephones are now in operation within the Chicago City limits, connecting with 55,000 in adjoining counties and over 4,000,000 throughout the country. CHICAGO TELEPHONE COMPANY. 191-203 Washington S rcet. Chicago. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ELECTRIC SHOP JACKSON and MICHIGAN BOULEVARDS CHICAGO ARCHITECTS, AND THOSE CONTEMPLATING BUILDING or improving upon the electrical arrangements of the home, will find a wealth of suggestion at ELECTRIC SHOP, located on the ground floor, northwest corner of Jackson and Michigan Boulevards — a permanent exhibition of educational value, no less than of artistic attractiveness. Something electrical to interest everyone. VIEW IN RECEPTION ROOM, ELECTRIC SHOP. SHOWING ELECTRIC GRATE Being centrally located with respect to the shopping district, ELECTRIC SHOP affords visitors many conveniences aside from its interesting displays of lamps, fixtures and electrical devices of all kinds, which they are invited to inspect and enjoy. A convenient location for the payment of electric light bills. The architectural features of ELECTRIC SHOP will prove of especial interest to the Architect and Builder. The interior design, being Elizabethan in style, antique gray finished oak in richly carved panels, is far in advance of any- thing yet seen in the west. The furniture is also of carved oak, especially designed in the Elizabethan style. The beams of the ceiling are richly decorated in gold and the strong primary colors. The ceiling between beams is treated m deep old gold. The dining room is designed in the style of the early English Renaissance. The effect withal is most pleasing. Your inspection is invited. COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Electric Light and Power from the Central Station The Modern Method TX7HETHER YOU REQUIRE A SINGLE HORSE-POWER " ' or 50,000 or more, you can buy it to your decided advantage from Central Station. Electric Power is clean, reliable, economical. Our service is available day and night — no heavy expense for overtime, no investment in generating plant, no depreciation charges. Call Randolph 1280 Commonwealth Edison Company General Offices, 139 Adams Street, Chicago % il^ 3B HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING THE LOWERING OF A TUNNEL UNDER THE CHICAGO RIVER THE old Van Buren Street tunnel under the Chicago River at Van Buren Street, 2^4 miles from the mouth of the river in Lake Michigan, was a double track tunnel used by the Chicago Union Traction Com- pany for transporting passengers in street cars between the west and the east sides of the Chicago River; the lowering of the river level, due to the opening of the Drainage Canal, left only 15 to 16 feet of water over the tunnel, and Congress ordered its removal so 22 feet of water would be provided over it the full width of the river. It was decided by the Union Traction Company, owners of the tunnel, to lower it and exhaustive plans and specifications were prepared by Mr. Samuel G. Art- ingstall. The con- tract was awarded to the Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company. The w or k - of- lowering the Tun- nel consisted es- sentially in put- ting in a new roof inside or under the old one, and also putting in a new bottom or in- vert ; the side walls were left practically intact. The work pro- gressed rapidly and the job was fi n i s h e d in 19 months. The new roof, which is 9 feet 6 inches below the top of the old roof, con- sists of transverse I-shape steel gird- ers, 32 feet long over all, spaced 4 feet 3 inches apart on centers. The girders are carried at the ends by columns which are 15-inch 80-pound I-beams seated on brick masonry piers built up to the springing line of the arch. These piers are placed in chases cut two feet deep into the old brick side walls of the tunnel, as shown in the accompanying- photograph. The spaces between the roof girders are filled with concrete and a jack arch formed between each pair of girders. The concrete for the jack arches was mixed by hand in the limited space between the new roof girders and the old floor and hoisted up through a space obtained by omitting one jack arch. Over this layer of concrete are two courses of brick placed in an asphalt compound while it was still hot, which serves as the water-proofing of the roof. As a covering for this is a layer of concrete twelve inches thick, reinforced by a system of wires. The placing of the large roof girders was greatly handicapped on account of the limited head room in the tunnel.. They weighed five tons each and were made up readv for erection when delivered. Thev were conveved into the tunnel to the place of erection on flat cars run on the street car tracks, from which they were jacked up and placed in proper position. The accompanying photo- graph shows the roof girders in place before the con- creting. The invert of the tunnel was lowered eight feet in the section under the river and the walls of the tunnel were underpinned to that depth; the underpinning gradually decreasing towards each portal where it re- tains the same grade as before. The invert lowering had to be done in narrow sections or "ribs" and in differ- ent parts of the tunnel so as to give the finished portions plenty of time to set and still keep the new roof and side walls well braced and at the approaches to avoid possible damage through ^- W^% ''>**^'^1 settlement to the ,■' ■ ' Vi,/- "^c' heavy buildings / ' . ■. .--, adjoining. These ' ■ '■'' sections were pits "> I ranging from five to eight feet in width, dug trans- verselv across the tunnel to a depth of from ten to eleven feet below the old floor level at the center line of the t u n n e 1. They penetrated the side walls of the section about four feet and up to the masonry piers on which the columns hold- ing the roof gird- ers were mounted. In digging these pits through the side walls in the river sections the inner rows of piles of the old cofterdai-i were occasionally encountered, showing the tremendous side pressure of the clay which squeezed these piles inside the lines of the work. The pits were concreted so that the. new invert is eight feet below the old invert and the concrete placed in the pits in the side walls connects with the concrete placed when the columns were put in; thus connecting the arch and the invert. 0\'er the approach ends of the new roof of the tunnel up to the old arch, solid bulkheads suitably waterproofed, were built ; so when the arch of the old tunnel was re- moved in the river section the water could not run in over the new roof. The west bulkhead is 26 feet thick and the east one ten feet. The Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company also had the contract to remove the masonry of the old tunnel arch down to the line of the new roof. It was required that the masonry be destroyed as much as possible from the under side after the new work had been made tight and without the aid of coflferdams or explosives and to avoid hindrance to navigation, and as much as possible 4B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING any concussions or jars iliat niiylil injure tlie new con- struction or the adjoininj,' tall heavy buildinj^s. The destroy inj,-^ and removing of tlie old roof was carried out in a novel way. A cushion of sand was placed over the new roof underneath the old arch to protect it from the debris that would naturally fall on it in the wrecking. One of the Great Lakes Dredge ^: Dock Company s drill boats in the river above started the work by drilling cuts across the arch about 4 feet apart on one side of the river. This strip of old masonry was then taken out and another slrij) executed in a simi- lar manner; thus successive strijjs were broken off across the channel. The loosened material which lay on top of the new roof was then removed by one of the Com])any's dredges carefully operated so as not to dam- age the new roof. The lowering of the \'an P.uren Street tunnel by the (ireat Lakes Dredge & Dock Company was the first operation of this kind ever successfully e.xecuted. CONSTRUCTION OF THE HARBOR AT GARY, INDIANA THE great numlier of the largest boats on ilie ( ireat Lakes that would run between the mine railroads on Lake Su])erior and the new steel |)lant at (iary. Indiana, necessitated the provision of i)roper and suf- ficient harbor and docking facilities for the latter. The construction of a harbor for the new steel plant w a s considered one of the most difficult and ex- tensive engineer- ing w o r k s re- quired in building that plant, mostly on account of the unfavorable nat- u r a 1 conditions there. The sliore line in that vicin- ity is a low, fiat. and practically unbroken sandy beach. The sand is a fine lake sand variety and it ex- ists to a depth of from forty feet to sixty feet from the surface. This sand was shifting and lay in alter- nate ridges and hollows parallel to the shore line. These ridges rose from fifteen to forty feet above the water in the lake with the hollows in between about ten feet above that level. The water here was very shallow as the minimum depth of twenty-two feet in channel con- struction on the Great Lakes was not reached imtil about 2.000 feet off shore in the lake. The contract for the construction of the harbor and a slip was awarded the Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Com- pany. The slip, which is 2.^0 feet wide and about a mile in length, with a minimum depth of twenty-two feet, is built at right angles to the shore line and extends 2.000 feet out from shore line to the twenty-two foot dejith in the lake and 3.000 feet inland — total amount of exca- vation estimated at l.'K)0.000 cubic yards. It was dug l)y the Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Comjiany's hydraulic dredges ■"Michigan" and "Xew York," the latter having a twenty-four inch diameter suction pipe and a capacity of 10,000 cubic yards per twenty-four hour day Both sides of tlie sli]) were closely lined ,ith sheet piling, which mi tlie west side was later topped with a concrete dock. The off shore ])ier along the west side of the slip extends 2.000 feet out from the end of the concrete dock and is a rock filled timber and pile ]iier v a r y i n g froii) twelve feet wide at the shore to twenty-four feet wide at its far- thest end in the lake. .\t the o u t e r end of this ])ier a rock filled timber and i)ile ])ier 2.000 feet in length and 24 feet in width extends to the west in the lake at a right angle to the slip. T h e S])ace enclosed by this pier was for- m c r 1 y covered with about twen- ty-two feet of water and has been filled in with sand by the hy- draulic dredge "Xew York" to a height of from three feet to eigh- teen feet above datum. On this made land, aggregating about 4.000.000 square feet, the blast furnaces, etc., of the new steel town are now being built. The off shore pier on the east side is similar to that on the west side of the slip beyond the concrete dtick. In the construction of the timber and ])ile piers, 25,000 piles and 7,000,000 feet P.. M. of timber was used. The work was handled by six floating pile drivers, each equip- ped with a pump o])erating a hydraulic jet. .Ml the piling and sheeting was driven with the assistance of a water jet. as the sand was of such a nature that a pile would break before it would penetrate the sand under the blows of the hammer unless the jet was used. The construction of the slip and piers is almost com- ])leted, but work is still in progress on the excavation of 2.^^0,000 yards for the turning basin at the end of the slip and also on the 3,200 lineal feet of outer breakwater which is now being built in dc])ths of water varying from 20 to 40 feet. The (M-eat Lakes Dredge v^- Dock Com- ])an\- is also contractor for the two latter works. .-i; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CHICAGO'S GARDEN SPOT IS THE Beautiful North Side REACHED BY THE Northwestern Elevated Railroad The Excellent Transportation Facilities of This Line Insure to the Chicago Public Speed, Safety, Comfort and Convenience J^QTJTPMENT ^^^ ^""^ Equipment has been increased thirty-three per cent within the past eighteen _i months, although T* T> A JT JT T Q Its Passenger Traffic has increased but twenty per cent within the same period of time. P AV E R ^'•^ Electric Motive Power has been increased more than 5,200 horsepower within the past twelve months. Nine Reasons Why the Northwestern Elevated Railroad Should Enjoy Popularity and Win Patronage: 1 Its cars are large, well ventilated, A Its extensions of lines, made at an "T Its Express train service is first-class convenient and comfortable. expense of 13,500,000, enable the ''in every respect and with the co- public to reach every North Side section operation of the public will be improved. 2 Its new Pullman cars, now installed, conveniently. _ , ,. , ■ .■ • ., ^ , „„ , r • X I's hnes reach every pomt of mterest provide seats for 28 people facmg ^ Its North Water Street Terminal ac- °' and recreation between the Loop and forward instead of 8 as in most elevated '•'' commodates 2,500 passengers daily Evanston, connecting with the Chicago railroad cars. and does much to relieve congestion of & Milwaukee Electric Railway cars for traffic on the Loop. all points north. ■3 Its curves are being modified at *'• great expense, thereby adding to the 6. w '"'c?'' Tx"' -'T "'?i ^'''?' 9. lf'"cal cars on all trains are almost " . f u Kr H • • Water Street Termmal are the only -^ ' always only partly filled durmg rush convenience 01 the public and insuring Chicago elevated railroad trains composed hours, so that ample accommodations speedier service. of six cars. may be found. PASSENGERS ARE EARNESTLY REQUESTED to co-operate with the management in further improvement of the service by taking such trains as will carry them to their destination WITHOUT CHANGE OF CARS From Every Point of View This is the Ideal Line for Busy Chicago People 6B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING -S b£ C C rt c -C OS . 2 c c ^ o c ;s'i c u >. > "O _Q .in 3 * c/> £/: OJ c ^ 5 c ^ J-. ~ bx OJ ^- c -C T-l ^ ^ O oj > c £ ■y. Oj -J^ § i u C t- OJ r- U ^ - y — 1; bi o - r- bi .□□□□33^.. MM .,. |_,-_jHddLJ__iax>'T ■ h^ :,:i:^g3G]a3L]-JL^}t]!i^ J J _ J J J J J J J JJ , JJ J J -^^: Ht==i[]OaU[J][EO]LfiO]]]\ ^^\]]aD]a[[]J3[j]^^L 1-='--'— J— 'i^ — ' — ' — t^',' fr" 1 ■ ! > I I i i ! _j^ V ri C CO c •- o ^ u , , 11 "^ c > (U "^ rt 1^ ^ CO u in; -c CO o C4 rt (u -d •a > c o ■M U CO a> o •o c rt > < o rt ^ •*B0®-^3'_^ i:. /Ii A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING THE CHICAGO C A Corporation which has been ol A Half Century o THE history of the last fifty years of Chicago building, which virtually means the history of Chicago, cannot be written without reference to the Chicago City Railway Company. Not only has this corporation been chiefly instrumental in developing the great south side with its enormous real-estate and commercial values, but it has been a determining factor in ex- panding the retail trade of the city as a whole. The State Street line of the company was opened to Twelfth Street on April 25, 1859, more . than a half century ago. It was a great day for early Chicago. At that time, a crude horse car, costing perhaps not more than $500, was operated over a mile of track. Hay strewn on the car floor constituted the winter robe of pioneer luxury in street railway travel, and the fare charged was five cents. Today, a palace car, costing $6,800, running over track and roadbed costing $40,- 000 a mile, and manned by the highest paid street railway trainmen in the United States, will carry you a maximum distance of 25 miles for the same price. Four of the old-time "bob-tail" cars could easily be accommodated inside one of the modern pay-as-you-enter cars of the Chicago City Railway Company, while the new coach is propelled by more than 100 times the power of the early conveyance. The latest standard car of the City Railway Company represents the highest skill in street CABLE TRACK All old cable track (34.71 miles) has been removed and replaced with modern elec- tric track, in full compliance with "im- mediate rehabilitation" requirements of ordinance of Feb. 11, 1907. ELECTRIC TRACK Sixty-one miles of electric track rebuilt in compliance with "immediate rehabilita- tion" requirements of ordinance of Feb. 11, 1907. POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (a) — .^ substations in service — total ca- pacity 43.700 K. W. (b) — Underground conduit, 430 miles constructed. (c) — Underground feeders, 166 miles con- structed. (d) — Trolley wire, 143 miles renewed, (e) — Return feeder. 73 miles installed. CAR HOUSES 4 modern car houses completed — total ca- pacity, 1,076 double-truck cars. ROLLING STOCK 350 modern double-truck cars purchased and remainder of passenger cars thor- oughly o\erhauled. STEEL WHEELS The Company has replaced its cast-iron wheels with rolle dncing to a mini "flat" wheels. FENDERS AND TR The Company is e life-guard or fenc highest markings at Schenectady ar der, with truck gi the reduction oi standing an increa operated b}^ the show a steady dec fatal accidents. The Chicago City Railway Company and the City of Chicago are legally constituted busi- ness partners, the city receiving 55 per cent of the Company's net receipts. The Company relies for its future success upon public support because its business is a public business. It is in the transportation field as a builder and developer of general business interests and general municipal cSlJ A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING [TY RAILWAY CO. 3 of the Largest Contributors to Chicago Building railway construction. It is provided with wide, comfortable seats, it is equipped with electrical heaters, and the pay-as-you-enter method of fare collection relieves passengers of all the old-time jostling, discomfiture and confusion due to frequent passmg of the conductor through the car. Platforms are vestibuled for the protection of trainmen, and the conductor at all times commands a full view of the rear platform from which all passengers enter the car, thus minimizmg the most prolific class of accidents. The Chicago City Railway Company is giving the best service in the world — an achievement which IS made possible because of the fact that every department of its activity is first class and up- to-date. The car on track is the apex of the system, but at its base are modern car-houses, car shops, repair shops, sub-stations for electrical distribution, a car-dispatching organization and a miscellaneous equipment — all of which have been assembled together along lines of scientific rail- roading. The Company has expended on rehabilitation work upwards of $17,000,000, of which more than $15,000,000 has been invested since Feb. I, 1907, on which date its present franchise ordinance became effective. TTie following recapitulation describes the principal improvements made by the Company in the last three years : eel wheels, tlui.s re- ijie noise due to C GUARDS )pinfjf its cars with a which received tlie ests held a year ago 'ittshiirg'. This fen- , promises much for rcidents. X(jtwith- 1 the number of cars mpany. its records ie in the number of MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT With tlic must complete rejiair shops of their kind in the country, the Cit\' Rail- way is prepared to make prompt repairs on its rolling stock and to keep its cars in excellent condition. The miscellaneous equipment of the Comiiaiiy also includes 12 sprinkling cars. 2 40-ton electric loco- motives and a snow-tighting equipment consisting of 5 power ])lows, 30 sweepers, 54 trail plows, and 20 single-truck cars with snow-wing attachments. CAR DISPATCHING The Company has a complete system of car-dispatching, which insures greater flexibility in the movement of cars and which enables the management to regu- late their movement as nearly as possible in accordance with the actual demands of the traffic. INSURANCE All insurable ])roperty of the Company is insured at its full value. The fact that the insurance rate has been reduced from ^2.22 per $100 in July, 1905. to 48 cents in November. 1909, attests the high character of construction work performed i)y the Com- pany. prosperity, and in this capacity it invites the co-operation of all other builders whose efforts, united, will lift the Chicago of 1910 as far above its present level as the half century last past has raised it above the plane of pioneer days. 915 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING lOB A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The New Passenger Terminal of the Chicago and North Western Railway at Chicago is to be one of the finest monuments ever erected to the commercial life and spirit of the west. Hundreds of trains arriving at and departing from this terminal every day, will connect Chicago with thousands of western cities, towns and villages. More than $20,000,000 is being expended to provide a railway entrance to the city, through which passenger traffic to and from the territory that has made Chicago powerful and rich is to move in ceaseless activity. Work upon the new station is proceeding with all the rapidity that skill and liberal expenditure can command. The new station will have a capacity for handling a quarter of a million patrons daily. It IS confidently asserted that its provisions for doing this expeditiously and with the greatest comfort will excel anything ever known to the travehng public. The Best of Everything TICKET AND FREIGHT OFFICE 212 Clark Street Telephone Ceni,.l 721 Chicago, 111. tm IIB A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING LA SALLE STATION, CHICAGO used by Rock Island Lines and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Ry., Chicago and Eastern Illinois R.R. and New York, Chicago and St. Louis R. R. More cities and towns can be reached from this station without change of cars than from any other railway terminal in the United States. La Salle Station is in the heart of the business district, the most centrally located as well as the finest passenger station in the city. It is the only station on the elevated railway loop, thus all parts of Chicago are brought to its doors. From its portals, through trains and through cars depart daily for such widely separated and remotely situated points as New York Sioux Falls Jacksonville El Paso Minneapolis San Francisco Ft. Worth Salt Lake City St. Paul Colorado Springs Kansas City Denver Omaha Tucson Des Moines Albany St. Joseph Atlanta Boston Buffalo with direct connections for Houston, Galveston, New Orleans, Mobile, Montgomery, City of Mexico, San Diego, Seattle, Portland, Spokane, and hundreds of important cities in the West, Southwest, South and Southeast. These facilities and superior train service throughout the fourteen Rock Island States and beyond are at your command by addressing our nearest representative. W. J. LEAHY, General Passenger Agent, Chicago GEO. H. LEE, General Passenger Agent, St. Louis L. M. ALLEN, Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago 12B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Locations for Manufacturing Plants of all kinds on the Ill'iiio'is Central Railroad in Chicago territory both South and West of City The Calumet District is particularly attractixe for IRON AND STEEL PLANTS For full particulars, address J. C. CLAIR, Industrial Commissioner, J. C. R. R. Co., Chicairo i3i; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ran This titanic gash in the earth's crust is a mile deep, many miles wide, 217 miles long, and painted like a sunset. See the Grand Canyon this season, en route to or from winterless California, on the CaliforniaLimited Carries a Pullman for the Canyon. Two to five days' time, $6.50 railroad fare, a reasonable hotel bill at ElTovar (management of Fred Harvey) and a few dollars for rim and trail trips — that's all the extra expense. Write me for illustrated booklets — "Titan of Chasms," "ElTovar" and "CaliforniaLimited." W.J. BLACK, Pass. Traffic Mgr. A. T. *.S. F. Ky. S.VBielii, 1071 Railway ]■ xcbauge, Cbioago r- STARTING MdOWH TRAIL AT GRAl^D CANYOl^. n 14B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING BEST TRAINS BE'IWKKN Chicago and St. Louis VIA C. & E. I. DAY AND NIGHT LEAVE After Breakfast After Supper After Theatre FROM CHICAGO ARRIVE ST. I.OUIS 11 .^5 a.m. . . . 7 .<5 p.m 9 10 p.m. . . 7 07 a m. 1 1 .<.> p.m. . . 7 48 a.m. FROM ST. LOUIS ARRIVE CHICAGO 9 01 a.m. 5 01 p.m. 9 0.^ p.m. . 6 58 a.m. 11 _'!0 p.m. . 7.45 a.m. All trains leave from and arrive at the La Salle Street Station, Chicago, the handiest depot in Chicago — the onlj' station on the Loop of the Elevated Railroad — in the very heart of the business, hotel and theatre district. At St. Louis all trains arri\e at and depart from rlie Union Depot. Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad FRISCO LINES A. B. SCfLMlDT, g. a. p d. 91 Adams Street, Chicago 'I'honc Cent. 4446 TICKET OFFICES l>a Salle Street Station M'honc Harrison 1408 i3i; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Baltimore & Ohio CHICAGO 1874 1910 SPLENDID VESTIBULED TRAIN SERVICE BETWEEN CHICAGO and PITTSBURGH — 3 Daily Trains Each Way. CHICAGO and WASHINGTON, BALTIMORE, PHILADELPHIA and NEW YORK — 2 Daily Trains — Via Pittsburg and Via Newark. CHICAGO and CLEVELAND — Through Sleeping Cars Daily. C:HICAG0 and WHEELING — 2 Daily Trains Each Way. PULLMAN DRAWING ROOM SLEEPING CARS — A LA CARTE DINING CAR SERVICE esse QUICK DISPATCH FREIGHT SERVICE "OD" No. 94, East Bound "QD" No. 97, West Bound From CHICAGO To NEW YORK. 60 Hours To PHILADELPHIA, 52 Ho To BALTIMORE, 48 Hours To CHICAGO From NEW YORK, 60 Hours From PHILADELPHIA, 56 Hours From BALTIMORE, 52 Hours C. S. WIGHT General TraflSc Manager B. N. AUSTIN Gen. Pass. Agent, Chicago C. W. BASSETT Gen. Pass. Agent, Baltimore C. H. HARKINS Gen. West. Frt. Agt., Chicago O. A. CONSTANS Gen. Freight Agt.. Pittsburg T. W. GALLF.HER Gen. Freight Agt., Baltimore BALTIMORE & OHIO PASSENGER STATION Fifth Avenue and Harrison St., Chicago BALTIMORE & OHIO FREIGHT STATION 16B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago Railways Company Carries 1,200,000 passencrers daily over a network of 316 miles of track, reachino; every part of the north, northwest, west and southwest districts of Chicao^o — three-fourths of the city's area and population. lY the expenditure of over $22,000,000 the CHICAGO RAILWAYS CO. has practically rebuilt its system. It has constructed 177 miles of new <^- track costinjj: approximately $50,000 a mile. It has equipped its lines with 650 new Pay-as-^'ou-l^nter cars of the most modern type, costinjj S6,000 a car. It expects, in the near future, to receive ?>50 additional cars of this type, which now are under construction. It has erected a do/.cn or more new car stations, shops, electrical sub-stations and other ^reat buildin^js. It will expend several millions of d(jllars more this year, completing its rehabilitation requirements. Under its partnership arrangement with the city, the CHICAGO RAILWAYS CO. has jxiitl C^-hicajjo in two years, $1,75,>,205 or ^^'^ of its net receipts and w ill pay the city $840,000 this year, it is estimated. i;r. A HAI.F CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING PEOPLES GAS BUILDING Chicago's latest and best type of office building 18B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING H. M. BYLLESBY & COMPANY Engineers — Managers Design Construct Operate Artificial Gas Systems Street Railways Water Works Electric Light Plants Irrigation Systems Natural Gas Systems Interurban Railways Water Power Plants Transmission Systems Drainage Systems EXAMINATIONS- REPORTS 218 LA SALLE STREET CHICAGO i')i; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Burlington Route 99 "The 'On Time' Road Runs Limited, Electric-Lighted Through Trains To Kansas City St. Paul Minneapolis Omaha St. Joseph Denver Butte Helena Spokane Tacoma Seattle Portland and Hundreds of Intermediate Points C For many years the trains of the Burhngton Route have arrived at their destination "on time" with such great regularity that the road has become famiharly known among its regular patrons as the '^)n time" road. (L Physically there is no better railroad than the Burlington. 100 per cent — the entire line — is equipped with safety block signals; the cars, the motive power and the road bed are the best. C Its through trains are brilliantly electric-lighted throughout and have every travel comfort and convenience. Use the Burlington, "The 'On Time' Road" next time you go West, if you want a safe, easy, comfortable ride and almost certain assurance of arrival at destination "right on time." For time tables and information address City Ticket Office, Burlington Route, 211 Clark Street, Chicago. Phone Randolph 3117. P. S. EUSTIS, Passenger Traffic Manager 209 Adams Street, Chicago Burlindton 'The 'On Time' Road" 20B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING On yciiir trips from Chicaj^o to the North, Northwest, West or Southwest, you will secure an elegance in service and equipment unsurpassed in America if you travel via the lines of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway The Pioneer Limited to St. Paul and Minneapolis — the natural selection to the Northwest — leaves Chicago 6.30 p.m. daily. Five other daily trains to the Twin Cities. San Francisco "Overland Limited" to California via Omaha in less than three days, leaves Chicago 7.00 p. m. daily. Has through standard sleepers Chicago to San Francisco. The China and Japan Fast Mail to California, leaves Chicago lO.lO p.m. daily. Has standard and tourist sleepers. The Southwest Limited to Kansas City, ranks first among the Chicago - Kansas City trains, leaves Chicago 6 p.m. daily. The Colorado Special to Denver via Omaha, offering a one -night- on -the -road trip, leaves Chicago 10.30 a.m. daily, arrives Denver 1.30 p.m. the next day. Another train to Colorado at 10.10 p.m. daily. The Copper Country Limited to the copper country of Upper Michigan will prove a good selection when your trip is in that direction. Leaves Chicago 10 p.m. daily. Standard sleepers Chicago to Calumet, Mich., and Milwaukee to Marquette, Mich., via Champion and D. S. S. 6c A. Ry. , and Chicago to Calumet, Mich., via Mc- Keever and Copper Range R. R. All trains of this Railway in Chicago leave from and arrive at Union Passenger Station, Canal Street. J. H. Hir^ANI) F. A. MILLKR Vice President General Passenijer Ajrent Chicago Chicago 21B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago & Western IndianaR.R. AND The Belt Railway Co.of Chicago H. G. Hetzler, President Frank A. Spink, Traffic Manager J M. Warner, General Manager Edward H. Lee, Chief Engineer R. W. Stevens, Superintendent E. F. Jones, Master Mechanic M. J. Clark, Secretary and Auditor John J. Carroll, Gen'l Baggage Agent M. J. Murphy, Asst. Secretary and Asst. Auditor C. C. Nash, Purchasing Agent John E. Murphy, Treasurer The Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad, organized in 1879, furnishes terminal facilities for the following roads: AtchisoHy Topeka & Santa Fe Railway System Chicago, hidianapolis & Louisville Railway Chicago & Erie Railroad Chicago ^ Easte?^n Illinois Raihoad Grand Trunk Railway System Wabash Raihoad Dearborn Station, the first modern passenger depot in Chicago, was built in 1882 The Belt Railway Company of Chicago affords a connecting line between all the Trunk Lines entering Chicago, for the transfer of freight. With abun- dant power, double track, and superior equipment, the Belt Railway offers service for the quick transfer of shipments unobtainable elsewhere. Industries will find location on the Belt Railway gives them all the advantages, and none of the disadvantages of being situated on a Trunk Line. For rates, locations for industries, or other information, address the Traffic Manager. 22B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING American Express Company Established 1841 FROM THE ATLANTIC COAST TO THE PACIFIC COAST Largest Express Company in the World Operates the Express Business on Over 53,000 Miles of Railway Lines in the United States and Canada and Many Thousand Miles of Steamship Lines Special Through Fast Express Trains Between j New York, Chicago, Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake, Portland and Seattle ! Boston, Buffalo, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Louisville and New Orleans I New York, St. Louis, Kansas City, Dallas, San Antonio, Houston and Galveston I Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Northwest On Lines of New York Central & Hudson River Ry. Big Four (C. C. C. & St. L.) Ry. Union Pacific Ry. Boston & Albany Ry. Illinois Central Ry. Oregon Short Line Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Ry. Chicago & North Western Ry. Oregon Ry. and Navigation Co. Michigan Central Ry. Chicago & Alton Ry. Oregon and Washington Ry. also San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake R. R. Connecting with Other Leading Lines The Financial Department Issues f TRAVELERS CHEQUES 1 I LETTERS OF CREDIT j ! ^2!^SS^^?5?^P '■ Available in All Parts of the World MONEY ORDERS I Cable and Telegraphic | TRANSFERS OF MONEY J GENERAL OFFICES NEW YORK 65 Broadway BOSTON 43 Franklin Street CHICAGO 72 Monroe Street ST. LOUIS 4 1 7 North Fourth Street EXCLUSIVE OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL FOREIGN CITIES 23U A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING '**». N F»UGH XERIVIIIMAL W/ a^VMES A^. F>UGH, Prefsidenl S. H. IVIA.RXIN, Secrelarv A CREOITr Largest Modern Merchandising Bui Free Switching Service Perfect Ligtiterage Service Perfect Lowest Insurance 36S-S6S Kast Illinois Street 24B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ^ REHOUSE C01VIPA.IMV O CHICAGO Telephone: Randolph 2021 Iding and Warehouse in the World inncl Service, Two Shafts Perfect Police and Watcliman Service R.3tes in Ct^ieaQO CHICAGO 25B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING New York 91) West St. Pittsburgh Monon Bank Bldg. St. Louis Syndicate Trust BIdg. San Francisco 4^5 Washington St. Montreal Canadian Express Bldg, London Office, Norfolk House, Cannon St., E. C. Cable Address "ROBHUNT" Robert W. Hunt and Co. Engineers BUREAU OF INSPECTION, TESTS and CONSULTATION General Offices "THE ROOKERY" Chicago Telephone Ha Robert W. Hunt Jno. J. Cone Jas. C. Hallsted D. W. McNaugher ROBERT W. HUNT & CO., Engineers and Bureau of Inspection, Tests and Consultation, have general offices and laboratories at 1121 The Rookery, Chicago, and subordinate offices and laboratories in New York, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, San Francisco, Cincinnati, Montreal, and London, England. The firm was established March 1 st, 1 888, by Robert W. Hunt, and at present he has associated with him Messrs. John J. Cone, James C. Hallsted, and D. W. McNaugher, all of whom are engineers with technical education and years of experience. The firm employs a large corps of assistants, whose services are distributed, not only at the various offices and chemical and phys- ical laboratories, but also constantly at practically all of the principal rail and structural mills of the whole world, as well as at the shops where the bridge and building materials are fabricated. The firm also maintains a staff of engineers who are experts on the various branches of electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineering. The increased use of cement in building and other construction has neces- sitated its careful inspection, and such work forms a large factor in Robert W. Hunt & Co.'s business. In fact, a majority of Chicago's greater buildings have had both the structural steel and cement used in them passed upon by Hunt & Co. 26B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railway Company 1001 Royal Insurance Building Chicago, Illinois THE ONLY FOUR-TRACK LINE REACHING THE LOOP The main line of the Metropohtan "L" extends with four tracks due west from the loop to Marshfield Avenue, and then spreads fan-like in four double track branches, reaching every part of the great West Side. The Garfield Park Branch parallels Van Buren Street to 52nd Avenue, thence on the surface to Forest Park. The Douglas Park Branch parallels Paulina Street south to 2 1 st Street, thence west to Douglas Park and 48th Avenue. The Logan Square Branch runs northwesterly from the main line at Marshfield Avenue to Robey Street and Milwaukee Avenue, thence parallel with Mil- waukee Avenue to Logan Square Boulevard. The Humboldt Park Branch leaves the Logan Square Branch at Robey Street, and runs west, paralleling North Avenue to Lawndale Avenue. The Metropolitan "L" serves a territory of approximately 70 square miles, inhabited by 1,500,000 people. By reason of its four trunk lines extending to the loop, the Metropolitan "L" service may be relied on to reach its destination at a given time. Cliicago and Oak F^ark Elevated Railroad The Shortest Line to the West Side and to Austin and Oak Park Quick Time to the Loop— No Delays from Street Blockades Tracks Relaid with Heavy Rails Takes You Direct to the Large Retail Stores Elevated Passageway into the La Salle Station Takes You Close to All the Hotels, Railroad Stations, Theatres, in the Business Center 27V, A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING THE FITZ SIMONS & CONNELL CO. ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS FOR PUBLIC WORKS TACOMA BUILDING, CHICAGO, ILL. We furnish estimates for and undertake the following: Dredging, Foundations, Docking, Pile Driving, Canals, Bridges, Breakwaters, Tunnels, etc. With thirty-seven years' experience in connection with some of the most important Public Works constructed in Chicago, and with a large and complete plant for every department of our work, we can offer exceptional facilities to those proposing work in our line. McGuire Cutnmings Mfg. Co. Chicago Illinois =i^ Chicago Railways Co. Sprinkler Opeiaied by Compressed Air Chicago City Railway Co. Snow Sweeper iiiiiitaiiaiaii^si Aurora-Elgin-Chicago Interurban Ca ^JiCanufadurers of Cars, Trucks, Snow Sweepers, Snow Plows, Sprinklers General Offices, Sangamon and Kinzie Streets, Chicago 28B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO U I LDING (aJs*,^ii!ll:^if^^^^^iii^!^^t;^rf^^ History of the Graham & Morton Line THE Graham & Morton Liiii- was started l)y J. S. Morton witli a chartered steamer in 1874, the co-partnership of Graham & Morton being formed by J. H. Graham, Andrew Crawford and J. S. Morton during the winter of 1875. They bought their first steamer, the Messenger, 244 tons net. with 22 first class passenger rooms, of the Englcman Transportation Co. in February, 1875. This company continued the operation of this single steamer until the spring of 1880. at wliicli time Mr. H. W. Williams, owner of the propellor Skylark, 166 net tons, with 18 staterooms, then operating an independent opposition line between lUnton Harbor and Chicago, was taken in and the stock company under the name of The Graham & Morton Transportation Company was organized. The stockholders were 11, VV. Williams, J. H. Graham, .\ndre\v Crawford and J. S. Morton, with a capitalization of $50,CX)0.00. This company remained in full force up to and including the present time, Mr. H. W. Williams withdrawing from the company by mutual agreement and taking out tlie steamer St. Josepli as his proportion of the stock, which he afterward ran from South Haven. Mr. .Andrew Crawford remained a stockholder of the company until his death in 1901, when his stock was bought up by the re- maining stockholders. Mr. J. H. Graham remained a stockholder and president of the company until his death, in 1907. His holdings in the company were then turned over to an administrator, Mr. J. S. Morton, to be divided equally between his mother and his wife. Mr. J. S. Morton was elected president and treasurer of the Graham & Morton Transportation Company at this time, continuing as manager of the company up to ancl including this date. The steamers Messenger and Skylark w-erc run together for two years. At the end of 1881 the Skylark's upper works were taken off and she was changed into a steam barge, and the steamer Lora, with a capacity of about 700 tons net. was Imilt during the winter of '81 and '82; running on the route with the Messenger in 1882. In the fall of 1882 the Messenger was sold to Smith & Adatns of .Mackinac City, and the steamer St. Joseph. 500 tons net. was built and run in connection with the Lora during 1883, 1884, 1885 and 1886. The following winter the first steamer Puritan was built, com- ing out in the spring of 1887, running with the steamer Lora, the two being the only steamers on the route for the years up to and including 1889 excepting that the Detroit and Cleveland Steamboat Co. sent their steamer City of Detroit here to run during the season of 1889 in opposition to this company. In the fall of 1889 the steamer Lora was sold and the side wheel steamer City of Chicago contracted with F. W. Wheeler & Co.. of West Bay City ; this latter steamer coming out in the spring of 1890 and running in connection with the steamer Puritan during that year and the ne.\t. .•\t the end of 1891 the steamer Puritan was sold and the steamer Chicora contracted with the Detroit Shipbuilding Co. to be delivered before the 1st of June, 1892. Owing to miscalculations the Chicora did not come out until the last of August, and during the fore part of the year the steamer .Arundel was chartered and r,in in connection with the steamer City of Chicago. The steamers Cliicora and City of Chicago formed the line (running together) between St. Joseph and Chicago, making a round trip and a half apiece, three trips a day, through July and .August, during the years 189,^ and 1894. In January, 1895. the Chicora was lost. Dur- ing tliat winter the steamer City of Milwaukee was bought from the Grand Trunk Ry. Co., and, with the steamer City of Chicago, formed the line between St. Joseph and Chicago up to 1904. In 1901 this company acquired by purchase the interests of the Holland & Chicago line, running steamers from Holland to Chi- cago, which included the new steamer Puritan and steamer Soo City. The two latter steamers running on that line until 1904 when the Soo City was traded to the Booth Line for the steamer Argo. In 1905 the steamers Holland and Puritan ran together on the Holland line and have continued up to this time. During the spring of 1903 the side wheel steamer City of Benton Harbor was built by the Craig Shipbuilding Co., of Toledo, Ohio, and has been run on the Benton Harbor route in connection with the steamer City of Chicago ffoiu that time to the present, the two steamers making three round trips a day. The steamer .Argo was operated between the two divisions as an independent steamer until the spring of 1905. That year the .Argo and the steamer W. H. Gratwick were run from Chicago to Duluth, Lake Superior, in the heavy freight trade, until late in N'ovember the .Argo. making a trip to Holland during a very severe gale of wind, struck the bar in entering the harbor at Holland and was thrown around onto the beach where she l.iy the greater part of the winter and was finally taken off by the insurance companies. In 1906 the steamer P. M. No. 5 and the steamer W. H. Gratwick were run on the Lake Superior division, this division being aban- doned at the end of that season. In 1907 the freight steamer City of Traverse was purchased and run through that year and 1908 as occasion required. Following is a list of the steamers belonging to this company : Steel side wheel steamer City of Benton Harbor. Steel side wheel steamer City of Chicago. Steel side wheel steamer Holland. Steel steamship Puritan. Wooden freight vessel. City of Traverse. Steel harbor tug Bonita. Bent. Il.irbnr. Midi. Juiu' 14. 291! A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Goodrich Transit Company Operates a fleet of nine steamers, carrying passengers and freight, from Chicago to principal ports on Lake Michigan and Green Bay, viz. : Racine, Milwaukee, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Kewaunee, Algoma, Sturgeon Bay, Wis., all Green Bay ports, Mackinac Island, Grand Haven, Muskegon and White Lake, Mich. Service between Chicago, Racine, Milwaukee, Grand Haven and Muskegon operated every day in the year. Steamers of fleet are: Christopher Columbus, Alabama, Virginia, Caro- lina, Indiana, City of Racine, Iowa, Georgia, Sheboygan and Chicago. These steamers are among the finest on fresh water, and are perfectly equipped with every appliance for safety and comfort. Passenger rates average about one and a quarter cents per mile, while freight rates are somewhat lower than those of rail lines and equal to express service in delivery. A. W. Goodrich, H. W. Thorp, President. General Manager. C. B. Hopper, R. C. Davis, General Freight Agent. General Passenger Agent. General Offices and Docks, foot of Michigan Avenue, Chicago. South Haven=The Atlantic City of the West The Ideal Summer Resort B^^^^^i,™--* In the Heart of the Michigan Fruit Belt A veritable paradise of fruit and flowers. An ideal spot for a day's outing and an unrivaled resort for the vacationist. Only four hours from Chicago. REACHED BY THE FAMOUS STEAMSHIP City of South Haven The safest, finest, fastest steamship on fresh water. Built of steel. Speed~2 I miles per hour. 9:30 A. M. and 9:00 P. M. Daily except Sunday Special Saturday, 2:00 P. M. Sunday, 10:00 A. M. Season Opens May 1, 1910 Docks North End Clark Street Bridge. Reached by All Surface and Elevated Roads. Phone Franklin 841 30B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Northern Michigan Transportation Company Steamships Manitou, Missouri and Illinois ~'" iiilii»*i, , , ,j HIGH-CLASS PASSENGER SERVICE TO THE NORTHERN MICHIGAN RESORTS LUDINGTON, MANISTEE, FRANKFORT, TRAVERSE CITY. CHARLEVOIX. PETOSKEY, HARBOR SPRINGS. MACKINAC ISLAND Docks and Offices: Rush St. Bridge. City Ticket Office: 202 South Clark St. MANUEAGTURERS OF FROGS GUARDRAILS CROSSINGS SPLIT SWrrGHES SWITGH STANDS TAPER RAILS RAIL BRACES MftNUFAfiTUBJERS'3 OF STAR STANDS BANNER STANDS CHANNEL SWITCHES TRANSIT SWITGHES SreOMGlAMPFROGS JENNE TRACK JACKS ROLLERML BENDERS BONE MULIalKENBtCo. 725 Marquette Building Chicago A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING F.SARGENT A. D. LUNDY SARGENT & LUNDY Mechanical and Electrical Engineers RAILWAY EXCHANGE Cor. Jackson and Michigan Boulevards Telephone Hanison 586 CHICAGO PROBABLY no one thing has contributed more in their particular sphere to the upbuilding of Chicago and the development of electric energy than the Fisk Street and Quarry Street plants of the Commonwealth Edison Company, for whom Sargent & Lundy are the engineers. These plants are considered by expert engineers, who have come from many different countries to visit them, to be marvels of beauty, efficiency and economy. They are so well known throughout the world that foreign governments have sent representatives to inspect them. Sargent & Lundy are also consulting engineers for a number of large corpora- tions throughout the country, as well as in Chicago. The electrification of the South Side Elevated Railroad was done from their plans and under their supervision. ISHAM RANDOLPH Member American Society of Civil Engineers Consulting Engineer Sanitary District of Chicago CONSULTING ENGINEER Member Western Society of Civil Engineers Chairman Internal Improvement Commission of Illinois Member Chicago Harbor Commission Suite 748 First National Bank BIdg. Cable Address. "Iran" CHICAGO, ILL., U. S. N. A. SO M ET 1 M E President Western Society of Civil Engineers Consulting Engineer Baltimore and Oiiio Railroad Member Board of Consulting Engineers Panama Canal Consulting Engineer City of Baltimore Railroad Terminals Chief Engineer Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal during Consulting Engineer City of Toronto Railroad Terminals entire period of construction Member Advisory Board of Panama Canal Chief Engineer Chicago, Madison and Northern Railroad Designer of the Obelisk Dam at Niagara Falls Chief Engineer Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad Designer Lake and Rail Terminals for Milwaukee, Wis. Investigations Reports Expert Testimony Hydro-Electric Developments River and Harbor Works \Vater Supply and Draineige Railroads, Bridges and Buildings Special attention given to Investigation of City Terminals 32B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING MAC ARTHUR BROTHERS COMPANY ESTABLISHED 1826 CONTRACTORS BUILDERS OF RAILWAYS TUNNELS CANALS LOCKS DAMS RESERVOIRS WATER WORKS POWER PLANTS BUILDINGS, ETC. CHICAGO NEW YORK Fisher Building Hanover Bank Building 33 B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING J The Bridge and Steel Department Of this organization has in a remarkably short time grown to be the most completely equipped and largest of its kind in the United States, having an annual capacity of 50,000 ions. Being located at 2023-2059 Elston Ave., on the Northwest Side of the City, within ten minutes of the heart of Chicago, with direct railroad connections and 600 feet of Chicago River frontage, it is in excellent position for shipment of materials by any method. Eleven sections, or buildings, make up the plant, and, along with the storage yard directly adjoining the plant and shown in the foreground, the total area covered is 316,000 square feet, or 7 J/4 acres. The strictly modern, concrete dry dock shown on this property is 300 feet long, 77 feet wide and 19 feet belcw datum and has been installed, first for the construction of steel, self-propelled, 850-yard-capacity dump scows to be operated from our Disposal Station at Madison Street and the Chicago River, and, secondly, for the construction and repairing of steel craft of all kinds. Equipped with modern machinery as is this plant and running with a full force of competent men at all times, we are enabled to avoid the delays frequently incident to fabricating structural steel of all descriptions, and to fulfill our contracts with the maximum of speed and efficiency. It can be readily seen that a Department like this is of inestimable value to us as general contractors, for in the pursuit of various operations in other directions, such as the building of subways, tunnels, heavy foundations, basements, sub-basements, retaining walls, track elevation, etc., there is always a large quantity of steel work used. Positively controlling all branches of operation. 34B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING TWENTY-SECOND STREET BRIDGE 2434 Tons of Steel HARRISON STREET BRIDGE 2276 Tons of Steel Two of Five Bascule Type Bridges Constructed by us for the Sanitary District of Chicago, over the Chicago River Booklets describing Our General Work upon request ; [^ L. J ^^^ i i i^^ry^m^mm'^- ^-^ m.'^ ' »— --- »j»rf» »'»»—'-' —■ Book describi ng the 'Bridge and Steel Plant upon request Seven steel foundry buildings of the above illustrated type were designed and erected by this Company for the Bettendorf Axle Co., of Davenport, la., including the furnishing of the steel for four 25-ton, open-hearth, steel furnaces with charging floors, sand bins, etc. 2500 TONS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL. ^cc^/oe 7y . '4ilcs, two complete floating drivers, scows, derricks, pumps, concrete mixers, etc.; all drivers c(|uip])ed with Xo. 1 steam ham- mers, besides drop hammers. Some of our recent contracts are : Foundations. No. Piles. Bridge and Trestle. Montgomery Ward 13.000 Chi. Jet. Center Ave. — swing bridge. \\'orld's Fair, St. Louis 9,000 Chi. jet. Iron St. — swing bridge. St. Fe R. R. Elevators 8,000 Illinois Xor. R. R.— bridge. Commonwealth-Electric 4,400 Southern Ind.— l mile trestle. B. Kuppenheimer & Co 4.000 Docks. Borland 3.000 Calumet Kiev. Co.— 1,100 lin. ft. Rv. Terminal Warehouse 2,200 Western I'aek'g Co. — 750 lin. ft. Sprague. Warner 2.000 Ry. Terminal— 200 lin. ft. Others amounting to about 300.000 And others am"t"g tn about 10,000 lin. ft. 3'^i; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING JAMES O. HEYWORTH Engineer and Contractor Railroad Work, River and Harbor Improvements, Water Power Plants, Bridges, Heavy Masonry and Excavation, Concrete; all Methods; Coffer- dam and Pile Driving. Send for illustrated Catalog of HEYWORTH-NEWMAN EXCAVATOR 237 Michigan Ave. CHICAGO STREET'S WESTERN STABLE-CAR LINE MANUFACTURERS OF SPECIAL STOCK AND OTHER FREIGHT CARS We lease cars to shippers for handling coke and other special purposes. Estimates furnished for the building of new cars. Works at 48th and Morgan Sts. Chicago, Illinois General Offices 77 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Illinois A. L DRUM & COMPANY Consulting and Constructing Engineers Electtical :: Civil :: Mectianical Telephone Randolph 18 624 Amerjcaii Tfust Building, Ctiicago Physical on Steam and and Electric Railroads, Financial Gas and Electric Reports Lighting Properties FARWELL TRUST COIVIPANY 226 LA SALLE STREET, CHICAGO DEALERS IN MUNICIPAL, RAILROAD CORPORATION AND IRRIGATION BONDS CORRESPONDENCE AND INTERVIEWS INVITED 40B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING C m C ■> < a; J3 H •a c ca o bA c« o o c cd m C CO c o Si o 41B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING iiGfc O' mmmm mm ILfflj S'sillie ©il2p-©,xEtSi <& airsa(Elksoim.IB /~'y ^ PHONE CENTRAL 3354 Fred. S. James & Co. INSURANCE 171 LA SALLE ST. CHICAGO The modern development of business has multiplied the number of details that must be considered m applymg insurance to varymg conditions. It necessarily follows that insurance protection involves great responsibil- ities, and that the person havmg these matters m charge, should invoke the counsel and advice of the best insurance talent, to handle the entire line of fire, tornado, steam boiler, plate glass, liability, casualty, burglary and automobile insurance, which can supply the services of the best experts in inspections, in recommendations for improvements, in passing upon the standing and record of the companies, in preparation of forms of policies, in adjustment of rates, in adjustment of losses, and especially in the broad field covered today by fire protection engineering; and which m many other ways can render valuable service, without expense to the assured. Our long experience in these several lines enables us to perform these offices with satisfaction and profit to our clients. We solicit your patronage. pp^^j) 5. JAMES & CO. Geo. W. Montgomery M. L. C. Funkhouser Montgomery CS, Funkhouser INSURANCE Fire, Tornado, Automobile, Plate Glass, Accident and Health, Burglary and Theft, Rent, Leasehold and Liability (all kinds) ; Court, Contract, and Fidelity Bonds 159 La Salle Street, National Life Building, Chicago Telephones: Randolph 393, Automatic 2288 GREENEBAMtl Bankers SEE US FIRST FOR SAFE INVESTMENTS NS Clark and Randolph Streets First Mortgages in large or small amounts on IiTiproved Chlcago Real Estate 5^» to 6^» MUNICIPAL AND OTHER FIRST-CLASS BONDS 48B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING AT YOUR COMMAND WHY NOT KNOW THE VALUE OF YOUR PROPERTY? I CAN TELU YOU ASK ME TELEPHONE Randolph 637 EXPERT TESTIMONY GIVEN IN PROCEEDINGS IN ANY COURT OF RECORD PERTAIN- ING TO REAL ESTATE J. MADISON PACE EXPERT APPRAISER of Real Estate and Personal Property BANK FLOOR 97 WASHINGTON STREET : CHICAGO, ILL. PROMPT SERVICES AND ACCURATE REPORTS GUARANTEEO YOUR BUSINESS SOLICITED MEMBER OF CHICAGO ASSN OF COMMERCE COOK COUNTY REAL ESTATE BOARD CHICAGO BOARD OF UNDERWRITERS VALUATIONS MADE ON CENTRAL FEES, BUILDINGS, MFG. SWITCH TRACK, DOCK, BUSINESS AND RESIDENCE PROPERTY ALSO REPORTS ON ESTATES FOR TRUSTEES. RECEIVERS. ASSIGNEES. ADMINISTRATORS. EXECUTORS AND GUARDIANS JOHN C. FETZER EDWARD H. PETERS Fetzer, Peters & Co REAL ESTATE AND INVESTMENTS 8th Floor : 215 Dearborn Street Bedford Building 4'JV, A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING EUGENE H. FISHBURN EDWIN B. SHELDON WILLIAM O. GREEN Ogden, Sheldon & Co. Founded 1S36 34 Clark Street, Chicago REAL ESTATE, BUILDING, LAND AND ESTATE AGENTS INVESTMENTS MADE FOR RESIDENTS AND NON-RESIDENTS Assume the management of estates, collection of rents, payment of taxes, loaning of money on first mortgage real estate security, and advise on the development and improvement of property. EDGAR M. SNOW Established 1873 ROBERT C. BUTZOW Edgar M. Snow & Co. Phone Central 509 VrivaU Exchanc—Alt Dcparm GENERAL REAL ESTATE .„„.,„„„,„„, and MORTGAGE BROKERS "'"^-'^^S^ ,.„....„ „.„ Automatic S509 APPRAISERS OF REAL ESTATE Money to hoan in any amount at very lowest rates on Chicago Real Estate Security Mortgages for Sale REAL ESTATE BOUGHT, SOLD, LEASED AND MANAGED ON COMMISSION THE CHICAGO REAL ESTATE BOARD ^^^ WasningtOn OtreCt THE CHICAGO ASSOCIATION OF COMMERCE nT-lTn J n D CHICAGO BOARD OF UNDERWRITERS LitilLiJlKjU SOB A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING H. J. FARNHAM E. M. WILLOUGHBY J. E. SWANSON BENTON. CLEMENT J."A. AINSWORTH AGENTS FOR Farnham,Willoughby & Co. REAL ESTATE Central Business Property Bought and Sold Long Term Leases Negotiated 72 Madison Street CHICAGO TELEPHONE CENTRAL 418 MASONIC TEMPLE HARRIS TRUST BUILDING NATIONAL LIFE BUILDING SCHILLER BUILDING CHICAGO SAVINGS BANK BLDG. MORTON BUILDING STEGER BUILDING WILLOUGHBY BUILDING ATWOOD BUILDING CABLE BUILDING ATHENAEUM BUILDING FIRMENICH BUILDING DOGGETT BUILDING WOLFF BUILDING JOSEPH E. OTIS ESTATE and Other Properties 3 1 1; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING EDMUND A. CUMMINGS ,,• . j ocr, EDWARD S. ]UDD CHARLES o. Goss Established 1869 Robert c. givins E. A. CUMMINGS (^ CO. General Real Estate and Loan Agents Appraisers and Auctioneers BUY, SELL AND MANAGE PROPERTY ON COMMISSION Collect Rents and Pay Taxes, Negotiate Loans S. W. Cor. Dearborn and Washington Streets Chicago Telephones Central 24 and 25 WM. D. KERFOOT GEO. BIRKHOFF, JR. Wm. D. Kerfoot CSi, Co. 85 Washington St., N. W. Corner Washington and Dearborn Streets CHICAGO Real Estate, Loan and Financial Agents SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO THE INTERESTS OF NON-RESIDENTS TELEPHONE CENTRAL 2773 52B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING List Your Property with Us for QuicJ^ Results TELEPHONE RANDOLPH 637 PACE & CO. 97 WASHINGTON STREET SELLING: We offer some attractive investments m Fees, Central Busmess and Manufacturing Properties netting from 5% to 9% on Investment. LEASING: We have ample facilities for the negotiation of long time leases for either the Lessor or Lessee. We Also Have an Efficient Department for Selling Flat Buildings and Business Property J. H. VAN VLISSINGEN & CO. ESTABLISHED 1879 Business Property Switch Tracl^ Property Docf^ Property Manufacturing Property 309 FIRST NATIONAL BANK BUILDING :: CHICAGO PHONE CENTRAL 162 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Wyllys W. Baird Geo. L. Warner BAIRD & WARNER Succeeding Baird & Bradley. Established 1857 Real Estate, Loan and Renting Agents Telephone Main 4470. 90 La Salle Street Frank G. Hoyne CBi, Co. Valuators 88 La Salle Street, Chicago Real^Estate, Loans and Renting THE Central Nanufacturing comprises some 300 acres of splendid industrial property at 35th Street, between Morgan and Ashland; and on 43rd Street near Robey. A few years ago this was a prairie — the "cabbage patch" of Chicago; today, nearly a hundred large industries are enjoying the splendid rail and water shipping facilities, getting free switching and eliminating teaming expense, thereby increasing profits and prospering. The DISTRICT has parkways of grass, paved streets, water and sewer lines. Within six months a dozen new buildings have been erected or contracted. Perhaps the most remarkable, is the new wool ware- house, five stories and basement 100x250 — erected a story per week of concrete and steel. Few people realize that this is the geographical center of Chicago. Business is trending south and the growth of this DISTRICT will be more marvelous in the future than even the past. J. A. Spoor and Arthur G. Leonard are the Trustees and H. E. Poronto the Industrial Agent, with office in First National Bank Building. S4B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CHICAGO HEIGHTS LAND ASSOCIATION This Association was orgaiiizcil 18 years as^o for tlie purpose of tlic industrial development of a tract of land of approximately 4.000 acres situate in ISlooni Township. Cook County. 27 miles south of Chicago. lughteen years ago this tract of land sustained a farming |)opulation of around 150 people. Today there is a thriving manufacturing city of some 16.000 peojile. with 6.^ factories. large and small, representing the most diversi- fied industries. The city of Chicago Heights has a well organized nnniicipal government. 14 churches of various denominations, two newsjjapers. a free Carnegie library, three hanks, two hotels, two telegraph offices, telephone exchange, four railroad depots, three express companies, public warehouse, nine jniblic schools, two cemeteries, gas works and elec- tric light and power plant. Tlie main attraction, however, for manufacturers to locate at Chicago Heights, is its unrivaled railroad facilities. Five railroads enter the city, two great trunk lines, the I-'risco System and the Michigan Central ; there are two belt lines, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern R. R. and the Chicago Terminal Transfer Railroad, affording direct connection with every railroad entering the city of Chicago. In addition hereto, there is a local switch line, constructed by the Land Association, connecting every factory by its own switch track with the various railroads and keeping five modern, powerful switch engines in constant service for the sole ])uri)ose of giving the manufacturers prompt service to and from the connecting lines. In addition hereto, low water taxes, ])roximity to and direct connection with the coal fields of Illinois and Indiana, together with excellent transjjortation facilities oftered by a local street car line and two important interurban lines, serve to make Chicago Heights one t)f the best, most economical and convenient manufacturing centers in this coun- try. In addition to the factories already operating at Chicago Heights, there have been five new ones located last year, the principal one being the Inter-Ocean Steel Company, whicli is erecting a large plant at an ex])ense of nearly two million dollars. Since its inception, Mr. Charles H. Wacker has served as President and Treasurer of the Association and, during most of the time, Messrs. Rudolf Brand and Francis Lackner as its \'ice-President and Secretary respectively. Its Board of Directors, in addition to the above mentioned gentlemen, consists of Messrs. Leo Fox and Edward d. L'ihlcin. Since 1892. Mr. Martin II. Kilgallen has been its General Manager. HENRY H. WALKER THOS. H. WILLIS Henry H. Walker & Company REAL ESTATE Mortgage Loans Manufacturing Sites Dock Property Main 286 201 Tacoma Bldg., Madison and LaSalle Sts. v=;b A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING GEORGE F. KOESTER HENRY G. ZANDER OVER 23 YEARS IN PRESEXT LOCATION KDESTER& Zander 69 DEARBORN STR^°£rsi REAL ESTATE LOAIVS AND IXSTJRAIVCE SUBDIATDERS AND HOME BUILDERS NORTH AND NORTH-^V'EST SIDE PROPERTY A SPECIALTY LOANS ON REAL ESTATE FIRST MORTGAGE INVESTMENTS INTERESTS OF NON-RESIDENTS CAREFULLY CONSERVED Z CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED Owen F. Aldis ;4 "I "1 * /^ ^ — N E}~ Aldis & Company Francis W. Taylor CENTRAL REAL ESTATE AND LOANS Telephones Harrison .263^^^ 247 MOHadnOCk Block, ChicagO, 111. Can offer every class of desirable space in the Central District. We make every effort to please our tenants and afford them any convenience at our command. JVe act as Trustees Agents Brokers and Appraisers 25 years' experience in making investments and managing prop- erties, giving the advantages of organized methods to our clients. Agents for Monadnock Marquette Venetian Pontiac Illinois Bank Mohawk Equitable Counselman Gaff Sydenham Powers McClurg Yukon Hamilton Kohn Walker Windham Hovey Brooks New Hart, Schaffner & Marx and other properties 56B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING McCormick Building, Corner Michigan Avenue and Van Buren Street S7B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING THE MENTOR BUILDING This fire-proof building, of seventeen stories and two basements, has every sterhng improvement which experience, skill and outlay can devise for comfort, safety and convenience. It is equipped with safety plunger elevators, heat regulation, vacuum cleaning, compressed air, and special lavatory and sanitary appliances. Its location, on the northeast corner of State and Monroe Streets — the center of the shopping district — is generally considered the most desirable in the city for high grade mercantile and office purposes. In management, service, class of business and occu- pants. Mentor Building maintains the highest stand- ard of excellence. The office is located in Suite 92, where full particu- lars of plans, terms, etc., will be given; or, if you will telephone Central 2028, a representative will call. TO PROPERTY OWNERS, TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS AND GUARDIANS We solicit from you the agency of any buildings you may own or control. We do the largest renting business and have the best organized working force in Chicago to successfully manage all kinds of buildings. We have three extensive rentmg departments, de- RENTING AND MANAGING REAL ESTATE One of these departments is devoted exclusively to handling apartment buildings and other resident property. Another department is devoted exclusively to handling central business property and office buildings. Another department is devoted exclusively to handling wholesale business property, including warehouses and factories. Each one of these departments is managed by an expert, and each manager is ably assisted by experienced renting men. Our Collection department looks closely after the collection of all rents. We have in our office a skilled attorney who devotes his entire time to the supervision of this work. We also have in our office a Superintendent of Buildings and a Chief Engineer, whose duties are to look after the mechanical and repair work, oversee janitors, engineers, elevator men and other employes of the various buildings we manage. Everything is systematized, and we constantly endeavor to improve the service. I FIRST MORTGAGES SECURED BY CHICAGO CITY REAL ESTATE We offer choice mortgages in amounts from $1,000 to $100,000 and over to net the investor 45^% to 6%, depending upon amounts, grade of security and location of property. Equally as great care is exercised in making a small loan as one of large denomination. Write for list, stating amounts wanted and when your funds will be available. Long experience as managers of real estate and knowledge we gain through our extensive sales and renting departments, as to cash values and amount of net rental property will produce, enable us to select the highest grade of Real Estate Mortgages. HJI.STONE&G0. TELEPHONE RANDOLPH 300 PRIVATE EXCHANGE ALL DEPARTMENTS AMERICAN TRUST BUILDING 58B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING 3 31 liii flil 111] 113311 J 133 m 33jiin 3331111 a 111 111 2 ail ill i 311 Bil i III Hi inoiniinss; liiairiiiij'" FisiiKU mii.Di.xc; TELEPHONE RANDOLPH 1878 EUGEIME A. BOURIMIQUE & CO. 701 FIRST NATIONAL BANK BUILDING Home F»poperty Only=Imppovecl and Vacant Choice Houses and Apartments to Rent, City and Suburban 59B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING u < m (ft sg fa S 4) > a o z < a fa BS S u IS o s >■ in o 01 ^ u "c 5j *- ij c ^2 ■« E? ■£ g « eg u B o ;: 01 ^ It ns .JS S Z e« > « '-S --5 s s ft) > s ^ iS iu o « £ I I u O S ■|h V s 3SS e "e Is" S tfj pJS a> *•> J -JS s C/2 ce 'O t^ w L "m U S O Q 3 J 03 9 c C ** C b 3 CO 3 C 58 0) 3 CO b U 60B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING T. Tw< E. HARVEY WILCE - - - - President GEO. C. WILCE - - Vice-Pres. and Treas. THOS. E. WILCE Secretary WILCE CO. Established 1872 Incorporated 1897 HARDWOOD F LOOKING 2nty-Second and Throop Streets Chicagfo, Illinois THE PIONEERS IN THE MANUFAC- TURE OF HARDWOOD FLOORING 01 i; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Solvay Coke COKE is the solid product of the carbonization of coal, and bears the same relation to that substance that charcoal does to wood. Most of the coke manufactured in the United States is produced in old-style, bee-hive ovens, but of late years many plants have been built for the manufacture of coke in retort ovens, and the consequent recovery of all of the by-products has been made possible. Foremost in this branch is the Solvay Process Company, and the Solvay ovens at South Chicago, operated by the By-Products Coke Corporation, is one of Chicago's largest industries. The product of this plant supplies practically all of the foundry coke used here, as well as a large proportion of the crushed coke used in brass foundries, forges and for other manufacturing purposes. Considerable tonnage of Solvay Coke finds its way into households for use in furnaces, ranges, grates and stoves of all kinds. It is a particularly efficient domestic fuel, and, being prac- tically pure carbon, it contains more heat units than ether fuels, makes no soot, smoke or clinkers, and leaves no ashes to sift. The extensive Chicago plant will give an idea of the magnitude of the industry. It consists of 200 ovens arranged in 5 batteries of 40 ovens each. Each oven is charged with approximately 10 tons of coal, and 250 ovens are charged each 24 hours. The plant is located on a tract of 354 acres along Torrence Avenue and 1 08th Street. Most of the coal is received via the Great Lakes and unloaded by fast machinery capable of lightering a 10,000-ton boat in 25 to 30 hours, and storage capacity is provided for half a million tons of coal, eliminating the possibility of shutdowns due to coal strikes or other causes. Solvay Coke is made in convenient sizes for all kinds of industrial and domestic consumption and inquiries from coke consumers are respectfully solicited by the Sales Agents, Pickands, Bro^vn ^ Company 115 Adams Street, CHICAGO 62B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING MIAMI COAL COMPANY JOHN T. CONNERY. Pre.idenI McCormick Building, 193 Michigan Avenue Corner V«n Burcn Slrfet CHICAGO Mining Coal— Indiana Bituminous Three Mines at Ehrmanndale and Cloverland, Indiana Two Mines at Clinton, Indiana Capacity 4500 Tons Per Day Located on C. & E. I. R. R. Employ 1600 Miners (..^li A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING C. A. BICKETT, President BRYAN G. TIGHE, Vice-Prest. CHAS. NEWTON, Treasurer G. D. ROSENGRANT, Secretary ' ^s^M 1 W '-. ■V 1 «*i*^ - ■ ■ m^ V"* ■ Telephone Harrison 5187 Bickett Coal and Coke Co. Wholesale Shippers of COAL and COKE McCormick Building CHICAGO ST. LOUIS BRANCH Syndicate Trust Bldg. p. F. REYNOLDS, President Reynolds Coal Compan)/" Anthracite and Steam COAL Yards: 1245 State Street Tel. 195-3634 Calumet cTWain Office: 1010 Hartford Building Tel. 4624 Central 64B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CHAS. 1. PIERCE. President THOS. C. HUGHES. Sec'y and Tr Big Creek Colliery Company Peoples Gas Bin I ding CHICAGO DISTRICT SALES OFFICES: MINNEAPOLIS PRODUCERS AND SHIPPERS OF THE ROCK ISLAND FOLLOWING GALESBURG ILLINOIS COALS "PREMIUM" Harrisburg "BIG CREEK" Fulton County "BIRCHWOOD" Wilmington "CARDIFF BIG VEIN" A large tonnage produced with modern equipment insures good service and the best preparation JNO. A. McBRIDE TELEPHONES CALUMET 125^ and U53 CARTERVILLE WASHED FUEL CO. POCAHONTAS COAL CO. I Not Incorporated WHOLESALE HIGH GRADE WASHED STEAM COAL ^^^ p^\ l POCAHONTAS AND COKE OFFICE AND STORAGE; 433-447 E. 25th STREET, I. C. R. R. ALL ORDERS AND CONTRACTS SUBJECT TO STRIKES. OUR WASHED COAL IS PERFECT IN PREPARATION ACCIDENTS AND CAUSES BEYOND OUR CONTROL AND QUALITY S. H. FULLERTON ROBERT FULLERTON R. W. FULLERTON FRANK GOEl'F.L Pres. and Gcn'I Mifr. Vice-President Secretary Treasurer Chicago Lumber & Coal Co. Established 1866 In, ,,ri niti ,1 isj , Paid up CapiUl. $6,500,000 MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS SUndard Codes Used General Offices, FULLERTON BUILDING, ST. LOUIS, MO. Cable Address "Pitch Pine" All afrreementii are contingent upon strikes, accident.^, delays of carriers, and other We own and operate mills in Arkansas, Mississippi. Louisiana, Wisconsin, Minnc- delays unavoidable or beyond our control. All proposals are subject to prompt accept- sola. Idaho, WashinRton. ance. All prices are subject to chanjre without notice. All contracts are subject to Branch and Sales Offices ; Chicaifo, Minneapolis. Louisville, Indianapolis, Des Moines, the approval of the General Office at St. Louis. HattiesburK, Seattle. Mobile. Detroit, Cincinnati. WinnipcK. Shreveport, Beaumont. Chicago Office: 1103 Ciiamber of Commerce, Ctiicago, III. C. M. SMALLEY, Manager Telephone Franklin 559 65B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Sterling Lumber & Supply Co. wholesale and Retail Building Material OUR LINE Lumber— Lath Shingles — Posts In terior— Finish Cement— Lime Sand— Gravel etc. Coal and Coke OUR YARDS JVest Pullman J4^ashington Heights Chicago Lima^ Ohio Tiffin^ Ohio Address Main Office and Factory, 119th and Halsted Streets, Chicago Established 1887 Fretd'k Di£ Ft SSEN. President SiVALD W- DlEFtS SEN . SeCY StTREAS. 1^^ \CTURING CO, ) H nxcJ SASH.DOOR & BLIND MANUFACTURING CO OFFICE AND FACTORY 1249-1265 W. North Avenue, Cor. Fleetwood Street CHICAGO Interior Finish — County Bldg. Frames and Sash — La Salle Hotel, Blackstone Hotel, People's Gas Light & Coke Co., C. & N. W. Ry. Station. Frames, Sash and Interior Finish — County Poor Farm, Oak Forest, 111. Johnson Chair Co. Goetz & Flodin. Nonnast Factory — Nonnast, Louis F. Crane Co. building, new factory, 14th and Canal. Hardin building, residence. Warner building, Hubbards Wood. McBirney residence, Lake Forest. Finley Barrell residence, Lake Forest. School Houses — Farragut School, John Marshall School. House of Good Shepherd. Old People's Norwegian Home. Passionist Monks, Norwood Park. Y. M. C. A. building, Wilson and Hermitage Ave. Factory — Sprague Warner Co., Erie and Kingsbury. Chicago Terminal R. R. Co. W. K. Cowan. Spauling & Merrick, 43rd and Colorado. Boston Store addition, and some of the finest houses along the north shore. 66B HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING <; H HOULTON. Pr J. C. DF. WITT. Si- F. A, LF.WIS. Tr LAKE SUPERIOR PILING CO. ilncorpdratiil IH-I") Manufacturers and Dealers in Piling of all kinds Chicago Office and Yards, West 22nd and Morgan Streets. Phone Canal 861 Branches: Duluth. Minn.: New Orleans, La.: Houltonville. La. We deal in piling only, and claim the distinction of being the largest exclusive piling dealers in the L'nitcd States. We operate our own timber and are fully equipped with logging railroad, steam skidders, etc.. to deliver piles from slum|i cars on short notice. There are no orders too large for us to lill and "prompt service and a pleased customer" is our motto. We are headquarters for railroad, dock and foundation piles. .\s a factor in the recent growth of Chicago, we note below a few of the buildings for which we have furnished foundation pile University Club. Michigan .\ve. Harvester, Michigan .\ve. Orchestra Hall, Michigan .\ve. Congress Hotel. Michigan .Vve. Coca-Cola. Wabash .\ve. I'airbanks .Mor.se. Wabash .\ve. Manufacturers Furniture Ex., Wabash Ave. The Cable Co.. Wabash .Ave. Rothschild & Co., Warehouse, Wabash Ave. .Marshall Field & Co., Warehouse, Polk St. Sprague-Warner, Warehouse, Erie St. Sicgel, Cooper & Co., Warehouse, State St. The Fair, Warehouse, State St. Hibbard, Spencer & Kartlett, State St. Majestic Theatre. Monroe St. Princess Theatre. Clark St. Webber, Clark St. N'ew Xorthwestern Depot. Rock Island Depot. Michigan Central Freight House. Wisconsin Central F'reight House. Chicago Cireat Western Freight House. Hart, Schaffner & Marx, Van Buren St. .\lontgomery W^ard, Chicago Ave. Devoe & Reynolds, Chicago Ave. Trumbull School. National Riscuit Co., Washington Blvd. Cliapman & Smith Co., Washington Blvd. Xortli .\m. Cold Storage, Canal St. Heath & .Milligan. Factory, Canal St. HoUis & Duncan Lake St. Kelly-Maus, Randolph St. Butler Bros., Randolph St. Mills. Jackson Blvd. Connnonwcalth Electric Co., Fisk St. .Morrison. Plunnner & Co., Washington St. Occidental .\iniex. Washington St. Gray Building, Plymouth Place. Western Bank .Vote & Ijig. Co., 20th St. Patten. Harrison St. AlcCorkle, Harrison St. Vogue, Fifth .Ave. Carter & Holmes, Fifth Ave. Kling Bros. & Co., Fifth Ave. Wilson Bros., Fifth Ave. Swigart. F'ifth .Ave. Hirsli Wickwire. Franklin St. Lescher, FVanklin St. Roseinvald & Weil. Franklin St. Brooks, Franklin St. CuppenheiiTicr, Franklin St. Clow, F'ranklin St. 1 i^ \ if you want the Best 'Possible Office Furniture for your money Write toda\) for our complete Illustrated Catalog and we will quote you lowest net prices — direct from the factory prices — on s 1 » Andrews Quality Office Furniture Better cabinet work has never been produced — never will be. Do you want the best? Remember we have no dealers to "protect" on prices — no retailer can sell you Andrews Quality Furniture — nor its equal. It is so good the retail price would be prohibitive. But our direct from the factory to you prices are moderate, and give you the best possible value for your money. Andrews Quality is unsurpassed — Andrews Value is unequalled. Manufacturers ol Bank, Office, Church. School and Theatre Furniture The A. H. Andrews Co. 174-176 Wabash Ave. CHICAGO t)7B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CEDAR POSTS M.,1 f Falcon, Miss, ills at < Di ■ » «• [ blame, Miss. Established 1881 PAVING BLOCKS Specialty: Oak Timber and Plank W. B. Crane and Company Manufactuieis of LUMBER, TIMBER AND TIES General Office, Yards and Planing Mills: 22nd, Sangamon and Morgan Streets, CHICAGO Long Distance Phones Canal 3190-3191 J. V. CROWE E. H. CROWE A. J. CRO^VE Established 18 5 9 CROWE BROS. House Raisers, Movers and Shoring Engineers Special attention given to shoring up Fronts, Walls and Floors. Brick, Frame and Stone Buildings raised and moved. Contracts taken anywhere in the United States. Office : 513 Chamber of Commerce Building CHICAGO Cor.LaSalle and 'Washington Sts. Phone Main 3158 Yards: 433-435 Grand Avenue Phone Haymarket 3337 ALL ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO Telephone Humboldt 3340 Res. Tel. Irving Park 1738 A. D. Lindquist & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF STAIRS Newel Posts, Balusters, Rails and Panel Wainscoating 2420-22 Bloomingdale Avenue Chicago FRANK FASCHEN HENRY FASCHEN PASCHEN BROS. Masons and General Contractors Suite 703, 115 Dearborn Street Chicago Telephone Central 6995 68B A HALF CENTURY OP' CHICAGO BUILDING The NoUau & Wolff Mfg. Co. Manufacturers of Millworky Interior Finish and Stairwork Sash, Doors, Blinds, Frames, Mouldings Telephone Lincoln 480 Factory: 1705-1719 Fullerton Avenue Adjoining C. & N. W. Ry. Trick Chicago We Dismantled the Famous Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis A synopsis of our stock embraces a complete display of the following merchandise: Building Material Structural Iron Complete Steel Buildings Lumber Builders' Hardware Pipe Roofing Steel Rail No matter what your wants are, write us; we can save you money. Pmaceof^&ried Industries. Ooe of the rnKny beautiful rtpoiition buildinxi which piu«<] into oor poucflstOD at the close of the fi: We undersell the retail market from 30 to 75',. We can save you a great deal of money on merchandise of all kinds. We have thousands of spe- cial bargains in Machinery Office Furniture House Furnishings Oriental and Domestic Rugs Street Cars Cable Rope Heating Apparatus Plumbing Material Fencing Wire Belting CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., 35th and iron sts., Chicago d<- with an . 215-223 So. Clinton St. CHICAGO, ILL. 1 Hudson St., tt NEW YORK, N. Y. TRDDLCTS .Maiuifactiircrs of Kncloscil l-'uscs and Ciil.>ul>, Switch l{...x Catalo),' Xo. 23. Get our new Wall Hanger. Telephone Monroe 3684 Anderson Oros. ALUIVfllMUIVI ANfD BRA.SS FOUNDERS FIREPROOF VAULTS For Patterns Brass Bronze Phosplior-Bronze Aluminum German Silver Special Metals 1390 Fulton Street, Corner Sheldon Street CHICAGO HEAT REGULAXIOIM The eJohnson System THE RECOGNIZED STANDARD COIMXROLS THE XEIVIPERAXURE of Office Buildings Schools Hotels Hospitals Residences All Eipst-Class Buildings Branch Offices In All Large Cities ftJolinson Service Company MILWAUKEE, WIS. Weber's Department Store Van Buren and Clark Streets A credit business, catering to the masses, which from a small beginning has grown to the greatest credit institution of its kind in America. A fully equipped department store, embracing 54 complete departments. in which can be purchased anything to furnish the home or clothe the family on the very easiest terms of payment. "51; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING BLUE PRINTS Years ago we coated Blue Print paper by hand and printed only with the sun, and it required about ten minutes. Today we coat entirely by machinery and the paper prints in less than one minute, and Blue Prints are made while you wait, as the prints are made by electric light and dried by steam in a few minutes. Capacity, 100,000 Square Feet Per Day AMERICAN BLUE PRINT PAPER CO. Main Office, 294 Dearborn St. CHICAGO Branch Office, Railway Exchange BIdg. "Independence No. 1776" The best in the World "Cyan" and " Triumph " BLUE PRINT PAPERS " Uncle Sam " PHOTO BLUE PRINT PAPER " Nigra " Solar Papers FOR NEGATIVE AND BROWN LINE PRINTS BLUE PRINTS BLUE LINE PRINTS BLACK LINE PRINTS MULTI COLOR PRINTS |J)BMiRG'MAMiil "NIGRA" DRAWING PENCIL Formerly called "Triumph' Telephones, HARRISON 3427 263-265 LA SALLE STREET, CHICAGO WILLIAM P. WILLIAMS, Prti't. & TrMs. W. C. BOWMAN, Secretary SAMUEL W. ALLERTON, Vice-Pre.t, H. C. LEICHSENRING, Gen'I Mgr. Art Marble Company MANUFACTURERS OF MOSAIC :: TILE :: FLOORS Office and Factory, Flournoy and Rockwell Sts. CHICAGO Telephone West 306 A Few Buildings IVAere Our Materials Have Been Used. Union Station, St. Louis, Mo. Wabash Terminal, Pittsburgh, Pa. Rock Island Terminal, Chicago, 111. Northwestern Terminal, Chicago, 111. New State House, Jackson, Miss. New Court House, Chicago, 111. New City Hall, Chicago, 111 Auditorium Hotel, Chicago, 111. Great Northern Hotel, Chicago, 111. University Club, Chicago, 111. First National Bank, Chicago, 111. Alexian Bros. Hospital, Chicago, 111. Cook County Institutions, Chicago, III F. D. CROFOOT Printing by Electric Light Crofoot, Nielsen & Company 167-169 E. Washington St., Chicago. (Phone 759 Main) BLUE PRINTERS BLUE PRINTING, BLACK PRINTING BLUE LINE and COLOR PRINTING N. NIELSEN Special Service Always. Speed and RESULTS Big Floor Space and Equipment for Rush Orders ^6B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ESTABLISHIO 1BT0 Cameron, Amberg & Co. STATIONERS. PRINTERS. BINDERS BLANK BOOK MAKERS 71 AND 73 LAKE STREET CHICAGO HARRY R. GIBBONS MANUFACTURER OF AND DEALER IN NEW AND SECOND HAND PACKING BOXES 600 to 608 S. Canal St. 1220 West Lake St. 1315 West Madison St. CHICAGO One Phone for All Telephone Wabash 2528 WILLSON S """^Ep^^I^^T,rAL BUILDING DIRECTORIES The Only Standard Recommended by A.11 the Leading Arcl-iitccts The best argument that we can offer We have over 2,000 satisfied patrons. Full particulars on application. Adj,,^ s,ar,., otr,., THE TABLET & TICKET CO. E.,M„hrJi^7o 833 Market SI.. San Francisco, Calll. 381-383 Broadway. New York, .\. V. 54I-5S3 W. Jackson Blvd., Chlcano, III. rjl! A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING THE A. B. DICK COMPANY of CHICAGO Recognizing over twenty years ago the great need of a superior duplicat- ing machine for office and professional use, marketed a stencil-process machine of unsurpassed merit, that with constant improvements to take care of constantly increasing requirements through the rapid growth of general business, finds itself today the undisputed leaders and recognized largest manufacturers in the world. This is Chicago "I will" enterprise. During this period the Company has not only kept up with the times but has originated new ideas in advertising, has greatly assisted general advertising, and hence has taken no small part in the up-lift and sales-getting of general business. THE PLANOTYPE tOn Stand) The manufacturers make and sell two distinct styles of duplicating machines— r//£ MIMEOGRAPH and THE PLANOTYPE. The Mimeograph is a stencil-process. It is made in different sizes and styles. Anything that can be written by pencil, pen or type- writer can be reduplicated in unlimited quantities — all alike and all like the original. Color work can be done. The Planotype is a more recent product for the printing of specially large quantities at one time and where a typewriter ribbon effect is desired. It prints through a ribbon like a typewriter, printing from type — hence is multiple typewriting, and the work is an exact repro- duction of original typewriting. It is not an imitation. For full particulars of each, or both, address A. B. DICK COMPANY, Chicago - New York THE No. 76 ROTARY MIMEOGRAPH PRODUCT — The Mills ATED MACHINES elty Company are the largest rid. the of COIN OPER- DESCRIPTION — Th chines and trade isist of more than 300 styles of vending and amusem lators. They are the only concern in the Arcade Machi ness prepared to supply Complete Arcade Outfits of their own manufacture, these are the following types: Gum, Match, Peanut, Candy, Post Card, Perfum Button and Emblem Embossing Machines; Weighing, Punching Bag, Grip Fortune Telling. Post Office, Electric Shock and Dumb Bell Machines; Auto-Steri Phonographs, Music Bo.xes, Illustrated Song Machines, and Electric Piano Also, the famoi; one of the ten most wonderful inventions exhibit at the Alaska-Yukon-Paciftc Bxposit Chicago and at the Corn Exposition at Omaha. i. Collar Testing, ■oscopes, Players. VIOL.ANO. which the United States Patent Office pronounced to I lost wonderful inventions of the past decade and placed in the held at Seattle, at the Land Exhibit i e the close of these Expositioi the Mills Novelty Company have been notified by the Comn VIOLANO has been recommended to the Jury of Awards Patents that the deser This instrument is a self-playing violin with piano accompaniment, rendering the most difficult works of the masters with the perfect expression of an accomplished artist. The violins used in this instrument are made in the Mills factory. They are the best that skill can prot expert of long EQUIPMENT — A handsome and commodious building (shown in floor space of over 160,000 square feet; the latest improved facture of their goods; and a force of 600 skilled workmen. FACILITIES — A large stock of thoroughly tested machines and a lit), ha ng a total SERVICE — Prompt of the world. this firm to handle any class .reful att .-hinery for the manu- ipletely equipped plant give ae of business. all orders, and shipment made to any ESTIMATES— Will be fur any number. INFORM.^TION — Further any class or kinds on will be gladly gi' >f Coin Operated Machii 78B HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING "LIBERTY" MFG. ASSOCIATION Manufacturers of the famous Liberty Fire Conquering Fire Apparatus, approved by the National Board of Fire Prevention Association, under the authority of the National Board of Underwriters. Also approved by all first-class fire departments. Especially are our fire department hand pumps ap- proved, recommended and used by the Chicago Fire Department for more than twenty years. By these hand pumps the Chicago Fire Department has extinguished more than 38 per cent of all fires to which they have been called. Our "Liberty" Dry Chemical Three pound extinguishers are the original, standard and unequaled extin- guishers for homes, hotels, hospitals, stores, factories, railroads, farms and other uses, and are highly indorsed by all Fire Underwriters, and in 1 4 years' use have never met with one failure. Over 15,000 fires have been quickly extinguished by their use. We refill all extinguishers used on the first fire, free of cost and guaranteed good forever. 5,000 precious lives burned up during the year 1909. $203,000,000.00 of property burned in Amer- ica in 1909. You and others pay these losses and not the Insurance Company. One human life burned every ninety minutes. Price $3.00 each for Dry Chemical Extinguishers Address us • LIBERTY " MFG. ASSN., N. E. Cor. Franklin and Huron Sts., CHICAGO, ILL., U. S. A. Long Distance Phone, Central 4485 Telephone North 145 Established 1872 Chas. Johnson & Son MANUFACTURERS OF KIRE ESCAPES Stand Pipes and Stairways, Railings, Windov\r Gueirds, Crestings, and all Kinds of Building Work We are the largest manufacturers in the West and make a specialty of this class of work, and are equipped for this work. 320-324 W. INDIANA STREET, C. E. JOHNSON. G. H. JOHNSON. BERNARD JOHNSON. Props. Chicago, HI. 79B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING American Air Cleaning Company Manufacturers and Distributors of "AERO" Vacuum Cleaning Systems MILWAUKEE, WIS. BRANCH OFFICES IN ALL THE PRINCIPAL CITIES PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION SERVICE ADVANTAGES lO-SWEEPER AERO VACUUM PLANT COOK COUNTY COURT HOUSE, CHICAGO Scientific Vacuum Cleaning Systems, both Stationary and Portable, of im- proved and simplified construction, in- cluding Steam, Electric and Gasoline operated types; also, improved cleaning tools and Smooth Bore pipe fittings used in connection therewith. We build none but high-grade, scientifically correct ma- chines, tools and equipment. Our line is the most extensive and complete in the world. We build Vacuum Cleaning Systems for every size and style of building from the cottage to the sky- scraper, and plants mounted on wagons for use as house-to-house commercial cleaners. Send for literature, stating what power available ( high pressure steam — 60 pounds and up, or electricity; also state what building is used for, size on ground and number of stories). ^^'e furnish, free of charge, specifications for architects' files ; from their plans, if sent to us, we will make piping layouts in blue prints ; make up proposals for complete vacuum cleaning equipment, including installation by our own engineers, thus insuring most satis- factory results. AERO Vacuum Cleaning Systems ("AERO" is our famous trade mark) are built by this Company, from intake to discharge, and so can be depended on to render perfectly the service for which they are designed. Our "Smooth Bore" hose-couplings and pipe fittings (the only fittings in the world made expressly for Vacuum Cleaning conduits) insure full- openings and "gun barrel smoothness" from end to end of dust conduit. Our automatic con- trol, closely proportioning power consumed to work performed and enabling the system to supply Vacuum "on tap," like gas, water, electricity, steam heat, etc., are "on tap" ; our positive suction devices, our dry, centrifugal-vertical dust separators; our scientifically con- structed tools for all cleaning purposes; our broad basic patents (we were the pioneers in scientific construction in this business) ; our wide variety of types, all considered, make our line the largest and absolutely the best in the world. SOB A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING THE STEGER BUILDING Northwest Corner Wabash Avenue and Jackson Boulevard WELLS BROS. CO. General Contractors Telephone Harri>on 500 1014 Monadnock Building, Chicago 811J A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Lanquist & lUsley Co. GENERAL CONTRACTORS 393 N. Clark Street New Number 1100 CHICAGO Telephone North 207 84B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING L. P. FRIESTEDT CO. Building Raisers and Movers SHORING OF FRONTS, WALLS AND FLOORS Brick and Stone Buildings Moved and Raised DEEF» TRENCH ANfD CAISSON SHORING Contracts in this line taken anywhere In the United States. Work Guaranteed. STORAGE YARDS: 344-6-8-50 North Claremont Avenue 345-7-9-51 North Western Avenue GENERAL OFFICES: 1526-1528 Tribune Building Telephones : Randolph 296-297 Automatic 4S19 Branch Office: 345 North Western Avenue Telephone West 228 s?i; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Loggia of Apartment Building, Northwest Corner Forty-sixth Street and Greenwood Avenue BUIILBER. I Dearlborii Street 88B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDIN^ Phone Monroe 928 Phone Monroe 929 Wm. J. Newman CONTRACTOR Wrecking, Excavating and Caisson Work General Offices: Old 50 S. Curtis St. New 19 N, Curtis St. Material and Storage Yards Van Buren and Desplalnes Sts. Phone Monroe 3812 46lh and Chicago Aves. Phone Austin 116 Down Town Disposal Station : Fulton Street and the River. Phone Main 3393 THE RECORD BREAKER - Old City Hall. The wrecking of this building and the sinking of the caissons for the new structure was performed by W. J. NEWMAN in record time, 230 days being required for the entire work, while contract allowed 260 days. FIRST PUBLIC WORK ACCOMPLISHED AHEAD OF TIME H'Jii A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING E. M. BENT. Pres. and Treas. JOHN F. MULDOON, Sec. LOUIS E. HART, Vice-Pres. E. M. Bent Co. Contractors and Builders Established 1892 Incorporated 1901 Reincorporated 1909 Telephone Main 4938 506 SECURITY BUILDING 188 Madison Street Masonry Reinforced Concrete Concrete Carpentry Facilities and eqviipment for General Contracting, Remodeling or Subdivisions — Factories or Residences Some of Our Work: General Contractors Adams C& Westlake Co. . Cor. Market and Ohio Sts. Interior Finish and Subdivisions Chicago Glucose Co Taylor Street " '■ ... Davenport, la. Simmons Mfg. Co. . . . 1347 Michigan Ave. ■••'.... Peoria, 111. Trude Bldg Randolph and Wabash A. T. CS, S. F. Ry., (Machine Shop) . Newton. Kas. Detroit Electric Co., (Garage) . . 2416 Michigan FRED D. LYON, ARTHUR T. DOWNING, Secretary President and Manager jqhn M. CAMERON, Treasurer LOUIS F. GRAVER, jAMES L. AVIS, Engineer Vice-President City Erection Company 1 INCORPORATED i CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS FOUNDATIONS, MASONRY, CARPENTRY, STEEL AND CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION OFFICES: SUITE 827-112 CLARK ST. r>\ijr> Kr^r\ PHONE MAIN 3847 CHlLACaU 92B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Branch Office Birmingham Ala H. A. Bishop COMMERCIAL NATIONAL BANK BUILDING CONTRACTOR Specialists in Boiler Construction and Installation Nine per cent of the hi^h class boiler construction work in the middle west is done by H. A. Bishop. Present con- tractors for the installation of all the boilers for the Common- wealth Kdison Company, Cosmopolitan l^lectric Company, and Chicago & Northwestern Depot. Other large contracts throughout the country, and in Cuba. Harrison 3398 S^acob 1Ro6at3 General Contractor THE ROOKERY CHICAGO 93 U A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Telephone Main 2940 E. W. Spioul, President L. Green, Vice-President C. J. Spioul, Secretary E. W. SPROUL CO. Masons and General Contractors 172 East Washington Street 507 Teutonic Building iy[ARQUETTE CONSTRUCTION CO, Contractors for Granite and Creosote Block Brick and Tar Macadam Pavements Reinforced and Plain Concrete 805. 171 WASHINGTON STREET Tel. Main 1145 C. A. MOSES, Pres. & Treas. W. O. AUSTIN, Secretary C. A. Moses Construction Company Some of the Buildings Constructed Ogle County (111.) Court Houso Kane Count.v (111. 1 Court House Macon County (111.) Court House Cook County (111.) Criminal Court House Warren County Court House, Monmouth, 111. Cabell County (W. Va.) Court House. Huntington DuPage County (111.) Court House, Wheaton. Clinton County (la.) Court House, Clinton, la. New York Biscuit Factory. Chicago. 111. Bay City (Mich.) Court House and Post Office ClarksvIUe (Tenn.) Post Office. Monon Freight House, Chicago, III. Montgomery (Ala.) Union Passenger Station C. B. & Q. Freight House, Chicago, III. Nashville Union Depot, Nashville, Tenn, Successor to Chas. A. Moses, Incorporated 1907 1004 Chamber of Commerce CHICAGO Tel. Main 3316 are well equipped with the latest machinery to erect large buildings of all kinds and will gladly furnish estimates of cost, and we solicit opportunity to compete for such construction. Some of the BulldlnES Constructed I'uuiliirlau.l Tcli'phraie Buililiug. .Memphis. Tenn. .M.inlK.iniciy I'uuiity Ct. House, Clarksville, Tenn. Tnp,-k;i. K;ins;is, Cnurt Housc and Post Office I'.ilk .\|.;irHm-iils, Nashville, Tenn. Wiuwick .\psutnieiits. Philadelphia, Pa. Buncombe Co. (N. C. ) Court House, Asheville Kalamazoo Paper Mill, Kalamazoo, Mich. Mingo County (W. Va.) Court House Hospital for Contagious Diseases. Cook Co,, 111. T.fo PiipiT Mill, Vicksburg. Mich. M.if Sini-r.iir Paper Mill. Otsego, Mich. Uniik .M.ilHi- Factory. Flint. Mich. W.sti.u.Motl Factory, Flint, Mich. American Paper Bo.\ Factory. C.d. Rapids, Mich. Terminal Station. Meridian. .Miss. 96B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ( AUTOMATIC 4872 Wm. J. Scown Building Company GENERAL CONTRACTORS 115 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO TELEPHONE HARRISON 2314 >Iark Salomon Co. GENERAL CONTRACTORS 98 Jackson Boulevard, CHICAGO F. P. NELSON, W. P. NELSON, F. H, NELSON. President and Treasurer Vice-President Secretary F. P. Nelson CS? Sons Co. GENERAL CONTRACTORS 306 Chamber of Commerce Building Telephone MAIN 3162 CHICAGO Main 1735 Heavv Construction and Coai Vard Telephones: Automatic 3242 Plants a Specialty I Residence, Austin 1014 Kraimk: E. Doherxy CARPEINIXER AMD GEIMERAL COINITRACXOR 315 Chamber of Commerce Building Chicago Mr. Frank E. Doherty succeeds the old established tirni of M. Doherty & .Son. and has been makinK a specialty of Heavy Construction such as is used in building Warehou.ses and Factory Buildinirs. He also has built a irrcat many of the larKC Coal Yai-d Plants along the river and railroads. He also appraises fire losses to buildinits and repairs the same, representing the insurance companies or owners, as the case may be. ' '7 1 ; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Telephone Main 4926 National Contracting Co. ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS Bridges, Structural Iron, Concrete Piers, Excavations 504 Security Building rrrt i 1 . ■'""nTv TnTrii,„„^, 1 BL^E^I^Jfl^^^t^Mt' ^ * r - Olsen Brothers & Co. ENGINEERS and CONTRACTORS Grain Elevators, Flour Mills, and Com- plete Plants for handling Coal, Sand, Gravel, Ores, Ashes, and all kinds of Merchandise. POWER TRANSMISSION Phone, Humboldt 2373 The New 6,000-Yd. Slone Crushing Plant of (he Dolese 4 Shepard Company. Machinery thronghoul installed hy u 2418-22 Bloomingdale Ave., CHICAGO, ILL. M. D. FLAVIN. President ESTABLISHED 1877 Telephone Calumet 697 Sherman -Flavin >1arble Co. Incorporated ' INTERIOR FINISHERS IN MARBLE : ONYX : MOSAICS CERAMIC. ENCAUSTIC and MARBLE TILE Take South Side Elevated to 26th Street or State Street Car to Door 2505-2519 STATE STREET CHICAGO Telephones Franklin 1702-1703 EARLE A. RUSSELL, Proprietor The Builder's Mill Company I Not Incorporated > Main Offices: SUITE 65-70 LA SALLE ST. FLAT BUILDING SPECIALISTS ALL CLASSES AND SIZES The Mills of this Company are equipped with the most modern machinery obtainable. Our capacity is large. We have striven to handle all orders to the COMPLETE satisfaction of our customers, and our ever-increasing business proves our success. We will gladly furnish any estimates We will gladly furnish references 98B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Wli A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT Guaranteed for Uniformity, Strength and Durability MILLS Recommended for High Class Engineering "Work Capacity Ormrod, Lehigh Co., Penna., 1, 2 & 3 ] West Coplay, " " t Fogelsville " " I N. Castle, Lawerence Co., " 1&2 '.,,^^^/^r^rxT-. ,^t Mitchell, " ind. 1&2 I 1 1,000,000 Barrels Yearly Wellston, Jackson Co., Ohio J Manufactured by Lehigh Portland Cement Co. Offices YOUNG BUILDING ------- ALLENTOWN, PA. ROCKEFELLOW BUILDING ----- CLEVELAND, O. TRACTIONAL TERMINAL BUILDING - - - INDIANAPOLIS, IND. Meacham CS, Wright Company, Chicago, Distributers lOOlJ A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING I). I). DKIMMONI). Vi,-,- IV ~l,i. Ill .,ii,i M.,n.,uc CHICAGO PORTLAND CEMENT CO. M wri \( rrivi Main Office ** Chicago A A'' Portland Cement 108 LA SALLE STREET. CHICAGO. ILL. Factory ;it ()«l.>ln. N.-.ir I.a Sail.-, III. I'K' 'IHT'I" -illK'ACC ) A A" is a i'l-n'.-m:! ( ciiu'iii nf ihc II Kill I'.Sr ( )r M.IIA'. ••rill-: iM-.sT 'i-iiA'|- (.'AX I'.i-: madI'..- Always reliable tor liiiencss. sUL-iv^th, pr^impt hanlenin^ anil nnilnrni color. (."oiur — A most desirable an I j.k'asing litjht bluish iirny is one of the attractive features of tliis cement. in souiidness. sli-i.'nL;lh, setting;. liJir.leninL;, rnuiiess and all otlier (|ualities required liy the Standard Specitu-.aiiims aduiitcd 1:\ llu- Anurican Socictv tor testins,'' materials this cinient more than meets the dLman(K. THIS CK.MMXT IS .\1.\1)1-: l-Ro.M ROCK .\X1) CI..\Y. The immense deposits of lime rock and clay on the Company's extensive land holdinj^s at ()t;lesby. III., e.xcel in all of the essentials that produce the best Portland cement that can be made. I'ACTLlllES 'I'lie (|uarry is largely oi)erated by electric ]io\ver which drives rock drills, crushers and tramway. Steam shovels dit;- up the blasted rock and load the cars which are hauled by locomotives to the crushers. h'ireiiroot buildintjs house the most ijerfecl and modern ecpiipment for manufacturing. Tiubine steam en<;;ines and comjiound condensing- engines fin-nish jiower which is elec- trically transmitted, liall mills, Komminuters and tube mills grind the raw materials and rotary kilns burn it. Kent mills and tidie mills grind the clinker to finished cement. Fireproof stockhoiises of reinfirced concrete hold the finished cement, and are equi])ped with une.xcelled aiJjiaratus for con\eying. sacking and loacling. Railroads having independent tracks upon the ])remises are: Illinois Central: Chicago. Iliirlington & Oiiincy. and the Chicago. Milwaukee i!v St. I'aid. The Chicago. Rock Island i\; I'acilic Railroad is reached b\- switching three miles to La Salle. C.\r.\ClTV The output is now 1.2.^0.000 barrels ])er annum. Commenced the ])resent ])lant in IS'iS and ha\e had eleven years of constantly increas- ing business and ex])ansion. "ClllCMU) .A.A" i'OR ri,.\XI) L'i:.Mi:Xr has been used exclusively in many important Concrete constructions such as Thebes liridge, over Mississipi)i River. Thebes. 111. i .^.i.oOO bbls. ). New City Hall. Chicago. (2.^000 bbls.). Reinforced concrete bridges at Kankakee. 111.: Kenosha. Wis.: Cedar Rapids. Iowa, and many smaller ones: (iovernment postoffices at Sreator. 111.: I'.lgin. 111.: Clinton. Iowa; Janesville. Wis.: Monmouth. 111. (Iovernment Locks on llennei)in Canal and at Moline. 111. (Iovernment .\rsenal llnildings at Rock Island. Public Libraries at l-'reeport and Kankakee. Over 100.000 barrels by various Railroads. .And the princi|)al dealers, contractors, block and tile manufacturers are customers. Kill: A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CHICAGO'S LARGEST BUILDERS' SUPPLY HOUSE IS THE wisconsin lime and cement Company DEALERS IN AND MANUFACTURERS OF EVERYTHING IN THE BUILDING LINE Masons' and Plasterers' Materials. Common, Pressed, and Paving Bricl^s. Specialties GENERAL OFFICE AND EXHIBIT ROOMS : 605-6-7-8 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDING TELEPHONE FRANKLIN 1317 102B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Universal Portland Cement Co. CHICAGO PITTSBURG Daily Output 23,000 Barrels PLANTS AT CHICAGO AND PITTSBURG Universal Portland Cement Co. Plants Nos. 3 and 4, Buffington, Indiana L'liivcrsal is a strictly true Portland cement of the highest quality possible to manufacture. 1 1 i^ made from granulated blast furnace slag and limestone burned to a hard clinker in rotary kilns and is absolutely free from sulphides. The limestone used is practically pure calcite. The slag is a siliceous material, clean, free from impurities and always uniform and identical in com- position and character. Universal Portland Cement is the only F'ortlaiid cement manufactured from a slag lime- stone mixture in this country, and its present annual production consider.ilily exceeds ten per cent "f the total yearly output of PortUnul ^ement in the United States. Universal was first placed on the market in 1900; since that time the demand has been so great as to necessitate continual enlargements of capacity. The shipments in 1908 exceeded four million five hundred thousand barrels an output nearly dou))le that of the entire production of the United States in 1896. The total output of the Company is now twenty-three thousand barrels per day. Plant \'o. 6 at Buffington, Ind., is now under construction, and when completed, the Com- |i:my will have an annual output of 10,000,000 barrels. I'liiversal is .suitable for every class of concrete work in which a high grade Portlauil cement is used. Millions of barrels have been used with eminent success in sidewalks, floors, piers, dams, general engineering work. United States Government, Slate, Municipal and Railroad work and building cnnstrnclicni under all pri~sil)le conditions. Universal will meet all usual and proper tests and conforms generously to the Stand- ard specifications for Portland cement as adopted by the .American Society for Testing Materials and to the specifications of the Engi- neer Corps of the United States Army. Universal is exceptionally uniform in color and strength, thoroughly sound, absolutely regular in setting qualities and always reliable. Thousands of barrels of Univers.d are used annually in the Cily of (.bicign. The two principal tractimi >ystems of Chicago alone use several hundred thousand barrels annually. During the past year the C. & X. W. R. R. used over four hundred thou.sand barrels in their concrete work in this city. One hundred thousand barrels were used in the Montgomery Ward liuilding, the largest rein- forced concrete structure in the worhl. Universal Portland Cement was used in the Railway Exchange Building, the new University Club Building, the new Klaekstone Hnlel. llie new McCunnick Huilding. the I'.drn I'.nilding, and in munercius other structures of prominence in and about Chicago. The location uf the plants with reference to transportation facilities, the immense output and the large storage capacity, permit of the most satisfactory service in making prompt shipments of orders. The western plants are reachetl by all railroad lines running out of Chicago, and the plant at Universal, Pa., is located on the Union Railroad through which connection is made with all lines entering Pitts- burg. In addition to these connections all points upon the Great Lakes are accessible by water. ia5i; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Uses of Terra Cotta Hollow Tile in Standard Fire Proof Construction THE steel frame construction of buildings could never have reached its present tremendous popularity, without the use of Terra Cotta Hollow Tile as a protection against fire, and as a means of constructing fire proof floor spans of sufficiently light weight to permit of the floors being earned to any desired height on a steel frame composed of members so light, and dimensions so small, as to make the entire investment commercially eco- nomical. The first function of fire proofing in a steel frame building is to protect the steel from fire. As an incidental fact, in performing this duty, it also protects the steel from corrosion and rust. In connection with this duty it spans the spaces between the steel floor beams, thus forming fire proof floor arches which carry the loads placed on the floors of the building in use, and at the same time effectually prevent the spread of fire from one floor to another. In roof construction. Terra Cotta Hollow Tile answers the same purposes as in floor construction, but as roof loads are naturally much lighter, usually, than floor loads, the steel construction, and consequently the fire proof construction, are much lighter than in floor arches, and the methods of application are frequently different. The next extremely important use of Terra Cotta Hollow Tile is for the construction of fire proof partitions for subdividing floor area as may be desired in the occupancy of the building, or as may be required for the divi- sion of large floor areas to prevent the spread of fire on a single floor. Under the classification of partitions are, of course, included closet and vault walls, enclosures for elevator shafts, etcetera. The exterior walls of steel frame buildings are usually of brick or stone, through which moisture easily pene- trates. To prevent this moisture from reaching and destroying the plaster on the interior. Terra Cotta Hollow Tile Furring Blocks are used. These blocks provide a dead air space through which the dampness cannot go, and the plastering is applied direct to the inner side of these blocks without necessity for any additional furring. The above catalogs the uses of Terra Cotta Hollcw Tile Blocks for steel frame buildings, known as Stand- ard Construction. This material is, however, used in many ways for structural purposes and in reinforced "Long Span" floor construction, and for these purposes the methods of application are fully shown in our catalog of "Long Span Fire Proof Construction," which will be furnished en request. PITTSBURGH Fulton Building NEW YORK Flat Iron Building CHICAGO . Commercial National Bank Building BOSTON ....... John Hancock Building PHILADELPHIA Land Title Building WASHINGTON Colorado Building National Fire Capital, Twelve and One -Half Million Dollars TERRA COT The largest company in the world devoted solely to the busi; 10411 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Some of the Advantages of Standard Fire Proof Construction of TERRA COTTA HOLLOW TILE from the Standpoint of Practical and Economical Construction I'loiir Arches nf 1X1) I'-. I ' !•: X I ) !•. X C !•; ( > !• W E.VV 1 1 K R. i\v 'rile ma\' l>c laid at an\- lime nf \cai" rcijard it wcatliiT tciiiperatiire. ram i ir snnw . si'i;i':i) IX iM..\s'rF-:RixG. Arches may he ])lastere(l the day after they are laid, if iiecessar\- to rush work. r.RAldXC ['OR .STKL'CTL'Rl'.. Tile Arches assist the wind bracing of the structure because they till the total depth of the steel beams, ami act as iiorizontal braciiii; for the entire structure. In com])arison with this, concrete floor slal)s rest onh' ni)on the upper third of the l)eams. are usually one-third as deep as Tile Arches, can not efficiently transmit the iiorizontal stresses caused by wind ])ressure in hin;h buildings, and. l)y reducin,^- tiie efticienc\- of the floors as braces, increase the amount of steel necessary to ])rovide a^^ainst horizontal stresses. .Ml XI MUM Wl'IlCllT. Tile Arches weigh less per square foot than any other form of tire jiroof floor construction of eipial strength, and. consequently, greatly reduce the dead load on the structural steel and foundations. SOUND I'ROOl'. Ilollow Tile .\rches ha\e usually froni two to four cells and arc therefore e.xcellent non-conductors of sound. .\n extremely imixirtaut consideration in hotels. hos])itals. ofiice buildings and structures of similar' oecu])ancv. RAPID COXSTRL'LTIOX. The false work, or centering, required in setting Tile Arches may be removed within twenty-four hours after arches are laid. Centering for concrete floors must, under the most fa\oral)le conditions, remain in place at least ninety-six hours, and. in e\ent of constant rain or low temperature weather, must frequently i>e ke])t standing two weeks or more, necessitating great delay in completing l)uilding. as contractors for other work can not jiroceed while centering remains in iilace. I'.I.IMIXATIOX Ol' MOISTURI-:. The cement nmrtar joints iu Tile .\i-ches dry out rapidly, jjermitting of the immediate laying of finish floor- ing and wood trim without risk of damage by moisture. Concrete floors are set in a wet. plastic condition, dry slowly, and the moisture reuiainiug in them frequently causes the war])ing and buckling of floor finish and trim. How can you be sure of tlu' l>e>t and most economical tirc-iiroofing — or either — unless you figure with the largest compan\- in the world (k\oled c\clusi\ely to the manufacture and erection of fire-proofing for buildings? ofing Company OLLOW TILE 26 Factories Throughout the United States CANTON City National Bank Building CINCINNATI Union Trust Building MINNEAPOLIS Lumber Exchange LOS ANGELES Central Building TORONTO, CAN. . . . Traders Bank Building Bof construction in both Hollow Tile and Reinforced Concrete iibi; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The Atlas Portland Cement Company 30 Broad St., NEW YORK, N. Y. WORKS: Coplay, Pa. Northampton. Pa Hannibal. Mo. Hudson, N. Y. ,^ 'PORTLAND^., ATLAS. W CEMENT. Trade Mark PRODUCT OUTPUT RAW MATERIAL LABORA- TORY TESTS PACKAGES PUBLICA- TIONS PANAMA CANAL CONSTRUC- TION "Atlas" Portland Cement. The Atlas Portland Cement Company's works are located at Northampton. Pa.. Coplay. Pa- Hannibal. M(i., and Hudson, N. Y., and produce over 18.000,000 barrels of "Atlas" Portland Cement per year. The Company's quarries of cement stone have been selected after careful examination, and fur- nish in perfect form the chemical ingredients necessary in the production of a true Portland cement. Throughout the entire works the greatest care is exercised to keep the product at its high stand- ard, and as a final check all cement is submitted to the laboratory for chemical and physical examina- tion before shipment. The care exercised in this regard has created a reputation for reliability among the users of cement who do not have the time or opportunity to test each shipment, and who conse- quently rely largely upon the manufacturer. "Atlas" Portland Cement is of uniform strength and quality, and made from genuine Portland cement materials only. It contains no furnace slag. "Atlas" Cement is shipped in barrels, and in duck and paper bags. The barrels weigh 400 pounds gross or 380 pounds net. When shipped in bags the weight is 95 pounds per bag, four bags to the barrel. The Cooperage Department is thoroughly equipped to produce a barrel which experience has proved to be the most suitable for cement. Each barrel is lined with a specially prepared paper as an extra guard against the possible absorption of moisture. For the iDenefit of those who desire to make lasting improvements about the factory, farm or home, and as a guide to those who contemplate new construction, we have published the books noted below : "Concrete Houses and Cottages." Vols. I and II. These books contain many half-tone cuts (in tint) of photographs, together with floor plans of concrete houses ranging in price from $1,000.00 to $450,000.00. The houses not only show a large variety of design, but are of several different metliods of concrete construction. They are not imaginary sketches, but have been built and designed by the best architects in the country. It is the purpose of these books to show what has been and can be done in the way of large and small concrete houses, cottages and bungla- lows, and that the illustrations and plans may be of material assistance, not only in planning a future home, but in deciding upon the material to be used in its construction. Vol. 1, Large Houses; Vol. II, Small Houses. Size 10 by 12 inches. Copies will be sent, e.xpress prepaid, upon receipt of $1.00 per volume. "Concrete Country Residences" (out of print). Price $2.00. "Concrete Cottages." A sixteen-page pamphlet showing photographs, floor plans and specitications for small concrete houses ranging in cost from $1,500.00 to $4,000.00. Copies sent free upon request. "Concrete Construction about the Home and on the Farm." The 1909 edition of this book contains many half-tone cuts from photographs showing several new and practical uses of Portland cement about the home and on the farm, besides full directions for making and handling concrete ; also many specifications, sectional drawings, and photograplis of the smaller constructions that can be built by the layman. Copies sent free upon request. Cldth bound copies, 25 cents each. i "Reinforced Concrete in Factory Construction." A book containing — besides several geiieral chapters on concrete, concrete aggregate, methods and materials for reinforcement — ten chaMers, giving detailed descriftions of ten concrete factories and warehouses erected in various parts of the country by different systems. Photographs, sectional drawings and specifications were furnished by the engineers in charge of the work. This book, profusely illustrated (two hundred and fifty pages, size six and one-half by nine inches), pamphlet bound, sent free upon request to architects, engineers, and manufacturers who contemplate building. Paper cover copies, delivery charges 10 cents. Cloth bound copies. 50 cents each. "(Concrete in Highway Construction." A text-book for highway engineers and supervisors. It contains complete descriptions, drawings and photographs of every phase of highway construction in which concrete plays a part. It is the most valuable book ever published on this subject. Sent free only to highway officials and highway engineers. Price $1.00. "Concrete in Railroad Construction." A text-book for railroad engineers, containing detailed description, drawings and many photographs of railroad constructions in which concrete is used. Tliis book will be sent free only to railroad officials and railroad engineers. Price $1.0(J. "Concrete Garages." A valuable book for any one contemplating the construction of a garage. It contains photo- graphs of many fireproof concrete garages, together with drawings and detailed descriptions as to how they may be con- structed. Sent free upon reauest. The United States Government has bought 4,500,000 barrels of "Atlas" Portland Cement for use in the construction of the Panama Canal, the largest order ever placed for Portland cement. 106B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING McNulty Bros. 2f Chicago (INCORPORATED I Architectural Sculptors and Plasterers RAILWAY EXCHANGE, CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURG CLEVELAND Some of the Buildings plastered by McNulty Bros, of Chicago FIRST NATIONAL BANK BLDG. COMMERCIAL NATIONAL BANK BLDG. AMERICAN TRUST & SAVINGS BANK BLDG. CORN EXCHANGE BANK BLDG. ILLINOIS TRUST & SAVINGS BANK BLDG. MARSHALL FIELD RETAIL BUILDINGS. RAILWAY EXCHANGE. BORLAND BUILDING. HARVESTER BUILDING. CHICAGO MUSICAL COLLEGE BLDG. HEYWORTH BUILDING. ORCHESTRA HALL. PRINCESS THEATRE. ILLINOIS THEATRE. CORT THEATRE. And at present plastering: THE PEOPLE'S GAS LIGHT & COKE CO.'S BUILDING Corporation under the Laws of Illinois. Thomas J. McNulty, President Principal Office - - Railway Exchange, Chicago 107. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The La Salle Hotel Chicago HOLABIRD & ROCHE, Architects, Chicago. GEORGE A. FULLER CO., Builders, Chicago EDWARDS & WARD, Cut Stone Contractors, Chicago Tlie first three stories of the La Salle Hotel (the acme of modern building construction) is lit "Old Hoosier Stone." from the Old Hoosier Quarry of the Bed- ford Quarries Company. The Old Hoosier Quarry is lo- cated at Oolitic, Indiana, and owing to the prestige gained by the popularity of this stone within recent years, si.xty acres of land are occupied by quarrying opera- tions alone. In addition to this, we operate three mills, which are iquipped with all modern ma- chinery, such as saws, planers, circular planers and turning lathes for getting out this stone. Our equipment and shipping facilities are such that we can take care of the largest orders with promptness and dispatch. Stone from the Old Hoosier Quarry has been used in some of tlie largest and most important buildings in this country. Among the most recent are The City In- vesting Building. Xew York ; State Capitol. Jackson. Mississippi; State Capitol. Frankfort. Kentucky : -Main .-\rt Biiikling, St. Louis; Trinity Building. Xew York; Car- negie Institute, Washington, D. C : St. Mary's Cathedral, Covington, Kentucky; Xew Theatre, X'ew York; Cathedral of Immaculate Conception. Denver, Colorado, and all the Chicago Lhiiversity Build- ings. Chicago. .Any information relative to this stone for building purposes will be cheerfully given by addressing the nearest office. THE BEDFORD QUARRIES COMPANY 204 Dearborn Street CHICAGO BEDFORD, INDIANA 1 Madison Avem NEW YORK lOSB A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Buff and Blue Bedford Indiana Limestone Perry Matthews -Buskirk Stone Co 317-322 Monadnock Block Chicago, Illinois UNIVERSITY CLUB CHICAGO. ILL. .,1 V.inin.. A,.hit„t, John IMi. Cr.i.V , THE OHIO SANDSTONE CO. Dea/ers in STONE CURBING Also ROUGH AND SAWED BUILDING STONE, FLAGGING and BRIDGE STONE 'T^XZ Office: 448 MAROVEriE BllLDIXG Artesian Stone & Lime Works Co. GRAND AND CAMPBELL AVENl ES CHICAGO, ILL. Mfrs. oj Lime, Crushed Stone and Pressed Brick and dealers in Cement, Hair and Fibre SIONK QIARRIKS Al CHICAGO AND McCOOK, ILL In'M; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Knickerbocker Ice Co. Producers of and Dealers in Building Material Main Office, New York Life Building, 171 La Salle Street CHICAGO, ILL. Telephone Randolph 1900 Bank Sand Filling Sand Torpedo Sand Crushed Gravel Roofing Gravel Portland Cement Utica Cement Louisville Cement Lump Lime Hydrated Lime Hard Plaster Hair and Fibre Stucco Lath Brick SERVICE. FACILITIES. ADVANTAGES. ESTIMATES. We are prepared to furnish the above in wagon or car load lots promptly at any time and in any quantity. This Company has sand and gravel washing plants located as follows : Dune Park, Ind., on Indiana Harbor Belt Ry. and L. S. & M. S. R. R. South Bend, Ind., on C. I. & S. R. R. and L. S. & M. S. R. R. Janesville, Wis., on C. M. & St. P. R. R. South Elgm, 111., on C. & N. W. R. R. Also 25 yards in Chicago and suburbs with railroad connections for storage of material. Our large number of yards enables us to deliver material promptly and cheaply. This Company will be pleased to furnish estimates on all kinds of building material for delivery in Chicago and vicinity. HOB A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING THE CRAFTSMAN FACE BRICK IN FINE AND COARSE TEXTURES AND MANY VARYING SHADES IN RED, PURPLE, OLIVE. GRAY. BROWN AND GOLDEN ESTABLISHED IN 1855 Thomas Moulding Company 1202 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CHICAGO FACE BRICK FIRE BRICK IN ALL COLORS FOR EVERY PURPOSE ENAMEL BRICK GUARANTEED NOT TO CRAZE OR CRACK PAVING BRICK PORTLAND CEMENT THAT STAND THE TEST FOR HIGH GRADE CONCRETE GUARANTEED ENAMEL SRICK TIFFAiY MOULDING — CHICAGO A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING L. D. BINYON, President H. L. MATZ, Vice-President W. H. DYMOND, Secretary-Treasurer M. N. KIMBELL, Assistant Secretary S. S. Kimbell Brick Co FACING BRICK OF ALL KINDS Dry Pressed and Impervious 304-305 Chamber of Commerce BIdg. BUILDINGS CONTAINING OUR BRICK : McCormiclt Building Michael Reese Hospital St. Luke's Hospital Presbyterian Hospital Cook County Hospitals Sears, Roebuck & Co. Buildings Harvester Building La Salle Street Station Hotel La Salle Home for the Friendless University School for Girls Hotel Morain City Railway Power Houses Washington School McKinley High School Chicago Automobile Club Bryson Apartments ja.ivie:s a. hogan, President F. A. IISJGALLS, Vice-F*pes- F«. M. HOGAM, Sec'y & Xreas. Illinois Stone Co IVf AINJUFACTURERS OF CRUSHED LIIVIESXOIME DUVfENSION and RUBBLE SXOIME QUARRIES AT LEMOMX, ILL. MAIM OFFICE 22nd and LUIVIBER STREETS Xelephone Canol 136 Yard No. 1 22nd and Lumber Streets CHICAGO Yard Mo. 2 Elston Avenue One Block IMortti of Division Street Tel. VIonroe 601 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING W. p. VARNEY A. H. ROBINSON Manager A..-, c • j t A*» I bee y and Trea Hydraulic - Press Brick Company CHICAGO BRANCH WORKS AT PORTER AND BRAZIL, INDIANA Rcprcicntlng 26 "Hydraulic" Planla. Larcett Distributor, of Facing Brick, in the World. MANUFACTURERS OF Facing, Paving, and Enameled Bricks of Every Color and Description No order too small for our attention or too large for our capacity. This Company operates 30 Plants in the United States. Thi. Company will gladly furnish Prices on any Requirements Chamber of Commerce CHICAGO iioi; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Wm. E. Dee Company MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS Sew^ep F»ipe, Wall Coping, Flue I_.ininQ, Fire F»poofirig, Cements, Sew^er Castings General Line of Masons, Plumbers, and Sewer Builders Materials Established 1855. Operate three modern manufacturing plants. Forty-five kilns capacity. Five thousand car loads per annum. We operate eight retail yards in Chicago. Best facilities in the West for handling orders large or small. Quotations on application. Write for our catalogue. Factories : Chicago Office : Factory : MECCA, IND. 108 LA SALLE STREET NEWPORT, IND. _ , . \ Main 2732 Telephones: ^ ^^.^ gg,! American Sand & Gravel Co, 907 Chamber of Commerce CHICAGO Gravel Washers and Sand Pits Located at St. Charles, Carpentersviile, Algonquin, Antioch and Liberty- ville, III., and Millers, Gary, and Attica, ind. Prices quoted for delivery anywhere in any quantity. Annual output 1,000,000 yards. Twelve retail yards within the city limits. The great saving in the manufacture of concrete by the use of gravel and torpedo sand over the use of crushed stone is fully explained in our booklet, "The Economics of Concrete," mailed on application. 114B RUtXJLPH S. BLOME WILLIAM J. SINEK A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CHICAGO : NKVf 'i ORK : NEW ORLEANS : BIRMINGHAM ESTABLISHED 1866 NOT INCORPORATED Rudolpli S. Blome Co. PIONEERS IN Cement Paving and Concrete Construction ROCK ASPHALT FLOORS BANK FLOOR -UNITY BUILDING CHICAGO Floor and Roo( Conilnidion o( Monis & Company'. Cold Slorau.- Buildinj. Union StocL Ya : !lori« and rool. Ar<-a of work, 400.000 square feet. Capacity. S5.000.000 pounds of meat. 1 Contractors for Reinforced, etc. Concrete Work of 1 Arm..ur .\: C i,. UHtiic Building. Chicago. Armour & Co.. Gary. Iml.. I'lant. Arniour & Co., Howcr Houses, Chicago. School of Education, Lniversity of Chicago. Armour & Co.. Lard Rcfmcry. Chicago. .Manual Training School, University of Chicago. Armour & Co., Hog Killing Building, Chicago. Home Herald BuiUling. Chicago. .Armour & Co., Hair Curling Building, Chicago. Ruprecht Building, Chicago. .Armour & Co., Soap Works, Chicago. Harder Warehouse, Chicago. .\rmour & Co., Glycerine Works, Chicago. Hately Warehouse, Chicago. Armour & Co., Xcw York Plant. Home for .\ged Jews, Chicago. .Armour & Co., Philadelphia Plant. Corn Exchange Bank Building. Chicago. .\rniour & Co., Omaha Plant. Union Station, Washington. D. C. .Xrm.Mir & Co.. Jackson. .Mi>s., Plant. Suhways, Washington. D. C. llrC A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Standard Asphalt & Rubber Company Producers of High Grade Asphaltic Materials General Offices, 205 La Salle Street, Chicago, Illinois Kj., Clikago. SARCO No. 6 W A T E R- PROOFIXG. SARCO ROAD COMPOUND. SARCO ASPHALT FILLER. SARCO MASTIC. SARCO VARNISH GUM. SARCO ELASTIC ROOF COATING. SARCO •WATER AND WEATHERPROOF LIQUID COATINGS. SARCO MINERAL RUB- BER PIPE COATING. with the exception of the liquid nd reduced l)y lieat to a liquid sphalt DESCRIPTION— All SARCO produc coatings, are shipped in a solid state, to facilitate their application. Every SARCO product will analyze 99.5% pur we unqualifiedly guarantee them to be absolutely uniform. They are especially adapted tor protecting any character of ci tion from damage by water. This protection will be permanent, material will undergo no change after it has been put in plact absolutely non-absorbent, and unaffected by acids or alkalies. SARCO Liquid Pi-otective Coatings are used where conditions severe, and for protecting metal surfaces exposed to the weather. FACILITIES — We are prepare! products in any quantity desired. istruc- is the being the al>ov Our manufacturing facilities are unlii shipments are always assured. SARCO products shipped in a solid si steel drum, the entire weight of the pad a tai-e of 2%. ADVAKXAGES — SARCO products h wherever they have been employed, a protective value is unquestioned. It frequently occurs that an Enginee a complex problem in waterproofing, nee mining the best method to pu contained in a light as about 450 pounds properly applied. neer or Architect is confronted with lecessitating expert advice for deter- to obtain the desired results. In specificati! of this kind, ms. This ser frequently called upon to furnish pi! given without cost. Some of the inost difficult waterproofing construction that has ever been attempted has been referred to us, and in each instance SARCO materials and SARCO methods have proven a complete "We are willing at all times to co-( neer, and to furnish any information that may be desired. with the Architect On account o MASTIC FLOOR When the advants [iproved buildi] to be obtained by the over every other kind. SARCO Mastic Floors, by floor. We hav othi of their unqualified contributed to the popularity of this style of booklet fully describing SARCO Mastic Floors — luable information. A copy will be sent upon request. ESTIMATE,S — Upon receivin pleased to furnish estimates bot plete the work on any class ol used to an advantage. We mak and Engineers are requested to h for the cost and nformation, we will be time necessary to com- re our materials can be s service, and Architects ly information they may REFERENCES — The c products have been used will be pleased to furnish ner it will be possible to emely large number of plac cessfully prohibits listing tli upon request, that will be par nakii llOl! A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CYRUS H. HOWELL. Pre.ident WALTER E. SCHMIDT. Secretary EMIL G. SEIP, Trea.urer We Illinois Improvement & Ballast Co. THE LARGEST DISTRIBUTORS OF ILA IN THE UNITED STATES The Best Fire-Proof Material on the Market CHICAGO OFFICES Commercial National Bank Building Rooms 643 and 645 TELEPHONE CENTRAL 1S84 AND 5551 WORKS SOUTH CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JOLIET, ILLINOIS SOUTH DEERING, ILLINOIS BRIDGEPORT, ILLINOIS CLABURN, ILLINOIS NORTH CHICAGO, ILLINOIS GARY. INDIANA 117B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The American Asphaltum & Rubber Co. MANUFACTURERS OF HIGH GRADE ASPHALTS GILSONITE MINES, Utah Ninety-nine per cent pure. Estimated by U. S. Geo. Dept. '96 to contain over 400,000 tons. ASPHALTIC LIMESTONE MINES, Utah Quantity Unlimited Used for Mastic Floors, Roofs, Pavements, etc. General Offices: 600 to 614 Harvester Building. CHICAGO, ILL. Telephone Harrison 7956 Works and Laboratory : Grand Crossing, III. PRODUCTS DESCRIP- TION RECORD USES FACILITIES CO-OPER- ATIVE SERVICE PRICES CATA- LOGUES SAMPLES We are manufacturers of staple asphalt products. Among these are our "Pioneer" Mineral Rub- ber Pipe Coating, "Pioneer" Waterproofing Asphalt, "Pioneer" Filler Asphalt for brick and block pave- ments, "Pioneer" Mineral Rubber Roofing Cement. "Pioneer" Roof Coating, "Pioneer" Primer Paint, "Thebest" Insulation Paint, "Wasatch" Structural I'aint. "Amarco" Roof Paint. "Wasatch" Mastic Floor, "Pariette" Ready Roofing, "Pioneer" Roofing Asphalt. Railroad Bridge Floor Coating, Reservoir Water- proofing Asphalt. Paving Cement, etc. The basis of each of these products is the highest grade Asphalt known — Utah Gilsonite, of which we own immense deposits, and which is 99.9 per cent pure bitumen ; thus it is absolutely free from all impurities — it is unaffected by water or weather conditions, and insures a permanencv that can not be excelled, and is not equaled by so-called substitutes. Our products are not new or untried. They have been on the market for 14 years, and have all been put through the crucial tests of practical use. In any true technical comparison of values, based upon quality of bitumen, they will readily prove out — easily demonstrate the superiority which has made them practically non-competitive. The range of utility to which our various materials are adapted is fairlv indicated bv the trade name under which each is known. Is it a question of the protection and preser^-ation of bridges and structural work generally — pipe lines — the waterproofing of reservoirs, aqueducts, or concrete bridge abutments — brick or block paving — macadam road construction — asphalt pavements — floors or roofs for factories, shops, institutions or homes? Then the engineer, the architect, the contractor and the owner can apply to us with the assurance that the desired material will be supplied, and that it will give a most gratifying measure of satisfaction. We not only assert that our products are superior to most (if not all) others, but we can refer to a long list of leading engineers, architects and customers who will substantiate every claim. Our Gilsonite and Asphaltic Limestone Mines, located in Utah, contain over a million tons of raw materials, while with our modern plant, centrall}' located near Chicago, we have imsurpassed facil- ities for prompt shipments to all parts of the United States regardless of quantitv. All departments of our business are in charge of men specially educated and trained in their respective lines, and we are therefore in position to give reliable, expert opinion on all questions in- volving the employment of Asphalt. Estimates will be furnished upon receipt of plans and specifica- tions, and not infrequently we can make suggestions, based on long experience, which will be of inestimaljle value. Every commodity — all service — is cheap or costly in proportion to its ability to stand the test. Claims have no market value. Pretension cannot long remain under cover. Xothing counts but results, and on this basis we are prepared to demonstrate that our prices are always the lowest. Correspondence solicited. Full and reliable data and samples sent on request. 118B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING United States Crushed Stone Company CHARLES A. KLOTZ, President 184 LA SALLE STREET, CHICAGO QUARRIES: McCook, 111. Racine, Wis. Capacity, 10.000 Tons Daily This Company has recently opened one of the largest Hmestone quarries in the west and has now completed the mstallation of an up-to-date crushmg plant, consisting of Thomas A. Edison's GIANT CRUSHING ROLLS, the largest stone crusher in the world, and nine auxiliary crushers. This Company, by reason of its immense capacity and unexcelled shipping facilities, is now in a position to accept orders for any quantity of Crushed Stone and to make prompt shipment to all points. The McCOOK quarries are located on the Indiana Harbor Belt Railway, Chicago Terminal Transfer Railroad, Chicago Junction Railway and Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. The RACINE quarries are located on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway. Our product is a hard, white limestone suitable for all purposes and screened to any desired size. PRICES furnished upon application. Let us have your inquiries. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Raymond Concrete Pile Company Branch Offices: BALTIMORE PHILADELPHIA General Offices: 135 Adams Street, Chicago 140 Cedar Street, New York Branch Offices: PITTSBURGH ST. LOUIS The constantly increasing use of concrete piling is a substantial recognition of the claims made for it by its advocates. The one advantage over concrete piling that wood piling has possessed, namely, low initial cost, is rapidly disappearing, due to the growing scarcity of the available lumber supply caused by constant deforesta- tion. The absolute permanence of concrete piling, its freedom from the dangers that threaten the integrity of wood piling— rot, over- driving, the attacks of boring animals, etc.— its low ultimate cost, the fact that its constituent materials may be obtained almost any- where, are factors that in time will drive wood piling into the background so far as most cases where piling is necessary are con- cerned. The growing favor, as indicated by its constantly enlarging scope and use, that Raymond concrete piling is finding in the eyes of architects and engineers is significant proof of the wisdom of the thought that animated its inventor and exploiters: that a system of concrete piling that would be practicable, that could be depended upon for durability and strength and whose cost would be much less than that of caissons, would have a wide field of usefulness. Raymond concrete piles are made by driving a tapering sheet steel shell to refusal by means of a collapsible steel core, withdrawing the core and thereupon filling the shell with concrete. Before being filled the shell is subjected to carefiil inspection. After inspection, thoroughly mixed concrete, composed of one part good Portland cement, three parts sharp sand, and five parts crushed stone or gravel of suitable size, is poured in, being carefully tamped until the shell is filled. Our wide experience in placing Raymond concrete piles under nearly every conceivable soil condition bears out our contention that for most foundation work, large, tapering piles are at once the best and most economical. Where piling is necessary the soil is usually poor. Often the best stratum is that lying on or near the surface. In most soils, large, tapering Raymond concrete piles, 18 or 20 inches in diameter at the top and 6 or 8 inches in diameter at the point are very much more effective than straight piles of greater length. This is particularly the case where a comparatively hard stratum is underlaid by softer material. In a tapered pile the load is more uniformly distributed through- out the entire length of the pile. In a straight pile, however, the load is largely concentrated upon the limited area of the point. Thus, where a large tapering pile passes through the hard stratum lying near the surface into the softer underlying material, the bear- ing value of the upper stratum is fully developed through the wedge-like action of the pile. On the other hand, by employing a pile that is straight, or nearly so, the bearing value of the upper stratum is almost entirely lost. The marked advantage, in point of economy, of the tapered pile over other piles, whether of wood or concrete, is brought out in a striking manner by the following comparison of the head surfaces of different diameters ; Head Surface. One 20-inch Raymond pile. 314. 16 sq. in. One IS-inch Raymond pile. 254. 47 sq. in. One 10-inch pile 78.54 sq. in. Four 10-inch piles 314.16 sq. in. One 12-inch pile 113.09 sq. in. Three 12-inch piles 339.27 sq. in. One 14-inch pile 153.93 sq. in. Two 14-lnch piles 307.86 sq. in. One 16-inch pile 201.06 sq. in. Three 16-inch piles 603.18 sq. in. Two 20-inch piles 628.32 sq. in. The Superiority of the RAYMOND SYSTEM of Concrete Piling over any other type of concrete piling is the result of its six basic factors : 1. A shell or form that remains permanently in the ground is used for every Raymond con- crete pile. Perfection is further- more assured in each pile by the ease with which the shell is inspected before filling it with concrete. 2. Raymond concrete piles, due to their large size and tapering shape, develop the greatest pos- sible bearing value. 3. Raymond concrete piles can be easily reinforced. 4. Raymond concrete piles can be more rapidly placed than any other type of concrete piles. 5. Raymond concrete piles are placed without driving on the concrete, and there is conse- quently no possibility of frac- ture. 6. Driving the shell of every Ray- mond pile to a determined re- sistance before filling it with concrete gives the assurance of known bearing value coupled with thoroughly tested piles. We design, make and place concrete piles and concrete sheet piles to meet any condition where piling is necessary. We also design and build difficult foundations, docks, piers, bulkheads, sea walls, retaining walls, and other types of reinforced concrete structures. On request, we will send a representative anywhere at any time, at our expense, to figure on prospective work. 120B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The Barber Asphalt Paving Company MANUFACTURERS OF Genasco Roofing and Waterproofing Materials Land Title Building, PHILADELPHIA 30 Church Street. NEW YORK 906-9 Addison Head BIdg., SAN FRANCISCO 1328 to 1348 Tribune Building, CHICAGO I I'clt. (icnascip Asjjlialt mc Surface and W'liite- I'nr tivf til ton years. Kant Leak Klcctz. as I'RODL'CTS Trinidad l.akt- .\>]ilialt Kncitini^- Cement. (Icnasco .\s|)lialt .^^atnratci Tilt- lenient, \ulcanile Special Mastic. ( lenasco Ready Roofinjis. four types: Model, Sinmitli Surface, .'^t stone. They are the standard ready roofings, and are L;uaranteed L'oniplete directions for layintf with nails and Liipiid Cement or s])ecitie(l. are packed in the core of each roll. ( ienasco Liquid Roof Coatinj; for l"eh Roofs; ( lenasco Roof Paint for Tin and Metal Roofs; (Ienasco Positive Seal I'^lt ; • ienasco Positive Seal Fabric ; (lenasco Positive Seal Solid and Lic|ui(i As])halt Cements; (Ienasco Positive Seal Paints. All of the above iiroducts are made from Trinidad Lake As]dialt and other natural asiihalts. TRINIDAD LAKE ASPHALT ROOFING CEMENT— For the construction of built- up roofs use Trinidail Lake As])halt Routine; Cement with either as]:)halt or coal-tar saturated felts. A four-])ly Trinidad Lake Asphalt roof is much more durable and less expensive than a five-ply roof made with coal-tar pitch, the slight excess cost of the asphalt being more than offset by the saving on felt and sheathing paper. Trinidad Lake Asphalt was economical when it cost two or three times as much as coal-tar pitch; at its present low price there is no excuse for using inferior materials. .Sentl for Roof Specifications. (ienasco Positive Seal Felt and b'abric (Saturated liurlap) are especiallv adapted for rendering concrete or masonry imiier\ious to water for the protection of all kinds of un- derground structural work. The felt and the burlap fabric are made of the highest grade materials obtainable, and are thoroughly saturated and coated with natiu^al asphalt so that no particle of the fabric is exposed. These products have unusual tensile strength, and in connection with Genasco Positive Seal Cements will make the most effective water- proofing course ])ossible to construct. GENASCO POSITIVE SEAL SOLID CEMENTS— These cements are manufactured from natural asphalts, and are free from coal-tar or blown t)il. They are es])ecially adapt- able for use with (Ienasco I'ositive Seal Felt and Fabric for all classes of underground water- proofing, but where there is no water pressure to be overcome they may be ajiplicd without the use of felt or fabric for the protection of metal, concrete or brick structures. Such sur- faces, however, should first be painted with (ienasco Positive Seal Paint. Genasco Positive Seal Liquid Cement may be used cold as a substitute for the Solid Cement, wiiere there are no facilities for heating the latter. GENASCO POSITIVE SEAL PAINT No. 1— This is the ideal damp-proofing paint, ha\ing \aluable characteristics not ]iossessed by an>' other ])aint. It will positivelj' seal the pores of brick, stone or concrete against moisture, and may be used under any form of sand ]jlaster, the rough plaster being laid directly upon the paint without lathing or furring. GENASCO POSITIVE SEAL PAINT No. 2 is used as a priming coat for wood, masonry or steel, where l'osili\e ."^eal .'^olid Cenienl is to be applied hot. Our booklet entitled "W'aterprooling by the Positive Seal Method" will be mailed on request. This booklet contains detailed descriptions and specifications of the above water- proofing and roofing materials, and will be found of particidar interest to architects and engineers. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING AYER & LORD TIE CO Manufacturers and Dealers in Ties, Paving Blocks, Timbers, etc. RAILWAY EXCHANGE BUILDING CHICAGO, ILL. PRODUCTS Railroad crossties, treated and untreated, piling, lumber, tim- bers of all kinds, railroad and commercial, and creosoted wood paving blocks. DESCRIPTION The Ayer & Lord Tie Co. handles ties from all classes of Southern woods, principally white oak in the untreated ties, and red oak and black oak, as well as beech, ash, elm, gum and pine, in the treated timbers. FACILITIES Treating plants at Carbondale, 111.; Grenada, Miss., and Argenta, Ark., with a total of sixteen cylinders. The plants are equipped to treat with both chloride of zinc and creosote oil. At Grenada, Miss., we have a mill for the production of paving blocks with a capacity of 4,000 square yards of 4 inch blocks per day, and cylinder capacity in double that amount. We have storage capacity at our plants for 2,000,000 gallons of creosote oil, and storage at New Orleans for as much more. The company has 25 miles of track in its yards and operates its own fleet of 5 steamboats and 80 barges on Southern rivers. 122B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING PHONE MAIN 4 1 42 AUTOMATIC 4142 D. W. BOYD, Pi«. & M.I. GEO. S. ANGUS. S«c. «. Tr. The A. B. Fireproofing Co. I Incorporated > Manufaciurrn and Coniractort of MACKOLITE FIREPROOF PARTITION TILE and PLASTER BOARDS 1402-1403 SCHILLER BUILDING MACKOLITE PARTITION TILE CHICAGO. ILL. PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION SERVICE F.\CILITIES EQUIPMENT ADV.\XT.-\GES ESTIM.XFES GENERAL 1XI-()R.\L\T10X Mainifactiircrs ami Contractors of .Mackolitc Hollow I'artition Tile. I-'iirriiiK Tile ami Plasttr HoanU. -Mackolitc Tile is a composition of Gypsum which is a superior I-'i reproofing material. We arc prepared to furnish large (luantities of material on short notice, as our stock on hand is always hig on standard sizes. This company has a complete and modern plant with superior shipping facilities. Is up to date, and of the very hest. The ea.sy working and economical qualities, as well as its lightness in weight makes Mackolite Tile a very desirable and valuable partition material. This company will gladly furnish prices for Mackolite Tile, delivered F. O. B. any railroad point, or on buildings requiring large quantities will furnish estimates on same erected in place. During the past twenty years Mackolite Tile has been used for partitions in many of the largest and hest build- ings erected in Chicago and throughout the country. H. W. Johns-Manville Co. 27-29 Michigan Avenue, CHICAGO General Office, New York City TRA()E-.\I.\RK ASBESTOS BUILDING .MATERIALS ROOFING MATERIALS INSULATING AND COLD- STORAGE MATERIALS ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES OUR FACILITIES ESTI.MATES 1 R.\Dfi-MAKK Transite .Asbestos Wood, Vitribestos Fire-proofing, Vitribestos Smokestack Lining. .-Xshestos and Building Papers, Brickline and Chimney Cement, Asbestos and Magnesia Pipe and Boiler Covering. J-M Asbestos Roofing, J-M Regal Roofing, Transite .Asbestos Fire-proof Shingles, J-M Roof Coatings and Cements — .Asbestoside (wall siding"). J-M .Asphalt Saturated Asbestos Felts for damp and water-proofing work. Hair Felt, Keystone Hair Insulator, Mineral Wool. We also manufacture every description of Cork Sheets and Cork products for Cold-storage work. Contracts made for material only or applied complete. "Noark" Fuse devices. Tungsten and Carbon Filament Lamps, Linolite Systems of lighting. Overhead line materials for Trolley and Feeder construction. Molded and sheet insulating specialties. Ebony Asbestos Wood, Vulcabcston, Molded Mica, Elcctrabestos, Friction and Rubber Tapes, Electrical Specialties and Supplies. Being the largest manufacturers in the world of .Asbestos and Magnesia products we are able to supply any special material that may be required. We carry at each of our Branch Houses a complete stock of our products, thus enabling us to make prompt, economical deliveries to all points. We maintain at each Branch a competent Engineering Corps and a force of skilled workmen. F^lim.iti ^ for ,i|iplio:ilinn> of our in.itcriaN promptly stibniittrtl 1231; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Anhydrous Pressed Stone Company 405 Chamber of Commerce Building, CHICAGO MANUFACTURERS OF HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS Sills, Lintels and Coping and the well known Waterproojings ANHYDRA WATERPROOFING COMPOUND AN HYDRA WATERPROOFED CEMENT Office Phone, Main 5278 Works Phone, Morton Park 16 T. W. PHINNEY. PrMldenl JULIAN J. PLEAS. Vice-President T. P. HENDERSON. Sec'y. and Trcaj. ESTABLISHED 1859 Chicago Union Lime Works Co. PRODUCERS AND SHIPPERS OF Qua.i«a. LIME AND CRUSHED STONE 19ih AND LINCOLN STREETS 3 I 2 Chamber of Commerce Building MAIN 3480 McCOOK. ILLINOIS AUTOMATIC 6161 THE LARGEST AND BEST EQUIPPED PLANT FOR INTERIOR MARBLE WORK IN CHICAGO Chester IV. IVIarxheivs IVIarble Co. IIMXERIOR MARBLE WORK IIM ALL VARIETIES OF FOREIGN and DOMESTIC IVIARBLES Contractors for ttie marble work in: New Cook County Court House. First National Bank of Detroit. First National Bank Building, Chicago. Louisville Public Library Building. Sears, Roebuck & Co.'s x\dministration Building. Joliet National Bank. New Steger Building, Chicago. Indianapolis Board of Trade Building. Cook County Tuberculosis Hospital. First National Bank of Chattanooga. McCormick Residence, Lake Forest. More than 20 Chicago Schools. Office and IVfill: S3rd and Wallace Sts., CHICAGO Phone: Yards 526 124B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Woodbury Granite Company HARDWICK, VERMONT GEORGE H. BICKFORD. General Manager Branch Offices: CHICAGO— 832 Monadnock Block NEW YORK— 1 Madison Avenue Water Power Stations: MACKVILLE. VT. and GAYSVILLE. VT. Quarries; WOODBURY, VT. BETHEL, VT. Cutting Plants: HARDWICK, VT. BETHEL, VT. pninITT ininiiii r .^ ''*, ^ ^ SKKXICE EQUIPMENT -AND FACILITIES !'!<( )DL'CTS Woodbury (jray Granite, a blue gray, hard, non-absorptive stone, of cndurinj;; c)ualit_\-. used for hisj;li grade building and construction work. Woodbury llasliaw (iranite, a dark blue gray, fine-grained stone, used for nionunients. public fountains and memorials. Ilardwick White (iranite, the whitest granite known, and the choicest building stone quarried in .America. We have furnished Woodbury lira}- for the Chicago City Mall and Cook County Court House, La Salle Street Station, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Iowa State Capitols ; Hard- wick White Granite for the Wisconsin State Cajjitol, and new Pro-Cathedral at Minneapolis; Bashaw (iranite for monuments from Maine to California. .•\t our Wood1)ur\- (Juarry — Twelve modern derricks. |-ailroail sidings, steam and com- pressed air, cableways for grout renioxal, power drills, and e\ery appliance for speed and economy. .\t our ISetliel Ouarry — h'ive modern derricks, railroad sidings, electric ]iower. air drills. cableways for grout, level quarry beds and an o])en working face. At our Hardvvick Plant — Five cutting shops, accmnniodating 400 cutters ; electric power, 3 electric cranes, 2 dago engines, 3 derricks with electric hoists; 4 gang saws, 2 McDonalds, 7 lathes. 8 polishers, compressed air hand tools, machine shoj). and a trained organization. At our I'.cihel Plant — Foiu" cutting slio|)s. acci luuuc idating 3,^0 cutters: electric jxiwer. 3 electric cranes, dago engine, 2 McDonalds, 4 lathes, cnuipressed air hand tools, machine shop, and 600 II. P. steam au.xiliary jdant. At Mackville, \'t. — Water power station, supplying 4.^0 K. W . .\t Gaysville. \'t. — Water power station, sujjplying 300 K. W. GENERAL Capital, $1,000,000. Productive capacity, 2,.S00 cubic feet of finished work |)er eight h.iur INFORM. \TION day. This means that contractors dealing with ns can avoid penalties for granite delays. Unsurpassed ecjuipmenl. Rapid delivery. Rough or finished granite in any amounts. Esti- mates furnished fur granite work anywhere. deli\ered and set in place, if desired. \1'A\ A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Kettle River Quarries Company GENERAL OFFICES MINNEAPOLIS 9S4 SECURITY BANK BUILDING BRANCHES CHICAGO 1033 1st National Bank Building ST. LOUIS 508 512 Pierce Building /m^ QUARRIES Sandstone, Minn. CREOSOTING WORKS Madison, III., and Sandstone, Minn. WE MANUFACTURE CREOSOTED WOOD PAVING BLOCKS and CREOSOTED CROSS ARMS. We also have unexcelled facilities for TREATING RAILROAD TIES and BRIDGE TIMBERS. Our plants are complete and modern in every respect. We can turn out 6,000 square yards of blocks a day at one plant. We produce BUILDING STONE, CURBING and SANDSTONE PAVING BLOCKS. Upon application we shall be glad to send literature or furnish estimates on any of the above. Cii«M) ItaH^ fttm ttfe HIGH GRADE ARCHITECTURAL TERRA COTTA AND BRICK 1208 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BLDG CHICAGO 12ol; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING T. E. RYAN. President J. H. RYAN, Secretary Organized 1 899 — Capital Slock. $75.000 Citizens^ Construction Co, Successors lo Gaffney & Long Construction Co. 805 Chamber of Commerce Buildmg r3~\UM-r^ Contractors for Street Improvements Pavements and Underground A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Tf.i.ki'honi: Main 130S M. H. McGovern Company General Contractors and Construction Eni>;ineers Cbamher of Commerce Chicago Plant iiinl Y„nl: 1084 SOUTH PAULINA STREET 'I'lCMiriioNi; Canai, 2466 l-'SIl A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING u. S.WOOD BLOCKS ''The Silent Pavement'' A PERFECT PAVEMENT L'. S. Cren-rcsiiiate \\ Hixl I'.lnck PasciiKiU marks a new era in Anicri- can street ])aving. It is silent; it is clean, durable, easily taken up and replaced. It is smooth, but not as slippery as asphalt. It is water-proof, rot-proof, oil- proof, wears indefinitel\' under heavy draya;;e and is not injured by street car vibration. Each Creo-resinate Wood Block is saturated under heat and pressure with creosote and resin — the creosote giving preservation, the lieavier resin permanently preventing evaporation of the creosote. The pavement takes the wear on the end-fibres of the close-set blocks, which are set on a concrete foundation. Water cannot penetrate the pavement, which thus is frost-proof. The end fibres of the block do not splinter, split or wear, and the contour of the pavement is preserved. The life (if a U. S. Creo-resinate Pavement, without repairs, is greater than granite. The necessary removals and replacements for repairs to underground pipes, etc., are indistinguishable after relaying. The up- keep cost is nothing. The L'. S. Creo-resinate Wood Pavement reduces the cost of street cleaning to a minimum. The Parker Washington Co. Chicago St. Louis Kansas City Oklahoma and Texas GENERAL CONTRACTORS Pavements, Tunnels, Sewers, Water Pipes, Reinforced Concrete, etc. w m 1^' mi'VAt-rWil III' ]• l' ; /I1CRE0-RE5INATE WOOO hllH K [ .' '';;,-!"i^;'i.':^,'j;;5,^^>-''--. f.oO,,., n 1- -li^i;;^: 129B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING AMERICAN CLAY COMPANY TERRE HAUTE, IND. Manufacturers of Clay Products HOLLOW BUILDING BLOCKS BUILDING TILE — PARTITION TILE — BOOK TILE RADIAL BLOCKS (for Elevator and Tank Construction) DRAIN TILE — FLUE LINING Daily Capacity, 120 Tons. F. B. ROBINSON H. E. BACHTENKIROHER Producers Supply Company GENERAL OFFICES 418 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BLDG. Main 3382 ...PHONES... Main 3058 CHICAGO CRUSHED STONE RUBBLE STONE PORTLAND CEMENT COMMON CEMENT BULK LIME HYDRATED LIME SARD PL/ASTER PLASTERER'S SUI'I'LIES 130B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Interlocking Concrete Construction Co. BUILDERS OF BREJVKW^ATERS, PIERS, DOCKS, BUILDING AND BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS Suite 925-930, 79 Dearborn Street Telephone Randolph 1362 CHICAGO JOHN A. McGARRY H. FOWLER John A. McGarry & Co. PAVING CONTRACTORS Telephone Main 4914 1001 Security Building, CHICAGO 131B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING V. S. CURTIS, Pre.id.nl ERNEST B. GRIFFIN, Secrelsry CAPITAL STOCK, $100,000 The Alonzo Curtis Brick Co., inc. Manufacturers of HARD BUILDING BRICK Yards, Grant Park, III. Phone Long Distance 69 Chicago Office, 1115 Chamber of Commerce Building Englewood Office, 6247 Wentworth Ave. Phone Main 125 Phone Normal 2514 This Company is one of the largest and best equipped Common Brick Plants in the country. It has a daily capacity of 300,000 common brick. The business was established in 1882. The plant employs about 130 men. The plant is located in Grant Park, III., on the C. & E. I. Ry. WM. SCHLAKE. President C. B. VER NOOY. Vice-President E. C. POTTER. Secretary J. H. GRAY. Treasurer F. B. LAMBERT. Supt.ofMfg. Illinois Brick Coivipaisfy 914 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDING CHICAGO Manufacturers of Chicago Common and Sewer Brick. Annual Capacity, 750,000,000. Yards located on all principal railroads entering Chicago. Country Business a Specialty. CHARLES BONNER Telephones Main 2402 - 5247 SYLVESTER MARSHALL Vicc-Prcs. ami Srcy. Bonner & Marshall Company Distributors for the Famous Oriental Brick Face Brick Paving Brick Roofing Tile Chamber of Commerce, 138 Washington Street CHICAGO, ILL. Pressed, Impervious Paving, Glazed and White Enameled Brick Telephone Lincoln 57 WM. KISSACK, Pres. & Gen'l Mgr. American Crushed Stone Co. M.-\NITACTURKRS OF CRUSHED LIMESTONE AND DKAI.KRS IN CRUSHED GRANITE AND PAVING MATERIALS STREET PAVING CONTRACTORS Webster Ave. and the River, CHICAGO 132B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING FA< lOHIlS Ol The Philip Carey Manufacturing Company LOCKLAND, OHIO ESTABLISHED 1873 INCORPORATED 1888 The largest manufacturers nf a luiifurui grailc and (|iiality nf rddfin^- in tlie United States. This c in. X 1 in. Capacity 250 feet 500 feet 750 feet No royalty to be paid for use of our trap For use in connection with vacuum systems, on radiator heater coils, dry kilns, also on drips from risers, and at the end of long runs of heating mains. National Thermostatic Trap 136B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Telephone Haymarket 991 All Departments Established 1882 \VashinKton Boulevard and MorKan Street We Manufacture Our Specialty High Tension Switch Boards (ask the Oak Park Power Co., Flint, Mich.); Glass Switch Boards for High Schools : Large Direct Current Switch Boards (ask Siegel, Cooper C&, Co., Chicago): Panel Boards S. Steel Cut-out Cabinets (ask the Corn Products Co., Argo. 111.). Wiring Large Office Buildings for Electrical Conventions; Complicated Sub-Station Work. ReOair DeUarttnent ^'^^ Rewinding Motors, Dynamos, Repairing Electrical Machinery of all descriptions. Telephone North 4120 Private Exchange All Departments HANLEY-CASEY CO. HEATING VENTILATING APPARATUS COMPLETE POWER PLANTS SANITARY PLUMBING 404 to 412 W. Ohio Street CHICAGO McFELL ELECTRIC CO. Electrical Construction in all Branches Manufacturers of McFELL SYSTEM FIRE ALARM AND WATCHMAN'S SERVICE Selective Call For Telephone Train Dispatching CHICAGO, ILL. 137B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Showing an adjustment of VENTO pattern of AMERICAN Radiators for warming and ventilating a school building; the heating stack is shown at the right, and next (to the left) is an air washer to insure a pure atmospheric circulation. Prominent Chicago buildings use these heaters. Heating Progress in Chicago When the first steel-frame structure in the world was planned in Chicago, the architect knew that it could be well warmed when built. So the sky-scraper, born in Chicago, became a fixed fact in architecture. But these towers of original Chicago enterprise could never have risen much above a four-story, without the skilled heating engineer, steamfitter, and the AMERICAN Radiator to make them comfortable. Thus the sectional Steam or Water Radiator (made by a Chicago concern) has contrib- uted much to advance the comfortable phase of the "Half Century of Chicago Building." Nearly every prominent building in this city is warmed by AMERICAN Radi- ators. In fact, the major part of all the radiator heated Chicago buildings rely on AMERICAN heating surfaces for their comfort. As this fifty years of Chicago build- ing progress has been the result of natural best selections in all materials, these facts testify to the approved, time-tested excellence of AMERICAN Radiators. Thousands of other structures which dot the large cities and towns of this country and Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, rely on these popular heating surfaces for artificial comfort. The VENTO Heater above illustrated, which is a special form of AMERICAN Radiators, is used for heating and ventilating purposes in the Railroad Exchange; University Club; Seventh Regiment Armory; Hart. Schaffner and Marx building; John M. Smyth Building; Commonwealth-Edison Building and American Music Hall. This Heater will also be extensively used in the new Chicago and Northwestern Railway Terminal, Blackstone Hotel, and the Peoples' Gas Light Building, now under construction. AMERICAN T^ ADIATOR r O-AVPANY SALES ROOMS, 282-286 MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO All are invited to call and see our samples of artistic AMERICAN Radiators and IDEAL Steam and Water Boilers, for all sizes of buildings from a 3-room cottage up to the highest sky tower. Sales Rooms and Warehouses in all large cities of America and Europe. 138B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING 1S7S James B. Clow & Sons 1*>10 Manufacturers of CAST IRON PIPE. FITTINGS. VALVES. WATERWORKS :: :: SUPPLIES. RADIATORS. HEATERS. :: :: STEAM AND GAS GOODS. PLUMBING GOODS. MARBLE Coshocton Ohio Plant, James B. Clow if Suns wnnh of Ralph Wahlo Eniors and N'othing astonishes men so nnich as common sense and plain dcalinj,'. lluso wci they stand as strong today as they did in his time. The growth of James B. Clow & Sons from 1878 to the present time has heen in accordance with common sense and plain dealing methods. Step hy step the Clow Company has climhcd the ladder of success, strengthening its position at every stage with llu !,;i)(id will of its customers, together with the host cquipmc'nt of men and machinery that this age affords. Several times the company has been CDUipelled from lack of space to move into larger quarters until now it is located in a modern seven-story tire- proof hnilding. bounded by Harrison and l-'ranklin Streets, Loma.\ Court and tile Chicago River, with branch stores on the west and northwest sides of the city. The company's shipping facilities arc unexcelled: via rail right from the Imilding. Illinois Tunnel, motor truck or Cliicago water. < )n account of the increased business ihe company was compelled to erect an- other plant to relieve the congestion at ilie Works, N'ewcomerstown, Ohio. A site at Co.shocton. Ohio, was selected, lomprising 75 acres of land. The new plant is now adding to the vast tonnage i| the company. The Clow Company maintains branch scKs offices at New York. Washington. I). C. Pittsburg. .-Xtlanta. Milwaukee, Mimieapolis, St. Louis. Kansas City. San I rancisco. Seattle and Havana. Cuba. The officers of the company are : President — William E. Clow. Nice- President — Ch.vki.ks R. Ci-ow. Second Vice-President — Mk.vrv B. I I oW. Secretary — J.\.mks C. Clow. treasurer — J. M. Johnso.v. .\ssistant Secretary ami Treasurer — Clow HuildinK, Cliieatio, with unexcelled shipping facilities .Iamks McLk.vx. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Troy^ Laundry" Machiner}^ Co. I LIMITED) La Salle and Twenty-Third Streets Chicago, Illinois BRANCH HOUSES: New York City San Francisco Seattle London Paris Amsterdam Berlin Augsburg PRODUCTS We manufacture a complete line of laundry machinery, ranging from the smallest appliance to the machine whose capacity exceeds the most trying or unusual demands. DESCRIPTION This includes Washers of wood or metal, Extractors, Wringers, Disinfecting and Sterilizing Machines, Tumblers, Starchers, Dryrooms and their Appliances, Dampeners, Ironers of all kinds, and also a full line of appliances for the special use of Dyers and Dry Cleaners. SERVICE We can fill orders promptly, anywhere in the United States and Canada and foreign countries, alike for a single machine or a complete plant, and furnish skilled construction engineers for its installation. FACILITIES Our factory with its 8^ acres of floor space, is the largest in the world devoted exclusively to the manufacture of cleansing machinery, and a model in its equipment, organization and administration. EQUIPMENT Our mechanical equipment is the best obtainable; our material is carefully selected and rigorously in- spected ; our employes represent the highest type of skilled labor ; the supervision is constant and along the most approved lines. ADV,-\NTAGES Our location gives the opportunities of choice and saving possilile near such a base of supplies; our shipping facilities in this railroad center enable quick deliveries to all sections. ESTIM.\TES Estimates on single or several machines or entire plants, covering, when desired, the cost of installation, are cheerfully furnished. Our catalogue will be sent on application, plans made by our drafting department and any information sought gladly given. This Company was founded thirty years ago in Troy by leading practical launderers of that city to meet their demands for improved equipment. It has had a surprising and consistent growth, especially since its location in its present home in 1906. HOU A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING LOOMIS FILTERS Filtration and Purification of Water for all purposes Bright Sparkling Water Furnished Free from Color, the Germs of Disease, and other Deleterious Matter Loomis Filters were first placed on the market in the year 1880 They hail tlu- first loose sand liUer lieils, originating what is now known as the Anieriean or Kapiil System of Filtration. They have the only method by which every particle of the tlltering material is thoroughly scoured and easily kept clean. They filter all the Water for Residences, Hospitals. Hotels, Apartments. Office Buildings, Manufacturing Establishments, City and Tldg.. Congress Hotel, Palmer House, Chicago I'ublic Schools, La Salle Motel, Countv Building. 145B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Standard Varnisli Works CHICAGO PLANT OF STANDARD VARNISH WORKS 2620-2640 ARMOUR. AVENUE The Standard Varnish Works was estabhshed in Chicago about 30 years ago by Mr. Oscar Rosen- berg, now Vice-President of the Company; since that time it has grown rapidly hke the wonderful city of which it is a part. We manufacture all kinds of varnishes, stains, japans, fillers, lacquers, shellacs and dryers. There are many kinds of varnishes — for pianos, carriages, automobiles, boats, agricultural implements, furni- ture and house finishing. Stains are made for finish- ing all kinds of woods, lacquers for brass work, japans for iron and metal work. We are prepared to furnish varnishes of all kinds and descriptions on short notice owing to our excellent manufacturing and shipping facilities. Our large tank capacity permits us to carry a tremendous stock of all classes of goods, well aged and settled. Our plant is complete and modern in every par- ticular and though the capacity is large, we have out- grown it and have spread into adjacent buildings. We have recently acquired a large tract of land ad- joining the present factory, which will be improved with a new and spacious building. Among the best known brands are our Elastica finishes which were the pioneer proprietary varnishes introduced to the American public and at once be- came popular owing to the extremely high quality. They are intended for finest and exclusive work in residences, hotels, libraries, office buildings, public institutions and edifices, and other structures where quality is a consideration. STANDARD VARNISH WORKS New York Chicago London Berlin Brussels INTERNATIONAL VARNISH CO.. Limited. Toronto 146B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ALBANY BALTIMORE BOSTON LOUISVILLE OMAHA PITTSBURGH Heath & Milligan Mfg. Co. Paint and Color Maimers Manufacturing Plant and General Offices CHICAGO, U. S. A. PRODUCTS. DESCRIPTION. SERVICE. FACILITIES. EQUIPMENT. ADVANTAGES. ESTIMATES. Manufacturers of Paints and Dry Colors. Paints for railways, bridges, structural steel, stone, wood, plaster and all gen- eral exterior and interior painting purposes. We carry at all times a large, complete stock of regular paint products. All orders for standard goods are shipped the day received. We are prepared to give prompt, efficient service to the matching of samples or making paints for special purposes, having a laboratory and corps of experts detailed on this work. Our plant is the most complete, modern, scientific, technological paint factory in the world. Completed in 1909. Steel and reinforced concrete construc- tion. Electric equipment throughout. All machines operated by individual motors. Automatic loading and unloading devices and all modern labor saving ma- chinery. By careful chemical and physical examination of all raw materials, we at all times maintain a uniform high standard of quality. With our equipment we can prepare with great facility any volume of business ranging from a half pint to car loads. The capacity of our liquid paint department is a car load every two hours and the output of our color, paste paint and specialties depart- ments is proportionately large. We are prepared to figure with contractors, architects, engineers or large cor- porations on their specifications, for all classes of work, regardless of the amount of material involved. We furnish samples on request. 147 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING WM. T. MORGAN, Vice-President ALBERT J. DENISTON, Vice-Pres. and Ass't Mgr. Raymond Lead Company Lexington Street and Washtenaw Avenue, CHICAGO The Most Complete and Largest Lead Plant in the United States I AND THAT MEANS THE WORLD ' ALL OUR M ACHIN ERY ELECTRIC DRII'EN Our new enlarged and up-to-date facili- ties enable us to pro- duce the most perfect material. When ordering through your jobber specify Raymond Lead Company's Products and SEE THAT YOU GET THEM 5t, MANUFACTURERS: Lead Pipe, Sheet Lead, Shot, Lead Traps, Bends, Ferrules, Collapsable Tubes, etc. Block Tin Pipe, Came Lead, Lead Sash Weights, Solder, Babbit and Mixed Metals, Pig Lead, Pig Tin, Anti- mony, Phosphor Tin. ALL ORDERS EXE- CUTED SAME DAY AS RECEIVED. GET OUR PRICES Downtown Depot for City Trade, 34 N. CLINTON STREET FLOQRENE for FLOORS Soap, Scrubbing Brushes, Cleaning Compounds and Scrubbing may be entirely dispensed with, if you use Floorene on your floors SEND FOR OUR BOOK Beautiful Floors Simplified FREE FOR THE ASKING Explains conclusively and successfully The Floor Finish Problem DURENE FOR WOODWORK Durene, as its name implies, is the most Durable, Lasting, Washable and Bril- liant Wood Finish on the market. Quality uppermost, Excellent flowing prop- erties, full body and wear-proof, can be rubbed and polished American Varnish Co. VARNISH SPECIALISTS 1138 to 1140 NORTH BRANCH ST. CHICAGO, U. S. A. Chicago Flexible Shaft Co. LA SALLE AVE. AND ONTARIO STS. MAKERS OF STEWART GAS AND OIL BLAST FURNACES For the heat treatment of metals; flexible shafts and flexible shaft machinery of every description 148B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING LINK- BELT COMPANY Thirty-ninth Street and Stewart A\enue CHICAGO, U. S. A. Specialists in the design and manufacture of modern labor-saving appliances and equip- ment for the handling of raw materials or manufactured products, in bulk or packages Hniiu/i Othiii ■ ^''■■^^' ^""^^^ City I'ittsburn ll'nrks til jni. matter \v<\\ lari;e or small your requirements in nur line ma}' be. (iEXERAL We also carry a com])lete line of the famous Wolf .\mmonia fittings INFORMATION' which ha\e never been equaled. We can also su])])ly vou with e\er\thing required around an Ice-making or Refrigerating plant. WRITE FOR OUR CATALOGS. 151B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CALUMET STEEL COMPANY COMMERCIAL NATIONAL BANK BUILDING CHICAGO Works: Chicago Heights & STEEL a FOR_ ReintorOTS. Concme LIGHT BAR.S- CHANNFL.'t TEES ■ ANl-LE^- Fou L \THING ANr> FIREPKOor CONiTRUCTlON- G«littT5TEEL@MPANY 'ilKilM \\ril)N\l lUNkliUILlllNt. CHICAGO STOCK AND SHIPMENTS We carry at our mill warehouse a large stock of all sizes in rounds, plain and twisted squares, and are in position to cut to your specified lengths and make an immediate shipment upon receipt of specifications. BENDING We are prepared to do your bending at our mill, thereby saving you the inconvenience and high cost in the field. Send us your detailed drawings for estimate. CALUMET STEEL COMPANY Commercial National Bank Building CHICAGO 154B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ALLIS-CHALMERS COMPANY MILWAUKEE, WIS. Offices in all the Principal Cities of the World PRODUCTS Lar^^ost niamifactiirers in the world of I'ower Machinery, Electric Gen- erators, l'iim])in|j; Machinery, Saw Mill Equipments, Flour Mill, Crushini,', Cement-Making, Minin;,;- and Ore Reduction Machinery. Electrically ()])erated Air I'.rakes, Power Transmittinj^^ Macliinery, etc., etc. DESCRI I'TinX 'i'lio work of .\llis-Clialniers Company is carried on in the followini^ (le])artnu-nts : i'llcctrical. Steam Turbine, Steam Enj^ine, Gas Enj^ine, Pum])- inj;- Engine, iiydraiilir Turbine, Mining Machinery. Crushing and Cement Machinery. Saw Mill, I'lour Mill, and Air lirake. The i)ro-Chalmers Company \5'A'. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING FLOOR SPACE 750,000 SQ. FT. Larg'est iron and steel supply house in the world CAPACITY 150,000 TONS iS, 16TH AND ROC STREETS, Structural shapes, plates, bars, bands, sheets, rivets, boiler tubes, steel workers' supplies, fittings and machinery This Chicago stock, supplemented by our machinery — offers For the Shop — a complete stock of material, fittings and tools for immediate shipment, and the advantage in case of emergency of the use of the most modern metal working machinery and facilities For the Builder, Architect and Contractor — practical insurance against delay in construction due to belated shipments of material, thus assuring early rental income, and a ready source of supply for emergency needs ESTABLISH ED 1843 INCORPORATED 1888 Joseph T. Ryerson & Son EDWARD L. RYERSON, PRESIDENT CLYDE M. CARR, VICE-PRESIDENT iron steel machinery Chicago 156B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Capacity 150,000 Tons = Floor Space 750,000 Square Feet TERIOR VIEW OF SOUTH STRUCTURAL WAREHOUSE. JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON. CORNER OF PLATE FLOOR. NORTH WAREHOUSE. JOSEPH T. RYERSON SECTION OF TUBC FLOOR. SHOWING RAILROAD FACILITIES. JOSCPH T. RVCRSON 4. SON. 157B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING NORTH WORKS ILLINOIS STEEL COMPANY 1319 WABANSIA AVENUE CHICAGO, ILL. PRODUCTS ROLLED STEEL FROM WAREHOUSE STOCK. DESCRIP- We carry a large and complete stock of STEEL TION BEAMS, CHANNELS. TEES, ZEES, SHEARED AND UNIVERSAL MILL PLATES, FLATS, ROUNDS. PLAIN AND COLD TWISTED SQUARES. RIVET RODS, RIVETS. ETC. These materials are m accordance with Manufacturers' Standard Specifications. The structural shapes, plates and bars are Railway Bridge Quality; rivets and rivet rods are Boiler Rivet Quality. SERVICE These materials are stored in large warehouses under elec- tric cranes. Most efficient cutting machines are adjacent to the stock, enabling us to furnish promptly large as well as small quantities of materials cut to lengths and sizes required. For the benefit of the trade, we issue every Saturday a WEEKLY STOCK SHEET showing the quantities of each of the different kinds and sizes materials on hand. 158B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING DURAND-STEEL LOCKER COMPANY 125 Monroe Street Chicago, Illinois Showing DURAND-STEEL LOCKERS in Continental National Bank Manufacturers of DURAND-STEEL LOCKERS, a necessity for every building. Fireproof, petty thief proof and germ proof. DURAND-STEEL LOCKERS are in use in every modern building in and around Chicago and are endorsed by all leading architects and engineers. We will gladly furnish plans and estimates on any style in any quantity. DURAND-STEEL LOCKER COMPANY 125 MONROE STREET, CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 159 C A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Corrugated Bar Company 1416 National Bank of Commerce Building, ST. LOUIS, MO. AGENTS IN ALL LARGE CITIES PERFECT BOND PERFECT BOND Standard Sizes Corrugated Rounds SIZE IN INCHES % .n .38 'A .19 .66 /16 .25 .86 % .30 1.05 .44 1.52 Vs .60 2.06 1 .78 2.69 .99 3.41 VA Net area in sq. in. . . ■ Weight per ft. in lbs. . . 1.22 4.21 Standard Sizes Corrugated Squares SIZE IN INCHES .06 .22 % .14 .49 'A .25 .86 Ys .39 1.35 X .56 1.94 Vs .76 2.64 1 1.00 3.43 V/s 1.26 4.34 VA Net area in scj. in Weight per ft. in lbs. . . 1.55 5.35 PRODUCTS CORRUGATED BARS. DESCRIPTION The first and best deformed bars. SERVICE FACILITIES The best reinforcement forconcrete — certain, safe and economical. Rolled at eight of the country's largest mills. IN STOCK IN CHICAGO and fourteen other cities. ADVANTAGES Perfect material — perfect bond. Immediate shipment — lowest cost. CORRBAR BEAM UNITS The only commercially practicable unit reinforcement. Accuracy, security and economy in the reinforcement of concrete beams and girders. Plant at Blasdell (Buffalo), N. Y., with a daily capacity of 300 tons of fabricated reinforcement. Safety and accuracy in construction at less than the cost of loose bars. ESTIIVIATES Quotations and estimates on the reinforcement of any class of reinforced concrete structure will be cheerfully and quickly furnished by any of the company's sales offices. Better Construction fi^^^Himi Fabricated Reinforcement CORRBAR BEAM UNIT 160B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING A Few Labor and Time Savers Manufactured by CHICAGO PNEUMATIC TOOL COMPANY LITTLE GIANT AIR DRILI. Buili in Capiii-ities up to 3 inchi-s, in iron WRITE FOR CATALOGUES FISHER BUILDING CHICAGO U. S. A. OUNTLEY KLECTRK: DKll.L Built in C^uvailii-s np t.. .1 inilus. in iron or slccl WRITE FOR CATALOGUES BOYER LONG STROKE RIVETING HAMMER CHICAGO MIDGET AIR MIDGET ELECTRIC DRILL DRILL Capacity i^,i inch Iron Capacity i^ inch Iron Tools Sent on Trial Anywhere Everything Liberally Guaranteed CHICAGO GIANT ROCK DRILL OperatinK in Quaryof United States Crushed Stone Co.. ChicaKo MANUFACTURED AND SOLD BY CHICAGO PNEUMATIC TOOL COMPANY CHICAGO Branches Everywhere NEW YORK 161B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING H. E. Bullock, Pres. Organized 1884 J. E. Bullock, Secy. & Treas. Illinois Malleable Iron Co. 1801-1825 Diversey Boulevard, Chicago, 111. and North Paulina DEPARTMENTS MALLEABLE FOUNDRY — Refined Malleable Iron STREET IMPROVEMENT CASTINGS — Manholes, Castings to order. &c., &c. GRAY IRON " Castings to order. HEATING— IMICO Boilers, Garbage Burners, Tank Heaters, 6?c. BRASS " Brass Castings to Order. PLUMBING GOODS— Modern Plumbing Fixtures. PIPE FITTINGS- Manufacturers of Malleable and Cast Iron Pipe Fittings of all kinds. RAILROAD Brake Shoes, Smoke Jacks, fee. Catalogues furnished on application to those interested Plant occupies 20 acres of land on C. 6= N. W. Ry. tracks at junction of Diversey Boulevard D. C. & WM. B. JACKSON ENGINEERS, EXPERTS CHICAGO BOSTON Commercial National Bank Building 84 State Street, India Building MEMBERS— American Institute of Electrical Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Society of Civil Engineers Western Society of Engineers American Gas Institute Complete Designs of Electric Light, Power and Railway Plants, and Power Transmission Systems, with Supervision of Construction: Steam, Gas or Water Driven. Management and Supervision of Electric Light and Power Properties and Gas Plants. Examinations and Reports on Engineering Projects and on the Conditions Existing in Established Properties and the Opportunities for their Improvement. Referees and Arbitrators in Matters Relating to Industrial Enterprises. Financial Reports on the Physical Value and the Earning Capacity of Industrial Enterprises, for Bankers and Underwriters. 162B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING WHEN YOU BUILD Safety and ultinuiti.' economy require that you build fireproof. To carry fireproof construction to its logical conclusion, it is necessary to have a fireproof roof. For this we would recommend our MARGARET Old Style Roofing Plate. This plate is made by the Palm Oil Process from perfect, carefully amiealed black plate, coated wilb pure- tin and new lead. Carries a 40 pound coating, and as a protection to you this plate is stamped with brand, gauge and weiRlu : tints insuring a positive guarantee of genuineness and worth. To manufacture this plate requires fifteen different operatioTis from the black plate to the finished product, which gives assurance of cxclusiveness that prevents duplication. It is perfectly mottled and uniforndy coated, and is equal, if not superior, to any plate on the market today. Metal Ceilings and Side Walls is another of our products which are conducive to fireproof building. The surpassing beauty of our designs is one of their most prominent features — designs representing the cleverest handiwork of artists. These together with an extensive array affords an appropriate choice for the most exacting need. Our luiameled Ceilings can be furnished in any design made by us and in any ct)lor arrangement. Colors arc burnt on: the gold decoration will not tarnish and colors will not fade. This unique character is exclusively confined to Metal Ceilings of our manufacture. Kindred lines of Sheet Metals for fireproof construction are distinctively described in our catalogue, and we would emphasize the wisdom of iinesli.e.itinu. Wheeling Corrugating Co., 168-172 North Clinton Street, Chicago, 111. C. A. CARLSON TELEPHONE MONROE 3612 JOHN BJORN Chicago Iron CS, Steel Works Machinery Forgings Pipe Hangers and Clamps Tools and Tool Dressing Sheeting Caps Truss Iron and Bolts IRON \VORK FOR BUILDINGS AND GENERAL BLACKSMITHING Beams, Channels, Girders Lintels, Iron Stairs W/indow Guards Store Fronts Stirrups and Anchors 733 Fulton Street, Chicago Featherstone Foundry & Machine Co. 836 North Halsted Street Chicago PLANTS: 836 No. Halsted Street, Chicago 95th and Cottage Grove Avenue, Chicago Melrose Park, Illinois GREY IRON CASTINGS OF ALL KINDS RAILROAD AND SEWER CASTINGS A SPECIALTY F. P. Smith Wire and Iron Works Office and Warehouse: 100-102 Lake Street, Chicago, 111. Foundry and Shop: Chester Street, Ciybourn and Fullerton Avenues Ornamental Iron and Bronze Work; Iron, Bronze and Brass Founders, Spiral Columns and Steel for Concrete Re-enforcement. Dniunrti and Manutacluci-n ol An M.-lal Wotk. Iron Fcocn. Elevator Encloiuro and Cabs, Balcony Railmm. Iron Column! and Slair<. Jall>. Guards, Bank Inlcrlors, Flrt- Escape. Shutlers and Doors. Slabl.- Fillings, Cr«tln>s and V.nr.. Wire Cloth. Brass andElrctro-Plated Work. Melal Lockers. Etc. Catalogue on Application Sand Blasting i(.3n A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING North Works and General Offices 349 to 359 West Illinois Street Telephone Main 1584 South Works 96th Street and River Telephone South Chicago 654 JOSEPH MOHR, President ALBERT MOHR, Vice-President LOUIS MOHR, Secretary EDWARD MOHR, Asst. Secretary WM. J. MOHR, Treasurer JOHN MOHR & SONS Engineers, Designers and Machinists for Steel Plate and Structural Work of Every Description Boilers of All Kinds of Highest Grade and Efficiency Blast Furnaces Hot Stoves Conventers Cupolas Sterilizers, etc. SOUTH WORKS In fact, Anything and Everything made of Light and Heavy Steel Plate or Structural Material 164B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING METAL WINDOWS OF ALL KINDS AND FOR ALL USES Tested and Approved by Underwriters' Laboratories Voigtmann & Company 445-459 East Erie Street Chicago SEND FOR CATALOGUE 165B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING J. C. McFARLAND & CO. FIREPROOF MET^L IVINDOIVS Double Hung and Pivoted Accepted by the Underwriters SKYLIGHTS — SHEET METAL WORK TILE, SLATE AND COMPOSITION ROOFING Repairs of All Kinds Our Specialty ART METAL DOORS AND TRIM Enamel Fi?iish, Imitating Any Wood Contracts Taken Anywhere 27th street and 5th AVENUE CHICAGO, ILL. 213-215 EAST 44th STREET NEW YORK, N.Y. JOHN A. KNISELY RICHARD W. KNISELY CHAS. T. KNISELY KNISELYBROS. ™- MANUFACTURERS OF Automatic Iron and Copper Window Frames and Sashes for Wire Glass APPROVED AND ACCEPTED BY THE FIRE INSURANCE UNDERWRITERS Slate, Tin, Tile and Currugated Iron Roofing Metal Cornices and Skylights Telephones Calumet 1266 and 1267 Fifth Avenue and 28th Place CHICAGO Knisely Brothers, 28th Place and Fifth Ave., manufacturers of Fireproof Windows, Hollow Metal and Wood Core Doors, all of which have been tested and approved by the Underwriters Laboratories. Each and every window and door being inspected by the laboratory and bears their label before leaving our factory. These windows are glazed with wire glass, either ribbed or polished, as may suit the owner. We are prepared to install our windows and doors any place in this country, or we can furnish these materials F. O. B. any city or town and same can be installed by local mechanics. Our factory, situated at 28th Place and Fifth Ave., covers almost an entire block, is equipped with the latest modern machinery, facilitating this work, at all times. We will gladly furnish estimates to any part of the country. Plans may be forwarded and we will return same promptly. Catalogues will be furnished on application. 166B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING We Hawley Down Draft Furnace Co. PARIS NAPLES CHICAGO NEW YORK LONDON The Down Draft System of ^^ Smokeless Combustion'' Established 20 Years Over 8000 in use Adopted by Government s=w:*jMj.js»-*^c»^*sa?*'5ra» »i :-.:::r:ro;-'i^ Can be Attached to Any Make or Size of Boiler Catalog and Specifica- tions upon request io7i; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Otis Elevator Company Builders of All Types of Elevators Otis Traction Elevator Otis Traction Elevator is the highest development of elevator apparatus known at the present time. This type of elevator is being successfully operated in the two highest build- ings of the ^NOxXA— Metropolitan Life and Singer Towers of New York City. Also in the Majestic^ Cook County Court House^ Peoples Gas, City Mall, Republic and Blackstone Hotel Buildings 2ind will be installed in the Motel Sherman and the Kesner Building of Chicago. O T I s E L E VAT O R C O M PA N Y OFFICES I N A L L T W [E PRINCIPAL C I T I E s O F THE W O H L D C h ica g o Office '' :: :: Rail way E X c h a n g e Bui Idi n g 168B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Otis Elevator Company Builders of All Types of Elevators Hand Power Elevators for use in stables, warehouses, mills and factories; also for private houses as trunk lifts; in hospitals for invalids, etc. Can be installed at a low cost of 5?>1()0.00 upwards. Automatic Push Button Control Elevators make the private house complete, operating with the greatest ease, and can be operated either b}^ the youngest or the oldest in the household. Hydraulic Elevators of all types for passenger and freight service. >line and Furnace Hoists using both electricity and steam. Safeties The safeties on all our elevators are of the highest improved type, the result of over half a century of successful elevator manufacturing. o T I s E L E VAT O R c o M PA N Y O F F 1 C E S 1 N A L L T H E PRINCIPAL C 1 T I E S O F THE W O R L D Ch i c a g o O f f i c e '•'• :: :: RaiP w^ a y E X Ch a n g e Bui 1 d i n g Ib'JU A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Art Metal Construction Co. Fine Metallic Furniture FOR Banks, Trust and Insurance Companies, Public Buildings, etc. JAMESTOWN, N. Y. Established 0000 NEW YORK, 349 Broadway CHICAGO. Merchants Loan and Trust Bldg. BOSTON, Tremont Bldg. PHILADELPHIA, Witherspoon Bldg. BALTIMORE. Equitable Bldg. SAN FRANCISCO. Flood Bldg. CINCINNATI. Union Trust Bldg. ATLANTA, Candler Bldg. DENVER. Jacobson Bldg. CLEVELAND. Williamson Bldg. WASHINGTON. 1433 H St. N. W. Card Index Files. Roller Book Shelves. Legal Blank Cases. Check Files. Safety Deposit Boxes. Bank Equipments, Counters, etc. Postal Bag Racks. Metal Doors and Window Frames. PRODUCTS Manufacturers of High Grade Steel Devices, viz. : Vertical Letter Files. Document and Letter Files. Pigeon Holes and Drawers. Vault Omnibuses. Deposit Ticket Files. Library Shelving. Desks and Tables. Also — Bronze Doors, Grille, Castings, etc. DESCRIPTION The material employed in these productions is fine steel plates especially rolled for the purpose, without scale or buckle and are double annealed and pickled. The finishes are fine baked enamels in various colors or imitations of woods. SERVICE ^Ve are prepared to furnish catalogues and information as to our product. Will send representative to confer with you at any time and lay out your work, furnishing plans and specifications. FACILITIES This Company has the largest and most complete plant in the world for the exclusive manufacture of this product. Occupies six acres floor space and employs 1,200 mechanics. ADVANTAGES Steel Furniture is practically indestructible: is not afifected by moisture or changes in temperature ; is sanitary and cleanly, and protects its contents from fire. ESTIMATES This Company will be glad to furnish estimates on any work in this line which you may require and solicits inquiries. GENERx\L On bronze work we are prepared to give special attention, \\e make our own models INFOR]\IATIOX and patterns, and have our own foundrv, thereby getting the very best results. Architects' details are followed exactly. Our Metal Doors are not excelled. They have passed the National Board of Under- writers' tests. On Bank equipments we furnish complete marble, bronze and metal equipment. 170B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING , I^. HKDUKKG. 1*1 K. HKRliUL,l>. Sec. axuI'hsam. (flljtrago Mttal lipatl^fr i-trtp (Ha. (irs'tJOKI'OKATKIl) ICsTABi.iSi]i!:i> 1}»0:j HoMB Opfiob and Faotohv K517 NORTH TROY STREET Tkl.e;i"hon-b Ilf.MBOLnT 371! CHICAGO PRODl'CTS DESCRIPTION SHR\'ICE ADVANTAGES GENERAL INFORMATION We manufacture and install various patterns of Metal Weather Strips adapt- able to all styles of windows and doors. In the Chicago Metal Weather Strips we employ the best metal, namely, spring-tempered copper and zinc. Perfect window slides, draft and dust shiekls. Their installation is permanent, combining comfort, cleanliness and conven- ience. No storm windows required. They are mechanically correct. The installation of thousands of windows during the past years has proved them to be absolutely perfect and durable. Northwestern Yeast Co. "•^*u^ General Offices :: 1750 North Ashland Avenue :: Chicago, 111. Manufacturers of Yeast Foam and Magic Yeast brands well known to the makers of good Hrcad. Kacli liraml sills to tlu- lonsunur for five cents per package, each packiige containing enoiifjli for thirty loaves of hrcad. Yeast Foam and Magic Yeast are sold through the retail grocer, and every package is guaranteed to the consumer In the makers. This yeast produces a loaf of bread ivith the sweet nutty flavor so desirable bread that keeps fresh and moist. The old-fashioned kind seldom eijualcd. Free Samplej and Recipe Booklets may be had on ajiplication. 1711; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING P. Albert Poppenhusen. pres. Joseph Harrington, secy Herman A. Poppen husen. treas. MANUFACTURERS N Chain Grate Stokers General Founders AND GREEN CHAIN Gi„mmrrrial Natlnnallauk SuUinm MACHINISTS ail|trag0. 3IU. Years ago Chicago deserved its title "The Dirty City." Why? It was smoke enveloped. Our cheapest fuel — from the Illinois coal bed — rich in the smoke produc- ing element — volatile — was extensively and carelessly burned. A belchmg stack then popularly mdicated prosperity and a busy power plant. Now steam plant owners agree that such condition indicates waste, poor boiler economy, excessive coal bills, and a dirty city. Engineers have learned that properly designed furnaces and mechanical stokers are not only necessary for smokeless combustion, meaning a cleaner Chicago, but also result in greater economy. The Green Engineering Co. have equipped 100 plants in the city of Chicago with Green Chain Grate Stokers, representing a horse power of 1 50,000. All of these plants operate smokelessly and economically. These facts should be realized and acted upon by the public, then Chicago will rid itself of its unpleasant nick-name. Have you, as a steam plant owner, grasped the opportunity to investigate the improvements that could be made in your boiler room or taken advantage of service offered by the Green Engineering Company to effect economies in the production of steam and abatement of smoke? Our experience and talent is at your disposal. GREEN ENGINEERING COMPANY, 115 Adams St., Chicago, 111. 172B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CHAMBERLIN METAL WEATHER STRIP CO. ALL-METAL EQUIPMENT FOR WINDOWS AND DOORS Chamberlin Leakage Stop System 570 Old Colony Building CHICAGO, ILL. Main Factory: DETKOIT. MICH. Offico all large cities i Mi'ftine rail equipmfnt s Ch:imb<-rlin Corrunat-d Strij: relation to (rroovc in sash, wii plane strip at th<- bottom PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION SERVICE FACILITIES AND i:gUIPMEXT ADX'AXTAGES ESTIMATES GENERAL IXFORNLVnON Manufacturers and Installers of All Metal Weather Strips. ( )ur improved method of All Metal Equipment that absolutely stops the leakage where l)laced around windows and doors and assures ease in the operation of them. We are especially prepared for furnishing work on large buildings, such as Schools, Hospitals, Hotels and Office Buildings, as well as fine residences and other buildings. The Chamberlin plant at Detroit is supplied with all modern conveniences and equipped with special machinery for the manufacture of our product, for which Chicago and vicinity is one of its greatest sources of distribution and where we keep a large stock on hand at all times for distribution and installation in this part of the Central West. It is much more than an ordinary weather strip, being constructed entirely of a non- rustable metal of sufficient strength for the greatest durability, and will last as long as the building on which it is placed. It stops the drafts on all windows and doors where placed and assures their easy opera- tion, assuring a saving of from 15 to 40% in fuel bills and enables control of ventilation. It also shuts out noise, dirt and soot, strengthens the sash and stops the rattling of windows. It can be applied to all kinds of windows and doors, old or new. but if provided for before the heating plant is installed we guarantee enough can be sa\ed in that from what is usually figured to pay the first cost of our equipment. We will gladly furnish estimates for the installatii>M of our equipment u|)on applica- tion at our Chicago office. Our improved strip is protected by United .States and foreign patents and can be ob- tained only through this and our branch offies rejjresenting our ])ro(luct exclusively. 173B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING DAHLSTROM METALLIC DOOR COMPANY Manufacturers of ifie "Dahlstrom" Patent Sheet-Metal Doors, Trim, and Accessories JAMESTOWN. N. Y. Branch Offices: NEW YORK. N. Y.. 299 Broadway CHICAGO. ILL.. 542-543 Monadnock BIk. PHILADELPHIA. PA.. Real Estate Trust BIdg. SAN FRANCISCO. GAL.. 255 California Si. ST. LOUIS. MO.. National Bank of Co PRODUCTS We are the originators of Hollow Metal Doors, Electrical Cabinets and Cut Out Boxes, Partitions, Wardrobes, and complete trim including Picture and Wire Moulding, Capping, Chair Railing and Cold Drawn Moulding for all purposes in Steel, Brass and Bronze. DESCRIPTION Our patents cover broadly the most desirable features arid insure simplicity of construc- tion, producing absolute rigidity without excessive weight. Our welded joints and sealed double lock seams make the connections invisible, adding beauty and strength to the unsur- passed fireproof qualities of our doors. The corners of our casings are mitered and welded. The side and head jambs are shipped knocked down to provide for adjustment in the rough openings in the building. Xo wood is used but we fit all hardware and provide proper reinforcements of steel for same. Any kind of hardware desired is therefore permissible. Templates of hardware must be at our factory by the time actual work on the doors is commenced. Time and expense will be saved to order all hardware interchangeable and packed with machine screws. , ■ Corrosion is guarded against by a thorough cleaning of the steel and careful application of metallic- paint on inside and outside. Metallic ring is prevented by use of felt and cork cushions. The wearing quality of our finish is enhanced by our baking method and the use of only the best grades of material applied by hand. We undertake to faithfully reproduce any color, wood or metal finish. We maintain a large force of expert tool makers in order to meet demands for spe- cially designed shapes, but we are constantly adding to our stock designs (catalogue of which we shall be pleased to send on application), which are available for immediate use. Our cold drawn steel mouldings are for many purposes rapidly replacing the imported heavy-hot rolled sections heretofore so extensively used by Ornamental Iron Works in stairs, store and elevator front work, etc., and every Architect should make sure to have one of our catalogues for ready reference. These mouldings are furnished to the trade in lengths to suit. The National Board of Fire Underwriters have tested and approved our doors and their labels of inspection are furnished when desired. They also have the approval of the De- partment of Buildings of large cities. Besides meeting a practical purpose by being fireproof, their artistic and superlative finish make our products available for the highest classes of btiildings and give tone to the buildings where used as well as sense of security to hotel guests. Apartments and offices rent quicker, and the material being finished before shipped from the factory, the annoyance caused and time lost by having the trim painted after erection is obviated. The finish on our material is practically indestructible, and our doors do not swell or warp, therefore the expense of these items is entirely eliminated, making a great saving in the maintenance of any building. Our doors absolutely prevent the spread of fire, therefore a great saving in insurance is made possible. 1' KCILITIES Our new factory additions give us floor space of over one-eighth of a million square feet. Our equipment includes special machinery, designed and built especially for Hollow- Metal Door work, and a well equipped tool room, making our facilities for prompt execution of orders unsurpassed. SERVICE To us it is a pleasure to co-operate with Architects, and we will adapt any rough sketch or suggestions to our construction and submit adequate drawings for approval. We particularlv invite communications regarding estimates in all branches of our work. Catalogue sent upon request. PRICES To quote intelligently we should be informed of styles of doors, sizes of openings, thickness and nature of wall and whether openings are to be trimmed on both sides. Estimates, designs and further information submitted on application. Contracts solicited for F. O. B. factory shipments as well as for the work installed anywhere. GUARANTEE The Dahlstrom Metallic Door Company guarantees that all materials and workmanship used in the manufacture of their products are of the very best quality and that the work thev install will give satisfaction. MOULDINGS OFFICIALS ENDORSEMENT ADVANTAGES 174B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING THE S. H. HARRIS CO 736-738 Pearce Street Manufacturers of Special Safes, Vault Doors and Linings, Fireproof Doors for Division Walls, Stairways, Elevator Shafts, etc. Steel and Asbestos Theatre Curtains. We are prepared to furnish expen ad\ice as to proposed equipments, with blueprints and estimates. A specialty is made of furnishing and instaliino; equipments anywhere in the United States to comply with buildinc ordinances and Underwriters' re<|uireiiients. 175B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Xhoivias Elevator Coivif^aimy Telephone West 391 Manufacturers of Building Material Elevators 20-22 So. Hoyne Avenue Chicago, Illinois Patent Double Dr< PRODUCTS Electric Hoisting- Machinery. DESCRIPTION The products of the Thomas Elevator Company represent the latest and most improved Electric Building Material Hoists for contractors' use. The Thomas Silent Chain Drive Double Drum Electric Iron Hoist is in use in every large city in the United States, and represents the most improved type of hoisting machinery yet devised. ADVANTAGES Electric Hoists are capable of doing an}' work that can be done by steam, and have the important advantages of cleanliness, noiselessness and absolute lack of vibration. FACILITIES The Thomas Elevator Company is the only company in the market making a specialty of electric hoisting machinery for contractors' use. This company was the first in the field in this line and claims more experience in this work than any other company. 176B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Variety Manufacturing Company Sacramento and Carroll Avenues CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Tin Clad Underwriters Fire Door Showing standard Underwriters Tin Clad Sliding Fire Wall Door, built of three thicknesses ^k "6 inch dressed and matched white pine, tinned according to Underwriters' specifications. We guarantee this door to be acceptable to the Underwriters anywhere in the country. We sell the hardware only, or both door and hardware, (. o. b. Chicago, or we will take contracts to erect. Standard Double Swing Iron Door Showing Standard Swinging Steel Fire Wall Doors hung on angle frames. We guarantee these doors to be acceptable to the Underwriters anywhere in the country, and sell them either f. o. b. Chicago, or take contracts to erect complete in place. Manufacturers of Rolling Steel Doors Cross Horizontal Folding Doors Cross Counter-balanced Freight Elevator Doors Approved Iron and Tin Clad Fireproof Doors Cross Compound Slide-up Doors Phone West 23 Stccl Window Shutters 17711 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Elevator Supply £y Repair Company New York Chicago San Francisco Electric Signals for Passenger Elevators Mechanical Floor Indicators for Elevators Automatic Freight Elevator Doors Fireproof Steel Safety Curtains and Other Apparatus for Theatres Expressmen Call System for Office and Loft Buildings Ornamental Iron and Bronze Castings We carry on a general engineering business and are prepared to execute orders for and develop special mechanical and electrical apparatus. We execute complete from Architects' drawings ornamental bronze or iron castings. Having a thoroughly equipped plant, including machine shops, iron and bronze foundries, pattern shop and plating plant, we are enabled to guarantee high-class work ESTIMATES PROMPTLY FURNISHED 178B HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Main Stair. Amarlcan Trust and Savlnes Bank. Chlcaeo ORNAMENTAL IRON & BRONZE STAIRS, RAILINGS, GATES ELEVATOR ENCLOSURES COUNTER SCREENS MEMORIAL TABLETS MAUSOLEUM WORK LAMP STANDARDS, Etc. The Winslow Bros. Company New York h «| '^^ Chicago San Francisco " yfsencies m All Principal Cities of United States LOUIS VIERLING. Prw. and Trt... C. J. VIERLING. Vi«-Prrj. ^^ NORMAN SPEIGHT. S.cy '^^^. CALU MET 36A yierliii$aM(I)o>^^ll&:((). Struotural and Oriiaiiiental IroiiaiKiSloc!!. ^ O/'fice^ and fVor/cs: t^rd St. (^ Stewart Ave. Cluca<>o. Established in 1882, since which time steady progress has been the means of assisting very largely in the construction of many prominent public, mer- cantile and office buildings, both here and in numerous other cities throughout the West and Northwest. Have recently erected new buildings specially equipped with the latest improved machinery, including two sixty feet electric travelers, and we are now fabricating the structural iron and steel for several large buildings, includ- ing that of the Crane Company, being constructed at Canal and 1 5th Streets, this city; also for all the buildings of the Corn Products Refining Company, located at Argo, 111. Catalogue on application. I7'ji; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING STEAM & WATER Sewage Pumps HEATING Bilge Pumps Cellar Drainers Automatic Electric WATER SYSTEM MECHANICAL VENTILATION ACME AIR-WASHERS COOLING OF BUILDINGS Hot Air Pumps COMPLETE Electric Pumps POWER PLANTS Manufactured and Installed by THOMAS & SMITH, Inc. 116-118 NORTH CARPENTER STREET CHICAGO, ILL. Sewage and Bilge Pump Telephone Monroe 5941 (PATENTED) Cyclone Blow Pipe Co. Improved Cyclone Dust Collectors Automatic Furnace Feeders Steel Plate Exhaust Fans and Galvanized Steel Exhaust and Blow Pipe Systems Our Specialty: SLOW SPEED LOW POWER SYSTEMS Complete Systems designed, manufactured, installed and guaranteed. Old systems remodeled on modern lines on most economical plans. Supplementary systems added where present systems are outgrown. Defective systems corrected and put in proper working order. 541 to 553 West Jackson Boulevard, CHICAGO, ILL. 180B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The Strauss Self Balancing Window ill various positions of openings Made in Steel or Wood. No chains, weights, pulleys or springs. Tight without weather strips. Requires no attention after installation. Always easily and quickly operated. Permanent. The most perfect fresh air device in the w^orld. Cheap because best. The Strauss Self Balancing Window Co. 902 Fort Dearborn Building Chicago, Illinois Wm. Horn Structural Iron Works 336 to 346 North Leavitt Street, Chicago Telephone West 1018 Beams Channels Angles Tees and Zees - * » ! Rff^wl Lutting ■ ^Bj|^Kj|Ui>K>Sr'^K:^H Punching ^K. Riveting 1K^^^^^^^^^ Erecting Truss and Girder Work Horn's Ceiling Clip 181 ii A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Steam Pumps for every service. Built from the most improved designs, of the best materials, by expert workmen. Save steam, repairs and trouble. Send for Catalog No. 1 242 S. P. Producer Gets Engines and Power Plants v\tI1 save one-half to two-thirds of your fuel bill. They take up less space, are simpler than a steam plant and require only a portion of the time of one man to operate. Send for Catalog No. 1242 E. P. Coal Handling Machinery and Coal Pockets. We design and build complete plants equipped with machinery of our ov\ti manufacture, driven by steam, electricity or gas engines. Send for Catalog No. 1242 C. S. Fairbanks Scales Backed by a reputation for accuracy of nearly 80 years' standing and the largest scale factory in America. They \st11 protect you against financial loss. Made in standard patterns to meet every individual requirement. Send for Catalog No. S. C. 1242. FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO^ Wabash Avenue and Eldredge Place, Chicago, 111. Lidgerwood Electric and Steam Hoists and Derricks Standard for Builders and Contractors of the World 32,000 STEAM HOISTS AND 1,600 ELECTRIC HOISTS BUILT BY LIDGERWOOD The Special High Speed Electric Builders ' Hoist, shown at tfie left, lias all parts bal- anced to prevent \ibration from rapid running. Used in New York in building Singer Building, Citv" In\esting Building, Metropolitan Tower, Fifth Ave. Building and many other skyscrapers. The Self -Contained, Direct Current Mast Hoist, shown at right, exclusively used in sinking caissons and all foundation work for Hudson River Terminal Build- ings in New York. It is the most convenient and compact form of hoist known. Lidgerwood Steam and Electric Hoists extensively employed on all large Chicago Buildings. UDGERWOOD MANUFACTURING COMPANY 96 Liberty St., NEW YORK 1917 Fisher Bldg., CHICAGO HIGH SPEED BUILDERS' HOIST With OI Without Solenoid Brake Hoists 1.500 pounds .A. C. at 700 rD. C to 1.000 ft. per Curr.-nt as d.:-s minute, ired. DOUBLE DRUM ELECTRIC MAST HOIST WITH BOOM SWINGING GEAR 182B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING // 'hat the II 'c stent Casket ©^ i Un- dertaking Con/pany Meatis to the People of Chieaoo Suburbs a Nil Nearby Towns — It Means — tliat a way lias been opened to the people to escape the exorbitant prices charged for cas- kets, furnishings and services which has been the unquestioned custoni for many years and which still exists. ' — that instead of being a prey of the undertaker you can select a casket and service at any price you choose because Ci-crytbmg is marked in plain figures. — that a man can buy a casket of exquisite rich- ness at $15.00 that positively cannot be equaled for less than $j() to $^^o — same per cent of re- ductions on all grades, which include many rarest woods, lined with the finest silks and satins, ll'e. as manufacturers, knoxc the above fii^ures to be correct and zi'c knozc that Tcr un- dersell ez'cryone by a zi'ide margin. — that Chicago is the first city in the United States to have a large manufacturer of caskets see the light and deal direct with the people. — that our prices will save the people of Chi- cagi> 53,000.000 yearly, and at the same time furnishing a better quality of caskets and ex- pert services. — a square deal all around — the rich will not be overcharged — the poor will not be taken ad- vantage of — the fairly well-to-do can buy within their means. — that we are alone in that we are not bound by any agreement with any association to main- tain high prices, we manufacture everything in Chicago by Chicago people. We have Aere s^iveri you reasons for ou?- loic prices and hi^h quality. Those who have hought sacred service can fully appreciate what a revolution we are liorkin^i; in the undertaking business. Those who have not had any experience should bear our principles and purposes in mind. Western Casket & Undertaking Co. Central Office: Cor. Michigan Ave. and Randolph St., Chicago Oppo.,lr Public Library Urarnh 521C .N 29:3 Vl 1346 W 4039 W S16-S18 6359 S. U'4 K Clark St. Bu St. . Madls . Madison St. Waba«h Ave. Halstrd St. L'L'nd SI \^t first ami only maoutactnrfrs of asJiris aod hiniutiings dalioi; rlirect with the piiit, l.isls as l.m^' .1? the IniiUiinj;, is fire prL>o( - is not injured by washing and is THOROUGHLY CLEAN AND SANITARY Fifty thousand square fe«t of blackboard furnished for Chicago schools. Mil IT nVCtil VV Manufacturer and Sole Owner • D.Ij. DIjV/MUjI-i M 80-82 Wabash Ave, Chicago School Furniture and Supplies of all kinds. iTlo tiiomuot ^mi\h Reinforced Concrete Pressed Brick Stone Facines FA ( ro R^■ OF TH K Pelouze Scale & Mfg.Co. 232-242 E. Ohio Street I'Mi: A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Established 1838— Incorporated 1891 BuRLEY & Tyrrell Co. 118 and 120 Wabash Avenue CHICAGO 385 to 389 Jackson Street ST. PAUL RLEV C-'TV HHEI-LCO ■ ^K'CAGO WAREHOUSE 2219 TO 2239 SOUTH HALSTED STREET This building contains 175,000 square feet of floor space Importers CHICAGO SALESROOMS ana GENEFIAU offices.^ 118 and 120 Wabash Avenue CHICAGO Wholesalers China Crockery Glassware Lamps Electroliers Fancy Goods Silverware Hotel Tableware Retailers STORE AND "WAREHOUSE 385 to 389 Jackson Street ST. PAUL 192B HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Soda Fountains, Store and Bank Fixtures The L. A. Becker Company of Chicago is con- ceded to be the largest exclusive soda fountain fac- tory in the world. It builds complete in one factory absolutely everything that enters into the construc- tion of a soda fountain except mirrors. Among the notable installations of soda fountains built by this company may be mentioned that of John Wanamaker, New York. Terminal Station, Washington, D. C. Terminal Station, Philadelphia. McAdoo Terminal Station, New York. William B. Riker & Son Co. (9), New York. Hegeman & Company (5), New York. The Great Boston Store, Chicago. Judge & Dolph Drug Company, St. Louis, Mo. Busy Bee Candy Company, St. Louis, Mo. The Famous Department Store, St. Louis, Mo. Denver Dry Goods Company, Denver, Colo. Owl Drug Company, San Francisco. The Nunnally Company, Atlanta, Birmingham, and Chattanooga, and many others. \yllr tJjCTVlCC We are prepared to design, build, and install high grade soda water apparatus of any style or description. We will submit to architects or builders complete designs, specifications, and estimates upon request. We build strictly to order high grade drug, confectionery, and bank fix- tures, either upon architects' designs and specifica- tions or upon designs and specifications furnished by us. Correspondence solicited from architects and builders. L. A. BECKER COMPANY CHICAGO Chicago Oyster Pail Co. JOSEPH J. LANZIT, Prrsidrnl Green and Congress Streets, CHICAGO ^^^1 rv^ " — ^ .^1 We Manufacture ta^^i>#.< ^ ''^v^ii^^^^l Paper Oyster Eklrri^H Pails ^y ^'^^^^H Paper HL_r ^^1 Ice Cream ^^ttaf^ P^^M Pails i^J LETS GO FISHING, BROTHER' Paper Cake Boxes Candy Boxes IVe Manufacture Corrugated Paper Shipping Cases Established 1H.S7 LBEBT PiCRsCOWPAN CHICAGO ^ams3i^3S um IMPoWTfriTs^— .."Uni RS— M ANIJI A. 1 UK^« i i I J JJXi i^UJ I tu CHINA. GLA^S SCT_ SILVERWARE H O T E L._ R_E S^T A U R A N T ^ ^S S .X L O O .N SUPPLIES ijJiiiyyfflilUi iikl&itthUi W^.-J.^JU Our sales have multiplied TWELVE times in TEN years. 19,5B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Why not let us do your Advertising? Don't let a false sense of dignity inter- fere with business getting. The highest grade advertisers in the country use posters, even if billposting is the big- gest and most sensational advertising known. American 757 W. JACKSON BOULEVARD Telephone Monroe 1963 Posting Service BILLPOSTERS AND DISTRIBUTORS 194B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING St. Louis, Mo. New York Kansas City, Mo. Milwaukee Omaha, Neb. Louisville ESTABLISHED 1875 Buffalo, N. Y. Rochester Cincinnati, O. Indianapolis, Ind. "|lios.(usack (pmpany Out-Door Advertising- Executive Offices, 15th and Throop Streets Chicago GENERAL OFFICES. CHICAGO, ILL. PAINTED bulletins, walls, and electrical spectacular advertising signs in the large cities. PAINTED wall advertising signs in the smaller cities and towns. PAINTED railroad field bulletins along any stretch of railway. COMMERCIAL signs of all kinds. OUR ORGANIZATION and facilities are greater than those of any other out-door advertising concern in the world. WRITE US for rates on painted sign publicity in any city, state or territory. Painted Display Sign Advertising Anywhere 195B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING COIVIIVIERCIAL SIGNS OF EVERY DESCRIPXIOIVJ ELECTRIC SPOX-LIGHXED WALL A^aD BLTLLEXIIV ADVERTISING TAGNEY & HUDSON CO. 2644 Sheffield A.A/enue RHONE O O f2 O LiiMCOLiv ^i V-r C^ V-r CHICAGO, U. S. A. M. ESPERT, President and General Manager FRED. ESPERT, Secretary and Treasurer Monarch Refrigerating Co. Incorporated 1894 Cold Storage Freezing a Specialty Michigan, Rush, Cass and Kinzie Streets :: :: CHICAGO, ILL. 196B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Montgomery Ward & Co. Chicago and Kansas City ESTABLISHED 1872 Madison Street and Michigan Avenue Reinforced Concrete Building. 19 Million Cubic Feet. Chicago Avenue Bridge ORIGINATORS OF THE CATALOGUE BUSINESS 1971; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING In 1852 Mr. John V. Farwell. Sr., became a member of the firm of Cooley, Wadsworth & Company, the first and leading wholesale dry goods house of Chicago, the name then being changed to Cooley, Farwell & Company. The first building of the company erected in 1857 was located at 42-44-46 Wabash Ave. After the great fire of October, 1871. the firm occupied temporary quarters on Michigan Avenue about No. 167. The business later was removed to Monroe Street. In 1882 the firm moved into its present quarters. In 1892 the business was incorporated as the John V. Farwell Com- pany, under which title it is now domg business. The house of Farwell stands today as one of the great leaders of trade in the country. Its vol- uminous stocks are constantly kepi at the highest pomt of efficiency. Its buyers import direct and contract for the entire output of mills and avail themselves of every opportunity offered by the markets of the world. STATE, MADiSON AND WABASH Carson Pirie Scott & Co. lysB A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING 199B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING 200B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING i;:;\«d; she ft- "(Iv ,c,x S4.-"W«bn,vh Av CHasASteVeHs&Bi^os Women's Outfitters, Stijtc Street, O/ieifiiV STYLES Have played an important part in the building of this great city. You may not realize it, but it is a fact that a great majority of the women who visit Chicajjo every year come to see the new styles and pur- chase wearing apparel. The people of the West, the South, the North and from a large section of the country to the East now recognize Chicago as a fashion center. Incidentally we might add that this firm has done more than any other towards establishing this reputation, being known through- out the entire country as the largest and highest class exclusively outfitting store for women and children in the United States. Ja>i; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING " THE 5IECEL CHAIN OF STORES THE 5MALL STORE ILLUSTRATED IN THE LEFT UPPER CORNER WAS THE ORIGINAL OF THE GREAT 5lEGEL CHAIN OF FOUR STORES NOW COMPRISING. SIEOEL COOPER & CO. CHICAGO. ir-^5TREEI SIOREMWrOKK\ SIMPSON CRAWORD CO.NEWYORK. HENRY SIEOEL C0.B05I0N. A. C. McCLURG CS, CO. Books, Stationery and Fancy Goods TXriTH the completion of our new Wholesale buildings on Ohio and Ontario Streets, Chicago, together with our long established retail business at 215-221 Wabash Ave., we now have the largest estab- lishment of its kind in this country. Our total floor space of 200,000 square feet in these two wholesale buildings makes it possible to carry, at all times, practically complete stocks of Stationery, Tablets, Blank Books, Fancy Goods, Leather Goods, Typewriter Papers and Holders, Desks and Office Chairs, Book Cases, Show Cases, Druggists' Sundries, Toilet Articles and Perfumery, Pocket Cutlery, Pipes, Diaries, Traveling Bags, Suit Cases, Pyrography Goods, Holiday Goods, China, Cut Glass, Sterling Silver, Watches, Toys, Dolls, Musical Instruments, etc. "With such an equipment, and such stock, this firm is in a position to fill orders promptly, com- pletely, and with salable goods. It is also a great advantage for customers to buy all these different lines from one establishment. In order to maintain a downtow/n representa- tion the firm has established the most complete sample rooms and sales rooms at 215-221 Wabash Avenue. Samples of their regular lines are con- stantly on exhibition, and the trade will find it preferable to call there than over at the North Side buildings. General Offices and ■Wholesale Department 330-352 East Ohio St. A. C. McCLURG CS, CO., CHICAGO SALESROOMS Wholesale and Retail 215-221 Wabash Ave. 204B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Home Office and Factories at South Bend, Indiana BRANCHES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES The prestige of the name STUDEBAKER extends to every quarter of the globe, and wherever civilization has reared its head STUDEBAKER vehicles are in daily use, and have been since 1852. During that year the Factory was established in South Bend, in a little one room structure, and its suc- cess was phenomenal from the very begin- ning. Today it occupies 101 acres of terri- tory and employs over 4,000 men, all skilled in their various vocations. The STUDE- BAKER concern is the largest manufac- turer of vehicles in the world, and its prod- uct embraces all manner of horse drawn vehicles, from the stout farm wagon to the smart cit}' stanhope, and of late years it has added motor cars, with tremendous fac- tories at Elyria, Ohio, and Detroit, Michi- Studebaker Automobile Building, Michigan Boulevard and Twenty-first Street. Occupied exclu The remarkable policies of the STUDEBAKER Company have endeared it to every country under the sun, for quality has had — and always will have — first consideration. The name of STUDEBAKER has never been smirched with inferiority in even the smallest detail, and it stands today as a model of high class business integrity and ability. Its harness factory is easily the largest in the world. The Chicago I'.ranch of STUDEBAKER. established in 1874, at all times carries a com- plete line of HORSE VEHICLES. ELECTRIC and GASOLINE AUTO- MOBILES, TRUCKS. HARNESS, SADDLES, and all accessories. STUDE- B.\KER vehicles are the vogue throughout the aristocratic world, and wher- ever the name appears it stands for Cu»h\ I'orm. Quality. Class and Refiiu-- ment in everv sense of the terms. Studebaker Bros. cTVlfg. Co. Studebaker Building, 378-388 Wabash Ave. Occupied by the Corrioee, Wngon and Hiirness Departments of the Chicaeo Studebaker Branch. 2U5B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Locomobile Company of America's New Branch Building at 2000 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois This beautiful structure emphasizes the great and growing popularity of the Locomobile and testifies to the successful growth of the Locomobile Organization in Chicago since its establishment ten years ago. 206B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING PAPEft AnchorIT Brand GOODS PARES ANCHouTr Brand Goods f Kc ^Almx iH%-(!lflw O 'box outfitters MAKERS OF EVERYTHING IN Corrugated Paper and Folding Paper Boxes Corrugated Strawboard and 3-Ply Fibreboard — Shipping Cases— Oyster and Ice Cream Pails Prices and Samples on Application t The Sefton Manufacturing Co. 1301-41 W. 35th Street :: CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Factories: Chicago. Illinois, and Anderson, Indiana PAPES AnchodIKBrand Goods pAPEft ANCHOR' I Brand Goods 2071'. A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Building a Quality Reputation ^ I ^HE trained producer who strives constantly to improve and in- crease his output, who keeps up to date on the best methods and discoveries in his line, who has an ideal to work for, can be depended upon to satisfy buyers of that product who know the best and w^ant it. In this w^ay the reputation of Swift's Premium Products has been built. For twenty-five years a standard of quality, closely approaching the ideal, has been maintained. During all this time some new method of improving the quality of Premium goods was being sought or applied. The inevitable rew^ard of t'wenty-five years of continuous, progressive, constructive effort is that Swift's Premium Hams & Bacon and other Premium products are recognized everywhere as the highest grade produced. Their reputation for quality is firmly built in the minds of the American public. Sw^ift & Company, U. S. A 208B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Co. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ^ 209B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Birdseye View of Armour's, Union Stock Yards, Chicago. The Largest Packing Plant in the World Photographed from a balloon at an elevation of several hundred feet jr CS, Company, New General Office Building, Union Stock Yards, Chicago. Completed May 1, 1908 The largest building used exclusively for office purposes by one concern only, in the world 210B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING >■ z < Q. O U 08 en tr 0: O ra o oT CO TO CO ^ TO O) ^^ ro CQ ■a O) E c: c: TO TO ^0 CJ 00 2iit; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The Independent Packing Co, PATRICK BRENNAN, Pres. 41st and Halsted Streets cTVlodern Packing Plant Daily Capacity, 500 Cattle " 2,000 Hogs 500 Sheep Beef, Pork and Mutton 212B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Roberts £y Oake City Office: No. 4 Board of Trade PACKERS TO THE JOBBING TUADE CHICAGO Packing House and Office: Union Stock Yards U. S. GOVERNMENT INSPECTION ABATTOIR 169 lijHIIIIIIII trVfWHuiitj lilt •r ,,.M 4 ' ^ — ^. ^ -iJSf "The House of Quality Our goods give satisfaction Our facilities are the best Our product will increase your trade Our trade is growing It "There's a Reason" Perfect Product" "Faultless Flavor" !i3i: A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING 2146 A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Oval Brand 'l\v^ Black Diamond Brand A Half Century of Building of the Fish and Oyster Business Guarantees to Millions of Satisfied Consumers in the United States of America ABSOLUTELY THE BEST Fresh Fish, Oysters and Sea Foods Produced from the Great Lakes, Rivers and Sea Coasts of North America Ask for Booth Black Diamond Canned Salmon, Sardines, Lobster, Shrimp, etc. — The Brand of Excellence. Booth Cold Storage Warehouses: ST. PAUL MINNEAPOLIS CHICAGO DETROIT Most Modem Facilities for Storage of Perishable and Other Merchandise Convenient to the Greatest Market Centers IF YOUR DEALER CANNOT SUPPLY YOU. ADDRESS Booth Fisheries Company General Offices, Majestic Building, Chicago, 111. BRANCHES AND AGENTS EVERYWHERE 215B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING BOYD LUNHAM & CO. Packers and Lard Refiners General Offices 913, 914 6? 915 Royal Insurance Building UNION STOCK YARDS, CHICAGO Our Factory occupies the Site of the First House built in Chicago Seventy years of Successful Soap Making XO-DAY >16B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Brennan Packing Co. 39th and Butler Streets Chicago Pork Packers Manufacturers of Cured Meats and Prime Steam hard Choicest Quality JOHN W. ECKART & CO. 311 N. CARPENTER STREET MONROE 1356 — 4708 Flour CAPACITY 25000 BARRELS DAILY B. A. ECKHART, Proprietor Capacity 3600 barrels per day B. A. Eckhart Milling Co. Merchant Millers 1300 to 1332 Carroll Avenue, from Elizabeth St. to Ada St. Our new 3600 barrel Mills are now in full operation, producing the finest grades of Spring and Winter flour made in the world. The only mills in the United States arranged with complete and improved Hungarian Sifter System. B. A. Eckhart's ''XXXX Best" PATENT B.A. Eckhart's ''DADDY DOLLAR" PATENT ;i7l; A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Chicago Beach Hotel Hyde Park Boulevard and the Lake Shore Chicago's most delightful residential and transient hotel, situated in eleven acres of pri- vate grounds, away from the noise and dirt of the city, yet within ten minutes of the loop by means of the Illinois Central suburban service. Requests for accommodations should be addressed to RICHARD M. GRAY Manager 218B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING HOTEL SHERMAN (On site of old Sherman House) CLARK AND RANDOLPH STREETS Chicago's latest and most modern hotel. 757 Rooms — Every room with bath and circulat- ing ice water. Three very attract- ive restaurants — The College Inn being the most beautiful grill room in America, HOTEL SHERMAN COMPANY Joseph Beifeld, President 2191: A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING HOTEL MORRISON AND BOSTON OYSTER HOUSE CHICAGO MADISON AND CLARK STS. HARRY C. MOIR, Proprietor and Manager The Most Centrally Located and Popular Hotel and Restaurant in the GREAT CENTRAL MARKET C HOTEL MORRISON is today one of Chicago's most popular hotels. It contains 350 modern, tastily furnished, clean and well ventilated rooms. Rooms with Bath, $1.50 and up Rooms without Baths, $1.00 and up Operated on the European Plan Proposed and Accepted Design of the Nenv Hotel Morrison Plans prepared by Marshall A Fox. Architects C In connection with the hotel is our restaurant of national reputation, THE BOSTON OYSTER HOUSE, with a seating capacity of over 1200 people. C This restaurant is widely known for its reasonable charges and for the best in the land there is to eat and drink. C, At its tables each day are seated men of national and local renown in the com- mercial, political and sporting world. Among the various Clubs Foresters' Club, Illinois University who eat here are the Club, Wiggins Club, Sox Club, 1 1 Club, Wells-largo Club, Shamrock Club, Skidoo Club, Ben Franklin Club, Dennison Club, N. W. Republican Club, Chicago Aldermen's Club, Commissioners' Club, Building Commissioners' Club and various groupings of different Religious, Fraternal and Social Societies. C During all meals our patrons can enjoy high- class musical renditions furnished by the ladies' orchestra in the main dining room or the organ recitals in the beautiful mural dining room. The Hotel Morrison and Boston Oyster House Madison and Clark Streets HARRY C. MOIR, Proprietor and Manager 220B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Palmer House STATE AND MONROE STREETS CHICAGO "Heart'' of Business District EUROPEAN PLAN Rooms with bath . . from ^2.50 up Rooms without bath . from $1.50 up '~7 Cr) T^ rkniii c Every room has electric lij^ht and telephone service. ' ^^ yvfyC////j Thoroughly modern and up to date. WM. C. VIERBUCHEN, Mami^^er 2J1JJ A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING We Vendome Hotel 62d and Monroe Avenue Conducted on the good old American plan. 400 rooms, all with private bath, and all other modern improve- ments. A desirable home for refined families. :: :: :: European plan if desired. Rates from $17.50 to $28.00 per week W. S. SAITER PROPRIETOR Telephone Private Exchange Hyde Park 4100 222B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING The CONGRESS HOTEL and ANNEX The most extensive, commodious and costly structures ever erected for hotel purposes, in which are mcluded Banquet Rooms, with accommodations for from ten to six hundred persons; Ladies' and Gentlemen's Restaurants; Palm Garden; New Breakfast Room; Private Dining Rooms; Japanese Tea Room; Elizabethan Room; the magnificent Pompeiian Room, etc., etc., all facing Lake Michi- gan and Grant Park. A magnificent new Convention Hall, seating five hundred people, has just been completed. Special attention was given in this room to the acoustic properties, ventilation, accessibility and quietness. R. H. SOUTHGATE, President. "lliiiMmi? ''I n «r !) ' V»ft' AUDITORIUM HOTEL A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING (New) SOUTHERN HOTEL Chicago Complete in Appointment Artistic Absolutely Fireproof 300 Rooms 200 with Private Bath Circulating Ice Water EUROPEAN PLAN Moderate Prices CHICAGO'S MOST COMPLETE HOTEL ALEX. DRYBURGH, Pres. and Mgr HOTEL WARNER CHICAGO 33rd Street, Cottage Grove Avenue and Groveland Park 320 Rooms — 200 Private Baths Absolutely Fire Proof Twenty minutes from the Business Center. Wabash Avenue and Cottage Grove Avenue Car Line Direct. All trains on Illinois Cen- tral. Michigan Central and Big Four Railroads stop at 31st St. Station, two blocks from Hotel. Especially Reasonable Permanent and Transient Rates Clean, Quiet, Convenient Telephone Douglas 673 HARRY HILDRETH Proprietor C. H. SHAW, Treas. HOTEL WARNER European Plan Fire Proof 320 Rooms 200 Private Baths Rooms with private bath $1.00 to $1.50 per day 2 and 3 Room Suites with bath $2.00 to $2.50 per day Special Permanent and Weekly Rates CAFE OF PARTICULAR EXCELLENCE Cate Service Includes Special Bre 20 lo 50 cen and Table d'hole Dinnei in addition to the « a la'Carle Sen 224B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING 225 B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING (New) SOUTHERN HOTEL chicag Complete in Appointment Artistic Absolutely Fireproof 300 Rooms 200 with Private Be Circulating Ice Wat EUROPEAN PL Moderate Prices CHICAGO'S MOST COMPLETE HOTEL ALEX. DRYBURGH, Pres. and Mgr HOTEL WARNER CHICAGO 33rd Street. Cottage Grove Avenue and Groveland Park ^» 320 Rooms- zoo Private Baths Absolutely Fire Proof Twenty minutes from the Business Center. Wabash Avenue and Cottage Grove Avenue Car Line Direct. All trains on Illinois Cen- tral. Michigan Central and Big Four Railroads stop at 31st St. Station, two blocks from Hotel. Especially Reasonable Permanent and Transient Rates dean. Quiet, Convenient Telephone Douglas 673 HARRY HILDRETH Proprietor 224B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING 225 B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING UNEXCELLED CUISINE — SUPERIOR SERVICE The Kuntz-Remmler Co The Place to Eat where Quality Counts with both Host and Guest 299-305 WABASH AVE., OPP. AUDITORIUM Steele Wedeles Co.'s Warehouse — Wholesale Grocers 226B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Sans Souci Park The Most Beautiful Amusement ParJ^ in America Longest, Safest Rides Most Up-to-Date Shows Alv/ays the Classiest Bands Shaded in Sunshine Sheltered in Rain Shady Trees Broad Lav/ns Gorgeous Flo>ver Beds Sans Souci*5 Casino and Restaurant :: Seats for 7000 Finest Cuisine and Unexcelled Service :: :: Just the Place for Dinner Parties THE THRILLER ' THE COASTER RIDES ^^^s »*'LL AERIAL SUBWAY TICKLER MINIATURE RAILWAY Gate Admission Ten Cents BEST VAUDEVILLE MUSIC HALL <;A/r)U/< acres, the buildings occupying about two- thirds of this space. The plant comprises the following : (1) A dock 120 feet long by 80 feet wide, about 20 feet above the river level. (2) A receiving building. 70.\80 feet, in plan two stories high. (3) Three drier buildings, SO.kSO feet, two stories high. ■ (4) A naphtha e.xtraction building, 38x65 feet, four stories high. (5) A naphtha storage building, 25.x30 feet, a sub-basement. (6) A milling building, 20x40 feet, four stories high. (7) A boiler house, 40x46 feet, two stories high. (8) Shops, 25x120 feet, one story high. (9) An office, 20x20 feet, one story high, with a sub-basement. The principal buildings are of modern and permanent construction, being built of brick and reinforced concrete throughout, making them fireproof and sanitary. They are so designed as to furnish ample light by day, and are generously equipped with electric light for night labor. They form a complete series from start to finish of process, and are built with intermediate spaces so that each building may be duplicated and the capacity of the plant doubled, if required. The present capacity provides for 500 tons of garbage daily. The motive power is electricity, each apparatus being equipped with a separate electric motor. The power is furnished by the Sanitary District Company of Chicago. The garbage is carried to the receiving stations along the river in removable steel bo.xes. The boxes are loaded by derricks upon scows and shipped to the plant. Where the districts are in close proximity, the garbage is carted direct. In the future the boxes may be conveyed iiy steam railway or by electric street cars from the outlying territory. The dock is the receiving platform. This has a concrete foundatio over which is laid a vitrified brick pavement. On the dock are tv boom derricks, each with a SS-foot mast, operated by two four-dru engines. The boxes are hoisted from scow or wagon by derrick and the contents are then dumped into connected double hoppers. These built of concrete, have a capacity of 75 tons each, and are located ju outside the receiving building. After the boxes are emptied they a swung back, cleansed and sterilized in a large, deep steel vat. Larj bucket elevators convey the garbage from the hoppers to the upp floor of the receiving building and deposit it on conveyors, from whii all foreign material is eliminated by hand picking. The garbage th( passes through crushing machines, after which the material is carrii by a series of conveyors to the drying house and automatically di charged into hot-air dryers. In all there are ten dryers, eight of whii are 6 feet in diameter by 40 feet long, and two are 8 feet in diamet by 75 feet in length. These are revolving steel cylinders, to the interior of which' a riveted angles to keep the material in motion as the drier shells revolv Each drier has a capacity of 3^4 to 4 tons of wet material per hou The driers are heated by separate furnaces, which are equipped wi- apparatus for burning crude oil. Crude oil has been adopted for ge; crating the heat necessary for drying, as it possesses many featur that make it more desirable than coal. The daily consumption of is about 8,000 gallons. In passing through the driers moisture to tl extent of 75 per cent is eliminated from the garbage. There is also ; extensive underground series of storage tanks, safety devices ar pumps for the storage and handling of the crude oil. The gases from the driers are disposed of by a series of fans at discharged into three concrete stacks 6 feet in diameter. 200 feet hig This contains a sprinkling system for the purpose of furnishir moisture. The fans force the vapors through this sprinkling systei where for the most part the vapors are absorbed and carried to tl river. The remaining vapors are carried off in the upper currents air, being small in quantity and volatile. The material from the driers continuously drops on a conveyor ai is carried to the naphtha-extraction building, which contains sevt percolating tanks. These are 8 feet in diameter and 16 feet high. Tl dry material is confined in the percolating tanks and treated wii gasoline, which separates the grease from it, the gasoline and grea: being carried to separators in which the grease is separated from tl gasoline and the gasoline returned to its storage tank. The process continuous, the gasoline being used over and over again, only aboi 2 per cent by weight being lost during each process. The garbage, < "tankage," as it is now termed, is conveyed to the mill house. Thei it passes through four screens, each 4 feet in diameter and 12 fe long, of varying mesh for the different stages of the process. Tl tankage is then discharged into two 48-inch Stedman disintegrator after which the screened and ground material is carried by conveyo to the scale house and weighed by an automatic scale, which also dumj it directly into cars for shipment. It now contains less than 10 p( Z32B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING 2:e Reduction Plant cint of moisture and less llian 1 per cent of grease. The grease is put in storage tanks, weighed on tank scales and pumped into tank cars. The hoiler house contains three 253 H. P. Stirling water-tul)e hollers. Overhead coal bunkers carry the coal to automatic stokers of the Jones under-feed pattern. Sullivan County. Indiana, I'J incli screenings are used for fuel. The steam is used in connection with the naphtha extraction process, to drive the pumps .md tin- hoisting engines. The naphtha storage consists of a large ccincrili.' vault in wliicli are tanks with a capacity of 20.000 gallons of gasoline. The vault is cuv- efid with an iron roof, provided with 0])enings on the sides to pi-nuil the free cireidation of air to avoid the accumulation of gas. The plant cost over $300.01X1 and is owned l)y a slock company kni'wn as the Chicago Reduction Company. Its officers are non- rcident, with the exception of its secretary and general manager. Mr. Charles Turner. Mr. Turner has been engaged in the disposition of hotel and restaurant garbage of this city for the past fifteen years. Five years ago lie invented a digester which performed three separate functions at one and the same time — that of cooking, pressing ami drying of garbage — without exposure during the entire treatment. I be pri)cess adopted by this company is the result of the experiments and experience of Mr. Turner, who built a small plant and operated it fur some time before the present works were erected. It is what is known as the drying system. The garbage, after being freed from foreign material and crushed to a uniform size, is subjected to a temperature of about 800 degrees. It is distinctive, being a combination of the features of other well-known systems, and the economy of handling ami of operation is believed to be greater than that of any other plant in existence. The by-products are grease and tankage. Garliage grease is of an oily nature, and after the glycerine and red oils have been extracted, it is useil in the manufacture of cheap grades of soaps and candles. The tankage, which is in the form of fine powder or dust, is sold to jobbers for a filler or base in compounding fertilizers. .A larger percentage of grease is secured by the naphtha process, and llie fer- tilizer base rendered of greater commercial value by reason of the grease being more fully eliminated than is possible witli other metbocls. The sanitary aspect both of the plant and tlie method of collection and delivery is deserving of especial consideration. The process is ■ automatic as far as is possible. The floors are of concrete, and water cotmections are amply supplied for cleansing purposes. The garbage is collected and ilelivered daily at the plant, where it is promptly dis- posed of. The plant is located north of and immediately adjoining the Chicago packing-house district. From the experiences of other cities with reduction plants this seems a desirable feature, for. although odors peculiar to the reduction process are believed to be so disposed at this plant as not to be perceptible, yet should they escape they could not be distinguished from the various odors emanating from the --tock y.irds region. The contract between the city and the Chicago Reduction Company was executed on .August 31, 1906, and went into effect on November 1. 1906. It provides among other requirements, for the final disposition of the garbage of the City of Chicago for a period of \ne years; that ilie city shall deliver to the contractor all garbage collected in the city; lliat all deliveries of garbage shall be made free of cost to contractor at its plant : tliat delivery of garbage shall be made in metal boxes so constructed that they may be hoisted by a crane and their contents dumped by overturning; that before being returned to the city the boxes shall be sterilized, at the expense of the contractor; that garbage nuist be disposed of by reduction, etc. ; that the contractor shall receive the sum of $47,500 per year, for each of the five years, provided his work be performed in strict compliance with the specifications of the contract; that the city shall have the right at the expiration of the contract period, to purchase plant used by the contractor in the per- formance of its contract, the manner of fixing the price being stipu- lated. .\l)out .^(H) Ions of garbage are delivcrer(jcess the paper is washed by a spray of runnins,' water on the printed side only, greatly reducing the shrinkage and producing much smoother prints and less distorted than when washed in travs. WHITE PRINTS Can print up to 54 inches >vide by any length W'e produce very fine White Prints (Iduc lines cm white ground) direct from tracing without a negative, by the same general automatic i)rocess. These While Prints are made on a very high grade of jiarchment i)ai)cr. of pure rag stock, which will retain its strength indefinilely. 'I'liev are aI)solutely fast color, do not shrink and run much nmre uniform llian the ordinary blue line print made by the negatix'e ])roccss. "Everything for Blue Printing" Engineers' and Drafting Room Supplies The C. F. Pease Co. Phone Franklin 862 CHICAGO Room 410, 167 Adams St, Made in Chicago ESSANAY SUPERIOR QUALin Moving Picture Films I Our D«w pUot it tbe most tnoJern. bett equipped movinn picture plant in Americi. That'i why E^sanay films are best. < Essanay Film Mfg. Co., 435 N. Clark St„ Chicago, 111. Sold all over the World '.i.^U A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING Thomas Elevator Company 20-22 South Hoyne Avenue JkLONG with the "Half Century of Chicago A^^ Building" and its unparalleled rapid progress towards a city of the first magnitude, can easily be seen the hands of the several staunch and well poised business men who have been alive to its possibilities, and who have put their shoulders hard to the wheel of progress, and made it roll whether or not it would. We are all proud of our "Chicago enterprise" and her business men, especially so, her builders. The monuments to their faith stand on every city block, twenty stories high, and each day starting other new and greater projects, calling for other and greater engineering and mechanical features until we optimists are appalled at tonnage that is hauled to our buildings in unbroken packages probably to be placed on the twentieth story in its unbroken state. The Thomas Elevator Co. have seen by the signs of the times that the future, as well as the present, must be provided for with the means to meet the rapid demands made for more powerful machinery. Ten years ago, a twenty-five horse-power electric double drum hoist carrying a guarantee of 100' i overload for ten consecutive minutes was thought to be, and was, powerful enough for the time. Later, fifty horse-power, with the same overload capacity, have become necessary, and now we are building them with 1 00 horse-power motors. Where will the necessity stop? The Thomas Elevator Co. never — at least until there is no need of, or demand for, a larger plant. Our silent chain drive double drum electric iron hoist can be found in every big city of this country doing its share towards the building up of a "half century" record for their adopted cities. Therefore while we have done our full share towards the "Half Century of Chicago Building" and have been the principal direct means of getting each brick, or each stone on top of the other, that have made these monu- ments for Chicago, we are also doing likewise in the principal cities of the United States. We claim to be the only manufacturers making a specialty of electric hoisting machinery for con- tractors' use. We were the first in the market in this line and claim more practical experience in their operation than all others combined. We are pleased to note that the principal archi- tects throughout the large cities are specifying electric hoists, and while that is gratifying, so far as it is done, yet there seems to be no arguments left for the steam hoist, and consequently no reason why electricity should not be made universal. Electric driven hoists are capable of doing anything that can be done by steam and can do it in a much more satisfactory man- ner by reason of its cleanliness, its noiselessness and its absolute absence of vibration to the structure. Chicago has a great number of sky scrapers erected wholly by electricity, in which the sound of the steam hoist was wholly absent. A number of others in which electricity was used universally above the basement. Among the recent wholly and par- tially created structures by electricity are the La Salle and Blackstone Hotels, University Club; the removal of the old and erection of the New City Hall, McCormick Building and many others prac- tically all electric. This only goes to show the signs of the times, and the direction in which the finger points, and what may be expected when we are called upon to write the chronology of the next "Half Century of Chicago Building." 236B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING INDEX IN DETAIL I 'a^i.- l\(.->i(lciui.-.-- — I'ai;e Anicricaii .Music Hall 74 (ico. IC. Adams X^ jiascole r.rid-c. hy J. 1!. Strauss. T. l-. ''1 I'rc.liTick I'-kIc 30 IJuildiHL: ( )rduianccs l.v-) ... . •. Chicatro — "i listniical" I.' .Mr>. AuL;usia i.chinan 32 )r. Jnhn A. McCill 31 Cleaniii.i;-. ■"Mccliauical," by C. I'.. I", i )\\<-'n 1_'3 ■\||.^" |.,,,,^.,. |';,lnuT 20-27 Ci)ncretc. '■Rcinl'di-ccd." by Richard !•".. Scluiiidt . 1 IS ■\|,.>; ^■,^.,, \\ i>„llnKui 34 [•"irei^roortnt^. I)\ j. j. i\in.-k\\cll 117 Julius Ruscnwald 2S l-'ire Kesistiii.u Material. l.\ W illiaui I I. .Jaliird . . 1 14 I'vuuk I). Stnui 30 F.uindatiMH^.'ln IMward C. Shauklan.l 10" ^''^ Mai-,i;arelha True 3.=^ Krei-ht. -.^uhuaN.- l.y Albert . ;. W bcclcr SS ■^^■'""'1 l''i"l'li».^'^. I>y Dwi^ht II. IVrkiiis 7.^ Harbor. ■■Chica-n." by JmIiu .M . I'.wcu 101 Insurance, by 1 lerberl I Jarlin^tnn 5() liitroduetidn O Illinois Theatre 73 .Subili\isiiius. by llenry (1. /auiler. nl Ki)ester i\. Zander 53 Ta.xatii in. by I'rank ( ]. 1 Inyne 51 Ta.xes. by lulL;ar .M. .^nnw 55 Telephone, "Subwav." bv .Mbert (i. Wheeler... 90 Lan.l \alues, by Ed-ar M. Snnw 50 rheatres, by I'.enjamin i I. .Marshall h7 Libraries and Museums, b\ .\(ii-mand S. I'alton. "rat'tic. "l'r(il)lem of C'iinye>tiiin." b\- I. .Madi- Railway Terminals, by C'has. S. l-n>si S4 son I'ace and Win. 11. I'rux n. Jr 40 Railways. Chica^-o City Railways Co 124 Wall iMuish. -'The Use >>{." by (ieo. T. (iood- Railways. Chieaj^o Railways Co 123 row 128 Railways. Chicago Street Railways 121 Water Su]ii)ly System, by |ohn F. Frickson. . . . 94 ADVERTISERS Page Page .A. Li. Fireproofing Co 1231'. .\ndrews. .\. 1 1. & Co 67B Aldis & Co 3()11 .\nhydrous I'ressed Stone Co 1241' Ailing Construction Co i<(A\ .\rmnur & Co 2101! Allis-Chalmers Co 155L5 Art .Marble Co 70U -American .Air Cleaning Co SOI'. .\rt Metal Construction Co 17015 -American -Asphaltnm & Rubber Co 1 ISll .\rtesian Stone M I .inie W orks 1091! -American Blue Print Paper Co 701'. .\. T. & S. l"e Ry, System 14l> -American Clay Co 1301'. .\tlas I'ortlaud Cement l'.. 1001! .\nierican Crushed Stone Co 1321'. .\uditoriuni 1 bitel 2231! -American Cutlery Co 701'. .\yer \- I.ord Tie Co 1221! .American Development Co 391! H.iird \ W arner 5411 .American E.xpress Co 2311 llaltiniore iv ( )liio Ry. Co 101! American Posting Service I'Ull llarber .Asjihalt Paving Co 121 II .American Radiator Co 13Si; lleardslce Chandelier Mfg. Co 741! American Sand i^- Gravel Co 1141'. Ilecker C7 Chicago Asbestos Mfg. Co USB Chicago Beach Hotel Co 218B C. B. & Q. R. R. Co 20B Chicago City Rys. Co 8B-9B Chicago Fire Hose Co 73B Chicago Flexible Shaft Co 148B Chicago Fuse Wire & Mfg. Co 75B Chicago Heights Land Association 55 B Chicago House W^recking Co 69B Chicago Iron & Steel Works 163B Chicago Lumber & Coal Co 65B Chicago Metal Weather Strip Co 171B C. M. & St. Paul Ry. Co 21B Chicago Oyster Pail Co 193B Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co 161 B Chicago Portland Cement Co 101 B Chicago Railway Equipment Co 42 Chicago Railways Co 17B Chicago Reduction Co., The 232B-233B Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry 12B Chicago Sash, Door & Blind Mfg. Co 66B Chicago Screw Co 70B Chicago Stock Exchange Bldg 39 Chicago Telephone Co IB Chicago Terra Cotta Co 126P) Chicago Union Lime \\'orks Co 1241] Page Chicago & E. I. R. R. Co 15B Chicago & K. W. Ry. Co lOB-llB Chicago & Oak Park Elev. R. R 27B Chicago & South Haven Steamship Co 30B Citizens Construction Co 127B City Erection Co 92B Clark Company. C. Everett 83B Clow & Sons, James B 139B Colburn, W. E 47B Columbus ^Memorial Bldg 43 Columbus Safe Deposit Co 44 Commonwealth Edison Co 2B-3B Condron & Sinks 36B Congress Hotel Co 223B Consolidated Casualty Co 45B Cooper, S. T 88B Corn Exchange National Bank 44B Corrugated Bar Co 160B Crane & Co., W. B 68B Creamery Package Mfg. Co 187B Crofoot, Neilson & Co 76B Crowe Bros 68B Cummings & Co., E. A 52B Cummings Foundry Co 185B Curtis. Alonzo, Brick Co 132B Cusack Co., Thos. T. A 195B Cyclone Blow Pipe Co 180B Dahlstrom Metallic Door Co . 174B Davis, D. I 38B Decorators Supply Co 143B Dee Co., W. E..^ 114B Dick Co., A. B 78B Dodge & Co.. H. B 184B Doherty, Frank E 97B Donnell Safe Co 129 Drum & Co., A. L 40B Dunfee & Co., J 190B Durand Steel Locker Co 159B Dux, Joseph 73B Eckart & Co., John \\' 217B Eckhart Milling Co., B. A 217B Edelweiss, The 225B Elevator Supply & Repair Co 178B Essanay Film Co 235 B Fair, The 199B Fairbanks Co., X. K 214B Fairbanks, Morse & Co 182B Farnham & ^^'illoughby Co 51 B Farwell Co., John V .'. 198B Farwell Trust Co 40B Featherstone Foundr\- & ]\Iachine Co 163B Fetzer, Peters & Co 49B ?38B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ADVERTISERS-Continued licl.l .\: Co.. .Marsluill 40 Fisher lluil.liiii' 59H l'"itz-Simons iS; Connell Co.. The 281! l-'lanaiian iK: ISiedenwcij to 234l> K..nl k Johnson (\< 1901! Ford Mt"t,r. Co 13411 l-'ort Dearborn Safety X'aiilt X: llhii,'. Co 42H Friestedt Co.. L. 1' S.il! ( ialicry. John J 9011 Cihhons. Harry R 771! C.indele Co.. Chas. W 94H ( loodrich Transit Co 30B Grace Co., \Vm 91 B (jrahani & Morton Transportation Co 291! Cireat Lakes Dredge & Dock Co 41!-.^!! (ireen F.ngineering Co 1721! ( ireenelianni Sons 4Sr. llaiil .\utomatic Clock Co 14211 iiamler Boiler & Tank Co 18411 llanley Casey Co 13715 Harris, S. H.' The 17511 i lawley Down Draft I'urnace Co 167B Heath John.son Co 185B Heath & Milligan Mfg. Co 147H Heine Chimney Co.. The 183 B Heyworth. James () 40B Hil'ger & Co 188B Hines Lumber Co., Edward 60B Horn Structural Iron Works. W'm 181 B Hoyne. Frank G 54B Hunt Co., Robt. W 26B Hydraulic Press Brick Co 113B Illinois Brick Co 132B Illinois Central Ry. Co 13B Illinois Damp Proofing Co.. The 136B Illinois Improvement & Ballast Co 117B Illinois Malleable Iron Co 16211 Illinois Steel Co 158B Illinois Stone Co 112B Illinois Trust & Savings Bank 42B Illinois Tunnel Co 88-90 Im])crial Brass Mfg. Co.. The 7415 Indei)cndent Packing Co 212B Interlocking Concrete Construction Co 131 B Jackson, D. C. & Wm. B 162B Jackson, Geo. \V 34B-3.=^B James & Co., Fred S 48B Jenney Electric Co 3711 Johns-Man ville Co.. 11. W 1231! Johnson & Son. Chas 97 j! Johnsf>n Service Co 7.^11 Kar|)en & IIpk.. S I'l] |; Page Keriooi \ Co.. W. 1) .=;2B Kettle River (Juarries Co 1261! Kimbell Brick Co., S. S 1 121! Kirk iS; Co., James S 216B Knickerbocker Ice Co HOB Kniscly Bros., Inc 16615 Koester & Zander 56B-.^3 Kuntz-Remmler Co 22615 Lake Superior Piling Co f)71! Lantiuist & Illsley Co 8411 "Liberty" Mfg. .\ssociation 79B Lidgerwood Mfg. Co 18215 Lindquist & Co.. A. I) 6811 Link Belt Co 14915 Locomobile Co 206B Locwenthal & Co 4715 Looniis-Manning F"ilter Co 14115 MacArthur Bros. Co 33B Mandel Bros 203 B Marquette Construction Co 96B Marsh Co l.Ull Marthens Marble Co., Chester M 124B McCarthy, W. If 134B -McClurg & Co., A. C 204B McCormick Building .S7B McCray Refrigerator Co 186B McFariand & Co., J. C 166B McFell Electric Co 137B McGarry & Co., John A 131 B McGillen & Co.. John 46B McGovern Co.. M. H 128B McGuire-Cummings Mfg. Co 28B McXulty Bros, of Chicago. Inc 107B Meacham & \Vright Co lOOB Mentor Building .=i8B Metropolitan West Side I'.levated Ry. Co 2715 Miami Coal Co 63B Mills Novelty Co 78B Mississippi Wire Glass Co 187B IMohr & Sons, Jno 164B Monarch Refrigerating Co 196B Montgomery & I'unkhouser 48B Moore, Benjamin J 1451! Morris & Co 21 IB Morri.son Hotel & Restaurant 2201! Moses, C. .\. Construction Co 961! Moulding & Co., Thomas 1 1 1 B National Contracting Co 98B National Fire Proofing Co 10411-10515 National Life Ins. Co. of the United States 43B .National Malleable Castings Co 45 National Steam Specialtv ('u LVil! 239B A HALF CENTURY OF CHICAGO BUILDING ADVERTISERS -Continued Page Nelson, F. P. & Sons Co 97B Nelson Co., ^^'. P 7-1' New Southern Hotel Co 224 L! Newgard & Co., Henry 1371! Newman, W'm. J 89B Noel Construction Co 82B Nollau & \\'olff Mfg. Co.. The 69B Northern Michigan Transportation Co 31B Northwestern Elevated Ry. Co 6B-7B Northwestern Terra Cotta Co 9911 Northwestern Yeast Co 171 tl Ogden, Sheldon & Co ^OB Ohio Sandstone Co., The 109B Olsen Bros. & Co 98B Orr & Lockett Hardware Co 71 B Otis Elevator Co 168B-169B Pace & Co 49B-53B Palmer House 221 B Parker- Washington Co., The 129B Paschen Bros 681! Patent Vulcanite Roofing Co 1331! Payson Mfg. Co., The 711! Pease Blue Print Machinery & Supply Co., C. F. .233B Pelouze Scale & Mfg. Co 191B People's Gas. Light & Coke Co 18B Perry-Matthews-Buskirk Stone Co 109 B Pettibone, ;\Iulliken & Co 311! Pick & Co., Albert 19311 Pickands, Brown & Co 62B Pope, ^^'m. A 135B Producer's Supply Co 130B Pugh Terminal Warehouse Co 24B-25B Randolph, Ishani 32P> Raymond Concrete Pile Co 120B Raymond Lead Co 1481! Reynolds Coal Co 6411 Riverview Exposition 230B-231 1! Roberts & Oake 2131! Rodatz, Jacob 93 B Rothschild & Co 201B Ryerson & Son, Joseph T 156B-157B Salomon Co., Mark 97B Sans Souci Park 227B Sargent & Lundy 32B Sasgen Bros 184 B Schoenhofen Brewing Co., Peter, The 229P) Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Co 209B Scown Bldg. Co., Wm. J 97B Sears, Rdebuck & Co 41 Seftnn Mfg. Co 207B Sherman Flavin Marble Co 98E1 Sherman House College Inn 219P> Page Shuman, A. F 135 B Siegel, Cooper & Co 204B Simonds Mfg. Co 37 Smith Wire & Iron Works, F. P 163B Snow & Co., Edgar M 50B Snyder, J. W 90B Spaulding & Merrick 38 Sproul Co., E. W 96B Standard Architectural Iron Works 185B Standard Asphalt & Rubber Co 116B Standard Varnish Works 146B Steele-Wedeles Co 226B Stevens & Bros., Chas A 203B Stone & Co., H. 58B Strauss Self-Balance Window Co 1811! Streets Western Stable Car Line 40B Studebaker Bros. Mfg. Co 205B Swift & Co 208B Tablet & Ticket Co., The 77B Tagney & Hudson Co 196B Thomas Elevator Co 236B Thomas & Smith, Inc 180B Troy Laundry Machinery Co l-WB U. S. Blue Print Paper Co 76B v. S. Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Co 38B U. S. Crushed Stone Co ' 119B Universal Portland Cement Co 103B Van Vlissingen & Co 53B Variety Mfg. Co 177B Vendome Hotel 222B Vierling, McDowell & Co 170B Voigtmann & Co 165 B Walker & Co., H. H 55B Walsh & Masterson 39B \\'^ard & Co., Montgomery 197B Warner Hotel ....". ' 224B Washington Construction Co 94B Weary & Alford Co 72B \\'ebers Co., Louis 75B Webster Mfg. Co 150B Wells Bros Co 81B Western Casket & Undertaking Co 183B Western Roofing & Supply Co 133B W'heeling Corrugating Co 163B White City Construction Co 228B Wieboldt, W. A 202B WWce Co., The 61B AVilson Co., A. and S 87B Winslow Bros. Co., The 179B \\'isconsin Lime & Cement Co 10211 Wolf Co., Fred W 151B Woodburv Granite Co 125B 240B . n 'F ... :\'.**! i f -^ R 5' VIA ^fij- ^t r ,t'^ . ■i I' ' V;!