L I B RAHY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 U N IVERS ITY 
 
 OF 1LL1 NOIS 
 
 ■oB'Z 
 
 RATUKAL 
 UISIORV 
 
m 
 
 THE 
 
 WOODY PLANTS 
 
 OF MANHATTAN 
 
 IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION 
 
 BY 
 
 A. S. HITCHCOCK 
 
 Professor of Botany. Kansas State 
 Agricultural College. 
 
 MANHATTAN, KANSAS, 
 
 Mercury Publishing House. Printers. 
 
 1893. 
 
COPYRIGHTED BY A. S. HITCHCOCK. 1893. 
 \li RIGHTS RESERVED. 
 
lib: ' pica^tf 
 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The following descriptions were written for the use of the students of 
 the Kansas State Agricultural College, there being no work available for 
 the determination of woody plants in their winter condition. 
 
 The nomenclature is that adopted recently by the Botanical Club of 
 the A. A. A. S.. and the sequence of species is that of Gray's Manual, 
 sixth edition. 
 
 The characters given under a genus are not necessarily generic but 
 are those which are common to the species under consideration. The 
 specific descriptions apply to the species as observed in this locality and 
 may not always hold good over a wider range. A few definitions will be 
 necessary for a correct understanding of the descriptions. The pith 
 though usually circular, may be rhomboidal as in wahoo, or five angled 
 ' as in the oaks. It is understood to be cylindrical unless otherwise stated. 
 s j Homogeneous pith is the same density throughout the twig and is the 
 usual condition, but occasionally it consists of a series of thin transverse 
 ,C diaphragms a short distance apart as in the walnut, or is continuous 
 -' except at the nodes where there is a woody cross-partition as in the grapes. 
 By twig is meant the growth of the previous season, all older being 
 -3 called branchlets or branches. The color of the twigs of most species is 
 v subject to considerable variation and some allowance must be made in 
 applying the description. The lenticels or small corky eruptions which 
 roughen the epidermis are only occasionally of sutlicient diagnostic value 
 to be included in the descriptions. The shape of the leaf-scar may vary 
 considerably in the same twig especially toward the base or apex. 
 In x procuring a twig for identification it is best to select one 
 which has made the ordinary healthy growth, avoiding those which are 
 Stunted and also the abnormally vigorous sprouts The description of the 
 leaf-scar applies to those of normal shape which occur over the middle 
 portion of the twig. Most of the terms applied to the shape are self-ex- 
 planatory. Arcuate is the same width throughout, but slightly curved. 
 The exposed ends of the fibrovascular bundles are aggregated in more 
 or less definite groups known as bundle-scars. At the angles of the 
 leaf-scars will be found the stipule-scars, in plants provided with stip- 
 ules. When the leaf-scars are oblique, the stipule-scars, if present, are 
 unequal, the longer being on the side toward which the hud is placed. 
 
 The arrangement iphyllotaxyl of alternate leaves on the twig is 
 usually two-ranked, gve-ranked. or eight-ranked. In the lirst or one-half 
 
phyllotaxy, the third leaf-scar, starting at any point, is directly over the 
 first; in the second, or two-fifths phyllotaxy, the sixth leaf-scar is over 
 the first; while in three-eighths phyllotaxy, the ninth is directly over the 
 first, that is, there are eight leaves in a cycle, which consists of a spiral 
 passing three times around the stem. The phyllotaxy may vary from 
 two-fifths to three-eighths in the same species or even in different twigs 
 on the same plant. 
 
 The lateral buds are usually single but there may be two or more in 
 the same axil, one above another, when they are superposed. The term- 
 inal bud in many cases is not present, the upper lateral bud taking its 
 place and pushing aside a terminal scar, which may be caused by the fall- 
 ing off of an inflorescence, but usually (according to Foerste, Bot. Gaz. 
 xvii. No. 6,) is due to the casting off of the green terminal portion of the 
 twig earlier in the season. 
 
 Since it has not been necessary, except in a few cases, to discrim- 
 inate between closely allied species, the descriptions do not include the 
 finer details but are confined to what seemed sufficient to identify the 
 species. 
 
 The list includes sixty-three native species aud four that are in com- 
 mon cultivation and have escaped in places. The four not native are 
 Tree of Heaven, Black Locust, Catalpa and Osage Orange. 
 
 The fruit or leaves are often obtainable and will aid in the identifica- 
 tion, in which case the student should refer to Gray's Manual. 
 
 Thanks are due to Dr. William Trelease, Director of the Missouri 
 Botanical Garden, and Prof. S.C. Mason, of this College, for various favors. 
 
KEY TO GENERA. 
 
 Leaf-scars more than one at each node. 
 
 a. Buds pubescent. 
 
 Twigs glaucous Acer. 15 
 
 Twigs gray, buds brown-felty Fraxinus. 33 
 
 Twigs very small, yellow, scales 2-3 pairs. . .Symphoricarpos. 31 
 Twigs red, scales one pair Corn us. 2!) 
 
 b. Buds glabrous. 
 
 1. Evergreen Juniperus. 48 
 
 2. Deciduous. 
 
 Leaf-scars circular or oval Catalpa. 34 
 
 Leaf -scars U-shaped Acer. 1.5 
 
 Leaf-scars more or less semicircular. 
 
 Pith rhomboidal. twigs 4-angled Evonymus. 7 
 
 Pith cylindrical, twigs not angled. 
 Stipule-scars present. 
 
 Joining the leaf-sears < Jephalanthus. ;;2 
 
 Not meeting Staphylea. Pi 
 
 Stipule-scars absent. 
 
 Leaf-scars meeting Sambucus. 30 
 
 Leaf-scars not meeting j93scu1us. 13 
 
 Leaf-scars one at each node, 
 a. Plants armed with prickles or thorns. 
 1. Thorns representing branches. 
 
 Bearing leaf-scars below, thorn-like at apex. 
 
 Leaf-scars V-shaped Pyrus. 2i> 
 
 Leaf-scars oval Prunus. 2:; 
 
 Typical thorns, bearing no leal-scars. 
 Simple; buds globose, single. 
 
 Color ashy loxylon. .17 
 
 Color red or brown Crataegus. 27 
 
 Branched; buds superposed. Gleditsia. 22 
 
WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN 
 
 2. Prickles uot representing branches. 
 In position of stipules. 
 
 Buds hidden by leaf-scar Robinia. 19 
 
 Buds exposed, red pubescent Zanthoxylum. 4 
 
 Scattered. 
 
 Plant provided with tendrils Smilax. 47 
 
 No tendrils. 
 
 A triple spine below leaf-scar Ribes. 28 
 
 Twigs strongly glaucous or else o-ndged. .Rubus. 24 
 Twigs cylindrical anil at most only slightly 
 
 glaucous Rosa. 25 
 
 b. Plants unarmed. 
 
 1. Buds naked. 
 
 Dark brown, silky Asimina. 1 
 
 Pubescence buff or gray. 
 
 Bundle-scar one Ceanothus. 9 
 
 Bundle-scars several Rhus. 17 
 
 2. Ends scaly. 
 *Yines. 
 
 Provided with tendrils. 
 
 Woody partitions at nodes Yitis. IP 
 
 NO partitions at nodes. 
 
 Aerial rootlets on old parts; tendrils irregu- 
 larly branching Ampelopsis. 12 
 
 So aerial rootlets; tendrils forked (Jissus. 11 
 
 No tendrils. 
 
 Leaf-scars semicircular Celastrus. (i 
 
 Leaf-scars circular Menispermum. 2 
 
 **Not vines. 
 
 tLeaf-scars two-ranked. 
 Buds glabrous. 
 
 Superposed Cercis. 20 
 
 Single. 
 
 Scales two or three Tilia. :; 
 
 Scales several. 
 
 Twigs brown Ulmus. 3o 
 
 Twigs light colored Morus. 38 
 
 Buds pubescent. 
 
 Pith diaphragmed Celtis. 36 
 
 Pith homogeneous. 
 
 Buds dark brown, silky Ulmus. 35 
 
 Buds light brown, sparingly pubescent. 
 
 Conical, pointed Ostrya. 43 
 
 Flattened, rounded Corylus. 42 
 
 tfLeaf-scars more than two-ranked. 
 Pith 5- angled. 
 
 Upper buds clustered at apex of twig — Quercus. 44 
 
IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. 
 
 '< 
 
 Buds not clustered. 
 
 Scales gummy; stipule-scars present. 
 
 Populus. 4<> 
 
 Scales not gummy, no stipule-scars. „. M 4 , 
 
 Pith cylindrical. 
 
 gTwigs pubescent, at least at apex. 
 
 Pith diaphragmed Juglans. 40 
 
 Pith homogeneous. 
 
 B rown Ailanthus. ~> 
 
 White. 
 
 Leaf-scars V-shaped Pyius. 26 
 
 Leaf-scars heart-shaped. . . .Sapindus. 14 
 Leaf-scars small, semi-oval. 
 
 Scales obscure, cottony-villous. 
 
 Ceanothus. 9 
 
 Scales apparent, glabrescent. 
 Amorpha. 18 
 
 gSTwigs glabrous. 
 
 ^[Stipule-scars present. 
 
 Extending around twig 1 latanus. <sa 
 
 Not extending around twig. 
 Buds superposed. 
 
 Leaf-scars semi-oval Amorpha. 18 
 
 Leaf-scars U-shaped Gleditsia. 22 
 
 Buds single. 
 
 Scale one balix. 4o 
 
 Scales several. 
 
 Bundle-scar 1 ; twigs gray . . Rhamnus. 8 
 Bundle-scars 3; twigs dark. 
 
 Leaf-scars V-shaped Pyrus. 26 
 
 Leaf -scars oval Primus. 23 
 
 ifflStipule-scars absent. 
 
 Terminal bud absent Gymnocladus. 21 
 
 Terminal bud present Hicoria. 41 
 
WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE LIST. 
 
 1 ASIMINA, Allans. Tarn. 1763. 
 
 A. triloba, (L.) Dunal, Mon. Anon. 1817. Anona triloba, L. Spec. 
 1753. Papaw. 
 
 A small tree with white pith, brown twigs, glabrous, or pubescent at 
 apex, two-ranked, rather broadly U-shaped leaf-scars and five bundle 
 scars. The dark brown, silky buds are naked, the compressed terminal 
 one being about 1 cm. long with conduplicate leaves, while the lateral 
 leaf -buds are appressed and only about 4 mm. long, and the flower-buds 
 globose and diverging. Usually occurs in groves in rich lowland soil. 
 
 2 MENISPERMUM, Tourn. Act. Acad. Paris, 1705; L. Spec. 1753. 
 
 M. Canadense, L. Spec. 1753. Moonseed. 
 
 A greenish brown, glabrous, twining vine with white pith, circular, 
 concave leaf-scars, and about Ave bundle-scars. The uppermost of the 
 two to four low, rounded, villous, superposed buds is largest and placed 
 above the leaf-scar, the others being hidden. The bud scales are not 
 easily distinguished. Twines opposite to the hands of a watch. Common. 
 
 3 TILIA, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec, 1753. 
 
 T. Americana, L. Spec. 1753. Basswood. 
 
 A medium sized tree with smooth gray bark, white pith, drab, red or 
 light brown, glabrous twigs, two-ranked, semi-oval, oblique leaf-scars 
 with three to several bundle-scars, unequal stipule-scars, and no terminal 
 buds. The ovoid lateral buds have two or rarely three scales which are 
 glabrous or sometimes slightly pubescent at apex. Along moist bluffs. 
 Not common. 
 
 4 ZANTIIOXYLUM, L. Gen. 1737; Spec. 175;. 
 
 Z. Americanum, Mill. Diet. 1708. Prickly Ash. 
 
 A shrub, four to eight feet high, with white pith, pubescent, dark 
 brown or dark gray twigs, armed with prickles, or rarely unarmed. The 
 short, stout, flattened prickles are in the position of stipules or occasion- 
 ally scattered. The five-ranked leaf-scars are triangular heart-shaped, 
 containing three separate or more or less coallescing bundle-scars. The 
 buds are low and densely reddish, felty-pubescent, with obscure scales. 
 Not common. 
 
IN THEIR AVINTKK CONDITION. 9 
 
 5 AILANTHUS, Deaf. Act. Acad. Paris. 1786. 
 
 \. GLANDTJLOSA, Desf. 1. C. Tree of Heaven. 
 
 A tree cultivated for shade and escaped in places. Pith large, choc- 
 olate-brown, twigs very large, light brown, pubescent and glaucous: large 
 leaf-scars live-ranked, from V-shaped to triangular heart-shaped; bundle- 
 scars numerous, frequently aggregated in about five areas; buds single, 
 low. scarcely raised above the epidermis; scales about two, rounded and 
 pubescent; terminal buds none. Native of China. 
 
 6 CELASTRUS, L. (.en. 1737; Spec. 1768. 
 
 C. SCANDBNS, L. Spec. 1753. Bitter-sweet. 
 
 A twining vine with white pith, smooth light gray twigs, eight- 
 ranked, semicircular leaf-scars, with bundle-scars aggregated in a centra] 
 mass. The almost horizontally diverging buds are 1 to '1 mm. long, with 
 the two outer, keeled, brownish scales enclosing several smaller ones. 
 Scarlet fruit persistent. Common. 
 
 7 EVONYMUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; 1,. Spec. 1753. 
 
 K. ATROPURPURETJS, -Jaeq. Holt. Yind. 177± WaliOO. 
 
 A rather tall shrub with whitish, rhomboidal pith, smooth, green, 
 four-angled twigs and white, semicircular, opposite leaf-scars with one 
 bundle-scar. Terminal bud with two or three pairs of glabrous scales: 
 lateral very small and appressed with one pair of scales. Fruit persist- 
 ent. Not common. 
 
 8 RHAMN US, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 17.",:;. 
 
 R. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. 1814. Buckthorn. 
 
 A shrub with white pith, glabrous, gray twigs, small oval or arcuate, 
 four-ranked leaf-scars, with one bundle-scar, and stipule-scars just above 
 the angles of the leaf-scar. Buds pointed, appressed, about .'! mm. long, 
 with several brown, glabrous scales. The phyllotaJcy can be compared 
 to that of decussate leaves in which one leaf of each pair is some distance 
 above the other. Pare. 
 
 '.» CEAXOTHUS, L. Act. Soc. Ups. 1711: Spec. 17.1:;. 
 
 C. ov axis, Desf. Arb. ii, 180!). Red-root. 
 
 A low shrub with pubescent, gray or red-brown twigs, small, eight- 
 ranked, semi-oval leaf-scars, one horizontal bundle-scar, and frequently 
 persistent awl-shaped stipules. The scales of the globose, densely cot- 
 tony-villous buds can not be easily distinguished. Common in upland 
 woods and rocky hills. 
 
 10 VTTIS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 17.-,:;. 
 
 Woody vinesclimbingby forked tendrils placed opposite the leaf scais. 
 Twigs brown and striate, the bark on the older portions becoming 
 shreddy. Leaf-scars semicircular to crescent-shaped, the surface irreg- 
 ular, and the bundle-scars obscure. Buds obtuse, the two or three smooth 
 brown scales frequently exposing the densely pubescenl young leaves. 
 
10 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN 
 
 The pith is homogeneous, except at the nodes, where there is a woody 
 cross partition. 
 
 Twigs cylindrical, glabrous. 
 
 Partition i to 1 mm. wide 1'. riparia. 
 
 Partition about H mm. wide V. cordifolia. 
 
 Twigs angled, cottony V. cinen a. 
 
 V. cinerea, (Engelm ) Fngelrn. Bushberg Cat. 1883, V. aestivalis, 
 var. cinerea, Engelm. in Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 18R8. Downy Grape. 
 Common along the Blue and lowlands of the Kansas rivers. 
 
 V. cordifolia, Michx. Fl. 1S03. Frost Grape. 
 
 Bare along Kansas river from Manhatttan to St. George. 
 
 V. riparia, Michx. Fl. 1803. Summer Grape. 
 
 Common. 
 
 11 CISSUS, E. Fl. Zeyl.1747; Spec, 1763. 
 
 C. AMPBLOPSIS, Peis. Syn. i, 1805. Cissus. 
 
 A vine climbing by once or twice forked tendrils, placed opposite the 
 leaf-scars, with white pith becoming diaphragmed in the older canes, no 
 partitions at the nodes, light gray-brown, glabrous, somewhat anglea 
 twigs, irregularly circular, two-ranked, raised leaf-scars and low buds, 
 surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, with one scale almost enclosing 
 the bud. Frequent. 
 
 1U AMPHEOl'SIS. Michx. Fl. 1803. 
 
 A. QJJINQUJEFOLIA, Michx. 1. c. Virginia Creeper. 
 
 A vine climbing by irregularly brauching tendrils opposite the leaf- 
 scars and also aeiial rootlets on the older parts. Twigs brownish gray to 
 light buff, rather sparsely hirsute or glabrescent, leaf-scars cylindrical, 
 concave, two-ranked,' with several bundle-scars in an irregular circle; 
 stipule-scars conspicuous, curved downward; buds low and rounded, with 
 few glabrous or slightly rusty scales. Common. 
 
 13 .ESCUEES. E. Syst. 1740: Spec. 17."»:;. 
 
 M. arguta, Buckley, Proc. Am. Acad. I860. Buckeye. 
 
 A shrub or low tree with white pith, which quickly cracks leaving 
 radiating cavities; large buff or reddish brown, glabrous or minutely 
 pubescent twigs; large heart shaped, opposite leaf-scars, with three areas 
 of bundle- scars; and large lanceolate, acute terminal buds, with numer- 
 ous, acute, striate, often glaucous scales. The terminal bud is sometimes 
 absent, when the upper pair of lateral buds are much larger than usual. 
 Frequent. 
 
 14 SA1TNDUS. Tourn. lust, 1700; E. Spec 1753. 
 
 S. MARGENATUS, Willd. Ivmm 1S09. Soap berry. 
 
 A small tree with white pith, light gray twigs, glabrescent below, 
 
 pubescent above, and frequently ridged; five-ranked, heart-shaped leaf- 
 
IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. 11 
 
 scars, t lie raised borders of which form at the lower angles small protub- 
 erances; bundle-scars in three areas; terminal buds none; lateral buds 
 two or three superposed, contiguous (or single), low. densely pubescent. 
 Rare, on dry bills. 
 
 1". ACER, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 17-"):;. 
 
 A. sacciiarinum, L. Spec. 17,53. Soft Maple. 
 
 A large tree, with reddish or yellowish-brown, glabrous twigs, V- 
 shaped, opposite leaf-scars not cpiite meeting, but joined by a line, and 
 three bundle-scars. Terminal buds with two or three pairs, the appressed 
 lateral with one or two pairs of smooth, ovate, obtuse scales. Common 
 along the 13. ue, and the Kansas river below the mouth of the Blue. 
 
 A. Negundo, L. Spec. 1753. Box Elder. 
 
 A small or medium tree with yellow-green or dark red-brown, glab- 
 rous and glaucous twigs, above the nodes of which is an impression, 
 marking the position of the bases of the petiole during the previous sea- 
 son. The leaf-scars are narrow, V-shaped, opposite, the lateral angles 
 meeting and extending upwards into a free appendage Bundle-scars are 
 three, or the lateral double. Buds pubescent, gray, the scales about two 
 pairs, ovate, obtuse. Frequent in lowland woods. 
 
 16 STAPIIYLEA, L. Gen. 1737; Spec. 1753. 
 
 S. trifolia, L. Spec. 1753. Bladder-nut. 
 
 A shrub with brownish gray or mottled yellow, glabrous twigs, white- 
 streaked branches and trunks, semicircular or crescent, opposite leaf- 
 scars, with about three bundle-scars, and stipnle-scars at the angles but 
 not meeting. Terminal bud absent; lateral buds with two pairs of glab- 
 rous scales. Infrequent along bluffs. 
 
 17 RHUS. L. Gen. 1737; Spec. 17.-);;. 
 
 Twigs glabrous R. glabra . 
 
 Twigs pubescent. 
 
 Buds hidden by leaf-scar II. Canadensis. 
 
 Buds not hidden R. radicans. 
 
 R. GLABRA, L. Spec. 1753. Smooth Sumac. 
 
 A shrub with large yellow-brown pith, large, reddish, glabrous and 
 glaucous twigs, compressed toward the apex by ridges decurrent from 
 the leaf-scars, which are five-ranked, narrow, horse-shoe shaped and 
 nearly surrounding the bud. Bundle-scars numerous. Terminal buds 
 none; lateral low, naked and densely brown-woolly. Common on dry 
 hills, thickets, etc. 
 
 R. radicans, L. Spec. 1753. Poison Ivy. Poison Oak. 
 
 An erect shrub or a vine climbing by aerial rootlets. Pith white; 
 twigs light brown, striate, minutely pubescent; leaf-scars two-ranked, 
 heart, crescent or Y-shaped, with raised border; bundle-scars five or six: 
 
 
12 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN 
 
 buds naked, rusty pubescent, Very common in woods, along fences, and 
 stone walls. 
 
 R. Canadensis, Marsh Arb. 1785. Canada Sumac. 
 
 A. small shrub with white pith, brown twigs finely pubescent above, 
 glabrescent below, live or eight-ranked, circular leaf-scars raised on a 
 broad base, with several scattered bundle-scars. Pubescent buds naked, 
 entirely hidden by the overarching leaf-scar. The next year's catkins 
 conspicuous. Infrequent on rocky hills. 
 
 18 AMORPHA, L. Gen. 1737: Spec. 1763. 
 
 Twigs pubescent A canesct its. 
 
 Twigs glabrous A.fruticosa. 
 
 A. CANESCENS, Mutt, in Eraser's Cat. 1813. Lead plant. 
 
 A low shrub one or two feet High or occasionally as much as four feet . 
 Twigs light brown or ashy, glabrescent below, pubescent above. The 
 small leaf-scars eight-ranked, with three bundle-scars usually coalescent, 
 and minute or obsolete stipule-scars. Buds single, flattened and closely 
 appressed. Just above the bud there is a protuberance of the bark. Scales 
 about four, brown, glabrescent. Common on prairie and in upland 
 woods. 
 
 A. FRUTICOSA, L. So.c. 1753. False Indigo. 
 
 A shrub with gray, glabrous, sulcate twigs which die back at the 
 summit, semi-oval, five-ranked leaf-scars, three closely aggregated bun- 
 dle-scars, small stipules, usually persistent at the angles of the leaf-scars. 
 Buds two superposed, the upper closely appressed; scales four or five, 
 dark-brown, glabrous. Common in moist places. 
 
 pi ROBINIA, L. Gen. 17: J .7: Spec. 17".:;. 
 
 R. Pseitdo- Acacia, L. Spec. 17">:;. Black Locust. 
 
 Twigs light brown, glabrous, somewhat ridged. Leaf-scars triangu- 
 lar three-lobed, raised in the centre; bundle-scars three; stipular spines 
 present or obsolete. Buds entirely hidden by leaf-scars, the cavity 
 beneath lined with dense ferruginous pubescence. Introduced as a shade 
 tree and escaped in place-. 
 
 20 CERCIS, L. (it'n. 17:;7: Spec. 17".:;. 
 
 C. Canadensis, L. .^pec. 17-53. Bed bud. 
 
 A small tree with twisted and scaly bark; dark red-brown, glabrous, 
 shining, slightly ridged twigs, two-ranked, triangular three-lobed leaf, 
 scars, three bundle-scars and stipule-scars or persistent stipules adjacent 
 above the leaf-scar. Terminal buds none; lateral small, flattened, 
 appressed, two or three superposed. Flower buds larger, oval, spread- 
 ing. Scales two or three. Common. 
 
IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. 13 
 
 -1 GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Diet, i, 1783. 
 
 <; DIOICA, iL.) Koch, Dead. 1869-73. Guilandino <//'<;<•,,. L. Spec. 
 1763. Gymnocladus Canada cms, Lam. 1. c. 
 
 Kentucky Coffee Tree. 
 
 A medium tree with reticulately roughened bark, chocolate pith. 
 large, light drab twigs, glabrous, hut roughened by numerous prominent 
 lenticels. The large. V-shaped leaf-scars, five-ranked, with three or live 
 bundle-scars, and obsolete stipule-scars. Terminal bud none; lateral 
 two or three superposed, the upper a short distance above the others, all 
 dark pubescent, low and circular, surrounded by an incurved rim of the 
 bark. Infrequent in lowland woods. 
 
 22 ULEDinsLA.L. Gen. Ed. 2, 17-12; Spec. 1753. OledUscMa, Scop. 1777. 
 
 (4. TBIACANTHOS, L. Spec. 1753. Honey Locust. 
 
 A large tree with close dark bark, green or light gray, glabrous, sili- 
 cate twigs flattened at the nodes, five-ranked, horse-shoe shaped, usually 
 somewhat three-lobed, prominent leaf-scars, thaee bundle-scars and 
 minute or obsolete stipule-scars. Terminal buds none: lateral several 
 superposed, the lower minute and seen only in longitudinal sections 
 through node, the uppermost low and rounded A short distance above 
 the buds there is a smooth red or brown more or less branched thorn, the 
 branches in the axils of minute scales. Much branched thorns usually 
 occur in fascicles on the trunk or not infrequently the tree is entirely 
 unarmed. The branchlets are often nodulose from the developement of 
 very short rounded twigs which bore fascicled leaves. Common in low- 
 laud woods. 
 
 •r, PRUNUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700: L Spec. 1753. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees with glabrous twigs, live-ranked leaf-scars, 
 three bundle-scars and small stipule scars 
 
 Twigs and buds dark steel-gray, dull P. Virginianu. 
 
 Twigs and buds red brown, shining. 
 
 These medium P. „ Imericana. 
 
 Small P. angustifolia. 
 
 P. Americana, Marsh. Arb. 1785. Wild Plum. 
 
 The branches usually bear stunted thorn-like twigs or branch lets 
 which are provided with leaf-scars. These semi-oval or arcuate. Ter- 
 minal buds none: lateral appressed, acute, single or with two additional, 
 collateral, diverging flower buds. Scales several, ovate, obtuse. Infre- 
 quent in thickets, along fences, etc. 
 
 P. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Marsh. Arb. 1785. P. Ghicasa, Miclix PL 1803. 
 
 Chicasaw Plum. 
 
 Differs from P. Americana in having more slender twigs, smaller tri- 
 angular-pointed buds with scales glabrous or somewhat pubescent. A 
 shrul) common on sand hills south of Manhattan. 
 
14 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN 
 
 P. Vikui.n'ian'a. L spec. lTo:;. Choke-Cherry. 
 
 Twigs rather large; leaf-scars more or less triangular, comparatively 
 small, sometimes with only one bundle-scar. Buds pointed; scales five or 
 six, glabrous, obtuse A shrub or small tree rare in thickets. 
 
 24 RUBUS, Touru. Inst. 1700; L Spec 1753. 
 
 Declining suft'ruticose plants, with biennial or short lived perennial 
 canes, armed with recurved prickles, rive-ranked leaf-scars and three bun- 
 dle-scars. 
 
 Twigs glaucous, cylindrical R. occidental is. 
 
 Twigs not glaucous, five-ridged R mllosus. 
 
 R. OCCIDENTALI8, L. Spec. 1758. Black Raspberry. 
 
 Pith yellow, cylindrical: twigs red-brown: leaf-scars crescent or 
 semicircular, considerably raised, the leaf frequently breaking away 
 irregularly, leaving a long stump without a distinct scar. Buds oblong 
 with several acutish scaler more or less pubescent at apex. Common in 
 upland woods, along fences, etc. 
 
 R. villosis. Ait. llort. Kew. 1789. Blackberry. 
 
 Pith greenish. live-rayed: twigs purple, glabrous; prickles from a flat- 
 tened base, sometimes straight: leaf-scars V-shaped, base of petiole often 
 persistent: buds conical, strongly divergent, single or two or three super- 
 posed, scales few. somewhat pubescent. Infrequent. 
 
 2--) ROSA, Touru. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753. 
 
 Prickly shrubs with white pith, V-shaped leaf-scars and three bundle 
 scars. 
 
 Twigs green: climbing R. s&igera. 
 
 Twigs red; a low shrub R. Arkansana. 
 
 R. skti<;kka. Michx PI. 1803. Climbing Rose. 
 
 Twigs green; prickles flattened, recurved above an oval, wdiite, well 
 defined base: buds strongly divergent, oblong, obtuse, pink, scales two or 
 three. Rare. 
 
 R. ARKANSANA, Porter. PI. Colorado, bs74. Wild Rose. 
 
 A low shrub, usually not more than two feet high, with slightly glau- 
 cous twigs, armed with straight prickles from an elliptical base; leaf- 
 scars very narrow, nearly half encircling the stem. Bud about 2 mm. 
 above the leaf-scar, with three or four red or black scales, pubescent at 
 tip. Common on prairie and open woods. 
 
 2i; PYRUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; Spec. 1753. 
 
 P. coronabia, L. Spec. 1753 Wild Crab-apple 
 
 A small tree with red. glabrous twigs or in vigorous sprouts pubescent 
 at apex, five-ranked, very narrow, open V-shaped leaf-scars, three bun- 
 dle-scars and obsolete stipule-scars. Buds flattened, appressed. acutish: 
 
IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. IT) 
 
 scales several, glabrous but disclosing some pubescence at summit of bud. 
 Along bluffs of Kansas river below Manhattan. P. Ioensis, Bailey, of 
 eastern Kansas, is easily distinguished by its densely pubescent twigs. 
 
 27 CRATAEGUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700: L. Spec. 1753. 
 
 C. COCCINEA, L. Spec. 1753. Scarlet Haw. 
 
 A small tree with smooth and shining, dark red twigs, armed 
 with slender, sharp pointed, slightly curved axillary thorns, one to 
 two inches long and same color as twig. The base of the thorn is enlarged 
 and bears a leaf -scar with bud on one side and a few fainter leaf-scars 
 above. The arcuate or semi-oval leaf-scars are rive-ranked with three 
 bundle scars. Buds globose; scales several, rounded, glabrous. Rare in 
 upland woods. 
 
 Var. mollis, Torr & Gray, Fl. i, 18-10. 
 
 Distinguished by the twigs being a duller brown.and twigs and buds 
 being usually sparsely villous, and by the buds being larger and the scales 
 more open and spreading. Rare. 
 
 28 KIBES, L. Gen. 17:57; Spec. 17-5;;. 
 
 R. gkacile, Michx. Fl. 1803. Wild Gooseberry. 
 
 A declining shrub with light-brown, glabrous, sulcate twigs, armed 
 with brown triple spines below the leaf-scars, and on at least part of 
 the old wood with scattered prickles. Leaf-scars rive-ranked, narrow, U- 
 shaped, almost hidden by the spines. Bundle-scars three. Buds conical, 
 brownish, with numerous ovate scales, keeled at apex. Scales persistent 
 at base of twig. Frequent in lowland woods. 
 
 29 CORN US, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 17-58. 
 
 Shrubs with hexagonal pith, red, pubescent twigs, crescent-shaped, 
 opposite leaf-scars, with three bundle-scars. Terminal buds compressed, 
 pointed; lateral, smaller, closely appressed. Scales two. 
 
 Branchlets bright red; pubescence soft (,'. scriceo. 
 
 Branchlets gray; pubescence appresssed G. asperifolia. 
 
 C. SERiCJEA, L. Mant. ii, 1771. Downy Dogwood. 
 
 Twigs and branchlets dark red, the former softly cinereous-pubescent, 
 which hides the color. A small shrub three or four feet high, often with 
 elongated stoloniferous branches. Infrequent in moist, rocky places. 
 
 C. aspkkifolia, Michx. Fl. 1803. (fray Dogwood. 
 
 Twigs pale, dull red, the pubescence appressed and not hiding color 
 of twig, the branchlets becoming gray-brown and finally gray. A shrub 
 or sometimes almost a tree, very common in woods, thickets and along 
 fences. This species is best distinguished from the previous by the color 
 of the second and third vear wood. 
 
16 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN 
 
 30 SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753. 
 
 S. Canadensis, L. Spec. 1753. Elderberry. 
 
 A shrub with large pith, light gray, glabrous, slightly angled twigs, 
 large, triangular heart-shaped, opposite leaf-scars meeting around the 
 stem and live bundle-scars. Terminal portion of twig dies back; lateral 
 buds usually two, superposed, or if more, clustered; scales two or three 
 pairs, glabrous, abruptly pointed. Not common. 
 
 31 SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. Ilort. Elth. 1732; Adans. Fam. 1763. 
 
 Symphoricarpus, HBK. Nov. Gen. iii, 1818. 
 
 S. vulgaris, Michx. PI. 1803. Buck-bush. 
 
 A low shrub with extensive stolons, very slender, light brown, pub- 
 escent twigs, very small, triangular or shield-shaped, opposite leaf-scars 
 connected by a ridge, and one bundle-scar. Frequently the base of the 
 petiole persists as a withered stump without leaving a distinct scar. 
 Buds very small, usually three collateral; scales two or three pairs, pub- 
 escent. Berries persistent. Common on prairie and upland woods. 
 
 32 CEPHALANTHUS, L. Gen. 1737; Spec. 1753. 
 
 C. OCCIDBNTALIS, L. Spec. 1753. Button-bush. 
 
 A shrub with green or brown twigs, semicircular, opposite or whorled 
 leaf-scars, central semicircular bundle-scars, stipule-scars or persistent 
 stipules encircling the stem and very small, low buds, single or two 
 superposed. Frequent in wet places. 
 
 33 FliAXlNL'S. Toitni. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753. 
 
 F. vikidis, Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 1813. Green Ash. 
 
 A small or medium tree with smooth, gray twigs, flattened at the 
 nodes, semicircular or shield-shaped, opposite leaf-scars and central 
 semicircular bundle-scars. Terminal buds obtuse, with two pairs of dark 
 brown, felty pubescent scales; lateral single or two superposed. Fre- 
 quent in lowland woods. 
 
 Var. pubbscens, Hitchcock, Cat. Ames, 1891. 
 
 Distinguished by its pubescent twigs. Rocky bluffs and thickets. 
 
 34 CAT ALFA, Scop. Introd. 1777. 
 
 C. speciosa, Warder in Engelm. in Bot. Gaz. v. 1880. Catalpa. 
 
 A small tree, with smooth, gray twigs, opposite or whorled, circular 
 or oval leaf scars with a concentric row of bundle-scars, and low buds 
 with several, short. loose scales. Cultivated and escaped in places. 
 
 35 ULMUS. Tourn. Inst. 1700; L Spec. 1753. 
 
 Large trees with two ranked, oval, oblique leaf-scars, and unequal 
 siipule-scars. 
 
 Twigs gray; buds densely pubescent U. fulva. 
 
 Twigs brown; buds glabrous U. Americana. 
 
IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. 17 
 
 U. FULVA, Miclix. Fl. 1803. lied Elm. 
 
 Twigs scabrous or hirsutely pubescent, buds ovate, 5 to ti nun. long, 
 dark brown, divergent, scales two-ranked, four to six pairs; flower buds 
 swelling considerably. Common in lowland woods. 
 
 IT. Americana, L. Spec. 1763. White Elm. 
 
 Twigs slender, glabrous, softly pubescent or even somewhat scabrous 
 but not bispid; buds 3 to 4 mm. long, the lateral appressed, pointed; 
 scales three or four pairs. Common. 
 
 36 CELTIS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec 1753. 
 
 C. occidentalis, L. Spec. 1753. Ilackberry. 
 
 A small or medium tree with light, corky-ridged bark, white pith 
 diaphragmed in the region of the nodes, dark gray-brown, glabrous or 
 sparsely villous twigs, two-ranked, semi-oval or obtusely triangular, 
 oblique leaf-scars, three bundle-scars and rather obscure stipule-scars. 
 Terminal buds none; latteral flattened, appressed, pointed; scales about 
 one pair, somewhat villous. Frequent in lowland woods. 
 
 37 IOXTLON, Raf. Am Monthly Mag 1817. Madura, Nutt. Gen. 1818. 
 I. pomifjerum, Rafin. 1. c. Madura aurantiaca, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Osage Orange. 
 Twigs light yellowish-drab, glabrous, at least some of them armed 
 with axillary thorns of the same color. Thorns simple bearing a bud 
 at base. Leaf-scars five or eight-ranked, obtusely triangular, with a cen- 
 tral bundle-scar. Buds low, depressed-globose. Scales few\ brownish, 
 ciliate-fringed. Introduced for hedges and escaped in plaees. 
 
 38 MORUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 17.53. 
 
 M. rubra, L. Spec. 1753. Mulberry. 
 
 A small tree with light brown or greenish-drab, glabrous twigs, two- 
 ranked, oval, oblique, concave leaf-scars, and unequal stipule-scars. Ter- 
 mial buds none; lateral appressed, pointed; scales several, two-ranked, 
 rounded, glabrous. Infrequent in lowland woods. 
 
 39 PLATANUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753. 
 
 P. occidentalis, L. Spec. 1753. Sycamore. 
 
 A large tree with smooth or slightly pubescent, light-brown, sulcate 
 twigs, narrow, five-ranked leaf-scars, about half encircling the twig, live 
 prominent bundle-scars, and encircling stipule-scars. Buds conical, 
 smooth and shining as if sticky, scale one, entirely enclosing the bud. 
 Frequent along streams. Bark white and smooth, scaling off in patches. 
 
 40 JTJGLANS, L. Gen. 1737; Spec. 175.;. 
 
 J. nigra, L. Spec. 1753. Black Walnut. 
 
 A large tree with diaphragmed pith, dark brown, clammy pubescent 
 twigs; and three-lobed, five-ranked leaf-scars with three U-shaped bun- 
 dle-scars. Terminal bud 10 mm. long or shorter; lateral two. superposed, 
 
18 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN 
 
 upper globose, 2 or 3 mm. long; scales downy. Common in lowland 
 woods. 
 
 41 IIICORIA. Rafin. PI. Ludov. 1817. Carya, Nutt. Gen. 1818. 
 
 Mud scales two, valvate, yellow H. minium . 
 
 Bud scales several, brown If. ovata. 
 
 II. ovata, .Mill i Britt. Bull. Torr. Club, xv. 1888. Juglans ovata, 
 Mill. Diet 1768. Carya alba, Nutt. 1. c. 1818. Shellbark Hickory. 
 
 A large tree with rather large, dark chocolate, glabrous twigs, large, 
 eight-ranked, circular to heart-shaped leaf-scars, three areas of bundle- 
 scars and large terminal buds. Lateral buds single, small, obtuse, strongly 
 divergent: terminal elliptical or lanceolate; scales acuminate, the inner 
 pubescent above. Along the bluffs below Manhattan, on the south side of 
 the Kansas river. 
 
 II. minima. Marsh. | Britt 1 c. Juglans alba mini, mi. Marsh. Arb. 178"). 
 Carya amara, Nutt. Gen. 1818. Pignut Hickory. 
 
 A small tree with yellowish-gray, smooth twigs, sprinkled with waxy 
 atoms, "especially above, as are the bud scales; flve-ranked, heart-shaped 
 leaf-scars, bundle-scars aggregated in about three areas and narrow. 
 acute, curved terminal buds with waxy yellow scales. Lateral buds two 
 or three superposed, the upper frequently long stalked. Common. 
 
 42 CORYLUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753. 
 
 C. Americana, Walt. Fl. 1788. Hazel-nut. 
 
 A shrub with light brown or yellowish-drab, pubescent or glabrescent 
 twigs, two-ranked, crescent or oval leaf-scars, scattered bundle-scars and 
 conspicuous stipule-scars Buds flattened, rounded, scales several, 
 rounded, upper pubescent. Next year's catkins conspicuous. Said to 
 occur ten miles northeast of Manhattan (S. C. Mason.) 
 
 43 OSTRYA, Mich. Nov. (Jen. 1722; Scop. Cain. ii. 1772. 
 
 O. VlBGlNlANA, 'Mill | Koch. Dendr. ii. 2. 1869 73. Carpinus Virgin- 
 iana, Mill. Diet. 1768. Iron-wood. 
 
 A small tree with twisted bark, brown or gray, softly pubescent or 
 glabrescent twigs, small semi-oval or arcuate, slightly oblique, two- 
 ranked leaf-scars, three bundle-scars and unequal stipule-scars. Buds 
 conical, pointed, divergent, 5 or 6 mm. long; scales several, pubescent. 
 Next year's catkins usually present. Frequent in upland woods 
 
 44 QUERCUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753 
 
 Pith rive-angled; twigs five-ridged from the angles of the semicircu- 
 lar, five-ranked leaf-scars; bundle- scars several, scattered; stipule- scars 
 small, often inconspicuous; upper lateral buds clustered at apex of twig. 
 Buds rounded, about as high as wide. 
 
 Glabrous Q piinofdes. 
 
 Pubescent Q. macrocarpa. 
 
IN THEIR WINTER CONDITION. 1 ( .) 
 
 Buds pointed, about twice as high as wide. 
 
 Twigs glabrous and buds nearly so Q, rubra. 
 
 Buds pubescent. 
 
 Twigs pubescent Q. nigra. 
 
 Twigs glabrous Q. tinctoria . 
 
 Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Hist. Chenes. 180] Bur Oak. 
 
 A large tree with rough, light colored bark, branchlets, and often the 
 light brown, glabrous or minutely pubescent twigs corky ridged, and fre- 
 quently persistent stipules. Leaf-scars sometimes triangular-heart- 
 shaped. Common. 
 
 Q. trinoides, Willd. N. Schr. Ges. Berlin, iii, 1803; Spec. iv. 180.1. Q. 
 MuMertbergii, Engelm. Trans. St. L. Acad, iii, 1877. Chinquapin Oak. 
 
 A shrub or tree with light, scaly bark, red or light brown glabrous 
 twigs and terminal buds not more than 4 mm. long. Very common in 
 upland woods. 
 
 Q. rubra, L. Spec. 17">:;. Red Oak. 
 
 A large tree with dark, close and quite smooth bark, red-brown or 
 gray-brown twigs and terminal buds 5 or (i mm. long with close scales. 
 Frequent in upland woods. 
 
 Q tinctoria, Bartram, Trav. Ed. 2, 1794. Black Oak. 
 
 A large tree with close, rough, dark bark, brown, glabrous twigs and 
 distinctly five-sided buds about 8 mm. long. Frequent in upland wood. 
 
 Q, nigra, L. Spec. 1753. Black Jack. 
 
 A medium tree with close, rough, dark bark, red-brown or gray-brown, 
 pubescent twigs and buds much as in Q. tinctoria. The twigs on vigor- 
 ous shoots are frequently glabrescent. Common in upland woods. 
 
 45 SALIX, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753. 
 
 Leaf-scars five-ranked; bundle-scars three: stipule-scars present; buds 
 appressed, pointed; scale one. 
 
 Twigs and buds soft-pubescent; leaf-scars U-shaped. 
 
 S. cordata. 
 
 Twigs and buds glabrous or appressed-pubescent; leaf scars 
 
 crescent or arcuate S'. longifoUa. 
 
 Twigs and buds glabrous; leaf-scars U-shaped.. N amygdaloides. 
 
 S amygdaloides, (Anders.) Anders. Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858. S. 
 nigra, var. amygdaloides, Anders. Kcenig. sven. Akad. Ilandl. vi. 
 Twigs light yellowish-brown; A low or tall tree common in moist 
 places. 
 
 S. longikolia. Muhl. in X. Schr. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv. 1802. 
 
 Sandbar Willow. . 
 A shrub with slender, red-brown twins andobtusebudsnot more than 
 4 mm. in length. Common in moist places 
 
20 WOODY PLANTS OF MANHATTAN 
 
 S. cokdata, Mubl. 1. c. Downy Willow. 
 
 A large straggling shrub with camparatively large cinereous pubes- 
 cent or glabrescent twigs and rectangular, U-shaped leaf-scars, the latter 
 sometimes eight-ranked. Stipule-scars conspicuous, oval with one to 
 three bundle-scars. Flower buds as much as 10 mm. long. Along rocky 
 streamlets, not common. 
 
 It; POPULUS, Tourn Inst. 1700: L. Spec. 1763. 
 
 P. monilifera, Ait Ilort. Kew. 1789. Cottonwood. 
 
 A large tree with five angled pith, light yellowish-drab, smooth and 
 glossy, cylindrical or on vigorous shoots, angled twigs, five-ranked, ellip- 
 tical, arcuate or shield-shaped leaf-scars with three bundle-scars and 
 narrow stipule-scars. Terminal bud large, conical, curved, with a few 
 brownish, ovate, smooth and shining, gummy scales. The lateral flower 
 buds are very large, as much as 2 cm long. Frequent in lowland woods. 
 
 47 SMXLAX, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec. 1753. 
 
 S. hispida, Mubl. Cat. Ed 2, 1818. Greenbrier. 
 
 An endogenous vine climbing by stipular tendrils Twigs dark green, 
 glabrous, at least the lower part armed with straight, polished, dark 
 brown prickles. The base of the petiole with the two tendrils attached, 
 persists after the leaf has fallen, leaving no distinct scar. Buds single, 
 horizontally divergent, conical, two-ranked, showing but one scale. Com- 
 mon in low woods. 
 
 48 JUNIPERUS, Tourn. Inst. 1700; L. Spec 1763. 
 
 J. Virginiana, L. Spec 1753. Red Cedar. 
 
 Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, awl-shaped and divergent in 
 whorls of three, and opposite, appressed, scale-like, with a gland on the 
 back. Rocky bluffs. 
 
THE 0PEN1N G OF THE B UD8 OF S OME WOOD Y 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 A. S. Hitchcock. 
 
 Some notes were taken during the spring of 1892 on the 
 opening buds of our native shrubs and trees. The drawings 
 of the buds and leaves are mostly natural size and were made 
 as the leaves appeared. The nomenclature and arrangement 
 is that of Gray's Manual. 
 
 I have been unable to find any literature bearing directly 
 upon the subject. Vernation is usually given in monographs 
 and systematic notes, as that of Quercus by Engelmann, 
 "About the Oaks of the United States," Trans. St. Louis 
 Acad. Sci. iii., p. 375. The following are some of the refer- 
 ences treating of bud- scales, stipules, and glands on young 
 leaves: Goebel, Beitrage zur Morphologie und Physiologie 
 des Blattes, 1. Die Niederblatter (Bot. Zeit. xxx, p. 753, 
 769, 785, 801, 817, 833; Just, viii. 1, p. 114) ; Schumann, 
 Anatomische Studien iiber die Knospenschuppen von Coni- 
 fereu und Dicotylen Holzgewachsen (Bibl. Botan. Heft. 15, 
 1889 ; Bot. Centr. xlii, 1890, No. 22, p. 275; Just,xvii. 1, p. 
 673); Mikosch, Beitrage zur Anatomie und Morphologie der 
 Knospendecken Dicotylen Holzgewachse (Sietzungsb. d. 
 kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, B. 74, 1 Abth. 1876; Just iv, p. 
 453 ) ; Areschong, Beitrage zur Biologie der Holzgewachse 
 (Lund, 1877; Just, v, p. 358); Velenovsky, Ueber die 
 Achselsprosse einiger Smilax Arten (Flora, 68, p. 2-4; Just, 
 xiii. 1, p. 612); C. Hilburg's Dissertation : Ueber den Bau 
 und die Funktion der Nebenblatter, mit Zusatzen von F. Hil- 
 debrand (Flora, 1878, No. 11; Just, vi. 1, p. 105); Clos, 
 Stipules considerees au point de vue morphologique (Bull. 
 Soc. Bot. France, 2d Ser. i, No. 1, 1879, p. 151; Just. vii. 
 1, p. 69.) Reinke, Ueber die Funktion der Blattzahne und 
 die Morphologische Werthigkeit eineger Laubblattnectarien 
 
134 Trans. Acad. Sci. oj St. Louis. 
 
 (Bot. Zeit. 1874, p. 47; Just, ii, p. 548). There is considerable 
 literature relating to twigs but this is outside the subject 
 treated in this paper. 
 
 Asimina triloba, Dunal. Buds naked, protected by the two 
 outer, boat-shaped, dark ferruginous, silky leaves which in- 
 crease but slightly in size as the bud opens, and never assume 
 the typical shape. Inner leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, each 
 successively inclosing the remainder of the bud. The flower 
 buds are lateral, globose. May 3d. 
 
 Menispermum Canadense, L. Scales about 5, rounded to 
 elliptical, smooth. Internodes above these elongating; young 
 stem and leaves gray-villous. First leaf undeveloped, several 
 cleft at apex, others normal. Vernation straight. Leaf-scars 
 circular, concave. Buds 2 or 3 superposed, the upper just 
 above the scar, the others bursting through a V-shaped crack 
 in the leaf scar. May 6th. 
 
 Tilia Americana, L. Bud scales 2, the inner larger. 
 Leaves well developed, each covered by its two large stipular 
 scales. Vernation conduplicate. Apr. 30th. 
 
 Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. Buds low ; scales two 
 pairs, the outer pair short and dark brown, the bases of the 
 scales joined by a circle of reddish brown fuzz ; inner pair 
 longer and their tips reddish brown with a similar pubescence. 
 First leaf usually abnormal or abortive with two or three 
 leaflets of unequal development, the later leaves successively 
 better developed. Vernation of leaflets revolute, the leat 
 wrapping around the central cone. Apr. 29th. 
 
 Celastrus scandens, L. Buds perpendicular to axis of plant. 
 Scales numerous, the two outer gray, like the bark, with a 
 ridge on the back at the apex ; the inner with brown tips and 
 green bases gradually passing into leaves. Vernation involute. 
 Apr. 29th. 
 
 Euonymus airopurpureus , Jacq. Scales opposite, two pairs . 
 First pair of leaves small and deciduous. Vernation involute. 
 Apr. 20th. 
 
 Ceanothus Americanus, L. Scales two to four, being rudi- 
 mentary leaves with the stipules broadened and adnate to the 
 much reduced blade. First leaf typical in form with two 
 narrow hairy stipules. Vernation involute. Apr. 23d. 
 
Hitchcock — Opening of Buds of Some Woody Plants. 135 
 
 Vitis riparia, Mx. Buds rupturing the bark sometimes 
 two superposed. Each leaf protected by its two hairy stip- 
 ular scales. Vernation straight but inclosing the remainder 
 of the bud. Apr. 1st. 
 
 Oissus Ampelopsis, Pers. Much as in V. riparia, but stip- 
 ules and young leaves thinner and nearly smooth. May 3d. 
 
 Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Mx. Buds one to three, rupturing 
 the epidermis. Scales four. Leaves enclosed by their en- 
 larged stipules. First leaf perfect, 5-divided, lobes condupli- 
 cate, arranged almost in a circle. Apr. 30th. 
 
 ^iEsculus arguta, Buckley. Buds swelling considerably 
 before opening. Scales opposite, six to ten pairs, the inner 
 successively larger and thinner, but no transition to leaves. 
 First leaves with five leaflets. Leaflets involute. Apr. 9th. 
 
 Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh. Scales opposite, four pairs ; the 
 inner pairs ciliate-margined. Vernation plicate. Apr. 21st. 
 
 Negundo aceroides, Moench. One of the first of the woody 
 plants to show signs of pushing out leaves in spring. Scales 
 opposite, four pairs. First pair with a roundish point ; second 
 pair about twice as long, apiculate; third pair about, twice as 
 long as the second, roundish at apex ; fourth pair somewhat 
 longer than the third, three-lobed at apex. First pair of 
 leaves with three leaflets. Leaflets conduplicate, side by 
 side, the margins of opposite leaves touching. Apr. 8th. 
 
 Staphylea trifolia, L. Scales opposite, two pairs. First 
 set of stipules more than half as long as leaf, succeeding ones 
 shorter. Leaflets involute, side by side. Apr. 22d. 
 
 Rhus Toxicodendron, L. Buds naked or occasionally with 
 one or two scales. Leaflets conduplicate. May 5th. 
 
 Hints Canadensis, Marsh. Buds naked, the first leaf be- 
 coming normal in size and shape. As all the internodes elon- 
 gate there is but one ring separating the growth of successive 
 years. (M. glabra also has naked buds, with the first leaves 
 very felty-pubescent.) Leaves plicate. May 5th. 
 
 Amorpha fruticosa, L. Buds two, superposed, either or 
 both developing. Scales several. First leaf pinnate, some- 
 times imperfect. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate. Leaflets 
 conduplicate, side by side. May 6th. 
 
 Cercis Canadensis, L. Scales two. First leaf well-formed, 
 
136 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 
 
 conduplicate, at first somewhat indexed. Stipules prominent, 
 outside of their leaf. May 2d. 
 
 Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Buds at first scarcely 
 raised above the bark; superposed, two or three, one or some- 
 times any two of the three developing. Scales three, enlarging 
 greatly. First leaves with narrow stipules, pinnate below, 
 twice pinnate above, the pinnae ending in a bristle. Leaflets 
 and pinnae conduplicate. May 6th. 
 
 Gleditschia triacanthos, L. Buds superposed, usually two 
 (one to three) both developing. Scales several, brownish, 
 thin and soon deciduous. First leaf pinnate with several leaf- 
 lets, downy beneath, smooth above; later ones twice pinuate. 
 Stipules minute ; petiole jointed with stem. Leaflets condu- 
 plicate as is the whole leaf, thus briuging the edge against the 
 bud. May 5th. 
 
 Prunus Americana , Marsh. Scales numerous, the inner grad- 
 ually increasing in length and showing a transition to the leaves. 
 The first leaf has a pair of slender elongated stipules. Young 
 leaves enclosing the flattened bud, the edges not overlapping, 
 under surface silky pubescent and reticulately veined. Mar- 
 gin of leaf ciliate, serrations sharp and not glandular. Apr. 
 21st. 
 
 Prunus Chicasa, Mx. Scales as in P. Americana. 
 Leaves smooth and shining, the serrations with a conspicu- 
 ous gland. Young leaves enwrapping the terete bud, the 
 edges considerable overlapping. May 4th. 
 
 Rubus occidentalis ,Jj. Scales about six, first two rounded, 
 with buds in their axils; next two, three pointed, the buds 
 in their axils having well formed leaves nearly as long as 
 scales; the inner scales are three-cleft, the lateral lobes appar- 
 ently corresponding to stipules. Vernation plicate. Apr. 20th. 
 
 Rubus villosus, Ait. Scales about five, outer hard and red, 
 pointed; inner gradually longer, rounded, hairy; fourth, 
 3-cleft; fifth, more deeply cleft; sixth, a small leaf. Verna- 
 tion plicate. Apr. 29th. 
 
 Rosa Arkansana, Porter. Scales about seven. Outer ovate 
 and pointed, inner becoming rounded and erose-dentate, while 
 the innermost form a transition to leaves. Leaflets condupli- 
 cate, side by side. Apr. 20th. 
 
Hitchcock — Opening of Buds of Some Woody Plants. 137 
 
 Cralcegus coccinea, L. Scales numerous, the inner showing 
 a transition to leaves. The inner scales and stipules glandu- 
 lar ciliate, the latter being nearly as large as their leaves. 
 Vernation conduplicate-plicate. May 14th. 
 
 Ribes gracile, Mx. Scales numerous, all but innermost 
 scarcely enlarging. First leaf nearly normal in appearance. 
 Vernation plicate. Apr. 11th. 
 
 Cormus asperifolia, Mx. Scales one pair, opposite, develop- 
 ing a small blade at the opening of the bud. Vernation 
 slightly involute. Apr. 9th. 
 
 Sambucus Canadensis, L. Usually four buds in an axil, 
 the central being the strongest. Scales opposite, about four 
 pairs, showing transition to leaves. Leaflets involute, side 
 by side. Apr. 20th. 
 
 Symphoricarpos vulgaris, Mx. Scales opposite, three pairs, 
 increasing but little during the opening of the bud. Young 
 leaves oval-oblong. Vernation involute. Apr. 9th. 
 
 Fraxinus viridis, Mx. f. Buds usually two, superposed. 
 Scales opposite, one pair or if two pairs the inner hidden before 
 the expansion of the bud. Leaflets conduplicate, side by 
 side. Apr. 22d. 
 
 Ulmus fulva, Mx. Scales two-ranked, three or four pairs ; 
 outer dark brown and somewhat pubescent ; inner silky-fer- 
 ruginous above. First leaf very minute with two large stipules. 
 Following leaves perfect, each covered by one large stipule 
 and covering the other. Vernation conduplicate. Apr. 30th. 
 
 Ulmus Americana, L. Scales two-ranked, first three pairs 
 empty, scarcely enlarging and soon falling off. Within these 
 are about three pairs of stipular scales, without leaves, that 
 is, the scales are in pairs on each side of the bud and attached 
 at base. The next two pairs of stipules have a minute and 
 abortive leaf between them. The inner leaves increase in 
 size, and are imbricated with their stipules as in U. fulva. 
 Vernation conduplicate. May 4th. 
 
 Geltis occidentalis , L. Scales two-ranked, three pairs. 
 Young flowering branches bear flowers below and leaves above. 
 Leaf branches bear above the scales two or three enlarged 
 early deciduous stipules. First leaves normal ; each enclosing 
 its two stipules. Vernation straight. Apr. 23d. 
 
138 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 
 
 Morus rubra, L. Scales two-ranked, six or seven. First 
 leaf usually ovate, sometimes slightly lobed; inner ones lobed 
 or entire. Vernation and arrangement of narrow stipules as 
 in Celtis occidentalis. May 2d. 
 
 Platanus occidentalism L. Bud conical; scales two, each 
 covering the bud, the outer smooth, the inner covered by a 
 gummy secretion, and usually having a bud in its axil. First 
 leaf well formed, its stipule covering the remainder of the 
 bud. Vernation revolute. May 2d. 
 
 Juglans nigra, L. Scales two to four, the outer oblong and 
 obtuse, the inner increasing in length and passing by a series 
 of clefts and lobes into a few-divided leaf. Flower buds 
 from the lower part of the previous year's growth, usually 
 two catkins superposed, each bearing two or three small scales 
 at base. Leaflets conduplicate, the edges toward the rhachis 
 and the sides pressed against the bud. May 4th. 
 
 Gary a amara, Nutt. Scales two, valvate, covered with yel- 
 lowish resinous dots, usually elongating and developing a few 
 lobes at the apex. The first leaf, and sometimes the second 
 also, is imperfectly developed. Leaflets conduplicate, side 
 by side as shown in the drawing. May 3d. 
 
 Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Scales several, the first two are 
 empty, the next pair are stipular wilh its leaf reduced to a 
 mere appendage. The third pair is attached to a normal leaf. 
 Vernation straight but the leaf clasping the bud. Apr. 22d. 
 
 Quercus macrocarpa, Mx. Scales stipular as in Q. tinc- 
 toria. The gradation is rather gradual from large stipules 
 to narrow and from small leaves to large. Vernation condu- 
 plicate but the bend to one side of the midrib (Fig. 107). 
 May 3d. 
 
 Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Scales numerous, five- 
 ranked, much as in Q. tinctoria, but the change from broad 
 scales to narrow ones at the base of the perfect leaves is 
 more abrupt ; thus the leaves appear to come from the top 
 of the bud. Vernation conduplicate. May 3d. 
 
 Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. Scales very numerous, five- 
 ranked, lower short, upper increasing in length. Several at 
 the base are empty, above these each pair has a minute leaf in 
 the angle between and inside, thus being stipular. The inner 
 
Hitchcock — Opening of Buds of Some Woody Plants. 139 
 
 leaves are successively larger and the stipules narrower. Ver- 
 nation straight but the leaves are considerably corrugated. 
 The five-ranked stipules correspond to the f phyllotoxv. 
 Young leaves very silky, purplish or pinkish. May 3d. 
 
 Salix amygdaloides, Anders. Scales two, usually splitting 
 at the apex, the inner thin and membranous. Stipules hairy, 
 vernation straight. Apr. 21st. 
 
 Salix cordata, Muhl. Bud is covered by one outer scale, 
 on the inner side of which is attached the two stipular mem- 
 branes which encircle the opening leaves at their base. Ver- 
 nation convolute. Apr. 21st. 
 
 Populus monilifera, Ait. Scales mostly four, shining and 
 usually gummy, outer short and rounded, inner becoming 
 longer and more acute. First leaf normal, with two narrow 
 stipules, purplish tinged. Vernation involute. Apr. 25th. 
 
 Smilax hispida, Muhl. Scales two, both next to the stem, 
 that is, in the axil of the young branch and probably homol- 
 ogous with the sheathing stipules. Leaves involute, the first 
 leaf bearing stipular tendrils. May 5th. 
 
140 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
 
 1. Asimina triloba. Swelling lateral bud. 2. Terminal bud further ad- 
 vanced. 3. Cross section of bud with the two outer leaves removed. 
 4. Memspermum Cnnadense. Three superposed buds, the upper having 
 developed into a branch. 5. Three buds, side view, the two upper 
 haviDg developed. 6. Swelling bud. 7. Young branch. 8. One of 
 the first leaves. 9. Leaf-scar and bud before swelling. 
 10. Tilia Americana. Swelling bud. 11. Bud further advanced. 
 12. Xanthoxylum Americanum. Lateral bud developing. 13. Terminal bud 
 further advanced. 
 
 14. Celastrus sca?idens. Lateral bud developing. 
 
 15. Euonymus atropurpureus. Two young lateral branches. 
 
 16. Ceanothus Americanus. An outer scale. 17. An inner scale. 18. A 
 
 young leaf. 
 19. Vitis riparia. Swelling bud. 20. Young branch with bud below. 
 
 21. Cissus Ampelopsis. Young branch. 
 
 22. Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Swelling bud. 23. Young branch with bud 
 
 below. 
 
 24. Aesculus arguta. Developing terminal bud. 
 
 25. Acer dasycarpum. Developing terminal bud. 
 
 26. Negundo aceroides. Developing terminal bud. 27-30. Scales showing 
 
 transition to, 31. First leaf. 
 
 32. Staphylea trifolia. Two lateral buds developing. 33. Bud further de- 
 veloped, inner pair of scales removed ; side view, showing two young 
 leaves with their stipules. 34. Same, showing back of leaf. 
 
 35-36. Bhus Toxicodendron. Buds in different stages of development. 
 
 37. BMis Canadensis. Swelling bud. 38. Developing bud. 39. Young leaf. 
 
 40. Amorpka fruticosa. Developing bud. 
 
 41. Cercis Canadensis. Developing bud. 42. Young branch. 
 
 43. Gymnocladus Canadensis. Swelling bud. 44. Bud further developed. 
 
 45. Young leaf. 
 46. Gleditschia triacanthos. Base of petiole of young leaf showing minute 
 
 stipule. 47. Developing bud, leaves cut off above the base. 48. 
 
 Young leaf. 
 49. Prunus Chicasa. Developing bud. 50-52. Young leaves. 53. Glandu- 
 lar serration X 125 - 
 54. Prunus Americana. Developing bud. 55. Scale. 56. Inner scale or 
 
 young leaf. 57. Stipule of developed leaf. 58. Serration of leafX 
 
 125. 
 59. Bubus occidentalis. Young leaf. 60. Developing bud. 61-63. Scales. 
 64. Bubus villosus. Developing bud. 65. Young leaf. 66-68. Scales and 
 
 outer leaf. 
 69. Bosa ArTcansana. Developing bud. 70. Young leaf. 
 71. Crataegus coccinea. Young branch, some of the scales at base having 
 
 fallen off. 72-73. Two forms of stipules on young leaves. 
 74. Bibes gracile. Developing bud. 
 
Hitchcock — Opening of Buds of Some Woody Plants. 141 
 
 75. Oornus asperifolia. Terminal bud developing. 76. Outer scale or leaf . 
 77. Sambucus Ca?iadensis. Supernumerary buds, the uppermost developing. 
 78-79. Scales. 
 
 80. Symphoricarpos vulgaris. Developing bud. 
 
 81. Fraxinus viridis. Terminal bud with one pair of scales developing. 82 . 
 
 Bud with two pairs of scales. 
 8+ Ulmus fulva. Swelling bud. 83. Bud further developed. 85. First pair 
 
 of scale-like stipules. 
 8(>. Ulmus Americana. Swelling bud. 87. Young leaf and stipules. 
 88. Celtis occidentalis. Two young flowering branches. 89. Young leaf 
 
 branch with one row of scales removed. 
 90 Morus rubra. Developing bud. 91-93. Young leaves. 94. Stipule. 
 95. Platanus occidentalis. Developing bud. 96-97. Scales. 98. Stipules of 
 
 young leaf, partially unfolded. 
 99. Juglans nigra. Two flower buds with the catkins removed, showing two 
 
 or three scales at base. 100. Developing leaf bud. 101. Scales and 
 
 young leaf. 
 102-103. Caryaamara. Buds developing. 
 104. Ostrya Virginica. Developing bud, with one leaf removed. 105 
 
 Swelling bud. 
 106. Quercus macrocarpa. Developing bud. 107. Cross section of leaf show- 
 ing vernation. 108. Part of young branch showing young leaf and 
 
 stipules. 109-110. Young leaves. 
 111. Quercus Muhlenbergii. Developing bud. 112. Young leaf . 
 113. Quercus tinctoria. Swelling bud. 114. Bud with outer scales removed, 
 
 showing young leaf. 115. Young leaf with stipules. 
 
 116. Salix amygdaloides. Developing bud. 
 
 117. Salix cordata. Developing bud. 118. Outer scale with inner thin one 
 
 attached at base, two views. 
 119. Populus monilifera. Developing bud. 120. Scales and young leaf. 
 121. Smilaz hispida. Young branch. 122. Young leaf with its stipules. 
 
 Issued Jan. 15, 1893. 
 
A.%.H. dd.adnaf. 
 
AS.H. dilainal 
 
^ S H di) a.4 na> 
 
A S.hUtl. ad nat.