"LI B OF THE" UNIVERSITY or ILLI NOIS 630.7 .......^LIUSE NOTICE: Return or renew ill Library Materials! The Minimum Fee (or each Lost Book it $50.00. The person charging this material is responsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reason* for discipli- nary action and may result in dismissal from the University To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN MAR 20 )02 LI61 0-1096 i. I "tf- UNIVERSITY OF I AGRICULTURE LIBRAW by Helen E. McCullough UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Space design for HOUSEHOLD STORAGE by Helen E. McCullough Assistant Professor of Home Economics BULLETIN 557 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUGUST, 1952 No endorsement is implied of any commercial article mentioned in the text of this report or included in the photographs. Copyright 1952, by the University of Illinois Manufactured in the United States of America ii Foreword The main purpose of this publication is to report the results of a study of storage requirements for various kinds of household articles and to show how the storage units can be incorporated in existing houses and in plans for new homes. The information given here provides basic facts on measure- ment, arrangement, and use of storage space that can be utilized by architects and others interested in planning, designing, and building houses. The storage units lend themselves to factory production as well as to on-the-job assemblies. Construction methods for storage units were not considered in this study. It is assumed that any acceptable method for making closets and cabinets can be used.* The precise measurements of the storage units and the sug- gestions for their arrangement and location, as well as other information pertaining to the problem, were worked out as part of a research program carried on in the Departments of Agri- cultural Engineering and Home Economics, University of Illinois. For help in various phases of this study the author is indebted to Deane G. Carter, M. R. Hodgell, and E. R. Coon, of the Department of Agricultural Engineering. Principal financial support for the project was provided by Research and Marketing Act funds. The study is also a contributing project to the North- Central cooperative farmhouse research project NC-9. *A new method for constructing clothes closets, that can also be adapted to various other types of closets, has been developed by the Small Homes Council of the University of Illinois, and is described in a printed work- ing drawing entitled "Closet Wall Construction Using Thin-Wall Panels." Ill Contents Part 1 The Study and Basic Findings 1 Building Trends Point Up Needs 2 Prevalence of one-story houses 2 Preference for small houses 3 Use of trussed roofs 3 Use of modular dimensions 3 Objectives and Limitations of the Study 4 Number of articles to be stored 4 Scope of the designs 4 Construction 4 Approach 4 Research Procedures 5 Problem of establishing constants 5 Deciding on types of articles to be included .... 6 Basis for dimensioning 6 Three aspects of design emphasized 7 Functional qualities 7 Simplicity 7 Flexibility 7 Building the test cabinets 7 Combinations of storage units developed 8 Placing the units 8 Utilizing a central storage core 8 Types of Articles Selected for Storage 9 Basic Dimensions for Storage Units 10 Allocating Storage to Specific Rooms 14 Living room 14 Study or den 14 Dining room 14 Bedroom 14 Kitchen 14 Hall 14 Bathroom 15 Utility or work room 15 Combining Units Into Storage Walls 15 iv Part 2 Designs for Storage Units 17 Books 19 Magazines 20 Business Papers 21 Toys 22 Musical Instruments 23 Sports Equipment 24 Wood for Fireplace 25 Card Tables and Folding Chairs 26 Desk Supplies 27 Typewriter 28 Radio and Record-player 29 Dinnerware 30 Glassware 32 Table Linen 33 Infants' Equipment 34 Clothing 35 Toilet Articles 37 Bedding 38 Folding Bed 39 Bathroom Supplies 40 Luggage 41 Sewing Equipment 42 Chore Clothes 45 Kitchen Utensils 46 Packaged Foods 48 Canned Foods 50 Carpentry Tools 51 Cleaning -Equipment 52 Cleaning Supplies 53 Part 3 A House Plan Using Storage Units as Partitions . . 55 Literature Cited 66 Appendix (Combinations of storage units between rooms) . 67 Hk JH The study and basic findings More and better designed space in which to store house- hold articles is a need commonly expressed by homemakers, and one that is being given serious consideration by archi- tects and builders. Most houses have built-in storage units for clothing and linens and for kitchen and bathroom sup- plies. Less frequently closets are included for cleaning equipment. Definite provisions are not usually made for the great variety of other types of articles that need to be stored within the house. Relatively little research has been done on types and requirements of household storage facilities other than those needed for kitchen supplies and clothing. The num- ber, size, and arrangement of closets and cabinets included in a house have often been determined by the space that happened to be available in the plan; and volume rather than the specific way in which these storage places would be used has been the basis for their design. This practice has resulted in waste space within storage units, inadequate space, and space poorly designed for the articles to be stored. The accompanying photograph shows, in lighter vein, where the research began. Building trends point up needs Today the whole problem of household storage is intensi- fied by current trends in home building. These trends not only emphasize the need for basic functional planning, but also open up a wide field for the study of new uses and arrangements of storage space. The situation calls for basic research on space standards and analysis of types of house- hold storage to accommodate present-day needs and fit in with modern design. Pointing up the immediate need for more basic an- alysis of storage space and arrangements are the following building trends. PREVALENCE OF ONE-STORY HOUSES. The one-floor house without basement or attic is currently more prevalent than the two-story house, a trend which accentuates the problem of providing adequate storage space for the numerous articles used within the house. Analysis of one-story house Figure 1 plans indicates that storage facilities other than the con- ventional types already noted are generally insufficient. PREFERENCE FOR SMALL HOUSES. The majority of houses built in recent years are small, with a noticeable increase in the four- and five-room range. In 1950 houses of this size accounted for 44 percent of all nonfarm dwellings. The median size was 4.6 rooms. In the past, furniture such as chests, dressers, ward- robes, bookcases, china cabinets, and utility cabinets has been used to supplement the limited built-in closets and cabinets found in most houses. In the present-day small house there is need to reduce furniture to the minimum in order to provide free space for activities and to increase the feeling of spaciousness. Built-in storage to replace furniture is one logical answer to the problem of conserving space in the small house. USE OF TRUSSED ROOFS. Trusses built to support roof loads without the need for interior bearing walls are gaining in importance in the design of one-story houses. This method of construction reduces building time and costs and allows great flexibility in the use of floor space. The elimination of bearing walls within the house opens up many possibilities for using storage units, singly or in combination, to form partitions between rooms. Architects have given considerable attention to this feature of house planning, but there has been little research that would help determine the most useful kinds and sizes of storage units to include in such walls or the best way to combine such units. USE OF MODULAR DIMENSIONS. In planning houses, as well as other structures, modular dimensions are now being widely used for economy in construction. The module is simply a basic unit of measurement which is applied to all the structural elements included in a construction plan. In a house plan it would be applied to the building ma- terials, the basic dimensions of the house as a whole and the dimensions of parts of the house such as doors, windows, storage units, and built-in equipment. The modular meas- urement generally used is 4 inches or a multiple of 4 inches. As this principle of construction is more generally used by the building industry, the modular designing of storage units, both commercially produced and custom-built, will become an accepted part of the building pattern for houses. Tested designs for cabinets and closets in modular sizes are necessary groundwork for such a development. Objectives The demand for more and better planned storage space and the new concept of storage as an integral part of the house led to the formulation of four specific objectives in this study. These were: 1 . To compile a basic list of the types of articles that are stored in a house and determine the number of such articles a given amount of space would accommodate. 2. To determine on a 4-inch modular basis the dimensions of storage units suitable for each type of article, particular em- phasis being placed on depth (front-to-back measurement) of .. .. .. units. I im I id llODS ^ ^ Develop a functional, economical, and flexible design for the storage of each general type of article. _X It.** (lillfllf ^' To indicate suitable locations for storage units individually Ul II 1C vlUUY an d m combination, especially units combined to utilize wall space between rooms. Certain limitations were imposed in this study in order that its purpose, scope, and application would be more sharply de- fined. They had to do with the following details: NUMBER OF ARTICLES TO BE STORED. The number of objects of each type selected for storage represented typical, or modal, quantities, not presumed maximum, minimum, or average amounts. Both the kinds of articles to be stored and the number of each kind will naturally vary among families. For this reason relatively fixed depths of units were determined by research; but the widths of the units, it was assumed, would vary in different house designs according to probable family needs and the charac- ter of the house plan. SCOPE OF THE DESIGNS. Only basic modular designs were de- veloped for each type of storage, except for a few variations that would have general application. From these basic designs many possible variations for each type of storage can be derived. CONSTRUCTION. Neither construction methods nor finished cabinet work was emphasized in making the mock-ups, or test cabinets. These aspects of the problem were left for future study. It was assumed that in adapting the units for home use, doors would be added as needed, but for the most of the labo- ratory models only such doors as would be used for storage are shown. The suitable combining of individual units into storage walls is suggested; but only a limited number of these combina- tions were constructed in the laboratory. APPROACH. In order to develop an unbiased study of space requirements and designs, no attention was given to traditional practices, individual preferences, or suggestions found in current popular literature. Research procedures PROBLEM OF ESTABLISHING CONSTANTS. Research to determine the various space standards for houses is largely in the ex- ploratory stage. Constants, or nonvariable factors, on which to base such research are difficult to establish. Each different kind of space study requires a specific type of con- stant, and the problem is complicated by the fact that two different types of meas- urements are involved those of the arti- cles to be stored or equipment to be used, and those of the person using the space. For example, studies of storage space must be based primarily on the space re- quirements of the articles to be stored, yet for such storage to be completely functional it must also be based on the shoulder height, reach, and similar measurements of the worker. Work-counter space standards must be based on the process to be carried on, the supplies and equipment to be used, and again on certain body measurements. For space standards involving floor areas, the activity measurements of the worker are of primary consideration, but equip- ment or furniture measurements also are necessary. Space requirements for the worker are particularly difficult to establish because they involve body measurements, activity measurements," and physiological and psychological reactions. Thus it is evident that determining a usable constant for any type of space- standards research is in itself a basic prob- lem. It is done by establishing for each * Activity measurements is a term proposed by the author to indicate the amounts of space required for a person engaging in various activities about the house which involve bending, stooping, reach- ing, walking, sitting, carrying objects, opening doors, passing another person, and so forth. A study along this line has been started at the Uni- versity of Illinois. piece of research a definite list of articles, or a definite amount of space, or a definite set of activities to use as the nonvariable element. Such a constant often will not apply to any other piece of research. In this study of household storage space, in which principles of functional storage set up in previous research'' "' 7 * are applied, a logical constant would have been an authenticated list of each type of article which families great numbers of families, urban and rural are likely to store. But such information was avail- able for kitchen supplies and clothing only. 1 ' 2 ' 4 " 10 ' 12 Studies of farm-family hous- ing needs and preferences in four regions of the United States provide inventories of certain household articles owned by a por- tion of the homemakers from whom records were obtained. 1 ' 8> 9t Differences among households and among the regions were so great, however, that it was impossible to convert these data into average or median lists suitable for use in the present study. Furthermore, no comparable data were available for urban families. Indeed, it is doubtful if any composite lists can be es- tablished which will have general applica- tion to the design of storage space. An alternative procedure, and the one set up for this study, was to establish con- stants in terms of the amount of space needed to accommodate a given number of a given type of articles. These are called quantitative space requirements. Space standards so determined can be applied to any given list of possessions. The modular * These and other superior figures refer to litera- ture citations on page 66. f The Western Region had not issued a report at the time this publication was prepared. depth of the storage unit required for each type of article and the number of articles that a given space will accommodate estab- lish the constants. In establishing these constants, the pre- cise number of each type of article requir- ing storage is not important so long as it is reasonably typical and provided the list includes examples of size and shape that fix the limits of the storage unit. Nor is it particularly important to distinguish be- tween rural and urban households. The types of possessions are about the same in either group, and such items as equipment for large-scale food preservation or for dairy use, which usually are limited to the farm household, will fit into the modular standards established in this study of house- hold storage. DECIDING ON TYPES OF ARTICLES TO BE INCLUDED. Because of the limited research previously conducted on storage other than that needed in kitchens, the first step in this study was to develop a list of all types of articles that might be stored in any house. The list was submitted for validation to a panel of twelve homemakers and members of the home-management staff of the De- partment of Home Economics. Suggested additions and changes were incorporated into the basic list, and the articles were classified as to kind or type. The classifica- tion resulted in 25 types of articles each of which might be stored in large enough quantity to justify a separate or complete storage unit. BASIS FOR DIMENSIONING. Dimensions of storage units were determined first by the sizes and numbers of articles to be stored. These dimensions were then adjusted to modular measurements. Representative articles of each type in the quantity that might logically be stored in the home were assembled and measured. Essential dimen- sions included : Depth (front to back) : This dimension expressed in terms of a 4-inch module or its multiples, was determined by the article having the greatest depth when in the position stored. Figure 2 Width (side to side) : The width of a storage unit was determined in some in- stances by the width of the largest articles to be stored, in others by the number of articles to be stored. In general, the width of a unit is more flexible than the depth, owing to the variability in the number of articles requiring storage in different house- holds. Width, like depth, was determined in multiples of 4 inches. Height (vertical) : The over-all height of the storage units used for testing purposes was 7 feet. This permits a shelf to be placed 72 inches above the floor, which is within the reach of a woman of average height. The over-all height of the units may be altered as desired in order to adapt them to door or window levels or to ceiling height. When one type of storage requires less than the full height of the wall, two kinds may be placed one above the other: a bedding unit for example, may be placed above a luggage unit. 72' Figure 3 The height of the tallest articles to be stored sets the standard for the distance between the floor of the unit and the first shelf, for the space between shelves, and for the heights of drawers. In testing space requirements, articles of similar height were usually stored on one shelf, in one drawer, or in one compartment. All shelves were made adjustable in height. THREE ASPECTS OF DESIGN EMPHASIZED. In this study emphasis was placed on the functional qualities of the storage space, on its simplicity, and its flexibility. Functional qualities. In so far as possible, each article in the test units was so stored that it was clearly visible and readily ac- cessible. Units were kept as shallow as practicable to avoid having to move one article to reach another, and unnecessary margins in front of and above articles in storage were eliminated in order to keep unused space to a minimum. Simplicity. Simplicity in design was em- phasized in order to make the units easier to construct and to increase their flexibility. Flexibility. Flexibility in the use of the storage units was an important considera- tion in the design, since the types of articles, as well as the number, vary with different families. Fortunately flexibility requires simplicity of design, which in turn reduces cost of construction. Modular dimensions contributed to both simplicity of design and flexibility in the placement and use of the various units. BUILDING THE TEST CABINETS. To expe- dite the construction of the mock-ups, or test cabinets, duplicate frames were made in depths of 4, 8, and 12 inches; in widths of 24, 36, and 48 inches; and in heights of 36, 48, and 84 inches. A simple device for clamping the frames together made it possible to assemble them quickly into test cabinets of widely varying sizes ( Figure 4 ) . For a few types of articles it was necessary to make units that were narrower than 24 inches and others that were wider than 48 inches. Cabinets were fitted with metal shelv- ing strips to permit the use of adjustable shelves and drawer supports. Special racks and compartments were built as needed. A raised base to act as a dust barrier was included in all units except those planned for large or heavy articles which are moved into place without lifting. Usually only such doors as were designed for storage were added to the test cabinets. Figure 4 COMBINATIONS OF STORAGE UNITS DE- VELOPED. Ways of combining individual storage units to form partitions between rooms were worked out, and a limited number of units were assembled. Combi- nations of this kind provide unique oppor- tunities for convenient storage and for saving space. Three different arrangements are possible: 1 . Units of the same depth may be placed beside each other or above and below each other, all opening into the same room or some opening into an adjacent room ( Figure 5 ) . Figure 5 2. Units that are each of uniform depth may be placed back to back to serve adjacent rooms, the total depth of the units not exceeding 24 inches (Figure 6). Figure 6 Figure 7 3. Individual units of different depths may be joined back to back and dovetailed into various combinations when their total depth does not exceed 24 inches (Figure 7 ) . PLACING THE UNITS. Storing articles at or near the place where they will be first used, a basic principle of functional stor- age, contributes to convenience and order- liness in housekeeping. One part of this study (pages 14 and 15) therefore provides a guide for locating units designed for specific types of storage. UTILIZING A CENTRAL STORAGE CORE. This study was based on the assumption that no individual storage unit, nor any combination of units used as a storage wall, would be deeper than 24 inches. However, in many houses there is a central space occupied by stairs, fireplace, chimney, heat- ing plant, or water heater, singly or in combination. With this arrangement there may be a place for storage deeper than 24 inches. To take advantage of such space, units of the types detailed in this study can be combined in such depths as will fill the available space. Such a combination of units centrally located may form a storage core within the house. 8 Types of articles selected for storage Study of the types of articles that ordinarily require storage within the house in sufficient quantity to justify complete storage units no deeper than 24 inches resulted in the following list: Bathroom supplies Linens for bath, beds, and table Bed, folding Luggage Bedding Magazines Books Musical instruments Business papers Radio, record-player, and records Card tables and folding chairs Sewing equipment and supplies Cleaning equipment and supplies Sports equipment Clothing for adults and children, Toilet articles including chore clothes Tools, carpentry Dinnerware: complete service; glass- Toys, indoor ware only Typewriter and supplies Foods: miscellaneous; canned goods; Utensils, kitchen packaged goods Wood, fireplace Infants' equipment Writing supplies For each type of article listed above, a complete storage study was made. The study included an analysis of the kind, number, and size of the articles to be stored, experimentation in the placing of the articles in order to determine how best to arrange them, and the designing of a cabinet or closet with modular dimensions specifically suited to these articles. The series of basic designs resulting from this analysis are given on pages 19 to 65. Basic dimensions for storage units Practically all types of articles requiring storage in the house fit into depths of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 inches, with economical use of space. Two exceptions are canned foods and books. Con- tainers commonly used for canned foods need a depth of 4Vi inches if stored one row deep. For books in general a 9-inch depth is adequate; and 10 inches is better than either 8 or 12 inches. A few types of articles fit almost equally well in more than one depth, with a corresponding variation in the width of the storage unit. Cleaning equipment, for example, may be stored in a unit 24 inches by 24 inches or one that is 16 inches by 36 inches; linens fit into depths varying from 16 to 24 inches. While depths of storage units may be specified definitely, the widths must be variable to allow for the many types of articles to be stored and the variations in the number of items. Also, the width of a unit may vary with its depth or height when more than one depth or height is satisfactory. The types of articles suitable for storage in modular depths of 4 to 24 inches are shown in Table 1. Table 2, page 12, gives the minimum depths and widths recommended for storage units for these articles and the dimensions of the basic storage units developed in this study. 10 Table 1 . Depth of Storage Space Required for Different Household Articles (In terms of modular units) 4 inches 8 inches 12 inches 16 inches 20 inches 24 inches Bottled goods of Books up to 8 deep Bathroom linens Bathroom supplies Bedding Bed closets all types and equipment Card tables, 2 or 3 Books (10" recom- Card tables, 3 or 4; Bedding Canned foods in all mended) Business papers. and folding sizes of container Chairs (folding) 2 drawer files a chairs, 4 or 5 Business papers, except Nos. IVi, or 3 Business papers, deep drawer files 3, 5, and 10 cans box files Card tables, 2 or and !/2 gallon glass (4'/2" shelf holds all but Nos. Cleaning supplies Card tables, 4 or 5 3; and folding chairs 4 deep Clothing in drawers Card tables, 3 or 4; and folding 5 and 10 cans} Dishes to 8" Clothing on hooks, chairs, 5 or 6 diameter Chairs, folding, 3 Cleaning equipment or on hangers deep Cleaning supplies to 5 parallel to front Flower containers Clothes on hooks Cleaning equipment Glassware Tumblers and to 8 diameter Dinnerware (chore and chil- dren's play Linens Bath Clothing in drawers clothes) stemware Foods, canned and Magazines Bed packaged Dinnerware, shelves Table Clothing on hangers Packaged foods, broadside out Magazines, 4 verti- Radios, up to 1 1 inches deep plus door storage Typewriter, Infants' equipment 11 cal tiers standard Linens Toilet supplies Toys Bath Linens Toilet supplies Miscellaneous Bed Tools, carpentry Miscellaneous Utensils, on shelves or double- Bed a Table 8 (same as for 16" depth) Table Utensils, shallow, hanging Flower pots Paints hanging panels Musical instruments Luggage Miscellaneous Sewing equipment Miscellaneous Various types of Beverages or foods in cases Radio with record- player and records Toys, large storage on Christmas-tree doors. Less than 4" usually decorations Electric fans Sports goods Miscellaneous Out-of-season or enough Empty boxes Trays, platters, chop discarded toys and furniture plates, large flower bowls Typewriter, portable Utensils, large, on shelves Miscellaneous Beverages or foods in cases Christmas-tree decorations Empty boxes Out-of-season or discarded toys 1 Minimum inside depth of storage units. All other dimensions in this table can be either inside or outside measurements. 11 Table 2. Minimum Recommended Depths and Widths of Storage Units for Specified Articles, and Dimensions of Basic Units Developed in This Study Item Minimum depth Minimum width Dimensions of basic units inches inches Depth Width Height 16 24 24 24 24 16 9 or 10 24 48 56 68 72 24 As needed inches inches inches 16 24 24 24 24 16 10 , \ 24 48 56 68 72 24 24 84 84 84 84 84 84 84" Bed, folding, and guest supplies 30" bed 39" bed 48" bed 54" bed Books Business papers and supplies Commercial file with drawers Box files 16 (plus handles) 12 l'/2 to 2'/j per table, 2 to 4 per chair 16 16 36 16 12 24 16 16 36 84" 84" 38 Card tables and folding chairs. . Cleaning equipment and supplies 16 or 24 depending on width of unit 24 or 36 depending on depth of unit 24 16 24 36 84 84 4 16 4 241, 48 Clothing On hooks (chore or play clothes) 16 24 12 (14" drop shelf) 16 (14" drop shelf) 60 48 32 32 16 24 12 16 60 48 36'' 36'' 84 84 44 44 Desk supplies Drawer storage Dinnerware Complete service 12 4 20 16 12 4 24'' 24'' 84 48 Glassware only Foods Miscellaneous 8 4'/2 24 16 16 12 8'' 4 36'' 24'' 24'' 84" 84 48" Packaged only, broadside out " Height can be varied. ''In the basic storage units, the depth or width is not always the minimum, but rather the measurement that gives the most flexibility or the best proportion. 12 Table 2 (cont'd) Minimum Recommended Depths and Widths of Storage Units for Specified Articles, and Dimensions of Basic Units Developed in This Study Item Minimum depth Minimum width Dimensions of basic units Infants' equipment Linens Bath Bed Table Luggage Magazines Shelves and tiers combined. . Musical instruments Radio with record-player and records Sewing equipment and supplies Portable machine Standard machine Sports equipment Toilet articles Tools, carpentry Toys Typewriter desk for either port- able or upright machine. . . Utensils, kitchen On shelves On hooks Wood for fireplace inches 24" 12 16 16 12 16 16 24 24 16 4 12 20 12 6 12 inches 84 24 24 24 36 24 36 32 48 60 36 16 24 36 36 16 16 36 Depth Width Height inches inches inches 24 84 84 16 b 24 48 24 b 24 84 20 b 24 84" 24 48 b 48 12 24 84 16 36 84 16 24 24 16 36 b 36" 48 60 36 84 84 84 Use section of dressing table as needed 24 56 12 48 b 48 20 36 12 6 12 36 b 24" 36 40 84 84" 24 H Height can be varied. b ln the basic storage units, the depth or width is not always the minimum, but rather the measurement that gives the most flexibility or the best proportion. '' Minimum inside dimension. 13 Allocating storage to specific rooms Some types of storage are placed without question in specific rooms. Many types, however, are suited to more than one room, and their location depends upon the number, kind, size, and location of rooms within the house. If the plan includes a hall, storage units which would otherwise be in the living room, bed- room, kitchen, or workroom may open into it. If there is a den or study, it may accommodate storage otherwise assigned to living room, hall, or bedroom; and a dining room used as an all-purpose room may take care of storage usually included in a living room or bedroom. The following list suggests the different kinds of articles for which different rooms may provide suitable or possible storage. Bed, folding Books Business papers Card tables and folding chairs Coats Desk supplies Bed, folding Books Business papers Card tables and folding chairs Clothing Desk supplies Bed, folding Business papers Desk supplies Dinnerware Glassware Bed, folding Bedding Clothing Desk supplies Radio and record-player Cleaning equipment Cleaning supplies Dinnerware Bathroom supplies Bed, folding Bedding LIVING ROOM Magazines Musical instruments Radio and record-player Sports equipment Toys Typewriter Wood for fireplace STUDY OR DEN Magazines Musical instruments Radio and record-player Sewing equipment Sports equipment Toys Typewriter DINING ROOM Linens, table Sewing equipment Toys Typewriter BEDROOM Sewing equipment Toilet articles Toys Typewriter KITCHEN HALL Foods Tools, carpentry Utensils Card tables and folding chairs Chore clothes and children's wraps 14 HALL (continued) Cleaning equipment Luggage Coats Sports equipment Foods, canned Tools, carpentry Infants' equipment BATHROOM Cleaning, medical, and Linens miscellaneous supplies Toilet supplies UTILITY OR WORKROOM Chore clothes and *Utensils for specialized use: children's wraps ' canning, dairy, etc. Cleaning equipment and *Miscellaneous supplies Empty food containers Foods, bulk or canned Flower containers Infants' equipment Flower pots and potting *Laundry equipment, small, equipment and laundry supplies Gardening supplies and small Luggage garden tools Sewing equipment and Old papers and magazines supplies Out-of-season equipment such Sporting equipment as electric fan Tools, carpentry Paints and painting equipment Toys * No study was made of space requirements for these articles because they would not usually be stored in large enough quantity to justify specific units. Conventional cabinets such as those ordinarily used in kitchens will accommodate them. If the house has no utility or workroom but has a basement, these supplies are usually stored there. Combining units into storage walls The basic units described in Part 2 of this study may be com- bined in many ways to form partitions between rooms. They can be assembled as adjacent units, placed back to back, or dovetailed together, as explained on page 8. The storage walls may be free-standing units of less than ceiling height, or they may be full-height partitions, either load- bearing or non-load-bearing. How the walls are used will depend on the type of architecture and whether the house is new or old. For suggestions for the many possible combinations of storage units suitable for use between specified rooms, see the tables in the Appendix, pages 68 to 74. 15 16 Designs for storage units The storage requirements, in terms of modular dimensions, for each major type of article that is likely to be stored in the home are given on the following pages. The minimum depth of the unit for each kind of article and the minimum width required for a representative number, kind, and size of article are specified. From these dimensions and the other data given, the storage space needed for any given number of articles of a given type can be determined. The photographs show the storage units which were used for testing. They were built in the dimensions and designs that make the most economical use of space. Many variations are possible, however, so long as the basic prin- ciples of functional storage (articles are easy to see, to reach, and to grasp) are followed. For all units which may be made ceiling height, the test units were built only 7 feet high because that is the maximum height recommended for active storage. In most houses these units would be made full ceiling height, and the space above easy reach used for articles not in frequent use. How these units can be fitted into house plans is sug- gested by the illustrations in Part 3, pages 55 to 65. 17 In most instances doors are shown on the experimental unit only when they are used for storage. It is assumed that various kinds of doors will be suitable for these storage units, and that in actual use they would be added where needed. The sequence used to report the dimensions resulting from the research is depth, width, height. Depth is given first because it is the dimension stressed in this study. The units pictured on the following pages are grouped according to the area of the house where they might logi- cally be placed living-dining area, sleeping area, work area and they appear in the following order. Living-dining area Books, page 19 Magazines, page 20 Business papers, page 2 1 Toys, page 22 Musical instruments, page 23 Sports equipment, page 24 Wood for fireplace, page 25 Card table and folding chairs, page 26 Desk supplies, page 27 Typewriter, page 28 Radio and record-player, page 29 Dinnerware, page 30 Glassware, page 32 Table linen, page 33 Infants' equipment, page 34 Sleeping area Clothing, page 35 Toilet articles, page 37 Bedding, page 38 Folding bed, page 39 Bathroom supplies, page 40 Luggage, page 41 Work area Sewing equipment, page 42 Chore clothes and children's wraps, page 45 Kitchen utensils, page 46 Packaged foods, page 48 Canned foods, page 50 Carpentry tools, page 51 Cleaning equipment, page 52 Cleaning supplies, page 53 18 Jljjjjll Books In terms of a 4-inch module, an 8-inch depth, front to back, will accommodate many sizes of books, and a 12-inch depth is ample for unusually large books. How- ever, a depth of 10 inches will take care of the books commonly found in the home, and therefore is recommended as an eco- nomical use of space for book storage. The best width and height for a book unit will depend on the number of books to be stored and the space available, as well as on the development of pleasing proportions in the unit and on the way the unit relates to the rest of the room. The books selected for use in this study averaged 9 to one foot of shelf space. Three-fourths of an inch above a book is enough to allow for easy handling. BOOK UNIT Depth 10 inches Width Variable Height Variable Adjustable shelves are essential for economical use of space. Figure 8 19 Figure 9 MAGAZINE UNIT Depth Magazines stored vertically or in stacks 12 inches Magazines stored in. tiers. .4, 8, or 12 inches Width, recommended minimum 24 inches Height Variable Adjustable shelves are recommended. Magazines The following magazines are representa- tive in size of those found in most homes: Inches Reader's Digest 5'/2 x IV-i National Geographic 6% x 10 Atlantic Monthly 8x11 Time and Newsweek 8!4 x 1 IVs Farm Journal 8'/4 x 1 1% Better Homes and Gardens 9% x 12'/2 Life 10'/2xl4'/8 Saturday Evening Post 10% x 13 3 /4 Ladies Home Journal 10% x 13 3 /4 None of these magazines are more than 12 inches wide and so can be accommo- dated on shelves 12 inches deep. They can be placed either vertically at right angles to the front of the unit, or laid in stacks parallel with or at right angles to the front. For satisfactory use of space, shelves should be adjustable. When magazines stand in tiers facing the front of the unit (see Figure 9), the possible number of tiers depends on the depth of the unit: a 4-inch depth will ac- commodate 2 tiers; an 8-inch depth, 4 tiers; a 12-inch depth, 6 tiers. With this arrangement, magazines can be readily identified and easily grasped. 20 Business papers Business papers for which storage space may be needed include such items as ac- count books, catalogs, reference books, and legal and other business papers. Place to put a lock box for money is also often wanted. Miscellaneous desk supplies may be kept in the same unit. The depth to make a storage unit for the above items will depend on whether a commercial vertical file consisting of draw- ers is to be used as a part of it. The smallest commercial file available when this study was made was a metal one 16 inches deep, front to back, not counting the handles on the drawers. This set the minimum depth for the unit illustrated. If box or collapsible files are used, a depth of 12 inches is enough. The width of most standard drawer- type commercial files is approximately 15 inches. In the unit here illustrated, the inside width of 15 inches accommodates the file shown. The height of the unit will depend on the height and number of file drawers to be included and the number of items to be accommodated in the rest of the unit. Ad- justable shelves are recommended. Figure 10 UNIT FOR BUSINESS PAPERS Depth, minimum Box or collapsible files 12 inches Files with drawers, not inclosed by door 16 inches Files with drawers, inclosed by door 18 inches Width, inside Commercial file with drawers 16 inches Other, over-all 16 inches Height Variable 21 Toys Figure 11 UNIT FOR TOYS Depth 12 inches Width 48 inches Height 48 inches Bins or drawers at bottom are recommended. Many toys used indoors, such as dolls, toy animals, mechanical toys, blocks, books, and small games, can be stored on shelves 12 inches deep. A minimum width of at least 36 inches is suggested for the unit, but 48 inches is preferable. The height may vary, but if kept to 48 inches all the shelves will be within reach of small chil- dren. Tip-out bins at the bottom of such a unit provide caches which intrigue small children. If older children are to use the bins, simple locks will protect their valued possessions. If the storage unit for infants' equip- ment, Figure 26, page 34, is included in the house plan, space will be provided there for some toys too large for a unit only 1 2 inches deep. Large play equipment, such as wagons, sleds, bicycles, and scooters, is best stored in the garage or other safe place outside the house. 22 UNIT FOR MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Depth 16 inches Width 36 inches Height over-all 84 inches First shelf: height depends on height of tallest article stored on base of unit Four adjustable shelves 12 inches deep are rec- ommended. 4%' Door rack Figure 12 Musical instruments The dimensions for this music cabinet were based on the kind and number of musical instruments and equipment owned by a particularly musical family. Included were a cello (child's size), a violin, a cornet, a trombone, a clarinet, a flute, a saxophone, two music stands, and sheet music. The cello, the largest of the instru- ments, measured 1 8 inches wide, 1 2 inches deep, and 48 inches high. When stored upright on the floor of the cabinet, the space needed up to the first shelf is 50 inches. This height is also ample for music- stands. Altogether there are four adjustable shelves for storing the other instruments or supplies. The 14-inch diameter of the base of the music stands determined a 16-inch depth for the outside of the music cabinet. The width of the cabinet, 36 inches, was determined by the space needed for the cello and the two music stands. The width might be determined by the length of an instrument stored flat. A rack on the door keeps sheet music readily accessible. Additional music or record albums can be stored on shelf space not needed for instruments. Although a height of 7 feet is shown for this cabinet, both the height and the interior arrangement can be changed to suit the needs of the family. For example, to bring instruments within the reach of children other racks could be placed on the door below the sheet music and beside the neck of the cello. 23 J Gun case Front view Side view Figure 13 Sports equipment In determining the dimensions of a sports equipment cabinet that would be prac- tical for a family interested in many sports, the following articles were considered: Fishing rods Box with fishing tackle Ball bat Catcher's glove Boxing gloves Tennis rackets, 2 Badminton racket Skates, 2 pairs Movie projector Screen Camera Standard for camera Case with movie reels Case with slides Golf bags with clubs, 2 Bag of golf balls Guns, 2 Miscellaneous small articles Because of the number and great variety in size of the articles to be stored, special racks and compartments arc ar- ranged within the cabinet. These not only make each piece readily accessible but also help to keep everything in order. One compartment is 65 inches high to accommodate a large screen. The gun compartment is fitted with a safety lock on the door as a protection for children. Shelves for other equipment, as shown in the illustration, vary in length. Two racks on the door provide space where small articles are easy to reach. For small equipment suitable for hanging, hooks and clasps are put in available places. UNIT FOR SPORTS EQUIPMENT Depth 16 inches Width 36 inches Height 84 inches Gun Case Depth 8 inches Width (2 guns) 8 inches Height 48 inches Door with lock is recommended. 24 Figure 14 Wood for fireplace UNIT FOR WOOD STORAGE Depth, front to back, minimum 12 inches Width, approximate 36 inches Height, exclusive of handles, approximate 24 inches The storage unit shown here is designed not only as a place to store wood but also as a means of moving the wood to the fire- place. It is fitted with casters and with a removable metal liner which makes it easy to clean. The dimensions of this unit can be readily changed to allow for any length of fireplace wood a family may prefer. If so desired, this unit can be concealed in a compartment 16 inches deep located near the fireplace. 25 Figure 15 Card tables and folding chairs Since card tables and folding chairs vary somewhat in size, both their size and num- ber will determine the dimensions of a unit for storing them. Tables are usually these sizes: Square tops: 30, 32, and 35 inches square Round tops : 30 and 35 inches in di- ameter Thickness when folded: V/> to 2'/2 inches Folding chairs are usually the follow- ing sizes : Without arms: 15 to 18 inches wide and 36 to 37 inches high; 2 to 2'/> inches thick when folded With arms: 24 inches wide and 38 inches high; 4 inches thick when folded The cabinet shown here was designed for 4 tables and 1 2 chairs. None of the tables are more than 30 inches across nor more than 2'/-> inches thick when folded. The chairs are the smallest size: 15 x 2 x 36 inches. These tables and chairs fit into a space 36 inches wide by 24 inches deep by 38 inches high. Because the card tables are greater in diameter than the 24-inch maximum depth for storage units stipulated in this study, they are placed parallel with and facing the cabinet door. A rack fitted with dividers to hold the tables is hinged to the front of the left wall. The rack swings out- ward on a glider, so that the tables can be put in place or removed easily, and the chairs can be put behind the rack at the back of the cabinet. The inside width of the unit should be sufficient to take care of the swing of the rack when the tables are in place. A 2-inch margin above the folded chairs makes for easier handling. UNIT FOR CARD TABLES AND FOLDING CHAIRS Depth 24 inches Width 36 inches Height (inside) 38 inches 26 Desk supplies UNIT FOR DESK SUPPLIES Depths Unit with shelf storage, minimum. . 12 inches Unit with drawer storage, minimum 16 inches Drop lid Minimum 12 inches Recommended 14 inches Widths Minimum 32 inches Recommended 36 inches Heights of writing surface Maximum 30 inches Recommended 28 inches Figure 16 DESK SHELVES KNEE SPACE DRAWERS DRESSING TABLE Floor plan for desk and dressing table dovetailed (door; not shown) Desks generally provide both a writing surface and storage space. Articles suitable for storage in a desk include stationery, letters, miscellaneous desk supplies, clip- pings, business papers, school books and papers, a dictionary, camera, albums, gift wrappings, and miscellaneous items such as a stamp collection. For a desk unit with shelf storage, a depth of 12 inches is the minimum (not illustrated); 16 inches is the minimum for a unit with drawer storage below the writing surface (not illustrated). The mini- mum over-all depth for a writing surface is 16 inches. The section enclosed by a drop lid needs to be at least 12 inches high if it is to hold files for business papers. This sets a minimum depth of 12 inches for the lid, but 14 inches is preferable. The minimum width for a desk unit, based on maximum elbow spread, is 32 inches. Thirty-six inches is, however, de- sirable because it permits freedom of move- ment and gives a feeling of space. For writing surfaces a height of 28 inches is more comfortable for adolescents and many adults than the customary 30 inches. A desk unit may dovetail with a dress- ing table, as shown in floor plan at left and in photographs on page 36, or with another desk. Note that the storage space below the writing surface varies in depth: some sections are 4 inches deep, some 12 inches, and some 20. Figure 17 27 Typewriter Portable typewriters vary in depth from 11 to 15 inches, and in width from 1 1 to 13'/2 inches; their maximum height is 7 inches. A storage compartment 16 inches deep, 16 inches wide, and 10 inches high will take any portable typewriter and allow margins for pushing it into place. Upright typewriters range from 15'/2 to 17'/2 inches deep and from 16'/2 to 20 inches wide, with a maximum height of 10 inches. (Special models designed for the use of legal paper are 22 inches wide, but these would rarely be used in the home. ) A storage compartment designed to accom- modate any standard typewriter, with necessary space for moving the typewriter, therefore needs to be 20 inches deep by 22 inches wide by 12 inches high. A unit designed for a specific model of either a portable or an upright typewriter might be shallower or narrower than these dimen- sions. To provide space for writing or for note-taking, in addition to the machine, the recommended minimum over-all width of a desk for a portable typewriter is 32 inches; of a desk for an upright typewriter, 36 inches. A 36-inch width is preferable for both. A height of 26 inches from the floor is recommended for the surface holding the typewriter, and 28 or 30 inches for the writing surface. A typewriter desk can be dovetailed with a dinnerware unit. UNITS FOR TYPEWRITERS Portable typewriter storage compartment Depth, inside 16 inches Width 16 inches Height 10 inches Upright typewriter storage compartment Depth, inside 20 inches Width 22 inches Height 12 inches Depth of typewriter desk Portable or upright machine 20 inches Width of typewriter desk Portable or upright machine 36 inches Height of surface for typewriter 26 inches Height of surface for writing 28 to 30 inches Height, overall, without shelves above 40 inches (approximate) 28 I " II " I Figure 19 UNIT FOR RADIO AND RECORD-PLAYER Depth Radio compartment only, 10 inches; with record-player 14 inches Record-player compartment 14 inches Record-album compartment 16 inches Width Radio compartment 18 inches Record-player compartment 16 inches Complete storage unit 36 inches Height Radio and record-player compartment 12 inches Large record-album compartment 13'/J inches Additional record storage 8 to 10 inches Complete storage unit 38 to 40 inches Radio and record-player The dimensions for a radio and record- player unit were determined by the space needs for table-model radios, record-play- ers, and record albums. Representative table radios range from 7% to 15% inches wide; from 5 to 8 inches deep; and from 6 to 9 inches high. The storage unit shown here was built to accommodate the largest of these models. A typical record-player measures 14'/2 inches wide, 13 inches deep, and 10 inches high. Large record albums are 14 inches deep, 12!/> inches high, and of various thicknesses. These representative sizes af- ford the basis for dimensioning the storage cabinet. The radio and record-player storage unit may dovetail with other units 8 to 12 inches deep, as suggested by the side view of Figure 19 above. 29 Dinnerware Figure 20 UNIT FOR DINNERWARE Depth 12 to 16 inches Width 20 to 48 inches, using 4-inch increments Height Top shelf not to exceed 72 inches above floor Storage requirements for dinnerware are considered in terms of specified sets for 4, 6, 8, and 12 persons. In this study, speci- fications were determined for a complete service of china and glassware for 12 people, plus other service and decorative pieces that brought the number of items up to 165. The storage units illustrated here show three types of designs: A 12-inch depth above for dinnerware, with a 24-inch depth below for table linen (Figure 20). A 12-inch depth with slanting shelves for articles more than 1 2 inches in diameter (Figure 21). A 12-inch depth in the upper section for the majority of pieces, and a 16-inch depth below for large items and decorative pieces (Figure 22). With few exceptions, the various pieces of dinnerware will fit into a unit 12 inches deep. Dinner plates 10'/> inches in di- ameter are the largest pieces generally included in sets. Additional pieces that usually require more than 12 inches are large platters, chop plates, and other spe- cial plates and trays. A 12-inch depth will accommodate these large pieces if slanting shelves are used (Figures 21 and 23). If all shelves are horizontal, the arrangement in Figure 22, with a lower section 16 inches deep, is recommended. The upper section in both these arrangements can be dove- tailed with either books, packaged foods, or with any article requiring a 12-inch depth (Figures 20 and 22). Because of the numerous identical pieces of dinnerware and their sizes, shelves 12 inches deep meet the principle of func- 30 12" I 12" Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 is reproduced by courtesy of Cornell University (see page 47). Figure 23 tional storage clear visibility and ready accessibility. Cups, tumblers, and stem- ware may be placed one row behind an- other and still be readily accessible. Only identical articles, such as plates, sauce dishes, and cereal bowls, should be stacked. For this reason shelves should be adjust- able, with only enough margin above the stacks to permit easy removal of the articles wanted. Keeping shelves close together contributes greatly to convenient, compact storage of dinnerware. The widths of storage units for dinner- ware may vary from 20 to 48 inches by 4-inch differences. The linear feet of shelv- ing required when the shelves are 1 2 inches deep will vary with the sets of dinnerware and the service and decorative pieces that go with the set. Following are the usual requirements' when only identical dishes are stacked in the same pile. Service for 4 6 feet Service for 6 9 feet Service for 8 12 feet Service for 12. . . . 18 feet 31 Glassware Glassware, such as tumblers, stemware, sugars and creamers, salts and peppers, and other small pieces may be stored in a unit 4 inches deep. Three or four of these items can be accommodated on one linear foot of such shelving. A unit 24 inches wide makes economical use of space, but any width divisible by 4 inches can be used. Adjustable shelves, which eliminate unused space, are recommended. UNIT FOR GLASSWARE Depth Minimum 4 inches Other 8, 12 inches Width 24 inches (Or any width divisible by 4 inches) Height Variable Figure 24 32 Figure 25 UNIT FOR TABLE LINEN Depth Used in this study 20 inches Other suitable depths 16, 24 inches Width Used in this study 24 inches Other suitable widths. . .20, 28, 36, 40 inches Height Over-all Variable Between pull-out shelves 2 inches Trays, maximum 4 inches Drawers, maximum 6 inches Table linen Kinds and sizes of table linen that influ- ence the dimensions of the linen storage unit are as follows: Table mats: usual maximum size, 12 x 18 inches Tablecloths Widths: 34, 50, 52, 58, 64, 70, and 72 inches Lengths: 50 to 108 inches Folded, large cloth : 13x18 inches, approximately Napkins: 12 to 22 inches square Folded, 6 inches square, approxi- mately Table pads: widths, 39, 48, and 54 inches; lengths as needed Folded sizes do not exceed the size given for tablecloths Doilies and scarfs: wide range in sizes, with an 18-inch width or diameter the probable maximum The problem when storing table linens is to prevent their wrinkling. Pull-out shelves placed close together, and shallow trays or drawers, are recommended to reduce handling. The pull-out shelves may be taken to the laundry room and the linen placed on them when ironed; placing one set or piece of linen on each shelf avoids rehandling. Suitable sizes for storage units for table linens are given here. 33 Figure 26 Infants' equipment The variety of equipment needed for the care and amusement of young children presents a difficult storage problem. Such articles as a baby carriage, stroller, and tricycle take a great deal of space both because of their size and shape and because of the space needed to roll them into place. A depth of 24 inches is not enough to take care of all models of baby carriages a deluxe model, for example. UNIT FOR INFANTS' EQUIPMENT Depth, minimum 24 inches Width 84 inches Height 84 inches The articles that influenced the dimen- sions of the storage unit shown here and their sizes were as follows: Sizes in inches Length Width Height Baby carriage, medium.. 36 23 39 Play pen, folded 42 6!4 34 Stroller, large 38 24 36 Tricycle, medium 36 22 31 Bassinet, medium 33 18 12 Dimensions of a unit to accommodate this equipment are indicated in the oppo- site column. Doors that open wide make it easy to put wheeled articles into place. Because families use infants' equipment for a comparatively short period, the space for it should be such that it can be readily adapted for other types of articles when the needs of the family change. 34 Clothing Types of clothing are sufficiently uniform in their space requirements to make it pos- sible to set up general standards for the various kinds of storage needed. For ex- ample, garments on hangers, even heavy coats, hung at right angles to the closet opening, can be taken care of in a closet 24 inches deep. This sets 24 inches as the minimum depth recommended for storage units in which the rod for the hangers runs parallel with the opening. A shelf 1 2 inches deep will accommodate hats, folded gar- ments, shoes, and clothing accessories such as purses. The best width for clothing closets depends on individual needs. An arbitrary recommendation is that no single closet in a bedroom provide less than 48 inches of rod space. However, the limited studies which have been made on clothing inven- tories show that the space needs of adults range from approximately 3 feet per person in some rural areas to 7 feet in one urban area which was studied. In this study numerous measurements of 24-inch sections of closet rods holding miscellaneous garments on hangers indicate that an average of 2 inches per garment for women's clothing and 2 '/> inches per garment for men's clothing are ample; heavy coats may require as much as 4 inches each. These figures provide a basis on which to determine the amount of closet rod needed for any given situation. Part of the measurements given here for the interior details of a closet (height of Figure 27 - 1 ' ' i a - - L _ a> 3 5 to _ to c* - 48" 2" | 48" UNIT FOR CLOTHING Depth, minimum 24 indies Width, minimum per person 48 inches Depth of shelves 12 inches Average rod space per garment Miscellaneous garments, women's. . .2 inches Miscellaneous garments, men's. . . 2'/j inches Heavy coats 4 inches Height of rods Adult's clothing, general 63 inches Evening gowns 72 inches Clothing for children 6 to 12 years old 45 inches Distance between rod and shelf above. . 2'/i inches Distance between closet hooks 7 inches Racks for shoes, purses, and ties as needed. 35 continued from preceding page Clothing rods, distance between rod and shelf above, and distance between closet hooks) were taken from previous research. 11 How closets only, or closets in combi- nation with other units, can be arranged to advantage in partition walls is shown in the accompanying illustrations. Figure 27, page 35, shows the use of an "S" (or "Z") partition between two closets. Such a partition provides space for a tier of shelves 1 2 inches wide in each closet but takes only 6 inches away from the width of each closet. Figures 28 and 29 show two closets separated by a unit made up of a dressing table and a desk placed back to back and dovetailed in a 24-inch depth. (For a floor diagram see page 27.) Other combinations can be used for the center unit, such as two dressing tables or two desks dovetailed to- gether. In any of these combinations the two closets may open into the same room or into adjacent rooms. Drawers used to store garments should be carefully planned to accommodate the number and kinds they are to hold. For garments that are to be folded, shallow drawers not more than 5 inches high pro- vide better storage than those of greater height. Racks for shoes, purses, and ties (Fig- ures 30-32) make these articles easily ac- cessible. However, when such racks are placed on doors, the doors must be the conventional hinged type. Racks and hooks cannot be placed on folding or sliding doors. Figure 28 Figure 29 ft-Ztr Figure 33 UNIT FOR TOILET ARTICLES Depth of unit that dovetails Top 12 inches Shelves 4 inches Drawers 20 inches Depth of unit that does not dovetail, minimum 16 inches Width, over-all minimum 36 inches Height, maximum 30 inches Toilet articles Toilet articles requiring storage consist of creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, rouge, lipstick, nail lacquer, and similar items; and such articles as brushes, combs, curlers, manicure equipment, and facial tissue. For supplies in bottles, jars, and tubes shelf storage 4 inches deep is suitable; for small equipment shallow drawers not more than 4 inches high are better. The dressing table illustrated here, de- signed to dovetail with another dressing table or a desk (Figure 16, page 27) pro- vides storage for all types of toilet articles. It has both shelves and drawers. Any extra drawer space may be used for clothing or other supplies. A dressing table which does not dove- tail with another unit should have a mini- mum depth of 16 inches. Because shelf space in such a unit would be too deep for convenient storage, drawers fitted with dividers to prevent bottles from tipping are recommended. The height of such drawers would need to vary from 4 inches or less up to 8 inches. 37 Bedding Figure 34 Figure 35 UNIT FOR BEDDING Depth Minimum 16 inches Recommended 20 or 24 inches Width, minimum 24 inches Height 84 inches Removable trays are recommended. Following is a list of articles of bedding that require storage, and their sizes, in inches, that influence the dimensions of a storage unit (the folded sizes are approxi- mate ) : a Blankets Common sizes : 64 x 84; 72 x 84; 72x90; 80x90 Large size, folded, 20 x 15 Comforters Common sizes: 68x80; 68x86 Large size, folded, 18 x 15 Mattress pads Common widths: 30; 39; 54 Large size, folded, 14 x 10 Pillows Common sizes : Pillow slips Common sizes: 18x26; 21x27 (com- pressible for storage) 42 x 36; 42 x 38'/2j , , 45 x 36; 45 x 38'/2 Large size, folded, 8 x 20 Sheets Common sizes: Single beds: 63x99; 72x99; 72 x 108 Double beds: 81x99; 90x108 Large size, folded, 23 x 13 Spreads Common sizes: 72x105; 74x109; 82 x 109; 88x109; 90x109 Large size, folded, 23 x 14 A storage unit of the dimensions shown here (Figure 34) fitted with eight re- movable trays, will accommodate a total of 14 blankets, quilts, and spreads; 1 com- forter; 2 pillows; 2 mattress pads; 24 sheets; and 36 pillow slips. The top and bottom trays have a usable height of 12 inches each; the rest of the trays, approxi- mately 9 and 10 inches. A recommended variation for the cen- tral section of the unit is to add, in place of two of the 9-inch trays, four shallow trays and a pull-out shelf ( Figure 35 ) . The shallow trays are better for sheets and pillow slips, and the pull-out shelf provides a convenient place on which to rest a tray when storing or removing bedding. " The folded sizes given here are those commonly used by commercial laundries and dry cleaners. Such sizes will vary with the method used in folding. 38 Figure 36 Folding bed UNIT FOR FOLDING BED Over-all dimensions (39-inch bed) Depth 24 inches Width 56 inches Height 84 inches Bed compartment Depth 24 inches Width 40 inches Height 46 inches Rod length 30 inches Shelves, total 54 inches Two trays, each Depth 20 inches Width 24 inches Height 6 inches (with 3 inches above) Two trays, each Depth 20 inches Width 24 inches Height 3 inches (with 1 inch above) The storage designed for a folding bed includes enough space also for clothing and other storage needs of an overnight guest. Beds of the type used in this study come in widths of 30, 39, 48, and 54 inches. Their depth when folded is 22 inches and their height 44'/2 inches. The 39-inch bed was used here. Bedding and folded garments are taken care of in four trays and on one shelf. These are in a 24-inch wide compartment above the bed compartment and on the left side of the unit. A rod at the right of the tray compartment is provided for gar- ments on hangers. Space is available at the right of the bed compartment for hang- ing full-length garments. This space should be at least 14 inches wide but can be wider if desired, and a corresponding increase made in the over-all width of the storage unit. Short garments are hung on the sec- tion of the rod over the bed compartment. A shelf above the rod provides space for hats. The door on the left is used to hold a mirror, a rack for cosmetics, and a hook (or rack) for purses. A shoe rack, not shown in the picture, may be placed near the bottom of this door. The door on the right has hooks for night clothes. 39 Figure 37 UNIT FOR BATHROOM SUPPLIES Depth Minimum 16 inches Other 18, 20, and 24 inches Width, minimum 24 inches Height 84 inches Bathroom supplies Bathroom supplies that require storage space include a variety of articles, as follows : Linens: towels, wash cloths, and bath mats. Toilet supplies (exclusive of small articles in wall cabinet) : lotions, disinfect- ant and similar items, and reserve supplies of soap and toilet paper. Cleaning supplies: soap, abrasive, disin- fectants, brushes, and sponge. Medical supplies and equipment: non- poisonous medicines, liniments, an- tiseptics and oils; sterile cotton, bandages, pads and first-aid kit; a hot-water bottle, ice bag, electric pad, bed pan, and syringes. Other supplies: baby or foot tub, child's chamber or toilet seat; bath spray, portable water softener, hamper for dry soiled clothes, and shoe- cleaning equipment. The articles that set the minimum depth for this storage unit at 16 inches were large bath towels measuring about 8 x 16 inches when folded in thirds and a baby bath tub 18 x 14 x 5 inches. Bath- room linens can be stored on shelves 12 inches deep. The narrowest width that will accommodate representative quantities of the articles listed above is 24 inches. A full height of 84 inches is needed to take care of all the miscellaneous articles to be stored. 40 Luggage Figure 38 The articles used to determine space re- quirements for the storage of luggage, and their dimensions in inches, were the follow- m : Depth Width Height Dress trunk 20 x 36 x 24 Metal locker 15 x 27 x 9 Man's 3-suiter 18 x 24 x 8 Man's 2-suiter 16'/> x 22 x 7 Woman's Pullman case ... 13 x 21 x 6'/> Woman's week-end case. . . 12 x 21 x 7 Cosmetic or vanity case 9 x 12 x 5 If space is used economically, a unit 48 inches wide, 24 inches deep, 48 inches high, with two adjustable shelves, will ac- commodate eight pieces of luggage of the types listed and shown in the above photo- graph. A wardrobe trunk 22 x 22 x 40 inches, if stored on its side, may be substituted for the dress trunk without changing the over- all dimensions of the unit. LUGGAGE UNIT Depth (inside) 24 inches Width 48 inches Height 48 inches Two adjustable shelves. 41 Sewing equipment Figure 39 A much needed motion and time saver for the woman who sews is a place where all the various sewing supplies and equipment can be kept together. A rather complete list of such articles includes the following: Sewing machine Dress form Ironing board Iron Sleeve board Pressing accessories Bowl for water Cutting table Sewing table Skirt marker Yardstick Scissors and other small tools Mirrors, 2 Fabrics for garments Patterns Findings Trimmings Scraps of cloth Mending Hanging rod for unfinished garments The size and arrangement of a sewing unit depend mainly on whether the sewing machine is portable (Figure 39) or stand- ard ( Figure 40 ) . Representative sizes for these two types of machines are : Portable: 16V> x 8 x \2V-i inches to 20 '/> x 9!/2 x 14 inches Standard : 34 x 1 8 x 3 1 inches Special designs for a folding sewing- table (Figure 41) and for a folding cut- ting-table (Figure 42) permit these tables to be stored in a unit 24 inches deep. 42 UNITS FOR SEWING EQUIPMENT Depth 2 x Complete unit with portable machine Complete unit with standard machine. .. 2 x Compartment only for portable machine ... 20 x Compartment only for standard machine. . . 20 x (If both ends of compartment are en- closed, a width of 36 inches is needed. ) Cutting table Set up for use 40 x Folded 20 x Sewing table Set up for use 23 1 /? x Folded.. . 23'/>x Width Height 4x7 feet 5x7 feet 24 x 16 inches 34 x 34 inches 72 x 36 inches 72 x 4 inches 36 x 26 inches 36 x 3 inches Figure 40 43 Folding sewing table 1 2" BUTT HINGE HIDDEN HINGE Figure 41 continued from preceding page Sewing equipment Folding cutting table Figure 42 Figure 43 UNIT FOR CHORE CLOTHES Depth Minimum 16 inches Recommended 20 or 24 inches Width Minimum for 16-inch depth 5 feet Minimum for 20 or 24-inch depth. . . 4 feet Add 8 inches if tier of shelves is to be in- cluded at end of unit Height Over-all 84 inches Hooks 45 and 60 inches Upper shelf 64 inches Rack for shoes and boots . . .4 inches Chore clothes Chore clothes and children's play clothes (wraps) are usually stored on hooks rather than on hangers. For this reason it is pos- sible to have the closet for these clothes only 16 inches deep. A depth of 20 or 24 inches is, however, to be preferred. Any hangers needed in a closet less than 24 inches deep can be hung parallel to the front of the closet. The closet shown here has two rows of hooks across the back and around the two ends. One row is for the use of children, and is 45 inches above the floor. The other row, for adults, is 60 inches high. The hooks are about 12 inches apart and the rows are staggered to make both rows more accessible. For overalls or coveralls, two hooks are placed 72 inches above the floor at one end of the closet or on the door. A shelf is placed 4 inches above the top row of hooks. The 4-inch space is ample to make it easy to hang up the articles. Near the outer edge of the un- derside of the shelf can be placed two hooks for clothes hangers when needed. A shelf made of slats placed 4 inches above the base of the unit provides a ventilated place for damp overshoes, boots, and shoes. For easy cleaning, this rack should be removable. A tier of shelves could be placed across one end of the unit within easy reach of children for their caps, mittens, scarves, and other small articles. These shelves could be 8 inches deep and spaced 8 inches apart. 45 Figure 44 Kitchen utensils Kitchen utensils, which vary greatly in size and shape, can be stored in more types of storage units than any other class of house- hold articles. Shelves, drawers, files, racks, and hooks all may be used for utensil storage. All the kitchen utensils needed by an average family, 4 except large canning equipment and a large roaster, can be stored in a cupboard 12 inches deep if a slanting file for large cookie sheets and trays is used (Figure 44). A cupboard 16 inches deep will hold the utensils, and also the food and serving dishes used first at the range (Figure 45). Storage on the door and curved-back shelves in this deep cup- board makes articles more accessible. Wall and base cabinets such as those in the mix-center unit (Figure 47) show how units of different depths may be used to store utensils. For those who prefer to hang utensils, Figure 46 shows a simple method 46 Figure 45 The two illustrations shown here and Figure 23, page 31, first appeared in Cornell Extension Bulletin 703 (1947) and Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 848 (1949), by Heiner and McCullough; they are reproduced by courtesy of Cornell University. Figure 46 of storage. In this double panel the sink- first utensils are on the right and the range- first on the left. The simple types of files and racks sug- gested here merit special consideration. The convenience of adjustable vertical files on shelves and in drawers is apparent in Figures 44 and 47. The slanting file (Figure 44) allows items greater in di- ameter than 1 2 inches to be stored in a space only 1 2 inches deep. The various other racks shown in Figures 45, 46, and 47 add to the convenience of utensil storage. UNIT FOR KITCHEN UTENSILS Depth Stationary shelves 12 and 16 inches Pull-out shelves in base cabinets 20 to 24 inches Hanging panels 4 to 8 inches Width 16 inches or more, by 4-inch increments Height Variable (No shelf in frequent use should be higher than 72 inches.) 47 Figure 47 Figure 48 Packaged foods The average family keeps on hand about 1 75 units of non-refrigerated foods packaged, canned, and bottled. 4 These in- clude flours, sugars, commercial mixes, packaged desserts, leavening agents, sea- sonings, flavorings, pickles and relishes, jellies and other spreads, fats and oils, salad dressings, cereals, crackers, cookies, canned and dried fruits and vegetables, beverages, and pet food. A storage unit 36 inches wide, 1 2 inches deep, and 84 inches high will accommo- date all these supplies for a family of four ( Figures 49 and 50 ). To provide for clear visibility and easy accessibility, the upper section of the cabinet, 4 feet high, should be fitted with adjustable shelves 8 inches deep, and should also have adjustable shelves V/2 to 3 inches deep on the door. The 8-inch shelves will take care of large packages stored narrow end out, and the narrow shelves on the doors will hold a large number of items stored broadside. This unit may be placed back to back with units for books, dinnerware, or other sup- plies requiring only a 12-inch depth. A separate unit 4 inches deep (Fig- ure 5 1 ) will accommodate many packaged foods, even those in large containers when these are stored broadside. In most designs for kitchens, food stor- age is divided between wall and base cabi- nets. This is desirable in order to have supplies where they will first be used and to provide necessary counter space (Fig- ure 47). If foods are to be stored in deep base cabinets, drawers should be used rather than shelves, in order to have all items easily accessible ( Figure 48 ) . 48 Figure 49 Figure 50 UNIT FOR PACKAGED FOODS Depths Deep unit, maximum 12 inches Shallow unit, minimum 4 inches Width Variable, 12 to 48 inches Height Variable Shelf depths with approximate linear requirements 2 inches (on door) 9 feet, 4 inches 3 inches (on door) 8 feet 8 inches 15 feet 1 2 inches . . .9 feet Figure 51 49 filff Figure 52 UNIT FOR CANNED FOODS Depth Minimum Wi inches Satisfactory 8 and 9 inches Width 16 inches or more, by 4-inch increments Height Variable Adjustable shelves arc recommended. Canned foods The best depth for the shelves and the spacing between shelves, in a storage unit for canned foods, depends on the size of the containers to be accommodated. The following table gives these dimensions: Container Type Diameter Height inches inches Commercial 8 Z tall, . 2'Me 3K cans and Pic #1 East 2'Me 4 jars Baby food 2/8 2/8 No. 1 tall 3M 4'Me No. 1 flat 3H 2/8 No. 300 3 4?i 6 No. 303 3/8 4H No. 2 i 7 / 4/2 No. 2 cyl. Wit 5# No. 2}4 4/6 4% No. 3 cyl. 4% 6/8 No. 5 5/8 5/8 No. 10 6tf 6'Ma Glass jars Pint 3 5/2 for home Quart 4 7/4 canning Half-gallon 4/2 9 When containers are stored one row deep, shelving 4M> inches deep will take care of all sizes except Nos. 5 and 10, which are not commonly purchased for home use. (This depth of 4'/2 inches is one of the few deviations from the modular scale used in this study.) If the containers are to be stored two rows deep, the shelves can be made 8 inches deep and small cans placed in front of the larger cans. A shelf 9 inches deep also is satisfactory for canned foods. While shelves 12 inches or more in depth will hold more, they are not conven- ient because the containers in the front row must be lifted and shifted in order to reach those on the back row. 50 Carpentry tools The carpentry tools ample for most house- holds consist of: Hammer, large Screw driver Hammer, small Wrench Pliers Tin snips Brace and bit Files Chisels Square, large Square, small Tools can be stored on a panel fitted with necessary racks. A panel designed like the one in Figure 53, will take care of the articles listed. Whether or not a door is used depends on the location of the unit. Saw, large Saw, small Carpenter's rule Plane Carborundum block Assortment of nails, screws, and other small items of hardware PANEL FOR CARPENTRY TOOLS Depth 4 inches Width 24 inches Height 56 inches Figure 53 51 Cleaning equipment The cleaning equipment and other articles to be stored in a utility cabinet consist of the following items: Vacuum cleaner Mop pail Vacuum-cleaner Dust pan attachments Sprayer Carpet sweeper Cleaning cloths Ironing board Paper supplies Table leaves Miscellaneous small tools Brooms Cleaning supplies in bottles, Mops cans, and packages The size of the utility cabinet depends on the following space needs of the larger pieces of equipment: Figure 54 Vacuum cleaner Tank type: 23 inches wide x 7V4 inches deep x 10 inches high Upright: 12'/> inches wide x 13 inches deep x 48 inches high Ironing board, folded: 15 inches wide x 4Vi inches deep x 62 1 /! inches high Brooms: 56 inches high Mops: 59 inches high Two sizes of units proved suitable for storing the articles listed above: one 24 x 24 x 84 inches (Figure 54), and one 36 x 16 x 84 inches (Figure 55). Both provide good storage but the one only 16 inches deep is better because the equipment in it is easier to see and to reach. In designing cleaning cabinets it is im- portant to allow ample height for tall equipment. The distance between the floor UNIT FOR CLEANING EQUIPMENT Depth For 24-inch width 24 inches For 36-inch width 16 inches Width For 24-inch depth 24 inches For 16-inch depth 36 inches I leight 84 inches Distance between base and first shelf, minimum 63 inches Storage on door is recommended. 52 Figure 55 of the cabinet and the first shelf should be at least 63 inches. Either one or two shelves may be used, but the second, or top, shelf should be within the reach of a woman of average height which means that it should not be more than 72 inches above the floor. Door storage conserves space and brings various small articles within easy reach. Figure 56 Cleaning supplies Cleaning supplies that come in packages, cans, jars, and bottles can be stored in a unit 4 inches deep. These supplies include the following items: Soaps Waxes Soapless detergents Bleaches Abrasives Starch Disinfectants Bluing Polishes Dyes UNIT FOR CLEANING SUPPLIES Depth 4 inches Width, variable 16, 20, 24 inches Height, variable 48 inches used in this study 53 A house plan using storage units as partitions The house plan shown here illustrates how the many kinds of storage units described on pages 19-53 may be fitted into a house, and how they can be combined to form partitions between dif- ferent rooms or different areas. The plan affords maximum flexi- bility in the use of storage space and makes it possible to have the kind of storage needed in the location that is most convenient. In no instance have the dimensions of the storage units been reduced below the minimum depth or width recommended for the kind of articles to be stored. This is the important principle to remember when incorporating into house plans any of the storage designs described in this publication. The plan is not presented as a "model" house. Its size alone would make it too costly for many families. Also the number, size, and variety of storage units to be included, and their best placing and arrangement will depend on the individual needs of the family and the size of the family's budget. The illustrations on the following pages show only one or two variations of the many possible combinations for each storage wall. These combinations can be adapted to either new or remodeled houses. This plan is based on but not identical with Farmhouse Plan 7 1 203 of the Midwest Plan Service of the North Central region, for which working drawings may be obtained through the Ex- tension Services of the Midwest states. Working drawings are not available for the plan shown here, since its main purpose is to illustrate possibilities for using storage units. 55 Entry Coat Closet. The coat closet is placed at right angles to the front entrance for con- venience and to provide a partial partition between living and dining areas. This may be a free-standing unit, but should have a height of at least 7 feet. A minimum width of 4 feet is recommended, but the width may vary according to needs. Living room Fireplace Wall. The wall adjacent to the fireplace provides suitable storage space for books and magazines. If full-height storage is desired, the space may be divided into two sections with open shelves above for books, magazines, and radio and an enclosed space below for wood storage, magazines not in current use, and games. The lower section is also suitable for a card table unit. In a house plan which does not include a fireplace, a section of the wall between the living room and the study may be used for book and magazine storage. 57 Study or den Study Living Room. Several variations for the units opening into the study are possible, depending on the use to be made of this room. A desk near the window, with provision for business papers adjacent to it, is a possibility. The rest of the wall may be used for a closet for musical instruments if the room is used for music, or it may be used for a clothing closet or a folding bed unit. Study Hall. A closet for a folding bed with space to accommodate the clothing for an over-night guest may open into the study. The adjacent space on the hall side provides space for luggage below and bedding above, as shown on page 59. 58 Hall Study. The wall between the study and the hall may have all the units opening into the hall as shown on the left. Luggage, bedding, and a card table unit may be taken care of in this arrangement. Or, a closet for a folding bed may open into the study as shown on page 58, with adjacent units for bedding and luggage opening into the hall as shown above. Hall Bathroom. The hall wall adjacent to the bathroom provides the logical space to store bathroom supplies. A closet for miscel- laneous storage and for cleaning equipment may fill the rest of this space, or other com- binations may be used as desired. A depth of 16 inches is recommended for this wall. Master bedroom Bedroom Bedroom. Toilet supplies and clothing should be taken care of in the wall separating the two bedrooms, with emphasis placed on storage for the master bedroom. A dressing table near the window may dove- tail with another dressing table or with a desk if the adjacent room is for a child. The rest of this wall is assigned to clothing stor- age for the master bedroom. 60 Child's room Child's Room Bathroom. This wall pro- vides a space for clothing storage for the second bedroom. A tier of drawers near the window, with mirror above, flanked by a clothes closet, will accommodate clothing for one or two children. The space assigned to built-in drawers may be used for toys or hobbies if such storage is needed in this Dining room Dining Room Passageway. The storage- unit between the dining area and the pas- sageway is designed primarily to take care of dinnerware and table linens. The elab- orateness of this unit will depend on the degree of deeoration it is to provide and the amount of money it is desirable to put into it. Mirrors, glass shelves, and glass doors will add to the decorative effect, but will increase the cost. Passageway Passageway Dining Room. The passage- way side of the dining wall consists of a combination of units which have three dif- ferent depths, as shown in the diagram. The center section takes care of a reserve supply of canned and packaged foods, and of car- pentry tools. The section on the left is suit- able for seldom-used utensils and miscel- laneous supplies. The 16-inch deep space on the right may accommodate sports equip- ment, musical instruments, or cleaning equip- ment. Passageway Heater Room. This wall, which is 16 inches deep, provides good space for a closet for chore or play clothes and for a centrally located telephone compartment. One section of this wall may open into the heater room if storage space is needed there. 24" 16" 19'/j" 8" 16' 8" 4JV Work room Work Room Storage. One outside wall of the work room provides space for laundry equipment. The wall adjacent to the kitchen will take care of a sewing closet and a closet for infants' equipment; or a freezer may be substituted for one of these units. The well- lighted space under the window of the center wall is left free for ironing or sewing, or for other activities for which good light- ing is necessary. Kitchen Kitchen Storage. The kitchen in this plan is a conventional type with approved arrange- ment. Provision is made for adequate counter and storage space adjacent to the refriger- ator, the sink, and the stove. It is assumed that foods, utensils, and dinnerwarc will be stored at or near the place of first use and that each article will be clearly visible and easily accessible. This follows the standards for good kitchen planning which have been determined at the University of Illinois and elsewhere. 65 Literature cited 1. BEYER, G. H. Farm housing in the northeast. N.Y. (Cor- nell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 292 (Northeast Region. Pub. No. 1). 1949. 2. DICKINS, DOROTHY, and BOWIE, ALICE. A guide to plan- ning clothes for the Mississippi farm family. Miss. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 372. 1942. 3. HEINER, M. K., and McCuLLOUGH, H. E. Kitchen cup- boards that simplify storage. N.Y. (Cornell) Ext. Bui. 703. 1947. 4. HEINER, M. K., and MCCULLOUGH, H. E. Functional kitchen storage. N.Y. (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 846. 1948. 5. KLITZKE, DOROTHY. Clothing owned by New York farm families. Jour. Home Econ. 43, 716-718. 1951. 6. MARLEY, H. L. A study of some storage requirements of a group of Indiana families. Purdue Univ. Master's Thesis. 1948. (Unpublished) 7. MCCULLOUGH, H. E. Cabinet space for the kitchen. 111. Small Homes Council Cir. C5.31. 1949. 8. NICKEL, P., BUDOLFSON, M., LISTON, M., and WILLIS, E. Farm family housing needs and preferences in the North Central region. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bui. 378 (North Cent. Region Pub. No. 20). 1951. 9. SOUTHERN REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA- TIONS (Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia) and U. S. Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics. Farm housing in the South. South. Coop. Ser. Bui. 14. [1951] 10. UNITED STATES BUREAU OF HUMAN NUTRITION AND HOME ECONOMICS. Studies of family clothing supplies. U. S. Agr. Res. Admin. Prelim. Repts. 1 to 5. 1948-1951. ( Processed ) 11. WILSON, M., and DODGE, J. R. Closets and storage spaces. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 1865. 1940. 12. WILSON, M., and MCCULLOUGH, H. E. A set of utensils for the farm kitchen. Oreg. Agr. Col. Ext. Cir. 134. 1940. 66 Appendix SUGGESTED COMBINATIONS OF STORAGE UNITS TO FORM PARTITIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE HOUSE The tables on the following pages suggest how individual storage units may be combined to form partitions between the various rooms in a house, and also the great variety of such combinations that are possible. These storage units were designed in modular depths beginning with 4 inches and continuing at 4-inch increments to 24 inches. It was assumed, however, that a depth of 12 inches would be the minimum for a storage wall and that no wall would exceed 24 inches in depth. As stated on page 15, the storage walls may be free- standing units of less than ceiling height, or they may be full-height partitions, depending on the type of architecture and whether they are to be used in new or in remodeled houses. In the following tables the bathroom has not been in- cluded in the assignment of storage walls between rooms. This is because one general storage unit is usually sufficient to hold all bathroom supplies and there are only two suit- able locations for this unit. It should be placed in the bath- room or in the hall readily accessible to the bathroom. 67 of storage units LIVING ROOM AND STUDY OR DEN Arrangement of units Adjacent Back to back Dovetailed Above Below Above Below In living room Books, magazines, or toys. . .12" Musical instruments, sports equipment, business papers, or radio and record-player. . 16 Coat closet 24" Books, writing desk, magazines, or toys 12" In study or den Books, magazines, or toys. .12" Musical instruments, sports equipment, business papers, or writing desk 16* Bed closet or sewing equipment . 24" Books, writing desk, magazines, or toys 12" Books 10" Books. . Wood .10 .20" Books 12" Books. .12" Writing or typewriter desk, radio and record-player, or card tables and chairs . . 24" Arrangement of units In living room LIVING ROOM AND DINING ROOM Adjacent Books, magazines, or toys 12" Business papers, musical instru- ments, sports equipment, or writing desk 16" Coat or bed closet 24" Back to back Books or magazines 12" Business papers, sports goods, or musical instruments 16 Books or magazines 12" Dovetailed Above Below Books 12" Writing or typewriter desk, or wood . . . 24" In dining room Dinnerware . .12" Dinnerware and linens, or writing desk ..16" Sewing equipment or bed closet . . 24" Glassware 4 or 8" Glassware 4 or 8" Dinnerware or toys 12" Dinnerware 12" Table linens . .24" Arrangement of units In living room In bedroom LIVING ROOM AND BEDROOM Adjacent Wood below 16 or 20" Linen above 16 or 20" Coat or bed closet 24" Clothing or sewing equipment. . . 24" Back to back Books or magazines 12" Books, toys, or miscellaneous. . . .12" Dovetailed Above Below Books 12" Writing or typewriter desk, or radio and record-player 24 Books or mirror. Dressing table . . .. .12" . .24" Arrangement of units In living room In hall LIVING ROOM AND HALL Adjacent Books, magazines, or toys 12" Bathroom supplies or miscellaneous .12" Business papers, musical instru- ments, or sports equipment. . . .16" Cleaning or sports equipment, or chore clothes .16" Coat or bed closet 24" Cleaning equipment or bedding . . 24" Back to back Books 12" Tools .4" Books 12" Canned foods Business papers 16" Tools. Magazines (tiers) 8" Cleaning or sports equipment, or chore clothes .16" Business papers 16" Canned foods. Dovetailed Above Below Books 8" Books or magazines 12" Wood ..24" Bedding 16" Canned foods or miscellaneous. .12 Luggage, or card tables and chairs 24 of storage units In living room Books, magazines, or toys 12" Business papers, sports equip- ment, or musical instruments . .16" Books, magazines, or toys 16" Books, magazines, or toys 12" Business papers, sports equip- ment, or musical instruments. . .16" Books 12" Wood 16" Books 12" Writing or typewriter desk, or radio and record-player 24" Books 12" Books. . . .8" In kitchen Dinnerware, foods, or utensils. . . .12" Utensils, cleaning equipment, or chore clothes. . 16" Cleaning supplies, packaged foods, tools, or hanging utensils 4" Dinnerware, utensils, or foods. . . .12" Packaged foods 8" Cleaning supplies, packaged foods, glassware, or hanging utensils 4 Foods, utensils, or dinnerware. . . .12 Dinnerware Dinnerware .12" 16" Total depth of units 12" 16 LIVING ROOM AND KITCHEN 20" 24" 16" 24" 24" In living room In utility room Total depth of units Books or magazines 12" Canned foods, toys, or miscellaneous .12" 12" Books above 12" Canned foods, toys, or miscellaneous below . LIVING ROOM AND UTILITY ROOM .12" Business papers, writing desk, radio and record-player, or wood below 16" Miscellaneous above 16" 16" Writing desk, musical instruments, or radio and record-player. . .16" Cleaning or sports equipment, chore or play clothes, special utensils or miscellaneous 16" Coat or bed closet. .. . .24" Cleaning or laundry equipment, chore or play clothes, lug- gage, or miscellaneous 24" 24" Books or magazines 12" Carpentry tools, cleaning sup- plies, or miscellaneous .4" 16" Writing desk, musical instruments, or radio and record-player. . .16" Carpentry tools, cleaning sup- plies, or miscellaneous Books or magazines. .12" Canned foods or miscellaneous. 20" Books or magazines 12" Canned foods, toys, or miscellaneous .12" 24" In study or den In dining room Total depth of units Books, magazines, or toys 12" Dinnerware or toys 12" Books above 12 Toys below 12" 12" Toys below 12" Dinnerware above 12* Business papers, musical instru- ments, or sports equipment. ... 16" Dinnerware, business papers, or table linens 16" 16" STUDY OR DEN AND DINING ROOM continued on the following page Bed closet, card tables and chairs, clothing, radio and record- player, sewing equipment, or writing or typewriter desk. . . . 24" Bed closet, writing or typewriter desk, or sewing equipment. . 24" 24" possible combinations of storage units STUDY OR DEN AND DINING ROOM continued from the preceding page Arrangement of units In study or den In dining room Total dept of units Back to back 12* 16" Books, toys, or magazines 12" Business papers, musical instru- ments, or sports equipment . .16" 20" Books or magazines 12" Books, magazines, or toys 12" Dinnerware or toys 12" 24" Business papers or table linens. . .16" Business papers, sports equip- ment, or musical instruments. . .16" Dovetailed Above Below Books 12" 24" Writing or typewriter desk, radio and record-player, or card tables and chairs 24" Table linens 24" STUDY OR DEN AND BEDROOM Arrangement of units In study or den In bedroom Total dept of units Adjacent Books, magazines, or toys 12" 12" Books above 12" Toys below . 12" Bed closet, card tables and chairs, clothing, writing or typewriter desk, radio and record-player, or sewing equipment 24" Bed closet, bedding, clothing, radio and record-player, sewing equipment, dressing table, or writing or type- writer desk 24" 24" Back to back 20* 24* Dovetailed Above Below Books 12" Books or toilet articles 12 Dressing table 24" 24" Writing or typewriter desk, or radio and record-player 24" STUDY OR DEN AND HALL Arrangement of units In study or den In hall Total dep of units Adjacent 12" Toys below 12* Business papers, writing desk, radio and record-player, musical instruments, or Cleaning equipment, chore clothes, sports equipment, or bathroom 24" Bed closet, card table and chairs, clothes closet, writing desk, radio and record-player, sewing equipment, or type- Bed closet, bedding, card table and chairs, cleaning equip- ment, or luggage 24 Back to back Tools 4" 12' Books 10" Tools 6" 16' Books, magazines, or toys 12 Tools 4" 20" Canned foods 12" Tools 4" Books, magazines, or toys 12" Canned foods 8" Dovetailed Above Below Books, business papers, or Canned foods or miscellaneous. .12" 24" Card tables and chairs, writing or typewriter desk, or radio and V.V\ rongement of units acent k to back tailed Above Below In study or den Books, magazines, or toys. 12 Business papers, writing desk, radio and record-player, musical instruments, or sports equipment 16" Bed closet, card tables and chairs, clothing, writing or typewriter desk, radio and record-player, or sewing equipment 24" Magazines 8" Magazines 8" Books 10" Books, magazines, or toys. .12" Magazines 8 Books, magazines, or toys 12" Typewriter desk. . . .20" Magazines 8" Books, magazines, or toys 12" Books or magazines 12" Card tables and chairs, writing or typewriter desk, or radio and record-player 24" In kitchen Dinnerware, foods, or utensils. . . .12" Cleaning equipment or utensils. . .16' Cleaning equipment 24" Cleaning supplies, packaged foods, tools, or hanging utensils. . . 4" Packaged foods 8" Tools or packaged foods 6" Cleaning supplies, packaged foods, tools, or hanging utensils 4 Dinnerware, foods, or utensils. . . .12" Pack age d foods 8 Glassware or tools 4" Cleaning equipment or utensils. . .16" Dinnerware, foods, or utensils. . . .12" Dinnerware, utensils, or foods. . . .12" Total depth of units 12" 16 possible combinations of storage units STUDY OR DEN AND KITCHEN 24" 12" 16 20" 24" 24" kingement if units In study or den In utility room Total depth of units Books or magazines 12" Canned foods, toys, or miscellaneous 12" 12" Business papers, or musical or sports equipment 16" Chore or play clothes, cleaning equipment, or special utensils. .16" STUDY OR DEN AND UTILITY ROOM 16" Business papers, writing desk, radio and record-player, or wood below 16" Miscellaneous above 16" Bed closet or clothing 24" Chore or play clothes, or clean- ing or sewing equipment. . . . 24" 24" ' back Books or magazines 12" Cleaning supplies, tools, or miscellaneous 16" Books or magazines 12" Canned foods or miscellaneous. Writing desk, musical instruments, or radio and record-player. . .16" Cleaning supplies, tools, or miscellaneous . .8" ..4" 20" Books or magazines 12" Canned foods, toys, or miscellaneous .12" 24" Af ngement units In dining room In bedroom Total depth of units Bed closet or sewing equipment 24" Clothing or bed closet .24 24" ' o bock Glassware 8" Shoes, hats, or miscellaneous . 16" 24" DINING ROOM AND BEDROOM Above Below Dinnerware 12" Writing or typewriter desk, or table linens. . . . .24" Books, mirror, or miscellaneous. Dressing table .12" .24" 24" 71 possible combinations of storage units DINING ROOM AND HALL Arrangement of units In dining room In hall Total depl of units Adjacent Dinnerware 16" Bathroom supplies, cleaning or sports equipment, or chore clothes 16* 16" Bed closet or sewing equipment 24" Cleaning equipment, chore 24" 24" Back to back 8" Carpentry tools or cleaning supplies 4" 12" . 8" 8* 16" or 8" Cleaning equipment, chore clothes, or bathroom supplies. 16" 20" or 24' Dinnerware .12" Bathroom or miscellaneous 12" 24" Dovetailed Above Below Dinnerware .12" 24" Bathroom supplies or canned foods 12" 24" 24" Card tables and chairs, bedding, Above Below or 8" Bathroom or bed linens .20" or Luggage, or card tables and chairs 16" 24" 24" DINING ROOM AND KITCHEN Arrangement of units In dining room In kitchen Total depl of units Adjacent 12" Dinnerware, utensils, or 12" 12" Business papers .16" Cleaning equipment or utensils. . 16" 16" Bed closet or sewing equipment .24" 24" 24" Back to back 12" Dinnerware, utensils, or 1?" 24' Glassware 4" or 8" Dinnerware, utensils, or packaged foods 12* 16" or 20 Dovetailed Above Below 12" Dinnerware, utensils, or 12" 24' .24" DINING ROOM AND UTILITY ROOM Arrangement of units In dining room In utility room Total def of unit: Adjacent 12" Canned foods, toys, or 12" 12' Business papers, writing desk, dinnerware, or table linens. . ..16" Cleaning or sports equipment, chore or play clothes, or 16" 16' Bed closet or sewing equipment .24" Cleaning or laundry equipment, chore or play clothes, lug- gage or miscellaneous 24" 24' Back to back Glassware . .4" Canned foods or miscellaneous .8" 12' Dinnerware .12" Canned foods or miscellaneous .8* 20' _-: 12" Canned foods, toys, or 1?" Dovetailed Above Below 12" Canned foods 8 or 12" 20" or 2 Linens 20" or 24" pos: 1 possible combinations of storage units rrangement of units In bedroom In bedroom Total depth of units BEDROOM AND BEDROOM djacent Clothing .24" Clothing, chest, dressing table, writing or typewriter desk, bed closet, or sewing equipment. . . 24 24" 1?" Toys below 12" 12" 1A" 16" 24" 24' ck to back 12" Hats, shoes, or miscellaneous. . . .12* 24" vetailed Above Below 12" 24" Writing or typewriter desk or dressing table 24" rrangement of units In bedroom In hall Total depth of units BEDROOM AND HALL acent Clothing, bed closet, or sewing equipment .24" Bedding, bathroom supplies, clothing, chore or play clothes, or infants', cleaning, or 24" .12" Bathroom supplies, cleaning sup- plies, or canned foods above. .12 12" k to back 1?" Tools, limited canned foods, or 16" Toys or hats and shoes 1?" Canned foods 8" or 12" 20" or 24" etailed Above Below Bedding .20" 24" Card tables and chairs, or rangement of units In bedroom In kitchen Total depth of units BEDROOM AND KITCHEN i acent Writing desk or radio and 16" Utensils, cleaning equipment, or chore clothes 16" 16" Clothes, bed closet, or sewing equipment .24" Cleaning equipment, or chore clothes 24" 24" Ekto back Toys 12" Dinnerware, utensils, or packaged foods 12" 24" ; . etailed Above Below Mirror or miscellaneous Dressing table or luggage .12" .24" Dinnerware, utensils, or packaged foods 12" 24" ' angement of units In bedroom In utility room Total depth of units BEDROOM AND UTILITY ROOM * icent Books or toys .12" Canned foods or miscellaneous. .12" 12" Books, toys, or shoes and hats 12" Clothing, bed closet, or sewing equipment .24" Chore or play clothes, or cleaning, infants', or sewing equipment 24" 24" 24" Laundry equipment or luggage below 24" B< to back Books or toys 12" Carpentry tools or cleaning 16" .12" Canned foods or miscellaneous 8" or 12" 20" or 24" 73 possible combinations of storage units KITCHEN AND HALL Arrangement of units Adjacent Back to back Dovetailed Above Below In kitchen Utensils, foods, or dinnerware. . 12" Utensils or dishes 16" Cleaning equipment 24" Hanging cabinet for utensils 6" Utensils, foods, or dinnerware. . .12'' Utensils, foods, or dinnerware. . .12" Utensils, foods, or dinnerware. . .12" In hall Cleaning supplies 12" Bathroom supplies, chore or play clothes, cleaning or sports equipment 16" Bed closet, bedding, clothing, chore or play clothes, or infants' equipment 24'' Canned foods or carpentry tools. .6" Cleaning supplies, canned foods, or carpentry tools 4" Conned foods 12" Cleaning supplies, canned foods, or bathroom supplies 12" Luggage 24" Total depth of units 12" 16" 24" 12" 16" 24" 24" KITCHEN AND UTILITY ROOM Arrangement of units In kitchen In utility room Total depth of units Adjacent Dinnerware, foods, or utensils. . . .12" Toys, canned foods, laundry supplies, or miscellaneous. ...12" 12" Dinnerware, foods, or utensils above. . . .12" Toys or miscellaneous below 12" Dinnerware, foods, or utensils. . . .16" Chore or play clothes, special utensils, cleaning or sports equipment, or miscellaneous. . .16" 16" Cleaning equipment 24" Chore or play clothes, or special utensils; infants', laundry, or sewing equipment; luggage, or miscellaneous 24" Back to back Packaged foods, or utensils (hanging) 8" Carpentry tools or cleaning supplies 4" 12" Dinnerware, foods, or utensils. . . .12" Carpentry tools or cleaning supplies Dinnerware, foods, or utensils. . . .12" Canned foods or miscellaneous. . . 8" Glassware or packaged foods. . 4" Chore or play clothes, or cleaning or sports equipment 16" Packaged foods, or utensils (hanging) 8" Chore or play clothes, or cleaning or sports equipment 16" Dinnerware, foods, or utensils. . . .12 Toys, canned foods, or miscellaneous 12" UTILITY ROOM AND HALL Arrangement of units In utility room In hall Total deptl of units Adjacent Canned foods, toys, miscellaneous 12" Miscellaneous 12" 12" Chore or play clothes, cleaning equipment, or special utensils. .16" Bathroom supplies, bedding, or sports equipment 16" Chore or play clothes, cleaning or laundry equipment, or special utensils 24 Coat closet or bed closet 24" Laundry equipment or luggage below. . . .24" Bedding above 24 Back to back Cleaning supplies or carpentry tools . 4" Bathroom supplies or miscellaneous 12 16" 24' 16" Dovetailed Above Below Canned foods or miscellaneous. . .8" Bedding or bathroom supplies. . .16 Card tables and chairs 24" 24" 7M 8-52 49436 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA