0^113 no .^5- 02.S HVW inois Hazardous Waste Research and information Center \\rt Annual Report Fiscal Year 1994 (July I, 1993 , i > 994) i • jot . Uw Hff HWKIC AD95- 025 e2 ILLINOIS HAZARDOUS INFORMATION CENTER ANNUAL BEPORT FISCAL YEAR 1994. HWRIC ILLINOIS HAZARDOUS AD95- WASTE RESEARCH AND 025 INFORMATION CENTER c 2 ANNUAL REPORT FISC AL YEAR 1994. i. Waste Management and Research Center Library One East Hazelwood Drive Champaign, IL 61820 217/333-8957 DEMCO W «RC LIBRARY Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center Annual Report Fiscal Year 1994 (July 1, 1993 - June 30, 1994) Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center One East Hazelwood Drive, Champaign, IL 61820 217/333-8940 FAX: 217/333-8944 Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois 1,000/94 HWRIC's Mission The Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center (HWRIC) was formed within the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (ENR) in 1984. HWRIC was charged with a mission to combine re- search and education; informa- tion collection, analysis and dis- semination; and direct technical assistance to industry, agricul- ture, and communities. Work- ing with industry to reduce waste at the source and to recycle those wastes that could not be reduced was also a priority. In September 1989 the signing of the Toxic Pollution Prevention Act (TPPA) formalized the Center's programs to include Research, Information Services, Industrial and Technical Assis- tance, Data Management and Laboratory Services. This Act (Public Act 86-914), which was amended in 1990 by Senate Bill 2253, expanded the Center's five programs to include a Pollution Prevention Program. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/annualreportfisOilli Table of Contents List of Tables iii List of Figures iv List of Abbreviations v Chapter I: Introduction 1-1 Chapter II: Summary of Programs and Services A. Introduction 2-1 B. Pollution Prevention 2-1 C. Research 2-3 D. Laboratory Services 2-5 E. Information Services 2-6 F. Data Management 2-9 G. References Cited 2-11 Chapter III: Outreach and Assistance A. Introduction 3-1 B. Assistance for Businesses 3-5 C. Governor's Awards Program 3-19 D. Citizens and Communities 3-23 E. Educational Institutions 3-25 Chapter IV: Collaborative Efforts A. Introduction 4-1 B. Chicago Area Projects 4-1 C. Great Lakes Regional Projects 4-4 D. Central Illinois Projects 4-5 E. Southern Illinois / American Bottomlands Area Projects 4-5 F. Summary 4-6 Chapter V: Research and Development A. Introduction 5-1 B. Center-Funded Projects 5-2 C. Center-Conducted Projects 5-10 D. Research Plan for FY'95 5-16 Chapter VI: Internal Resources Development A. Introduction 6-1 B. Laboratory Capabilities Development 6-1 C. Information Resources Development 6-3 D. Special Waste De-listing System Development 6-5 E. Additions to the Center's Hazardous Waste Database 6-5 F. Automated Purchasing/Accounting Project 6-6 G. Internal Support 6-7 Chapter VII: Sustainable Illinois A. Vision for the Future 7-1 B. Overview of HWRJC's Role in Sustainable Development 7-2 C. Building Foundations 7-5 D. HWRIC and Illinois Business 7-11 E. Sustaining Growth Through Anticipation 7-16 F. References Cited 7-17 Appendix A: Fulltime Staff Publications and Presentations A-1 Appendix B: Governor's Pollution Prevention Awards Summaries B-1 Appendix C: Research Project Summaries C-1 List of Tables Chapter I: Introduction 1-1. HWRIC Fulltime Staff, End of FY'94 1-4 Chapter II: Summary of Programs and Services 2-1. HWRIC Research Project Solicitation Schedule 2-3 2-2. HWRIC Laboratory Clients and Services 2-7 2-3. Objectives of HWRIC's Data Management Section 2-9 Chapter III: Outreach and Assistance 3-1. HWRIC Outreach and Assistance, FY'94 3-2 3-2. FY'94 Site Visits by Manufacturing Type 3-5 3-3. Seventh Annual Governor's Pollution Prevention Award Winners 3-20 3-4. Seventh Annual Governor's Pollution Prevention Certificate Winners 3-20 3-5. Eighth Annual Governor's Pollution Prevention Award Recommendations 3-22 Chapter IV: Collaborative Efforts 4-1. FY'94 Collaborative Projects with Government Agencies 4-6 Chapter V: Research and Development 5-1. Completed Research Projects 5-2 5-2. Continuing Research Projects 5-3 5-3. FY'94 Published Reports and Documents 5-6 5-4. Externally Funded Research Projects 5-11 5-5. New Research Projects 5-17 Chapter VI: Internal Resources Development 6-1. Library Collection Development FY'94 6-3 6-2. Clearinghouse Collection Development FY'94 6-4 6-1. HWRIC Library Services FY'94 6-5 Chapter VII: Sustainable Illinois 7-1. Roles of Economic Sectors in Developing a Sustainable Economy 7-10 List of Figures Chapter I: Introduction 1-1. HWRIC's Director, Dr. David L. Thomas 1-1 1-2. HWRIC Organizational Structure 1-1 Chapter II: Summary of Programs and Services 2-1. Great Lakes Information Resources Projects 2-8 2-2. Map Output from HWRIC Historical Hazards Database 2-10 Chapter III: Outreach and Assistance 3-1. Key 1994 Publications 3-4 3-2. Lab Analysis of Oil and Grease 3-10 3-3. Wagons on the Line at Radio Flyer 3-12 3-4. Radio Flyer Pre-Cleaning Bath Line 3-12 3-5. Oil and Grease Levels in Radio Flyer Wash Tank 3-13 3-6. Burlington Northern's Ultrafiltration Unit 3-14 3-7. Alternative Solvents Testing Unit 3-15 3-8. Governor's Awards Winners, 1987-1993 3-19 3-9. Central States Receiving Governor's Pollution Prevention Certificate 3-21 3-10. FY'93 State Fair Display 3-24 Chapter IV: Collaborative Efforts 4-1. Opening Ceremonies for the Chicago Manufacturing Center 4-3 Chapter V: Research and Development 5-1. Removing a Leaking Underground Storage Tank 5-5 5-2. Pollution Prevention Information Resources Survey Results 5-12 5-3. Lab Microtox Testing of Aircraft Washwater 5-16 Chapter VI: None Internal Resource Development Chapter VII: None Sustainable Illinois IV List of Abbreviations ACF ■ Activated Carbon Filters ACS = American Chemical Society AEEI = Andrews Environmental Engineering, Inc. ALAD = Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase ANL = Argonne National Laboratory ARC = Advanced Recycling Centers ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials ATSDR = Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BDAT = Best Demonstrated Available Technology BLC = Blood Level Concentration BNRC = Board of Natural Resources and Conservation BTEX = Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene CAAA = Clean Air Act Amendments CDB = Capital Development Board CEC = Cation Exchange Capacity Center = Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center CERCLA = Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act CERL = U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory CFCs = Chlorofluorocarbons CICI = Chemical Industry Council of Illinois CMC = Chicago Manufacturing Center COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand COMPETE = Coalition for Manufacturing Performance Through Technology CONWR = Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge CPC = Chicagoland Processing Corporation CRC = Community Recycling Center CSD = Consultants and Services Database CTAP = Critical Trends Assessment Project DCCA = Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs District = Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago DMS = Data Management Section AND Danville Metal Stamping DOH = Degree of Hazard DPH = Illinois Department of Public Health EBS = Electronic Blue Sheet EEN = Environmental Extension Network ENR = Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources FDA = Food and Drug Administration FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency FS = Farm Supply GC = Gas Chromatography GIS = Geographic Information System GRF = General Revenue Fund GSAC = Governor's Science Advisory Committee HDPE = High Density Polyethylene HML = Hazardous Materials Laboratory HPLC = High Performance Liquid Chromatography HWRIC = Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center ICP/MS = Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometer or Spectrometry IDOT = Illinois Department of Transportation IEPA = Illinois Environmental Protection Agency IES = Institute for Environmental Studies IGIS = Illinois Geographic Information System IIT = Illinois Institute of Technology IMA = Illinois Manufacturers' Association ISP = Information Services Program ISU = Illinois State University LAN = Computer Local Area Network LSP = Laboratory Services Program LUSTs = Leaking Underground Storage Tanks MBA = Master's of Business Administration MCLs = Maximum Contaminant Levels MSDS = Material Safety Data Sheets MWRDGC = Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago NIF = Nature of Illinois Foundation NIST = National Institute of Standards and Technology OMC = Outboard Marine Corporation OTS = Obligation Tracking System P2 = Pollution Prevention PA = Public Act PAP = Program Advisory Panel PC = Personal Computer PCBs = Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCE = Perchloroethylene PIP = Partners in Prevention PPIS = Pollution Prevention Incentives to States PPM = Parts per Million PPS = Phosphate/Paint System RCRA = Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RF = Radio Flyer RR = Research Report RRT = Reduction and Recycling Techniques/Technologies SARA = Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SCRAP = School Recycling Assistance Program SDWA = Safe Drinking Water Act SETAC = Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry SGS = Illinois State Geological Survey SIC = Standard Industrial Classification SIUs = Significant Industrial Users SVE = Soil Vapor Extraction SWMF = Solid Waste Management Fund SWS = Illinois State Water Survey TCLP = Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure THM = Toxic Heavy Metals TN = Technical report TPPA = Toxic Pollution Prevention Act TR = Technical research report TRI = Toxic Release Inventory TQM = Total Quality Management USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency UIUC = University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign USDW = Underground Sources of Drinking Water VIA = Valley Industrial Association VRT = Variable Rate Technology WES = U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Chapter I: Introduction The Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center (HWRIC) was formed within the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (ENR) in 1984. HWRIC became a division within ENR in 1990, and is affiliated with the University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign (UIUC). HWRIC's building, the Hazardous Materials Laboratory (HML), is owned and operated by UIUC. The Center was charged with a mission to combine research and education; informa- tion collection, analysis, and dissemination; and direct technical assistance to industry, agriculture, and communities. Working with industry to reduce waste at the source, and to recycle those wastes that could not be reduced, was an early priority of the Center. The Center's focus on waste reduction was formalized in September 1 989 by the Illinois Toxic Pollution Prevention Act (TPPA) . This Act (Public Act 86-914), which was amended in 1990 by Senate Bill 2253, expanded the Center's five programs (Research, Information Services, Industrial and Technical Assistance, Data Management, and Laboratory Services) to include a Pollution Prevention Program. HWRIC's current organizational structure is illus- trated in Figure 1-2. Table 1-1 at the end of this chapter lists FY'94 HWRIC staff. The state-funded headcount for HWRIC during FY'94 was 26 on General Revenue Funds (GRF), 4.5 on Solid Waste Management Funds (SWMF), and 2 on other state funds. (Some of these positions were not fully funded and thus were not filled.) Total staff at HWRIC, including contract and part-time personnel, is 48. The state budget for the Center is about $2.1 million, with about $760,000 of this designated for sponsored research projects. Figure 1-1: HWRIC Director David L. Thomas, Ph.D. Center Director Assistant to the Director Data Management Section Assistant Director Administrative Unit Information Services Program Laboratory Services Program Research Program Pollution Prevention Program Figure 1-2: HWRIC FY'94 Organizational Chart 1-1 The Center answers to the Board of Natural Resources and Conservation (BNRC), which consists of scientific and technical experts in the areas of expertise of the Center and three scientific surveys. It is chaired by the Director of ENR. The Board was formed by legislation (Public Act 80-1218) to approve personnel actions of the Scientific Surveys and HWRIC, and to provide programmatic oversight. The Center also has a Program Advisory Panel (PAP), the primary purpose of which is to provide an external source of advice on the Center's programs. The panel includes representatives from industry, other state agencies, universities, and environmental groups. The Center's Sus- tainable Illinois Initia- tive recognizes that environmental pro- tection and enhance- ment, so important for both our physical and spiritual well be- ing, needs to be bal- anced with our state's needs for jobs, a strong economy, and pro- ductive industry. This report covers the period July, 1993 through June, 1994 (the Fiscal Year 1994). It is organized by types of activities and outreach provided by the Center . Our attempt is to describe the integrated nature of all of HWRIC 's programs to help meet our mandate of finding solutions to Illinois' hazardous waste problems. However, organizing the report in this way does create some redundancies in summaries of specific program activities between sections. Chapter II of the report presents a brief summary of each of the Center's programs and services offered. Chapter III summarizes the Center's outreach efforts to various groups within Illinois. The focus of much of HWRIC 's outreach continues to be the promotion of pollution prevention and the provision of information and technical assistance. A specific priority this year was to expand our efforts to reach businesses in the more populous northeastern part of the state. Some of these activities are described in Chapter IV. Chapter V describes the Center's research efforts, both sponsored research and projects undertaken by HWRIC staff. Chapter VI describes some of the tools developed within the Center to help staff better serve their customers. Chapter VII discusses projected future HWRIC activities and priorities that will bring us as a state closer to the goal of a sustainable future. We have called our initiative for the future "Sustainable Illinois." Our initiative recognizes that environmental protection and enhancement, so important for both our physical and spiritual well being, needs to be balanced with our state's needs for jobs, a strong economy, and productive industry. We believe that as a society we need to look at "sustainable development," that is, meeting our current societal needs without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs. While many others in the state will play a significant role in this regard, the Center's pollution prevention, education, research and outreach activities are all important components to help assure a sustainable future. Of particular importance during FY '94 was the initiation of efforts to establish a presence in the Chicago area. In January of 1994 we hired an engineer for our Pollution Prevention program to work out of the offices of the Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. This is a contract position to provide pollution prevention information and assistance to industrial users of the sanitary district. 1-2 We also negotiated a contract with the Chicago Manufacturing Center (CMC) to co- locate a small staff in their offices. HWRIC staff will integrate pollution prevention assistance with the CMC's activities to help businesses modernize and become more efficient and competitive. Legislative action at the end of the session allocated $200,000 to HWRIC for the Chicago area office. These funds, added to the CMC's contract funds, will allow us to better serve businesses in northeastern Illinois. Throughout this report we have attempted to express the integrated nature of our work. It is obvious to us that the modern, complex environmental problems we face require the cooperation and coordination of specialists from many disciplines. We are attempting to provide this integrated approach both within our Center, and by teaming with others outside the Center. This report follows last year's annual report in its emphasis on describing the nature and extent of these collaborative efforts. 1-3 Table 1-1: HWRIC Full Time Staff by Program, End of FY'94* *( Note that funding sources vary) Administration David Thomas, Director Gary Miller, Assistant Director John Marlin, Assistant to the Director/Data Management Manager Katherine Day, Human Resources and Administrative Services Manager Christine Murphy-Lucas, Business and Finance Manager Daniel Kraybill, Waste Management Assistance Specialist June Wilhite, Laboratory Purchasing Agent Karen Miller, Human Resources/Office Assistant Betty Stites, Office Assistant John Marlin, Data Management Manager Martin Bailey, Database Management Specialist Lisa Damon, Database Management Assistant Deborah Gaines, Computer Systems Specialist Steven Murray, Database Management Assistant Laboratory Services Program Marvin Piwoni, Laboratory Services Manager Teresa Chow, Senior Analytical Chemist Jack Cochran, Senior Organic/Analytical Chemist Scott Dalbey, Facilities and Safety Coordinator Bradley Daniels, Screening Laboratory Chemist Gina Eversole, Organic Preparations Chemist Peter Gintautus, Research Associate David Green, Gas Chromatographer Amy Hughes, Inorganic Preparations Chemist Daniel McGinness, Quality Assurance Officer Aaron Weiss, Senior Inorganic/Analytical Chemist Pollution Prevention Program Timothy Lindsey, Pollution Prevention Program Manager Kenneth Barnes, Pollution Prevention Technical Assistant Christine Hayes, Pollution Prevention Technical Assistant Debra Morrow, Process Evaluation Technical Assistant Joe Pickowitz, Pollution Prevention Technical Assistant Beth Simpson, Pollution Prevention Technical Assistant Research Program Jacqueline Peden, Research Program Manager Laurie Case, Research Project Officer Pamela Tazik, Research Project Officer Angela Simon, Research Program Assistant Information Services Program Sara Tompson, Information Services Program Manager/Librarian Carla Blue, Information Assistant 1-4 Chapter II: Summary of Programs and Services A. Introduction This Chapter provides a brief overview of some of the Center's programs, services and priorities. Additional information can be found in past annual reports published by the Center ( (1) , (2) ). Specific projects addressed by the Center and collaborative efforts undertaken with others are addressed elsewhere in this report. B. Pollution Prevention In 1986, HWRIC's Pollution Prevention Program was established as a longterm approach to solving Illinois' waste management problems. HWRIC's program relies on direct technical assistance to industry, education programs, and research support to promote waste reduction and improve waste management. The Illinois Toxic Pollution Prevention Act (TPPA, Public Act 86-915), passed in 1989, formalized HWRIC's Pollution Prevention (P2) Program and delineated specific responsibilities. These responsibilities include the following: Provide information on and publicize the advantages of source reduction Establish courses, seminars, workshops, and other training aids Publish exemplary accomplishments Research pollution prevention methods and transfer established technologies Provide on-site technical assistance to identify opportunities and develop plans for on-site remediation wherever possible Sponsor pilot projects to develop and demonstrate innovative technologies Establish and operate a clearinghouse, and Use engineering field internships to identify P2 opportunities. An effective pollution prevention program reduces waste releases to all media — air, water and land. HWRIC's program encourages companies to closely examine how materials flow through their facilities, to pinpoint where and why wastes are generated, and to identify technologies, equipment, and/or new operating practices that reduce these wastes. Pollution prevention is a win-win program, wherein businesses cut costs and increase efficiency and competitiveness while concurrently protecting the environment. The specific activities of HWRIC's P2 program are to: • Provide technical assistance to industry • Develop and demonstrate clean technologies • Recognize exemplary pollution prevention accomplishments through the annual Pollution prevention is a win-win pro- gram, wherein busi- nesses cut costs and increase effi- ciency and competi- tiveness while con- currently protecting the environment. 2-1 Governor's Pollution Prevention Awards • Educate, train and transfer technology • Answer regulatory questions as they relate to source reduction legislation and assist with permits, and • Provide assistance with economic justification of implementation strategies. No state appropriations have been provided under the Illinois TPPA to carry out HWRIC's designated responsibilities. The Center's Pollution Prevention Program utilizes approximately $500,000 of HWRIC's annual state General Revenue Fund (GRF) appropriation. In addition, some federal funds were obtained in FY'94 (as in previous years) to supplement this support. The most visible aspect of HWRIC's Pollution Prevention Program is technical assistance. P2 staff provide information and services on solving environmental problems to Illinois citizens, businesses, educational institutions, communities, and governmental units. Source reduction, recycling, and other methods of waste reduction are emphasized. Other services include: guidance on regulatory and permitting matters; recommendations on appropriate waste handling methods; and, referrals to qualified service organizations. HWRIC funds clean technology develop- ment and demon- stration projects by providing up to $50,000 per year in matching funds to industry for applied research. Because HWRIC is a nonregulatory organization, the assistance provided is advisory only; companies and individuals are not required to follow the recommendations and advice given by Center staff. HWRIC does not report site-specific findings to state regulatory agencies. HWRIC also funds clean technology development and demonstration projects under its Reduction and Recycling Techniques/Technologies (RRT) Program. The RRT Program promotes pollution prevention in Illinois by providing up to $50,000 per year for applied research. Awards can be obtained for development or demonstration of waste reduction techniques and technologies, or for testing new applications of existing methods. An RRT award must be equally matched by the contractor with either funding from other sources or in-kind services. Projects generally focus on: modifying industrial processes to eliminate, reduce, or replace toxic materials; or, testing the process capabilities of equipment for reducing, detoxifying, or recycling wastestreams. Under the RRT program, Center staff provide technical support to Illinois businesses and industries to conceive and implement workable projects. HWRIC engineers and scientists are available, upon request, to provide "hands on" assistance with project development, initiation, and management. In FY'94, HWRIC used its well equipped Pilot Laboratory to solve wastestream separation problems for a number of industries by using ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, vacuum evaporation and centrifugation for a number of industries. In addition, HWRIC has become a recognized test facility for the demonstration of safe cleaning techniques, employing aqueous cleaners where hazardous organic solvents were previously used. 2-2 C. Research Each year, HWRIC receives an appropriation from the state to support research to: • Investigate the problems associated with historical and existing waste manage- ment practices • Explore solutions to those problems, and • Develop ways to prevent those problems from occurring in the future. The distribution of these funds and the monitoring of how they are used are the responsibility of the Center's Research Program. For FY'94, the money appropriated to fund research was $702,400 ($662,400 from General Revenue and Hazardous Waste Research Funds, and $40,000 from Solid Waste Management Funds). These funds are primarily available to investigators working in Illinois, although researchers from other states have received limited support for projects of significance to Illinois. Each year, HWRIC 's Research Program staff and management identify topics of particular interest to the state and solicit preproposals in those areas during December and January. The preproposals that are received are evaluated by Center staff. Full proposals are requested from those researchers whose ideas address important waste management problems and/or offer significant scientific contributions towards our knowledge of waste management issues . Full proposals are evaluated both by Center staff and external peer reviewers. Those projects that respond to the most urgent problems and seem most likely to succeed or to have an immediate benefit to the state are selected for funding. Projects generally begin October 1 . The project selection schedule is presented in Table 2- 1 . HWRIC funded 26 projects during FY'94. Fifteen of those projects will continue during FY'95. Table 2-1 : Annual Project Solicitation Schedule HWRIC RESEARCH PROJECT SOLICITATION SCHEDULE Preproposal Solicitation December Preproposals Due January 31 Preproposal Review February - March (HWRIC) Request for Proposals April Proposals Due May 15 Proposal Review May 15 -July 15 (HWRIC and External Reviewers) Project Selection July 15 -August 15 Projects Begin October 2-3 HWRIC's second solicitation, for Reduction and Recycling Techniques/Technologies (RRT), is directed toward industry and focuses on technology development and evaluation. The RRT request for proposals is announced each February, preproposals are reviewed internally, and projects are selected for funding beginning October 1. HWRIC requires a 100% match by the industry participants for the projects selected through this solicitation. Many of these projects make use of the Center's services and equipment, and the expertise of Center staff. Some involve in-plant assistance and testing as well as investigations in HWRIC's Pilot Laboratory facility. The outcome of these endeavors are usually a reduction in waste through new technologies or new uses for existing technologies with potential widespread industrial application. The results of Cen- ter-funded research, as well as Center- conducted re- search, are made available in a variety of ways. Most re- search projects end in peer-reviewed re- ports published by HWRIC and made available through our Clearinghouse. The Research and RRT projects selected for funding during FY '94 are discussed in Chapter 5 of this report. While some projects investigate the extent of existing contamination problems, most are examinations of methods for treating the problem, or techniques and technologies to prevent future problems. HWRIC Research Program staff work with the investigators during the course of their projects, providing comments on the work as it progresses, serving as sources of information when needed, and often assisting with industrial process evaluations. Research Program staff have worked to supplement the funding allocated to the program by co- funding projects with other agencies and obtaining external funding to pursue additional topics of interest to the Center. These efforts will continue in FY'95, as described in Chapter 5. By managing the projects that the Center supports and also conducting internal investigations, HWRIC's staff have become very familiar with a variety of industries, the wastes they produce, and technologies or techniques that can reduce those wastes. Research Program staff learn, over the course of projects, about contamination problems in the state, how these sites can be cleaned up, how the problems can be avoided, and how both the contaminants and their removal can effect human health. Staff must maintain an awareness of what types of hazardous waste research efforts are being supported on a national level to avoid duplications in the Center's research program and to identify and take advantage of joint funding opportunities. Associa- tions with individuals from other agencies/organizations that fund research are sought. Through these contacts, expert reviewers are found for proposals and final reports. These experts are an added source of technical information and are essential to our selection of quality projects. Information from the research we fund and conduct is combined with what is learned from our reading, technical meeting participation, and personal/professional associations to respond to inquiries from the public, legislators, industries, and others. It serves as a basis for technical papers and presentations and sometimes policy recommendations. The results of Center-funded research, as well as Center-conducted research, are made available in a variety of ways. Articles in peer-reviewed and technical publications are encouraged, as are presentations at meetings, seminars and work- shops. Factsheets and brochures describing research projects and/or their results are prepared and distributed to technical organizations and companies that might benefit from the information they contain. 2-4 Most research projects end in peer-reviewed research reports published by HWRIC and made available through our Clearinghouse. D. Laboratory Services The Laboratory Services Program (LSP) was developed to provide analytical and logistical support to researchers working with hazardous waste. Program analytical resources are particularly well suited to exploring the chemical problems associated with industrial development of waste reduction, recycling, and reuse strategies. The physical layout of the Hazardous Materials Laboratory (HML) is presented in HWRIC's FY'93 annual report (1). The LSP offers support to pollution prevention, remediation, and waste treatment research projects in the form of chemical characterization of process and waste streams, both before and after application of engineering technologies to these streams. This information can then be used to make decisions on technologies and other strategies for treating and reducing waste and increasing process efficiency. Program support on industrial projects often takes the form of information on the chemical composition of industrial process and waste streams and air emissions. Laboratory instrumentation permits identification and measurement of most organic and inorganic components likely to be present in such process and waste streams. In the past year, industrial projects have included analysis for volatile organics in diesel exhaust and in a factory process line work environment, heavy metals in cooling waters, oil and surfactants in a variety of aqueous cleaning solutions, and waxes in edible oils. The analytical experience gained from working with such complicated industrial matrices is being applied by the program's chemists to the analysis of process and waste streams from a wide variety of industries. HWRIC's specific analytical capabilities are summarized in the FY'93 annual report (1). Because of the complications of analyzing for different components in extremely diverse samples, LSP staff approach the analytical characterization of most process or waste streams as methods development problems. The required analyses often do not include regulated pollutants for which U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methods have been defined. Even when such analytes are targeted, some adjustments to the methodology are often required to address specific recycling/reuse questions or to compensate for the complexity of the waste matrix. Program staff have been active in methods development for some common industrial contaminants. Staff chemists have helped vendors develop and evaluate new products for application to oil and grease measurements in wastestreams, particularly in the presence of surfactants and other cleaning additives. These new products have been evaluated in our facility on real samples from projects involving industrial conversion from vapor degreasing to aqueous-based cleaning. Lab projects for in- dustry have in- cluded analysis for: volatile organics in diesel exhaust and in a factory process line work environ- ment; heavy metals in cooling waters; oil and surfactants in aqueous cleaning solutions; and waxes in edible oils. 2-5 Refinements to the Center's metals analysis instrumen- tation are improving measurement of heavy metals at very low levels in rainwa- ter and in industrial cooling waters. Similarly, HWRIC staff have been active in evaluating new methodologies and new applications of instrumentation for the analysis of contaminants. Enhanced mass spectrometric capabilities being evaluated on one of our instruments will allow the lab to refine its measurement capabilities for widespread organic contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Similarly, refinements to our metals analysis instrumentation are improving measurement of heavy metals at very low levels in rainwater and in industrial cooling waters. LSP analytical services are available to a variety of potential users (see Table 2-2). Primary clients are the industries that come to HWRIC for assistance with pollution prevention. Most of the work done for such clients is through the Pollution Prevention (P2) Program staff's assistance efforts, but the lab has, on occasion, worked directly with industry to solve analytical chemistry-based problems. The LSP also supports a variety of researchers, both public and private, working in the general area of hazardous waste problems. Researchers include those receiving HWRIC research funding, and researchers at the scientific surveys, the University of Illinois, The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) or elsewhere who have research funding from other sources. This support generally takes the form of chemical analyses that the researchers are not able to perform themselves. In some cases, the lab staff also helps conduct the research. The Center also provides space in the HML for use by researchers from outside of HWRIC. The Pilot Laboratory represents the most striking example of this. This facility is used by a variety of industrial clients to investigate the suitability of particular treatment technologies to address their waste problems. Use of this laboratory is arranged through HWRIC P2 staff. Additional laboratory space is available for the conduct of bench and intermediate scale experimentation. Most of this space is located within the HML's high hazard area, and is fitted with special air handling, waste handling and other design considerations specific to the handling of more toxic materials. LSP staff provide coordination of laboratory use and often contribute technical guidance and analytical support to such projects. E. Information Services Fulfilling HWRIC 's legislative mandate to compile, analyze, and disseminate hazardous waste-related information is the principal responsibility of the Information Services Program (ISP). The ISP includes two full time staff— the Manager/Librarian and the Outreach Specialist — and several part-time and student staff. Program staff are responsible for connecting internal (HWRIC) and external clients with information and materials. The program manages the Library and Clearinghouse resources and the online databases for both. ISP staff also produce factsheets and mandated and technical reports, organize workshops, and coordinate or participate in other outreach and education efforts. 2-6 Table 2-2: HWRIC Laboratory Services HWRIC Laboratory Clients and Services Prospective Clients HWRIC-Funded Researchers Industrial Clients External Researchers (not HWRIC-funded; including public and private sector scientists) Graduate Research Students Federal Agencies Support Provided Laboratory space on approval basis. Project guidance on analytical issues - methods development; sample screening; analysis of samples for primary quantitation and for quality assurance purposes. Pilot Lab or Research Lab access for special testing generally coordinated through P2 staff. Analytical methods development, sample screen- ing, and quantitative analysis on waste and process streams. Before and after analyses for testing/treatment experiments. Specialty testing to support industrial in-house research efforts. Laboratory space on approval basis. Analytical methods development, quality assur- ance support, and sample analysis as requested. Guidance on sampling and analysis. Full range of analytical services in support of research or class projects. Literature review, pursuit of research issues, methods development, and analyses. Support generally includes space within the HML to conduct the research project. Analysis and methods development performed on samples generated by HWRIC research staff, or by agency staff or outside researchers. Ana- lytical services including confirmation, quantitation and quality assurance functions. 2-7 Clearinghouse re- ports are available to any clients — businesses, citi- zens, schools, etc. — located in Illinois or elsewhere. HWRIC charges a nominal fee for some reports to re- cover some of the reproduction costs. HWRIC's core information resources are contained in the Library and Clearinghouse. The HWRIC Library contains close to 8,000 items, including books, government reports, journals, maps, video and audio tapes, and articles. Records for the Library collection are maintained in three separate INMAGIC databases — library (books and audio/visual materials), magazines, and article citations. All staff can access the databases directly from their office PCs via our Local Area Network (LAN). The Library collection does not circulate directly outside the Center, but interlibrary loan requests are honored. The Clearinghouse includes two collections of materials. The first is the collection of HWRIC-produced reports including over 100 items. Most of these are final reports on research projects sponsored by the Center. Also included are pollution prevention factsheets as well as technical and administrative reports. The second Clearinghouse collection of over 200 items includes brochures, pamphlets, and other brief publica- tions produced by HWRIC, the U.S. and Illinois Environmental Protection Agencies (USEPA, IEPA) and other agencies, arranged in 23 topical areas. The Clearinghouse database is also in INMAGIC format, and is used for inventory as well as holdings purposes. Clearinghouse reports are available to any clients — businesses, citizens, schools, etc. — located in Illinois or elsewhere. HWRIC charges a nominal fee for reports to recover some of the reproduction costs. HWRIC's Information Services Program is increasingly involved in regional and national efforts to network pollution prevention assistance providers and/or clearing- houses. This fiscal year, ISP staff conducted a project, funded by the Great Lakes Protection Fund, to survey pollution prevention information providers in the Great Lakes Region, then make recommendations for cooperative and collaborative strategies to better deliver information to industry clients. Two reports produced as part of this project are available at no charge from our Clearinghouse (Figure 2-1). a >iH'. —«»«'«*> FAX (117) 3 H^wcwwaii Great Lakes Pollution Prevention Information Resources Catalog |M L hnm fcU - rnrxt AMtalart Omr, O <*—. PUD ■ fWndp* J - PifettBd Fctewy i W - * On* Cut Hajarwood Onv* ChMVtV>. MnoM «1«70 (?1H 3334940 FAX (217) 3334»44 HWRIC IN95WI Great Lakes Pollution Prevention Information Resources: Current Status and Future Recommendations Sara a Tompaon. M-S. • ***** Managar Laura L Samoa, M.S. - Project Aaelatanl Gary O MOor. Ph.O. - Principal a w o rt Q rt or Hhnots Hazardous Wastt R— aorch and Information Cantor Pnrmed August I9»4 Figure 2-1 : Great Lakes Information Resources Reports 2-8 F. Data Management The Data Management Section (DMS) serves the research, information and outreach goals of the Center by maintaining a hazardous waste database for Illinois, responding to requests for information from this database, and managing HWRIC's computer resources. Data Management staff utilize the Center's Geographic Information System (GIS) and access many state-wide geographic data resources through the IGIS (Illinois Geographic Information System) within our main agency, the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (ENR). HWRIC's hazardous waste database is comprised of information from many different sources, including USEPA, IEPA and research conducted or sponsored by the Center. Much of these data, such as the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) and Annual Hazardous Waste Reports, exist as a result of federal or state mandates that require reporting for the purpose of monitoring and regulating industrial waste activities. Some data, such as the Historical Hazards GIS database, provide a glimpse of prior industrial hazardous waste activities. The Center's hazardous waste database currently contains many types of hazardous waste-related files, ranging from TRI data to state business patterns data (see Chapter 6 for more details). The Center's GIS capabilities are an integral part of the database and allow hazardous waste data to be analyzed spatially. New information is added to HWRIC's database every year. One of the most visible uses of the database is to identify hazardous waste sites at or near properties that are being sold. DMS staff prepare reports and maps to assist individuals conducting preliminary site assessments . Figure 2-2 on the following page is representative of maps produced by Data Management from the Historical Hazards GIS database. HWRIC's hazardous waste database is comprised of infor- mation from many different sources, in- cluding USEPA, IEPA and research conducted or spon- sored by the Center. Much of these data exist as a result of federal or state man- dates that require reporting forthe pur- pose of monitoring and regulating in- dustrial waste gen- eration and disposal activities. In addition to property transfer searches, the database has been used to define and characterize various hazardous waste activities for the purpose of developing policies for the management of these wastes. HWRIC researchers developed the "Degree-of- Hazard" characterization scheme that can be used to declassify special wastes not regulated under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The database is also used internally to support Center activities such as those of the Pollution Prevention Program. The role Data Management plays in managing HWRIC's computer resources has become increasingly important as technology advances. DMS administers HWRIC's LAN and Sun/Unix Environment. Program staff also provide support for the Center's computing resources including software and hardware evaluation, applications programming, and staff training. 2-9 5S &q E— ' >— C/3 5=: CD ea rirTi &J S=E E— § e— S W II c/2 CD os -a: DC CD OS CD E— CO OS CD CD Q- -=c OS o> CD ARDOUS WASTE RESEARCH INFORilATION CENTER EAST HAZELWOOD DRIVE MPAIGN, IL 61820 5E OS :=> e EC OS O @ OS &-. ^> PQ P-3 § <=> . ' Section Boundaries v HAZARDOUS MATERIAL- *> INFORMATION IS ON AT CD J -^ "7 CS ^— CD llig «nd M— Im Omtm * Figure 3-1 : Some Key HWRIC P2 Publications for FY'94 3-4 Table 3-2: FY'94 Site Visits by Manufacturing Type Business Type Number of Visits by P2 Personnel Fabricated Metals 16 Electroplaters 8 Auto Repair and Body Shops 5 Machine and Welding Shops 3 Railroads 2 Coil Coaters 2 Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Research Labs 3 Foundries 3 Oil Refineries (Crude and Vegetable) 2 Chemical Manufacturers 2 Others (1) 6 Total 53 (1) Includes a printer, major metal and appliance manufacturer, plastic and wood manufacturers, a pallet shop, and drum reconditioner. While staff from most state technical assistance programs can talk about reduction practices, HWRIC staff can successfully demonstrate an effective technology to company personnel using their own wastestream. Such demonstrations provide company representatives the knowledge that a technology will work for them, leaving them only needing to decide whether the payback is worth the investment, which is a far more comfortable decision for executives and owners to make. We would like to see all of our P2 projects provide the kind of detail necessary for a company to make sound business decisions. B. Assistance for Business 1. Regulatory Assistance HWRIC personnel receive a significant number of requests for assistance from companies working to comply with general environmental regulatory requirements. Many small businesses lack the resources to hire full or even part time environmental staff. In response to small business requests, HWRIC personnel will explain regulatory requirements for various processes and wastes, determine what regulations a particular industry or facility may be subject to, and assist in the preparation of appropriate permit applications. 3-5 HWRIC staff some- times serve as in- termediaries be- tween companies and regulatory agen- cies. In many cases, Center staff assist company personnel inframing questions to regulators so that they can gain a clear understanding of the requirements that pertain to them. In responding to more complex regulatory questions, HWRIC staff work with regulatory agencies to assist company personnel in determining their specific requirements. HWRIC staff also serve as intermediaries between companies and regulatory agencies, in many cases assisting company personnel in framing questions to regulators so that they can gain a clear understanding of the requirements that pertain to them. The following examples are typical of the regulatory assistance that the Center provided during FY'94. a. Central Illinois Auto Body Shop Chain Staff at a firm that operates a chain of body shops in central Illinois were concerned about environmental compliance at their facilities. They were disposing of their hazardous wastes through a reputable waste broker, but wanted an outside person to come in to inspect their facilities and search for potential problems. HWRIC personnel inspected the facilities. While they found no environmental violations, they were able to suggest improvements in waste and paperwork management practices that would help future inspections go more quickly. They also spotted several areas where fire protection practices needed to be improved. b. Chicago Area Still Manufacturer A chemical still manufacturer was building a pilot testing facility to test distill solvents for potential customers. They had enlisted the aid of a consultant to handle permitting issues on this project and asked HWRIC personnel to review the consultant's proposal. HWRIC personnel found that the proposal was inadequate in the areas that it addressed and left out important permitting considerations, in particular the need for an air pollution permit for the facility. HWRIC personnel helped the firm evaluate its regulatory responsibilities, and assisted their staff in making appropriate notifications and applications to environmental regulatory agencies. This assistance effort saved the firm approximately $20,000 and ensured that they were correctly permitted. c. Chicago Area Specialty Chemical Manufacturer A small chemical manufacturer in the Chicago area approached HWRIC for assistance in dealing with the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC). Grab samples of the firm's wastewater had been taken for billing purposes and the firm felt the levels of pollution detected in these samples was uncharacteristically high, leading to an unfairly high sewer use charge. After examining the data, HWRIC personnel from both Champaign and Chicago advised the firm to have MWRDGC pull a 24-hour composite sample rather than a grab sample and split the sample with the MWRDGC for each to conduct tests. In both cases the new results indicated that the initial samples were not representative of the facility's effluent water discharges and the sewer rates were subsequently adjusted. Meetings also lead to several suggestions that could improve the firm's water use practices and general waste management practices. 3-6 2. Special Waste Declassification In 1990, the Illinois Pollution Control Board adopted regulations requiring a degree- of-hazard evaluation of nonhazardous special wastes for companies that request declassification (removal of the wastes from regulatory oversight). Current Illinois regulations require that all industrial process wastes be disposed in special waste landfills (Title V, Section 21, subsection b of the Illinois Environmental Protection Act). Those wastes that are legally classified as hazardous wastes must be managed in appropriately permitted facilities (Title V, Section 21, subsection f of the Illinois Environmental Protection Act). Nonhazardous industrial process wastes that are relatively innocuous and present no handling concerns can be declassified or "de-listed" by IEPA. Declassification allows companies to either use the waste for some beneficial purpose or to manage it much like municipal solid waste. Considerable cost savings frequently result from de- listing wastes. Prior to 1990, HWRIC worked with the UIUC Institute for Environmental Studies to develop a degree-of-hazard evaluation computer program and database for use in evaluating industrial wastestreams. This program is in use by the IEPA and several companies. In addition, HWRIC assists companies in making degree-of-hazard evaluations. During the past year, about 15 degree-of-hazard evaluations were performed for companies. The types of wastes evaluated included: Fabric and thread scraps Stabilized fly ash Boiler aggregate Glass Grain dust Vegetable meal Wood debris and sawdust Water-based ink washings, and Foam seal waste from petroleum storage tanks. This fiscal year, over 3 million pounds of nonhazardous in- dustrial wastes that were evaluated by the DOH system re- ceived low toxic scores and thus are good candidates for declassification. Over 3 million pounds per year of nonhazardous industrial wastes that were evaluated received low toxic scores and are good candidates for de-listing. The end result, if these wastes are declassified by IEPA, is that valuable special waste landfill space will be conserved and the cost of disposal for the generating companies will be reduced by more than half. 3-7 3. Pollution Prevention Efforts HWRIC subscribes to the belief that pol- lution prevention is not only sound busi- ness, but is also a responsible com- mitment to the com- munity. HWRIC subscribes to the belief that pollution prevention is not only sound business, but is also a responsible commitment to the community, and an important exercise in education and awareness. In numerous presentations, R. Buckminster Fuller often stated the problem simply: "Pollution is nothing but the resources we are not harvesting. We allow them to disperse because we've been ignorant of their value." This is not to say that industry leaders lack intelligence or integrity, but rather that they are often unaware of the opportunities to save money and to run the more efficient operations that practicing P2 strategies can afford them. Quite often this is caused by a lack of in-house technical expertise or by the fear that sound environmental practices can't be effectively integrated into the working practices of their business without compromising competitiveness, financial health, or customer satisfaction. Nothing could be further from the truth if the process is properly planned and astutely implemented. It is the charge of HWRIC 's Pollution Prevention Program to work with companies and organizations to mitigate these concerns, to build the trust necessary to foster confidence in our recommendations and in the technologies we have developed or demonstrated for them. Although the opportunities for pollution prevention are often obvious to the trained eyes of our technical assistants during a site assessment, and can be pointed out to company personnel, the real, longterm value of HWRIC 's assistance to an organization is fully recognized only when we help their staff to develop their own sets of trained eyes. Employees, particularly floor workers, have the greatest impact on reducing losses and improving operating efficiency, but upper level management must express a commitment to pollution prevention and operating efficiency, and must let employees know these approaches are an important aspect of their job performance and essential to the long term success of the business. We only consider our work a success when we have shown the businesses we work with that pollution prevention pays and when they make P2 an integral part of their business operations. The following are specific examples of P2 partnerships that were particularly fruitful this year. a. First Presbyterian Church of Edwardsville HWRIC personnel were contacted by the pastor of a church that was participating in a Model Community program. Church staff were evaluating the cleaning chemicals used by their janitorial staff as part of this program . HWRIC staff examined material safety data sheets (MSDSs) that had been supplied to the church by chemical vendors, and identified several chemicals that could be replaced by more environmentally sensitive products. In particular, some highly corrosive cleaners were replaced with much milder soaps and detergents. More importantly, several chemicals were identified which could have resulted in the release of lethal gas if they were accidentally mixed together. HWRIC's assistance helped the church ensure the safety of their janitorial staff and helped all staff become more environmentally responsible. 3-8 b. Chicago Area Roll Coater A Chicago area roll coater (a firm that prepaints rolls of steel for subsequent use by manufacturing plants) needed assistance in initiating a P2 program for its Illinois facilities. HWRIC personnel provided written materials, including our 1993 guidance manual , Pollution Prevention: A Guide To Program Implementation , and conducted seminars on three occasions for personnel from the company's plants. These seminars introduced them to the idea of pollution prevention and initiated intra-staff discussions that improved environmental management and process efficiency at the facilities. c. Central Illinois Vegetable Oil Refiner A small central Illinois vegetable oil refiner approached HWRIC personnel to review their P2 plans and to assist in a brainstorming session with plant personnel. During this session, it was suggested by HWRIC personnel that one of the plant's most voluminous and problematic wastestreams, spent filter slag, might be reduced or eliminated by the application of the ultrafiltration membrane technologies HWRIC staff are developing. HWRIC personnel were instrumental in initiating a study of the potential technology change, which at this point is still in progress. d. Diamond Cutting Tool Manufacturer HWRIC personnel visited a diamond cutting tool manufacturer at their request. Several pollution prevention options were presented for their nickel electroplating operation, including drag-out recovery methods, rinse water reduction techniques, and employee involvement in P2. The company is interested in implementing countercurrent rinsing and trying recovery equipment, such as evaporation or reverse osmosis, for the rinsewater. HWRIC staff from Chicago and Champaign followed-up with a subsequent visit, during which they discussed rinsewater reduction and metal recovery options that could be tested in the Center's Pilot Laboratory. e. Auto Parts Rebuilder Center staff conducted a site assessment at an auto parts rebuilder site. A report was prepared, including P2 suggestions for drag-out recovery methods, rinsewater reduction techniques , chlorinated solvent elimination and formal pollution prevention program implementation for employee involvement. The company also had several regulatory questions and process concerns that were addressed. /. Electroplater A job shop electroplater requested assistance in identifying opportunities to achieve compliance with sewer discharge limits. The company does not perform any wastewater treatment on the discharged plating rinses. The company was interested in evaporators and electrowinning (a process used to recover elemental metals from plating baths). 3-9 After discussions with Center staff, the company has decided to install evaporators and change rinsing practices to minimize rinsewater. This will eliminate all metal-bearing rinsewater from sewer discharges. A written report was issued to summarize the assistance work performed which included information on evaporators, electrowinning and cyanide destruction. 4. Lab Assistance to Businesses The Center's Labo- ratory Services Pro- gram provides ana- lytical assistance to Illinois firms work- ing with the Center's Pollution Prevention Program. HWRIC's Laboratory Services Program (LSP) provides analytical assistance to Illinois firms working with the Center's P2 Program (see Figure 3-2). In some instances, businesses have worked directly with lab staff. For example, the LSP worked with Illinois Power and Caterpillar to provide analytical support to their in- house research activities. Similar support was given to a University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) class working with Armstrong World Industries. Illinois Power was interested in exploring corrosion problems in their Clinton Power Station reactors during the annual shutdown for maintenance. They asked that H WRIC apply its ability to do metals analysis in water at very low detection levels to several hundred cooling water samples collected during the maintenance period and after restart. The data have been instrumental in determining what effect corrosion has on the normal operations of the plant. Caterpillar was involved in a research project involving diesel engine emissions. They were unable to find a lab in the private sector who could provide the methods development and sophisticated analysis they required to support their research efforts. The LSP provided all of the analytical information that they required to evaluate the progress of their research. The Armstrong World Industries effort grew out of a class project in General Engineering at UIUC. A group of stu- dents was assisting Armstrong in identi- fying volatile organic emissions from their flooring lines in the company's Bourbonnais facility. HWRIC agreed to provide help with the sample collection and analysis. The project continued into the second semester and has now grown into a re- search effort jointly funded by Armstrong and HWRIC, with the LSP continuing to provide consultation and sample analysis on the project. Armstrong representa- tives have visited the Center and have collaborated directly with LSP staff in trying to identify sources of undesirable emissions from their process lines. Figure 3-2: Chemist Analyzing Oil and Grease in Aid of Technical Assistance Effort 3-10 The goal of the project is to identify and implement source reduction methods on Armstrong's process lines. The results will be documented in terms of quantities of waste reduced and cost savings. 5. Small Business Assistance a. Class V Shallow Injection Well Program HWRIC has received a grant from USEPA Region V to assist businesses in Peoria and Tazewell counties in finding alternative ways to dispose of hazardous fluids that are presently being disposed of in shallow underground injection wells (Class V wells). The Class V well project is a USEPA Region V initiative to identify and close, within geographically targeted areas, Class IV (banned) and Class V wells that are being used to inject fluids which exceed Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), or are used to dispose of or accumulate hazardous waste. Class V well injection is not intended for injection of hazardous waste fluids into the environment, but does involve the injection of nonhazardous chemicals and fluids into, between, or above underground sources of drinking water (USDW). Improper use of injection wells of this type has the potential to place fluids containing contaminants (e.g. photograph laboratory chemicals, automotive greases and oils, waste solvents, antifreeze, and gasoline) into close proximity with groundwater that may be used for drinking water. Many such wells are believed to be in noncompliance with Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. Class V wells include storm water runoff dry wells, floor drains connected to septic systems, industrial waste disposal wells, cesspools, and irridrain systems that drain to surface waters or dry wells. (Initiative requirements do not apply to conveyances connected to city or village sewer systems or to single family and nonresidential septic systems or cesspools the sole use of which is for the disposal of sanitary waste and which have a capacity to serve fewer than 20 persons a day.) HWRIC used a database furnished by the USEPA to mail an information package to over 5,300 Peoria and Tazewell county businesses. The outreach package contained Class V well information, Best Management Practices for users of Class V wells, information on the services provided by HWRIC, and general pollution prevention literature. USEPA will later contact the same list of businesses with a questionnaire addressing their methods of waste disposal. A toll free telephone assistance line — 800/407-0261 — has been established at HWRIC to field re- quests for technical assistance on deal- ing with Class V wells. The USEPA grant also provides funding for presentations to business and trade associations, industry-specific workshops, and on-site assessments. A toll free telephone assistance line (800/407-0261) has been established at HWRIC to field questions pertaining to the project or to request technical assistance on dealing with Class V wells. 3-11 Project activities have included six seminar presentations, three on-site technical assessments, and one workshop. Technical and administrative assistance, via the 800 telephone number, has been provided to over 1 % of the thousands of businesses contacted thus far. 6. Technology Development and Demonstration Projects During technical assistance site visits to industrial facilities, HWRIC engineers often identify opportunities for companies to reduce wastes by modifying industrial processes. In some instances, HWRIC personnel recommend conducting pilot testing to evaluate a process modification or new technology . HWRIC personnel often design these projects and coordinate their execution with facility personnel. The projects summarized below provide a sampling of technical assistance activities where HWRIC engineers have actually tested process modifications that can reduce waste generation at industrial facilities. a. Radio Flyer Radio Flyer (RF) manufactures children's wagons at their Chicago facility. RF personnel contacted HWRIC engineers regarding a waste problem asso- ciated with degreasing the wagons prior to painting operations (see Figure 3-3). RF's degreasing operation was resulting in the discharge of approximately 6,000 gallons of spent degreasing solution to the sanitary sewer on a biweekly basis. HWRIC staff conducted a site assessment of the Radio Flyer facility and deter- mined that incorporation of an ultrafiltration system into the degreasing operation might significantly extend the life of the degreasing solution and reduce the waste discharges. HWRIC engineers conducted on-site testing of an ultrafiltration unit at the RF facility to filter oil and grease contaminants from the degreasing solution (see Figure 3-4). The quality of the degreasing solution was monitored for approximately two weeks before and two weeks after the ultrafiltration system was installed. Figure 3-5 shows the impact that the ultrafiltration system had on the degreasing solution. The ultrafil- tration unit was effective at maintaining the contami- nant levels at less than 0.02% over a 2 week period. Figure 3-3: Wagons on the Line at Radio Flyer Figure 3-4: Pre-Cleaning Bath Line at Radio Flyer 3-12 Based on the results of this testing, Radio Flyer chose to purchase a permanent ultrafiltration sys- tem to be installed as an in-process recycling procedure within their existing degreasing pro- cess. Radio Flyer anticipates a savings of over $50,000/year associated with a reduction in both chemical use and waste disposal costs. Addition- ally , waste volumes associated with reduced dump- ing of the degreasing tanks will be decreased by approximately 75 % . b. Ace Hardware, Paint Division Officials from Ace Hardware's paint division contacted HWRIC engineers for assistance re- garding latex wash water wastes generated at their paint manufacturing facility in Matteson. A bulk sample of the wash water was brought to the HWRIC Pilot Laboratory to evaluate the potential for using centrifugation and ultrafiltration for recycling the wash waters. OIL 500 Employees Motorola, Inc. - Schaumburg and Liberty, IL Mobil Oil Corporation - Joliet, IL Table 3-4: 1993 Governor's Certificate Winners Seventh Annual Governor's Pollution Prevention Certificate Winners Category Organization Trade Organization Chemical Industry Council of Illinois - Rosemont, IL Vendor Chicagoland Processing Corporation - Mt. Prospect, IL Community Group Central States Education Center - Champaign, IL Small Facility (1-150 Employees) R.B. White, Inc. - Bloomington, IL Medium Facility (150 - 500 Employees) Arens Controls, Inc. - Evanston, IL Large Facility > 500 Employees Tellabs Operations, Inc. - Lisle, IL 3-20 Representatives of each award- and certificate-win- ning organization attended the event. The winners expressed their appreciation that both Governor and Mrs. Edgar were in attendance and that the Governor presented the awards. Following the award ceremony, two companies, Tellabs, Inc. and Griffin Wheel Company, requested re-presentation of their awards or certificates at their facilities. Each ceremony gave the company leaders the opportunity to share the honor with all of their employees. It is generally the employees who implement and perpetuate successful P2 activities, and the re-presen- tations are a way to recognize many of their efforts. a. Tellabs, Inc. Figure 3-9: Governor Edgar Presents a Certificate to Cathy Green of Central States for their Model Communities Program The Certificate of Recognition for Tellabs, one of the large facility winners, was re- presented at Tellabs' new manufacturing facility in Bollingbrook on September 24 by HWRIC's Assistant to the Director, as part of their open house celebration. b. Griffin Wheel Company The Griffin Wheel Co. facility in West Chicago manufactures railroad car brake shoes. Participating in the December 3 award re-presentation were: Lt. Governor Bob Kustra; West Chicago Plant Manager, Alan Somolik; Griffin Wheel President, Arthur Goetschel; State Representative Thomas Johnson; West Chicago Mayor Steven Lakics; and HWRIC's Director and Assistant Director. Griffin's award was re- presented in a ceremony on the plant floor. 3. Eighth Annual Governor's Pollution Prevention Awards Early in 1994, HWRIC's Pollution Prevention staff began coordinating the Eighth Annual Governor's Pollution Prevention Awards for waste reduction activities undertaken in 1993. HWRIC mailed out numerous applications, assisted applicants with their forms, and coordinated the awards ceremony with the Governor's Office. Some 41 applications for the eighth annual awards competition underwent review in May of 1994. The competition for the 1994 awards was stiff, because applicants, in general, showed more sophistication in their P2 efforts than in previous years. The competition for the 1 994 awards was stiff, because appli- cants, in general, showed more so- phistication in their P2 efforts than in previous years. 3-21 The nominees for the awards were judged on the following criteria: Project/program/technology Waste volume/toxicity reduction Management commitment Employee participation Benefits to workers, community, environment, and Relevance to other industries. A HWRIC panel reviewed and rated the applicants using the above guidelines and forwarded their selection recommendations to IEPA who reviewed the compliance status of each. Final recommendations were then passed along to the Governor's Office. This year's awards will be presented in the Governor's Springfield Mansion on September 22, 1994. Table 3-5: 1994 Award Recommendations Recommendations for the Eighth Annual Governor's Pollution Prevention Awards Category Number of Awards Number of Certificates Community Group l Educational Institution l Trade Organization l Vendor 1 2 Small Facility 1 1 Medium Facility 1 Large Facility 2 6 Total 5 12 3-22 D. Citizens and Communities As shown in Table 3- 1 in the introduction to this chapter, over 1 ,500 individual citizens and/or community organizations requested information or assistance from Center staff in FY'94. A few of the responses to these requests are highlighted below. 1. Technical Assistance and Information a. Commercial Property Owner HWRIC personnel assisted the owner of a commercial property to determine if the three leased businesses on the property were complying with environmental regula- tions. The businesses were: • • An automotive transmission repair franchise, An automotive painting franchise, and A public service organization. Recommendations made to the automotive transmission franchise were that they: establish a wastewater disposal plan in compliance with local ordinances; substitute the aqueous cleaner being used in one shop area to clean parts for the combustible parts cleaner being used in another area; and, contact an oil recycler to remove used oil and oil contaminated "floor dry." Recommendations to the automotive painting franchise were that they: seal a floor drain used to wash down shop floor residuals; discontinue use of another floor drain used to clean paint spray equipment; consider use of a commercial paint gun recirculating solvent sink; and, purchase drums to store used paint spray booth filters in lieu of immersing them in vendor-filled drums of water. A general recommendation was made to the owner of all these commercial properties to contact an environmental attorney to determine the legality of a tenant/owner agreement which covers tenant responsibility for environmental cleanups. 2. Hazardous Waste Database HWRIC's hazardous waste database (actually multiple, linked, databases) is used to identify sites of potential concern on or near properties being sold. Interest in this type of information has increased in Illinois since the adoption of the Illinois Responsible Property Transfer Act (PA 85-1228, effective in 1990). This law requires that the parties involved in a real estate transaction make the buyer aware of the environmental condition of a property. Standards have also been developed on the national level for conducting Phase I environmental site assessments. These standards include using environmental databases as part of routine screening work prior to the sale of a property. 3-23 In FY'94, HWRIC added the Historical Hazards Geographi- cal Information Sys- tem (GIS) database to its collection. HWRIC staff search the database for location information on landfills, surface impoundments, and other types of disposal sites in response to requests from individuals conducting preliminary site assessments. During FY'94, HWRIC added the Historical Hazards Geographical Information System (GIS) database to its collection. This database was developed by the Illinois State Museum and is based on the Sanborn Fire Insurance maps. Researchers at the State Museum used their knowledge of historic industrial practices to identify, from the Sanborn Maps, locations of businesses likely to have used various hazardous chemicals. The database covers urban areas of over 500 Illinois cities with information dating as far back as 1849 and up through 1950 (see Chapter 6 of this annual report for more information). The addition of this system to the Center's database resources has increased the number of requests received for database information. Over 220 requests for information from the hazardous waste database were filled during FY'94, as noted on Table 3-1 in the introduction to this chapter. This compares to approximately 60 requests filled last year. 3. 1993 Illinois State Fair "Pollution Prevention in Agriculture and Industry" was the theme of HWRIC 's display for this Illinois State Fair. Drawing on the expertise and visual materials of several of the agricultural and industrial contacts HWRIC has made via technical assistance efforts, HWRIC staff compiled a three-part display on ways in which waste generation can be stopped before it even starts (see Figure 3-10). Topics illustrated in the state fair display included: • Variable rate technology (VRT) which, utilizing Global Positioning System satellite data with a terrain data computer, linked to a detailed soil map database, allows the application of the optimum amount of fertilizer or chemical needed in a crop field. The VRT system was pioneered in Illinois by Illini Farm Supply (FS) and is currently available in several central Illinois regions. • Dry powder paint industrial paint application systems that do not require the solvents needed by wet paint systems, and allow the paint particles to flow together to form an evenly coated surface, using only the amount of paint required. • A HWRIC pilot laboratory project investigating methods to reduce the volume of toxic waste pro- duced from cleaning petroleum storage tanks. The ultimate goal of the project is to emulsify the sludge at the bottom of the storage tanks, allowing for efficient cleaning and recovery of reusable oil. Figure 3-10: HWRIC's State Fair Display 3-24 4. Great Flood of 1993 HWRIC was able to provide some assistance to citizens and communities in western Illinois suffering damage and pollution problems in the wake of the Great Flood, primarily on the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Several HWRIC staff members joined Energy and Natural Resources colleagues in staffing sandbagging lines during the worst of the flood. Cooperative Extension Service staff in western Illinois had been getting inquiries from residents who found household cleaning products and paint products floating near their damaged homes or mired in silt in the houses. At the request of the Extension Service, HWRIC staff compiled basic information on our services and on ways to handle and dispose of hazardous household products. The Extension Service posted this information on their Internet GOPHER server, which is used by Extension staff in counties across the state. This newer technology provides an effective means of getting information quickly and directly to the people that need it. Using the Center's Geographic Information System (GIS) and database resources, Data Management staff prepared maps of the locations of landfills, CERCLA sites and Surface Impoundments in the counties affected by the flood. The maps were used by county governments to identify flooded areas that may have disturbed sites of past contamination. The Historical Hazards GIS database was used by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) contractors to help them evaluation historic land use patterns of property under consideration for the relocation of the town of Valmeyer. E. Educational Institutions During FY'94, HWRIC received over 100 requests for assistance or for information from various educational institutions in Illinois. Publications from HWRIC 's Clearinghouse were supplied to these institutions in response to requests. On several occasions, HWRIC staff made presentations at universities and secondary schools. (Presentations are listed in detail in Appendix A.) Staff also provided tours of the HWRIC facility to various student and teacher groups throughout the year. Examples of the types of assistance activities conducted with educational institutions in FY'94 are described below. 1. Influencing The Chemists of Tomorrow The American Chemistry Society (ACS), through its county- wide sponsorship of National Chemistry Week, encourages the promotion of chemistry to the general public. HWRIC, in conjunction with State Water Survey and University of Illinois Chemistry Department personnel, under the auspices of the local ACS chapter, offered an open house on November 10 to chemistry and physics students and faculty from rural Champaign and Douglas county high schools. 3-25 This one-day open house, which was visited by over 150 students, teachers and chaperones, was held at the HML and offered a variety of displays, demonstration projects, experiments and general exposure to analytical instrumentation in the laboratories. Special displays of teaching tools and materials available to schools through the University of Illinois and other sources were set up for the teachers in H WRIC's library. Donations ranging from safety glasses to soft drinks were solicited from laboratory supply vendors and local businesses, and were offered to the open house participants. The effort was recognized by ACS when the Chapter received the prestigious Phoenix Award at the ACS conference for the best National Chemistry Week open house in the nation. 2. College and University Science Students Visit HWRIC The Laboratory Services Program regularly provides tours of HWRIC's laboratory facilities for classes requesting such visits. a. Parkland College Chemistry 101 Notable among those tours during the past year were those provided to first year chemistry students at Parkland Community College in Champaign. The tours and demonstrations were presented to approximately 100 students during both the Fall and Spring semesters. b. UIUC Chemical Instrumentation Students A working visit was provided to students in a nonmajors chemical instrumentation class from the University of Illinois. Approximately 50 students in this class were provided a facility tour that included opportunities to sit down with HWRIC chemists to learn how they apply various sample preparation techniques and instruments to the solution of real world analytical chemistry problems. This interchange was extremely well received by both the students and the LSP staff. The tours ended with an introduction to the many resources available in the Center's Library and Clearing- house. 3. Pollution Prevention in Curricula One of the Center's ongoing goals is to promote the addition of P2 concepts in to existing higher education curricula. This approach helps to ensure that P2 concepts are understood and practiced by the next generation of engineers and managers. a. MBA Integration In July, HWRIC staff met with an Assistant Dean of the Graham School of Management at St. Xavier University in Chicago. The school is interested in expanding the environmental information in their curricula. This meeting was a brainstorming session on materials and focus for a pollution prevention course that would be part of the Master's of Business Administration (MBA) degree program. The School hopes to implement something within the next year or so, and they are planning to visit HWRIC and utilize our P2 information resources. 3-26 b. "Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Ecology " This was the title of a mini-symposium sponsored by the Institute for Environmental Studies and held on the University of Illinois campus on August 26-27 , 1 993 . Several HWRIC staff made the following presentations on recent work related to analysis of soil pollutants which would help those involved in both cleanup and prevention efforts: "Effects of Simple Organic Acid Anions and Municipal Landfill Leachate on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Calcite," and "Evaluation of Sequential Extraction Methods for Metal Speciation in Contaminated Soils Using Enriched Isotopes and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry." The symposium was well- attended, and included representatives from a variety of University departments, as well as from the scientific surveys and other organizations. c. Pollution Prevention in Illinois State University Curricula In December, four HWRIC staff members met with representatives from the departments of Industrial Technology, Accounting, and Health Sciences at Illinois State University to discuss ways in which pollution prevention concepts have already been and can be further integrated into existing curricula. Faculty were encouraged to apply for Center research funds to help them further develop P2 curricula materials. 3. University Curricula Development Projects Two projects have been funded by HWRIC's Research Program to develop pollution prevention curricula for institutions of higher education. They are summarized below. Refer to Appendix C for more information on these and other projects. a. "Pollution Prevention and Business Management" This manual, written by Dr. Thomas Bierma and Frank Waterstraat of Illinois State University, consists of three instructional modules intended for use with higher level undergraduate as well as graduate level classes in business management. b. "Pollution Prevention: A Course for Engineers" This curricula package was developed and conducted in the Spring semester by Dr. Paul Anderson at the Illinois Institute of Technology . These curricula are in the review process and will be available for distribution in early winter. 4. University Class Lectures In September, HWRIC's Assistant Director gave a lecture on "Toxics and Hazards" to UIUC Honors Program students. He also presented two lectures on P2 topics at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Wheaton campus and at Sangamon State University. The first lecture was entitled "Pollution Prevention Strategies for Illinois Business and Industry. " The lecture was open to the public and about 50 people attended including several from area companies. 3-27 As a result, several companies have requested and received technical assistance and information. The second lecture was entitled "HWRIC's Technical Assistance Services and Illinois Pollution Prevention Case Studies . " This presentation was given to a graduate P2 course in the Environmental Science Department with approximately 20 students in attendance. 5. Conferences and Presentations a. Illinois Recycling Association Annual Conference on Household Hazardous Waste A HWRIC staff member participated on a panel discussion concerning household hazardous waste. Information presented included: definition of household hazardous waste; currently available alternatives to products containing potentially hazardous waste; and, information on the resources of the Center. b. DuPage County SCRAP Conference On March 5th, two Pollution Prevention staff members gave separate presentations at the DuPage County School and School Recycling Assistance Program (SCRAP) Conference. The conference is a yearly event for educators in the DuPage County area to pick up new materials for use in their classrooms. HWRIC presentations included a participatory exercise dealing with Life Cycle Assessments and an informative talk on pollution prevention. Over 20 teachers attended each presentation. 6. Educational Publications a. HWRIC Encourages Teachers to Participate in Earth Day Children can play an important role in improving our environment, but they must be instructed on how and why it is necessary for them to be involved. For Earth Day 1994 (April 22), the Information Services Program compiled and sent information packets to approximately 33 schools in the area to assist teachers in getting this important message to students. The information included Earth Day events, easy Earth Day classroom ideas, recycling information, and brochures on other Earth Day resources. We asked teachers to stress to their students that everyone's contributions make a difference. b. New Items Added to Clearinghouse As part of the Earth Day effort, two new items were added to the Education section of the Clearinghouse: "Earth Day Ideas" (SCH-010), compiled by HWRIC's Information Assistant, and "In the Battle Against Pollution... YOU Can Make a Difference," (SCH-011) which originally appeared in the USEPA Journal, and for which we obtained distribution permission. Several other items added to the household hazardous waste section of HWRIC's Clearinghouse are geared toward homeowners and parents, including three public health brochures about removing lead-containing products from homes. 3-28 7. Other Outreach Efforts a. Higher Education The interactions between HWRIC and the University of Illinois have been steadily increasing. HWRIC 's Director has participated in two long-range planning efforts at the University of Illinois. These include participating in a work group addressing the service mission of UIUC, and as a member of the Task Force on the Environment. Both efforts have allowed HWRIC and the Scientific Surveys to become more integrated into future university efforts and programs. In addition, a mailing was sent to all community colleges asking for information on their pre-engineering, business and public health departments for future use in marketing curricula developed through HWRIC 's Research Program and to serve as information source. 8. Brown Bag Seminars Through its Brown Bag Seminar program, HWRIC furthers the education of its staff by inviting speakers in a variety of topical areas. These seminars are advertised campus-wide and all are welcome to attend. a. Baxter Healthcare On October 12, 1993, Rob Currie from Baxter Healthcare discussed pollution prevention efforts at Baxter, the world's largest supplier of health care supplies. Currie is one of the company's pollution prevention specialists. He serves on the Advisory Committee for HWRIC's regional P2 information resources project. Baxter staff believe pollution prevention programs are necessary for three reasons: to avoid bad publicity; to avoid costly cleanup; and, to do the right thing. Baxter emphasizes reduction of air toxics, hazardous waste, solid waste, and packaging. Currie cited the following as successful elements of P2 programs: • Senior management commitment • Training/awareness • Waste generator pays • Quality principles (TQM-total quality management) • Measurement/tracking • Empowerment/total employee involvement, and • Quality action teams. b. Arsenic-Contaminated Wastewater On October 20, Drs. Robert Fuessle and Max Taylor from Bradley University presented a seminar on their HWRIC-sponsored project "Stabilization of Arsenic Nonwastewaters. " The goals of the project have been to identify an effective arsenic stabilization design and to identify the characteristics of those arsenic wastes that are amenable to stabilization. 3-29 The investigators have obtained samples from PDC Laboratories in Peoria, which receives wastes from a variety of sites. One industrial process that yields arsenic- containing wastewater is glass manufacturing. Results from this project could aid glass manufacturers in waste management. c. Treatment of Contaminated Soils On October 27, Dr. Joseph FitzPatrick and Mr. Stan Zagula from Northwestern University presented an annual review seminar on their HWRIC-sponsored project "An Investigation of Column Flotation Technologies for the Pretreatment and Volume Reduction of Contaminated Soils and Sediments." The investigators postulate that pretreating contaminated soils and sediments prior to standard soil washing will significantly reduce the total volume of the materials requiring washing, thus making the soil washing a less costly process, and potentially yielding an overall cost savings in total treatment of contaminated soils and sediments. The seminar presentation was followed by a working meeting to discuss analytical work being conducted at the Center's Hazardous Materials Laboratory in support of the project. d. Wetlands Seminar On March 2 1 , Scott Simon, Assistant Research Biologist of the Illinois Natural History Survey, spoke on wetland restoration as part of the Brown Bag Series. Defining wetlands, the process of restoring wetlands and the benefits of wetlands to the state and the environment were discussed. 3-30 Chapter IV: Collaborative Efforts A. Introduction A key strategy to effectively and efficiently reach a larger audience is to work collaboratively with other agencies and organizations. Organizations HWRIC collaborates with include local, state and federal government agencies, colleges and universities, and business associations. This collaboration allows our small staff to reach a greater number of the over 200,000 businesses and other organizations in Illinois that have environmental concerns. While direct assistance is given as much as possible, information about HWRIC 's services, and about waste management and sound environmental strategies, is provided through direct mailing of reports and other information materials, speeches at professional meetings, sponsored conferences, and referrals from industrial associations. The Center's laboratory facilities are specifically designed for collabo- rative projects including technology development, testing, and analytical support of research. Highlights of collaborative efforts undertaken by HWRIC in FY'94 are described in this chapter by geographic areas of the state and in terms of those efforts more broadly applicable to the Great Lakes Region. By working with other organizations, especially business associations, our intent is to reach generators that might not come to us directly. Many of these activities are described in more detail in other chapters of this annual report. A key strategy to effectively and effi- ciently reach a larger audience and to better carry out the Center's man- dates is to work collaboratively with other organizations. B. Chicago Area Projects In the Chicago area, HWRIC is collaborating primarily with industrial associations, various government agencies, and the newly established Chicago Manufacturing Center (CMC). In the Fox River valley area west of Chicago, HWRIC has collaborated with the Valley Industrial Association (VIA). Three VIA member companies were funded by a grant from the Illinois Technology Challenge Fund to draw upon HWRIC's services to help solve their most pressing environmental problems. HWRIC also worked with two other VIA members. In the fall of 1993, USEPA Region V awarded HWRIC a two-year grant to undertake a cooperative project with the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC), the City of Chicago, IEPA and USEPA. The primary purpose of the project is to provide environmental technical assistance to industry in the Chicago area. This funding was used to hire a technical assistance engineer located 4-1 HWRIC was awarded a contract from USEPA Region Vun- derthe Pollution Pre- vention Incentives for States (PPIS) competitive grants program to assist companies in South- east Chicago and in East St. Louis reduce the use of ozone- forming solvents. Target companies are those that clean metal parts. in the MWRDGC offices. Initially, a series of workshops were provided to train inspectors and permit writers from the District and the other participating regulatory agencies in key concepts of pollution prevention. This was followed by a public workshop for environmental consultants and industry on how to incorporate pollution prevention into business practices. Through various publicity efforts and referrals from District staff, approximately 15 companies were given on-site assistance during the first nine months of the project. Also in the fall of 1993, HWRIC was awarded a contract from USEPA Region V under their Pollution Prevention Incentives for States (PPIS) competitive grants program to assist companies in Southeast Chicago and the American Bottomlands area around East St. Louis. The purpose of this project is to help companies that clean metal parts reduce the use of ozone-forming solvents. Outreach to industry to promote this testing service is being done in collaboration with the Small Business Energy and Environment Program of the Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs (DCCA). A new project, funded by USEPA, was awarded to the University of Michigan and the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) in partnership with HWRIC. The goal of this project is to develop a pilot environmental assistance network through cooperative extension services. This Environmental Extension Network (EEN) is being initially tested in Southeast Chicago. The Center is providing introductory training to the EEN project staff on pollution prevention and environmental regulations. Initially, this project will focus on providing assistance to dry cleaners and automotive service businesses with hazardous waste compliance issues. HWRIC staff will provide technical support for these efforts. In June, 1994, DCCA awarded a related contract to HWRIC and the EEN project team. The purpose of this project is to provide pollution prevention and environmen- tal assistance to all manufacturers in Southeast Chicago. This is one of seven projects funded under the state's Coalition for Manufacturing Performance Through Technol- ogy (COMPETE) program from the Technology Challenge Fund. The goal of COMPETE is to help Illinois manufacturers modernize and improve productivity. In both projects, EEN staff will develop informational materials and promote available services directly to businesses and citizens in the area. HWRIC will provide technical information, on-site evaluations of regulatory problems, and will identify pollution prevention opportunities. A major collaborative effort in the Chicago area is a partnership HWRIC has formed with the Chicago Manufacturing Center (CMC). The CMC is a not-for-profit corporation funded in part by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a division of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The goal of the CMC is to help small to medium-sized manufacturing companies upgrade their equipment, improve their processes, and strengthen their business performance. HWRIC will assist the CMC in evaluating environmental concerns of businesses requesting assistance and will work to integrate pollution prevention considerations into business modernization projects. 4-2 With state funding in FY '95 and contract funding from the CMC, HWRIC will establish an office co-located with the CMC at Homan Square in Chicago's North Lawndale community. HWRIC was honored to be included in the official opening ceremonies of the Chicago Manufacturing Center this summer. HWRIC's Director and Pollution Prevention Program Manager attended the event, which featured U.S. Secretary of Commerce Ronald Brown. Figure 4-1 : Opening Ceremonies for the Chicago Manufacturing Center (CMC). Left to Right: Rheal Turcotte, CMC President; Richard M. Daley, Mayor of Chicago; Ronald H. Brown, U.S. Secretary of Commerce; Edward J. Nolia, Chairman, Chicago Economic Development Commission; Jan Grayson, Director, IL Dept. of Commerce and Community Affairs. HWRIC laboratory staff have been working with UIUC undergraduate engineering students to conduct air quality sampling at Armstrong World Industries' (a tiling and flooring specialist) Bourbonnais facility. The lab staff have trained the students in sampling techniques and have provided analysis of the volatile compounds found in the samples collected during the first two phases of a three phase sampling plan. The effort is aimed at defining air quality problems at the facility, with the goal of implementing pollution prevention or other corrective measures. HWRIC's chemists worked with faculty from the UIUC School of Veterinary Science on a project involving aquarium tank water from Chicago's Shedd Aquarium. After a fish kill in one of the Aquarium's tanks, Shedd officials suspected sabotage, and contacted the Veterinary School for analytical assistance. The School contacted HWRIC to apply the capabilities of the Center's mass spectrometer to analyze the water samples for the presence of the suspected toxic chemicals. The analysis showed the presence of low levels of cleaning chemicals. In another chemical analysis project, Laboratory staff worked with the UIUC Forestry Department to assist Argonne National Laboratory scientists to help develop new ways to delineate contaminated groundwaters. The project involved development of methods to prepare and analyze various tree and plant tissues for the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride. 4-3 The research effort seeks to apply techniques by which tissue samples from trees growing over relatively shallow groundwater can be used to screen for contamination, thereby minimizing the need to drill expensive wells. The results of HWRIC's survey and analysis project indicate that pollu- tion prevention in- formation needs identified in the re- gion could be best met by establishing a Great Lakes re- gional information sharing network. C. Great Lakes Regional Projects HWRIC's analytical instruments, particularly the inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometer (ICP/MS), are being used to measure low levels of 14 metals commonly found in rainfall. These analyses are in support of a study of Great Lakes region toxic air contaminants. USEPA is contracting with the State Water Survey to operate the sample collection network of contaminant monitoring stations. HWRIC is helping to provide the analytical results on the collected samples. Over the past year, HWRIC has participated in a regional study called the Great Printers Project, led by the Council of Great Lakes Governors, the Environmental Defense Fund, and the Printing Industry of America. Two primary goals of the project are to: • Motivate and enable printers in the Great Lakes region to adopt pollution prevention strategies, and • Recast the approach of government environmental policies, regulations and practices to more efficiently serve printers and include a prevention focus. HWRIC was primarily involved in developing strategies for improving technical assistance services for the printing industry. Following publication of the final project report, HWRIC has helped to initiate a pilot project to begin implementing the recommendations that followed from the Great Printers Project. With funding from the Great Lakes Protection Fund, a planning study was undertaken by HWRIC to evaluate the status of pollution prevention information resources and needs in the region and recommend strategies to better meet those needs. An advisory group was convened from representatives throughout the Great Lakes region to help guide the study. A directory, entitled Great Lakes Pollution Prevention Information Resources Catalog, was published as one result of this project. The major recommendation resulting from this study is that pollution prevention needs identified in the region could be best met by establishing a Great Lakes regional information sharing network. The final report, Great Lakes Pollution Prevention Information Resources: Current Status and Future Recommendations, discusses the project survey as well as the recommendations for future cooperation and collaboration in providing necessary information to industry. For the past five years, HWRIC has actively participated in the Midwest Pollution Prevention Roundtable, which is comprised of representatives from pollution preven- tion organizations, and which meets twice yearly. The purpose of these meetings is to develop cooperative projects, share information resources, and identify effective methods for promoting pollution prevention. During the past year, HWRIC staff assisted this organization by publishing a regional newsletter, LINK, and helping to establish a charter for the Roundtable. 4-4 The charter, adopted in the summer of 1994, changed the name of the organization to the Great Lakes Regional Pollution Prevention Roundtable and formalized some of the organization's topical workgroups. HWRIC 's efforts to support the Roundtable have been to facilitate information sharing and to develop improved methods of providing technical assistance to businesses. Through these meetings, collaborative activities are being explored with the Clean Air Act small business assistance programs in each of the USEPA Region V states. In addition, the Center has collected important pollution prevention information from elsewhere in the Great Lakes region, and then made it available to Illinois businesses via our technical assistance and information outreach efforts. D. Central Illinois Projects The American Foundrymen's Society and the Illinois Cast Metals Association cooperated with HWRIC on a study of pollution prevention practices in foundries. This study was funded by USEPA with the objective of identifying nonhazardous industrial wastestreams that could be reduced through more widespread implementa- tion of pollution prevention technologies. The industry groups assisted by identifying three central Illinois foundries willing to participate in the study. In addition, the trade groups provided valuable review comments on the final project report. Three central Illinois foundries partici- pated in a project to identify nonhazard- ous wastestreams that could be re- duced by pollution prevention efforts. Small businesses in Peoria and Tazewell counties are the focus of technical assistance efforts in another USEPA-funded project. The purpose of this project is to help businesses reduce the volume of wastes they generate that may be going to shallow, uncontrolled wells (known as Class V wells) . These wells , including septic tanks , floor drains and even drainage ditches, can contaminate groundwaters used for drinking water supplies. The geology in those two counties is particularly susceptible to contamination from these types of wells. Cooperating with HWRIC on this project are: the City of Pekin; the Central Regional Groundwater Protection Planning Committee; and the Pekin Groundwater Protection Committee. E. Southern Illinois/American Bottomlands Area Projects The Illinois Department of Public Health (DPH) has contracted with HWRIC to provide analytical assistance and technical guidance on a study of lead levels in the East St. Louis area. The study, funded by USEPA, will examine blood lead levels of residents and correlate them with levels found in their neighborhoods. HWRIC analysis will focus on the contaminants lead, cadmium, and arsenic in area air, household dust, yard soil, and drinking water samples taken at the residences of those whose blood lead levels are being measured. 4-5 We have provided analytical services and technical guidance for a number of research projects with UIUC researchers involving contaminants in southern Illinois. These studies entailed measurements of: lead levels in soils and rat diets; pesticides in soils from agricultural sites; and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil and air samples from Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge. The other main project undertaken to address environmental problems in this area of the state is the solvent alternatives project (PPIS) mentioned above that targets companies in East St. Louis and in Southeast Chicago. F. Summary Many collaborative activities undertaken in FY'94 were with state and federal government agencies. These are listed in Table 4-1. Table 4-1 : HWRIC Collaboration with other Government Agencies Collaborative Projects with Government Agencies in FY'94 Greater Chicago Pollution Prevention Project Solvent Alternatives Project -- Southeast Chicago and American Bottomlands Environmental Extension Network (EEN) with the University of Illinois State Water Survey study of air toxics in the Great Lakes Great Printers Project with the Council of Great Lakes Governors, the Environmental Defense Fund and the Printing Industry of America "Regional Pollution Prevention Information Resources: A Planning Study" funded by the Great Lakes Protection Fund (created by the Council of Great Lakes Governors) Great Lakes Regional Pollution Prevention Roundtable participation (many members from state and provincial government agencies) Department of Public Health study on levels of lead contamination in East St. Louis Local government agencies are involved in the Class V well pollution prevention project in Peoria and Tazewell counties. In the Greater Chicago Project, both the City of Chicago and the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago are major participants. In addition, IEPA and DCCA were cosponsors with HWRIC of a statewide teleconference on spray painting pollution prevention alternatives. HWRIC staff made several presentations at the annual Illinois Pollution Prevention Conference that was sponsored by IEPA. 4-6 The primary business associations that HWRIC worked with during the past year were the Valley Industrial Association, the American Foundrymen's Society, the Illinois Cast Metals Association, and the Chicago Manufacturing Center. Publicity about Center activities and sponsored events was provided by the Illinois Manufacturers Association, the State Chamber of Commerce, the Chemical Industry Council, the Consulting Engineers Association of Illinois, and the Access Illinois electronic bulletin board system. Besides funding research studies with several universities in Illinois, collaborative projects were undertaken with Northwestern University and several units of the University of Illinois including the Cooperative Extension Service, the School of Horticulture, the College of Engineering, the School of Veterinary Science, and the Forestry Department. HWRIC will continue to look for ways of better providing pollution prevention, waste management and other environmentally related information to the businesses and citizens of the state by working collaboratively with others. It is by working through a diverse network of organizations that we are able to reach the many people and businesses that could benefit from our services. 4-7 Chapter V: Research Directions A. Introduction Illinois is one of only a few states in the nation that provides funding for research to investigate the nature and extent of environmental contaminant problems and the means to correct them. While the majority of state funding must be spent for remediation of sites of past contamination, research can better define our technology needs and provide new, less expensive technologies to hasten the restoration of contaminated sites, to remove the contaminants more completely, and to reduce the probability of future contamination. The Hazardous Waste Research Fund (HWRF), which is generated primarily by tipping and hauling fees for hazardous waste disposal, is the largest source of state funding for the Center's Research Program. The Research Program in turn funds basic and applied research projects on hazardous waste and pollution prevention topics. Projects are selected through the annual competitive process discussed in Chapter 2. Technology development and testing is one part of HWRIC's Research Program. Other research efforts include collection of data to characterize a particular site or a wastestream; examination of the use of natural and augmented biological remediation of contaminated areas; evaluation of the health risks posed by existing contamination and the remediation efforts selected to restore these areas to their original state; and development of curricula that encourage the next generation of engineers, scientists, and managers to incorporate environmental impacts into their business decisions. While finding new and better ways of correcting the environmental problems that exist in Illinois must continue to be one of the Center's goals, preventing future problems and maintaining or even improving the quality of the environment has become the focus of both HWRIC's sponsored and conducted research efforts. The costs of scientific investigations continue to increase, while state support for the Center's Research Program has remained relatively constant over the last two years. One means of supplementing our fiscal base for projects has been for HWRIC Research Program staff to work with other state and federal agencies, industries, and other funding sources to identify projects of mutual interest and share the funding. This fiscal cooperation has enabled both HWRIC and the cosponsoring groups to fund a greater number of, and more expensive, investigations, such as field evaluations, than would have ordinarily been possible. Scientific studies conducted by HWRIC staff and supported primarily by federal funding have increased significantly. Center staff were awarded contracts to pursue a variety of research topics, most of which have as a central theme finding practical and implementable solutions to better manage and reduce industrial wastestreams. Many of these projects are cooperative efforts between Center staff and other state, federal, and municipal agencies or organizations, and are geared toward expanding Illinois is one of only a few states in the nation that provides funding for research to investigate the nature and extent of environmental con- taminant problems and the means to correct them. Scientific studies conducted by Cen- ter staff and sup- ported primarily by federal funding have increased signifi- cantly. Most con- tracts awarded Cen- ter staff have as a theme finding prac- tical solutions to better manage or reduce industry wastestreams. 5-1 State funding of $762,400 provided support for 26 projects during FY'94. Several of these studies were begun in FY'93 or earlier. Nine new projects were initi- ated in FY'94. the technical assistance capabilities HWRIC provides. All of these investigations help HWRIC staff learn more about the needs of Illinois' industries and how to better address them. The previous chapters have presented an overview of all of HWRIC 's programs and more detailed descriptions of the technical assistance activities and collaborative efforts. In this chapter, the discussion centers on the research conducted by Center staff as well as the projects conducted by investigators funded through HWRIC 's Research Program. B. Center-Funded Projects State funding of $762,400 provided support for 26 projects during FY'94. Several of these studies were begun in FY'93 or earlier. Nine new projects were initiated in FY'94. All of the Center-funded research projects were selected from preproposals and proposals submitted in response to HWRIC 's annual solicitations (see Chapter 2). Eleven of the FY'94 projects are now completed. Final project reports have been received and are either already available, in final review, or being revised for publication. These studies are listed in Table 5-1 , which also includes the publication number for the report or the anticipated date of publication. The remaining 15 FY'94 projects continue into FY'95 (Table 5-2). Table 5-1: Completed Research Projects in FY'94 Title P.l.\ Affiliation Date Report Available Measurements of Indoor Toxic VOC Concentrations Attributed to the Residential Storage of Household Hazardous Waste Sweet & Vermerte/ Illinois State Water Survey Buffalo State Winter 1994 An Investigation of Column Flotation Technologies for the Pretreatment and Volume Reduction of Fine Contaminated Soils and Sediments FitzPatrick/Northwestern University Spring 1995 LUST Cleanup Technology Report Wolterink/ Perino Technical Services Inc Winter 1995 Treatment of Spent Chemical Oxygen Demand Solutions for Safe Disposal Holm/ Illinois State Water Survey Spring 1995 Devlopment of an Environmentally Safe Conversion Coating System for Magnesium Briles/ Sunstrand Aerospace Winter 1994 Stabilization of Arsenic Nonwastewaters Fuessle & Taylor/ Bradley University Fall 1994 Course in Pollution Prevention Anderson/ Illinois Institute of Technology Wnter 1994 Development and Pilot Demonstration of a Computerized Bar-Code Based Waste Tracking System for Waste Minimization at Argonne National Laboratory Peters/ Argonne National Laboratory Spring 1995 Pollution Prevention and Business Management Curricula for Schools of Business and Public Health Bierma/ Illinois State University Winter 1994 An Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Reduction Opportunities in Industrial/Commercial Distribution Networks Snyder/ Community Recycling Center - Champaign Winter 1994 Pollution Prevention for Chemical Processes: A Handbook with Solved Problems from the Refining and Chemical Processing Industries Allen & Rosselot/ University of California, Los Angeles TR-022 September 1994 5-2 2 W Q OL - 5 — O O O c 3 -e ro@ CO to o c o co O) c CU LO CO § SI J2 co c c c^ o ■= O C co ro ■— I ES fc ro O CO E 8 CD TD m ro CJ N *- ro o x o cd 3= uu LO en CD in c *_ ro o o. »E ±± ro CO -C a5 9 > ro c c E => |@ ro to a: o c c CD E a. o a; > CD a ro c o "ro co o Q. 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Also required is a final project report that describes the investigation and includes: background information about the problem being studied; a detailed description of the project, its successes and failures; and the conclusions with supporting data. The final project report must be submitted before the end of the project, but frequently editorial, technical, and final reviews continue after the project end date. Nine research reports were completed and printed during this fiscal year (Table 5-3). Also included in this table are three project reports prepared by Center staff to describe their externally funded projects and present the conclusions of these studies (TR-012,- 013,-014). Published docu- ments — reports, factsheets, etc. — on most of the re- search projects un- dertaken by and for the Center are avail- able at little or no charge from the Clearinghouse. FY'94 Center-funded researchers come from state and private universities, the State Water Survey, consulting engineering firms, industry, a federal laboratory, and a recycling operation. The FY'94 projects can be grouped into four general categories: waste management options, remediation technologies, pollution prevention technolo- gies/techniques, and risk assessment. Brief summaries of all of the FY'94 projects are provided as Appendix C of this annual report. Four of the projects completed in FY'94 are highlighted on the following pages. 1. Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUSTs) Remediation Underground storage tanks are used to store a variety of liquids, but most frequently are used for the storage of fuel . This type of tank can be found everywhere from the corner gas station to a remote vacation cabin. It is believed that there are nearly two million underground storage tanks in the U.S. used to hold fuel to heat homes, farms, schools, and other buildings. National estimates indicate approximately 25 % of all underground storage tanks are currently leak- ing contaminants into the environment. In most cases the contaminant is a petroleum hydrocarbon such as gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, kero- sene, used motor oil, or fuel oil. The release of these compounds from a LUST results in contami- nation of the surrounding soil and frequently of the underlying groundwater as well. The contamina- tion may be in the form of liquid petroleum products in the soil or floating on the groundwater, adsorbed hydrocarbon on the soils, or dissolved contaminants in the water. Because of the potential impact that these uncontrolled releases may have on the nation's groundwater resources, regula- tions have been passed that require monitoring Figure 5-1: Removing an Underground Storage Tank 5-5 Table 5-3: FY'94 Published Reports and Documents Report Number Title Author(s) Publication Date RR-064 Field Study of Transit Time of Water and Tracers Through a Soil Liner Keros Cartwright, Ivan Krapac, Samuel Panno, Bruce Hensel, Illinois State Geological Survey Kenneth Rehfeldt, Illinois Water Survey July 1993 RR-065 LUST Remediation Technologies Part 2: Soil Corrective Action Description Perino Technical Services Springfield, Illinois August 1993 RR-066 Speciation and Mobilization of Toxic Heavy Metal Ions by Methanogenic Bacteria Mark Foster, T. Conver, Allyson Rodabough, Tressia Dayton, John Koropchak, Eric Niederhoffer Southern Illinois University October 1993 RR-067 Evaluation of Fe Oxide-Coated Granular Activated Carbon for Removal and Recovery of Cu(ll) and Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions T.C. Wang, K.P. Chandra, Paul Anderson Illinois Institute of Technology April 1994 RR-068 Demonstration of Hydraulic Fracturing to Facilitate Remediation Larry Murdoch, Mark Kemper, Mohan Narayanaswamy, Allen Wolf University of Cincinnati April 1994 RR-069 Household Pets as Monitors of Lead Exposure to Humans William Buck, Louise-Marie Cote, Philippe Berny University of Illinois June 1994 TR-012 Ink and Cleaner Waste Reduction Evaluation for Flexographic Printers Gary Miller, William Tancig, Hazardous Waste Research & Information Center, Michael Plewa, University of Illinois, Institute for Environmental Studies January 1994 TR-013 Recycling Nickel Electroplating Rinse Waters by Low Temperature Evaporation and Reverse Osmosis Timothy Lindsey, Jacqueline Peden, Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center January 1994 TR-014 Evaluation of Ultrafiltration to Recover Aqueous Iron Phosphatizing/Degreasing Bath Timothy Lindsey, Alisa Ocker, Gary Miller, Michelle Miller, Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center January 1994 TR-016 Waste Management Study of Foundries Major Waste Streams, Phase II Marvin McKinley, Irvin Jefcoat, William Herz, Christopher Frederick University of Arizona and American Foundrymen's Society April 1994 TR-017 Improved Quantitation of Organic and Inorganic Carbon in Soils and Aquifer Materials Michael Caughey, Illinois State Water Survey, Michael Barcelona, Western Michigan University April 1994 TR-M9 Use of Landfarming to Remediate Soil Contaminated by Pesticides Andrews Environmental Engineering Springfield, Illinois June 1994 5-6 systems for new underground tanks, inspections of existing underground tanks, and immediate corrective actions when leaks are found. In FY'93, HWRIC funded Perino Technical Services, Inc. to develop a guide that would provide information on the technologies being used for the cleanup of both soils and groundwater contaminated by LUSTs. Their study has resulted in a three-part report. Part 1 presents a summary of technology options for soil corrective actions. An in-depth description of each of the technologies is provided in Part 2. The final volume, Part 3, discusses the technologies available for groundwater cleanup. Regulatory information about the corrective action requirements, and for each specific technology, is included in the report. The technologies discussed in the reports have all been used to remediate LUST sites, but not necessarily sites in Illinois. However, the technologies have been labeled acceptable by IEPA for use in the state. For each technology, the report contains a complete description of the process, engineering design parameters, and costs. The soil technology options include: removal, transport, and landfill disposal; soil vapor extraction; bioremediation; thermal treatment and incineration; soil washing; in situ soil flushing; solvent extraction; chemical dechlorination; and in situ vitrification. The water technology options are : recovery of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons , conventional pump and treat (including : air stripping , activated carbon adsorption, chemical oxidation, ultra violet oxidation, biological treatment, chemical precipitation and flocculation/aggregation, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis), in situ bioremediation, aquifer air sparging, and vacuum vaporization. As with the soil options, each technology is described, engineering parameters are defined, and costs are provided whenever possible. In Illinois, the researchers found that most of the LUST contaminated soils continue to be excavated and landfilled while pump and treat technologies are used on the contaminated groundwater. All three volumes are, or will be, available from HWRIC 's Clearinghouse. The Center provided funding to Perino Technical Services for development of a guide on technolo- gies to use for the cleanup of soils and groundwaters con- taminated by leak- ing underground storage tanks. 2. Pollution Prevention for Chemical Processes Refining and chemical process industries are responsible for nearly half of the releases and transfers reported in the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) in the state of Illinois. Additionally, 24% of the Illinois facilities that must complete TRI reports belong to this industry group. To encourage reductions in releases from this industry group, the Center funded Dr. David Allen and Ms. Kirsten Rosselot of UCLA to develop a manual that would present pollution prevention options for the refining and chemical process industries in Illinois. These researchers were selected for this study because they had already developed materials for a related workshop they conducted in 1 992 . It was designed to introduce pollution prevention concepts to USEPA permit writers for this industry group. The handbook that they developed in this study, entitled Pollution Prevention for Chemical Processes: A Handbook with Solved Problems from the Refining and Chemical Processing Industries, is designed for use in short courses, training sessions, and as a supplementary text in university engineering design courses. 5-7 The P2 handbook for chemical process- ing describes the basic structure of a pollution prevention program and how to implementone. The handbook, which can be used in uni- versity courses, in- cludes pollution problems and pos- sible solutions. The handbook describes the basic structure of a pollution prevention program and how it can be implemented. It shows ways in which the volume and/or toxicity of wastestreams can be reduced through chemical substitution, improved operations, and process modifications. The handbook topics are presented in the context of unit operations, an approach that relies on an understanding of pollution prevention concepts and general industrial processes. It compares total cost assessment with the costs of current disposal practices to illustrate the potential economic benefits of pollution prevention. Case studies that compare pollution prevention to end-of-pipe methods for controlling wastes are also presented. Questions/problems are posed to both technical and nontechnical readers and at least one possible solution for each problem is discussed. Although the handbook contains Illinois-specific information, much of what it contains is relevant to the chemical industry nationwide. The handbook can be obtained from HWRIC's Clearinghouse by requesting report HWRIC TR-022. 3. Solid Waste Reduction Opportunities in Industrial/Commercial Distribution Networks Manufacturing and distribution facilities generate large quantities of nonhazardous packaging material, such as pallets, stretch film, plastic strapping and corrugated cardboard. The packaging is designed to protect the product during transport and then is processed through the manufacturing/distribution/retail network. The goal of this study was to identify techniques to reduce, reuse, or recycle that packaging. Researchers from Champaign's Community Recycling Center found that three materials were predominant in this waste — corrugated cardboard, pallet stretch film plastic, and wooden pallets and crates. Most distribution centers break down their pallet loads into smaller packages for the retailer, but for those centers that do not, waste volume "spikes" consisting of outdated, off-specification, and discontinued products, are a problem. It is the decision of the wholesaler and the distributor whether to use bulk versus single use packaging. They must also decide if the product must be repackaged before being sent to the retail outlet. The choices of single use packaging and repackaging can result in significant increases in the volume of packaging wastes that is finally disposed. Distributors can, however, have a positive effect through the use of returnable containers, take-back programs, and centralized recycling programs. Recycling of distribution waste at facilities in Illinois was found to be a function of the location and size of the distribution centers. Large distributors in metropolitan areas of the state typically recycle cardboard and most of the plastic film. Opportu- nities to reuse good pallets and rebuild or grind damaged pallets also exist in the large cities. Recycling options are not as readily available in small towns. The use of reusable and low waste packaging is relatively uncommon in Illinois. This is largely due to the problems associated with the return of the container to the distributor, particularly storage and transport of the empty returnable container by the retailer to the distributor. Again, more opportunities exist in the large metropolitan areas. As delivery distances increase, so does a trucker's desire to fill the cargo space with new product rather than reusable materials for the return trip. Incentives to recover and reuse these wastes are available, but the distributors and the public must be told about them. The researchers suggest state government fill this information gap by serving as a clearinghouse for information on waste reduction options and by aggressively marketing the state's industrial waste exchange. The final project report for this work will be available in the winter of 1994. 4. Risks from Storage of Household Hazardous Products Many toxic chemicals are taken into the human body through inhalation. Poor indoor air quality is often attributable to the products and materials used in residential and commercial buildings. Chemicals released from these materials into the air may be present in high concentrations. The fact that Americans spend nearly 90% of their days indoors further increases their health risks by compounding the effects of high contaminant levels with prolonged exposure. In households, the storage of new or leftover household products, such as automotive products, paints, solvents, and other cleaners, may contribute to the deterioration of indoor air quality. This study was designed to document the types and amounts of toxic materials found in the home as the result of the storage of common household products. Incentives to re- cover and reuse packaging materials are available, but the distributors and the public must be told about them. Re- searchers have sug- gest state govern- ment fill this infor- mation gap. The researchers in this study used a test house that simulated the typical pattern of storage in a garage or attached cabinet external to the living areas. The test house allowed the researchers to control the flow of air through the various rooms of the structure and to see how the concentrations of the chemicals being monitored changed as they passed through the living areas. High concentrations of the volatile products were found in the storage areas, with the peak concentrations generally occurring within 24 hours of the product being placed in storage. Concentrations in the living area were generally about half that of the storage area. In both areas concentrations slowly declined with time. The second phase of the study looked at the same chemicals (including benzene, carbon tetrachloride, toluene, freon, and trichloroethane) but measured them in actual residences . The amount of these target chemicals was again higher in the storage area than in the living spaces. In general, however, the actual concentrations of chemicals in the homes were considerably less than in the test facility, probably because of the dilution of the compounds through natural ventilation. Air samples from the homes did have more single compound spikes (mainly chloroform and perchloroethene), but these elevated levels still did not approach those found in the test facility. These spikes probably resulted from the introduction of fresh sources of the chemical, such as dry- cleaned clothes, into the living area. It was concluded that household products stored in attached storage areas can cause significant elevations in the levels of toxic compounds in the air; however, normal air flow generally dilutes these levels quickly. The report for this study is currently being revised to address the comments of the reviewers. It should be available from HWRIC in the winter of 1994. The fact that Ameri- cans spend nearly 90% of each day in- doors further in- creases their health risks from exposure to toxic chemicals. 5-9 C. Center-Conducted Projects Ten Center-con- ducted studies re- ceived financial support from federal and regional orga- nizations in FY'94. While some projects HWRIC has undertaken with outside funding fit the more standard description of a research project that seeks to answer one or more basic scientific questions, most are nontraditional and seek very applied answers to a company's or facility's immediate waste management needs. During FY'94, ten Center-conducted studies received financial support from federal and regional organizations. These projects are listed in Table 5-4, which includes the name of at least one participating partner for each project. The degree of partnership varies considerably among the different projects. In some instances, the project was truly a joint agency/organization effort with all of the participants listed in the table working on the proposal, sharing the tasks presented in the scope of work, and preparing the final report. For most of the projects, the partners were the companies with problems being addressed in the study or the agencies/organizations that provided information, relevant data, or review comments. Several of the projects listed in Table 5-4 had technical assistance as a major component. The other projects collected information about existing pollution prevention activities and resources, as well as waste management problems and possible solutions, and prepared new materials on these subjects for distribution. Most of these studies have been mentioned in the discussions of the Center's technical assistance activities in Chapter 3 and in the interactions of Center staff with other agencies, organizations, businesses, and individuals described in Chapter 4. On the next few pages, results from three of the projects that ended in FY'94 and the objectives of one that began this year will be provided. 1. Pollution Prevention Information Resources In an effort to determine the extent to which pollution prevention information is being provided in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, Center staff sent a survey to 450 known or likely pollution prevention information providers in the region. The funding agency, The Great Lakes Protection Fund, required that the project convene an Advisory Committee of representatives from the Great Lakes states and provinces. This Committee assisted HWRIC's project team in developing the survey, identifying the survey recipients, and evaluating the survey results. The project also analyzed the completeness of the information in filling the needs of the industry clients making information requests, then recommended strategies to better meet those needs, and identified resources necessary to implement those strategies. The survey inquired about the nature of the pollution prevention information available, the methods used to deliver the information, and the survey participants' perceptions of the client's satisfaction with what was sent. A total of 122 or 27% of the surveys were returned completed. 5-10 If) \- u 111 -1 o a. Q. Q HI Q Z D > _l < Z cr UJ i- X III U) UJ _l CD < C c co CL to Q. O O >> CO CD CD c c 3 o o CD N < CL LU CO o c < Q. LU s Pollution Roundtable bers T3 C CO c co to 3 ■o c £ u CO c c Q CO c :ago, City of partment of < CL LU CO o g CO CD t5 c 3 o artment of d Community is Industries Great Lakes ry Committee Corps of leers co Q. o '^ Em CD E < co 3 CO c LU "o CO h- c CO CO o co" CD "CO Q. 'c 3 CO o CD C CO o <}> co a> 0. 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O CD > CD a E CO i_ cn o to a CD CD x: CZ g "c CD > a to 3 c "o c g c CD > °5S c c o CD o •*- > -jrz CO CD c0 CD CL C ~ ,- CD CO o E £ ■4= CD CD o E < ^ CO c cn o c •1 CD CL CL < CZ g c "5 S -J£ CO CL a Q. — 3 cd a < Q- ~cd E a. o CD > CO c CL C o 3 CL C g 3 O Cl — "O c * o cz -^ o "o Cl to c "^ CL CO > CO CD Q CO CL "5 o_ o ~ §1 g cn CD CO t- co C£ CO CL > o LU 5-11 Surveys Sent and Returned Comparison by Organization Type Figure 5-2 characterizes the responses by orga- nizational type and compares the number of surveys sent to each group with the number returned. Sutc/prm Trade a&n ImJusirv liduc tn-a Figure 5-2: Surveys Sent and Returned for Great Lakes P2 Information Project The survey showed that there are many organi- zations, including environmental technical as- sistance agencies, university libraries, compa- nies, and trade associations that have begun to provide pollution prevention information and the number is increasing annually. Without some system of networking, unnecessary du- plication of effort will result from this prolif- eration of providers. The Advisory Commit- tee, in conjunction with HWRIC's project team, recommended that a Great Lakes re- gional pollution prevention information net- work be established. Sharing of resources through this network would reduce duplica- tion, save time and money, and allow staff to focus more on dissemination and outreach rather than building redundant collections. The study suggested that information providers can serve their clients better by improving information sharing among their organizations, cooperatively developing key pollution prevention information materials, and working together to keep their information current. Although this project is completed, Committee and project team members continue to work together and with other information providers to create and deliver value- added pollution prevention information to industries. Networking with providers from other regions through the efforts of the National Pollution Prevention Roundtable and of USEPA has been proposed. Center staff are now part of a team working on the next generation of information delivery systems to promote pollution prevention in industry. The two reports prepared for this project, Great Lakes Pollution Prevention Information Resources Catalog (HWRIC TN 94-033), and Great Lakes Pollution Prevention Information Resources: Current Status and Future Recommendations (HWRIC TN 95-041) are available from HWRIC's Clearinghouse. 2. Industrial-D Waste Investigations Subtitle D or nonhazardous industrial wastes are diverse and complex in nature and vary in risks posed to human health and the environment. The potential hazard of each waste is directly related to chemical composition and to how the waste is managed. During FY'94, Center staff completed two USEPA-funded projects that investigated the nature of these wastes and management and reduction opportunities. The first project was to identify pollution prevention opportunities and techniques/ technologies for industries that generate nonhazardous industrial wastes. 5-12 Four industries were initially targeted because of the large amount of Industrial-D wastes they generate. The industries are in the following Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) areas: chemicals (SIC 29), primary metals (SIC 33), pulp and paper (SIC 26), and petroleum refining (SIC 29). HWRIC worked with trade organizations to identify companies within these industry classifications that would be interested in participating in the study. With the assistance of the Illinois Cast Metal Association, a division of the American Foundrymen's Association, three foundries were located and agreed to participate in the project. On-site assessments were used to identify existing efforts to reduce waste, to assist the facilities in implementing additional waste reduction techniques/technologies, and to evaluate the success of all of the techniques/technologies being used. Although the wastes produced by these foundries are nonhazardous, Illinois regula- tions classify them as special wastes which must be manifested. Foundries are required to obtain state and special waste generator identification numbers. The principal nonhazardous process waste for all of the foundries was waste sand used in molding operations. The cost for disposal of a 20 ton load of waste sand in 1992 was $163, so efforts to reduce the amounts of sand disposed could be financially beneficial. Although representatives from all three participating foundries felt that they already recycled as much sand as possible, their facilities did often each still generate a 20 ton load of waste sand to dispose of each week. With the assistance of the Illinois Cast Metal Association, three Central Illinois foundries partici- pated in HWRIC's In- dustrial-D special wastes project. Other waste reduction efforts in place at one or more of the three foundries included: metal recycling, cardboard and fiber drum reuse, other drum recycle or return, and chemical substitution to less toxic paints and binders. One foundry had even developed a formal pollution prevention plan, and staff were in the beginning stages of implementing the options proposed in the plan. HWRIC's project team had inadequate time to investigate and suggest other technologies, so efforts were concentrated on encouraging pollution prevention techniques to make them part of the routine operations of all three participating foundries. Foundry personnel expressed some concern about new regulations which might mandate technology requirements. All three participants are small companies that lack the capital to make significant technology changes. All of the participants, however, agreed that waste reduction must be encouraged because it reduces expenses and can help them comply with existing and potential future regulations. The final report for this project is in review and should be available in Spring 1995. The second Industrial-D waste project had as a goal characterizing and ranking the relative environmental risk of such wastes. The project used data from Illinois and Pennsylvania as representative of wastestreams generated in major industrialized states. The goal was to develop a conceptual waste tracking system for determining the potential hazards of these wastestreams and improving management of the wastestreams. Currently there is a great deal of variation between state programs that regulate these Subtitle D wastes. Many states are interested in regulating these wastes more closely and are in the process of developing more stringent regulations. Illinois' program is considered progressive since wastes managed off-site must be manifested, and on-site management techniques are permitted based on the waste processing source or specific characteristic of the waste. 5-13 Many of the chemi- cals restricted or phased out by the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act have historically been used in the metal fabrication and coating indus- tries. Many such industries are lo- cated in Illinois. Center staff worked most extensively with the Illinois data. The data were analyzed for internal inconsistencies, normalized, and statistically analyzed. An automated system was developed for assigning wastestreams into nine broad categories based on their chemical composition, their wastestream descriptors, and occasionally their SIC classifications. The waste categorization system that was developed easily groups wastestreams by chemical composition and uses the premise that the potential hazard posed by a wastestream is directly related to its chemical composition. Center staff also modified HWRIC's Degree-of-Hazard program to provide toxicity ratings for each wastestream. All of this information was used to develop a prototype database for Subtitle D waste that can be used on a personal computer. The database provides a framework by which wastes can be easily described, then automatically assigned waste categories, risk factors, and management codes. The prototype system further allows waste generators and disposal facilities to electroni- cally submit the required data to USEPA where staff could then use the database as a modeling and management tool. Staff at the generator and the disposal facilities could use the system to explore toxicity reduction alternatives and to do waste characterization analyses. The project report provides a discussion of the regulations of these wastes in Illinois and Pennsylvania, characterizes the volume and toxicity of these wastestreams, presents a waste categorization system based on chemical composition, assesses the hazards of the waste based on toxicity, and presents a prototype for a national database. The report is in final review and will be available in Spring 1995. 3. Solvent and Technology Alternatives Federal and state legislation enacted or amended during the 1990s sought to reduce risks to the environment and human health by severely restricting releases to the air, water, and land. Many of the chemicals restricted or phased-out by these regulations have historically been used in the metal fabrication and coating industries. In Illinois, these industries rank among the top five generators of the 17 chemicals targeted by USEPA for reduction under their 33/50 program. For metal fabricating and coating facilities, careful and thorough cleaning of parts prior to further treatment, such as coating or painting, is essential to achieving the quality, protection, and durability that is being sought by the treatment operation. Regulatory restrictions on cleaning compounds, which are most frequently chlorinated solvents, coupled with the push to protect the environment through incorporation of source reduction in all aspects of a company's operations, have encouraged many companies to look for alternatives to the compounds they currently use. The switch to less toxic products is just a first step in this pollution prevention effort, because these alternate cleaners also result in wastes that present potential hazards and must generally be treated before disposal. For this project, HWRIC staff will examine in detail some of the available cleaning alternatives, and work with companies to implement use in their facilities. HWRIC staff will also explore the possibilities of adopting techniques and technologies to recycle/reuse the cleaning solutions, which could result in significant reductions in the amount of waste generated by a cleaning process. 5-14 Industry participants will be obtained through DCCA's and HWRIC's existing technical assistance programs and through other business assistance groups. Coop- eration and interaction between HWRIC and DCCA have been ongoing and directed at providing the best possible assistance to those companies needing help. This project will expand those efforts by increasing the size and technical competence of each program's staff. It will also provide another opportunity for both HWRIC and DCCA to continue working with other state and federal agencies and industry groups to promote pollution prevention. Besides testing cleaning alternatives for companies, HWRIC staff provide on-site assistance in making the change to the less toxic alternatives. The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) will be used to identify specific facilities that have been successful in reducing their releases. These industries will be contacted and information on their source reduction activities obtained. The applicability of these techniques to other companies will be explored and factsheets of the successes will be prepared. Because the project runs for two years, there is an opportunity to examine reductions over several years, and TRI data can be analyzed back to 1988. TRI data will also be used to look for companies with high releases that might benefit from assistance by the project team. At the end of the project, the TRI data and the supplemental material obtained from successes in reducing TRI releases will be examined along with the actual measures of source reduction from the project case studies. Taken together, these should provide a reasonable estimate of the potential for waste reduction through adoption of the techniques and technologies examined in this project. HWRIC staff provide on-site assistance to companies mak- ing the change from solvents to the less toxic alternatives. 4. Special Laboratory Projects The Laboratory Services Program (LSP) was involved in several projects that went beyond simple analyses. In a project that had its roots three years ago in a research effort conducted by the UIUC Forestry Department, LSP staff assisted Argonne National Laboratory scientists in exploring new ways to delineate contaminated groundwaters. Rigorous methods were developed to prepare and analyze various tree and plant tissues for the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride. Once established, these methods were then applied to a variety of plant tissue samples collected by Argonne researchers over contaminated aquifers in Kansas and Nebraska. The research effort, which is ongoing, seeks to develop techniques by which tissue samples from trees growing over relatively shallow groundwater can be used to screen for contamination, thereby minimizing the need to drill expensive wells. In another project, LSP staff worked closely with researchers from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) in Champaign to identify toxic components of wastestreams emanating from aircraft washing operations at several Midwestern bases. HWRIC lab staff applied their experience with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of surfactants to characterize the concentrations of contaminants in the wastestream. They also performed Microtox toxicity tests (see Figure 5-3) on the wastewater samples and correlated toxicity to surfactant concentrations. 5-15 \?*—a Figure 5-3: HWRIC QA Specialist Conducting Microtox Testing on Wastewater Samples The studies suggested that components other than surfactants from the aircraft washing operations were involved in the toxicity effects observed at wastewater treatment plants at the bases where samples were collected. A second study, with the U.S. Army's Corps Water- ways Experiment Station (WES) in Vicksburg, Missis- sippi will continue to explore methods for metals speciation in soils. Metals can exist in soils in a number of different forms (species). The form in which the metal is found can influence the selection of an appro- priate technology to remediate the soil. LSP staff have been working to prepare model soils, extract metals of interest, and analyze the extracts. The unique analyti- cal capabilities of the Center's inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometer (ICP/MS) have been ap- plied to these analyses. Results of this effort should provide guidance to the Army in making remediation technology choices for metal-contaminated sites. LSP staff continue to work closely with other Center staff on several projects that have required considerable methods development work. Staff continue to refine the surfactant/oil separation procedures that facilitate evaluation of the effectiveness of ultrafiltration in cleaning oily wastewaters for parts washing operations. This work is in part necessitated because of the large number of different surfactant formulations and oils used by the various firms who have sought HWRIC assistance. LSP staff have also worked with Center researchers to develop test procedures for measuring sorption of gasoline components to activated carbon from several suppliers and in developing analytical methods to measure water soluble organic components of cleaning solutions. D. Research Plan for FY'95 In addition to the 15 projects that continue into FY'95 (Table 5-2), the Center was able to support six new projects. These include investigations of pollution prevention opportunities and technologies, improvements in and evaluations of bioremediation methods, and investigation of stabilization as a disposal option. The project titles and investigators for these new Center-funded efforts are listed in Table 5-5 on the following page. Six of the Center-conducted projects listed in Table 5-4 will continue in FY'95. Technical assistance to achieve compliance and encourage pollution prevention will continue to be offered to companies with Class V injection wells in Peoria and Tazewell counties and to businesses served by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. 5-16 O O C/5 c o it < o w -> O X 0. LU I 0) co CD D Cf C .c o d) CO co en o o c .c o CO CM W (0 CO o o .E Q- = 8-s c .1 N C >> CO 2 % o °- c ~ o cz :?: CO 3 E^ 0) o CO ~ CO ^_- < "co o o o CO CO O O CO C "O := c = o c -9 IS 1® w £■ c jo 2 CD CO > CO c CD 3 CO — is — O) O CC CO v CO co CM O o ~ co co o IS 3 @ ■~^ •— CO O _co c 'CO = o c £co o "^5 CO CO -Js O CO E| CO > o 2 ■o S co Q S£ .c Ql CO CO O) o o c JZ o CO \- c o CO o c = c — OT o'g. ^E CO CO CO > 'c Z) CO E -o CO CO CO CO .c E o o 2 J? o5 6 g ,- CD 1 = ■B ^ co -c 5 -^ £ c O co o Q CQ £ 2 00 CC _c: LO CM CM CO > 'c ID c 00 CO t: o c c CO E if c o co CO E CO l_ o m CO ■o o cz o To 00 > LU CO > to > o c c CM co c .0 Q. o c CO E CD D) CO c CO to CO > c >> _C0 T5 CO m CO co o ■g CO N CO I T3 CD N !5 CO c < 0) CO o o < 5-17 The testing of solvent alternatives is being requested more frequently and will undoubtedly continue to increase. A study to produce educational materials on paint waste reduction and disposal options will come to an end in FY'95. As a result of this study, several factsheets related to the application and removal of paint are being prepared for distribution by HWRIC's Clearinghouse. A final report for the paint project will contain an extensive bibliography on paint waste reduction options, and will be available in late 1994. During FY'95, Research Program staff will work to publicize the results of both internally and externally funded research projects through presentations and publica- tions. Three editions of the LINK newsletter will be published to document the pollution prevention activities of the Great Lakes Pollution Prevention Roundtable members. At least two editions of HWRIC's newsletter will be prepared. Research staff will continue to keep current on the types of research being funded on both national and state levels. The Research Program interacts with staff from other state and federal agencies, industry, and other groups by providing information, evaluating projects and reviewing reports and proposals. We actively participate in technical organizations, and work with these groups to help their members find answers to their waste management problems. We continue to look for experts in all fields of hazardous waste management to continue to learn about the latest develop- ments and to help up review and improve the quality of our research publications. This association with other hazardous waste researchers helps us determine research priorities, avoid redundancy, and better select new projects for funding. 5-18 Chapter VI: Internal Resources Development A. Introduction Over the years, HWRIC has developed a number of resources and capabilities to better serve the businesses and citizens of Illinois. Continual development of these resources is critical to the effective operation of a service organization like the Center if it is to meet the changing needs of the state. Internal resources are important factors in the quality and quantity of these services. During FY'94, areas of HWRIC internal resources development included staff training, new analytical instrumentation, expanding access to information resources, and expansion of computerized tools to make fiscal and information operations more efficient. Internal resources are the foundation on which the quality and quantity of our outreach services to the businesses and citizens of Illinois are built. B. Laboratory Capabilities Development Capital improvements were made to several analytical instruments to assist HWRIC's chemists in addressing the samples presented to the lab. A flow injection system was purchased for the inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) system allowing improved control of internal standard addition and, hence, improved quality of the metals analysis performed on this instrument. A mercury amalgamation system was also added to this instrument. This system provides improved sensitivity for the analysis of this important environmental contaminant. Software upgrades to two analytical systems were also made this fiscal year. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) software was upgraded to the Millen- nium system, and a new 486 computer was added to the system to allow full use of the new software. The software and hardware upgrades provide for more efficient use of the instrument and its various detectors. The Varian Saturn gas chromatograph/ mass spectrometer (GC/MS) systems also received upgrades of internal operating software that increase the performance of these instruments. The upgrades facilitated the no-cost acquisition from Varian of their experimental MS/MS board. Lab staff are currently exploring applications of this significant new capability and providing feedback to Varian. Some electrical modifications to the building were made out of remaining Capital Development Board (CDB) funds. These modifications included a phase sensor switch that will sense loss of phase in the power coming to the building and immediately shut down all building power. This modification was proposed because of previous phase loss problems and because of the considerable damage such conditions could do to the Center's sophisticated computers and instrumentation. In addition, an uninterruptible power supply was put in line with the Fison's research mass spectrometer to protect this sensitive instrument. 6-1 The laboratory standardized to one spreadsheet software package, QuattroPro for Windows, to accommodate ease of transfer of data reports between various chemists. This package will allow different members of our analytical teams to electronically participate in the creation of data reports and minimize the need for hand entry of instrument data. Staff development continued as an important focus for the laboratory. HWRIC again took advantage of a number of training seminars offered by vendors as a cost-effective method to provide exposure to instrument applications and operations especially to junior staff. Selected staff participated in no-cost seminars on sample preparation techniques including microwave digestion and solid phase extraction, on new developments in ICP instrumentation, and on the MS/MS capabilities of the Saturn system. Several staff were sent to more formal training on liquid chromatography, the new Millennium software, ICP/MS operation and maintenance, Varian Saturn operation, and the software system operating the Fison mass spectrometer. In addition, travel funds were made available to several senior chemists to attend national seminars on HPLC and ICP/MS. Most staff chemists attended the Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition on Analytical Chemistry in Chicago for at least one day. They were exposed to an exposition of new developments in analytical instrumentation plus numerous seminars on the application of this instrumentation to analytical problems. Finally, one chemist was able to visit for several days in the laboratories of USEPA in Cincinnati to gain some experience working with HPLC/MS. Lab staff are devel- oping new labora- tory techniques that will be useful as HWRIC continues its efforts to help indus- try find alternatives to costly and envi- ronmentally unac- ceptable solvent cleaning processes. The LSP has built a response group to handle the increasing analytical demands of the Pollution Prevention (P2) staff as they expand their efforts to reach more industrial clients. A liaison to P2 was designated to provide an interface point to the lab and to offer technical advice on sample collection and handling to P2 personnel. A new Quality Assurance Specialist was added to the staff to provide oversight over P2 and other samples analyzed in the lab, and to assist in the conduct of larger analytical support efforts. The laboratory also continues to employ hourly UIUC student help to assist with the sample load. In evaluating the effectiveness of alternative solvent cleaning processes for the removal of oil and other contaminants from metal surfaces, it is essential to have quantitative tests by which cleanliness of parts can be compared and evaluated. Center laboratory staff are working with pollution prevention staff to develop the capabilities to perform such tests in our laboratories. They have reproduced a method performed by industry that measures residual organic carbon on metal surfaces by applying a combustion technique that converts the oil to C0 2 , which can then be accurately measured. This technique has been applied to the evaluation of the cleanliness of metal parts from several pollution prevention outreach efforts. In addition, the laboratory staff have been working on a simple solvent extraction technique that will be applicable to odd-shaped parts and may provide a considerable time-savings over the combustion method. This technique, which appears to be accurate down to 25 micrograms of oil per part, uses solvent washing of the part followed by detection by infrared spectroscopy. 6-2 Both techniques will be useful as HWRIC continues its efforts to help industry find alternatives to costly and environmentally unacceptable solvent cleaning processes. C. Information Resources Development 1. Library and Clearinghouse Collection Development Fulfilling HWRIC 's legislative mandate to compile, analyze, and disseminate hazardous waste-related information is the principal responsibility of the Information Services Program (ISP). The program manages the Library and Clearinghouse and the online databases for both, produces factsheets and technical reports, organizes workshops, and coordinates or participates in other outreach efforts. HWRIC 's core information resources are contained in its Library and Clearinghouse. The HWRIC Library contains close to 8,000 items, including books, government reports, journals, maps, video and audio tapes, and articles. The Library collection does not circulate directly outside the Center, but interlibrary loan requests are honored. The Clearinghouse includes two collections of information materials. The first is the collection of HWRIC-produced reports which has over 100 items. Most of these are final reports on research projects sponsored by the Center. Also included are pollution prevention factsheets as well as technical and administrative reports. The second Clearinghouse collection has over 200 items, including brochures, pamphlets, and other brief publications produced by HWRIC, IEPA, USEPA, and other agencies, arranged in 23 topical areas. We have obtained distribution permission for all Clearinghouse items. Clearinghouse reports are available to any clients — businesses, citizens, schools, etc. — located in Illinois or elsewhere. HWRIC charges a nominal fee for reports to recover some reproduction costs. In FY'94, the HWRIC Library and Clearinghouse collections grew substantially, as illustrated in Tables 6-1 and 6-2. Table 6-1 : Library Collection Development, FY'94 Information Ser- vices Program staff manage the Library and Clearinghouse and the online data- bases for both, pro- duce factsheets and technical reports, organize work- shops, and coordi- nate or participate in other Center out- reach efforts. HWRIC Library Collection Development FY'94 Books Added: 663 (50 more than in FY'93) Discarded: 31 Periodicals Added: 1 3 (5 less than in FY'93) Cancelled: 1 Audio/visual materials Added: 22 Discarded: 3 Article citations Added: 2,563 6-3 Table 6-2: Clearinghouse Collection Development, FY'94 HWRIC Clearinghouse Collection Development FY'94 HWRIC Publications Added: Removed: (out of print) 21 9 (still available from NTIS) Non-HWRIC Publications Added: Removed: (out of print) 42 15 A special effort was made to broaden the scope of the pollu- tion prevention-spe- cific section of the Clearinghouse col- lection this year. About 40% (17 total) of the new additions this year were to the P2 section. Some HWRIC publications, mainly research reports, were not reprinted this year, because we were no longer receiving requests for them. All of these items are still available at the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) clearinghouse for state and federal government publications. A special effort was made to broaden the scope of the pollution prevention materials in the Clearinghouse collection this year. Several items were added to the household hazardous waste section geared toward homeowners and parents, including three public health brochures about removing lead and lead products from homes. About 40% (17 total) of the new additions this year were to the P2-specific section. Some of the items added include the USEPA's Clean Air Act Amendments Guide for Small Businesses, which has proved very useful to our industry clients, and some of the USEPA "Design for the Environment" factsheets geared to proactive pollution prevention in various industry sectors. Also added to this section were some USEPA "Waste Wi$e" brochures that provide businesses with tips on solid waste reduction. HWRIC met with USEPA Region V staff on the Waste Wi$e program this past fiscal year, and agreed to provide information support for a Waste Wi$e grant project the Illinois Recycling Association is undertaking. 2. Information Services to HWRIC Clientele and Others Use of Clearinghouse information materials and related services increased this fiscal year, as discussed in Chapter 3 of this report. Clearinghouse report distribution statistics appear in Table 3-1 in Chapter 3, organized by client type. Library service statistics are summarized in Table 6-3 on the next page. About 60% of the online searches were performed on UIUC databases that are currently free of charge to us. The remaining searches involved long distance telephone charges and/or usage fees. Information Services Program involvement in leading or supporting other Center outreach efforts, ranging from on site workshops to remote teleconferences to educational programs, are discussed in detail in chapter 3 of this report. 6-4 Table 6-3: Library Services, FY'94 HWRIC Library Services FY'94 Services to Outside Clients Requests for information answered: 171 Books lent: 52 Services to HWRIC Clients * Since 10/93, when circulation automated Books and videos circulated*: 434 Requests for information answered: 247 Online literature searches performed: 156 (-33 from FY'93) Internet information searches performed: 30 (+30 from FY'93) Article reprints obtained via interlibrary loan: 126 Article reprints obtained via campus photocopying: 590 D. Special Waste De-iisting System Development The Degree-of-Hazard System (DOH) is a PC-based computer program that analyzes the potential hazard of a wastestream. Based on data from applications for waste generator permits, the DOH assigns a quantitative "risk factor" according to the regulations adopted by the Illinois Pollution Control Board in 1990 (Section 808, Appendix B, Illinois Administrative Code). The DOH was updated in FY'94 to include a larger number of substances and a longer list of synonyms. There are now 568 items cited in the DOH, 469 of which have toxicity or carcinogenic/mutagenic values. All of the EPA Section 313 chemicals are included. Forty-six of the 50 substances on the IEPA Special Waste Stream Permit Application are included. The list of synonyms has been expanded to include more of the common names and acronyms. The Degree-of-Hazard System has proven a very effective resource tool for companies that are working to "de-list" their wastes, that is, prove that the wastes are of low enough risk to human health and the environment to be removed from the regulatory requirements for Illinois special wastes. Once "de-listed," wastes can be properly disposed of at a less costly waste disposal site. There are now 568 items cited in the DOH, 469 of which have toxicity or car- cinogenic/mu- tagenic values. E. Additions to the Hazardous Waste Database System During FY'94, additions to the Center's hazardous waste database system resulted in an expansion of the types of data and the timeliness of the information it could provide. Most notable this year was the addition of the Historical Hazards GIS database from the Illinois State Museum. This system is a geographically referenced data set based on the Sanborn Fire Insurance maps. Researchers at the State Museum used their 6-5 The Historical Haz- ards GIS database covers over 500 Illi- nois cities, with in- formation dating from 1849 and up through 1950. knowledge of historic industrial practices to identify, from the Sanborn Maps, locations of businesses likely to have used various hazardous chemicals. The database covers over 500 Illinois cities, with information dating from 1849 up through 1950. This system is used to prepare maps pinpointing the locations of potentially hazardous sites within a specified radius of a study location. The primary users of the system have been consultants conducting Phase I environmental assessments. Updated wastestream permit, manifest and hazardous waste data were obtained from IEPA and added to HWRIC's system. These data were used in a project sponsored by USEPA to analyze the characteristics of Industrial-D wastes in Illinois as well as to develop a prototype database with potential uses nationwide. Other data were added to the system for the purpose of identifying or targeting industries in need of technical assistance from HWRIC's pollution prevention staff. A complete list of the databases or types of data added to the system is as follows: Historical Hazards GIS Database Historical Hazardous Substances Database Toxic Release Inventory 1992 - Illinois Toxic Release Inventory 1991 - Illinois Updates of Waste Stream Permit Data Updates of Special Waste Manifest Data Updates of Hazardous Waste Annual Report Non-Hazardous Waste Annual Report Dun and Bradstreet Data for Selected Areas of State Illinois County Business Patterns Database F. Automated Purchasing/Accounting Project HWRIC Data Management staff, in conjunction with Administration staff, have developed an internal automated purchasing/obligation tracking system to run on the Center's Local Area Network (LAN). The system includes several components, the first of which is the Electronic Blue Sheet (EBS, named for the paper form) that allows staff members to enter order requests for products or services from their office computers. Requests are electronically forwarded to managers for approval, and then routed on to the Purchasing Agent and the Director. The main goals of the EBS are to increase fiscal staff's response rate to purchase requests and to provide a more accessible log of purchases. The Purchasing Agent transmits EBSs into the Obligation Tracking System (OTS). The OTS allows the Business and Finance Manager to immediately charge an order, which allows for more up-to-date calculations of available funds in each of the Center's budget lines. The data are then downloaded into a program running under the Great Plains Accounting System, a network-based, multi-user account package that pro- vides for detailed data manipulation as well as detailed tracking of orders. 6-6 The combined purchasing/accounting system will allow the Center to: • Save money by more rapidly processing purchase orders • Keep better track of supplies, so orders can be made before stock depletion and within a timeframe that allows for discount purchases • Consolidate orders to maximize volume discounts and state contracts • Pay vendors on a more timely basis and thus avoid interest penalties, and • Provide timely and accurate fiscal reports to the Center Director and managers. The various portions of the combined system were operational by the end of FY '94. The system is currently undergoing user testing. Modifications to increase usability and user facility will be undertaken in FY'95. In addition, the system will undergo upgrades to its Great Plains component to keep the software up-to-date. G. Internal Support 1. Computer Users' Support Data Management staff provide support for the Center's personnel computing needs. In FY'94, a number of new desktop PCs were purchased which offer greater computing power for those users doing desktop publishing, presentation graphics, accounting, and programming. One of the older PCs was placed in a common area with a communications modem attached for accessing online services and electronic bulletin board systems such as Access Illinois. Another was set up to monitor our ever- increasing network traffic. HWRIC's PCs have been configured to take advantage of the Center's direct connection to the Internet. While Internet access has been used for electronic mail for many years, there is an increasing interest in accessing remote sites that maintain databases, discussion groups, and even multimedia presentations. Software such as Gopher, Mosaic, and NuPop has been installed on some machines to allow personnel to become familiar with a greater range of Internet capabilities. New network printers installed in FY'94 provide better quality output and greater speed at a lower cost per page. One of them provides high quality color output for use with our GIS mapping software. These maps are then provided upon request to businesses and organizations throughout the state. 2. Consultants and Services Database (CSD) Since its inception, HWRIC personnel have made referrals to other sources of help an important component of our overall assistance effort. For this reason, the CSD was established in 1986 as a repository of information on consultants, analytical labora- tories, equipment vendors, and other service providers in environmental management in the Midwest. The CSD allows HWRIC personnel to assemble lists of companies specializing in various service areas so that clients can get the assistance they need to reduce wastes and comply with environmental laws. 6-7 Updates to the CSD included implementing changes in the software it uses to allow access via the LAN, and by updating and correcting the company records. 3. Program Advisory Panel The Center's Pro- gram Advisory Panel members would like to see even more regional efforts on the part of HWRIC, particularly in providing techni- cal assistance in the Chicago and St. Louis metropolitan areas. The Center's Program Advisory Panel (PAP) includes members from industry, community organizations, and other governmental agencies, and exists to provide technical input on the direction of the Center's programs. The focus of the December 1993 meeting was on ways to improve our services to Illinois industry and to obtain more support from industry. PAP members would like to see even more regional efforts on the part of HWRIC, particularly in providing technical assistance in the Chicago and St. Louis metropolitan areas. PAP members from trade associations indicated their willingness to disseminate information on HWRIC 's services to their clientele, and encouraged more information dissemination from HWRIC, with particular emphasis on successful waste reduction case studies. The PAP is interested in the Center's continued efforts toward creating an industrial affiliates program that would truly give participants some unique opportunities, particularly to use HWRIC laboratory capabilities and University of Illinois student interns. However, they recognize that industry is much less willing to invest in affiliates programs unless these programs can meet very specific industry needs. 0-8 Chapter VII: Sustainable inois A. Vision for the Future The Center's Sustainable Illinois Initiative recognizes that environmental protection and enhancement, so important for our human well being, need to be balanced with our state's needs for jobs, a strong economy, and productive industry. Below we elaborate some of the background on sustainability and some of our specific program activities toward the goal of a Sustainable Illinois. Keoleian and Menerey state in their review paper on sustainable development by design, "Substantial evidence suggests that current patterns of human activity on a global scale are not following a sustainable path." (1) They argue that the product life cycle analysis is a useful design framework for understanding the links between societal needs, economic systems, and their environmental consequences. Sustainable development is defined as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. " For wealthy nations, sustainable development involves "maintaining economic growth while producing the absolute minimum of new pollution, repairing the environmental damages of the past, using far fewer nonrenewable resources, producing much less waste, and extending the opportunity to live in a pleasant and healthy environment to the whole population." (2) It is seen by Keoleian and Menerey as a dynamic state that harmonizes economic activities with ecological processes. In a recent Associated Press newspaper article, Ismail Serageldin, World Bank vice president for economically sustainable development, was quoted as saying that if current trends continue, more than half the world's population will live in big cities by the year 2020, endangering natural resources, economic development and the environment. (3) Big cities are growing at an estimated rate of a million people a week, and according to Mr. Serageldin, natural resources are deteriorating on an unprecedented scale as cities scrounge for water and land. The same article notes that Henry Cisneros, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, said that American cities are already suffering from uncontrolled growth : whole communities are bereft of jobs, packed with poor people and generally unhealthy due to waste left behind by industry. Porter and Islam discuss an agenda for the United States as a follow-up to the Earth Summit in Rio . (4) One aspect of the Rio Agreements is Agenda 2 1 , which is intended to be a comprehensive workplan for national actions and international cooperation for sustainable development now and into the 21st century. One constructive provision of Agenda 21 calls on governments to develop, with broad-based participation, their own national strategies for sustainable development. The Center's Sus- tainable Illinois Ini- tiative recognizes that environmental protection and en- hancement, so im- portant for our hu- man well being, needs to be bal- anced with our state's needs for jobs, a strong economy, and pro- ductive industry. 7-1 HWRIC's goals have been to address the state's present (and future) waste man- agement problems and to find both short and long term solutions to these problems. We have focused on pollution prevention, in the broadest sense, to provide a basis for a long term solution. We must collectively direct our energies into a larger effort to ensure that the state's industrial base and environ- mental resources will be sustained into the future. In discussing the need to begin a research program on sustainable consumption and production patterns in the United States, the authors state that for the U.S. to make progress toward becoming a sustainable society in the coming decades, it must have a vision of what that society will look like. We must also know what patterns of natural resource use will be sustainable into the next century. HWRIC's goals have been to address the state's present (and future) waste manage- ment problems and to find both short and long term solutions to these problems. We have focused on pollution prevention, in the broadest sense, to provide a basis for a long term solution. We must collectively direct our efforts, including education, remediation of contaminated sites, improved treatment and resource recovery systems, and pollution prevention, into a larger effort to ensure that Illinois' industrial base and environmental resources will be sustained into the future. To support that effort, HWRIC will continue to encourage the effective use of raw materials, and will seek to further protect and enhance our natural resources through improved treatment and disposal technologies, and remediation of existing contaminated sites. Providing for a sustainable Illinois means that we carefully evaluate the environmental and human health risks of our activities, and commit our limited resources to those problems that will have the greatest impact on our future. A major step in this process was completed with the preparation of the Critical Trends Assessment Project (CTAP) report. (5) An overview of these trends can be found in the summary report. HWRIC's section of the CTAP technical reports, Volume 5, deals with Waste Generation and Management. HWRIC focused its activities on the industrial sector because that is within our mandate and because we believe that industrial productivity and competitiveness must be encouraged and environmental protection must be enhanced. This chapter of our annual report discusses the concept of a sustainable Illinois and HWRIC's future activities and priorities that will move us, as a state, closer to the goal of a sustainable future. Environmental protection and enhancement, so important for both our physical and spiritual well being, need to be balanced with our state's need for jobs, a strong economy and productive industry. B. Overview of HWRIC's Role in Sustainable Development A number of HWRIC's activities are designed to bring us closer to a Sustainable Illinois. These are discussed briefly below, with a view toward where future efforts might further progress toward that goal. • Remediation of Contaminated Sites — Illinois, like most other states, has numerous sites contaminated by past industrial or disposal activities. Siting of new industries tends to be on new or clean sites ("green site development"). This process removes more land from agricultural production, and leaves abandoned industrial sites ("brown sites") in our cities where the jobs associated with the new industry are most needed, and where the infrastructure is already in place to support development. 7-2 HWRIC has sponsored research on the nature and extent of contamination in two major areas of Illinois: the Calumet area of Southeast Chicago and the American Bottomlands near East St. Louis. We will continue to work with policy makers and city officials to examine ways to restore these sites to a level acceptable for new industrial development, to use our data resources on contaminated sites for land-use planning, and to assist in the redevelopment of these areas. • Pollution Prevention — HWRIC 's Pollution Prevention (P2) Program is designed to help industry reach compliance with state and federal regulations, provide long term protection of workers and the environment, and operate in a more efficient and competitive manner. Specific activities to promote the pollution prevention ethic, and to help industry adopt specific P2 techniques and technologies, are discussed in this report. The opening of HWRIC's Chicago Office will help us reach a much larger number of industries by adding technical assistance staff located in proximity to over 60% of Illinois' industries. By co-locating this office with the Chicago Manufacturing Center (CMC), we will be able to expand our P2 efforts by providing our services to companies which are working with CMC to modernize, improve competitiveness and upgrade technologies. We are also expanding our research and demonstration project capability to evaluate the effectiveness of new technologies and techniques for reducing waste. We will also continue to help Illinois companies incorporate environmental concerns and consid- erations into all aspects of business development as an essential component of progress toward a sustainable future. The opening of HWRIC's Chicago Office will help us reach a much larger number of indus- tries by adding tech- nical assistance staff located in prox- imity to over 60% of Illinois' industries. Pollution prevention has been defined by Congress and by USEPA as primarily source reduction. Industry has looked at P2 more in terms of release reduction, that is, preventing pollutants from leaving the plant site and getting into the environment. HWRIC is looking at P2 in the broadest sense, as including any activity that will lead to a reduction in waste before it is ever generated. This includes source reduction of all waste, including water and energy usage, and the elimination or reduction of waste through improved process and product design, total quality management practices, preventive maintenance, etc. Our ultimate goal is to make pollution prevention a routine business practice that incorporates environmental considerations into every- day decision-making. • Education — Each citizen has a significant role to play if Illinois is to achieve a sustainable future. Whether we are buying "cleaner" products and less packaging, or participating in a recycling program, there are a number of things that each of us can do at work or home to reduce waste and to make better use of our natural resources. This level of environmental awareness and appreciation has to start in the schools. Although many of our efforts to date have been with institutions of higher learning, we recognize that much needs to be done in grades K-12. HWRIC has helped institutions of higher learning identify their waste management problems and better manage their waste. We have worked to support the development of curricula on pollution prevention, not only in engineering schools, but also in business schools. 7-3 The message at its basic level is simple: environmental protection has to be a part of everyone's job and of concern to everyone, no matter what their job description. • Treatability Studies — Wastes will continue to be generated by industry, so it is important that these wastes are treated to minimize potential environmental impacts, and to recover raw materials wherever possible. HWRIC will continue to expand the use of its laboratories and instrumentation to characterize wastestreams and residuals of treatment, and to analytically support source reduction activities. In some cases, a waste from one process can be treated to make it an acceptable raw material for another process. We will also continue to define barriers to reuse and to develop the markets and means to make such reuse accessible. • Information — As a government agency, the Center will always play an active role in the collection, analysis and dissemination of information. Whether it is consumer-oriented for the homeowner, policy-related for government officials, or technically oriented for industry or other researchers, information will be key to our efforts to further the collective knowledge of waste management, pollution preven- tion, and environmental issues. HWRIC is in a good position to help de- fine the road to a sustainable Illinois and to assess progress along it. HWRIC has maintained a lead role in the information revolution, and has furthered the exchange of information both regionally and nationally through contracts with the Great Lakes Protection Fund and with USEPA. The advantage to Illinois of this leadership role is that we can provide citizens and businesses with the most up-to-date information available. A sustainable future will require that we understand the nature and extent of our environmental, economic and development problems, and the potential solutions. To effectively use our limited time and resources we must learn from and build upon the experiences of others. • Training — Although this activity is related to both education and information efforts of the Center, it remains distinct as a way of collecting and presenting specific information. The Center has been involved in a number of different pollution prevention training activities, from down-linking teleconferences on strategies for industries, to providing general workshops on techniques and technologies and more focused sessions for specific industrial facilities. We have also provided training sessions to IEPA industry interns, and agency staffs from USEPA and the Metropoli- tan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. The training of staff from government agencies and industry will increase in importance as a tool to help ensure a more sustainable future. These activities have placed HWRIC in a position to help define the road to a sustainable Illinois and to assess progress along it. Some of the program enhancements that we envision to improve the Center's ability to address sustainability are discussed in the remainder of this chapter. 7-4 C. Building Foundations HWRIC is currently organized to respond to a variety of P2 and hazardous waste issues from Illinois industry and citizens. We need to build on our current infrastructure to meet the increasing demands that our commitment to building a sustainable Illinois will bring. 1. The Education Component Educational outreach efforts at HWRIC span a broad range of constituencies. Currently the more traditional K-12 groups receive only cursory attention as allowed by staff time constraints. The Laboratory Services Program provides tours of the laboratory to groups requesting this service and also participates in the American Chemical Society's National Chemistry Day by opening the laboratories for instruc- tional tours for high school and community college students. However, relatively few proactive measures are taken to develop more outreach activities for this constituency . Higher education receives more attention partially due to the more technical, scientific nature of the work in which the Center is involved. Through two research projects completed this year, the Center can now offer P2 curriculum packages for both engineering schools and schools of business and management. For the concept of sustainability to be accepted and implemented, it must be supported at the grass roots level. Providing adequate educational outreach efforts is conse- quently a vital component to addressing this goal. To be effective in this area, HWRIC needs to hire a full-time Educational Materials Development Specialist and develop a comprehensive program. Filling this position will be a priority over the next few years. Some of the specific activities that could be undertaken at the K-12 level include: • Developing P2 materials that are useful to classroom teachers in meeting their state-mandated obligations • Submitting proposals for upcoming science literacy grant programs for high school students • Developing program materials for schools with Career Day activities, and • Developing a "visiting scholars" program where high school students can visit HWRIC for a week during the summer (expenses paid) to work in the laboratory or participate in site visits with technical assistance staff. Specific activities that the Center will pursue for institutions of higher learning include distributing HWRIC 's two P2 curriculum packages, holding specific topical work- shops for university instructors and their classes, and continuing development of contacts with various University of Illinois units such as Illinois Satellite Network, Manufacturing Research Center, and Continuing Engineering Education. Other activities include developing curricula for accounting and law programs and promot- ing an intern program placing students into industries interested in developing their pollution prevention programs. Through two re- search projects completed this year, the Center can now offer P2 curriculum packages for both engineering schools and schools of busi- ness and manage- ment. 7-5 Asustainable future will require that we understand the na- ture and extent of our environmental and economic de- velopment prob- lems, and the poten- tial solutions to these problems. In- formation will be key to this effort. For nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), we will explore developing a speakers bureau at the Center so community and other organizations can request presentations on a wide range of topics. We will also investigate producing a scripted slide show or short videotape of HWRIC activities and programs that can be used as an outreach tool on HWRIC 's resources. 2. The Information Component A sustainable future will require that we understand the nature and extent of our environmental and economic development problems, and the potential solutions to these problems. Information will be key to this effort. As Jonathan Cannon, USEPA Assistant Administrator for Administration and Resources Management, said, "Infor- mation is critical to ecosystem management. Without information, we cannot manage personal, 'backyard', local or regional ecosystems." (6) The Center has two information goals to aid our progress toward a sustainable Illinois : • Be a part of a national decentralized clearinghouse for pollution prevention information and case studies to better enable us to assist industries and other clients, and • Integrate both resource and pollutant data from all media (air, water and land) into one database system to better understand current conditions and recommend solutions. Inherent in both goals is the concept of using technology for information creation, organization and dissemination in order to reach clients at all ability levels. Since at least the early 1980s, environmental organizations in the United States have been utilizing information clearinghouses as mechanisms for distributing factsheets, guides and other materials to their clients, particularly industry. Since 1988, USEPA and many state environmental agencies have been working towards establishing a decentralized clearinghouse, or system of clearinghouses. (7) The clearinghouse concept could make P2 information more readily available on a regional basis while reducing duplication of effort by information providers. HWRIC has played a role in these efforts since our inception, by actively participating in workshops, the National Pollution Prevention Roundtable, the Great Lakes Regional Pollution Prevention Roundtable, and similar functions and organizations. Budget and staff cuts for many government programs in the 1990s have made it even more imperative that organizations cooperate in providing information. Increasingly, the Center must look to others for resources we formerly purchased and maintained ourselves. Sustainable information resources will be those resources built upon a network of cooperation. A decentralized national P2 information clearinghouse network is more attainable now than ever before because of the flourishing of information resources available on the Internet, the huge expansion of the networks that comprise the Internet, and increased numbers of computers on those networks. 7-6 We have already begun to make better use of the Internet both to more effectively access information materials and to share these resources with others. Electronic dissemination of information is an efficient means for transmitting the same message to a variety of clients. Electronically transmitting information also reduces the solid waste problem associated with printed materials. Currently many of our clients do not have access to electronic information, but this is changing. Eventually we will be able to use the Internet to distribute information to our primary clientele, the businesses, citizens and educational institutions of Illinois. Cannon aptly states a long term goal that HWRIC shares: "In the long run, nothing can be more profitable than a National Information Infrastructure that empowers us to hand over a better environment and a sustainable, healthy economy to our children." (6) Improving access to hazardous waste and pollution prevention data, and expanding the type of data gathered and maintained by HWRIC, will allow us to effectively support the long-term goals of the Center. Vast amounts of information are collected by local, state, and federal government agencies for a variety of purposes. Govern- ments at all levels have begun to recognize the importance of data sharing and data standards which can help make information collected for one purpose usable for others. A current use of our database is to target efforts in P2 technical assistance. Data are also requested by users outside the Center to address a range of environmental issues. By continuing to improve the accessibility and quality of our data, HWRIC will get more pertinent information to its data users to help them address areas of concern. Improving access to hazardous waste and pollution pre- vention data, and ex- panding the type of data we gather and maintain, will allow us to effectively sup- port the long term goals of the Center. The Center will continue efforts to update our current database to have available the most current information. We will continue our dialogues with government agencies responsible for collecting environmental data, and will pursue additional electronic sources of such information. Data systems such as the Toxic Release Inventory have provided us insight into multimedia pollution issues. The growth of our database of contaminants being released to all media will allow us to better predict long-range environmental effects. Our two goals of becoming part of a decentralized information clearinghouse network and expanding and integrating waste data will allow us to provide more timely information and easier access for our internal and external customers. We will be better able to customize our information products and database reports. Easier access to information through automated systems will enable the Center to deliver materials directly and quickly to clients. 7-7 3. The Analytical Laboratory Component One formidable im- pediment to indus- try adoption of pol- lution prevention practices in all phases of opera- tions is a lack of un- derstanding of the sources and compo- nents of the wastes produced. Process and waste stream characterization is required for a com- plete understanding to be achieved. One formidable impediment to industry's adoption of pollution prevention practices in all phases of operations is a lack of understanding of the sources and components of the wastes produced. Factory waste audits and similar accounting practices can begin to address the source issues, but process and waste stream characterization will be required before a complete understanding is achieved. HWRIC provides analytical support as a component of its industrial assistance efforts. Laboratory staff provide chemical composition information on process and waste streams, often as part of evaluations of new technologies to reduce waste generation. Such services will continue to grow in importance as HWRIC expands its efforts to reach more industries. HWRIC remains committed to providing high quality analytical assistance to both our research and industrial technical support efforts. We will continue to provide formal continuing education opportunities to our analytical staff to supplement on-the-job experience with industrial, agricultural and environmental samples. We will also continue to upgrade our equipment and to acquire new technologies to attempt to maintain the Hazardous Materials Laboratory as a state-of-the-art analytical facility. And we will identify and pursue the staffing needed to address new analytical challenges as they arise. Our laboratory resources will play a critical role as the Center, and society in general, strive to better understand the fate and effects of contaminants in our environment and to identify the routes by which pollutants reach our environment. 4. Building Partnerships To carve out a path toward a sustainable environment and economy in Illinois, public and private sector organizations must work together. The full range of economic activities from farming, mining and other resource extraction efforts, to manufactur- ing, power generation, transportation, consumerism and waste disposal, impact the quality of our environment. A sustainable economy in Illinois requires an increased use of renewable resources in all these economic activities . But the environmental and economic consequences of using renewable raw materials must be carefully evaluated in each case. HWRIC can play a role here by providing pertinent information and supporting research and education. As described in Chapter 4 of this annual report, HWRIC currently collaborates with other government agencies, researchers and business associations. These collabora- tions enable the Center to reach more businesses with P2 and waste management assistance and to extend our limited resources. Key partnerships with Illinois government agencies include cooperation with the Chicago Manufacturing Center, the Department of Commerce and Community Affairs, and the Cooperative Extension Service. Each of these partnerships is aimed at helping companies comply with environmental regulations through the use of P2 techniques and helping them become more competitive by modernizing their business practices. 7-8 We are also an active participant in the Governor's Science Advisory Committee which is leading the state's efforts to develop improved manufacturing technologies. In addition, HWRIC's Director is participating on the state's Technology and Jobs panel. HWRIC's primary role is to ensure that the environmental concerns of technology and the constraints of environmental regulations on competitiveness are considered. To help achieve a Sustainable Illinois, state government must pursue opportunities to form partnerships with teaching and research institutions, business organizations, manufacturers, consumers, NGOs, and the federal government. Each of these sectors of the economy has an important role to fill. Some of the key roles are listed in Table 7-1 on the following page. Some of these roles, and the need for collaboration to achieve progress toward sustainable development in Illinois, are discussed below. The extraction and use of natural resources is an example of the need for various sectors to collaborate. Illinois is blessed with many natural resources including fertile soil, and abundant water and coal, as well as more limited supplies of crude oil and various minerals. The geological resources are not renewable, and their extraction impacts the environment and requires land reclamation or other remediation efforts. New technologies and techniques for extraction of these resources and for restoration of the mined land need to be continually explored. Finding new uses for our coal and oil resources may increase their value to society. The combined talents and efforts of agribusinesses, researchers, conservationists, power generators and manufacturers are needed for this to be accomplished. To help achieve a Sustainable Illinois, state government must pursue oppor- tunities to form part- nerships with all types of agencies and organizations. The key responsibilities of manufacturers and other businesses is to consider sustainability factors in designing products, selecting raw materials, designing and operating manufacturing processes that minimize impacts on the environment, and marketing those products. Manufacturers are increasingly being required to take responsibility for their products including the products' ultimate fate. As a result, many companies, including automobile manufacturers and computer chip makers, are designing their products for ease of disassembly and reuse. This use of products or components of products as raw materials in the next generation of production is known as "design-for-the-environment" and is an extension of pollution prevention concepts. New production processes are usually developed by researchers in industry, govern- ment agencies, and universities. Several major research universities, industrial research organizations, and Argonne National Laboratory are located in Illinois and can play a role in developing sustainable businesses by focusing their research efforts on developing environmentally friendlier manufacturing processes. Public and private research institutions can undertake research on manufacturing processes and study their impacts on the environment and workers. HWRIC's Research Program can provide incentives for researchers to consider the environmental consequences of various technology alternatives and to look for cleaner production processes . HWRIC will continue to build on recent successes in technology research that are helping Illinois businesses prepare for a more competitive, environmentally friendly future. 7-9 Table 7-1 : Economic Sectors and a Sustainable Illinois Key Roles of Economic Sectors in Developing a Sustainable Economy in Illinois Sector Key Roles and Responsibilities Businesses (including manufacturers) Product design Raw material selection Process design and operation Marketing Recycling, treatment and disposal options Researchers (including universities) Analyze impacts of government policies on businesses and on consumer behavior Develop efficient, clean manufacturing processes and products (Life Cycle Analysis) Teaching Institutions Educate students about sustainable development issues Provide outreach to industry Government Agencies Adopt and implement policies that encourage sustainable development: regulations, taxes, practices Provide information Foster technology transfer Identify and support pertinent research Develop sustainable transportation systems Nongovernmental Agencies (NGOs; interest groups) Advocate sustainable policies and practices Educate the public and others about sustainable development issues Consumers Become informed Choose or demand "clean" products: those that are produced with little waste generation, manufactured with renew- able resources, or that are recyclable Reduce energy use Recycle materials 7-10 Teaching institutions, including secondary schools, need to develop curricula and research programs that address sustainability issues. Public interest groups and other NGOs influence government policies, consumer behavior and business practices. These organizations need to have access to public forums and resources. Consumers can play a significant role in sustainable development by becoming better informed regarding the impacts of their purchasing decisions. HWRIC can help each of these groups by providing synthesized and clearly presented information, and by sponsoring pertinent research projects. D. HWRIC and Illinois Business HWRIC works with the state's businesses (primarily manufacturers and, to a lesser extent, agricultural groups) to help them improve their waste management practices, reduce waste and increase efficiency of operation. Energy usage and life-cycle considerations related to products and processes are a part of this evaluation. More specifics related to these issues, and their tie to sustainability, are described below. An important role for the Center is the testing, evaluation and promotion of clean technologies. Some of our work in this area is described in detail in Chapter 3. Consumers can play a significant role in sustainable devel- opment by becom- ing better informed regarding the im- pacts of their pur- chasing decisions. 1. Pollution Prevention and Competitiveness Environmental pollution frequently results from a loss of raw materials associated with industrial or agricultural processes. These chemicals may ultimately end up in air, water and soil resources and cause harm to living systems. Lost raw materials represent inefficiencies within the processes that use them. American business is continually looking for opportunities to improve competitiveness through develop- ment of more efficient processes. P2 techniques provide an ideal framework to assist industry in these efforts while maintaining or advancing environmental protection. Historically, companies have attempted to control emissions through end-of-pipe treatment alternatives, primarily in response to government regulations. Most environmental regulations have targeted specific pollutants or wastestreams while ignoring the root causes of the pollution problem, the processes from which the pollutants originate. Companies that comply with government regulations strictly through end-of-pipe solutions may miss out on opportunities to improve process efficiency. Adoption of P2 techniques can help companies deal with their potential wastes in a proactive manner by addressing the source and cause of waste generation and ensuring that raw materials are used for their intended purpose rather than being released into the environment. Not only do companies that apply these practices benefit from improved regulatory performance, they often experience cost benefits associated with raw material conservation and improved worker safety. The state benefits through maintenance of a healthier environment, conservation of valuable raw materials, and an improved economy. 7-11 HWRIC has found that companies that have adopted pollu- tion prevention and total quality man- agement programs are often the ones thatare growing and adding jobs. This is because both of these programs in- volve increasing the efficiency of opera- tions and personnel at a facility. HWRIC has found that companies that have adopted pollution prevention and total quality management programs are often the ones that are growing and adding jobs. This is because both of these programs involve increasing the efficiency of operations and personnel at a facility. A sustainable future for Illinois companies will involve more and more of them adopting these strategies. HWRIC will play a strong role in facilitating the adoption of these programs. 2. Environmental Technologies Technology demonstration and development are important components of HWRIC 's program to help Illinois businesses. HWRIC sponsors and conducts research on remediation, treatment and clean manufacturing technologies. Our work may involve improving an existing technology, developing or exploring new industrial applica- tions for current or proven technologies, and/or demonstrating the effectiveness of new technologies. An important aspect of this research is to evaluate and compare the life cycle costs of existing and new technologies. As mentioned in Chapters 2 and 3 of this annual report, HWRIC has the staff and facilities necessary to test different technologies and new products, such as aqueous- based cleaners. Many of the demonstration projects conducted by our staff (often in the Center's laboratories) have focused on liquid process streams and wastes resulting from metal cleaning and electroplating processes. Most of our treatment and remediation projects are conducted by outside researchers with funding and oversight supplied by our Research Program, although some projects also involve our staff and facilities. In some cases, we have helped researchers find sites to conduct their evaluations, and have provided analytical verification of the effectiveness of various treatment options. We not only evaluate the effectiveness of improved or new pollution prevention or clean technologies to reduce waste, but also work with companies to help them implement the technologies. In many cases, multiple visits have been made to a company to troubleshoot problems and to ensure that implementation of a promising technology increases operational efficiency and reduces waste production. For the future, we are working to build stronger partnerships with technology centers such as the Chicago Manufacturing Center, and with community colleges and universities that have established technology development and research programs. The Center's focus on helping small and mid-sized companies with practical, applied environmental technology evaluation problems is a service that nicely supplements and complements other technology development efforts ongoing in Illinois. Developing technologies and creating jobs in an environmentally friendly fashion are important components for a sustainable future. Governor Jim Edgar, in a recent letter to Mr. Larry D. Haab, Chairman of the Illinois Coalition, called on the Coalition to spearhead an important new initiative to help set strategic directions for job growth and technology for the years ahead. Specifically, the Governor asked the Coalition to provide him a Technology and Jobs Agenda for Illinois that will lay out a strategic plan of action for the years 1995 to 2000. 7-12 This agenda will lay a framework for how the state can help industries and businesses in Illinois work toward sustainability into the coming century. HWRIC has an important role to play in this initiative with its Director serving as an active participant on the panel recommending the state's plan of action. 3. Life Cycle Assessment It has become clear that we must begin to look more comprehensively at alternative chemicals, processes and products to ensure that we are indeed moving to more environmentally benign systems. Environmental "solutions" in the past, such as using polychlorinaled biphenyls (PCBs) in transformers or chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) as coolants/lubricants, solved some immediate environmental and human health problems but ended up creating longer term and more far reaching environmen- tal problems. Life cycle analyses may enable our society to anticipate and hopefully avoid some similar problems in the future. According to a recent report by Fava, et al. from the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SET AC): "The life-cycle assessment is an objective process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process, or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, to assess the impact of those energy and materials uses and releases on the environment, and to evaluate and implement opportunities to affect environmental improvements. The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the product, process, or activity, encompassing extraction and processing of raw materials, manufacturing , transportation and distribution , use/re-use/maintenance , recycling, and final disposal." (8) HWRIC will be addressing some of these life cycle issues in a number of the projects that it is undertaking and in some of the research projects that it funds. In our laboratory work on alternative solvents, we will be addressing the toxicology of some of the new solvents and their ultimate fate once they are disposed. In this case, many are aqueous-based solvents that will eventually be discharged to local sanitary districts. In a new research project being undertaken by professors in the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, the researchers will examine life cycle design considerations for a floor tile manufacturer. The end product of this research will be a formal methodology for integrating multiple impacts, which were previously outside the designers' domain, directly into the product engineering design process. A move toward sustainability will require that the Center take into consideration life cycle implications in much that we do or that we recommend for industry. Research in this area can further our knowledge of the trade-offs that occur with various alternatives (products and/or processes) and allow us to make better recommendations to policy makers. A move toward sustainability will re- quire that the Cen- ter take into consid- eration life cycle im- plications in much that we do or that we recommend that in- dustry do. 7-13 4. Agriculture HWRIC will be ex- panding efforts in sponsoring re- search projects and gathering informa- tion on the optimum use of agricultural chemicals, move- ment and degrada- tion of chemicals in the environment, cleanup of contami- nated sites, and safe distribution and storage sites. Agriculture, like most production sectors, has undergone numerous changes over the past century which have resulted in dramatic increases in productivity. The use of larger machinery, increased application of fertilizers and pesticides, and the planting of fewer varieties of crops in larger fields have generated numerous questions about the sustainability of modern agriculture. Discussion generally focuses on soil erosion, chemical contamination and long-term impacts on the land ecosystem. Additionally, agricultural economists are looking at the costs and benefits of optimum versus maximum production levels. Like other industries, agriculture has taken both voluntary and mandated steps to address these concerns. Major changes in tilling practices are reducing erosion. Numerous persistent pesticides are no longer used. Several major farm suppliers are using computers and satellites in combination with soil testing to implement precision farming. This latter technique uses modern technology to apply optimum amounts of chemicals to each acre. By varying the rate of application, the farmer is able to save money by neither over- or under-fertilizing portions of fields. Soil eroded from the land is commonly acknowledged as the greatest contaminant of the nation's rivers. Recent studies by the U.S. Geological Survey provide insight into the amount of agricultural chemicals that currently run off the land with the eroded soil. (9) Using river water samples, USGS estimated that 539,000 kilograms of atrazine and 827,000 metric tons of nitrate-nitrogen were carried to the Gulf of Mexico by the Mississippi River between April and August in 1993 (the year of the Great Flood). The atrazine load was 235% higher and the nitrate-nitrogen load was 112% higher than for the same period in 1992. In economic terms, farmers spent well over $250 million to apply the chemicals that washed away in 1993. There is no question that both the environment and the farm economy will benefit from efforts to successfully find ways to reduce this waste. There is currently great interest in reducing agricultural waste and improving the sustainability of agriculture. Public attention is focused on many related issues, including ground and surface water quality, erosion control, siting of industrial facilities on contaminated "brown sites" rather than farmland, chemical residues in foodstuffs, the long-term productivity of the land, and environmental justice (ensuring that pollutants do not overwhelmingly effect some population sectors, e.g. lower economic classes or people of color, more than others). HWRIC has sponsored research on the air deposition of agricultural chemicals and cleanup of pesticide contaminated soil. With our diverse staff, research and analytical labs, and information resources HWRIC is well-situated to cooperate with other governmental, agricultural and private entities in future efforts to address agricultural sustainability issues. HWRIC envisions expanding its involvement in this area by sponsoring research and gathering information on the optimum use of agricultural chemicals, movement and degradation of chemicals in the environment, cleanup of contaminated sites, and safe distribution and storage sites. 7-14 The basic P2 concepts that are helping manufacturers reduce waste and improve efficiency are equally applicable to agriculture. HWRIC can collect and disseminate information on this topic. Additionally, we have the capability to store and analyze data that will help evaluate trends in agricultural practices and impacts of innovative techniques. The long-term future of Illinois largely depends on maintaining the quality and usefulness of its soil and water. HWRIC will help the state realize this future by assisting in finding ways to: remediate existing contamination; prevent additional sites from becoming contaminated; and, improve the practices employed by modern agriculture. 5. Energy Use Although HWRIC's mandate is to deal with various waste issues (chemicals and materials), it is increasingly clear that energy usage is also an important consideration for our program. Both waste production and energy use must be considered when helping an industry improve its efficiency and operate in an environmentally responsible fashion. It is widely recognized that modern industrial economies have substantial energy needs . Most energy used in Illinois is produced from nonrenewable sources, including oil, coal, uranium and natural gas. Worldwide, about 88% of all purchased energy is derived from fossil fuels. (1) Each step in the extraction, processing, conversion, and transportation of these resources impacts our environ- ment and results in the generation of waste. Illinois is fortunate to have significant agricultural resources, with the production of ethanol from corn as one by-product. Ethanol-derived fuels rely on renewable resources compared with fossil fuels which are being depleted. But the chemicals and equipment used to produce crops rely on largely nonrenewable resources. A recent study indicated that the average energy gain in ethanol production is 34% . (10) This means that 34% more energy can be gained from the ethanol as a fuel than went into growing, harvesting and processing corn into ethanol. And, if best manufacturing practices were employed, a net energy gain of at least 93% could be realized. A Sustainable Illinois will be one in which raw materials and energy are used more efficiently with less waste being produced. This may mean a greater reliance on renewable, clean energy resources. Further research will be needed on technologies to remove sulfur from coal, and on other ways of making coal a cleaner fuel. HWRIC needs to improve its understanding of the waste implications of new energy resources and the energy impacts of new technologies being used by industry. As part of HWRIC's P2 assistance efforts, we have seen the value of reducing not only wastes but also energy usage. Increasing the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes will reduce the rate of resource extraction, new power plant construction, and depletion of fossil fuels. Both waste produc- tion and energy use must be considered when helping an in- dustry improve its efficiency and oper- ate in an environ- mentally respon- sible fashion. 7-15 E. Sustaining Growth Through Anticipation Environmental management has historically been a response to identified pollution problems. Subsequent end-of-pipe attempts to reduce the amount of pollution entering the environment have been resource intensive. The effect of such control technologies has been to capture valuable resources wasted due to inefficiencies in the production process and, in the case of hazardous waste, to land dispose of these materials. Some of these residues have led to new environmental problems. Sustainable development requires that we examine more closely the raw materials lost in the production process and the longer term environmental consequences of the goods produced. Sustainability seeks to preserve the quality of life for future generations. Encompassed in this concept are that the land will continue to be a productive source of food, that industry will continue to have the resources it needs to provide the goods and services required by society, that reasonably priced energy will continue to be available to all, and that we as a society will not destroy the air, water and land we depend upon for our well-being through contamination with our wastes. In a recent report by USEPA and Industrial Economics, Inc., the authors state that achieving sustainable development in developed economies requires promoting "eco- efficiency." (11) They define eco-efficiency as becoming more efficient, using less energy and material, producing less waste and pollution, and destroying less natural habitat per unit of economic growth. The authors state, "achieving eco-efficiency in U.S. industry will require companies to build strategic environmental protection into their business decisions." They define strategic environmental protection as "long- term planning and investment by companies to develop the most cost-effective and innovative environmental management approaches, starting with pollution preven- tion. " USEPA is trying to promote these concepts through their Sustainable Industry Project, which has the primary goal of developing, testing and implementing industry- specific policy recommendations that will remove barriers to innovation and promote strategic environmental protection in the selected industries. Since its inception, HWRIC has promoted a sustainable future in Illinois by encouraging industry to reduce its waste generation and better manage those wastes it does produce. This goal is best addressed through the incorporation of P2 concepts into the operations of modern industry. Pollution prevention, as practiced today, incorporates anticipation of the needs and problems of the future. New product life cycle analysis, for example, is prompting producers to look at the total costs and environmental implications of their products while still in the conceptual stage. Forward thinking businesses are beginning to capitalize on the advertising potential of "green" products or those that are totally recyclable. HWRIC will continue to work with Illinois industry to increase awareness of the benefits of adopting pollution prevention in their production activities . But clearly the conversion to a Sustainable Illinois in all aspects of society must evolve from grass roots. The citizens of the state must embrace the concept, do their part, and express their desire to have society adhere to sustainability principals. Educational outreach offering sustainability concepts to all levels of society has become an imperative, not 7-16 a luxury. HWRIC can assist in the process by which children learn what is needed to ensure that their future retains access to the resources that we enjoy. We can help educate the professionals of tomorrow so that they take their place in society with an understanding of sustainable concepts as a requirement of their job, not as merely some alternative to the status quo. And we can continue to assist those in industry and agriculture to better understand the goals and concepts of sustainability, to recognize that sustainable products will open new markets in a worldwide sustainable economy, and to begin to work toward the adoption of sustainability principles in the workplace. We must anticipate the future now . The road to a Sustainable Illinois is before us. State government must take the lead in choosing this road. It must envision the state as it will be left to future generations and take the necessary steps to insure that future is bright. Hopefully the Center's efforts toward a sustainable future will complement what other agencies and organizations are already doing in this regard and stimulate additional efforts throughout our society. F. References Cited (1) Keoleian, G.A. and D. Menerey. 1994. "Sustainable Development by Design: Review of Life Cycle Design and Related Approaches." Air and Waste 44(5):645- 668. (2) Discussion Paper, Task Force on Principles, Goals and Definitions (final draft). Washington, DC: President's Council on Sustainable Development, October 1, 1993, pp. 2-3. (3) "Report Wary of Growth of Big Cities." Champaign-Urbana News Gazette, September 20, 1994, p. A-10. (4) Porter, G. and I. Islam. 1992. The Road From Rio. An Agenda for U.S. Follow- up to the Earth Summit. Washington, DC: Environmental and Energy Study Institute. (5) The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends. Summary Report and Volumes 1-7 Technical Report. Springfield, IL: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, 1994. (Report ILENR/RE-EA-94/05) (6) Cannon, Jonathan Z. 1994. "Information, The Key To Ecosystem Management. " Presented to the Environmental Information and Computing Technologies Confer- ence (Washington, DC, June 8, 1994). (Available from the USEPA GOPHER server as a document file.) (7) A Forum Concerning the Establishment of a Clearinghouse or CERCLA/RCRA Cleanup Technologies. Medford, MA: Tufts University Center for Environmental Management, 1987. 7-17 (8) Fava, James A., et. al., editors. 1990. "A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessments." In Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Workshop Report (Smugglers Notch, Vermont, August 18-23, 1990). (9) Goolsby, D.A., W.A. Battaglin, and E.M. Thurman. 1993. Occurrence and Transport of Agricultural Chemicals in the Mississippi River Basin, July Through August 1993. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. (US Geological Survey Circular 1 120-C) (10) Morris, David and Irshad Ahmed. 1992. How Much Energy Does It Take to Make a Gallon of Ethanol? Washington, DC: Institute for Local Self-Reliance . (11) Executive Summary, Sustainable Industry: Promoting Strategic Environmen- tal Protection in the Industrial Sector. Phase 1 Report. Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, 1994, and Cambridge, MA: Industrial Economics, Inc., 1994. 7-18 Appendix A: Fulltime Staff Publications and Presentations Barnes, Kenneth. 1994. "Pollution Preven- tion for Gas Stations and Automotive Shops. " Presented at the Clean Bay Workshop (Pekin, IL, June 2, 1994). Barnes, Laura L., Sara R. Tompson and Gary D. Miller. 1994. Great Lakes Pollution Prevention Information Re- sources Catalog. Champaign, IL: Hazard- ous Waste Research and Information Center. (HWRIC Report TN94-033) Bengtsson, Goran, Roland Lindqvist and Marvin D. Piwoni. 1993. "Sorption of Trace Organics to Colloidal Clays, Poly- mers, and Bacteria." Soil Science Society of America Journal 57(5): 1261-1270. Case, Laurie. 1993. "The Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center Resources." Presented at the 13th Annual State of Illinois Recycling Conference (LaGrange, IL, August 4, 1993). Case, Laurie. 1993. "HWRIC Works with Printers for Better Solutions." The Nature of Illinois 2(1):3. Case, Laurie. 1994. "Reclaiming a Piece of Illinois' Natural History - The Funks Grove Volunteer Stewardship Network. " The Illinois Steward 3( 1 ) : 8- 1 1 . Case, Laurie and John C. Marlin. 1994. "Agency Helps Businesses Cut Costs by Reducing Waste." The Illinois Manufac- turer, in press. Chow, Teresa M. and Donald M. Cropek. 1994. "Determination of Surfactants in Aircraft Surface Cleaners by High-Perfor- mance Liquid Chromatography after Solid- phase Extraction." Presented at the 18th International Symposium on Column Liquid Chromatography Meeting, (Minne- apolis, MN, May 8-13, 1994). Damon, Lisa A. and Jacqueline M. Peden. 1994. "Environmental Databases." Pre- sented at Air & Waste Management Association, Lake Michigan States Confer- ence, Air & Waste Management Issues of 1994 (Chicago, IL, January 27-28, 1994). Gintautas, Peter A. 1993. "Effects of Simple Organic Acid Anions and Munici- pal Landfill Leachate on the Electro- phoretic Mobility of Calcite." Presented at the University of Illinois' Institute for Environmental Studies Mini-Symposium: Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Ecology (Urbana, IL, August 26, 1993). Gintautas, P. A. and A. D. Weiss. 1993. "Evaluation of Sequential Extraction Methods for Metal Speciation in Contami- nated Soils Using Enriched Isotopes and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spec- trometry." Presented at the University of Illinois' Institute for Environmental Studies Mini-Symposium: Environmental Chem- istry and Chemical Ecology (Urbana, IL, August 26, 1993). Gintautas, P. A., L.A. Huyck, S.R. Daniel and D.L. Macalady. 1993. "Metal- Organic Interactions in Subtitle D Landfill Leachates and Associated Groundwaters." Pages 275-308 in Metals In Groundwater. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. A-l Gintautas, P. A., M. D. Piwoni and A. D. Weiss. 1993. Metal Speciation in Support of Environmental Remediation Efforts — Final Report. (Final report on research project supported in part by US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experi- ment Station, contract DACA 39-9 1-K- 0018-P00001). Gintautas, P. A., M.D. Piwoni and A.D. Weiss. 1994. "Stable Isotope Evaluation of Elemental Speciation in Model Soils by Selective Extraction and Analysis." Presented at the Division of Environmental Chemistry, American Chemical Society Meeting (San Diego, CA, March 13-18, 1994). Hayes, Christine. 1994. "The Greater Chicago Pollution Prevention Program." Presented at the Nature of Illinois Founda- tion Board Meeting (Chicago, IL, January 12, 1994); Air & Waste Management Association, Lake Michigan States Confer- ence, Air & Waste Management Issues of 1994 (Chicago, IL, January 27-28, 1994). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1993. "Pollution Prevention Case Studies." Presented at Illinois Power Pollution Prevention Semi- nar (Collinsville, IL, November 16, 1993). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1993. "Pollution Prevention Incentives." Presented at the Society of Tribolobists and Lubrication Engineers Monthly Meeting (Chicago, IL, October 21, 1993). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1993. "Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes." Presented at INFORM Pollution Preven- tion Training Course (Chicago, IL, De- cember 14, 1993). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1993. "Pollution Prevention Training" Presented at Material Sciences Corp. (Chicago, IL, October 4, 1993); Pre Finish Metals (Elk Grove Village, November 2, 1993). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1994. "Environmental Regulatory Overview." Presented at Pekin Class V Well Project Pollution Prevention Seminar (Pekin, IL, February 15, 1994). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1994. "Environmental Regulatory Requirements for Automotive Service Stations." Presented at Pekin Automotive Environmental Workshop (Pekin, IL, June 2, 1994). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1994. "Pollution Prevention." Presented at the Groundwa- ter Advisory Commission Meeting (Peoria, IL, April 11, 1994); Materials Science, Inc. (Elk Grove Village, IL, April 27, 1994). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1994. "Pollution Prevention Incentives." Presented at McDonough County Health Dept. Envi- ronmental Seminar (Macomb, IL, March 29, 1994). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1994. "Pollution Prevention Overview." Presented at Greater Chicago Project USEPA Personnel Training Seminar (Chicago, IL, January 26, 1994). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1994. "Pollution Prevention Trends and Requirements in Illinois." Presented at Government Insti- tutes, Inc. Seminar (Chicago, IL, April 13, 1994). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1994. "Services Available from HWRIC." Presented at Spray Painting: Improvements and Alternatives, Teleconference sponsored by Cleveland Advanced Manufacturing Program (and various cosponsors, includ- ing HWRIC) at University of Illinois, Chicago (Chicago, IL, June 8, 1994). Kraybill, Daniel D. 1994. "Services Available from State Technical Assistance Programs." Presented at National Screw Machine Products Association Seminar (Jacksonville, FL, February 26, 1994). A-2 Lindsey, Timothy C, A. G. Ocker, G. D. Miller and M. C. Miller. 1994. Evalua- tion of Ultrafiltration to Recover Aqueous Iron Phosphating/Degreasing Bath . Champaign, IL: Hazardous Waste Re- search and Information Center (HWRIC Report TR-0 14, $5.00). Lindsey, Timothy C, A.G. Ocker, and G.D. Miller. 1994. "Recovery of an Aqueous Iron Phosphating/Degreasing Bath by Ultrafiltration". Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 44(5): 697-701 (May, 1994). Lindsey, Timothy C. and Jacqueline M. Peden. 1994. Recycling Nickel Electro- plating Rinse Waters by Low Temperature Evaporation and Reverse Osmosis. Champaign, IL: Hazardous Waste Re- search and Information Center (HWRIC Report TR-01 3, $5.00). Lindsey, Timothy C. and T. Montemurro. 1994. Oily Waste Reduction and Recy- cling Pilot Test. Champaign, IL: HWRIC, 1994 (HWRIC Report TN94- 038). Marlin, John C. 1993. Panel Participant on "The Future of the Illinois River." Panel discussion at the Heartland Water Re- sources Council Meeting (Peoria, IL, September 2, 1993). Marlin, John C. 1993. "Pollution Preven- tion. " Presentation to Model Cities Program coordinators (Peoria, IL, Septem- ber 18, 1993). Marlin, John C. 1994. "Class V Well Disposal and Alternatives." Presented at two Groundwater Protection Act Work- shops (Crystal Lake, IL, March 23, 1994); (Champaign, IL, March 24, 1994). Marlin, John C. 1994. "Communicating Entomological Issues to Policy Makers and the Public." Presented at the meeting of the North Central Branch, Entomological Society of America (Springfield, IL, March 13, 1994). Marlin, John C. 1994. HWRIC Class V Well Project Display at the Peoria Area Marine Boat Dealers Association Boat Show (Peoria, IL, February 20, 1994). Marlin, John C. 1994. "Illinois' Environ- mental and Regulatory Processes." Pre- sented to the University of Illinois Metro Apex Class (a multi-departmental class that models the political and economic interac- tions of a hypothetical county) (Urbana, IL, February 21, 1994). Marlin, John C. 1994. "Protecting Water Quality and Saving Money Using Pollution Prevention Techniques." Presented at the Heartland Water Resources Council Meeting (Peoria, IL, April 12, 1994). Mendicino, Laura (chairperson). 1994. "Cutting Costs through Pollution Preven- tion." Presented at the Air and Waste Management Issues of 1994 Conference, Air & Waste Management Association, Lake Michigan States Section (Chicago, IL, January 26-27, 1994). Mendicino, Laura. 1994. "Introduction to Pollution Prevention for Regulatory Personnel: Overview of Program Develop- ment." Presented at USEPA Region V Headquarters (Chicago, IL, January 26, 1994). Miller, Gary D. 1993. "Pollution Preven- tion Cases Studies on Diskette— the Waste Reduction Advisory System." Presenta- tion at a Great Lakes Conference for Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs). (Chicago, IL, September 13, 1993). A-3 Miller, Gary D. 1993. "Pollution Preven- tion In Electroplating." Presented at the Fourth Annual Pollution Prevention Conference (Collinsville, IL, October 18, 1993). Miller, Gary D. 1993. "Pollution Preven- tion Services of HWRIC for Industry." Presented at a meeting of the Environmen- tal Committee of the Valley Industrial Association (St. Charles, IL, December 14, 1993). Miller, Gary D. 1993. "Successful Envi- ronmental Compliance Strategies for Business and Government." Presented at the Seventh Annual St. Louis Regional Environmental Conference (St. Louis, MO, October 19, 1993). Miller, Gary D. 1993. "Update of HWRIC's Pollution Prevention Program With Industry." Presented at the Lake Michigan Section of the Air and Waste Management Association meeting (Chi- cago, IL, September 10, 1993). Miller, Gary D. 1993. "Use of the De- gree-of-Hazard Evaluation System for Solid Waste Determinations and Delisting Special Wastes." Presented at the Fourth Annual Pollution Prevention Conference (Collinsville, IL, October 18, 1993). Miller, Gary D. 1993. "Waste Reduction for Degreasing/Phosphatizing in a Metal Fabrication Shop." Presented at the Midwest Pollution Prevention Roundtable meeting (East Lansing, MI, August 5, 1993). Miller, G.D., W. J. Tancig, M. J. Plewa and P. M. Randall. 1993. Ink and Cleaner Waste Reduction for Flexographic Print- ers. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engi- neering Laboratory, July 1993 (Final report of a WRITE-funded project. EPA Report Number EPA/600/SR-93/086). Miller, Gary D. 1994. "Examples of Successful Pollution Prevention Strate- gies." Presented at workshop on Pollution Prevention and Groundwater Protection (Pekin, IL, February 15, 1994). Miller, Gary D. 1994. "Hazardous Wastes in Illinois." Presented at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Urbana, IL, April 26, 1994). Miller, Gary D. 1994. "Major New Projects in the Chicago Area." Presented to the Nature of Illinois Board of Directors (Chicago, IL January 26, 1994). Miller, Gary D. 1994. "Pollution Preven- tion Case Study Examples." Presented at Inspector/Permit Writer Training work- shop at the Region V offices, U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency (Chicago, IL, January 26, 1994). Miller, Gary D. 1994. "Pollution Preven- tion Imperatives and Opportunities for Printers." Presented at the North Shore Printers Club (Gurnee, IL, April 11, 1994). Miller, Gary D. 1994. "Pollution Preven- tion Opportunities and Examples in Elec- troplating." Presented at Building Pollu- tion Prevention into Illinois Businesses- Tools, Techniques, and Technologies (Rosemont, IL, April 12, 1994). Miller, Gary D. 1994. "Pollution Preven- tion Services and Case Studies." Pre- sented at Sangamon State University (Springfield, IL, February 22, 1994). Miller, Gary D. 1994. "Pollution Preven- tion Strategies for Illinois Businesses and Industry." Presented at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Environmental Engineering Seminar Series (Wheaton, IL, February 7, 1994). A-4 Miller, Gary D., W. J. Tancig and M. J. Plewa. 1994. Ink and Cleaner Waste Reduction Evaluation for Flexographic Printers. Champaign, IL: Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center (HWRIC Report TR-012, $5.00). Murphy-Lucas, Christine. 1994. "Com- modities and Equipment Purchases from Environmental State Agencies." Presented as part of a panel at the 1994 Matchmaker Conference , sponsored by the Illinois Department of Central Management Services Minority and Female Business Enterprise Division and held at the Univer- sity of Illinois-Chicago (Chicago, IL, May 12, 1994). Peden, Jacqueline M. 1994. "HWRIC's Resources and Services." Presented at the Rockford Chamber of Commerce Meeting on Cooperative Efforts (Rockford, IL, June 8, 1994). Thomas, David L. 1993. Moderator for "Solid Waste and Hazardous and Toxic Waste Management." Presentation at the Symposium Environmental Policy with Economic and Political Integration: The European Community and the United States (University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, October 23, 1993). Thomas, David L. 1993. "No Cost Gov- ernment Services to Assist Environmental Compliance . " in Proceedings of the Illinois Environmental Regulatory Con- ference (Chicago, IL, September 28-29, 1993); Institute of Business Law. Pages 931-995 (Santa Monica, CA, 1993). Thomas, David L. 1993. "Pollution Prevention: A Common Sense Approach for POTWs." Presentation at the Confer- ence Pollution Prevention: The POTW Connection (Chicago, IL, September 14- 15, 1993). Pickowitz, Joseph. 1994. "Pilot Labora- tory Testing." Presented at Materials Science, Inc. (Elk Grove Village, IL, April 27, 1994). Pickowitz, Joseph. 1994. "Utilization to Perform In-Process Recycling of Aqueous Phosphating/Degreasing Solution." Pre- sented at the Air & Waste Management Association 87th Annual Meeting and Exhibition (Cincinnati, OH, June 23, 1994). Thomas, David L. 1993. "Pollution Prevention— A Strategy for Environmental Compliance." Presented at the Illinois Power Company Small Business Pollution Prevention Workshop (Collinsville, IL, November 16, 1993). Thomas, David L. 1993. "Product Stew- ardship and Pollution Prevention." Pre- sented at the Chemical Industry Council of Illinois Responsible Care Codes Confer- ence (Rosemont, IL, October 28, 1993). Piwoni, Marvin D., Aaron Weiss and Peter Gintautas. 1994. "Stable Isotope Evaluation of Soil Metal Speciation by Selective Extraction." Presented at the USEPA Ground Water Research Seminar (Kerr, OK, June 2-3, 1994). Thomas, David L. 1993. "Do We Believe in Pollution Prevention?" Pages 12-23 in Shaping the Future of Pollution Preven- tion. Nashville, TN: National Roundtable of State Pollution Prevention Programs. Thomas, David L. 1993. "Waste Manage- ment Issues." Lecture presented to Univer- sity of Illinois Conservation of Natural Resources class (Urbana, IL, November 18, 1993). Thomas, David L. 1994. "Advanced Ecological Principals." Presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference Pollution Prevention IV: Practical Application of Industrial Ecology to the Real World of Pollution Prevention (San Diego, CA, February 1, 1994). A-5 Thomas, David L. 1994. "Emerging Regulatory Issues Facing Industry." Pollution Prevention Workshop (Rosemont, IL, April 12, 1994). Thomas, David L. 1994. "HWRIC's Efforts Toward Solving Paint Waste Problems." Presented at the Illinois Paint Council's quarterly meeting (Rosemont, IL, March 1, 1994). Thomas, David L. 1994. "Pollution Prevention: Making It Work for Toledo." Keynote presentation at Pollution Preven- tion: Making it Work in Northeast Ohio Conference, Ohio Environmental Council (Toledo, OH, May 14, 1994). Thomas, David L. 1994. "Pollution Prevention Planning Requirements, State and Federal Initiatives." Presented to the American Institute of Pollution Prevention meeting (Washington, DC, January 27, 1994). Thomas, David L. 1994. "Working with Technical Organizations —The Role of AIPP in Promoting P2," "University and State Programs —How HWRIC Is Work- ing with Institutions of Higher Learning in Illinois to Promote P2." National Roundtable of State Pollution Prevention Programs, Annual Meeting (Seattle, WA, April 6-8, 1994). Tompson, Sara R. 1993-94. "HWRIC's Library and Networking." Presented as part of two Illinois Special Libraries Association panels (Champaign, IL, October 16, 1993); (Oak Forest, IL, February 17, 1994). Tompson, Sara and Elizabeth Santa, facilitators. 1994. "State Environmental Librarians Roundtable." Presented at the 85th Annual Conference of the Special Libraries Association (Atlanta, GA, June 14, 1994). Tompson, Sara and Li-Chun Shen. 1994. "INMAGIC Databases at HWRIC: Focus on Article Citation Database." Computer Applications Presentation at the 85th Annual Conference of the Special Libraries Association (Atlanta, GA, June 15, 1994). A-6 Appendix B to HWRIC FY'94 Annual Report Seventh Annual Governor's Pollution Prevention Awards Award and Certificate Winners Award Ceremony September 22, 1993 The Executive Mansion Springfield, Illinois B-l Seventh Annual Governor's Pollution Prevention = Awards = Trade Organization Chemical Industry Council of Illinois Rosemont, IL The Chemical Industry Council of Illinois, a trade organization established to serve the needs of chemical manufactur- ers, promotes pollution prevention among its membership. A partner association in the Chemical Manufacturer's Association's Responsible Care Program, they conduct various pollution prevention activities throughout the state, including pollution prevention workshops and seminars for their members. They also compiled a press release on Toxic Release Inventory quantities of their member companies and noted the overall and media-specific reductions. CICI is organizing a state advisory panel to increase participation in Illinois EPA's Partners in Pollution Prevention Program. Vendor Nalco Chemical Company Naperville, IL Nalco Chemical Company is the world's largest producer of water, process, and wastewater treatment chemicals. Nalco has established a Water and Waste Minimization Department. The department's mission is to reduce the demand for fresh water and to minimize the discharge of wastewater from their own facilities as well as from their customer's plants. This department focuses on two areas: program development and project engineering, including process develop- ment and pilot field projects. To support this department, Nalco has developed mobile pilot plants, known as Ad- vanced Recycling Centers (ARC), which are used for on-site demonstration of water conservation and recycling programs. ARCs contain unit operations for removing contaminants from water, pilot cooling towers, and complete analytical laboratories. Nalco's own water conservation and recycling program has saved over $100,000 in water costs and $25,000 in wastewater costs. The company has also assisted its customers in saving over $1 million through similar water conservation and recycling programs initiated through use of the ARCs. ) \ J Pollution / Prevention V Award N 1994 V ! B-2 Chicagoland Processing Corporation Mt. Prospect, IL Chicagoland Processing Corporation (CPC) recycles photographic and X-ray film, recovering and refining the silver content and minting pure silver commemorative medallions. CPC has developed a new lumber substitute, known as Envirowood, made entirely of commingled plastic and plastic film generated from their scrap film recycling process. Envirowood can be used to manufacture reusable loading pallets, picnic tables, trash receptacles, decking, and fencing. Because of CPC's large-scale recycling capabilities, Envirowood loading pallets can be produced at a much cheaper price than other plastic pallets and can replace the traditional wood pallets, which are typically scrapped after six months of use. CPC is taking plastic waste from large manufacturers such as 3M and Ford Motor Co., recycling it, and selling it back in the form of Envirowood plastic pallets. CPC saves approximately $120,000 per month by utilizing their own scrap plastic for Envirowood production rather than using virgin plastic or recycled plastic obtained from other sources. Community Group Pollution Prevention Award V 994 ( Aurora Sanitary District Oswego, IL The Aurora Sanitary District, a municipal wastewater treatment facility, has implemented a program to reduce their ammonia discharge into the Fox River. By modifying the operating schedules of certain processes, the ammonia load of the filtrate routed to wastewater treatment was equalized, rather than having high and low loads at different times of the day. The plant's subsequent biological treatment process handles the more constant ammonia load much better than the fluctuating amounts previously introduced to the system. This process modification required no capital investment and reduced the monthly average ammonia concentration discharged by 83 % . The total ammonia dis- charged in 1992 was reduced by 86% (127,000 pounds) over the 1991 discharge. This improvement, along with several others made over the last 10 years, has been implemented without any increase in the residential user's fees. Central States Education Center Champaign, IL The Central States Education Center is a community organization that focuses on natural resources and environmental issues. The Center has established a unique volunteer-implemented waste reduction program known as the Model Community Program. Model Community personnel train volunteers to help transform businesses, government institutions, and civic groups into models of waste reduction. To become a model, an organization must meet stan- dards in four areas: waste prevention, elimination of toxins, purchase of recycled products, and recycling. The Center trains a steering committee to approach potential models in their community. If interested, the potential models recruit in-house committees. The Center has also developed a Training Manual for developing a Model Community Program and provides 15 training sessions throughout the year in participating communities. Currently, the program operates in eight Illinois communities and has identified more than 140 Model businesses, industries, and organizations that have reduced the volume and/or toxicity of their overall waste streams. B-3 Educational Institution University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL The University of Illinois has established a comprehensive Recycling and Material Management Program at the Urbana-Champaign campus. This program is designed to conserve materials and energy by promoting waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. Various departments and student groups have identified and implemented reuse opportunities, such as reusing animal bedding for mushroom farming and collecting old telephone books for roofing material, hand towels, insula- tion, and animal bedding. The University also supports campus-wide recycling of paper, aluminum, plastic, glass, cardboard, scrap metal, wood, and other materials. All faculty, staff, and students can participate in this program. The University has also developed the nationally recognized Hazardous Waste Minimization and Recycling Program and is conducting a laboratory waste minimization survey to identify opportunities to reduce laboratory wastes. J Pollution > Prevention \ Award \ 1994 Small Facility (1-150 employees) Griffin Wheel Company West Chicago, IL Griffin Wheel, a manufacturer of railroad brake shoes, has implemented the "Solvent Free Project" to reduce solvent waste and emissions associated with production of composition brake shoes. Previously, the solvent toluene was used to lower the viscosity of the resin for mixing and to soften the rubber in the binder matrix. To eliminate solvent use, Griffin worked with the supplier to reformulate the resin so solvents were unnecessary. A high shear mixer was pur- chased which uses mechanical force rather than chemical processes to mix the components of the matrix. Griffin eliminated the need for nearly 2 millions pounds of toluene per year. They also went from being DuPage County's largest single source of toluene air emissions (200,000 to 400,000 pounds emitted) to zero toluene emissions due to this change. ) Pollution / Prevention V Award N 1994 V R.B. White, Inc. Bloomington, IL R.B. White, a sheetmetal fabricator, uses an aqueous degreasing/phosphating process to remove oils from the metal and to apply a rust inhibitor prior to painting. They assisted in developing and installing an ultrafiltration system to remove emulsified oils from their phosphating/degreasing bath and to recover the phosphating and cleaning agents from the bath. Prior to the installation of the ultrafiltration system, this 5,000 gallon degreasing/phosphating bath was disposed of approximately every three months. Once the ultrafiltration system was operating, oils were continuously removed from the bath, thus generating only 250-300 gallons of waste per year. The phosphating and cleaning agents, for the most part, remained in the bath, reducing the requirement for new chemicals. R.B. White now saves approxi- mately $30,000 per year from reduced disposal and chemical costs. B-4 Medium Facility (151-500 employees) Pollution Prevention Award 1994 Harris Corporation, Broadcast Division Quincy, IL Harris Corporation, a radio and television transmitter manufacturer, implemented several projects to reduce waste volume and toxicity and improve product quality. To eliminate the need for methyl chloroform (TCA, an ozone depleting compound) as a cleaning agent for hand-soldered printed circuit boards, Harris evaluated both no-clean and water-clean solders. Water-clean solders were found to be effective for their product line and were introduced into the process. The results were a raw materials savings of $4,500 per year and elimination of associated TCA disposal costs. A less toxic solvent, polane, was substituted for the methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) used as a paint reducer and cleaning solvent. Paint room employees also evaluated batch paint requirements, modified their mixing process to generate only the required amount, and thus reduced their paint waste by up to 75%, saving $36,000 per year in disposal costs. By installing a gravity settler in their wastewater treatment system, Harris saved $30,000 per year in sludge disposal and an additional $8,000 per year in chemical consumption costs. Harris has also installed a solvent distillation unit to recycle the remaining solvents. Employee participation played a key role in the successful imple- mentation of process changes at Harris. - Pollution / Prevention Award 1994 / G.E. Plastics Ottawa, IL G.E. Plastics, a manufacturer of ABS thermoplastic resins, has established a Waste Minimization Team consisting of an employee representative from each of the seven major operating areas. Through the efforts of this team, G.E. Plastics implemented several projects to reduce waste. After years of experimentation, the process used to manufacture the ABS thermoplastic resin was modified. This reduced the amount of trace unreacted chemicals in the product and drastically reduced emissions of volatile organic compounds by 90%, or more than 1 million pounds per year. G.E. also installed a separation system to break the waste water/organic compound emulsion resulting from the ABS manufacturing process. By reducing the waste volume sent off-site by 70%, G.E. realized an annual savings of over $70,000. G.E. also modified the packaging of their product by reducing the number of containers and saving $92,000 per year in packaging materials purchase. G.E. has also implemented a bulk storage/transfer system for chemicals that were previously purchased in drums, thus eliminating the disposal of over 700 drums per year. Arens Controls, Inc. Evanston, IL Arens Controls manufactures mechanical and electrical controls. Through their pollution prevention activities, Arens has realized an estimated cost savings of $270,000 per year. They replaced their mineral spirits parts washing operation with an aqueous-based washing system equipped with an oil-water separator. This reduced their waste generation per month from 350 gallons of spent mineral spirits to less than 5 gallons of nonhazardous oil skimmed from the system, thus saving over $9,000 per month in disposal and labor costs. To reduce the amount of cutting oil disposed of off-site, an oil filtering system was installed to prolong the life of the coolant, resulting in a reduction of 2,400 gallons and $14,000 per year in disposal costs. Arens has also upgraded two water-cooled air compressors to air-cooled compressors and installed a recirculation system for cooling water, thus reducing the total water usage at the facility by 75%, or 9 million gallons. A solid waste trash compactor has also reduced the total volume of waste cutting costs by 66%. B-5 Large Facility ( > 500 employees) ) \ ) Pollution / Prevention V Award \ 1994 V Motorola, Inc. Schaumburg and Libertyville, IL Motorola, Inc.'s Illinois facilities manufacture electronic products, including cellular tele- phones, two-way radios and base stations, ballasts for fluorescent lighting, parts for the automotive industry and personal paging systems. Motorola has a strong commitment to pollution prevention with emphasis on source reduction, reuse, and recycling. In 1989, Motorola made a corporate-wide commitment to eliminate the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone depleting compounds by the end of 1992. These compounds were used primarily to clean printed circuit boards after soldering. Motorola has now implemented a no-clean soldering technology. Not only did this eliminate 100% of ozone depleting substances, but it also reduced production time and eliminated the CFC-based cleaning equipment which has since been decommissioned and scrapped. This resulted in a cost savings (from avoided solvent purchases) of over $100,000 per year for the two Cellular Subscribers Group facilities that had been using CFCs. The solder system greatly reduces volatilization of solvents, thereby limiting volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. Nitrogen hoods were also installed to reduce the oxidation of the solder, thus reducing the amount of lead- bearing solder waste. Mobil Oil Corporation Joliet, IL Mobil Oil's Joliet Refinery processes crude oil into premium petroleum products. The refinery has established a core team to coordinate, track, and ensure timely implementation of the pollution prevention program, projects, and procedures known as the Waste Minimization Committee (WMIN). This team has representatives from all departments at the facility. The facility has implemented a comprehensive program to track waste generated for off-site disposal and for wastes generated for recycle/reuse. This program includes color-coded dumpsters for various waste types. Monthly reports generated from this waste tracking program not only promote employee waste awareness but also provide specific focus areas for the WMIN committee. This program is being expanded to include waste management cost allocation to the specific waste generator. The WMIN team focused on residual oil and debris, the largest contributor to off-site landfill disposal. By training employees on source reduction and proper spill cleanup proce- dures, this waste stream was greatly reduced with a savings of over $85,000 in disposal costs alone. A new vessel design also allowed Mobil to recycle oily solids generated from their wastewater treatment facility and thus save over $500,000 in disposal costs. Source reduction techniques, such as review of operating procedures and process engi- neering modifications, were applied to spent caustic solids and spent caustic debris waste streams resulting in reduction of both. Mobil has also established a WMIN subcommittee to address general solid waste. Tellabs Operations, Inc. Lisle, IL Tellabs designs and manufactures voice, data, and digital telecommunications equipment. Since 1988, they have been working to reduce the CFCs used in their wave soldering operations. By implementing a no-clean flux process, they have reduced their 1992 CFC use by 78%, thus saving $930,000 in material costs to date. They are also moving to a spray fluxing process to reduce raw material consumption and hazardous waste generation, expected to save nearly $90,000 per year. Tellabs has also been practicing closed-loop recycling for their solder residue. B-6 Appendix C: Research Project Summaries A. Research Projects Continuing in FY'95 Toxic Heavy Metals in Biodegradation and Bioremediation Technologies Eric Niederhoffer and John Koropchak, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale The Crab Orchard Natural Wildlife Refuge (CONWR) faces severe problems associ- ated with contamination from a combina- tion of toxic heavy metal ions (THM) and toxic organic compounds. It is necessary to gain a molecular-level understanding of how anaerobic microorganisms cope with THM, and whether they spread it, in order to understand how THM impact the biodegradation and bioremediation tech- nologies used to clean up organic pollut- ants. The goal of the project is to develop THM-resistant microorganisms that are useful for THM pollution abatement, particularly for organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The researchers propose to isolate THM- resistant mutants of extremely thermophilic (heat-loving) methanogens (bacteria that synthesize methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide) and other selected anaero- bic bacteria. They aim to further charac- terize the binding and uptake of THM to wildtype methanogens and to address the changes associated with THM-resistant methanogens, and to assess the effects of THM on the detoxification pathways common to methanogens and other se- lected anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic consortia are typically comprised of a methanogenic component, which serves an instrumental role in the detoxification of organic wastes, acting in concert with other anaerobes. The results will contribute to the develop- ment of more efficient strategies for biodegradation and bioremediation of mixed THM/organic contaminated sites and materials. Air Sparging Investigation at Mattison Machine Works Fehr-Graham & Associates, Freeport Air sparging (aerating water to clean it) is a recent technology which currently uses simple estimates instead of solid guidelines for establishing design criteria. Its success and its economic accessibility to smaller businesses, however, make it a technology that deserves further exploration. The goal of this research is to determine the quantitative relationships which can be used when designing an air sparging system. The effectiveness of air sparging at varying distances from the injection point and at differing depths of injection will be measured. At a minimum, the optimum design for a sparging system should be obtained for the Rock River alluvium and similar aquifers. The pri- mary objective is to determine an empiri- cal relationship that will allow remedial system designs to be optimized under a wide range of site conditions. Development of an Activated Carbon Fiber Adsorption/Regeneration System to Recover and Reuse Toxic Organic Compounds Mark J. Rood and Susan M. Larson, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Toxic chemical releases into the environ- ment from facilities within Illinois have been estimated at lOOxlO 6 kilograms (kg) during 1990 (IEPA, 1992). Releases into C-l r H W R I V c the atmosphere account for 38% of the toxic emissions. This research project will develop a new technology of activated carbon adsorption coupled with cryogenic (cold) vapor recovery that will reduce emissions and provide for reuse of toxic wastes. Activated carbon fibers (ACF) will be studied in a laboratory-scaled packed bed configuration to measure breakthrough times of the bed for realistic gas stream conditions. The packed bed will be designed to optimize the bed life. Satu- rated ACF will be regenerated using a nitrogen carrier gas and electrical resis- tance heating. The nitrogen gas stream containing the concentrated toxic gas will then be treated cryogenically with liquid nitrogen. Cryogenic treatment of the gas stream will condense the toxic materials from its carrier gas, making the toxic material available for reuse in the original process. This research will be performed in col- laboration with Liquid Carbonic, Inc., an Illinois-based company that developed and manufactures the cryogenic air quality control device. Collaboration with Liquid Carbonic will allow for a better overall design of the system, a more rapid distri- bution of this innovative technology into the industrial market, an exchange of information between the University of Illinois and industry, and a broadening of adsorption and cryogenic applications. Field Testing of In Situ Phosphatizing Coatings Chhiu-Tsu Lin, Northern Illinois Univer- sity, DeKalb The goal of this project is to develop an environmentally and economically sound "clear" and "pigmented" single-step phosphate/paint system (PPS) that will provide superior protection for metal surfaces. This has been achieved during the first year of the project. During this funding period, the field testing of coating protective performance for the newly formulated in situ phosphatizing coatings will take place. Standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) adhesion and corrosion tests will be performed to provide an acceptable single-step PPS from an appli- cation perspective. The surface bonding nature of the corrosion protective barrier of the in situ coating will also be exam- ined. The combination of the phosphate, primer, and topcoat into a single-step application process will offer significant reduction in time, energy, material, and labor. More importantly, the unicoat PPS will eliminate the wash primer or pretreat- ment step and its associated wastestreams which contain hexavalent chromium. The single step process will also reduce volatile organic compounds in the formulation. Progress to date includes verification of the chemical principle of in situ phosphatized coatings; isolation of several effective in situ reagents; formulation of a single-step, air-dried PPS; and an analysis of the protective performance of these coatings. Enhancement of BTEX Biodegradation Rates Under Iron-Reducing Conditions Walton R. Kelly and Michael L. Machesky, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign Some of the most common organic pollut- ants found in groundwater are the monoaromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). Because these compounds are biodegradable under a variety of environ- mental conditions, in situ bioreclamation is a viable strategy for cleaning contaminated aquifers. BTEX are known to rapidly biodegrade under aerobic (oxygen-rich) conditions. Unfortunately, oxygen is almost always absent in aquifers contami- nated with significant amounts of these compounds. This study proposes to examine the value of stimulating iron- reducing bacteria in such anaerobic envi- ronments to biodegrade BTEX. C-2 Experimental results conducted on samples from a contaminated aquifer will provide information on biodegradation reaction processes and rates, indicating whether attempts to enhance these reaction rates in situ is a worthwhile endeavor. Product and Process Design Tradeoffs for Pollution Prevention Deborah L. Thurston, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Like design for manufacturability, design for the environment poses special prob- lems. It was once considered outside the designer's domain. No analytical tools exist to integrate these issues into conven- tional engineering design analysis. Un- avoidable tradeoffs must often be made between cost, performance, manufac- turability, and customer satisfaction. Decisions must be made under a great deal of uncertainty and with input from multiple sources. The current trend in environmen- tal protection legislation shifts the financial responsibility for environmental mitigation of industrial impact to the industry carry- ing out the activity. Traditional manufac- turing cost analyses do not reflect this total, long-term cost. This project inte- grates design evaluation and optimization and life cycle analyses into a comprehen- sive design process. The cost of environmental impacts will be incorporated into the concurrent multi- objective analysis in two ways: 1) statisti- cal manufacturing process control which treats pollution as a product defect; and, 2) the cost of compliance with regulations. The "internalization of externalities" will be analyzed with the same degree of mathematical rigor that engineers tradition- ally utilize only for models of physical systems. Starlings as Avian Models and Monitors of Remedial Effects at Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Richard S. Halbrook and Alan Woolf, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale The 1988 Remedial Investigation of Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge (CONWR) identified 7 contaminated areas within the refuge that posed a potential risk to wildlife and recommended remediation of these sites. Exposure and effects data for avian (bird) species in these areas are limited. Preliminary studies revealed significant accumulations of contaminants and harmful effects in starlings nesting at one of the identified sites. The project goal is to determine pre-remediation base-line exposure and effects data on an avian model (the starling) and to provide a benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of remediation. The end result will be to provide regula- tory authorities with exposure and effects data for avian species utilizing contami- nated sites at CONWR and to provide pre-remediation base-line measurements that can serve as a benchmark for docu- menting the effectiveness of remedial action. Impact of Fly Ash Disposal on Plant Development A. Lane Ray burn, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign The purpose of this project is to determine the effect of fly ash disposal on plant development; corn seedlings are being used for this study. As utilities continue to burn coal to produce electricity, vast amounts of fly ash are being produced as a waste byproduct. Studies have indicated that use of fly ash in strip mine reclama- tion and agriculture land amendment would help alleviate problems associated with landfill disposal of fly ash; however, little information exists regarding the long-term subtle effects that such uses could produce. Long term exposure to levels of toxic chemicals (like those in fly ash) too low to induce toxicity may have ) \H W * V R 1 C C-3 V v W R I C subtle effects on the genetic material contained within the plant nucleus. Alter- ations in the plant nucleus have been documented in growth experiments using coal fly ash mixed with soil at rates of 70 tons/hectare and 500 tons/hectare. These higher concentrations of fly ash disrupted the cell cycle of seedlings and produced some triploid plants. Despite the nuclear alterations, plants grown at 70 tons/hectare of fly ash appeared healthy. Long-term growth studies are underway. Identifying Site Specific Limitations to Successful In Situ Bioremediation of Agrichemical Retail Sites Michael A. Cole, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign The purpose of this project is to develop a battery of tests to identify site-specific limitations to bioremediation at several Illinois pesticide-contaminated agrichemical sites. The results will be a protocol for others to use to identify limitations at other sites. The test will define the physical, chemical, and biologi- cal properties of the contaminated sites and compare them with the properties of adjacent uncontaminated areas. Site variability will also be evaluated with respect to these properties. Results thus far demonstrate that pesticide-contaminated soils can be remediated on a greenhouse scale by relatively simple methods. Nutri- ent and compost amendments have been shown to be reasonably effective in reduc- ing pesticide concentrations. Effect of Chemical Immersion on Inter- face Strengths of Hazardous Waste Landfill Liner Systems Timothy Stark, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Landfills still receive the majority of the hazardous and solid waste generated in Illinois and will probably continue to do so for many years. As a result, new landfills must be sited and built to accommodate new waste, and old landfills need to be covered. Recognizing that leachates from industrial and municipal solid wastes may be as damaging as those from hazardous wastes, the USEPA proposed Subtitle D regula- tions that recommend the use of soil- geosynthetic liner systems for solid waste landfills. The integrity of these liners can be compromised by physical and chemical factors. This study will test the effect of chemical immersion on the peak and residual strengths of both soil-geosynthetic and geosynthetic-geosynthetic liners. Progress to date includes completion of torsion ring shear tests on textured high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane/non- woven textile, geocomposite, and cohesive soil interfaces. Results indicate that a separation layer should be used to prevent strength loss in the liner at interfaces. Also, the type of clay used for the compacted clay liner significantly effects the interface strength. Increasing the plasticity of the clay in- creases the interface strength. Waste Management Survey of Illinois Higher Education Institutions Diane O'Rourke, University of Illinois, Chicago The objective of this project is to conduct a survey of waste management policies and practices of Illinois institutions of higher education. Participants will be asked to respond to questions regarding the person- nel responsible for solid/hazardous/other waste management on each campus, and the structure under which those persons perform their duties. In addition, the survey will gather detailed information about the institutions, their waste manage- ment programs and generation sources, and their need for assistance. C-4 Technology Transfer to Aid Pollution Prevention and Waste Management Vicki Gwiasda, University of Illinois, Chicago A survey of manufacturing firms in Illinois will be conducted to determine their assessment of technologies needed to meet new regulations and achieve source reduction. Information about the success- ful application of waste reduction technolo- gies in Illinois will be gathered. The survey results will assist HWRIC in the selection of possible technology alterna- tives offered to companies and in the production of written materials describing proven pollution prevention alternatives. Overcoming Barriers to Pollution Prevention in Small and Mid-Size Illinois Manufacturers Thomas J. Bierma, Illinois State Univer- sity, Normal This project is working toward two basic goals— a survey evaluating the usefulness of HWRIC 's Pollution Prevention: A Guide to Program Implementation manual (report TR-009), and investigating methods to overcome barriers to accepting and implementing pollution prevention pro- grams. Assistance in the manual evalua- tion will be obtained from companies who have used the document for pollution prevention program development within their companies as well as those who have not. The researchers hope to identify avenues that HWRIC can use to better market our pollution prevention services, as well as to provide a marketing model for other states' pollution prevention technical assistance programs to adopt. Determination of Animal Hazards from Air and Soil Samples from Crab Orchard Larry Hansen, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign This project uses bioassay methods for hazard identification, hazard characteriza- tion and dose-response assessment of various matrices associated with the PCB- laden landfill in Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge. The site is on the Superfund National Priorities List. Soil, dust, and air samples have been analyzed for PCB congener composition. Landfill extracts containing contaminants are being used for dosing laboratory rats to determine morphological (acute) toxicity, neurotoxic- ity, and reproductive and developmental effects. The project will provide an animal hazard ranking, based on multiple biologi- cal endpoints, resulting from exposure to samples known to be contaminated with poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Household Pets as Sentinels of Lead Exposure Phase II: A Study of Lead Exposure William Buck, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Phase I of this study was conducted to determine the health effects of lead-con- taminated soils in dogs, cats and children residing near a secondary lead smelter. The sample sizes were 84 dogs and 26 cats in 80 households with a total of 198 hu- mans. Animals living outside, exposed to soil, were more at risk of having a high blood lead concentration (BLC) than pets living inside. The strongest correlation between children and pets sharing the same household was between younger children (up to 6 years of age) and indoor animals. The likelihood of finding someone in the household with a high BLC was signifi- cantly increased when a pet was found to have a high BLC. However, the range of BLC was fairly small compared to those C-5 found in previous studies ( < 5 to 28 /ng/dl (micrograms per deciliter) in pets, and 1 to 13 jug/dl in humans). Thus, the overall risk from lead contamination in this study appeared limited. The most significant changes in blood or serum biomarkers in either dogs or cats was reduced delta- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALAD), while free erythrocyte protopor- phyrin was increased only when BLC was above 20 ^g/dl. These conclusions follow from the data. 1) Dogs and cats in the household are more at risk than their owners of having high BLC when exposed to a similar environment. 2) Soil lead concentrations should not be the major parameter used to estimate the risk of increased lead expo- sure to humans or their pets, since many other factors influence the bioavailability of lead, e.g., soil characteristics (pH and cation exchange capacity), lead particle size and chemical form, lifestyles of both animals and humans. 3) Monitoring dogs and cats would be a cost-effective way to predict risks to humans, if any, associated with a lead-contaminated environment. Phase II of this project will examine the effect of native soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH on the availability of lead to rats from both in situ contami- nated and lead acetate-dosed soils. The project objectives include determining: 1) the pH, soil types, and CEC of residential soils around the lead contaminated site; 2) the bioavailability of lead in these soils to laboratory rats; 3) whether raising the pH will reduce the bioavailability of lead in the soils; and 4) if extractable lead in soil is correlated with availability of lead to rats. B. Research Projects Completed in FY'94 Development of an Environmentally Safe Conversion Coating System for Magne- sium Owen M. Briles, Sundstrand Aerospace, Rockford Magnesium alloys are essential for aero- space applications because of their high strength to weight ratio. Conversion coatings are applied to these alloys to provide atmospheric corrosion protection and to improve adherence characteristics of coatings. Processes used to produce these coatings typically involve the use of halogenated solvents, chromic acid and other substances that can be toxic to humans and the environment. Chromated magnesium is typically protected from in- process corrosion by application of preser- vative oils, which must be removed by solvents prior to final coating applications. This project included replacing haloge- nated solvents with an aqueous degreasing system, replacing chromic acid cleaning with chromium-free cleaners, substituting phosphate-fluoride chemistry for chromates in conversion coating, and applying a resin seal-coat to prevent in-process corrosion. Implementation of the new system will result in a final cost-savings of at least $28,000. A factsheet on this project should be available in early 1995. Pollution Prevention for Chemical Processes: A Handbook with Solved Problems from the Refining and Chemi- cal Processing Industries David T. Allen and Kirsten S. Rosselot, University of California, Los Angeles, CA The refining and chemical process indus- tries are responsible for nearly half of the releases and transfers reported in the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory in the state of Illinois. The handbook is designed for use in short courses, training sessions, and as a supplementary text in university-based C-6 engineering design courses. The handbook is divided into four sections covering: basic pollution prevention structures; reduction of volume/toxicity of wastestreams; cost assessment of current disposal practices; and case studies. Ques- tions and problems for both, non-techni- cally trained personnel and for engineering design students are provided, along with possible solutions. It is available from the HWRIC Clearinghouse and can be obtained by requesting report TR-022. An Investigation of Column Flotation Technologies for the Pretreatment and Volume Reduction of Contaminated Soils and Sediments Joseph FitzPatrick, Northwestern Univer- sity, Chicago Soils may be contaminated by improper waste disposal, leaking underground storage tanks, accidental chemical releases, and runoff from industrial, agricultural, or disposal areas. Treatment technologies for contaminated soils and sediments include stabilization, vapor extraction, bioremediation, solvent extraction, soil washing, and vitrification. Remediation processes are often integrated to achieve effective treatment. This adds to the time, effort, and cost of remediation. This project is investigating a column flotation technology that would separate the fine fractions of low to moderately-contami- nated soils and sediments from cleaner ones, effectively reducing the volume of soil requiring further treatment. The use of flotation technology in soil and sediment remediation is relatively new, and by and large, empirical. Phase one of this research: 1) examined the separation behavior of a model sedi- ment system using flotation screening tests; 2) determined the effects of particle size, contaminant hydrophobicity and concentra- tion, gas velocity and residence time; and 3) developed a correlation to predict separation behavior in a system using contaminated sediments. Phase two exam- ined actual sediment and soil cleaning to verify the battery limits of the cleaning process. Phase three developed a means to evaluate the effectiveness and economic feasibility of using column flotation in remediation. LUST Remediation Technologies: Op- tions for Groundwater Corrective Ac- tions Perino Technical Services, Springfield This investigation identified the basic free product recovery and groundwater cleanup strategies that are currently being accepted by the IEPA. The groundwater remediation technologies include: conven- tional "pump-and-treat" bioremediation, and aquifer aeration (also known as aquifer air sparging), in situ bioremediation, vacuum vaporization, and recovery of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons. Informa- tion has been gathered on the characteris- tics of each technology, data required for design of cleanup systems, effectiveness and suitability of various soil types and contaminants, and cost, where available. The final report includes a section discuss- ing regulatory and permitting requirements that are applicable to groundwater cleanups in general and to individual cleanup tech- nologies. The project final report is now available and can be obtained by requesting report TR-023 from the HWRIC Clearing- house. Treatment of Spent Chemical Oxygen Demand Solutions for Safe Disposal Thomas R. Holm, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign Analysis for chemical oxygen demand (COD) is routinely performed at wastewa- ter treatment operations. This research project developed a method for treating spent COD solutions which contain toxic metals. As a result of this treatment, concentrations of Mercury and Chromium will be reduced by at least 99%, which will greatly reduce the loadings of Mercury and H W R I C C-7 Chromium from laboratories performing COD determinations. The method will be rapid and convenient. Stabilization of Arsenic Nonwastewaters Robert Fuessle and Max Taylor, Bradley University, Peoria In 1984 the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to RCRA were signed into law requiring USEPA to promulgate regulations for treating hazardous wastes before land disposal. USEPA has declared vitrification (using heat and pressure to solidify wastes) the best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) for arsenic- containing wastes because it effectively treats a variety of these wastes. Given the limitations of vitrification, i.e., it is energy intensive and creates potential air quality concerns, stabilization may be a desirable alternative treatment for arsenic wastes. The goal of this research was to develop a stabilization process that would treat arsenic nonwastewaters in a cost-effective and volume-efficient manner. Investigators studied arsenic speciation in waste, a mix and design matrix with a stabilizing agent, and deterioration of the stabilized cement product. Arsenic in an actual D004/D005 (regulatory category) waste was stabilized for 540 days. Vari- ous stabilization designs were used to define a range of designs that are effective over the long term for a wide range of binder and waste compositions. The effectiveness of stabilization designs was determined primarily by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). Dynamic column leaching, scanning electron microscopy, and calo- rimetry were also performed and rein- forced conclusions. Data analyses in- cluded mass balance and correlation studies among the metal concentrations that permit a characterization of elements leaching from the binders and/or waste. Ferrous sulfate was the preferred stabiliza- tion reagent over ferric sulfate and alumi- num sulfate. Excessive sulfate appeared to slow cement hydration with possible deleterious effects over the long term. Arsenate stabilization was more easily accomplished compared to arsenite. Aeration and/or chemical oxida- tion may be used to oxidize arsenite to arsenate for improved stabilization. The report is now available through the HWRIC Clearinghouse as report RR-073. Course in Pollution Prevention Paul Anderson, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago A pollution prevention course was devel- oped and offered in Spring 1994 at IIT to students in metallurgical, electrical, civil, chemical, mechanical and environmental engineering. Course contents included examining waste management options, developing a pollution prevention program, methods to conduct detailed assessments, ranking pollution prevention options, risk assessment, economic analysis, life cycle assessment as well as technical presenta- tions on specific waste management options. Students conducted an in-depth study of a particular industry-type, looking specifically for pollution prevention options for that industry. Course notes and presentation materials will be available in early 1995. Development and Pilot Demonstration of a Computerized Barcode-Based Waste Tracking System for Waste Minimiza- tion at Argonne National Laboratory Robert Peters, Argonne National Labora- tory, Argonne This project combined the use of process waste assessments with a barcode-based waste tracking system. It identifies signifi- cant areas for waste reduction at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The develop- ment and implementation of a computer- ized barcode waste tracking system will enable ANL to track their hazardous wastes and will facilitate the waste chain- of-custody from the point of generation to ultimate disposal. ANL's Energy Systems Division has been selected for a pilot C-8 demonstration of the system. The report detailing the effectiveness of the system is anticipated in spring 1995. Pollution Prevention and Business Management: Curricula for Schools of Business and Public Health Thomas J. Bierma, Illinois State Univer- sity, Normal Three instructional modules on pollution prevention have been developed to supple- ment course material in schools of business and management, schools of public health with an emphasis in management and the environment, and schools of environmental studies with an emphasis in management. The modules are designed to be flexible, and may be used together or indepen- dently. Although intended to be read outside of class, then discussed in class, the modules offer many opportunities for outside and in-class activities, additional reading and research, and supplemental lectures. More importantly, the modules are intended for participatory learning. The problems and case studies which accompany each module are an integral part of the learning process, particularly if discussed in groups or in class as a whole. The modules will be available for distribu- tion in early 1995. An Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Reduction Opportunities in Industrial/ Commercial Distribution Networks Matthew Snyder, Community Recycling Center, Inc., Champaign The objective of this study was to develop a program for reducing, reusing, and recycling waste from industrial packaging and transport in the manufacturing/ distribution/ retail chain. The study focussed on the distribution network for consumer products, primarily food and grocery distribution. It described a pilot program for reducing, reusing, and recycling waste at a distribution facility. A complete report will be available in spring 1995. H W R I C C-9 UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBANA 3 0112 110790620 . , i Uifnnmii n (\ /.'., i