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INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS 
 VOL. 7 NO. 10 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 LAWYER 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES W. MOORES 
 
 (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Bar Association, 
 1910, and Enlarged. Reprinted, 1929) 
 
 GREENFIELD, IND. 
 WM. MITCHELL, PRINTING CO. 
 
 1922 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 It is not so many years since a simple-minded country 
 lawyer from the prairies of Illinois, standing before the Capi- 
 tol, pledged himself, for a second time, to "preserve, protect, 
 and defend the Constitution of the United States." He had 
 walked through the valley of the shadow of death, and the 
 people to whom he spoke had walked with him. A sudden 
 sunshine fell upon his care-worn face as he closed his appeal : 
 "With malice toward none ; with charity for all ; with firmness 
 in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on 
 to finish the work we are in ; to bind up the nation's wounds ; 
 to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his 
 widow, and his orphan — to do all which may achieve and 
 cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all 
 nations." Four years earlier, standing before a multitude who 
 neither understood nor trusted him, he had said to his "dis- 
 satisfied fellow countrymen :" "We are not enemies, but 
 friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have 
 strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic 
 chords of memory, stretching from every battle field and pa- 
 triot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this 
 broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again 
 touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our 
 nature." 
 
 Ever since, men have asked the questions: Who taught 
 him ? Where did he gain the power to say so simply the words 
 that have stayed in the memories and hearts of men through all 
 these years ? 
 
 483 
 
484 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 There was nothing extraordinary about it. This simple- 
 minded country lawyer had sprung from good Southern stock. 
 The Lincolns had been pioneers in New England, Pennsylvania, 
 Virginia, and Kentucky, and they included in their connection 
 men of mark and men of character. Abraham Lincoln had the 
 training of a devoted stepmother, the encouragement of loyal 
 friends, and the inspiration of a brilliant rival who was like- 
 wise his friend. Poverty had beset him and had spurred him 
 to success. How this discipline made a lawyer of him, and 
 how his training at the law made him what he was, it is the 
 purpose of this paper to show. 
 
 His Indiana boyhood gave him the same opportunities 
 that came to other Hoosier boys. When, in his eagerness to 
 know what the outside world was doing, he ran to the road- 
 side to hail the passing emigrant and ask questions, his father 
 thought him lazy and drove him back to his work. And when, 
 late at night, he lingered by the fireplace to ask other questions 
 of the wayfarer who had come out of the busy East, his father 
 failed to understand, and banished him, reluctant, to his bed, 
 where he left the world of conscious learning for the world of 
 dreams in which he chiefly lived. 
 
 "I remember," this boy has said, "how when a mere child, 
 I used to get irritated when anybody talked to me in a way 
 I could not understand. I do not think I ever got angry at 
 anything else in my life ; but that always disturbed my tem- 
 per. I can remember going to my little room, after hearing 
 the neighbors talk of an evening with my father, and spending 
 no small part of the night walking up and down trying to 
 make out the exact meaning of their, to me, dark sayings. I 
 could not sleep, although I tried to, when I got on such a hunt 
 for an idea, until I had caught it ; and when I thought I had 
 got it I was not satisfied until I had repeated it over and over 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 485 
 
 again; until I had put it in language plain enough, so I 
 thought, for any boy I knew to comprehend. This was a kind 
 of passion with me, and it has stuck by me, for I am never 
 easy now when I am handling a thought, till I have bounded 
 it north, and bounded it south, and bounded it east, and 
 bounded it west." 
 
 At four years old, at ten, at fourteen, and at seventeen, 
 each time for perhaps a month, the boy whose ambition was 
 to learn to express a thought so plainly "that any boy he knew 
 could comprehend" was permitted to go to school. His 
 teachers were not educational specialists,* but they were men 
 of affairs who stimulated public spirit and ambition in the boy. 
 The influence of these men of affairs, as well as of the groups 
 of the illiterate, who, at the country store of Gentryville, ad- 
 miringly drew the boy out, is not to be ignored by one who 
 would trace Lincoln's talents to their sources. 
 
 It is said that Lincoln as a boy used to walk fifteen miles 
 to Boonville to attend court. On one of these occasions he 
 was so impressed with the brilliant conduct of his case by a 
 lawyer named Brackenridge that he introduced himself (but 
 the ungainly youth made no progress in the acquaintance) 
 and got snubbed. Forty years later at the White House, Presi- 
 dent Lincoln rem'nded Mr. Brackenridge of the trial which had 
 left such a deep impression on his mind. It was in these 
 country courts in Indiana and Illinois that there gathered 
 from miles around men into whose colorless lives the incidents 
 
 *They were Zachariah Riney, who is buried within the Trappist 
 monastery of Gethsemane, and Crawford, a lifelong resident of Spen- 
 cer county, Indiana, and a justice of the peace, and Dorsey, coroner 
 and county treasurer, library and bridge trustee, who led in every move- 
 ment for the public good, and the boy's friend, John Pitcher, legislator 
 and judge, who lent him the Indiana statutes and planted in his breast 
 that interest in the law for which he came to hunger and thirst as for 
 righteousness itself. 
 
486 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 of a trial at law brought much that was of absorbing interest. 
 "The court rooms were always crowded," writes Mr. Arnold,* 
 Lincoln's colleague and biographer. "To go to court and listen 
 to the witnesses and lawyers was among the chief amusements 
 of the frontier settlement. At court were rehearsed and en- 
 acted the tragedy and comedy of real life. The court room 
 answered for the theater, concert hall, and opera, of the older 
 settlements. The judges and lawyers were the stars, and wit 
 and humor, pathos and eloquence, always had appreciative 
 audiences." 
 
 In 1830 came the migration to Illinois. The boy, now 
 twenty-one, took the lead, driving the oxen, and peddling 
 from house to house the little stock of notions he had laid in 
 for this matchless commercial opportunity. He was spokes- 
 man as well as leader, and plied every wayfarer with questions 
 about the doings of men in the political and social life of the 
 sociable West. 
 
 In Indiana Abraham Lincoln, being under twenty-one, had 
 been his father's serf. In the Land of Full Grown Men — for 
 that was the meaning of the Indian name Illinois — he was 
 now emancipated by law. For a few years more he was still 
 to do the bidding of other men as laborer and clerk. As his 
 thirst for knowledge, his social instinct, and his ambition, 
 brought him more and more into the fellowship of men, he 
 was not slow to abandon the "hired man's" job and begin to 
 climb. 
 
 The story of the Black Hawk war of 1832, young Lincoln 
 winning his captaincy by his physical prowess, as Saul and 
 David won their kingdom, is the story of Lincoln's awakening 
 to the possibilities of a political career. On this summertime 
 
 *Isaac N. Arnold, "Reminiscences of the Illinois Bar, Forty Years 
 Ago," in Fergus' Historical Series, Vol. 23, No. 14 (Chicago, 1881). 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 487 
 
 frolic he won renown as an athlete and a teller of stories. He 
 was not averse to earning a dollar in a foot race or a wrestling 
 match, but what was more to the point, he gained among 
 those two or three thousand pioneer soldiers the good will of 
 many who in later years were to be his supporters in politics, 
 his clients, and his colleagues at the law. Here too he won 
 the friendship of his major, John T. Stuart, who, two years 
 later served with him in the Illinois legislature. Major Stuart 
 was already a successful practitioner. Stuart encouraged Lin- 
 coln to study law, and after the election lent him books. These 
 the young man carried with him as he walked back and forth 
 between Springfield and New Salem. Both before the session 
 and later, when, the burdens of state being laid aside, the 
 princely income of three dollars a day became no longer avail- 
 able, he plunged into his studies. He was admitted to the bar 
 and removed to Springfield in 1837. The advertisement in 
 the Sangamo Journal, dated April 12, 1837, proclaims that 
 
 "J- T. Stuart and A. Lincoln, Attorneys and Counsellors 
 at Law, will practice conjointly in the courts of this judicial 
 circuit. Office No. 4, Hoffman Row, upstairs." 
 
 The first circuit extended from Alton to the Wisconsin 
 line. Despite the paucity of population and the difficulties of 
 transportation, it offered a tempting field for professional ac- 
 tivity. These very obstacles made opportunities for him. He 
 throve on hardships and exposure, and made his iron consti- 
 tution and his gigantic physical strength serve his clients' 
 necessities as no other lawyer of that day could. 
 
 Before his removal to Springfield, Lincoln had served two 
 terms in the legislature; and had been postmaster under a 
 democratic president. The meager income from this source 
 was increased substantially by a three dollar per diem earned 
 by him as deputy under a democratic county surveyor, John 
 
488 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 Calhoun, who afterwards made a name for himself in the 
 flaming pre-war politics of Kansas. The surveys of Petersburg 
 and Albany, Illinois, are among those on file in the records 
 of Menard and Logan counties, with the certificate of A. Lin- 
 coln as deputy under John Calhoun and another county sur- 
 veyor, T. M. Neale. These two positions enabled him to con- 
 tinue his studies and to undertake a mercantile venture whose 
 early collapse burdened him for years with what he was wont 
 to call "the national debt/' 
 
 A customer at this store of Berry and Lincoln at New 
 Salem might have sought in vain for Berry, the drunkard. 
 Lincoln he might have found lying on his back in the grass — 
 feet propped high against the shady side of a tree, and lank 
 body slowly squirming about to keep out of the sun, — his mind 
 so absorbed in Blackstone that he seemed wholly indifferent 
 to business. It was while he was managing partner of Berry 
 and Lincoln's department store that he started his law library. 
 As he tells it : "A man who was migrating to the west drove 
 up with a wagon which contained his household plunder. He 
 asked if I would buy an old barrel, . . . which he said con- 
 tained nothing of special value. I paid a half dollar for it, 
 put it away, and forgot all about it. Some time after, I came 
 upon the barrel and emptying it I found at the bottom a com- 
 plete edition of Blackstone's Commentaries. I began to read 
 those famous works and I had plenty of time, for during the 
 long summer days when the farmers were busy with their 
 crops, my customers were few and far between. The more 
 I read, the more intensely interested I became. Never in my 
 life was my mind so absorbed." 
 
 From this unpromising beginning to the far-off day in 
 1864, when he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from 
 Princeton University, the evolution of the lawyer is the story 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 489 
 
 of patient growth in that fine sense for the feeling of others 
 and a recognition of their point of view which marks the gen- 
 tleman, — a spiritual growth, and a growth in wisdom and in 
 power. 
 
 Two letters, written years later, throw some light on his 
 method of preparing for the law. To a young friend he 
 wrote in 1855 : 
 
 "If you are resolutely determined to make a lawyer of 
 yourself the thing is more than half done already. It is a 
 small matter whether you read with anybody or not. I did 
 not read with any one. Get the books and read and study 
 them till you understand them in their every feature, and that 
 is the main thing. It is of no consequence to be in a large 
 town while you are reading. I read at New Salem, which 
 never had three hundred people in it. The books and your 
 capacity for understanding them are just the same in all places. 
 . . . Always bear in mind that your own resolution to suc- 
 ceed is more important than any other one thing." 
 
 To another he wrote in 1860 : 
 
 "Yours asking the 'best method of obtaining a thorough 
 knowledge of the law' is received. The mode is very simple, 
 though laborious and tedious. It is only to get the books and 
 read and study them carefully. Begin with Blackstone's Com- 
 mentaries and after reading it through, say twice, take up 
 Chitty's Pleadings, Greenleaf's Evidence, and Story's Equity, 
 etc., in succession. Work, work, work, is the main thing." 
 
 Earlier in his career than the Blackstone incident is the 
 acquisition, by some process now forgotten, of the Indiana 
 Revised Statutes of 1824. This was probably Lincoln's first 
 law book. Its value to the young lawyer must have been 
 political rather than professional. It contained the Declaration 
 of Independence, the Ordinance of 1787 creating the North- 
 
490 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 west Territory, the Constitution of the United States, and the 
 Constitution of Indiana. In the Ordinance of 1787, and in 
 the Indiana constitution, he first found formal, authoritative 
 expression of the people's disapproval of slavery. The consti- 
 tutional provision was as follows : 
 
 "As the holding of any part of the human creation is 
 slavery . . . can only originate in usurpation and tyranny, no 
 alteration of this constitution shall ever take place so as to 
 introduce slavery ... in this state." 
 
 This book doubtless came into his hands in Indiana, whither 
 his father had migrated from Kentucky to escape the competi- 
 tion of slave labor, and there is little doubt that its provisions 
 against slavery, as well as those for reclaiming fugitive slaves, 
 helped to determine his attitude on a question which absorbed 
 so large a part of his life. It is said to have been given him 
 by John Pitcher of Rockport. 
 
 At New Salem Lincoln boarded with a justice of the peace 
 who bore the odd name of Bowling Green, and studied Kirk- 
 ham's Grammar under Menter Graham, the impecunious vil- 
 lage schoolmaster, and read and committed to memory the 
 poems of Burns and the plays of Shakespeare which he bor- 
 rowed from Graham. New Salem is no longer even a deserted 
 village. The store where Lincoln kept post office and created 
 "the national debt" is demolished and, board by board, is being 
 made over into souvenirs. The village is no longer even a 
 memory to the octogenarians of Menard county. 
 
 In the files of the Circuit Court at Petersburg, a mile from 
 New Salem, is still to be seen a declaration in Lincoln's hand- 
 writing, in the case of Nancy Green versus Menter Graham 
 which shows how the young lawyer had to shut his eyes to 
 Menter Graham's claims upon his friendship in order to serve 
 Nancy Green's necessities. A facsimile, or "sick family" as 
 Lincoln called it, accompanies this paper. 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 491 
 
 Before justices of the peace, in the circuit courts of forty- 
 five different counties in Illinois, and occasionally in Indiana, 
 in the federal courts of Illinois, Ohio and probably Missouri, 
 in the state and federal supreme courts, the practice that Abra- 
 ham Lincoln built up in twenty years was remarkable. In 
 the court reports and in the nisi prius dockets is to be found 
 every conceivable variety of cases.* 
 
 It would be a mistake to imagine that there were not 
 plenty of lawyers to conduct the litigation, or that there was 
 any monopolizing of the practice by a few men. Thus, in 
 Eighth Illinois, containing cases decided in 1845 and 1846, 
 Lincoln had seventeen cases, but eighty-three other lawyers in 
 the same volume had from one to sixteen cases each. When 
 Tenth Illinois was published in 1849, a thousand lawyers were 
 enrolled in the Supreme Court of the State. "The days of men's 
 innocency" had already passed. 
 
 The office docket, containing a partial account of the 
 transactions of the three firms of Stuart and Lincoln, Logan 
 and Lincoln, and Lincoln and Herndon, between 1838 and 
 1860, is still to be seen at Springfield. It contains some four 
 hundred entries of service rendered, omitting many cases in 
 
 *Some of the subjects of these cases may be of interest; jurisdiction 
 of justice of the peace, the validity of a slave as the consideration for a 
 promissory note, enforcement of gambling debts, seduction, fraud, sale 
 of real estate of decedent, guardianships, mortgage and mechanic's lien 
 foreclosure, divorce, specific performance, suretyship, county seat wars, 
 ejectment, wills, the defense and sometimes the prosecution of crimes, 
 damages for personal injuries, for prairie fires, rescission, slander, fees 
 and salaries, mandate, quo warranto, injunction, replevin, patents, taxa- 
 tion, insurance, carriers, partition, liquor questions, political questions, 
 statute of frauds, railway stock subscriptions, eminent domain, trusts 
 and trustees, questions of constitutional law, and procedure at law and in 
 chancery. In the circuit courts, where Lincoln was often employed at 
 the time the case was called for trial no case seemed too small to com- 
 mand his service. The trials in that day indicated a litigious disposition 
 in the community which has happily disappeared with the advance of 
 civilization. 
 
492 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 which we know Lincoln to have been employed. The extent of 
 these employments it is impossible now to learn, for the fed- 
 eral court records of Judges Pope and Treat and Justice Mc- 
 Lean were destroyed in the Chicago fire and the court dockets 
 in many counties fail to indicate the names of counsel, while in 
 all the records are incomplete. 
 
 Mr. Frederick Trevor Hill, in his admirable work, Lin- 
 coln the Lawyer, publishes a list of 172 cases in the Illinois 
 Supreme Court, in which Lincoln's name appears as attorney 
 of record. To this list three others should be added : 
 
 Cunningham vs. Fithian, in 6th 111., 269. (His name was omitted 
 by the official reporter. See 7 111., 650) and State of Illinois vs. Illinois 
 Central, etc., Co., 27 111., 64, and Walker vs. Herrick, 18 111., 570, a 
 suit brought and won for the Illinois Central Railroad Co., under his 
 direction. 
 
 In relation to the foregoing, the Illinois Central Railroad 
 Company, in a brochure, privately published, mentions Walker 
 vs. Herrick, 18 111., 570, a suit involving the validity of certain 
 land grants which was brought upon Lincoln's advice and won 
 upon the theory advanced by him in his written opinion given 
 to the railroad company in 1856. 
 
 The reports of the Supreme Court of the United States 
 contain several Illinois cases in which the names of counsel are 
 not given. Three of Lincoln's cases are there reported, how- 
 ever. 
 
 United States vs. Chicago,* 7 How. (U. S.) 185; Lincoln for 
 appellee. 
 
 Lewis, for the use of Nicholas Longworth vs. Lewis, 7 How. 
 (U. S.) 775; Lincoln for appellee. 
 
 Forsyth vs. Reynolds, 15 How. (U. S.) 358; Lincoln for defend- 
 ant. 
 
 *That Lincoln appeared in this case although his name is omitted 
 from the official report is stated on the authority of the Clerk of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 493 
 
 In the reports of the federal courts, incomplete as they 
 were, thirteen of his cases appear.** 
 
 From these reported cases it would seem that Lincoln was 
 open to the charge of being a corporation lawyer, which in 
 these later days of class-conscious democracy is an obstacle 
 to political advancement. At a time when corporations carried 
 on but a small part of the business or the litigation, his regular 
 clientage included all classes of municipal corporations, besides 
 mercantile and manufacturing companies, banks, insurance 
 companies and railroads — the last named including the Illinois 
 Central, the Atlantic, the Alton and Sangamon, and the Tonica 
 and Petersburg roads. 
 
 His request for a renewal of his pass as attorney for the 
 Alton is in his characteristic humor: 
 
 **These are: 
 
 Lincoln vs. Tower, 2 McLean, 473; Lincoln for plaintiff. 
 
 January vs. Duncan, 3 McLean, 19; Logan & Lincoln for plaintiff. 
 
 Sturtevant vs. City of Alton, 3 McLean, 393; Logan & Lincoln for 
 defendant. 
 
 Lewis vs. Administrators of Broadwell, 3 McLean, 568; Logan & 
 Lincoln for defendant. 
 
 Voce vs. Lawrence, 4 McLean, 203 ; Lincoln for plaintiff. 
 
 Lafayette Bank vs. State Bank of Illinois, 4 McLean, 208; Lincoln 
 for plaintiff. 
 
 Moore vs. Brown, 4 McLean, 211; Lincoln for defendant. 
 
 Kemper vs. Adams, 5 McLean, 507; Logan for plaintiff. Lincoln 
 for defendant. 
 
 United States vs. Prentice, 6 McLean, 65 ; Logan & Lincoln for 
 defendant. 
 
 Columbus Insurance Co. vs. Peoria Bridge Ass'n, 6 McLean, 70; 
 Lincoln for plaintiff. Logan for defendant. 
 
 United States vs. Railroad & Bridge Co., 6 McLean, 516; Lincoln 
 for defendant. 
 
 McCormick vs. Manny, 6 McLean, 539; Lincoln for defendant. 
 
494 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 "Feb. 13/56 
 R. P. Morgan, Esq. 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 Says Tom to John 'Here's your old rotten wheelbarrow, 
 I've broke it usin' on it. I wish you would mend it case I shall 
 want to borrow it this arter-noon.' 
 
 Acting on this as a precedent, I say, 'Here's your old 
 'Chalked Hat.'* I wish you would take it and send me a new 
 one ; case I shall want to use it the first of March.' 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 A. Lincoln." 
 
 Of the one hundred and seventy-five cases in the Illinois 
 reports he won ninety-two and lost eighty-three ; of the ten 
 cases in McLean's reports (U. S. Cir. Ct.) whose final de- 
 cision is given he won seven ; and of the three cases in the 
 U. S. Supreme Court he won two. 
 
 In the legislature of 1834 Lincoln served with John T. 
 Stuart, Stephen T. Logan and Stephen A. Douglas. The 
 legislature of 1836 brought together a remarkable group of 
 great men, Lincoln and Douglas, Stuart and Logan, Edward 
 D. Baker, afterwards senator from Oregon, Orville H. Brown- 
 ing, afterwards senator and Secretary of the Interior, James 
 A. Shields, afterwards general in the Civil War and senator 
 from three different states, John A. McClernand, afterwards 
 congressman and general in the Civil War, Dan Stone, after- 
 wards circuit judge but remembered only for the protest 
 against slavery which he and Lincoln registered on the legis- 
 lative journals of that session, William A. Richardson, later 
 "LL S. senator, John A. Logan, general and senator, and John 
 J. Hardin, — all of them brilliant men and soon to become 
 
 *The vernacular for pass. 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 495 
 
 leaders of the bar of the young state. The chief value of this 
 legislative experience to the young lawyer was in the oppor- 
 tunity it gave him to enlarge his acquaintance among his own 
 profession. The laws passed from 1835 to 1839 did not call 
 for the wisdom of Solon. Besides the internal improvement 
 acts, about the only creative legislation then enacted is a series 
 of statutes declaring Spoon River, Crooked River, The Snicar- 
 ty, Skillet Fork, and others of their kind, to be navigable 
 streams. And these enactments suggest Lincoln's familiar 
 conundrum: "Calling a dog's tail a leg, how many legs has 
 he?" 
 
 Lincoln came to Springfield penniless but by no means 
 friendless. As one of the "Long Nine" from Sangamon 
 County he had been the chief factor in their successful effort 
 to remove the capital from Vandalia to Springfield, a service 
 for which the people of Springfield did not lack appreciation. 
 The invitation to a partnership with Major John T. Stuart 
 was a compliment, and the new association gave him a posi- 
 tion at the bar and in the community which would not other- 
 wise have been his so soon. Although Stuart's long absences 
 while campaigning and at Congress diminished the income of 
 the firm, they threw responsibilities upon young Lincoln and 
 gave him confidence in himself. 
 
 Lincoln was enrolled as a member of the bar of the Illinois 
 Supreme Court on March 1, 1837. He was admitted to practice 
 in the Supreme Court of the United States at the November 
 term, 1848. He was never without a partner. 
 
 The partnership with Major Stuart commenced April 
 12, 1837,* and continued for four years. 
 
 *Stuart gives it April 27, 1837, but the advertisement in the Sanga- 
 mo Journal is dated April 12, and is no doubt authoritative. 
 
496 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 Stuart was two years older, a man of commanding pres- 
 ence, of dignified and courtly manners, quick to make friends 
 and able to hold them loyally to himself. He was a graduate 
 of a Kentucky college and an old-fashioned, polished gentle- 
 man, a successful lawyer, and always a politician. This inti- 
 mate association of four years, with a common interest in the 
 law and in politics, was worth much to the junior partner. 
 
 The old office docket for this period contains many entries 
 of interest, showing the character of the early practice and 
 the fees charged. An entry in 1838 reads : ''Lincoln rec'd 
 of Z. Peter $2.81^ cents which is taken in full of all ballances 
 due up to this date." Another: "Johnson v. Gay. Forcible 
 Detainer. Before Justice Clement. Paid Lincoln by board 
 $6." 
 
 A third shows a charge of $7.50 for a proceeding to sell 
 a decedent's real estate to pay debts, and a payment of the 
 account in three installments. 
 
 The firm of Logan and Lincoln lasted from April 14, 1841, 
 until September 20, 1843. Judge Logan had been circuit judge 
 from 1835 to 1837 and had resigned his place at a salary of 
 $750 a year to take up what for some years was probably the 
 largest general practice at the Illinois bar. He was nine 
 years older than Lincoln. Elihu B. Washburne describes 
 Logan as "A small thin man, with a little, wrinkled, wizened 
 face, set off by an immense head of hair which might be called 
 frowsy. He was dressed in linsey woolsey and wore very 
 heavy shoes. His shirt was of unbleached cotton and un- 
 starched and he never incumbered himself with a cravat. His 
 voice was shrill, sharp, and unpleasant, and he had not a single 
 grace of oratory ; but when he spoke he always had interested 
 and attentive listeners. Underneath this curious and grotesque 
 exterior there was a gigantic intellect." 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 497 
 
 Just why the partnership was so brief has not been told. 
 Perhaps Lincoln did not accommodate himself enough to 
 Judge Logan's ideas and was too easy going and unmethodi- 
 cal, and too independent of any sort of restraint ; perhaps the 
 ambition of both men to go to Congress made it hard for them 
 to work in harmony. At all events the firm prospered and 
 Logan was its controlling spirit. Lincoln was an unsuccessful 
 candidate for the congressional nomination during this period, 
 although later he was elected for one term. Logan became his 
 successor on the Whig ticket, but was defeated. The only 
 pleadings of the firm to be found in the files of Sangamon 
 county are in Judge Logan's handwriting. Unless Lincoln's 
 autographs of this period have been stolen, this would indicate 
 that Logan kept the reins of authority in his own hands. Prac- 
 tically all of the pleadings of Stuart and Lincoln and of Lin- 
 coln and Herndon — many of which I have seen — are 
 in Lincoln's hand, and as clear as if written yesterday. 
 They cover so many sheets, in the old Sangamon County 
 files, and in some other counties where the thief has not yet 
 been, that one wonders how Lincoln had time for anything 
 else. All are written with laborious care. The apt word is 
 used ; there are singularly few corrections ; and the sand then 
 used as a blotter still clings to the sheets. The spelling is 
 reasonably correct — much more so, at any rate, than that of 
 George Washington in his autograph manuscripts. 
 
 It is easy to see, without reflecting on either partner, how 
 these two positive characters, so unlike in many vital respects, 
 found it hard to work together. And it is pleasant to remem- 
 ber that in later years, when Lincoln's giant struggle with 
 Douglas had made him a world figure, Logan was his devoted 
 friend, contributing of his fortune, as well as of his store of 
 wisdom and influence, to the advancement of his former part- 
 
498 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 ner and close friend, and, on that bitter day in April, 1865, 
 offering the final tribute of the bar to the memory of the man 
 they loved. 
 
 Lincoln's choice of Herndon for a partner seems a strange 
 one after his close association with a man of Logan's charac- 
 ter and ability, and particularly in view of Herndon's subse- 
 quent indifference to Lincoln's high repute. Herndon's father 
 was Archie G. Herndon, one of "the Long Nine," and a poli- 
 tician of prominence at Springfield. And "Billy" Herndon, 
 as he was called, was the cousin of "Row" Herndon of the 
 Clarys Grove "gang" at New Salem, to whose support Lincoln 
 owed his captaincy and his first legislative successes. The 
 young lawyer had graduated at Jacksonville and had clerked 
 in Joshua F. Speed's store where he was known as a scholarly 
 youth with some native ability and more assurance. The recom- 
 mendation of Speed, Lincoln's only intimate friend, and a 
 sense of loyalty toward the friends of his earlier days had 
 their influence. No doubt, too, being self-taught and timid 
 about his own attainments, Lincoln attached undue importance 
 to the young man's college training. Herndon helped in the 
 trial of their earlier cases — much as a law clerk would — and 
 drove to Petersburg and nearby county seats in the circuit, 
 sometimes with Lincoln and sometimes alone. But, although 
 sharing equally in the earnings of the firm, he was not looked 
 upon as an equal participant in its responsibilities, and, — so 
 we are told by a client of the firm — was not consulted about 
 important matters when Lincoln was absent. But for the 
 Herndon biography, the intimacy of the association would, 
 perhaps, be forgotten. 
 
 In Springfield, the Supreme Court in the forties sat twice 
 a year, where the law required it to "continue until the business 
 before it shall be disposed of." The library was in the court 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 499 
 
 room. Here the lawyers from all over the state, gathered to 
 look up their authorities, prepare their arguments, and, in 
 the evenings, to hold reunions. At these gatherings Lincoln 
 was the center of an interested group. His stories amused 
 them, and his talk, especially when stimulated by the congenial 
 companionship and esprit de corps of the bar of that day, 
 always commanded attention. 
 
 Lincoln's first case in the Illinois reports, decided in 1840, 
 was Scammon v. Cline, 3 111., 456. It had been tried before 
 Judge Dan Stone in Boone County and won below by Lincoln's 
 client, but was reversed by the Supreme Court. It was a J. P. 
 appeal, and in the circuit court it was dismissed on technical 
 grounds set up Xpf Lincoln. One of the Supreme judges who 
 reversed the case was Stephen A. Douglas, then only twenty- 
 seven years old, and the Judge Stone who decided it below, 
 was the man who had joined with Lincoln in protest in the 
 legislature of 1837 against the extension of slavery. 
 
 His last case in that court was State vs. Illinois Central R. 
 R. Co., 27 111., 63, involving the principle that railway property 
 must be taxed at its present, and not at its prospective value, 
 and that the inquiry should be, what it is worth for the pur- 
 poses for which it was designed and not for any other pur- 
 poses to which it might be applied. 
 
 Between these two cases are several in which new and im- 
 portant principles were established by Abraham Lincoln.* 
 
 *Among these are : 
 
 Bryan vs. Wash, 7 111., 557, which has been cited and followed 
 eighty-five times. 
 
 Griggs vs. Gear, 8 111., 2, cited 51 times. 
 
 Perry vs. McHenry, 13 111., 227, cited 47 times. 
 
 Ross vs. Irving, 14 111., 171, cited 33 times. 
 
 Illinois Central R. R. Co. vs. Morrison, 19 111., 136, cited 24 times. 
 
500 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 A list of these will be found in the appendix. 
 
 It is said that Lincoln was not learned in the law. True 
 it is that in those days the publication of court decisions was 
 no such splendid riot of woodpulp and electrotype as it is today. 
 But the text books of Greenleaf and Story and Parsons were 
 both law and literature, and the libraries accessible to attor- 
 neys were not made up then of machine made books compiled 
 and edited vicariously as they are today. 
 
 With the library of the Supreme Court just across the 
 street, there was no need for many books in the dismal room 
 where Lincoln and Herndon held forth. Though absent from 
 his Springfield office much of the time, Lincoln had access to 
 all the books that are the recognized classics of English and 
 American law. These he must have known familiarly for he 
 cited them continually in his briefs. 
 
 The list includes the Indiana Revised Statutes of 1824, 
 Chitty's Pleading, Kent's and Stephen's Commentaries, Green- 
 lief on Evidence, Parsons on Contracts, Redfield on Railways, 
 Angell & Ames on Corporations, Angell on Limitations and 
 Story's Equity. 
 
 The Springfield law office has been described many times. 
 In the reminiscences of the late J. B. Bennett of Cincinnati, 
 published in Rough Notes, volume 41, at page 78, appears 
 this description of the man in his office: 
 
 "At the top of the stairway you directly entered a long 
 room, destitute of every honest claim to be titled an office. 
 It was a low, black, schooner sort of an affair — dusty, dingy, 
 and destitute of ornament, unless the lawyer's old rusty stove, 
 like the one horse shay, ready to collapse, might be so con- 
 strued. The front part of the room, while absolutely barren, 
 was nevertheless impressibly full of emptiness. At the back 
 part was a large pine table. On this table were a few law 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 501 
 
 books, scattered in appropriate disorder. Towards the end 
 of the table, uncommonly tall, stood a giant man intently 
 reading a law book, impressing the spectator with the idea that 
 the man was either too tall for the room or that the ceiling 
 was too low for the man. The book he was reading was 
 slightly inclined so as to catch the faint rays of light on the 
 pages from a rear window. The shade and background of 
 the whole with the somber hue of the reader, made a very 
 dark picture, and the man stood like a silhouette, excepting a 
 momentary flash of the eye which he gave to the intruder and 
 then continued his reading. That glance of the eye was the 
 only recognition or sign of life." 
 
 Mr. Arnold* describes the man thus : 
 
 "Lincoln was ... six feet, four inches in height and would 
 be instantly recognized as belonging to that type of tall, large- 
 boned men, produced in the Northern part of the Mississippi 
 Valley, and exhibiting its peculiar characteristics in the most 
 marked degree in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois. In any 
 Court-Room in the United States he would instantly have been 
 picked out as a Western man. His stature, figure, dress, man- 
 ner, voice, and accent, indicated that he was of the North-West. 
 In manner he was always cordial and frank, and, although not 
 without dignity, he made every person feel quite at his ease. 
 I think the first impression a stranger would get of him, 
 whether in conversation, or by hearing him speak, was, that 
 this is a kind, frank, sincere, genuine man ; of transparent 
 truthfulness and integrity: and before Lincoln had uttered 
 many words, he would be impressed with his clear good sense, 
 his remarkably simple, homely, wit and humor." 
 
 *Isaac N. Arnold, "Reminiscences of the Illinois Bar, Forty Years 
 Ago," in Fergus' Historical Series, Vol. 2, No. 14, p. I45> (Chicago, 1881). 
 
502 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 Mr. S. Wesley Martin, afterward of California, has de- 
 scribed Lincoln's manner and looks : 
 
 "He was a convincing speaker. He used no gestures, ex- 
 cept that occasionally he would extend his long right arm and 
 point with his index finger at the people in a way that seemed 
 to say, 'Don't you see?' 
 
 "I shall never forget how Lincoln was dressed. His coat 
 was of black glossy alpaca. It seemed to be several inches 
 too short for him, and he buttoned the lowest button so that 
 the upper part of the coat spread outward as if to make room 
 for something to be tucked in at the sides. The hat was a tall 
 stove pipe and had evidently seen better days. It looked as if 
 a calf might have gone over it with its wet tongue." 
 
 When he appeared on the platform or in the parlor he 
 showed his respect for his audience or his associates by 
 dressing properly and in a way that would have been wholly 
 incompatible with the dust or mire of the prairie roads. 
 
 Lincoln's reputation as a lawyer was made between 1840 
 and 1854. From traveling the Eighth Circuit and the counties 
 adjoining he extended his practice into every part of the state, 
 until, with the added fame which his debates with Douglas in 
 1858 brought him, there were many points in Illinois where 
 in every important case it was considered necessary to en- 
 gage the services of Mr. Lincoln. One cannot overestimate the 
 value of this hard life on the circuit both as discipline develop- 
 ing the man's powers and as an avenue toward that extraor- 
 dinary personal acquaintance which meant so much to him in 
 his political struggles later on. 
 
 The supreme court was in session only a few days in the 
 year, and the circuit court at Springfield sat for only a few 
 weeks. The rest of the year he "rode the circuit" by stage 
 and on horseback until he could afford a buggy, visiting each 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 503 
 
 of the fourteen towns regularly and extending his journey 
 to almost as many adjoining towns. 
 
 The life on the road, hard as it was, with judge, lawyers, 
 witnesses, hangers-on, and even prisoners, traveling together 
 and eating and sleeping together, the food unspeakable, and 
 rest unknown, must, nevertheless, have had its compensating 
 joys. That was no ordinary company. It was not unlike the 
 pilgrimage to Canterbury. There was David Davis, the com- 
 panionable judge, who knew the law, and who loved a laugh. 
 And there were Logan the scholarly, and Stuart, the shrewd 
 and kindly, Swett, the clever, and Browning, the handsome, 
 and Lamon, the amusing, and Weldon, and Gridley, and Parks, 
 and Harmon, and Ficklin, and Linder, and Whitney, and Oliver 
 L. Davis, and the best beloved Abraham Lincoln. Some of 
 them traveled to only two or three counties, but David Davis 
 and Lincoln went the whole circuit, Davis because he had to, 
 and Lincoln because he loved it. 
 
 "I well recollect," says Mr. Whitney, in his Life of Lin- 
 coln, "a term of court at Urbana, where a prisoner on trial for 
 perjury used to spend his evenings with us in the judge's 
 room, and a term at Danville where a prisoner on trial for 
 larceny not only spent his evenings in our room, but had his 
 meals with us and took walks in our immediate company." 
 
 The courts in the fourteen counties commenced in Septem- 
 ber, and continued until midsummer, sitting in each town 
 from two days to a week. 
 
 Leonard Swett says : "I rode the Eighth Judicial Circuit 
 with Lincoln for eleven years, and in the allotment between 
 him and the large Judge Davis in the scanty provision of 
 these times, as a rule I slept with him. Beds were always too 
 short, coffee in the morning burned or otherwise bad, food 
 often indifferent, roads simply trails, streams without bridges 
 
504 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 and often swollen, and had to be swam, sloughs often muddy 
 and almost impassable, and we had to help the horses when 
 the wagon mired down, with fence rails for pries." 
 
 Naturally the business of a court that sat for only a few 
 days and then adjourned for six months had to be crowded 
 through in such a way as to afford scant opportunity for prep- 
 aration. Thus the rule of the Macon Circuit Court (1840) 
 reads : "All issues are required to be made up on call of the 
 cause for trial." 
 
 Judge Davis had little patience with technicalities. " 'It 
 appears to me/ Swett once commenced, in an argument on 
 demurrer. 'I don't care how it appears to you/ was the 
 judge's tart response. 'Hand up your authorities if you have 
 any.' " 
 
 The lawyers were wont to follow the court from county 
 to county, often without employment except what they picked 
 up on arrival. Sometimes the harvest of cases would not pay 
 the cost of the journey, and, again, after a lawyer's reputation 
 as a case winner had become established, the business would 
 be all that could be desired. 
 
 The trip to Tazewell county, seventy miles, as shown by 
 the docket, cost $21.25. To extend it to Decatur and Dan- 
 ville and Paris made the expense one which a less successful 
 lawyer could not have afforded. The business that came to 
 Lincoln on such a trip must sometimes have been dishearten- 
 ing. His first case at Decatur is People v. Adkin, in which 
 the defendant, charged with larceny, having pleaded his in- 
 ability to employ counsel, Judge Treat appointed Lincoln to 
 defend. The trial, with Lincoln's kinsman, Hanks, on the 
 jury, resulted in an acquittal. The only case at one term at 
 Danville was Murphenheim vs. Scott, (1850), where the jury 
 disagreed and the parties re-submitted the case and by agree- 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 505 
 
 ment suffered a verdict to be entered for seven dollars and a 
 half, each party to pay half the costs — a commendable com- 
 promise, no doubt, and yet a meager feast to set before a 
 lawyer who had traveled over a hundred miles on horseback. 
 At the Fall term, 1852, at Danville, Lincoln's entire calendar 
 consisted of three little cases. At Paris, the next week, his 
 appearance is noted in nineteen different suits, which, for a 
 term of five days, held one hundred and fifty miles from 
 home, is no mean showing. 
 
 One feature of Judge Davis' itinerant court was his "night 
 sessions." The lawyers, attracted to the town by the advent 
 of the court, would find time hanging heavy on their hands 
 and, at the afternoon adjournment, would be notified to return 
 after supper. This would bring together the best of the 
 story-tellers and the most entertaining of the talkers. Some- 
 times, to keep up the form of court proceedings and thus 
 justify the called-session a mock trial would be had which 
 would give the lawyers an opportunity for the once popular 
 practical joke. It was at one of these sessions, known as the 
 "orgmathorical court," that Judge Oliver Davis tried Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, on the criminal side of the court, for impoverish- 
 ing the bar by charging unreasonably low fees and by defend- 
 ing poor clients without pay. Lincoln was released with a 
 severe reprimand and a suspended sentence. 
 
 "At these meetings," says "Uncle" Felix Ryan, of Lincoln, 
 Illinois, "The lawyers would come to the court room and have 
 fun together until the night was nearly gone. Many of the 
 stories would be told by Mr. Lincoln. Judge Davis would sit 
 there and pretend to read his docket until Lincoln would get 
 him interested. I recall how Judge Davis' fat sides would 
 shake with laughter as he said : 'Well, well, Mr. Lincoln, 
 what next ?' " 
 
506 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 Squire J. T. Rudolph, of Lincoln, remembers when Judge 
 Davis would call them all together as if to try cases, and the 
 people of the town (Mt. Pulaski) would crowd in to enjoy an 
 evening's entertainment as provided by the lawyers. Ward H. 
 Lamon, (sometimes Lincoln's associate in the practice at 
 Danville) was a good singer and would mount the big walnut 
 table and sing and dance to the delight of everyone. 
 
 When the night sessions were not held, the bar would 
 gather at the tavern, and, doubtless, to forget the misery of 
 crowded beds and unspeakable meals, would keep the talk 
 going all night long. 
 
 One of these taverns advertised, "Entertainment for Man 
 and Beast," and like many of the rest discriminated in favor 
 of the beast. Here decent and vulgar men mingled in admired 
 confusion. Money was won and lost at cards, and stories 
 hopelessly coarse had no less currency than those did whose 
 wit and humor have made them immortal. To the promiscu- 
 ous character of these gatherings is due no doubt the fact that 
 over a half century later many stories are attributed to the 
 civilized men of the company which never reached their ears. 
 
 It was during this period that an incident occurred of 
 which Judge Blodgett, for many years United States Judge, is 
 said to have told. It had rained for days, and when the com- 
 pany of circuit riders came to a swollen stream, apparently 
 miles wide, Lincoln was the only one who knew the country 
 well enough to act as guide. He saw his opportunity and 
 agreed to conduct the party across if they would do exactly 
 as he bade them. It was the boys' game of "follow my leader." 
 The pledge was given and every lawyer had to strip, tie his 
 clothes in a bundle, mount his horse, and follow on. This 
 grotesque, naked company, including the cherubic figure of 
 David Davis, and the giant form of Abraham Lincoln, wound 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 507 
 
 its way up and down the stream on horseback, until, much as 
 Moses led the hosts of Israel through the Red Sea without 
 wetting a garment, Lincoln conducted them to dry ground on 
 the farther side of what they supposed was a flood, but which 
 at no time rose higher than a horse's knees. One can imagine 
 Lincoln's laugh at the threats of revenge which his associates 
 uttered when they found what an absurd picture they had 
 presented. 
 
 In many of these towns a few old men still live who tell 
 with undiminished enthusiasm their recollections of that far 
 off time. Some of the communities are not unlike what 
 they were seventy years ago. Petersburg is still the home of 
 the Rutledges, Greens, Clarys, and Armstrongs. And all 
 over the circuit it was still possible in recent years to learn 
 from men who knew Mr. Lincoln of incidents in his practice 
 as yet unpublished. 
 
 "He was a very smart trial lawyer," Judge Lyman Lacey, 
 of Havana, relates. "As he went along in easy fashion he ad- 
 mitted evidence offered by his opponents and conceded their 
 points until it looked as if he had given his whole case away. 
 'I don't contest this point,' Lincoln would say. 'O ! I'll freely 
 admit that.' But all the time there would be one or more strong 
 lines of defense left, and, after waving aside all that he had 
 yielded, he would conclude : 'But here, gentlemen, is the real 
 point in this case, and on it we rest our defense.' ' 
 
 Judge Samuel C. Parke has noted this characteristic. He 
 says : "In a closely contested case, in which he was assisting 
 me, in his closing speech, he was extremely liberal in his ad- 
 missions in favor of the defendant. We got a verdict for 
 about two-thirds of our claim. I said to him: 'Lincoln, you 
 admitted too much.' 'No,' he answered, That's what gained 
 the case.' " 
 
508 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 It is not easy to take a series of pleadings and the skeleton 
 of an argument as we find them sixty years after and get 
 from them any picture of the comedy or tragedy which was 
 enacted when such a case was tried. Much must be left to 
 the imagination. But to the imagination these old records 
 sometimes suggest what may have happened. There is a case 
 on the docket of Edgar County for 1850 entitled Albin v. 
 Bodine, for slander. The record entries are: "Lincoln and 
 Linder for defendant. Trial by jury. Verdict for defendant." 
 But in the files is a faded sheet of legal cap in Lincoln's hand, 
 entitled "Brief" which sets out the synopsis of points for the 
 argument to the jury. And every point seems to be for the 
 other side. This brief is a rare document, for its author had 
 a tenacious memory and seldom used notes. Let us read some 
 of these points: 
 
 "1st. Albin stole B lady's horse out of my pasture last 
 night. He is a horse thief and that is what he came here for. 
 
 "6th. 'You know you stole that horse and it is not the 
 first horse you have stolen ; and I believe you follow the busi- 
 ness.' 
 
 "9th. 'He is a damned little horse thief and his business 
 is horse stealing, and he came here for that business and that 
 is not the first horse he has stolen. He is a horse thief and 
 I will send him to the penitentiary.' 
 
 "James Murphy. Dr. Albin stole the Priest's horse out of 
 my pasture. 
 
 "Crimen falsi." 
 
 One theory of the defense is that the defendant said all that 
 he is charged with saying — "damned horse thief" and all — 
 and that his counsel in one of his scathing philippics held the 
 plaintiff up to deserved contempt, or by a series of brilliant 
 sallies of wit laughed the plaintiff out of court. The other 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 509 
 
 is suggested by the two Latin words Crimen falsi at the end 
 and hints at an argument charging perjury. And yet all that 
 the record shows is the use of language of the most slanderous 
 sort and a verdict for the defense. 
 
 "I have sat on the jury in his cases/' Mr. Ryan, of Lincoln, 
 Illinois, said to me : "He knew nearly every juror, and when 
 he made his speech he talked to the jurors, one at a time, like 
 an old friend who wanted to reason it out with them and make 
 it as easy as possible for them to find the truth." 
 
 "He never talked long," said Mr. John Strong of Atlanta, 
 Illinois, "In stating a disputed proposition he would say, not, 
 'This is the way it is/ but 'This is the way it seems to me/ 
 thus allowing for an honest difference of opinion." 
 
 Judge S. A. Foley, of Lincoln, Illinois, in an intimate ac- 
 count of Lincoln, displayed a clear memory of his court-room 
 manner. "When Lincoln examined a witness or addressed a 
 jury, he had a peculiarly winning way of doing it. In an open- 
 ing statement he seemed to take everybody into his confidence 
 as though he proposed to keep nothing from them. In cross- 
 examination he would first secure the witness' good will and 
 then lead him gently along until he elicited from him the truth 
 for which he was seeking. When he came to the argument he 
 had something to say to each juror, and he led each one to 
 believe that, as attorney, his only duty was to help the jury 
 find the truth. Sometimes he made his point so plain with a 
 story that there was no escaping his conclusion." 
 
 Because he reasoned his cases out it is not to be supposed 
 that he lacked the graces of oratory. With the little audience 
 in the jury box he began by feeling his way, studying the man 
 addressed, and talking rather than speaking, until he felt 
 sure that he was in complete accord with the men to whose 
 judgment he was making his appeal. He was first of all a 
 
510 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 reasoner. But he was, too, a man of wide sympathy and deep 
 feeling and, once aroused, he was brilliant in ridicule, savage 
 in assault, overwhelming in his emotional attack. It was the 
 oratory of the forum, not the oratory of the platform or the 
 stage. 
 
 Judge S. C. Parks had a large practice while Lincoln was 
 riding the circuit. In a lecture before the University of 
 Michigan he said: 
 
 "He was a great advocate and more successful at the bar 
 than many men who knew more law than himself. . . . For 
 this there were two reasons. One was that he was naturally 
 fair minded, and, as a rule, would not advocate any cause 
 which he did not believe to be just. Owing to this character- 
 istic he would not knowingly take a case that was wrong, and 
 if he ignorantly got into such a case he would generally refuse 
 to prosecute or defend it after he had ascertained his mistake. 
 He was intellectually honest. He would not advocate a cause 
 in which he did not believe. He was the easiest lawyer to 
 beat when he thought he was wrong that I ever knew. Soon 
 after beginning to practice, I was employed to defend a man 
 charged with larceny and Mr. Lincoln was employed to assist 
 me. I really believed at the beginning of the trial that the 
 man was not guilty. But the evidence was unfavorable, and 
 at its close Mr. Lincoln called me into the consultation room 
 and said: 'If you can say anything that will do our man any 
 good, say it. I can't. If I say anything the jury will see that 
 I think he is guilty and will convict him.' And so I proposed 
 to the prosecutor to submit the case without argument. This 
 was done. The jury disagreed, and before the case could be 
 tried again the man died. 
 
 "In the same county Lincoln brought suit on an account 
 and proved it without any trouble. Defendant's attorney then 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 511 
 
 produced a receipt in full from the plaintiff which clearly cov- 
 ered the account. Lincoln took the receipt, examined it till 
 he was satisfied, and handed it back to the opposing attorney 
 who proceeded to prove it ; whereupon the presiding Judge 
 (Treat) inquired: 'What do you say to that, Mr. Lincoln?' 
 But Lincoln had quietly left the court house and gone to his 
 hotel. The court sent for him, but he declined to return, say- 
 ing to the sheriff : Tell Judge Treat that my hands are dirty 
 and I want to wash them.' Owing to this habit of not advo- 
 cating a bad case he had the advantage of feeling that he ought 
 to gain the cases that he did advocate. He also had the advan- 
 tage of having the confidence of the court and jury at the out- 
 set and the fairness and skill to keep it to the close." 
 
 The leader of this itinerant bar, without whose presence no 
 gathering of men was complete, was not always to be found. 
 He had a way of going off after the companionship of chil- 
 dren. One of these old-time little boys described to me the 
 serious way in which Mr. Lincoln would call for their opinion 
 on political questions, and interrogate them regarding their 
 personal hopes and ambitions, and advise with them as if he 
 considered them to be men of mature judgment. He was par- 
 ticularly given to trying to find what impression the young 
 fellows had of his arguments and those of Douglas, seemingly 
 bearing in mind the ideal of his own youth that he must make 
 his meaning so plain that any boy he knew could comprehend. 
 Another of these boys has told of the delicious way in which 
 he talked foolishness to them as he joined in their games of 
 marbles or hand ball. 
 
 Mr. George S. Cole, of Danville, used to describe his first 
 game of billiards : "Mr. Lincoln called me in to see the first 
 billiard table set up in the town and said : 'Come on, Bub, 
 let's play a game.' My awkwardness with the cue seemed 
 to please him hugely." 
 
512 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 "Nothing tickled him so much/' said Uncle Felix Ryan, 
 "as to get a prank on the boys. Once they stretched a rope 
 across the walk, just high enough to catch his plug hat. He 
 pretended to be very angry and ran all over the place until he 
 had caught the boys, making them think he was going to pun- 
 ish them, and then took them into the store and stood treat." 
 
 Sometimes the semi-annual session of court was the oc- 
 casion of social activity of a more formal character. A re- 
 ception or ball would draw the gentlemen of the bar away 
 from court room and tavern and into real society. Gentlewom- 
 en living sixty years after and still young in spirit, have re- 
 called those occasions. They tell how Mr. Lincoln, seemingly 
 careless of his appearance in the street and in court, was yet 
 in society "a gentleman of the old school," who arose at once 
 when a lady entered the room, and whose courtly manners 
 would put to shame the easy-going indifference to etiquette 
 which marks the twentieth century gentleman. One of them, 
 who must has been a belle in the Fifties, told me how many 
 a pretty girl would lead her escort from the dance to the card 
 room because she wanted to listen to Mr. Lincoln's talk. 
 
 Says Mr. Arnold :* "I must not omit to mention the old- 
 fashioned, generous hospitality of Springfield — hospitality pro- 
 verbial to this day throughout the state. Among others, I 
 recall, with the sad pleasure, the dinners and evening parties, 
 given by Mrs. Lincoln. In her modest and simple home . . . 
 there was always, on the part of both host and hostess, a cordial 
 and hearty Western welcome, which put every guest perfectly 
 at ease. Mrs. Lincoln's table was famed for the excellence of 
 many rare Kentucky dishes, and in season, it was loaded with 
 
 *Isaac N. Arnold, "Reminiscences of the Illinois Bar Forty Years 
 Ago"; in Fergus' Historical Series, Vol. 2, No. 14, p.137-38 (Chicago, 
 1881). 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 513 
 
 venison, wild turkeys, prairie chicken, quail, and other game 
 which was then abundant. Yet it was her genial manners and 
 ever kind welcome, and Mr. Lincoln's wit and humor, anecdote, 
 and unrivaled conversation, which formed the chief attraction." 
 
 The court room was not the only place where the lawyers 
 made themselves useful. At Decatur, when the first piano 
 was brought by wagon across the prairie, the adjournment of 
 court, so Mrs. Jane Johns relates, furnished an anxious young 
 lady with the skilled labor required to unload the big, delicate 
 instrument. It was Mr. Lincoln who superintended the re- 
 moval and his strong arms that lifted one end of the piano 
 while a half dozen other brawny circuit riders handled the 
 other end. 
 
 It was at this period that Lincoln wrote to his friend Speed : 
 "I am so poor and make so little headway in the world that 
 I drop back in a month of idleness as much as I gain in a 
 year's sowing." 
 
 That was no day for specialists. The collection lawyer of 
 seventy years ago won insubstantial rewards, although he did 
 not hesitate to advertise for business. Even David Davis, 
 soon to enter upon a long and brilliant judicial career, adver- 
 tised in 1837 in the Sangamo Journal: "Notes and accounts 
 entrusted to him for collection will meet with a most prompt 
 attention." And Lincoln, in collecting six hundred dollars 
 from Stephen A. Douglas under circumstances embarrassing 
 to both, set the "minimum fee" precedent by charging three 
 dollars and a half for the service. 
 
 A New York firm applied to Abraham Lincoln for a report 
 on the financial condition of a neighbor. Mr. Lincoln replied 
 as follows : "Yours of the 10th inst. received. I am well ac- 
 quainted with Mr. and know his circumstances. 
 
 First of all he has a wife and baby ; together, they ought to 
 
514 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 be worth $50,000 to any man. Secondly, he has an office in 
 which there is a table worth $1.50 and three chairs worth, say 
 $1. Last of all there is in one corner a large rat-hole, which 
 will bear looking into. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 A. Lincoln/' 
 
 There are in circulation many authentic stories that were 
 used by Lincoln to enforce an argument at law. But they 
 have all been published long ago, along with many that are 
 not authentic. Two of these are no doubt familiar, but they 
 will serve to show Lincoln's method. They are reported by 
 Miss Tarbell in her Life of Lincoln and by Mr. Hill in his 
 Lincoln the Lawyer. 
 
 One of these is attributed to the late Judge Beckwith, of 
 Danville. Lincoln was trying to make plain to the jury the 
 legal effect of self-defense. "My client," he explained, "was 
 in the fix of a man who was carrying a pitchfork along the 
 country road when he was suddenly attacked by a vicious dog. 
 In the trouble that followed the prongs of the pitchfork killed 
 the dog. 'What made you kill my dog?' the farmer cried in 
 rage. 'What made him try to bite me?' 'But why didn't you 
 go at him with the other end of the pitchfork?' 'Why didn't 
 he come at me with the other end of the dog?' The jury saw 
 what self-defense meant. 
 
 Mr. T. W. S. Kidd, for many years court crier at Spring- 
 field, says he once heard a lawyer arguing to the jury the con- 
 trolling authority of precedent. When Lincoln's turn came 
 to answer he took up the argument from precedent in this way : 
 "Old Squire Bagley from Menard came into my office once 
 and said: 'Lincoln, I want your advice as a lawyer. Has a 
 man that's been elected a justice of the peace a right to issue 
 a marriage license?' I told him No, and he threw himself 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 515 
 
 back indignantly in his chair and said, 'Lincoln, I thought you 
 was a lawyer. Bob Thomas and 1 had a bet on this thing, 
 and we agreed to leave it to you, but if this is your opinion I 
 don't want it, for I know a thunderin' sight better. I've been 
 a Squire now eight years and I have done it all the time.' " 
 
 He once characterized an ultra-technical judge by saying 
 "He would hang a man for blowing his nose in the street, but 
 he would quash the indictment if it failed to state which hand 
 he did it with." 
 
 Justice Brewer, of the United States Supreme Court, has 
 given us this story of Lincoln's sincerity : 
 
 Lincoln was defending a murder case. The act was so 
 brutal, and the circumstantial evidence so complete that even 
 Lincoln himself, after a most careful investigation, conceded 
 that everything seemed to point to his client's guilt. He had 
 thought a great deal on the case, he told the men in the jury 
 box, and while it seemed probable that his client was guilty 
 yet he was not sure. With those honest eyes of his he looked 
 the jury in the face and said, "I am not sure. Are you?" It 
 was an application of the rule of reasonable doubt which se- 
 cured an acquittal. 
 
 A Kansas lawyer wrote some years ago: "My name orig- 
 inally was Patrick William Hackney, and I went by the name 
 of Patrick or Tat' until we moved back to Illinois, where 
 they changed it to William Patrick Hackney. My father, in 
 1850, and I met Mr. Lincoln on the street as he was returning 
 from the Court House at the dinner hour — the first time they 
 had met since father went to Iowa. They greeted each other 
 very cordially indeed; father called him 'Abe' and he called 
 father 'Jake/ father's name being Jacob. Father introduced 
 me to him as his son Tat.' He was very tall and very slim. 
 I remember that I thought he was the homeliest man that I 
 
516 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 had ever seen. In the course of the conversation, after inquir- 
 ing about each other, he said to father, 'I presume you know, 
 Jake, I am a lawyer now.' Father said, 'Yes, I have heard 
 of it.' He says: 'I am going to make a speech after dinner 
 to a jury, and I wish you would come up and bring Pat with 
 you.' Father told him he would. 
 
 "Father and I went to the Court House — it was the first 
 time that I had ever been in a Court House — and took our 
 seats. Mr. Lincoln was there when we arrived, but the Court 
 had not yet opened. Judge Davis, of Illinois, was the Judge. 
 I do not remember the name of the prosecutor. He was a 
 small man in stature, and as I remember, rather heavier than 
 slim, with long, wavy, black hair, and it seemed to me, with a 
 wonderful vocabulary. 
 
 "The case was one in which two carpenters in a shop got 
 into a dispute ; one a little fellow, and the other a large man. 
 It ended in a fight, in which the big fellow whipped the little 
 one, he hollowed 'nough,' and the big fellow got off, as 
 was the custom of that day, from the little one, and returned 
 to his bench to work with his back to where the little man 
 was working before the fight commenced, and where he was 
 at the end of the fight. He got up, ran to his bench, grabbed 
 a big file with no handle — files at that time ran out to a sharp 
 point; I have seen many of them with simply a corn cob for 
 a handle ; — he grabbed this file without any handle on it, ran 
 up behind the big fellow, and stabbed him in the back with it, 
 and as I recollect now, came very near killing him. The little 
 fellow was being prosecuted for that, and Lincoln was defend- 
 ing him. 
 
 "When Lincoln got up to speak he was wonderfully tall, I 
 thought, and spare, and as I said, very homely, but it wasn't 
 but a little bit until he had the Judge, who was a very large 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 517 
 
 man, shaking with laughter, as were the jury and the specta- 
 tors, and he convinced me that the little fellow ought not to be 
 convicted, but what he said to convince me, I don't remember. 
 
 "I afterwards went to Lincoln, 111., the county seat having 
 been changed from Mt. Pulaski there, to hear Mr. Lincoln 
 and Douglas speak, in 1858. Our family library consisted of 
 the Bible and the New York Tribune, which was a newspaper 
 more than any of our neighbors had, and while I was a boy, 
 I understood at that time the controversy over which the dis- 
 cussion arose as well as anybody, and a great deal more than 
 nine tenths of those whom I knew or associated with, and I 
 went down there to hear them. The arrangement was that 
 Lincoln should speak in the forenoon, on a platform fixed in 
 the Court House yard — he spoke from ten to twelve o'clock. 
 I remember it as one of the marvelous speeches that I have 
 ever listened to in my life. While I have thought that Lincoln 
 was the homeliest man that I ever saw in repose, I believed then 
 and I believe now, that he was the handsomest man I ever 
 listened to make a speech, when he warmed up to his subject. 
 I have never read a description of Lincoln of any kind that 
 came within a thousand miles of describing him in action. He 
 was simply grandeur itself. 
 
 "There was a circus in town that day from one till three, 
 and it was arranged for Douglas to speak in the tent after 
 the show . . . and I went for the purpose of securing a seat 
 more than to see the show, because I was more interested in 
 these two speeches than I was to see the show, even if I was 
 a boy, and I had seen shows before. They ran a menagerie 
 wagon out into the ring where the circus had been held, put a 
 ladder up to it, took a small table up there, two chairs and two 
 pitchers and a glass, and it was said that there was a quart of 
 whiskey in one pitcher and a quart of water in the other. 
 
518 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 Whether true or not, I don't know, but it was accepted as a 
 fact at that time and I never heard anybody question it. It 
 was the first time I had even seen Douglas. He and the 
 chairman to be climbed that ladder on top of that wagon ; the 
 tent filled up until there was standing room for no more, and 
 for three hours Douglas made one of his great speeches, and 
 it was a great speech. He understood the art of appealing to 
 the prejudices of his audience, and could do it successfully in 
 a way that I have never heard any other man do, but boy as I 
 was, knowing what I did on the questions involved, his subter- 
 fuges and want of candor were so marked that I could not 
 help but notice it. The difference between the two men was 
 so great that anyone with a discriminating mind would be 
 able to detect the difference. Lincoln was open, honest, did 
 not play to the galleries, but he drove the truth home with such 
 power and force that there was no way of escaping it. I think 
 that Douglas as an orator, so far as rhetorical flourish is con- 
 cerned, adroitness and capacity to change quickly his position 
 or defend an untenable one, never had his superior in my 
 judgment, but he never was a match for Lincoln one moment." 
 The value which Lincoln put upon simplicity is summed up 
 in the remark he made to Herndon : "If I can clear this case 
 of its technicalities and get it properly swung to the jury, I'll 
 win it." From this it is by no means to be inferred that he 
 did not respect the requirements of the practice, or make use 
 of the technical points in a case where occasion required it. 
 He was a practical, well-trained lawyer, who accepted all prop- 
 er employments and gave to his clients the benefit of his extra- 
 ordinary mental and legal equipment. In his early struggles 
 in justice's courts his discomfited opponents used to hint at 
 pettifogging, and in his supreme court arguments he was will- 
 ing to win on questions of practice and what careless lawyers 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 519 
 
 call technicalities. Lawyers know that a neglect to take such 
 advantage as the rules of the practice permit is a breach of the 
 duty one owes to a client. And they know, too, that one who 
 "plays the game" according to its rules may yet play fairly 
 and honestly. 
 
 The traditions of Lincoln's humor in the trial of his cases 
 are well established. In his early practice particularly he used 
 his gifts as a raconteur and a mimic most effectively in demon- 
 strating his points. The evidence of this is in the reminiscences 
 of his colleagues and in oral tradition. Old men of middle 
 Illinois still repeat his stories. But the actual court record of 
 his humor is very slight. I only know of two illustrations. 
 One is a figure probably employed by him in presenting a 
 point of law to the supreme court in St. Louis, etc., Railway 
 Company against Dalby, 19 111., 353, and is buried in the mass 
 of a profound opinion by Judge Caton at page 374. It was 
 a damage case brought by Lincoln against the railway com- 
 pany for assault committed in ejecting plaintiff from a car. 
 The railway company contended that the corporation could 
 not be liable for beating because it had no body to be beaten, 
 and the court disposed of the question with this proposition — 
 no doubt advanced by Lincoln : "As well might it be said that 
 a man cannot commit a rape because he cannot be the subject 
 of one." The other is a bill for divorce, the original of which 
 is in the possession of Mr. F. R. Fisher of Terre Haute, In- 
 diana. At that time no one had any good will for the negro. 
 The bill is drawn in a jocular vein, referring to the defendant, 
 who was a habitual drunkard, as "a gentleman of colour," and 
 averring that the couple had lived together for many years, 
 "though not in the highest state of connubial felicity." 
 
 Judge Gustave Koerner, who served on the supreme bench 
 in the early period of Lincoln's practice, recalls in his Mem- 
 
520 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 oirs, published in 1909, "the often quaint and droll language 
 used by him" in his arguments in that court. 
 
 That he had the Bible at his tongue's end, and, knowing 
 its value in any appeal he might make to the sympathy, or im- 
 agination, or reason of his audience, made use of it in his pub- 
 lic utterances, is well known. That he made the same use of 
 scripture in convincing his juries is a matter of tradition. To 
 get the documentary proof of this has not been so easy. But 
 in the files of the circuit court of Menard county the papers 
 in Page v. Boyd, tried in 1847, afford the proof that his use 
 of the Bible in his closing speech was causing his opponent 
 some uneasiness. It was a damage suit against Lincoln's 
 client for injuries suffered by two mares that had strayed into 
 the defendant's pasture and been used by defendant while in 
 his custody. In the files, hurriedly scrawled on a scrap of 
 paper by plaintiff's counsel, Mr. Robbins, is the following: 
 
 "Will the court instruct the jury that the passage from 
 Exodus read by the counsel in this case does not apply in this 
 suit as law?" 
 
 This instruction is endorsed "Given." The record shows 
 a verdict for plaintiff. 
 
 The passage referred to may have been Exodus XXII-13 ; 
 XXIII-4. 
 
 Any lawyer of Lincoln's ability would have accumulated a 
 comfortable fortune with such a practice. When he left 
 Springfield in 1861 he was fifty-two years old and the recog- 
 nized leader of the Illinois bar. And yet, though living far 
 from extravagantly, his entire estate was barely ten thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 Mr. John W. Bunn, of Springfield, a client and friend, tells 
 an incident which fairly illustrates Lincoln's idea of the value 
 of his own services. George Smith and Company, Chicago 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 521 
 
 bankers, had written to Mr. Bunn to get some one to look 
 after their defense in an attachment suit involving several thou- 
 sand dollars. Lincoln conducted the trial and, winning it, 
 charged them twenty-five dollars. They wrote back to Mr. 
 Bunn: "We asked you to get the best lawyer in Springfield 
 and it certainly looks as if you had secured one of the cheapest." 
 
 For defending a damage suit at Paris involving three thou- 
 sand dollars, Mr. Andrew J. Hunter says the fee charged Mr. 
 Hunter's father by Usher F. Linder and Abraham Lincoln 
 was fifteen dollars, paid in wild cat currency. 
 
 The instances of his volunteer service, as in defending 
 "Duff" Armstrong for murder, for friendship's sake, are not 
 rare. When he had finished a case he seemed indifferent to 
 any desire for adequate compensation. The joy of the contest 
 had been his, and the satisfaction of having done his best. As 
 for the fees, they were of little consequence. 
 
 His charge in the defense of McCormick v. Manny, a case 
 involving some of the McCormick reaper patents, valued at 
 half a million dollars, was two thousand dollars, and his fee 
 in the case of McLean County against Illinois Central Rail- 
 road Company was five thousand dollars. His average yearly 
 income when he left the practice is said to have been about 
 three thousand dollars. 
 
 When he had finished his senatorial race against Stephen 
 A Douglas and paid his campaign assessment of five hundred 
 dollars, he returned to take up the practice, which had become 
 sadly demoralized. "It is bad to be poor," he wrote, "I shall 
 go to the wall for bread and meat if I neglect my business this 
 year as well as last." To eke out his income he prepared a 
 lecture which he delivered at a few places. But as a Lyceum 
 speaker he was as free from mercenary influences as he was 
 at the law. Mr. Robert D. McDonald, of Danville, has told 
 
522 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 how the young men of Pontiac engaged him to lecture at the 
 Presbyterian church without agreeing on terms in advance. 
 "When I came to settle with the speaker out of the receipts 
 from a full house, Mr. Lincoln took the first ten dollar bill I 
 handed him and threw up his hands as he protested Tor Heav- 
 en's sake don't give me any more ; ten dollars is all it is 
 worth.' " 
 
 Mr. James S. Ewing commenced the practice of law at 
 about the time of Lincoln's election to the presidency and is 
 now in the practice in Bloomington. Probably no one now 
 living is better qualified from personal knowledge and under- 
 standing to speak of Lincoln, the lawyer. He said:* "When 
 I first knew anything of courts, it was the habit for such 
 lawyers as possessed sufficient experience and ability to attract 
 a clientage to follow the court around the circuit. Mr. Lincoln 
 was of this number and, more than any other, was most con- 
 stant in his attendance. During fifteen years I heard him try 
 a great many lawsuits. Lincoln was a master in all that went, 
 to make up what was called a jury lawyer. His wonderful 
 power of clear and logical statement seemed the beginning and 
 end of the case. After his statement of the law and the facts 
 we wondered either how the plaintiff came to bring such a 
 suit, or how the defendant could be such a fool as to defend 
 it. By the time the jury was selected, each member of it felt 
 that the great lawyer was his friend, and was relying on him 
 as a juror to see that no injustice was done. Mr. Lincoln's 
 ready, homely, but always pertinent, illustrations, incidents, 
 and anecdotes, could not be resisted. 
 
 "Few men ever lived who knew, as he did, the main springs 
 of action, secret motives, the passions, prejudices, and inclina- 
 
 * Address at Bloomington, Feb. 12, 1909. 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 523 
 
 tions which inspired the actions of men, and he played on the 
 human heart as a master on an instrument. This power over 
 a jury was, however, the least of his claims to be entitled a 
 good lawyer. He was masterful in a legal argument before 
 the court. His knowledge of the general principles of the law 
 was extensive and accurate, and his mind so clear and logical 
 that he seldom made a mistake in their application." 
 
 The best of Lincoln's earlier biographers was Isaac N. 
 Arnold, a lawyer of no mean ability, and a member of Congress 
 from Illinois during the Civil War and afterwards. This is 
 his estimate: 
 
 "Lincoln was, upon the whole, the strongest jury lawyer 
 in the state. He had the ability to perceive with almost intui- 
 tive quickness the decisive point in the case. In the examina- 
 tion and cross-examination of a witness he had no equal. He 
 could compel a witness to tell the truth when he meant to lie, 
 and if a witness lied he rarely escaped exposure under Lincoln's 
 cross-examination. . . . His legal arguments . . . were al- 
 ways clear, vigorous, and logical, seeking to convince rather by 
 the application of principle than by the citation of cases. A 
 stranger going into court when he was trying a cause would, 
 after a few moments, find himself on Lincoln's side and wish- 
 ing him success. He seemed to magnetize everyone. He was so 
 straight-forward, so direct, so candid, that every spectator was 
 impressed with the idea that he was seeking only truth and jus- 
 tice. He excelled in the statement of his case. However 
 complicated, he would disentangle it and present the real issue 
 in so simple and clear a way that all could understand. Indeed, 
 his statement often rendered argument unnecessary, and fre- 
 quently the court would stop him and say: Tf that is the 
 case, Brother Lincoln, we will hear the other side.'* His illus- 
 
 *Isaac N. Arnold, Life of Abraham Lincoln, p. 84 (Chicago, 1885). 
 
524 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 trations were often quaint and homely, but always apt and 
 clear, and often decisive. He always met his opponent's case 
 fairly and squarely, and never intentionally misstated law or 
 evidence." 
 
 No one knew Lincoln the lawyer better than David Davis, 
 once judge of the Eighth circuit and then associate justice of 
 the supreme court of the United States. He said : 
 
 "I enjoyed for over twenty years the personal friendship 
 of Mr. Lincoln. We were admitted to the bar about the 
 same time and traveled for many years what is known in 
 Illinois as the eighth judicial circuit. In 1848, when I first 
 went on the bench, the circuit embraced fourteen counties, 
 and Mr. Lincoln went with the court to every county. Rail- 
 roads were not then in use, and our mode of travel was either 
 on horseback or in buggies. Mr. Lincoln was transferred 
 from the bar of the circuit to the office of president of the 
 United States, having been without official position since 1849. 
 In all the elements that constitute a great lawyer, Mr. Lincoln 
 had few equals. He was great both at nisi prius and before 
 an appellate tribunal. He seized the strong points of a cause 
 and presented them with clearness and great compactness. His 
 mind was logical and direct, and he did not indulge in extra- 
 neous discussion. His power of comparison was large and he 
 rarely failed in a legal discussion to use that mode of reason- 
 ing. The framework of his mental and moral being was hon- 
 esty, and a wrong cause was poorly defended by him. In 
 order to bring into full activity his great powers, it was neces- 
 sary that he should be convinced of the right and justice of the 
 matter which he advocated. When so convinced, whether the 
 cause was great or small, he was usually successful. He hated 
 wrong and oppression everywhere, and many a man whose 
 fraudulent conduct was undergoing review in a court of 
 justice has writhed under his terrible indignation and rebuke." 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 525 
 
 The wisdom of Daniel Webster was crystallized into a 
 single sentence of the Gettysburg address. The poetry and 
 philosophy of a thousand years of Hebrew prophecy was re- 
 stated in a paragraph of the Second Inaugural. The history 
 of the Constitution, in the making and after, so far as it relates 
 to the slavery question, is put in an hour's argument in the 
 Cooper Union oration. The faith of a student and protag- 
 onist of the Constitution, that real human rights, even the 
 rights under the odious slave trade are unassailable is uttered 
 in the First Inaugural. Greatest of all these is the Cooper 
 Union speech, where Lincoln demonstrated that the members 
 of the Convention which framed the Constitution favored the 
 ultimate extinction of slavery. The demonstration disclosed 
 an intimate knowledge of American history that none but a 
 specialist could have acquired in a life-long pursuit of the 
 study. The letters, speeches, votes and official acts of 23 of 
 the 39 members of the Constitutional Convention, commencing 
 with the Congress of 1784 and concluding in 1820, had been 
 brought out of obscure sources, no one knows where, and 
 analyzed and digested by this intensive student, master of 
 constitutional law, at his prairie home until he was able to 
 make his demonstration, seventy years after, that the fathers 
 of the Constitution at the birth of the republic had adopted the 
 views as to the constitutional extinction of the slave power 
 which Lincoln and his colleagues were advocating in 1860. 
 The analysis covers in detail the votes of the individual mem- 
 bers of the convention of 1787 as given upon the Act excluding 
 slavery from the Northwest Territory in 1784, the Ordinance 
 of 1787, the Act of 1789 putting the ordinance into effect, 
 passed by Congress and signed by Washington, the Act or- 
 ganizing Mississippi as a Territory in 1798 and Louisiana Ter- 
 ritory in 1804, and finally the Missouri Compromise of 1820. 
 
526 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 The same scholarship shown in his application of constitu- 
 tional history to the slavery question he displays as a student 
 at law in his analysis of the Dred Scott decision in the Cooper 
 Institute address and elsewhere. It is criticism at its best and 
 it is always profound — I need only quote a sentence where he 
 contrasts the position taken by the makers of the Constitution 
 with that assumed by the Supreme Justices in the Dred Scott 
 decision to show how clearly Lincoln, the constitutional lawyer, 
 made his point: 
 
 "And then it is to be remembered that 'our fathers who 
 framed the government under which we live' — the men who 
 made the Constitution — decided this same constitutional ques- 
 tion in our favor long ago ; decided it without division among 
 themselves when making the decision ; without division among 
 themselves about the meaning of it after it was made, and so 
 far as any evidence is left, without basing it upon any mis- 
 taken statement of facts." 
 
 It is more than fidelity to the Constitution, as a fetish to 
 worship with one's eyes closed, that Lincoln displayed in his 
 handling of the crucial problem of slavery under the Constitu- 
 tion; it is rather the fidelity of an apostle to his Master, who 
 knows what he believes through a heart-searching intimacy. 
 
 We have seen presidents who had not the scholarship and 
 critical sense to search the Constitution for the power they 
 sought to wield. We have known presidents who had not the 
 patience to work out a difficult problem in statecraft under 
 the wise restraint of constitutional limitations ; we have heard 
 of presidents who were jealous of those limitations and 
 brushed aside the whole moral issue of obeying a constitutional 
 oath as if to say with Mr. Dooley, "What's the Constitution 
 betune friends?" Lincoln, the man of critical scholarship, of 
 endless patience in constitutional research, would not commit 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 527 
 
 the shallow folly of criticising the Supreme Court or ignoring 
 the requirements of our Constitution as more than one of our 
 presidents have done. 
 
 As Lincoln wrote to Colonel Albert G. Hodges of Ken- 
 tucky, April 4, 1864 : 
 
 "I am naturally antislavery. If slavery is not wrong, 
 nothing is wrong. I can not remember when I did not so 
 think and feel, and yet I have never understood that the presi- 
 dency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially 
 upon this judgment and feeling. It was in the oath I 
 took, that I would, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, 
 and defend the Constitution of the United States. I could not 
 take the office without taking the oath. Nor was it my view 
 that I might take an oath to get power, and break the oath in 
 using the power." 
 
 One who doubts Lincoln's erudition needs only read the 
 state papers of the War President on constitutional questions. 
 The language employed by Chief Justice Chase in Texas v. 
 White, 7 Wall. 700, in defining the constitutional relation of 
 a seceding state with the Union follows closely the theory of 
 the president as advanced in his state papers and letters and 
 differs radically from the dominant opinion that prevailed in 
 the radical majority of the post-war congress. They were a 
 part of an indissoluble union of indestructible states; their 
 citizens were citizens of the United States ; secession was a 
 fallacy, for the seceders were in the Union all the time.* 
 
 In the Douglas debates, in his first inaugural address, 
 and in the emergencies of the Civil War of which the Mason 
 and Slidell incident is a type when he had to overrule his 
 advisers and render his own final judgment, and in every 
 
 *See Lincoln's last public address delivered on April n, 1865. 
 
528 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 
 
 significant utterance as president, are to be found the proof 
 of the trained lawyer. With politics and history this paper 
 has nothing to do. It is the country lawyer whose career we 
 have been studying. To the questions, Who taught the author 
 of the Gettysburg oration and the Second Inaugural? and 
 Whence came that simplicity of style? we have sought our an- 
 swer in the story of his career at the law, of how he began, as a 
 boy, with the determination to make his thought plain, of 
 the influence of his public-spirited teachers, the opportunities 
 he had in the Black Hawk War and in the legislature to know 
 the men who were to control public opinion in the new state, 
 the value of a giant strength which enabled him to endure 
 the hardships of the life on the circuit and thrive upon them, 
 and how, in all these experiences, two ambitions controlled 
 him — to master the study of human nature, and to express his 
 thought "in language plain enough for any boy to compre- 
 hend." 
 
 Men of America have erected a shrine for Abraham Lin- 
 coln. Some love to recall him as he appealed to his "dissat- 
 isfied fellow-countrymen" in 1861 ; others, as he dedicated the 
 national cemetery at Gettysburg. To others he is to be remem- 
 bered as the great emancipator. The boys who wore the blue, 
 and who now wear the grey of God's providing, think of him 
 as the "Father Abraham" of the armies of the Union. To 
 others there comes the picture of a man of sorrows whose life 
 at Washington was one long heartbreak and whose only cheer 
 came when he could pardon a soldier boy. He is no less a 
 man whom we see — in fancy or in memory — the simple-minded 
 country lawyer, who loved the children, and who understood 
 human nature as he studied it in the uncouth countrymen of a 
 prairie frontier. As he stood outside the courthouse, long 
 after court had adjourned, explaining things to the neighbors 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, LAWYER 529 
 
 and friends who gathered to hear his talk, we can see his 
 giant figure with its earnest, kindly face, traced in the twilight 
 of an autumn evening against the rude brick wall, — the figure 
 of Lincoln, the country lawyer, trusted and loved by all who 
 knew him. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 Lincoln's cases in the Illinois Supreme Court as published 
 in Frederick Trevor Hill's Lincoln the Lawyer, published by 
 The Century Company, 1906. 
 
 Scammon v. Cline, 3 Ills., 456. 
 Cannon v. Kinney, 4 Ills., 9. 
 Maus v. Worthing, 4 Ills., 26. 
 Bailey v. Cromwell, 4 Ills., 71. 
 Ballentine v. Beall, 4 Ills., 203. 
 Elkin v. The People, 4 Ills., 207. 
 Benedict v. Dellihunt, 4 Ills., 287. 
 Abrams v. Camp, 4 Ills., 291. 
 Hancock v. Hodgson, 4 Ills., 329. 
 Grable v. Margrave, 4 Ills., 372. 
 Averill v. Field, 4 Ills., 390. 
 Wilson v. Alexander, 4 Ills., 392. 
 Schlenker v. Risley, 4 Ills., 483. 
 Mason v. Park, 4 Ills., 532. 
 Greathouse v. Smith, 4 Ills., 541. 
 Watkins v. White, 4 Ills., 549. 
 Payne v. Frazier, 5 Ills., 55 
 Fitch v. Pinckard, 5 Ills., 69. 
 Edwards v. Helm, 5 Ills., 142. 
 Grubb v. Crane, 5 Ills., 153. 
 Pentacost v. Magahee, 5 Ills., 326. 
 Robinson v. Chesseldine, 5 Ills., 332. 
 Lazell v. Francis, 5 Ills., 421. 
 Spear v. Campbell, 5 Ills., 424. 
 Bruce v. Truett, 5 Ills., 454. 
 England v. Clark, 5 Ills., 486. 
 Johnson v. Weedman, 5 Ills., 495. 
 Hall v. Perkins, 5 Ills., 548. 
 
 531 
 
Lockbridge v. Foster, 5 Ills., 569. 
 
 Dorman v. Lane, 6 Ills., 143. 
 
 Davis v. Harkness, 6 Ills., 173. 
 
 Martin v. Dreyden, 6 Ills., 187. 
 
 Warner v. Helm, 6 Ills., 226. 
 
 Favor v. Marlett, 6 Ills., 385. 
 
 Parker v. Smith, 6 Ills., 411. 
 
 Stickney v. Cassell, 6 Ills., 418. 
 
 Kimball v. Cook, 6 Ills., 423. 
 
 Wren v. Moss, 6 Ills., 560. 
 
 Morgan v. Griffin, 6 Ills., 565. 
 
 Cook v. Hall, 6 Ills., 575. 
 
 Fields v. Rawlings, 6 Ills., 581. 
 
 Broadwell v. Broadwell, 6 Ills., 599. 
 
 Rogers v. Dickey, 6 Ills., 636. 
 
 Kelly v. Garrett, 6 Ills., 649. 
 
 McCall v. Lesher, 7 Ills., 46. 
 
 McCall v. Lesher, 7 Ills., 47. 
 
 Wren v. Moss, 7 Ills., 72. 
 
 Risinger v. Cheney, 7 Ills., 84. 
 
 Eldridge v. Rowe, 7 Ills., 91. 
 
 Frisby v. Ballance, 7 Ills., 141. 
 
 Hall v. Irwin, 7 Ills., 176. 
 
 City of Springfield v. Hickox, 7 Ills., 241. 
 
 Ross v. Nesbit, 7 Ills., 252. 
 
 Simpson v. Ranlett, 7 Ills., 312. 
 
 Murphy v. Summerville, 7 Ills., 360. 
 
 Trailor v. Hill, 7 Ills., 364. 
 
 Chase v. Debolt, 7 Ills., 371. 
 
 Smith v. Byrd, 7 Ills., 412. 
 
 Moore v. Hamilton, 7 Ills., 429. 
 
 McNamara v. King, 7 Ills., 432. 
 
 Ellis v. Locke, 7 Ills., 459. 
 
 Bryan v. Wash, 7 Ills., 557. 
 
 Wright v. Bennett, 7 Ills., 587. 
 
 Kincaid v. Turner, 7 Ills., 618. 
 
 Cunningham v. Fithian, 7 Ills., 650. 
 
 Wilson v. Van Winkle, 7 Ills., 684. 
 
 Patterson v. Edwards, 7 Ills., 720. 
 
 532 
 
Driggs v. Gear, 8 Ills., 2. 
 
 Edgar Co. v. Mayo, 8 Ills., 82. 
 
 Roney v. Monaghan, 8 Ills., 85. 
 
 The People v. Brown, 8 Ills., 87. 
 
 Munsell v. Temple, 8 Ills., 93. 
 
 Fell v. Price, 8 Ills., 186. 
 
 Wright v. Taylor, 8 Ills., 193. 
 
 Welch v. Sykes, 8 Ills., 197. 
 
 Hawks v. Lands, 8 Ills., 227. 
 
 Garret v. Stevenson, 8 Ills., 261. 
 
 Henderson v. Welch, 8 Ills., 340. 
 
 Cowles v. Cowles, 8 Ills., 435. 
 
 Wilcoxon v. Roby, 8 Ills., 475. 
 
 Trumbull v. Campbell, 8 Ills., 502. 
 
 Cooper v. Crosby, 8 Ills., 506. 
 
 Shaeffer v. Weed 8 Ills., 511. 
 
 Anderson v. Ryan, 8 Ills., 593. 
 
 Wright v. McNeely, 11 Ills., 241. 
 
 Webster v. French, 11 Ills., 254. 
 
 Adams v. The County of Logan, II Ills., 336. 
 
 Pearl v. Wellmans, 11 Ills., 352. 
 
 Lewis v. Moffett, 11 Ills., 392. 
 
 Austin v. The People, 11 Ills., 452. 
 
 Williams v. Blankenship, 12 Ills., 122. 
 
 Smith v. Dunlap, 12 Ills., 184. 
 
 McHenry v. Watkins, 12 Ills., 233. 
 
 Whitecraft v. Vanderver, 12 Ills., 235. 
 
 Enos v. Capps, 12 Ills., 255. 
 
 Ward v. Owens, 12 Ills., 283. 
 
 Linton v. Anglin, 12 Ills., 284. 
 
 Penny v. Graves, 12 Ills., 287. 
 
 Compher v. The People, 12 Ills., 290. 
 
 Major v. Hawkes, 12 Ills., 298. 
 
 Webster v. French, 12 Ills., 302. 
 
 The People v. Marshall, 12 Ills., 391. 
 
 Dunlap v. Smith, 12 Ills., 399. 
 
 Dorman v. Tost, 13 Ills., 127. 
 
 Perry v. McHenry, 13 Ills., 227. 
 
 McArtee v. Engart, 13 Ills., 242. 
 
 533 
 
Manly v. Gibson, 13 Ills., 308. 
 
 Harris v. Shaw, 13 Ills., 456. 
 
 Banet v. The Alton & Sangamon R. R. Co., 13 Ills., 504. 
 
 Klein v. The Alton & Sangamon R. R. Co., 13 Ills., 514. 
 
 Casey v. Casey, 14 Ills., 112. 
 
 Ross v. Irving, 14 Ills., 171. 
 
 Pryor v. Irving, 14 Ills., 171. 
 
 Alton & Sangamon R. R. Co. v. Carpenter, 14 Ills., 190. 
 
 Alton & Sangamon R. R. Co. v. Baugh, 14 Ills., 211. 
 
 Stewartson v. Stewartson, 15 Ills., 145. 
 
 Byrne v. Stout, 15 Ills., 180. 
 
 Pate v. The People, 15 Ills., 221. 
 
 Sullivan v. The People, 15 Ills., 233. 
 
 Humphreys v. Spear, 15 Ills., 275. 
 
 The People v. Blackford, 16 Ills., 166. 
 
 Edmunds v. Myers, 16 Ills., 207. 
 
 Edmunds v. Hildreth, 16 Ills., 214. 
 
 Gilman v. Hamilton, 16 Ills., 225. 
 
 The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. v. Wilson, 17 Ills., 
 123. 
 
 Browning v. The City of Springfield, 17 Ills., 143. 
 
 Turley v. The County of Logan, 17 Ills., 151. 
 
 Armstrong v. Mock, 17 Ills., 166. 
 
 Booth v. Rives, 17 Ills., 175. 
 
 Myers v. Turner, 17 Ills., 179. 
 
 Hildreth v. Turner, 17 Ills, 184. 
 
 Moore v. Vali, 17 Ills., 185. 
 
 Moore v. Dodd, 17 Ills., 185. 
 
 Loomis v. Francis, 17 Ills, 206. 
 
 The Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. The County of Mc- 
 Lean, 17 Ills, 291. 
 
 Johnson v. Richardson, 17 Ills, 302. 
 
 Phelps v. McGee, 18 Ills, 155. 
 
 County of Christian v. Overholt, 18 Ills, 223. 
 
 McConnell v. The Delaware M. S. Ins. Co, 18 Ills, 228. 
 
 The People v. Watkins, 19 Ills, 117. 
 
 Partlow v. Williams, 19 Ills, 132. 
 
 Illinois Central R. R. Co. v. Morrison & Crabtree, 19 Ills, 
 136. 
 
 534 
 
Illinois Central R. R. Co. v. Hays, 19 Ills., 166. 
 
 The People v. Witt, 19 Ills., 169. 
 
 Sprague v. The Illinois River R. Co., 19 Ills., 174. 
 
 McDaniel v. Correll, 19 Ills., 226. 
 
 The People v. Bissell, 19 Ills., 229. 
 
 The People v. Hatch, 19 Ills., 283. 
 
 Wade v. King, 19 Ills., 301. 
 
 Kester v. Stark, 19 Ills., 328. 
 
 St. Louis, Chicago & Alton R. R. Co. v. Dalby, 19 Ills., 353. 
 
 Laughlin v. Marshall, 19 Ills., 390. 
 
 The People v. Ridgeley, 21 Ills., 65. 
 
 Tonica & Petersburg R. R. Co. v. Stein, 21 Ills., 96. 
 
 Trustees of Schools v. Allen, 21 Ills., 120. 
 
 Crabtree v. Kile, 21 Ills., 180. 
 
 Town of Petersburg v. Metzker, 21 Ills., 205. 
 
 Young v. Ward, 21 Ills., 223. 
 
 Smith v. Smith, 21 Ills., 244. 
 
 Terre Haute & Alton R. R. Co. v. Earp, 21 Ills., 291. 
 
 Brundage v. Camp, 21 Ills., 330. 
 
 Constant v. Matteson, 22 Ills., 546. 
 
 Leonard v. Adm'r of Villars, 23 Ills., 377. 
 
 Cass v. Perkins, 23 Ills., 382. 
 
 Ritchey v. West, 23 Ills., 385. 
 
 Miller v. Whittaker, 23 Ills., 453. 
 
 Young v. Miller, 23 Ills., 453. 
 
 Gill v. Hoblit, 23 Ills., 473. 
 
 Kinsey v. Nisley, 23 Ills., 505. 
 
 Gregg v. Sanford, 24 Ills., 17. 
 
 Columbus Machine Manufacturing Co. v. Dorwin, 25 Ills., 
 
 169. 
 Columbus Machine Manufacturing Co. v. Ulrich, 25 Ills., 
 
 169. 
 
 535 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Architecture, early, 230, 236. 
 
 Aurora, alarm at in Morgan's raid, 172-5. 
 
 Belleville, established, 224, 225. 
 
 Black Hawk war, Lincoln in, 486-7. 
 
 Bowling Green, National road at, 215 ; county seat moved from, 225. 
 
 Braddock's expedition, 210-211. 
 
 Brandenburg, Ky., Kidnaping case at, 134 ; Morgan crosses at, 143 ; 
 relative location of, 146; news from, 156. 
 
 Brazil, established, 225 ; taverns near, 233. 
 
 Bridgeport, tavern at, 233. 
 
 British, contest for Ohio Valley, 209-211; course after Revolution- 
 ary war, 295-7; 300-302; 310, 313, 317. 
 
 Brookville, early water works at, 281-2. 
 
 Bryansburg, Morgan's raid at, 148. 
 
 Buffalo, ("Illinois cattle") plan to ship to Canada, 91, 94. 
 
 Cambridge City, established, 224; taverns at, 231. 
 
 Canton, Morgan's raid at, 147, 164. 
 
 Carignan, Regiment de, soldiers settle in Canada, 106. 
 
 Cattle, plan to transport from Illinois to Canada, 91, 94. 
 
 Centerville, Morgan's raid at, 147. 
 
 Central Plank Road Company, 234-5. 
 
 Centerville, National road at, 215, 216; "boom" at, 224; mails at, 
 227; taverns at, 230. 
 
 Chevalier — significance of word, 105. 
 
 Chickasaws, Indian tribe, French war with, 97-104. 
 
 Cholera, in Indiana, 275-6, 284. 
 
 Church, opposition to Columbus, 459-461. 
 
 Civil war, stature of troops in, 367-371 ; 406, 411, 416, 419-420. 
 
 Clay County, taverns in, 233. 
 
 Columbia City, 307 — note. 
 
 Corydon, Morgan's raid at, 141, 142, 144, 147; fight near, 160-1; 
 pillage at, 163 ; capital, 242. 
 
 Courts, Circuit, organization of, 185. 
 
 Cross Plains, Morgan's raid at, 148. 
 
 Cumberland, Ind., tavern at, 232. 
 
 537 
 
538 INDEX 
 
 Cumberland road, origin of, 209-214. See National road. 
 
 Danville, National road at, 215. 
 
 DePauw University, located, 225. 
 
 Detroit, founding of, 36; siege of in 1712, 44-71. 
 
 Diphtheria, prevention of, 291. 
 
 Diseases, in early Indiana, 272, 275, 276, 277, 284 ; ignorance of germ 
 
 diseases, 272-5 ; modern prevention, 289-291 ; germs carried by 
 
 animals, 290. 
 Distillery, Jenck's, 217-8. 
 Dover, Morgan's raid at, 148. 
 
 Dupont, Morgan's raid at, 144, 148, 169, 170, 171-2. 
 Eagle creek, 217. 
 
 Eel river, troubles at, 323, 329-332 ; 337, 340, 343. 
 Elrod, Morgan's raid at, 148. 
 
 English, seek trade with French Indian allies, 71-2, 87-9. 
 English Prairie, 111., 246. 
 Esdras, division of globe by, 460. 
 Fasting and prayer, for epidemic diseases, 276. 
 Finney's Ford, battle of, 170. 
 Field notes, of survey of National road, 215-6. 
 Fire prevention, at Vincennes, 282-3. 
 Flint Island, Rebel raiders cross at, 136. 
 Fort Defiance, 304 — note. 
 Fort Duquesne, built, 210; abandoned, 211. 
 Fort Harmar, 307, 308. 
 Fort Washington, 307 — note. 
 Fort Wayne, Miamis locate at site of, 71 ; called "post of Kiskakon," 
 
 74-5; fort built at, 4, 82-3; board of health at, 279; life at in 
 
 1790, 293-361. 
 French, contest control of Ohio Valley, 209-211; early customs, 
 
 295-361. 
 Fort William Henry, capture of, 124-5. 
 Fourth of July, early celebrations, 196; 261-2. 
 Fox Indians, with Mascoutins, make war on French at Detroit, 
 
 45-52 ; defeat and slaughter of, 53-66, 68-71 ; later hostility, 84. 
 Freeman case, (fugitive slave) 197-8. 
 "Friars of St. Andrew," 299, 342, 346. 
 Friendship, Morgan's raid at, 148. 
 Friponne, storehouse, 352, 354. 
 Frontier, stature conditions, 370-1 ; 417-8. 
 
INDEX 539 
 
 Grand Glaize, 304, 306— note, 361. 
 
 Great Meadows, battle of, 210. 
 
 Greencastle, National road at, 215. 
 
 Greenfield, established, 224. 
 
 Haiti, Columbus in, 471, 476, 479. 
 
 Hardinsburg, Rebel raid at, 137. 
 
 Harrison, O., Morgan's raid at, 145, 149, 177. 
 
 Harrison Prairie, 218. 
 
 Harristown, Morgan's raid at, 147. 
 
 Health board, first in Indiana, 276; at Madison, 278; at Blooming- 
 ton, 279; State board created, 286; work of, 287-291. 
 
 Health ordinances, 274, 275, 276. 
 
 Henryville, Morgan's raid at, 147. 
 
 Heredity, influence on stature, 369, 393; in Buskirk family, 425-432. 
 
 Hinesville, Morgan's raid at, 147. 
 
 "Hoosier," tradition of origin of word, 388. 
 
 Illinois, Lincoln's removal to, 486; early life in, 487-8; law practice 
 in, 489-535 ; cases in Supreme Court, 531-5. 
 
 Indiana, congressional districts in 1864, 415 ; covered in Pope Alex- 
 ander's grant to Spain, 450-1 ; Lincoln's boyhood in, 484-6. 
 
 Indiana Central railroad, 236. 
 
 "Indiana Gazette," quoted, 222, 277. 
 
 ''Indiana Republican," 271, 276, 278, 279, 283. 
 
 Indiana State Medical Society, records, 271-2; organization, 284; 
 work of, 285-7. 
 
 Indianans, stature of, 367-447. 
 
 Indianapolis, Public Library, promotion of, 196; National road 
 brought to, 214-5, 217; construction from, 218-220; road mac- 
 adamized, 222; taverns at, 212-3; early history of, 241-267 (these 
 pages are erroneously numbered 1-27, and 240 is to be added to 
 each page for correct numbering) ; early diseases, 277. 
 
 Indians, incited by British, 295-6; 310; slavery among, 310; cruel- 
 ties, 313; British counsel, 317, 323, 343-6, 358-360; measurements 
 of, 410. 
 
 Iroquois Indians, western Indians urged to war on, by French, 34; 
 troubles with, 35, 42; measurements of, 410. 
 
 Isle of Oeufs, fisheries established at, 26. 
 
 Isthmus of Panama, Columbus at, 476. 
 
 Kankakee river, effort to locate Indians on, 82 ; Indians leave, 83. 
 
 Kiskakon, Indian town, site of Fort Wayne, 74-5. 
 
540 INDEX 
 
 Knightstown, established, 224 ; tavern at, 232. 
 
 La Balme's defeat, 338. 
 
 La Roche river, (i. e. the Big Miami) 74. 
 
 Law, practice of in Illinois, 489-535. 
 
 Lawrenceburg, Morgan's raid alarms, 172-6, 181. 
 
 Leavenworth, Rebel raid near, 138. 
 
 Lexington, Morgan's raid at, 144, 146, 147, 167, 169. 
 
 Licking river, 307. 
 
 Logan, Morgan's raid at, 148. 
 
 Losantiville, 307. 
 
 Madison, first health ordinance, 275; board of health, 276; cholera 
 
 at, 276-7; water works, 279-281. 
 "Madison Courier," 271, 281. 
 
 Magnetic needle, declination of noted by Columbus, 465. 
 Mails, early, 227. 
 Marietta, O., 242, 307, 308. 
 Marion County, early court of, 185-6; court house, 188; early bar, 
 
 189 ; later members, 207. 
 Marion County Medical Society, 283. 
 Mascoutins, Indian tribe, beseige Detroit in 1712, 45-52; defeat and 
 
 slaughter of, 53-66, 68-71. 
 Mauckport, Morgan's raid begins at, 149, 150; houses pillaged, 154; 
 
 fight near, 159. 
 Maumee river, Miamis locate on, 71 ; portage, 301, 307. 
 Medical societies, state, 271-2, 284; earliest organization, 283. 
 Memphis, Ind., Morgan's raid at, 147, 165-6, 167. 
 Mexican war, stature of troops in, 403-4. 
 Miamis, Indians, illicit sales of liquor to, 35-39 ; Sieur de Vincennes 
 
 with, 35-9 ; troubles with Iroquois, 40-3 ; aid French at Detroit. 
 
 45, 50-61 ; locate on Maumee, 71 ; friendly to French, 72-3 ; de- 
 fection of La Demoiselle, 74-5. 
 Miamitown, (site of Fort Wayne) 300-302, 305. 
 "Miasm," 272. 
 
 Milan, Morgan's raid at, 148, 174. 
 Mill Creek, taverns at, 233. 
 Mingan, fort at, 27; grant of Fief, 29; lease to Louis Jolliet, 30; 
 
 contest over title, 77-8. 
 Mississinewa river, 344. 
 Monroe County Grenadiers, 423-5. 
 Moore's Hill, Morgan's raid at, 148, 174, 177. 
 
INDEX 541 
 
 Morgan's raid in Indiana, 133-183; preceding troubles, 133-9; Shack- 
 elford's account, 141; General Hobson's account, 142-3; Basil 
 Duke's account, 143-5 ; Morgan's forces, 145 ; route followed, 
 146-9; nature of country raided, 150-2; beginning of, 153-6; 
 preparations for defense, 157-8; details of raids, 159-178; cost 
 to state, 182. 
 
 Mosquitos, as disease carriers, 290. 
 
 Mt. Jackson, tavern at, 232-3. 
 
 Music, early, at Indianapolis, 249-252 ; at Fort Wayne, 314-5. 
 
 Muskackatuck river, Morgan's raid reaches, 148. 
 
 Napoleon, Morgan's raid at, 148, 174. 
 
 National road, grows out of Cumberland road, 209-14; course 
 altered in Indiana, 214-5 ; surveys in Indiana, 216-7 ; appropria- 
 tions for, 218, 237; construction, 219-222; travel on, 222-4; 
 towns on, 222-5 ; mail coaches, 226-9 ; taverns, 230-4 ; disposal 
 of, 235-7; field notes of survey, 215-6. 
 
 Natt, Indian flag, 359. 
 
 New Albany, kidnaping case at, 134; in Morgan's raid, 151. 
 
 New Alsace, Morgan's raid at, 148, 177. 
 
 New Amsterdam, disloyalty at, 139. 
 
 Newburg, Rebel raid at, 134-5. 
 
 New Philadelphia, Morgan's raid at, 147. 
 
 New Purchase, 243. 
 
 Ohio, admission to Union, 212. 
 
 Ohio Land Company, 209-210. 
 
 Orleans, Rebel raid at, 137. 
 
 Osgood, Morgan's raid at, 148, 174. 
 
 Ottagamies. See Fox Indians. 
 
 Ottawas, Indian tribe; affront French, 41. 
 
 Ouabache, name applied to Ohio river below mouth of Wabash, 
 87, 89. 
 
 Outagamies. See Fox Indians. 
 
 Ouyatanons. See Weas. 
 
 Palmyra, Morgan's raid at, 147. 
 
 Pani, defined, 310. 
 
 Paris, Morgan's raid at, 147, 165. 
 
 Parrakeet, former Indiana bird, 321. 
 
 Patent medicines, 285-6. 
 
 Piankeshaws, Miami Indian tribe, led to Post Vincennes, 90, 95, 
 96; return to Vermillion river, 104. 
 
542 INDEX ) 
 
 Pierceville, Morgan's raid at, 148, 175. 
 
 Plainfield, established, 224 ; tavern at, 233 ; Henry Clay at, 234. 
 
 Pogue's creek, 217. 
 
 Point Levy, Canada, Bissot's mill at, 23; tannery at, 27. 
 
 Pont Audemer, France, place of origin of Sieurs de Vincennes, 9-11. 
 
 Port a Choix, industries at, 30. 
 
 Prairie du Masque, 304. 
 
 Public health, sanitary measures of past century, 271-291. 
 
 Putnamville, established, 224 ; growth, 225 ; tavern at, 233. 
 
 Railroads, Indiana, in 1863; 151-2; in 1851, 235-6; proposed sub- 
 stitute for National road, 221-2. 
 
 "Rebecca," British vessel, 347. 
 
 Richmond, National road at, 215, 216 ; taverns at, 230. 
 
 Richmond, Va., 242. 
 
 River a l'Anguille. See Eel river. 
 
 River aux Ecorse, 303. 
 
 River Huron, 303. 
 
 River Raisin, 303, 304. 
 
 Roche de Bout, 304. 
 
 Ruisseau de Rioll, 327. 
 
 St. Joseph's river, effort to locate Indians on, 82 ; town on, 307. 
 
 St. Mary's river, 306; town on, 307; conditions at Miamitown, 315, 
 327, 332, 346-353, 354, 358. 
 
 Salem, Morgan's raid at, 144, 147, 163-4, 168. 
 
 Salisbury, Morgan's raid at, 161. 
 
 Salisbury, former town, 215. 
 
 Sanitation. See Public health. 
 
 Science, of Columbus, 450-480 ; mediaeval geography, 456, 477. 
 
 Sears' New Family Recipe Book, quoted, 278. 
 
 Shishequia, Indian rattle, 345. 
 
 "Side judges," defined, 185. 
 
 Slaves, fugitives, law governing, 197-8. 
 
 Soldiers, measurements of, 402-420, 433-9. 
 
 Sonnontouans, (Seneca tribe of Iroquois) 38. 
 
 Southern national road, suggested, 213. 
 
 Spain, interest in discoveries of Columbus, 450-2, 459, 463. 469, 
 472-3, 475-6, 480. 
 
 Spanish, danger of western alliance with, 211. 
 
 Spanish-American war, stature of Indiana troops in, 433-7. 
 
 Spoon river, navigable, 495. 
 
INDEX 543 
 
 State Board of Health, created, 286; work of, 287-291. 
 
 "State Road," 215-6. 
 
 Stature, comparative, of Indianans, 367-447; theories of, 367-372, 
 
 404-413, 417-9. 
 Steamboat, Alice Dean, captured by Morgan raiders, 151-3; burned, 
 
 155. 
 Steamboat, Grey Eagle, intercepted by Rebels, 153. 
 Steamboat, Izetta, fires on Rebels, 138. 
 Steamboat, J. T. McComb, ferries Morgan's troops across Ohio 
 
 river, 145, 151-4, 156. 
 Steamboat, Robert Hanna, 220-1. 
 Stilesville, established, 224, 225. 
 Sugar making, 264-5. 
 Sunday School, early, 261-2, 264. 
 Sunman, Morgan's raid at, 144, 148, 174-5. 
 Superstitions, mediaeval as to earth, 461. 
 Survey of National road in Indiana, 215-8. 
 Tadoussac, Canada, fisheries company, 25. 
 Taverns, in Indiana, 230-4, 248-9, 251-2, 258, 259. 
 Teatiky, (See Kankakee) 82. 
 Terre Haute, National road at, 217-220 ; mails at, 227 ; taverns at, 
 
 233-4. 
 Terre Haute & Indianapolis railroad, 235. 
 Theatre, first in Indianapolis, 258. 
 
 Tippecanoe, origin and corruption of name, 322 ; troubles at, 323. 
 Tsonnontouans, (Seneca tribe of Iroquois) 40, 124. 
 "Two per cent, fund," 212. 
 Vandalia, 111., National road ends at, 218. 
 Vandalia, Ind., former town, 215, 224. 
 Vernon, Morgan's raid at, 144, 147, 148, 169, 170. 
 Versailles, Morgan's raid at, 148, 158, 172, 174. 
 Vienna, Morgan's raid at, 144, 147, 165, 166. 
 Vigo County, National road in, 221. 
 Vincennes, Canadian fief, described, 6-7 ; original grant of, 25, 29, 
 
 31-3. 
 Vincennes, Ind., identity of founder of, 3-126; bibliography of, 127; 
 
 founding of, 89-94; letters from founder, 92-97; troops from in 
 
 Chickasaw war, 98-105 ; capital, 242 ; health conditions, 273 ; 
 
 health ordinance, 274 ; fire prevention, 282-3 ; common name, 
 
 322 ; Indians watch, 349-360 ; council at, 360. 
 
544 INDEX 
 
 Vital statistics, first in Indiana, 276 ; state collection of, 287-8. 
 Wabash river, French desire post on, 85-90; confused with lower 
 
 Ohio, 87, 89; National road crossing, 218; bridge over, 221. 
 Washington County, unusual stature in, 367-447; account of by 
 
 Morris, 373-402; account of by Stevens, 440-7. 
 Water works, first at Madison, 279; at Brookville, 281. 
 Watling's Island, discovery by Columbus, 465, 480. 
 Wayne County Turnpike Co., 235. 
 Weas, Miami Indian tribe, locate on Wabash, 83 ; French influence 
 
 on, 84, 88; led to Post Vincennes (Piankeshaw tribe) by Sieur 
 
 de Vincennes, 90; Sieur de Linquetot with, 104. 
 Weisburg, Morgan's raid at, 148. 
 "Western National road." See National road, 214. 
 "Western Sun," 271, 273, 282. 
 
 Wheeling, W. Va., travel at, 213 ; road west from, 214. 
 Whetzell's settlement, 243. 
 White Lick creek, 217. 
 
 White river, National road bridge over, 220-1. 
 Whitewater, 217. 
 Women, frontier life of, 247; early customs at Fort Wayne, 299, 314, 
 
 318-9, 321, 328, 333-5, 337, 343, 353. 
 World war, stature of American troops in, 437-9. 
 Zanesville, National road at, 215 ; tavern at, 230. 
 
INDEX OF NAMES 
 
 Abbott, James, 316, 327, 334, 340, 
 354, 357. 
 
 Abbott, Elizabeth, 316. 
 
 Adams, William, 281. 
 
 Adhemar, Mr. and Mrs., 306, 
 309, 310, 313, 314, 315, 316, 
 317, 318, 319, 321, 325, 328, 
 333, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 
 434, 348, 349, 351, 352, 353, 
 354, 355, 357, 360. 
 
 Allen, Saul, 282. 
 
 Allison, , 279. 
 
 Alspaugh, David M., 396. 
 
 Ames, Bishop E. R., 259. 
 
 Armstrong, Duff, 521. 
 
 Armstrong, Capt. John, 306. 
 
 Arnold, Isaac N., 486, 501, 512, 
 523. 
 
 Aton, John, 388. 
 
 Baby, Duperron, 324, 348. 
 
 Baker, Conrad, 207. 
 
 Baker, Sen. Edward D., 494. 
 
 Baker, Henry, 387. 
 
 Barbour, Lucian, 189, 196, 197. 
 
 Baril, Indian chief, 74-5. 
 
 Barnett, Adam, 388. 
 
 Barnett, Harry, 397. 
 
 Barthelemy, Mr. and Mrs., 311, 
 317, 333, 349, 350. 
 
 Basye, Lismund, 256. 
 
 Bates, Hervey, 254. 
 
 Bates, Mrs. Hervey, 253-4. 
 
 Baxter, Dr. J. H., 367-9, 370, 
 413-420. 
 
 Beaconfield, Lord, quoted, 291. 
 
 Beckwith, Judge H. W., 514. 
 
 Beers, P., stage line of, 226. 
 
 Begin, Louis, 24. 
 
 Benac, Capt. J. Porlier, 303, 304. 
 
 Benac, Pierre, marries Marie 
 Charlotte Bissot, 16; buys 
 land, 29. 
 
 Bennett, J. B., 500. 
 
 Berry, Wm. F., Lincoln's part- 
 ner, 488. 
 
 Beste, J. Richard, 235. 
 
 Bienville, Gov., quoted, 95-7; 
 declares war on Chickasaws, 
 98; defeated, 99; quoted, 104. 
 
 Birkbeck, Morris, 371. 
 
 Bissonet, Francois, buys lands 
 of Bissot, 44. 
 
 Bissot, Angelique, marries Jean 
 Baptiste Poitevin de la Sal- 
 monais, 20. 
 
 Bissot, Catherine, marries Eti- 
 enne Charest, 14. 
 
 Bissot, Catherine (2), 18. 
 
 Bissot, Charles Francois, mar- 
 riage, 16; sketch of, 28-31. 
 
 Bissot, Charlotte, marries 
 Jacques de Lafontaine de Bel- 
 cour, 19. 
 
 Bissot, Claire Charlotte, becomes 
 nun, 17. 
 
 Bissot, Claire Francois, marries 
 Louis Jolliet, 14. 
 
 Bissot, de la Riviere Francois, 
 marriage, 11; children, 12-17; 
 sketch, 21-28; grantee of fief 
 of Vincennes, 28. 
 
 Bissot, Francois Etienne, 19. 
 
 Bissot, Francois Joseph, marries 
 Marie Lambert Dumont, 19; 
 sketch of, 76-80. 
 
 Bissot, Francois Marie, Sieur de 
 Vincennes, takes the name of 
 Margane, 3 ; son of Jean Bap- 
 tiste Bissot, 17; children of, 
 18 ; record of birth, 81 ; sketch, 
 81-105; with the Ouyatanons, 
 83-4; establishes Post Vin- 
 cennes, 90; letters from, 92-4; 
 joins in war on Chickasaws, 
 97, 99; date of death, 101-3; 
 salary, 91. 
 
 Bissot, Genevieve, marries Louis 
 Maheu, 12; breach of promise 
 suit, 13. 
 
 Bissot, Guillaume, 15. 
 
546 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Bissot, Jean, 19. 
 
 Bissot, Jeanne, marries Philippe 
 de Valrennes, 18. 
 
 Bissot, Jean Baptiste, Sieur de 
 Vincennes, marries Marguer- 
 ite Forrestier, 17; sketch of, 
 31-75 ; illicit liquor trade, 35- 
 42 ; pardoned, 43 ; services at 
 seige of Detroit, 45-70; locates 
 at site of Fort Wayne, 71-2 ; 
 dies and is buried there, 73-5 ; 
 early station with Miamis, St. 
 Joseph river, 38-9 ; record of 
 marriage, 80. 
 
 Bissot, Jean Francois, 12. 
 
 Bissot, Joseph, 19. 
 
 Bissot, Louise, wife of Seraphin 
 Margane de Lavaltrie, 12. 
 
 Bissot, Louise, 20. 
 
 Bissot, Louise Claire, marries 
 Jean Fournel, 19. 
 
 Bissot, Marguerite Catherine, 18. 
 
 Bissot, Marie, marries (1) 
 Claude Porlier, and (2) 
 Jacques Gourdeau, 15. 
 
 Bissot, Marie (2), 20. 
 
 Bissot, Marie Charlotte, marries 
 Pierre Benac, 16. 
 
 Bissot, Marie Charlotte (2), 
 marries Jean Pierre Francois 
 Verderic, 20. 
 
 Bissot, Marie Louise, marries 
 Nicolas Boisseau, 17. 
 
 Bissot, Michel, 18. 
 
 Bissot, Pierre, 18. 
 
 Black Bird, 344, 346. 
 
 Blake, James, 232, 249, 250, 256. 
 
 Blake, Mrs. James, 250. 
 
 Blanchet, Joseph, 305. 
 
 Blodgett, Judge H. W., 506. 
 
 Bloomfield, Lot, 259. 
 
 Blue Jacket, Shawnee chief, 328, 
 333, 335, 353. 
 
 Blythe, Benj. I., 245, 257. 
 
 Bobadilla, Francisco, sends Co- 
 lumbus in chains, 475 ; death 
 of, 476. 
 
 Bolton, Nathaniel, 232-3. 
 
 Bolton, Sara T., 232-3. 
 
 Bonaparte, Jerome, 245. 
 
 Boone, Daniel, 385. 
 
 Bowles, Dr. Wm. A., 139. 
 
 Braddock, Gen. Edward, 210. 
 
 Bradley, Mrs. Henry, 249. 
 
 Bracken ridge, John, 485. 
 
 Bradley, John H., 189. 
 
 Breeden, Bryant, misleads Rebel 
 raiders, 138. 
 
 Brenton, Rev. Robert, 261. 
 
 Brewer, Justice David J., 515. 
 
 Brock, Alexander, 397. 
 
 Brooks, Dr. W. H., 279. 
 
 B rough, John, 378, 440, 444. 
 
 Brown, Adam, 303. 
 
 Brown, Edmund R., Dept. Com. 
 G. A. R., 421. 
 
 Brown, Hiram, 189. 
 
 Brown, Howard, 390. 
 
 Browning, Edmund, 232. 
 
 Browning, Orville H., 494, 503. 
 
 Buckner, , 255. 
 
 Buffkins, John C, 206. 
 
 Bunch, John, 412, 413. 
 
 Bunn, John W., 520. 
 
 Burton, Clarence M., 299. 
 
 Bush, Rev. George, 263. 
 
 Buskirk, Capt. David V. ("tallest 
 man in the Union army"), 367, 
 412, 422, 423 ; sketch, 425-432 ; 
 children of, 427. 
 
 Buskirk, Judge George A., 429, 
 430. 
 
 Buskirk, Isaac (Van), revolu- 
 tionary soldier, 428-9. 
 
 Buskirk, Lieut. Isaac, 366, 430. 
 
 Buskirk, Sergt. John, 366, 430. 
 
 Buskirk, Judge Samuel, 429. 
 
 Butler, Amos, 282. 
 
 Butler, John M., 207. 
 
 Butler, Ovid, 189, 192, 194, 259. 
 
 Cadwalader, David, 396. 
 
 Calhoun, John, 488. 
 
 Callaway, James H., 394. 
 
 Callaway, Micajah, 385-6, 394. 
 
 Callaway, Noble, 394. 
 
 Campbell, Maria, 430. 
 
 Cannehous, Jean, 330. 
 
 Captain John, Indian, 265. 
 
 Capt. Johnny, Shawnee chief. 
 312, 314, 340, 354. 
 
INDEX 
 
 547 
 
 Carr. George W., 197. 
 
 Carter, Mrs. Thos., 257, 258. 
 
 Caven, John, 189, 196. 
 
 Celoron de Blainville, Pierre Jo- 
 seph, expedition of in 1749, 
 73-5. 
 
 Celoron, Capt, 317, 319, 325, 
 328, 333, 334, 335, 349. 
 
 Chachagouache (i e. the Garter 
 Snake), Indian chief, 66. 
 
 Chapin, Dr. Charles V, 287. 
 
 Charest, Etienne, marries Cath- 
 erine Bissot, 14; buys lands of 
 Jean Baptiste Bissot, 33. 
 
 Chase, Salmon P., 527. 
 
 Charles, Samuel, 217. 
 
 Chevalier, Pierre, 297, 348. 
 
 Chinn, Miss Patsy, 252, 253. 
 
 Cicott, Mr. and Mrs., 335, 336, 
 337, 340, 341, 342, 348, 349, 
 350, 352, 358. 
 
 Clairemont, Pierre, 331, 343, 348. 
 
 Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogers, 211, 
 300, 306. 
 
 Clark, George, 396. 
 
 Clark, Marston G., 386. 
 
 Clay, Henry, and National road, 
 213; at Richmond, 230; at 
 Plainfield, 234; estimate of, 
 266. 
 
 Coburn, Gen. John, 197. 
 
 Coe, Dr. Isaac, 263, 264. 
 
 Coffin, James, 388. 
 
 Cole, George S., 511. 
 
 Collins, Andrew, 276. 
 
 Colgrove, Gen. Silas, 412, 425, 
 427. 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, contract 
 with Ferdinand and Isabella, 
 451, 452; education of, 453-7; 
 marriage, 455 ; not aided by 
 Portgual or England, 457-8; 
 appeal to Spain, 459-464; first 
 voyage, 464-470; knowledge of 
 ores and spices, 469 ; second 
 voyage, 470-2 ; third voyage, 
 472-5; fourth voyage, 476-9; 
 ingratitude to, 475, 479 ; men- 
 tal attainments, 480. 
 
 Columbus, Ferdinand, 452, 454. 
 455. 
 
 Compton, Dr. John W., 287. 
 
 Conner, Alexander H., 204-6 
 
 Conner, William, 205. 
 
 Cool, Dr. Jonathan, 263. 
 
 Cory, Judge Samuel, 186, 188. 
 
 Couillard, Marie, 11. 
 
 Coustan, Jean, 331. 
 
 Couture, Guillaume, interpreter, 
 partner of Bissot de la Ri- 
 viere, 22, 23. 
 
 Cravens, Rev. Wm, 248, 381-2. 
 440. 
 
 Crumbaugh, Jacob R., 261. 
 
 Curry, Hiram W., 259. 
 
 Curry, John, 388. 
 
 Cutshaw, Townsend, 395. 
 
 D'Ailleboust de Argenteuil, ad- 
 venture of, 109-10. 
 
 Dartaguiette, Commandant in 
 Illinois, 96; summoned to 
 Chickasaw war, 97-8; killed, 
 99-101. 
 
 Davis, Judge David, 503, 504, 
 505, 506, 513, 516, 524. 
 
 Davis, Oliver L., 503, 505. 
 
 Dawalt, Commodore, 397. 
 
 Dawalt, James D., 397. 
 
 De Boisbriand, Dugue, urges 
 post on Wabash, 85 ; instruc- 
 tions to, 86. 
 
 De Catalogne, Gedeon, quoted, 
 68. 
 
 Deer, The, Indian, 314. 
 
 De Lafontaine de Gelcour, 
 Jacques, marries Charlotte 
 Bissot, 19. 
 
 De Lauzon, Gov. Jean, 24. 
 
 De Linquetot, Sieur, commands 
 "among Miamis and Oeyata- 
 nons," 104. 
 
 Demoiselle, Indian chief, 74-5. 
 
 Denney, Claborne, 397, 402. 
 
 Denney, Flanders, 397, 402. 
 
 Denney, Harrison, 395. 
 
 Denney, Joel, 395. 
 
 Denney, Joseph, 395. 
 
 Denney, Thomas. 378-9, 440-2. 
 
 Dennis, David, 3S8. 
 
548 
 
 INDEX 
 
 De Ramezay, Gov. of Montreal, 
 quoted, 35. 
 
 Desgly, Ensign, 87, 100. 
 
 De Valrennes, Philippe Clement 
 du Valult, marries Jeanne 
 Bissot, 18. 
 
 De Vaudreuil, Gov., quoted, 38, 
 40-4, 82-4. 
 
 De Walt, Col. Henry, 387. 
 
 Dillon, John B., 189, 193, 196, 
 201. 
 
 Dinwiddie, Gov. Robert, 210. 
 
 Dorsey, Hazel, Lincoln's teach- 
 er, 485. 
 
 Doughty, Major John, 308. 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 494, 499, 
 513, 517, 518, 527. 
 
 Dowling, Dr. W. H., 284. 
 
 Drouet de Richardville, 100. 
 
 Dubois, L., 359. 
 
 Du Buisson, Sieur, commands 
 at Detroit, 44, 69; report on 
 siege, 45-71 ; commands at 
 Post Miamis, 72, 82. 
 
 Duckworth, Col. John, 447. 
 
 Dufresne, Mr. and Mrs., 323, 
 327, 329, 3, 35, 39, 348, 53. 
 
 Duke, Gen. Basil, quoted, 136, 
 143-5, 166-7; commands under 
 Gen. Morgan, 156, 171. 
 
 Dumay, Jacques, 330. 
 
 Dunlap, Dr. Livingston, 263. 
 
 Du Poisson, Father Paul, quot- 
 ed, 16. 
 
 Du Tisne, Ensign, 100, 121-2. 
 
 Dye, John T., 207. 
 
 Elder, Dr. E. S., 287. 
 
 Elliott, Byron K., 207, 232. 
 
 Elliott, Matthew, 306. 
 
 Elliott, Gen. W. J.. 232. 
 
 Ellsworth, Henry W., 207. 
 
 Elrod, Eli, 395. 
 
 Evans, Dr. John, 279. 
 
 Ewing, James S., 522. 
 
 Ferguson, Kilby, 196. 
 
 Finch, Fabias M., 207. 
 
 Filson, John, 307. 
 
 Fishback, Wm. P., 202, 207. 
 
 Fisher, F. R., 519. 
 
 Fleenor, Abram, 388. 
 
 Fletcher, Calvin, 189, 192, 193, 
 201, 251, 259, 260. 
 
 Fletcher, Mrs. Calvin, notes 
 from diary of, 247-267. 
 
 Fletcher, Miles, 264. 
 
 Flood, Dr. Jonathan, pursues 
 Gen. Morgan, 179-180. 
 
 Foot, Obed, 259, 261. 
 
 Fordham, Elias Pym, 245-6. 
 
 Forestier, Marie Madeline, god- 
 mother of Sieur de Vincennes, 
 81-2. 
 
 Forsythe, J., 354. 
 
 Fouche, 332. 
 
 Fournel, Jean, marries Louise 
 Claire Bissot, 19. 
 
 Frontenac, Count, speech to In- 
 dians, 34; quoted, 108; sends 
 messages, 109-10. 
 
 Furnas, John, 217. 
 
 Gamelin, Pierret, notary at Vin- 
 cennes, 359. 
 
 Gates, Uriah, 252. 
 
 Gibson, Hugh, 275. 
 
 Girty, George, 16, 339, 357. 
 
 Girty, James, 316, 340, 345. 
 
 Girty, Simon, 316. 
 
 Glenn, Rev. Peter, killed in 
 Morgan's raid, 159. 
 
 Godfroy, Jacques, 330. 
 
 Godman, T. J., 281. 
 
 Good, Richard, 259. 
 
 Gooding, David, wounded in 
 Morgan's raid, 182. 
 
 Goodwin, Septemas, 388. 
 
 Gordon, Isaac, 394. 
 
 Gordon, Jonathan W., 204-5. 
 
 Gorman, Charles, 402. 
 
 Gould, Dr. B. A., 367-369, 402- 
 13, 414, 417. 
 
 Green, Richard, 402. 
 
 Gregg, Harvey, 259. 
 
 Gregory, Col. Samuel O., 412. 
 
 Griffith, Dr., 216-7. 
 
 Gros Loup (Mohican Indian), 
 338. 
 
 Guay, Jean, 23. 
 
 Guion de Rouvray, Joseph, 30. 
 
 Gurley, Rev. Phineas D., 263. 
 
 Guyon, Simon, 25. 
 
INDEX 
 
 549 
 
 Hack, Mrs. Oren S. (Elizabeth 
 Miller), article by, 450-480. 
 
 Hacknev, Wm. Patrick, 515. 
 
 Hall, Reginald, 207. 
 
 Hamilton, Col. Henry, 317. 
 
 Hammond, Gov. Abraham A., 
 1S9. 
 
 Hammond, Rev. Rezin, 248. 
 
 Hardin, John J., 494. 
 
 Harding, Robert, 260. 
 
 Harmar, Gen. Josiah, 302, 308. 
 
 Harris, Addison C, 207. 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin, 207. 
 
 Harrison, Christopher, 244-6. 
 
 Harrison, Wm. H., 234. 
 
 Harvey, Jonathan S., 189. 
 
 Hattabaugh, George, 387. 
 
 Hattabaugh, William, 395. 
 
 Hawkins, John, 259, 261. 
 
 Hawn, Dr. E. R., 287. 
 
 Hay, Henry, 294; identity of, 
 299 ; mission to Miamitown, 
 300; journal of, 303-361. 
 
 Hay, Major Jehu, captured by 
 Gen. Clark, 300. 
 
 Hay, John, 315. 
 
 Heffren, Delos, 393. 
 
 Heffren, Horace, 393. 
 
 Henderson, Dr. Harvey D., 396. 
 
 Henderson, Samuel, 232. 
 
 Hendricks, Abram W., 207. 
 
 Hendricks, Thomas A., 207. 
 
 Herndon, Archie G., 498. 
 
 Herndon, William H., Lincoln's 
 partner, 491, 498, 500, 518. 
 
 Hill, Frederick Trevor, 492, 514, 
 531. 
 
 Hester, C. P., 279. 
 
 Heth, William, killed in Mor- 
 gan's raid, 160. 
 
 Hiestand, Isaac H., 395. 
 
 Hill, Robert, 216. 
 
 Hines, Capt. Thomas, Rebel offi- 
 cer, invades Indiana, 135-9. 
 
 Hix, Richard, 394. 
 
 Hobbs, Elisha. 388. 
 
 Hobbs, Wm., 388. 
 
 Hobson, Gen. Edward, report of 
 Morgan's raid, 142-3 ; at 
 Mauckport, 151, 154-5, 156; 
 
 pursuit of Morgan, 163, 175, 
 
 177. 
 Hodge, Prof. Hugh Lenox, 273, 
 
 note. 
 Hodges, Col. Albert G., 527. 
 Hodges, Mrs. Laura F., 240. 
 
 Hogden, , 251. 
 
 Holliday, Rev. Wm. A., 263. 
 Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell, 
 
 273, note. 
 Holmes, Wm., 217. 
 Hord, Oscar B., 207. 
 Horse Jockey (Indian), 343. 
 House, John H., 397. 
 Housh, Andrew, 384-5. 
 Housh, George, 384. 
 Howe, Judge D. W., quoted, 243. 
 Howland, Caroline, 198. 
 Howland, Hewitt, 198. 
 Howland, John D., 189, 196, 198. 
 Howland, Louis, 198. 
 Hubbard, Rev. Aaron, 379-381. 
 
 Huddleston, , tavern, 231. 
 
 Hunter, Andrew J., 521. 
 Hurty, Dr. J. N., 287, 288. 
 Huston, Alexander, 388. 
 Huston, Benjamin, 388. 
 Huston, Samuel, 388. 
 Ironside, George, 319, 321, 325, 
 
 334, 336, 339, 342, 344, 347, 
 
 350, 351, 353, 356. 
 Isabella, Queen of Spain, be- 
 friends Columbus, 451, 459, 
 
 463, 476. 
 Jameson, Dr. Patrick, 279. 
 Jamison, Wm. G., 395. 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 212, 213. 
 Jenck's distillery, 217-8. 
 Jennings, Jonathan, bill locating 
 
 National road, 215 ; and early 
 
 Indianapolis, 241, 245. 
 Johns, Mrs. Jane, 513. 
 Johnson, Adam P., Rebel guer- 
 
 rila , invades Indiana, 134-5. 
 Johnson, Gen. Bushrod, in Mor- 
 gan's raid, 156. 
 Johnson, Homer, 218. 
 Johnson, Capt. Zephaniah, 388. 
 Joliet, Louis, marries Claire 
 
 Francoise Bissot, 14; partner 
 
550 
 
 INDEX 
 
 of Charles Francois Bissot, 
 
 29; leases seignory of Min- 
 
 gan, 30 ; guardian of Jean 
 
 Baptiste Bissot, 32; partner- 
 ship, 76. 
 Jones, Peter, 282. 
 Judkins, Dr. Wm, 286. 
 Kemp, Godlove, 388. 
 Ketcham, Mrs. Jane M., 263. 
 Ketcham, Col. John, 200. 
 Ketcham, John L., 189, 196, 197, 
 
 200. 
 Kidd, T. W. S., 514. 
 King, Dr. A. W., 382, 384, 390, 
 
 391. 
 King, Dr. W. F., paper on "One 
 
 Hundred Years in Public 
 
 Health in Indiana," 268-291. 
 Kinzie, John, 310, 311, 314, 315, 
 
 316, 318, 319, 321, 324, 341, 
 
 342, 345, 346, 347, 350, 351, 
 
 353, 355, 358, 359. 
 
 Kirk, , 279. 
 
 Kissis (i. e. The Sun), Indian 
 
 chief, 62. 
 Knight, Jonathan, commissioner 
 
 for National road, 215, 220. 
 Koerner, Judge Gustave, 519. 
 Kopp, Capt. Peter, 366, 424-5, 
 
 427. 
 La Balme, Col. Mottin de, 306, 
 
 309. 
 Lacey, Judge Lyman, 507. 
 Lafontaine, Louis de, 11, 12. 
 La Fontaine, Francois, 297, 338, 
 
 339, 350, 353. 
 La Lache (Indian), 329, 331. 
 Lalande, Gayon Jacques de, 11. 
 Lambert, Eustache, 24. 
 Lamon, Ward H, 506. 
 Lamoureux fils, 331. 
 Lamothe, Cadillac, charges 
 
 against Sieur de Vincennes, 
 
 35-8, 39. 
 Lamoureux, 330. 
 Lamyma, should be Lamwa, i. e. 
 
 The Dog), Indian chief, 46, 
 
 62. 
 Lapp, Peter, mill burned in 
 
 Morgan's raid, 159. 
 
 Las Casas, quoted, 452, 453, 
 
 457, 466, 476. 
 Lasselle, Antoine, 297, 322, 323, 
 
 326, 327, 330, 332, 333, 343, 
 347. 
 
 Lasselle, Baptiste, 318, 334, 336, 
 
 337, 342, 346; married, 349, 
 
 352, 353. 
 Lasselle, Coco, 329, 330, 353. 
 Lasselle, Francois, 337, 342, 346, 
 
 353. 
 Lawler, John C, 395. 
 Lee, James, 379, 440, 443. 
 Li'Enfile, Martin, 23. 
 Le Gardeur de Courtmanche, Lt. 
 
 Augustin, 112. 
 Le Gris (Indian chief), 311, 313, 
 
 316, 320, 321, 323, 324, 326, 
 
 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 
 336, 337, 355. 
 
 Leith, George, 303, 305, 319, 323, 
 325, 332, 334, 342, 343, 344, 
 347, 350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 
 361. 
 
 Le Jollie (Indian), 327. 
 
 Le Petit, Father M a t h u r i n , 
 quoted, 102. 
 
 Levering, Julia Henderson, 228. 
 
 Levington, Noah, 255. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, boyhood in 
 Indiana, 484-6; early life in 
 Illinois, 486-9 ; law studies, 
 489-490 ; cases in Supreme 
 Court, 492, 531-5 ; partnerships 
 of, 495-8; descriptions of, 500- 
 502 ; life on the circuit, 503- 
 511; hospitality of, 512; fees 
 of, 513, 521 ; anecdotes of, 514- 
 6; debate with Douglas, 517- 
 8; style of argument, 519-25; 
 student of constitution, 526-7; 
 kindliness of, 528-9. 
 
 Linder, Usher F., 503, 508, 521. 
 
 Liston, Jonathan A., 189. 
 
 Little Egg (Indian), 331. 
 
 Little, John, 232. 
 
 Little Turkey (Indian), 327. 
 
 Little Turtle (Indian), intro- 
 duces inoculation for small- 
 
INDEX 
 
 551 
 
 pox, 278; sketch, 309, 320, 321, 
 
 324, 327, 328, 355. 
 Logan, Col. Ezekiel D., 387. 
 Logan, Gen. John A., 494. 
 Logan, Garrett W., 388. 
 Logan, Judge Stephen T., Lin- 
 coln's partner, 491, 496-8, 503. 
 Loizel, Toussaint, quoted, 101. 
 Longpre, Philippe, father-in-law 
 
 of Sieur de Vincennes, 18. 
 Lorraine, 350, 356, 357. 
 Love, Gen. John, 192. 
 Luck, Benjamin, 395. 
 McCarmic, Dr. Andrew S., 286. 
 McCarty, Enoch, 282. 
 McCarty, Nicholas, 257. 
 McClernand, Gen. John A., 494. 
 McClung, Rev. John, 260-1. 
 McCormick, Arthur, 304. 
 McCormick, John, 242, 248. 
 McCulloch, Hugh, 221. 
 McDonald, David, 207. 
 McDonald, Jos. E., 207. 
 McDonald, trader at Grand 
 
 Glaize, 304-5, 341, 361. 
 McFarland, Demas, 262. 
 McGeorge, Samuel, 248-9. 
 Maclntire, Thomas, 263. 
 McKee, Alexander, Indian 
 
 agent, 297, 316, 317, 324, 340. 
 McKee, Thomas, 350. 
 McLean, Justice John R., 492. 
 McVey. Hugh O'Neal, 204. 
 Macy, David, 189. 
 Maisonville, Toop, 330. 
 The Snake (Indian), 333, 353, 
 
 354, 357. 
 Major, Judge Stephen, 198. 
 Makatemangouas (i. e. Black 
 
 Loon), Indian chief, 45-6. 
 Makisabie, Indian chief, 49, 66. 
 Makouandeby, Indian chief, 58. 
 March, Walter, 197. 
 Marchand, Louis, 33. 
 Margane, Francois. See Bissot, 
 
 Francois Marie. 
 Margane, Francois, Sieur de 
 
 Batilly, godfather of Sieur de 
 
 Vincennes, 81-2; sketch of, 
 
 110-1. 
 
 Margane, des Forets et de La 
 Valtrie Pierre, sketch of, 122- 
 127. 
 
 Margane de Lavaltrie, Seraphin, 
 marries Louise Bissot, 12 ; 
 sketch of, 105-121; officer in 
 Regiment de Carignan, 106-8 ; 
 children of, 109-112. 
 
 Marie Louisa. See Mrs. Rich- 
 ard ville, 321. 
 
 Markland, Augustus, 397, 402. 
 
 Markland, Matthew, 397, 402. 
 
 Markland, Tony, 402. 
 
 Markland, Wm, 397, 402. 
 
 Martin, Mrs. Betsy, 251. 
 
 Martin, S. Wesley, 502. 
 
 May, George, 388. 
 
 May, Ruble, 402. 
 
 Mears, Dr. George W., 188. 
 
 Medlock, Cam., 395. 
 
 Medlock, Henry W., 397-9. 
 
 Medlock, Reuben, 395. 
 
 Meigs, Prof. Chas. D., 273, note. 
 
 Mendez, Diego, 478. 
 
 Merrill, Samuel, 244, 256. 
 
 Metcalf, Dr. C. N., 287. 
 
 Miller, Elizabeth (Mrs. Oren S. 
 Hack), article by, 450-480. 
 
 Mills, Caleb, 259. 
 
 Milroy, John, 218, 220. 
 
 Mitchell, Dr. S. G., 262, 277. 
 
 Mobley, Chas. W., 394. 
 
 Moniz, Philippa, marries Colum- 
 bus, 453. 
 
 Montrayille, 297. 
 
 Montroill, robbery by, 356. 
 
 Moores, Mrs. Chas. W., trans- 
 lates documents, 8. 
 
 Moores, Hon. Merrill, finds 
 Pierre Georges Roy, 6-7. 
 
 Morgan, John, Confederate gen- 
 eral ; raid in Indiana, 133- 
 183 ; preceding troubles, 133- 
 9; Shackelford's account, 141; 
 Gen. Hobson's account, 142-3 ; 
 Basil Duke's account, 143- 
 5 ; Morgan's forces, 145 ; route 
 followed, 146-9; nature of 
 country raided, 150-2; crosses 
 Ohio river, 153-6; prepara- 
 
552 
 
 INDEX 
 
 tions for defense, 157-8; de- 
 tails of raid, 159-178; cost to 
 state, 182. 
 
 Morgan, R. P., 494. 
 
 Morris, Caleb W., 394. 
 
 Morris, Charles, 397, 402. 
 
 Morris, Frank, 397, 402. 
 
 Morris, Fred, 401, 402. 
 
 Morris, George, 397, 401, 402. 
 
 Morris, Harvey, 368; article by, 
 373-402. 
 
 Morris, J., 351. 
 
 Morris, Jehosaphat, 387. 
 
 Morris, Jehosaphat M., Jr., 395. 
 
 Morris, John, 401, 402. 
 
 Morris, Morris, 255. 
 
 Morris, Pritchard, 387. 
 
 Morris, Gen. Thomas A., 255. 
 
 Morris, Capt. Thos., rescue of, 
 313. 
 
 Morrison, James, 189, 190. 
 
 Morton, Gov. Oliver P., proc- 
 lamation in Morgan's raid, 
 156-8; borrows money, 260. 
 
 Muller, Johannes, Calendarium 
 of, 479. 
 
 Munroe, Henry C, 390. 
 
 Murray, Major Patrick, 297, 300, 
 312, 332, 340. 
 
 Neale, T. M., 488. 
 
 Newby, Albert, 402. 
 
 Newcomb, Horatio C, 189. 
 
 Noble, James, 259. 
 
 Noble, Gov. Noah, 276. 
 
 Nowland, Mrs. Matthias, 247. 
 
 Nowland, Sarah Anne, 248. 
 
 O'Kane, Elder John, 194. 
 
 O'Neal, Hugh, 189, 203. 
 
 Otwell, Lt. Francis, 425. 
 
 Ouabimanitou (i. e. White Ma- 
 nito), Indian chief, 62. 
 
 Owen, Robert Dale, 234. 
 
 Paillet (Payet), Mr. and Mrs., 
 310,311,335, 337, 349,350,354. 
 
 Pantonne, Etienne, 330. 
 
 Pamoussa, Indian chief, 46, 62. 
 
 Parker, Benj. S., 228. 
 
 Parks, Judge Samuel C, 507, 
 560. 
 
 Partridge, Dr. J. M., 287. 
 
 Patterson, Elizabeth, 245. 
 
 Patterson, Mrs. Jane, 248, 
 
 Paxton, Mrs. James, 249. 
 
 Payet, Louis, 311. 
 
 Payette, Diaum, 330. 
 
 Paynter, Caleb, 394. 
 
 Paynter, Christian L., 394. 
 
 Paynter, Dr. Charles B., 40L 
 
 Paynter, George, 394. 
 
 Paynter, Harry, 394. 
 
 Paynter, John, 394. 
 
 Paynter, Lawrence W., 402. 
 
 Pecan, Miami chief, 313. 
 
 Pecaudy de contrecoeur, Capt., 
 73. 
 
 Peck, Hy, 394. 
 
 Perier, Gov., instructions to con- 
 cerning Post Vincennes, 87-8. 
 
 Perrot, Nicolas, quoted, 107. 
 
 Perrot, Pierre, 23. 
 
 Peshewa, Indian chief. See Jean 
 Baptiste Richardville. 
 
 Petite Face (Indian), 329, 331. 
 
 Phillipps, John, 307. 
 
 Pitcher, John, Lincoln's teacher, 
 485, 490. 
 
 Pogue, Widow (of George), 217. 
 
 Poitevin de la Salmonais, Jean 
 Baptiste, marries Angelique 
 Bissot, 20. 
 
 Polk, James K., 234. 
 
 Pope, Judge Nathaniel, 492. 
 
 The Porcupine (Indian), 329, 
 330 337 
 
 Porter, Aibert G., 189, 287. 
 
 Pratt, Lieut. John, 307. 
 
 Proctor, Rev. David C, 263. 
 
 Prow, Christian, 388. 
 
 Prow, Christian, Jr., 395. 
 
 Pugh, John, 276. 
 
 Quaife, M. M., article on Fort 
 Wayne in 1790, 293-361, 310. 
 
 Quarles, Wm, 189. 
 
 Quintanilla, Don Alonzo de, be- 
 friends Columbus, 458-9. 
 
 Rainbease, Henri, 330. 
 
 Ralston, Alexander, 245-6. 
 
 Rand, Frederick, 207. 
 
 Ranjard, Mrs., 310, 316, 321, 325, 
 333, 334. 
 
INDEX 
 
 553 
 
 Rariden, James, 259. 
 Rariden, Mary, 201. 
 Ray, James M., 254. 
 Ray, Col. John W., 248. 
 Raymond, M. de, commands at 
 
 Kiskakon, 74. 
 Ream, Capt. Charles, 412. 
 Redfield, Capt. J. B., 413. 
 Richardson, Wm. A., 494. 
 Richardville, Drouet de, 100. 
 Richardville, Jean B a p t i s t e , 
 
 chief, 314, 337, 339, 342, 346, 
 
 352, 353, 360. 
 Richardville, Mrs., mother of 
 
 Chief Jean Baptiste. 314; 
 
 sister of Little Turtle, 321, 
 
 322, 360. 
 Ridge, Mrs. John T. R., 431. 
 Riley, James Whitcomb, 228, 241. 
 Riney, Zachariah, Lincoln's 
 
 teacher, 485. 
 Ringo, Morgan, 221. 
 Rivard (Rivarre), Mr. and Mrs., 
 
 309, 310, 316, 318, 328, 333, 349. 
 Robertson, Jack, 350. 
 Robertson, Wm., 300, 306, 319, 
 
 324, 348, 350. 
 Robideau, 335, 347. 
 Rodman, Admiral Hugh, 382. 
 Rodman, Frank, 402. 
 Rodman, Hugh, 382-3, 394. 
 Rodman, James, 382, 383-4, 394. 
 Rodman, Jasper N., 394. 
 Rodman, John, 382, 391. 
 Rodman, Gen. Thos. J., 368, 382, 
 
 394. 
 Rodman, Wm., 382. 
 Rose, Chauncey, 235. 
 Rous, Capt. Percy, 412. 
 Rowland, John, 388. 
 Roy, Joseph, S i e u r de Vin- 
 
 cennes, 25. 
 Roy, Pierre Georges ; demon- 
 strates identity of Sieur de 
 
 Vincennes, 3 ; sketch of, 4 ; 
 
 works of, 5-6 ; meeting with 
 
 Hon. Merrill Moores, 6-7. 
 Rudolph, T. T., 506. 
 Ryan, Felix, 505, 512. 
 Russell. Col. Alexander, 251-2. 
 
 258. 
 Saguima (i. e. The Mosquito), 
 
 Indian chief, 47, 50, 67. 
 St. Ange, fils, 84; killed, 100, 
 
 101. 
 St. Ange, Louis, 104. 
 St. Ange, pere, 84, 91, 93, 95, 
 
 101. 
 St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, 302, 359, 
 
 360. 
 Sanders, Andrew J., 413. 
 Sayles, Stephen D., 395. 
 Schower, Joseph, surveyor of 
 
 National road, 215. 
 Scudder, Caleb, 264. 
 Sebastian, Wm., 232. 
 Senat, Father Antoine, 100, 102. 
 Sevenick, Dr. B, 279. 
 Sevestre, Charles, 24. 
 Shackelford, Gen. James M., re- 
 port of Morgan's raid, 141-2. 
 Shanks, Lewis, 395. 
 Sharp, George, 306, 341, 348, 361. 
 Sharpe, Thomas H., 263. 
 Sheets, John, 280-1. 
 Sheets, William, 263. 
 Shepherd, 361. 
 Sherlock, 356, 357. 
 Shields, Gen. James A., 494. 
 Short, Aaron, 388. 
 Short, Jacob, 388. 
 Short, Madison, 375, 388, 445-6. 
 Shrum, Moses, 395. 
 Shull, Silas, 402. 
 Shull, Volney, 397. 
 The Sirropp (Syrup-Indian), 
 
 331. 
 Smith, Judge Daniel R., 186, 187. 
 Smith, Elbert, 402. 
 Smith, George, 520. 
 Smith, Lewis N., 394. 
 Smith, Dr. Spencer, 397. 
 Smith, Oliver H, 189, 190, 191, 
 
 192, 195, 259. 
 The Soldier (Indian chief), 329, 
 
 337. 
 Soliday, Daniel, 388. 
 Soliday, Jacob, 389. 
 Souder, Martin, 395. 
 Spangler Vance, 402. 
 
554 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Speed, Joshua F., 498. 
 
 Spencer, Rev. O. M., 305, 306, 
 310, 319, 333. 
 
 Spigler, John, 395. 
 
 Stalnaker, Frank D,, 197. 
 
 Stanley, Jesse, 388. 
 
 Stanley, Olive, 396. 
 
 Starr, Prof. Frederic, 371. 
 
 Stevens, Judge Stephen C, 197. 
 
 Stevens, Dr. Thaddeus M., 287. 
 
 Stevens, Warden W, 368, 374; 
 article by, 440-7. 
 
 Stocker, Dr., 372. 
 
 Stone, Judge Dan, 494, 499. 
 
 Stout, Corporal Ira, 412. 
 
 Stout, Thomas, Gen. Morgan's 
 treatment of, 170-1. 
 
 Stover, Major Abram, 375-9, 
 440-7. 
 
 Strain, Robert, 388. 
 
 Strong, Capt. David, 307, 308. 
 
 Stuart, Major John T., 487, 491, 
 494, 495, 496, 503. 
 
 Sulgrove, Berry, quoted, 249. 
 
 Sullivan, Judge Jeremiah, 244, 
 276. 
 
 Sutton, Dr. George, 284. 
 
 Sweett, Leonard, 503. 
 
 Sweetzer, James L., 196. 
 
 Sweetzer, Philip, 189. 
 
 Takumwa. See Mrs. Richard- 
 ville, 321. 
 
 Talon, Jean, Intendant. god- 
 father of Jean Baptiste Bissot, 
 31 ; grants fief of Vincennes, 
 32. 
 
 Tappan, Col. M. W, 412. 
 
 Tarbell, Miss Ida, 514. 
 
 Tatlock, Robert, 395. 
 
 Taylor, Napoleon B., 207. 
 
 Taylor, Robert, 230. 
 
 Terrell, Gen. W. H. H., 419. 
 
 Thatcher, John Boyd, quoted, 
 460, 467; acknowledgement to, 
 480. 
 
 Thomas, , 279. 
 
 Tonty, Henri de, commands at 
 Detroit, 41. 
 
 Toscanelli, Paola, and Colum- 
 bus, 456-7, 462, 464. 
 
 Treat, Judge Saml. H., 492, 504, 
 511. 
 
 Tremblais, 327. 
 
 Troxell, Joseph Reeder, 205. 
 
 Trueblood, Benj. F., 397. 
 
 Trueblood, Elwood, 396. 
 
 Trueblood, Thomas, 396. 
 
 Uppinghouse, Alfred, 394. 
 
 Uppinghouse, Brad, 394. 
 
 Uppinghouse, James, 379, 440, 
 442, 445. 
 
 Uppinghouse, Robert, 394. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin, 234. 
 
 Van Buskirk. See Buskirk. 
 
 Vance, David, 388. 
 
 Vederic, Jean Pierre Francois, 
 marries Marie Charlotte Bis- 
 sot, 21. 
 
 Vincennes, Francois Marie Bis- 
 sot, Sieur de ; founder of Post 
 Vincennes ; causes uncertainty 
 by assuming name of godfath- 
 er, Francois Margane, 3. See 
 Bissot. 
 
 Vinnedge. Dr. W. W., 287. 
 
 Vivie, 357. 
 
 Volant d' Hautebourg, Jean 
 Louis, leases Mingan seignory, 
 78. 
 
 Walker, Admiral, wreck of 
 fleet, 26, 43-4. 
 
 Wallace, Gov. David, 199. 
 
 Wallace, Gen. Lew, 199. 
 
 Wallace, William, 199, 207. 
 
 Waloole, Robert L., 189, 196, 
 201, 202, 203. 
 
 Washburne, Elihu B., 496. 
 
 Washington, Augustine, 209-10. 
 
 Washington, George, 210, 211, 
 212. 
 
 Waterman, Dr. Luther D., 27L 
 
 Werden, William, 230. 
 
 Weston, George, 395. 
 
 Weston, Win, 395. 
 
 Whitcomb, Gov. James, 259. 
 
 White, F., 286. 
 
 Whitney, Henry C, 503. 
 
 Wick, Daniel B., 259. 
 
 Wick, Judge Wm. Watson, 186- 
 7, 259. 
 
INDEX 
 
 555 
 
 Wick, Mrs. Win. W., 257, 259. 
 Williams, Jacob, 397. 
 Wilson, Mrs. Alex., 260. 
 Wilson, Isaac, 247. 
 Wilson, Wm, 402. 
 Wishard, Dr. Wm. H., 265. 
 Witherington, John, 296, 359. 
 The Wolf, Shawnee chief, 353. 
 Woodard, Charles, 275. 
 Woodburn, Mrs. Ann, 248. 
 
 Woollen, Wm. Wesley, quoted, 
 
 187. 
 Wright, Philbert Marion, 396. 
 Wyant, John, 251-2. 
 Yandes, Daniel, 255-6. 
 Yandes, Simon, 189, 190, 192. 
 
 195, 196. 
 Young, James, 388, 394. 
 Young, Milas, 394-5. 
 Zink, John, 389-390. 
 
INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS 
 VOL. 7 NO. 10 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 LAWYER 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES W. MOORES 
 
 (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Bar Association, 
 1910, and Enlarged. Reprinted, 1929) 
 
 GREENFIELD, IND. 
 
 WM. MITCHELL PRINTING CO. 
 
 1922