THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 
 LIBRARY
 
 UBRMtY
 
 limn 
 
 ~8 ftPR 1915 
 
 Illinois State Museum of 
 Natural History 
 
 GENERAL GUIDE 
 
 BY 
 
 A. R. CROOK, Ph.D., Curator 
 
 August, 1914 
 Springfield, Illinois 

 
 
 > A 
 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE JOURNAL Co., STATE PRINTERS. 
 SPRINGFIELD, ILL. 
 1914.
 
 f 7 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BMNmnviriii 
 
 8 APR 1915 
 
 MUSEUM OP NATUEAL HISTOEY, 
 
 STATE OF ILLINOIS, 
 
 SPEIFGFIELD. 
 
 BOAED OF TEUSTEES. 
 
 EDWARD F. DUNNE, LL. D., Governor, 
 
 LEWIS G. STEVENSON, Secretary of State, 
 
 FRANCIS G. BLAIE, LL. D., Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 
 MUSEUM STAFF. 
 
 A. E. CROOK, PH. D., Curator, 
 
 Miss FANNIE FISHER, Assistant Curator, 
 
 EGBERT TAYLOR, Janitor. 
 
 HOURS OF ADMISSION. 
 
 WEEKDAYS, 9-12; 2-5. 
 SATURDAYS, 9-12; 2-3. 
 
 297086
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Trustees and Staff 3 
 
 Table of Contents 5 
 
 List of Illustrations 7 
 
 Preface 9 
 
 Entrance Hall 13 
 
 Kayak 13 
 
 Discoverers of North and South Poles 13 
 
 Mahogany Canoe 13 
 
 Ends of Earth Represented 14 
 
 Drill Cores 14 
 
 Geological Section 16 
 
 Antelope Horns from Africa 18 
 
 Virginia Deer Group 18 
 
 Transparency Groups 19 
 
 Main Museum Room 20 
 
 Fish Skeletons 20 
 
 Fishes 20 
 
 Specimens in Alcohol 21 
 
 Mammals in Wall Case 21 
 
 Skeletons of Mammals 30 
 
 Ce'ntral Mammal Case 30 
 
 Insect Cases 33 
 
 Relief Map of Illinois 33 
 
 Hornet's Nests 34 
 
 Mammal Heads 34 
 
 Exhibits of Fossils 34 
 
 Tall Floor Cases 37 
 
 Archaeological Collections 37 
 
 Muskrat Group 37 
 
 Owl Cases !58 
 
 Giant Crab 38 
 
 Corals 38 
 
 Eagles 38 
 
 Bird and Mineral Room 40 
 
 Mineral Exhibit 45 
 
 Tree Exhibit in Gallery 48 
 
 Trees of Illinois and Other States 50 
 
 Facts and Fancies Concerning World Making 54 
 
 Index . . . 59
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Plan of Museum Rooms 11 
 
 General View of Corridor 12 
 
 African Antelope Horns 17 
 
 Primitive Mammals and Two Squirrels 22 
 
 Fisher, Sable, Rabbits, etc 24 
 
 The Rabbit 27 
 
 Wood Duck 41 
 
 Woodpeckers, Illinois 43 
 
 Wild Turkey 44 
 
 Group of Carbonates 46
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This volume is intended to serve as a general introduction to the 
 collections of the Illinois State Museum. 
 
 The work of preparing it has involved considerable investigation 
 since although the museum has been in existence for sixty-three years and 
 contains more than a hundred thousand specimens, no work of this kind 
 has been previously attempted. 
 
 Special guides for the serious student will be prepared later in the 
 departments of mineralogy, palentology, ornithology, entomology and 
 archaeology, and the hope is that all of these may increase the usefulness 
 of the collections manyfold. 
 
 A. E. CROOK. 
 
 Springfield, October 1, 1914.
 
 PL AM 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE MUSEUM 
 
 Entrance from the Stair Hall. Objects in Corridor viewed first. Cases are 
 numbered in same order as in the text.
 
 .V", 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, 
 GENERAL GUIDE. 
 
 August, 1914. 
 ENTRANCE HALL OR CORRIDOR. 
 
 KAYAK. 
 
 As the visitor stands at the entrance of the main hall, he may see 
 suspended from the ceiling on the right an Eskimo kayak from Etah, 
 Greenland (No. 2145). It was used on Peary's first North Pole Expe- 
 dition and brought to Springfield by Dr. E. E. Vincent, a member of that 
 expedition. This and other Eskimo materials, after the untimely death 
 of Dr. Vincent, were donated to the museum by his father in 1901. This 
 kayak is 18 feet long, 18 inches broad at the widest place and 9 inches 
 deep. It weighs 45 pounds. It is made by stretching seal or walrus 
 skin over a light frame and is decked all over, leaving only a circular 
 opening 14 inches across in the center. The kayaker sits in this opening 
 and after he has fastened the water proof sealskin flap around him, 
 makes the boat water tight. Even though overturned by a high wave, 
 the boat will not sink, but may be righted again with the double bladed 
 paddle. The ivory buttons fastened on leather thongs may be used in 
 tightening the canoe like a drum, in attaching strings of fish or recording 
 distances or time. The canoe used by the women is called umiak. 
 
 DISCOVERERS OP THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLES. 
 
 On the wall underneath the kayak are pictures of the three men who 
 discovered the Poles the three men who succeeded in doing what no one 
 else in hundreds of years after hundreds of attempts, had been able 
 to do. They are Peary, Amundsen and Scott. Their names will live as 
 long as daring, courage, endurance and resourcefulness are admired by 
 mankind. In these qualities no men have surpassed them. Their 
 pictures are hung beneath the kayak since this canoe was used by Peary 
 on one of his early attempts at north polar exploration. 
 
 FAMOUS ANIMALS. 
 
 Photograph of famous animals in the New York Zoological Gardens 
 are shown next to these pictures. 
 
 MAHOGANY CANOE. 
 
 No. 2153. Suspended on the ceiling on the opposite side of the hall 
 is a canoe of solid mahogany from Honduras, the gift of Mr. Chas. Han- 
 sel who obtained it while on his wedding trip in Honduras about 1890,
 
 14 
 
 It is 18 feet fong, 30 inches wide and 12 inches deep. It weighs 250 
 pounds. The specific gravity of mahogany is 0.8. When one compares 
 it with white pine whose specific gravity is 0.4 it is easy to understand 
 the great weight of this canoe. The wood is reddish brown in color, 
 straight grained, very hard and takes a high polish. It is seldom 
 figured, but often develops deep "star shakes." It is somewhat brittle on 
 drying. It requires 1,300 pounds to indent it one-twentieth of an inch 
 transversely to the fibre. Thus the Honduras mahogany is not as hard 
 as that of Santa Domingo, which can sustain a stress of 4,300 pounds. 
 Commercially it is known as "baywood," and is prized by cabinet makers, 
 turners and carpenters. 
 
 ENDS OF THE EAETH EEPEESENTED. 
 
 The kayak from one of the most northerly points in Greenland and 
 the canoe from one of the southernmost countries of the continent 
 places 5,000 miles apart as the duck flies may be symbolical of the field 
 covered by a museum wherein the ends of the earth are literally brought 
 together. Without expense of time and money such as would be involved 
 in thousands of miles of travel, the visitor may see objects from distant 
 mountains and remote seas. The State Museum aims primarily to repre- 
 sent the natural history of the State. Its purpose is to collect and pre- 
 serve the typical animals and plants, the characteristic minerals and 
 rocks and illustration of the types of men and the implements which 
 show the manner of life of the aborigines in the State of Illinois. As 
 time passes these collections will increase in number and value, and the 
 museum will become the best exponent of our own mineral resources. 
 But as "no man liveth to himself and no man dieth to himself," so a 
 State museum cannot afford to exclude exhibits of many things not 
 native to the State. We depend not only upon the natural products of 
 this State, but upon the animals, vegetation, minerals and upon the 
 human activities of other states and countries. Hence gifts of materials 
 representing other localities are gladly received and purchases are some- 
 times made to complete synoptic collections and to show things foreign 
 to this State. We use many minerals not mined here iron, copper, 
 tin, silver and gold. Our industries would languish if we could not use 
 outside raw materials. For food, and raiment, for various arts and man- 
 ufacturies we look elsewhere for material to work up. In the museum 
 are objects from all continents, from the Pacific Islands, from the arctic 
 regions and even from other worlds ! 
 
 DEILL COEES. 
 
 Along the sides of the walls of the main hall are several series of dia- 
 mond drill cores. A diamond drill is commonly made by setting in one 
 end of a two inch pipe on the outer edge eight diamonds and on the 
 inner edge six diamonds. This pipe being rapidly revolved while held 
 in proper position, expeditiously cuts down through various rock strata. 
 The core which rises on the inside of the tube, is withdrawn from time 
 to time by means of an open collar so beveled as to prevent the core from 
 slipping out from the lower end of the tube. Thus an accurate section
 
 15 
 
 of the rock penetrated is obtained. These cores are of the greatest value 
 in showing the succession of formations in any locality. 
 
 No. 3904 shows 604 feet of the strata at Divernon, 111., 17 miles 
 south of Springfield. This series was donated to the museum by the 
 Madison Coal Company and was obtained at their No. 6 Shaft. Every 
 foot of this core has been tested to ascertain its true character. The 
 sketch map shows the locality represented. The geological formations 
 penetrated are named and each change in the character of the rock is 
 indicated together with the thickness of each stratum and its depth below 
 the surface. 
 
 The first 40 feet penetrated was loose material and is not pre- 
 served. It consisted of the characteristic surface soil and the underlying 
 glaciated materials which are in nearly all portions of the county. There 
 was first 1 foot of black soil underlain by 7 feet of sand and clay. 
 Next appeared a gravelly layer with laminae of tough clay, "hard- 
 pan," 5 feet in thickness. Below this, 6 feet of blue clay was en- 
 countered. This in turn was underlain by 11 feet of blue clay through 
 which rather large boulders were scattered. Altogether 40 feet of sands, 
 clays and gravels were passed through before reaching stratified rock. 
 
 At a depth of 40 feet a fragmental limestone which is completely 
 soluble in hydrochloric acid was encountered and proved to be 5 feet 
 in thickness. The complete log is published in our museum report for 
 1909, p. 314. 
 
 In general, it may be observed that the prevailing strata are alter- 
 nating limestone, shale, coal and sandstone layers. It is somewhat sur- 
 prising to note that out of the total of 600 feet of rock there was 
 encountered only 22 feet of pure limestone and but 36 more of impure 
 limestone a total of only 58 feet of any kind of limestone. There was 
 more sandstone. It amounts altogether to 103 feet. The great bulk 
 of the rock, however, is shale. Three hundred and seventy-four feet of 
 pure shale is represented. The shales present great variety. Some are 
 bituminous, others micaceous, some calcareous, others arenaceous. They 
 vary in hardness. Some resist solution; others have consistency little 
 superior to mud. They are black, blue, green, brown, red. 
 
 Coal is encountered in five different places varying from 2 inches 
 to 7 feet 11 inches in thickness. Its total thickness is greater than that 
 of pure limestone, being 25 feet. 
 
 All of these rocks are found in the Upper and Lower Productive 
 divisions of the Pennsylvanian formation (called the Pennsylvanian 
 since it is so well developed in Pennsylvania). All of the greatest coal 
 deposits of the U. S. are found in the Pennsylvanian. Possibly the 
 upper 130 to 150 feet belong to the Upper Productive (Conemaugh in 
 Pennsylvania), while the underlying strata are in the Lower Productive 
 (Alleghany in Pennsylvania). 
 
 In Sangamon County the Upper Productive attains a thickness of 
 about 200 feet and the Lower Productive a thickness of 300. Below 
 the latter lies a bed of sandstone which is more than 100 feet in thick- 
 ness. It is in the bottom of the Pennsylvanian, and is called the Mans- 
 field Sandstone. The last 50 or more feet of this core was possibly in 
 this formation,
 
 16 
 
 No. 3905 represents 260 feet of the strata just northwest of Spring- 
 field underlying a farm owned by Mr. DeWitt Smith. The core was 
 donated by Mr. Smith and furnishes the best example in the museum of 
 the actual thickness of what is known as the "No. 5" bed of coal. 
 
 No. 2906 represents 900 feet of strata underlying Braidwood. The 
 formation penetrated are the Niagara limestone, Cincinnati, Trenton- 
 Galena, and St. Peters sandstone. This core was obtained in boring 
 for a well, there being no coal in the formations penetrated. 
 
 No. 3907 represents 720 feet of strata underlying Pana, 111. No. 
 attempt has been made in this case to preserve more than a sample of 
 the various strata, all of which are in the Carboniferous system. The 
 major part of the core represents the Pennsylvanian and but a small 
 portion is in the Mississippian underlying. 
 
 No. 3908. Material composing Monk's or Cahokia Mound, Madison 
 County, Illinois. This mound, which lies about 3 miles east of East 
 St. Louis, is the largest and best known of a group of more than 50 
 mounds lying in what is called the great American Bottom. The Indians 
 used these mounds as burial places, as signal stations and in other ways, 
 just as white men would under similar conditions. The surrounding 
 country was more often flooded then than now since there was no artifi- 
 cial drainage and these mounds furnished safe burial places. The largest 
 of this group is interesting historically, is picturesque and so situated 
 that it would form an attractive State Park. The samples of the soil 
 composing it were taken from 25 holes sunk on the northern and most 
 abrupt slope and well show the alluvial character of the deposits com- 
 posing the mound. Their acquisition was made possible by the courtesy 
 of the Barney heirs who own the mound and several hundred acres 
 surrounding it. 
 
 GENERALIZED GEOLOGICAL SECTION OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Systems. 
 
 Series. 
 
 Rocks. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 
 
 
 1 foot. 
 8 feet. 
 15 feet. 
 16 feet. 
 
 200 feet. 
 
 300 feet. 
 150 feet. 
 
 120 feet. 
 100 feet. 
 200 feet. 
 100 feet. 
 160 feet. 
 200 feet. 
 100 feet. 
 
 Pleistocene or Glacial 
 Pennsylvanian 
 
 Mississippian 
 
 I 
 
 fl 
 
 E 
 
 O-O 
 
 Ones 
 St. G 
 St. L 
 Sfller 
 
 McLeansboro 
 Carbondale 
 
 f Loess 
 
 { Illinoian till 
 I Kansas till 
 
 Shales, limestones, (coal un- 
 important) 
 
 Coals numbers 2 to 6, lime- 
 stone, shale, sandstone 
 
 Mansfield (Potsville)... 
 ,er 
 
 \ Limestone 
 
 ] 
 
 enevieve 
 
 a 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Shale and limestone 
 
 Devonian 
 
 Keoi 
 Burl 
 Kind 
 
 uk (Warsaw) 
 
 erhook 
 
 Limestone, shale 
 Shale and limestone 
 
 Silurian 
 
 Niag 
 Tren 
 St. P 
 Low 
 Pots 
 
 ira 
 
 Ordovician j 
 Cambrian 
 
 ton-Galena 
 eter 
 
 Dolomite 
 Sandstone 
 
 lam 
 
 
 

 
 17 
 
 Older rocks than the Potsdam are not found in the State of Illinois. 
 Noticeable is the absence of the newer rocks which are found in many 
 parts of the world. After the Pennsylvanian period long eras passed dur- 
 ing which the rocks of succeeding periods were formed. Named in order 
 beginning with the oldest they are : the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Co- 
 manchean, Cretaceous, Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene. The constructive 
 
 Horns of African Antelope donated by ex-President Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 agencies which recorded the passing of the millenniums involved in those 
 periods, were as active and extended as the agencies whose work has been 
 recorded in the rock strata underlying the prairies of Sangamon County. 
 2 S M
 
 18 
 
 ANTELOPE HORNS FROM AFRICA. OVER CASE 1. 
 
 Nos. 846-851. Between the two doors on the left are six pairs of 
 antelope horns obtained by Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt in East 
 Africa while on his expedition which yielded such rich results for the 
 Smithsonian Institution. He presented them to this museum in 1910. 
 There are two pairs each of the eland, hartebeest, and oryx. The eland 
 is one of the largest of all antelopes, comparing somewhat with the 
 American buffalo in size and weight. The horns measure 24 inches in 
 length and 4% inches in diameter at the base. The hartebeest is some- 
 what smaller, resembling a cow in size. The horns are 20 inches in 
 length, but seem shorter because of the double curve. The oryx is the 
 smallest antelope of the three, being about as large as a donkey, but its 
 horns are 38 inches long often as long as the animal itself. It is the 
 fabled "unicorn" of the rhyme, "The lion and the unicorn fighting for 
 a crown, Up jumped the unicorn and knocked the lion down," etc., and 
 represented on the British coat-of-arms. The horns are so nearly paral- 
 lel as to seem to be one to an observer some distance away at the side, 
 and this gave rise to the mistake. 
 
 Below these horns is the skull of a rhinoceros, the gift of Julius 
 Friesser, No. 852. 
 
 VIRGINIA DEER GROUP. CASE 2. 
 
 No. 887. At the end of the hall is the chief group in the museum. 
 It consists of three Virginia or American Red Deer in an Illinois forest 
 in winter. The buck, doe and fawn composing the group were selected 
 from 47 specimens obtained during the hunting season at Menominee, 
 Wis., four years ago. The large number to select from made it possible 
 to obtain fine specimens. Clay models were prepared after accurate 
 measurements of the bodies. The hides were removed in a skillful man- 
 ner without splitting the skin on the legs, in order that in later years 
 when the skins dry and stiffen the stitches may not show. The hides 
 were swabbed with sulphuric acid and scraped down to proper thickness. 
 Then butter was rubbed in; the skins were put in a barrel and kneaded 
 for an hour or more by a barefooted man until they became as soft as a 
 glove. They were well poisoned to keep out insects. A manikin was 
 built out of band iron, thick' wire and wire cloth covered with plaster of 
 paris. It is so light that one could easily lift it and so strong that it 
 could hold many pounds. Upon it the skin were stretched and the result 
 is a permanent and lifelike group. A rabbit crouches behind a rock. 
 Chickadees in a tree, one of them running upside down as chickadees are 
 fond of doing, are hunting insects. A bluejay, who has not yet been 
 driven south by the early snowfall, pecks at an acorn. The large tree 
 in the center is a wild cherry from Camp Lincoln, Springfield. The 
 oak, hazel and other trees and bushes were all gathered within a few 
 feet of each other so as to show correct ecological relations. The snow 
 is made of plaster of Paris covered with sugar and pulverized glass. 
 Several pounds of arsenic were added to discourage insects or mice that 
 might take a fancy to the sugar. The group was made by Julius Friesser, 
 Chief Taxidermist at the Field Museum, and three assistants.
 
 19 
 
 The background is formed by an oil painting by Charles A. Corwin 
 representing an open Illinois forest in winter. Deer tracks lead back 
 along a path among shell bark hickories, various oaks and bushes into 
 the deepening forest over the snow, under lowering winter skies. A 
 deserted bird's nest is high in the fork of a tree. The picture adds to 
 the story told in the foreground. 
 
 It is winter in deer land. The trees have lost their leaves. The 
 earth is robed in white. The coats of the deer, which were red in sum- 
 mer, have changed to yellowish grey with white spots beneath that seem 
 like reflections of the snow. No longer can the deer feed upon water 
 lilies and other plants in the lakes, nor upon grass and fresh leaves, but 
 must content themselves with twigs, berries and such lichens as are not 
 too deeply buried. The terrible battles which in the autumn the bucks 
 waged with each other, their horns often becoming so interlocked that 
 both combatants miserably perished from starvation, have ceased. The 
 bucks still retain their horns for defense against other foes and still 
 display much of the haughty carriage so characteristic of the autumn 
 days. Both buck and fawn are in fine condition. When alarmed they 
 flee with marvelous bounds at wonderful speed. But alas their agility 
 has not enabled them to escape extermination from the fields and forests 
 of Illinois. 
 
 TRANSPARENCY GROUPS. CASES 3 AND 4. 
 
 In the alcove on the right of the hall are two groups of birds, cat- 
 birds and bluejays (Nos. 810, 811) in their natural surroundings. The 
 birds, nests, eggs, the trees in which the nests were found, and a photo- 
 graph of the locality where the trees stood, enlarged and colored on a 
 ground glass transparency, give an accurate representation of the birds 
 and their surroundings. The photographs were taken on the property 
 of Mr. H. N. Higginbotham at Joliet. Four other similar groups are 
 to be seen in Room 23.
 
 MAIN MUSEUM ROOM. 
 
 FISH SKELETONS. CASES 5 AND G. 
 
 Entering the main room by the northeast door at the left one sees 
 a case containing the following fish skeletons: flounder No. 9, pike 
 No. 8, white bass No. 14, black crappie No. 15, large-mouthed black 
 bass No. 16, blue sunfish No. 12, wall-eyed pike No. 4, chuckle headed 
 cat No. 13, sucker No. 5, American eel No. 10, toothed herring No. 8, 
 dog fish No. 7, and in the next case cod No. 3, eel pout No. 11, mud 
 puppy No. 505, tiger salamander No. 510, bull frog No. 507, toad No. 
 509, and a stuffed specimen of a 3-year-old alligator No. 702. 
 
 FISHES. CASES 7, 8, AND 9. 
 
 Turning to the right one sees three cases of Illinois fishes. Starting 
 with the most primitive of the fishes the arrangement proceeds to those 
 more highly organized and more perfect among their kind. Forty Illi- 
 nois fish and a tarpon from the Gulf of Mexico are displayed. At the 
 bottom of the group is the cartilaginous paddle fish No. 1, which is yet 
 found in the Wabash River. Above it is the sturgeon No. 2, a fairly 
 good fish not prized as highly, however, in our State as it is in Russia, 
 where millions of sturgeon furnish not only meat but enormous quanti- 
 ties of the eggs that are employed in the manufacture of the famous 
 Russian caviar. Next come the gars, the long nosed Nos. 3 and 4, the 
 short nosed No. 5, and the alligator gave No. 6, predaceous fish of no value 
 but rather a destructive lot. Superior to them in structure and utility 
 are the dog fish No. 7 and the toothed herring No. 8, which, however, 
 do not come in the same desirable class as the excellent white fish No. 9 
 of our lakes, the lake herring No. 10, and the lake trout No. 11, all of 
 which have been found in great abundance in our waters. Next are 
 exhibited the buffalo, so called because of their heavy, buffalo-like build 
 the red-mouthed and the mongrel buffalo Nos. 12, 13, and 14. Follow- 
 ing these are shown the river carp No. 15; the quill back No. 16; the 
 common sucker No. 17, which gave to Illinois its nickname; the redhorse 
 Nos. 18 and 19, which grows larger in the lakes than it does in the 
 rivers; and the prolific German carp No. 20, with which small ponds 
 throughout the State have been so successfully stocked. Two fine sam- 
 ples of this carp have just been secured one stuffed specimen and the 
 other an unusually attractive cast. Finally, at the top of the case, is 
 placed a fish not found in Illinois, the tarpon. It is an ocean fish. This 
 example was caught in the Gulf of Mexico. Because of its size, strength, 
 and agility, the capture of one of these fish is an exciting affair.
 
 21 
 
 In the next case are exhibited various kinds of cat fish, the,, most 
 abundant and valuable fish in the State as a source of food supply the 
 blue or chuckle headed cat Nos. 21 and 22; the channel cat Np. %$; 
 the bull head No. 24, the small boy's friend, since so numerous and so 
 easy to catch; and the mud cat No. 25. Then come the pike No. 26; 
 the white crappie No. 27; the rock bass No. 28; the blue gill sunfish 
 No. 29, and the black bass No. 30; in the next case is the wall-eyed pike 
 No. 31; the grey pike No. 32; the yellow perch Nos. 33 and 34; the 
 white bass No. 35 ; the yellow bass No. 36, and the sheepshead No. 37. 
 
 All of the above except Nos. 3, 4, 6, and 20, which are stuffed 
 skins, are plaster casts. They furnish the most satisfactory exhibits, 
 since they do not crack or shrivel. They retain their shape and appear- 
 ance unchanged. For example No. 23 the channel cat was prepared at 
 the State Laboratory of Natural History under the direction of Prof. 
 S. A. Forbes in 1878. It is the original for half tones used in many 
 text books on fish. 
 
 There are about 1,000 different varieties of fish in Illinois, but the 
 above list contains the most important kinds. They represent the varie- 
 ties which last year in this State furnished about $800,000 worth of 
 fish food. 
 
 ALCOHOLIC SPECIMENS. CASE 11. 
 
 The next case contains alcoholic specimens of fish and reptiles, three 
 snouts of saw fish, the largest and the smallest Nos. 854 and 855, given 
 by Bishop E. W. Osborne, who obtained them at Trinidad, W. I., and 
 the medium sized No. 712 given by Mr. James Johnson; the eye balls 
 and sword of a sword fish No. 713 caught near the Maine coast; the tail 
 of whip ray No. 644, the gift of Mr. Charles D. Arnold, and the tail 
 of a sting ray No. 711, the gift of Mr. G. L. Eastman, both from the 
 Atlantic Ocean off the. coast of Florida. 
 
 Among the specimens preserved in alcohol are various fish such as 
 the common eel No. 717; the dog shark No. 715; the devil fish No. 695; 
 such turtles as the yellow-bellied terrapin No. 707,. leather turtle No. 
 703, soft-shelled turtle No. 704, Blandings tortoise No. 708, etc. 
 
 REPTILES. CASE 13. 
 
 Between the windows is a case containing various snakes : Diamond- 
 backed rattlers Nos. 605, 719, 720, 721, black snake No. 733, pilot 
 snake No. 734, pine snake Nos. 724 and 725, water adder No. 726, 
 massasauga No. 732, harlequin snake No. 723, garter snake No. 728, 
 Hoyt's garter snake No. 727, Kenncott's chain snake No. 735. There 
 is also a chamaeleon No. 736, a centipede No. 69. : 7, and a tarantula 
 No. 543. 
 
 MAMMALS IN WALL CASE. CASE 12. 
 
 Between the two cases of specimens preserved in alcohol is a large 
 wall case containing in the upper portion a series of mammals arranged 
 in the order of their development beginning with the most primitive and 
 proceeding to the higher representatives.
 
 First, at the lower left hand corner is a duck mole No. 485 from 
 It may he regarded as one of the missing links between birds 
 and mammals, since it has webbed feet and the bill-like snout character- 
 v N dstk x of a duck, but the tail of a beaver and the body of a rat. It lays 
 eggs like a bird (oviparous) and is yet classed as a mammal. 
 
 Primitive Mammal and two Squirrels. Case 12. 
 
 The first duck mole brought from Australia was considered a fake 
 and it was some time before people could be convinced that the bill and 
 feet were not glued on. 
 
 Its habits are those of the duck and of the muskrat. It digs a 
 burrow in the bank of slow streams or ponds, with an opening below
 
 23 
 
 and one above the water. These burrows are often 50 feet long. It 
 eats grubs, worms, snails, clams, and vegetation. It is difficult to catch, 
 being a good diver and swimmer and having acute sight and hearing. 
 
 Next to the duck mole comes the armadillo No. 479 from Mexico. 
 This curiously helmeted and cuirrassed animal is abundant in Texas 
 and the country south as far as Paraguay. All portions of the body 
 save the breast and abdomen is covered with a hard shell composed of 
 small plates cunningly jointed together. When attacked by a savage 
 animal the armadillo rolls itself into a ball and is then safe from most 
 of its enemies. It feeds upon worms, ants, snails, beetles, small lizards, 
 etc. It in turn furnishes food to the men in its part of the world. Its 
 flesh is said to be palatable. 
 
 The great anteater No. 484 from South America is to our notion 
 one of the most ungainly of animals. The hair is long and coarse, espe- 
 cially on the tail. The face ends in a proboscis, at the lower end of 
 which is placed a mouth so small that objects much larger than ants 
 could with difficulty be taken in. Its long, powerful claws enable it to 
 readily tear open ant hills and its slender tongue can be thrust out 9 
 inches to lick up the ants. 
 
 Alston's opossum No. 844, found alive in a nest with five young in 
 a bunch of bananas from Honduras in Springfield, 1912, was presented 
 by Mr. H. M. Gates. It looks like a rat, but is a marsupial, since, like 
 the kangaroo and ordinary opossum, it has a pouch in which is situated 
 the nursing gland. Its long, prehensile tail enables it to hang from a 
 limb. 
 
 The flying phalanger No. 492 from New South Wales is several 
 steps higher in the scale of development. Its long, bushy tail and the 
 rounded furry membrane stretching from the front to the hind feet 
 enable it to sail through the air when jumping from a higher to a lower 
 tree and gives it the appearance of flying. It is a "marsupial," just as 
 are the kangaroos and opossums, in all of which the female has a large, 
 flexible pouch, in which she nurses her young and carries them around 
 until they are large enough to care for themselves. 
 
 The rock squirrel or Colorado chipmunk No. 519 was obtained in 
 the West by Major J. W. Powell and given to this museum more than 
 30 years ago. The chipmunk is a kind of small squirrel which lives 
 upon the ground. If it lives among the rocks it is called a "rock 
 squirrel/' If it lives in the ground it is called a "ground squirrel" or 
 "sphermophile." Sphermophile means "lover of seeds." This rock 
 squirrel is graceful in form and beautiful in color markings. 
 
 Rock squirrels and the ground squirrels or sphermophiles which are 
 so abundant in Illinois, lay up great quantities of wheat, corn or other 
 grain. The ground squirrels burrow deeply in the soil in open country 
 where they can look in all directions. They avoid even tall grass or 
 grain since they enjoy an unobstructed view. Their cheek pouches en- 
 able them to carry out great quantities of dirt and to carry in large stores 
 of grain for the winter. They eat insects also. The 13 striped ground 
 squirrel is the most abundant in Illinois. These animals dig very 
 extensive burrows, the hole about 2 inches in diameter extending steeply 
 at first until below frost line and then veering off in a horizontal course.
 
 Fisher, Sable, Rabbits, etc. Case 12. 
 
 It enlarges in places into rooms in which the animal hibernates during 
 the winter. 
 
 The prairie dog No. 493 from New Mexico, is another burrowing 
 rodent and one of the best known through the western states from Mexico
 
 25 
 
 to Canada. Millions of prairie dogs are to be found in Kansas, Nebraska, 
 Wyoming and Montana. The largest "Prairie Dog" town known covers 
 a strip of country from 1 to 5 miles in width for a 100 miles, from 
 Trego County, Kansas to Colorado. Its inhabitants probably number 
 1,000,000. They are vegetable feeders and by eating up all grass and 
 most shrubs and by heaping up mounds of dirt around their holes they 
 become a scourge and convert the country which they invade into a 
 dreary waste. Consequently cattle men and ranch men endeavor to 
 exterminate them by placing poisoned grain near their holes. When not 
 too numerous they are amusing, attractive little animals, raising them- 
 selves to their full height when an enemy such as a dog or coyote ap- 
 proaches and giving a series of short barks, then darting for their holes. 
 If there is time they sit near the holes and seemingly dare the enemy 
 to catch them. At the last moment they dash with lightning rapidity 
 out of sight. But after being a few feet down in the hole, they may 
 often be heard barking. 
 
 A number of tree squirrels are exhibited next: Two grey squirrels 
 Nos. 512 and 879; a black squirrel No. 871 from Montreal, Canada; a 
 fox squirrel No. 511, and two albinos, No. 529 from Morgan County, 
 Illinois, the gift of George C. Hickox, and No. 679 from Warsaw, 111.; 
 a flying squirrel No. 518 from Warsaw, 111. 
 
 Squirrels are among our most graceful animals. They add life and 
 cheerfulness to our forests and even to city parks as they skip about 
 searching for nuts and roots or playing with each other. The grey 
 squirrel is the most common. It varies greatly in color, from a beautiful 
 grey through reddish brown, black to white when it is called an albino. 
 The southern fox squirrel is the only squirrel which always has a pure 
 white nose and ears. It may be brownish or black but the nose and ears 
 are always white. The flying squirrel is one of the most exquisite mam- 
 mals in the country. It is covered with silky fur. A soft, furry 
 membrane, stretching from front to hind legs, enable it to sail downward 
 from a tree top. During the daytime these squirrels are often rolled up 
 like a ball, but come out to play in the evening. 
 
 The woodchuck or "ground hog" No. 513 is a celebrity., but, like 
 many a celebrity, does not deserve his fame since it is founded on 
 fallacy. It has for centuries been said of him that if he conies out of 
 his hole on the 2d of February and sees his shadow there will be six 
 weeks more of winter. The fact is he is as unreliable as any other 
 weather prophet whose knowledge is not founded on accurate measure- 
 ment. However, he does hibernate, going into his deep hole in October 
 or November, depending upon the locality and the condition of the 
 weather. He comes out sometime in the spring without regard to the 
 Gregorian calendar. If the weather is propitious or his supply of food 
 exhausted, he begins to forage for food. While hibernating he is very 
 sluggish. His breathing cannot be detected. His heart action is ex- 
 tremely slow. If a limb is amputated it bleeds very slowly. Hibernation 
 is the next door from death. During the summer the woodchuck eats 
 grass, clover and similar vegetation, but does not take the farmer's 
 grain or vegetables as do the rock squirrels and ground squirrels. His 
 favorite home is a deep hole in a gravelly hillside or in an open woods.
 
 26 
 
 He is found all the way from the Atlantic north of the latitude of 
 North Carolina and Tennessee to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 A muskrat No. 489 from Anna, 111., is shown next. His pronounced 
 musky odor gives him his name. He has a long, laterally compressed 
 tail which serves both as a rudder and as a propeller and enables the 
 animal to swim with great rapidity. His little feet are but slightly 
 webbed and are not serviceable in swimming. Muskrats are great 
 feeders and famous builders. The hole by which they enter their huts 
 is so deep in the water that there is usually little danger of its being 
 closed by ice, and the floor of the huts is high enough to insure a dry 
 nest. The food of these rats consists chiefly of vegetation, such as lily 
 pad roots, but insects and other small animals furnish food also. The 
 case in the center of the room shows the life habits and association of 
 the muskrat. 
 
 The sewellel No. 516 from Oregon (also called the mountain 
 beaver) is a cross between a muskrat and a beaver. It has a shorter 
 tail than a muskrat and is broadly built like the beaver. It is semi- 
 aquatic, preferring to live near the water. It feeds chiefly on vegetation. 
 Its home is in the western states. 
 
 Two grey rabbits or cotton-tails (No. 498, Anna, 111., and No. 500, 
 locality unknown) represent the wild animal most often seen and most 
 widely known in this State, and, for that matter, through all the country 
 from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. Rabbits are remarkably 
 prolific, having three litters a year, and unless kept in check by car- 
 niverous animals, birds, and man, become a scourge, as they have in 
 Australia, where it has proven almost impossible to keep them from 
 overruning great stretches of country, stripping off all vegetation. Rab- 
 bits eat berries, grass, leaves, twigs, and soft bark. They nest under 
 roots of trees, in shallow burrows or among rocks. They are found not 
 only in wild sections of the country, but in cultivated fields and even 
 city parks. 
 
 The jack rabbit or jack hare No. 501 from western Iowa is an 
 animal as characteristic of the western states as the grey rabbit is of 
 the Mississippi Valley states and those farther east. The jack rabbit 
 lives in a nest in a clump of leaves or bushes. For protection he relies 
 upon his coloration, his keen hearing, and his wonderful speed. When 
 approached, he lies close, hoping to escape detection, but if the intruder 
 approaches almost near enough to touch him, he springs up suddenly 
 and darts away with lightening like rapidity, seemingly touching the 
 earth with only the tips of his toes and doubling up like a jack knife. 
 It is an interesting sight to see him springing away, running for miles 
 nearly as fast as a grey hound and finally losing himself among rocks 
 or in underbrush. 
 
 The pocket gopher No. 485 is one of the most important repre- 
 sentatives of burrowing rodents in this State. He is a remarkable digger. 
 Thanks to his strong claws and the large pouches in which he can carry 
 out extra large quantities of dirt, he can dig faster than a man can 
 pursue him with a spade. He spoils meadows with innumerable hillocks. 
 He is a voraceous feeder and is noted for his swinnish appetite. He 
 carries into his underground home in his capaceous pouches great quan-
 
 27 
 
 titles of corn, wheat, potatoes, etc. With incisors that are as strong and 
 sharp as a steel chisel he pares off all the roots of a tree as readily as a 
 man pares an apple. In a short time if left undisturbed he will destroy 
 large numbers of fruit trees. Consequently he is hated by the farmers. 
 
 The Rabbit in Case 2. 
 
 The common mole No. 514 and the silver mole No. 878 are known 
 to nearly every man who has a lawn to care for since they are so fond of 
 burrowing under sod in quest of worms and for the purpose of enlarging 
 their underground cities. They are powerful diggers. Hornaday placed 
 a mole in a 5-acre clover field one morning and in 28 hours the mole
 
 had dug 68 feet of main line and 361/2 feet of branch lines, making a 
 total of 1041/2 feet. 
 
 Place a mole on an ordinary grass lawn and it will sink its nose 
 into the soil like an awl. In 3 seconds the head will be under ground, 
 in 10 seconds the body will have disappeared. In 3 minutes the mole 
 will have tunneled a foot. 
 
 Their fur is a fine, velvety, shimmering grey. They eat insects of 
 various kinds and are a great benefit to the lawn if the grass is rolled 
 after the trip of the burrower through a given portion. 
 
 The fisher No. 870 from Tacoma, Wash., is one of the largest flesh 
 eaters constituting the marten family (the Mustelidae). In this family 
 are the otter, mink, weasel, marten, and fisher,- which are somewhat 
 similar, and the wolverine, skunk, and badger. The fisher is found all 
 the way from Maine to the Pacific Ocean in rocky and swampy forested 
 regions. It nests in the ground. It has an enormous appetite and eats 
 any kind of animal food, such as fish, rabbits, all kinds of squirrels 
 tree squirrels, rock squirrels, ground squirrels toads, frogs, snakes, and 
 any bird which it can catch. It is a good climber and an industrious 
 hunter. It is the largest of the marten family, long bodied, handsome, 
 bold, and intelligent. 
 
 The marten No. 478 is smaller than the fisher and has a less bushy 
 tail. It looks like a young red fox or a large domesticated cat. It lives 
 in the same regions and has similar habits as the fisher, but is a better 
 climber and makes its home in trees. It makes a nest in the hole of a 
 woodpecker or squirrel and with nose just poked out watches for its 
 prey. Martens eat various nuts and berries in addition to animal food 
 as I have no doubt nearly all carniverous animals do. They relish 
 "salads" of some kind. 
 
 The mink No. 476 from Normal, 111., looks something like a weasel 
 but is larger. Its body is about as thick as the wrist of a medium sized 
 man. Its legs are short, its tail round and hairy. The prevailing color 
 is some shade of brown. It lives chiefly on birds, which it catches with 
 ease. It is not as successful in catching fish as the marten and fisher. 
 
 The weasel is represented by three specimens: Nos. 474 and 4741/2 
 from Dixon, 111., and No. 475. No. 474 represents the summer coat of the 
 animal, which is brown. The other two represent the winter coat, which 
 is white reversing the custom of the human race, which employs white 
 clothing in the summer. In its winter coat the weasel is commonly 
 called the ermine. The weasel is the smallest of the marten family. Its 
 body is extremely thin and snake-like, being about as thick as a man's 
 thumb. What the dachshund is among dogs, the weasel is among the 
 marten family. It makes a good subject for caricature, appearing so 
 awkward, especially when its short front legs are moving about inde- 
 pendently of the hind legs. There are fifteen kinds of weasels known. 
 One of them, the least weasel, found in Saskatchewan, is the smallest 
 carniverous animal in the world. Weasels live on rabbits, grouse, 
 chicken, etc. They seem to delight in killing, and when the opportunity 
 comes will kill 20 times as much as it is possible for them to eat. 
 
 The badger No. 502 from Colorado furnishes the nickname to Wis- 
 consin, although it is found in all of the states from Indiana to the
 
 29 
 
 Sierra Nevada and as far south as New Mexico. Its broad, flat body, 
 short legs, and other features seem to show that it is a kind of connect- 
 ing link between the wolverine and the skunk. It has a sullen, evil 
 disposition. It lives in burrows and feeds upon various kinds of squir- 
 rels, prairie dogs and other small animals. It is found often in desert 
 places where there would seem to be absolutely nothing for it to eat. 
 
 The skunk No. 503 from Colorado represents the last specimen 
 shown of the marten family. There are 15 varieties of skunk, 3 of 
 which are abundant in Illinois. Its black fur is usually divided by two 
 bands of white. When these white bands are dyed black, the skin is 
 prized by furriers since most of the other members of the marten family 
 have been killed. The skunk's chief means of defense consists in an 
 ill-smelling fluid secreted by two glands near the base of the tail. This 
 fluid can be thrown several feet and is so stifling that neither man nor 
 beast can endure it. The skunk feeds on grubs and insects of various 
 kinds and in this regard is a useful animal. 
 
 The jumping mouse No. 494, often seen in wheat fields in Illinois, 
 is a surprising little creature with its slender body and with the 
 kangaroo-like tail which enables it to jump 10 feet at a bound. It 
 holds the record for long jumping for any animal of its size. It is 
 nocturnal in its habits and feeds on weed seeds chiefly, being in this 
 regard beneficial. 
 
 Several groups of bats well illustrate two of the 200 varieties of 
 this curious mammal. No. 853 shows a group of three bats given by 
 Mr. Yoakley and No. 844 a group of four given by Mr. Ed. Worthen, 
 both of Springfield. No. 632 is a fair-sized specimen. No. 833 is a 
 hoary bat. The red bat is the commonest bat through all this country. 
 In the early twilight he may be seen gliding swiftly in and out among 
 bushes, trees and even porches of houses, moving with marvelous speed 
 and skill. He makes the most wonderful turns and gyrations in his 
 search after insects. In the daytime a sharp-eyed observer may find 
 bats hanging closely under the leaves or beneath the eaves of houses and 
 barns and in chimney corners. They are fond of nesting in caves. In 
 the caves in some sections of the country, myriads of bats may be seen 
 hanging from the ceiling like mineral incrustations or lichens. The 
 hoary bat is the largest bat in this part of the country and is compara- 
 tively rare. Many people have a nervous dread of bats. The animal is 
 a valuable creature, helpful to man's interests. 
 
 The highest animals shown in the museum are the old world 
 monkeys; the macaque No. 521, the ordinary monkey of the showman 
 No. 520, and the baboon from Africa No. 459. 
 
 The baboon lives in Africa all the way from Abysinnia to the Zam- 
 bezi. It lives on the ground and not in the trees as do the other 
 monkeys. It prefers rocky hills where the vegetation is scant. It is the 
 fiercest of all the primates, strong, agile, quarrelsome. It has a dog- 
 like muzzle, cheek pouches, naked callosities and is often brightly colored 
 on the buttocks. It has short strong limbs. It eats all kinds of food 
 which it is able to capture or kill. 
 
 The macaque No. 521 is a short tailed moderate sized monkey with 
 prominent canine teeth and cheek pouches. It is the cousin of the baboon.
 
 30 
 
 However it lives in tree tops and goes about in troops headed by an old 
 male and stays away from other monkeys. Its food consists chiefly of 
 seeds, fruits, insects and lizards. When young it is docile and easily 
 tamed but when old becomes morose. The ordinary monkey No. 520 of 
 the showman, is closely related to the macaque. Its home is in the tree 
 tops and it is an eater of insects, berries and fruits. None of these 
 animals have ever been found in the United States. 
 
 SKELETONS. CASE 12. 
 
 In the lower part of this case are a series of skeletons. No. 756 is 
 the skull of a hippopotamus from South Africa, presented by Mr. E. W. 
 Payne of Springfield. No. 447 is the skeleton of a Virginia deer, No. 
 456 represents the skeleton of a black bear. The skeletons of the fol- 
 lowing smaller mammals are represented : the wood hare No. 499 ; the 
 muskrat No. 490, Anna, 111.; the raccoon No. 497; the opossum No. 522, 
 Illinois; the mink No. 477, Normal, 111.; the prairie mole No. 515; and 
 the sewellel No. 517, Washington. 
 
 CENTKAL MAMMAL CASE. CASE 14. 
 
 In the large case adjacent are assembled a number of the larger 
 mammals both carniverous and herbiverous. The eye naturally falls 
 first upon the grizzly bear No. 454. A grizzly bear is the largest and 
 most ferocious of all bears. He is a great traveler, loves water, swims 
 well but cannot climb trees. He is an omniverous feeder. At certain 
 seasons of the year its principal means of subsistence is roots of small 
 plants and flowers, and when hunting for these he tears up great stretches 
 of country in a surprisingly short time. At other times his chief food 
 is fish. The grizzly is a skillful fisherman. He stands upon a rock or 
 log or in the water and snatches at fish with lightning rapidity, scooping 
 them high out upon the bank. After he has eaten all that he wishes, he 
 will often bury a supply for future use. 
 
 The black bear No. 455 is a smaller and less ferocious animal than 
 the grizzly. He is an omniverous feeder. His diet includes mammals 
 ranging from mice to sheep and birds, fish, frogs, insects, berries, and 
 honey. He is a good tree climber. His home is in the same general 
 range of country as that of the grizzly, but he is more widely dissemi- 
 nated. Up to the middle of the last century the black bear was common 
 in wooded localities in Illinois and examples were killed as late as the 
 sixties. 
 
 The puma No. 451 (also called cougar, mountain lion, or panther) 
 is the largest and most widely known of the wild cat family found in 
 the United States. At one time it spread all over the United States. 
 As late as 1900, pumas have been seen among the bluffs of the Missis- 
 sippi Eiver in the southern part of the State. Their color is brownish 
 drab and they are tall, long and thin bodied. They are the best tree 
 climbers of all the large cats. They are shy, nocturnal animals. They 
 do their hunting after sunset or early in the morning. They are great 
 wanderers. They prey upon deer, sheep, rabbits, squirrels, prairie dogs, 
 birds, fish, etc. The cry of the puma in early days used to fill people
 
 31 
 
 with dread. It is said to resemble the scream of a child or woman. It 
 commences on a low key, gradually ascends, increasing in volume and 
 then lowers to a long, drawn-out wail. 
 
 The ocelet No. 483 from Mexico is a small leopard of pale yellow 
 color with back and sides marked with irregular stripes and bands which 
 run somewhat horizontally lengthwise. No other animal has such hori- 
 zontal stripes. It spends most of its time on the lower branches of trees 
 watching for its prey small quadrupeds and birds. It has never been 
 found in Illinois. 
 
 The Canada lynx No. 480, from Maine, the wild cat No. 481, from 
 Michigan, the Texas wild cat No. 482 from New Mexico are the three 
 other representatives of the cat tribe. They are well equipped by nature 
 for their struggle for existence. All are characterized by remarkable 
 agility and no mean strength. They possess a high order of cunning and 
 intelligence. In a way, they are useful animals, living upon the lowest 
 form of mammal life, such as rats, mice, and other rodents. Their 
 utility is less in evidence when they choose for their food various kinds 
 of birds. The Canada lynx never lived as far south as Illinois, but wild 
 cats were at one time abundant and are still found in the State. 
 
 In the same case are to be found the grey wolf No. 452 and the 
 coyote No. 453. The grey wolf was never common in this State, but 
 coyotes were abundant and gave the pioneers much annoyance, terror, 
 and loss. They are still seen occasionally in the northwest and in the 
 southern part of the State. Coyotes are cowardly animals and carry 
 their tail low as if advertising the fact. While they sometimes kill pigs 
 and sheep, they live chiefly upon small mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, 
 and insects. They relish carrion. 
 
 Next may be seen a red fox No. 486 from Anna, 111., and two 
 grey foxes Nos. 487 and .488, male and female. Foxes are always inter- 
 esting animals and are noted for their cunning and wariness. The red 
 fox is said to surpass the grey in shrewdness and in ability to avoid 
 traps and to take care of himself. Formerly they were abundant and 
 are still to be found occasionally in Illinois. Foxes are swift runners 
 and so agile that they can climb low trees. They destroy numberless 
 mice, squirrels, woodchucks, but unfortunately are very fond of chickens. 
 
 The raccoons which are represented by No. 495 and also by a group 
 consisting of a female and three cubs No. 496, all from Anna, 111., are 
 still common in this State. They are nocturnal in their habits, live in 
 hollow trees and hibernate in winter for a short time. They are om- 
 niverous but are most fond of green corn and berries and other fruits. 
 The scientific name lotor was given because of their habit of washing 
 their food before eating. Whenever possible they dip their food into 
 water and then proceed to devour it. "Coons" furnish a favorite article 
 of diet throughout the South, especially with the negroes, and for them 
 a coon hunt is a prize event. Eaccoons make interesting pets. 
 
 The opossum group No. 457 from Illinois shows how fond these 
 animals are of a home in a tree and how they able to suspend them- 
 selves by their tails. They are slow of mind and of muscle and are 
 seemingly ill fitted to either fight or run away. But they are good 
 climbers and in this way often save their lives. When caught the
 
 32 
 
 opossum stretches out limp and motionless just as if it were dead. Its 
 breath is short and cannot be detected. It is playing "possum." This 
 feigning death no doubt sometimes saves its life. Usually it burrows 
 under the roots of a large tree where it is relatively safe, since it can 
 not be dug out. It hibernates like the woodchuck and bear and a num- 
 ber of other animals shown thus far in the collection. It makes good 
 eating when properly cooked. Its food is about anything that can be 
 chewed. 
 
 The American elk (or wapiti) Nos. 440 and 442. The last of 
 these magnificent herbivorous animals disappeared from the State about 
 1830. Antlers are still occasionally found in swamps. Elk are in danger 
 of extermination in the West also unless they are better protected by 
 law. A full-sized elk is as large as a horse, carries his head as proudly 
 and in the winter is crowned with magnificent antlers which are shed 
 every spring and renewed during the summer. In the fall the bull's 
 antlers are hard and sharp. Their necks are swollen, and their eye 
 sockets enlarged. They stalk about with ears laid back and nostrils 
 expanded, shrieking first with a high note like a shrill whistle and 
 sliding down the scale into a terrific bellow. Woe betide the man who 
 is overtaken by one of these murderous demons. 
 
 The caribou No. 444 is distinctively a northern animal and was 
 never found in Illinois. It may be distinguished by the two peculiar 
 prongs of its horns which extend forward. Its wide spread hoofs, dew 
 claws and rather long feet enable it to travel readily across tundras, 
 swamps or snowy plains. This specimen was obtained in Canada. 
 
 A small albino Virginia deer No. 446 from Michigan and a young 
 antelope from Wyoming No. 668 complete the exhibit of the deer group 
 in this case. 
 
 The American buffalo No. 438 roamed over Illinois in great herds 
 as late as the beginning of the 18th century. Its flesh was found by the 
 first settlers to be excellent eating, not to be distinguished from that of 
 cattle. Its hides made wonderfully warm robes, blankets, rugs. Its 
 bones were useful in various ways and consequently as the pioneers in- 
 creased the buffalo decreased. The last in Illinois disappeared in about 
 1800. Its disappearance in this State was an example of its history 
 in one state after another. In 1870 there were probably 5,000,000 
 buffalo in the states east of the Eocky Mountains. Within 15 years 
 thereafter the buffalo were practically exterminated. There are a few 
 wild buffalo, maybe 50, now in the United States and possibly 500 in 
 Canada. There are about 1,000 in parks and zoological gardens. They 
 are tractable and easily cared for. Occasionally an individual becomes 
 savage and then should best be displayed in a museum of natural history. 
 Our specimen is worth several hundred dollars. 
 
 The Texas peccary No. 450 is the sole representative in the museum 
 of the wild swine family. It never has lived in Illinois, but its home 
 extends from Arkansas and Texas as far south as Paraguay. It lives by 
 preference in forests or jungles where are to be found shelter and such a 
 great variety of food as nuts, edible roots, reptiles and small animals of 
 various kinds. When attacked it shows itself to be no mean antagonist. 
 It is courageous and fierce. Both jaws are armed with long, sharp
 
 33 
 
 tusks. Thanks to these good weapons and to its pugnacity it has been 
 able to thrive in woods infested with the puma, ocelot and wolf. 
 
 The beaver No. 491 is represented by a specimen obtained in Mich- 
 igan. At one time beaver were abundant in all parts of this State, espe- 
 cially in the northern half and have left their marks in the form of canals, 
 beaver dams, huts and cut trees. They are probably now extinct though 
 as late as 1910 some are reported to have been seen in Alexander County. 
 The reason of their disappearance is the same as that of the buffalo. 
 Their skins were among the most prized of wild animal skins. For 
 many years they were sold to the American Pur Company by the hun- 
 dreds of thousands another example of lack of conservation of natural 
 resources. The beaver is the largest knawing animal in North America 
 and leads the world in industry and engineering skill. The muscles of 
 his jaw are powerful and his front teeth very strong and sharp. He 
 stands on his hind legs supported by his tail and begins to circle a tree 
 cutting with surprising rapidity. After a time the tree falls and the 
 beaver cuts off branches to store away under water for food in the winter. 
 He uses the log to aid in building a dam. If the log is too large for 
 several beavers to drag, they will often dig a canal and transport the log 
 to the desired place. Several logs are obtained. Branches and mud 
 and rocks are applied and dams of great length and height are erected 
 to form a pond in which a house similar to a muskrat's house but larger, 
 is built. 
 
 The seal No. 534 from Alaska is to the ocean what the beaver is to 
 fresh water. Its fur is even more prized than is the fur of the beaver. 
 
 Kangaroos of which a male No. 460 and a female No. 461 are 
 shown, are peculiar to Australia. They are marsupials since as we have 
 seen in the opossum and flying phalanger, the female has a flexible pouch 
 which contains the nursing gland and in which she places the tiny, weak 
 newly born young. This pouch serves as a nest and automobile for the 
 babies until they are too large to take refuge therein. The kangaroos 
 can leap 20 feet at a bound and travel great distances in a day. 
 
 INSECT CASES. CASES 16 TO 19. 
 
 Along the walls are four cases containing insects in upright glass- 
 covered panels. In each case are 42 panels, making together 168 panels, 
 and in some of the panels are as many as 60 insects. The list includes 
 common butterflies and moths, a variety of beetles, grasshoppers, fleas, 
 flies, etc. They represent insects for the most part injurious to vegeta- 
 tion, though some of them are beneficent. 
 
 EELIEF MAP OF ILLINOIS. CASE 15. 
 
 Near the insect cases is a large relief map of Illinois, 10 by 18 feet 
 in size, prepared for exhibition at the World's Columbian Exposition in 
 Chicago, 1893. It was modeled by Louise Barwick of Tracy, Chicago. 
 Topographic and other data were obtained from original government 
 bench marks, from railroad levels, and from special measurements made 
 3 S M
 
 34 
 
 under the direction of Prof. Rolfe of the University of Illinois for this 
 purpose. Ninety thousand nails were driven in the various portions to 
 give the elevations. These were covered with plaster and the whole 
 surface was given several coats of paint, so that in spite of the number 
 of times that the map has been moved and in spite of the carelessness of 
 visitors in touching the map with umbrellas and canes, it is in well- 
 preserved condition. Its horizontal scale is 2 miles to the inch and 
 vertical scale 500 feet to the inch. The sea level is represented by the 
 frame in which the raised portion is set. This gives an excellent idea 
 of the elevation of the Mississippi Valley and its gradual drop from the 
 northwest corner to the southernmost point in the State, where it is but 
 267 feet above sea level. The highest point in the State is said to be at 
 Charles Mound near Galena. The elevation is given as 1,241 feet above 
 sea level. The State extends from latitude 37 to 42 30' north lati- 
 tude, somewhat over 5 or 385 miles in length. In longitude it extends 
 87 35' to 91 40'. That is 4 in extreme width or 218 miles. It con- 
 tains 56,000 square miles of land and 650 miles of water. A glance at 
 the map shows that it is very level in fact, it is the third most level 
 state in the Union, being surpassed by Delaware and Louisiana alone. 
 Over the major portions of the State, glacial materials have been spread 
 out. The surface, looks as if mud, sand and gravel had blotted out the 
 original valleys. Where these glacier materials are wanting, as, for 
 example, in the northwest corner and in the extreme south, the country 
 is deeply dissected and gullied. 
 
 Stretching from Lake Michigan southwest across the State is the 
 Illinois Valley, which is so wide and deep as to call attention to the fact 
 that in pleistocene times the Great Lakes emptied through this valley 
 into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 HORNET'S NESTS. 
 
 Suspended from the ceiling are three hornet's nests. The largest 
 No. 888 came from Mendon, 111., and was given by Ray H. Beer. The 
 paper of which it is composed is manufactured by the hornets from the 
 bark of trees. 
 
 MAMMAL HEADS. 
 
 On the south wall are attached the heads of a number of mammals. 
 The list is as follows: The Rocky Mountain goat No. 689; the prong 
 horn No. 634 ; the American elk No. 441 ; horns of the American elk 
 No. 443; the moose No. 448; the American buffalo No. 439; the bull 
 moose No. 877, from Montana, loaned by Mrs. F. D. Roach. 
 
 Suspended from the tall cases in the middle of the museum are 
 three pairs of Virginia deer horns. There is also suspended on the wall 
 on the south side of the room the carapace of a green turtle No. 892. 
 
 FOSSIL EXHIBITS. CASES 21 TO 24. 
 
 Occupying the center of the room are 10 flat-top cases containing 
 fossil invertebrates for the most part and a small number of vertebrates.
 
 35 
 
 The numbers begin at the extreme east of the room. Each flat-top case 
 contains four panels, which are given a number in the corner of the 
 panel. 
 
 Case No. 1 is filled with a valuable collection of fossil cephalopoda 
 of a great variety of sizes and shapes. The chambered nautilus is one of 
 the most widely known and beautiful of modern Cephalopods. It is the 
 shell which inspired Oliver Wendell Holmes' poem, said by many ad- 
 mirers to be one of the most beautiful in all literature. The fossil 
 Cephalopods are for the most part not attractive in appearance, since 
 their color and form are monotonous. They represent only the stony 
 filling of original shells. Sometimes, however, the original mother of 
 pearl is retained. The majority of these shells are ammonites. Case 
 No. 1 contains several hundred varieties. In general, it may be said 
 that the straight forms, such as orthoceras, were the most primitive type 
 and as the ages passed the animals adopted the habit of curling up, at 
 first in simple whorls and later in more closely involved forms. The 
 partitions which the ammonite constructed behind it as it advanced into 
 the newer and larger part of the shell were at first comparatively straight 
 in their outline. The more recent forms developed sutures which dis- 
 play the delicate tracery of fern leaves. The giant othoceras in the 
 collection is No. 1293 from the Trenton group at Galena. It is about 
 2 feet long and nearly 1 foot through. One of the most highly involved 
 forms is lituites No. 2335 from the Trenton group at Homer, 111. 
 
 In case No. II are to be found chiefly corals changed to stone. Of 
 these there are many hundreds shown, remarkable in variety and strik- 
 ing in structure. These fossils, together with those in the first case and 
 of the subsequent cases, are a monument to the activity and learning of 
 a former curator of the museum, Prof. A. H. Worthen, who for 30 
 years did such valuable work for the State and added so much to our 
 renown along the lines of geological and paleontological investigations. 
 In the remarkable collection which he brought together are nearly 700 
 type specimens. These type specimens are usually marked with a 
 diamond-shaped label, both on the specimen and label. They were col- 
 lected in all parts of the State and in all geological horizons. To this 
 number were added a large number of fossils from all parts of the 
 Mississippi Valley states. 
 
 In Case III are displayed many hundreds of sponges and bryozoans 
 which were turned to stone millions of years ago. The largest fossil 
 sponge shown is Calapora No. 2912, from the Keokuk group in Hancock 
 County, Illinois. 
 
 Case IV contains chiefly brachiopods (i. e., "arm footed animals"). 
 These mollusk, like animals certain of which are now called lamp-shells, 
 flourished especially in Silurian times. More than 4,000 species of 
 brachiopods have been described. They were marine animals. Now they 
 are practically extinct. Lingula, which lived in Silurian times, still 
 flourishes. Among those displayed are some of the most typical as well 
 as the rarest found chiefly in the Carboniferous and Silurian formations 
 of Illinois. 
 
 Case V contains chiefly gasteropods and pteropods (i. e., the 
 stomach footed, since they crawl on their bellies, and wing footed, since
 
 36 
 
 portions of their feet are expanded into a wing-like figure). The snail 
 is a typical modern gasteropod. 
 
 Case VI contains chiefly trilobites, so named because of the division 
 of their bodies into three sections or lobes, whether viewed from side to 
 side or from head to tail. 
 
 Eepresentatives of all of these groups of fossils thus far mentioned 
 may be found by one who carefully examines the limestone and shales 
 freshly exposed by stream cutting or quarrying in different portions of 
 the State. 
 
 In the bottom of Case VI are placed a large number of modern 
 coral. 
 
 Case VII displays fossil plants especially and largely those con- 
 nected with the deposition of coal. The lepidodendrons (see No. 1618 
 from the Mississippian at LaSalle), or scaled trees, were the most 
 characteristic trees of that period. They were closely related to the 
 now widely spread club mosses. The leaves were fastened to the trunk 
 by lozenge-shaped leaf cushions, sometimes separated from each other 
 and at other times confluent above and below. The leaf scars are rhombic 
 or heart-shaped and are situated above the central part of the cushions. 
 
 No. 8680, a sigillaria from the Mississippian of Jackson County, 
 represents a tree marked by leaf scars, which shows that the leaves were 
 spirally fastened to stems and arranged in ribs or vertical ridges. Sig- 
 illaria were closely related to lepidodendrons. 
 
 The Mazon Creek, Grundy County, fossil leaves are well repre- 
 sented. 
 
 In this case there is also the head and pectoral fins of an ichthyo- 
 saurus from Wurtemburg, Germany. 
 
 Case VIII is filled chiefly with crinoids, the so-called "sea lilies." 
 While they bear the name of lily they were in reality animals and not 
 plants. They were stationary animals, having a stem like a lily stem, 
 which was fastened to the underlying mud by roots. This stem is made 
 up of a large number of segments. In some cases the segments are of 
 the size of 10-cent pieces, both in diameter and thickness; in others 
 they are much larger, while often they are minute. On the top of the 
 stem is that portion of the animal which corresponds to the calyx of a 
 lily. It was composed of pentagonal plates so well shown in barycrinus 
 No. 1866. These plates were fastened together by membranes and on 
 the interior was the fleshy part of the animal. Surrounding the upper 
 portions were a series of tentacles or arms. The animal could wave its 
 arms to attract small animalculea or even larger forms of life and then 
 grab the food and force it. into its mouth. The variety and delicacy of 
 the arms displayed in various crinoids is interesting. 
 
 Case IX consists chiefly of fossil teeth of sharks and other fishes. 
 Their variety is astounding. Many of the teeth are of the kind known 
 as "pavement teeth," being flat and set close on the bottom and on the 
 roof of the mouth. Some of the teeth are minute, while others measure 
 4 inches in breadth. The largest belong to a shark called carcharodon 
 No. 6994, a man-eating shark of enormous size. The best examples of 
 carcharodon were found in South Carolina in deposits which have fur- 
 nished .tons of these teeth.. The jaws in which the teeth were placed
 
 37 
 
 measured 6 feet across and the open mouth could admit an object 3 
 feet high. 
 
 In Case X are displayed the remains of fossil vertebrates, chiefly 
 the teeth, jaws, and leg bones of the mastodon and of elephas primi- 
 genius. There are a few bones of the primitive horses and deer. 
 
 TALL FLOOR CASES. CASES 31 TO 34. 
 
 The four tall cases in the north part of the room are for the most 
 part filled with petrographic specimens above and with fossils and 
 shells in the lower part. 
 
 For example the marbles used in the construction of the State- 
 house are shown in the 1st panel, Case No. XVIII. See Nos. 620, 624, 
 631, 630, 632, 627, 629, 636, 634, 638, 635, and 984, 2134, 2148, 2141, 
 2142, 2143, 2145, 2135. 
 
 In the next panel are a series of geodes from the Keokuk group 
 in Warsaw, Hancock County, Illinois. In panels 3 and 4 and in panel 
 5 of Case XVII are ores of economic importance from various parts of 
 the United States. 
 
 In the lower panels of Case XVII, 1, 2, 3, and 4, are a series of 
 fossils. Also in 1, 2, 3, 4, of Cases XIV, XV, XVI. In the upper 
 parts of Cases XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, are the petrographical collections 
 which have been assembled in various parts of the State of Illinois and 
 which have been purchased from dealers in this country and abroad. 
 
 In the lower part of Cases XI, XII and XIII are the shell col- 
 lections, a list of which was published in the museum report for 1911 
 and 1912. 
 
 In the upper panels of Case XII are a fine series of fossil tracks 
 from the Triassic sandstone of the Connecticut valley of No. 2419 and 
 2420 and from the Triassic sandstone of Massachusetts No. 2426, etc. 
 
 In the upper panels of Case XI are ethnographical collections 
 from Greenland, and from the Hawaiian and Fiji Islands. They 
 exhibit such things as native war clubs, cloth, girdles, wallets, brace- 
 lets, tools, etc. 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS. CASES 34 AND 35. 
 
 In the wall case on the eastern side of the room are Indian relics 
 such as arrowheads, ax heads, spades, knives, pipes, ornaments, discoidal 
 stones, plumets, baskets, bowls, pitchers and human skulls from various 
 Indian mounds. This collection while small is of a certain degree of 
 completeness and is sufficient to call attention to the great wealth of 
 material which has been found in the State of Illinois but which is 
 rapidly disappearing. 
 
 MUSKRAT GROUP. CASE 36. 
 
 No. 809. The habits of muskrats are depicted in the lifelike 
 group near the center of the hall prepared by Julius Friesser. A musk- 
 rat may be seen swimming through the water of a small pond in the 
 bottom of which are lily pads, clams and other plants and animals 
 characteristic of small ponds in Illinois. Another rat is eating a lily
 
 sa 
 
 pad root showing that they are largely vegetable feeders. Still another 
 is swimming under water to enter his dome-like house. These houses 
 are built of reeds and rushes, daubed together with mud. Throughout 
 the State scores of such mounds may be seen in ponds which lack high 
 banks. If the banks of a stream or pond are precipitous, muskrats 
 burrow into them instead of erecting huts. Muskrats knew how to 
 "throw arches" long before the Romans began to do so. This hut has 
 been cut through to show the interior and the rat inside. On the mound' 
 is another rat. The cattails and the kingfisher perched on a reed show 
 typical surroundings. See description of the muskrat on page 26. 
 
 OWL CASE. CASE 37. 
 
 In the southeast corner of the main room is a large case the upper 
 part of which is filled with the owls of Illinois. The list includes such 
 owls as the barn owl, the screech owl, Richardson's owl, the Acadian 
 owl, the short-eared owl, the great horned owl, and the snowy owl. 
 In addition to these Illinois owls which are so abundant and striking, 
 is the little burrowing owl the only one in the case which is not found 
 in this State but is characteristic of the Western States. 
 
 In the bottom of the case is the American condor, the buzzard 
 and the vulture, three birds most famous as being scavengers. The 
 condor is very valuable and difficult to obtain at the present, since there 
 is a penalty in the western states where he is found, for killing him. 
 
 GIANT CRAB. CASE 38. 
 
 On the east wall is a large panel containing a giant crab from 
 Japan. Underneath the giant crab is a sample of one of the smallest 
 crabs known, the fiddler crab. This giant crab in his native home 
 along the shore of the Pacific ocean, sometimes reaches a maximum 
 length of eighteen feet from the extremities of his arms. These crabs 
 are scavengers, slow of motion, sluggish in disposition, lazily climbing 
 over the rocks. Though uncanny creatures to encounter, they are not 
 dangerous being neither fleet or strong and having poor powers of 
 attack or defense. 
 
 CORALS. CASE 39. 
 
 More attractive forms than the crab are those embraced in the 
 case containing corals. The corals often display marvelous forms and 
 color. Their variety of shape is surprising and their color or the absence 
 of it in the white specimens, many of them being pure white, is very 
 attractive. Some of the specimens are deep black and others an attrac- 
 tive red. 
 
 EAGLES. CASE 39. 
 
 In the upper portion of the wall case are eagles, hawks and kites. 
 Among the hawks are the roughleg, Swainson's, broad-winged, red- 
 shouldered, red-tailed, ferruginous roughleg, Harlan's hawk and a 
 
 variety of kites and falcons.
 
 39 
 
 Dr. W. T. Hornaday on page 225 of "The American Natural His- 
 tory" holds up Pennsylvania as an object lesson in regard to certain ill- 
 advized bird legislation. He says in 1885 the legislature of that state 
 (Pennsylvania) enacted a law aimed at the wholesale destruction of 
 hawks and owls, and authorizing the various counties to pay cash 
 bounties for the "scalps" of those birds, at the rate of fifty cents each. 
 Immediately the work of slaughter began. Many thousand scalps of 
 hawks and owls were brought in, and over $90,000 were paid out for 
 them. It has been estimated that the "saving" to the agricultural in- 
 terests of the state amounted to $1 for every $1,205 paid out as boun- 
 ties ! In this manner the balance of Nature was quickly and completely 
 destroyed. 
 
 The awakening came even more quickly than anyone expected. By 
 the end of two years from the passage of the very injudicious "hawk 
 law" the farmers found their field-crops and orchards so completely 
 overrun by destructive mice, rate and insects, they appealed to the legis- 
 lature for the quick repeal of the law. This was brought about with all 
 possible haste. It was estimated by competent judges that the "hawk 
 law" cost the farmers and fruit growers of Pennsylvania not less than 
 $2,000,000 in actual losses on valuable crops. 
 
 The moral of this episode is it is always dangerous and often 
 calamitous to disturb violently the balance of nature, either by the 
 destruction of existing species of birds or mammals, or by the intro- 
 duction of new ones.
 
 BIRD AND MINERAL ROOM. 
 
 BIBD EXHIBIT IN CASES 40-58. 
 
 An exhibit of birds and minerals is made in room 23. Beginning 
 at the left hand the birds are arranged according to the plan followed 
 by the American Ornithological Union. First are shown the grebes, 
 next the jaegers, then twelve gulls of various sizes and plumage. The 
 largest of these are the Iceland gull No. 371, and the black-backed 
 gull No. 343, although the herring gulls attain considerable size. 
 
 Next are exhibited eleven terns. Few birds of Illinois or of the 
 northern United States are more picturesque or more strikingly 
 ornamented than the loons of which five examples are shown. No. 524 
 was shot at Loami; No. 682 was shot at Half Moon Lake, Sangamon 
 County, and donated by Mr. Shamel. 
 
 Next come the anhinga No. 342 and 435, two shearwaters No. 612 
 and 613, the yellow-billed tropic bird No. 389, double-crested cormor- 
 ant No. 344, and Florida cormorant No. 639, two adult man-o'-war 
 birds JNo. 379 and 684 and a iiesiimg i\o. o?o. 
 
 Cormorants are used in some parts of the world to fish for the 
 advantage of men. 
 
 In the next panel are two white pelicans No. 340 and 368, from 
 Warsaw, Illinois. 
 
 No birds are more sought after by hunters or more abundantly 
 found than are the series of ducks of which there are three panels on 
 exhibition consisting of the following: the American merganser, male 
 and female No. 337 and 349, red-breasted merganser, male and female 
 No. 338 and 339, the hooded merganser, male and female No. 423 and 
 422; and a hooded merganser, No. 555, shot near Springfield and 
 donated by F. Eeimer. Above them are two mallards, male and female, 
 No. 302 and 303. 
 
 In the next panel are : a black duck, male No. 304 ; the gadwall, 
 male and male and female No. 305 and 306; the baldpate, male and 
 female No. 309 and 310; blue-winged teal, male and female No. 313 
 and 314; green-winged teal, male and female No. 315 and 316; the 
 shoveller, male and female No. 311 and 312; pintail, male and female 
 No. 307 and 308; redhead, male and female No. 324 and 425. 
 
 In the first panel of Case XLII are shown the canvas back duck, 
 male and female No. 323 and 428; the scaup duck, male and female 
 No. 319 and 320; the ring-necked duck, male and female No. 321 and 
 322; Barrow's golden-eye, male and female No. 325 and 326; the 
 buffle head, male and female No. 427 and 327; the old squaw, two 
 males No. 329 and 554, and female No. 414; the harlequin duck, two 
 males No. 328 and 685 and a female No. 382; the American scoter, two
 
 41 
 
 males No. 331 and 330; velvet scoter, male and female No. 332 and 
 333 ; ruddy duck, three males No. 335, 336, 620. 
 
 In the next panel are a number of geese as follows: The lesser 
 snow goose, male No. 296; greater snow goose, male No. 882; blue 
 goose, male No. 297; Canada goose, male No. 299; Hutchin's goose, 
 male No. 300; white fronted goose, male No. 298; whooping swan, 
 male No. 295; whistling swan, male No. 294; brant, male and female 
 No. 301 and 426, 874 and 875. 
 
 The Wood Duck. 
 
 In the next panel are shown three American flamingoes, two males 
 No. 369 and 412 ; and a female No. 769 from the Zoological Gardens 
 in Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 The next case, No. 43, contains an exhibit of several hundred 
 species of birds' eggs and nests. (A complete catalog is published in 
 the museum report for 1911-1912, p. 52). They are displayed on glass 
 shelves in glass dishes in order that the eggs may be seen from below 
 as fell as from above.
 
 42 
 
 In size they vary from the six inches long ostrich eggs to the 
 minute hummingbirds eggs which are about as large as hazel nuts. 
 
 Many of these eggs and nests have come as gifts from the collec- 
 tors. Many of them have been purchased. Some were received as 
 exchanges. Altogether the collection shows great variety in size, color 
 and markings. 
 
 On the east side of the long case, Case 44, crossing the room 
 are the following series of birds : white ibis Nos. 377 and 609 ; glossy 
 ibis No. 235; wood ibis, male and female, Nos. 233 and 234; roseate 
 spoonbill Nos. 373 and 374. Three bitterns are shown, the American 
 bittern No. 244; least bittern, male and female Nos. 245 and 527. 
 The great blue heron which is still abundant in the State and which 
 fills the rookeries yet remaining in various parts of the State with 
 noisy, loud sounding birds, is represented by four specimens two 
 males Nos. 635 and 366, and two young Nos. 236 and 646. Next comes 
 the snowy heron No. 238 and Ward's heron No. 621. 
 
 One of the prized birds of the collection and one which unfortunately 
 has long since disappeared from the State, is the wild turkey No. 226. 
 Within a few years the last of the wild turkeys in the State were killed in 
 the southeastern counties along the valleys of the Mississippi River. 
 
 Next to the wall is a case No. 45, filled with Illinois woodpeckers. 
 The list includes some species now extinct in this State, the most notice- 
 able of which is the ivory -billed woodpecker Nos. 170 and 545, so called 
 because of its long, ivory-like bill, most effective for boring for insects in 
 the wood of almost any tree. Another large woodpecker is the pileated 
 woodpecker. In addition to these the following are shown : the downy 
 woodpecker, the hairy woodpecker, the Arctic three-toed woodpecker, the 
 redheaded woodpecker, the yellow-bellied woodpecker, the red-bellied 
 woodpecker, the sap-sucker and six flickers. 
 
 In the bottom of the case are a series of bird skeletons among 
 which are the wild turkey, the American egret, the red-tailed hawk, 
 the loon, the mallard and the sandhill crane. 
 
 In the next case, Case 46, are shown the warblers which are 
 so numerous and so varied in species in Illinois. The list includes sixty 
 different species. All are interesting because of their ability as 
 songsters. 
 
 In the lower part is a handsome collection of grouse. The list 
 is as follows: Sage grouse, male and female Nos. 880 and 881; the 
 dusky grouse, male and female Nos. 866 and 867; the sharp-tailed 
 grouse, female No. 229; the ruffed grouse No. 227; and the prairie 
 hen Nos. 228 and 535. 
 
 In the alcove is a case, No. 47, containing sandpipers, sander- 
 lings, yellowlegs, stilts and avocets. 
 
 The next case, No. 48, contains a number of heron; the 
 little blue heron, the green heron, the egrets and limpkins. Proceeding 
 in order are the sandpipers, woodcocks, phalaropes, gallinules, black 
 rails, yellow rails, Virginia rails, Carolina rails and three herons. 
 
 In the next cases, 49 and 50, are shown plover, curlew, sand- 
 piper and willet.
 
 43 
 
 In the bottom of Case 51 are shown, some of the smaller game 
 birds such as the California valley partridge, the California mountain 
 partridge, the Messina partridge and the bob white so abundant in 
 Illinois and so prized by the hunter. There is also shown the now 
 extinct passenger pigeon. These pigeons were at one time among the 
 most numerous of the bird inhabitants of the State. Often they flew 
 in enormous flocks so close together and so near the ground that far- 
 mers would knock them to the ground with fence rails. At night they 
 have been known to roost on trees in such great numbers as to bend 
 down and break off the branches of the trees upon which they lit. 
 
 Illinois Woodpeckers ivory billed, downy, hairy, red headed, pileated and flickers. 
 
 Case 45. 
 
 In the same case is shown the mourning dove, whippoorwill, chuck- 
 wills-widow and western night hawk. 
 
 In the upper part of the case are exhibited about one hundred 
 birds such as the red-winged blackbird, the Baltimore orioles, the gold 
 finches, siskins, a great number of sparrows, cardinals, cowbirds, bunt- 
 ings, etc. 
 
 In Case No. 52 are shown the various thrushes such as Bicknell's 
 thrush, the wood thrush, Wilson's thrush, the hermit thrush and the
 
 44 
 
 bird which is often mistaken for a thrush namely the brown thrasher. 
 There are a variety of interesting swallows, martins, bluebirds, tana- 
 gers, kingbirds, wrens and vireos. 
 
 The Wild Turkey in Case 44. 
 
 In the lower part of the case are ravens, crows, blue jays and 
 meadow larks.
 
 45 
 
 Next to these in Cases 53 to 56 arc four groups of birds with 
 natural surroundings and transparent backgrounds, prepared under 
 the direction of Julius Freisser, a part of the exhibit already described 
 on page 19 of the guide and also on page 6 of the Museum Eeport 
 for 1909 and 1910. 
 
 The bird exhibition is closed with a case, No. 57, of foreign 
 birds and one, No. 58, of peacocks and pheasants. In this group 
 are some of the most wonderfully colored birds. The scarlet ibis, the 
 king bird of paradise, the rifle bird of paradise, the kssor bird of 
 paradise, the cock of the rock, the purple breasted cotinga, the purple 
 throated cotinga, the green toucan, the grass parrokeet, the leadbeaters 
 cockatoo and a fine series of humming birds. 
 
 No bird is more striking than the peacock which was originally 
 found in India. A large number of kinds of pheasants, a few samples 
 of which are here shown, are being -cultivated in this State at the 
 State game farm. 
 
 One of the most attractive pheasants in this State is the beautiful 
 ring-necked pheasant. Less common are the copper pheasant, the 
 Impeyan pheasant, the blue-breasted pheasant, the golden pheasant, 
 the silver pheasant, Swinhoe pheasant and the argus pheasant. 
 
 MINERAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 In the center of the room are six cases, Nos. 59 to 65, con- 
 taining an exhibit of the most abundant, most typical or most useful 
 minerals. Minerals are the most abundant things in the world. All 
 animal life, all vegetation, all the works of man if put together would 
 form an enormous mass. But if in another pile were placed the min- 
 erals, the first pile would be so small in comparison as to be invisible. 
 Fortunately for the student the number of the different kinds of 
 minerals is small. While more than one million different animals 
 have been studied and described, the different species of minerals do 
 not amount to much more than one thousand, and of this number not 
 more than one hundred are common or abundant ! 
 
 These one hundred are represented in their most typical and 
 characteristic condition in the six A cases. They are arranged according 
 to their composition first and according to their form next. The main 
 divisions are called classes. All minerals are contained in fourteen 
 classes. The first class shown is that of the Elements, Class I. They 
 are the minerals which cannot be made by putting together other sub- 
 stances. They are simule in substance composed of just one thing. 
 Here are shown the diamond, graphite, sulphur, arsenic, antimony, 
 bismuth, silver, gold, copper, iron and platinum. -Other chemical 
 elements are for the most part gaseous at ordinary temperature and 
 hence are not shown. 
 
 The next class, Class II, The Sulphides contains those minerals 
 which are made by .Nature by .. combining sulphur with various other 
 elements. The most abundant and important sulphides are the follow- 
 ing: realgar, orpiment, stibnite, molybdenite, galena, sphalerite, cin- 
 nabar, millerite, pyrrhotite, chalcpsite, pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, 
 nicpllit, smaltite and chloanthite.
 
 46 
 
 Class III known as the class of Sulphur Salts contains pyrargyrite, 
 proustite, tetrahedrite minerals which are formed by the union of 
 sulphur with two or more metallic elements. 
 
 The next group, Class IV, the Haloids, includes minerals resulting 
 from the union of chlorine, bromine, iodine or fluorite with certain 
 metallic elements. The most important minerals in this class are 
 halite, sylvite, cryolite and fluorite. 
 
 Class V contains such minerals as are formed by the union of 
 various metallic elements with oxygen and hence is called the class of 
 the Oxides. In it are several of the most important minerals in the 
 world. The most abundant of all substances is quartz. It composes 
 78 per cent of the earth's crust. It is found in many forms, some of
 
 4? 
 
 great beauty clear rhombohedral quartz, smoky quartz, amethyst, 
 etc., or the chalcedonic varieties, chalcedony, agate, carnelian, helio- 
 trope, jasper. It occurs in boundless quantities as chert, flint, quartz- 
 ite, sand, etc. Other important oxides are hematite, rutile, ilmenite, 
 cassiterite, pyrolusite, limonite, gothite, spinel, corundum, etc. 
 
 The next class is Class VI, the Carbonates, a group containing 
 minerals of great abundance the chief of which is calcite, the third 
 most common mineral in the world. There may be mentioned also 
 siderite, witherite, cerussite and aragonite. 
 
 The group containing the greatest number of species is Class VII, 
 Silicates, of which there are about fifty common ones of great import- 
 ance because they are rock forming minerals. 
 
 First and foremost come the feldspars, orthoclase, microline and 
 plagioclase, then the group of the amphiboles and the pyroxenes. 
 Hardly less important are the micas muscovite, pholopite and biotite. 
 Sodalite, hauyne, analcite, chabazite, apophyllite, harmotome, zircon, 
 garnets, cyanite, staurolite, sillimanite, sphene, and topaz are also 
 very common and characteristic of certain rocks. 
 
 The following classes are of less importance than the others 
 namely : 
 
 Class VIII, the Niobates and Tantalates Class X, the Borates and 
 TIranates, Class XII, the Tungstates and Molybdates and Class XIII, 
 the Oxalates and Mellates. Of great value commercially is the class 
 of Phosphates, Class IX, since in it occurs the mineral apatite one of 
 the best sources of phosphorus. 
 
 The next class of importance is that of the Sulphates, Class XI, 
 which contains several minerals of abundance. Of these gypsum, 
 baryte and witherite are among the most useful. 
 
 And finally there is the great group contained in Class XIV, the 
 Hydrocarbons, coal, petroleum, gas, asphalt and related products. 
 No minerals are more important for the human race.
 
 TREE EXHIBIT IN GALLERY. 
 
 CASES 67 TO 69 ON PLATFORM. 
 
 In the gallery of the main auditorium of the Arsenal is displayed 
 a collection of practically all of the trees which grow in Illinois not 
 only those which are native, but those which are commonly cultivated. 
 One hundred fifty varieties are embraced in the collection. This is a 
 surprisingly large number and more than is found in many States. 
 The State being 385 miles long from north to south, gives opportunity 
 for a greater variety than if its chief dimensions were in an east and 
 west direction. At one time forests were much more extensive in the 
 State than at present. Today stretches of country which were covered 
 with forests, are now dotted with groves which are not much more than 
 wood lots for a farmer, though in some regions as for example in the 
 southwest part of the State, there are still considerable tracts occupied 
 exclusively by trees. 
 
 The wooded portions are usually along stream banks and on hill 
 sides the uplands being more largely devoid of cultivation or occupied 
 by grass grown prairies. Thanks to the help of tree planting however, 
 many regions which were formerly destitute of trees are now being 
 rewooded. It is a wise and beneficial custom to line city streets and 
 country roads with a great variety of handsome trees. 
 
 The exhibit consists of sections of the trunks of the various trees, 
 varying from one to four feet in diameter and being uniformly three 
 feet high. The sections show the longitudinal and oblique and a trans- 
 verse cutting, one-half of the face being varnished and the other half 
 natural. There are also sections one and one-half feet in height. On 
 the majority of the specimens there is fastened an illustration showing 
 on the left a picture of the leaves and fruit and on the right a picture 
 of the trunk of the tree. Below the picture of the trunk is a magni- 
 fied cross section of the wood as seen under a microscope. A map is 
 given showing the localities in which the tree is accustomed to grow 
 and above this map is a description of the tree. In this way a student 
 may readily distinguish the various trees. One wishing to become 
 acquainted may bring leaves to the museum and in the presence of these 
 specimens and pictures may accurately and readily determine the name 
 of the tree under investigation. 
 
 In the exhibit are 15 different kinds of oaks out of the 19 varieties 
 which are known to grow in the State. 
 
 Four different kinds of ash black ash, mountain ash, water ash 
 and white ash are displayed. Beeches, birches, buckeyes, butternuts, 
 catalpas, cherry, chestnut, crabapple, cucumber, cypress, elms (such as 
 white elm, the rock elm, the slippery elm, and winged elm), the gum,
 
 49 
 
 the huckleberry, the haw, the hemlock, the hickories (such as the shell- 
 bark, the big shellbark and white heart), the ironwood, the juneberry, 
 the larch, the lime tree, the locust (honey locust and yellow locust), 
 the maple (black maple, red maple, rock maple, swamp maple, white 
 maple), the mulberry, osage orange, paradise tree, pawpaw, pecan, 
 pepperidge, persimmon, poplar, redbud, sassafras, surface, sumac, syca- 
 more, thorn, tulip, tupelo, umbrella tree, the walnut, willow (peach, 
 silky and white willow) and such trees as the arbor vitae, red cedar, 
 gray pine, Norway spruce and white spruce. 
 
 S M
 
 50 
 
 TREES OF ILLINOIS AND OTHER STATES. 
 
 One who has given the subject of trees in the United States atten- 
 tion, is impressed with their wonderful variety, with their former 
 abundance and present sufficiency, with their beauty of form and of 
 color and with their utility. 
 
 The giant trees of California the redwoods and sequoias; the 
 wierd southern forests of Louisiana and the Gulf states ; the deep woods 
 of northern New England, New York and Michigan; and the groves 
 still remaining in Illinois and other Mississippi valley states, furnish 
 a complete picture of the trees of North America. 
 
 Unknown to many a citizen of Illinois, there are regions in our 
 State still covered with forests extensive enough for a visitor therein 
 to lose himself. The writer at one time following a country road 
 through a forest, determined to work his way into a wild portion so as 
 to lose sight of houses, roads and all indications of the presence of man. 
 The spot chosen was so thick with trees that after taking a few steps 
 all sign of the road had disappeared. Advance could be made but a 
 few feet in any direction without turning, so close were the trunks of 
 the trees. Here were seedlings as thick as the finger, saplings as large 
 as the wrist, fifteen year old trees with trunks as thick as a man's body 
 and two hundred year old sycamores so large that four men could with 
 difficulty reach around them. Brown trunks, green, gray, white, or 
 almost black. Leaves almost touching the ground, multitudes to right, 
 to left, in front, overhead, underneath, "thick strewn as leaves in 
 Vallambrosa." Branches so low that a fox could with difficulty go 
 under them and others so high as to shut out the heavens. Oak, 
 hickory, ash, maple, elm, cottonwood, aspen poplar, willow, walnut, 
 birch, beech, hackberry, mulberry, sassafras, thorn, cherry, locust and 
 many others were within the limits of that area. A few steps further 
 and an uprooted giant covered with lichens, lay rotting on the ground 
 where he had fallen, carrying to destruction many of his neighbors, like 
 some great man whose downfall had ruined the fortunes of those near 
 him and the happiness of people dependent upon him. Green luxuriant 
 moss, leaves from neighboring trees, and cork-like lichens were vying 
 to bury him. 
 
 The depth of the forest, its dark and quiet coolness recalled Long- 
 fellow's 
 
 "This is the forest primeval! 
 
 The murmuring pines and hemlocks, bearded with moss 
 Stand like Druids of old with voices sad and pathetic."
 
 51 
 
 Or Byron's lines 
 
 "There is a pleasure in the pathless woods 
 
 There is a rapture on the silent shore 
 There is a solitude where none intrudes 
 By the deep sea and music in its roar." 
 
 The air was still, the world seemed far away and the writer sat 
 on the fallen tree, noting the shapes of the leaves, their color, their mass 
 effects, their light and shade. He pushed his cane far down into the 
 soft mold, formed by the dying leaves, and thought of what vast im- 
 portance is the preservation of this leaf mold which covers the ground 
 with its sponge-like mass and absorbs the most heavy rainfall, to let 
 it out gradually later. Were it not for the clearing of the forests 
 and the washing away of this spongy covering in Ohio and other states, 
 there would have been no Dayton flood and other similar floods in 
 the Ohio and Mississippi valleys in recent years floods which cause 
 loss of property amounting to millions of dollars and the loss of life 
 whose value cannot be measured by money. As I sat on that prostrate 
 tree a gentle rain beginning to fall, brought this picture up. My atten- 
 tion was arrested by a noise behind a tree. With trepidation I 
 endeavored to ascertain the cause. Was it a bear or wolf or wild cat? 
 Peering cautiously this way and that, I discovered that it was simply 
 a squirrel. Continuing my steps in the supposed direction of home I 
 soon noticed that I was undoubtedly lost. However, after wandering 
 about for an hour or so I heard a railroad train whistling and by noting 
 its whistle on three different occasions, I was guided in the right 
 direction and after some time found my way home. 
 
 A million acres in Illinois are still covered with forests. Thirty- 
 eight per cent of Alexander, county is forested, 37 per cent of Johnson, 
 34 per cent of Pulaski.* 
 
 Probably in no state in the Union is there a greater variety of trees 
 than are to be found in Illinois. One hundred and fifty varieties are 
 known and described and the majority of them are on exhibition in the 
 State Museum. 
 
 The oaks are the most numerous of all our trees. They furnish 
 the greatest amount of wood and contain the largest number of species, 
 nineteen. (Fourteen of these are represented in the museum collec- 
 tion.) The hickories are the next in number of species, there being 
 nine. There .are five varieties of ash and five of maple. Four species 
 of elm are represented. Then come the poplars, cottonwoods, aspens, 
 willows, walnuts, birch, beech, hackberry, mulberry, osage orange, 
 cucumber, sassafras, sweet gum, crab, thorn, haw, plum, cherry, locust, 
 buckeye, basswood, linden, catalpa, sumach, hornbean, witchhazel, 
 wahoo, dogwood, viburnum, pine, cypress, juniper, etc. All of these 
 may readily be studied in the museum collection. One wishing to see 
 the largest possible variety of these trees growing together would go 
 to the southeastern part of the State where within short distances 
 100 varieties of trees may be found. 
 
 Southern forests are today more extensive than those remaining 
 in most of the Mississippi valley states. They do not seem so attractive 
 
 *See Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory Nat. Hist., v. IX, 4, p. 178.
 
 52 
 
 as do the forests farther north. True they are picturesque with mistle- 
 toe and Spanish moss. But they lack the brightness and friendliness 
 of northern forests and suggest dark days, disaster and mourning. 
 Many of their trees attain a considerable height, some of the largest 
 exceeding one hundred feet in elevation. The palms, palmetto, man- 
 grove, eucalyptus, cypress, sweet gum, ebony and mahogany are trees 
 of often curious shape, of strange appearance and their wood is of great 
 value. Without some of their products the world would be many times 
 poorer. One of the chief contributions which the southern pine forests 
 make to the welfare of the world, has been turpentine and other naval 
 supplies. Without them in the past ship building in the country would 
 have been wellnigh impossible. 
 
 Undoubtedly the most unusual and wonderful trees in the world 
 are the sequoias and redwoods of California. The redwoods grow near 
 the coast and the sequoias at an elevation of some five thousand feet 
 above sea level. Europe has nothing to compare with trees of this kind. 
 So remarkable is their size that fiction is not much stranger than fact 
 when discussing them. A gentleman visiting a grove of these giants 
 in the Mariposa forest, started to walk around one of the trees. It is 
 said that he found the distance so great that he had to sit down to 
 rest. His camp was made near one of the largest trees and the next 
 time he started around one he kised his wife goodbye. A cattle driver, 
 driving several hundred cattle to market, came to a stream so broad 
 and deep as to bar further progress. Looking up the river he was glad 
 to discover that a sequoia had fallen across the stream. Upon examina- 
 tion the trunk appeared to be open at both ends so that the cattle could 
 be driven through and across. He thought this a good opportunity to 
 count the cattle and placed one of his men at the farther end of the 
 tree on the other bank, while he remained at the opening on this side 
 of the river. Upon finishing his count at the far end the man reported 
 three hundred less than the number which had entered the tree. 
 Distant lowing was heard and what was the surprise of the cattleman 
 to discover that three hundred of the cattle had wandered up one of 
 the branches of the tree and they had become lost. In the presence of 
 these mighty trees one understands the reason for such stories. Some 
 sequoias attain a height of 325 feet and a diameter of 30 feet and the 
 surprising thing is that such gigantic trunks should belong to trees with 
 the smallest of leaves. The leaves in some cases are less than a quar- 
 ter of an inch in length. Sequoias are regarded as the oldest of all 
 living things, some of them having sprung from seeds before the birth 
 of Christ. A number are thought to be more than two thousand years 
 of age. In various California forests there are many thousands of 
 them. Their wood is valuable but of course the total furnished by 
 them, giants though they be, is small in comparison with the amount 
 of wood furnished by the multitudes of smaller trees throughout the 
 country. The cords of wood and the feet of lumber supplied by the 
 comparatively smaller trees, are so numerous as the bury all the 
 sequoias of the world a million times over.
 
 What the world would be without trees may be surmised by d 
 person who wanders through the desert places of the world. Barren, 
 unattractive and even hostile appears a landscape devoid of them. 
 
 How useful they are! They furnish us food the orange, lemon, 
 lime and grape fruit; the banana, fig and date; the apple, peach, pear, 
 plum, cherry, mulberry; the pawpaw; persimmon; the cocoanut, hickory 
 nut, walnut, butternut, Brazil nut and pecan. They furnish us fuel. 
 Millions of cords of wood have been burned from time immemorial 
 annually. They were the first fuel. Man would be more like other ani- 
 mals if he had not learned to make fire. In many places of the world the 
 chief fuel is still that furnished by wood. Trees supply the favorite 
 building material, being so easily worked, so readily transported and 
 so artistically handled. Were it not for them in newer countries 
 fewer people would own houses. To mention all the uses to which the 
 products of the forests are put, would require much space but we may 
 call attention to one use which, were it to fail, would leave the world 
 poor indeed. That use is in the manufacture of paper. The use of 
 paper marks the level of civilization. Without paper there would be 
 no books or magazines or newspapers. And what would the world be 
 without them. 
 
 As we think of the slow growth of trees, of their easy destruction 
 and of their great usefulness, we are inclined to cry out when even 
 one tree is threatened by the axeman "Woodman spare that tree ! 
 Touch not a single bough," whether or not "in youth it sheltered" us. 
 We believe in tree planting, in tree cultivation and in tree protection 
 and Arbor Day is a day most worthy of celebration the country over!
 
 FACTS AND FANCIES CONCERNING WORLD MAKING. 
 
 The question as to whence we came and whither we are going 
 what was the beginning and what will be the end of the world has 
 been asked doubtless ever since men began to think. How were the 
 stars made and how the earth ? The answers have been various, depend- 
 ing upon the amount of information or the amount of imagination of 
 the person supplying the answer. To allow the imagination to deal 
 with the subject has never been difficult. No doubt the early shepherds 
 watching their flocks at night, gazed long into the heavens and 
 dreamed of the beginning and the end of the world. 
 
 But to obtain facts bearing on the question has been a laborious 
 process. No one was present at the creation of the world ! No photo- 
 grapher was there to snap the passing events, nor reporter to tell of 
 each day's progress, nor historian to relate how "the morning stars sang 
 together." I used to think that several thousand years ago people 
 might have had a better idea of the creation and of cosmogony, than 
 they do now, since they were nearer to the beginning of things. But 
 now I know that such is not the case. The older the world grows, the 
 wiser men become because they come into possession of a larger number 
 of facts. 
 
 Babylonians, Hebrews, Egyptians, Greeks, Hindoos and Chinese 
 in turn had curious conceptions of the creation and of the present 
 condition of the world. They thought that the world was made by a 
 series of edicts and in a short time. They considered it to be flat like 
 a great plain or disk and that above it the heaven is spread like a dome, 
 in which are suspended lamps for the day and night. The idea is a 
 natural one. The heaven looks as if such were the case and children 
 today think that the moon is a hanging lamp and try to grasp it or with 
 a puff of the breath to blow it out. 
 
 The ancients had their troubles when they began to explain how 
 the great flat disk of their conception was supported. Some of them 
 taught that four great elephants hold up the four corners of the disk. 
 But what holds up the elephants ? A great tortoise. But what supports 
 the tortoise? A monstrous snake. So one thing demanded another 
 until those philosophers were lost in the clouds. The Greeks were no 
 better off with Atlas carrying the world on his shoulders. There was 
 a poverty of facts upon which to found conclusion. Men had dreams 
 and "opinions," although an old Greek philosopher hundreds of years 
 before Christ, had warned them that "opinions are dangerous, Experi- 
 ence is the thing/ 
 
 The man with opinions, the dreamer, has not disappeared yet, but 
 fortunately the number of men who have exact knowledge, has been
 
 55 
 
 increasing. Copernicus (D. 1543) came along with facts in regard to 
 the support of the earth, the revolution of the planets and other astro- 
 nomical phenomena. Kepler (D. 1630) made accurate studies and 
 was able to formulate so many astronomical laws that he was nicknamed 
 the "law-maker of the heavens." La Place (D. 1827) pursued astro- 
 nomical studies successfully and suggested an ingenious theory of the 
 origin of the solar system. For many years this theory the nebular 
 hypothesis was the most satisfactory explanation of the origin of the 
 world. But during recent years, by means of splendid telescopes, of 
 accurate measuring machines, of microscopes, and by the use of photo- 
 graphy in astronomical observations, as well as because of the increase 
 in knowledge of various kinds in many kindred sciences, information 
 in regard to the heavens and the earth has grown so remarkably that 
 we now have a better theory than the nebular hypothesis. Astronomers, 
 physicists, chemists and geologists have all been working carefully 
 with these problems and men of many nations have made contribu- 
 tion of facts the Russians and Italians, a small number; Austrians 
 and French more; the Germans, English and Americans the most. 
 
 If we take these facts and put them down as points on a great 
 chart, as Frank Beard the cartoonist used to do before chautauqua 
 audiences when drawing pictures in their presence, we will have the 
 basis of a wonderful picture of the creation of the world. Connecting 
 some of the points with main lines, others with lighter lines and omit- 
 ting some others, we obtain a picture of the creation. It may vary 
 somewhat according to the way in which we draw our connecting lines. 
 But the points are there. They are the facts. They do not change. 
 Whatever picture we make with them is the most satisfactory which 
 has thus far been produced. The story which it relates may not "sing" 
 as well as does the Mosaic .account. If Handel were writing another 
 oratoria of "The Creation," he might be compelled to change his music 
 somewhat. But the story told by this picture is satisfying because it 
 is founded upon accurate measurement, accurate weighing and well- 
 established laws of the universe. This story is somewhat as follows: 
 
 The heavens are full of stars, planets and other bodies of infinite 
 variety and size. These bodies are in constant motion. At times they 
 approach each other. Sometimes they collide. When great masses 
 come within certain distances of each other, their mutual attractions 
 cause tides, just as the moon does in revolving around the earth. At 
 one time in the remote past, two suns revolving through space came 
 so near to each other that their mutual attractions drew out great 
 mases of their fiery material to such an extent that these fragments, 
 large and small, became separated from the parent mass. As the suns 
 proceeded on their course, these fragments scattered through space, 
 continued their independent revolutions in the form of a stupendous 
 spiral. The heavens are today filled with these spiral nebulae. One 
 hundred twenty thousand are now known to exist. Our solar system 
 came from one of them. The parent spiral consisted of a large central 
 mass, having two main arms nearly at right angles to each other, 
 composed of large knots of meteoric matter, smaller knots, and particles 
 down to the most minute size. All of these materials had revolutions
 
 56 
 
 which were the result of the original motions of the parent suns and 
 of their effects on one another. As their revolutions continued, the 
 central mass gave rise to our sun; the larger knots gave rise to the 
 planets; the smaller masses lying in the path of these planets, were 
 drawn into the planets by the force of gravity acting in conjunction 
 with their motion; the larger materials, near enough to the planets to 
 be influenced by them, formed their satellites ; . and those farther 
 removed gave rise to the asteroids. 
 
 According to this account, which is called the "planetesimal hypo- 
 thesis"* by Chamberlin and Moulton its originators and which will 
 be taught to the coming generations of children instead of the 
 nebular hypothesis, which has proven to be inadequate, the earth 
 never was a molten mass. It was built of solid particles. These 
 particles act like little planets and consequently are named planetesi- 
 mals. As they were added to the original nucleus it finally became 
 large enough to hold gasses and an atmosphere was formed. Then 
 as it grew in size the particles pressed and settled together and in 
 so doing developed such great heat as to fuse certain portions and thus 
 cause volcanic activity; various gases were set free, among them hydro- 
 gen and oxygen, which united to make water. Oceans were formed. 
 Finally life began in very simple character, doubtless having been 
 introduced with the organic matter contained in the infalling meteor- 
 ites. The world grew apace and with its growth of size there came an 
 increase of heat. Intense volcanic activity resulted. At this time the 
 oldest rocks now known, the Archaean rocks, were formed. Finally 
 by the action of water one series after another of the sedimentary 
 formations were laid down. Thus the seven ages of man find their 
 counterpart in the seven stages of the earth's formations. 1. The 
 nuclear stage; 2. the atmospheric stage; 3. the initial volcanic stage; 
 4. the oceanic stage; 5. the life stage; 6. the violent volcanic stage; 
 7. the sedimentary stage. 
 
 The question as to the time and manner of the introduction of 
 life in the world, has always been an interesting and baffling one. All 
 that is known is that life was introduced in extremely simple form. 
 This is the testimony of the rocks and no one who is not a "car window 
 geologist" or a cosy-chair philosopher, may reach any other conclusion. 
 The oldest rocks contain the remains of the simplest forms of life only 
 and as the pages of the rock-world are turned, the investigator finds 
 a continually advancing form of life. In the old formations are to be 
 found the remains of sponges, corals, mollusks, brachiopods, cephalo- 
 pods, and other animals of simple structure. Fish, reptiles and birds 
 do not appear till much later. And mammals do not reach their maxi- 
 mum development until the present time. 
 
 As one looks at this picture he is impressed with the long periods 
 of time involved in each of the different processes. There are many 
 methods of obtaining some conception of the time involved. Various 
 measuring rods have been employed. One is obtained by studying 
 rock-making today. In some places rock is being formed by the deposi- 
 
 *See Moulton's Introduction to Astronomy and Chamberlin and Salisbury's 
 Geology.
 
 57 
 
 tion and cementation of sands and gravel. In other places, for example 
 the Yellowstone Park, deposits are formed by hot springs. The rate 
 of growth of these deposits is measured and gives an idea of the time 
 involved in the formation of great systems of rock. Sandstones, con- 
 glomerates, limestones shales and clays have been laid down in all 
 continents in layers so massive that their total known thickness exceeds 
 500,000 feet. Dividing this total by the average rate of growth shows 
 that more than 100 millions of years were necessary for their deposition. 
 
 Another measuring rod or chronometer is obtained by the study 
 of stream cutting. The Niagara River furnishes a splendid and popular 
 example of studies of this kind. 
 
 The falls have cut back from Lewistown to Niagara Falls, a dis- 
 tance of 12 miles. The rate of cutting has been studied for nearly 
 a century.* The rate of cutting seems to average about 5 feet a 
 year. Therefore 12,000 years would be required for the making of 
 Niagara Gorge. The glaciers which covered all the country as far as 
 the Ohio and Missouri Eivers must have retreated long before the 
 cutting began. This measure of time gives a starting point for 
 estimates which lead back to the beginning of things. 
 
 Another method of studying the time involved in the making of 
 the earth, is that which consists in measuring the amount of salt in 
 the sea. When the oceans were first formed by the union of hydrogen 
 and oxygen, liberated by the fusing planetesimals, the water would be 
 comparatively pure. Streams flowing over the country would carry 
 to the ocean the salts picked up in their course. The amount of salt 
 in a quart of sea water is measured and is multiplied by the number 
 of quarts of water in the oceans. The amount of salt carried annually 
 by the rivers of the world, is estimated from multitudes of observa- 
 tions. This amount is divided into the salt in the ocean and thus the 
 years required to carry the present salt to the ocean, is arrived at. 
 
 Another method of investigation is one concerned with the trans- 
 formation of one chemical into another. For example, radium decom- 
 poses giving rise to helium, uranium disintegrates to form lead. The 
 quantities of these new elements in a given mineral are measured and 
 the time required for the transformation is estimated. 
 
 Physicists have measured the loss of heat, of water, of atmosphere 
 in the earth and the rapidity of cooling of the sun and thus obtained 
 a measure of time. Palaeontologists measure the rate of change in 
 different branches of animal "family trees" and reach accurate results. 
 
 All of these methods agree in their general results and show that 
 the earth is more than 100 millions of years old. 
 
 Although so much work has been done along lines concerned with 
 world making, yet far more remains to be done. All the facts obtained 
 simply serve to push back the bounds of our ignorance. None of our 
 facts carry us to the "Primal Cause." We always start with original 
 substances and follow them through successive stages. 
 
 Other worlds came as did ours, just as one rose comes like another, 
 or one orange, or one canary bird. All required an origin or starting 
 point. 
 
 *G. K. Gilbert, U. S. G. S. Bulletin 306. Rate of Recession of Niagara Falls.
 
 58 
 
 There was a gathering up of fragments, heating, melting, cooling; 
 then life in the ocean, simple in character, with no fit land for land 
 animals; then animals half in half out of the water (amphibians) ; 
 then simple land animals; then better types; and finally man. A long, 
 slow process it was "Though the mills of God grind slowly, yet they 
 grind exceeding small !" Chemical and physical forces were at work 
 the power of crystallization and gravitation. 
 
 Men of the keenest scientific mind and of the most profound learn- 
 ing say with Moses "In the beginning God made the heavens and tbo 
 earth." "The heavens declare the glory of God and the earth showeth 
 His handiwork." "One unceasing purpose runs" through all the uni- 
 verse, and every thoughtful man may well say to himself: 
 "Build thee more stately mansions, Oh, my soul ! 
 
 As the swift seasons roll, 
 
 Leave thy low-vaulted past. 
 
 Let each new temple, nobler than the last 
 
 Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast, 
 
 Till thou at length are free, 
 
 Leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea !"
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Acadian Owl, Glaux acadicus 38 
 
 Admission, Hours of 3 
 
 Agate 47 
 
 Albinos 25 
 
 Alcoholic Specimens 21 
 
 Alligator, A lligator Mississippienus 20 
 
 Alston's Opossum (Kangaroo Mouse), Caluro- 
 
 mys alstoni 23 
 
 American Buffalo, Bos A mericanus 32 
 
 American Eel, A riguilla vulgaris 21 
 
 Amethyst 47 
 
 Ammonites 35 
 
 Amphibole 47 
 
 Analcite 47 
 
 Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga 40 
 
 Antelope 18, 32 
 
 Antelope Horns 18 
 
 Antimony 45 
 
 Apatite 47 
 
 Apophylite 47 
 
 Aragonite ... 47 
 
 Arbor Vitae 49 
 
 Archaeological Collections 37 
 
 Armadillo. Tatum novemdnctum 23 
 
 Arrowheads 37 
 
 Arsenic 45 
 
 Arsenopyrite 45 
 
 Ash, Black 48 
 
 Mountain 48 
 
 Water 48 
 
 White 48 
 
 Asphalt 47 
 
 Avocet, Recurvirostra A mericana 42 
 
 AxeHeads ... 37 
 
 Baboon, Pa-pis cynocephalus 29 
 
 Badger, Taxidea taxus 28 
 
 Baldpate, Mareca Americana 40 
 
 Baltimore Oriole, Icterus glabula 43 
 
 Barn Owl, Strix pratinocola 38 
 
 Barycrinus 36 
 
 Baryte 47 
 
 Baskets 37 
 
 Bat, Hoary. Lasiurus cincereus 29 
 
 Bat, Red, Lasiurus borealis 29 
 
 Beaver, Caster Canadensis 33 
 
 Beeches 48 
 
 Biotite 47 
 
 Birches 48 
 
 Birds Eggs 41 
 
 Bismuth 45 
 
 Bittern, American, Botaurus lentiginosus 42 
 
 Least, Ixobrychus exilis 42 
 
 Black Bass, Micropterus salmoides 20, 21 
 
 Black Bear, Ursus A mericanus 30 
 
 Blackbird, Red- Winged, Agelaius phoeniceus.. 43 
 
 Black Crappie, Pomoxis annularis 20 
 
 Black Snake, Spilotes corais 21 
 
 Black Squirrel, Sciurus niger 25 
 
 BlaJr.FTG...! , .. 3 
 
 Blanding's Tortoise 21 
 
 Bluebirds, Sialia sialis 44 
 
 Blue Cat, Ictalurus furcatus 21 
 
 Bluegill-Sunfish, Lepomis pallidus 20, 21 
 
 Blue Jays '44 
 
 BlueSunflsh 20,21 
 
 Blue-Winged Teal, Querguedula discors 40 
 
 Borates 47 
 
 Bowls .. 37 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Brachiopods 35 
 
 Brant, Branta bernicla glaucogastra 41 
 
 Brown Thrasher, Toxostoma rufun 44 
 
 Bryozoans 35 
 
 Buckeyes 48 
 
 Buffalo, Bos A mericanus 20, 32 
 
 Bull Frog 20 
 
 Buntings, Passerina 43 
 
 Burrowing Owl 38 
 
 Butternuts 48 
 
 Buzzard, Cathartes Aura septentrionalis 38 
 
 Cahokia Mound ... 16 
 
 Calopora 35 
 
 Calcite 47 
 
 Chalcocite 45 
 
 Canada Goose, Branta Canadensis 41 
 
 Canada Lynx, Lynx Canadensis 31 
 
 Canvas Back Duck, Marila vallisneria 40 
 
 Carbonates 47 
 
 Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis 43 
 
 Caribou, Rangifer caribou 32 
 
 Carnelian 47 
 
 Carp, German, Cyprinus carpio 20 
 
 River, Carptodes carpio 20 
 
 Cassiterite 47 
 
 Catalpa 48 
 
 Cat Fish 21 
 
 Centipede 21 
 
 Cephalopods 35 
 
 Cerrusite 47 
 
 Chabasite 47 
 
 Chalcedony 47 
 
 Chamaeleon 21 
 
 Chambered Nautilus 35 
 
 Channel Cat, Ictalurus punctatus 21 
 
 Carcharodon 36 
 
 Cherry 48 
 
 Chert 47 
 
 Chestnut 48 
 
 Chickadees, Penthestes atricapillus 18 
 
 Chipmunk, Colorado (Rock Squirrel), Tamias 
 
 quadrivittatus 
 
 .. 45 
 20,21 
 ..43 
 .. 45 
 47 
 45 
 46 
 
 20 
 
 Chloanthite 
 
 Chuckle Headed Cat, Ictalurus furcatus. 
 
 Chuck-Wills-Widow 
 
 Cinnabar 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Cockatoo. Leadbeater's, Cacatua leadbeateri . . 
 
 Cock of the Rock, Rupicola aurantia 
 
 Cod, Gadi 
 
 Colorado Chipmunk (Rock Squirrel), Tamias 
 quadrivittatus 
 
 Condor, Pseudogryphus Californianus 
 
 Copper 
 
 Corals 35, 
 
 Cormorant, Double-Crested, Phalacrocorax di- 
 
 lophus 
 
 Florida 
 
 Corundum 
 
 Cotinga, Purple Breasted. Cotinga Caerulea. 
 Purple Throated 
 
 Cottontail (Grey Rabbit), Lepus Floridanus 
 
 Cougar, Felis concolor 
 
 Cowbirds. Molofhrus ater 
 
 Coyote, Canis latrans 
 
 Crabapple 
 
 Crab, Fiddler 
 
 Giant 
 
 Crane, Sandhill, Grus Canadensis
 
 60 
 INDEX Continued. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Crinoids 36 
 
 Crook, A. R 3 
 
 Crows, Corvus Americanus 44 
 
 Cryolite 46 
 
 Cucumber 48 
 
 Curlew, Numenius borealis 42 
 
 Cyanite 47 
 
 Cypress 48 
 
 Devil Fish ... 21 
 
 Diamond 45 
 
 Diamond Backed Rattler 21 
 
 Dog Fish, Amiacalva 20 
 
 Dog Shark, Gallus canis 21 
 
 Drill Cores 14 
 
 Duck, Barrow's Golden Eye, Clangula islandica 40 
 
 Black, A nas rubripes tristis 40 
 
 BuffleHead, Charitonetta albeola 40 
 
 Canvas Back, Marila vallisneria 40 
 
 Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus 40 
 
 Old Squaw, Harulda hymenalis 40 
 
 Redhead, Marila A mericana 40 
 
 Ruddy, Erismatura Jamaicensis 41 
 
 Scaup, Marila affinis 40 
 
 Wood, Aix sponsa 41 
 
 Duck Mole, Ornithorhyncus anatinus 22 
 
 Dunne, Edward F 3 
 
 Eagles, Haliaeetus leucocephalus ... 38 
 
 Eel Pout, Lota maculosa .. .. 20 
 
 Eggs 41 
 
 Egret, Ardea egretta 42 
 
 Elements 45 
 
 Elephas primigenius 37 
 
 Elk, Cervus Canadensis 32 
 
 Elms, R9Ck 48 
 
 Slippery 48 
 
 Whfte.. ... 48 
 
 Winged 48 
 
 Entrance Hall 12, 13 
 
 Ethnographical Collections 37 
 
 Fisher, Fannie .. 3 
 
 Fisher, Mustela Canadensis 28 
 
 Fishes 20 
 
 Fish Skeletons 20 
 
 Flamingo, Phoenicopterus antiquorum 41 
 
 Flickers, Colaptes auratus 42 
 
 Flint... ... 47 
 
 Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes. .. ... 20 
 
 Fluorite 46 
 
 Flying Phalanger, Petaurista taguanoides 23 
 
 Flying Squirrel, Sciuropterus volans 2i 
 
 Forbes, S. A 21 
 
 Fossil Exhibits 34 
 
 Fossil Invertebrates 34 
 
 Fossil Leaves 36 
 
 Fossil Tracks 37 
 
 Fossil Vertebrates 36 
 
 Fox Squirrel, Sciurus Niger 25 
 
 Friesser, Julius 18 
 
 Gad wall, Chaulelasmus streperus 4Q 
 
 Galena 45 
 
 Gallinule, lonornis martinica 42 
 
 Garnet 47 
 
 Gars 20 
 
 Garter Snake 21 
 
 Gas 47 
 
 Gasteropods 35 
 
 Geological Section 16 
 
 Gold 45 
 
 Gold Finches, Spinus tristis 43 
 
 Goose, Blue, Chen caerulescens 41 
 
 Canada, Branta Canadensis 41 
 
 Greater Snow, Chen hyperborea nivalis. . 41 
 Hutchin's, Branta Canadensis hutchinsii 41 
 
 Lesser, Chen hyperborea 41 
 
 White Fronted, Anser albifrons gambeli. 41 
 
 Gothite ... 47 
 
 Graphite 45 
 
 Gray Pine 49 
 
 Great Ant Eater, Myrmecophaga jubata 23 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Great Horned Owl ............................ 38 
 
 Grebes, Colymbus ............................. 40 
 
 Green Turtle ................................. 34 
 
 Green- Winged Teal, A nas Carolinensis ........ 40 
 
 GreyFpx, Urocion cinero-argentus ............. 31 
 
 Grey Pike, Stizostedion canadense griseum ..... 21 
 
 Grey Rabbits, Lepus floridanus ............... i 6 
 
 Grey Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis ............ 25 
 
 Grey Wolf, Canis occidentalis .................. 31 
 
 Grizzly Bear, Ursus horribilis ................. 30 
 
 Ground Hog (Woodchuck), Marmota monax.. 25 
 
 Grouse, Dusky, Dendragapus obscurus ........ 42 
 
 Ruffed, Bonasa umbellus ............. 42 
 
 Sage, Centrocerus urophasianus ....... 42 
 
 Sharp-Tailed, Pediocaetes phasianellus. 42 
 
 Gulls, Black-Backed, Laurus ................. 40 
 
 Herring, Laurus ....................... 40 
 
 Iceland, Laurus ........................ 40 
 
 Gum Tree .................................... 48 
 
 Gypsum ...................................... 47 
 
 Halite 
 
 Haloids .................................... ... 
 
 Harlequin Snake ............................. 
 
 Harmotome .................................. 
 
 Hauyne ...................................... 
 
 Haw .......................................... 
 
 Hawk, Broadwinged, Buteo platypterus ....... 
 
 Ferruginous, Buteo ferrugineus ........ 
 
 Harlan's, Buteo borealis harlani ........ 
 
 Red Shouldered, Buteo lineatus ........ 
 
 Red Tailed, Buteo borealis ........... 38 
 
 Rough Legged, A rchibuteo ferrugineus . 
 
 S wainson's, Buteo Swainsoni .......... 
 
 Heliotrope .................................... 
 
 Hematite ..................................... 
 
 Hemlock ..................................... 
 
 Hen, Prairie, Tympanuchus Americanus ...... 
 
 Heron, Great Blue, Ardea herodias 
 
 Green, Ardea virescens ................. 
 
 Snowy, A rdea candidissima ............ 
 
 Ward's Ardea Wardi .................. 
 
 Hickory, Big Shell Bark 
 Shell Bark 
 White Heart 
 
 Hippopotamus 
 
 Hornaday, W. T 
 
 Hornet's Nest 
 
 Hoyt's Garter Snake 
 
 Huckleberry 
 
 Hummingbirds, Trochilus 
 
 Hydrocarbons 
 
 Ibis, Glossy, Plegadis autumnalis .............. 42 
 
 Scarlet, Guara rubra ..................... 42 
 
 White, Guara alba ....................... 42 
 
 Wood, Tantalus loculator ................ 42 
 
 Ichthyosaurus ................................ 36 
 
 Illinois Relief Map ............................ 33 
 
 Ilmenite ...................................... 47 
 
 Indian Relics ................................. 37 
 
 Insect Cases .................................. 33 
 
 Iron .......................................... 45 
 
 Ironwood Tree ................................ 49 
 
 Jack Rabbit, Lepus texanus.. 
 
 Jasper 47 
 
 Johnson, James 21 
 
 Jumping mouse, Zapus hudsonicus 29 
 
 Juneoerry Tree 49 
 
 Kayak 13 
 
 Kingbird of Paradise 44 
 
 Lake Herring, Argyrosomus artedi 20 
 
 Lake Trout, Christivomer namaycush 20 
 
 Larch Tree 49 
 
 Large Mouth Black Bass, Micropterus salmoides 20 
 
 Leather Turtle, A myda mutica 21 
 
 Lepidodendrons 36
 
 61 
 
 INDEX Continued. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 er Bird of Paradise 45 
 
 Lime ... 49 
 
 Limonite 47 
 
 Limpkin, Aramus gigantcus 42 
 
 Lituites 35 
 
 Locust, Honey 49 
 
 Yellow 49 
 
 Loons, Urinator arcticus 40, 42 
 
 Macaque, Macaque macacus 29 
 
 Mahogany Canoe 13 
 
 Mallards, A nas platyrhynchos 40, 42 
 
 Man-O'- War-Bird, Fragata aquila 40 
 
 Maple, Black 49 
 
 Red 49 
 
 Rock 49 
 
 Swamp 49 
 
 White 49 
 
 Marcasite 45 
 
 Martin, Progne subis 28,44 
 
 Mastodon 37 
 
 Meadow Larks, Sturnella neglecta .' 44 
 
 Mellates 47 
 
 Merganser, American, Merganser A mericanus . 40 
 
 Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus 40 
 
 Red Breasted, Merganser senator .. 40 
 
 Mica ... 47 
 
 Mice .. 29 
 
 Microline.... 47 
 
 Millerite ... 45 
 
 Minerals 45 
 
 Mink, Putorius vison 28, 30 
 
 Mole, Scalopus aquaticus 27 
 
 Molybdates... 47 
 
 Molybdenite 45 
 
 Monk's Mound 16 
 
 Mountain Lion, Felis cougar 30 
 
 Mourning Dove, Zenaidura macroura 43 
 
 Mouse, Jumping, Zapus hudsonicus 29 
 
 Mud Cat, Leptops olivaris 21 
 
 Mud Puppy, Necturus maculatus 20 
 
 Mulberry ... 49 
 
 Muscovite 47 
 
 Muskrat, Fiber Zibethicus 
 
 Nautilus 35 
 
 Nicollite 45 
 
 Niobates 47 
 
 Norway Spruce 49 
 
 Ocelot, Felis pardalis ... ... 31 
 
 Opossum, Didelphis virginiana 30, 31 
 
 Opossum, Alston's, Calouromys alstoni 23 
 
 Orpiment 45 
 
 Orthoceras 35 
 
 Orthoclase 47 
 
 Osage Orange 49 
 
 Osborne, Bishop E. W 21 
 
 Owl, Acadian, Glaux Acadicus 38 
 
 Burrowing, Speotyto cunicularia Jiypogaea 38 
 
 Great Horned, Bubo virginianus 38 
 
 Richardson's, Glaux funerea 38 
 
 Screech, Otus asio 38 
 
 Short Eared. Asio flammeus 38 
 
 Snowy, Nyctea nyctea 38 
 
 Owl Cases 38 
 
 Oxalates 47 
 
 Oxides 46 
 
 Paddle Fish Polydon spathula 20 
 
 Panther, Felis cougar 30 
 
 Paradise, King Bird of 45 
 
 Lesser Bird of 45 
 
 Rifle Bird of 45 
 
 Paradise Tree 49 
 
 Paroquet, Grass, Conuropus carolinensis 45 
 
 Partridge 43 
 
 Bob White, Colinus virginianus 43 
 
 California Mountain, Oreortyx pictus. 43 
 California Valley, Lophortyx Calif or- 
 
 nicus 43 
 
 Messina, Cyrtonyx montezumae 43 
 
 J Buffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus 42 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Passenger pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius 43 
 
 Pawpaw 49 
 
 Peacock, Pavo cristatus 45 
 
 Pecan 49 
 
 Peccary, Tayassu tajacu 32 
 
 Pelicans, White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 40 
 
 Pennsylvania Hawk Law 39 
 
 Pepperidge Tree 49 
 
 Persimmon Tree 49 
 
 Petroleum 47. 
 
 Phalarope, Phaloropus tricolor 4? 
 
 Pheasant, Argus, A rgusianus giganteus 45 
 
 Blue Breasted, Phasianus versicolor. 45 
 
 Copper, Phasianus soemmerringi 45 
 
 Golden, Thaumalea picta 45 
 
 Impeyan, Lophophorus impeyanus. . 45 
 Ring Necked, Phasianus torquatus. . 45 
 
 Silver, Euplocamus tnythemereus 45 
 
 Swinhoe, Phasianus swinhoeii 45 
 
 Phlogopite 47 
 
 Phosphates 47 
 
 Pigeon, Passenger, Ectopistes migratorius 43 
 
 Pike, Esoxludus 20,21 
 
 Pilot Snake, Coluber obsoletus 21 
 
 Pine Snake. Western, Pityophis sayi var. Schl. . 21 
 
 Pitchers 37 
 
 Plagioclase 47 
 
 Plan of Museum Rooms 11 
 
 Platinum 45 
 
 Plover 42 
 
 Plummets 37 
 
 Pocket Gopher 26 
 
 Poles, Discoverers of 13 
 
 Poplar 49 
 
 Prairie Dog, Cynomys ludovicianus 24 
 
 Prairie Hen, TympanucJius A mericanus 42 
 
 Prairie Mole, Scalopus aquaticus 30 
 
 Preface 9 
 
 Proustite 46 
 
 Pteropods 35 
 
 Puma, Felis cougar 30 
 
 Pyrargyrite 46 
 
 Pyrite 45 
 
 Pyrolusite 47 
 
 Pyroxene 47 
 
 Pyrrhotite 45,47 
 
 Quartz 46 
 
 Quartzite 47 
 
 Quillback, Carpiodes velifer 20 
 
 Rabbit, Grey (Cottontail), Lepus floridanus. . 26 
 
 Raccoon, Procyon lotor 30, 31 
 
 Rail, Black, Porzana jamaicensis 42 
 
 Carolina, Porzana Carolina 42 
 
 Virginia, Rallus virginianus 42 
 
 Yellow, Porzana noveboracensis 42 
 
 Realgar 45 
 
 RedbudTree 49 
 
 Red Cedar 49 
 
 Red Fox, Vulpesfulvus 31 
 
 Red Horse, Moxostoma aureolum 20 
 
 Relief Map of Illinois 33 
 
 Richardson's Owl 38 
 
 Rifle Bird of Paradise, Ptilornis paradisea 45 
 
 River Carp, Carpiodes carpio 20 
 
 Roach, Mrs. F. D 34 
 
 Rock Bass , A mbloplites rupestris 21 
 
 Rock Squirrel (Chipmunk), Tamias quadrivit- 
 
 tatus 23 
 
 Rutile 47 
 
 Sand 47 
 
 Sanderlings, Calidris arenaria 42 
 
 Sandhill Crane, Grus canadensis 42 
 
 Sandpiper, Tringa maculata 42 
 
 Sassafras Tree 49 
 
 Saw Fish 21 
 
 Scoter, American , Oidemia A mericana 41 
 
 Velvet, Oidemia fusca 41 
 
 Screech Owl, Megascops asio 38 
 
 Seal 33 
 
 Sea Lilies.... ... 36
 
 INDEX Concluded. 
 
 Sewellel, Aplodontis rufa 26, 30 
 
 Sharks, Teeth of 36 
 
 Shearwaters, Puffinus 40 
 
 Sheepshead, A plodonotus grunniens 21 
 
 Shells 37 
 
 Short Eared Owl, A sio acdpitrinus 38 
 
 Shoveller, Spatula dypeata 41 
 
 Siderite ... 47 
 
 Sigillaria 36 
 
 Silicates 47 
 
 Sillimanite ... 47 
 
 Silver 45 
 
 Silver Mole, Scalopus aquaticus machrinus 27 
 
 Siskins, Spinus pinus 43 
 
 Skunk, Mephitis mephitis 29 
 
 Smaltite 45 
 
 Smoky Quartz 47 
 
 Snowy Owl, Nyctea nyctea 38 
 
 Sodahte 47 
 
 Soft Shelled Turtle 21 
 
 Sparrows 43 
 
 Sphalerite 45 
 
 Sphene 47 
 
 Spinel.. 47 
 
 Sponges 35 
 
 Spoonbill, Roseate, Ajaja ajaja 42 
 
 Spruce, Norway 49 
 
 White.. 49 
 
 Squirrel, Fox, Sciurus niger 25 
 
 Squirrel, Flying, Sduropterus volans 25 
 
 Squirrel, Grey, Sciurus Carolinensis 25 
 
 Staurolite 47 
 
 Stevenson, Lewis G 
 
 Stibnite 
 
 Stilts 
 
 Sting Ray 
 
 Sturgeon, Lake, Acipenser rubicundus 
 
 Sucker, Catostomus commersonii 
 
 Sulphates 47 
 
 Sulphides 45 
 
 Sulphur Salts 46 
 
 Sulphur 45 
 
 Sumac 49 
 
 Surface 49 
 
 Swallows 44 
 
 Swan, Whistling, Olor columbianus 41 
 
 Whooping, Olor cygnus 41 
 
 Sword Fish...... 21 
 
 Sycamore 49 
 
 Sylvite 46 
 
 Tanagers 44 
 
 Tantalates 47 
 
 Tarantula 21 
 
 Taylor, Robert 3 
 
 Teal, Blue- Winged, Anas discors 40 
 
 Green- Winged, Anas Carolinensis 40 
 
 Tetrohedrite 46 
 
 Texas Peccary 32 
 
 Texas WildCat 31 
 
 Thorn Tree 49 
 
 Thrasher, Brown, Harporhynchus rufus 43 
 
 Thrush, Bicknell's, Turdus aliciae Ucknelli. . .. 43 
 
 Hermit, Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii.. 43 
 
 Wilson's. Turdus fuscescens 43 
 
 Wood, Turdus mustelinus 43 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Tiger Salamander 20 
 
 Toad 20 
 
 Toothed Herring, Hiodon tergisus 20 
 
 Topaz 47 
 
 Toucan, Green, Aulacorhamphus caeruleigularis 45 
 
 Transparency Groups 19, 45 
 
 Trees 48, 49, 50 
 
 Trilobites ... 36 
 
 Tulip Tree 49 
 
 Tupelo Tree 49 
 
 Turkey 42 
 
 Turns 40 
 
 Umbrella Tree 49 
 
 Uranates ... 47 
 
 Vireos 44 
 
 Virginia Deer 18, 30 
 
 Vulture , 38 
 
 Wall Eyed Pike, Stizostedion vitreum.. . . 
 
 Walnut Tree 
 
 Warblers 42 
 
 Wapiti, Cervus Canadensus 
 
 Weazel (Ermine), Putorius dcognani 
 
 Western Night Hawk. 
 Whippoorwill, Antrostomus vodferus. 
 Whip Ray 
 
 White Bass, Roccus chrysops 
 
 White Crappie, Pomoius annularis 
 
 White Fish, Coregonus dupeiformis 
 
 WildCat 
 
 Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo 
 
 Willet, Symphemia semipalmata 42 
 
 Willow, Peach 49 
 
 Silky 49 
 
 White 49 
 
 Witherite 47 
 
 Woodcock, Philohela minor 42 
 
 Wood Chuck (Ground Hog), Marmota monax. 25 
 
 Wood Hare 26 
 
 Woodpecker, Artie Three Toed, Picoides arcti- 
 
 cus 42 
 
 Downy, Dryobates pubescens 42 
 
 Flickers 42 
 
 Hairy, Dryobates villosus 43 
 
 Ivory-Billed, Campephilus prind- 
 
 palis 43 
 
 Pfleated, Ceophloeus pileatus 43 
 
 Red Bellied, M elanerpes carolinus 42 
 Red Headed, Melanerpes erythro- 
 
 cephalus 42 
 
 Sapsucker, Yellow Bellied, Sphy- 
 
 rapicus varians 42 
 
 Wrens... ... 44 
 
 Yellow Bass, Marona interrupts 21 
 
 Yellow Bellied Terrapin, Pseudemys troosti 21 
 
 Yellow Legs, Totanus flavipes 42 
 
 Yellow Perch, Perca flavesceno 21 
 
 Zircon... ... 47
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 SIONmiJOAIISySAiNii 
 3H1JO 
 
 Aavaan