THE AMERICAN SOCIAL HYGIENE Incorporated 105 WEST FORTIETH STREET ASSOCIATION NEW YORK CITY MANUAL 1920 BLICATION NO. 312 T HIS handbook has been prepared to furnish concise and accurate informa¬ tion on social hygiene problems to the end that every state may see the necessity for supporting measures essential to their solution. SOCIAL HYGIENE LEGISLATION MANUAL 1920 THE AMERICAN SOCIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION Incorporated 105 WEST FORTIETH STREET NEW YORK CITY PUBLICATION NO. 312 Copyright, 1920, by The American Social Hygiene Association, Inc. Publication No. 312 CONTENTS What is Social Hygiene?. The American Plan. Social Hygiene Organizations. The United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board. . Division of Venereal Diseases of the United States Public Health Service. State Boards of Health. The American Social Hygiene Association. Laws and La\^ Enforcement. Medical Methods for Combating Venereal Diseases. Protective Social Measures. Education: Its Relation to the Program. Recreational Activities. 5 9 10 11 12 13 13 15 19 22 25 20 Appendix: Allotments to States. Federal Rules Governing State Allotments. Venereal Diseases in the Army. Cost to Employer and Employee. Provision for Treatment of Venereal Diseases. Mhy America Cannot Adopt the Old European Plan for Dealing with Prostitution. The Case Against the Red Light. Reform Schools and Reformatories. Government Pronouncements. Resolutions. Legislation for the Repression of Prostitution. Standard Forms of Laws. Repression of Prostitution. Fornication—Adultery. Injunction and Abatement. Control of Venereal Diseases. Removal from Office. Reformatory for Women or Girls. Care of the Feeble-minded. Index. 27 28 32 30 39 40 43 44 40 48 51 55 55 57 58 03 05 09 73 70 [ 3 ] 73 «M ' w ° v u 73 b o c ft V ►» g '3 *35 S3 > p w rt O g y ft q b a ,s 3 fa 2 2 8 t> 73 *03 ^ 73 SC O y 73 5 c | 3 i 1 s-s 2 xs «w aj 2 - y < J= W " CO «ijfi O 3 2 « .b ft -»-> «w 03 ° 73 g C g port CO ‘-5 rt « « w 2 o m >, ft" •ft « 2 73^ ! 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Social hygiene, as it is popularly understood in the United States, deals with the welfare of the family and the race. There¬ fore, it is the intimate concern of everybody. Whatever tends to conserve and strengthen the family as a social unit and whatever contributes in the largest way to the happiness and productivity of its individual members and to the highest welfare of the human race; is a part of social hygiene. It encourages those factors which build; up a better home life and endeavors to do away with those which ^ tear down and destroy it. Rational education on such subjects as marriage, divorce,repro¬ duction, prostitution, and the venereal diseases is needed in order that men, women, and children may obtain a correct social point of view. Education is particularly required regarding the venereal diseases because they are more closely related to the problems of sex and the welfare of the family than other communicable dis¬ eases. Hence, social hygiene should recognize all these phases of the general subject. Perhaps the most pressing questions to be dealt with at present are those regarding prostitution and the venereal diseases, two of the greatest enemies of the family. These allied public foes, aided by a policy of ignorance and mock modesty, menace the health and happiness of multitudes in this country. Innocent women and children are often their victims, and many of the nation’s blind, crippled, and insane owe their dis¬ abilities to prostitution and its corollaries, syphilis and gonor¬ rhea. Divorce, desertion, and illegitimacy are other conditions often resulting from them. In former days public opinion decreed prostitution a “necessary evil,”—that it was necessary for some women to be sacrificed in order that others might be protected. Now the public realizes that it is wholly evil and absolutely unnecessary. This change in opinion marks a genuine advance [ 5 ] WHAT IS SOCIAL HYGIENE? in social hygiene. Most cities have awakened to the fact that red- light districts mean crime and disease. Some of them appointed impartial commissions to investigate the matter and thus the light of scientific inquiry was turned on this age-old “profession,”—a profession which it was thought should never be disturbed because it never had been . 1 Every investigation resulted in these conclusions: first, that the whole theory of prostitution as a “necessary evil” is false; sec¬ ond, that commercial prostitution is an artificial product existing through the stimulation of trade by advertising, and through the exploitation of girls and women to supply the artificially created demand. Intelligent men and women then began to brush away the cobwebs of ignorance and superstitution and to consider the sub¬ ject in the light of these facts. Out of the various suggestions which were made for eliminating prostitution, two general lines of campaign developed. One endeavored primarily to repress prosti¬ tution and abolish the white-slave traffic; the other, to spread educa¬ tion regarding sex and the venereal diseases. Now various agen¬ cies, governmental and voluntary, are combining these two methods of attack and utilizing others. The history of prostitution shows that measures aimed at the regulation and segregation of prostitutes are ineffective as means of repressing the business and controlling the venereal diseases. It is also the experience of social-hygiene workers that repressive laws are inadequate unless supplemented by measures for the care and rehabilitation of prostitutes, for medical treatment of persons i During the period 1910-20 such investigations lowing cities in the United States: Atlanta, Ga., 1912 Baltimore, Md., 1916 Baton Rouge, La., 1914 Bay City, Mich., 1914 Bridgeport, Conn., 1916 Buffalo, N. Y., 1913 Chicago, Ill., 1911 Cleveland, Ohio, 1916 Columbus, Ohio, 1919 Denver, Colo, 1913 Elmira, N. Y., 1913 Grand Rapids, Mich., 1912 Hartford, Conn., 1913 Kansas City, Mo., 1911 Lafayette, Ind., 1913 Lancaster, Pa., 1913 Lexington, Ky., 1915 Little Rock, Ark., 1913 Minneapolis, Minn., 1911 New York, N. Y., 1910 Newark, N. J., 1914 were conducted in. the fol- Philadelphia, Pa., 1913 Pittsburgh, Pa., 1917 Portland, Me., 1914 Portland, Ore., 1912 St. Louis, Mo., 1914 San Francisco, Cal., 1911 Shreveport, La., 1915 Springfield, Ill., 1915 Syracuse, N. Y., 1913 Utica, N. Y., 1918 [ 6 ] WHAT IS SOCIAL HYGIENE? infected with venereal diseases, and for educational and recreational measures designed to prevent sex crimes and disease by creating a healthy social consciousness. Past difficulties arose largely from the failure to deal with prostitutes as human beings who must live, rather than as vermin to be disposed of in a night. The government of the United States decided that the only way to deal with prostitution in the cantonment zones was by repressive measures rather than attempts at regulation. It did not try to make the rattlesnake harmless by extracting its fangs. It chose rather to kill the snake outright as an enemy to national efficiency and welfare. This policy was adopted because of the proof that red-light districts and single houses of prostitution were breeding- places of crime and disease, possessing not a single attribute of benefit to the community. The nation’s war experiences emphasized these and other facts of a similar nature, and it has been truthfully said that the social- hygiene movement advanced further during the three war years than it had during the preceding half century. While preparing for and carrying on the war, officials found answers to many-mooted questions and dealt death blows to many old time fallacies. The detention and medical examination of many prostitutes, done as a war measure, proved beyond doubt that pros¬ titution cannot be made safe . 2 The actual abolition of red-light districts and of single houses of prostitution outside of the district proved that commercial prostitution can be destroyed. Draft examinations demonstrated that venereal diseases are the greatest menace to our national health and efficiency and that adequate facilities for their early diagnosis and treatment are necessary if they are to be successfully controlled. Other facts brought into the open were that ignorance of these diseases and their consequences underlies much of the wreckage they cause, and that protective measures are essential elements in any effective community program. Money must be spent to carry on these control measures which have proved their worth, but this money will be well spent. The war also served to secure for social hygiene, governmental recognition and administrative machinery of the highest order. 2 From 60% to 95% of these prostitutes were found infected with syphilis, gonorrhea, or both, despite the fact that many of them had medical certifi¬ cates to the contrary. m WHAT IS SOCIAL HYGIENE? All the agencies in the field were coordinated and, as a result of their team work, more than 130 red-light districts were closed, many hun¬ dreds of single houses of prostitution were abolished, more than 800 communities conducted local campaigns against venereal diseases, and more than 3,000,000 men in the army received definite informa¬ tion about venereal diseases. Millions of educational pamphlets were distributed among the civilian population and medical facili¬ ties were established in many communities and industries. It is of note that there has been no let-up of activity on the part of social hygiene agencies since the war. They realize that venereal disease is a greater problem in time of peace than during war. In fact, the army records show that where one case of venereal disease was contracted after entering the army, five were brought in by the draft from the civilian population. To meet this problem of civil life and to conserve the effective measures already in operation was the purpose of Congress in appropriating $4,100,000 for carrying on the venereal disease fight in the federal fiscal years 1919 and 1920, and $1,015,000 for the fiscal year 1921. A large part of this appropriation went to aid the various states in establishing their machinery. By means of this federal assis¬ tance there has been established in connection with the state depart¬ ments of health in forty-seven states divisions of venereal disease control, in charge of a commissioned officer of the United States Public Health Service, or some other person approved by the Service. Consequently, there is now in every state in the Union, save one , machinery for waging an aggressive warfare on the vene¬ real menace. In a majority of states this is being done. The question now before the nation is “Shall the fight be continued?” With this answered in the affirmative comes the necessity for giving the fighting forces that support which will enable them to win a final victory. Here is the situation: The federal government’s appropriation for allotments to the states for the prevention, treatment, and con¬ trol of venereal diseases in 1921 is $546,345.30. The states receive their allotments on a 50-50 basis. That is, every dollar that is paid by the federal government must be matched by a dollar paid by the state. The federal appropriation for this year constitutes a retrenchment of about 50% from the previous one. It will be m THE AMERICAN PLAN seen, therefore, that the states must increase their appropriations in order to maintain even their present activities. It will not be enough, however, merely to hold the ground already gained. A lasting victory can be achieved only through the continued and increased support of every state. Additional legisla¬ tion is needed; new appropriations are essential to carry on activi¬ ties already started and to provide for further progress. These responsibilities rest to a great extent upon the lawmakers. To them is entrusted the protection of social and moral rights in their commonwealth. They should ask themselves, “Is it not the better part of wisdom to spend more for the 'prevention of disease, blindness, insanity, and wrecked homes than to relieve their results?” By supporting the clinic, the industrial home, and other social-hygiene activities a state can promote the health, welfare, and efficiency of all its citizens. It can protect the men, women, and children of this generation while at the same time providing a heritage for those of the future. Happy homes with healthy parents and children are the real wealth of a nation. Will you help to put your state on record as one believing in and supporting to the best of its ability this cam¬ paign for healthy bodies and wholesome social standards? THE AMERICAN PLAN Of all programs ever devised for the prevention and control of the venereal diseases, the one inaugurated and put into effect by the United States Government is the most workable. This program, known internationally as the “American plan,” consists of a four¬ fold method of combating syphilis and gonorrhea. The four measures making up this plan are law enforcement, medical measures, recreation, and education. Each has an impor¬ tant place in the scheme and all are essential to its execution. No better social laboratory could have been provided for a fair, comprehensive test of the value of this program than the American army cantonments, and its great success there, under the most trying and adverse circumstances, proved its definite value. Law enforcement prevented many exposures to venereal diseases by taking necessary legal steps to limit and repress the activities of SOCIAL HYGIENE ORGANIZATIONS the prostitute class. Medical measures prevented the spread of infections by curing or at least rendering non-infectious those who contracted syphilis or gonorrhea. Clean and wholesome recreation played its part by providing healthy and entertaining spare-time activities for the men, while education as to the prevalence and seri¬ ousness of these diseases, combined with an appeal to the inherent decency and chivalry of the men in service, had a strong influence on their conduct. So valuable was this program in the army that Surgeon Gen¬ eral Ireland said of it: “The great outstanding fact of importance for our future work is that the American plan of a coordinated attack on venereal disease from all sides is successful under any conditions where it has had a fair trial,” and further, “any attack which omits either law enforcement, medical, recreational, or educa¬ tional measures is not likely to be a complete success.” The problem of controlling venereal diseases in civil life involves most of the same elements with which the army had to deal, and the same many-sided type of attack is required. States and com¬ munities which have already put the American plan into effect will vouch for its value. Legislative enactments providing laws and appropriations to back up this program must be forthcoming if progress is to be con¬ tinued. Each individual state can establish the measures of the plan within its own borders if it will. Every commonwealth has the opportunity to utilize this decisive factor for solving what General Gorgas called “the most serious problem of public health confront¬ ing our nation at the present time.” SOCIAL HYGIENE ORGANIZATIONS The agencies at work in the field of social hygiene are the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board, the United States Public Health Service, the American Social Hygiene Asso¬ ciation, the state boards of health, and many local organizations. 3 The League of Women Voters and the Woman’s Christian Temper- 3 The American Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Y. M. H. A., Rotary and Kiwanis Clubs, and Chambers of Commerce are among the noteworthy support¬ ers of the nation-wide social-hygiene campaign. [10J SOCIAL HYGIENE ORGANIZATIONS ance Union through their state and local committees have pledged the influence of thousands of women to the campaign. By close cooperation in their activities, these agencies present a solid front in attacking any social-hygiene problem. They have inaugurated the most nearly complete program ever undertaken for the control, prevention, and eradication of venereal diseases and the advancement of social hygiene generally. The United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board The United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board was created by act of Congress on July 9, 1918, for the purpose of protecting the civil population of the United States against vene¬ real diseases and for meeting the immediate emergencies of the war. Its program (1) involves a search for additional accurate infor¬ mation concerning the causes, carriers, prevention, treatment, and control of venereal diseases; (2) includes measures for the appro¬ priate distribution of this information; (3) provides for the devel¬ opment of sound and constructive methods of sex education; (4) acts as the distributor and auditor for those funds which the federal government has appropriated to each state on a dollar-for-dollar basis for the prevention and cure of venereal diseases in that state; and (5) supplies plans and resources for the employment of social measures for protection against and for the care of persons infected with these diseases. Since the initiation of this comprehensive program, for the exe¬ cution of which the government provided both the financial resources and the administrative machinery, something over $3,500,000 has been expended through the Board, and the' expenditure of an even larger sum has been made by state and local governments and by volunteer agencies. At present 39 colleges, universities, and normal schools are being aided in the establishment or enlargement of departments of hygiene. More than 100 men and women are at work in 22 institutions to perfect better medical treatment and preventive measures for gon' orrhea, syphilis, and chancroid. In the field are 149 protective social workers and other agents engaged in establishing protective social measures throughout the United States. [11] SOCIAL HYGIENE ORGANIZATIONS Division of Venereal Diseases of The United States Public Health Service The United States Public Health Service, “the country’s first and last line of defense,” as it has been termed, has general control of federal public-health activities throughout the nation. It came into being about the year 1798 as the Marine Hospital Service and has had its activities and responsibilities expanded by acts of Con¬ gress until now it is the recognized court of final resort in public- health emergencies. The Division of Venereal Diseases of the Public Health Service was created under the same act of Congress as was the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board. The purpose of this Division is first , to cooperate with state boards of health for the prevention and control of such diseases within the states*; sec¬ ond , to prepare and distribute educational material concerning venereal diseases; and third , to control and prevent the spread of these diseases in interstate traffic. The experienced medical officers whom the Service has furnished to most states have proved of great value in building up the state’s machinery for clinical, medical, law enforcement, and educational work. The activities of the Division of Venereal Diseases during 1919 included campaigns to reach the nation’s physicians, dentists, and druggists with educational material. Approximately 132,000 physicians and surgeons were communicated with, their attention being called to the prevalence of venereal diseases and the impor¬ tance of adopting energetic measures for their control. In addi¬ tion more than 50% of all druggists agreed to stop selling venereal- disease nostrums. A special educational attack was made on the advertising quack specialists. The Division, recognizing the public danger resulting from this group, sent requests to 20,000 advertising mediums ask¬ ing their cooperation against this class of advertising. The vast majority agreed to assist, many of them having already ceased to sell space for such purposes. Other special campaigns were those to reach the members of fraternal organizations, the “Keeping Fit” campaign to reach boys between the ages of 15 and 21, and the industrial campaign in which approximately 57,000 employers of labor were reached and upward [121 SOCIAL HYGIENE ORGANIZATIONS of 2,000,000 pieces of educational pamphlets, posters, and placards were purchased for distribution among employees. The outstanding feature of the Division’s work is the fact that practically all state health officers have agreed to cooperate in the national effort to carry out the American plan for controlling vene¬ real diseases, and are working with the Public Health Service to that end. State Boards of Health At present forty-seven state boards of health are cooperating with the Division of Venereal Diseases of the United States Public Plealth Service in the control of venereal diseases. The only state that has not yet accepted this service is Nevada. In each of the states which have accepted, a commissioned officer of the Public Health Service Reserve has been designated for venereal-disease control work, as a state health department officer. It is the duty of this medical officer to build up strong com¬ munity effort that will become more and more self-sustaining. He stimulates the establishment of clinics, conducts educational cam¬ paigns, coordinates law-enforcement and social-service activities, and by securing the cordial support of the people of the state, makes it possible to secure needed laws and ordinances. It is hoped to decentralize this work as soon as possible in order that each state may stand on its own feet. To accomplish this it is essential that more state funds be made available, and even now some of the most important states are increasing their yearly bud¬ gets for fighting venereal diseases. The American Social Hygiene Association The American Social Hygiene Association is the representative national voluntary organization dealing with problems constituting the general field of social hygiene. It is a membership, non¬ profiting corporation and is entirely dependent on voluntary sub¬ scriptions for funds. It extends its service to individuals and to private and public organizations interested in any branch of social-hygiene work. For the reason that prostitution and the attendant venereal diseases present a health and social menace of immediate urgency, the Asso- [13] SOCIAL HYGIENE ORGANIZATIONS ciation is making the campaign against prostitution and the vene¬ real diseases one of its main endeavors. Through its Law Enforcement Department it aids communities in reducing commercial prostitution to a minimum and in preventing the creation of new prostitutes. It assists in the drafting of laws and ordinances and advises in matters pertaining to the enforce¬ ment of laws which fall in the field of social hygiene. Through its Medical Department, it acts as a clearing house for doctors, clinic directors, hospital superintendents, public-health officials, and others interested in the medical phases of the venereal- disease problem. It cooperates with health authorities in encour¬ aging communities to establish model venereal-disease clinics as part of their public-health administration. The function of the Department of Public Information is to inform the public on social-hygiene topics with a view to creating an enlightened public opinion and to securing favorable action on legislative measures and all other matters having to do with social hygiene. Work with women and girls is another field of social hygiene in which the Association renders first-hand service, especially in com¬ munities where efforts are being made for the proper care and rehabilitation of delinquent girls and young women. As rational sex education is one of the foremost needs in the social-hygiene movement, the Department of Education is a most important one. Its endeavor is to stimulate the education of both young and old to the true purpose of sex in life,—to displace the old myths and falsehoods with authoritative information on this subject. [U] LAWS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT The profits in prostitution are what make it the tremendous problem it is. These profits are provided by the men customers to the prostitute. In communities where commercial prostitution thrives, the bulk of these profits pass to third parties, including the pimps, the procurers, and the madams. All these are in the business not for their health but for the money they can get out of it; there¬ fore they must make it pay. If trade becomes dull, they must stimulate it; if customers drop off they must institute new methods of advertising and soliciting. If the business is attacked they must defend it by whatever methods will cause it to continue to exist. Thus an artificial trade is kept stimulated and a demand created that only a continuous body of fresh recruits can supply. But does such a business have to exist? Who are they who defend it? They are those who exploit or protect prostitution for profit—the pimps and the madams who fatten off the prostitutes, the owners and operators of hotels, rooming-houses, and apartment houses, chauffers, bell-boys, dance-hall and cabaret proprietors who cater to assignation or prostitution; politicians and officials who encourage or tolerate violations of the laws for political or financial gain; “shyster” lawyers, bail-bond sharks, and doctors, who in the name of justice or public health, defeat justice, corrupt officials, increase disease, and line their pockets with “blood money.” 4 The old time fallacy that no law was effective against prostitu¬ tion has been exploded. Commercialized prostitution, whether car¬ ried on in red-light districts or in scattered houses, has been and can always be, through persistent law enforcement, suppressed. The main thing to do is to strike at its profits. By taking the profits out of prostitution you take prostitution out of the com¬ munity. The profiteers seek other means of making money; the prostitutes seek other employment. This can best be done by per¬ sistent law enforcement against the activities of third parties who reap the bulk of the profits, the activities of the men customers who provide all the profits and of the prostitutes who receive them in the first instance. Occasional raids and arrests are not feared. They are accepted as incidents of the business. But when officials go 4 For a summary of the arguments for and against red-light districts see p. 43. [15] [ 16 ] LAWS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT after the profiteers, the prostitutes, and their male copartners in the same way that they attack other violators of the law, then prostitution and the spread of venereal diseases are reduced to a minimum. The reasons why laws aimed at the repression of prosti¬ tution, aside from its commercial aspects, have not been more suc¬ cessful in the past are not hard to find. One reason is that not until recently did society believe it to be desirable or practicable. It held to the doctrine of sex necessity for men, with the resulting double standard of morals. As long as the public believed that there was one code of morals and conduct for men and another for women, laws against the act of prostitution were aimed or enforced, if at all, only against women. But fortunately for future progress and in justice to both sexes, this doctrine has been exploded in as authoritative a manner as possible. At a meeting of the General Medical Board of the Council of National Defense, June 7, 1917, sexual continence was declared “compatible with health and the best prevention of venereal infec¬ tions.” 5 6 The American Medical Association at its meeting shortly after adopted a resolution embodying the same statement. 5 The army and navy have adopted this principle as the basis of their program for the prevention of venereal diseases and the attaining of the highest physical, mental, and moral development of the men. Since science has demonstrated that there is no such difference in the physiology of men and women as to justify a difference in their moral conduct and obligations, and since the war has cleared away much of the mist of ignorance and hypocrisy concerning sex f necessity, the laws against prostitution should be made to apply to men as well as to women. Then law enforcement will be less diffi¬ cult because backed by a fair-minded public opinion. Not until 1919, when a standard form of law on this subject was prepared and presented to the legislatures of the several states by the federal government, was prostitution, with few exceptions, an offense of which a man could be guilty. Now, under this law, a j man who has intercourse with a prostitute can be punished as well ( 5 For text of resolutions, see p. 48. 6 For a copy of this law see p. 55. The ten states above referred to are: Con¬ necticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Wisconsin, New York, and Vir¬ ginia have adopted parts of this law. [17] LAWS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT as the prostitute herself. Ten states have followed the recommen¬ dations of the government and have remodeled their prostitution laws according to this standard form. 6 This remodeled law not only attempts to reach all promiscuous sex delinquents, but renders more serviceable the legal weapons against the third parties to prostitution. Furthermore, it elimi¬ nates fines and provides for indeterminate sentences of such mini¬ mum length as to afford opportunity for rehabilitation. For its further effectiveness, state reformatories for women, prison farms for men, training schools for boys and girls, and colonies for the custodial care of the feeble-minded sex delinquents are necessary |ST 8 ND Enos. 6mm. Law Enforcement Checks the Spread of Venereal Diseases This chart illustrates an almost complete reduction, by means of law enforce¬ ment, of the infection rates for venereal diseases in a military force averaging about 12,000 men, stationed on the Canal Zone, Panama, from 1913 to 1918. institutions and should be included in every state’s legislative cam¬ paign. Detention houses, probation officers, and policewomen are other agencies that are valuable in preventing sexual offenses. 7 Progressive lawmakers can be depended on to provide equal justice for citizens of both sexes and facilities for the care and rehabilitation of those who require these remedial aids. 7 Detailed suggestions as to states needing these and other laws may be found on p. 53. [ 18 ] MEDICAL METHODS FOR COMBATING VENEREAL DISEASES Few, if any, diseases are more completely understood by science than are the venereal diseases. Much of the knowledge necessary to eliminate them is available. Yet they are notoriously uncontrolled. In fact, Sir William Osier ranked syphilis as “the greatest killing disease,” while gonorrhea is generally calculated to be from three to five times as prevalent as syphilis. The tremendous loss in dollars and cents caused by this group of diseases is being recognized as never before by employers of labor. The cost to industry in loss of time and decreased produc¬ tion due to syphilis and gonorrhea is estimated at many millions of dollars per year. 8 The time lost during the year 1918 by officers and enlisted men in army service on account of venereal diseases amounted to 3,937,- 710 days. In other words, an average of 10,788 men and officers were absent from duty each day of the year on account of this class of diseases. 9 The task of curing venereal diseases is, of course, one to be per¬ formed by the physicians of the community. It cannot be done by laymen, but the latter can give the doctors their unstinted support. The public must show 1 that it wants the job done and is willing to support the measures needed to do it. 10 The first essential from a medical point of view is that prompt and scientific diagnosis and treatment be made available to every infected person. Efficient clinics providing free, part-pay, and pay treatment must be maintained. Hospitals and doctors, instead of turning away cases of gonorrhea and syphilis as they have done in the past, should provide treatment for them just as they do for others of an infectious nature. It is essential also that the price of treatment be brought within the reach of every person. This can be effected either by the state’s manufacturing the curative prep¬ arations, particularly arsphenamine, or buying them in wholesale 8 See “Cost to Employer and Employee,” p. 37. 9 See “Venereal Diseases in the Army,” p. 37. i° See Standard Form of Law No. 4, p. 63. All states except Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Nevada, and Idaho now require venereal diseases to be reported; Idaho, Massachusetts, and Nevada are the only states which do not have stat¬ utes providing for the compulsory examination and detention of persons rea¬ sonably suspected of being venereal-disease carriers. [19] MEDICAL METHODS quantities and distributing them free or at cost to reliable physicians and clinics. The value of this procedure was proved in dealing with diphtheria. Not until diphtheria antitoxin was provided by the state, so that its prompt use and reduced price was in reach of every one, did this disease cease taking its toll of thousands of lives annually. Another point to be emphasized is the need for suppressing the sale of “patent” or proprietary remedies for venereal diseases, except on a physician’s prescription. There are laws or regula¬ tions of the state board of health forbidding this in seventeen states. 11 The practice of self-medication is probably nowhere as dangerous as in the treatment of syphilis and gonorrhea. Unrelent¬ ing warfare must be made on unscrupulous doctors, “medical insti¬ tutes,” museums of anatomy, advertising specialists, and all forms of quackery which attempts to capitalize the credulity of their patients. The law forbids quack advertising in twenty-three states. 11 Thousands of unfortunate men and women contribute mil¬ lions of dollars annually to the incomes of advertising doctors, in return for which they often receive inadequate and unscientific treatment. In order to control venereal diseases it is essential that the public be taught the truth concerning them. All should know of their dire results if permitted to spread unchecked. All should realize that “Keep well” beats “Get well.” It is of equal or greater importance, however, that practicing physicians know the best tech¬ nique for diagnosing and treating these diseases and have facili¬ ties for actually giving the treatment. To the majority of physi¬ cians these are not readily accessible, but as several states have already demonstrated, this information can be taken, to the physi¬ cians by means of lectures, motion pictures, and clinics. These, as well as treatment facilities, can be provided at comparatively small expense to the state. These features of educational health work can be effectively carried on by the bureaus of venereal diseases of the state boards of health. It is a duty of scientific government to control widespread endemic diseases. In the performance of this duty a state is justi¬ fied in spending a sum of money equal to the amount lost through the ravages of these diseases on its citizens, if capable of wise n See folded charts containing tabular analysis of Social Hygiene Legislation. [20] MEDICAL METHODS expenditure in any given period. It is true economy for every commonwealth to support liberally the measures needed by its health authorities to bring venereal diseases under permanent control. A reasonable investment for these public-health necessities will pay dividends forever. Legislation designed for the protection of the marriage relation is commanding increasing attention, especially in view of the need for a uniform marriage law in all states. Among the most impor¬ tant proposals are the abolition of common-law marriages, the pub¬ lication of banns, and the physical and mental examinations of both parties to determine their general fitness. Some just measure in the interest of children born out of wedlock is also being sought. 12 12 A medical certificate of freedom from venereal disease, on the part of the male applicant for license, is required in Alabama, North Dakota, Oregon, and Wisconsin. In New York a statement is made by both applicants under oath, that they are free from venereal disease, and in Pennsylvania, that they are free from any communicable disease. In Washington the male applicant for a license is required to make oath before the marriage license clerk that he is free from venereal disease and tuberculosis. In Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, Vermont, and Oklahoma, it is a mis¬ demeanor for persons having a venereal disease to marry. In Maine it is a misdemeanor for persons suffering with syphilis to marry. Utah provides that marriages between persons afflicted with venereal dis¬ eases shall be void. In Virginia the law provides that in case the woman is under the age of forty-five, the man must take oath that he is free from any contagious venereal disease and he may also make affidavit that he believes the woman named in the license is free therefrom. See American Marriage Laws in their Social Aspects, published by the Rus¬ sell Sage Foundation, 130 East 22d Street, New York City. [21] PROTECTIVE SOCIAL MEASURES In none of society’s problems has the value of prevention as against the cost of cure been so clearly demonstrated as in the work of preventing girls and boys from becoming recruits for the under¬ world. In the past it has been the policy of states and communities to pay little or no attention to their morally endangered and way- wardly inclined youths until they became harmful to society and “repeaters” in the courts. Now it is known to be the more effec¬ tive, cheaper, and wiser plan to provide measures of protection and prevention. In the light of present-day knowledge concerning the preven¬ tion of delinquency and concerning reformative treatment, each state is called upon to adopt a rational program for safeguarding its youth and reclaiming its unfortunates. Particularly is this imperative in any state’s campaign for the repression of prostitu¬ tion and the control of venereal diseases. The attack on the busi¬ ness of prostitution through a policy of strict and persistent law enforcement and adequate facilities for medical treatment should be supplemented by institutional care for those apprehended as prosti¬ tutes, and protective care for those who would become prostitutes if left to their own devices. Prostitutes are human beings and must be dealt with intelli¬ gently. When they are arrested and deprived of earning a liveli¬ hood by possibly the only means they know, they must be taught ways of earning an honest living. Because of the nature of their occupation, nearly all prostitutes need medical treatment for vene¬ real diseases and opportunities for restoration to normal health. (Examination of thousands of apprehended prostitutes in the United States during the past few years has shown that, without much difference due to color or social status, from 60% to 95% are infected with gonorrhea or syphilis or both.) All prostitutes and wayward girls are not of one class. Some are first offenders, or are arrested before their first grave offence is committed. Some are hardened and vicious. Proper treatment for one type would not be proper treatment for another type. Long confinement may be necessary for incorrigibles, while young girls need to be given scholastic, ethical, and vocational training and opportunity to have another chance in life. Hence the need for adequate rehabilitation measures, which should include the passage [22] PROTECTIVE SOCIAL MEASURES of laws authorizing the county to commit sex delinquents to insti¬ tutions for an indeterminate period . 13 The best institution which a state can provide for this purpose is an industrial school-farm. It meets admirably the problem of the adult offenders as well as that of younger girls . 15 Here the inmates under expert supervision can have medical care and can be brought into a healthful outdoor environment. They can have training in a congenial vocation; here they are given a different viewpoint as to the purposes of life and are equipped to go out again as safe citizens of the state. This reconstruction of moral fiber and character is not a theoretical dream. It has succeeded in hundreds of cases. The analogous institution for men is the prison farm. The establishment of such institutions is gaining headway. Mental examinations of arrested prostitutes show that a consid¬ erable percentage of them are feeble-minded or of low-grade mental¬ ity. Such women must be isolated. They are not only the most care¬ less, habitual, and dangerous carriers of venereal diseases, but they present a serious problem from the point of view of illegitimacy. Inasmuch as so many of the girls who become involved in court cases are feeble-minded or psychopathic, it is essential that courts dealing with these cases have the facilities for making thorough mental examinations. An experienced psychiatrist or psychologist should be available. The farm colony is the most successful me thod for isolating feeble-minded prostitutes. H ere they can have medical supervision and can work and contribute to their own support. But whatever institutional care is provided for them, they should be treated as mental defectives and not as criminals . 16 13 Only 22 states now have indeterminate sentence laws. See folded charts containing tabular analysis of Social Hygiene Legislation. 14 States having reformatories for women are Arkansas, Connecticut, Indi¬ ana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania', and Wisconsin. is The following states also have laws providing for reformatories for women, but due to lack of appropriations or faults of administration the insti¬ tutions are not yet in operation: Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Illi¬ nois, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, North Carolina, Washington. All states, excepting Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North and South Dakota, and Wyoming, have reform schools for girls. i® For information relative to mental hygiene, see p. 73, and apply to the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 50 Union Square, New York City. [ 23 ] PROTECTIVE SOCIAL MEASURES It is also necessary to have detention houses where offenders who are not yet hardened can be held without being branded as “jailbirds.” These should be homelike places and conducted with a view to the moral and mental rehabilitation of those placed there. During the time the offenders are held, medical and mental examina¬ tions should be made so that a rational plan for the detained per¬ son’s future may be recommended to the judge. Placing girls or boys on probation or parole is a duty involv¬ ing the exercise of judgment and sympathy. It should be done only with the greatest caution and under the supervision of probation officers of the same sex as the offender. Under adequate supervi¬ sion, however, probation is to be preferred to institutional care for young offenders . 17 Women police are most helpful to young and wayward girls in protecting them from criminal influences and in attending and shielding them when in court. When possible it is advisable to have women officials make the medical examination of girls and investi¬ gate their home conditions, keeping watch over them while on pro¬ bation or parole and supervising places of public recreation, par¬ ticularly dance-halls. All agencies combating prostitution and venereal diseases rec¬ ognize the unregulated dance-hall as a great source of moral delin¬ quency and venereal-disease infection. Prostitutes andjmnips-make of such dance-halls easy avenues for solicitationsTma recruiting. The proper supervision of such places requires expert officials, but the system of licensing and regulating the activities of dance-halls and other public amusement places has proved its value . 18 The board of health of one state which is making great head¬ way in its campaign against prostitution made a plea for public support. It asked its citizens the question, “Have you a daughter to spare?” Safeguard your daughters and sons by providing a fortress of preventive, protective measures. At the same time apply the golden rule by making provision for those who have taken the wrong path. 1 7 See Pub. No. 65, Children’s Bureau, United States Department of Labor, “Courts in the United States Hearing Children’s Cases.” is See “Recreation Legislation,” published by the Russell Sage Foundation, 130 East 22d Street, New York City. [ 24 ] EDUCATION: ITS RELATION TO THE PROGRAM Educational and recreational measures are essentials of the American plan, but lend themselves less readily to legislative action than do its other features. There are two aspects of social-hygiene education: the informational aspect which seeks to acquaint the public with social facts and conditions, and the truly educational aspect which seeks to bring to the aid of the individual at the various stages of his sex development the best knowledge, experi¬ ence, and incentives to enable him to use his sex nature for his fullest development and the richest, most social life. For making effective the protective and preventive values of wholesome recreation and constructive legislation, the responsibility rests largely upon local community interest and individual effort. Hence these measures, important though they are, are presented here only in brief outline. All states participating in the federal appropriation through the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board have set aside some of their fund for educational work. By lecturers, publicity, motion-picture films, and literature they endeavor to carry social-hygiene truths to the rank and file of their citizenry. It is a recognized fact that sex education of boys and girls* should start in the home, but many parents are either too ignorant or diffident regarding the fundamental facts of sex to teach their offspring. These parents, by the thousands, have shown themselves glad to receive pamphlets from their state boards of health designed to inform them and enable them to educate their children. They also welcome the lectures, motion pictures, and other features. Some state boards are featuring the appeal to men and women in industry, and the industrial program has proved successful not only from a health standpoint but from that of dollars and cents saved to both employer and employee. Educational activities must be depended on to a great extent as the real cornerstone of the social-hygiene structure. Education, though its results may not be as immediate or tangible as those brought about through legal and medical measures, is the greatest factor for ultimate victory. The direct financial value of social-hygiene education to a state cannot be accurately estimated at present, but a generous appro¬ priation for the whole social-hygiene program means that provision can and should be made for the efficient utilization of this all- powerful weapon. [ 25 ] RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES Clean, wholesome spare-time activities for both young and old are no longer considered luxuries but necessities. Theaters, com¬ munity houses, libraries, athletics, and other recreational facilities provided during the war by the Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., K. of C., J. W. B., Salvation Army, A. L. A., and W. C. C. S., for men in service were of great value in the campaign against such vicious influences as houses of prostitution, unregulated dance-halls, resorts supplying liquor, etc. Many men were kept free from disease and clean, mentally and morally, through the efforts of various agencies to provide, at low cost, places where decent recrea¬ tion might be had. This recreational feature of the American plan, though having less of a legislative bearing than the other measures, is nevertheless well worthy of consideration. It is less a problem for the state than for the community, and its cost is not the main item. Some of the most effective activities have required little money. They have accomplished fine things through vision, organization, and the stimulation and coordination of existing resources . 19 Schools and other public buildings can be made extremely valu¬ able as community meeting-places where evening lectures, concerts, motion-picture shows, and well-supervised dances may be held. High-school auditoriums and gymnasiums can be made to supplant the lower type of dance-halls and “movies” by providing decent recreation in better and more congenial surroundings, thus com¬ pelling a raising of standards in the commercial amusement resorts. is Full information on “Recreation Legislation” may be secured from the Russell Sage Foundation, 130 East 22d Street, New York City. [ 26 ] APPENDIX I ALLOTMENTS TO STATES THROUGH THE U. S. INTERDEPARTMENTAL SOCIAL HYGIENE BOARD, 1920 (AS OF JUNE 30, 1920) AND 1921 Amount Amount Qualified Otherwise Available for 1920 Legis- Set Aside Allotment State 1919-20 lative Appropriation by States for 1921 Alabama . .$ 25,288.99 $ . $26,288.99 $12,700.97 Arizona . 2,417.06 2,250.00 1,213.93 Arkansas . 18,622.30 17,118.74 9,352.75 California . 28,121.23 25,800.00 14,123,42 Colorado. 9,450.70 8,500.00 960.70 4,746.46 Connecticut . 13,185.13 12,000.00 6,622.02 Delaware . 2,393.02 2,393.02 1,201.86 District of Columbia 3,915.82 1,966.66 Florida . 8,901.84 8,901.84 4,470.80 Georgia . 30,860.21 15,000.00 15,499.03 Idaho . 3,851.06 3,540.00 1,934.13 Illinois . 66.692.24 66,692.24 33,495.07 Indiana. 31,945.49 29,366.20 2,579.29 16,044.09 Iowa . 26,314.19 15,000.00 13,215.86 Kansas . . 20,000.24 5,000.00 15,000.24 10,044.79 Kentucky . 27,084.58 27,000.00 84.58 13,602.78 Louisiana. 19,591.46 10,000.00 9,590.46 9,839.49 Maine. 8,780.62 8,071.68 4,409.92 Maryland . 15,321.11 14,651.96 7,694.78 Massachusetts . . . . 39,817.37 36,602.51 19,997.61 Michigan . 33,238.23 33,238.23 16,693.35 Minnesota . 24,551.10 24,551.10 12,330.39 Mississippi . 21,255.94 20,000.00 1,255.94 10,675.45 Missouri . 38,952.98 31,969.03 19,563.49 Montana . 4,447.88 4,088.76 359.12 2,233.87 Nebraska . 14,101.28 12,962.75 7,082.14 , Nevada . 968.40 486.36 New Hampshire . . . 5,092.72 4,681.54 300.00 2,557.74 New Jersey. 30,009.17 27,586.22 15,071.60 New Mexico . . 3,871.27 1,944.28 New York . . 107.794.18 100.000.00 7,794.18 54,137.84 North Carolina . . . . 26,095.57 26,095.57 13,106.06 North Dakota. 6,825.31 6,274.24 3,427.90 -Ohio. . 56.384.66 25,000.00 28,318.26 Oregon . 7,957.34 7,314.87 3,996.44 Oklahoma. 19,600.53 19,600.53 9,844.04 -/'Por in svlvania . 90.661.56 90.661.56 45,533.26 Rhode Island . 6,417.90 6,000.00 3,223.28 South Carolina .... 17,923.88 17,923.88 9,001.97 South Dakota . 6,906.12 5,000.00 3,468.48 Tennessee . 25,841.29 25,841.29 12,978.36 /Texas . 46,087.60 26,300.00 19,300.00 23.146.73 ' Utah . 4,415.92 4,415.92 2,217.83 Vermont. 4,210.19 3,000.00 1,210.19 2,114.50 Virginia . 24,384.37 22,420.58 1,963.79 12,246.65 Washington. 13,507.25 12,500.00 1,007.25 6,783.79 West Virginia. 14,443.18 7,000.00 5,900.00 7,253.85 Wisconsin . 27,604.49 25,000.00 13,863.89 Wyoming. 1,726.44 1,587.00 867.08 Totals. .$1,087,831.42 $706,574.33 $284,911.79 $546,345.30 [ 27 ] II RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING EXPENDITURES THROUGH THE FUNDS ALLOTTED TO STATES BY THE U. S. INTERDEPARTMENTAL SOCIAL HYGIENE BOARD Chamberlain-Kahn Act. This act constitutes Chapter XV of the “Act making appropriations for the support of the army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen.” It reads in part as follows: That there is hereby created a board to be known as the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board, to consist of the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Treasury as ex-officio mem¬ bers, and of the Surgeon General of the Army, the Surgeon General of the Navy, and the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, or of representa¬ tives designated by the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Treasury, respectively. Appropriation for Fiscal Year 1921. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921, Congress provided in the sundry civil bill the following appropriation for the cooperative work with the states: The duties and powers conferred upon the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board by Chapter XV of the army appropriation act approved July 9, 1918, with respect to the expenditure of the appropriations made therein are extended and made applicable to the appropriations for similar purposes made in this act. For allotment to the various states for prevention, treatment, and control of venereal diseases, $450,000; and the unexpended balance on June 30, 1920 (approximately $300,000), of the appropriation heretofore made for this pur¬ pose is continued and made available during the fiscal year 1921; provided, that no part of this sum shall he allotted to any state unless such state, in a manner satisfactory to the hoard, shall have complied with, and shall have given assur¬ ance of continued compliance with, the condition and regulations governing such allotments and the expenditures that may he made therefrom. Reduction in Appropriation for 1921. It will be noted from the above act of Congress that the federal government’s appropriation for allotment to the states was reduced from $1,000,000 for 1919 and $1,087,831.41 for 1920, to $450,000 plus the unallotted balance of June 30, 1920. The 50-50 Plan. Section 3 of the regulations of the Secretary of the Treasury reads: Funds that may become available from legislative appropriations must not be conserved through the expenditure of funds allotted by Congress. [ 28 ] FEDERAL RULES GOVERNING STATE ALLOTMENTS The Board has interpreted the above section to mean that a state must not spend the federal allotment before spending the appropriations made by the state, but that it must be a “50-50” plan. Practice of Other Government Departments. It is a general prac¬ tice of government departments and independent establishments charged with expending federal appropriations made for state and other activi¬ ties conditioned upon the matching of dollar for dollar, to require the state first to make the disbursements from its appropriation, submitting the paid vouchers for audit. The government department then pays to the state 50% of such expenditures as may be found to be correct. This procedure serves the double purpose of ascertaining if the dis¬ bursements as made are in accordance with the regulations governing the disbursements, and also that the state has complied with the federal law not only by appropriating an equal amount, but by actually expend¬ ing its proportion. 50-50 Plan Adopted hy Board. The United States Interdepartmen¬ tal Social Hygiene Board has adopted this procedure for disbursing the allotments to states for the fiscal years 1920 and 1921, and it is there¬ fore necessary that the state official making disbursements from these funds forward to the central office at the close of each month, on forms provided by the Board, a statement of such expenditures accompanied by the paid vouchers. A Treasury warrant covering 50% of such disbursements, the proportion payable by the federal government, will then be promptly paid to the state treasurer. Regulations Promulgated by the Secretary of the Treasury, under which state boards or state departments of health receive the allotment of funds provided in Section 6, Chapter XV, of the act approved July 9, entitled “An act making appropriations for the support of the army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919.” The act provides that $1,000,000 shall be distributed to the states for the use of their respective boards or departments of health in the prevention, control, and treatment of veneral diseases, this sum to be allotted to each state, in accordance with rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, in the proportion which its population bears to the population of the continental United States, exclusive of Alaska and the Canal Zone, according to the last preceding United States census. State boards or departments of health receiving their respective allotments shall agree to the following cooperative measures under which their appropriation shall be expended: [ 29 ] FEDERAL RULES GOVERNING STATE ALLOTMENTS 1. Put into operation, through a legislative enactment or a state board of health regulation having the effect of law, regulations in conformity with the suggestions approved by the surgeons general of the army, navy, and United States Public Health Service, for the prevention of venereal diseases. The minimum requirements of these rules are: (а) Venereal diseases must be reported to the local health authorities in accordance with state regulations approved by the United States Public Health Service. (б) Penalty to be imposed upon physicians or others required to report venereal infections for failure to do so. (c) Cases to be investigated, so far as practicable, to discover and con¬ trol sources of infection. ( d) The spread of venereal diseases should be declared unlawful. ( e ) Provision to be made for control of infected persons that do not cooperate in protecting others from infection. (/) The travel of venereally infected persons within the state to be con¬ trolled by state boards of health by definite regulations that will conform in general to the interstate regulations to be established. ( g ) Patients to be given a printed circular of instructions informing them of the necessity of measures to prevent the spread of infection and of the importance of continuing treatment. 2. An officer of the Public Health Service shall be assigned to each state receiving allotments for the general purpose of cooperating with the state health officer in supervising the venereal-control work in the state. This officer to be selected by the state health authorities and to be approved and recommended for appointment by the surgeon general of the Public Health Service. The salary of this officer will be paid by the state out of the funds made available from the allotment, except a nominal sum of $10 per month, which will be paid by the United States Public Health Service. In those states where a bureau of venereal diseases has already been established, with a full-time medical officer in charge, the present incumbent may be recom¬ mended for appointment by the state health officer, and, with the approval of the surgeon general of the United States Public Health Service, he will be appointed as an officer of the Public Health Service. The general plan of work for the state bureau of venereal diseases will be: (a) Securing reports of venereal infections from physicians and others required to report in accordance with state laws. ( b ) Suppressive measures, including the isolation and treatment in detention hospitals of infected persons who are unable or unwilling to take measures to prevent themselves becoming a menace to others, the establish¬ ment of free clinics for the treatment of venereal diseases, and the elimination of conditions favorable to the spread of venereal infections. (c) Extension of facilities for early diagnosis and treatment through lab¬ oratory facilities for exact diagnosis and scientific determination of condi¬ tions before release as non-infectious, in accordance with the standardized procedure that will be prescribed by the United States Public Health Service. [ 30 ] FEDERAL RULES GOVERNING STATE ALLOTMENTS ( d ) Educational measures to include informing the general public, as well as infected individuals, in regard to the nature and manner of spread of venereal diseases and the measures that should be taken to combat them. (e) Cooperation with local civil authorities in their efforts to suppress public and clandestine prostitution. The clinics referred to under (6) will form centers from which the other measures may be conducted by discovering the presence of infections, the securing of data for enforcing the regulations for reporting these diseases, and the institution of educational measures appro¬ priate to particular communities. The immediate reduction in venereal-disease foci resulting from clinic treatment will result in a marked decrease in the prevalence of such diseases in both the military and civil population. (/) Accurate detailed records must be kept of all the activities of the venereal-disease work. These will include careful records of each case treated, amount of arsphenamine used, final results, and disposition made of patients. Copies of these records must be forwarded to the surgeon general, United States Public Health Service, as a report at such intervals as they may be requested, and in accordance with instructions regarding the form of report. 3. Local funds that may be available, or that may become available from legislative appropriations or any other source of venereal-disease control, shall be used by the state or city health authorities having jurisdiction for the extension of the work, and such local funds must not be conserved through the expenditure of the funds that are allotted by the Congress through the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board. 4. In extension of the educational measures the state’s health authorities and its bureau of venereal diseases shall exert their efforts and influence for the organization of a state venereal-disease committee that will be unofficial in character, but a valuable cooperative agency for furthering the compre¬ hensive plan for nation-wide venereal-disease control. B. The state health authorities shall take such measures as may be found practicable and decided upon in conference between the Public Health Service and state board of health representatives for the purpose of securing such addi¬ tional legislation may be required for the development of control of the spread of venereal infections. Action shall be taken to limit or suppress the activities of advertising “specialists” and quacks by prosecuting them under state laws, or such other measures as may be applicable and effective. 6 . In expending the sum allotted a state, the rules and regulations to be promulgated by the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board for the expenditure of the $1,000,000 civilian quarantine and isolation fund under control of the Secretary of War and Secretary of the Navy shall be given consideration by Public Health Service and state board of health rep¬ resentatives, so that the military necessities of each particular state may receive the consideration due its relative importance, and so that funds from the two sources may be correlated. 7. The state allotment shall be expended along general standard lines for all states and in accordance with an accounting system, to be forwarded by. [ 31 ] VENEREAL DISEASES IN THE ARMY the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board, approximately as follows: (а) For treatment of infected persons in hospitals, clinics, and other insti¬ tutions, including arsphenamine and other drugs, 50% for the allotment. (б) In carrying out educational measures, 20%. (c) In carrying out repressive measures, 20%. ( d ) In general administration and other activities of venereal-disease con¬ trol work, 10%. (This distribution is provisional and subject to modification after con¬ ference and agreement between each state and the United States Public Health Service to best meet the needs of the particular state.) 8 . In carrying out the general government program the administrative organization of the United States Public Health Service will be available at all times to state organizations in cooperative work, and assistance will be given to states whenever possible through the detail of employees, the securing of arsphenamine, providing literature for the educational measures, and in such other ways as may be found practicable as the work develops. W. G. McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury. Washington, September 4, 1918. Ill VENEREAL DISEASES IN THE ARMY During 1918, the total number of admissions to sick report for dis¬ eases in the entire American army was 2,422,362; for ordinary injuries, 182,789; and for injuries received in battle, 227,855. Diseases, there¬ fore, were nearly six times as great a cause of admission to sick report as battle wounds and all other injuries combined. Which diseases con¬ tributed most to this ineffectiveness of our soldiers? The influenza epidemic occurred during that year, and was the cause of the largest number of admissions for diseases in all branches of the service. In the entire army, 688,869 cases of influenza were reported, nearly 500,000 occurring in camps in this country. One soldier in every four was sick in hospitals or in barracks. The severity of the epidemic is too well known to require description. No one will have forgotten the suffering of soldiers in camps during the late sum¬ mer and fall of 1918. Recollection of this epidemic may serve as a means of realizing the extent to which venereal diseases also caused suffering. [32] VENEREAL DISEASES IN THE ARMY In spite of the vigorous campaign against venereal diseases, through which (according to the Surgeon General’s Report for 1919) the rate in the army was made lower than in the surrounding civil community, they ranked next in importance to influenza as a cause of sickness among troops. They not only ranked second in importance, but they caused considerably more sickness than the disease which was third in rank. Days Lost by Troops in the United States, 1918, Because of Three Leading Diseases D ays Lost Per Cent of Total Days Lost Leading Diseases Number Per Cent 10 20 30 Influenza. 5,469,858 22.04 Venereal Diseases ... 3,048,465 12.29 Mumps. 1,718,084 6.92 The diagrams are based on figures given in the report of the surgeon general of the army for 1919 (Vol. I, p. 60 ff.) and represent conditions existing among troops in the United States, conditions for which America alone is responsible. In this report, the surgeon general says further, “Venereal diseases were also of great importance in the army on account of the loss of time occasioned. The total time lost for officers and enlisted men, American and native troops, serving at home and abroad, amounted to 3,937,710 days, a non-effective rate for officers and men for the entire army of 4.27. 10,788 men and officers were absent from duty each day of the year on account of this class of diseases.” [33] 1 . 2 . 3. 4. 5. 6 . 7. 8 . 9. 10 . 11 . 12 . 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 . 21 . 22 . 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. Vermont. 1.30 ___ South Dakota- 1.53 ■ Porto Rico. 1.67 —_. Utah. 1.83 - North Dakota. ... 1.85 ■ New Hampshire.. 1.85 - Hawaii. 1.96 ... Wisconsin. 2.01 .. Alaska. 2.13 — Oregon. 2.19 — Idaho. 2.21 - Wyoming. 2.25 Massachusetts. . . 2.31 .. Minnesota. 2.31 , Maine. 2.35 . Colorado. 2.39 , Connecticut. 2.59 — . Rhode Island... . 2.67 . ■ California. 2.67 - Washington. 2.82 . Iowa. 2.88 ... New York. 2.91 - Kansas. 2.92 ■ Nebraska. 3.00 — , Nevada. 3.09 _ Montana. 3.31 New Jersey. 3.41 ____ Pennsylvania. 3.58 ___^_ Kentucky. 3.81 _____ Ohio. 4.01 _ Michigan. 4.34 Indiana. 4.53 Arizona. 4.59 _ Illinois. 4.96 ____ WestA^r^mta - S.TS ~~~~ Missouri. 6.10 ____ Maryland. 6.23 _____ Tennessee.6.26 _____ New Mexico. 6.71 ___ North Carolina... 6.75 .. Virginia. 6.91 _____ Delaware. 7.24 _____ District of Col... . 7.53 ____. Oklahoma. 7.79 Arkansas. 9.93 Alabama.10.32 _____ Texas.11.02 _____ Louisiana.11.21 _____ Mississippi.12.48 __^ South Carolina... 12.66 ___ Georgia.13.03 - Florida.15.63 - The Percentage of Venereal Diseases among the Second Million Drafted Men, by States Examinations at mobilization camps showed that 5.6 per cent of these men had a venereal dis¬ ease at the time of examination upon arrival in camp. This per¬ centage includes only obvious cases of syphilis and gonorrhea and chancroid. Wassermann examinations were not given. Furthermore, this percentage does not include those who had been previously cured or who may have become infected later. [34] [35] M 6.01 AMD O/EB, ^ The Percentage of Venereal Diseases among White Soldiers Only in the United States Army during 1918 , by States IV COST TO THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE Four wrecks on one railroad within recent months were attributable directly to syphilis, the engineers in each instance having paresis. The loss in lives and property was great. One large manufacturing plant estimated that by carrying on a medical and educational campaign against venereal diseases among their employees they increased their efficiency $150,000 worth in a single year. (This figure was given by an executive of the plant in question.) In another plant it was learned that one employee had spent $800 with a quack, in spite of which he was not cured of gonorrhea. He was directed to a responsible doctor and cured at an expense of $50. During the year this plant sent 45 of their employees for treatment. “These are single instances,” you may say. “How about industry as a whole ?” Infections among Men [86] COST TO THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE Easily the most complete statistical record in regard to the venereal diseases is that of the draft and these figures show that 5.6% of the second million of drafted men had syphilis, gonorrhea, or both. This 5.6%, says the surgeon general of the army (report of 1919) “showed more clearly the correct percentage of the drafted men from civil life who were infected/' [than figures on the first or third million's]. As a majority of these men came directly from industry, no truer reflection of conditions therein can be had. The Manufacturers’ Association places the number of men employed in manufacturing plants at 10,000,000. Applying the 5.6%, draft figures, here, would show 560,000 of these men to have a venereal disease. The average loss of time for each case in the army, where prompt treatment prevailed, was slightly more than 12 days per year. Figured on this basis the manufacturing industries would lose 6,720,000 days— days representing lost production, idleness of co-workers who depend on the infected men for material or cooperation, labor turnover, and money. If these men are paid on an average of $4.00 a day, the wage cost alone would amount to $26,880,000. The complete financial loss cannot be approximated, since this would necessitate figuring in the time lost through such complications as gonorrheal rheumatism and the various syphilitic conditions, decrease in working activity, and increased liability to accident. Another heavy expense to industry is the extra compensation paid to employees by insurance carriers for the delayed recoveries from accidents where syph¬ ilis and gonorrhea prolong the convalescence. To further emphasize the cost of venereal diseases to the employee, the following facts are pertinent: an analysis of venereal-disease cases reported in one of the states during 1919 showed that 73% of the cases reported were men and 27% women, and that the men’s ages were dis¬ tributed as shown in the following diagram. The distribution for women is similar. Assuming that conditions existing in this state are a fair sample of conditions generally existing, an estimate may be made of the amount of infection throughout the country for all ages. According to census reports there are in the United States approxi¬ mately 10,148,000 men between the ages of 20 and 30. Applying the venereal-disease rate found in the draft (5.6%), 568,000 men of these ages are infected. Since the state report cited indicates that 50% of [37] COST TO THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE the cases reported among men fall in this age group, it may be assumed that the total number of men with venereal disease in the United States is 1,136,000. Estimating that men between 20 and 50 years old earned on the average of $4.00 per day, that men from 15 to 20 and over 50 years of age average $3.00, and that those younger than 15 years earn nothing, the total daily earnings of diseased males of the United States is over $4,500,000. If his disease renders each man ineffective 12 days, as in the army, the total annual loss in earnings of this group will be over $54,000,000. And all this leaves out of account entirely the loss result¬ ing from infections of women. If it were possible to lay aside all health and moral considerations there would still remain a tremendous financial argument to prove that it will pay any state to fight the venereal diseases. PROVISION FOR FREE TREATMENT OF THE VENEREAL DISEASES AT HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES, 1920 RANK State Having Least Number of Persons Number Per Clinic — 1; Population Number of Free of Persons Greatest Number State 1920 Census Clinics in 1920 Per Clinic Per Clinic—45 10 234,730 28 Alabama . 2,347,295 Arizona. 333,273 Arkansas . 1,750,995 California . 3,426,536 Colorado . 939,376 Connecticut . 1,380,585 Delaware . 223,003 District of Columbia. . 437,571 Florida . 966,296 Georgia . 2,894,683 Idaho....,. 431,826 Illinois . 6,485,098 Indiana . 2,930,544 Iowa . 2,403,630 Kansas . 1,769,257 Kentucky . 2,416,013 Louisiana . 1,797,798 Maine . 768,014 Maryland . 1,449,610 Massachusetts. 3,852,356 Michigan . 3,667,222 Minnesota. 2,386,371 Mississippi . 1,789,384 Missouri . 3,403,547 Montana . 547,593 Nebraska . 1,295,502 Nevada . 77,407 New Hampshire . 443,083 New Jersey . 3,155,374 New Mexico. 360,247 New York . 10,384,144 North Carolina . 2,556,486 North Dakota. 645,730 Ohio. 5,759,368 Oklahoma . 2,027,564 Oregon . 783,389 Pennsylvania . 8,720,159 Rhode Island . 604,397 South Carolina. 1,683,662 South Dakota. 635,839 Tennessee. 2,337,459 Texas. 4,661,027 Utah . 449,446 Vermont . 352,421 Virginia . 2,306,361 Washington . 1,356,316 West Virginia . 1,463,610 Wisconsin. 2,631,839 Wyoming . 194,402 Totals .105,683,108 3 583,665 45 24 142,772 10 7 134,197 8 6 230,098 26 2 111,502 6 8 54,696 1 11 87,845 3 7 413,526 39 24 270,212 31 17 172,385 14 10 240,363 30 6 294,876 35 12 201,334 17 4 449,450 41 5 153,603 13 11 131,783 7 18 214,020 22 13 282,094 33 5 477,274 42 4 447,346 40 7 486,221 43 2 273,797 32 9 143,945 11 3 147,694 12 11 286,852 34 2 180,124 16 73 142,249 9 11 232,408 27 3 215,243 23 26 221,514 24 9 225,285 25 2 391,695 38 102 85,492 2 6 100,733 5 8 210,458 20 3 211,946 21 7 333,923 36 8 582,628 44 5 89,889 4 2 176,211 15 11 209,669 19 4 339,079 37 7 209,087 18 11 239,258 29 539 196,073 [39] VI WHY AMERICA CANNOT ADOPT THE OLD EUROPEAN PLAN FOR DEALING WITH PROSTITUTION For a long time any attempt to deal with prostitution in America has been met with the objection “they do it thus and so in Europe.” Objec¬ tors based their arguments on the assumption that Europe, out of her long experience, had evolved a system of dealing with prostitution that was well-nigh perfect—one that America would do well to adopt or to be guided by in forming her policies. Abraham Flexner, of the General Education Board, was chosen by the Bureau of Social Hygiene, of New York City, to make an investi¬ gation of European methods. He had no prejudices and was given no instructions, except to make a thorough and impartial examination of prostitution in Europe and to report his observations and conclusions to the Bureau. To this work he devoted almost two years. Among the facts established by Mr. Flexner’s findings 20 is that the European policy of regulating prostitution is not successful in its opera¬ tion. The first discovery that he made was that the regulatory system so highly advocated for America prevails in only a small part of Europe. He says: Time was when regulation prevailed through almost the whole of Europe. It has now [1913] died out in Great Britain, Holland, Denmark, Norway, and Switzerland, excepting only the city of Geneva. It cannot be said to be vigor¬ ous any longer even in a single one of the countries in which it still exists. The system is on its last legs in France, Belgium, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Sweden, and Italy. In only two towns, Hamburg and Budapest, do the muni¬ cipal authorities as a whole any longer tenaciously cling to it. When we are told that regulation is practiced in Europe we may confidently reply that that system has died out in many countries and is moribund almost everywhere else. The second discovery was that it is practiced in no two places in the same way. Concerning this point, he says: No two countries and no two cities still adhering to regulation practice it in the same way. Wide diversity prevails in respect to points of fundamental and essential importance. If regulation operated successfully in any one place, every other city employing the system would copy the successful model. Regu¬ lation varies from place to place because it does not operate successfully any¬ where. When, therefore, it is urged that regulation be adopted in America because it is used in Europe, I suggest that it be asked what form of regulation 20 Flexner, Abraham, Prostitution in Europe. New York: Century Co., 1914. 455 pp. [40] tfOITUTIT8Cm TO 2T03r«KA aaSUAIO^MMCO ^ A< r ; YS02JU«ruoD • *° 1 HOITUTITSOST‘1 5 ! v*i? r 0 sfibo^ievj .tfao 81 - 01 8hfO ™ u yogi : 'io aaxrcvnoA *naswrafT-oO KALI mhtohA oMiMOTaKAaT ,0 a ?^ ' ■‘ I! ' HO ^ v«A otki hoy S'Prc SOY 3DHAY3VVTOG HOni _ ) KOITUTITgO**! j —r- 1 — ! -if ^ K Vy;,rj . - . m ■ s ^ | -&0 teno ( I..s ,-o,b. .9 ,d ,«8di*$ * - ' • i ciOI *! ! -afttuManiq T0 1 yahhiLfi | “101 .HiviS .vo51 'elffM, 1001 \ ,’£0; AHit..»«H.d 9 E>,«Ts»! r 'eiei wfj ,vt : .ilO J oiox rwhJ ,n .do d ) 1101 hWfA VYS .do 'oror evy/sj ,$££ .do I8 * | '?<>? Vo tafc ,1101 aboO ,218: S ' ?rflJ f I) (IIOX ,<"£ oai/l, ,889TjT i ' (WY1 .H f 08£ .ol! 1 'CIO! bwkI ,- 8E£ .do Ite MtsiS ,9£ .v ,c!£8 .q ,f,0g .HO } x rox^wuj ;qaioo,/d:£o22 8101 aw&.I JOS ** i I ^W.^^o-Kgf - ^ i ;:ioi .rttistirtfd-Mftm j 8101 aw&I ,Y8S /I ! ~- : rn ^ ’eaiua- ,b-*03-3oS£:£? 1101 .b)b13 4 i ;8iei aboO Mm «IGI aboO r.IOX f,l>oO ,d3T0*$ J j 8101 awfij ,en .do J.- ; ' ; ' r " •• J .b cJ3 IIotuQ ,2-1 ,doi£X? 8X01 do on oqn;q ini olaina'i 8X01 .Met?. Ifom'J ,dr.X£i \ /oH. aruiM ,0c- ,2b- ,7|_ j oIGI .Blfiia 8XGX BW «J ,08X .*1 .OWtg ;81GX aw&I ,081 .<1 . ; f>10? .aX«jg . v‘»J{ b'tikM , 0 Y£ 8 § ]() jfTO TO oJuI j GIGX ewcj .qmoO i THE DISCARDED EUROPEAN PLAN is meant and what degree of success it achieves in the place in which it is employed. Mr. Flexner explains regulation as it is practiced in Europe to mean that prostitution is tolerated on certain conditions, mainly by subjecting it to certain rules which practically constitute a license to practice pros¬ titution. In general these rules require that the prostitute apply to the police for permission to carry on her trade; that she register her name and abode; that she agree to live in a particular place, to avoid certain localities and associations, to refrain from certain acts, and to appear at regular intervals for medical examination. Regulation depends for its success first of all on registering all or nearly all the prostitutes. Mr. Flexner found that “nowhere is more than an unimportant fraction registered, and that the bulk of it is everywhere handled without regulation, even in communities in which regulation is said to exist.” Those who advocate regulation claim that it aids public order and decency. Mr. Flexner shows how far and why it fails in this: Regulation recognizes prostitution as a legitimate, even if deplorable, means of gaining a livelihood. The woman who registers with the police is thenceforth authorized to practice prostitution. She has no other way of gain¬ ing subsistence, for the law stamps her a professional prostitute. To this end she must find customers, therefore she must solicit in the streets, in cafes, thea¬ ters, and other resorts; . . . consequently street-walking and soliciting in the streets and elsewhere become universal in regulated towns. These practices are objectionable because they offend against public decency, because by making professional prostitution more profitable they make it more alluring, because, by increasing the amount of business, they increase the amount of disease. Regulation has been advocated for American cities on the ground that in Europe prostitution is confined to disorderly houses which are set off to one side so as not to offend decent people. Mr. Flexner found that: There is no such thing as segregation of prostitution in Europe; there is no such thing as segregation of even that small fraction of prostitution which is regulated by the police. The forty-seven houses of prostitution in Paris, the six in Vienna, the thirteen in Budapest, the ten in Frankfort, the ninety-eight in Cologne, the seventeen in Geneva, the twenty-two in Rome, the thirty in Stockholm are scattered in various parts of the city. The Hamburg houses occupy more than eight different streets in widely separated sections of the town. The Dresden houses are found on thirty-two different streets. More¬ over, in all these cities registered prostitutes live in other streets as well. The situation then is this: the bulk of prostitution even in regulated cities is not regulated at all, it lives where and as it pleases. The minority may be regis¬ tered, but only a small proportion of this minority lives in houses, and these THE DISCARDED EUROPEAN PLAN houses are scattered. As far as Europe is concerned, segregation is a term which attempts to describe what has no existence whatsoever. As to the medical inspection of prostitutes. Dr. Flexner has this to say: There are several reason,why medical inspection is bound to be futile. In the first place, too few women are examined; for if, as I have said, the police never apprehend more than an unimportant fraction, medical inspection never reaches at all the bulk of those diseases. In the next place, medical inspection does not continuously protect even the registered women. The woman pro¬ nounced diseased is forcibly confined to a prison hospital. Now the prostitute resents imprisonment, even in her own hygienic interest. She learns quite early the signs of infection; discovering herself infected, she does one of two things—covers them up, a trick at which she is expert, or, as the phrase is, “she disappears”—does not report for medical examination, meanwhile plying her trade in secret. When, therefore, medical inspection is urged on the ground that in Europe it is employed to reduce disease, you may confidently reply that regulation in Europe has most completely collapsed at precisely that point. [42] M0ITA3W303 38M:<*'i(> VfA roA 3JOKI8* jautisaH an rai/Mf 1 i ' •IGI .aJadfe .793 ,S83f .q .V .* 0 m I*JS -vftfl ,Y8Yf .q .t-W* L OG I j j . vrti V 81 zw&d .qmoO .TiJi-cl^t -t6 GIGI awc.1 ,8Gi dO.I;* , . | !!• vsnioiflieH ,f,r,Y .kYY^j YIGI aLoCi -« V .Dio i j | YOGI sboO .vo3,8I£8jft | -BV ) YOG 1 £IGI .ajaJe}- ;vs3 ,LG>8j!t .1m; l vlsHoiahr Biti vlbwaJf F .7^3,09.gniJidorl J SICI 1 % aj .elxJ?4.(hj c l,H ,£Y£\dO" 1 } 1 CIti «wiiJ ,0M .dO* i t | piwslau ygun.'duyrioOi j •'.rGi atejft ,9TTIg j •l - 1 ssn | . ;_ s- -OIV non -no ewk, r .iunO omtnyl, ,10*jt od ,laJod UI ;91(J1 | hi ,eOGl-}jj) .yJa ofcuoii j, ai»«J 7e3 (t\iogoiD |! 1 Tei ewcJ ,691 .rfO* ij -i, __ ) jiC i 33M0T8UJ 3311 30 3T7TIT8033 TO HITITIVITOA o^miAuaH mo OHjMaTutt JtOAJn aamO yuA hi OMAYawroO mo noiTuriraoaq hoi ‘GIGI 8WfiJ ,SI! .dO ‘OSSI rwaJ .d-aGI^ ' ! o;raiaa.3 mo ohiyhuooO nAa'I aaHTO vmA ki .'roiA'/.'TV^o'J so HOITUTIT 80 M f i Utfi 'Clfif aw/iJ ,LTI .rfO ■ >HHUaa 3 ,OHITV!aOp'SM’d OWIYWOoO MO ■ HI ho aauofl /jaaoHoaiOr ihooH yR 'Qtcn OOGI .atolH ,yj3 ,£G8^ .Snibliud siiiYqiraoo to auie3 -S8T8gg .sloidav to ,,l«od .ins) SIGJ .aJxdS .vsH 3 ’’ ,r • V r' a i^ ■df.nia'l ! ewxiJ ,d^Gi{) 3buO ydsbff OSPi OSGl gv/fid ,d-p j ~~ ~ ^ ■ OTubno , /hobiopia 1 v IGI ev/«J ,gg£ ,oM .bnooTi; -I ___ ■ ._ | 1 ,I-88P8^| .gni^qu-m to gnis'J £IGI .eiaJfa . v id _ gIGI aw/kl ,L;: ,ii’. > , ««i aw«j ,r.ar .d: ‘Qm eW ,£9I .do r GJGt ewod ,£Ai ,r{0 ‘Qttit BVnu I -oil itu/iidfitf bne sTyqyy}! I ,OvTI? .cdlifiTJUSV ,8ToJ/I9U|> ciet .gjxjja > oacqTo,. toI noaroq s ' aomo ^ ~ Q wTJT** rOaiS .8 .t-iA ’\} 0 wolI ‘jhuoII jnom 'GIGI awaJ ,9I£ .dO ; 'Gier ew*J f giS A') ‘GIGI swmJ ,001 ,dO \ . f, • ' Ur 'H ,0 .IT/: t* ‘Offd ,v3«* :waJ oauoH .b^uoT^ .ranO oboO .8.J-IBT3CY ,BO)Mxnnf •nj ,8101 8 Wj;J .voH a'll'fl GIGI awed ,6I£ ' lW : 1 •«« " n 3oiT~wf ! 'GIGI awcJ ,OGI .dO ;gI01 7GI awsj ; GIGi faWA.l, f - flj H i* CUSTOM*. 1 —a." — CONOCT I _ «F j ^ s- HF J ’=1S§' l£f -ss VSSmS* — ‘Jw" « a* SS Ch.m,Uo.,.,., .eo.ra.u-,.,.. . r Ch. 111. Uo. 10101 am,u™,.i.. C,„,.U„,0ta '.uS’ifi.'S&'i'iiS 9TPW-. Ch.41.Uw.1919 Mahtlxnd •iSAassfi* 1 ™ ,U " IW0 ' ** — Cb. 001. u| 11,1 1 IMtailw (|l9o-b, Uw. 1920 1 419a-b. Uw. lOat* ■B. .. 0. Bo.by Cod. 1010 V**' 1 ** ll|OOMIO.,.J.lta,b,C«l, turn u- *“■ §Hgs| ’SKi® | 'Th* "■ 8 “‘ 'UM,rca. •CL 707. U„ 1.1, 'EE:“ &*«Vt9S s C- B&***-* IMS37. SU* .OH 1 tHM«. Comp. Uw. 1915 ■115402. Comp. Um 1915 16. 115211. Comp, Uwi 1015 ‘$7»4rffii mu 17.. P.U «.» i.i. (11197. Camp. Um 1915 Uiaiuuo «teensr" 'Emi C - 110710-10, 6— SUlo ,013 (90Shd, O.n. Stall 1011 gSBaftjahs •11. Gh. 103. Uw. 1019 •(8702.Ucn.8lMA. 1913 16 (8056, Geo. SUU. 1913 ‘H0700-II. Col 8UU 1011 Mwxbota '!ffiion“- m r— I5gss Mumaoipoi 'isr*' ■“• lAWlUIniW feal6.l3.liw. 1913 „».l,..si.u,™ 'WR:& IH780.Rw.9uut. 1909 'luu'ftfS'S*; ip. «. Harm u™ lit Montana WSsMS}***"’ K5 r - ms '^uutt^.oo? ,mo,K.,.C.lM, 118343. Rev. Code 1007 18. P. 1 IS, Ch. 19, Uwa 1913 MH06M100. Code 1007 •fCh.106.UM.9l9 TKttfisa”" 1K 7,,,,„„^,.., |, s;:sm l B “ s ' t|879t, Rov, SlAU. 1913 •18767. Rcr.SuU. 10.3 ■;?»«« E I9m , ‘tR“»Stai?Bii3" 'gir» Nbbbabka Cl '“ 3,u ””" Cb. 233. I*U 1013 (6446, Sub. 5, Bar. Uw» 1913 CloSaUmlOlB »,A *■»«. Uo* f£Ss" ^jpSl Co. 'M.Uoo :.“• Ch. 103, Uw. 1919* C. aw.ta.iw Ch.»,u m ,.,0. ch.muta.ow •CJ.MO.ttl.a.Pob.S.U lt i) Ch.07«.|10,P.b.»» U . |P. M8 Uwa 1919: En.bli.ut iu.o.itoahi.tataio[ New Hampshire euSShf* ■laaws' IjjjUU.tam «7.,b,..d.r,,,c. TO u„ tejuu- «*=»"« •ch.uo.UM wit ■. ™. m t» uo. l 6R,7 S 3.r.2.Comp.Uw, mss** New Jew T&S£M Stow 11 11770.8UL. 1010 s;™» WSm*- VAaMr"- wnuno. ■ses«« New Mexico fast , Kk ,c., B^Ub. .. Cod. CriltL wu. Art. 8, (ISO. Tenement Hoiuo * riif® Pit 18 12010.Bub.5.PouaJUw» ■sasasssste £ l coS7!i*. MTur la= sSa® 1 ~r rH —- Ch. 216, Lawn 1910' ch.2is.Uw. mg. fS®£* eh. a,#, U*. ion. ch.avo,u«i lout cj j.Uoo.0.01 Ch, 710. Uoo 1010' Ch. 210, Uo. ,01(0 Ch, 215. Un 101V 11® S IH01. j.™.. Oil. Cod. —- "■Mr,,,,' 7 --5 3 : ck.mu.iw i ||BD7i-73, Comp. U. 1013 met.™ ch.igo.uw.mo. Ch. 190.Uw.19l9' - Ch MMBtfr Ch,„, Ch.iM.Uo. low ~*Ch. 1S9. t l. Law. 191 j ‘ *10070. Comp Um 1013 18 Ch. 193, Uw. 1917 — = *1(9656-7, Comp. Uwa 1913 ^Sasr^ North Dakota VII THE CASE AGAINST THE RED LIGHT It is claimed that SEGREGATION: Decreases crime by enabling police supervision of a recog¬ nized crime center. Safeguards against sexual perversions by providing an outlet for the unrestrained sexual appetites of men. Protects boys and young men from contact with the prosti¬ tute by removing tempta¬ tion from the streets and residence districts. Decreases prostitution by regulation. Decreases venereal diseases through medical inspection. Concentrates prostitution, thus facilitating control and reduction. Enables control of the liquor traffic in connection with prostitution. Prevents crimes against women. Protects the community from offensive and detrimental t proximity of prostitution. Decreases graft in connection with prostitution, and the exploitation of the prostitute. The truth is that SEGREGATION: Increases crime by fostering viciousness and disease, providing a meeting-place for the idle and vicious, with whom, rather than with the police, the prostitutes sympathize and usually cooperate. Fosters sexual perversions and abnormalities by educating men in habits of promiscuous sex relations until they cannot be satisfied by the professional prostitute, except by perversions which she is compelled to practice. Exposes boys and young men to contact with the prostitute, by presenting an ever-present opportunity to “go down the line and see the sights.” Provides a showplace for special ob¬ scene and depraved exhibitions, to which the youth is lured by “runners” and the sale of lewd pictures. Increases prostitution by increasing the demand, which increases the supply. Increases venereal diseases by deceiving the ignorant into a disastrous reliance upon a fre¬ quently “faked” and inevitably futile medical inspection. Increases prostitution, making it familiar by continual advertisement. Affords a place of commerce, otherwise uncertain and precarious, to the least competent of prostitutes, mentally and physically. Stimulates an illegal liquor traffic, since com¬ mercialized prostitution does not flourish without liquor. Incites crimes against women by fostering sexual promiscuity and providing a source of sexual brutalization and degeneracy. Exposes the community by advertising prostitu¬ tion as a community necessity, making it easily accessible and tolerated, a condition conducive to the moral degradation of the community. Increases graft, by illegal toleration of commer¬ cialized crime, tempting the police to exact illegal revenue and confer illegal privilege. Gives free rein to the exploitation of prostitutes. [ 43 ] VIII REFORM SCHOOLS AND REFORMATORIES REFORM SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS ESTABLISHED BEFORE 1914 Per Capita State and Date of Fiscal Year Average Cost of Opening Address Reported on Population Maintenance Alabama, 1911 Birmingham Jan. 1918-19 56 $202.28 California, 1849 Ventura June 1917-18 126 572.41 Colorado, 1896 Morrison Nov. 1917-18 128 283.54 Connecticut, 1870 Middletown Sept. 1917-18 247 364.00 Delaware, 1894 Wilmington Jan. 1918-19 80 306.60 Dist. of Columbia, 1893 Washington June 1918-19 93 269.27 Illinois, 1892 Geneva July 1918-19 455 348.00 Indiana, 1873 Claremont Jan. 1918-19 361 272.18 Iowa, 1866 Mitchellville June 1917-18 186 282.98 Kansas, 1888 . Beloit June 1917-18 151 399.01 Maine, 1875 Hallowell June 1917-18 123 328.33 Maryland, 1868 Baltimore Jan. 1918-19 76 333.00 Massachusetts, 1854 Lancaster Nov. 1917-18 341 373.34 Michigan, 1878 Adrian June 1917-18 402 270.23 Minnesota, 1911 Sauk Center Aug. 1917-18 268 320.26 Missouri, 1888 Chillicothe Jan. 1918-19 217 369.38 Nebraska, 1890 Geneva Dec. 1917-18 102 423.03 New Jersey, 1870 Trenton July 1918-19 246 443.40 New York, 1903 Hudson Jan. 1918-19 366 445.72 Ohio, 1870 Delaware June 1917-18 436 335.70 Oregon, 1913 Salem Sept. 1917-18 44 360.56 Pennsylvania, 1828 Darling Jan. 1918-19 598 255.63 Rhode Island, 1882 Howard Jan. 1918-19 382 189.29 West Virginia, 1899 Industrial June 1917-18 113 217.18 Wisconsin, 1874 Milwaukee June 1917-18 232 227.33 Established since 1914 Arkansas, 1919 Alexander Florida, 1917 Ocala Jan. 1918-19 40 Georgia, 1914 Atlanta June 1918-19 97 284.05 Kentucky, 1919 Louisville Montana, 1919 Helena New Mexico, 1919 Albuquerque North Carolina, 1918 Samarcand Jan. 1918-19 8 365.00 Oklahoma, 1918 Oklahoma City Jan. 1, 1919 85 South Carolina, 1919 Columbia South Carolina, 1919 Columbia (Fairwold) 1 Tennessee, 1918 Tullahoma Jan. 1919-20 80 $180.00 Texas, 1916 Gainesville Aug. 1917-18 112 364.21 Texas, 1914 Bellaire 2 Aug. 1918-19 74 432.31 Virginia, 1914 Bon Air Sept. 1918-19 66 353.38 Virginia, 1915 Peak’s Turnout 1 . Mar. 1918-19 50 242.30 Washington, 1914 Grand Mound Jan. 1918-19 115 275.00 1 For Negro girls. Fairwold was started by the Negroes of South Carolina. The State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs is largely responsible for its maintenance. 2 County school, which serves the state as a state school. [ 44 ] H0ITUTIT801110 8X0112/. aaXIJAIDiaMMOD yso^juimoO HOlTUTITBOSl 8101 ewed ,881 .1 i hw,:d .v-.}[ .os mm $ ;1101 awed ,8() .dO 0f6I ewed a'biod a'nobiul .01-00- .q4 t f ft I .qquft ;I01 awed ,0181 .dO H oboO leual ,0$: .dO 8101 aboO ,83732 ,9 I f..9.d>30(1.80f .atiA 8101 JilioT) lenel non flOt awed.801 .dO 0101 ewed ,&££ .oK Hot Iqqtfi aboO .000 , f l ,£1- .M!;c ,1:7-831 m 8101 .qnio'>, o 1 -, M - ,800f.'j j> in aaiTiviioA ♦naawTaH-oO SSHTOJlA OVUTHOSgMAsT worruriTsoal aoa owiaasiO ho omviaoal i 1 S3HTOHA 3/13031 OT 1 so 30AJ4 vhA otkx S03 30MAY3VMOD MOrTUTITHOSl loiet awed .087 .1 ‘0101 awad.OCT .1 ‘0101 ewed .087 .4 r 5 * ,v | t i I ~ ^ !" .‘1 .to oaoqiuq lot oleinod laoyiCl a'nobii/4 ,0£j> ,01i* L'lOI 0101 awed .SOI .1 1 . 1 0101 jjad •:! ,‘i Olt'I awed ,S0i .4 j .Snilivni to snij/oiloa aaleM 0101 oboO ,E(M*§ .ob) isdJo no i9noodaa .iiiiliiioqO .noilntilaoiq lot ala/dav 0101 aboO ,0882 ,ivx .d’) .ylno lew gaiu/G 8101 awed soiviga yieJilini tii lioaiaq ynA iiamow" yne io ,iew gniiub .dO .aoaiaq dona iasin ol 8101 awed ,ivx cl 01 aw lid ,3 .d') <■ 10J awed .0 oi'J ‘0101 awed ,c0£ /I | . 1 Oioi «wed .‘I ‘0101 awed .CUE .4 . 8101 awed ,8c£ .ilO 8101 awed ,0 g£ .dO | ; - -.- .*. - \ &I01 8W<| ■ | ;>bo r ) .uiolf t 880£js >yoneiseV fdOl ~ clOl .8J«J8J-ifi8?,*2.. 0101 awed ,881 .dO 0101 awed ,861 ,dG | to seU OUITTiM HO 30 A J 4 * SOI 30KAy|v« woiTtmtaoS ‘3101 ewti. .lo9i»riJ noilioq id ‘ 0101 awed .'/‘ill -blind to uoilioq i< 0101 eboO ,0r 8, -snol .dofliLa .snibfii/ noma 1 / .00(1 JiA awed ,ivx .dO ;aiy> ) ylno lew yni mi (1101 8V7 ‘0101 bWi.l 8101 aw «J . 0101 ewt r ouvisioax axaiOAH 'iviaos .40 sisaivnv •*» _ sar- W -9B- IB =r ^MST SoucmNU 0 822fS2L* 4 * W RIMWmR IIlKE Ws~\ 3iir 3~f“ tes; ’sa^sr* 1 | “ mTE ” Y ’ssfiear ISTRi? •Ss. 1 — 1 p. 730, U*» 1010' P. 730, U«. 1010' P. 730. Um 1019- P. 730. Um 1919- w^spr? •u-ia.ni , - — '"***’■ u "'’" mb*- U- .... "*r*rK.u; E«H;r fCh. 17, Um 1019 C:h. .7, Um 1919 SVfciaB ^.’aSSr* 1 * W. u- ...0 Vti"' w “- urf,u " -SAtsw- .Ch.lM,UM .0.3 | ‘Sf&AK:,. 1 ’ 0^, r i)S hi .... F»d.. ^K.-ssaas«j '^JJKSK'bui MS—* 1 -* l i)SX- Hi " •■ WS. Pu.do.'. Ih.m ■wissfluf"- ’iai'iStt- IIhouk l*uisn 1 •CM’- ,!K , '* °" i-. 1W.U-.181* P. 182, Uw» 101# P. 192, U« 19.9 'ess.'**”* TOSteW 1277, Cen. U—• 1900 •12.M27S.Om. Um 1900 16. P-.27S.Cn UM .900 IP. 102. Um 1019 R«o« hBOH, *—■.- ^tsrtttia tliaw. .184. Cod. 1912 111382, 38S. Coda 1912 ... iMhnsoM tNo. SOI. P.3S1.UM 1018 South Cumjk. “ SEP- jS£#8&SSS m V®"'” wKsaisr ,,l “- 1I3S90. -02. ^odo 1010 •H105, Ra, Code 1019 1™ ,w “- c - lArt,0.1Uv.C«tam9 fCk.2M.UM 1919 m. U oui South Dun. .sSS^ 1 16788. Cod. 1818 Sli« T ““" i-soa*. .»“■ 1 pm Texas v^r~ ;” IW> Cb. 8, Un 1814 Cbt.UnluTs W 1 *" 1 v .srit.r y ssa» ■arcgafe •U090. (*orop. UM 1917 *18088. Comp Um 1817 18.H910M109.Comp.UM HCh. 42, Um 1919 WB» Ch.I09.UM.909 Utah n “ pios.u-.mo. P. 205. U« 1010. I-.20S.Um .010- "- 0 - u " - 1P18 ■ESSS’ ‘SssaSLS'trwS ssra:arus»s 1 h : 1. Um 1WI» Ch.iM.umoK Ct P.800. Code Sup* 1910 P 900, |5, Code Supp. 1010 Cb.™.L«.lfi ■'T Ch.SH.Uw> 191b Cb.«U»..,. w“r« •137M.Cpda.904 •5378S.Co.ta 1004 llCh. 82, Codo 1010 |4b.Ch.3S4.UMl9» •Ch.in.U-. 1918 Ch. 100. Um 1918 VnoiMU W,.» , X" T, » BliP* * *■ °* “““ -gfaStca “"■gf mm IjJIJW., UM. -U. CM. IgjJW* UM. -.«, Cod. 155314. -15, Coda 1913 14313, Codo 1U1J '*, 1 •45309, Codo 1913 1112334-47, Code 1013 •Ch.73.UM.919 Wbt Vuowu Wiacossix Ch.ll "“'-it'" IHMl.-h3.8laU. 1915 HMlh-l.8Uta.101S ‘ft*?*** H589, SlaU. 1010 •HM0.8UU .917 .* 43 * ‘“"■ 8UK ICh. 331, Um 1919 apa WlSCONBIM 'KAVfcSSS^* 1 ; 0k.MIm.lur JUSri as. 11 W '““° REFORM SCHOOLS AND REFORMATORIES REFORM SCHOOLS FOR BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS Arizona, 1903 Fort Grant Jan. 1917-18 22 $465.29 Montana, 1894 Miles City New Hampshire, 1894 Manchester Sept. 1917-18 38 346.89 Pennsylvania, 1854 Utah Morganza Jan. 1918-19 140 273.75 Vermont, 1876 Vergennes July 1917-18 73 . 306.91 REFORMATORIES FOR WOMEN Established before 1914 Indiana, 1871 Indianapolis Sept. 1917-18 133 $222.15 Massachusetts, 1877 Framingham Nov. 1917-18 301 629.40 New Jersey, 1913 Clinton Farms July 1918-19 109 621.95 New York, 1893 Albion Jan. 1918-19 206 429.01 New York, 1901 Bedford Hills July 1918-19 348 667.66 Established since 1914 Arkansas, 1920 Jacksonville Connecticut, 1920 East Lynne Iowa, 1918 Rockwell City Maine, 1916 Skowhegan Jan. 1918-19 54 $547.50 Minnesota, 1920 Shakopee Ohio, 1916 Marysville June 1917-18 126 456.32 Pennsylvania, 1920 Wisconsin, 1920 Muncy Location of Reformatories and Reform Schools for Women and Girls -|- Reformatories for Women Reform Schools for Girls O Reform Schools for Both Boys and Girls [ 45 ] IX GOVERNMENT PRONOUNCEMENTS COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE The General Medical Board of the Council of National Defense held hear¬ ings in accordance with the following recommendation of its Committee on Hygiene and Sanitation: The venereal diseases. Among the communicable diseases disseminated through human contacts, syphilis and gonorrhea are preeminently of first importance in their bearing upon military efficiency. Under present conditions it is vitally essential that a practical program for the control of these diseases be adopted and immediately placed in operation. This program will include at least three lines of effort. 1. Discovery, treatment, and supervision of individuals infected. 2. Instruction and protection of individuals not infected. 3. Investigation, demonstration, and public education directed toward the development of more effective measures than are at present applicable. The epidemiology of the venereal diseases is such that military and civil requirements for their control are interdependent, and are closely related to the problems of control of prostitution and alcohol. Following the experience of the English government in appointing the Royal Commission on Venereal Diseases for the purpose of studying this ques¬ tion and creating an informed public opinion through the hearings and sittings of the Commission, it would seem advisable that the Committee on Hygiene and Sanitation should hold at an early date a hearing on this subject, inviting for the purpose prominent sanitarians, urologists, dermatologists, syphilogists, genito-urinary specialists, and representatives of social hygiene and welfare agencies. As a result the Council, on May 7, 1917, formally adopted the following resolutions: "Whereas, venereal infections are among the most serious and disabling diseases to which the soldier and sailor are liable; Whereas, they constitute a grave menace to the civil population; Therefore, the Committee on Hygiene and Sanitation of the General Med¬ ical Board of the Council of National Defense, recommends that the General Medical Board transmit to the Council of National Defense for the guidance of the War and Navy Departments the following recommendations: 1. That the Departments of War and Navy officially recognize that sexual continence is compatible with health and that it is the best prevention of venereal infections. 2. That the Departments of War and Navy take steps toward the preven¬ tion of venereal infections through the exclusion of prostitutes within an effec¬ tive zone surrounding all places under their control, and by the provision of suitable recreation facilities, the control of the use of alcoholic drinks, and other effective measures. [ 46 ] GOVERNMENT PRONOUNCEMENTS 3. That the said Departments adopt a plan for centralized control of venereal infections through special divisions of their medical services. 4. That the said Departments consider the plan of organization herewith attached. Whereas, the use of alcoholic beverages is generally recognized as an important factor in the spread of venereal disease in the Army and Navy; and Whereas, these diseases are among the most serious and disabling ones to which soldiers and sailors are liable; Therefore, be it resolved that we endorse the action of the Army and Navy in prohibiting alcoholic beverages within military placs in their control and we further recommend that the sale or use of alcoholic beverages be pro¬ hibited to soldiers and sailors within an effective zone about such places. The partial program which grew out of this early pronouncement of the government became popularly known as “the American plan.” FROM GENERAL ORDERS NO. 135, WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C., DECEMBER 23, 1919. The statements herein defining the attitude of the War Department toward sex morality are published for the information and guidance of all concerned. The responsibility and influence of officers in making effective the provisions of this order are of the greatest import, and the War Department looks to them to accord their undivided allegiance to this work which presents such large opportunity for national service. 1. The successful experience of the army in combating venereal disease during the World War indicates clearly that: (а) Continence is not prejudicial to health, and its maintenance is the only sure method of avoiding venereal disease. Measures encouraging it have proved most effective in keeping down rates of venereal disease. (б) Prophylaxis is a measure of disinfection which is provided solely to protect exposed men from the results of their folly and to save their services to the government. It is not in any sense an expression of approval by the War Department of illicit intercourse. Its use appears to reduce the liability to venereal disease among those exposed to about one third of what it would be without prophylaxis. 2. On the basis of the foregoing, it is announced as the policy of the War Department to continue to promote sex morality by: (а) Encouragement of continence. (б) Encouragement of efforts to eliminate prostitution. (c) Provision of supervised medical prophylactic facilities for men exposed to disease. ( d ) Thorough treatment of disease acquired. (a) Punishment for failure to use prophylaxis after exposure. [ 47 ] X RESOLUTIONS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AT CHICAGO, APRIL 25, 1919 Resolved: That it is the sense of the Executive Committee that we cor¬ dially endorse, and desire to cooperate with efforts of the United States gov¬ ernment and the various state governments and municipal authorities in stamp¬ ing out venereal diseases throughout the United States. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE Whereas, Prostitution is the main source of the venereal diseases, which cause inestimable economic loss, as well as broken lives and homes; and Whereas, The United States government during the war carried on a relentless campaign for the repression of prostitution and the control of vene¬ real diseases, which resulted in keeping the army and navy fit to fight, with a corresponding benefit to the civil population; and Whereas, The federal government, through the Public Health Service and the Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board, continues to assist the states with federal appropriations and personnel; and Whereas, The main burden of law enforcement falls upon police depart¬ ments, which are sometimes inadequately equipped with laws, personnel, and funds; be it Resolved, That the International Association of Police Chiefs endorses the campaign for the repression of prostitution and the control of venereal diseases, and believes that it should be continued with redoubled vigor here¬ after, and also urges the adoption by the states and municipalities of better laws for the accomplishment of such purpose, and the appropriation of larger sums for its fulfillment. AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, JUNE 7, 1917 Therefore, Be it Resolved: That the American Medical Association endorses the actions of Congress and the Council of National Defense and commends the following as the basis for a program of civil activities: 1. That sexual continence is compatible with health and is the best pre¬ vention of venereal infections; 2. That steps be taken toward the prevention of venereal infections through the prevention of prostitution, and by the provision of suitable recreational facilities, the control of alcoholic drinks, and other effective constructive measures; 3. That plans be adopted for centralized control of venereal infections through special divisions of the proper public health and medical services; 4. That the hospitals and dispensaries be encouraged to increase their facilities for early treatment and follow-up service for venereal diseases as a measure of national efficiency; 5. That the members of the medical profession be urged to make every effort to promote public opinion in support of measures instituted in accord¬ ance with these principles of action in the control of venereal diseases. [ 48 ] RESOLUTIONS AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION Resolved, That the Association strongly endorses the program for the protection of our armed forces in future years as outlined in the report of the Committee on Venereal Diseases of the Section of Public Health Administra¬ tion and pledges its support of civilian cooperative measures for making these programs effective; also that the Association heartily endorses the program of the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board and of the United States Public Health Service for combating venereal diseases, and hereby offers the active cooperation of its officers, members, and the Com¬ mittee on Venereal Diseases in promoting this program, and urges the coordi¬ nation of federal and state activities everywhere in the United States to this end. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR, 39th ANNUAL CON¬ VENTION, 1919, RESOLUTION NO. 144 Whereas, From investigations conducted by the government it is learned that the spread of venereal diseases has caused an alarming condition to exist throughout the nation. According to figures prepared by the surgeon general of the army, approximately 200,000 cases of venereal diseases were treated in the army, and of this number more than 160,000 men came into the service already infected. This cross-section of America’s manhood demonstrates a terrible and deplorable physical condition of our country; and Whereas, Statements made by the surgeon general of the United States Public Health Service show that most of the congenital blindness is due to gonorrheal infection of the mother; that most cases of abdominal operations on women are due to this disease; that most cases of venereal infection in mar¬ ried women come from infection contracted in earlier life by their husbands; that syphilis is filling the insane asylums and feeble-minded institutions of the country; that defectives of many classes, due to syphilis, are becoming an increasing burden on the people of the United States; and Whereas, Statistics issued by the Public Health Service show that prosti¬ tution causes most of the spread of venereal diseases, and it is an unfortunate fact that prostitutes are recruited largely from among working girls and women; and Whereas, The government, with the cooperation of the states, has by a comprehensive program of education, medical treatment, and law enforcement demonstrated that the spread of these diseases can be controlled and their ravages reduced; therefore be it Resolved, That the American Federation of Labor in convention assem¬ bled heartily endorses the efforts of the United States Public Health Service, cooperating with the various states, in combating the spread of venereal dis¬ eases; and be it further Resolved, That we call upon organized labor to familiarize themselves with the government’s program of combating these diseases and to assist in every possible manner the eradication of these scourges of civilization. [ 49 ] RESOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ROTARY CLUBS, SEPT. 1918. It is Resolved, that the board recognizes and accepts Rotary’s opportunity to undertake to support and cooperate with the governments of the countries in which official programs exist to combat venereal diseases . . .; and It is Resolved, that the board pledges the active cooperation of the Asso¬ ciation and its member clubs to assist in every possible way this vitally impor¬ tant work, it being understood that any governmental department desiring to work through Rotary Clubs will develop a program of procedure for each community and advise the board and the several clubs regarding such program and the part which Rotary Clubs may take in it and that such department will furnish the necessary printed matter, and so far as possible the services of representatives for the conduct of this work in each community; and It is Resolved, that the general officers and the district governors of Rotary are directed to cooperate heartily in this work to their utmost ability without neglecting such other work in Rotary as it is their duty to perform. GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN’S CLUBS, JUNE 16, 1920 Resolved, That we, the General Federation of Women’s Clubs in biennial convention assembled, commend the stand of the United States government with reference to the moral protection of our fighting forces and pledge our hearty cooperation with all recognized agencies engaged in making such pro¬ tection possible for our young men and women in civil life; and be it further Resolved, That we urge our state public health committees (1) to empha¬ size in their educational programs the need of the individual to understand the physiology and psychology of the life forces; (2) to urge local clubs to study the social problems involved in the misuse and misunderstanding of the life forces and to work intelligently and consistently for the amelioration of these conditions. THE LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS: PLANKS FROM ITS SOCIAL HYGIENE PLATFORM (а) Impartial administration of all laws and regulations, as between men and women, that no sanction be given to a double standard of morality, and that women’s health be protected equally with that of men. (б) Physical and mental fitness certificates as a prerequisite for marriage licenses. (c) Uniform marriage and divorce laws throughout the United States. (d) Public appropriations for the dissemination of education in the laws of physical, mental, and racial health. ( e ) Cooperation with all recognized agencies for promoting the social- hygiene program by means of educational, recreational, remedial, and legis¬ lative effort. PLANK ON SOCIAL HYGIENE PRESENTED BY THE NATIONAL LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS TO THE PLATFORM COM¬ MITTEES OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES Public Health and Morals. We commend the effort for moral protec¬ tion of the fighting forces of the nation made during the World War, and we urge a continuance of appropriations to carry on an active campaign for the prevention of venereal disease and for public education in sex hygiene. [ 60 ] XI LEGISLATION FOR THE REPRESSION OF PROSTITUTION Additional legislation needed for the repression of prostitution includes the following suggested laws: 1. The Vice Repressive Law, 21 which makes it an offense, a. To keep, set up, maintain, or operate any place, structure, or conveyance for purpose of prostitution, assignation, or lewd¬ ness; 22 b. To occupy 23 any such place for such purpose, or to permit 24 such a place to be so used; c. To receive, or offer, or agree to receive any person into such place for such a purpose, or to permit them to remain therein for such a purpose; 25 d. To direct, take, or transport, or agree, or offer to do so, any person to any such place with knowledge or reason to know that the purpose of such directing, etc., is prostitution, lewd¬ ness, or assignation; 26 21 The vice repressive law in its entirety has been enacted in Conn., Del., Md., Maine, N. H., N. C., N. D., Ohio, R. I., and Vermont. 22 Laws of this nature exist in Ala., Ariz., Cal., Colo., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ida., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kan., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Neb., Nev., N. H., N. Y., N. C., N. D., Ohio, Okla., Ore., Pa., R. I., S. D., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W. Va., Wis., Wyo. This provision doe» not exist in Ark., Ky., La., N. J., N. M., and S. C. The law in Ala. and Miss, should be amended to increase the penalty, and in Mo. to include the owner of the premises. 23 This provision exists only in the above enumerated states which have the vice repressive law in toto, and is needed in all other states. 24 Similar provisions exist in Ariz., Conn., Del., Kan., Maine, Md., Mass., Neb., N. H., N. Y., N. C., N. D., Ohio, R. I., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wis. The laws in Ind., Mich., Minn., Okla., and S. D.. should be amended to include all places, structures, or conveyances. 25 This provision exists only in the states enumerated in Note 21 as having the vice repressive law, and is needed in all other states. 2« This provision exists in the states named in Note 21 and also in Ga. and La., and is needed in all other states. [ 51 ] LEGISLATION FOR THE REPRESSION OF PROSTITUTION e. To procure or solicit, or offer to do so for such purpose; 27 f. To reside in, enter, or remain in any such place for such pur¬ pose; 28 g. To engage in prostitution, lewdness, or assignation, or to aid or abet therein. 29 Prostitution should be defined to include the giving or receiving of the body, for hire, or the giving or receiving of the body for indiscrimi¬ nate sexual intercourse without hire. (See Form No. 1, Sec. 7 h.) This law is specially designed to meet the new conditions and forms which prostitution has now assumed. It strikes at the go-between, pen¬ alizes the driver of the for-hire automobile for permitting his conveyance to be used in the furtherance of prostitution, and punishes the imme¬ diate parties to the act, as well as the exploiters. It is particularly meri¬ torious in that it removes all suspicion of sex distinction. 2. A law, known as the "‘Injunction and Abatement Law/’ requir¬ ing city or county attorneys, and permitting individual citizens, to close by injunction, houses used in whole or in part for purposes of lewdness, assignation, or prostitution. This law permits the private citizen, by a suit in equity in the name of the state, to close by injunction a house of prostitution when weak-kneed public officials fail to enforce the law. 30 3. The so-called “White Slave Law” or “Compulsory Prostitution Law.” This is a law directed against the panderer, the procurer, the madam who detains a girl in a house of prostitution, and one who trans¬ ports another within the state for immoral purposes. It also reaches the 27 Solicitation laws exist in Colo., Conn., Del., Ga., Ill., Kan., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Minn., Mont., Nev., N. J., N. H., N. M., N. Y., N. C., N. D., Ohio, R. I., LTah, Vt., Va., Wash., Wis., and such laws should be amended in Colo., Ga., Ill., Kan., La., Mass., Minn., Mont., Nev., N. J., N. M., Utah, and Wash., to apply to both sexes. No law exists in Ariz., Ala., Ark., Cal., Fla., Ida., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Mich., Miss., Mo., Neb., Okla., Pa., S. C., S. D., Tenn., Tex., W. Va., and Wyo. 28 Outside the states enumerated in Note 21, and Ind., Neb., N. Y., and S. D., such a law is made applicable only to bawdy-houses. In Ind., Neb., N. Y., and S. D., it should be amended to cover all places, structures, or conveyances. Such a provision is needed in all other states. 29 This is made an offense in all the states enumerated in Note 21. No such law exists in Ariz., Ark., Kv., Ore., Pa., S. C., Tenn., and W. Va. The law in the following states should be amended to include both sexes: Ala., Cal., Colo., Fla., Ga., Ida., Ill., Iowa, Kan., La., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo. (also all places), Mont., Neb., Nev., N. J., N. M., N. Y. (also all places), Okla., Tex., Utah, Va., Wash., Wyo. [ 52 ] LEGISLATION FOR THE REPRESSION OF PROSTITUTION pimp or other person who receives any of the proceeds of prostitution or who lives on the earnings of a prostitute. 31 4. A law or ordinance requiring all transient hotels and rooming- houses to be licensed annually; providing for their supervision and the revocation of license upon violation of laws against prostitution; requir¬ ing that a proper register of guests be kept, etc. This has proved to be one of the most effective and easily enforced measures against prostitu¬ tion wherever tried. 33 5. A law or ordinance licensing taxicabs, dance-halls, skating-rinks, and other forms of commercial amusements, and providing for super¬ vision and revocation of licenses where such taxicabs or places are used for purposes of lewdness, assignation, or prostitution. 32 6. A law making statutory rape apply to both sexes, so that prosti¬ tutes and other lewd women will be restrained from catering to young boys. 38 7. A law providing for the expeditious removal from office of any municipal or county official who neglects or refuses to enforce these laws. This is commonly known as the Ouster Law and is embodied in Form No. 5 (Sec. 7 h). 34 30 Laws of this general nature exist in 39 states and 2 territories. The essential elements which should be contained in all such laws should be: (a) Both Injunction and Abatement. (The latter is needed irf the Tex. and Tenn. laws.) ( b ) That suit may be instituted by any resident citizen. (Amendments of this nature are needed in Maine, N. H., N. Y., and Tenn.) ( c ) No bond should be required by citizen-plaintiff. (Amendments rela¬ tive to this feature are needed in Ala., Ind., Maine, N. H., N. D., Ohio, Tenn.) (d) No notice should be necessary before filing complaint. (Amendments of this nature are needed in Me., N. H., Pa., S. C., Tenn., Utah.) ( e ) The injunction should be granted as a matter of course when a con¬ tinuance is asked by defendant. (Such provisions needed in Cal., Kan., Mass., N. Y., Pa., Tenn., Tex., Wash., Wis.) The word “knowingly” should be stricken from the N. Y. laws. 31 Entire white-slave laws are needed in Ga., Miss., S. C. (Amendments are needed in Conn., Fla., Iowa, Kan., N. M., N. C., Ohio, Okla., Tenn., and Tex. to make the acceptance of the proceeds of prostitution, or living off the earnings of a prostitute an offense.) 32 This law should be recommended for state legislative enactment, only in states in which the legislative powers of municipalities are not broad enough to permit the passage of an ordinance on this subject. 33 See model law No. 7 (Sec. 7 h). A similar law has been enacted in Wash, 34 Similar laws have been enacted in Conn., Mich., N. M., N. Y., Okla., Ohio, R. I., S. C., Wash., and Wis. [ 53 ] showing laws now existing.) XII STANDARD FORMS OF LAWS Before these forms are introduced as bills, they should be carefully examined by an attorney in the state concerned, in order that such changes may be made therein as will bring them into harmony with the legal usage and procedure in that state. Additional copies may be obtained from the American Social Hygiene Association, 105 West Fortieth Street, New York City. Form No. 1 Standard Form of Law for the Reprj^sion of Prostitution 35 Section 1. That from and after the passage of this act it shall be unlawful: (а) To keep, set up, maintain, or operate any place, structure, building, or conveyance for the purpose of prostitution, lewdness, or assignation; (б) To occupy any place, structure, building, or conveyance for the pur¬ pose of prostitution, lewdness, or assignation, or for any person to permit any place, structure, building, or conveyance owned by him or under his control to be used for the purpose of prostitution, lewdness, or assignation, with knowl¬ edge or reasonable cause to know that the same is, or is to be, used for such purpose; (c) To receive or to offer or agree to receive any person into any place, structure, building, or conveyance for the purpose of prostitution, lewdness, or assignation, or to permit any person to remain there for such purpose; ( d ) To direct, take, or transport, or to offer or agree to take or trans¬ port, any person to any place, structure, or building, or to any other person with knowledge or reasonable cause to know that the purpose of such direct¬ ing, taking, or transporting is prostitution, lewdness, or assignation; ( e ) To procure or to solicit or to offer to procure or solicit for the pur¬ pose of prostitution, lewdness, or assignation; (/) To reside in, enter, or remain in any place, structure, or building, or to enter or remain in any conveyance, for the purpose of prostitution, lewd¬ ness, or assignation; ( 9 ) T° en g a ge in prostitution, lewdness, or assignation or to aid or abet prostitution, lewdness, or assignation by any means whatsoever. 35 It is suggested that the jurisdiction of municipal courts in cities of a population over 50,000 be increased, if need be, to include such offenses as are embraced in the Vice Repressive Law. Otherwise, it is suggested that such jurisdiction be given to the county or other intermediate criminal court. [ 55 ] FORM 1—REPRESSION OF PROSTITUTION Section 2. That the term “prostitution” shall be construed to include the giving or receiving of the body for sexual intercourse for hire, and, shall also be con¬ strued to include the giving or receiving of the body for indiscriminate sexual intercourse without hire. That the term “lewdness” shall be construed to include any indecent or obscene act. That the term “assignation” shall be con¬ strued to include the making of any appointment or engagement for prostitu¬ tion or lewdness or any act in furtherance of such appointment or engagement. Section 3. That in the trial of any person charged with a violation of any of the pro¬ visions of Section 1 of this act, testimony of a prior conviction, or testimony con¬ cerning the reputation of any place, structure, or building and of the person or persons who reside in or frequent the same and of the defendant shall be admissible in evidence in support of the charge. Section 4. That any person who shall be found to have committed two or more vio¬ lations of any of the provisions of Section 1 of this act within a period of one year next preceding the date named in an indictment, information, or charge of violating any of the provisions of Section 1 of this act shall be deemed guilty in the first degree. That any person who shall be found to have com¬ mitted a single violation of any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty in the second degree. Section 5. (a) That any person who shall be deemed guilty in the first degree, as set forth in Section 4, shall be subject to imprisonment in, or commitment to, any penal or reformatory institution in this state for not less than one nor more than three years; provided, that in case of a commitment to a reformatory institution the commitment shall be made for an indeterminate period of time of not less than one nor more than three years in duration, and the board of managers or directors of the reformatory institution shall have authority to discharge or to place on parole any person so committed after the service of the minimum term, or any part thereof, and to require the return to the said institution for the balance of the maximum term of any person who shall vio¬ late the terms or conditions of the parole. (b) That any person who shall be deemed guilty in the second degree, as set forth in Section 4, shall be subject to imprisonment for not more than one year; provided, that the sentence imposed, or any part thereof, may be sus¬ pended, and provided further that the defendant may be placed on probation in the care of a probation officer designated by law or theretofore appointed by the court upon the recommendation of five responsible citizens. (c) That probation or parole shall be granted or ordered in the case of a person infected with venereal disease only on such terms and conditions as shall be recommended to the court by the state or local health department in order to insure medical treatment therefor and prevent the spread thereof, and the state or local health departments may order any convicted defendant to be examined for venereal disease. [56] FORM 2—FORNICATION—ADULTERY ( d ) That no girl or woman who shall be convicted under this act shall be placed on probation or on parole in the care or charge of any person except a woman probation officer. («) That persons convicted of violating sections.of the Crim¬ inal Code of this state shall be dealt with as provided in this section, and in the prosecutions of such persons the provisions of Sections 2, 3, 4, and 6 shall be applicable. Section 6. That prosecutions for the violation of any of the provisions of Section I of this act shall be tried in the courts of this state wherein misdemeanors (offenses) are triable except as to such courts the jurisdiction of which is so limited by the Constitution of this state as that the said jurisdiction cannot by statute be extended to include criminal actions of the character herein described. Section 7. That the declaration by the courts of any of the provisions of this act as being in violation of the Constitution of this state shall not invalidate the remaining provisions. Section 8. That all laws or parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this act, be and the same are hereby repealed. Form No. 2 Standard Form of Law on Fornication Section 1. That any unmarried person who shall have sexual intercourse with a person of the opposite sex shall be deemed guilty of fornication, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not more than six months or by both such fine and impris¬ onment; provided, that the sentence imposed or any part thereof may be sus¬ pended with or without probation in the discretion of the court. [For states having no adultery law, the above form will be incomplete. The following form is suggested to remedy such deficiency.] Form of Law on Adultery Section 1. Whenever any married person shall (a) attempt to have carnal inter¬ course with any person other than his or her lawful spouse or (b) shall have carnal intercourse with such person or (c) shall cohabit with su<;h person openly and notoriously, both such persons shall be guilty of adultery. Section 2. Any person convicted of the offense described in Section 1 (a) shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $500 or by imprisonment not exceeding [57] FORM a—INJUNCTION AND ABATEMENT six months or by both such fine and imprisonment; any person convicted of the offense described in Section 1 (b) shall be punished by a fine not exceed¬ ing $1,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year or by both such fine and imprisonment; any person convicted of the offense described in Section 1 (c) shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $1,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding three years or by both such fine and imprisonment. * Form No. 3 Standard Form of Injunction and Abatement Act Section 1. Terms Defined. For the purpose of this act the terms place, person, nuisance are defined as follows: place shall include any building, erection, or place, or any separate part or portion thereof, or the ground itself; person shall include any individual, corporation, association, partnership, trustee, lessee, agent, or assignee; nuisance shall mean any place as above defined in or upon which lewdness, assignation, or prostitution is conducted, permitted, continued, or exists, and the personal property and contents used in conducting or main¬ taining any such place for any such purpose. Section 2. Who Are Guilty. Any person who shall use, occupy, establish, or conduct a nuisance as defined in Section 1, or aid or abet therein, and the owner, agent, or lessee of any interest in any such nuisance, together with the persons employed in or in control of any such nuisance by any such owner, agent, or lessee shall be guilty of maintaining a nuisance and shall be enjoined as here¬ inafter provided. Section 3. Action to Enjoin and Abate and Who May Maintain Same. Whenever a nuisance exists, the attorney-general of the state, the county attorney, or any person who is a citizen of the county or has an office therein may bring an action in equity in the name of the state of., upon the relation of such attorney-general, county attorney, or person to abate such nuisance and to perpetually enjoin the person or persons maintaining the same from further maintenance thereof. Section 4. Jurisdiction and Procedure—Temporary Injunction. Such action shall be brought in the.Court of the county in which the property is located. At or before the commencement of the action a verified complaint alleging the facts constituting the nuisance shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the county, together with a notice of the pendency of the action, containing the names of the parties, the object of the action, and a brief description of the property affected thereby. Such notice shall be immediately recorded by the county clerk. After the filing of the complaint, application for a temporary injunction may be made to the. Court or a judge thereof, who shall grant a hearing thereon within ten days [58] FORM 3—INJUNCTION AND ABATEMENT thereafter. Where such application for a temporary injunction has been made, the court or judge thereof may, on application of the complainant, issue an ex parte restraining order restraining the respondents and all other persons from removing or in any manner interfering with the personal property and contents of the place where such nuisance is alleged to exist until the decision of the court or judge granting or refusing such temporary injunction and until the further order of the court thereon. The restraining order may be served by handing to and leaving a copy of said order with any person in charge of said place or residing therein, or by posting a copy thereof in a conspicuous place at or upon one or more of the principal doors or entrances to such place, or by both such delivery and posting. The officer serving such restraining order shall forthwith make and return into court an inventory of the personal property and contents situated in and used in conducting or main¬ taining such nuisance. Any violation of such restraining order shall be a con¬ tempt of court, and where such order is so posted, mutilation or removal thereof, while the same remains in force, shall be a contempt of court, provided such posted order contains thereon or therein a notice to that effect. A copy of the complaint, together with a notice of the time and place of the hearing of the application for a temporary injunction shall be served upon the respond¬ ents at least five days before such hearing. If the hearing be then continued at the instance of any respondent, the temporary writ as prayed shall be granted as a matter of course. Each respondent so notified shall serve upon the complainant or his attorney a verified answer on or before the date fixed in said notice for said hearing, and such answer shall be filed with the clerk of the court wherein such cause is triable, but the court or judge may allow additional time for so answering, providing such extension of time shall not prevent the issuing of said temporary writ as prayed for. The allegations of the answer shall be deemed to be traversed without further pleading. If upon the hearing the allegations be sustained to the satisfaction of the court or judge, the court or judge shall issue a temporary injunction without bond restraining the respondents and any other person or persons from continuing the nuisance. When the temporary injunction has been granted, it shall be binding on the respondents throughout the judicial district. Any violation thereof shall be contempt of court to be punished as hereinafter provided. If at the time of granting a temporary injunction, it shall further appear that the person owning, in control, or in charge of the nuisance so enjoined has received five days’ notice of the hearing and unless such person shall show to the satisfaction of the court or judge that the nuisance complained of has been abated, or that such person proceeded forthwith to enforce his rights under the provisions of Section 12 of this act, the court or judge shall forthwith issue an order closing the place against its use for any purpose until final decision shall be rendered on the application for a permanent injunction. Such order shall also continue in effect for such further period the restraining order abovq provided, if already issued, or if not so issued, shall include such an order restraining for such period the removal or interference with the personal property and contents located thereat or therein, as hereinbefore provided, and such restraining order shall be served and the inventory of such property shall [59] FORM 3—INJUNCTION AND ABATEMENT be made and filed as hereinbefore provided; provided, however, that the owner or owners of any real or personal property so closed or restrained or to be closed or restrained may appear at any time between the filing of the com¬ plaint and the hearing on the application for a permanent injunction and, upon payment of all costs incurred and upon the filing of a bond by the owner of the real property with sureties to be approved by the clerk in the full value of the property to be ascertained by the court or, in vacation, by the judge, conditioned that such owner or owners will immediately abate the nuisance and prevent the same from being established or kept until the decision of the court or judge shall have been rendered on the application for a permanent injunc¬ tion, then and in that case, the court, or judge in vacation, if satisfied of the good faith of the owner of the real property and of innocence on the part of any owner of the personal property of any knowledge of the use of such personal property as a nuisance, and that, with reasonable care and diligence, such owner could not have known thereof, shall deliver such real or personal property or both to the respective owners thereof, and cancel or refrain from issuing at the time of the hearing on the application for the temporary injunc¬ tion, as the case may be, any order or orders closing such real property or restraining the removal or interference with such personal property. The release of any real or personal property under the provisions of this section shall not release it from any judgment, lien, penalty, or liability to which it may be subjected by law. Section 5. Trial Proceedings, Permanent Injunction. The action when brought shall be noticed for trial at the first term of the court and shall have precedence over all other cases except crimes, election contests, or injunctions. In such action evidence of the general reputation of the place or an admission or finding of guilt of any person under the criminal laws against prostitution, lewdness, or assignation at any such place shall be admissible for the purpose of proving the existence of said nuisance and shall be jjrima facie evidence of such nuisance and of knowledge of and of acquiescence and participation therein on the part of the person or persons charged with maintaining said nuisance as herein defined. If the complaint is filed by a person who is a citizen of the county or has an office therein, it shall not be dismissed except upon a sworn state¬ ment by the complainant and his or its attorney, setting forth the reasons why the action should be dismissed and the dismissal approved by the county attor¬ ney in writing or in open court. If the court or judge is of the opinion that the action ought not to be dismissed, he may direct the county attorney to pros¬ ecute said action to judgment at the expense of the county, and if the action is continued more than one term of court, any person who is a citizen of the county, or has an office therein, or the attorney general or the county attorney, may be substituted for the complainant and prosecute said action to judg¬ ment. If the action is brought by a person who is a citizen of the county or has an office therein and the court finds that there were no reasonable grounds or cause for said action, the costs may be taxed to such person. If the exist¬ ence of the nuisance be established upon the trial, a judgment shall be entered which shall perpetually enjoin the respondents and any other person or persons [60] FORM 3—INJUNCTION AND ABATEMENT from further maintaining the nuisance at the place complained of and the respondents from maintaining such nuisance elsewhere within the judicial district. Section 6. Order of Abatement. If the existence of the nuisance be admitted or estab¬ lished in an action as provided in this act, or in a criminal proceeding in the .Court, an order of abatement shall be entered as a part of the judgment in the case, which order shall direct the removal from the place of all personal property and contents used in conducting the nuisance, and not already released under authority of the court as provided in Section 4, and shall direct the sale of such thereof as belong to the respondents notified or appearing, in the manner provided for the sale of chattels under execution. Such order shall also require the renew'al for one year of any bond furnished by the owner of the real property as provided in Section 4, or, if not so furnished, shall con¬ tinue for one year any closing order issued at the time of granting the tempo¬ rary injunction, or, if no such closing order was then issued, shall include an order directing the effectual closing of the place against its use for any purpose, and so keeping it closed for a period of one year unless sooner released; provided, however, that the owner of any place so closed and not released under bond as hereinbefore provided may now appear and obtain such release in the manner and upon fulfilling the requirements as hereinbefore provided. The release of the property under the provisions of this section shall not release it from any judgment, lien, penalty, or liability to which it may be subject by law. Owners of unsold personal property and contents so seized must appear and claim same within ten days after such order of abatement is made and prove innocence, to the satisfaction of the court, of any knowledge of said use thereof and that with reasonable care and diligence they could not have known thereof. Every defendant in the action shall be presumed to have had knowl¬ edge of the general reputation of the place. If such innocence be so established, such unsold personal property and contents shall be delivered to the owner, otherwise it shall be sold as hereinbefore provided. If any person shall break and enter or use a place so directed to be closed, he shall be punished as for contempt as provided hereinafter. For removing and selling the personal property and contents, the officer shall be entitled to charge and receive the same fees as he would for levying upon and selling like property on execution; and for closing the place and keeping it closed, a reasonable sum shall be allowed by the court. Section 7. Duty of County Attorney — Proceeds. In case the existence of such nui¬ sance is established in a criminal proceeding in a court not having equitable jurisdiction, it shall be the duty of the county attorney to proceed promptly under this act to enforce the provisions and penalties thereof, and the finding of the defendant guilty in such criminal proceedings, unless reversed or set aside, shall be conclusive as against such defendant as to the existence of the nuisance. All moneys collected under this act shall be paid to the county treasurer. The proceeds of the sale of the personal property, as provided in the preceding section, shall be applied in payment of the costs of the action [61] FORM 3— INJUNCTION AND ABATEMENT and abatement including the complainant’s costs or so much of such proceeds as may be necessary, except as hereinafter provided. Section 8. Punishment for Contempt. In case of the violation of any injunction or closing order granted under provisions of this act, or of a restraining order or the commission of any contempt of court in proceedings under this act, the court or, in vacation, a judge thereof, may summarily try and punish the offender. The proceedings shall be commenced by filing with the clerk of the court a complaint under oath, setting out and alleging facts constituting such violation, upon which the court or judge shall cause a warrant to issue under which the defendant shall be arrested. The trial may be had upon affidavits or either party may demand the production and oral examination of the wit¬ nesses. A party found guilty of contempt under the provisions of this act shall be punished by a fine of not less than two hundred nor more than one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not less than three nor more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Section 9. Tax of $300.00 . Whenever a permanent injunction issues against any per¬ son or persons for maintaining a nuisance as herein defined, there shall be imposed upon said nuisance and against the person or persons maintaining the same a tax of three hundred dollars; provided, however, that such tax may not be imposed upon the personal property or against the owner or owners thereof who have proven innocence as hereinbefore provided, or upon the real prop¬ erty or against the owner or owners thereof who shall show to the satisfaction of the court or judge thereof at the time of the granting of the permanent injunction, that he or they have in good faith permanently abated the nuisance complained of. The imposition of said tax shall be made by the court as a part of the proceeding and the clerk of said court shall make and certify a return of the imposition of said tax thereon to the county auditor, who shall enter the same as a tax upon the property and against the persons upon which or whom the lien was imposed as and when other taxes are entered, and the same shall be and remain a perpetual lien upon all property, both personal and real, used for the purpose of maintaining said nuisance except as herein excepted until fully paid; provided that any such lien imposed while the tax books are in the hands of the auditor shall be immediately entered therein. The payment of said tax shall not relieve the persons or property from any other taxes provided hy law. The provision of the laws relating to the collec¬ tion of taxes in this state, the delinquency thereof, and sale of property for taxes shall govern in the collection of the tax herein prescribed in so far as the same are applicable, and the said tax collected shall be applied in payment of any deficiency in the costs of the action and abatement on behalf of the state to the extent of such deficiency after the application thereto of the pro¬ ceeds of the sale of personal property as hereinbefore provided, and the remainder of said tax, together with the unexpended portion of the proceeds of the sale of personal property, shall be distributed in the same manner as fines collected for the keeping of houses of ill fame, excepting that ten per cent of the amount of the whole tax collected and of the whole proceeds of the sale [62] FORM 4—CONTROL OF VENEREAL DISEASES of said personal property as provided in this act shall be paid by the treas¬ urer to the attorney representing the state in the injunction action at tne time of final judgment. Section 10. Imposition of Tax Against Property—Service on Owner. When such nui¬ sance has been found to exist under any proceedings in the. Court or as in this act provided, and the owner or agent of such place whereon the same has been found to exist was not a party tQ such proceeding, nor appeared therein, the said tax of three hundred dollars shall, nevertheless, be imposed against the persons served or appearing and against the property as in this act set forth. But before such tax shall be enforced against such prop¬ erty, the owner or agent thereof shall have appeared therein or shall be served with summons therein, and the provisions of existing laws regarding the service of process shall apply to service in proceedings under this act. The person in whose name the real estate affected by the action stands on the books of the county auditor for purposes of taxation shall be presumed to be the owner thereof, and in case of unknown persons having or claiming any owner¬ ship, right, title, or interest in property affected by the action, such may be made parties to the action by designating them in the summons and complaint as “all other persons unknown claiming any ownership, right, title, or interest in the property affected by the action” and service thereon may be had by pub¬ lishing such summons in the manner prescribed by law. Any person having or claiming such ownership, right, title, or interest, and any owner or agent in behalf of himself and such owner may make, serve, and file his answer therein twenty days after such service and have trial of his rights in the premises by the court; and if said cause has already proceeded to trial or to findings and judgment, the court shall by order fix the time and place of such further trial and shall modify, add to, or confirm such findings and judgment as the case may require. Other parties to said action shall not be affected thereby. Section 11. Other Provisions to Stand When One or More are Declared Unconsti¬ tutional. Should any provision or item of this act be held unconstitutional, such fact shall not be held to invalidate the other provisions and items thereof. Section 12. If a tenant or occupant of a building or tenement, under a lawful title uses such place for the purposes of lewdness, assignation, or prostitution, such use shall annul and make void the lease or other title under which he holds and, without any act of the owrner, shall cause the right of possession to revert and vest in him, and he may without process of law make immediate entry upon the premises. Form No. 4 Standard Form of Law for the Control of Venereal Diseases Section 1. That syphilis, gonorrhea, and chancroid, hereinafter designated as venereal diseases, are hereby declared to be contagious, infectious, communicable, and [63] FORM 4—CONTROL OF VENEREAL DISEASES dangerous to the public health. It shall be unlawful for any one infected with these diseases or any of them to expose another person to infection. Section 2. Any physician or other person who makes a diagnosis in or treats a case of venereal disease, and any superintendent or manager of a hospital, dis¬ pensary, or charitable or penal institution in which there is a case of venereal disease, shall make a report of such case to the health authorities according to such form and manner as the State Board of Health shall direct. Section 3. State, county, and municipal health officers, or their authorized deputies, within their respective jurisdictions are hereby directed and empowered, when in their judgment it is necessary to protect the public health, to make examina¬ tions of persons reasonably suspected of being infected with venereal disease, and to detain such persons until the results of such examinations are known, to require persons infected with venereal disease to report for treatment to a reputable physician and continue treatment until cured or to submit to treat¬ ment provided at public expense until cured, and also, when in their judgment it is necessary to protect the public health, to isolate or quarantine persons infected with venereal disease. It shall be the duty of all local and state health officers to investigate sources of infection of venereal disease, to cooperate with the proper officials whose duty it is to enforce laws directed against pros¬ titution, and otherwise to use every proper means for the repression of prostitution. Section 4. All persons who shall be confined or imprisoned in any state, county, or city prison in the state shall be examined for and, if infected, treated for venereal diseases by the health authorities or their deputies. The prison authorities of any state, county, or city prison are directed to make available to the health authorities such portion of any state, county, or city prison as may be necessary for a clinic or hospital wherein all persons who may be con¬ fined or imprisoned in any such prison and who are infected with venereal diseases, and all such persons who are suffering with venereal disease at the time of the expiration of their terms of imprisonment, and, in case no other suitable place for isolation or quarantine is available, such other persons as may be isolated or quarantined under the provisions of Section 3, shall be isolated and treated at public expense until cured, or, in lieu of such isolation any of such persons may, in the discretion of the Board of Health, be required to report for treatment to a licensed physician, or submit to treatment pro¬ vided at public expense as provided in Section 3. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to interfere with the service of any sentence imposed by a court as a punishment for the commission of crime. Section 5. The State Board of Health is hereby empowered and directed to make such rules and regulations as shall in its judgment be necessary for the carry¬ ing out of the provisions of this act, including rules and regulations providing for the control and treatment of persons isolated or quarantined under the [64] FORM 5—REMOVAL FROM OFFICE provisions of Section 3, and such other rules and regulations, not in conflict with provisions of this act, concerning the control of venereal diseases, and concerning the care, treatment, and quarantine of persons infected therewith, as it may from time to time deem advisable. All such rules and regulations so made shall be of force and binding upon all county and municipal health officers and other persons affected by this act, and shall have the force and effect of law. Section 6. Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this act or any lawful rule or regulation made by the State Board of Health pursuant to the authority herein granted, or who shall fail or refuse to obey any lawful order issued by any state, county, or municipal health officer, pursuant to the authority granted in this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine of not more than $1,000 or by imprisonment for not more than a year or by both such fine and imprisonment. Section 7. All laws or parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this act be and the same are hereby repealed. Form No. 5 Standard Form of Law for the Removal from Office of Officers Guilty of Misfeasance or Nonfeasance in Office, Based on the Law of Tennessee (Sections 1166 a-32 to 1166 a-50, Tennessee, Code 1918) Section 1. Every person holding any office of trust or profit, under and by virtue of any of the laws of the state of.. either state, county, or municipal office, except such officers as are by the constitution removable only and exclu¬ sively by methods other than those provided in this act, who shall knowingly or wilfully neglect to perform any duty enjoined upon such officer by any of the laws of the state, or any regulation or ordinance promulgated or passed pur¬ suant to law, or who shall commit any act constituting a violation of any penal statute involving moral turpitude, shall forfeit his office and shall be ousted from such office in the manner hereinafter provided. Section 2. It shall be the duty of the attorney-general of the state, the district attor¬ neys for the state, county attorneys, and city attorneys, within their respective jurisdictions, on notice being received by them in writing that any officer herein mentioned has been guilty of any of the acts, omissions, or offenses set out in Section 1 of this act, forthwith to investigate such complaint, and if upon inves¬ tigation he shall find that there is a reasonable cause for such complaint, he shall forthwith institute proceedings in the court of the proper county, to oust such officer from his office. [65] FORM 5 —REMOVAL FROM OFFICE Section 3. The petition or complaint shall be in the name of the state of. and may be filed upon the relation of the attorney-general of the state or dis¬ trict attorney for the state, or the county attorney in the case of county officers, and of the city attorney or the district attorney for the state, in case of munici¬ pal officers, and in all cases it may be filed without the concurrence of any of said officers upon the relation of ten or more citizens and freeholders of the state, county, or city, as the case may be, upon their giving the usual security for costs. It shall also be the duty of the attorney-general of the state, in the case of state officers, and of the district attorney for the state, and the county attorney, if there be one for the county, in the case of county officers, and of the city attorney, or the district attorney for the state, in case of municipal officers, to file such petition or complaint, upon being directed or requested in writing so to do by the governor. Section 4. Such proceedings against state officers, when brought by or upon relation of the attorney-general of the state, shall be at the expense of the state; when brought against county officers by or upon the relation of any of the officers above named, they shall be at the expense of the county; when brought against municipal officers by or upon the relation of the city attorney, or the district attorney for the state, they shall be at the expense of the municipality; and when brought by or upon the relation of citizens and freeholders, they shall be at the expense of relators; provided, that in all cases, where such proceedings are successful, full costs shall be adjudged against the defendant; and provided further that it shall be the duty of the attorney-general of the state upon request of relator citizens and freeholders, to aid and assist in the prosecution of such proceedings against county officers, and of city attorneys or the district attorneys for the state, upon like request, to aid and assist in the prosecution of such proceedings against municipal officers other than themselves. Section 5. The governor shall have power, and it shall be his duty whenever he has knowledge that reasonable grounds exist for the proceedings authorized by this act against any state, county, or municipal officer, to direct the attorney-general of the state or district attorney or county attorney or city attorney, as the case may be, to institute and prosecute the same against the offending officer. And the governor may in all cases employ on behalf of the state additional counsel to aid in the prosecution of such proceedings. Section 6. The accused shall be" named as defendant, and the petition or complaint, except when filed upon the relation of the law officers of the state, district, county, or municipality, shall be verified by oath or affidavit, shall state the charges against defendant with reasonable certainty, and be subject to amend¬ ment as in other actions. Section 7. Upon the filing of the complaint or petition for the writ of ouster, a sum¬ mons shall issue for the defendant, and there shall accompany the summons [66] FORM 5—REMOVAL FROM OFFICE and be served upon the defendant, a copy of the complaint or petition filed against him, and the defendant shall have the right to answer within twenty days from such service, but only upon his oath or solemn affirmation equivalent to his oath. The petition and answer shall constitute the only pleadings allowed, and all allegations in the answer shall be deemed controverted, and any and all questions as to the sufficiency of the petition or complaint shall be raised and determined upon the trial of the case, and if such petition or complaint is held to be insufficient in form, the same shall be amended at once, and such amend¬ ment shall not delay the trial of the case. The proceedings under this act shall be conducted in accordance with the procedure of courts of equity where not otherwise expressly provided herein, and all courts having cognizance of pro¬ ceedings hereunder are hereby given the full jurisdiction and powers of equity with respect to such proceedings. Section 8. Said proceedings in ouster shall be summary and triable as an equitable action, and shall have precedence over civil and criminal actions, and shall be tried at the first term after the filing of the complaint or petition herein named; provided the answer herein named shall have been on file at least ten days before the day of trial. A continuance or change of venue to another court or to the.Court of another county may be granted on either side for good cause shown, but no continuance shall be granted by an agree¬ ment of the parties. Section 9. If the defendant shall be found guilty, judgment of ouster shall be rendered against him, and he shall be ousted from his office. Section 10. Either party may appeal or prosecute a writ of error to the Supreme Court, from the final judgment or decree, but such appeal or writ of error shall not operate to suspend or vacate the judgment or decree, but the same shall remain in full force until vacated, reversed, or modified by the Supreme Court. Section 11. Upon petition or complaint being filed praying for a writ of ouster against any of the officers herein named, the court, judge, or chancellor may, on appli¬ cation, suspend such officer or officers so accused from performing any of the duties of their office, pending a final hearing and determination of the matter and thereupon the vacancy shall be filled as the law provides for the filling of vacancies in such office, and such person or persons so filling such vacancy shall carry on the duties of the office until such hearing shall be finally determined or until the successor of the officer so suspended shall be elected or appointed as provided by law, and shall have qualified. Such officer so temporarily filling the office shall receive the same salary and fees as are provided by law to be paid to the officer so suspended. Section 12. No person shall be suspended under the provisions of this act until at least five days’ notice of the application for the order of suspension shall be served [ 67 ] o FORM 5—REMOVAL FROM OFFICE upon him, which notice shall set forth the time and place of the hearing of said application, and said officer shall have the right to appear and make any defense that he may have and shall be entitled to a full hearing upon the charges contained in the complaint and upon the application for the order of suspension; and no order of suspension shall be made except upon finding of good cause therefor. If on final hearing of the complaint or petition herein provided the officer is not removed from office, he shall, if he has been sus¬ pended, be immediately restored to his office, and be allowed his full costs and the salary and fees of his office during the time of his suspension, against the state, county, or municipality, as the case may be, to be taxed and paid as in other cases. Section 13. The attorney-general of the state, the district attorneys for the states county attorneys, and city attorneys, shall have the power and they are hereby directed, whenever complaint has been made and the names of the witnesses furnished them, or whenever they deem necessary, to issue subpoenas for such witnesses so furnished them and for such persons as they have reason to believe have any knowledge of the complaint made, to appear before said attorney- general of the state, district attorney for the state, county attorney, or city attorney, at a time and place to be designated in the subpoena, then and there to testify concerning the subject-matter set out in the complaint. Section 14. Each witness shall be sworn true answers to make to all questions pro¬ pounded to him touching the matter under investigation, and the testimony of each witness shall be reduced to writing and be signed by the witness. The attorney-general of the state, the district attorneys for the state, county attor¬ neys, and city attorneys are hereby authorized and empowered to administer the necessary oaths and affirmations to such witnesses. Any disobedience to such subpoena or refusal to answer any proper questions propounded by said officers at such inquiry, shall be a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Section 15. No person shall be excused from testifying before said attorney-general of the state, district attorney for the state, county attorney, or city attorney at such investigation, or in any investigation, or be excused from testifying in any proceeding brought in any court of competent jurisdiction under the pro¬ visions of this act, on the ground that his testimony may incriminate him; but no person shall be prosecuted or punished on account of any transaction, matter, or thing concerning which he shall be compelled to testify, nor shall such testimony be used against him for any crime or misdemeanor under the laws of this state. Section 16. In all appeals to the supreme court, the supreme court may adopt any procedure not inconsistent with this act, which it may deem necessary for a [ 68 ] FORM 6—REFORMATORY FOR WOMEN OR GIRLS full and final hearing and determination of the cause; and said court, on appeal, shall either affirm the judgment or decree of the lower court or enter such final judgment as it deems that justice may require. On appeal, said cause shall stand for trial at the first term after such appeal is perfected and filed, and shall have precedence over all civil and criminal cases. Section 17. The attorney-general of the state shall, on his own initiative and without any complaint having been made to him or request made of him, institute pro¬ ceedings in ouster against any of the state, county, and municipal officers, under the provisions of this act, and the district attorneys for the state, county attorneys, and city attorneys, within their respective jurisdictions, shall insti¬ tute such actions without complaint being made to them or request made of them as they are authorized to institute upon request made of them or com¬ plaint made to them, when they have information that any officer described in Section 1 is guilty of any act of omission or commission described in Section 1. Section 18. Nothing in this act shall be construed as repealing any law now in force in this state making it a crime or misdemeanor for said public officers to violate certain statutes of this state, and providing a punishment for said violation; and proceedings under this act shall not be a bar to proceedings under any criminal statute of this state now in force or which may be in force. Section 19. If for any reason any section or part of this act shall be held to be uncon¬ stitutional or invalid, then that fact shall not invalidate any other part of this act, but the same shall be enforced without reference to the part so held to be invalid. Form No. 6 Standard Form of Law for the Establishment of a Reformatory for Women or Girls, Based Largely on the Connecticut Statute (Laws of Connecticut, 1917, Chapter 358) [It will be noted that the statute provides that at least three women shall be on the board of directors. Where, under the constitution of a particular state, a woman cannot hold office, the same purpose can be served by providing for a board of directors of four men and three women, the latter to serve as advisory members. If any legal difficulty is anticipated from the provisions of discharge and parole on account of the fact that they would be construed as an attempt by the legislature to vest in the board of directors power to pardon (usually vested in the governor of the state) the wording can be so changed as to permit the board of directors to recommend discharge and parole to the governor. With certain obvious changes, this form can be adapted to the establishment of prison farms for men.] [ 69 ] FORM 6—REFORMATORY FOR WOMEN OR GIRLS Section 1. A state (reformatory for girls) (reformatory for women) to be known as the (.State Reformatory for Girls) (. State Farm for Women) is established. Section 2. The (.State Reformatory for Girls) (.State Farm for Women) shall be under the management of seven directors, who shall be appointed by the governor, and at least three of whom shall be women. Within sixty days after the passage of this act, the governor shall appoint one director for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, one for five years, one for six years, and one for seven; and one year from the first day of the next month after their appointment and annually thereafter, the governor shall appoint one director for seven years. He shall also fill by appointment any vacancies that may occur for the unexpired term or terms thereof. The governor shall have power to remove any of said direct¬ ors for cause. The directors shall receive no compensation for their services, but shall be paid their necessary expenses incurred while engaged in the per¬ formance of their official duties. Section 3. The directors are authorized to purchase in the name of the state as a site for said farm, not less than two hundred acres of suitable land. The board of directors is authorized to use, if practicable, for the purpose of said institution, any site owned by and not already used by the state. Section 4. The directors shall cause to be prepared plans and specifications for remodeling or erecting on such site necessary buildings for a suitable plant for the institution, which plans shall provide for cottages to be arranged for the proper classification of inmates as to the character and needs of such inmates. The directors shall furnish and equip the same ready for use. Con¬ tracts shall be made by the directors, and those calling for an expenditure of over five hundred dollars shall be duly advertised and competitive bids received thereon. When such buildings have been prepared and equipped, and the necessary staff of officers has been organized, the directors shall so certify to the governor, who thereupon shall issue a public proclamation that the insti¬ tution is ready for the reception of inmates. Section 5. The sum of . dollars is appropriated for the purchase of a site for the institution and for the preparation of the buildings necessary to start the institution and to make it ready for the reception of inmates and for the payment of salaries and running expenses for .fiscal year after the passage of this act. Section 6. The directors shall have control of the institution, determine the policy of the same, and make necessary rules for the discipline, instruction, and labor [ 70 ] FORM 6—REFORMATORY FOR WOMEN OR GIRLS of inmates; form a board of parole and discharge; cause to be kept proper records, including those of inmates; fix salaries of the officers of said insti¬ tution, appoint from thejr number a president and a secretary who shall hold office for such length of time as the board may determine; hold meetings at least quarterly at said institution and audit the accounts of the Superintendent quarterly. They shall report annually to the governor the general and financial condition of said institution, with such recommendations as they may desire to make. Section 7. The directors shall appoint and remove at discretion a superintendent of said institution, who shall be a woman, not of their number, and who, before entering upon the duties of her office, shall give a bond to the state, with suffi¬ cient surety, in the sum of five thousand dollars, and shall be sworn to a faith¬ ful performance of her duties. The superintendent shall receive such com¬ pensation as shall be fixed by the directors and shall reside at said institution. Section 8. The superintendent shall manage said institution and have control over the inmates thereof, and shall make rules and regulations for the administra¬ tion of said institution, subject to the approval of the board of directors. The superintendent shall, also, subject to the approval of the board of directors, determine the number, select, appoint, and assign duties of all subordinate officers of said institution, who shall be women as far as practicable, and shall be sworn to a faithful performance of their duties. Section 9. (а) Any girl not less than ten nor more than eighteen years of age who, upon conviction of the commission of any crime under the laws of this state, may be sentenced for a maximum term of imprisonment of not less than one year, and any girl not less than ten years nor more than eighteen years of age who may, by reason of incorrigibility or delinquency, be taken into cus¬ tody by the juvenile court and committed to an institution under the laws of this state; (б) Any woman above the age of sixteen years who, upon conviction of the commission of any crime under the laws of this state, may be sentenced for a maximum term of imprisonment of not less than one year; may be committed to the (a) (. State Reformatory for Girls) (b) (. State Farm for Women). All commitments shall be for an indeterminate period of time not to exceed three years, except where the maximum terms specified by laws for the crime for which the offender was sentenced shall exceed that period, in which event such maximum term shall be the limit of detention under the provisions of this act, and in such cases it shall be the duty of the trial court to specify the maximum term for which the offender may be held under such commitment. No (a) (girl) (b) (woman) shall be transported or conveyed to the said insti- tution by any male officer unless she also be accompanied by a woman. Author¬ ity is given to the board of directors to receive and detain as an inmate of insti- [ 71 ] FORM 6—REFORMATORY FOR WOMEN OR GIRLS tution any (a) (girl) (b) (woman) who may be sentenced by any court of the United States to a term of imprisonment of not less than one year. Section 10. Said board of directors shall constitute a board of parole and discharge. Any inmate of the institution who has been in confinement within said institu¬ tion may, upon recommendation of the superintendent, be allowed to go on parole in the discretion of a majority of the board. Section 11. While upon parole, each inmate of said institution shall remain in the legal custody and under the control of the board of directors, and subject at any time to be taken back to said institution for any reason that shall seem sufficient to said board. Whenever any paroled inmate of said institution shall violate her parole and be returned to the institution, she may be required to serve the unexpired term of her maximum sentence, computed from the date of her parole, in the discretion of the board of directors, or she may be paroled again if said board of parole so decides. The request of said board of direc¬ tors, or of any person authorized by the rules of said board, shall be sufficient warrant to authorize any officer of said institution or any officer, authorized by law to serve criminal process within this state, to take any inmate on parole into actual custody, and it shall be the duty of police officers, constables, and sheriffs to arrest and hold any paroled inmate, when so requested, without any written warrant, and for the performance of such duty, the officer per¬ forming the same, except officers of said institution, shall be paid by the board of directors of said institution out of the institution’s funds such reasonable compensation as is provided by law for similar services in other cases. Section 12. If any inmate shall escape from said institution or from any keeper or officer having her in charge or from her place of work while engaged in working outside of said institution, she shall be returned to said institution when arrested, and may be disciplined in such manner as the board of directors may determine. All the provisions of Section 11 relating to the arrest and return of paroled inmates shall apply to the arrest and return of escaped inmates. Section 13. The board of directors may return to the committing court or other appropriate court any inmate committed to said institution, with recommenda¬ tions for the transfer of such inmate to a prison, jail, hospital for the insane, institution for the care of the feeble-minded, or other appropriate institution to which such inmate might have been committed in the first instance, and thereupon the said court may cause such inmate to be committed to an appro¬ priate institution or dealt with according to law. Section 14. If it shall appear to said board of directors that any inmate on parole, although not having completed her maximum term, has maintained a satis¬ factory record, and will continue to lead an orderly life if discharged, said [72] CARE OF THE FEEBLE-MINDED board, by a unanimous vote of all the members present at any stated meeting thereof, may discharge such inmate from said institution. Section 15. If any woman committed to said institution is, at the time of her commit¬ ment, the mother of a child under one year of age, such woman may retain such child in said institution until it attains the age of two years, when it shall be removed therefrom. The board of directors may cause such child to be placed in the care of a suitable agency for the care of children in this state and pay for the care and maintenance of such child at the rate fixed by law until the mother of such child shall be discharged, or may commit such child to the care and custody of some relative or proper person willing to assume such care and pay for such child at the same rate, if deemed necessary. Any child of a woman committed to said institution, who is over one year of ige at the time of its mother’s commitment, and who might otherwise be left without proper care and guardianship, shall be committed by the trial court, upon the same terms as to payment as herein provided, to a suitable agency for the care of children in this state, or to the care and custody of some rela¬ tive or proper person willing to assume such care. If a child be born to any woman while an inmate of such institution, such child may be retained in said institution until it shall be two years of age, when it shall be removed there¬ from. The board of directors may cause such child to be placed in the care of a suitable agency for the care of children in this state, and pay for the care and maintenance of such child at the rate fixed by law until the mother of such child shall have been discharged, or may commit such child to the care and custody of some relative or proper person willing to assume care, and pay for such child at the same rate, if deemed necessary. Section 16. The board of directors, in making rules and regulations for the government of said institution, shall make provision for a broad system of hygiene (includ¬ ing informational hygiene, health advice, and physical training) for a system of general and vocational instruction, including useful trades and domestic science: for agricultural work; and for proper recreational facilities. Section 17. This act shall take effect from its passage, except such provisions as pro¬ vide for the commitment, custody, and treatment of inmates, which shall take effect upon issuance of the proclamation by the governor as provided for in Section 4. Suggestions For a Standard Form of Law for the Examination and Commit¬ ment of Feeble-minded Persons and for the Establishment of an Institution for the Custodial Care of Such Persons [Though no standard form of law for use in the various states is pre¬ sented here, owing to the difficulty of drafting a law to meet local conditions, [73] CARE OF THE FEEBLE-MINDED without a special study of each state’s need, the fundamental points to be cov¬ ered in such a law can be listed as follows.] 1. Administration and Supervision. General. By some state board or commission. Special. Boards of trustees for each institution. 2. Care. (а) In general institutions, such as state schools for the feeble-minded. (б) In general institutions, having departments for defective delin¬ quents. (c) In families. 3. Commitment. (а) Persons committed (defining the type of persons who are com- mittable). (б) Legal procedure (stating what court or courts shall have power to commit and designating the procedure necessary for commitment). (c) Medical qualifications of persons given authority to sign com¬ mitments. 4. Conveying Patients to the Institution. (Designating a state or local official or unofficial person authorized to apprehend and convey a feeble-minded person to the institution to which he has been committed.) 5. Transfer of Patients. (Designating the condition under which an inmate of one institution may be transferred to another, or from one place to another within the state, or from one state to another.) 6. Parole and Discharge of Patients. 7. Cost of Maintenance. 8. Guardianship and Supervision. 9. Special Education. 10. Marriage. 11. Sterilization. 12. Defective Delinquents. (It is a matter of the greatest importance that cognizance be taken of this special group, especially when the problem of venereal diseases is being studied in relation to the problem of feeble-mindedness.) In general, laws relating to the problem of the defective delinquent should provide that the court, upon the certification of two physicians, may commit the “case” to a department or institution for defective delinquents when it appears that the offender is mentally defective and not a proper subject for a school for the feeble-minded. In this way these offenders, instead of being placed in penal and correctional institutions, jails, houses of correction and the like, will receive care and treatment suited to their condition. In conclusion, it is again recommended that persons desiring detailed information regarding laws on the subject of feeble-mindedness shall commu¬ nicate with the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 50 Union Square, New York City. [74] CARE OF THE FEEBLE-MINDED The Ratio of Feeble-mindedness among Apprehended Prostitutes is at Least Forty Times Greater than the Ratio among Men of the Selective Draft Percent of Feeble-minded among Drafted Men 36 0.65% Percent of Feeble-minded among Prostitutes 37 25% Each square equals one per cent 36 Reported by Pearce Bailey, M. D., late colonel, M. C., U. S. A., chief of section of neurology, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C. The prevalence of feeble-mindedness in the general 'population has been estimated as follows: Miner, J. B., Deficiency and Delinquency, page 55. 0.5 % Rosanoff, A. J., M. D., ‘‘Nassau County Survey,” (Number in this county). 0.5%% 37 Special studies have shown percentages as follows: California School for Girls, 124 cases. 34% New York Probation and Protective Association, 500 cases.. 37% Michigan sex offenders with venereal disease, 900 cases. 24% Women delinquents in New York state, white, English-speak¬ ing only, judged by army standard, 447 cases. 22% [75] INDEX American Library Association. 26. Abatement. Injunction and Abate¬ ment Law. 52. Abatement, Order of. 61. Abdominal operations due to gonor¬ rhea. 49. Abolition of red-light districts. 7. Adultery, Form of law on. 57. Advertising specialists. 12, 20. Alabama. Marriage license law. 21. American Federation of Labor resolu¬ tions. 49. American Medical Association. 49. American Medical Association reso¬ lution on continence. 17, 48. American plan. 9, 13, 47. American plan, Recreational features of. 26. American Public Health Association. 49. American Red Cross. 10. American Social Hygiene Association. 10 . —Department of Education. 14. —Law Enforcement Department. 14. —Public Information Department. 14. —Purpose of. 13. Appropriations to fight venereal dis¬ eases. 8, 28. Army. —Absences due to venereal diseases. 19. —Program for preventing venereal diseases. 17. —Venereal diseases in. 32, 33. Arsphenamine, State manufacture of. 19. Assignation, Legal definition of. 56. Bailey, Pearce. 75. Banns, Publication of. 21. Blindness due to gonorrhea. 49. Board of parole. 72. Cabaret proprietors. 15. California School for Girls, Cases of feeble-mindedness. 75. Campaigns against venereal diseases. 12 . Chambers of commerce. 10. Chiefs of Police, International Asso¬ ciation of. 48. Child of delinquent retained. 73. Cities, Investigation of prostitution in. 6 . Claims for segregation. 43. Clinics for venereal diseases. 19, 20, 31. Colleges, Hygiene teaching in. 11. Commercial prostitution an artificial product. 6. Commercialized prostitution can be suppressed. 15. Commissions to investigate prostitu¬ tion. 6. Common law marriages. Abolition of. 21 . Community campaigns against vene¬ real diseases. 8. Community houses. 26. —Schools used for. 26. Compulsory Prostitution Law. 52. Connecticut law for reformatory for women. 69. —Prostitution a male offense in. 17. —Vice repressive law. 51. Contempt, Punishment for. 62. Continence best preventive of vene¬ real diseases. 17, 46. —Compatible with health. 17, 46, 47. Control of venereal diseases. 22. —Appropriation for. 28. Council of National Defense. 17. —General Medical Board of. 46. County attorney, Duty of. 61. Custody during parole. 72. Dance halls, licensing. 53. —Source of delinquency. 24. —Source of disease. 24. —Supervision of. 24. Decreased production due to syphilis and gonorrhea. 19. Defective delinquents. 74. Defenders of prostitution. 15. Delaware. —Prostitution a male offense in. 17. —Vice repressive law. 51. Delinquency, Prevention of. 22. Delinquents, Defective. 74. Dentists, Campaign to reach. 12. Department of Education, American Social Hygiene Association. 14. Detention houses. 18, 24. Diphtheria antitoxin provided by state. 20. [76] INDEX Division of Venereal Diseases. —Activities of. 12. —Public Health Service. 12. Divorce laws, Uniform. 50. Doctors, Advertising. 20. Double standard of morals not justi¬ fied. 17. Drafted men, Venereal diseases among. 34, 37. Duties of medical officer. 13. Duty of government to control en¬ demic diseases. 20. Early diagnosis of venereal diseases. 30. Economic loss due to venereal dis¬ eases. 19, 37. Education, corner-stone of social hy¬ giene. 25. Education, Department of. 14. Educational health work. 20. Educational work. 25. Encouragement of continence in army. 47. English government. Experiences of. 46. European methods in dealing with prostitution. 40. Examinations of prisoners for vene¬ real diseases. 64. Exploiters of prostitution. 15. Failure of regulation. 41. Farm colony for prostitutes. 23. Feeble-minded, Colonies for. 18. Feeble-minded prostitutes. Isolation of. 23. Feeble-mindedness. 74. —Among drafted men. 75. —Among prostitutes. 75. —Due to syphilis. 49. —General prevalence of. 75. —J. B. Miner on. 75. —Studies of. 75. Fifty-fifty plan. 29. Flexner, Abraham. 40. Fornication, Form of law on. 57. Free treatment for venereal diseases. 31. Freedom from venereal disease re¬ quired for marriage license. 21. General Education Board. 40. General Federation of Women’s Clubs. 50. General Medical Board, Council of National Defense. 46. —Declares continence compatible with health. 17. Girls, Form of law for reformatory for, 69. —Reform schools for. 23. —Vocational training of. 22. Gonorrhea among prostitutes. 22. —Better treatment for. 11. -—Blindness due to. 49. —Cause of abdominal operations. 49. —Prevalence of. 19. —Preventive measures. 11. Gorgas, General, quoted. 10. Governmental recognition of social hy¬ giene. 7. Hospital treatment of venereal dis¬ eases. 19. Hotels, transient. Law concerning. 53. Houses of prostitution abolished. 8. Hygiene in colleges. 11. Hygiene in girls’ reformatory. 73. Idaho, Venereal diseases not reported in. 19. Indeterminate sentences. 18, 23. Indiana, Marriage of infected a mis¬ demeanor in. 21. Industrial campaign against venereal diseases. 12, 36. Industrial school farm. 23. Infected persons, Control of. 30. Injunction and Abatement Act, Form of. 58. Insanity due to syphilis. 49. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board. 10, 11, 27, 28. Investigations of prostitution. 6. Ireland, Surgeon General, quoted. 10. Jewish Welfare Board. 26. Knights of Columbus. 26. Keeping Fit campaign. 2. Kiwanis clubs. 10. Law against prostitution, Form pre¬ sented to states. 17. Law Enforcement Department, American Social Hygiene Asso¬ ciation. 14. Law enforcement prevented exposures. 9. League of Women Voters. 10, 50. Lectures, Educational. 20. Legislation needed. 9. Lewdness, Definition of. 56. Liability to accidents due to venereal diseases. 37. Licensing dance halls. 24. Loss of time in army due to venereal diseases. 37. [77] INDEX Maine marriage law. 21. —Prostitution a male offense in. 17. —Vice repressive law. 51. Manufacturers’ Association. 37. Marine Hospital Service. 12. Marriage and divorce laws. Uniform. 50. Marriage, Fitness for. 50. —Legislation to protect. 21. Marriage license forbidden to in¬ fected persons. 21. —Law of Virginia. 21. —Requirements for. 21. Marriage of persons with venereal disease void. 21. Marriage of syphilitic misdemeanor in Maine. 21. Married women, Venereal diseases in. 49. Maryland, Prostitution a male offense in. 17. Maryland vice repressive law. 51. Medical Department, American Social Hygiene Association. 14. Medical examination before marriage. 21 . —Of prostitutes. 7, 24, 41, 42. Medical officer, Duties of, 13. Mental examinations before marriage. 21 . Mental status of prostitutes. 23. Michigan, Marriage of infected a mis¬ demeanor in. 21. —Sex offenders, Venereal diseases in. 75. Military efficiency lessened by vene¬ real diseases. 19, 33. Miner, J. B., on feeble-mindedness. 75. Misdemeanor for infected person to marry. 21. Morals, Double standard of. 17. Motion pictures, Educational. 25. Museums of anatomy. 20. National Committee for Mental Hy¬ giene. 74. National League of Women Voters, social hygiene plank. 50. Navy program for preventing vene¬ real diseases. 17. Necessary evil, Prostitution. 5. Nevada not cooperating. 13. —Venereal diseases not reported in. 19. New Hampshire, Prostitution a male offense in. 17. —Vice repressive law. 51. New Jersey, Marriage of infected a misdemeanor in. 21. New York marriage license law. 21. —Women delinquents. 75. North Carolina, Prostitution a male offense in. 17. —Vice repressive law. 51. North Dakota jmarriage license law. 21 . • North Dakota, Prostitution a male offense in. 17. —Vice repressive law. 51. Nostrums. 12. Officers, removal from office. 65. Ohio, Prostitution a male offense in. 17. —Vice repressive law. 51. Oklahoma, Marriage of infected a misdemeanor in. 21. Order of abatement. 61. Oregon marriage license law. 21. Osier, Sir William, quoted. 19. Ouster law. 53. Ouster law. Form of. 65. Parole, Board of. 72. —Violation of. 72. Patent remedies, Suppression of. 20. Penalty for failure to report venereal diseases. 30. Pennsylvania marriage license law. 21 . —Venereal diseases not reported in. 19. Permanent injunction, trial proceed¬ ings. 60. Physical fitness for marriage. 50. Physicians, Campaigns to reach. 12. Policewomen. 18. Prevalence of syphilis and gonorrhea. 19. Prevention of delinquency. 22. Prison farms. 18. Probation for young offenders. 24. —Officers. 18. —When to be granted. 56. Problem of combating venereal dis¬ eases. 4. Profits in prostitution. 15. Program for control of venereal dis¬ eases. 46. Prohibition, Military. 47v Prophylaxis. 47. Proprietary remedies, sale forbidden. 20 . Prostitutes, Feeble-mindedness among. 75. —Isolation of feeble-minded. 23. [78] INDEX •—Medical examination of. 7, 41, 42. •—Mental examination of. 23. •—Must be dealt with intelligently. 22. —Registered. 41. •—Rehabilitation measures for. 23. —Venereal diseases among. 22. Prostitution, Campaigns against. 6. —Commissions to investigate. 6. —Cannot be safe. 7. —Defenders of. 15. —Enemy of the family. 5. —European methods with. 40. —Form of law on. 17. —Injunction and Abatement Law against. 52. —Legal definition of. 51, 56. —Male offense in ten states. 18. —Necessary evil. 5. —Offense in men. 17. —Profits in. 15. —Regulation ineffective. 6. —Regulation unsuccessful in Europe. 40. —Repression of. 22. —Repressive measures. 7. —Standard form of law for repres¬ sion of. 55. —State laws against. 51. —Stimulation of. 15. —Suggested laws against. 51. —Suppressive measures. 31. —Unnecessary. 5. Protective social measures. 11. Protective social workers. 11. Provisions of Vice Repressive Law. . 51. Public Information Department, American Social Hygiene Asso¬ ciation. 14. Public recreation, Supervision of. 24. Punishment for contempt. 62. Quack advertising forbidden in twenty-three states. 20. Quacks. 12. Railway wrecks due to syphilis. 36. Rape law applying to both sexes. 53. Recreation during the war. 26. —Protective value of. 25. Red-light districts. —And crime. 7. —130 closed. 8. Reform schools for girls, Table of. 44. Reformative treatment. 22. Reformatories for women, States having. 23. Reformatory for women, Form of law establishing. 69. Registered prostitutes. 41. Regulation of prostitution in Europe. 40. —Not successful. 4, 40, 41. Regulations, U. S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board. 29. Remedies, Proprietary. 20. Report of Surgeon General. 33. Reporting venereal diseases. 64. Reporting venereal diseases required by law. 30. Repression of prostitution. 22. Resolutions adopted by Council of National Defense. 46. Rhode Island, Prostitution a male of¬ fense in. 17. —Venereal diseases not reported in. 19. —Vice repressive law. 51. Rosanoff, A. J., on feeble-mindedness. 75. Rotary clubs. 10, 48. Rotary clubs, resolutions of. 50. Royal Commission on Venereal Dis¬ eases. 46. Russell Sage Foundation. 26. Sale of proprietary remedies forbid¬ den. 20. Salvation army. 26. Schools as community houses. 26. Segregation, Claims for. 43. —Truth about. 43. Sentence according to age of girl. 71. Seventeen states forbid sale of patent remedies. 20. Sex education. 11, 14, 25. Sex morality, Attitude of War De¬ partment toward. 47. Sex necessity. Doctrine of. 17. Social Hygiene, Agencies. 10. —Defined. 5. —Movement, advance during war. 7. Social measures. Protective. 11. Solicitation laws in states. 52. Standard form of Injunction and Abatement Act. 58. —Law for control of venereal dis¬ eases. 63. —Law on prostitution. 17. State boards of health, Cooperation of. 13. —Educational work. 20. State departments of health. 8. State farm for women. 70. State funds for venereal disease fight. 13. State health officers, Cooperation of. 13. [79] I INDEX State reformatories for women. 18. States having compulsory examina¬ tion. 19. —Reform schools for girls. 23. —Reformatories for women. 23. —Solicitation laws. 52. —Vice repressive laws. 51. States requiring reporting of venereal diseases. 19. Statistics of feeble-mindedness. 75. —Venereal diseases. 37. Stimulation of prostitution. 15. Superintendent women’s reformatory a woman. 71. Surgeon General’s report quoted. 33. Syphilis among drafted men. 37. —Among prostitutes. 22. —Cause of feeble-mindedness. 48. —Cause of insanity. 48. —Greatest killing disease. 19. —Preventive measures. 11. —Railway wrecks due to. 36. Tax against property. 63. Tax of $300. 62. Taxicabs, Licensing. 53. Temporary injunction. Application for. 59. Tennessee, Ouster law of. 65. Time lost in army because of venereal diseases. 33. Transient hotels, Law concerning. 53. Transmission of venereal diseases. 4. Travel of venereally infected. 30. Truth about segregation. 43. Tuberculosis, bar to marriage in Washington. 21. U. S. government, repression of pros¬ titution by. 7. U. S. Interdepartmental Social Hy¬ giene Board. 10, 11. —Appropriation for. 28. —Personnel of. 28. —Program of. 31. U. S. Public Health Service. 8, 10, 12, 30. —Division of Venereal Diseases. 12. Uniform marriage and divorce laws. 50. Unscientific treatment by advertising doctors. 20. Utah, Marriage of infected persons void jn. 21. Venereal disease carriers. Detention of. 19. Venereal diseases. —Among prostitutes. 22. —Appropriations to fight. 8. —Army and navy preventive program. 17. —Campaigns against. 8, 12. — Clinics. 19, 20, 31. —Control of persons infected. 30. —Cost of treatment. 20. —Diagnosis and treatment. 19. —Economic loss due to. 19, 37. —Examinations. 64. —Form of law for control of. 63. -—Free treatment of. 31. —Hospital treatment of. 19. —Ignorance of. 7. —In married women. 49. —In Michigan sex offenders. 75. —In the army. 32. —Menace to national health. 7. —Not reported in four states. 9. —Peace problem. 8. —Persons infected forbidden to marry. 21. —Program for control of. 46. —Reporting. 64. —Reporting required by law. 30. —Source of transmission of. 4» —State budgets for. 13. —Statistics. 37. —Understood by science. 19. Venereal statistics, Army. 33. Venereally infected. Travel of. 30. Vermont. —Marriage of infected a misdemeanor in. 21. —Prostitution a male offense in. 17. —Vice repressive law. 51. Vice Repressive Law. 51. Violation of parole. 72. Virginia marriage license law. 21. Vocational training of girls. 22. War Camp Community Service. 26. Woman’s Christian Temperance Un¬ ion. 10. War Department, attitude toward sex morality. 47. Wayward girls not of one class. 22. White Slave Law. 52. Wisconsin marriage license law. 21. Woman above sixteen, Maximum sen¬ tence for. 72. Woman delinquent, with child. 73. Woman, superintendent of state re¬ formatory for women and girls. 71. Women and girls. Work with. 14. Women delinquents in New York. 75. Women, Form of law establishing re¬ formatory for. 69. Women officials. 24. Work with women and girls. 14. Young Men’s Christian Association. 26. Young Men’s Hebrew Association. 10. [80] STATE AND LOCAL SOCIAL-HYGIENE ORGANIZATIONS Among state and local social-hygiene organizations co¬ operating in the national campaigns in the social-hygiene field are those listed below. These are voluntary agencies and are engaged in aiding their municipal and state officials in solving local social-hygiene problems. They are affiliated with the American Social Hygiene Association, the national organization.' The Bureau of Social Hygiene (105 West 40th Street, New York, N. Y.) is a special volunteer agency devoting its efforts primarily to research in this field and promoting the application of its findings through other agencies. Chicago Society of Social Hygiene, 32 North State Street, Chicago, 111. Committee of Fifteen, 807 Otis Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Committee of Thirteen, 818 McKnight Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. Committee of Fourteen, 22 East 22nd Street, New York, N. Y. Committee of Twenty, 201 Mayro Bldg., Utica, N. Y. Connecticut Society of Social Hygiene, 353 Church Street, Hartford, Conn. Illinois Social Hygiene League, 118 West Grand Avenue, Chicago, Ill. League of Women Voters, State Committees on Social Hygiene. Maryland Social Hygiene Society, 1305 Fidelity Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Massachusetts Society for Social Hygiene, 50 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. Michigan Society for Social Hygiene, Universty of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Missouri Social Hygiene Association, 4292 Washington Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Morals Efficiency Committee, 611 Equitable Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. Cooperating Committee of the New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce, Clinton Bldg., Newark, N. J. Oregon Social Hygiene Society, 720 Selling Bldg., Portland, Ore. Pierce County Social Hygiene Society, 222 Tacoma Bldg., Tacoma, Wash. Cincinnati Social Hygiene Society, Groton Bldg., Cincinnati, O. Social Hygiene Committee of New Orleans, New Orleans, La. State Law Enforcement League, 670 Monadnock Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Virginia State Social Hygiene Association, 1010 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. Watch and Ward Society, 142 Berkeley Street, Boston, Mass. Women’s Cooperative Alliance, 917 Andrus Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. vivI \m :•. ■ -:7-m