“Ouftlletln., pf the Extension Division JA V 2 1 1323 University of Arizona TUCSON, ARIZONA No. 2. Arizona High Schools By ALVA OTIS NEAL, High School Visitor UNIV’ERSITY OF ARIZONA EXTENSION DIVISION UNIVERSITY STATION TUCSON, ARIZONA AUGUST 15, 1921 Entered a.s second class matter June 18, 1921, at the post office at Tucson, Arizona, under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for m sec. 1103 Act of Opober 3, 1917, authorized June 29, 1921. Published bi-monthly by the University of Arizona Extension Division. Arizona High Schools HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES There are in the United States 16,300 high schools. This is an increase of 452 percent since 1890. The rapid growth of high schools in recent years has been the outstanding feature in educational develop¬ ment. According to the most reliable reports, there has been an average of a new high school established in the United States for each day of the calendar year for the last 28 years. In 1890, 60 percent of the high schools were public high schools, and 40 percent private high schools and academies. Now, 87 percent of the schools are public high schools, and 15 percent private. In 1890, one-third of all the high school students were in private schools and academies, and to-day only one- twelfth of the high school pupils are so located. The public high schools are responsible for the large number of schools and for 91 percent of all the high school pupils. SIZE OF THE HIGH SCHOOLS One-fourth of the high schools of the United States have from one to twenty-five students; one-fourth have from 26 to 50 students; one- fourth have from 50 to 125 students, and one-fourth have over 125 students. There are in the United States 632 schools enrolling over 500 students each.* This is less than five percent of the total number of high schools. The largest high school in the United States is the Evening Polytechnic High School of Los Angeles, with an enrollment of 8700 students. Arizona has only two high schools enrolling over 500 students, namely, Tucson and Phoenix. TEACHERS AND STUDENTS In 1918, the 16,000 high schools of the United States employed 90,000 teachers, had 1,645,000 students, and graduated 225,000 students. Of this total, Arizona had 32 schools, 260 teachers, 4100 students, and 400 graduates. In 1920, there were reported in Arizona 36 schools, 351 teachers, 5469 students, 623 graduates. 4 Extension Bulletin No. 2 QUALII^ICATIONS OF TEACHERS The qualifications for a teacher in the high schools of Arizona are as follows: (1) graduation from a standard college or university; (2) completion of the following professional courses:—general psy¬ chology, three units; principles of teaching, three units; history of edu¬ cation, three units; educational administration, three units; additional courses ip education, six units. Certificates to teach in the high schools of Arizona are issued by the State Department of Education and such a certificate is necessary before a valid contract can be made. SALARIES OE TEACHERS The salaries of high school teachers in Arizona are usually paid in ten monthly installments. The average salary for a beginning teacher is, fifteen hundred dollars and the rate of increase varies with the character of the work and the local communities. VALUE OE BUILDINGS The average value of the high school building in the United States was $45,000, while the average value of the Arizona high school is $58,000. The average city high school in the United States is valued at $205,000, and the average city high school property in Arizona is valued at $69,000. POPULATION AND STUDENT BODY In regard to the student body of the high schools, there arc eJi- rolled in the United States 15-6/10 pupils per 1000 population. i\rizona has 13-9/10 students per 1000. Nine and one-third percent of the population of the United States eighteen years old graduate from the high schools, but only 7-3/4 percent of this class graduate from the Arizona high schools. For each thousand students entering the high schools of the United States, 721 will reach the second year, 532 the third year, 440 the fourth year, and 417 will graduate. Forty-two percent of all the graduates last year continued their education in some higher institution, while 45-9/10 percent of the Arizona high school students continued their education. . = ii . '! HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARIES The average high school of the United States had 695 volumes in Arizona High Schools 5 its library, while the average Arizona high school had 652 volumes. The average high school in California, with 1960 volumes in its library, shows the largest average number of volumes. The average cost of high school education for the United States is $84.49 per year. HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION IN ARIZONA The State of Arizona provides high school educational opportuni¬ ties for all pupils who complete the elementary school course of eight years. A certificate to this effect signed by a teacher, principal, super¬ intendent, or county superintendent, admits the pupils into any high school of the State without further examination. course: of study The State Board of Education prescribes the minimum amount of work to be provided by a high school which has the approval of the State Board of Education. Outside these limitations the high school may provide such subjects as the Board feels are best adapted to the needs of the community. In general, the courses offered are such as lead to entrance to college, and in the larger schools it is customary to provide, in addition, such courses as commercial, manual training, agricultural, and scientific. TYPES OE HIGH SCHOOLS The high schools are divided into three classes upon the basis of the kind of district; namely, single district high schools, union district high schools, and county high schools. In the first class are included Bisbee, Clifton, Clarkdale, Douglas, Globe, Jerome, Miami, Morenci, Nogales, Prescott, Safford, Tombstone, Tucson, and Winslow. In the union district high school are included Benson, Duncan, Florence, Glendale, Mesa, Phoenix, Tempe, Willcox, and Yuma. There are county high schools at Kingman, Mohave County, and St. Johns in Apache County. High schools are maintained at each of the two State Normal Schools and private academies at St. Johns, Apache County, Thatcher, Graham County, and Snowflake, Navajo County, do accredited high school work. Parochial schools doing accredited high school work are St. Joseph’s Academy, Prescott, and Loretto Academy at Bisbee. 6 Extension Bulletin No. 2 SUPPORT The support for the different types of high school comes from a tax lew upon the property of the single district, union district, or county district, as provided by law. In the industrial courses the industrial and vocational work is subsidised and aided by the State to the extent of vj}2500.00 ani-iviallj-. COST OP MAINTPNANCP The cost of high school education per student enrolled shows a wide variation, due to the diverse conditions under which the schools operate. For the year 1919-20, the average per capita cost, based on average daily attendance, varied from $69.91 to $812.53. The average per capita cost is approximately $180.00. The total amount appor¬ tioned to the high schools for vocational work in 1919-20 was $72,000.00. RPCPNT DEVELOPMENT Since 1918, the development in the high schools of Arizona has been very marked. Comparative reports from the four-year high schools in the State reported in 1916, and reports from similar schools in 1920 give striking evidence of the fact that in the number of teachers employed, students attending and graduating, there has been marked advancement. As shown by the following table, there has been an increase of 38 percent in the number of men teachers, 128 percent in the number of women teachers, 83 percent gain in the number of boys attending high school, 72 percent gain in the number of girls attending high school, and an increase of 85 percent in the number of graduates during the past four years. This growth is remarkable in comparison with the growth of high schools in other states. COMPARISON OF HIGH SCHOOLS 1916 AND 1920 TEACHERS STUDENTS Grad Schools Men Women Total Boys Girls Total nates 1918-20 . . 116 231 351 2464 2995 5459 623 1915-16. . 92 103 195 1359 1740 3099 336 Gain over 1916. . 24 132 156 1105 1255 2360 287 % gain over 1916... . 38 128 80 72 70 85 ^orm to J^Gconipany each serial volume JUN 2 7 IjoO sent to Binding Depar^tment 1 ^ Ar^HOo. V. 1 Call no* Missing items: "A 1 Volume has fceen col la ted Volume is complete | Missinrr Items ordered but not available ' | L No report on missing items deceived by Acquisition Kissing items not ordered because their availability b or importance doubtful 1 Signed: 1 L206-r iiept. or Library; Arizona High Schools 1 CLASSIFICATION OF ACCREDITED HIGH SCHOOLS High schools which maintain certain standards are eligible for recognization by the University and normal schools of the State. These standards as established by the State Board of Education are as follows: An institution in the State of Arizona in order to be recognized as o a high school after July 1, 1920, must afford opportunities for its graduates to fulfill the following specific requirements for graduation: English . 4 units Mathematics . r 1 unit U. S. History. 1 unit Civics . ^2 unit Economics .^ unit Military Training. 4 years Science—1 year either Physics or Chemistry; or ^ year Physics, year Chemistry; or y 2 year Physics, pa year Botany; or y 2 year Physics, 1/2 year Zoology; or Jd year Botany, Jd year Chemistry; ^2 year Chemistry, Id year Zoology; Id year Botany, U year Zoology ; or 1 year Physics or one year of either. Ancient and Modern Languages eliminated as requirement. The minimum requirement for graduation in the high school is fifteen (15) units, of which eight (8) are required, and seven (7) elective. Five hours (forty-minute periods) for a week’s work, thirty-six weeks in a year to constitute a unit. A high school must offer a minimum course of two (2) units in Agriculture or any other .special course to be designated as a school to receive State aid. It must also offer opportunities to its graduates to fulfill the fol¬ lowing specific requirements for entrance to the University of Arizona: English . 3 units Mathematics, including 1^2 units or years of Algebra, and 1 unit of Plane Geometry. 2ld units History and Civics.1 unit Foreign Languages, either Latin, Greek, French, German, or Spanish, any one of the languages to be pursued through two years. 2 units Science, one year Physics, or Chemistry, or Biology, or pa 3 ^ear each of Botany and Zoology. 1 unit Electives . 5ld units Total ,15 units Extension Bulletin No. 2 Schools meeting these standards grant diplomas which entitle the holder to enter any of the institutions for higher education maintained by the State of Arizona. NORTH CENTRAL ASSOCIATION The North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools is a voluntary honor roll of such institutions. It was founded to “estab¬ lish closer relations between the secondary schools and the institutions of higher education within the North Central states and such other territory as the Association may recognize.” This Association was founded twenty-six years ago and has grown until it includes eighteen states having 150 institutions of higher education, and more than 1000 schools of secondary rank. In 1916 Arizona was received into the territory operating unde’* the provisions of the North Central Association, and 17 high schools are now accredited by this Association and their graduates are admitted to the institutions of higher education in the following states: Arizona Michigan North Dakota Colorado Minnesota Ohio Illinois Missouri Oklahoma Indiana Montana South Dakota Iowa Nebraska Wisconsin Kansas New Mexico Wyoming The standards upon which high schools are admitted into tl Association are as follows: REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS OF ACCREDITING SECONDARY SCHOOLS—1921-1922 I. REGULATIONS 1. No school shall he considered unless the regular annual blank furnished for the purpose shall have been properly and completely tilled out and placed on tile with the inspector. Schools in good standing will make a complete report on teachers once in five years; but the full data relative to changes must be presented annually. (A full report will be required in 1921 ; again in 1925, and every five years thereafter.) 2. New schools, hereafter seeking accrediting, shall submit evidence {e. g., a resolution) showing an approval of the standards of the Association and of the application for membership by the local hoard of education or school trustees. Arizona High Schools 9 3. The time for which schools are accredited shall be limited to one year, dating from the time of the adoption of the list by the Association. Schools that have been continuously accredited for five years or more may not be dropped for any violation of standards. Such schools are to be warned. But if the violation is persisted in for a second year they shall be dropped. 4. The Association will decline to consider any school unless such school is in the highest class of schools as oihcially listed by the properly constituted edu¬ cational authorities of the state. 5. In all emergency appointments during the school year in which teachers do not fully meet Standards 6A and 6B the Commission will insist that these be temporary and for the remainder of the current year only. Such cases must be duly certified by the superintendent or principal, including a statement concerning the training, experience, salaries and efficiency of such teachers. 6. The agent of communication between the accredited schools and the secretary of the Commission for the purpose of distributing, collecting, and filing the annual reports of such schools, and for such other purposes as the Association may direct, is as follows: (a) In States having such an official, the inspector of schools appointed by the state university, (b) In other States the inspector of schools appointed by the State authority, or, if there be no such official, such person or persons as the secretary of the Commission may elect. 7. If any State fails for two successive years to send one or more official repre¬ sentatives to the annual meeting of the Commission on Secondary Schools, the schools of that State may, by a vote of the Association, be dropped from the accredited list. The Association is conservative, believing that such policy will eventually work to the highest interests of all. It aims to accredit only those schools which possess organization, teaching force, standards of scholarship, equip¬ ment and esprit de corps, of such character as will unhesitatingly commend them to any educator, college, or university in the North Central territory. II. STANDARDS A. Buildings Standard 1. The location and construction of the buildings, the lighting, heating, and ventilation of the rooms, the nature of the lavatories, corridors, closets, zvater supply, school furniture, apparatus, and methods of cleaning shall be such as to insure hygienic conditions for both pupils and teachers. All schools whose buildings are inexcusably inadequate and lacking m modern equipment may expect to have North Central Association accrediting privileges withheld from them. Standard 2. The laboratory and library facilities shall be adequate to the needs of instruction in the subjects taught. The Association recommends the appointment of a trained librarian for each high school employing t-^n or more teachers. 10 Extension Bulletin No. 2 B. Organisation and Administration Standard 3. A —No school shall be acchcdited which does not require fifteen units for graduation. A unit course of study in a secondary school is defined as a course cover¬ ing an academic year that shall include in the aggregate not less than the equivalent of one hundred twenty sixty-minute-hours of class room wor, two hours of shop or laboratory work being equivalent to one hour of pre¬ pared class room work. More than twenty periods per week of academic subjects, or twenty-five periods including vocational subjects, exclusive of choral music and physical training, should be discouraged except in the cases of pupils having more than average ability. B— The school year shall consist of a minimum of thirty-six zveeks. Standard 4. The efficiency of instruction, the acquired habits of thought and study, the general intellectual and moral lone of a school are paramount factors, and therefore only schools which rank zvell in these particulars, as evidenced by rigid, thorough-going, sympathetic inspection, shall be consid¬ ered eligible for the list. Standard 5. No school shall hereafter be accredited whose salary schedule is not sufficient to command and retain teachers zvhosc qualifications are such os required by this Association. The interpretation of this requirement shall be a matter of special responsibility for the State Committee. C. Preparation of Teachers Standard 6. All teachers teaching one or more academic subjects must satisfy the following requirements: A. The minimum attainment of teachers of any academic subject, and likezvise of the supervisors of such subjects, shall be equivalent to graduation from a college belonging to the North Central Association of Colleges and .Secondary Schools requiring the completion of a four year course of study cr 120 semester hours in advance of a standard four year hi?,h school course. Such requirements shall not be construed as retroactive. B. The jniuimum professional training of teachers of any academic sub¬ ject shall be at least eleven semester hours in education. This should include special study of the subject matter and pedagogy of the subject to be taught. Such requirements shall not be construed as retroactive. The Association advises that the following types of courses should be offered as meeting the spirit of this standard: Educational psychology, principles of secondary education, theory of teaching, special methods in subjeets taughe, observation and practice teaehing, history of education and educational sociology. Arizona High Schools 11 In the case of supervisors (and for the present transitional period only) the Association will, in applying this standard, take into consideration the record of their teaching and administrative experience. D—The Teaching Load Standard 7. A — The niiniher of daily periods of classroom instruction given by any teacher shall not exceed five. The Commission zvill reject all schoots having more than six recitation periods per day for any teacher. B—The minimum length of a recitation period shall be forty minutes e.r- clusive of all the time used in the changing of classes or teachers. For interpreting this standard in connection with laboratory work in science, and in connection with study room supervision, a double period may be counted as the equivalent of one class room exercise for teachers of academic subjects, provided that no combination of such work amounting to more than thirty-five periods a week be required of any teacher. For schools having some definite plan of supervised study, not more than five classes per day should be assigned to any teacher. The Association advises that the maximum be four. . Standard 8. A^o sehools whose reeords shozv an excessive number of pupils per teaeher based on an average attendance, shall be accredited. The Association recommends tzventy-hve for a maximum. In general, no teachers of academic subjects should be assigned more than 150 student hours of class room in¬ struction per day, organized in not to exceed six classes per day. E—Program of Studies Standard 9. The Association recommends that every accredited school offer units of work in mathematics, social sciences, languages (including English), natural sciences, the fine arts, and ph 5 ^sical training. It further recommends the introduction of vocational subjects such as agriculture, manual training, household economics, and commercial subjects into schools where local con¬ ditions render such introduction feasible. The Association will hold that a sufficient number of qualified teachers must be provided to care adequately for all instruction offered. Not less than the equivalent of the full teaching time of three teachers may be given to academic subjects. PARTLY ACCRKDITED HIGH SCHOOLS In addition, there is a third group whose work is accepted at full value for as much of the high school course as they are prepared to give, or for which pupils are enrolled. These schools are, standard to the extent of their course and will, in due time, be fully accredited for the high school course. 12 Extension Bulletin No. 2 ACCREDITED HIGH SCHOOLS IN ARIZONA FULLY ACCREDITED BY PARTLY ACCREDITED (1) State Board of Edu • cation; (2) University of Arizona, and (3) North Central Association. (1) State Board of Ed¬ ucation, and (2) Uni¬ versity of Arizona. 1 (1) State Board of Edu¬ cation, and (2) Univers¬ ity of Arizona. A. B. C. Bisbee . .1917 Benson. Aio. Clarkdale . .1921 Casa Grande. Duncan. Clifton . .1921 Chandler. Peoria. Douglas . .1919 Flagstaff Normal. Ray. Gila Normal Florence. Snowflake Academy. College.. .1917 Holbrook. Si. David. Gilbert . .1921 Jerome. St. Johns Academy. Glendale . .1920 Kingman. vSan Simon. Globe . .1916 Loretto Academy Mesa . .1918 (Bisbee). Miami . .......1919 Metcalf. Nogales . .1920 Morenci. Phoenix . .1917 St. Joseph’s Academy Prescott . .1917 (Prescott). Safford . .1920 Tempe Normal. Tempe . .1919 Tombstone. Tucson . .1917 Willcox. Winslow. .1917 Williams. Yuma. The list A. includes 17 schools which meet the requirements of the North Central Association, the State Board of Education, and the University of Ari¬ zona, and graduates will be admitted to normal schools, colleges, and universities of Arizona and 18 states of the North Central Association without examination. 'The list B. includes the 17 schools giving a full four years’ course whose graduates are entitled to enter without examination the normal schools and University of Arizona. The list C. includes the 8 schools whose work is acceptable for such part of the four year course as they are able to offer. Graduates will be received into the Freshman class at the University of Arizona. Arizona High Schools ' 13 INSPECTION OF HIGH SCHOOLS The inspection of high schools for the North Central Association is in charge of a Commission consisting of (1) the high school examiner or scoring officer for the State University; (2) a member of the State Department of Public Instruction for the State, and (3) a Principal of a secondary school accredited by the Association. At present, the Commission in Arizona is as follows: for the University, A. O. Neal, Tucson; for the State Department of Public Instruction, Elsie Toles, Phoenix; high school principal, D. F. Jantzen, Phoenix. The inspection of high schools which do not belong to the North Central Association is by the High School Visitor of the University of Arizona, whose recommendation to the University is submitted to the State Board of Education for approval. ARIZONA HIGH SCHOOLS IN 1920 o. ^ sag 0 - H cO 01 -a 3 Kpd Ss Ol o ^ rt 0 ) . 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