11 B R.ARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 U N IVER.SITY 
 OF ILLTNOIS 
 
 977o3 
 
 M85w 
 
 ILLINOIS HISTORY SURVEf 
 LIBRARY

 
 THE WHITE CITY. 
 
 THE 
 
 Historical, Biographical and Philanthropical Record 
 
 OF 
 
 ILLINOIS, 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN MOSES AND PAUL SELBY. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED A SKETCH OF THE DISTRICT OF 
 
 COLUMBIA, THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES, AND ILLINOIS 
 
 AT THE 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 CLASSIFIED AND ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 CHICAGO : 
 
 CHICAGO WORLD BOOK COMPANY. 
 
 1893.
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1893, by 
 
 CHICAGO WORLD BOOK COMPANY, 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 
 
 THE HENRY 0. SHEPARD CO., PRINTERS AND BOOK BINDERS, CHICAGO.
 
 JOHN MOSES. 
 
 -J 
 
 ifl 
 
 i 
 
 43272
 
 PAUL SELBV.
 
 FOR MORE THAN FORTY YEARS 
 
 CONSPICUOUSLY IDENTIFIED WITH THE AGRICULTURAL, ME- 
 CHANICAL AND COMMERCIAL INTERESTS OF THE 
 
 STATE OF ILLINOIS; 
 SECRETARY AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE STATE BOARD OF 
 
 AGRICULTURE J 
 COMMISSIONER FOR ILLINOIS AND THE UNITED STATES TO 
 
 THE FRENCH UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1867; 
 ILLINOIS COMMISSIONER TO THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION AT 
 
 PHILADELPHIA IN 1876; 
 
 SECRETARY AND LEADING SPIRIT OF THE CHICAGO INTER- 
 STATE EXPOSITION, AND 
 
 DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE ILLINOIS EXHIBIT IN THE WORLD'S 
 COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION OF 1893 TESTED IN MANY HON- 
 ORABLE POSITIONS AND FOUND WANTING IN NONE 
 THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY 
 
 THE AUTHORS.
 
 JOHN PARKER REYNOLDS.
 
 Acrostic 
 
 T o him who scans this Title Page with care 
 
 H ow great reward, since he alone can share 
 
 B ach thought the artist's brain conceived, whose pen 
 
 C onveyed the picture to the gaze of men. 
 
 H ere, the "White City;" and 'tis well to see 
 
 I n twelve "Trunk Lines" what strong supports there be. 
 
 C olumns of "Seals" of every State appear; 
 
 A ttached are names, now noted far and near ; 
 
 G rand Arch these Columns crowns, in blocks of stone 
 
 O n each a name familiar as your own- 
 
 W hile Brackets give support. Study them well, 
 
 O r, on their symbols let your eye now dwell. 
 
 R ewarded you will be to then pursue 
 
 L ines practical, artistic all in view; 
 
 D ownward your glance should fall to left and right, 
 
 B eholding Man's and Nature's skill and might. 
 
 O pen the gateway to the great " World's Fair," 
 
 O ur own Columbia welcoming you there; 
 
 K indred, indeed, though other lands, to-day, 
 
 C laim an allegiance that you gladly pay. 
 
 O f all the means by which you may attain 
 
 M ore than a passing view, true knowledge gain, 
 
 P ermit the " Gate Ajar " to bring to you 
 
 A world of wonders, as you glance it through. 
 
 N ow, our White City ever swings this way ; 
 
 Y ou may its pages read, and will you, pray ?
 
 / 
 
 wra 
 
 Li*. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >iit-|n<D i 
 
 niHJ 

 
 Preface 6 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Importance of State History "The Illinois Country " Origin of the Name Topog 
 raphy, Soil, Climate and Natural Productions 9 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Discoveries of Joliet, Marquette and La Salle Sad Fate of the Latter Henry De 
 Tonty The Indian Confederation at " Starved Rock " /7 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Aboriginal Occupants of the Soil Early French Missions on the Upper Illinois and at 
 Cahokia and Kaskaskia 27 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 First Permanent Settlements The Group of French Villages about Kaskaskia New 
 France Illinois Attached to Louisiana 33 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 British Occupation English Governors Col. George Rogers Clark's Expedition Con- 
 quest of Illinois British Attack on St. Louis Capture of Fort St. Joseph . . 39 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Illinois as Part of the Northwest and Indiana Territories Ordinance of 1787 Governors 
 St.' Clair and Harrison Indian Treaties Illinois Territory Organized Early 
 Settlers Governor Edwards War of 1812 Fort Dearborn Massacre Early Illi- 
 nois Towns 46 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Illinois Admitted into the Union Administration of Governor Bond Removal of the 
 Capitol to Vandalia Governor Coles Emancipation of his Slaves Attempt to 
 Introduce Slavery into Illinois The Prominent Leaders 59 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The Administrations of Governors Edwards, Reynolds, Duncan, Carlin, Ford and 
 French Personal and Character Sketches The Black Hawk, Mormon and 
 Mexican Wars Internal Improvement Craze The Lovejoy Murder Appearanc 
 of New Men in State Affairs 69 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 State Constitutional Convention of 1847 Features of the New Constitution Governor 
 French's Second Term Illinois Central Railroad Matteson's Administration 
 Organization of the Republican Part}' Lincoln-Douglas Debate 83 
 
 xii
 
 CONTENTS ILLINOIS. xiii 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Admistration of Governor Bissell Personal Sketch Gov. John Wood Campaign 
 of 1860 Lincoln and Yates The Rebellion Illinois in the Great Struggle Peace 
 Meetings in 1863 Camp Douglas Conspiracy Campaign of 1864 Assassination 
 of Lincoln The Loyal Women of Illinois Oglesb-'s Administration . ... 93 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Under the Constitution of 1870 From Palmer to Fifer The Chicago Fire Sketches of 
 Eminent Men Palmer, Oglesby, Cullom, Logan, Fifer, etc National Conven- 
 tions in Chicago Political Revolution of 1892 Governor Altgeld 107 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Three-quarters of a Century Under the State Government Common Schools and State 
 Institutions Early Newspapers Industries Agriculture Illinois Coal Produc- 
 tion Illinois and Michigan Canal Railroads Manufactures, etc 125 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 List of Executive Officers Under the Territorial and State Governments 142 
 
 ILLINOIS INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Fort Sheridan The Art Institute The Armour Mission The Armour Institute The 
 University of Chicago !47 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 Dwight L. Moody Bishop J. L. Spalding 159 
 
 ILLINOIS SOCIETIES. 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic Young Men's Christian Association Woman's Christian 
 Temperance Union Christian Endeavor Epworth League 164 
 
 PART II. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 Preface j 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Establishment of a Federal City 3 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 The City of Washington 7 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Erecting the Capitol . Io 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 The New Capitol I2 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Attractions of the City The Departments The Smithsonian Institution The Washing- 
 ton Monument The City's Cemeteries The Soldier's Home The Corcoran Art 
 Gallery Washington Suburbs The National Cemetery 17 
 
 THE PRESIDENTS. 
 
 George Washington 2 _ 
 
 John Adams , o 
 
 Thomas Jefferson ,.
 
 xiv THE WHITE CITY CONTENTS. 
 
 James Madison 39 
 
 Janies Monroe 44 
 
 John Quincy Adams 48 
 
 Andrew Jackson . 52 
 
 Martin Van Buren 57 
 
 William Henry Harrison 60 
 
 John Tyler 63 
 
 James K. Polk 65 
 
 Zachary Taylor 68 
 
 Millard Fillmore 72 
 
 Franklin Pierce "6 
 
 James Buchanan 79 
 
 Abraham Lincoln 82 
 
 Andrew Johnson 87 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant 91 
 
 Rutherford B. Hayes 95 
 
 James A. Garfield 98 
 
 Chester A. Arthur 101 
 
 Grover Cleveland 104 
 
 Benjamin Harrison , 107 
 
 SOCIETIES. 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic Woman's Relief Corps Sons of Veterans Daughters of 
 
 Veterans no 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association 121 
 
 Woman's Christian Temperance Union 123 
 
 Society of Christian Endeavor 126 
 
 Baptist Young People's Union of America 130 
 
 PART III. 
 
 The Columbian Exposition I 
 
 The Board of Directors 3 
 
 Board of Reference and Control 5 
 
 The Board of Lady Managers 7 
 
 PROMINENT WORLD'S FAIR OFFICIALS. 
 
 Thomas Wetherell Palmer 10 
 
 Lyman J. Gage 1 1 
 
 William T. Baker 12 
 
 Harlow N. Higinbotham 13 
 
 Ferdinand W. Peck 14 
 
 Anthony F. Seeberger 15 
 
 Charles Carroll Bonney 16 
 
 Thomas B. Bryan . ' 17 
 
 John T. Dickinson i s 
 
 Gen. George R. Davis 20 
 
 Daniel Hudson Burnham 21 
 
 Moses P. Handy 22 
 
 John Wellburn Root 23 
 
 John Parker Reynolds 25 
 
 ILLINOIS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Illinois State Building 27 
 
 Woman's Department 31
 
 CONTENTS ILLINOIS. XV 
 
 ILLINOIS EXHIBITS. 
 
 Department A. ,r 
 
 Department B 42 
 
 Department D 45 
 
 Department E 46 
 
 Department F 48 
 
 Department G c o 
 
 Department H 54 
 
 Department J ^ 
 
 Department K 63. 
 
 Department L 66 
 
 Department M 5o 
 
 Department N j o 
 
 Woman's Building 70 
 
 Administration Building 76 
 
 Government Building y 
 
 Manufactures and Liberal Arts go 
 
 Art Palace 12O 
 
 Machinery Hall ' 122 
 
 Woman's Building I2 & 
 
 Horticultural Building 130. 
 
 Electrical Building 134 
 
 Agricultural Building ... I4 O 
 
 Fisheries Building J54 
 
 Mines and Mining Building j^6 
 
 Transportation Building !g8
 
 liisfe f Illustrations 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Altgeld, Gov. John P 119 
 
 Armour Institute and Mission 153 
 
 Asylum for Feeble Minded, Lincoln 77 
 
 Board of Trade, Chicago 125 
 
 City Hall, Chicago 129 
 
 Davis, Chas. E Frontispiece 
 
 Fifer, Joseph W II : 
 
 First State House, Kaskaskia 27 
 
 Fort Sheridan 147 
 
 Fuller, Justice M. W, 105 
 
 Grant Monument, Chicago 133 
 
 Grant, Ulyssus S 97 
 
 Harrison, Carter 115 
 
 Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 59 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham 93 
 
 Logan, John A, 101 
 
 Masonic Temple, Chicago 139 
 
 Moses, John v 
 
 Penitentiary for Insane Criminals, Chester 55 
 
 Prairie State, The 5 
 
 Present State House, Springfield 51 
 
 Relief Map of Illinois 17 
 
 Reynolds, John Parker ix 
 
 Second State House, Vandalia 33 
 
 Selby, Paul vii 
 
 Sheridan, Gen. Phil 87 
 
 State Normal School, Carbondale 73 
 
 State Normal University, Normal 69 
 
 State Penitentiary, Joliet 63 
 
 Stevenson, Vice President, Adlai E 123 
 
 Third State House, Springfield 39 
 
 University of Chicago 155 
 
 University of Illinois, Champaign 83 
 
 W. C. T. U. Temple, Chicago ..." 167 
 
 White City, The xi 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Allegorical Painting, National Capitol 17 
 
 Capitol Building, Washington 13 
 
 Congressional Library, National Capitol 23 
 
 Panorama from Dome of the National Capitol 7 
 
 Pennsylvania Avenue from State Department, Washington u 
 
 State, War and Navy Departments, Washington Frontispiece 
 
 Supreme Court Room, National Capitol 23 
 
 Willard, Frances E ... 125 
 
 xvi
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLINOIS. xvii 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Administration Building -~ 
 
 Agricultural Building j.j 
 
 A. H. Andrews & Co., 215 Wabash Ave., Chicago 109 
 
 American Radiator Co., in Lake St., Chicago 05 
 
 American Reflector Co., 80 Jackson St., Chicago ,105 
 
 Armour & Co., Home Ins. Building, Chicago , 101 
 
 Arthur Dixon Transfer Co. , 305 Fifth Ave. , Chicago 166 
 
 Art Palace I2I 
 
 Baker, William T 
 
 Bird's eye view of the White City nc 
 
 Bonney, C. C I5 
 
 Bradley, J. H 3I 
 
 Bryan, Thomas B j- 
 
 Buckbee, William, Rockford, 111 .132 
 
 Callahan, Miss Mary ,, 
 
 Candee, Mrs. Isabella L ,, 
 
 Caw's Ink & Pen Co, New York, N. Y II3 
 
 Chester, E. E 3I 
 
 Chicago Cottage Organ Co., 215 Wabash Ave., Chicago 106 
 
 Chicago Herald, 158 Washington St., Chicago I2 6 
 
 Chicago Medical and Surgical Institute, 30 Van Buren St. , Chicago no 
 
 Columbia Rubber Works Co., Lake and La Salle Sts., Chicago 102 
 
 Commercial Cable System, Broad and Wall Sts., New York 136 
 
 Congress of Nations, William F. Cody I ^ 2 
 
 Davis, Geo. R 2I 
 
 David, E. B 2g 
 
 D. B. Fisk & Co., Wabash Ave. and Washington St., Chicago 117 
 
 Dickinson, John T jq 
 
 Dickirson, James K , t 
 
 Doughtery's New England Mince Meat, 210 Washington Bcul., Chicago 145 
 
 Dunham, M. W., Oaklawn Stud, Wayne, 111 . I47 
 
 D. W. McNeal Co., 19-241 Wabash Ave., Chicago 118 
 
 Dysart, S . . . . 29 
 
 Economy Heaters, 82 Lake St., Chicago 94 
 
 Eggleston, Melette & Brownell, 207 Tacoma Bldg., Chicago 112 
 
 Electrical Building j,c 
 
 Fish and Fisheries Building icr 
 
 Fulkerson, W. H 3I 
 
 Funk, Lafayette 2 q 
 
 Gage, Lyman J r 
 
 Garrard, W. C 2q 
 
 Gilbert, Mrs. Frances L 33 
 
 Gould, Mrs. Marcia Louise ,-, 
 
 Grunwald, E. M., St. Petersburg, Russia ug 
 
 Government Building yq 
 
 Hamilton, Mme. E., 48 Van Buren St., Chicago 119 
 
 Handy, Moses P 2 , 
 
 Harvey, T. W., Harvey, HI I53 
 
 Helvetia Milk Condensing Co., Highland, 111 142 
 
 Higinbotham, H. N. . . . .' q 
 
 Hoffman, Josef, Reichenberg, Germany qq 
 
 Horticultural Building i^! 
 
 Hosteller, A. B 2 q 
 
 Illinois State Board 29-31
 
 XVlll THE WHITE CITY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Illinois State Building 27 
 
 Illinois Woman's Exhibit 35 
 
 Illinois Woman's Board 3$ 
 
 Johns, S. W 29 
 
 Judy, J. W 29 
 
 Keeley Cure, Dwight, 111 87 
 
 Liebig Company, Antwerp, Belgium 144 
 
 Lyon & Healy, 156 State St., Chicago 83 
 
 Machinery Hall 123 
 
 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building ... Si 
 
 Marshall Field & Co., Washington and State Sts., Chicago 97 
 
 McCormick Reapers, 212 Market St., Chicago 148 
 
 Metropolitan Business College, Monroe St. and Michigan Ave. , Chicago 100 
 
 Mines and Mining Building .... 157 
 
 Moline Plow Co., Moline, 111 150 
 
 Oglesby, Mrs. Richard J 33 
 
 Owen Electric Belt and Appliance Co., 191 State St., Chicago 137 
 
 Pace, E. C 29 
 
 Palmer, Mrs. Potter i 
 
 Palmer, Thomas W 3 
 
 Patton, Mrs. Francine E 33 
 
 Pearce, J. Irving 31 
 
 Pease Piano Co., 46 Jackson St., Chicago 115 
 
 Peck, Ferdinand W 1 1 
 
 Peninsular Stove Co. , 79 Wabash Ave., Chicago 90 
 
 Peter Henderson & Co., 35 Cortlandt St., New York 133 
 
 Pullen, B 29 
 
 Pullman Palace Car Co., Pullman, 111 162 
 
 Reid, Murdock & Co. , 3 State St, Chicago 93 
 
 Rhode Island Locomotive Works, Providence, Rhode Island 164 
 
 Roundy Regalia Co., iSS S. Clark St., Chicago 114 
 
 Seeberger, A. F 13 
 
 Shepard, Mrs. Frances Welles 33 
 
 Siegel, Cooper & Co., Van Buren and State Sts., Chicago 96 
 
 Sohtner Pianos, The Thompson Music Co., 367 Wabash Ave., Chicago 82 
 
 Spaulding, A. G., 108 Madison St., Chicago 107 
 
 Sprague, Warner & Co. , 17 Randolph St., Chicago 89 
 
 Stevens, C.A.&Bros., in State St., Chicago 139 
 
 Stryker, W. D 31 
 
 Studebaker Bros., 203 Michigan Ave., Chicago 160 
 
 Sunlight Soap, Toronto, Ontario SS 
 
 The American Boiler Co., Chicago, Illinois 92 
 
 The Caligraph, 185 La Salic- -St., Chicago 127 
 
 The Crane Co., 2 1 9 S. Jefferson St. , Chicago 125 
 
 The Dayton Autograghic Register Co., Dayton, Ohio 86 
 
 The Ceo. F. Child Chair Co., 277 Wabash Ave., Chicago 104 
 
 The Gormully & Jeffery Mfg. Co., 85 Madison St., Chicago 163 
 
 The Inter Ocean, Madison and Dearborn Sts., Chicago 124 
 
 The J. H. Fenton Co., 267 Wabash Ave., Chicago 146 
 
 The Michigan Stove Co., 256 S. Clinton St., Chicago 91 
 
 Tlir National Cash Register Co., 115 Monroe St., Chicago 85 
 
 The North American Phonograph Co., Masonic Temple, Chicago 138 
 
 The Smith-Premier Typewriter Co., 154 Monroe St., Chicago 103 
 
 The Wayne Sulkeyette and Road Cart Co., Decatur, Illinois 161 
 
 The Walter M. Lowney Co., 279 Madison St., Chicago 143.
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLINOIS. 
 
 XIX 
 
 149 
 159 
 
 III 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 29 
 
 The Meeker Medicine Co., 260 So. Clark St. , Chicago 
 
 Transportation Building 
 
 Van's Mexican Hair Restorer, Allen & Co., Inter Ocean Building, Chicago 
 
 Virgin, John 
 
 Vittum, D. \V 
 
 Washburn, J. M 
 
 Wau-Be-Ke-Chuck, 237 La Salle St., Chicago J5 i 
 
 Wilkinson Co., 83 Randolph St., Chicago log 
 
 Wiles, Mrs. Robert H 
 
 William's Automatic Car Coupler, Exchange 10, Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago . 165 
 
 Woman's Building 
 
 Woman's Exhibit 
 
 Wool fs Clothing, Halsted and Madison Sts., Chicago ng 
 
 W. W. Kimball Co., 243 Wabash Ave., Chicago . 
 
 Wyman, B. F 2
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Settled at Kaskaskia in 1720, 
 Founded by Frenchmen. 
 Organized as Territory in 1809. 
 Admitted as State in 1818. 
 
 Population in 1860 1,711,951 
 
 " " 1870 2,539,891 
 
 " ' ; 1880 3,077.871 
 
 " 1890 3,826.351 
 
 Voting Population 1,072,663 
 
 Electoral Votes 24 
 
 U. S. Representatives 22 
 
 State Senators 51 
 
 " Representatives 153 
 
 Area (square miles) 56,650 
 
 Population to Square Mile 55 
 
 Real & Personal Property, *797,000,000 
 
 Railroads (miles) '. 10.189 
 
 Square Miles to Mile of Railroad... 5.5 
 Yearly Manufactures 1415,000,000 
 
 LARGEST 
 
 Chicago 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 ILLINOIS, before the coming of the "pale faces, " was occupied by sev- 
 eral fierce and warlike tribes of Indians. The Illinois Indians were a 
 powerful confederation of several tribes; they were constantly at war 
 with other Indian tribes and with the whites, until their numbers became 
 so deceminated that they gave up the struggle and followed their chief, 
 Du Quoin, to the Indian Territory. The Kiekapoos were the relentless 
 enemies of the whiles, with whom they were almost constantly at war. 
 When finally driven from the State they migrated to Mexico to avoid Amer- 
 ican rule. 
 
 Fur-traders and missionaries from Canada were the first to visit this 
 land. In 1673 Father Marquette and the fur-trader, Louis Joliet, reached 
 the Mississippi via the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, descended it to the 
 Illinois River and paddled up that sluggish stream, everywhere welcomed 
 with " festivals and peace-pipes " by the Aborigines. In 1679 La Salle and 
 Tonti made further explorations, and in 1680 La Salle and Father Hennepiu 
 founded Fort Creve-Conir. Kaskaskia and Cahokia were established as 
 Catholic missions, and soon a flourishing French commerce sprang up 
 between the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes -via the Illinois and 
 Chicago River^. 
 
 This territory was first settled and governed by the French, first from 
 Quebec :ind then from New Orleans, until 1763, when it was ceded to the 
 English. Virginia claimed Illinois as part of her territory by right of 
 charter, and governed it until 1784, when it was ceded, with other territory 
 northwest of the Ohio River, 1 ' to the United States. Illinois was organ- 
 ized as a Territory in 1809, and became a State in 1818. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. Greatest length.north and south, 385 miles: greatest 
 width, 218 mill's. Of its 56,650 square miles, 56,000 are land and 650 water. 
 Has 288 streams. Mississippi River forms its western boundary for 700 
 miles. The Ohio and Wabash Rivers bound the State on the southeast. 
 Shore line on Lake Michigan, 110 miles. Chicago connected with the Mis- 
 sissippi River by canal to La Salle, and the Illinois River to the Mississippi. 
 Navigable waterways, 4,100 mileg. State a vast prairie, well timbered in 
 many localities. Elevation from 340 feet at Cairo to 1,140 feet the highest 
 point In northwest portion of State. 
 
 AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, &c.-The soil of Illinois 
 is the most uniformly productive in the world, its farm products having 
 reached $270,000,000 in one year. Ranks second as a corn producing State, 
 with an average crop for 10 years of 227,000,000 bushels. Wheat belt lies 
 south of Springfieid annual product for 13 years, 30,000,000 bushels. Aver- 
 age oat crop over 70.000,000 bushels. The other leading farm products 
 an- rye, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, hay, grass seed, tlaxseed, broom-corn, 
 sorghum, etc. St:iti' abounds in fine fruit, and has 300,000 acres of orchards 
 and vineyard-.. Thr pi-aches from the Alton country are famous, and the 
 apple yield has reached 600,000 bushels. Cherries and plums thrive, and 
 >trawberrie>, raspberries and other small fruits are raised in vast quanti- 
 ties. More than 3.000.000 pounds of grapes and 300.000 gallons or wine have 
 b'-en produced Crimi the vineyards in a single year. Number of nurseries, 
 434: seed farms, 21. 
 
 LIVE STOCK. On account of the immense yield of hay, corn, and 
 
 oats, Illinois is especially adapted to stock raising. State ranks first in 
 
 value of horses, second in swine, and fourth in dairy products. Number of horses in 1890, 1,123,973, value, $83 301 912- 
 
 swine, 5.433.250, value, $30,517,479; milch cows, 1,072,473, value, $24,259,339. 
 
 MINERALS. The first coal discovered in the United States was near Ottawa, by Father Hennepin. State 
 ranks second in production of bituminous coal. Coal area. 37,000 square miles, with over 1,000 mines. Product of 
 1890, 12,638,000 tons: value. Ml. 755,000. State ranks high in production of limestone, and has 104 quarries. Value of 
 building stone quarried. 11,064,566; value of lime produced, $366,245. 
 
 MANUFACTURES. Illinois leads in manufacture of distilled spirits, ranks fourth in fermented liquors, 
 first in packing of meat, second in production of steel, fourth in pig iron. Wool industry important. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL. Students enrolled in common schools, 778,319: permanent school fund over $12800000- 
 
 >( -' I nge.rt-21. Students in private schools, 105,000. Normal University, Normal, over 1,100 students; Southern 
 
 Illinois Normal University, Carbondale, 1,400 students; Cook Co. Normal, Chicago; Universitv of Illinois Urbana 
 over 500 students. 
 
 1,438,010 
 Peoria .................................... 41,024 
 
 Quincy .................................. 31,494 
 
 Springfield ............................. 24,9<S3 
 
 Rockford ............................... 23,584 
 
 Joliet .................................... 23,264 
 
 LEGAL. 
 
 STATUTES OF LIMITATION. 
 
 Judgments, 7 years. 
 Open Accounts, 5 years. 
 Notes, 10 years. 
 Redemption Tax Sales, 2 years. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 
 
 Unwritten Contracts, 5years. 
 Foreclosure Mtg. and Tax Sales, 1 yr. 
 Real Actions in State, 20 years. 
 
 HOMESTEAD AND EXEMPTION. 
 
 Necessary wearing apparel, Bible, 
 school books and family pictures. 
 
 Personal property foreach person $100 
 
 Additional for head of family residing 
 with them (not including money 
 or wages due debtor) .............. $300 
 
 Homestead farm or lot and buildings 
 thereon ................................ $1,000 
 
 . INTEREST. 
 
 Legal Rate, 5 per ct. 
 
 liy Contract. 7 per ct. 
 
 Forfeit for Usury, all the Interest. 
 
 3 Days Grace. 
 
 MARRIED WOMEN. 
 
 Hold all property acquired by descent, 
 gift or purchase as if unmarried,
 
 MAP INDEX OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 EXPLANATION. 
 
 oowng ]. an upmoB t 
 of every rnunlv.Utv, Town. Vil- 
 Iftgr. nmi Poslonlc* in the Stule. 
 'illallt.ll of BCl> is K i veil 
 
 acordlnj t The On 
 Th.' population o 
 pUcos n- not give 
 
 small 
 
 *u* Report, * they were Included 
 In MM- ,-IM! (M.irict In which Ihny 
 re located; lli^se are indicated 
 lhu X 
 
 Slate Capital* and large Cltlm 
 re in capluU. Ihu^ CHICAGO 
 
 County Towns aw In "full-faced 
 type, Ihu* Cheater 
 
 PoMloffloM are hi Roman t>in>, 
 thu Akron. 
 
 Places not POM office* are in 
 Italic, thus Andfrsoit. 
 
 Fxpre>* ofllcr* are Indicated 
 
 Tb- lelUTS following nnme of 
 Town refer to t h point of cotnpa>* 
 en Hi" -Mnp "here It U local nd. 
 
 In the I.i-t (,f Cou n tie* the letter 
 nd flpurf, follnwhi? name of 
 ConBt7 t ourrapond with the letter 
 ard figure on margins of Map op- 
 posite tin- locution of County on 
 
 W 
 
 Owing to lack of room on Map 
 they will lf be found" ihVlUt 
 
 ^of Tow 
 
 "" Late el [mates 2i vi! 
 1.500,000 population. 
 
 ! Chlc.iRoo 
 
 Boone 
 Brown 
 
 rhaninwijt 
 
 < imdM. 
 
 Clark 
 
 Cook 
 
 ( :.' f. .ru 
 
 Ctiiuberlanil . 
 
 DeKalb 
 
 De Witt 
 
 SrC:::::: 
 
 Edgar 
 
 Edward* 
 
 Ktflajdiam 
 
 KB?.::::::. 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Fulton 
 
 CllaUn 
 
 Greene 
 
 Ondy 
 
 llfuuvraiu 
 Henry .... 
 
 ssr.v 
 
 McLean... 
 
 Maroo 
 
 Mtroupln.. 
 Mudlion ... 
 
 Marlon 
 
 M.-.Hatl.. 
 
 Ma*ju 
 
 MaMV 
 
 ;.:.!,,; ... 
 
 Monroe 
 
 M.iiitlfiim-r 
 
 HoXnV"' 
 
 ...... 
 
 lUuilnlpt 
 Klcl.laml 
 Kork Inland 
 
 WllllaniMn 
 Witiuebuo 
 Woodrwrd 
 
 VI M.56S 
 
 O7 14.SM 
 ,.A9 11.M8 
 
 i illSi.SM 
 1* 17,183 
 il 15.44S 
 
 .NlO 19.388 
 
 . ,N B 18,367 
 
 ,H 10 17.0JS 
 
 ..its n.ir- 
 
 . ,.H4 43.110 
 
 ...K1I 14.I3B 
 
 ..M 28,791 
 
 ..KlO Il.OM 
 
 . R 10 iT.flOO 
 
 -T J ,i "-^ 
 
 '.'.' ea 
 
 !..N* J4.810 
 
 ;"*.t; 8 lliws 
 
 ...CIO 5iU61 
 
 ..Fll 28.731 
 
 .D 1(1 ],! 
 
 >.G4 38,TSi 
 
 .A 11 S4.235 
 
 ..K9 80.7W 
 
 ::?! S;!!. 
 
 H* e3.WH 
 
 .. ,.K8 88.083 
 
 MS 4a380 
 
 ,. ..OS 51.5M 
 
 .. ..!'B 14,341 
 
 ,...K1 13.W8 
 
 ... . IS H.M7 
 
 .. . L'8 11.313 
 
 IK 13.120 
 
 .. ..F 3 18.MS 
 
 SI 1J.W9 
 
 900U3 
 
 ;:..K4 32,036 
 
 .. ..L M.l 
 
 .. , B1 ?8,7lO 
 
 ., . G 70.878 
 
 . U 8 11 3S1 
 
 . . E 1 .4,780 
 
 . . B i5.049 
 
 ..O 11 I'i,nl9 
 
 . .n 3 *i,n 
 
 . . P 6 M.571 
 
 . S 10 19.343 
 
 ,.K *UJ 
 
 . J3 Ii--" 
 
 ..TT 31.141 
 
 . .1 I 1 ! J '.<>: 
 . P II ll.HM 
 
 . 
 
 SB 83 -ltt 
 
 .. A S Js,S.Ta 
 
 O 7 (1,4:1 
 
 PopoUOoa ibdudvd la CUc^o. 
 
 TOWK. COO XI r. IMIxx. 
 
 Adan-.n, A^K W 
 
 Aitnm- Cur*. (tr Alletiilile). 
 ftAttiimn, UvltiRvtim <; 
 
 AddteviUe, Wa*!iineton ...s 
 
 Addbon, DUPMKC KK 
 
 Adeline, ORle .'.'.'.'.'." S 
 
 A.K:llli : i', .lahJHT ".'...'.. St-: 
 
 Aetna. Ciilpn R 
 
 AVi 111. VraukUn... '.'.'. '.'.'... 8 
 
 Akr..n. Pf..rta C 
 
 %Aitl<tin, Pike W 
 
 Altinv, Wnltetkli! N W 
 
 Albion, ) .in:-; !tE 
 
 AI.I.-11. MrlTi-iiry N 
 
 '.'.'.'. VMW 
 
 __. .-, Knc N 
 
 .A,,;rr^;r.::::::; 
 
 Alttonanin. Mcllenry M 
 
 Alliambra, Mutlwin C 
 
 All.-ii.inl.-. j!Mih BE 
 
 Allru'aSptltifr. I'op".; B 
 
 %. Minn Kit, Moullr-f! C 
 
 0AUertott. Plait C 
 
 Allertitu Vermilion E 
 
 AlUnon, Lawrence NE 
 
 Alma, Marlon 8 
 
 ^ Alma. Saint Clalr SW 
 
 Aintora, Koue N 
 
 Alpha. Henry KW 
 
 Alpine, Cook NE 
 
 Alwy, Hcott W 
 
 Alt*, Peorla C 
 
 Airmiunit, KflliifElam S 
 
 mAllenfitlm, Cook NE 
 
 Alton, Million C 
 
 Amboy, Lee ','.'.'.S 
 
 America, I'uhukl S 
 
 ArneJ", Mnroe S\V 
 
 Amity, lilehlarfd SE ' 
 
 Anchor. Mr Lean SW 
 
 Ancodl, IJvlugston C 
 
 Andalui.1., Rr*k Iliuid. NV/ 
 
 Audenon, Ceia W 
 
 Auu"v^!Henry??!'. 1 !.'!V.VNW 
 
 Anna. Union 8 
 
 Annapiplli, L'nwfuril SE 
 
 Aunawan, Henry NW 
 
 Antloch, like NE 
 
 Autonlti*, Adams W 
 
 Appli- River. JoDavlewSW 
 
 Al-pl.-'i-ii. Kno W 
 
 Aptaklnlc, iJike NE 
 
 Arcadia, Woman W 
 
 Archie. Vennllkin E 
 
 Arcola, Duujflai E 
 
 QArden, Pike '.....W 
 
 Arentvllle. COM W 
 
 Argvuts, MHCOM S 
 
 Aw. < ..rr<i:i 
 
 Arxyle'Park. tV.k... 
 
 Arlington. Bureau... 
 
 .:.N 
 
 Arlington, nurcau n 
 
 Arlington llelghts.Coi.k NK 
 _ Armlngton, Tniewyll C 
 
 Aroiitrpng, Vermilion E 
 
 Aru.fM. More-in W 
 
 *Arri',,yla t Wjiie'.'.'"" s SE 
 
 Arthur. Moult rlc '.'.'.. ,C 
 
 rAtf'.l'il'. Carroll NW 
 -!i {.PJM\ Ji''(|U(>i'* 
 
 Aahkom, Itoquul* K 
 
 Aihland-_CKs. w 
 
 Aihlcy. WnMiiuEtuu S 
 
 titan re, < )>.> B 
 
 ; Athlon, lee N 
 M-I1K-, PclnijU-r W 
 
 . \uutii ptl'.n. Clirltln,...C 
 
 Astoria, Fulton W 
 
 Athena. M-'iiiir I 
 AlhrnnvHle. Urce 
 
 AikHi 
 
 ., D 
 ..w 
 KW 
 ...G 
 
 jAtljUU. LOK* 
 
 UU, Pike n 
 
 y. MniarU C 
 
 . 
 
 in c 
 
 Alwoo Piatt'..';! ..... C 
 9 At* bum, Clark E 
 
 Auburn, baiifnniun C 
 
 9Aut>vrn Junclion, LookNR 
 
 Auhurn I'ark.Conk NE 
 
 Augwu, Haucock W 
 
 An* Snl'to. Grundy!!!'.".'.'.'.. H 
 
 Av*. Jackaon S 
 
 J Arena, Fayette 8 
 very, Jo1>* vlru N W 
 
 AviMiin, fllnton 8 
 
 Av..n.ruiu.n W 
 
 Avondale. Cook HE 
 
 lUtpji.m. KuJtun W 
 
 '.'." '.-.. ll'Xl.-ti, II.nxl S 
 
 llfttl.-r*. Kcliuyler W 
 
 Ballcyvllle, Oilli- N 
 
 AatMHdM \vmimin...8 
 
 linker, LuSiillc X 
 
 Hairr, McLrii- 8W 
 
 Balro'm, VnkV.* 
 
 r .1.1 M..UM.I, Kaup N 
 
 DalOwiD. Randolph'.'. .'.'.SW 
 
 Hall. WUIW BR 
 
 llnllarU. Mi-l*an SW 
 
 ' '.k NK 
 
 [tanner. Fulton W 
 
 //un. I* ('#. WarUm B 
 
 Oarctaf, Ofle N 
 
 H;,rrl>-, ft-digamon. C 
 
 {:,i>,,,, Jl tils,. ii ... i: 
 
 lt.iri-.".!1]<-, Mwllioiii C 
 
 ll-.nl.-lt.il. MrDonuuifh W 
 
 llini.nl. Atlam* W 
 
 -Ban..-. McLemn sw 
 
 _.Hnrn.-ti. Muutininerr ,...(; 
 
 BarabllL Wuyur ....SK 
 
 /..LI. Cuok . NK 
 
 " <'vllle. Nt-Hrnry N 
 
 _ . .rrliiffton. Cuiik NK 
 
 Itarruw, Greeiie W 
 
 fiinr'a More, Mawmpln C 
 
 Harry. Pike .....W 
 
 -"rteliio! Clinton.. ... 
 
 NK 
 
 . iv.trta C 
 
 .)/.., , ,. (iallatln BE 
 
 : .v C 
 
 MB, UwaBc'.".*.'."'*.^ 
 
 }.iiT7 
 IfcM 
 
 4.o:,l 
 
 ror. TOW. 
 
 HataUa, Knii H 
 
 BIK-M./-MI. Cullifiun W 
 
 I, t y,^-" ocr ............ 
 
 Day City, Pope .............. K 
 
 ftilleClw. Fayetle ....... -g 
 
 Haylla, Pike ...... . ....... W 
 
 tiin, (nte UcNoell... 
 8t^f, Wnjroe ..... SR 
 
 Htown. Casi ......... W 
 
 - 
 
 ,. 
 
 hrm-M r:. k, ]( .lid. S 
 
 Beavert'm. Boone 1* 
 
 Bearervllle I roquoti E 
 
 JhcjtKif A, VermlUiiu B 
 
 Bedford, pike W 
 
 -Beeeber. Will NB 
 
 ech Illdge, Alexander. .3 
 
 .^^iiTlllc, calhonn W 
 
 Bee Creek, Pike W 
 
 JJi'lt, M n'rl^'li . '.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.".9 
 
 Bell Air, Crawford SE 
 
 Belle Flower, McLean-, .KW 
 
 .Calboun.. 
 
 SrffapUrtVu^! BtCtalr.'. . SW 
 
 Be 1 1 moat, Wabajb SE 
 
 Cook NK 
 
 ook NE 
 
 Ilt-lvMere, Bonne .N 
 
 Bement, PUtt '.'.".'.'.!. ,C 
 
 eenJamtiUKlUt, (ice Holder) 
 
 BenMnvlllfl, Du 1'age. . .NK 
 ~ :ruon, WoodlorU C 
 
 ntley. Hancock W 
 
 enton. Franklin 8 
 
 __..n take NE 
 
 Benvllle, Brown W 
 
 Brrilan. Greene W 
 
 flCT-fff . Cuok KB 
 
 Berlin, Siniwiiion C 
 
 Berlin, Summon C 
 
 -rruadult*. Fulton W 
 
 llcrulce, Cook N' K 
 
 .rryton. Can W 
 
 Bern-vine, Hichland SB 
 
 Berwick. Warren W 
 
 B-r-yn, Cook NE 
 
 1% hrHtn, MuiljM.ti i; 
 
 Bethel, Morgan ".'.".""'. W 
 
 Dethtll. Jwikwu S 
 
 AcUrJBH. Bond S 
 
 Bererly, Atianu W 
 
 S Berrrlu Hilt. Cook KB 
 bte Orare, Clay 8 
 
 %Big Bay, Mawac SW 
 
 >/:.'..(.,(. r., tr; ,ii SW 
 
 Bl*Swk.Adani. W 
 
 ftaBock, Kaue M 
 
 fiiaJondV, Momnn ..iW 
 
 Bir.ett, Lawrence NB 
 
 BIHRham, Fnyetto 3 
 
 Blrdt, Lawrence N E 
 
 )ilr.rDrlUne, Will NK 
 
 Hirkli'-i 1 !;. JriVitl C 
 
 Blrkncr, 8lutf:^tr ....bW 
 
 iSop'Hiu. Stiirr.".'"."** 
 
 UMW (-, iv, 
 (liinarck, V, 
 
 Black terry, Kane N 
 
 Blackburn. Clirt*Uau ^: 
 
 Blackitone, Uritie'itun"!.C 
 
 HlJlne, Booue N 
 
 Blilr. Randolph >w 
 
 Blalnvllle, Wtlll.iina.iu S 
 
 la*a, L* Salie ^ ; N 
 
 ludliw, JoLt>Bt..'.>W 
 
 '-i 1 ' ' 
 
 H'.'i ;A-. SMt IN 
 
 .minitoo,McL'nSW 
 
 Bluutit, Vernilllun B 
 
 BlneOraai, VermlUon E 
 
 Blue laUnd. Cook N K 
 
 AIM IttandJuxf't, Co.k ,,NR 
 
 Slllll^ "ilii!!!!'!. Mricnil S 
 Bio* Point, Efflnchun ,...S 
 
 BluaRIdfe, Putt C 
 
 Bluff LUy. Scliujler W 
 
 RSI off CHu. Fayette H 
 tiff Dale.G reene W 
 
 + Blujr Bait, Adami W 
 
 Bin (TSprlow. Caw. . 
 9Blutord, Jefterwn... 
 
 Itiyfnn, Fulton 
 
 Boal,Majwc 
 
 Moffte, Lawrence 
 
 Bofot*. Ja.per 
 
 Bolivia, Clirliuan 
 
 -~)IUin.Kleplienun . 
 
 ...SW 
 ...NK 
 ....SK 
 
 .... O 
 ..NW 
 
 BuneGap, Edward* SB 
 
 n..nfl.-M, Kankkkee, B 
 
 Bonn*. Boone N 
 
 Itoo.lv, Macon S 
 
 Boot'staUou. Jaiper ....BE 
 
 ;.'iMiir'!'.S 
 
 ij.-r. Clinton ...!"'."'.S 
 i'keeB 
 
 CU. Han 
 
 1 
 
 :k 
 
 Hoialttollle' G*\ltta .8K 
 
 h,,,pina,,, Etltlar K 
 jwminullr, Cook NK 
 
 Buwyt-r, KlrhUnd 8K 
 
 Boyleitnn, Wtyne sK 
 
 BI.VIIIUU. Tatewell C 
 
 Brulljury. CiitnUerlanrt ...E 
 
 Biadr'orJ, eurk. !!!!!.'!!!': 
 
 .. 
 
 /tra<Li\ii!:, L'uion S 
 
 -.BrmldwiwJ, Will N'E 
 
 took NB 
 
 Branch, BtlnlCUIr SW 
 
 9 f;> :>, fiJunrlioit. M^rkiu.a 
 hiavnel-l, Fnnklln S 
 
 Breeie, Clliilon 8 
 
 Bri'ineu. Ilmwlolph SW 
 
 , Vermilion K 
 
 Tiicr 1 *, Pike W 
 
 BiMrBtHft, Henry NW 
 
 %Hr,arH\t; Kanf N 
 
 /.j p. ii .-.. USalli- H 
 
 ll'-l<l'itJitrtinn. MadlM>n..O 
 
 ~ Ihidyt J unctiov. Peorla. -C 
 
 firittatJmtrttoH. Will.. NE 
 
 _ tin //^..'uwci'n.S'-ClalrSW 
 
 Hi i.lyr. Junction, Afei'd'r 8 
 
 ttridgtfart. Cook NB 
 
 S Brian-port. Lawrence. .NB 
 rnl|f l w*t*r. Crr^ri" W 
 
 BrlgAtnn, Jersey BW 
 
 Hr!f[titn, Macounln C 
 
 BrV*to*Pork, <iook. . . NE 
 
 SHrlnineld, Peorla C 
 /trtobane. Will NH 
 
 !HrU-f>e, Clark E 
 
 A, Kendall N 
 
 llanda, Champaign ..B 
 
 lufll, I/JR1D C 
 
 [I'.io'iin. J-..lt;ar K 
 
 Brok a 10. If cLnn ....... BW 
 
 ' ' '.Cook NE 
 
 Park, Cook..NB 
 __ ._ Bdllne S 
 
 Brooklyn, Mwsac SW 
 
 Srovkl'jH, ftt.Clalr 8W 
 
 Brooklyn, t.huyler W 
 
 "-ok*. Madlaon C 
 
 wkvilie, ogle N 
 
 rougntuu. Hamilton S 
 
 trownlne, Scburler W 
 
 Browna, Edward* SB 
 
 liroicM't MM. (tee Ironilale). 
 
 H, in. if, ',: /'^//.'.ui-L-.'.iVs' 
 
 ' i.twlrk, M;p-!!.y i: 
 
 i>ruhy Fork, DotigUl B 
 
 Bruwela. Calboon W 
 
 >Bryaut, Fulton W 
 
 tBryden, Jackion S 
 
 -lucnanan, (ee Dunn) 
 
 Hurl;,.-.,., BtMbOUCHL... NW 
 
 Buck Horn. Brown W 
 
 Buck Horn IltaHd. Pike ..W 
 i Buckingham. Kankakee..E 
 
 Hucklt-y. Iruqnoli... 
 
 Bufkurr, Franklin.. 
 
 Bad ',', i iTtapbni'.'.* 
 Buena Park, Cook .... 
 ' ~ ten* VlUa, Eleph't 
 
 8 
 
 .V.V.c 
 
 l!udl'>Gri 
 
 NW 
 
 ;rLaVe 4 ::::::xE 
 
 S: 
 Buxto 
 
 , 
 Carlylp.CUiilon 
 
 Carman, fteuderaon 
 
 rttrml, White 
 
 fur -ii <!*!, Lec 
 
 Carpenter, Mil!*un 
 
 !'Cary button, McHenry...N 
 Caaey. ('lark K 
 
 Cau-yvillf. Saint Cl*lr...SW 
 - M* t on.... 
 
 Ca 
 
 Huflalu 1'ralrtc. K. lalanU N W 
 
 Duinpua. Jefterion 8 
 
 Buncombe, John ton S 
 
 iluakerHlll, Hacoapln...G 
 
 it {:, an'M.l::^ l'.^".'".'.' 
 
 Burkullle. Monroe SW 
 
 %KarJueillit. Uonro SW 
 
 SurtlAffar-it, Can , W 
 
 Bnrltagton. Kane N 
 
 Burnham, Cook NE 
 
 'surname Croiiiiig! C'k .'\B 
 
 Buruttilf. Hancock W 
 
 Burnt Prairie. WhlM SE 
 
 9 Burr Oik. Cook NE 
 
 Bumw>rlli. Plait c 
 
 Barton, Ad*m* W 
 
 S Burton View, Logan C 
 Biuhuell, McDonough....W 
 
 "!!'.c 
 
 ...K 
 
 Clinton 8 
 
 9J1I/I"', Fultou W 
 
 Bycrton, Calhoun W 
 
 /fyMirn.'.'-. Du Page ....NB 
 
 Byron. Ogle N 
 
 Cabery t Ford E 
 
 Cable, fiercer NW 
 
 Cadnvll. M..iiUrlr C 
 
 Ciiiokla, Saint Clalf ....SIT 
 
 SCatro, AlfxtuJer B 
 Cjii.l UlU. Itumc N 
 
 CkxMoAJa^MHcMfK, B'ne K 
 
 Calhmm, K'.dilnnrl sK 
 
 California Arttnu. Cook..NE 
 Ciluiiie;. Cook NE 
 
 Caluiitet filter. Cook . . . . N E 
 ^Calvary. Cock NB 
 
 C;.' in. V, |s|;, SK 
 
 CambHd^Hturi: '. K W 
 
 iiujl-r W 
 
 CamdfH Jtfltt, (wo Milan)... 
 
 IT mini;.. . 
 >D W 
 
 jCamcron, Wi 
 
 < .inn':."]]. I 1 ..!'* (: 
 
 Campbell Hill, Jackton ...8 
 CatopGrovf, Btark C 
 
 ! Camp Point, Adam* W 
 Calicut, Uvlngiton O 
 
 JCaimvHie. Willlimmn S 
 Cantint, Madlwn C 
 
 raitttpn. FvilMn. W 
 
 Car.rr.ill. S j'..-.u-.i.i' r 
 
 Caprtia, Puonc N 
 
 Carbtr't Sidgt, iseu Karbfr'* 
 
 Carbon Cliff, Rock 1'il.NW 
 
 Cartiondule. Jutknou a 
 
 (';.( iMHille, Macuupln . ,C 
 Carlock. McLean .SW 
 
 -,f : .rlt<..i. 1'r Kttl!). 
 
 w a 
 
 V.V.8E 1.7SS 
 ...N X 
 
 r>rn ..-' Mil!.. Saline d 
 
 1-nmitl, I arnill NW 
 
 ^Carrol I ton, (Ireene W 
 
 Carrow, Kankakee B 
 
 Cartrrvltle. Wllllamton ...9 
 Hancock . . . . W 
 
 . 
 
 & 
 
 ....8 
 mit w 
 
 ., srjrk.. C 
 
 9(\ittitton. KauJcakee K 
 
 Cart..r, Winc 
 
 f'ttfaH. f.tJt K 
 
 Citlln, Vermilion B 
 
 <-.j(.', VUrvhall r 
 
 SCalon FarnTvim NB 
 iveln Ru-k, ItardiD SK 
 
 Cawtliiia. Kllllauiiou 3 
 
 OITM. OOOBTT. ir.onx. ror 
 
 pCazenoTla, Woodford C IW 
 
 j ftdar. Wlilte.ld^ N W X 
 
 Ced-tr eiuir.Jotta.Qa x 
 
 Cedar Mlllt, Greene TV 19 
 
 Odarvlllc, Btei>hen*on. . .N W Z# 
 
 t Cement Worst. LoSalle ..N X 
 
 Cninltit,&tepheniuin. .KW tt 
 
 9Cetrr, facewell C X 
 
 CrnUt till', Grunily N X 
 
 "entral CHu, Grundy tt (13 
 
 Central City. Marion 8 3U4 
 
 ^ Cent nil a, JlartoD S l.T*J 
 
 Central Park. Cook NE * 
 
 Centre, Scliiijlcr..., W x 
 
 SCtntrt folnt, Kn.,x W X 
 
 ntreKtdgt. (*ee ftwcdoua). X 
 
 Ceutrevllle, 1'latt C 1UO 
 
 Ctnitrrtltf. <f'" f-. h..h X 
 
 Ccntn-vllle hta:i.,ii,si.i.>-s W 2tW 
 
 CerroGordo, Plait C W* 
 
 Cbadwlck, Carn.ll N w 2W 
 
 Chain n Bridge, Monroe... SW B) 
 
 CballacornV Macou^Ut..C X 
 
 Chamhertbuncti, I'lke W 300 
 
 Cbatnneu. WUlininton B X 
 
 "iCh]iipaUn,C!,tiiipu]gTi..-E S,B 
 
 _*ait>lln, Uvlngijin C X 
 
 Chana.Ogte W SW 
 
 Chandler, Cook N J: x 
 
 Chaudlerrlllp, CaM W io 
 
 Channahou. will NR SSS 
 
 Chapln, Moripin W 5UO 
 
 Chapman, >Itintomery. .(' 10 
 
 CnniiftfU. Cw.k .NE X 
 
 ChantT, Ve nnllion E IS 
 
 * Charleston, Culo K <,! 
 
 -- 'vinnton C 
 
 re, DeKalb... N 1C 
 
 Chae, Peurla C X 
 
 -iChaUiam. Kaupamon C 481 
 
 _iCbat&worth. LiTioc*toD...C 837 
 
 SCbattan, AdaniB. W ftt 
 
 lauccey. Lawrence SE li 
 
 Cbebauae. Iroquoli B 61C 
 
 Cheltcnbam, Cook NK * 
 
 j Ctiemnne,' n Mcl?enry ...... N IM 
 
 Cbeneysrllle. Vermilion. K M 
 
 Cheaoa, McLean SW l.ttC 
 
 CAtrry Hilii, W III NE 1.1UI 
 
 Chcr,-y Polnl, Edzsr K aw 
 
 Cherry Valley, Wrireb'go N aul 
 
 Chester , Ratidulph.... SW i.K 
 
 Clieatcrtleld. Mftcoupln... C 914 
 %Chf*lfrealt, Logan C X 
 
 I'M -u-rvir... D, u^u- \ 
 
 Cheitllne, Adami W X 
 
 Cheaumt, Ixfron C 100 
 
 CHICAGO, Cook. . . . SE U3,J 
 
 ChK'iyo tt Efxtntion June., 
 Cook 
 
 Chicago Ili-ifc-hu, Co..,:. 
 
 CAiftennp. Gjunay .'.'.".".*.:* x 
 Chill, Hancock V mi 
 
 Illeuihi-, Prorla C '.831 
 
 (aeeEeeCreek).... X 
 
 ' Incli ti-its, i i ; i .''*... '."".VI 
 Clnctnnati,<tfo Pin Oak ) .... 
 CbvltvltU, Tweil C 
 
 Cisco. Plate < 
 
 Cline, Wayne SE 
 
 dianaParX'lnxiuctU.'.'.'.'.E 
 -tCH-or.Talton..,?. W 
 
 ClarVr I>e S Jiii'.V .'.'.'." . . " ' X 
 
 Claremont, Klch'.iii'l , si- 
 Clarence, Ford t 
 
 Clareadou Bllla.UDl'ace NF 
 
 Clark, Jersey sw 
 
 Clark Centra. Clark E 
 
 Clarkdale.'nti.-.. Ci-k NK 
 Clarke City, Kankukec E 
 
 Clark'*, Onok .... NK 
 
 Clarkadale. thriatlan C 
 
 CUrkiim, IVaynr S" 
 
 Clay City, Clay 
 
 '. 
 
 Clayton, Adami W 
 
 Claytoarille, Iroquota I 
 
 Clr- -- 
 
 SE X 
 
 .3 680 
 
 jCWtoft Trrract, MadlMn. C X 
 
 Clinton. DeWIU C 1MB 
 
 SCHmUMtdlt. Kane N 900 
 
 Cttola, Adam. W X 
 
 Ctorat, Randolph sw x 
 
 SCloverUaie. Dul'age NB 13 
 
 toverftltt, Bh Iby C X 
 
 tClybovrx JuncHon.CooltJi'K X 
 
 Clyde, Couk NE JW 
 
 CiyuV, Macoupln C X 
 
 JCoat$ranc\J a >ic.,QTua<ljS X 
 
 Coal Clatte, WIU NE X 
 
 Coal City. Grundy S l^TI 
 
 Coal JftflM, Will NE X 
 
 '-.-Ji .--f"lf:. Sai.i-l Q.. C X 
 
 Coat Track, IdSalle N x 
 
 Coil Valley.Rock l*landNW prt 
 Coalrtlle. Llvii.fnUin C 3UU 
 
 CoaJri;^Ju).,-,.Llvlngiti>nC X 
 -tCoaUburph. A.lami W SM 
 
 * ' -i. Union 8 M4 
 
 i, MoniKomery C 
 
 %i'',iif "i rn, Jii'kHiii S 
 
 ('- i.-'ii !' r. M^'ltiiiinii; 1 ! W 
 
 Coldbrook, Warren W 
 
 Cole Pale, Mercer NW 
 
 Colehour, Cook NK 
 
 ' WrNi'in. Kane N 
 
 '.l.iultrle C 
 
 ''..;,, i'lintnn ...B 
 
 .'ol.-t... WhltMlde NW 
 
 Cnllax. McLean SW 
 
 CoMtw*. 1'eorla C 
 
 Colllntburgk, Jobuoo 8 
 
 (.iiiUiivliu-, Uadtoon C 
 
 Cnlmar. McDonoogti . . . . W w 
 
 i 1 t ,|,,naS!*t 1 ..n, H.'nry..NlV *5ir 
 Colorado. Pope ..S X 
 
 Columbia. MntM SW 1,1*1 
 
 Ci.iiiitiliiip4. A.lami '.'.'.'.'.W )01 
 
 Coluntbtrt, inee Wool) X 
 
 tv'm^ lirKa'lb.. '.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.. N X 
 
 Colvln Pirk. DeKalb X 10 
 
 aaMto AfiHBt, Platt C x 
 
 Comrr. NUi-uUpliI C X 
 
 Commen -III Point. Al'Ji'ntirr 3 100 
 
 .NW 
 
 U 
 
 i ;.',,.! ,.^, 'l ; .- | 
 
 < ..-..i. i. i'i 
 
 I'.-;., "i'i. > 
 
 ::S .
 
 MAP INDEX OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 TOWM. COUKTT. urcKx. 
 Congrr. Woo-lford C 
 
 *CvHiryi*i >H,W . . ,'. '. .'.'.'."SK 
 
 Conlogur. Kdftar E 
 
 C,,,.,,.,,, M.,,n NW 
 
 Conrad, Calhoun W 
 
 O-n(" (. I'd.k SE 
 
 ." !-. ( ..k NK 
 
 Cf*.k' Mill*. V1.< K 
 
 Cook-nll?. Mi Lean SW 
 
 r.->l H.nW, I'lk.- W 
 
 i_Yit"T, Taaewrll C 
 
 \vn, Bmwn W 
 
 Caitjin i Creeli Lock and Dam, 
 laenCantoU) 
 
 Oor,S*ngamou C 
 
 Coral, McHmr? N 
 
 CordoTLKock Uland . NW 
 
 Corinth. Williamson 8 
 
 Cornell, LIvlngMon C 
 
 CoriilanJ, Logan C 
 
 , Heunr KW 
 
 C<n-ryrillf, (see Linn) 
 
 OinrilA. Cook ... 
 
 CMMr.Onudr... 
 
 i'.it;r drove, Cook . 
 
 t ',::w Hill. IVitivsi 
 
 Cotuga Home, Wiliia 
 
 Cotton Hill. Rwijta'timrV. ".'.'.<": 
 
 Ci.tUtnwtwxl, OalUlll. SE 
 
 CouKerevllle. Randolph sW 
 i t, ni. cil Hill. J.i 1>U"M..NW 
 
 council Hill SU...!oI>'XW 
 
 Courtlanil. DeKalb ....... N 
 
 CoreJI. McLean SW 
 
 Cowilrn, Hhelby C 
 
 Cuuwi. Perry B 
 
 Cowling, Wabaih SE 
 
 C-WVcHenry N 
 
 Coyne, Grundy N 
 
 Coytiw, Will NK 
 
 Crab Orrhartl, WlMainwn . S 
 
 Cngln. C.*.k KK 
 
 Craig, Perry S 
 
 .v,r.,-v. r,;,-,r K 
 
 I'raim ill*. Wllllamaon . . . , S 
 
 Sfratner. Peorla r 
 Cro melon, Henry NW 
 
 CnndalL tueweU C 
 
 <. rt tunl, foot NE 
 
 > real 'prlugt. Williamson S 
 
 <'re*centClty. Iroquol* E 
 
 i'ri-*t.i:i. <V\* 
 
 4 Will 
 
 CneJnU, JMMr 
 
 I'mbertaud.'.'. 
 
 Cropaey. McLean 
 
 M.Jen** 
 
 I'll,!!,.. Sii. t ,inn, 
 
 win*.. .:...:. 
 
 C'rorrn, Salnl flair SW X 
 
 Cruder. Woodford C 
 
 Crvtnplon, (we Healy) X 
 
 . ' McLean... SW X 
 Crvttnt Lai* O '0.,<aeeCryiUl Lk.JX 
 
 CryMal Lake. McHenry...N 781 
 
 tVi'iMJ Lake Junction, He. 
 
 Henry N X 
 
 Cuba, Fullon W l.:n 
 
 CDllom. Livingston C 300 
 
 < uniHiliiKn. <.-'>; NE l.dij 
 
 rKuiNi(np.VMcXCookXK * 
 
 Carran, Santnmon C ISO 
 
 CurrVr'f M i.(ieeCarrkr'tM*. X 
 
 Curtia. Menart C X 
 
 Curtttritlr. (*ee8ainay111e) ... X 
 
 Cuahman, Moult rt* C SO 
 
 Cinter, s* nga m< >n C 100 
 
 CoaterPark, Will NE 100 
 
 Cutler, Perry S 130 
 
 Cuvtor.Cook NE X 
 
 Crprr*a Creek. JohDton S X 
 
 Cffttw'iKll0H,QaUatluBI X 
 
 DagW Carroll. NW x 
 
 IHhluda, Koox W IS 
 
 Dahlgtvn, HamlJWn S 301 
 
 Inilea, Cillmun W x 
 
 -'.'.".'.. S X 
 4t Halls* City. Ham-nek W 747 
 
 Dillon City, Mi.ulirte C 834 
 
 ............. 
 
 ill .............. NE 
 
 humid 
 
 . , . . 
 
 n ..... S 
 
 MB 
 
 I 
 
 ,lrof]Ui>l E tOO 
 
 ,:i SW SOt 
 
 Danville-. Vrrmlll ... E H.iSl 
 
 Ptnwny. LSa 
 
 ' 
 BantM ..K 
 
 tdL6*lDt Clalr ...,6W 
 
 uar in. Clark E 
 
 Damn. Greene W 
 
 ZxiiipAtn Park. Cook.. NE 
 
 Davit, BUphennon NW 
 
 DavlaJnnclIon, Ogle N 
 
 Di-corrn, Henden 
 tiff t tr. Cook. 
 
 lifr Creek. TM* 
 
 litrrJI'lJ l*i-ni i- i-. 
 
 Dr-r Grove, VTfal 
 %Dttri-ig. Cook .. 
 
 I*rr 1'arlt. ' ~ 
 
 ...... N 
 
 USdlle. .S 
 , ....... W 
 
 - 
 
 . - ........ 
 
 SDrluid, FUtt ..... r 
 rvivn. i,, --,.n ....... ;t: 
 
 !Ivlj, Mwniipin ......... C 
 Dellil, Jr*ty ............ SW 
 
 DtU AU>ty.Qruti4y ....... S 
 
 Done, McLean... 
 Hf>tnrille. Randolph 
 %fhake, Greene.... 
 
 Drtuar, Favi'lte - 
 
 Driven, Jefferton S 
 
 Drtimmond, Will NE 
 
 rury, Itock laland NW 
 
 _ ryjeo, Jcfferaon S 
 
 /':.':/,n. M.-niKi.r-i-r. C 
 
 " tool*, Wainlugum 8 
 
 dley. Edgar E 
 
 .evVnle, Bond S 
 
 ftunbar, Stephruwm N W 
 
 nuncan, ( SUrlc C 
 
 ._n?Wlh. Foltaik.'.'.'.'.W 
 
 Duncan Y! lie, Crawford ..SE 
 
 Dnnda*, RlchlauU SE 
 
 Dundee, Kani- N 
 
 Dumfrrmllne, Fullon W 
 
 Dunkel, cnmtl*n C 
 
 Dunlap. Peorla C 
 
 DunCeftk, (ee E. DttbOQM) . . 
 Dunn, Moultrlo C 
 
 Dunn1ii. Cook NE 
 
 Dupage. v;ill NE 
 
 l>Uponi,Cook NE 
 
 Durand VinnebagoV..."..N 
 
 I)i:r',n'ii, Him', irk \V 
 
 Tha-lev, Bond 8 
 
 Dv K kHottotelt in t*. S t. Cl' rS W 
 
 Sagl" Lake, W^.^.^.'i.'liiE 
 Eagle Point, Oxle N 
 
 M:M::,. I.,~-M- v 
 
 Erly Dawn. L*e N 
 
 J 
 
 DriRri. Iroqnoit.". ..".".." K 
 
 - " njHttr .c , n. Cook . Nt 
 
 wrk. Perry 8 
 
 Dnml^hlMi<ii''.'.'.KW 
 
 Denver, Hannick W 
 
 IMrlm!*, '.hi DaTlria.' ,'.'," "MV 
 nertodaOr.tr- JoIHvVNW 
 
 l^lln^KMk.kw E 
 
 I>e.S<ito, J-kun'. '.".'.". 
 
 KH-I Ptolni-o. ( "ook NE 
 roll, Pike W 
 
 Devona, Mrrcer NW 
 
 Hewey. < hainpalgn B 
 
 |>- Witt, i* wm i: 
 
 DUmntlrl Lke. Lukr ...... NE 
 
 .Tw^weii.. 
 
 .burs' - 
 
 tDUunlek, 
 
 Dlll>biirg>i,Cham(uUgu . 
 
 Dlmmlck, L* Stile 
 
 Dloaa, Colri. 
 
 oltoo'a Station, Cook 
 onafiCook 
 
 .DonjRila, Union... 
 
 Donnellion, " 
 
 ....N 
 "" 
 
 !"NB 
 . . . x E 
 
 ...NE 
 
 ' ' . . i 
 
 _. ;Kno...........W 
 
 Duaglas. St. Clalr SW 
 
 Dougtat Park. C.ik . . . . NE 
 
 '"-'"* ip v e'.NE 
 .. ..sw 
 
 bW 
 
 w 
 
 ..s 
 
 
 & 
 
 aCapeGlrmrJeau, Ale: 
 
 E. Carondelet. 6t. Clali 
 
 i, Wh 
 
 ,5 
 
 . . . . 
 
 - ...;. VhiioKleNW 
 aMDfwtur. Mkcon _____ S 
 
 E. DtibnqiM-, Jo Di vlrM N W 
 Eatt Dundee. Katie ......... N 
 
 S'titKroff. Dti Pe....XE 
 
 fMtJSTcniMtnl, Plk ..... W 
 
 <u(.Tofi!, Will ........ NB 
 
 ail Lonlttana, Plke......W 
 
 E**c Lynn. Vi-rmliioD ..... B 
 
 ast Newbern, JerKj- ..... f=',7 
 
 /; :- '..,(. .. > in rw rvTrt 
 
 fcjsiou. Muon .......... NW 
 
 EwtPawPw, IWKaib ..... N 
 
 Ert Peorla-TBiewcl! _____ C 
 
 Kt-r 1'l.ttn, Kn .......... N 
 
 ' 
 
 ., 
 <ui Rcttt'in<l, Cook ...... K E 
 
 WfcettUnd. Will ...... NK 
 
 ford 
 
 
 
 , 
 * 
 
 Eut WfcettUn 
 Elon, Crawfor ........... 
 
 1 : . . : . . .. . L - 
 
 EddTvllle, 1'ope .............. 8 
 
 . I'ejfl* ......... -I' 
 
 Kden, Fi-orU .............. C 
 
 Eilgir, F.'lgir ............. K 
 
 Edge.wmer.0ol;.. 
 EdBtwim). i:Anh>in ..... 8 
 
 Edslagton, Hock lilind . .NW 
 
 Edlnbunrb, ChrWUin ..... C 
 EdlwaFxrk.Cook ...... KB 
 
 dmoniii, Jlisicorfc ........ W 
 
 Edwtnls, Ponrla .......... C 
 
 Edwnr<l*vlllf. MidlioaC 
 
 -" ' 
 
 ..................... C 
 
 9 E<tiear<ln-* Junction, MM))- 
 
 EfllnghAi'i'.' Kfflng'hVm' B 
 F.Rnrr, Iro.iool* ........... E 
 
 EwDfUy. Otle ........... N 
 
 9ggrrt, Cook ........... NE 
 
 ' 
 
 Elba, GalUUn 
 
 Elburu, Ktiie 
 
 JElco, Alnxiiudor 
 I Dan, I'lke 
 
 Eldrni, lye 
 
 'ni'i, M( l^'i 
 . C'lr.fn.k- . 
 
 El Dorado, Salluf..., 
 
 ?EUlred. Ol 
 lartitgr, Edgar 
 
 Eleanor, Warren .... 
 
 
 ;^S?Tr:-:; 
 
 rah.-tn.j.> l>ana.. NW 
 
 flit "Oroe, CooT"'. . * " K K 
 
 Elkhtrt, Logan C 
 
 KlkhiTfk. WaahlogtDD .... 8 
 Elkhnm Grove, farruU...KW 
 Elk Pnltie, .I.'ffr n-,ii , S 
 
 Elkvllle, Jicksou. S 
 
 Ellery. Ed-n r d M-: 
 
 
 . .. . . 
 
 lnKton.Ailami ........... W 
 
 'lli-m. Xur-1 .............. E 
 
 
 
 rill,<.r,,v,-, U(ii,d,,lp|, SW 
 
 Kill* M..IIM.J. llBinlltno 9 
 
 SEIIaworth, McLean SW 
 m Krauch, Wiyne SE 
 
 Elm Ofue, Adatna W 
 
 BlmbuM, Du Page KB 
 
 Elnilra, Stark O 
 
 Bnw%rr- 
 
 ElBdoo.1 .__ 
 
 _ i-.h'H viatk.u. De Kaio'.V.'.N 
 
 SI' ...!!' 1 , II It,' Cl \V 
 Ivlni, Johnsr.n S 
 
 -Klwlii. M^.x-u S 
 
 _ KI woutl. Will N E 
 
 Kmbarrait AdMy.Coiea. .K 
 
 Emden, Logaa C 
 
 Emerson, WMtr.lac NW 
 
 ,. Mact-n 3 
 
 Endupf.ii. LlTlngatoo C 
 
 Emma, White SB 
 
 Empire, McLean SW 
 
 /'ni ..-, (M-elSaf.) 
 
 Enilor, Will \E 
 
 KnnHil, While SE 
 
 tKnfl,tdJ\H't n. Wlnl.- NK 
 
 Fulton W 
 
 rnt.T^i^'V^S 1 ;;;-::;;:;.""-- 
 
 f-'/>li, i !.<!, M.'D I,'. I ..W 
 
 Equality, Oailatln -K 
 
 Erie, Whltenlde NW 
 
 _. .'lu, Schuylrr 
 
 Eimond. l(a Kalb... 
 
 Eatex, liankakce... 
 -Etna, Colo 
 
 .Bulwnka. Adann.... 
 Kucl fit Park, Cook.. 
 
 SE 
 
 Erana, Slan-liall 
 
 Eca,n HUI, Morgan W 
 
 ETanilon. Cook NE 
 
 KvanavUle, Ituudolpb SW 
 
 AV'irM, >;. I-K. ;.-..n ....NW 
 
 ErergreenPnrk. Cook..NE 
 
 A'Mrfiuin, EOnghain S 
 
 Kwlng. Franklin S 
 
 Stetnglon, Efflnghani E 
 
 - "-ion K 
 
 icier. Scott W 
 
 EMIiic. Kankakee E 
 
 I-'-. U r. !^li ; ..t...i (j 
 
 /'ilrtin*j, Moulirle C 
 
 IFalrbury, LJvlnRston C 
 
 i Fair 
 
 Fal r U rititv. 
 FUr Havpn. fir 
 
 !Falrlnnd, Douglai B 
 I.-JKIII..H. M.irn-n - s 
 
 Falrmouut, Vermilion.. . S 
 Fatrnwunt Park, Cook...NB 
 
 Falrrtew, Fulton W 
 
 -tFalrvlevtPark. Cook...NE 
 
 air Weather, Adama W 
 
 .Fail Creek, Adam* W 
 
 .'ailing fprlnat, St. tlalr.SW 
 
 J'almouth, Jasper SB 
 
 K.T]c':>T. S!...jb> t; 
 
 Fancy Prnlrle, Menard C 
 
 Fantlon, McDonough W 
 
 Faney, Woodford C 
 
 Fargo, biown W 
 
 Farina, Fayette S 
 
 Farlow, Moultrle C 
 
 Fftrmdale. Twewelt C 
 
 .Farmer City, De Will C 
 
 Fanner* v I lie, Montg'ry. . ,C 
 
 FarmlDgdale, Sangamon. .C 
 
 Farmlngton. Fulton W 
 
 Fnn KLdifi'. l^Salle N 
 
 Fanceil, Ciiok N B 
 
 Fayetu, Greece W 
 
 Fayette.vllle, St. Clalr SW 
 
 -.hanville. Cook NB 
 
 Feller, Greene W 
 
 Fenlon, Whllpslde NW 
 
 Ferdinand. Rock ].!aud..NW 
 
 /*o*-rfftawi,(,.k 
 
 SForeitCitj, M**oo 
 FomtGien, IV k 
 rofwtniu, cook 
 
 ^FortHHitt. Coc.k 
 
 C..k 
 
 8W 
 
 !F1 , 
 Flcklin, Duuglan B 
 
 Fidelity, Jeraey 8W 
 
 Fidelity, Cbampalgn E 
 
 *Flfl4ino, DeKalS N 
 
 Fleldon, 3eey SW 
 
 Mfer. McLean SW 
 
 KillTnore, Montgomery ... .C 
 
 Fllion, Douitlw .....E 
 
 Flndlay, Sbelby C 
 
 Flnuey, Jacktou 8 
 
 Flaher, Champaign E 
 
 Fittun, Vermilion E 
 
 Ftokrr-t L'd'a.iie* Bee Creek) 
 
 Klih Hook, Pike W 
 
 FUM Lake,Bt.CMt ,. 
 FlUilan, Vermilion.... 
 
 r!" Ilili. I TUUUL." 
 
 Fiigg. OK"' '.'""'.'.v 
 
 SFlagg Cer-rrt, Ogle M 
 Fl*ncnti, Llvtngnon C 
 
 Flit l..:.-k. l'ra*ford....8B 
 H 1 ttflDe. ' -. .!.;!,. IL. . B 
 Fleralngton.Kdgar K 
 
 Kid. Isi-r, Mi-Leau 8W 
 
 Flint, Hamilton a 
 
 ? Hurt, Hay 8 
 lorovllle, bt. Clalr SW 
 
 ' sutl'ynifci'plVuN W 
 
 "NE 
 
 ..NW 
 ..NB 
 
 
 Forreaton, (Vie N 
 
 ?Foryth, Mttif.il ,$ 
 art Ctinrtr*. l!audul]ili . .SW 
 
 Fort Hill, Lake NB 
 
 rmiMAA/Mrtxtrklli 
 
 f,,rt Lut, Jaoper SK 
 
 FortRhf-rldan. lj,k^ NE 
 
 Foer, Rock Uland N W 
 
 Forterburgh, Madlnun... . C 
 F<-ter Pond, Munn* SW 
 
 Fountain RluiT. Jaiktou. . .8 
 
 Fountaludale. Ugl N 
 
 Fountain Grt-.-u. Mai...nW. W 
 
 fowler, Adam *'..^.....W 
 
 Fux, KtDdall N 
 
 V..t I.VK-.- l*\.> ...NK 
 
 K..\ >!:!.',' Marlon *..' .'.'*3 
 
 ?/><iniA Vermilion K 
 rankfort. Franklin S 
 
 Franco*, WU1 KX 
 
 [Frankr.rt StaUmi, TViil. NE 
 frank 1111. Morgim IV 
 
 IKrankllti Groe, Lee X 
 
 r.iiikini r.irk. Hardlu ....SE 
 N 
 
 r-l^r - , tt'lutp 6K 
 
 JKrrderli k. S jlcr W 
 
 * i. WUllamioa S 
 
 ?.-.h.et. Clalr. ...SW 
 . I D-Mllr N 
 
 A 
 
 p, Peorla c 
 
 Mon.NW 10.189 
 
 ?F 
 rl.' 
 
 ..::x| 
 
 9t'f""t'-i'^. Uuraitr.. 
 
 Ul :>".U.. ,, 
 
 .:::. UuP(g. 
 
 '['IV,..':';. 1 li.'\\'llt.*'.! - 
 
 ' 
 
 /tin*'* Krare, Mi-Unu .SW 
 
 . , . ; .:r sw 
 
 'a Ulce, Lake SE 
 
 
 i'iniyJo DavlVs..'."." NW 
 
 SKitlll*, A ,. "" c 
 
 '.%,.V,, ,,,!. I'.-.K . 
 Uallaghor, Hlcdlaiid bE 
 
 lalk.n :i'v. 'jTsalV. '.'.'.I'."" ' N 
 
 tGalt, Whitctlds NW 
 
 . 
 
 I .Perry.... s 
 
 Gnlvu, Henry NW 
 
 Ganntown, Johnwm S 
 
 Gam), Coolt NE 
 
 Gap Grove. Lee N 
 
 Garber, Ford E 
 
 Garden Plaiu.Whlte'e ..NW 
 
 Garden Prairie, Boooe.,,.N 
 
 Gardner, GrnuJy y 
 
 -" ^ ; -^ort.Coolc..NE 
 
 Ga'r/ftlit P'rrrlt, Cook' I".'".' S E 
 
 rlnnd. Edgar E 
 
 larrett, Dougla* E 
 
 <art*t<it t Saint Clalr.... KW 
 
 _ lary, Cook NE 
 
 (.' a it. -.'. ]..'"ri'.r.' i 
 
 '. I I !,,>. J ll't--..|l S 
 
 ' lion, Batimmua C 
 
 !Vr, Will NE 
 
 (NESS".:v.-v.^ 
 
 i.'.c.,. ll.'ury NW 
 
 ,tt. Wlnnebngo N 
 
 Genera, Kiic N 
 
 9Vt*tra StctU-lt, K*M'.....N 
 -|Uen..a, IVKinlh N 
 
 iGeorgeiown, Vernilllon. .E 
 
 iQcrlaw.Warran W 
 
 \Qenarm Prai>-ie, Sing'n,, C 
 
 i Ucm ian town, Clinton S 
 
 _ eriiuintfHcn, Vennlllon ...,S 
 (Irrman Toictt, Woodlord..C 
 
 (.eniian Valley, Siei'l.'i.NW 
 
 Glbun City, Ford E 
 
 Glflurd, Champaign. .. E 
 Gil*. Jasper 8E 
 
 +QUMrdM. Brown.' .".'.'.'.'.'.'.' W 
 
 Ollchrlit, Mercer N W 
 
 Gllcad, Calhonn W 
 
 O'. -!,:r. M.W.IIIIIIII I) 
 
 %QUletU, Will NE 
 
 liillmn, .Mcl.e*u SW 
 
 (Jllinan, Iroquol* E 
 
 ^UttUT, Uke XK 
 
 '.'.'. ''. rffliiKlmm S 
 
 rCtlion, Knox IV 
 
 Itilrurd, Macoupko C 
 
 K.nvjf, t ixik NE 
 
 tGladitone, Heuderon....W 
 
 iGLuford. Peorla c 
 
 IUNSOW. .Scon W 
 
 IQunakl, Jackaon B 
 
 tGlrnartu, fiaugamon C 
 
 v,k)ii\rn. Vermilion E 
 
 i;i.-nCarbon,U*dl*on....U 
 
 ;Olencoe,Cook NE 
 lemlale. Pope s 
 
 i Ellyn, DnPage NE 
 
 ., .in-ood. Cook NE 
 
 O ' , ' .'k NE 
 
 li.i.tf f'l 1 , Mj'l!H)[! C 
 
 Qodltv. Will NR 
 
 OoelWe, Cook NK 
 
 Oolcomda, Pope s 
 
 Oolcondo Jttattd, Pope 8 
 
 Golden, Adam* W 
 
 Golden Eagle, Calhann W 
 
 tQoIden OHe, Wayne SB 
 
 .GooJenow.Wm NK 
 
 jfi'ii.ilr.i'M, IV.tfiilf.ir.l r 
 
 Good Hope, McDonough .W 
 Goodl ng'a G rove, Will N E 
 
 Goodrich, Kaokakee E 
 
 Goodwlne, troquol* E 
 
 Gooo Island, Alexander ....S 
 Ooote litand. Cook NE 
 
 Gordon, Crawford SE 
 
 liuri-\l!li', .)i>titi-in s 
 
 fioMcll, While BE 
 
 ]'go NB 
 
 '.v','uke'.;:;:'.;NE 
 
 'iratU.Q, Jerey SW 
 
 Grand C/w(n; Pnlankl .... 8 
 
 r, rand Cruwlnft. Cook ,.KE 
 Grand Detour, Ogle N 
 
 Grand Ridge, LaSallr ,...N 
 
 llraud Tower, Jackson.... S 
 urand View, tdgar E 
 
 AwinU,AokBM S 
 
 Grander, Du Pane NE 
 
 ft-.ini. Kankakee E 
 
 Grant, WllUamion 8 
 
 Oraotfork, >ladi>ii <? 
 
 Grant Park. Kankake...B 
 
 Sdrauuburgh, Johuwn ....S 
 rant ITorto. Cook Kg 
 
 Granvlllc. Putnam N 
 
 Grape Creek. Vermilion E 
 
 Urmaa Lake, Lake NE 
 
 {.'I'M* Lat,e. Mcllenry . N 
 
 GranH Unil, Saint Clalr. SW 
 
 %<iravri /'il, Aleiaadnr 8 
 
 O'. i' I PUatdtHg, DoWlttC 
 
 "./. Cook NB 
 
 Graymont, LlvlngMon ,,..C 
 
 Uray'i l.aki-, I*ke NK 
 
 9<;r.,>iHlUJunc., EdwaVdtSC 
 ilrav u'lllmp. (s Wa*co).... 
 Gre.-nbuh, Warren W 
 
 Greeuflrld, Qreene"','.',".W 
 Oreeil llird.-n. Will . .. NK 
 
 Green Oak. Bureau W 
 
 Oru Uiver.Hcory NW 
 
 
 Grtocvidl- 
 
 Tn'iiMW fl'i'-f. KI. CUIfbW 
 
 ';,...; : ., i; ii.l ,li,- r . K 
 
 GroMd-il'. '"ik NB 
 
 QruMi'tlle. llardlu... '.'.".. . '.SE 
 
 ',/(.;-'. li(,. I > 
 
 Grovolaiiil. Tn/Awrll (! 
 
 Ctwer 1 * ^''if'i.VViiu'roa'n."N' 
 QttWorA, Jo DavletJi'.'.'.'.'.'NW 
 
 tGnrnif, Caan w' 
 
 . 1 ,itcl K 
 
 ( Hadlty, Plk* W 
 
 I Hutu., in. Miii'...i;)in . . i' 
 t Haganlown. Fayelie.. .S 
 
 Jllagener, Caat \V 
 
 Halueavllle. Lake X F. 
 
 Sffalntn-Hit. Taje'fll '' 
 aiman-iH, Whltwlde . . . S W 
 
 ,('cle V 
 
 Hi!f 1'jy. 1-nke NE 
 
 Hallock, Prorla .... < 
 
 Slftittl. Peons.... 
 allM udeeOUiui 
 
 H.tlNvlil.-, I'-Wiit < 
 
 ..ambureli, Calhouu W 
 
 Hamel, Madt*on C 
 
 Hamilton, Hancock w 
 
 Hamlet, Mercer.. >'iv 
 
 i, 
 Himnlonil, PUtf r 
 
 NK 
 
 " Hampton," !!. k [alud ' X W 
 ampton &ta,, (( Dunn) 
 
 - Cra-ford; SE 
 
 iClly, Peorla C 
 
 llanover! Jo Dnvirii! NW 
 
 Hanson, Bbclby.' .'. r 
 
 Happy ffoltoif. Rock M (IN *V 
 
 %Hi.-i>:>i..-.'!'\ (ir.vm- i" 
 
 Mnrdiii.Ciilhoun W 
 
 Hardlusvtlle. Crawford ... .SB 
 Harker-a Cornerm, Peorla. ...C 
 Harlem. Cook N E 
 
 Harlem, Wlnncbago N 
 
 ? Harmon. Lee N 
 ^armony, Balnt CUlr sw 
 
 r.'cigi* ",!""!;N 
 
 nuTj*nvUit,(te* Flih Hook) . 
 
 11 iii.-'i-r, Vn; I. , " 
 
 ffff^rf*. Platt W 
 
 tlnrrUburf. (Me Koie Hill) . . 
 
 HrrlbiirE>i.8allDe. ... 3 
 
 Sftiinit'tH, .1i'p'k-i)ll ^ 
 arrion, Wlonobago N 
 
 Ilarriiou vllle, Monroe SW 
 
 SHarrletown, Macou S 
 art. Knox W 
 
 Haraoril, flallne. S 
 
 -llUlll.'.n.l. Mcll.-i.iy N 
 
 iHarUburgli, Logan C 
 
 A 
 
 , /U Montgomery C 
 
 Ham v. rook NE 
 
 _i Hanoood, Champaign . . . . E 
 
 ](,,!, ,il, \ S'tli,* \V 
 
 Hatting*. Calhonn \V 
 
 Hattings, (Chlcngo) 
 
 i.,-i!!i^-. yMmUaa ...... s: 
 
 Jattoa, Clark E 
 
 Havana, Maaon N W 
 
 SHavelock. Cook NE 
 awley, Henry NW 
 
 J/italey, Tazewrll C 
 
 llawahorn, Whlw .SE 
 
 llatcikonu. Cook NB 
 
 KttxriiU. IroquoU E 
 
 ...._:;;".: 
 
 _.Ha>ne, Jcrtey SW 
 
 Hazel I>ell, Cumberland . .E 
 
 Hwelhurst, Carroll NW 
 
 Hnzen, Adams W 
 
 Hatlttt, Rock Island NW 
 
 " - - - c 
 
 ....SE 
 '.'.'.SW 
 
 _lli>Burgu, Fayette . ...'.'..'.'.S 
 vHendereon, Knox W 
 
 HtndPrtoii station, Ford..E 
 
 SHeudrlx, McLean SW 
 nnt-itln, Putnam V 
 
 Hemilng, Vermilion B 
 
 %lftnr,.tl. IK-KHlh \ 
 
 Henry, Mmhall C 
 
 Hrut-'ll. Sli^Hiy . 
 
 Herald>-hllc 
 
 Herbert, Boone N 
 
 Hcrborn, fhrtby . c 
 
 H-n.i.-n. Knnx W 
 
 Hennoa^Coob NK 
 
 ii -I - ,' SWMM '' s 
 
 " rick. Shelby 
 
 i-aPralrte. I 
 
 ller^her. Kinkakee K 
 
 Human, Bro*n w 
 
 Hrrrry Cilu, (ice Outlcn) .... 
 
 H.-nlck, MaiMsiiilii i: 
 
 Hrpvortn, McLean. . SW 
 
 Hlckniau, Iroq 
 
 Hi. '::-. Jjike .. 
 
 I (,r<,ff, Carr.iM SW 
 
 Ulri..., U-l, M,ir:ni, S 
 
 IIi'-k..ry I!ldEc, Hancock . W 
 Hlcki. Hardlu SK 
 
 Hiygtns, Blcblaa'd ','.'.'.'.'. ,'SB 
 
 ,,ft
 
 MAP INDEX OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Highland. MadlcoD r 
 
 Highland Park. Lake... XK 
 9 Ht'jMandt. OuPa*e NE 
 
 liwn rrvirie, St. Clalr. .6W 
 
 High Hklffc. Cook N F. 
 
 H&kKOod, <ee Ft Sheridan* 
 
 HUdreth, Edgar E 
 
 Hill. Effingham B 
 
 Hlllerman, Muaac SW 
 
 x - )iiiou r 
 
 ' 
 
 HlU*t-.i, 
 
 Hlll't Grove, McDonough . .W 
 
 Hillside, Cook NK 
 
 9 Hilton, Tazewell C 
 
 9ftUIlr>p. Menard C 
 
 Il.tii-Uey, DeKalb N 
 
 HIneaborouich. Dnugla* . . . E 
 
 Hlndale. DuPajp- NE 
 
 SBin ton. Vermilion E 
 laaong, Fayette B 
 
 9BUt.Co\<M E 
 
 Hltt, Carroll NW 
 
 9 nut. LaSalle M 
 
 Hodge\ Park. Aleiander . . .8 
 Mo*r*t, <*ee Grant Park) 
 
 lloffmau, Clinton B 
 
 Hotcnmb. Onle N 
 
 Holder, McLean BW 
 
 Holliday. Farette B 
 
 9HoUi*J-uttrt\r>*. Peort>...C 
 Hollowiyvllle. Bureau K 
 
 HoltaTpeiTT .",'.','.'.*.'.'..'.'.*.. .8 
 
 Home. Wayne .Y.'.V.V.V.V.V. BE 
 
 Homer, Champaign.: E 
 
 Homewood, Cook -..NE 
 
 ISSfcSterrrS 
 
 *. 
 
 Hook. JeBenon 8 
 
 Hookdale, Bond B 
 
 Hoopeaton. VermUkm E 
 
 Hooppole, Henry NW 
 
 Hooaier Prairie. Clay 8 
 
 1.000 
 
 Kapj 
 Kirbor' 
 
 -(ton. Pike W 
 
 ilton. T*irHell C 
 
 Kainptn'ril it. Kandolpn SW 
 
 Kampaville, Calhonn W 
 
 T Kane, Greene W 
 
 neviilr. Kane N 
 
 Kanfley, USalle K 
 
 Kftnkakre, K*nk*kee..E 
 9Kat,taknJH>tc. t W'dfordC 
 -* 1, Edgar B 
 
 Woodford C 
 
 Rldne. Hnrdln....8E 
 
 ibeer. Bureau K 
 
 Karr, Greene W 
 
 Kaakaikla, Randolph BW 
 
 Kaufman, Madlaon C 
 
 Kedmn. Gallatin BE 
 
 Ktttron, Saline 8 
 
 Knnt'1, Wayne SK 
 
 K^*nvme, U Wayne* . .* . \ ', '. '.SK 
 -iKelth.bnnrn, Mercer... NW 
 J Xeit*tirgkJu*c,. M -c'rNW 
 
 J Keller, Peorla C 
 ellerrllle,Ad*n>* W 
 
 iJTeiwy, Maaoii HW 
 
 Kern per, Jene.j.".'."'.".!8W 
 
 Kempton. Ford B 
 
 9JfemploitJtiiif., Llrt'jprtonC 
 Kendall. Kendall K 
 
 Leveret 1. Champaign B 
 
 I.*-wl.tx>wii, Fulton W 
 
 Lexington. McLean SW 
 
 Liberty. Adam* W 
 
 Liberty PnUrle, Uadlaon ....C 
 
 LlfcTtyvllle.Lake NE 
 
 LtckCreek, Un|-- 
 
 D y UkeVlUM .......... S 
 
 Jm+jGEu w 
 
 U mertek. Bureau K 
 
 8 Lincoln, Wmn,... 4 ....C 
 ucoln Oreen, Jobnaon 8 
 
 Lincoln Park. Coo*. HE 
 
 Linden Park. Cook KE 
 
 Uudenwood,Ogle.... ....N 
 
 Linn. Wabaah BB 
 
 Llntner, Platt C 
 
 IJa, Jaipcr BE 
 
 Ltobon, Kendall K 
 
 OLe*l>e. DuPage NB 
 
 utciinVhl, Montgomery.. .C 
 
 LJUrlxrrry, Morgan W 
 
 Little Indian. Cat* W 
 
 Little Rock, Kendall K 
 
 Littleton, Schuyler 
 
 ftSCM 
 
 HopklnaPniB. H.U...HT: r, 
 
 Hopper'iM111a,Hen(lenon. W 
 
 Horace, Efigar K 
 
 Horn, Clay . B 
 
 Iloniiby, Macoupln C 
 
 H'-rrt rt'*. Will SK 
 
 Born frairU Randolph SW 
 
 8W 
 
 Hortoton, Waanlngton ....S 
 tfu&trd*. Wayne SK 
 
 Hnduon. McLean BW 
 
 Hney. Clinton .8 
 
 Ktekapoo, Peorta 
 
 Kldd. Monroe BW 
 
 Ridley, Edgar B 
 
 Kllboum, Mann KW 
 
 Kluderlux.k Pike W 
 
 A'lndcr. Madtfon C 
 
 Kluman, Shelby C 
 
 A'i>ig-t, Perry".'.". '.'.'.".'." '.'.'. 8 
 Kingilury. Whllealde. . . .NW 
 Klngifon. (*ee Fair Weather) 
 
 Kfugcton. DeKlb N 
 
 KlugMon Mlnea, Pcorta C 
 
 flngiion't. Cook KE 
 
 Klnmuudy. Marlon 8 
 
 Klniman. Grand* K 
 
 Klrlclaad. DeKalb K 
 
 A>*f, Fold K 
 
 -Klrkwood, Warren W 
 
 ~ -i. Cook KB 
 
 iiHnVueVMcHenry::;:;:;;* 
 HnntaCUr. Ja*per SE 
 
 
 & 
 
 SlTT-.NW 7 
 
 , j 8 X 
 
 9 Knox, Knot W X 
 
 Knoirllle, Knoi W 1.7M 
 
 Kolie,Cook KB X 
 
 -o*W. Kankakee B X 
 
 Kramm. Peorla C 550 
 
 Komler, McLean SW 50 
 
 Kyte River, Ogle K 79 
 
 Lace, DuPage KB 90 
 
 LaClalr, DeKalb N 31 
 
 LaClede, Fayette 8 1!3 
 
 lACon. Marshall C 1,64* 
 
 LaCroaae, Hancock W BO 
 
 tffi^n^r.:::::::;. 1 ^ A 
 
 fiVv?"* 8 ** -5 
 
 ILallogue. Iroquola K 
 
 ia**. Saint Clulr SW 
 
 (Lake BluiLake KB 
 
 . llimwn ..... 
 
 omrt, Lke ...... MB 
 
 orkTloon ......... C 
 
 LAkedde,Cook ......... NB 
 
 L.ke View. Cook .......... NK 
 
 -w.VHend* ; nVw 
 
 Ipara, Pulton V. W 
 
 Irene, BOOM N 
 
 Iron, White 8E 
 
 Itland Grart, Rangainoii . .C X 
 
 lUica, rtuPago KB 400 
 
 lukaTManan B W 
 
 iTanhoe. Lake NB 
 
 Ive*d*le, Ch.mpalKn E 
 
 try Landing, Monroe SW 
 
 Jkckaonvlll*. Mo near W i 
 
 Jiic.,M'g'n W 
 
 ,Cola K 
 
 __,Cook XB 
 
 Cte*r.Whllea-eNW 
 
 ^ onvllle. Wayne. ...SB 
 
 Jrrtty Landing, (*ee F.laah). . 
 
 Jer*e-rville,Jerwy...SW 
 
 Jewett. Cumberland E 
 
 Jrtrtta, Hancock W 
 
 Johannlnburgli. Waablngtnn . 3 
 
 Jonnaburgh. McHenry N 
 
 JohnaonTlile, Wayne SE 
 
 yoA>u(on.Cook ..NK 
 
 JohnKown. Cumberlanil . . E 
 
 joi.itrr.wui KE 
 
 Jonrilxiroucri. Union A 
 9Joiu*nUr, Wlnnebago ... K 
 7oppa,Maaaae 8W 
 
 /WdoK. <H! Hortl 
 
 Jordanvilie, Morgan.. ...... W 
 
 Jo*lln,Rock IaSaad.....NW 
 
 Joy. Mercer KW 
 
 Jubilee. Peorta C 
 
 Judd. Cook NB 
 
 Jnlealcaa* W 
 
 * - i.ltaMa 8 
 
 9 !;>'<< ti'Hna. JI 
 Ltad Mi*f, Jo I )v 
 MMAMlJLM I 
 
 , 
 
 UjforA, BallM 
 
 Lei; Ilekalb 
 
 W Lix rcniirgh. Kull.'.n .'.".' 
 .i l.v.1. M-[,hen^n 
 
 3uO Ulthtuu, Lake 
 
 !Lrl* 
 L*i 
 
 . 
 
 MhMi,6t.Clai 
 DE, Cook 
 
 . ece 
 
 I>noir. USalU 
 Leo It-^-k, Jackuin 
 L'Erable, Iroqno)* 
 
 Lenta, Cole* 
 91* Roy, McLean 
 9l*tlit, TaieveU 
 LwterriUrton 
 
 IMMJBMarSMl W 
 
 9Llew'lIvn Port, Cook.. NB 
 
 9Lofltii4, Vermilion E 
 
 Lock port, Wl ".'.".".'.HT 
 
 Locust Grove, Franklin 8 
 
 Loda, IroqnoU E 
 
 Lodemla. Llvtngtton C 
 
 LogatueUlf, Jeffcraon B 
 
 Lomai. HenderKin W 
 
 Lombard. DnPage KB 
 
 Lombard 11 lie. Stark C 
 
 LourlonMllla. Fulton W 
 
 Long Tree. Bureau H 
 
 Long Branch. Saline 8 
 
 Macon 8 
 
 Xfarletw, Folton W 
 
 Marine. Uadlaon C 
 
 Marion. Mminmtto 8 
 
 \laritu, BUM Clalr SW 
 
 Markliam Morgan W 
 
 9-Yarite, Edgar K 
 
 Mirlry.Wtll NE 
 
 Marluw Jr SITPOD 3 
 
 Marua, Moron S 
 
 Manelllea, LaSalle K 
 
 Msntl.all. Clark E 
 
 jr^A0uTiuMM,ctaii'f 
 
 SMaraball'i Ferry, W til t'defU-: 
 nton. Mercer KW 
 
 Martha, Plan C 
 
 Mart) nabnrgh, pike W 
 
 Martin 'a Store, Hamilton. . . .8 
 
 Marti ni vi lie. Clark K 
 
 Mimnton. IroquoU... E 
 
 *3rri^,Cook NB 
 
 tMarylind, Ogle K 
 arvMitt. VernUllon B 
 
 Maacouuh. SalntClalr..SW 
 
 Macon, Efflnuliain n 
 
 kratonClty, Tlaaoo KW 
 
 MataaoCiWk. Maaau.... 8W 
 
 M*wb-h.Joba\1e* HW 
 
 Mutera. Franklin a 
 
 JTalflMiu. Maaon KW 
 
 MataaonTCook JfB 
 
 Mauooa,Cole B 
 
 Mand,Wabaah SB 
 
 JTozuvM, Peorla C 
 
 Maybe rry.'Wajne .'.'." .'."sE 
 
 Mayfafr, Coo\ KK 
 
 MayiStatioc, Edgar B 
 
 -" PlkeTTT. W 
 
 9Jforrrll Park rook....SE 
 
 Morrellvuie. Brown W 
 
 MorrU, Gruudy N 
 
 Murrlaonrt 
 Mornitowu. Iloury SW 
 
 SMonimer. Edgar B 
 tton. i*ee Morton Urore> 
 
 Morton' G rove. Cook '.'.'.'. VK 
 
 Morton f'rk. Cook NE 
 
 UOM^GW, Union M 
 
 Jfoa.Vrt, Kaokakee E 
 
 lfoM\nie. Peorla .C 
 
 9Mo*itou, Shelby C 
 
 Mound Station. Bruvn 
 
 Mount Auburu. ChriMlau. ,.C 
 
 Mountain Glen, Uiilun ....S 
 Jf ( Cm an, i arc Murpli)*boru) 
 Vw< C.iri^. Jockaou 
 
 Mount Caj-roll'.t VI NW 
 jlonntErte, Wayne SB 
 
 Mount Foreat, C. k NB 
 
 Mount Greeuw-O. Cook NK 
 
 & 
 
 wS 
 
 . 
 
 Muon. Graody 
 Jfa<mfci,0niii 
 
 Orandj ,'M 
 
 ^^r3. : . : ::. : :sf 
 
 Long Point, LivingKon... .C 
 Loi t Prairte, W*yne SE 
 
 Longview { haropalfn . . . . B 
 
 Longwoori, Cook KB 
 
 Loofoote*, Fayetle 8 
 
 Looml* Avenue, Cook NB 
 
 Loon Lake. Lak- NB 
 
 Loralr-. Ada** W 
 
 Lgrai> S.ipLenaon KW 
 
 Lyirnzo, Will NE 
 
 Loatant, UBalle N 
 
 Louden City. Fayetto 8 
 
 lowtt, (*ee HartTllle) 
 
 LouUvl tie. Clay 8 
 
 lourd*. Woodford C 
 
 Urvejoy, St Clalr BW 
 
 >Iwdcr, Sangainon _ 
 
 ,La Salle N 
 
 u - .Hamilton 8 
 
 wr feoria, Peorla C 
 
 rpolnt. Woodford....C 
 y. Cook KB 
 
 Lou, Cole* B 
 
 Lovd. Menard 
 
 Ludlow, Ckampalgn B 
 
 Lutk, Pope .TTT7. B 
 
 Lyndon, WntteVide KW 
 
 KssassfES 
 
 S|5jjfe:::::::.l| 
 
 jrccSJ^Hancoek". ".'.'.', V. .W 
 
 SJTcCIory. UrtngWon c 
 McCture, Alexander 8 
 
 ~- 8W 
 
 Meadow*, McLean';.'!.';.'8W 
 
 SSirS^J 
 
 Medora,^U^upm a ?! ! . l ^ > , nl C 
 
 JrVAurry, McLean SW 
 
 Metro**, Clark K 
 
 SJ/elrotc. Cook KE 
 elvllle, Madlaon C 
 
 Melrtn.Ford K 
 
 Xtttcood, Edgar E 
 
 Menard, Randolph SW 
 
 Mendon.Ad.rn. ........ .W 
 
 Meadota, LaSaDe N 
 
 Jf>nrt, TaMWell C 
 
 Mecomlnee, Jo Dartew KW 
 Mappeu. Calniun W 
 
 MeRdotia. Morgan W 
 
 Merlden, LaSalle K 
 
 Mema, llrL-an SW 
 
 Merilam, W*yne SE 
 
 Merrtmac Point, Monroe. .8W 
 
 Herri tt, Scott W 
 
 MclHimiro, Woodford ..C 
 
 Meteer. Bro ~ 
 
 Mount llorrta-Ogle K 
 
 > Mount Olive. Macoupla . . .C 
 
 Mount Oilrtt, Cook K E 
 
 idount Palatine, Putnam. .V 
 tfi. / > Ifj|<tnl,(.*eeMouudeta.) 
 9lfountPleatai<t. Jack*on8 
 Honnt Plewant, Unton 8 
 
 Mount Pnxpect, Cook. NE 
 
 ! Mount Pulatkl. Logan ....C 
 Mount. Sterlinc.Br-n W 
 
 Mount Vernon.Jetrn. .8 
 
 _ Bond. ...8 
 
 Mnlkevtown, Franklin 9 
 
 Muncle, Vermilion E 
 
 Jtundafi (W..(* Manhdll) 
 
 MunMer. LaSalte K 
 
 Murdock. Itougla. E 
 
 ,S 
 
 Metropolla Cltj'.' MMMC 
 
 Middle Creek, Hancock . . . . W 
 
 Middle Groie, Tattoo.... W 
 
 Middle Point, White.... 8B 
 
 Middle* worth, Shelby C 
 
 Mlddltton, <ee Long Pralhe) 
 
 M4dta4Edcar .'.*.'.' 
 
 WirtlandCltv, Dewm C 
 
 OMMway. E4^ar K 
 
 Mler, (aee Lancaiter} 
 
 Mnin. Rock laland NW 
 
 M -,-' Station, Maconpln. .C 
 
 Nacliua,Lec K 
 
 Sameokl, Madtaon C 
 
 NaptTYllle, DnPage SK 
 
 Naplea, Scott W 
 
 Na-livillc, Wiahlufrtun S 
 Nan Stock Yarda.St ClalrSW 
 
 JNairoaa, Ma*on NW 
 .uvoo. Hancock W 
 
 Neadmore, Clark B 
 
 Nebo, Pike W 
 
 Xtflty, Edga E 
 
 HwlyTllle, Morgan W 
 
 Xpkoma, Henry NW 
 
 NeUon,Le K 
 
 Jir*iii,Varren.... W 
 
 ILamollle, Bnrean H 
 
 J Lanark. Carroll NW 
 
 Lancatter, Wabaah 8E 
 
 LaDcaslerrllle, Lake ....NB 
 Landea, Crawford BB 
 
 Lane, De Witt O 
 
 L*ne*riiie, Sangamon C 
 
 Laiuiow.Cwk.... KE 
 
 Lit Place, Plau 
 
 LaPralrie,Adani W 
 
 La Prairie Centre. Mannall. C 
 
 La rchland. Warren W 
 
 La R*e. Marehall C 
 
 LaSalle. LaSalle H 
 
 I A! ham, Logan C 
 
 ZxifAam. Wlnnebago N 
 
 Jaaper SB 
 
 
 *........~.9 
 
 r- C ^(n^^erWyT!!?.:.8W 
 
 IcHenry. McRenry K 
 
 "'Henry. McHeory M 
 
 re, <*ee Kellerrllle) 
 
 MIL tua, Marlon 8 
 
 Mlley. CHnton S 
 
 MllforJ, lrtnjL..l* B 
 
 Millard Avenue. Couk ..NB 
 
 Mlllbnc, Jo I>nle*....NW 
 
 SMlilbrook. Kendall K 
 Illbiirn, Lake HE 
 
 Mill Creek, Cnton 8 
 
 Mllledge-nile, Carroll. . . HW 
 JffUer, Ford B 
 
 Milltr't. M.dlon C 
 
 BW 
 
 Latona, JM 
 Laur, Je 
 Lnra, Peona 
 
 Lawa.Pwrte 
 
 9La*rttta, McLean 
 
 Lavergoe, Cook KB 
 
 Lateler, <JalUtlc SB 
 
 La wndale. Logan C 
 
 Lawn Ridite, Manhall C 
 
 Lawrence, McHenry N 
 
 .. Lawr'e 
 
 SE 
 
 rie'iN W 
 
 l^aman. Fulton 
 
 Leamington. Gallatin.. 
 lure.Dongla*. ... 
 
 8 
 H 
 N 
 
 NK 
 
 KW 
 
 ,. Oort.KankakeeE 
 
 93teLane4, Crawford BB 
 
 McLean, McLean BW 
 
 McLeantborovgh Junction, 
 
 Hamilton S 
 
 McL eanaboroofh 
 
 Hamilton " 8 
 
 McNorl. Manwc BW 
 
 83SESS5!r:::::::'5 
 
 psBtetes^ 
 
 Mae, <*eSeaU>aTUle) 
 
 fmdeeaie, Pla-.t c 
 
 iMaxKtml). MeDonovcn. W 
 
 I Macoupln. Macoopin!!*."*C 
 Jadlion. Madlaoa C 
 
 SMadlwn Street, Cook... KB 
 artimnartlle, Monroe . . ..SW 
 Macratown, Monroe SW 
 
 J/i^tt.Cole B 
 
 HanoaTpntnam N 
 
 t Mahomet Champaign B 
 MwtUc, Cook KE 
 
 Makanda. Jaekioi ~ 
 
 :::$ 
 
 Sairern, WhlteaiideV.'.'.'.'.'"' 11 " 
 
 M>nche*cr. Beo 
 
 Mandell. Cook NB 
 
 Manhatuu, will NB 
 
 Maohelm, Cook NB 
 
 SManlto, Ma*on NW 
 Mann, Madlacn C 
 anleyTVtJtoo W 
 
 Manllua. Bureao N 
 
 Mannon, Mercer NW 
 
 Manafleld, Platt C 
 
 ManteDO. Kankakee B 
 
 ManvlUe, Uvlngalon C 
 
 Maple Grove. EJwarda. . ...8E 
 
 Htiple Or,**, Bond 8 
 
 Maple Park, Kane N 
 
 Maple 1 * Mill, Fulton W 
 
 HipfewwZ cook ::;:.' ;:KB 
 
 Maquon, Kn.n W 
 
 Marble Head. Adaint W 
 
 Martletown. Fulton W 
 
 M*rcrlllne, Adam* W 
 
 JTimu. Carroll NW 
 
 Marcngo. McHeory V 
 
 MIUeniTllle, Chrtatlan C 
 
 Mllllken, Hancock W X 
 
 MlUlngton, Kendall K lot 
 
 Mllladate. Will KB M 
 
 MlUSboala. White SB 
 
 Mill*' Prairte, Ed ward*.... SK 9 
 
 Mlllatadt,8aintClalr....8W 1,1* 
 9 MitUtadtJ ttnc , MonroeSW X 
 MUlrUU, i*ee Marble Head) . x 
 
 Mllmlne, Platt. O UO 
 
 Mllo. Bureau H BO 
 
 Mllruy. Hendenon W X 
 
 Milton, Pike W 418 
 
 :K?ATfe. u r:::::S ,8 
 
 Miuier, Taaewell C 444 
 
 Mlnonk. Woodford C 1,314 
 
 Mlnooka, Grand/ M BM 
 
 Jrim, (.hampalgn E X 
 
 ....iiilonV.E X 
 
 , VermlllonE X 
 
 Jri(c><J(. Madlaon C X 
 
 Mltcheltovllle, Saline B 100 
 
 Mltchle, Monroe SW I3u 
 
 Shelby C BtB 
 
 Sepouaet. Bvwi^.""j 
 Nettte Creek, Grundv N 
 
 ? Nevada, LJrln(Mon.......C 
 Xevlna, Edjrar B 
 twark. Keuuall K 
 
 New A thru*, gain t Clalr BW 
 
 NewBailen. Clluton 8 
 
 New Bedford, Bureau K 
 
 New Berlin, 6angamon...C 
 
 Srwlc rn, Jeraey SW 
 
 SNewDorton, Mcrrer...NW 
 JMpUM. St. Clalr.SW 
 
 New Hurnudc. Johneon . .S 
 
 New ( luum. Pike W 
 
 NewCaatle. Salloe 8 
 
 Xfie Ckn-agn, Couk MB 
 
 New City. Snnttamon C 
 
 New Columbia, MaaMC. .. .SW 
 
 New Ix>ti)it*on, Wmwn..S 
 
 New Dealgu, Monroe ...SW 
 
 NewIXiugha, MadlK.n.,..i; 
 
 Newell, VennlUon....... B 
 
 9-VfifrH, Vermilion E 
 
 New (irueeee, Wbltetlde XW 
 
 New Grand Chain, PulwkIS 
 
 New Hanover. MonroeSW 
 w Hartford, Pike. . 
 :w Haven, Gallatin. 
 
 ^ 
 
 New H 
 
 M<Kte,6helby C 
 
 Modena, Stark C 
 
 Moiieato. Maconpln C 
 
 Modoc. Randolph SW 
 
 Jforaua, Peorla. c 
 
 MotenaVWm "."KB 
 
 MoUneTRock Ialand....HW 
 
 Momence, Kankakee B 
 
 9*ixnmi*Junc,. Kan'kee.G 
 
 Monarch, McLean SW 
 
 ~ Monee, Will NK 
 
 MMiroe7cnUa|oB>ie*.'!'"K 
 Monroe City. Monroe SW 
 
 Mont Clare, Cook KB 
 
 Monterey, Fulton W 
 
 Mootemma, Pike W 
 
 Montgomery, Kane K 
 
 Montloello. Platl C 
 
 9MontfOM, Cook KB 
 
 Montroae, Eflngtaani 9 
 
 Moonahine. CUrk B 
 
 Moore** Prairie, Jeffeaaon 8 
 More*. Crawford SB 
 
 JMoreland. Cook NB 
 (*-'t*ri.'K,<ie Carrier'* Mllto) 
 
 JConwn, Morgan W 
 
 Muncan Park, Cook NB 
 
 Morganavllle, C-nrtrtJan C 
 
 More, Madiaon 
 
 New Lenox, Will NB 
 
 New Liberty, hope S 
 
 Newman, Douglaa K 
 
 Newman*v!lle. Caa* W 
 
 Sew Mem phltCU nton. ...S 
 
 ?New Mllford. Wlnnebapo N 
 ewMlcden. Waahlngttm. .6 
 
 New Palrsllne. Rand'ph SW 
 
 Sew Philadelphia, Me Don - 
 
 ough W 
 
 iffntpert, Madtoon C 
 
 J Sew balem. Pike W 
 tuton, (* Adam*) 
 
 Newton. Jai per SB 
 
 Sew Windaor, Mercer.. NW 
 Ney. DeKalb...: K 
 
 ManUc, Macon B 
 
 Win. Cook .KB 
 
 N I le Cent re. Cook KB 
 
 Nilwood, MaconplB C 
 
 NtoU, riancock.V. W 
 
 Klppemnk. Lake NK 
 
 Noble. Rlchland SE 
 
 Nokomla. Montcomery...C 
 
 Nora. JoDarteML ..KW 
 
 Kormal, McLean SW 
 
 9 Formal June. Mcl^ao SW 
 
 Normal Fart. Cook . . . . KE 
 9 Norman, Ijvlcntnn C 
 
 Norrta, FuTton,. ."."." "w 
 
 NorrliClty. White SE 
 
 Nortli Alton. Madl*on C 
 
 MvtlwMtjw, Peorla C 
 
 SurthAuwn. Ka.,e N 
 
 .Vt.riA BfUrille, Sl_ CUIrHW 
 
 Aor<A 1,-uiro, Ak-iander..8 
 
 Jtirt* Cairo. Pulaikl 8 
 
 North DHI.I..II. l-.,k.... NK 
 
 Aorf* fjgtv ,,ier'. (Vwiii'sV: 
 9North KrunttoH, Cook NR 
 
 - v ' <""""- % 
 
 , o 
 
 A'ort* O^etfo, Kendall.. N 
 North Peorla^ Pe.-m. .. C 
 North PlauTKane M 
 
 ".KB
 
 MAP INDEX OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 .TT-T. IWDWX. ror. -row*. comrrr. UDIZ. por. 
 
 Norwood, Mercer HW 
 
 S Norwood Park. Cook . . . NB 
 WT*. White ;....BE 
 
 SNnoda, MeHenfy N 
 nery, CarroU MW 
 
 S^tecoik:;::::::;.Hl 
 
 ::;:HB 
 
 dPark, Macon S 
 
 <Jak Lawn. Cook NK 
 
 Oakler, Macon 8 
 
 ',,* Mound, Fulton W 
 
 Oak Park, Cook NE 
 
 Oak Point, Clark B 
 
 Oak town. Pulaakl 8 
 
 Oakniie. union 6 
 
 Ok<nxl. Vermilion B 
 
 Obed.Khelbr.. C 
 
 Oblunic. Crawford BB 
 
 OconfT, Shelby 
 
 Oroyo. iJvlngiton C 
 
 (Well, Uvlngiton C 
 
 . 
 odin. 
 
 0-F.il 
 
 ' 
 
 . 
 Mari 
 
 __ /ilon,8*lnt'ciiir.'.".'.'8W 
 %O-fallon June. 8t ClalrSW 
 
 Ogden, Champaign E 
 
 0|lJ Mercer... .V7.. HW 
 
 flpl**. Balnt Clalr BW 
 
 jS?&^::::::::::5 
 
 aid 9s*v&r.~~. : 
 
 Olena, Hendenon W 
 
 Olpa, Hamilton 8 
 
 OUre Branch, Aliaoder....8 
 
 Ollrer. Edgar B 
 
 Olmrted, Pulakkl... * 
 
 Olnrr, Rlchland. 
 
 Oneida^Ko' 
 
 Ontario, Knoi w 
 
 OnUrlovlllF DuPage. . . . NE 
 
 Opd } ke, Jei-eraon 8 
 
 Ophiem. Henry HW 
 
 Op J&, La Salle... N 
 
 Dquwk* Hendenon. . W 
 
 Ora, Jacluon 8 
 
 Orange, CUrk B 
 
 Ortogv Prairie. Peorta C 
 
 Granule, jackaon _ 
 
 Orchard Minea, PtorU....C 
 
 Orchard Place. Cook... .HE 
 Orchardvllle. Wayne BE 
 
 Oreana, Macon 8 
 
 Orcon,0gle N 
 
 Or*., <*M linn). 
 
 Orion, Henry NW 
 
 JSS?^--" 
 
 Orteant, Morgan *.'..W 
 
 % Ormonde, Warren W 
 
 Oaage. Franklin S 
 
 Oaborn, Rock laUad . . . NW 
 Oactola. Stark C 
 
 OKO, Henry NW 
 
 0*kak)oaa, CUy S 
 
 Uaman, McLemu SW 
 
 Oar, De Witt C 
 
 Oawego. Kendall N 
 
 Ottawa, La Balle N 
 
 OIMIM Spring,, La Sttlle .H 
 
 OtUr, La Salle N 
 
 Ottervllle, Jeraey 8W 
 
 Otto. Fulton W 
 
 Ottt/MkflilM, Kankakee. K 
 OIUH, Bureau N 
 
 Outteo, Maron B 
 
 Ovlngton. Cook HE 
 
 OWUMCO, ChrtoUui 
 
 Owfii. Wlonebago N 
 
 Oi Bow. putuam N 
 
 Oxford, Henry NW 
 
 OivlUe,BoMt W 
 
 Oiark. Johnaon 8 
 
 1-aclBc.Cook NE 
 
 PadertMirii. Salut Clalr.. ..SW 
 
 Pauua. McLean 8W 
 
 Paint* Pulnt, Ogle N 
 
 Palatine, Cook NE 
 
 Palermo. Edeir E 
 
 Palertlne. Crawford SK 
 
 Ptilttilnt. Randolph SW 
 
 Pal me r, Ch rlatlan C 40 
 
 Palmyra, Bacoupln C 909 
 
 Palo Alto. Hamilton. ... 8 40 
 
 Paloma. Adam* W 
 
 .>.j,,^iwS;:::::::i 
 
 Paradaw, Colea E 
 
 1'itrla. Edgar E 
 
 Parker, John*on 8 
 
 Parkenburgh. Rlchland. BE 
 
 Park Manor, Cook NR 
 
 Park Ridge/Cook ..NK 
 
 ParkHde.Cook .........HE 
 
 Parkvtlle. Champaign B 
 
 farmer, i,tee Mill* Prairie) . . . 
 
 Parnrll, DeWItt O 
 
 Parriah, FrankUn B 
 
 PaaDeld.Bangamon O 
 
 
 
 I'atlimt fart, I>eWlU C 
 
 PaMure&eld. Lawrenc....Ntt 
 
 Patok*. Uarloii fl 
 
 Pattrixiu. Greene.. 
 
 + Patttrton-t 
 
 Pattuti WaL _ 
 
 I'avllloo,' Keodli!.".";i;;;.N 
 Pawnee. Sangamon C 
 
 />,..., June., SangamonC 
 
 Pawpaw, Let N 
 
 K*fi&r. ..*;"."".*." J 
 
 i'ttf-n, Adam* W 
 
 Ptarl. Macon ...... B 
 
 Pearl. Pike W 
 
 Peratonlca, Wlnnebago. ..N 
 
 I'fkin, Taiewell C 
 
 RPttin Junction. Tuewell C 
 illonla. Muvac SW 
 
 Peng.ld.Cbampal|tn E 
 
 1'ennlngton Point, UcDon. .W 
 
 AnMercook HE 
 
 Pennine, Whlteaid* NW 
 
 FKORIA. Peorta C 
 
 Pcvtoae.wm JTB 
 
 Percy. Randolph BW 
 
 9 1'frry tyring*. Brown. . . W 
 
 Perry^prfngvPlke W 
 
 9 ferry*. Jackaon B 
 
 "er^flos. Merrer HW 
 
 -iPerrynlle, Wtnncbago ...N 
 
 Peru. La8lleV.'.'.'. .".'.'.. N 
 
 Peaolum, Champaign B 
 
 Peter*. Madlaon C 
 
 I'rtrrtbttrg. <*ee A*torU) .... 
 
 Petcnbarch, Menard. .C 
 retera Creek. Hard in BR 
 
 Mercer HW 
 
 Phlla^lpUaFcaa* !'.W 
 
 PAUHp*. Fulton W 
 
 PhlUIpitown. White 8E 
 
 ..BW 
 
 pierceTiTi;,"b;Kaib\T.:::: 8 H 
 
 Plerron, Bond B 
 
 Pleram Station, I'latt C 
 
 Pigeon, Jeffenon S 
 
 like. Pike W 
 
 Pilot, Vermilion B 
 
 Wat Knob. WihlnKU>n....B 
 -Plrkneyvfll*. Perry... 8 
 
 . Jua Crt*k, Ogta H 
 
 mffoe*,0g%.... K 
 
 nnrritlt, (MM Bart*) 
 
 SPIngneOroTe, Kane N 
 nk Prairie. Henry NW 
 
 RPlnkitaft, Uwreuce ....NB 
 nOak, Wayne BB 
 
 Piopoiw, Hamilton B 
 
 Piper City, Ford E 
 
 -"- ^ - V , W 
 
 . _._- Siocktoo).. 
 
 Htb*nr9fcyy*Ue 8 
 
 puunM. PikV . . .'.'.'. . w 
 
 jltbt Junction, Pike. W 
 
 -ood, Iroquol* B 
 
 __ ..ifleliWin MB 
 
 Plain view. Macoupln C 
 
 Plalnnlle, Adami W 
 
 Piano, Kendall N 
 
 PUto, Iroquol* E 
 
 o Centre, Kane H 
 
 llle, Kendall M 
 
 1*1, !; ' Corner, Shelhy C 
 
 , i(//if(, Jol)avle*.NW 
 
 Hleaaant Hill. Pike W 
 
 Ple*ant Hound, Bond S 
 
 il'k-aaant Plain*. SangiimuuC 
 
 I'lvaaan 1 1'lalni, Bftn|UnOBC 
 I'ltatant Rtdyt, Hadlaon ...C 
 ~ --- at Valley, Jo Davl'iNW 
 itVlew,Bchuyler....W 
 
 Plum, Scott W 
 
 Mumflrkl, Franklin B 
 
 , 
 
 Pocahouua, Bond ......... 
 
 Poco,Pop .................. B 
 
 Pofwk, Moalconwrr ..... O 
 
 Po*.Monroe.T:.........8W 
 
 />iMiilC<itumt.Cook....KE 
 
 /otonrf, BMtdolpb ...... SW 
 
 Polo,0> ..... 7.7. ....... K 
 
 obffivr*, (ae Ut. Carroll V . . 
 
 Pomeroy. Mercer ......... NW 
 
 Pomona, Jackaoa ....... ..8 
 
 Ponrmah, Warren ....... W 
 
 ' 
 
 PonUxwuc. Hancock ..... 
 PopUrCity. Haaon ..... HW 
 PopUrGroT.Boone ..... H 
 '' 
 
 Portlivn>n.Ruck I* Land NW 
 Art Byron Junction, Rock 
 
 Uland H 
 
 PtrumUle, Jack*on. 8 
 
 fort JofttOH, Crawford. . .BR 
 
 Portland. Frankllu 8 
 
 Portland, White*! Je HW 
 
 Port //u >'o(nl, Balnt Cl'r BW 
 
 !'<*ry. Clinton 8 
 
 Potomac, Vennlllon E 
 
 PotUtown, Peort* C 
 
 P.i* i-lliun. Hancock W 
 
 Pralrte Centre, La Salle N 
 
 PralrlaCliy. McDowMffeW 
 
 m/>rairt* <>*, Will NE 
 
 PratrUdu /'cml. Saint Cl'rSW 
 Prairie, du Rocher.li'ud'phBW 
 
 Prairie Hall, MaVm B 
 
 Pralrte. Home, Shelby C 
 
 Pralrte Town, MadlBon C 
 
 fralrte Vitie, Douglai E 
 
 -Pralrte View, Lake NE 
 
 . ralrtevllle. LM N 
 
 /Yult. Whlttalde HW 
 
 Pre-emption, Mercer.. .HW 
 
 Prentice, Morgan W 
 
 Preaton, Randolpb 8W 
 
 JTwWtw.Ta^eli C 
 
 Prto*. Lawruc* HB 
 
 . 
 
 Prlu-to*,Bareau ..... 
 Prlnceniie. Perl ........ C 
 
 '''' 
 
 , ......... 
 
 Propoetttown, WhltM'0 NW 
 
 wrtty, Fr 
 
 dence, Burru n 
 
 BO,Cook HE 
 
 Pujol. Randolpn SW 
 
 Pulukl, Pulaakl 8 
 
 rulatkl, BaMMk W 
 
 Pulley'* Mill WIIUanuon....a 
 
 1'ullman, Coek N E 
 
 T'urHn0ton,Cuuk.. .. HB 
 
 Pvt CrttK. Fultou W 
 
 I'utnatn, Putnam N 
 
 Pyatt. Perry B 
 
 fjutrn Cflu, iieeBcbwer) 
 
 gu**nl>iir. Clinton S 
 
 Qulgley. Rhrlliy C 
 
 Ul-lNCV.AdUM .....W 
 
 yulnr u Junction. Pike. . . W 
 
 M**r, Uaaon HW 
 
 RlMHMM. Marlon 8 
 
 Radillrvllle, Jackaon 8 
 
 l:n<!(iird.Chr.aUan C 
 
 " "lev, Le N 
 
 nit. Wellington 8 
 
 luwn.JaBper. SK 
 
 - '-*. Saint Cimr BW 
 
 R^leljth. Saline 8 
 
 Rn .HfvriUt, Peo rta C 
 
 lUmaey.Kayette B 
 
 Hamtnll. Knot W 
 
 lUudolph. MrUM SW 
 
 Range. J'ffrrw.n 8 
 
 Aaf, saint CUlr BW 
 
 R>nkln, Vrrinlllnn R 
 
 lUiw.m, LB Salle N 
 
 lUutoul, CLaiupalgu B 
 
 X 
 100 
 
 ass*: 
 
 )WX. COUKTT. IVDKX. I-OP. TOW 
 
 Rapate*. Knox W 
 
 Raplda City. Rock laTd.KW 
 
 Rardln. Cole* E 
 
 KarltAn, Henderson W 
 
 Rauro. Pope 8 
 
 K'ir'n, Ed*r E 
 
 Ratentwood.Cook HB 
 
 Ravlnla. Lake NB 
 
 ftOKUltt, Pulton W 
 
 Ray. Schujler W 
 
 ~ Raymond, Montgomery. ..C 
 
 Reader, 'Macoupln C 
 
 _ Reading, LJrtn|rtou C 
 
 Av,-(..fTi.V'. ,H-C lir.n.|rtitunl., 
 
 Red Hud. Randolph BW 
 
 9Reddlck, Kankakt-e B 
 
 fettmdJBtebJawd BE 
 
 Keed, Henderson W 
 
 %Ketdrrt, Maconpln C 
 
 Kted-f Crotting, Boone...N 
 
 _7?*w. Franklin B 
 
 Reeve* Yllle, Johnson 8 
 
 MCam, Joffcijon B 
 
 Regent, JubnMn 8 
 
 Kfin bard. La Salle W 
 
 tt/itlttf fiumtmr On*, Ta*e- 
 
 well C 
 
 JM? JrwM* Two, Taw- 
 well C 
 
 Renault, Monroe BW 
 
 Ki-ii.i. Bond 8 
 
 Rentchlr,B*lutCUlr..SW 
 
 Rtffijrd, COOk NE 
 
 BeTawUl, Rock Uland. HW 
 
 JB*yi*aMi>, Union, 8 
 
 Rhudt'a. Cook NE 
 
 Jeidktnra, La Balle H 
 
 Rlch.rdi>n. Kane N 
 
 Ichfleld. Adam* .,W 
 
 Rlchland. 8*nnmon C 
 
 nfdUomd Orow.Rock I*l'dNW 
 
 Richmond, McHenry N 
 
 Rlchton, Cook NE 
 
 9 Rlchview, Washington.... 8 
 Uch Wood*, Crawford ..HE 
 Rlckel. Henry NW 
 
 ! Ridge Farm. Vermilion. . .& 
 RldgeDeld. McIIeury H 
 
 9 Rldgtlnnil. Cook NB 
 
 Bldiely, Bannmon C 
 
 Ridge rpralrle, Balut CUlr. 8W 
 
 SRldjtevlllf. IrixjuoU B 
 Rldgway, Oallatlu BB 
 
 SRldott, BtepbeuaoD NW 
 file. Clay B 
 
 ULKK-I..H, Sr,,lt W 
 
 :: . . uiif. Saline 8 
 
 iSnuOrani HB 
 
 ;. :.. ".HI, Uclleury H 
 
 RIoTKnoT. * W 
 
 Rlola, Vermilion E 
 
 Rlpley, Brown W 
 
 Rladou. Saint Clalr BW 
 
 iKIs-tng, Champaign B 
 
 i Rltk, Llvlngitou C 
 
 i Rltchey, Will NB 
 
 .Hlverdale.Cook NB 
 
 jJKMntate, Greene... ,.,..W 
 
 tortr >' fTM(,fook NE 
 
 ! River Grore, Cook NE 
 AMT /Mitea, Saint CrrS W 
 
 Sailor Spring*. CUT 8 
 
 Saint Anne, Kaiikakee,...E 
 iSalntAiwuVtln*. KIKW...W 
 
 Saint Charles, Rane N 
 
 Saint Darld. Fulton W 
 
 if-amt Elmo, Vayette 8 
 
 i*ni Ifarla. Cook ....NB 
 SantFrauctav'e, Lawr'ce NE 
 Unt George, Kankakee ....B 
 
 Saint Jacob. Madlaon ...SW 
 ilnt Jatnea, Fajettc 8 
 
 jBalntJoho. Perry S 
 
 Saint Jnaeph, Champaign .E 
 Saint Llbory. Saint Clalr ..SW 
 
 Stint Marie. Ja*p*r SB 
 
 m-Sinnt Mary, IroquoU E 
 
 MMlJTarr'a, Hancock ....W 
 Saint Morgan, Madinoa. . . HW 
 
 saint S > citrtr*,(*ee VanOrln) 
 
 Saint Paul. Fayett* B 
 
 Saint lioae, Clinton .B 
 
 Altai K'Mdct, Clay 8 
 
 Hatlem. Marton B 
 
 Rallna, Kankakee E 
 
 Sallru- Mine*, GallaUn BB 
 
 Laltabury, Sangumon C 
 
 -Sail Creek, IiuPage NB 
 
 Salt Crtek Siding. IteWltt.C 
 
 A'rt/Mdo, Knox. 7. W 
 
 Sattioth, MBBMC S 
 
 SamiTllle, Kdwanl* BB 
 
 " inborn, Johnaon 8 
 
 ntdLatt, Lake NE 
 
 Sandoral. Marlon 8 
 
 MMf AWH, UeeSand*).... 
 
 tt.Sami Ridge, Grnndy N 
 
 |SandKldBr,J*ckWn S 
 
 Sand*. Tuewell O 
 
 " Whlte*lde NW 
 
 iph ..BW 
 
 , ewell .,C 
 
 Sanduaky, Alexander S 
 
 Sanduttv, Vermilion E 
 
 .Sandwich, I>eKalb N 
 
 an/ordaiU, WhltnideV.NW 
 
 ISangamon, Macon C 
 Samfamon, S*nt*mon . . . .C 
 
 9SanJo**,lla*on C 
 
 SanUFe, Alexander 8 
 
 tantteffa, Marthall C 
 
 Sato, Jackaon- 8 
 
 ' Livingston C 
 
 jroll NW 
 
 'I** 1 
 
 >8*yb'rook,'McLMJi"."!:...0 
 iScalea Mound, Jo Darl'iNW 
 
 :tupTille, Jo Davlea*. ...NW 
 
 , 
 
 Sauneinln,Ll 
 
 Bavanna. Car 
 aSaTOjr, Chatn 
 lalun. H 
 
 . 
 
 JC 
 831 
 MS 
 
 Rlreru>B.&anainon C 
 
 Boaektt, Jeffemn 8 
 
 RoMoke.WoodJbrd O 
 
 Roberta, Ford B 
 
 Roblofton. Crawford. . BE 1,987 
 
 Robinson Creek, Shelby C 
 
 "ublnton'i, Randolph ...,8W 
 
 _ Bochelle, Ogle H 
 
 BSSRSSsst 
 
 Rock, POM B 
 
 Rockbrtdge, Greene W 
 
 Ruck City, Stcpheuaon. NW 
 Rock Creek, Hardln SB 
 
 Iluckf oiler. Lake NB 
 
 Itock FaU*,WhH*lde..NW 
 
 Itockford, Wluuebago..N 
 Rtx-k Grove, etephcown. NW 
 
 Bo.k I.Und, U.I....NW 
 
 -.-..-* itluTHt Junction, 
 
 Wbltetlde NW 
 
 _Rockport,Plke W 
 
 Rockton, Winncbago H 
 
 Rock vlllc. Kau kak ee B 
 
 Rock wood. Randolph SW 
 
 Rixlden.JoUavIra* NW 
 
 Roger'* Park. Couk HB 
 
 Rohrer, Morgan W 
 
 Roland, White BB 
 
 Rolllna. Lake HB 
 
 Rollo, DcKaib II 
 
 _Rome, Peort* C 
 
 Ronu, jtSrnaa. B 
 
 Will HE 
 
 , _._u. Lake HL 
 
 ! Rood houae, Greene W 
 JCooJf* Crttk. Uvlngaton. .C 
 
 " !A. LlTlngMon. C 
 
 oi^gh. luSdolp. .SW 
 
 Aaa^a3r*&tf| 
 
 ROM, Iroquoli E 
 
 Roae Bud, Pone B 
 
 Roaecrana,La!kfl HE 
 
 Roaedale, Jrnwj BW 
 
 ffo*<SlW.Cook HE 
 
 eae Hill, Jaaper BE 
 land. Cook NE 
 
 -iRoaello, Uul'age NE 
 
 i Roaemond. ChrtiUan O 
 
 Eoae vi lie. Warren W 
 
 Roaewood. Jrfferton S 
 
 Roalclare. Hardln BB 
 
 Roalyn, CumberUQd B 
 
 ROM drove, IfrKalb N 
 
 Iiww llle. \Vriniiion R 
 
 ;;,,,.: i il I.I..M \V't<!U-alileNW 
 
 Hound Knob, Maatac 8 
 
 llowe, Uvliigrton C 
 
 Rowell. DeWitt C 
 
 liuyni. cnampalgn E 
 
 Hoictla- Krudenon W 
 
 RnarkTlawrence NB 
 
 AHtv. Wlnnebago N 
 
 Rugby. LJvluiT"U>a .C 
 
 Ruma, lUndolph HW 
 
 1'upe, Jefferaon B 
 
 Rural. Rock Uland NW 
 
 :: .r .1 inn. Hamilton 9 
 
 Kuih JoDavIc** NW 
 
 " Bcbuyler...W 
 
 X 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 '[{iiMeii.'uke';.'.' 
 
 iiMrllvllle, Lawre 
 
 itUnd, LaSalk 
 
 _ 6(na. McLean C 
 
 9Sacrnattnto. Kankakee.. .E 
 
 Sacramento, WhlW BE 
 
 ^adorui. Cbampalgn B 
 
 Sag Bridge. Cook NB 
 
 Stldvn. UHOQ 
 
 IITDIX. POP. TOW. ooo: 
 
 X 
 4S1 
 
 Soldi** Borne, Adami . . , W 
 ISolliu, Kankakee B 
 
 Solotnau, DeWlU C 
 
 *k>u MUU, McUenry H 
 
 Somenet, Saline 8 
 
 Somouauk, IVKalb N 
 
 nora. Hancock W 
 
 Sorenw, Bond 8 
 
 -SovtH AMUon, DuPageNB 
 
 julh America, Sal] oe S 
 
 '*>*tkamptnn, (*M Prtncev'e) 
 l&ntt* Aurora. Kane H 
 
 .^<.mh Chicago. Cook... NE 
 JtoWA Chicago Aop,CookNB 
 
 X 
 7*9 
 
 X 
 
 991 
 
 X 
 200 
 
 -.Hjwtftion, Cook...NE 
 South DaneilU, Vermilion. .E 
 
 Duth UlvUlon, Cook NB 
 
 -.ntsi KiKln, Kane N 
 
 _i.?owtA A'lntAurfi,Dul'ageNE 
 
 South Englewood. Cook KE * 
 
 SoucA Engtevtood Junction. 
 
 Cook NB X 
 
 South Kran*ton, Cook ..NB .9,000 
 t South f'rttport, Step'n NW X 
 
 ouUi Grove, DeKalb N X 
 
 outh Harvey. Cook HE X 
 
 South Hi-iidiTwjii. Hendcr'bW tt 
 
 South l!ollaud,Cook HE 1,001 
 
 'tut* fftmt*. Whltenlde..NW X 
 
 tout* June., Balnt ClalrSW x 
 
 South Lynne, Cook ...... NE * 
 
 onth llonnt FoiML Cook NB 90 
 
 A,fA Oak Park. Cook .HE X 
 Sovtk OtciirHi-,HuhlngtonB ISO 
 
 > .toulAO(Ia.fa' La Salle... H 
 
 AtufA Far*. Cook HE 
 
 o*tA Ftarla, PeorU C 
 
 "auHtport, Peorta.. O 
 
 w,<ATlAK(a n <*. book. . . HB 
 _i.>toM(A fiOMland, Cook. .HE 
 
 SoulA^Aorv, Cook NE 
 
 *.fi(A .Springfield. Sang'n. . .C 
 Southweat, Cook NB 
 
 .pankey.Jerary BW 
 
 ypart*. Clinton B 
 
 Bpark-.HlU.Hardin BE 
 
 iM-Sjfrssfi 8 ^ 
 
 ".N? 
 
 'arMw~...:w 
 
 
 
 k&XMiM, Vermiaom ..".....'. B 
 
 lnXJata,SlntCl*Jr ... .BW 
 jBcotl Land, Edgar B 
 
 BcotUborgn! VciJonough W 
 HiafjM*M,|BOT Waotab) 
 
 SSr^:.:':^ 
 jSffli^::::::::^ 
 
 9 Beatonrllle, Bureau IT 
 
 BebtMOpOJ, Madlauo SW 
 
 Baoor. Woodford C 
 
 ~i8Mborn. Pike W 
 
 _ setter. Cook ....HE 
 
 Seller*. Champaiitn E 
 
 itittitger, Balnt CUlr BW 
 
 Senna. McLean C 
 
 Seminary, Fayelte 8 
 
 Seneca. LaSalle N 
 
 Bepo, Fulton W 
 
 Serena, L* Salle M 
 
 Seville, Fulton W 
 
 -i Seward. Win uebago N 
 
 eiton, fhelby C 
 
 Seymour, Champaign E 
 
 jShabbouo. DeKmlbT. N 
 
 SliabboiiaOrove, DeKalb...N 
 
 S Shannon, Carroll NW 
 laron, Henry HW 
 
 S!nrp*buifh, ChrlMlan ...C 
 */nirp*i'(l'jf.l"t l eShehlon*Gr) 
 
 Sbattuc. Clinton 8 
 
 VAaum6ufvA. Cuok NB 
 
 Bbow.LM N 
 
 SMMMf/MIA, Hamilton. S 
 8h*wne*town,Oall'ln8F, 
 
 X 
 9M 
 
 u ,.=u Jeflewon ~M 
 Qtim MiJlonry. .".".'N 
 Hill, Whltealde... NW 
 
 Lakt. Maaon NW 
 
 Station, Brown W 
 
 " Adam* W 
 
 iBprincrilie. union ....'.'.'.".8 
 
 8U)r. Champaign B 
 
 kSUlllng*, Madliun. 
 
 ton, Btepbeuun 
 Star, Hancock 
 lStrk.St*rk 
 
 X 
 NO 
 
 , ......... 
 
 SholbyVllle. 8niby.V..B S.l 
 
 Shepherd. Pike...,. W 
 
 Bherburnvllle, Kankakee. ..E 
 
 Sheridan. IA Salle N 
 
 SA*rlda^w^..LSail*.. N 
 
 Slieniiau, Bangamon C 
 
 8hermer*llle, Cook SE 
 
 SheOerrllle. Hardln SB 
 
 Skutd. Lake NB 
 
 Shlloh, Saint Clalr SW 
 
 Shllo Center. Cham palgn . . . . B 
 
 8hlk> Hill, Randolph SW 
 
 "lilnklc. Shelby C 
 
 iRhlnn. Pike W 
 
 iShlpman, Macoupln C 
 
 Shlrland, Wlnnebago N 
 
 Shirley. McLean SW 
 
 HbcUiuIcr. F*yett* 8 
 
 ShoU Siding, Peorta C 
 
 Shooting Park, Cook . . . NE 
 .Shop Creek, Monlgomery.C 
 
 Sliumway. EfflugLam B 
 
 Sibley, Ford E 
 
 -SldrlL Vermilion E 
 
 UltHng. La Balle N 
 
 Sidney, Champaign E 
 
 Slfgtrt, Edwarua 8R 
 
 Slgel, Bhelby C 
 
 "".)ara. Brown W 
 
 liver Creek, Calhoun W 
 
 .-Hirer '.'nek. MadUon C 
 
 Bllrertoa, Jaiper SB 
 
 Slnmn*. Cook NE 
 
 BlMMa, JotWBM S 
 
 Him*. Wavue SE 
 
 Siut-uir. Morgan W 
 
 Six Mile. Wayue SE 
 
 Skate*, bbelby C 
 
 Hkeltor.. Logan C 
 
 Smlthboroiuti. Bond 8 
 
 SinlUidale, Llvingaton C 
 
 StnltlinMd. Fulton W 
 
 Snilttihire, Warren W 
 
 A-muA L'fg,(tmf Mrrrtmac Ptj 
 
 HmlUiton. talutClatr SW 
 
 fimlth'llle. l-rna C 
 
 SmoUirriviiie, Franklin... 8 
 
 Snlcvrte. Maaon NW 
 
 Snider, Vermilion B 
 
 SuuwOake, Knnklln 8 
 
 IVDU. for. 
 
 X 
 l.tM 
 
 t 
 
 U 
 
 O 
 
 .BW 
 N W 
 W 
 C 
 
 . .............. 
 
 r**. <BM TfajTM) .......... 
 
 ::::::: 
 
 ok ........ NE 
 
 M.K./.ln, Cook 
 
 t hiu l.ln*. Vermilion B 
 
 IBtaunton. Maconpln C 
 
 UTaugtrTL* Balle V 
 
 t Stee'leVlllt i/RBodoiph '. '.'.& W 
 
 I Sterling. Wlil tlde NW 
 
 kSterena. Bwpheaaoa. . . .NW 
 Steward, LM If 
 
 SStewardaoo, Sbalbr C 
 Sticknty, Cook ...NB 
 
 SUllman Valley, Ogle H 
 
 istllwell, Hancock W 
 
 BtlrnipGrove, Macoupln. ...U 
 StockUnd. lr; --- 
 
 Stockton, Jo 
 
 Stofki .Tazewcll C 
 
 Stock Yard. C-mk NB 
 
 m -Stock rr.(JJnc.,CookNE 
 mtitiHkrt Taiewell 
 
 SU>D Church, Waahlngton . .8 
 
 Stone Fort, Saline ......... 8 
 
 S(on PrairU. Adami ...... W 
 
 ion Quarry, Skint Cl'rBW 
 BtoneCorDen.McKenry...N 
 
 StoDlngto 
 
 , 
 
 en.Mc 
 u. Cbrt 
 
 . 
 
 Jnt CUlr 
 
 Stoy. Crawford , 
 
 SUMburgh, Bhelby... 
 Stratford. OKle 
 
 jStruut. Pike 
 
 Strawu, Urp|J9MI... 
 
 C 
 
 -inc., Lt Sail* . . . . N 
 
 QSIreatorJiiHc., Wdford..C 
 Stringlown, (tt* Pellonla) . . . 
 Strtngtowu. Rlchland SE 
 
 assess.*.? 
 
 Stul.t,l'-neld, Bond. 
 Sturgtl, Cook (IB 
 
 8nblette, LM N 
 itt. Mercer HW 
 
 Buffern, Macon 8 
 
 ''.Sugar Crttk, Jack*on B 
 
 Sugar Grove. Kane H 
 
 Sulll n, M..ultrte C 
 
 Sum liirrfl rid, Stint CUlr. .S 
 
 inimer Hill, Pike W 
 
 Summer*, McLean SW 
 
 iBummeraon. Saint CUlr. .S 
 
 _is mil. Cook NE 
 
 t} Summit, Knox W 
 
 Summit. Itock I tland HW 
 
 Mi,i,t((. Balnt CUlr BW 
 
 -nminlt. Will HE 
 
 .Summit Station, (aee Vienna) 
 
 i, Fulton W 
 
 Lawrence NB 
 
 u| 
 
 J 
 
 9,04 
 X 
 
 K 
 .r. 
 s 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 414 
 
 990 
 X 
 
 S 
 
 190 
 
 & 
 
 X 
 
 A 
 
 1! 
 & 
 
 1 
 
 SSu inner. Law 
 impter, White 
 Sunbeam. Merc 
 
 Bunfleld. Perry 8 
 
 Sunny Hill, Henry HW 
 
 BunrUr.L* Balle.... H 
 
 Sunart, Kane N 
 
 ButurJRanoack . . '.".".".".'.".". '.'.W 
 
 Swan Creek. Warren W 
 
 Swango, Edgar E 
 
 Swan wick. Perry... 
 
 Swiaher. DeWItt C 
 
 .Virt(cAj>.,Fotd B 
 
 Swrgert. I: 
 
 & 
 
 X
 
 MAP INDEX OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Twnr. COCXTT. IHDIX. 
 
 ror. 
 
 TOW*. CO C TT. mn. 
 
 TOT. 
 
 row,. CO..TT. ,. 
 
 TOT. 
 
 TOW. OKTirTT. I*DK. 
 
 TOf. 
 
 TOW. COMMIT. IVDEl. 
 
 NT 
 
 ByTvan, Cant W 
 
 Srmenon. Will NE 
 
 X 
 100 
 
 Ttyoo'it G rove, McHenry . . ,.N 
 fucker. Kankakee E 
 
 i 
 
 WabMh, Way o N K 
 H'afeMA, WhIW SB 
 
 30 
 7 
 
 Welton. Efflngham M 
 Wrm. Kanltakee B 
 
 25 
 
 SO 
 
 Wilton Center. Will NE 
 
 H 
 i.-.i? 
 
 1'iiMe Grove. Fulton W 
 
 4UO 
 
 ru.-ier. Ogle K 
 
 x 
 
 
 IV) 
 
 Wempietown, Wtnnebago. . . N 
 
 10 
 
 Wijirt'im, WaahlnirtQU 8 
 
 
 Tallala, Menard C 
 
 445 
 
 TuUamore, Tawwell C 
 
 130 
 
 Wailfworth. l*kf NE 
 
 100 
 
 Wrmma.MarKhill... . C 
 
 1,053 
 
 Windsor, Shelby C 
 
 1 
 
 Rramalro. Bond S 
 
 40 
 
 Tunnr 1 Bill, Johnson 8 
 
 200 
 
 Warty Petni, PUrk C 
 
 i 
 
 IFMlMrtk, Cook NE 
 
 x 
 
 Swindaor Park. Cook. ...KK 
 
 
 marack,Wlll NE 
 
 30 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 140 
 
 Wesley, Tawwell C 
 
 100 
 
 Wine Hill. Randolph sW 
 
 I 
 
 Tamaroa, t'erry S 
 Tamptco,Wliltmde.... NW 
 
 Tiintiu, Sji!K.inio[) C 
 
 TaniUI. Pope S 
 Taylor. Ogle N 
 
 T^i.-r I!iil. Franklin ..S 
 
 1.000 
 429 
 X 
 
 JS 
 20 
 30 
 
 S*Tuni"r.r)u Page.^^.NK 
 trner Park, Cook NE 
 Turpln. Macon C 
 Tu-wolm. Donglaa E 
 JVin Hlitfft, La Salic N 
 Twin <Swe, McLean C 
 
 LJ 
 
 KM 
 
 un 
 
 x 
 
 x 
 
 agnera lAiidlue. Jarkn-n. 8 
 akfflrld, Klchland SE 
 
 U'nl-tfn, Cook N E 
 WatakfimCttnftrrt.C'tt. M 
 Waldron. Kankrte. B 
 ifi', iiclc- N 
 
 100 
 X 
 X 
 
 sue 
 
 5we Hrooklyn, Lee N 
 ertDirUlon. Cook NB 
 WMt fiKd, Kane N 
 Wat Klffiii, Kane N 
 
 X 
 250 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 as 
 
 SWInfleM. IHiPage NK 
 Wtug, IJvlngiton C 
 Wlnnebsgo, Wlnnehaxo. . N 
 Wlnnetka, Cook S E 
 Vinitair, C'umbcrl*nd....K 
 Wlntlow, Strpheuaon . . . N W 
 
 E 
 
 ;. i 
 1.85 . 
 
 X 
 
 I 
 
 Taylor Rldge.Kock ll'd BW 
 Tmylorville, Christian.. C 
 
 25 
 2,829 
 
 Udlna,Kane N 
 
 tllah. Henry NW 
 
 100 
 
 Walker, Macon C 
 ir-irt-T. Will NE 
 
 x 
 
 Western Saratoga, (,'n!on!'."s 
 Welem Spring), Cook. .NE 
 
 40 
 451 
 
 W'lntcrrnwd. Efflngham 5 
 Winter*. Jo barteaa NW 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 mflrry, Moultrie C 
 
 x 
 
 Walkervllle, O recne W 
 
 100 
 
 WeMfield, Clark E 
 
 510 
 
 Wireton, Cwk NE 
 
 x 
 
 Tef^ri*n. \uw*. ".'.'.'.'.'.'. NW 
 Temple Hill, Pope 8 
 
 EC 
 
 X 
 
 SUHIn, Pnlaakt S 
 irtch. Moultrie C 
 
 350 
 X 
 
 Wall, Jeffemvn 8 
 Wallace. Dr. Kalb N 
 
 20 
 250 
 
 fTett Genoa, De K*lb N 
 WertHaJlock.Pw.rta C 
 
 X 
 
 75 
 
 Wilt, Montgomery C 
 Woburn, Bond 8 
 
 H 
 
 Tenue*ec. McDonmigti.,W 
 Terra ColU. McHenry.-..^ 
 
 313 
 35 
 
 rw(,-f<. L'lsrk K 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 It'r/'/n. f Xta,, ^nt KapaUe).. 
 Wll-Wlla,Cnmherland.. E 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 WettHam'A, (aecHam'd.lnd. 
 H'rtJ/'ir<inn>!. Maron.NW 
 
 X 
 
 x 
 
 Woli-,ill. 1'tvrla... i: 
 Wolf Creek. Willlimaon 8 
 
 : .i 
 
 Terra Hi me. Hejider>on....W 
 
 250 
 
 Jfti'i'-n.'Sli'ncVr'v ".".'.'" .'N 
 
 300 
 
 Wallbaiini. Henderaon W 
 
 100 
 
 '( HiHtdul'. DuI'ageNK 
 
 x 
 
 Wolf Uke, I'lii-m 8 
 
 - 
 
 Tcutopollv Effingham S 
 
 BOO 
 
 nlon tviitrc. CuriYlierla'.d. K 
 
 SO 
 
 Walllnirford, Will N'E 
 
 70 
 
 ert Jeney. SUrk C 
 
 Us 
 
 
 
 
 
 TCTI* rlty. Sillii-- S 
 TTbackery. Hamilton 8 
 hackeru, Hamilton B 
 QTitaieMr't ftirt. Cook.NE 
 
 25 
 75 
 
 X 
 
 Uakin Hill, Kankakee..'..E 
 Union Point, Union 8 
 U*ior .flock )"iird*,Cook. NE 
 
 'S 
 
 x 
 
 * 
 
 SWalnuUHiirean N 
 WalntitGrove, M'I>ou'h. W 
 Walnut Hill. Markiu S 
 
 COS 
 30 
 
 125 
 X 
 
 We*t Liberty. Jasper.... BE 
 
 !W.-5t MfHrurv. M 11, ,,n N 
 WcttJfafwood, Cook.. NE 
 Wat JVffMJL Vermilion E 
 
 300 
 300 
 
 | 
 
 Wolfs CroMlng, Will NE 
 Wolrab Mill*. iUrdlii SE 
 Worn*-. Matonpln SW 
 WorHlliine. Jo DavleM. . NW 
 
 & 
 
 x 
 
 M 
 
 Thawvllle, Iroquoli E 
 Thebes, Alexander 8 
 The Grove, Cook NE 
 
 300 
 100 
 X 
 
 1'nlonvllle, Maaaac S 
 Unity. Alexander S 
 
 Upper Alton, Martt^u. ->W 
 
 i 
 
 1,903 
 
 Walnut Prairie, Clark . . . . K 
 Walpnte. Hamilton. . S 
 Walshvine. Montguifery. .C 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 167 
 
 Wat Xortnfteia.(^v Oak Glen) 
 Weaton, McLean c 
 Weat Point. Hancock. ...W 
 
 too 
 
 W<.odl>urn. MacouHn SW 
 {Woodliun-, Cumberland. E 
 Woodford, Woodfbrd C 
 
 : - 
 
 Thomaa, Bureau N 
 
 10 
 
 t/pper J 4IWn L s-w.,Mn11ion6W 
 
 
 Walfcn>hurv;h, Pope S 
 
 35 
 
 Went port, Lawrence. . NE 
 
 x 
 
 Woodhnll. Henry NW 
 
 
 ThoniHborough.Cb'p'n.. .E 
 
 TTioriiaavllle, Montgomery C 
 Thorn peon vl lie. Franklin.. 3 
 
 190 
 10 
 309 
 
 Uitlck, Whlleatde.".'.'.".... MW 
 
 uy 
 
 135 
 
 t Walton, Lee N 
 ,l!'.,!lf.:,,.:!:,,/,, (i.,;! id!) .Sh 
 
 Wanboro (iee Albion) 
 
 IS 
 
 1 
 X 
 
 We Ridge. Donglw K 
 WoM.AoMlaflrf.Cook NE 
 WettEalem, Edwardi... SK 
 
 73 
 1.407 
 476 
 
 Woodland. IroquoU E 
 Wood Lawn, Jcffenon S 
 Wood lawn Park, Cook. .NE 
 
 M 
 ,.- 
 
 Thomson, Carroll NW 
 
 r.t 
 
 UUh. Warren W 
 
 50 
 
 Wanda, Madlton SW 
 
 30 
 
 Wat Sprinafield, SauK^monc 
 
 668 
 
 U'ooitt, Madlvuu SW 
 
 X 
 
 Thornton, Cook NE 
 
 371 
 
 
 X 
 
 l|-<ii. Madlann 6W 
 
 SO 
 
 Weat Union, Clark E 
 
 125 
 
 Wood*lde,8angmou C 
 
 i 
 
 Thornton June., Cook. . NK 
 Three Mile Prairie, Waah'n. 6 
 Tturtna*. Hamilton 8 
 
 X 
 
 30 
 X 
 
 Utopia, Da Pmge.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'NE 
 Valley City, Pike W 
 
 1,700 
 50 
 CO 
 
 Wapella, De Witt C 
 ITorrta, Saint Clalr SW 
 SB-ore, Union S 
 
 371 
 X 
 X 
 
 WeatTlHe, Vennilion E 
 Wette'e Crott'g, Vermil'nE 
 WestYork.Crmwtord... SE 
 
 45 
 
 X 
 BOO 
 
 Woodaon. Morgan w 
 WiKMJxtook, Mrenry. N 
 Woodriil--. Adami W 
 
 M 
 
 i - 
 
 Tice.Menard C 
 Titono., La Salle N 
 Tllden. Randolph SW 
 Tile Factory SvUc*,\tim'aE 
 
 TiKt'Kt -nee Hlufor.11 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 X 
 
 x 
 
 Van i.uren. IW Kalb N 
 raitrtlt Point, Marouj'ln M\ 
 ViuidMlia-Fayettc S 
 Vandercook, VennUIgn E 
 VanOrln, Bureau N 
 
 33 
 X 
 2,144 
 800 
 
 100 
 
 Warner, Henry NW 
 Warren, Jo Darlen.... NW 
 Wammkitrst, DuPagc. . NE 
 Warrnibnrg,Macan C 
 
 W:irain;>ii, Edgar E 
 
 30 
 1.173 
 X 
 
 500 
 20 
 
 Weuag, Pulukl 8 
 Wtaihtrtfttlit, (fee, Kcwaoee) 
 
 WheMland, Alexander .'.'."'.'," 8 
 Whew ton, DuPace N'K 
 
 100 
 
 x 
 
 10 
 90 
 
 I,fl22 
 
 Woodworth. IroquoU E 
 Wootly, lireene W 
 Wi/iHt i'urtl, Edgar E 
 Wool. Pope S 
 Woo*nng,Ogle N 
 
 
 : 
 
 > 
 
 TilliHan, Saint Clalr....BW 
 Tilton. Vennlllxm B 
 
 x 
 
 474 
 
 Varna, Marshall.....' '.....C 
 
 X 
 398 
 
 Warrentnn Grove, Lake NE 
 Wirwni Hie. DuPage NE 
 
 25 
 250 
 
 Wkeaton, Randolph.... SW 
 Wheeler. Jatper SE 
 
 X 
 250 
 
 Wonlen. Madison SW 
 Worth. Cook NE 
 
 B 
 m 
 
 Tunbactfio, Carroll.... NW 
 Time, Pike NW 
 Timothy Cumberland B 
 Tinley Prk, Cook K 
 Tloga, Hancock W 
 TUkllwa, Bureau N 
 Todd's Point, Shelby C 
 Toledo, Cumberland.... E 
 Tulono, Champaign E 
 Toliira, Marshall C 
 
 IS 
 
 300 
 3UO 
 Ml 
 75 
 676 
 902 
 10 
 
 Venedy, Washington 8 
 " Ytntity Station, WaahVn.3 
 rtnt, Kfflncham 8 
 Venice. Madlaon SW 
 4> remit*. SalntClalr SW 
 i'rntcf A Ciirondtttt June., 
 Saint Clalr. 8W 
 Vera, Fayette 8 
 VerKennea, Jackaon 8 
 Ven.HUon drove. VcnnruK 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 200 
 
 Warrtnert. Alexander.... S 
 Warsaw, Hancock ;..W 
 WantmrR. Monroe SW 
 
 W an raee .Johnson 8 
 Waaco,Kane N 
 WMobara, Woodfonl C 
 Washington. Taiewell C 
 Wash-gfn HelffliU, Cook N E 
 H-<uttiyto* Par Ic, Cook.. NE 
 
 172! 
 K 
 X 
 X 
 25 
 518 
 1.301 
 3,283 
 
 Wheeling, Cook NK 
 WhItenclrtTfeureau N 
 wn.tcllall. Urceue W 
 White Heato, Platt C 
 WUt* /fcnwaTUnton 8 
 WklteCMk, Hontgoinery....C 
 t While Oak, SalDtClalr. SW 
 kUe OaX Point, Fayette. . .8 
 White Oak Sprmpi. Hrown.W 
 White Plfteon, Whltealdc. NW 
 
 811 
 X 
 1,9*1 
 100 
 X 
 
 15 
 
 X 
 
 10 
 
 * 50 
 
 Wrarville. Roek laland...NW 
 SWrigtii, Cole* E 
 'rtffAGT r',Cook NE 
 Wrlghtcv!11e. Greene W 
 Wyanet, Bureau N 
 HViJM, Macon C 
 Wynoose. Kichlaud HE 
 Wyomiae, SUrk C 
 Xeola,Cly S 
 Vale, Jj<p.-r SE 
 
 axxjgxaagg 
 
 Tomllnson. Champaign, . . E 
 Tonic*. La fcalle N 
 Tr.ntl. Marlon 8 
 
 10 
 473 
 ISO 
 
 Vermilion, EdgW E 
 Venn Illkinvi ll<-. La Salle. . . . N 
 Vermont, Fulton W 
 
 325 
 20 
 1,158 
 
 W*taga,Knox W 
 WatcH Factory, Kane. . . . N 
 
 586 
 X 
 
 l,8ft> 
 
 White Bock, Ogle N 
 WAiM W,!lotc, Kendall N 
 WMttey'tJfti., lee Equality) 
 
 BO 
 X 
 
 x 
 
 Yankee Hollow. JoDavfsNW 
 Tankeebiwn, Woodford C 
 Vantlsvllle. Shelby C 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Topeka. Maaon NW 
 
 141 
 
 Vernal, Vermilion E 
 
 10 
 
 Waterman, IwKalbV. '.... 
 
 351 
 
 rl0aWM,(Mt I sen:. an V*UCn 
 
 x 
 
 YatraClty. Kno* W 
 
 M 
 
 Toulon, Stark C 
 
 Tcwandn. McLean SW 
 
 913 
 
 403 
 
 Vermin, Marion S 
 Verona, Grundy N 
 
 200 
 
 212 
 
 WarerUiwa, Kock l.-rud N \V 
 WfttMkm. Irnquoli E 
 
 25 
 
 a,on 
 
 Wllbcrtoa, Fayette 8 
 Wiitinrn. Marshal C 
 
 X 
 25 
 
 Yates La ndi ng. Pnlaakl S 
 Yatffrillf, Morgan W 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Tower Hill. Shelby C 
 Tracy, Cook NE 
 
 543 
 X 
 
 Versailles. Brown W 
 TVevay Park, Cumberland. E 
 
 517 Wauon.EAngham S 
 5 Waut-onda, Lake NE 
 
 326 
 368 
 
 H'ti/ifrnu)n, SalntClalr.SW 
 n-i;:(F,-'>!)d. Cook NB 
 
 X 
 32 
 
 Yellow Creek. StephenE'n NW 
 !'*, Saint Clalr 8W 
 
 - 
 
 Tracy. Kankakee E 
 
 260 
 
 induct Junction, Cook,. NE 
 
 
 
 4.915 
 
 Wmard, Alexander 8 
 
 X 
 
 York, CUrk E 
 
 M 
 
 TremoBt, Tazewell C 
 
 508 
 
 Victoria, Knox W 
 
 308 
 
 
 50 
 
 n'tllardt. Cook NB 
 
 X 
 
 Yorktown, Bureau. N 
 
 
 Trenton, Clinton 8 
 
 . 
 Trtlla, Culm E 
 
 1,384 
 
 X 
 90 
 
 Victoria, Can W 
 
 Vienna, Johnson 8 
 Villa Grove, Donglaa K 
 
 100 
 
 Waylanit.'scliu>|. r W 
 Wayne, DnPagc NB 
 
 1,337 
 10 
 175 
 
 Willardi J.ein<ling, Union. ..S 
 Willey. Chrtttian C 
 
 'i\'[j:;.tiii-'ni'Nifi. Mi.nlTr!,' C 
 
 X 
 30 
 30 
 
 Yorkvllle, Kendall.... N 
 }-0u0br<Ml. Morfan... W 
 Tonngvdale, Kane V 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 Trimble. Crawford SE 
 Triumph. La Salle N 
 STrtvolf, Peurf* C 
 TroutOait. Jo Davietl. NW 
 
 Trt-ulM-'il:. Mm-iin ....C 
 
 50 
 51) 
 100 
 X 
 12 
 
 Villa Uldge, Pulaakl 8 
 Vlllaa, Crawlon) SE 
 Vintlancl, Union ,. .S 
 Viola, Meroer NW 
 VirJen, Macoupln SW 
 
 sou 
 
 25 
 X 
 421 
 l.10 
 
 Wayne. Jarkson B 
 
 Wayne. Cltr. V'unp NE 
 Wnynearjlle, PeWili C 
 
 W rarer f.'lU, I'nlun ..S 
 Wrt'hj. J.'lt.'r-ni. ... .3 
 
 X 
 600 
 
 368 
 X 
 X 
 
 WllllamBueld.Knox W 
 
 Willow. Jo Davits. NW 
 Willow Ulll. JaBpcr SE 
 Willow Springs, Cook. . .NE 
 
 200 
 444 
 
 60 
 450 
 200 
 
 YomifEVtown. Warren W 
 Yuton. McLean C 
 
 /! flill If. ( lintl'D S 
 
 tZanttntlf, Montgomery., C 
 larltyt, WIU N E 
 
 , ,1 
 
 x 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 - 
 
 Trowbrtdge, Shelby C 
 Troy. Stadlson SW 
 Troy (see Jollet) 
 
 40 
 826 
 X 
 
 rtrjSnln Junction, 'caw.' .' W 
 Titkntu), McDonoogb W 
 
 1,02 
 X 
 X 
 
 Webb'a Ulll, Franklin 8 
 Webster, Hincock W 
 Wed run. La Salle N 
 
 IS 
 125 
 117 
 
 Wllmette, Cook NE 
 Wilmington. Wfll NE 
 WHsman. La Salle .N 
 
 1.458 
 1,576 
 
 .Zenobta, Sangamon C 
 'Zlf, Wayne NB 
 SCton, Carre" NW 
 
 IS 
 
 IS 
 X 
 
 Tr..y<;r.-%r, L s .lie N 
 Trumlmll. White 8E 
 Trnro, Knox W 
 Tnitttr. Sangamon C 
 
 283 
 15 
 10 
 X 
 
 Veto, Lake NE 
 VMftte*. Plait C 
 FtilcaN, Monroe SW 
 
 150 
 11 
 X 
 X 
 
 Weedman, Mcl^an C 
 HVhton.Cook NE 
 Wcldon, DC Witt C 
 elga. Randolph SW 
 
 50 
 X 
 400 
 31 
 
 WiUon, LlTlngMon C 
 WiStonbttryk, Kicbland. . . .SE 
 Wltoon't. Randolph 8W 
 WUton't Switck. BuidoiphSW 
 
 15 
 65 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 Zion Station, (see Mod).... 
 JZolu, Warren W 
 <m<], Kock laiand NW 
 
 
 H 
 
 X
 
 IMW^WB-^ar ' 7ia<-' 
 
 I J 
 
 SIS* SSsSf'' '" , ' * 'X ; 1 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 S< 
 
 
 >- 
 
 : ^
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Charities and a chapter devoted to its connection with the 
 World's Fair, the authors being well-known writers, and capable 
 of presenting the subject in a most comprehensive and attractive 
 manner. Then follows a brief sketch of the District of Colum- 
 bia, with which each State and Territory is connected through 
 its representatives in Congress ; which is, in turn, succeeded by 
 the biographies of the Presidents of the United States, setting 
 forth, in addition to the life, the most important events of each 
 administration. 
 
 The Commonwealths have been invited, through their Na- 
 tional and State Commissioners, to contribute such statistics, 
 etcetera, as will be of interest at this particular time, as well as 
 of future value. A similar request has been extended to every 
 Church organization represented in our land; while the Young 
 Men's Christian Association, Women's Christian Temperance 
 Union, Grand Army of the Republic and other Societies have 
 also been solicited to co-operate with us in a work which will be 
 of untold benefit to the States, severally and collectively. We 
 need not particularize where such information has not been 
 furnished us, or has been received too late for publication ; such 
 State volume speaks for itself. 
 
 Thirty full-page half-tone engravings illustrate the text of 
 each State History, not including the fourteen most important 
 buildings of the Exposition ; the District of Columbia is likewise 
 pictorially represented by its chief attractions, while the portraits 
 of the Presidents form a highly valuable and interesting acces- 
 sion to the work. Our State Map will also be appreciated, being 
 brought down to the present, and combining useful data un- 
 necessary to specify in this connection. 
 
 A distinctive feature of our publication is the Department de- 
 voted to the most prominent EXHIBITS, and we need scarcely 
 mention that it is one of the most valuable, since to the attendant 
 upon the Columbian Exposition, it is a:i encyclopedia of refer- 
 ence, and to one deprived of the privilege of a personal visit it 
 affords more practical information than could otherwise be ob-
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 tained by months of laborious study ; the illustrated pages, pro- 
 duced by our own artists for this publication, alone, lending a 
 charm to what might become monotonous if the old-time methods 
 were here employed. A Classified List covers such exhibits as 
 are not included in this Department. 
 
 We trust we shall not be considered guilty of egotism when 
 we claim for "The White City" a most prominent place among 
 the publications of the day. It has received the endorsement of 
 Governors of the States, and the World's Fair Commissioners 
 have spoken words of highest commendation. By the appraise- 
 ment of the people we are now willing to abide, believing that 
 the substantial character of the work, latest and most valuable 
 information and choice illustrations, cannot but meet the ap- 
 proval of all who give it an unprejudiced perusal.
 
 Ristopv of Illinois.. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF STATE HISTORY "THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY' 
 - ORIGIN OF THE NAME TOPOGRAPHY, SOIL, CLIMATIC 
 AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 CORRECT understanding of the history of 
 the States is necessary in order to more 
 fully comprehend and illustrate the history 
 of the Nation of which the several States, 
 by their union, form constituent parts. 
 The original States, indeed, as political 
 divisions, are older than the Union and each of them, 
 in their early struggles for existence and autonomy, 
 as well as many of the Territories of a later period, have 
 evolved a history as full of romantic interest as it is of 
 political and moral instruction. 
 
 The greater part of the territory which was subsequently 
 organized into the State of Illinois was known and attracted 
 eager attention from the nations of the old world especially in 
 France, Germany and England before the close of the third 
 quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hundred 
 years before the struggle for American Independence began or the 
 geographical division known as the " Territory of the Northwest " 
 had an existence ; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, 
 Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers 
 of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold 
 among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the " Illinois 
 Country " occupied a place on the maps of North America as 
 distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from
 
 10 THE WHITE CITY - ILLINOIS. 
 
 that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union with 
 the rank of a State, no other section has been the theatre of more 
 momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, 
 affording interest and instruction to the archaeologist, the ethnol- 
 ogist and the historian, than that portion of the American Conti- 
 nent now known as the " State of Illinois." 
 
 What was known to the early French explorers and their 
 followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened 
 between the discoveries of Joliet and LaSalle, down to the 
 surrender of this region to the English, as the " Illinois Country," 
 is described with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. 
 Philip Pittman, an English engineer who made the first survey 
 of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French 
 possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who 
 published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In 
 this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, 
 and is the more valuable because written at a transition period 
 when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down 
 the facts of early French history to the new occupants of the soil, 
 the boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: 
 
 "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Mississippi 
 on the west, by the river Illinois on the north, by the Ouabache 
 and Miamis on the east and the Ohio on the south." * 
 
 From this it is evident that the country lying between the 
 Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to the west and northwest of 
 the former stream, was not regarded as a part of the "Illinois 
 Country," and this agrees generally with the records of the early 
 French explorers, except that they regarded the region which 
 comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago the im- 
 portance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first 
 as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries 
 of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico as belonging 
 thereto. 
 
 * "The present state of the European Settlements on the Mississippi, with a Geograph- 
 ical description of that River by Capt. Philip Pittman, London, printed for J. Nourse, 
 Book-seller to his Majesty, 1770."
 
 ILLINOIS INTRODUCTORY. II 
 
 The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini, 
 a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men, " eupheniized 
 by the French into Illini with the suffix ots, signifying "tribe". 
 The root of the term, applied both to the country and the Indians 
 occupying it, has been still further denned as "a perfect man " 
 (Haines on " Indian Names "), and the derivative has been used 
 by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with 
 the same signification a signification of which the earliest 
 claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a 
 different race, have not failed to be duly proud. 
 
 It was this region which gave name to the State of which 
 it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, 
 so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the 
 Alississippi from the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- 
 cerned, are identical with those given to the " Illinois Country " 
 by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; 
 on the east by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the 
 Wabash River ; southeast by the Ohio, flowing between it and 
 the State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest by the Mississippi, 
 which separates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A 
 peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the 
 State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends 
 to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the 
 Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the 
 Ohio River ; this seems to have been a sort of concession on 
 the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighbors of the 
 "Dark and Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies 
 between the parallels of 36 59' and 42 30' north latitude, and 
 the meridian of 10 30' and 14 of longitude west from the city of 
 Washington. From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of 
 the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, its estimated 
 length is 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana 
 State line to the Mississippi River at a point between Quincy 
 and Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous course of its 
 river and lake boundaries, which comprise about three-fourths of
 
 12 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 the whole, its physical outline is extremely irregular. Between 
 the limits described, it has an estimated area of 56,650 square 
 miles, of which 650 square miles is water the latter being 
 chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one 
 half times that of all New England, Maine being excepted, and 
 is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, 
 except Michigan, Georgia and Florida Wisconsin lacking only 
 a few hundred square miles of the same. 
 
 When these figures are taken into account some idea may 
 be formed of the magnificence of the domain comprised within 
 the limits of the State of Illinois a domain larger in extent 
 than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all 
 France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including 
 Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, pos- 
 sessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by 
 any other State of the Union, and with resources in agriculture, 
 manufactures and commerce unsurpassed in any country on the 
 face of the globe, transcend all human conception. 
 
 Lying between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tribu- 
 tary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east and intersected 
 from northeast to southwest by the Illinois and its numerous af- 
 fluents, and with no mountainous region within its limits, Illi- 
 nois is at once one of the best watered, as well as one of the 
 most level States in the Union. Besides the Sangamon, Kanka- 
 kee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, chief tributaries of the Illinois, 
 and the Kaskaskia draining the region between the Illinois and 
 the Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion of the 
 State, is most important on account of its valuable water-power. 
 All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of 
 craft, during at least a portion of the year, in the early history of 
 the country, and with the magnificent Mississippi along the whole 
 western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable 
 waters than that of any other single State. Although practical 
 navigation is now limited to the Mississippi, Illinois and Ohio 
 making an aggregate of about 1,000 miles the importance of
 
 ILLINOIS INTRODUCTORY. 13 
 
 the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost 
 wholly upon some means of water communication for the trans- 
 portation of heavy commodities as well as for travel, could not 
 be over-estimated, and it is not without its effect upon the pro- 
 ductiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given 
 place to railroads. The whole number of streams shown upon 
 the best maps exceeds 280. 
 
 In physical conformation the surface of the State presents 
 the aspect of an inclined plane with a moderate descent in the 
 general direction of the streams toward the south and south- 
 west. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the 
 point of lowest depression, has an elevation above sea-level of 
 about 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at Chicago 
 is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is reached at Scale's Mound 
 in the northwestern part of the State about 820 feet while a 
 spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the 
 southern part of the State, rises in Jackson county to a height of 
 over 500 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of the country 
 between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered 
 with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable 
 species of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the different 
 varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, 
 besides elm, linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berrj-, 
 cotton-wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. The 
 native fruits included the persimmon, wild plum, grape and paw- 
 paw, with various kinds of berries, such as black-berries, rasp- 
 berries, strawberries (in the prairie districts) and some others. 
 Most of these native growths were found along the streams far- 
 ther north except the cypress, beech, pecan and a few others. 
 
 A peculiar feature of the country, in the middle and north- 
 ern portion of the State which excited the amazement of early 
 explorers, was the vast extent of the prairies or natural meadows. 
 The origin of these has been attributed to various causes, such 
 as some peculiarity of the soil, absence or excess of moisture, re- 
 cent upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other bodies of
 
 14 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 water, the action of fires, etc. In many sections there seems lit- 
 tle to distinguish the soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent 
 woodlands , that may not be accounted for by the character of 
 their vegetation and other causes, for the luxuriant growth of 
 native grasses and other productions has demonstrated that they 
 do not lack in fertility, and the readiness with which trees take 
 root when artificially propagated and protected, has shown that 
 there is nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their growth. 
 Whatever may have been the original cause of the prairies, how- 
 ever, there is no doubt that annually occurring fires have had 
 much to do in perpetuating their existence and even extending 
 their limits, as the absence of the same agent has tended to favor 
 the encroachments of the forests. While originally regarded as 
 an obstacle to the occupation of the country by a dense popula- 
 tion, there is no doubt that their existence has contributed to its 
 rapid development when it was discovered with what ease these 
 apparent wastes could be subdued and how productive they were 
 capable of becoming when once brought under cultivation. 
 
 In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the State as a whole, 
 many sections present a variety of surface and a mingling of 
 plain and woodland of the most pleasing character. This is 
 especially the case in some of the prairie districts where the 
 undulating landscape covered with rich herbage and brilliant 
 flowers must have presented to the first explorers a scene of 
 ravishing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than dimin- 
 ished in recent times by the hand of cultivation. Along some of 
 the streams also, especially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, 
 and at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of a most 
 picturesque variety. 
 
 From this description of the country it will be easy to infer 
 what must have been the varieties of the animal kingdom which 
 here found a home. These included the buffalo, various kinds 
 of deer, the bear, panther, fox, wolf and wild-cat, while swans, 
 geese and ducks covered the lakes and streams. It was a ver- 
 itable paradise for game, both large and small, and, as well, for
 
 ILLINOIS INTRODUCTORY. 15 
 
 their native hunters. "One can scarcely travel," wrote one of 
 the earliest priestly explorers, "without finding a prodigious 
 multitude of turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the 
 number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter and mink were found 
 along the streams. Most of these, especially the larger species 
 of game, have disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the 
 smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and the different 
 varieties of fish in the streams, protected by law during certain 
 seasons of the year, continue to exist in considerable numbers. 
 
 The capabilities of the soil in a region thus situated can be 
 readily understood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, 
 Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than any other State 
 in the Union, with a soil of superior quality, much of it unsur- 
 passed in natural fertility. This is especially true of the 
 "American Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 
 miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from a few miles 
 below Alton nearly to Chester, and of an average width of five 
 to eight miles. This was the seat of the first permanent white 
 settlement in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it have been 
 under cultivation from one hundred to one hundred and fifty years 
 without exhaustion. Other smaller areas of scarcely less 
 fertility are found both upon the bottom-lands and in the prairies 
 in the central portions of the States. 
 
 Extending through five and one-half degrees of latitude, 
 Illinois has a great variety of climate. Though subject at times 
 to sudden alternations of temperature, these occasions have been 
 rare since the country has been thoroughly settled. Its mean 
 average for a series of years has been 48 in the northern part of 
 the State and 56 in the southern, differing little from other 
 States upon the same latitude. The mean winter temperature has 
 ranged from 25 in the north to 34 in the south, and the sum- ' 
 mer mean from 67 in the north to 78 in the south. The extreme 
 winter temperatiire has seldom fallen below 20 below zero in the 
 northern portion, while the highest summer temperature ranges 
 from 95 to 102. The average difference in temperature between
 
 i6 
 
 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 the northern and southern portions of the State is about 10, and 
 the difference in the progress of the seasons for the same sections, 
 from four to six weeks. 
 
 Such a wide variety of climate is favorable to the production 
 of nearly all the grains and fruits peculiar to the temperate -/.one. 
 These belong to the period of development and will be enumer- 
 atea under the head of "Industries." 
 
 sMasad 
 
 ''.liil 
 
 llhnoib ^^?- 
 
 ;jr^:- p
 
 RELIEF MAP OF ILLINOIS.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 DISCOVERIES OF JOLIET, MAROUETTE AND LA SALLE SAD FATE 
 OF THE LATTER HENRY DE TONTY THE INDIAN CON- 
 FEDERATION AT "STARVED ROCK." 
 
 HREE powers early became contestants for the 
 occupancy of the North American Continent. 
 The first of these was Spain, claiming on the 
 ground of the discovery by Columbus ; England, 
 basing her claim upon the discoveries of the Ca- 
 bots, and France, maintaining her right to a con- 
 siderable part of the continent by virtue of the dis- 
 covery and exploration by Jacques Cartier of the 
 Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-5, and the settlement of 
 Quebec by Champlain seventy-four years later. The claim of 
 Spain was general, extending to both North and South America, 
 and while she early established her colonies in Mexico, Cuba and 
 Peru, the country was too vast and her agents too busy seeking 
 for gold to interfere materially with her competitors. 
 
 The Dutch, Swedes and Germans established small though 
 flourishing colonies, but they were not colonizers nor were they 
 numerically as strong as their neighbors, and their settlements 
 were iiltimately absorbed by the latter. Both the Spaniards and 
 French were zealous in proselyting the aborigines, but while 
 the former did not hesitate to torture their victims in order to ex- 
 tort their gold while claiming to save their souls, the latter were 
 more gentle and beneficent in their policy and by their kindness 
 succeeded in winning and retaining the friendship of the Indians 
 
 lllim.i- 17
 
 1 8 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 in a remarkable degree. They were traders as well as mission- 
 aries, and this fact and the readiness with which they adapted 
 themselves to the habits of those whom they found in possession 
 of the soil, enabled them to make the most extensive explorations 
 in small numbers and at little cost, and even to remain for 
 unlimited periods among their aboriginal friends. On the other 
 hand, the English were artisans and tillers of the soil with a due 
 proportion engaged in commerce or upon the sea, and while they 
 were later in planting their colonies in Virginia and New 
 England, and less aggressive in the work of exploration, they 
 maintained a surer foothold on the soil when they had once 
 established themselves. To this fact is due the permanence and 
 steady growth of the English colonies in the New World and the 
 virtual dominance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than five- 
 sevenths of the North American Continent a result which has 
 been illustrated in the history of every people that has made 
 agriculture, manufactures and legitimate commerce the basis of 
 their prosperity. 
 
 The French explorers were the first Europeans to visit the 
 "Country of the Illinois," and for nearly a century they and 
 their successors and descendants held undisputed possession of 
 the country, as well as the greater part of the Mississippi Valley. 
 It is true that Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this 
 whole region, but she was kept too busy elsewhere to make her 
 claim good, and in 1763 she relinquished it entirely as to the 
 Mississippi Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to 
 strengthen herself elsewhere. 
 
 There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, while the 
 English colonists who settled about Massachusetts Bay named 
 that region " New England," the French gave to their possessions 
 from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mississippi, the name 
 of "New France," and the Spaniards called all the region 
 claimed by them, extending from Panama to Puget Sound, 
 ''New Spain." The boundaries of each were very indefinite and 
 often conflicting, but were settled by the treat}- of 1763.
 
 ILLINOIS EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 19 
 
 As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way of Canada, 
 discovered Lake Michigan then called by the French, " Lac des 
 Illinois" entered Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of 
 Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous missionaries had 
 reached the Falls of St. Mary .(called by the French " Sault St. 
 Marie"), and in 1658 two French fur-traders are alleged to have 
 penetrated as far west as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior, where 
 they opened up a trade with the Sioux Indians and wintered in 
 the neighborhood of the Apostle Islands near where the towns of 
 Ashland and Bayfield, Wisconsin, now stand. A few years later 
 (1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French missionaries, visited 
 the Chippewas on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and 
 missions were established at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La 
 Pointe. About the same time the mission of St. Ignace was 
 established on the north shore of the Straits of Mackinaw 
 (spelled by the French "Michillimacinac"). It is also claimed 
 that a French traveller named Radisson during the year 1658-9 
 reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the claims of Joliet 
 and Marquette as its discoverers by fourteen years. Nicholas 
 Perrot, an intelligent chronicler who left a manuscript account of 
 his travels, is said to have made extensive explorations about the 
 head of the great lakes and as far south as the Fox River of 
 Wisconsin, between 1670 and 1690, and to have held an impor- 
 tant conference with representatives of numerous tribes of In- 
 dians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 1671. Perrot is also said to 
 have made the first discovery of lead mines in the West. 
 
 Up to this time, however, no white man appears to have 
 reached the " Illinois Country," though much had been heard of 
 its beauty and its wealth in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis 
 Joliet, an enterprising explorer who had already visited the Lake 
 Superior region in search of copper mines, under a commission 
 from the Governor of Canada, in company with Father Jacques 
 Marquette and five voyageurs, with a meagre stock of provisions 
 and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, set out in two 
 birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace on a tour of exploration south-
 
 2O THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 ward. Coasting along the west shore of Lake Michigan and 
 Green Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached the 
 country of the Mascontins on Fox River, ascended that stream to 
 the portage to the Wisconsin, then descended the latter to the 
 Mississippi which they discovered tn June lyth. Descending the 
 Mississippi, which they named "Rio de la Conception," they 
 passed the mouth of the Des Moines, where they are supposed to 
 have encountered the first Indians of the Illinois tribes, by whom 
 they were hospitably entertained. Later they discovered a rude 
 painting upon the rocks on the east side of the river, which from 
 the description is supposed to have been the famous " Piasa Bird," 
 which was still to be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the 
 present generation. Passing the mouth of the Missouri River 
 and the present site of the city of St. Louis, and continuing past 
 the Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called the village 
 of the Akanseas, which has been assumed to be identical with the 
 mouth of the Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether 
 they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the Mississippi 
 " had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico," and fearing 
 capture by the Spaniards, they started on their return. Reaching 
 the mouth of the Illinois, they enterered that stream and ascended 
 past the village of the Peorias and the " Illinois town of the 
 Kaskaskias" the latter being about where the town of Utica, La 
 Salle County, now stands at each of which they made a brief stay. 
 Escorted by guides from the Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage 
 to Lake Michigan where Chicago now stands, and returned to 
 Green Bay, which they reached in the latter part of September. 
 
 Such is the record of the first visit of white men to the 
 "Country of the Illinois." 
 
 Joliet returned to Canada to report the success of his expe- 
 dition, while Marquette, who had been much enfeebled by disease 
 and his journey, after recruiting for a year at the St. Xavier Mis- 
 sion on Green Bay, set out in the latter part of October, 1674, 
 with two companions to return to the village of the Kaskaskias 
 on the Illinois. Early in December they reached the mouth of
 
 ILLINOIS EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 21 
 
 the Chicago River, which they found frozen over. Marquette was 
 already prostrated by illness, and being unable to proceed, his 
 companions built a cabin for him, as supposed on the south branch 
 about six miles from the mouth of the river, where he spent the 
 winter. His journal, which was discovered some fifty years ago, 
 makes mention of visits received from the Indians with presents 
 of provisions. He appears also to have been visited by a trader 
 and surgeon who had already established themselves in the vicin- 
 ity. In April, 1675, he reached the village of the Kaskaskias 
 and established a mission which he named "The Immaculate 
 Conception." His stay, however, was brief. Forced by ill-health 
 to abandon his mission, he attempted to return to Canada by the 
 eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Having reached Sleeping Bear 
 Point, nearly opposite the St. Xavier Mission, the voyageurs were 
 compelled by a storm to suspend their journey. Here he died 
 and was buried. A year later a band of Ottawa Indians, who had 
 the greatest reverence for the self-denying missionary, exhumed 
 his remains, and taking them to the St. Ignace Mission, they 
 were reinterred beneath the chapel with impressive ceremonies, 
 in which both the French and Indians took part. 
 
 The next and most important expedition to Illinois impor- 
 tant because it led to the first permanent settlements was under- 
 taken by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager 
 and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discoverer had spent sev- 
 eral years in exploration in the lake region and among the 
 streams south of the lakes and west of the Alleghanies. It has 
 been claimed that, during this tour, he descended the Ohio to its 
 junction with the Mississippi; also that he reached the Illinois by 
 way of the head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, 
 and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th parallel, ante-dat- 
 ing Marquette's first visit to that stream b}- two years. The chief 
 authority for this claim is Pierre Margry, La Salle's biographer, 
 who bases his statement ostensibly on conversations with La Salle 
 and letters of his friends. The absence of any allusion to these 
 discoveries in La Salle's own papers of a later date addressed to
 
 22 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. However this may 
 have been, there is conclusive evidence that, during this period, 
 he met with Joliet while the latter was returning from one of his 
 trips to the Lake Superior country. With an imagination fired 
 by what he then learned, he made a visit to his native country, 
 receiving a liberal grant from the French Government which en- 
 abled him to carry out his plans. With the aid of Henry de 
 Tonty, an Italian who afterward accompanied him in his most 
 important expeditions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- 
 cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, then Governor 
 of Canada, he constructed a small vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, 
 in which, with a company of 34 persons, he set sail on the seventh 
 of August, 1679, for the West. This vessel (named the "Grif- 
 fon ") is believed to have been the first sailing-vessel that ever 
 navigated the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, and he 
 carried with him material for a boat which he intended to put to- 
 gether on that stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- 
 ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of Mackinaw, he 
 disembarked his stores and loading the Griffon with furs, started 
 it on its return with instructions, after discharging its cargo at 
 the starting point, to join him at the head of Lake Michigan. 
 With a force of seventeen men and three missionaries in four 
 canoes, he started southward, following the western shore of Lake 
 Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, on November ist, 
 and reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River, at the southeast 
 corner of the Lake, which had been selected as a rendezvous. 
 Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks later, with a force of 
 twenty Frenchmen who had come by the eastern shore, but the 
 Griffon never was heard from again, and is supposed to have been 
 lost on the return voyage. While waiting for Tonty, he erected a 
 fort, afterward called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, 
 and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with the remain- 
 ing thirty-three, he resumed his journey on the third of Decem- 
 ber. Ascending the St. Joseph to about where South Bend now 
 stands, he made a portage with his canoes and stores across to the
 
 ILLINOIS EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 23 
 
 headwaters of the Kankakee which he descended to the Illinois. 
 On the first of January he arrived at the great Indian town of 
 the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had left for the last time nearly 
 five years before, but he found it deserted, the Indians being ab- 
 sent on a hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illinois, on 
 January 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria L/ake and the next 
 morning reached the Indian village of that name at the foot of 
 the lake, and established friendly relations with its people. Hav- 
 ing determined to set up his vessel here, he constructed a rude 
 fort on the eastern bank of the river about four miles south of the 
 village ; with the exception of the cabin built for Marquette on 
 the South Branch of the Chicago River in the winter of 1874-5, 
 this was probably the first structure erected by white men in Il- 
 linois. This received the name Creve-Cazur" Broken Heart " 
 which, from its subsequent history, proved exceedingly appro- 
 priate. Having dispatched Father Louis Hennepin with two 
 companions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the mouth of the 
 Illinois, on an expedition which resulted in the discovery of the 
 Falls of St. Anthony, La Salle started on his return to Canada for 
 additional assistance and the stores which he had failed to receive 
 in consequence of the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- 
 ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at Fort Creve-Casur 
 mutinied, and having plundered the fort, partially destroyed it. 
 This compelled Tonty and five companions who had remained 
 true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illinois near " Starved 
 Rock," between where the cities of Ottawa and La Salle now 
 stand, where he spent the summer awaiting the return of La 
 Salle. In September, Tonty's Indian allies having been attacked 
 and defeated by the Iroquois, he and his companions were again 
 compelled to flee, reaching Green Bay the next Spring, after hav- 
 ing spent the winter among the Pottawatoniies in the present 
 State of Wisconsin. 
 
 During the next four years (1681-1683) La Salle made two 
 other visits to Illinois, encountering and partially overcoming 
 formidable obstacles at each end of the journey. At the last
 
 24 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 
 visit, in company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had met at 
 Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a separation of more than a 
 year, he extended his exploration to the month of the Mississippi, 
 of which he took formal possession on April 9, 1682, in the name 
 of "Louis the Grand, King of France and Navarre." This was 
 the first expedition of white men to pass down the great river and 
 determine the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, in the fall of 
 1682, Tonty set about carrying into effect La Salle's scheme of 
 fortifying "The Rock," to which reference has been made under 
 the name of " Starved Rock." The buildings are said to have 
 included store-houses (it was intended as a trading post), dwell- 
 ings and a block-house erected on the summit of the rock, and to 
 which the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a village of 
 confederated Indian tribes gathered about its base on the south, 
 which bore the name of La Vantum. According to the historian, 
 Parkman, the population of this colony in the days of its greatest 
 prosperity was not less than 20,000. 
 
 La Salle's future history was as romantic as his final fate was 
 tragical. Returning to Canada in the fall of 1683, he met on the 
 way a new commandant sent to displace him in Illinois. Con- 
 tinuing his journey to France, he was there entrusted with the 
 execution of a plan to establish a colony at the mouth of the 
 Mississippi sailing from Rochelle in the mid-summer of 1684, 
 with a fleet of four vessels carrying nearly 300 colonists. After 
 various delays, it entered the Gulf of Mexico, but failed to find the 
 moiith of the Mississippi. Dissension arose between La Salle 
 and the sailing-master of the fleet; one vessel was captured by 
 Spaniards ; another stranded on the Gulf coast, while the master 
 of the fleet sailed away with the third, for France, leaving La Salle 
 and his fellow-voyagers on the fpurth, to their fate. Landing on 
 the shore of what has since been named Matagorda Bay, in the 
 present State of Texas, he erected a fort. Reduced to great 
 destitution two years after (January, 1687) he started with a 
 portion of his followers for Canada. Reaching the bank of the
 
 ILLINOIS EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 25 
 
 Trinity River, lie was murdered by some of his own men, on 
 March 19, 1687, closing the career of one of the most brilliant 
 and intrepid explorers the world has ever known. His death was 
 partially avenged by the killing of the leaders of the conspiracy a 
 few days after. 
 
 During the previous year, Tonty had descended the Miss- 
 issippi in search of La Salle, and returning, built a fort at the 
 mouth of the Arkansas, leaving six men in charge. Here a 
 portion of the survivors of La Salle's party, including his brother 
 Cavelier, his nephew and one Joutel, arrived in the summer of 
 1687, and in September following reached Fort St. Louis. _ 
 
 Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort St. Louis for eight- 
 een years, during which he made extensive excursions through- 
 out the West. The proprietorship of the fort was granted to 
 him in 1690, but in 1702 it was ordered by the Governor of Can- 
 ada to be discontinued on the plea that the charter had been 
 violated. It continued to be used as a trading-post, however, as 
 late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. De- 
 prived of his command, Tonty entered the service of Iberville, 
 who founded the first colony in Louisiana in 1700. In reference 
 to this remarkable man, who proved so efficient and faithful an 
 aid to La Salle in all his great undertakings, the following ex- 
 tract from Moses' " History of Illinois " is worthy of- quotation, 
 at least for its romantic interest: 
 
 "According to the Indian tradition, which, although of 
 doubtful authenticity, is more in harmony with the romantic and 
 poetic life of the old explorer, at the close of a day in the mid- 
 summer of 1718, he once more arrived at Fort St. Louis in a 
 canoe paddled by two faithful followers. His hair frosted by 
 many years of exposure, enfeebled in body, forsaken by those 
 whom he had befriended, he returned at last to the familiar scene 
 of his former triumphs where, his last hours consoled by the 
 ministrations of his church, his valiant spirit passed away. 
 Brave, generous and true, no man contributed more to the ad- 
 vancement of trade and the occupation of the "Illinois Country"
 
 2(3 THK WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 at this early period than the poorly requited Chevalier Henry de 
 Tonty." 
 
 Having lost a hand in battle, Tonty carried one made of 
 copper, which gave him the name of "the iron-handed." 
 
 Other explorers who were the contemporaries or early suc- 
 cessors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and 
 their companions in the Northwest, and many of whom are 
 known to have visited the " Illinois Country," and probably all 
 of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut (called by La 
 Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, who was the first to reach 
 the Mississippi directly from Lake Superior, and from whom the 
 city of Duluth has been named; Henry Joutel, a townsman of 
 La Salle, who was one of the survivors of the ill-fated Matagorda 
 Bay colony; Pierre Le Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota 
 River, and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through Illinois 
 in 16889, f which he published an account in 1703. 
 
 Chicago River early became a prominent point in the es- 
 timation of the French explorers and was a favorite line of travel 
 in reaching the Illinois by way of the Des Plaines, though prob- 
 ably sometimes confounded with other streams about the head of 
 the lake. The Calumet and Grand Calumet, allowing easy port- 
 age to the Des Plaines, were also used, and the St. Joseph from 
 which portage was had into the Kankakee, were probably parts 
 of the route first used by La Salle. The admiration excited in 
 the minds of the explorers by their discoveries is indicated in 
 the fact that the name which they sometimes attached to both 
 the Des Plaines and the Illinois, as well as the country about the 
 head of Lake Michigan, was "The Divine."
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 ABORIGINES AND -EARLY MISSIONS. 
 
 ABORIGINAL OCCUPANTS OF THE SOIL EARLY FRENCH MIS- 
 SIONS ON THE UPPER ILLINOIS AND AT CAHOKIA 
 AND KASKASKIA. 
 
 HEN the early French explorers ar- 
 rived in the "Illinois Country" they 
 found it occupied by a number of 
 tribes of Indians, the most numerous 
 being the "Illinois," which consisted 
 of several families or bands that spread them- 
 selves over the country on both sides of the 
 
 i* 
 
 Illinois River, extending even west of the Miss- 
 issippi; the Piankashaws on the east, extending beyond the 
 present western boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the 
 northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the Weas were allied. 
 The Illinois confederation included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, 
 Cahokias, Tamaroas and Mitchigamies the last being the tribe 
 from which Lake Alichigan took its name. There seems to have 
 been a general drift of some of the stronger tribes toward the 
 south and east about this time, as Allouex represents that he 
 found the Miamis and their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about 
 Green Bay when he arrived there in 1670. At the same time, 
 there is evidence that the Pottawatomies were located along the 
 southern shore of Lake Superior and about the Sault St. Marie 
 (now known as "The Soo"), though within the next fifty years 
 they had advanced southward along the western shore of Lake
 
 28 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Michigan until they reached where Chicago now stands. Other 
 tribes from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and Foxes, and 
 Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees were a branch of a stronger 
 tribe from the southeast. Charlevoix, who wrote an account of 
 his visit to the " Illinois Country " in 1 72 1 , says : " Fifty years ago 
 the Miamis were settled on the southern extremity of Lake 
 Michigan, in a place called Chicago from the name of a small 
 river which runs into the lake", the source of which is not far 
 distant from that of the River Illinois." It does not follow 
 necessarily that this was the Chicago River of to-day, as the 
 name appears to have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the 
 early explorers, both to a region of country between the head of 
 the lake and the Illinois River, and to more than one stream 
 emptying into the lake in that vicinity. It has been conjectured 
 that the river meant by Charlevoix was the Calumet, as his 
 description would apply as well to that as to the Chicago, and 
 there is other evidence that the Miamis who were found 
 about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during the eighteenth 
 century, occupied a portion of Southern Michigan and Northern 
 Indiana, extending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. 
 
 All of these tribes (except the Winnebagoes) are assigned to 
 the Algonquin, or Canadian family, who were generally friendly 
 to the French. On the other hand, the Iroquois, who were lo- 
 cated south of the lakes and about the headwaters of the Ohio, 
 were the deadly foes of the French and of their aboriginal 
 friends, the Algonquins, as shown by their attacks upon the Illin- 
 ois Indians about " Starved Rock," as recited in the last chap- 
 ter. From the first, the Illinois seem to have conceived a strong 
 liking for the French, and being pressed by the Iroquois on the 
 east, the Sacs and Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the 
 north and the Sioux on the west, by the beginning of the eight- 
 eenth century we find them much reduced in numbers gathered 
 about the French settlements near the mouth of the Kaskaskia 
 (or Okaw) river, in the western part of the present counties of 
 Randolph, Monroe and St. Clair. In spite of the zealous eiforts
 
 ILLINOIS ABORIGINES AND 3ARLY MISSIONS. 29 
 
 of the missionaries, the contact of these tribes with the whites 
 was attended with the usual results demoralization, degrada- 
 tion and gradual extermination. The latter result was hastened 
 by the frequent attacks to which they were exposed from their 
 more warlike enemies, so that by the latter part of the eight- 
 eenth century, they were reduced to a few hundred dissolute 
 and depraved survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. 
 
 During the early part of the French occupation, there arose 
 a chief named Chicagou (from whom the city of Chicago re- 
 ceived its name) who appears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and 
 Logan, to have been a man of unusual intelligence and vigor of 
 character, and to have exercised great influence with his people. 
 In 1725 he was sent to Paris, where he received the attentions 
 due to a foreign potentate, and on his return was given a com- 
 mand in an expedition against the Chickasaws, who had been 
 making incursions from the 'South. 
 
 Siich was the general distribution of the Indians in the 
 northern and central portions of the State, within the first fifty 
 years after the arrival of the French. At a later period the 
 Kickapoos advanced farther south and occupied a considerable 
 share of the central portion of the State, and even extended to 
 the mouth of the Wabash. The southern part was roamed over 
 by bands from beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including 
 the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas tribes, some 
 of whom were very powerful and ranged over a vast extent of 
 country.* 
 
 *A native leader who exerted a powerful influence over the Illinois Indians, as well 
 as those of the Northwest generally, nearly a hundred years after Marquette's and La 
 Salle's visits to the country, was Pontiac, the famous chief of the Ottawas. He was a 
 zealous friend of the French, and between 1759 and 1765 made a desperate effort to re- 
 cover what the French had lost at Quebec in the former year. He organized the Indians 
 of the Northwest into a confederation and succeeded in capturing nearly all the posts 
 held by the English, except Detroit and F'ort Pitt, where he was compelled to accept de- 
 feat. This ended what was known as " Pontiac's War. " Coming to Illinois some years 
 later, he remained about the French settlements in the vicinity of St. Louis. In the 
 spring of 1769, according to a French authority, while participating with other Indians 
 in a carousal at Cahokia (opposite St. Louis), he was treacherously assassinated by a Kas- 
 kaskia Indian, said to have been hired with a barrel of whisky by an Englishman named 
 Williamson, to commit the deed. This act, according to Indian tradition, was fearfully 
 avenged a few months later in an attack by the Pottawattomies upon the ancient village of 
 La Vantum and "Starved Rock," the latter then receiving its name from the fate of the 
 attacked party, all of whom are said to have perished except a half-breed.
 
 30 THK \VHITK CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 The Pottawatomies, with their relatives, the Ottawas and 
 the Chippewas, together with a remnant of the Shawnees, 
 ultimately became dominant in Northern Illinois, until they 
 were defeated by Gen. Anthony Wayne at Presqne Isle, in 1794, 
 when the treaty of Greenville with them and other tribes the 
 following year, curbed their influence. The Illinois Indians were 
 described by their friends, the early missionaries, as " tall of 
 statiire, strong, robust, the swiftest runners in the world and 
 good archers, proud yet affable," and yet it was added, they were 
 "idle, revengeful, jealous, cunning, dissolute and thievish." 
 
 The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after the forts 
 erected for purposes of defense, were undoubtedly the posts of 
 the fur-traders and the missionary stations. Fort Miami, the 
 first military post, established by La Salle in the winter of 
 1679-80, was at the month of the St. Joseph River within the 
 boundaries of what is now the State of Michigan. Fort Cirrc- 
 Cmir, partially erected a few months later on the east side of the 
 Illinois a few miles below where the city of Peoria now stands, 
 was never occupied. Mr. Charles Ballance, the historian of 
 Peoria, locates this fort at the present village of Wesley, in Taze- 
 well County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. Fort St. Louis, 
 built by Tonty on the summit of " Starved Rock," in the fall 
 and winter of 1682, was the second erected in the "Illinois 
 Country," but the first occupied. It has been claimed that Mar- 
 quette established a mission among the Kaskaskias, opposite 
 "The Rock" on the occasion of his first visit in September, 
 1673, and that he renewed it in the spring of 1675 when he 
 visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission 
 was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating 
 mass, administering baptism, etc.; at least the story of an 
 established mission has been denied. That this devoted and 
 zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evi- 
 dent from his own journal. He gave to it the name of the 
 " Mission of the Immaculate Conception," and although he was 
 compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it
 
 ILLINOIS ABORIGINES AND EARLY MISSIONS. 31 
 
 is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by Father Allouez,* who 
 had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior 
 region, and that it was maintained until the arrival of La Salle 
 in 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to Allouez' 
 withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 
 1 688 by Father Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw 
 to BiloKi on the Gulf of Mexico. He spent some time among 
 the Peorias previous to 1700, and while laboring among the lat- 
 ter, at a still later period, he received a wound, in an attack in- 
 cited by the "medicine men," from which he died at Alobile in 1 706. 
 
 There is evidence that a mission had been established among 
 the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name " Chicago," as it is 
 mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. 
 This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use 
 made of the name Chicago as applied to streams about the head 
 of Lake Michigan, probably referred to some other locality in 
 the vicinity, and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. 
 Even at an earlier date there appears, from a statement in 
 Tonty's Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago probably 
 about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return 
 from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says: "I 
 embarked for the Illinois October 30, 1685, but being stopped by 
 the ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land. 
 After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. 
 de la Durantaye commanded, "t 
 
 According to the best authorities it was during the year 
 1700 that a mission and permanent settlement was established 
 by Father Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called 
 Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Cahokia"), a few miles south of 
 the present site of the city of East St. Louis. J This was the 
 
 *Shea's " History of the Discovery of the Mississippi." 
 
 tHistorical Collections of Louisiana, Vol. II., p. 67. 
 
 JThe first French settlement on the Gulf of Mexico was established at Biloxi, at the 
 head of Mississippi Sound in the present State of Mississippi, by the brothers Iberville 
 and Bienville, natives of Montreal, in 1698. The next year they established a settlement 
 on Dauphin Island opposite the mouth of Mobile Bay and in 1700 another at "Poverty 
 Point," on the Mississippi thirty-eight miles below New Orleans. In 1718 New Orleans 
 was founded as an emporium for the lower Mississippi region.
 
 32 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at 
 Kaskaskia on the Illinois was broken up the same year. 
 
 A few months after the establishment of the mission at 
 Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but dur- 
 ing the same year, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their vil- 
 lage on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the mouth 
 of the river which bears their name, and the mission and 
 village the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the 
 Territory and State of Illinois came into being.* Among the 
 earliest missionaries connected with the Cahokia mission were 
 Fathers Bergier and Lamoges, and among those connected with 
 that at Kaskaskia were Fathers Gabriel Marest and Jean 
 Mermet. 
 
 *This identity of names has led to some confusion in determining the date and place 
 of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first, arrival at Kas- 
 kaskia on the Illinois being given by some authors as that of the settlement at Kaskaskia 
 on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 PERIOD OF FRENCH OCCUPATION. 
 
 FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS THE GROUP OF FRENCH 
 
 VILLAGES ABOUT KASKASKIA - NEW FRANCE 
 
 ILLINOIS ATTACHED TO LOUISIANA. 
 
 S may be readily inferred from the methods 
 of French colonization, the first perma- 
 nent settlements gathered about the mis- 
 sions at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, or rather 
 were parts of them. At later periods, but 
 during the French occupation of the coun- 
 try, other villages were established, the most im- 
 portant being St. Philip and Prairie du Rocher; all 
 of these being located in the fertile valley now known as 
 the "American Bottom" between the older towns of Ca- 
 hokia and Kaskaskia. There were several Indian villages in 
 the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became for a 
 time the most populous locality in the Mississippi valley and 
 the centre of an active trade carried on with the settlements near 
 the mouth of the Mississippi. * Large quantities of the products 
 of the countr}', such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, 
 peltries, and even wine were transported in keel-boats or batteaus 
 to New Orleans ; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and 
 such other fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, 
 being brought back in return. These boats went in convoys of 
 seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, three months 
 
 *Vincennes on the Wabash, settled in 1710, was the settlement nearest to the group 
 of villages in the American Bottom. 
 
 33
 
 34 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually 
 one in the spring and the other in the autumn. 
 
 A prominent landmark of this interesting locality was Fort 
 Chartres, a strong fortress erected by the French in 1720, and 
 afterward rebuilt on a larger and more substantial scale, in 1754. 
 It was erected in the Mississippi bottom, about eighteen miles 
 northwest of Kaskaskia. Capt. Philip Pittrnan, the English 
 engineer who visited it in 1766, describes it as "an irregular 
 quadrangle" with the exterior sides 490 feet in length, the walls 
 two feet, two inches thick and eighteen feet high. It enclosed 
 an area of more than five acres, in which were erected barracks, 
 officers' quarters, store-houses, magazines and everything re- 
 quired to make a complete fortress of that time. The importance 
 attributed by the. French to the protection of this locality is in- 
 dicated by the fact that the cost of this fortress is said to have 
 been $1,000,000. Pittmansays: "It is generally allowed that 
 this is the most commodious and best built fort in North Amer- 
 ica." In 1 756 it stood one mile from the river, but ten years later, 
 when Pittmaii visited it,, the river had encroached to within 
 eighty rods of the walls, and for a generation scarcely a vestige 
 of this structure has remained, all that had not been removed to 
 Kaskaskia and other points for building purposes, having fallen 
 into the river. While it belonged to France, the seat of govern- 
 ment of the "Illinois Country " was here, and it became the 
 headquarters of the English commandant who was the arbitrary 
 Governor of the country during the period of occupancy by 
 the British, extending from 1765 to 1772, when it was partially 
 destroyed by one of the periodical floods of the Mississippi. 
 
 The French possessions in North America went under the 
 general name of "New France," but their boundaries were never 
 clearly defined, though an attempt was made to do so through 
 Commissioners who met at Paris in 1752. The)- Avere under- 
 stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, 
 with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern boundaries of 
 the British Colonies ; the region of the Great Lakes ; and the
 
 ILLIXOLS PERIOD OF FRENCH OCCUPATION. 35 
 
 Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio west- 
 ward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 While these claims were contested by England on the east and 
 Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the very heart of 
 the North American continent, a region unsurpassed in fertility 
 and natural resources and now the home of more than half of 
 the entire population of the American Republic. That the 
 French should have reluctantly yielded up so magnificent a do- 
 main is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, 
 surrendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a coni- 
 parativel} r small district near the mouth of that stream) to Eng- 
 land, and the remainder to Spain an evidence of the straits to 
 which they had been reduced by a long series of devastating 
 wars. 
 
 In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters-patent, obtained 
 from L,ouis XIV. of France, a monopoly of the commerce, with 
 control of the country, " from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mex- 
 ico) as far as the Illinois." This grant having been surrendered 
 a few years later, was renewed in 1717 to the "Company of the 
 West," of which the celebrated George Law was the head, and 
 under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On 
 September 27th of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," 
 which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with 
 Louisiana and became a part of that province. Law's company 
 received enlarged powers under the name of the " East Indies 
 Company," and although it went out of existence in 1721 with 
 the opprobrious title of the " South Sea Bubble," leaving in its 
 wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and Eng- 
 land, it did much to stimulate the population and development 
 of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New 
 Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named 
 after the Due de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre 
 Duque Boisbriant was the first commandant of Illinois and su- 
 perintended the erection of the fort. 
 
 One of the privileges granted to Law's, company was the
 
 36 THE WHITK CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 importation of slaves; and under it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault 
 brought to the country five hundred slaves besides two hundred 
 artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received 
 a large grant of land, and foiinded the village of St. Philip a 
 few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave 
 territory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what 
 afterward became the slave State of Missouri. In 1722 a parish 
 church and stone residence for the Jesuits were erected in Kas- 
 kaskia, and mills and store-houses were built previous to that 
 time or at a later period both there and at.Cahokia. The village 
 of Prairie du Rocher, four miles east of Fort Chartres, was 
 founded in 1733. 
 
 During 1721 the country under control of the East Indies 
 Company was divided into nine civil and military districts, each 
 presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior 
 council at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, 
 next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It 
 embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west 
 of the Mississippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree of 
 latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included the present 
 States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkan- 
 sas and Colorado. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered 
 its charter, and Louisiana, including the district of Illinois, was 
 afterwards governed by officers appointed directly by the crown. 
 The roll of commandants of Illinois during the period of French 
 occupation, includes the names of Pierre d' Artaguiette, 1734-36; 
 Alphonse de la Buisoniere, 1736-40; Benoist de St. Claire, 
 1740-42; Chevalier de Bertel, 1742-48, when St. Claire was 
 reinstated. 
 
 While the general government of the " Illinois Country " 
 tinder the French was a sort of mixed civil and military rule 
 mildly administered, that of the villages was of a paternal or 
 hierarchic character administered by the priests, who settled 
 quarrels, baptized children, married the adults, ministered to the 
 dying, buried the dead and exercised a general supervision over
 
 ILLINOIS PERIOD OF FRENCH OCCUPATION. 37 
 
 the welfare of the little community. Their influence extended 
 to all, and from their judgment there was little disposition to 
 appeal. 
 
 As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an 
 expedition, fitted out by the English Government under com- 
 mand of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the 
 country about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground of 
 prior discovery ; but they found the French under Bienville 
 already in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without 
 making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- 
 while, in the early part of the next century, the English were 
 successful in attaching to their interests the Iroquois, who were 
 the deadly foes of the French, and held possession of Western 
 New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio 
 River, extending their incursions against the Indian allies of 
 the French as far west as Illinois. The real struggle for terri- 
 tory between the English and French began with the formation 
 of the Ohio L/and Company in 1748-9, and the grant to it by 
 the English Government of half a million acres of land along 
 the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading with the In- 
 dian tribes in that region. Out of this grew the establishment, 
 in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami 
 and Maumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French 
 and Indian War, which was prosecuted with varied fortunes until 
 the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of 
 September, 1759, which broke their power on the American con- 
 tinent. Among those who took part in this struggle, was a 
 contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon 
 de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the 
 only survivor of seven brothers who participated in the defense of 
 Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he de- 
 parted with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of 
 Paris, February 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms 
 Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far 
 south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to
 
 3o THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory 
 west of the Mississippi, was given up to Spain. 
 
 Thus, the " Illinois Country " fell into the hands of the 
 British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the 
 country dependent upon it did not take place until October 10, 
 1765, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange^who had come 
 from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Vill- 
 iers, and who held it faithfully for the 'conqueror surrendered 
 it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the English 
 Government. It is worthy of note that this was the last place on 
 the North American continent to lower the French flag. St. 
 Ange, with the few civil officers and troops remaining with him, 
 retired to St. Louis, which had been founded in 1764, and where, 
 at the request of the citizens, many of whom, like himself, had 
 come from the Illinois villages, he assumed the position of com- 
 mandant, although he was then upon Spanish territory. In this 
 he was confirmed by General Ulloa, the Spanish Governor of New 
 Orleans, and remained in authority until his death on December 
 27, 1774, at the age of 73. His fairness, courage and modera- 
 tion won for him the respect and confidence not only of his own 
 nationality, but of Spaniards and English also.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 
 
 BRITISH OCCUPATION ENGLISH GOVERNORS COL. GEORGE 
 ROGERS CLARK'S EXPEDITION CONQUEST OF ILLINOIS 
 
 BRITISH ATTACK ON 'ST. LOUIS CAPTURE OF 
 FORT ST. JOSEPH. 
 
 delay of the British in taking possession of 
 the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the 
 French at Quebec and the surrender of their 
 possessions in America by the treaty of 1763, 
 was due to its isolated position and the difficulty 
 of reaching it with sufficient force to establish the 
 British authority. The first attempt was made 
 in the spring of 1764, when Maj. Arthur L/oftus, 
 starting from Pensacola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with 
 a force of four hundred regulars, but being met by a superior 
 Indian force, was compelled to retreat. In August of the same 
 year, Capt. Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western 
 Pennsylvania with a small force " to take possession of the Illi- 
 nois country." This expedition got as far as Fort Miami on the 
 Mauniee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander 
 narrowly escaped with his life. The next attempt was made in 
 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a deputy superintendent of 
 Indian affairs, whose name has been made historical by the cele- 
 brated speech of the Indian Chief L/ogan, was detailed from 
 Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Being detained, Lieut. Alexander 
 Frazer, who was to accompany Croghan, proceeded alone. 
 Frazer reached Kaskaskia, but met with so rough a reception 
 
 Illinois.
 
 40 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable 
 to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to 
 New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth 
 of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a party of 
 friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of 
 the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his 
 destination. 
 
 The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. 
 Thomas Stirling. Descending the Ohio with a force of one 
 hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres October 10, 1765, and 
 received the surrender of the fort from the faithful and courteous 
 St. Ange, as detailed at the close of the last chapter. It is es- 
 timated that at least one-third of the French citizens, including 
 the more wealthy, left rather than become British subjects. 
 Those about Fort Chartres left almost in a body. Some joined 
 the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, cross- 
 ing the river, settled in St. Genevive, then in Spanish territory. 
 Much the larger number followed the venerable St. Ange to St. 
 > Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre 
 La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received 
 what, in these later days, would be called a great " boom." 
 
 Captain Stirling was relieved of his command at Fort Char- 
 tres, December 4th, by Maj. Robert Farmer.* Other British 
 Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. 
 John Reed, Colonel Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de 
 Rastel, Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last had been an officer 
 in the French army and having resided at Kaskaskia, transferred 
 his allegiance on occupation of the country by the British. He 
 was the last official representative of the British Government in 
 Illinois. It has been claimed that at some time previous to this 
 date, St. Ange returned to Kaskaskia, but authorities do not 
 seem to agree on this point. 
 
 The total population of tne French villages in Illinois, at 
 
 *At least one authority claims that this n<;me should be Fraser the same who visited 
 Kaskaskia in 1765.
 
 ILLINOIS THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 41 
 
 the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at 
 about i, 600, of which 700 were in Kaskaskia and 450 in Caho- 
 kia. Captain Pittman estimated the population of all the French 
 villages in Illinois and on the Wabash, at the time of his visit in 
 1770, at about 2,000. Of St. Louis or "Paincourt," as it was 
 sometimes called Captain Pittman said: "There are about forty 
 private houses and as many families." Most of these, if not all, 
 had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nom- 
 inally in Spanish territory, it was essentially a French town, 
 protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting 
 of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one 
 Sergeant, one Corporal and twenty men." 
 
 The first official notice taken of the " Illinois Country" by 
 the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 
 13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments a North- 
 ern, Middle and Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, 
 with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, 
 and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, as Commissioners. In April, 
 1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, 
 was appointed agent and successor to these Commissioners, with 
 headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the 
 events immediately preceding and following that event, directed 
 attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiers- 
 men of Virginia were watching an opportunity to deliver a blow 
 to the Government of King George in a quarter where it was 
 least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense in- 
 fluence iipon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the 
 American continent. During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers 
 Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of 
 age, having conceived a plan of seizing the settlements in the 
 Mississippi Valley, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of 
 the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The re- 
 port brought to him gave him encouragement, and in December 
 of the same year he laid before Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia,
 
 42 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 his plans for the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were 
 approved, and on January 2, 1778, Clark received authority to 
 recruit seven companies of fifty men each for three months' serv- 
 ice, and Governor Henry gave him $6,000 for expenses. Pro- 
 ceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies 
 who were directed to rendezvous at Corn Island, opposite the 
 present city of Louisville. It has been claimed that, in order to 
 deceive the British as-to his real destination, Clark authorized 
 the announcement that the object of the expedition was to pro- 
 tect the settlements in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn 
 Island another company was organized, making four in all, un- 
 der the command of Captains Bowman, Montgomery, Helm and 
 Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the 
 Falls of the Ohio, June 24th. Reaching an island at the mouth 
 of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met by a party of eight 
 American hunters, who had left Kaskaskia a few days before, 
 and who, joining his command, rendered good service as guides. 
 He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one 
 mile above Fort Massac, June 29th, and, directing his course 
 across the country, on the evening of the 6th day (July 4, 1778) 
 arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of the 
 unsuspecting citizens of Kaskaskia and its small garrison, was 
 complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been fer- 
 ried across the Kaskaskia river, about a mile above the town, 
 one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the 
 fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without firing 
 a gun. The famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, 
 led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what 
 Captain Pittman called the "Jesuits' house," which had been 
 sold by the French Government after the country was ceded to 
 England, the Jesuit order having been suppressed. A wooden 
 fort, erected in 1736, and known afterward by the British as 
 Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but accord- 
 ing to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, and there is no evidence 
 that it was ever rebuilt.
 
 ILLINOIS THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 43 
 
 Clark's expedition was thus far a complete success. Roche- 
 blave, proving recalcitrant, was placed in irons and sent as a 
 prisoner of war to Williamsbnrg, while his slaves were confis- 
 cated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's 
 troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia 
 having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his atten- 
 tion to Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault 
 the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskaskia the people of Vin- 
 cennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and 
 although the place was afterward captured by a British force from 
 Detroit, it was on February 24, 1779, recaptured by Col. Clark, 
 together with a body of prisoners, but little smaller than the 
 attacking force, and $50,000 worth of property. 
 
 Seldom in the history of the world have such important re- 
 sults been achieved by such insignificant instrumentalities and 
 with so little sacrifice of life, as in this almost bloodless cam- 
 paign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won 
 largely through Virginia enterprise and valor and by material 
 aid furnished through Governor Henry, the Virginia House of 
 Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction 
 of that commonwealth over the settlements of the Northwest, by 
 organizing all the country west and north of the Ohio River, 
 into a county to be called " Illinois," and empowering the Gov- 
 ernor to appoint a " county-lieutenant or commandant-in-chief" 
 to exercise civil authority during the pleasure of the appointing 
 power. Thus "Illinois county" was older than the States of 
 Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the eloquent orator of the 
 Revolution, became ex-officio its first Governor. Col. John Todd, 
 a citizen of Kentucky, was appointed " County-Lieutenant," De- 
 cember 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. 
 The militia was organized, Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia 
 and Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil officers ever 
 had in Illinois, was held under Colonel Todd's direction. His 
 record-book, now in possession of the Chicago Historical Society, 
 shows that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely in-
 
 44 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 ferior to those of a State Executive. Before the close of his first 
 year, he was appointed Colonel of a Virginia regiment; in 1780 
 he was elected a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 
 the county of Kentucky, and in 1781 became a citizen and official 
 of Lexington, Kentucky. He was killed at the battle of Blue 
 Licks, August 1 8, 1782. 
 
 In 1782 one ''Thimothe Demunbrunt " subscribed himself 
 as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." but the origin of his 
 authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as com- 
 mandant until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first Terri- 
 torial Governor of the North west-Territory, in 1 790. After the 
 close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs 
 fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor 
 order in the "Illinois Country" for the seven years from 1783 to 
 1790.* 
 
 During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual 
 rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier 
 ^life in time of war. The country, however, was singularly 
 exempt from any serious calamity such as a general massacre. 
 One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed 
 between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the 
 conquest, and which the new masters, after the capture of Kas- 
 kaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were pro- 
 jected by the British and their Indian allies about Detroit and 
 in Canada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that they had 
 little time to put their plans into execution. One of these was 
 a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts 
 on the lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having engaged in 
 the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish 
 Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, 
 Baton Rouge and Natchez from their British possessors, con- 
 vinced the latter that this was a "game at which two could play." 
 In ignorance of these results, an expedition 750 strong, com- 
 posed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command 
 
 *Moses' History of Illinois.
 
 ILLINOIS THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 45 
 
 of Capt. Patrick Sinclair, started in the early part of May, 1780, 
 to co-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but in- 
 tending to deal a destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the 
 Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevive on the way. This 
 expedition reached St. Louis May 26th, but Col. George Rogers 
 Clark having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four 
 hours earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the 
 western shore of the Mississippi, and the invading force confined 
 their depredations to killing seven or eight villagers, and then 
 beat a hasty retreat in the direction they had come. These were 
 the last expeditions organized to regain the "country of the Illi- 
 nois" or capture Spanish posts on the Mississippi. 
 
 An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in 
 this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consisted of a 
 company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen 
 of Cahokia, who, marching across the country, in the month of 
 October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair from St. Louis, suc- 
 ceeded in surprising and capturing Fort St. Joseph about where 
 La Salle had erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. 
 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady and his party 
 captured a few British prisoners and a large quantity of goods. 
 On their return, while encamped on the Calumet, they were 
 attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all were killed, 
 wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who 
 escaped. Early in January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty- 
 five whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, with some 200 
 Indians, and headed by Don Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started 
 on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing 
 the Indians, whom they met on their way, with promises of 
 plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, cap- 
 tured it and raising the Spanish flag, formally took possession 
 in the name of the King of Spain. After retaining possession 
 for a few days, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating 
 the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the 
 basis of a claim put forth l>y Spain to ownership of the "Illinois 
 Country" "by right of conquest."
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 
 
 ILLINOIS AS PART OF THE NORTHWEST AND INDIANA TERRI- 
 TORIES ORDINANCE OF 1787 GOVERNORS ST. CLAIR 
 AND HARRISON INDIAN TREATIES ILLINOIS TER- 
 RITORY ORGANIZED EARLY SETTLERS GOV- 
 ERNOR EDWARDS WAR OF l8l2 FORT 
 
 DEARBORN MASSACRE EARLY 
 
 ILLINOIS TOWNS. 
 
 T the very outset of its existence, the New 
 Government of the United States was con- 
 fronted with an embarrassing question 
 which deeply affected the interests of the 
 territory of which Illinois formed a part. 
 This was the claim of certain States to 
 lands lying between their western boundaries and 
 the Mississippi River, then the western boundary 
 of the Republic. These claims were based either upon 
 the terms of their original charters or upon the cession 
 of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former 
 charter, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed 
 to exercise authority over the " Illinois Country " after its cap- 
 ture by the Clark expedition. This construction was opposed 
 by the States which, from their geographical position or other 
 cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and 
 the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for sev- 
 eral years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 46
 
 ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 47 
 
 Articles of Confederation. As early as 1779 the subject received 
 the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution request- 
 ing the States having such claims to " forbear settling or issuing 
 warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the 
 continuance of the present (Revolutionary) War." In the follow- 
 ing year, New York authorized her delegates in Congress to limit 
 its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient, and 
 to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case 
 was further coir plicated by the claims of certain land companies 
 which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession 
 to the General Government of lands claimed by her in October, 
 1782, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massachu- 
 setts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other States followed 
 somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. It was from 
 the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from 
 Virginia and other States, that the Northwest Territory was 
 finally organized. The first step was taken in the passage by 
 Congress, in 1784, of a resolution providing for the temporary 
 government of the Western Territory, and this was followed 
 three years later by the enactment of the celebrated Ordinance 
 of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous pro- 
 visions which marked a new departure in the science of free gov- 
 ernment as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality 
 and knowledge being necessary to good government and the hap- 
 piness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall 
 forever be encouraged" its crowning feature was the sixth 
 article, as follows : " There shall be neither slavery nor involun- 
 tary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the pun- 
 ishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly con- 
 victed." 
 
 Although there has been considerable controversy as to the 
 authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal 
 document, it is worthy of note that substantially the same lan- 
 guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784, by a delegate 
 from a slave State Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia though not
 
 48 THK WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 then adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 
 1787 (being then minister to France) and could have had noth- 
 ing directly to do with the later Ordinance ; yet it is evident that 
 the principle which he had advocated, finally received the ap- 
 proval of eight out of the thirteen States, all that were repre- 
 sented in that Congress including the slave States of Virginia, 
 Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.'" 
 
 Under the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest 
 Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a soldier of the 
 Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on February i, 
 1788, with Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden 
 Parsons, James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves Synimes, 
 Judges. All these were reappointed by President Washington 
 in 1789. The new Territorial Government was organized at 
 Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was 
 nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, 
 arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 1790. The county of St. Clair 
 (named after him) was organized at this time, embracing all the 
 settlements between the Wabash and the Mississippi. He found 
 the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by 
 the Government, the courts of justice practically abolished and 
 many of the citizens sadly in need of the obligations due them 
 from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Clark 
 twelve years before. After a stay of three months, the Governor 
 returned east. In 1795, Judge Turner held the first court in St. 
 Clair County, Cahokia being the county seat. The second 
 county (Randolph) was organized the same year, and Kaskaskia 
 became its county seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a sec- 
 ond visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held 
 court at the two county-seats. On November 4, 1791, occurred 
 the celebrated defeat of Governor St. Clair, in the western part 
 of the present State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- 
 
 *For an exhaustive discussion of the authorship of this famous provision, as well as 
 a discussion of the claims of the States to the lands constituting the Northwest Territory, 
 see Moses' "History of Illinois," Vol. I, pp. 174-192.
 
 ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 49 
 
 niand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sustained a heavy 
 loss of both men and property. St. Clair, having resigned his 
 command of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne, 
 who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with de- 
 feat ; this resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at Green- 
 ville, August 3, 1795, which was the beginning of a period of 
 comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western country. 
 
 In 1798, the Territory having gained the requisite popula- 
 tion, an election of members of a legislative Council and House 
 of Representatives was held in accordance with the provisions of 
 the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legisla- 
 ture organized in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- 
 nati, February 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the delegate from 
 St. Clair County and John Edgar from Randolph. Gen. Will- 
 iam Henry Harrison, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary 
 of the Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, 
 receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Clair, Jr., son of 
 the Governor. 
 
 By act of Congress, Ma}' 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory 
 was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories; the latter oc- 
 cupying the region west of the present State of Ohio, and hav- 
 ing its capital at " Saint Vincent " (Vincennes) . May 13, William 
 Henry Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Congress 
 from the Northwest Territory, was appointed Governor of 
 Indiana Territory, which at first consisted of three counties: 
 Knox, St. Clair and Randolph the two latter being within 
 the boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their ag- 
 gregate population at this time was estimated at less than 
 5,000. During his administration Governor Harrison con- 
 cluded thirteen treaties with the Indians, of which six related to 
 the cession of lands in Illinois. * 
 
 *The first treaty relating to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, concluded 
 by General Wayne in 1795. By this the Government acquired six miles square at thu 
 niouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square at the mouth of the Illinois ; six miles 
 square at the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 150,000 acres assigned to 
 General Clark and his soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of the French peo- 
 ple and all other white settlers atnon^ them, the Indian title to which had been thus ex- 
 tinguished. " .!/<' History of Illinois.
 
 50 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 During the year 1803, the treaty with France for the pur- 
 chase of Louisiana and West Florida was concluded, and on 
 March 26, 1804, an act was passed by Congress attaching all 
 that portion of Louisiana lying north of the thirty-third parallel 
 of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana Territory for 
 governmental purposes. This included the present States of Ar- 
 kansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two 
 Dakotas, part of Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Wash- 
 ington and Oregon. This arrangement continued only until the 
 following March, when Louisiana was placed under a separate 
 Territorial organization. 
 
 For four years Indiana Territory was governed under laws 
 framed by the Governor and Judges, .but, the population having 
 increased to the required number, an election was held, Septem- 
 ber n, 1804, on the proposition to advance the government to 
 the "second grade" by the election of a Territorial Legislature. 
 The smallness of the vote indicated the indifference of the peo- 
 ple on the subject. Out of 400 votes cast the proposition re- 
 ceived a majority of 138. The two Illinois counties cast a total of 
 142 votes, of which St. Clair furnished 81, and Randolph 61 ; 
 the former, giving a majority of 37 against the measure and the 
 latter 19 in its favor, shows a net majority against it of 18; the 
 adoption of the proposition was due therefore, to the affirmative 
 vote in the Indiana district.* At the election of delegates to a 
 Territorial Legislature, held January 3, 1805, Shadrach Bond, 
 Sr. and William Biggs were elected for St. Clair County and 
 George Fisher for Randolph. Bond having meanwhile become 
 a member of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, Jr. was 
 chosen his successor. The Legislature convened at Vincennes, 
 February 7, 1805, but only to recommend a list of persons from 
 whom it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative Coun- 
 cil. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard was chosen for Ran- 
 dolph and John Hay for St. Clair. 
 
 * There were in the Territory at this time six counties.; one of these (Wayne) was in 
 Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a separate Territory.
 
 ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 51 
 
 The Illinois counties were represented in two regular and 
 one special session of the Territorial Legislature during the time 
 they were a part of Indiana Territory. By act of Congress, 
 which became a law February 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, 
 the western part being named Illinois. 
 
 At this point the history of Illinois as a separate political 
 division begins ; though, while its boundaries in all other direc- 
 tions were as now, on the north it extended to the Canada line. 
 From what has already been said, it appears that the earliest 
 white settlements were established by French Canadians, chiefly 
 at Kaskaskia, Cahokia and the other villages in the southern 
 part of the American Bottom. At the time of Clark's invasion, 
 there were not known to have been more than two Americans 
 among these people, except such hunters and trappers as paid 
 them occasional visits. One of the earliest American settlers in 
 Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who came from Massa- 
 chusetts and settled at an early day on the Ohio, near where 
 Golconda now stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of Kas- 
 kaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a company of immi- 
 grants, consisting (with one or two exceptions) of members of 
 Clark's Command in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- 
 land and Virginia and established themselves on the American 
 Bottom. The "New Design" settlement, on the boundary line 
 between St. Clair and Monroe counties, and the first distinctively 
 American colony in the "Illinois Country," was established by this 
 party. Some of its members afterward became prominent in the 
 history of the Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- 
 ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with others, settled in or 
 near Kaskaskia about 1783, and William Arundel, the first 
 American merchant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during 
 the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years a leading citi- 
 zen and merchant at the capital, arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, 
 and William Morrison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, and an 
 uncle of the late Col. J. L. D. Morrison and of Hon. William R. 
 Morrison, came from Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed
 
 52 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 some years afterward by several brothers. James Lemen came 
 before the beginning of the present century, and was the founder 
 of a large and influential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. 
 Clair County, and Rev. David Bagley headed a colony of one 
 hundred and fifty-four from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. 
 Among other prominent arrivals of this period were John Rice 
 Jones, Pierre Menard (First Lieutenant-Governor of the State), 
 Shadrach Bond, Jr. (First Governor), John Hay, John Messen- 
 ger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; and of a later date, 
 Nathaniel Pope (afterward Secretary of the Territory, Delegate 
 to Congress, Justice of the United States Court and father of 
 the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane (first Sec- 
 retary of State and afterward United States Senator), Daniel P. 
 Cook (first Attorney-General and second Representative in Con- 
 gress), George Forquer (at one time Secretary of State), and Dr. 
 George Fisher all prominent in Territorial or State history. 
 
 The government of the new Territory was organized by the 
 appointment of Ninian Edwards who had been Chief-Justice 
 of the Supreme Court of Kentucky Governor ; Nathaniel Pope, 
 Secretary, and Alex. Stuart, Obadiah Jones and James B. 
 Thomas, Territorial Judges. Stuart having been transferred to 
 Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in his stead. Gov- 
 ernor Edwards arrived at Kaskaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. 
 At that time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph com- 
 prised the settled portion of the Territory, with a white popula- 
 tian estimated at about 9,000. The Governor and Judges im- 
 mediately proceeded to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- 
 ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded the Governor 
 in his arrival in the Territory, were confirmed. Benjamin J. 
 Boyle was the first Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 
 months when the place was offered to John J. Crittenden, who 
 was United States Senator from Kentucky at the begin- 
 ning of the late war, who declined. Thomas T. Crittenden was 
 then appointed. 
 
 An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of Tippecanoe,
 
 ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 53 
 
 resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh the great Chief of the 
 Shawnees, by General Harrison. Four companies of mounted 
 rangers were raised in Illinois this year under direction of Col. 
 \\illiam Russell, of Kentucky, who built Camp Russell near 
 Edwardsville the following year. They were commanded by 
 Captains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, James B. 
 Moore and Jacob Short. The memorable earthquake which had 
 its centre about New Madrid, Missouri, occurred in December of 
 this year, and was severely felt in some portions of Southern 
 Illinois. 
 
 During the following year the second waf with England 
 broke out, but no serious outbreak occurred in Illinois until Au- 
 gust, 1812, when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago 
 now stands, took place. This had long been a favorite trading 
 post of the Indians, at first under French occupation and after- 
 ward under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-4, a f r t had 
 been built near the mouth of the Chicago on the south side, on 
 land acquired at the time of the treaty of Greenville in 1795. 
 It consisted of two block-houses with a parade-ground and sally- 
 port surrounded by a stockade. In the spring of 1812 some 
 alarm had been caused by outrages committed by Indians in the 
 vicinity, and in the early part of August Capt. Nathan Heald, 
 commanding the garrison of less than seventy-five men, received 
 instructions from General Hull, in command at Detroit, to 
 evacuate the fort, disposing of the public property as he might 
 see proper. Friendly Indians advised Heald either to make 
 preparations for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. Instead 
 of this, he notified the Indians of his intention to retire and 
 divide the stores among them, with the condition subsequently 
 agreed upon in council, that his garrison should be afforded an 
 escort and safe passage to Fort Wayne. On the fourteenth of 
 August he proceeded to distribute the bulk of the goods as 
 promised but the ammunition, guns and liquors were destroyed. 
 This he justified on the ground that a bad use would be made of 
 them, while the Indians construed it as a violation of the agree-
 
 54 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus described in Moses' 
 "History of Illinois:" 
 
 "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie chief who had been on 
 terms of friendship with the whites, appeared before Captain 
 Heald and informed him plainly that his young men intended to 
 imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; that he was no 
 longer able to restrain them, and, surrendering a medal he had 
 worn in token of amity, closed by saying : ' I will not wear a 
 token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy.' In 
 the meantime the Indians were rioting upon the provisions, and 
 becoming so aggressive in their bearing that it was resolved to 
 inarch out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. To each 
 soldier was distributed twenty-five rounds of reserved ammunition. 
 The baggage and ambulance wagons were laden, and the garrison 
 slowly wended its way outside the protecting walls of the fort 
 the Indian escort of 500 following in the rear. What next oc- 
 curred in this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain Heald 
 in his report, as follows: 'The situation of the country ren- 
 dered it necessary for us to take the beach, with the lake on our 
 left, and a high sand-bank on our right at about three hundred 
 yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile and a half, 
 when it was discovered [by Captain Wells] that the Indians 
 were prepared to attack us from behind the bank. I immedi- 
 ately marched up with the company to the top of the bank, when 
 the action commenced ; after firing one round, we charged, and 
 the Indians gave way in front and joined those on our flanks. 
 In about fifteen minutes they got possession of all our horses, 
 provisions and baggage of every description, and finding the 
 Miamis [who had come from Fort \Vayne with Captain Wells to 
 act as an escort] did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had 
 left and took possession of a small elevation in the open prairie 
 out of shot of the bank, or any other cover. The Indians did 
 not follow me but assembled in a body on the top of the bank, 
 and after some consultation among themselves, made signs for me 
 to approach them. I advanced toward them alone, and was met
 
 ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 55 
 
 by one of the Pottawatomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an in- 
 terpreter. After shaking hands, he requested me to surrender, 
 promising to spare the lives of all the prisoners. On a few mo- 
 ments consideration I conclu4ed it would be most prudent to 
 comply with this request, although I did not put entire confi- 
 dence in his promise. The troops had made a brave defense, 
 but what could so small a force do against such overwhelming 
 numbers? It was evident with over half their number dead 
 upon the field, or wounded, further resistance would be hopeless. 
 Twenty-six regulars and twelve militia, with two women and 
 twelve children, were killed. Among the slain were Captain 
 Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George Ronan. [Captain 
 Wells, when young, had been captured by Indians and had mar- 
 ried among them.] He (Wells) was familiar with all the wiles, 
 stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness of the Indian charac- 
 ter, and when the conflict began, he said to his niece (Mrs. 
 Heald), by whose side he was standing, 'We have not the slight- 
 est chance for life ; we must part to meet no more in this world. 
 God bless you.' With these words he dashed forward into the 
 thickest of the fight. He refused to be taken prisoner, knowing 
 what his fate would be, when a young red-skin cut him down 
 with his tomahawk, jumped upon his body, cut out his heart and 
 ate a portion of it with savage delight. 
 
 "The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and wife, both 
 wounded, Lieutenant Helm, also wounded, and wife, with twenty- 
 five non-commissioned officers and privates, and eleven women 
 and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen killed. Mr. 
 Kinzie's family had been entrusted to the care of some friendly 
 Indians and were not with the retiring garrison. The Indians 
 engaged in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, with a 
 few Chippewas, Ottawas, Winiiebagoes and Kickapoos. Fort 
 Dearborn was plundered and burned on the next morning." 
 
 Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever occurred on 
 the soil of Illinois with Americans as victims. The place where 
 this affair occurred, as described by Captain Heald, was on the
 
 56 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 lake shore about at the foot of Eighteenth Street in the present 
 city of Chicago.* 
 
 The part played by Illinois in the War of 1812, consisted 
 chiefly in looking after the large Indian population within and 
 near its borders. Two expeditions were undertaken to Peoria 
 Lake in the fall of 1812; the first of these under the direction 
 of Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo villages, one of 
 them being that of "Black Partridge" who had befriended the 
 whites at Fort Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas 
 E- Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a descent 
 upon the ancient French village of Peoria, on the pretext that 
 the inhabitants had harbored hostile Indians and fired on his 
 boats. He burned a part of the town and taking the people as 
 prisoners down the river, put them ashore below Alton, in the 
 beginning of winter. Both these affairs were severely censured. 
 
 There were expeditions against the Indians on the Illinois 
 and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 1814. In the latter year, 
 Illinois troops took part with credit in two engagements at Rock 
 Island the last of these being in co-operation with regulars, un- 
 der command of Maj. Zachary Taylor, afterward President, 
 against a force of Indians supported by the British. Fort Clark 
 at Peoria was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at Warsaw, op- 
 posite the mouth of the Des Moines, at the close of the cam- 
 paign of 1814. A council with the Indians, conducted by 
 Governors Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and 
 Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as Government 
 Commissioners, on the Mississippi just below Alton, in July, 
 1815, concluded a treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern 
 tribes, thus ending the war. 
 
 By Act of Congress, adopted May 21, 1812, the Territory of 
 Illinois was raised to the second grade /. c. empowered to elect 
 
 *After the destruction of the fort the site of the present city of Chicago remained 
 unoccupied until 1816, when the fort was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the victims 
 of the massacre of 1812 still lay blenching upon the sands near the lake shore, but they 
 were gathered up a few years later and buried. The new fort continued to be occupied 
 somewhat irregularly until 1837, when it was finally abandoned, there being no longer 
 any reason for maintaining it as a defense against the Indians.
 
 ILLINOIS THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 57 
 
 a Territorial Legislature. In September, three additional coun- 
 ties Madison, Gallatin and Johnson were organized, making 
 five in all, and in October an election for the choice of five mem- 
 bers of the Council and seven Representatives was held, re- 
 sulting as follows: Councilmen Pierre Menard, of Randolph 
 County; William Biggs, of St. Clair; Samuel Judy, of Madison; 
 Thomas Ferguson, of Johnson, and Benjamin Talbot, of Galla- 
 tin : Representatives George Fisher, of Randolph ; Joshua 
 Oglesby and Jacob Short, of St. Clair; William Jones, of Madi- 
 son; Phillip Trammel and Alexander Wilson, of Gallatin, and 
 John Grammar, of Johnson. The Legislature met at Kaskaskia, 
 November 25th, the Council organizing with Pierre Menard as 
 President and John Thomas, Secretary, and the House, with 
 George Fisher as Speaker and William C. Greenup, Clerk. 
 Shadrach Bond was elected the first Delegate to Congress. 
 
 A second Legislature was elected in 1814, convening at Kas- 
 kaskia, November i4th. Menard was continued President of the 
 Council during the whole Territorial period; while George 
 Fisher was Speaker of each House, except the second. The 
 county of Edwards was organized in 1814 and White, in 1815. 
 Other counties organized under the Territorial Government 
 were Jackson, Monroe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 
 
 1817, and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, making 
 fifteen in all. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was established at 
 Shawneetown, with branches at Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. 
 
 Besides the French villages in the American Bottom, there 
 is said to have been a French and Indian village on the west 
 bank of Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears to 
 have been abandoned about 1775 and a new village established 
 on the present site of Peoria, soon after, which was maintained 
 until 1812, when it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other 
 early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808; Belleville, 
 established as the county-seat of St. Clair County, in 1814; Ed- 
 wardsville, founded in 1815; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton in 
 
 1818. Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrenceville,
 
 58 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Mt. Carmel and Vienna also belong to this period ; while Jack- 
 sonville, Springfield and Galena were settled a few years later. 
 Chicago is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as " a 
 village of Pike County."
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 ILLINOIS ADMITTED INTO THE UNION ADMINISTRATION OF 
 
 GOVERNOR BOND REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL TO VAN- 
 
 DALIA GOVERNOR COLES EMANCIPATION OF HIS 
 
 SLAVES ATTEMPT TO INTRODUCE SLAVERY INTO 
 
 ILLINOIS THE PROMINENT LEADERS. 
 
 preliminary steps for the admission of Illinois 
 as a State, were taken in the passage of an 
 Enabling Act by Congress, April 13, 1818. An 
 important incident in this connection was the 
 amendment of the act, making the parallel of 
 42 30' from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi 
 River the northern- boundary, instead of a line 
 extending from the southern extremity of the 
 Lake. This was obtained through the influence of Hon. Nathan- 
 iel Pope, then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State secured 
 a strip of country fifty-one miles in width, from the Lake to the 
 Mississippi, embracing what have since become fourteen of the 
 most populous counties of the State, including the city of Chi- 
 cago. The political, material and moral results which have fol- 
 lowed this important act, have been the subject of much 
 interesting discussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. * 
 
 Another measure of great importance, which Mr. Pope se- 
 cured, was a modification of the provision of the enabling act 
 reqxiiring the appropriation of five per cent, of the proceeds from 
 
 This subject, as well as the validity of this portion of the act, is treated at length in 
 s' "History of Illinois," pp. 276-281. 
 
 iiiin.. is. 59
 
 60 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 the sale of public lands within the State, to the construction of 
 roads and canals. The amendment which he secured authorizes 
 the application of two-fifths of this fund to the making of roads 
 leading to the State, but requires "the residue to be appropriated 
 by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learn- 
 ing, of which one-sixth part shall be exclusively bestowed on a 
 college or university." This was the beginning of that system 
 of liberal encouragement of education by the General Govern- 
 ment, which has been attended with such beneficent results in 
 the younger States, and has reflected so much honor upon the 
 Nation. 
 
 The enabling act required as a precedent condition that a 
 census of the Territory, to be taken that year, should show a 
 population of 40,000. Such a result was shown, but it is now 
 confessed that the number was greatly exaggerated, the true 
 population as afterward given being 34,020. According to the 
 decennial census of 1820, the population of the State at that 
 time was"55,i62. If there was any short-coming in this respect 
 in 1818, the State has fully compensated for it by its unexampled 
 growth in later years. 
 
 An election of delegates to a convention to frame a State 
 Constitution was held July 68, 1818 (consuming three days), 
 thirty-three delegates being chosen from the fifteen counties of 
 the State. The convention met at Kaskaskia, August 3, and 
 organized by the election of Jesse B. Thomas, President, and 
 William C. Greenup, Secretary, closing its labors August 26th. 
 The Constitution, which was modeled largely upon the Consti- 
 tutions of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, was not submitted to a 
 vote of the people. Objection was made to its acceptance by 
 Congress on the ground that the population of the Territory 
 was insufficient and that the prohibition of slavery was not as 
 explicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787; but these argu- 
 ments were overcome and the document accepted by a vote of 1 1 7 
 yeas to 34 nays. The only officers whose election was provided 
 for by popular vote, were the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor,
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT. 6 1 
 
 Sheriff, Coroner and County Commissioners. The Secretary of 
 State, State Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, Public 
 Printer and Supreme and Circuit Judges were all appointive 
 either by the Governor or General Assembly. The elective fran- 
 chise was granted to all white male inhabitants, above the age of 
 21 years, who had resided in the State six months. 
 
 The first State election was held September 17, 1818, result- 
 ing in the choice of Shadrach Bond for Governor, and Pierre 
 Menard, L/ieutenant-Governor. The Legislature chosen at the 
 same time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty-seven Rep- 
 resentatives. It commenced its session at Kaskaskia, October 5, 
 1818, and adjourned after a session of ten days, awaiting the 
 formal admission of the State, which took place December 3d. 
 A second session of the same Legislature was held, extending 
 from January 4th, to March 31, 1819. Risdon Moore was 
 Speaker of the first House. The other State officers elected at 
 the first session were Elias C. Berry, Auditor ; John Thomas, 
 Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney-General. Elias Kent 
 Kane, having been appointed Secretary of State by the Gov- 
 ernor, was confirmed by the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and 
 Jesse B. Thomas were elected United States Senators, the former 
 serving one year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served two 
 terms, retiring in 1829. The first Supreme Court consisted of 
 Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice, with Thomas C. Browne, William 
 P. Foster and John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who 
 was a mere adventurer without any legal knowledge, left the 
 State in a few months and was succeeded by William Wilson. 
 
 Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor four years, was 
 a noteworthy man. A native of Canada and of French descent, 
 he came to Kaskaskia in 1790, at the age of twenty -four years, 
 and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hospitable, frank, 
 liberal and enterprising. The following story related of him 
 illustrates a pleasant feature of his character. " At one time 
 there was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard held the 
 only supply outside of St. Louis. A number of his neighbors
 
 62 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 called upon him for what they wanted ; he declined to let them 
 know whether he coiild supply them or not, but told them to 
 come to his store on a certain day when he would inform them. 
 They came at the time appointed, and were seated : Menard 
 passed around among them and inquired of each, 'You got 
 money? ' Some said they had and some that they had not, but 
 would pay as soon as they killed their hogs. Those who had 
 money he directed to range themselves on one side of the room 
 and those who had none, on the other. Of course, those who 
 had the means expected to get the salt and the others looked 
 very much distressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up in 
 his brusque way, and said, ' You men who got de money, can go 
 to St. Louis for your salt. Dese poor men who got no money 
 shall have my salt, by gar.' Such was the man noble-hearted 
 and large minded, if unpolished and uncouth." 
 
 Daniel P. Cook, the first Attorney-General, was a native of 
 Kentucky and a nephew of Nathaniel Pope, who was the last 
 Territorial Delegate in Congress from Illinois and the first Judge 
 of the United States District-Circuit for Illinois, which office he 
 held up to his death in 1850. In 1816, Cook was practicing law 
 at Kaskaskia, while manager and part owner of the Illinois In- 
 telligencer, the first paper published in the Territory. The same 
 year he was appointed Auditor of Public Accounts, and in 1818 
 a Circuit Judge, followed by the appointment of Attorney-Gen- 
 eral on the organization of the State Government. He was a 
 candidate for Representative in Congress at the first State elec- 
 tion, but was defeated by John McLean, of Shawneetown. At 
 the next election he was more successful, defeating McLean by a 
 majority of 633 in a total 'vote of 3,751. He continued to serve 
 Illinois as its sole Representative until 1827, when he was de- 
 feated by Joseph Duncan, afterward Governor. He died in Ken- 
 tucky in October of the same year, aged 33 years. He was a 
 young man of rare ability, an opponent of slavery, and the 
 State is chiefly indebted to him for securing from the Govern- 
 ment the first grant for the construction of the Illinois and
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT. 63 
 
 Michigan Canal. His services were recognized by naming Cook 
 County in his honor. 
 
 At the second session of the General Assembly, five Com- 
 missioners were appointed to select a new site for the State Capi- 
 tal. What is now the city of Vandalia was selected, and in De- 
 cember, 1820, the entire archives of the State were removed to 
 the new capital, being transported in one small wagon, at a cost 
 of $25.00, under the supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who 
 afterward became United States Senator and Justice of the Su- 
 preme Court. 
 
 During the session of the Second General Assembly, which 
 met at Vandalia, December 4, 1820, a bill was passed establishing 
 a State Bank at Vandalia, with branches at Shawneetown, Ed- 
 wardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, who had been the 
 first Representative in Congress, was Speaker of the House at 
 this session. He was twice elected to the United States Senate, 
 though he served only about two years, dying in 1830. 
 
 The second State election, which occurred in August, 1822, 
 proved the beginning of a turbulent period through the intro- 
 duction of some exciting questions into State politics. There 
 were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in the field : Chief- 
 Justice Phillips, of the Supreme Court, supported by the friends 
 of Governor Bond; Associate-Justice Browne, of the same court, 
 supported by the friends of Governor Edwards; Gen. James B. 
 Moore, a noted Indian fighter and the candidate of the "Old 
 Rangers," and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of Vir- 
 ginia, who had served as private secretary of President Monroe, 
 and had been employed as a special messenger to Russia. He 
 had made two visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second 
 in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constitution being 
 in session at the date of the latter visit, he took a deep interest 
 in the discussion of the slavery question and exerted his influ- 
 ence in securing the adoption of the prohibitory article in the 
 organic law. On April i, 1819, he started from his home in Vir- 
 ginia to remove to Edwardsville, Illinois, taking with him his
 
 64 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 ten slaves. The journey from Brownsville, Pennsylvania, was 
 made in two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where he dis- 
 embarked, traveling by land to Edwardsville. While descending 
 the Ohio River he surprised his slaves by announcing that they 
 were free. The scene as described by himself was most dramatic. 
 Having declined to avail themselves of the privilege of leaving 
 him, he took them with him to his destination, where he event- 
 ually gave each head of a family one hundred and sixty acres of 
 land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed the position of Reg- 
 ister of the Land Office, to which he had been appointed by 
 President Monroe, before leaving Virginia. 
 
 The act of Coles with reference to his slaves established his 
 reputation as an opponent of slavery, and it was in this attitude 
 that he stood as a candidate for Governor both Phillips and 
 Browne being friendly to "the institution," which had had a vir- 
 tual existence in the " Illinois Country " from the time Renault 
 brought 500 slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, one hundred 
 years before ; and, although the Constitution declared that 
 "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be in- 
 troduced into the State," this had not been effectual in eliminat- 
 ing it. In fact, while this language was construed, so long as it 
 remained in the Constitution, as prohibiting legislation author- 
 izing the admission of slaves from outside, it was not regarded 
 as inimical to the institution as it already existed; and, as the 
 population came largely from the slave States, there had been a 
 rapidly growing sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory 
 clause. Although the pro-slavery party was divided between 
 two candidates for Governor, it had hardly contemplated the 
 possibility of defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when the 
 returns showed that Coles was elected, receiving 2,854 votes to 
 2,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for Browne and 622 for Moore Coles' 
 plurality being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became Gov- 
 ernor on less than one-third of the popular vote. Daniel P 
 Cook, who had made the race for Congress at the same election 
 against McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was success- 
 ful by a majority of 876.
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT. 65 
 
 The real struggle was now to occur in the Legislature, 
 which met December 2, 1822. The House organized with Will- 
 iam M. Alexander as Speaker, while the Senate elected Thomas 
 Lippincott (afterward a prominent Presbyterian minister and fa- 
 ther of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippincott), Secretary and 
 Henry Dodge (afterward Governor of Wisconsin Territory and 
 father of the late Augustus C. Dodge, for some time United 
 States Senator from Iowa), Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk. 
 The other State officers appointed by the Governor, or elected by 
 the Legislature, were Samuel D. Lockwood, Secretary of State ; 
 Elisha C. Berry, Auditor; Abner Field, Treasurer; and James 
 Turney, Attorney-General. Lockwood had served nearly two 
 years previously as Attorney-General, but remained in the office 
 of Secretary of State only three months, when he resigned to 
 accept the position of Receiver for the Land Office. * 
 
 The slavery question came up in the Legislature on the 
 reference to a special committee of a portion of the Governor's 
 message, calling attention to the continued existence of slavery 
 in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that steps 
 be taken for its extinction. Majority and minority reports were 
 submitted, the former claiming the right of the State to amend its 
 Constitution and thereby make such disposition of the slaves as 
 it saw proper. Out of this grew a resolution submitting to the 
 
 *Lockwood was a native of New York and came from Auburn in that State to Illi- 
 nois in company with the late William H. Brown, of Chicago, in 1818. After serving as 
 Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville, he was, in 1824, elected by the Legislature a 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, serving until the adoption of the second Constitution, in 
 1848. Previous to this he was entrusted, by the first Board of Canal Commissioners, with 
 the duty of securing an engineer to make the first survey of the Illinois and Michigan 
 Canal. As a Justice of the Supreme Court, he was appointed, in conjunction with Justice 
 Theophilus \V. Smith, to prepare the first revision of the State laws, though the greater 
 part of the work fell upon Lockwood. He was a man of singular purity of character and 
 enjoyed in the highest degree the respect of all parties. In 1828 he became a citizen of 
 Jacksonville, where he proved an efficient friend and patron of Illinois College at that 
 place. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and though not 
 a member of any church, is credited with formulating the provision of the Constitution 
 then adopted recognizing a Supreme Being. He removed from Jacksonville to Batavia. 
 Kane County, in 1853, serving as State Trustee of Illinois Central Railroad lands until 
 liis death, iii 1874, at the age of-S.s years. The following incident of his life while pros- 
 ecuting attorney is taken from Ford's History of Illinois : "In 1820, was fought the 
 first and last duel in Illinois. One of the parties fell mortally wounded ; the other was 
 tried and convicted of murder, and suffered the extreme penalty of the law by hanging. 
 Mr. Lockwood was then the attorney of the State and prosecuted in the ca.se. To his 
 talents and success as a prosecutor, the people are indebted for this early precedent and 
 example, which did more than is generally known to prevent the barbarous practice of 
 dueling from being introduced into the State."
 
 66 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 electors at the next election a proposition for a convention to re- 
 vise the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the necessary 
 two-thirds vote, and having come up in the House (February n, 
 1823) it failed by a single vote Nicholas Hansen, a Representa- 
 tive from Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully con- 
 tested by John Shaw, being one of those voting in the negative. 
 The next day, without further investigation, the majority pro- 
 ceeded to reconsider its action in seating Hansen, and Shaw was 
 seated in his place, though in order to do this some crooked 
 work was necessary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, the 
 submission resolution was then passed. No more exciting cam- 
 paign was ever had in Illinois. Of five papers then published 
 in the State, the Edwardsville Spectator edited by Hooper War- 
 ren, opposed the measure, being finally reinforced by the Illinois 
 Intelligencer \ which had been removed to Vandalia; the Illinois 
 Gazette, at Shajvneetown, published articles on both sides of the 
 question, though rather favoring the anti-slavery cause, while 
 the Republican Advocate, at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator 
 E. K. Kane, and the Repitbhcan at Edwardsville, under direction 
 of Judge Theophilus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge 
 Samuel McRoberts (afterward United States Senator), favored 
 the Convention. Among other supporters of the Convention 
 proposition were Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Rich- 
 ard M. Young, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds of the 
 Supreme Court, and many more ; while among the leading cham- 
 pions of the opposition, were Judge L-ockwood, George Forquer 
 (afterward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George Churchill, 
 Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lippincott. Daniel P. Cook, 
 then Representative in Congress, was the leading champion of 
 freedom 011 the stump, while Governor Coles contributed the sal- 
 ary of his entire term ($4,000), as well as his influence, to the 
 support of the cause. Governor Edwards (then in the Senate) 
 was the owner of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. 
 The election was held August 2, 1824, resulting in 4,972 votes for 
 a Convention, to 6,640 against it, defeating the proposition by a
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT. 67 
 
 majority of 1,668. Considering the size of the aggregate vote 
 (11,612), the result was a decisive one. By it Illinois escaped 
 the greatest danger it ever encountered previous to the war of the 
 Rebellion.* 
 
 At the same election Cook was re-elected to Congress by 
 3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond. The vote for President was 
 divided between John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry 
 Clay and William H. Crawford Adams receiving a plurality, 
 but much below a majority. The Electoral College failing to 
 elect a President, the decision of the question passed into the 
 hands of the Congressional House of Representatives, when. 
 Adams was elected, receiving the vote of Illinois through its 
 only Representative, Mr. Cook. 
 
 During the remainder of his term, Governor Coles was 
 made the victim of much vexatious litigation at the hands of his 
 enemies, a verdict being rendered against him in the sum of 
 $2,000 for bringing his emancipated negroes into the State, in vio- 
 lation of the law of 1819. The Legislature having passed an 
 act releasing him from the penalty, it was declared unconstitu- 
 tional by a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision was 
 promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. Having lived a few 
 years on his farm near Edwardsville, in 1832 he removed to 
 Philadelphia, where he spent the remainder of his days, his 
 death occurring there July 7, 1868. In the face of opprobrium 
 and defamation, and sometimes in danger of mob violence, Gov- 
 ernor Coles performed a service to the State which has scarcely 
 yet been fully recognized. 
 
 A ridiculous incident of the closing year of Coles' ad- 
 ministration was the attempt of Lieut. -Gov. Frederick Adol- 
 phus Hubbard, after having tasted the sweets of executive 
 power during the Governor's temporary absence from the State, 
 to retain his position after the Governor's return. The am- 
 
 *The number of slaves in Illinois, according to the census of 1810, was 168; ten 
 years later they had increased to 917 ; then the number began to diminish, being reduced 
 in 18^0 to 747, and in 1840 (the last census which shows any portion of the population 
 held to bondage) it was 331.
 
 68 
 
 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 bitious aspirations of the would-be usurper were suppressed by 
 the Supreme Court. 
 
 An interesting incident of the year 1825, was the visit of 
 General L/afayette to Kaskaskia. He was welcomed in an ad- 
 dress by Governor Coles, and the event was made the occasion of 
 much festivity by the French citizens of the ancient capital. 
 
 The first State House at Vandalia having been destroyed by 
 fire December 9, 1823, a new one was erected during the follow- 
 ing year at a cost of $12,381.50, toward which the people of 
 Vandalia contributed $5,000.
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. . 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS EDWARDS, REYNOLDS, 
 
 DUNCAN, CARLIN, FORD AND FRENCH PERSONAL AND 
 
 CHARACTER SKETCHES THE BLACK-HAWK, MORMON 
 
 AND MEXICAN WARS INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT 
 
 CRAZE THE LOVEJOY MURDER APPEARANCE 
 
 OF NEW MEN IN STATE AFFAIRS. 
 
 - ^y\HE State election of 1826 resulted iu again call- 
 <, ing Ninian Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, 
 which he had filled during nearly the whole of 
 
 kthe existence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected 
 one of the first United States Senators, and re- 
 elected for a second term in 1819, he had resigned 
 this office in 1824 to accept the position of Minis- 
 ter to Mexico, by appointment of President Mon- 
 roe. Having become involved in a controversy with William H. 
 Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he resigned the Mexican 
 mission, and after a period of retirement to private life for the 
 first time after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the people of 
 the State for endorsement, with the result stated. 
 
 His administration was uneventful except for the "Winne- 
 bago W 7 ar," which caused considerable commotion on the frontier, 
 without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor Edwards was a 
 , fine specimen of the "old school gentleman" of that period- 
 dignified and polished in his manners, courtly and precise in his 
 address, proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the despotic in
 
 70 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 his bearing in consequence of having been reared in a slave 
 State and his long connection with the executive office. His 
 earty education had been under the direction of the celebrated 
 William Wirt, between whom and himself a close friendship ex- 
 isted. He was wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- 
 owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of stores and 
 mills, which were managed by agents, but he lost heavily by bad 
 debts. He was for many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, 
 the pioneer printer, furnishing the material with which the latter 
 published his papers at Springfield and Galena. At the expira- 
 tion of his term of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his 
 home at Belleville, where, after making an unsuccessful cam- 
 paign for Congress in 1832, in which he was defeated by Charles 
 Slade, he died of cholera, July 20, 1833. 
 
 William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a candidate for 
 Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket opposed to Edwards, was 
 elected over Samuel M. Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a 
 candidate for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, known 
 as the "old Ranger." One of the arguments used against 
 Kinney in this campaign was, that in the Legislature of 1823 he 
 was one of three members who voted against the Illinois and 
 Michigan Canal, on the ground that " it (the canal) would make 
 an opening for the Yankees to come to the country." 
 
 During Edwards' administration the first steps were taken 
 towards the erection of a State penitentiary at Alton, funds 
 therefor being secured by the sale of a portion of the Saline lands 
 in Gallatin County. The first Commissioners having charge of 
 its construction were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and Dr. 
 Gershom Jayne. The last named was father of Dr. William 
 Jayne, of Springfield, and father-in-law of ex-Senator Lyman 
 Trumbull. 
 
 The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John Rey- 
 nolds for Governor over William Kinney, by a majority of 3,899, 
 in a total vote of 49,051, while Zadoc Casey, the candidate on 
 the Kinney ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. Reynolds
 
 ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. JI 
 
 was a native of Pennsylvania; he was born in 1788, and came 
 to Illinois in 1800. After he had reached his majority he spent 
 two years at a college at Knoxville, Tennessee ; served in a com- 
 pany of rangers during the war of 1812, and about 1814 began 
 the practice of law at Cahokia, offering his services gratuitously 
 to the "poor people of Illinois and Missouri Territories." His 
 identification with the early settlers and the "old rangers" gave 
 him considerable personal popularity, which was aided by great 
 natural shrewdness and not injuriously affected by certain 
 crudities of speech and eccentricities of habit, in spite of the 
 rudiments of a classical education. He has furnished valuable 
 material for the future historian in his "Pioneer History of Illi- 
 nois," and "Life and Times." 
 
 The most important event of Reynolds' administration was 
 the "Black-Hawk War." Eight thousand militia were called 
 out during this war to reinforce fifteen hundred regular troops, 
 the final result being the driving of four hundred Indians west 
 of the Mississippi. Rock Island, which had been the favorite 
 rallying point of the Indians for generations, was the central 
 point at the beginning of this war. It is impossible to give the 
 details of this complicated struggle which was protracted through 
 two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though there was no fighting 
 worth speaking of except in the last, and no serious loss to the 
 whites in that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's com- 
 mand. Beardstown was the base of operations in each of these 
 campaigns, and that city has probably never witnessed such 
 scenes of bustle and excitement since. The Indian village at 
 Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, after being pursued 
 through northern Illinois and southwestern Wisconsin, without 
 being allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the Mississippi 
 in a famishing condition and with spirits completely broken. 
 Galena, at that time the emporium of the " Lead Mine Region," 
 and the largest town in the State north of Springfield, was the 
 center* of great excitement, as the war was waged in the region 
 surrounding it.
 
 72 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Although cool judges have not regarded this campaign as 
 reflecting honor upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of 
 the whites, it has been remarkable for the number of those con- 
 nected with it whose names afterward became famous in the 
 history of the State and the Nation. Among them were two who 
 afterward became Presidents of the United States Col. 
 Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and Abraham Lincoln, a 
 Captain in the State militia besides Jefferson Davis, then a 
 Lieutenant in the regular army and afterward head of the South- 
 ern Confederacy; three subsequent Governors Duncan, Carlin 
 and Ford besides Governor Reynolds who at that time occupied 
 the gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterward United States 
 Senator; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's tutor and partner, and later 
 a member of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who in 
 after years occupied prominent positions as members of the 
 Legislature or otherwise. Among the latter were Gen. John J. 
 Hardin ; the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville ; Col. John 
 Dement; William Thomas, of Jacksonville; Lieut.-Col. Jacob 
 Fry ; Henry S. Dodge, afterward Governor of the Territory 
 of Wisconsin, and others. 
 
 Near the close of his term of office, Reynolds resigned to 
 accept a nomination for Congress, to which he was elected in 
 1834, and again in 1838 and 1840. Lieutenant-Governor Casey 
 having followed his example for a similar reason, the office of 
 Governor for the remainder of the term devolved on W. L. D. 
 E,wing, who had been President of the Senate and acting Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor. Ewing probably held a greater variety of 
 offices under the State, than any other man who ever lived in it. 
 Repeatedly elected to each branch of the General Assembly, he 
 more than once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and 
 President of the Senate ; served as Acting Lieutenant-Govenior 
 and Governor by virtue of the resignation of his superiors ; was 
 United States Senator from 1835 to 1837 ; still later became Clerk 
 of the House where he had presided as Speaker, finally in 1843 
 being elected Auditor of Public Accounts, and dying in office
 
 ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. 73 
 
 three years later. In less than twenty years, he held eight or 
 ten different offices, including the highest in the State, and yet 
 he is probably as little known to the present generation as any 
 man who has ever been prominentl}' identified with State 
 history. 
 
 Joseph Duncan, who had served the State as its only Repre- 
 sentative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, August 
 1834, over four competitors William Kinney, Robert K. Mc- 
 Laughlin, James Evans and W. B. Archer. He was born at 
 Paris, Kentucky, February 22, 1794, his father, Maj. Joseph 
 Duncan, having emigrated from Virginia in 1790. He took part 
 in the War of 1812, being promoted to a lieutenancy, notwith- 
 standing his youth. In 1818 he came to Illinois, whither his 
 brother, Capt. Matthew Duncan, of the regular army, had pre- 
 ceded him four years earlier and had established at Kaskaskia 
 the first newspaper published in the State. In 1823 ne was 
 commissioned Major-General of the State militia, and the follow- 
 ing year was elected to the State Senate, entering Congress two 
 years later. He began his political career as a Democrat, but 
 later became a Whig, and in 1842 served that party as its candi- 
 date for Governor, meeting at that election with his first politi- 
 cal defeat. He was liberal, public-spirited and one of the most 
 honored citizens Illinois ever had. From 1828 his home was at 
 Jacksonville, where, a few years later, he built the first frame 
 house. He was one of the most efficient co-workers with Judge 
 S. D. Lockwood, President J. M. Sturtevant and others in found- 
 ing Illinois College, making to it a donation of $10,000, and 
 serving as a trustee of the college until his death, which occurred 
 January 15, 1844. 
 
 Governor Duncan's administration was made memorable by 
 the large number of distinguished men who either entered pub- 
 lic life at this period or gained additional prominence by their 
 connection with public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin- 
 coln and Stephen A. Douglas ; Col. E. D. Baker, who afterward 
 and at different times represented Illinois and Oregon in the
 
 74 E WHITE CITY ILLIXOIS. 
 
 councils of the Nation, and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1862; 
 O. H. Browning, a prospective United States Senator and future 
 Cabinet officer; the late Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; 
 Gen. James Shields, Col. John J. Hardin, Archibald Wil- 
 liams, Cyrus and Ninian W. Edwards, Dr. John Logan, father 
 of Gen. John A. Logan, Stephen T. Logan, and many more. 
 
 During this administration was begun that gigantic scheme 
 of "internal improvements," which proved so disastrous to the 
 financial interests of the State. The estimated cost of these 
 various works undertaken, was over $11,000,000, and though lit- 
 tle of substantial value was realized, yet, in 1852 the debt 
 (principal and interest), thereby incurred (including that of the 
 canal), aggregated nearly $17,000,000. The collapse of the 
 scheme was, no doubt, hastened by the unexpected suspension of 
 specie payments by the banks all over the country, which fol- 
 lowed soon after its adoption. 
 
 At the session of the General Assembly of 1836-7, an act 
 was passed removing the State capital to Springfield, and an ap- 
 propriation of $50,000 was made to erect a building; to this 
 amount the city of Springfield added a like sum, beside donating 
 a site. In securing the passage of these acts, the famous "Long 
 Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and Job Fletcher, in the 
 Senate, and Abraham Lincoln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Daw- 
 son, Andrew McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and Rob- 
 ert L. Wilson, in the House all Representatives from Sanga- 
 mon County played a leading part. 
 
 An event occurred near the close of Governor Duncan's 
 term, which left a stain upon the locality, but for which his ad- 
 ministration had no responsibility; to-wit, the murder of Rev. 
 Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was 
 a native of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1827, had been 
 employed upon various papers, the last being the S/. Louis Ob- 
 server. The outspoken hostility of this paper to slavery aroused 
 a bitter local opposition which led to its removal to Alton, where 
 the first number of the Alton Observer was issued, September 8,
 
 ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FREN'CH. 75 
 
 1836, though not until one press and a considerable portion of 
 the material had been destroyed by a mob. On the night of 
 August 21, 1837, there was a second destruction of the material, 
 when a third press having been procured it was taken from the 
 warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A fourth press was 
 ordered, and, pending its arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a pub- 
 lic meeting of his opponents and, in an impassioned address, 
 maintained his right to freedom of speech, declaring in conclu- 
 sion : "If the civil authorities refuse to protect me, I must look 
 to God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my grave in 
 Alton." These words proved prophetic. The new press was 
 stored in the warehouse of Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the 
 night of November 6, 1837. A guard of sixty volunteers re- 
 mained about the building the next day, but when night came 
 all but nineteen retired to their homes. During the night a mob 
 attacked the building, when a shot from the inside killed Lyman 
 Bishop. An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire the 
 warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To dislodge the incen- 
 diary Lovejoy, with two others, emerged from the building when 
 two or three men in concealment fired upon him, the shots tak- 
 ing effect in a vital part of his body, causing his death almost 
 instantly. He was buried the following day without an inquest. 
 Several of the attacking party and the defenders of the building 
 were tried for riot and acquitted the former probably on account 
 of popular sympathy with the crime, and the latter because they 
 were guiltless of any crime except that of defending private 
 property and attempting to preserve the law. The act of firing 
 the fatal shots has been charged upon two men a Dr. Jennings 
 and his comrade, Dr. Beall. The former, it is said, was after- 
 ward cut to pieces in a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Mississippi, 
 while the latter^ having been captured by Comanche Indians 
 in Texas, was burned alive. On the other hand, Lovejoy has 
 been honored as a martyr and the sentiments for which he died 
 have triumphed. 
 
 Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin, who was
 
 76 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 chosen at the election of 1838 over Cyrus Edwards (a younger 
 brother of Gov. Ninian Edwards), the Whig candidate. The 
 successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor was Stinson H. 
 Anderson, of Jefferson County. Carlin was a native of Ken- 
 tucky, where he was born July 18, 1789; he came to Illinois in 
 1812, and served as a soldier through the war of that period. In 
 1818 he settled upon the site of the present city ofCarrollton, the 
 county-seat of Green County. Later he commanded a company in 
 the Black-Hawk war, served as sheriff of his county, and, at the 
 time of his nomination, was Register of the land-office at Quincy. 
 His life had been that of a backwoodsman, and he was not edu- 
 cated in the learning of the schools, but he bore the reputation 
 of a man of sterling integrity and of indomitable courage. 
 
 Among the members of the Legislature chosen at this time 
 we find the names of O. H. Browning, Robert Blackwell, George 
 Churchill, William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook 
 County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, Jesse K. Du- 
 bois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, John Logan, William F. Thorn- 
 ton and Archibald Williams all men of prominence in the 
 subsequent history of the State. This was the last Legislature 
 that assembled at Vandalia, Springfield becoming the capital, 
 July 4, 1839.* 
 
 An incident of this campaign was the election to Congress, 
 after a bitter struggle, of John T. Stuart over Stephen A. Doug- 
 las from the Third District, by a majority of fourteen votes. 
 Stuart was re-elected in 1840, but in 1842 he was succeeded, un- 
 der a new apportionment, by Col. John J. Hardin, while Douglas, 
 elected from the Quincy District, then entered the National 
 Councils for the first time. 
 
 An exciting event during Carlin's administration was the 
 attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from the office of Secre- 
 tary of State, which he had held since 1828. Under the Consti- 
 
 *The corner stone of the first State capitol at Springfield was laid with imposing cer- 
 emonies, July 4, 1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent address. Its estimated 
 cost was $136,000, but $240,000 was expended upon it before its completion.
 
 ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. 77 
 
 tution of 1818, this office was filled by nomination by the 
 Governor "with the advice and consent of the Senate." Carlin 
 nominated John A. McClernand to supersede Field, but the 
 Senate refused to confirm the nomination. After adjournment 
 of the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain possession 
 of the office by writ of quo warranto. The judge of a circuit 
 court decided the case in his favor, but this decision was over- 
 ruled by the supreme court. A special session having been 
 called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, then of Morgan 
 County, was nominated and confirmed Secretary of State, but 
 held the position only a few months, when he resigned to accept 
 a place on the supreme bench, being succeeded as Secretary by 
 Lyman Trumbull. 
 
 Certain decisions of some of the lower courts about this 
 time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited the apprehen- 
 sion of the Democrats, who had heretofore been in political con- 
 trol of the State, and a movement was started in the Legislature 
 to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of whom were 
 Whigs. The Democrats were not unanimous in favor of the 
 measure, but after a bitter struggle it was adopted, receiving a 
 bare majority of one in the House. Under this act five addi- 
 tional judges were elected, viz : Thomas Ford, Sidney Breese, 
 Walter B. Scates, Samuel H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas 
 all Democrats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and afterward 
 Governor, has characterized this step as " a confessedly violent 
 and somewhat revolutionary measure, which could never have 
 succeeded except in times of great party excitement." 
 
 The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, 
 was an incident of the political campaign of that year. No such 
 popular assemblage had ever been seen in the State before. It is 
 estimated that 20,000 people nearly five per cent, of the entire 
 population of the State were present, including a large delega- 
 tion from Chicago who marched overland, under command of the 
 late Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, bearing with them many devices 
 so popular in that memorable campaign.
 
 78 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Judge Thomas Ford became the Democratic candidate for 
 Governor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of Col. A. W. 
 Snyder, who had died after nomination. Ford was elected by 
 more than 8,000 majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig 
 candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who had been a 
 member of the Legislature for several terms and was afterward 
 State Treasurer), was elected Lieutenant-Governor. Ford was a 
 native of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, where he was born in 1800; 
 had been twice appointed State's attorney and four times elected 
 Judge, and was at the time a member of the Supreme Court. 
 He owed much of his success in life to his half-brother, George 
 Forquer, who had held the office of Secretary of State, and had 
 been an unsuccessful candidate for Congressional honors. 
 
 The failure of the State and the Shawneetown banks, near 
 the close of Carlin's administration, had produced a condition of 
 business depression that was felt all over the State. At the be- 
 ginning of Ford's administration, the State debt was estimated at 
 $15,657,950 within about one million of the highest point it 
 ever reached while the total population was a little over half a 
 million. In addition to these drawbacks, the Mormon question 
 became a source of embarrassment. This people, who, after hav- 
 ing been driven from Missouri, settled at Nauvoo, in Hancock 
 County; they increased rapidly in numbers, and by the arrogant 
 course of their leaders and their odious doctrines especially 
 with reference to "celestial marriage," and their assumptions of 
 authority aroused the bitter hostility of neighboring communi- 
 ties not of their faith. The popular indignation became greatly 
 intensified by the course of unscrupulous politicians and the 
 granting to the Mormons by the Legislature of certain charters 
 and special privileges. Various charges were made against the 
 obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnapping, robbery, counter- 
 feiting, etc., and the Governor called out the militia of the neigh- 
 boring counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith the foun- 
 der of the sect with his brother Hyrurn and three others, were 
 induced to surrender to the authorities at Carthage, on the
 
 ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. 79 
 
 twenty-third of June, 1844, under promise of protection of their 
 persons. Then the charge was changed to treason and they 
 were thrown into jail, a guard of eight men being placed about 
 the building. A considerable portion of the militia had dis- 
 banded and returned home, while others were openly hostile to 
 the prisoners. On June 2jth a band of one hundred and fifty 
 disguised men attacked the jail, finding little opposition among 
 those set to guard it. In the assault which followed, both of the 
 Smiths were killed, while John Taylor, another of the prisoners, 
 was wounded. The trial of the murderers was a farce and they 
 were acquitted. A state of virtual war continued for a year, in 
 which Governor Ford's authority was openly defied or treated 
 with contempt by those he had called upon to preserve the peace. 
 In the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave the State, and 
 the following spring the pilgrimage to Salt Lake began. Gen. 
 John J. Hardin, who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice 
 called on by Governor Ford to head parties of militia to restore 
 order, while Gen. Mason Bray man conducted the negotiations 
 which resulted in the promise of removal. The great body of 
 the refugees spent the following winter at Council Bluffs, Iowa, 
 arriving at Salt Lake in June following. Another considerable 
 body entered the service of the Goverment to obtain safe conduct 
 and sustenance across the plains. While the conduct of the Mor- 
 mons during their stay at Nauvoo was no doubt very irritating 
 and often lawless, it is equally true that the disordered condition 
 of affairs was taken advantage of by unscrupulous demagogues 
 for dishonest purposes, and this episode has left a stigma upon 
 the name of more than one over-zealous anti-Mormon hero. 
 
 Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability in certain 
 directions have not been questioned, his administration was not 
 a successful one, largely on account of the conditions which pre- 
 vailed at the time and the embarrassments which he met from 
 his own party. He died at Peoria, November 3, 1850, in poverty. 
 The history of the State which he wrote in the latter years of
 
 80 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 his life, is regarded as invaluable, and will be more highly ap- 
 preciated as we recede from the period in which he lived. 
 
 A still more tragic chapter opened during the last year of 
 Ford's administration, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. 
 Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, called for by the 
 General Government from the State of Illinois, were furnished 
 with alacrity and many more men offered their services than 
 could be accepted. The names of their respective commanders- 
 Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. Bissell and Ferris Foreman 
 have been accorded a high place in the annals of the State and 
 the Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky family; he 
 had achieved distinction at the bar and served in the State Legis- 
 lature and in Congress, and his death on the battle-field of Buena 
 Vista was iiniversally deplored. Bissell afterward served with dis- 
 tinction in Congress and was the first Republican Governor of 
 Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D. Baker, then a Whig mem- 
 ber of Congress, received authority to raise an additional regi- 
 ment, and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad as the Na- 
 tion. Two other regiments were raised in. the State "for the 
 war" during the next year, led respectively by Col. Edward W. 
 B. Newby and James Collins, beside four independent companies 
 of mounted volunteers. The whole number of volunteers fur- 
 nished by Illinois in this conflict was 6,123, f whom 86 were 
 killed, 12 died of wounds, and 160 were wounded. Their loss in 
 killed was greater than that of any other State, and the number 
 of wounded only exceeded by those from South Carolina and 
 Pennsylvania. Among other Illinoisans who participated in 
 this struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A. Richardson, 
 J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley and Charles C. P. Holden, 
 while still others, either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, 
 received the "baptism of fire " which prepared them to win dis- 
 tinction as commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regi- 
 ments during the War of the Rebellion, including such names 
 as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. Prentiss, 
 James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace (who fell at Pittsburgh
 
 ILLINOIS FROM EDWARDS TO FRENCH. 8l 
 
 Landing), Stephen G. Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. 
 Ross, Isham N. Haynie, T. Lyle Dickey, Dudley Wickersham, 
 Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H. Flynn, J. P. Post, Nathaniel Niles, 
 W. R. Morrison, and others. 
 
 Except for the Mexican War, which was still in progress, 
 and acts of mob violence in certain portions of the State 
 especially by a band of self-styled "regulators" in Pope and 
 Massac Counties the administration of Augustus C. French, 
 which began with the close of the year 1846, was a quiet one. 
 French was elected at the previous August election by a vote of 
 58,700 to 36,775 for Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, 
 and 5,112 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Abolition) candi- 
 date. The Whigs held their first State Convention this year for 
 the nomination of a State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the 
 same election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress, defeat- 
 ing Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer Methodist preacher, 
 who was the Democratic candidate. At the session of the Legis- 
 lature which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was elected to the 
 United States Senate as successor to James Semple. 
 
 Governor French was a native of New Hampshire, born 
 August 2, 1808 ; he had practiced his profession as a lawyer 
 in Crawford County, had been a member of the Tenth and 
 Eleventh General Assemblies and Receiver of the land office at 
 Palestine. The State had now begun to recover from the de- 
 pression caused by the reverses of 1837 and subsequent years, 
 and for some time its growth in population had been satisfactory. 
 The old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a hampering 
 influence, especially in dealing with the State debt, and, as early 
 as 1842, the question of a State Convention to frame a new Con- 
 stitution had been submitted to popular vote, but was defeated by 
 the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. The Legislature of 1844-5 
 adopted a resolution for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 
 it was approved by the people by a majority of 35,326 in a total 
 vote of 81,352. The State then contained 99 counties with an
 
 82 
 
 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 aggregate population of 662,150. The assessed valuation of 
 property one year later was $92,206,493, while the State debt 
 was $16,661,795 or more than 18 per cent, of the entire as- 
 sessed value of the property of the State.
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF FRENCH AND MATTESON. 
 
 STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1847 FEATURES OF 
 THE NEW CONSTITUTION GOVERNOR FRENCH'S SECOND 
 TERM ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD MATTESON'S 
 ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF THE RE- 
 PUBLICAN PARTY LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE. 
 
 election of members of a State Convention to 
 form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- 
 nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred 
 and sixty -two members chosen, ninety-two were 
 Democrats, leaving seventy members to all shades 
 of the opposition. Among the members of 
 this historic body whose names were already 
 prominent in State affairs or became so at a 
 still later date, were Archibald Williams, of Adams County; 
 Michael G. Dale, of Bond ; Daniel H. Whitney, of Boone ; James 
 W. Singleton, of Brown; Henry E. Dummer, of Cass; Uri 
 Manly, of Clark; Benjamin Bond, of Clinton; Thomas A. Mar- 
 shall, of Coles ; Francis C. Sherman, Reuben E. Heacock and 
 David L. Gregg, of Cook; Hezekiah M. Wead, of Fulton; Linus 
 E. Worcester and D. M. Woodson, of Greene ; George W. Arm- 
 strong, of LaSalle; Thomas C. Sharpe, of Hancock; Jesse O. 
 Norton, of Will; Alex. M. Jenkins, of Jackson ; Zadok Casey 
 and Walter B. Scates, of Jefferson; Thompson Campbell, of 
 Jo Daviess; James Knox, of Knox; John Dement, of Lee; Da- 
 vid Davis, of McLean; John M. Palmer, of Macoupin; Stephen 
 A. Hurlbut, of Boone; Cyrus Edwards, Edward M. West and 
 
 8S
 
 84 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 George T. Brown, of Madison; Anthony Thornton, of Shelby; 
 Newton Cloud, Samuel D. Lockwood and William Thomas, of 
 Morgan ; John D. Whiteside, of Monroe ; Daniel J. Pinckney, 
 of Ogle; Lincoln B. Knowlton and Onslow Peters, of Peoria; 
 William R. Archer and William A. Grimshaw, of Pike ; Richard 
 
 B. Servant, of Randolph; Alfred Kitchell, of Richland; James 
 H. Matheny, N. W. Edwards and Stephen T. Logan, of Sanga- 
 mon; N. M. Knapp, of Scott; William W. Roman and William 
 
 C. Kinney, of St. Clair ; Abner C. Harding, of Warren ; S. 
 Snowden Hayes, of W T hite ; Selden M. Church, of Winnebago, 
 and Willis Allen, of Franklin. Of these, eight Campbell, 
 Hurlbut, Norton, Knox, Harding, Singleton, Thornton and Al- 
 len were afterward members of Congress ; Wead, Woodson and 
 Davis, Circuit Judges (the last being still later a Justice of the 
 Supreme Court and United States Senator), while John M. Pal- 
 mer became Governor and David L. Gregg became Secretary of 
 State, and Minister to the Sandwich Islands. Others were after- 
 ward prominent members of the General Assembly, or otherwise 
 exerted an influence in shaping the destinies of the Stats.* 
 
 The Convention assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847 ; it 
 was organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Permanent Presi- 
 dent, and concluded its labors after a session of nearly three 
 months, adjourning August 3ist. The Constitution was sub- 
 mitted to a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was ratified by 
 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. A special article 
 prohibiting free persons of color from settling in the State was 
 adopted by 49,060 votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro- 
 viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586 against. The 
 Constitution went into effect April i, 1848. 
 
 The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, to be applied 
 to the payment of the State indebtedness, was the means of re- 
 storing the State credit, while that prohibiting the immigration 
 of free persons of color, though in accordance with the spirit of 
 
 *A reunion of the survivors of this body was held at Springfield, January 3, 1884, 
 which was attended by twenty-two of the thirty-one members then understood to be 
 living.
 
 ILLINOIS FRENCH AND MATTESON. 85 
 
 the times, brougnt upon the State much opprobrium and was re- 
 pudiated with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. The 
 demand for retrenchment, caused by the financial depression fol- 
 lowing the wild legislation of 1837, ^ to tne adoption of many 
 radical provisions in the new Constitution, some of which were 
 afterward found to be serious errors opening the way for grave 
 abuses. Among these were the practical limitations of the bien- 
 nial sessions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, while 
 the per diem of members was fixed at two dollars. The salaries 
 of State officers were also fixed at what would now be recognized 
 as an absurdly low figure, that of Governor being $1,500; Su- 
 preme Court Jxidges, $1,200 each ; Circuit Judges, $1,000 ; State 
 Auditor, $1,000; Secretary of State, and State Treasurer, $800 
 each. Among less objectionable provisions were those restricting 
 the right of suffrage to white male citizens, which excluded 
 many unnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the privilege 
 as " inhabitants" under the Constitution of 1818; providing for 
 the election of all State, judicial and county officers by popular 
 vote ; prohibiting the State from incurring indebtedness in excess 
 of $50,000 without a special vote of the people, or granting the 
 credit of the State in aid of any individual association or corpora- 
 tion ; fixing the date of the State election on the Tuesday after 
 the first Monday in November in every fourth year, instead of 
 the first Monday in August, as had been the rule under the 
 old Constitution. The tenure of office of all State officers was 
 fixed at four years except that of State Treasurer, which was 
 made two years, and the Governor only was made ineligible to 
 immediate re-election. The number of members of the General 
 Assembly was fixed at twenty-five in the Senate and seventy-five 
 in the House, subject to a certain specified ratio of increase when 
 the population should exceed 1,000,000. 
 
 As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled upon the 
 form then most popular in the Southern States especially with 
 reference to the large number of officers made appointive by the 
 Governor, or elective by the Legislature so the new Constitu-
 
 86 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 tion was, in some of its features, more in sympathy with those 
 of other Northern States, and indicated the growing influence of 
 New England sentiment. This was especially the case with 
 reference to the section providing for a system of township or- 
 ganization in the several counties of the State at the pleasure 
 of a majority of the voters of each county. 
 
 Besides the election for the ratification of the State Constitu- 
 tion, three other State elections were held in 1848, viz: (i) for 
 the election of State officers in August; (2) an election of 
 Judges in September, and (3) the Presidential election in No- 
 vember. At the first of these, Governor French, whose first 
 term had been cut short two years by the adoption of the new 
 Constitution, was re-elected for a second term, practically with- 
 out opposition, the vote against him being divided between Pierre 
 Menard and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his own suc- 
 cessor, being the first Illinois Governor to be re-elected, and, 
 though two years of his first term had been cut off by the adop- 
 tion of the Constitution, he served in the gubernatorial office six 
 years. The other State officers elected, were William McMur- 
 try, of Knox, Lieutenant-Governor ; Horace S. Cooley, of 
 Adams, Secretary of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph, 
 Auditor, and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, State Treasurer all 
 Democrats, and all but McMurtry being their own successors. At 
 the Presidential election in November, the electoral vote was 
 given to L/ewis Cass, the Democratic candidate, who received 56,- 
 300 votes, to 53,047 for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 15,774 for 
 Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free Democracy or 
 Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first time in the history of the 
 State after 1824, the Democratic candidate for President failed 
 to receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, being in a 
 minority of 12,521, while having a plurality over the Whig can- 
 didate of 3,253. The only noteworthy results in the election 
 of Congressmen this year, was the election of Col. E. D. Baker 
 (Whig), from the Galena District, and Maj. Thomas L,. Harris 
 (Democrat), from the Springfield District. Both Baker and
 
 ILLINOIS FRENCH AND MATTESON. 87 
 
 Harris had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which probably 
 accounted for their election in Districts usually opposed to them 
 politically. The other five Congressmen elected from the State 
 at the same time including John Wentworth, then chosen for a 
 fourth term from the Chicago District were Democrats. The 
 Judges elected to the Supreme Bench were Lyman Trumbull, 
 from the Southern Division ; Samuel H. Treat, from the Cen- 
 tral, and John Dean Caton, from the Northern all Democrats. 
 
 A leading event of this session was the election of a United 
 States Senator in place of Sidney Breese. Gen. James Shields, 
 who had been severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro 
 Gordo; Sidney Breese, who had been United States Senator for 
 six years, and John A. McClernand, then a member of Congress, 
 were arrayed against each other before the Democratic caucus. 
 After a bitter contest, Shields was declared the choice of his 
 party and was finally elected. He did not immediately obtain 
 his seat, however. On presentation of his credentials, after a 
 heated controversy in Congress and out of it, in which he in- 
 judiciously assailed his predecessor in very intemperate language, 
 he was declared ineligible on the ground that, being of foreign 
 birth, the nine years of citizenship required by the Constitution 
 after naturalization had not elapsed previous to his election. In 
 October following, the Legislature was called together in special 
 session, and, Shields' disability having now been removed by the 
 expiration of the Constitutional period, he was re-elected, though 
 not without a renewal of the bitter contest of the regular ses- 
 sion. 
 
 Another noteworthy event of this special session was the 
 adoption of a joint resolution favoring the principles of the 
 "Wilniot Proviso." Although this was repealed at the next 
 regular session on the ground that the points at issue had been 
 settled in the Compromise Measures of 1850, it indicated the 
 drift of sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the spread of 
 the institution of slavery, and this was still more strongly em- 
 phasized by the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.
 
 88 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Two important measures which passsed the General As- 
 sembly at the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law,* and 
 the act incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company. 
 The credit of first suggesting this great thoroughfare has been 
 awarded to William Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County, 
 Illinois, as early as 1835^ The ^ rs t ste P toward legislation in 
 Congress on this subject was taken in the introduction by Sena- 
 tor Breese of a bill in March, 1843,^ but it was not until 1850 
 that the measure took the form of a direct grant of lands to 
 the State, finally passing the Senate in May and the House in 
 September following. The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for 
 the purpose of aiding in the construction of a line of railroad, 
 from the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi, with branches to 
 Chicago and Dubuque, Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of 
 land on each side of said railroad, aggregating 2,595,000 acres, 
 the length of the road and branches exceeding seven hundred 
 miles. An Act incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
 pany passed the State Legislature in February, 1851. The 
 company was thereupon promptly organized with a number of 
 New York capitalists at its head, including Robert Schuyler, 
 George Griswold and Gouverneur Morris, and the grant was placed 
 in the hands of trustees to be used for the purpose designated, 
 under the pledge of the Company to build the road by July 4, 
 1854, and to pay seven per cent, of its gross earnings into the 
 State Treasury perpetually. A large proportion of the line was 
 constructed through sections of country either sparsely settled 
 or wholly unpopulated, but which have since become among the 
 
 *Though imperfect in some of its details, the provisions of this law for the protec- 
 tion of circulation proved effective up to the time of the Rebellion. By 1860 one hun- 
 dred and ten banks had been established under it with an aggregate circulation of $12,- 
 320,964. In November, 1862, only twenty-two remained solvent, while ninety-three had 
 suspended or gone out of business. The banks in liquidation paid on their circulation 
 all the way from par to as little as forty-nine cents on the dollar, the average being about 
 sixty, involving a lossof nearly $4,000,000. Afoses' History of Illinois. 
 
 t\V. K. Ackennan, a former President of the Illinois Central Railroad Company, in 
 his " Historical Sketch " in reference to that enterprise, claims this honor for Lieu t.-Gov. 
 Alexander M. Jenkins, in the Senate in 1832. Jenkins was elected Lieutenant-Governor 
 the same year, serving until the close of 1834. 
 
 }A special charter for such a road had passed the Illinois Legislature in 1834. Acker- 
 man.
 
 ILLINOIS FRENCH AND MATTESON. 89 
 
 richest ana most populous portions of the State. The fund 
 already received by the State from the road exceeds the amount 
 of the State debt incurred under the internal improvement 
 scheme of 1837.* 
 
 On his retirement from the governorship, Governor French 
 was appointed one of the State Bank Commissioners, and still 
 later became a professor of law in McKendree College, at Leba- 
 non. In 1862 he served as a member of the Constitutional Con- 
 vention from St. Clair, and died at Lebanon, September 4, 1864. 
 
 Joel A. Matteson (Democrat) was elected Governor at the 
 November election, in 1852, receiving 80,645 votes to 64,405 for 
 Edwin B. Webb,f Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter A. Knowlton, 
 Free-Soil. The other State officers elected, were Gustavus 
 Kcerner, Lieutenant-Governor; Alexander Starne, Secretary of 
 State; Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor; and John Moore, Treas- 
 urer. The Whig candidates for these offices, respectively were 
 James L. D. Morrison, Buckner S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and 
 Francis Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new mem- 
 bers of the House chosen at this election as a Representative 
 from Jackson County ; while Henry W. Blodgett, since United 
 States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and 
 now counsel of the American Arbitrators of the Behring Sea 
 Commission, was the only Free-Soil member, being the Repre- 
 sentative from Lake County. John Reynolds, who had been 
 Governor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Member of Con- 
 gress, was a member of the House and was elected Speaker. 
 
 The State debt reached its maximum at the beginning of 
 Matteson's administration, amounting to $16,724,177, of which 
 $7,259,822 was canal debt. The State had now entered upon a 
 new and prosperous period, and in the next four years the debt 
 was reduced by the sum of $4,564,840, leaving the amount out- 
 
 *For a detailed history of this great enterprise see "Moses 1 History of Illinois," 
 Vol. II, pp. 572-58. 
 
 tWebb was a brother of James Watson Webb, for many years editor of the New York 
 Courier and Enquirer, and afterward Minister to Brazil by appointment of President 
 Lincoln.
 
 9O THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 standing, January i, 1857, $ I2 )834,i44. The three State insti- 
 tutions at Jacksonville the Asylums for the Deaf and Dumb, 
 the Blind, and Insane had been in successful operation several 
 years, but now internal dissensions and dissatisfaction with their 
 management seriously interfered with their prosperity and 
 finally led to revolutions which, for a time, impaired their use- 
 fulness. 
 
 During Matteson's administration a period of political ex- 
 citement began, caused by the introduction in the United States 
 Setiate, in January, 1854, by Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of 
 the bill for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise otherwise 
 known as the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Although this belongs 
 rather to National history, the prominent part played in it by an 
 Illinois statesman who had won applause three or four years be- 
 fore by the service he had performed in securing the passage of 
 the Illinois Central Railroad grant, and the effect which his 
 course had in revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies 
 reference to it here. After a debate, almost unprecedented in 
 bitterness, it became a law, May 30, 1854. The agitation in 
 Illinois was intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically de- 
 nied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where the State Fair was 
 in progress during the first week of October, 1854, he made a 
 speech in the State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to 
 by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to whom Douglas 
 made a rejoinder. Speeches were also made in criticism of 
 Douglas' position by Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of 
 whom had been prominent Democrats) and other Democratic 
 leaders were understood to be ready to assail the champion of 
 the Kansas-Nebraska bill, though the}^ afterward thought better 
 of it and became supporters of the measure. The first State 
 Convention of opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the 
 same time, but the attendance was small and the attempt to 
 effect a permanent organization was not successful. At the ses- 
 sion of the Nineteenth General Assembly, which met in January 
 following, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first Republican
 
 ILLINOIS FRENCH AND MATTESON. 91 
 
 United States Senator from Illinois, in place of General Shields, 
 whose term was about to expire. Trumbull was elected on the 
 tenth ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Governor 
 Matteson, though Lincoln had led on the Republican side at 
 every previous ballot, and on the first had come within six votes 
 of an election. Although he was then the choice of a large major- 
 ity of the opposition to the Democratic candidate, when Lincoln 
 saw that the original supporters of Trtrmbull would not cast 
 their votes for himself, he generously insisted that his friends 
 should support his rival, thus determining the result. 
 
 On the twenty-second of February, 1856, occurred the con- 
 vention of Anti-Nebraska (Republican) editors at Decatur, 
 which proved the first effective step in consolidating the opposi- 
 tion to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a compact political organ- 
 ization. The main business of this convention consisted in the 
 adoption of a series of resolutions defining the position of their 
 authors on National questions especially with reference to the 
 institution of slavery and appointing a State Convention to be 
 held at Bloomington, May agth, following. A State Central 
 Committee to represent the new party was also appointed at this 
 convention. With two or three exceptions the Committeemen 
 accepted and joined in the call for the State Convention, which 
 was held at the time designated, when the first Republican State 
 ticket was put in the field. Among the distinguished men who 
 participated in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln, O. H. 
 Browning, Richard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John M. Palmer, 
 Isaac N. Arnold and John Wentworth. Palmer presided, while 
 Abraham Lincoln, who was one of the chief speakers, was one 
 of the delegates appointed to the National Convention, held at 
 Philadelphia on the seventeenth of June. The candidates put in 
 nomination for State offices were : William H. Bissell, for Governor; 
 Francis A. Hoffman, for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward replaced 
 by John Wood on account of ineligibility); Ozias M. Hatch, for 
 Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois, for Auditor; James H. 
 Miller, for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell for Superin-
 
 92 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 tendent of Public instruction. The Democratic ticket was com- 
 posed of William A. Richardson, for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, 
 Lieutenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of State; S. K. 
 Casey, Auditor; John Moore, Treasurer, and J. H. St. Matthew, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. The American organiza- 
 tion also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S. Morris for 
 Governor. Although the Democrats carried the State for Bu- 
 chanan, their candidate for President, by a plurality of 9,159, 
 the entire Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities 
 ranging from 3,031 to 20,213 the latter being the majority for 
 Miller, candidate for State Treasurer, whose name was on both 
 the Republican and American tickets.
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BISSELL PERSONAL SKETCp 
 GOV. JOHN WOOD CAMPAIGN OF 1860 LINCOLN AND 
 YATES THE REBELLION ILLINOIS IN THE GREAT 
 STRUGGLE PEACE MEETINGS IN 1863 CAMP DOUG- 
 LAS CONSPIRACY CAMPAIGN OF 1864 AS- 
 SASSINATION OF LINCOLN THE LOYAL 
 WOMEN OF ILLINOIS OGLESBY'S 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 ITH the inauguration of Governor 
 Bissell, the Republican party en- 
 tered upon the control of the State 
 Government, which was maintained 
 without interruption until the close 
 of the administration of Governor Fifer, in 
 January, 1893 a period of thirty-six years. 
 On account of physical disability Bissell's in- 
 auguration took place in the executive mansion, 
 January 12, 1857. He was immediately made the object of viru- 
 lent personal attack in the House, being charged with perjury in 
 taking the oath of office in face of the fact that, while a member 
 of Congress, he had accepted a challenge to fight a duel with 
 Jefferson Davis. To this, the reply was made that the offense 
 charged took place outside of the State and beyond the legal 
 jurisdiction of the Constitution of Illinois. 
 
 While the State continued to prosper under Bissell's admin- 
 istration, the most important events of this period related rather
 
 94 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 
 to general than to State policy. One of these was the delivery 
 by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Representatives, on the 
 evening of June 17, 1858, of the celebrated speech in which he 
 announced the doctrine that " a house divided against itself can- 
 not stand." This was followed during the next few months by 
 the series of memorable debates between those two great cham- 
 pions of their respective parties Lincoln and Douglas which 
 attracted the attention of the whole land. The result was the 
 re-election of Douglas to the United States Senate for a third 
 term, but it also made Abraham Lincoln President of the United 
 States. 
 
 About the middle of Bissell's term (February, 1859), came 
 the discovery of what has since been known as the celebrated 
 " Canal Scrip Fraud." This consisted in the fraudulent funding 
 in State bonds of a large amount of State scrip, which had been 
 issued for temporary purposes during the construction of the 
 Illinois and Michigan Canal, but which had been subsequently 
 redeemed. A legislative investigation proved the amount ille- 
 gally funded to have been $223,182, and that the bulk of the 
 bonds issued therefor so far as they could be traced had been 
 delivered to ex-Gov. Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with 
 accrued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity bond, secured 
 by real estate mortgages, from which the State eventually realized 
 $238,000 out of $255,000, then due. Further investigation proved 
 additional frauds of like character, aggregating $165,346, which 
 the State never recovered. An attempt was made to prosecute 
 Matteson criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit Court, but 
 the grand jury failed, by a close vote, to find an indictment 
 against him. He died in Chicago, January 31, 1873. 
 
 At the time of his election to the Governorship, Bissell was 
 already a conspicuous figure in National and State politics. A 
 native of New York, on coming to Illinois he began the practice 
 of his profession as a physician in Monroe County, but afterward 
 adopted the profession of law and entered the Legislature. As 
 Colonel of the Second Regiment of Illinois Volunteers during
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 95 
 
 the Mexican War, he showed himself a brave soldier at the bat- 
 tle of Buena Vista and elsewhere, and afterward served three 
 terms in Congress, during which he proved his courage by ac- 
 cepting a challenge to a duel from Jefferson Davis. Although a 
 Democrat, he had also taken a leading part in conjunction with 
 Washburne, Wentworth, Norton, Knox and Yates, his Illinois 
 colleagues, in opposition to the Nebraska Bill. At the time of 
 his nomination he was an invalid, having received an injury to 
 his spine from which he never recovered, and was not able to 
 enter actively into the campaign. He died in office, March 18, 
 1860, having barely entered upon the fourth year of his official 
 term. His remains lie buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, at 
 Springfield, where a monument has been erected to his memory. 
 
 Lieut.-Gov. John Wood, who succeeded to Bissell's unex- 
 pired term, was a native of New York, born December 20, 1798. 
 He came to Illinois in 1819, and was one of the founders of the 
 city of Quincy, where he built the first log-cabin in 1822, and 
 where he died June n, 1880. He was a large-hearted, public- 
 spirited man an excellent specimen of the enterprising, pro- 
 gressive pioneer. He served the Slate as Quartermaster-Gen- 
 eral for the first two years after the opening of the. War of the 
 Rebellion, and assisted in equipping all the earlier regiments 
 sent to the field. Although advanced in years, he then raised a 
 regiment of one-hundred-day men with which he saw some ser- 
 vice at Memphis. 
 
 The political campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled ex- 
 citement throughout the nation, but especially in Illinois, which 
 became, in a certain sense, the chief battle-ground, furnishing 
 the successful candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the 
 State in which the convention which nominated him met. The 
 Republican State Convention, held at Decatur, May 9, put in 
 nomination Richard Yates, of Morgan County, for Governor; 
 Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Govern or, O. M. Hatch for 
 Secretary of State, Jesse K. Dubois, for Auditor, William Butler, 
 for Treasurer, and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Public
 
 96 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Instruction. If this campaign was memorable for its excite- 
 ment, it was also memorable for the large number of National 
 and State tickets in the field. The National Republican Con- 
 vention assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third ballot, 
 Abraham Lincoln was nominated for President amid a whirl- 
 wind of enthusiasm unsurpassed in the history of National 
 Conventions, of which so many have been held in the " conven- 
 tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was what might 
 have been expected from such a beginning. Lincoln, though re- 
 ceiving considerably less than one-half the popular vote, had a 
 plurality over his highest competitor of nearly half a million 
 votes, and a majority in the electoral colleges of 57. In the 
 State he received 172,161 votes to 160,215 for Douglas, his lead- 
 ing competitor. The vote for Governor stood: Yates (Repub- 
 lican) 172,196; Allen (Douglas-Democrat) 159,253; Hope (Breck- 
 inridge Democrat) 2,049; Stuart (American) 1,626. 
 
 Among the prominent men of different parties who appeared 
 for the first time in the General Assembly chosen at this time, 
 were William B. Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, A. W. Mack, 
 Washington Bushnell, William Jayne, and Henry E. Duniuier, 
 of the Senate, and William R. Archer, J. Russell Jones, Robert 
 H. McClellan, J. Young Scaninion, William H. Brown, Lawrence 
 Weldon, R. B. Latham, N. M. Broadwell, A. G. Burr, and John 
 Scholfield, in the House. Shelby M. Cullom, who had entered 
 the Legislature at the previous session, was re-elected to this 
 and was chosen Speaker of the House over the late J. W. Single- 
 ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the United States Sen- 
 ate by the votes of the Republicans over Samuel S. Marshall, 
 the Democratic candidate. 
 
 Almost simultaneously with the accession of the new State 
 Government, and before the inauguration of the President at 
 Washington, began that series of startling events which ulti- 
 mately culminated in the attempted secession of eleven States 
 of the Union the first acts in the great drama of war which 
 occupied the attention of the world for the next four years. On
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 97 
 
 January 14, 1861, the new State administration was inaugu- 
 rated; on February 2, Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven- 
 tion held at Washington, were appointed from Illinois, consist- 
 ing of Stephen T. Logan, John M. Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, 
 B. C. Cook and T. J. Turner; and on February nth, Abraham 
 Lincoln took leave of his friends and neighbors at Springfield on 
 his departure for Washington, in that simple, touching speech 
 which has taken a place beside his inaugural addresses and his 
 Gettysburg speech, as an American classic. The events which 
 followed; the firing on Fort Sumter on the i2th of April and 
 its surrender; the call for 75,000 troops and the excitement 
 which prevailed all over the country, are matters of National 
 history. Illinoisans responded with promptness and enthusiasm 
 to the call for six regiments of State militia for three months' 
 service, and one week later (April 21) Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chi- 
 cago, at the head of seven companies, numbering 595 men, was 
 en route for Cairo to execute the order of the Secretary of War 
 for the occupation of that place. The offer of military organi- 
 zations proceeded rapidly, and by the iSth of April, fifty com- 
 panies had been tendered, while the public-spirited and patriotic 
 bankers of the principal cities were offering to supply the State 
 with money to arm and equip the hastily organized troops. Fol- 
 lowing in order the six regiments which Illinois had sent to the 
 Mexican War, those called out for the three months' service in 
 1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to twelve, and 
 were commanded by the following officers, respectively: Cols. 
 John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. 
 Morgan, W. H. L- Wallace and John McArthur, with Gen. Ben- 
 jamin M. Prentiss as brigade commander. The rank and file 
 numbered 4,680 men, of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of 
 service, re-enlisted for three years. 
 
 Among the many who visited the State Capitol in the early 
 mouths of the war to offer their services to the Government in 
 suppressing the Rebellion, one of the most modest and unassum- 
 ing was a gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of intro-
 
 98 THK WHITE CITY II.LIXOIS. 
 
 duction to Governor Yates from Congressman E. B. Washburne. 
 Though he had been a captain in the regular army and had seen 
 service in the war with Mexico, he set up 110 pretension on that 
 account, but after days of patient waiting, was given temporary 
 employment as a clerk in the office of the Adjutant-General, 
 Col. T. S. Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen re- 
 quiring the services of an officer of military experience as com- 
 mandant at Camp Yates (a camp of rendezvous and instruction 
 near Springfield), he was assigned to the place, rather as an ex- 
 periment and from necessity than from conviction of any pecul- 
 iar fitness for the position. Having acquitted himself creditably 
 here, he was assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a 
 regiment (the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers) which, from 
 previous bad management, had manifested a mutinous tendency. 
 And thus Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of the 
 war, the organizer of final victory over the Rebellion, the Lieu- 
 tenant-General of the armies of the Union and twice elected 
 President of the United States, started upon that career which 
 won for him the plaudits of the Nation and the title of the grand- 
 est soldier of his time. 
 
 The responses of Illinois, under the leadership of its 
 patriotic " War Governor," Richard Yates, to the repeated calls 
 for volunteers through the four years of war, were cheerful and 
 prompt. Illinois troops took part in nearly every important bat- 
 tle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of those in the East, 
 besides accompanying Sherman in his triumphal "March to the 
 Sea." Illinois blood stained the field at Belmont, at .Wilson's 
 Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and Henry; at Shiloh, Cor- 
 inth, Nashville, Stone River and Chicamauga; at Jackson, the 
 Siege of Vicksburg, Allatoona Pass, Kenesaw Mountain, Resaca, 
 Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in the South and West; and at 
 Chancellorsville, Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersbiirg and in the 
 battles of " the Wilderness " in the East. Of all the States of 
 the Union, Illinois alone, up to February i, 1864, presented the 
 proud record of having answered every call upon her for troops
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 99 
 
 without a draft. The whole number of enlistments from the 
 State under the various calls from 1861 to 1865, were 255,057 to 
 meet quotas aggregating 244,496*. The ratio of troops furnished 
 to population was 15.1 per cent., which was only exceeded by the 
 District of Columbia (which had a large influx from the States), 
 and Kansas and Nevada, each of which had a much larger pro- 
 portion of adult male population. The whole number of regi- 
 mental organizations, according to the returns in the Adjutant- 
 General's office, was 151 regiments of infantry (numbered 
 consecutively from the Sixth to the One Hundred and Fifty- 
 seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and two regiments of artillery, 
 besides nine independent batteries. The total losses of Illinois 
 troops, officially reported by the War Department, were 
 34,834 (13.65 percent.), of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 
 4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease, and 2,154 from 
 other causes. Besides the great Commander-in-Chief, Abraham 
 Lincoln, and Lieut.-Gen. U. S. Grant, Illinois furnished eleven 
 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz. : Generals John Pope, 
 John A. McClernand, S. A. Hurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, John M. 
 Palmer, R. J. Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles 
 A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H. Grierson; twenty 
 Brevet Major-Generals; twenty-four Brigadier-Generals, and 
 over 1 20 Brevet Brigadier-Generals. Among the long list of 
 regimental officers who fell upon the field or died from wounds 
 appear the names of Col. J. R. Scott, of the igth; Col. Thomas 
 D. Williams, of the 25th; and Col. F. A. Harrington, of the 
 27th all killed at Stone River; Col. J. W. S. Alexander, of the 
 2ist; Col. Daniel Gilmer, of the 38th; Lieut.-Col. Duncan J. 
 Hall, of the Sgth; Col. Timothy O'Meara, of the 9Oth; and Col. 
 Holden Putnam, at Chicarnauga and Missionary Ridge; Col. 
 John B. Wyman, of the i3th, at Chickasaw Bayou; Lieut.-Col. 
 Thomas W. Ross, of the 32nd, at Shiloh; Col. John A. Davis, of 
 the 46th, at Hatchie; Col. William A. Dickerman, of the iO3d, 
 
 *According to the account of the United States War Department. According to the 
 State account, the quota was 231,488 and the number credited 226,592.
 
 TOO THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 at Resaca ; Col. Oscar Harmon at Kenesaw ; Col. John A. Bross 
 at Petersburg, besides Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut.- 
 Col. Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas Applington, Col. John J. 
 Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, Maj. Wm. H. Medill, Col. War- 
 ren Stewart and many more on other battle-fields. It would be 
 a grateful task to here record the names of a host of others, who, 
 after acquitting themselves bravely on the field, survived to en- 
 joy the plaudits of a grateful people, but this would be beyond 
 the design and scope of the present work. 
 
 One of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the raid 
 from Memphis to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in May, 1863, led by 
 Col. B. H. Grierson, of the 6th Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation 
 with the yth iinder command of Col. Edward Prince. 
 
 An incident of a different character was the calling of a 
 convention to revise the State Constitution, and which met at 
 Springfield, January 7, 1862. A majority of this body was 
 composed of those opposed to the war policy of the Government, 
 and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of the State admin- 
 istration and the General Government was soon manifested, 
 which was resented by the executive and many of the soldiers in 
 the field. The convention adjourned March 24, and its work 
 was submitted to vote of the people, June 17, 1862, when it was 
 rejected by a majority of more than 16,000, not counting the 
 soldiers in the field who were permitted as a matter of policy to 
 vote upon it, but who were practically unanimous in opposition 
 to it. 
 
 A few days before this election (June 3, 1862), United States 
 Senator Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House in Chi- 
 cago, depriving the Democratic party of the State of its most 
 sagacious and patriotic adviser. 
 
 Another political incident of this period grew out of the 
 session of the General Assembly of 1863. This body having 
 been elected on the tide of the political revulsion which followed 
 the issuance of President Lincoln's preliminary Proclamation of 
 Emancipation, was Democratic in both branches. One of its
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. IOI 
 
 
 
 first acts was the election of William A. Richardson United 
 States Senator, in place of O. H. Browning, who had been ap- 
 pointed by Governor Yates to the vacancy caused by the death 
 of Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tendency to follow 
 in the footsteps of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, by at- 
 tempting to cripple the State and General Governments in the 
 prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the subject of the war, 
 which the friends of the Union regarded as of a most mischievous 
 character, were introduced and passed in the House, but owing to 
 the death of a member on the majority side, failed to pass the 
 Senate. These denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas 
 corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement of compensated 
 emancipation" and "the transportation of negroes into the 
 State;" accused the General Government of "Usurpation," of 
 "subverting the Constitution" and attempting to establish a 
 "consolidated military despotism;" charged that the war had 
 been "diverted from its first avowed object to that of subjugation 
 and the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of the authors 
 that its " further prosecution cannot result in the restora- 
 tion of the Union unless the President's Emancipation 
 
 Proclamation be withdrawn ;" appealed to Congress to secure an 
 armistice with the rebel States, and closed by appointing six 
 Commissioners (who were named) to confer with Congress with 
 a view to the holding of a National Convention to adjust the 
 differences between the States. These measures occupied the 
 attention of the Legislature to the exclusion of subjects of State 
 interest, so that little legislation was accomplished not even the 
 ordinary appropriation bills being passed. 
 
 At this juncture, the two Houses having disagreed as to the 
 date of adjournment, Governor Yates exercised the constitutional 
 prerogative of proroguing them, which he did in a message on 
 June loth, declaring them adjourned to the last day of their con- 
 stitutional term. The Republicans accepted the result and 
 withdrew, but the Democratic majority in the House and a 
 minority in the Senate continued in session for some days with-
 
 102 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 * 
 
 out being able to transact any business except the filing of an 
 empty protest, when they adjourned to the first Monday of Jan- 
 uary, 1864. The excitement produced by this affair, in the 
 Legislature and throughout the State, was intense, but the ac- 
 tion of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme Court and 
 the adjourned session was never held. The failure of the Legis- 
 lature to make provision for the expenses of the State Govern- 
 ment and the relief of the soldiers in the field, made it necessary 
 for Governor Yates to accept that aid from the public-spirited 
 bankers and capitalists of the State which was never wanting 
 when needed during this critical period. 
 
 Largely attended " peace conventions " were held during this 
 year, at Springfield on the seventeenth of June and atPeoria in Sep- 
 tember, at which resolutions opposing the "further offensive prose- 
 cution of the war" were adopted. An immense Union mass- 
 meeting was also held at Springfield on the third of Sep- 
 tember, which was addressed by leading War-Democrats. An 
 important incident of this meeting was the reading of the letter 
 from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. Colliding, in which he 
 defended his war policy and especially his Emancipation Procla- 
 mation 'in a characteristically logical manner. 
 
 The year 1864 was full of exciting political and military 
 events. Among the former was the nomination of Gen. George 
 B. McClellan as the Democratic candidate for President, by a 
 convention held at Chicago, August 29th, on a platform declaring 
 the war a "failure" as an "experiment" for restoring the Union, 
 and demanding a "cessation of hostilities" with a view to a con- 
 vention for the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been re- 
 nominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, in June previous, 
 with Andrew Johnson for Vice-Presideut. The leaders of the re- 
 spective State tickets were Gen. Richard J. Oglesby, on the part 
 of the Republicans, for Governor, with William Bross, for Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic can- 
 didate for Governor. 
 
 For months rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 103 
 
 of rebels from the South and their sympathizers in the North, 
 to release the rebel prisoners confined in Camp Douglas, near 
 Chicago, and at Rock Island, Springfield and Alton aggrega- 
 ting over 25,000 men. It was charged that the scheme was to be 
 put into effect simultaneously with the November election, but 
 the activity of the military authorities in arresting the leaders 
 and seizing their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a 
 military court before whom a number of the arrested parties 
 were tried, proved the existence of an extensive organization, 
 calling itself " American Knights" or "Sons of L/iberty," of 
 which a number of well-known politicians in Illinois were 
 members. 
 
 At the November election Illinois gave a majority for Lin- 
 coln of 30,756, and for Oglesby, for Governor, of 33,675, with a 
 proportionate majority for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's 
 electoral vote was 212 to 21 for McClellan. 
 
 The Republicans had a decided majority in both branches of 
 the Legislature of 1865, and one of its earliest acts was the 
 election of Governor Yates, United States Senator, in place of 
 William A. Richardson, who had been elected two years before 
 to the seat formerly held by Douglas. This was the last public 
 position held by the popular Illinois "War Governor." Born in 
 Kentucky in 1815 and educated at Illinois College, Jacksonville, 
 he had been three times elected to the lower House of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly (1842, 1844 and 1848); had served two sessions in 
 Congress (1851 to 1855), and had been elected Governor in 1860, 
 serving through the most critical four years in the history of the 
 State. A splendid specimen of manhood physically, possessed 
 of great personal magnetism, ambitious, eloquent and patriotic, 
 there was no position to which, in the estimation of his friends, 
 he might not fairly aspire. In spite of weaknesses which grew 
 upon him in his later years, but which no man deplored more 
 deeply than himself, during his official term no more popular 
 public servant ever occupied the executive chair a fact demon- 
 strated by the promptness with which, on retiring from it, he
 
 IO4 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 was elected to the United States Senate. His personal and 
 political integrity was never questioned by his most bitter polit- 
 ical opponents, while those who had known him longest and 
 most intimately, trusted him most implicitly. The service 
 which he performed in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment 
 of the State and in marshaling its heroic soldiers for the defense 
 of the Union, can never be overestimated. Retiring from his 
 seat in the Senate in 1871, the next two years were spent as a 
 private citizen at his home at Jacksonville, or in the discharge of 
 some temporary duty for the Government. It was in this latter 
 capacity, as a commissioner for the examination of a railroad, 
 that he visited Arkansas in the fall of 1873. On his return 
 from this mission he died suddenly at Barnum's Hotel in the city 
 of St. Louis, November 27th. 
 
 Governor Oglesby and the other State officers were inaugu- 
 rated January 1 7th. Entering upon its duties with a Legisla- 
 ture in full sympathy with it, the new administration was con- 
 fronted by no such difficulties as those with which its predecessor 
 had to contend. Its head, who had been identified with the war 
 from its beginning, was one of the first Illinoisans promoted to 
 the rank of Major-General, was personally popular and enjoyed 
 the confidence and respect of the people of the State. Gov. Al- 
 len C. Fuller, who had retired from a position on the circuit 
 bench to accept that of Adjutant-General, which he held during 
 the last three years of the war, was Speaker of the House. This 
 Legislature was the first to ratify the XIHth Amendment of the 
 National Constitution abolishing slavery, which it did in both 
 Houses, on the evening of February i, 1865 the same day the 
 resolution had been finally acted on by Congress and received 
 the sanction of the President. The odious "black laws," which 
 had disgraced the State for twelve years, were wiped from the 
 statute-book at this session. The Legislature adjourned after n 
 session of 46 days, leaving a record as creditable in the disposal 
 of business as that of its predecessor had been discreditable. 
 
 The war was now rapidly approaching a successful terinina-
 
 ILLINOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 105 
 
 tion. Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, April 9, 
 1865, and the people were celebrating this event with joyful fes- 
 tivities through all the loyal States, but nowhere with more 
 enthusiasm than in Illinois, the home of the two great leaders- 
 Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of these jubilations came the 
 assassination of President Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, on 
 the evening of April 14, 1865, in Ford's Theatre, Washington. 
 The appalling news was borne on the wings of the telegraph to 
 every corner of the land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was 
 changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of gloom hung over 
 every part of the land. Public buildings, business houses and 
 dwellings in every city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal 
 States were draped with the insignia of a universal sorrow. 
 Millions of strong men and tender, patriotic women who had 
 given their husbands, sons and brothers for the defense of the 
 Union, wept as if overtaken by a great personal loss. If the Na- 
 tion mourned, much more did Illinois, at the taking off of its chief 
 citizen, the grandest character of the age, who had served both 
 State and Nation with such patriotic fidelity, and perished in the 
 very zenith of his fame and in the hour of his country's triumph. 
 
 Then came the sorrowful march of the funeral cortege from 
 Washington to Springfield the most impressive spectacle wit- 
 nessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In all this, Illinois bore 
 a conspicuous part, as on the fourth day of May, 1865, amid the 
 most solemn ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing thou- 
 sands, she received to her bosom, near his old home at the State 
 Capital, the remains of the Great Liberator. 
 
 The part which Illinois played in the great struggle has 
 already been dwelt upon as fully t as the scope of this work will 
 permit. It only remains to be said that the patriotic service of 
 the men of the State was grandly supplemented by the equally 
 patriotic service of its women in " Soldiers Aid Societies," "Sis- 
 ters of the Good Samaritan," "Needle Pickets" and in sanitary 
 organizations for the purpose of contributing to the comfort and 
 health of the soldiers in camp and in hospital, and in giving them
 
 106 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 generous receptions on their return to their homes. The work 
 done by these organizations, and by individual nurses in the field, 
 illustrates one of the brightest pages in the history of the war. 
 
 The administration of Governor Oglesby was as peaceful 
 as it was prosperous. The chief political events of 1866 were 
 the election of Newton Bateman, State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. 
 John A. Logan, as Representative from the State-at-large, re- 
 entered Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to enter the 
 Union army. His majority was unprecedented, reaching 55,987. 
 The Legislature of 1867 re-elected Judge Trumbull to the United 
 States Senate for a third term, his chief competitor in the Repub- 
 lican caucus being Gen. John M. Palmer. The XlVth Amend- 
 ment to the National Constitution, conferring citizenship upon 
 persons of color, was ratified by this Legislature. 
 
 The Republican State Convention of 1868, held at Peoria, 
 May 6th, nominated the following ticket: For Governor, John 
 M. Palmer; Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; Secretary of 
 State, Edward Ruinniell; Auditor, Charles E. Lippincott; State 
 Treasurer, Erastus N. Bates; Attorney-General, Washington 
 Bushnell. John R. Eden, afterward a member, of Congress for 
 three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as candidate for Gov- 
 ernor, with William H. Van Epps for Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 The Republican National Convention was held at Chicago, 
 May 2ist, nominating U. S. Grant for President, and Schuyler 
 Colfax for Vice-President. They were opposed b}* Horatio Sey- 
 mour, for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice-President. The re- 
 sult in November was the election of Grant and Colfax, who re- 
 ceived 214 electoral votes from 26 States, to So electoral votes 
 for Seymour and Blair from eight States three States not 
 voting. Grant's majority in Illinois was 51,150. Of course the 
 Republican State ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at 
 the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans to nine Demo- 
 crats in the Senate and fifty-eight Republicans to twenty-seven 
 Democrats in the House.
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS, CONTINUED. 
 
 UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1870 FROM PALMER TO FIFER 
 THE CHICAGO FIRE SKETCHES OF EMINENT MEN PAL- 
 MER, OGLESBY, CULLOM, LOGAN, FIFER, ETC. NA- 
 TIONAL CONVENTIONS IN CHICAGO POLITICAL REV- 
 OLUTION OF 1892 GOVERNOR ALTGELD. 
 
 OVERNOR PALMER'S administration began 
 auspiciously, at a time when the passions aroused 
 by the war were subsiding and the State was re- 
 covering its normal prosperity. Leading events 
 of the next four years were the adoption of a new 
 State Constitution and the Chicago fire. The 
 first steps in legislation looking to the control of 
 railroads, were taken at the session of 1869, and although a 
 stringent law on the subject passed both Houses, it was vetoed by 
 the Governor. A milder measure was afterward enacted, and 
 although superseded by the Constitution of 1870, it furnished 
 the key-note for much of the legislation since had on the 
 subject. 
 
 The celebrated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city of 
 Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad the title of the State to 
 certain lands included in what was known as the " Lake Front 
 Park," was passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, was re- 
 enacted over his veto. This act was final!}' repealed by the Legis- 
 lature of 1873, and after many years of litigation, the rights 
 claimed under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Company have 
 
 Illinois. 10T
 
 108 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 been recently declared void by the Supreme Court of the United 
 States. 
 
 The Fifteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, 
 prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to " citizens of the 
 United States on account of race, color or previous con- 
 dition of servitude," was ratified by a strictly party vote in each 
 House, on March 5th. 
 
 The first step toward the erection of a new State Capitol at 
 Springfield had been taken in an appropriation of $450,000 at the 
 session of 1867, the total cost being limited to $3,000,000. A 
 second appropriation of $650,000 was made at the Session of 1869. 
 The Constitution of 1870 limited the cost to $3,500,000, but an 
 act passed by the Legislature of 1883, making a final appropria- 
 tion of $531,712 for completing and furnishing the building, was 
 ratified by the people in 1884. The original cost of the building 
 and its furniture exceeded $4,000,000. 
 
 The State Convention for framing a new Constitution met 
 at Springfield, December 13, 1869. It consisted of eighty-five 
 members forty-four Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A 
 number classed as Republicans, however, were elected as " Inde- 
 pendents " and co-operated with the Democrats in the organiza- 
 tion. Among the prominent members were William J. Allen, 
 W. B. Anderson, George W. Wall, Silas L. Bryan, W. H. Sny- 
 der, W. H. Underwood, John Scholfield, Milton Hay, O. H. 
 Browning, O. C. Skinner, A. M. Craig, L. W. Ross, R. M. 
 Benjamin, Clifton H. Moore, H. P. H. Bronrwell, L. D. Whiting, 
 John Dement, Jesse S. Hildrup, Lawrence S. Church, Thomas 
 J. Turner, W r illiam Carey and H. H. Cod}-. The delegates .from 
 Cook County were Joseph Medill, John C. Haines, S. Snowden 
 Hayes, W. C. Coolbaugh, Charles Hitchcock, Elliott Anthony 
 and Daniel Cameron.* Charles Hitchcock was elected President. 
 The convention terminated its labors May 13, 1870; the Consti- 
 tution was ratified by vote of the people July ad, and went into 
 
 *As to occupations, there were fifty-three lawyers, fourteen farmers, thirteen mer- 
 chants, bankers and traders ; four physicians and one editor.
 
 ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 109 
 
 effect Aug'jst 8, 1870. A special provision establishing the 
 principle of "minority representation" in the election of Repre- 
 sentatives in the General Assembly, was adopted by a smaller 
 vote than the main instrument. A leading feature of the latter 
 was the general restriction upon special legislation and the 
 enumeration of a large variety of subjects to be provided for un- 
 der general laws. It laid the basis of our present railroad and 
 warehouse laws ; declared the inviolability of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois and 
 Michigan Canal without a vote of the people ; prohibited munici- 
 palities from becoming subscribers to the stock of any railroad or 
 private corporation; limited the rate of taxation and amount of 
 indebtedness to be incurred ; required the enactment of laws for 
 the protection of miners, etc. The restriction in the old Consti- 
 tution against the re-election of a Governor as his own immediate 
 successor, was removed, but placed upon the office of State Treas- 
 urer. The Legislature consists of two hundred and four mem- 
 bers fifty-one Senators and one hundred fifty -three Representa- 
 tives one Senator and three Representatives being chosen from 
 each District. 
 
 At the election of 1870, General Logan was re-elected Con- 
 gressman-at-large by 24,672 majority ; Gen. E. N. Bates, Treas- 
 urer and Newton Bateman, State Superintendent of Public In- 
 struction. 
 
 The Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1871), in its vari- 
 ous sessions, spent more time in legislation than any other in the 
 history of the State a fact to be accounted for, in part, by the 
 Chicago Fire and the extensive revision of the laws required in 
 consequence of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides 
 the regular session, there were two special, or called, sessions 
 and an adjourned session, covering in all a period of 292 days. 
 This Legislature adopted the system of "State control" in the 
 management of the labor and discipline of the convicts of the 
 State penitentiary, which was strongly urged by Governor Pal- 
 mer in a special message. General Logan having been elected
 
 110 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 United States Senator at this session, Gen. John L- Beveridge 
 was elected to the vacant position of Congressmau-at-large at a 
 special election held October 4th. 
 
 The calamitous fire at Chicago, October 8-9, 1871, though 
 belonging rather to local than to general State history, excited 
 the profound sympathy, not only of the people of the State and 
 the Nation, but of the civilized world. The area burned over, in- 
 cluding streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 buildings out of 
 18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless. The loss of life is esti- 
 mated at two hundred and fifty, and of property at $187,927,000.* 
 Governor Palmer called the Legislature together in special ses- 
 sion to act upon the emergency, October i3th, but as the State 
 was precluded from affording direct aid, the plan was adopted of 
 re-inibursing the city for the amount it had expended in the en- 
 largement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, amounting to 
 $2,955,340. The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet in a 
 regiment of United States troops organized for guard duty, led 
 to some controversy between Governor Palmer, on one side, and 
 the Mayor of Chicago and the military authorities, including 
 President Grant, on the other ; but the general verdict was, that, 
 while nice distinctions between civil and military authority may 
 not have been observed, the service rendered by the military, in 
 a great emergency, was of the highest value and was prompted 
 bv the best of intentions. 
 
 The political campaign of 1872 in Illinois resulted in much 
 confusion and a partial reorganization of parties. Dissatisfied 
 with the administration of President Grant, a number of the 
 State officers (including Governor Palmer) and other prominent 
 Republicans of the State, joined in what was called the " Liberal 
 Republican " movement, and supported Horace Greeley for the 
 Presidency. Ex-Governor Oglesby again became the standard- 
 bearer of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John L- Bev- 
 eridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the November election, the 
 Grant and Wilson electors received 241,944 to 184,938 for 
 
 *Moses' History of Illinois.

 
 ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. Ill 
 
 Greeley, and 3,138 for O'Conor. The plurality for Oglesby, for 
 Governor, was 40,690. 
 
 Governor Oglesby's second administration was of brief dura- 
 tion. Within a week after his inauguration he was nominated 
 by a legislative caucus of his party for United States Senator to 
 succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiving an aggre- 
 gate of 117 votes in the two Houses against 78 for Trumbull, who 
 was supported by the party whose candidates he had defeated at 
 three previous elections. Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus 
 became Governor, filling out the unexpired term of his chief. He 
 was a native of Washington County, New York, where he was 
 born in 1824; ne emigrated to Illinois in 1842, settling in De 
 Kalb County; received an academic education at Granville 
 Academy, in Putnam County, and at Rock River Seminary, at 
 Mt. Morris; taugh.t school and studied law in Tennessee; re- 
 cruited a company for the Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry 
 early in the war, afterward being promoted to the position of 
 Major; later organized the Seventeenth Cavalry and was com- 
 missioned its Colonel, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- 
 General; afterward served as sheriff of Cook County; was 
 elected to the State Senate ; thence promoted to the position of 
 Congressman-at-large, which he resigned to assume the duties of 
 Lieutenant-Governor. While never resorting to the question- 
 able tricks of the mere politician, few men have had a more 
 successful political career. His administration was high-minded, 
 clean and honorable. After his retirement from the Governor- 
 ship, he was appointed Assistant United States Treasurer at 
 Chicago, serving four years. 
 
 'The election of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the 
 Republican party had experienced in Illinois since 1862. Al- 
 though Thomas S. Ridgway, the Republican candidate for State 
 Treasurer, was elected by a plurality of nearly 35,000, by a com- 
 bination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion) was at the same 
 time elected State Superintendent, while the Fusionists secured 
 a majority in each House of the General Assembly. After- a
 
 112 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 protracted contest, E. M. Haines, who had been a Democrat, a 
 Republican, and had been elected to this Legislature as an " In- 
 dependent," was elected Speaker of the House over Shelby M. 
 Cullom, and A. A. .Glenn (Democrat) was chosen President of 
 the Senate, thus becoming cx-officio Lieutenant-Governor. The 
 session which followed especially in the House was one of the 
 most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State, coming 
 to a termination April i5th, after having enacted very few laws 
 of any importance. 
 
 Shelby M. Cullom was the candidate of the Republican 
 party for Governor in 1876, with the late Rutherford B. Hayes 
 heading the National ticket. The excitement which attended 
 the campaign, the closeness of the vote between the two Pres- 
 idential candidates Hayes and Tilden and the determination 
 of the result through the medium of an Electoral Commission, 
 are fresh in the memory of the present generation. In Illinois 
 the Republican plurality for President was 19,631, but owing to 
 the combination of the Democratic and Greenback vote on Lewis 
 Steward for Governor, the majority for Cullom was reduced to 
 6,798. The other State officers elected were: Andrew Shuman, 
 Lieutenant-Governor ; George H. Harlow, Secretary of State ; 
 Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward Rutz, Treasurer, and 
 J. K. Edsall, Attorney-General. Each of these had pluralities 
 exceeding 20,000, except Needles, who, having a single compet- 
 itor, had a smaller majority than Cullom. The New State 
 House was occupied for the first time by the State officers and 
 the Legislature chosen at this time. Although the Republicans 
 had a majority in the House, the Independents held the "bal- 
 ance of power" in joint session of the General Assembly. Af- 
 ter a stubborn and protracted struggle in the effort to choose a 
 United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. Logan, David 
 Davis, of Bloomington, was elected on the fortieth ballot. 
 
 Davis was born in Cecil County, Maryland, March 9, 1815; 
 graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio, in 1832; studied law in 
 Massachusetts and removed to McLean Count}-, Illinois, in 1385;
 
 ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 113 
 
 was a member of the Fourteenth General Assembly (1844) and 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1847; ne ^ t^ e office of Judge 
 of the circuit court from 1843 to 1861, being elected three times. 
 He had been a Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by 
 whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 
 of the United States in 1862. His election to the Senate by the 
 Democrats and Independents led to his retirement from the Su- 
 preme bench, thus preventing his appointment on the Electoral 
 Commission of 1877 a circumstance which, in the opinion of 
 many, may have had an important bearing upon the decision of 
 that tribunal. In the latter part of his term he served as Pres- 
 ident pro temporc of the Senate, and more frequently acted with 
 the Republicans than with their opponents. He supported 
 Elaine and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 1884. 
 His death occurred at his home at Bloomington, June 26, 1886. 
 
 The extensive railroad strike, in July, 1877, caused wide- 
 spread demoralization of business, especially in the railroad cen- 
 tres of the State and throughout the country generally. The 
 newly organized National Guard was called out and rendered 
 valuable service in restoring order. Governor Cullom's action in 
 the premises was prompt and has generally been commended as 
 eminently wise and discreet. 
 
 Four sets of candidates were in the field for the offices of 
 State Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 
 1878 Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Prohibition. The 
 Republicans were successful, Gen. John C. Smith being elected 
 Treasurer, and James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities 
 averaging about 35,000. The same party also elected eleven out 
 of nineteen members of Congress and, for the first time in six 
 years, secured a majority in each branch of the General Assem- 
 bly. At the session of this Legislature, in January following, 
 John A. Logan was elected to the United States Senate as suc- 
 cessor to R. J. Oglesby, whose term expired in March follow- 
 ing. Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served as Speaker 
 of the House at this session.
 
 114 TH E WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 The political campaign of 1880 is memorable for the deter- 
 mined struggle made by General L/ogan and others to secure the 
 nomination of General Grant for President for a third term. 
 The Republican State Convention, beginning at Springfield, 
 May ipth, lasted three days, ending in instructions in favor of 
 General Grant by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nullified, 
 however, by the action of the National Convention two weeks 
 later. Governor Cullom was renominated for Governor, John M. 
 Hamilton, for Lieutenant-Governor ; Henry D. Dement, for Sec- 
 retary of State; Charles P. Swigert, for Auditor; Edward Rutz, 
 for Treasurer, and James McCartney, for Attorney-General. Ex- 
 Senator Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its candidate 
 for Governor, with General L. B. Parsons for Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 The Republican National Convention met in Chicago, June 
 2d. After thirty-six ballots, in which 306 delegates stood un- 
 waveringly by General Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was 
 nominated with Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-Pres- 
 ident. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock was the Democratic candi- 
 date and Gen. James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In 
 Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiving a plurality of 
 40,716. The entire Republican State ticket was elected by 
 nearly the same pluralities, and the Republicans again had deci- 
 sive majorities in both branches of tlie Legislature. 
 
 No startling events occurred during Governor Cullom's sec- 
 ond term. The State continued to increase in wealth, population 
 and prosperity, and the heavy debt, by which it had been bur- 
 dened thirty years before, was practically " wiped out." 
 
 Gen. Horace H. Thomas, of Chicago, was Speaker of the 
 Hovise at the session of iSSi. At the election of 1882, Gen. 
 John C. Smith, who had been elected State Treasurer in 1878, 
 was re-elected for a second term, over Alfred Orendorff, while 
 Charles T. Strattan, the Republican candidate for State Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction, was defeated by Henry Raab. 
 The Republicans again had a majority in each House of the
 
 CARTER H. HARRISON.
 
 ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 115 
 
 General Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot. Loren 
 C. Collins was elected Speaker of the House. 
 
 In the election of United States Senator, which occurred at 
 this session, Governor Cullom was chosen as the successor to 
 David Davis, Gen. John M. Palmer receiving the Democratic 
 vote. Lieut.-Gov. John M. Hamilton thus became Governor, 
 nearly in the middle of his term. 
 
 Like his three immediate predecessors in the executive 
 chair, Cullom is a native of Kentucky, born at Monticello, 
 Wayne County, in that State, November 22, 1829. His father, 
 Richard N. Cullom, came to Illinois in 1831, settling in Taze- 
 well County, and served several terms in the Legislature. The 
 son spent his boyhood on the farm, after which he received two 
 years of training in Rock River Seminary at Mt. Morris, mean- 
 while devoting some time to teaching; in 1853 he entered the law 
 office of Stuart and Edwards at Springfield as a student ; was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1855, an( ^ soon after elected City Attorney ; 
 was elected to the House of Representatives from Sangainon 
 County in 1856, and again in 1860, when he was chosen speaker 
 of the House ; was appointed by President Lincoln, in 1862, on a 
 commission, in conjunction with Geo. S. Boutwell, of Massachu- 
 setts, and Charles A. Dana, of New York, to look after certain 
 claims at Cairo, growing out of the war. In 1864 he received 
 his first nomination for Congress and was elected; being re- 
 elected in 1866 and again 1868. In 1872 he was again elected 
 Representative, serving in the famous Twenty-ninth General 
 Assembly, which was the last official position held by him 
 until his election as Governor in 1876, followed by his re- 
 election in 1880. In 1889 he was re-elected his own succesor in 
 the United States Senate, over John M. Palmer, and is now serv- 
 ing his second term. He is recognized as an astute and saga- 
 cious politician, and has seldom been defeated when a candidate 
 for office. 
 
 John M. Hamilton belongs to the younger generation of 
 Illinois politicians, having been born in Union Count}', Ohio,
 
 Il6 THE WHITE CITY ILLINIOS. 
 
 May 28, 1847. His father came to Marshall County, Illinois, in 
 1854, and at the age of seventeen young Hamilton enlisted in the 
 I4ist Illinois Volunteers. He was graduated at the Ohio Wes- 
 leyan University in 1868, and engaged in teaching at Henry, 
 Illinois, but was soon appointed a professor of languages in the 
 Illinois Wesley an University at Bloomington. He was admitted 
 to the bar in 1870; elected to the State Senate from McLean 
 County in 1876, and in 1880 was nominated and elected Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor, becoming Governor two years later. 
 
 The "Harper High License Law," enacted by the Thirty- 
 third General Assembly (1883), has become one of the perma- 
 nent features of the Illinois statutes for the control of the liquor 
 traffic, and has been more or less closely copied in other States*. 
 
 In 1884, Gen. R. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the 
 Republican party for Governor, receiving at Peoria the conspic- 
 uous compliment of a nomination for a third term", by acclama- 
 tion. Carter H. Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. 
 
 The Republican National Convention was again held in 
 Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884; Gen. John A. Logan was the 
 choice of the Illinois Republicans for President, and was put 
 in nomination in the Convention by Senator Cullom. The 
 choice of the Convention, however, fell upon James G. Blaine on 
 the fourth ballot, his leading competitor being President Arthur. 
 Logan was then nominated for Vice-President by acclamation. 
 
 At the election in November the Republican party met its 
 first reverse on the National battlefield since 1856, Grover Cleve- 
 land and Thomas A. Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, be- 
 ing elected President and Vice-President by the narrow margin 
 of less than 1,200 votes in the State of New York. The result 
 was in doubt for several days, and the excitement throughout the 
 country was scarcely less than it had been in the close election 
 of 1876. The Greenback and Prohibition parties both had tick- 
 ets in Illinois, polling a total of nearly 23,000 votes. The plu- 
 
 *For an extended history of temperance legislation in the State, see " Moses' History 
 of Illinois," pp. 882-892.
 
 ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. I IJ 
 
 rality in the State for Elaine was 25,118. The Republican State 
 officers elected were R. J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith, 
 Lieutenant-Governor ; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of State ; 
 Charles P. Swigert, Auditor; Frederick Becker, State Treasurer; 
 and George Hunt, Attorney-General receiving pluralities rang- 
 ing from 14,000 to 25,000. 
 
 An incident of this election was the fraudulent attempt to 
 seat Rudolph Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of Henry 
 W. Lernan, in the Sixth Senatorial District of Cook County. 
 The fraud was exposed and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged 
 perpetrators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four years for 
 perjury growing out of the investigation. A motive for this at- 
 tempted fraud was found in the close vote in the Legislature for 
 United States Senator Senator Logan being a candidate for re- 
 election, while the Legislature stood 102 Republicans to 100 
 Democrats and two Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious 
 contest on the election of Speaker of the House finally resulted 
 in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending the struggle over the 
 Senatorship, two seats in the House and one in the Senate were 
 rendered vacant by death the deceased Senator and one of the 
 Representatives being Democrats, and the other Representative 
 a Republican. The special election for Senator resulted in fill- 
 ing the vacancy with a new member of the same political faith 
 as his predecessor; but both vacancies in the House were filled 
 by Republicans. This gave the Republicans a majority in each 
 House and the re-election of Logan followed, though not until 
 two months had been consumed in the contest*. 
 
 Logan was one of the few men prominent in State politics 
 who was a native of Illinois, having been born at Murphysboro, 
 February 9, 1826. At the age of twenty-one he enlisted in the 
 
 *The result was brought about by the election of Capt. William H. Weaver, 
 Representative from the Thirty-fourth District (composed of Mason, Menard, Cass and 
 Schuyler Counties) over the Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death 
 of Representative J. Henrv Shaw, Democrat. This was accomplished by what is called a 
 "still hunt " on the part of the Republicans, in which the Democrats were taken by sur- 
 prise. It furnished the sensation not only of the session, but of special elections gener- 
 ally, especially as every county in the District was strongly Democratic.
 
 Il8 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Mexican war as a member of the Fifth regiment, Illinois Volun- 
 teers, becoming second lieutenant of his company. Returning 
 home he began the study of law with his uncle, ex-Lieut.-Gov. 
 Alex. M. Jenkins; was elected County Clerk; served in the 
 Legislature two terms (the i8th and 2oth),and was then elected 
 to the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses from the 
 Southern District of the State. Previous to the war he was a 
 zealous Democrat, but having entered into the struggle for the 
 preservation of the Union he was ever after as earnest a Repub- 
 lican. He entered the field as Colonel of the Thirty-first Illi- 
 nois, was severely wounded at Fort Donelson, and rapidly pro- 
 moted, retiring at the close of the war with the rank of Major- 
 General. He was three times elected Congressman from the 
 State-at-large, and before the close of his last term was elected to 
 the United States Senate as successor to Richard Yates; was 
 again elected to the Senate in 1879 as successor to Oglesby, and 
 was re-elected his own successor. in 1885, also being the Repub- 
 lican candidate for Vice-President in 1884. He died in office, De- 
 cember 26, 1886. He was as brilliant and aggressive a political 
 leader as he had been a soldier in the field. 
 
 Gov. R. J. Oglesby was a native of Kentucky, being born 
 in Oldham County, July 25, 1824. He came to Illinois in 1836 
 and in his boyhood pursued the carpenter's trade, but afterward 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar in Moultrie County. He 
 was a soldier in the Mexican War, serving as First Lieutenant 
 in Company C, of Col. E. D. Baker's regiment; was a candidate 
 for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticket in 1852, and an un- 
 successful candidate for Congress, from the Decatur District, in 
 1858. In 1860 he was elected to the State Senate, and was one of 
 the first to enlist in the' Union army in 1861, being commissioned 
 Colonel of the Eighth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, for both the 
 three months' and the three years' service. At the battle of Cor- 
 inth he was shot through the left lung and was supposed to be 
 fatally wounded; became a Major-General in November, 1862, 
 but resigned in 1864 on account of physical disability. His
 
 Gov. JOHN P. ALTGELD.
 
 ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 119 
 
 election to the Governorship in the latter year, and to the United 
 States Senate in 1873, just as he was entering upon his second 
 term as Governor, have already been referred to. He is the only 
 man in the history of the State who has been elected Governor 
 for a third term a fact which illustrates his great personal popu- 
 larity. He is now spending the evening of his days engaged in 
 agricultural pursuits near Elkhart, Logan County, in the enjoy- 
 ment of well-earned comfort and the respect of his fellow-citizens 
 of all parties. 
 
 The only disturbing event during Governor Oglesby's third 
 term, were strikes among the quarrymen at Joliet and Lemont, 
 in May, 1885 ; by the railroad switchmen at East St. Louis, in 
 April, 1886, and among the employes at the Union Stock- Yards, 
 in November of the same year. In each case troops were called 
 out and order finally restored, but not until several persons had 
 been killed in the two former, and both strikers and employers 
 had lost heavily in the interruption of business. 
 
 At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and Dr. Richard 
 Edwards (Republicans) were respectively elected State Treas- 
 urer and State Superintendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 
 plurality for the former and 29,928 for the latter. 
 
 In the Thirty-fifth General Assmbly, which met January, 
 1887, the Republicans had a majority in each House, and Charles 
 B. Farwell was elected to the United States Senate in place of 
 Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. Farwell had served two terms as 
 County Clerk of Cook County, one term as member of the State 
 Board of Equalization, and three terms in Congress, but was 
 most widely known as a successful merchant of the firm of John 
 V. Farwell & Co. For a number of years he served his party 
 very efficiently as Chairman of the Republican State Central 
 Committee. 
 
 The political campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though 
 less bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex-Senator 
 Joseph W. Fifer, of McLean County, and Ex-Gov. John M. 
 Palmer were pitted against each other as opposing candidates
 
 I2O THE WHITK CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 for Governor. Prohibition and Labor tickets were also in the 
 field. The Republican National Convention was again held in 
 Chicago, June 20-25, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin 
 Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The delegates from 
 Illinois, with two or three exceptions, voted steadily for Judge 
 Walter Q. Gresham. Grover Cleveland headed the Democratic 
 ticket as a candidate for re-election. At the November election, 
 747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving the Republican elec- 
 tors a plurality of 22,104. Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 
 12,547, and that of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, 
 still larger. Those elected were L- B. Ray, Lieutenant-Governor ; 
 Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, 
 Auditor; Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt, Attor- 
 ney-General. The Republicans secured twenty-six majority on 
 joint ballot in the Legislature the largest since 1881. Among 
 the acts of the Legislature of 1889 were the re-election of Sena- 
 tor Cullom to the United States Senate, practically without a 
 contest ; the revision of the compulsory education law, and the 
 enactment of the Chicago drainage law. At a special session 
 held in 1890, the preliminary legislation bearing upon the hold- 
 ing of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 i n tne city of 
 Chicago, was had. 
 
 The campaign of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Repub- 
 licans on both the State and legislative tickets. Edward S. Wil- 
 son was elected Treasurer by a plurality of 9,847 and Prof. 
 Henry Raab, who had been Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 between 1883 and 1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. 
 Though lacking two of an absolute majority on joint ballot in the 
 Legislature, the Democrats were able, with the aid of two mem- 
 bers belonging to the Farmer's Alliance, after a prolonged and 
 exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer, United States 
 Senator as successor to C. B. Farwell. 
 
 Senator Palmer has been conspicuous in Illinois history for 
 nearly fifty years. Born in Kentucky in 1817, he came to Illi- 
 nois in 1831, spent some time in Shurtleff College at Upper Alton;
 
 ILLINOIS REI'riil.ICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 121 
 
 then became a teacher, and, after studying law, was admitted to 
 the bar in 1839. The first office he held was that of Probate 
 Judge of Maconpin County ; he next served in the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847; was elected, as a Democrat, to the 
 State Senate in 1852 to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1854 
 about the latter period taking a position against the Kansas- 
 Nebraska Act. This brought him in relation with the newly 
 organizing Republican party, and he was chosen to preside over 
 its first State Convention, held at Bloomington, in May, 1856. 
 In 1858 he was defeated as a candidate for Congress in the 
 Springfield District, by John A. McClernand ; was a Republican 
 elector in 1868; served as a member of the Washington Peace 
 Conference of 1861 ; was soon after commissioned Colonel of the 
 Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, proving himself a 
 brave soldier at Stone's River, Chicamauga and other battle- 
 fields, and being rapidly promoted to the rank of Major-General. 
 On account of a difference with General Sherman on a question 
 of precedence in rank he asked to be relieved of his command 
 before Atlanta, in 1864 ; was appointed by the President, in the 
 last year of the war, to the command of the military district of 
 Kentucky, but finally resigned September i, 1866. In 1868 he 
 was nominated and elected, by the Republicans, Governor of 
 Illinois. Near the close of his term he joined in the "Liberal 
 Republican" movement of 1872, finally identifying himself with 
 the Democratic party. Besides making an unsuccessful race for 
 Governor in 1888, he has repeatedly received the support of his 
 party for United States Senator, though his present place in the 
 Senate is the first official position he has held since retiring from 
 the Governorship. 
 
 Governor Fifer's, the last in a long succession of Republi- 
 can administrations, closed with the industrial and financial in- 
 terests of the State in a prosperous condition, the State out of 
 debt and with an ample surplus in its treasury. Fifer was born 
 of German parentage at Stanton, Virginia, October 28, 1840, and 
 came to McLean County, Illinois, in 1857. Here he pursued
 
 122 THE WHITE CITY ILI.IXOIS. 
 
 the occupation of his father, which was that of a farmer and 
 bricklayer. At the breaking out of the war, having not yet 
 reached his majority, he enlisted as a private in Company C of 
 the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the Normal or 
 "School Teachers' Regiment." In the assault at Jackson, Miss- 
 issippi, in 1863, a minie-ball passed entirely through his body, 
 inflicting a wound at first considered mortal. After a long con- 
 valescence he returned to his regiment, rendering faithful ser- 
 vice to the end of the period of his enlistment ; he still suffers, 
 however, from the effect of his wound. After his discharge from 
 the army he entered the Wesleyaii University at Bloomington, 
 graduating in the class of 1868, and a year later was admitted to 
 the bar. Having served successively in the offices of corporation 
 counsel of the city of Bloomington and of State's Attorney for Mc- 
 Lean County, he was elected to the State Senate, serving in the 
 Thirty-second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. Here he 
 established a reputation as a speaker and legislator, as he had 
 already done as a prosecutor in the office of State's Attorney, 
 laying the foundation of that popularity which secured for him 
 active friends throughout the State and resulted in his election as 
 Governor in 1888. He was nominated for re-election, with most 
 of the other State officers in 1892, but in the general revulsion 
 which swept over the country, was defeated. Governor Fifer was 
 the first private soldier of the late war to be elevated to the exec- 
 utive chair, but will probably not be the last. Since retiring 
 from office he has resumed the practice of his profession at 
 Bloomington. 
 
 The only new names on the Republican State ticket of 1892 
 were those of Henry L. Hertz for Treasurer, and George \Y. 
 Prince, of Galesburg, for Attorney-General the latter in place 
 of George Hunt, who had acquitted himself with distinguished 
 ability through two terms. 
 
 The Democratic National Convention of 1892 was held at 
 Chicago, June 21-24, and that of the Republicans at Minneap- 
 olis; the former placing in nomination Grover Cleveland for
 
 VICE PRES., ADLAI E. STEVENSON.
 
 ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. 123 
 
 the Presidency for a third time, with Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illi- 
 nois, for Vice-President ; the latter renominating President Har- 
 rison, with Whitelaw Reed, of New York, for the second place. 
 The Democratic State ticket bore the names of John P. Altgeld, 
 of Cook County, for Governor; J. B. Gill, of Jackson, for Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor ; William H. Hinrichsen, of Morgan, for Secre- 
 tary of State; David Gore, of Macoupin, for Auditor; Rufus N. 
 Ramsay, of Clinton, for Treasurer, and Maurice T. Moloney of 
 La Salle, for Attorney-General; it was elected by pluralities 
 ranging from 19,537 to 23,569. The plurality for the Cleveland 
 electors was 26,993, and that for Altgeld for Governor was 22,- 
 808. The Prohibitionist and Populist parties cast a combined 
 vote in the State of over 47,000. Of the twenty-two Represent- 
 atives in Congress from the Sta.te, eleven are Republicans and 
 eleven Democrats, including among the latter, two Congressmen 
 from the .State-at-large. The Thirty-eighth General Assembly 
 stands twenty-nine Democrats to twenty-two Republicans in the 
 Senate, and seventy-eight Democrats to seventy-five Republicans 
 in the House. 
 
 Governor Altgeld, though new in State politics, is not with- 
 out positive opinions, and has enjoyed considerable local noto- 
 riety. He is the first foreign-born citizen who has ever been 
 elected Governor of Illinois. Born in Prussia about 1848, he 
 came to America in boyhood, his father settling in the vicinity of 
 Mansfield, Ohio, where he received such education as the com- 
 mon schools afforded. Early in 1864 he enlisted as a substitute 
 in an Ohio regiment and saw some service in the operations 
 against Richmond. After the war he spent some time in a 
 select school at Lexington, Ohio, still later dividing his time be- 
 tween teaching, study and farm work. About 1869 he went to 
 Missouri, finally reaching Savannah in that State, where he en- 
 gaged in reading law and was admitted to the bar the next year. 
 In 1874 he was elected to his first office that of prosecuting at- 
 torney of Andrew Count}', Missouri but resigned in the middle 
 of his term, removing to Chicago in the fall of 1875. In 1884 he
 
 124 
 
 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 was a candidate for Congress on the Democratic ticket in the 
 Third District, but was defeated by the Hon. George E. Adams. 
 In 1885 he was regarded as a possible candidate for United States 
 Senator, but in the following year was elected a Judge of the 
 Superior Court. Besides attending to his duties as a Judge, he 
 has been a somewhat prolific writer, especially on economic and 
 punitive or reformatory policies. He also engaged in real estate 
 transactions in which he was very fortunate, accumulating a 
 large fortune in the course of ten or twelve years. This induced 
 him to resign his position on the bench and to look higher, 
 aspiring to the United States Senatorship in 1891, and finally to 
 the Governorship two years later.
 
 BOARD OF TRADE, CHICAGO.
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE BUILDING OF A STATE. 
 
 THREE-QUARTERS OF A CENTURY UNDER THE STATE GOVERN- 
 MENT COMMON SCHOOLS AND .STATE INSTITUTIONS 
 EARLY NEWSPAPERS INDUSTRIES AGRICULTURE 
 -ILLINOIS COAL PRODUCTION ILLINOIS AND 
 MICHIGAN CANAL RAILROADS 
 MANUFACTURES, ETC. 
 
 v ^EFORE the close of the year 1893, Illinois will 
 have completed the third quarter century of its 
 existence as a State. With a history running 
 back two hundred years, to the time when Joliet 
 and La Salle, with their little bands of Canadian 
 voyageurs, first entered its wilds, and Marquette, 
 Allouez and Gravier founded their missions 
 among the Indian tribes on the Upper Illinois, the 
 area of its greatest development is comprised within 
 these seventy-five years of State history. The preceding hun- 
 dred and twenty-five years constituted a period of exploration 
 and investigation with imperfect and inadequate agencies, in 
 which the transition from savagery to civilization was sometimes 
 so slow and gradual that it was often doubtful whether there was 
 real progress, and when the elements of both were so intermin- 
 gled that it was hard to find the dividing line where heathen 
 barbarism ended and Christian enlightment began. And yet, 
 as in all new countries, there has been no period so full of stir- 
 ring incidents and of romantic, even tragic interest, as that in 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 as
 
 126 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 which the "Country of the Illinois" was being won from its 
 aboriginal proprietors and prepared to become the home of the 
 four millions of people who occupy its soil to-day. 
 
 It will be the object of this chapter to note some of the 
 changes which have been wrought upon the country in the pe- 
 riod named, and to point out some of the agencies by which 
 these results have been achieved. In the first place, Illinois 
 owes its wonderful development, for the first fifty years after its 
 organization as a Territory, to the remarkable foresight and 
 sagacity of the authors of the Ordinance of 1787. This pro- 
 tected it from the blight of human slavery, which then spread 
 over half the Republic and threatened every new Territory. It 
 also laid the foundation of that liberal system of free school edu- 
 cation which had but just begun to obtain a foothold in the most 
 progressive States, but which has since become the heritage and 
 pride of the Northwest. The act of the authors of the Ordi- 
 nance of 1787 in declaring in favor of the encouragement of 
 "schools and the means of education," on the ground that "re- 
 ligion, morality and knowledge " are "necessary to good govern- 
 ment," was supplemented by Judge Nathaniel Pope, then Dele- 
 gate from the Territory of Illinois, in securing the introduction, 
 for the first time in the enabling act of 1818, of a provision 
 setting apart the sixteenth section of each township and three- 
 fifths of the five per cent, fund accruing to the State from the 
 sale of public lands within its borders, to the cause of education. 
 It is a curious fact that, during the first year after the settlement 
 of the question that Illinois was still to maintain its stand as a 
 free State, by the refusal of the people, in 1824, to call a State 
 Convention for the purpose of making a pro-slavery Constitution, 
 the first law (that of 1825) looking to a system of free schools 
 was enacted by the Legislature. Although little was accom- 
 plished under this act, owing to the poverty of the people and 
 the inability to dispose of the school lands to advantage, it in- 
 dicated the drift of public sentiment which has since brought 
 about positive results.
 
 ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 127 
 
 Intimately connected with the free-school system in fact, 
 leading and directing the public sentiment which successfully 
 demanded its establishment was the newspaper press. The 
 first newspaper published in the State was the Illinois Herald 
 changed in 1817 to the Illinois Intelligencer- it was established 
 at Kaskaskia by Capt. Matthew Duncan, a brother of Joseph 
 Duncan, afterwards a member of Congress and Governor of the 
 State. The date of the establishment of the Herald has been 
 claimed as early as 1809, the year of the organization of the 
 Territorial Government, though there is no positive evidence of 
 its publication before 1814. The Illinois Emigrant was pub- 
 lished, at Shawneetown, in 1818, its editor, Henry Eddy, being a 
 lawyer of recognized ability and State reputation. Its name 
 was changed in 1824 to the Illinois Gazette. The Kdwardsville 
 Spectator, the third paper published in the State, was started 
 by Hooper Warren in 1819. The Star of the West, established 
 at the same place in 1822, became the Illinois Republican in 1823. 
 The Republican Advocate took the place of the Intelligencer, 
 which had been removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia in 1823, 
 R. K. Fleming, the head of a family long connected with the 
 press at Belleville and elsewhere in the southern part of the 
 State, being the publisher. These five papers were published in 
 1824 and took a more or less active part in the discussion of the pro- 
 posed new Constitution for the establishment of slavery the Illi- 
 nois Republicans^ the Republican Advocate favoring the measure; 
 the Spectator and finally the Intelligencer opposing it, and the 
 Shawneetown Gazette publishing articles on both sides, though 
 its influence was rather opposed to the proposition. Other early 
 papers, though of a somewhat later date than these, were the 
 Sangamo Spectator, established at Springfield in 1826 by Hooper 
 Warren; the Miners 1 Journal, at Galena, by James Jones, in 
 1828; the Illinois Corrector, at Edwardsville, also in 1828; the 
 Galena Advertiser, published by Newhall, Philleo & Co., at 
 Galena in 1829 the "Co." being Hooper Warren, who had been 
 connected with papers at Edwardsville and Springfield; the Al-
 
 128 THK WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 ton Spectator, started by Edward Breath in 1830; the Sangamo 
 Journal (now State Journal} founded in 1831 by Simeon Francis, 
 who continued to conduct it until 1855, and the oldest paper of 
 continuous publication in the State ; the Alton Telegraph, estab- 
 lished a year later; and the Chicago Democrat, the first paper 
 ever published in Chicago, founded by John Calhoun in 1833, 
 contimied by John Wentworth for twenty-five years and merged 
 into the Chicago Tribune in 1861. The first daily paper pub- 
 lished in Chicago or the State, was the Chicago American, estab- 
 lished in 1839. 
 
 Such were the beginnings of the newspaper press of Illi- 
 nois and its growth during the first quarter century of the exis- 
 tence of the Territorial and State Governments. How it has ex- 
 panded and grown since that time is indicated by the fact that 
 the whole number of periodical publications in the State of all 
 sorts, in 1892, was 1,572, published in 536 cities, towns and vil- 
 lages. Of these 136 were issued daily ; 1,150 weekly; 36 semi- 
 monthly; 209 monthly, and 14 quarterly. 
 
 Undoubtedly the first schools established in the " Country of 
 the Illinois" were those founded by the early priests and mis- 
 sionaries for the purpose of giving instruction to the children of 
 the pioneers, and such of the natives as would accept it, in the 
 rudiments of a secular education and in the tenets of the church. 
 For a hundred years up to and after the capture of Kaskaskia 
 and the neighboring settlements by Col. George Rogers Clark, 
 in 1778 French was the only language used in the country be- 
 sides the dialects of the various tribes of Indians. Capt. Philip 
 Pittrnan, who visited Kaskaskia between 1766 and 1770, in his 
 report on the " European Settlements on the Mississippi," makes 
 mention of the "Jesuits' house" at Kaskaskia, which has been 
 called by others "the Jesuit College," supposed to have been 
 used as a fort at the time of the capture by Clark. This was no 
 doubt used as a school for both whites and Indians, as well as a 
 home by the priests, and a place of instruction for the acolytes 
 and candidates for the priesthood. The first English school was
 
 ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. I2Q 
 
 taught at New Design, in Monroe County, by John Seely, where 
 the first English settlement had been established a year pre- 
 vious. It is impossible to follow in. these pages the establish- 
 ment of individual schools or the development in detail of the 
 school system under the State Government. This has been a 
 process of " the survival of the fittest," though the greatest de- 
 velopment undoubtedly occurred under the long and successful 
 administration of the office of State Superintendent of Public In- 
 struction by Dr. Newton Bateman now the honored President 
 of Kiiox College at Galesburg extending from 1859 to 1875, 
 with the exception of an interval of two years. During this 
 period the school laws were codified and rendered harmonious, 
 and the efforts made to establish a system of free-schools per- 
 fected. 
 
 The following statistics are taken from the report of the 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1890: 
 
 No. of Schools 12,259 
 
 No. of School Houses . ' 12,252 
 
 No. of Teachers 23, 164 
 
 Receipts From all Sources $12,402,495 
 
 Expenditures $12,137,281 
 
 The average salaries for the same period were $54.63 per month 
 for male teachers and $44.41 for female teachers. 
 
 The permanent school fund derived from all sources, ac- 
 cording to the same report, was $5,780,692, while the value of 
 school lands still unsold, amounted to $5,204,861, making a total 
 of $10,985,553. 
 
 ' Of higher institutions of learning Colleges and Semi- 
 naries having an average attendance of 100 pupils each, for 
 the year 1888, there were forty-two. Of these, six were de- 
 voted to instruction in theology, the others being wholly or in 
 part literary and scientific. The oldest is Illinois College, at 
 Jacksonville, founded in 1829 by a band of young men from Yale 
 College, though not incorporated for several years, on account of 
 the prejudice in the Legislature against "Yankees " and the in- 
 corporation of institutions to teach theology that being one of 
 the departments according to the original plan. The late Dr.
 
 130 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Julian M. Sturtevant, for many years its President, was most 
 active in the establishment of this institution, while, the ven- 
 erable Dr. Edward Beecher was its first President. McKendree 
 College, at Lebanon, came next, being incorporated by the same 
 Legislature that incorporated Illinois College, though it had 
 been established as an experimental school some years before. 
 The Female Academy at Jacksonville and the Monticello Female 
 Seminary at Godfrey were established the same year (1835) as 
 was also Shurtleff College at Upper Alton at first a young 
 men's College under the patronage of the Baptist church, 
 though now a mixed school. 
 
 Within the past two years a great impulse has been given to 
 higher education by the establishment of the University of Chi- 
 cago, with an endowment and building fund now estimated at 
 seven millions of dollars, contributed by a number of liberal 
 capitalists headed by John D. Rockefeller ; the Armour Insti- 
 tute of Chicago, and the enlargement .of the plans of other in- 
 stitutions, including the Northwestern University at Evanston, 
 and Lake Forest University at Lake Forest. 
 
 As a part of its educational system, the State has established 
 and maintains three institutions of a high grade, viz: the Illi- 
 nois State Normal University (founded in 1857), at Normal; the 
 University of Illinois (1867), at Champaign, and the Southern 
 Normal University (1869), at Carboudale. The first two of 
 these were practically the outcome of an agitation maintained 
 with great activity for several years for the establishment in the 
 State of an "Industrial University," having for its object impart- 
 ing instruction in those branches "related to agriculture and the 
 mechanic arts," though other scientific and classical studies were 
 not to be excluded. This scheme was advocated with great 
 earnestness by an association of prominent citizens of the State, 
 at the head of which was the venerable Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, 
 of Jacksonville, and a series of State conventions for its promo- 
 tion was held, beginning with 1851. They finally saw the frui- 
 tion of their hopes in the passage by Congress, in 1862, of an
 
 ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 
 
 act making a grant of lands to each of the States for the purpose 
 of founding institutions of the character desired, and the Illi- 
 nois University at Champaign was the result, so far as Illinois 
 was concerned. 
 
 The system of benevolent institutions, built up by the State 
 of Illinois almost entirely within the past forty years, is of the 
 most extensive and liberal character. These include the Insti- 
 tution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb (now the most 
 extensive of the kind in the world) at Jacksonville, founded by 
 an act of the Legislature in 1839, but not opened for pupils un- 
 til 1846; the Central Hospital for the Insane, Jacksonville, 
 founded in 1847, ^ ut not opened until four years later; the Insti- 
 tution for the Blind, Jacksonville, 1849; tne Soldiers' Orphans' 
 Home, Normal, 1865; the Institution for Feeble-Minded Chil- 
 dren, first established as an "experimental school " at Jackson- 
 ville, 1865, permanently established at Lincoln in 1875; the 
 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin, 1869 ; Eye and Ear 
 Infirmary, Chicago, 1871; Eastern Hospital for the Insane, Kan- 
 kakee, 1877; Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy, 1885; Asy- 
 lum for Insane Criminals, Chester, 1889. The aggregate value 
 of these institutions was estimated several years ago at over $5,- 
 000,000, but it has been largely increased by additions to the 
 buildings belonging to several of them since. 
 
 The aggregate number of inmates in the several benevolent 
 institutions of the State, according to the report of the Board of 
 Public Charities in 1890, was 10,271, of which 5,772 were in 
 Hospitals for the Insane ; 507 in the Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb; 187 in the School for the Blind; 489 in the Institution 
 for the Feeble-minded; 503 in the Soldiers' Orphans' Home; 
 526 in the Reform School, and 1,347 in tne Soldiers' and Sailors' 
 Home. 
 
 The penal and reformatory institutions include the Northern 
 Penitentiary, originally located at Alton in 1831, but removed to 
 Joliet by act of the Legislature in 1851 ; the Southern Peniten- 
 tiary, at Chester, established in 1887, and the Reform School at
 
 132 THK WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Pontiac, established in 1867. The combined cost of these insti- 
 tutions has been about $2,000,000. 
 
 Possessing a soil unsurpassed in natural fertility ; situated be- 
 tween the Lakes and the greatest river of the continent, which 
 connects it with the Gulf of Mexico, and -stretching through five 
 and a half degrees of the most desirable portion of the temper- 
 ate /one, Illinois is primarily an agricultural State. In the 
 variety and abundance of its products it is unsurpassed. Jn 
 proportion to its area, it contains fewer acres of land unfit for 
 cultivation than any other State in the Union. The State Board 
 of Agriculture and the State Horticultural Society, aided by the 
 county societies, have been untiring in their efforts to promote 
 the interests of cultivators of the soil and have accomplished 
 much in that direction. 
 
 The agricultural and horticultural products include corn, 
 wheat and the other varieties of grain; apples, peaches and small 
 fruits especially strawberries in the southern part; and every 
 variety of garden vegetables common to the temperate zone. 
 These products are easily marketed by means of the railroad 
 lines which traverse every section of the State, and find a ready 
 sale in Chicago, St. Louis and the smaller cities. 
 
 Owing to its geological formation it produces comparatively 
 few minerals, but those found are most useful and are easily 
 accessible : they include lead in the northwest and in the south ; 
 salt in the southeast ; kaolin (clay suitable for the manufacture 
 of porcelain ), in the south; several varieties of building stone in 
 different portions, with small deposits of iron in some of the 
 southern counties. But the mineral which exists in the greatest 
 abundance, and for which there is the largest demand, is the 
 bituminous coal which underlies, in practically exhaustless 
 abundance, more than half the area of the State. The develop- 
 ment of its. coal-mines has furnished a new and profitable in- 
 dustry for the employment of both labor and capital, besides 
 transforming a region, originally purely agricultural, into one of 
 the most desirable fields for manufacturing enterprises. The re-
 
 ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 133 
 
 port of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1891* shows that 918 
 mines were in operation during that year, in 57 counties of the 
 State, employing a total of 32,951 persons, of whom 26,059 were 
 miners. The total amount of coal mined was 15,660,698 tons, 
 representing in value at the mines, $14,237,974. The total pro- 
 duct for ten years from 1882 to 1891, inclusive, was 130,- 
 062, 270 tons. The estimated area of the coal fields of the State 
 is 37,000 square miles. 
 
 The feasibility of uniting the waters of Lake Michigan 
 with those of the Mississippi attracted the attention of the 
 earliest explorers, and was made the subject of a report by Al- 
 bert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, as early as 1808, and 
 by John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, in 1819. The scheme 
 began to be agitated in the State soon after its admission into 
 the Union, being discussed in the messages of Governors Bond 
 and Coles. The first legislation by Congress on the subject, 
 was the passage of an act, March 30, 1822, "authorizing the 
 State of Illinois to open a canal through the public lands to con- 
 nect the Illinois River with Lake Michigan" ; this was followed, 
 in 1827, by a grant of land amounting to about 300,000 acres, 
 for the purpose of prosecuting the work. After the passage of 
 various acts on the subject by the State Legislature commenc- 
 ing in 1825 at the session of 1835 a loan of $500,000 was 
 authorized and the work began July 4, 1836. It languished, 
 however, for years and it was not until April 10, 1848, that the 
 first boat passed through the canal from Lockport to Chicago ; 
 another passing through its whole length from La Salle to Chi- 
 cago, a distance of 100 miles, on the twenty-third of the same 
 month. The total amount expended in construction including 
 $2,955,340 refunded to Chicago after the great fire was $9,- 
 513,031, while the amount returned to the State up to 1879, was 
 $8,819,731, of which $5,886,039 was from the sale of canal lands 
 and the remainder from net earnings. 
 
 For years Illinois has stood in the front rank of States in 
 
 *No later reports are accessible at the date of preparing this chapter.
 
 134 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 the number and extent of its railroad lines. Its location in the 
 heart of the continent and on the great highway of commerce be- 
 tween the Atlantic and Pacific ; its uniformity of surface and the 
 productiveness of its soil, with its rapidly increasing population 
 and its growth of commercial and manufacturing cities, have 
 rendered it a profitable and favorite field for this class of enter- 
 prise. Chimerical as afterward appeared the gigantic internal 
 improvement scheme of 1836-7, its projectors dimly foresaw 
 what has since been more than realized. They were simply 
 mistaken as to the time and manner of the undertaking. They 
 proposed to invest $10,000,000 in the construction of half a 
 dozen main lines of railroad which should reach every quarter of 
 the State, and, in order to appease every section, commenced the 
 work at as many different points as possible. The result was, 
 that while they expended a vast sum of money, a section of only 
 58 miles of road then known as the "Northern Cross" was 
 completed, extending from the Illinois River, at Meredosia, to 
 Springfield. The first rail upon this was laid May 9, 1838; the 
 first locomotive was placed upon it six months after ; it was com- 
 pleted to Jacksonville, January i, 1840, and to Springfield in 
 May, 1842. Five years later it was sold to a Springfield banker 
 for $21,100, and being reconstructed, afterward became a part of 
 what is now known as the great " \V abash System." 11 
 
 The Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, chartered at the 
 same time as the Northern Cross, was commenced at Chicago 
 almost immediately, but work was suspended in 1838. Nine 
 years later it was resumed and in January, 1850, it was com- 
 pleted to Elgin, a distance of 42 miles; communication with 
 Galena was obtained in 1854 by way of the Illinois Central from 
 Freeport.f This line was afterward extended to Fulton, Illinois, 
 
 *A tram-way was built in St. Clair County by Ex-Gov. John Reynolds and his asso- 
 ciates, in 1836-7, for the transportation of coal from the bluffs to St. Louis, but this was no 
 part of the "internal improvement scheme" begun by the State, being a private 
 enterprise. 
 
 tAn interesting incident bearing upon this period in history, is the mention, in a 
 Galena paper in 1829, under the head of "Galena Enterprise," of thepassageof thefirst 
 freighting expedition between Galena and Chicago. This was desribed as " Mr. Soulard's 
 Mule team," which had recently returned " from Chicago near the southern-most bend
 
 ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 135 
 
 and became a part of the Chicago and Northwestern system. 
 
 The third road constructed was a section, thirteen miles in 
 length, between Txirner Junction and Aurora, in Du Page 
 County, at first known as the, " Aurora branch railroad," now a 
 part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. 
 
 The section of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, from Alton to 
 Springfield, was first chartered under the name of the "Alton 
 and Sangamon," in 1847. Its construction was begun in 1852 
 and completed to Springfield in 1853 ; to Bloomington in 1854 ; 
 to Joliet in 1856, and to Chicago in 1857, the original cost 
 amounting to $9,500.000. The various sections of this road came 
 into the hands of the present company in 1862. Its manage- 
 ment has been at once conservative and enterprising, and it 
 now ranks as one of the most successful railroad enterprises 
 in the land. It controls 848.98 miles of road, of which 586.36 
 miles are in Illinois. 
 
 The Illinois Central Railroad Company was organized in 
 1851 to construct a railroad from Cairo northward, with branches 
 to Chicago and Dubuque, Iowa, and was based on the grant of 
 lands by Congress to the State for that purpose. Work was 
 commenced almost immediately and was prosecuted during the 
 next five years, about 700 miles being constructed up to 1856. 
 It has since acquired several branch roads in the State and out 
 of it, and, with lines extending from New Orleans to Central 
 Iowa, is one of the gigantic railroad corporations of the country. 
 The amount paid by it into the State treasury in the seven per 
 cent, tax upon its gross eamings, from October 31, 1855, to 
 April 30, 1892, aggregated $13,175.352. 
 
 of Lake Michigan," whither it l.ad taken a load of one and a half tons of lead. The de- 
 termination of the exact location of Chicago is of interest. The paper adds : "This is 
 the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mississippi River to Chicago. The route 
 taken from the mines was to Ogee's ferry on Rock River 80 miles ; thence an east course 
 60 miles to the missionary establishment on Fox River of the Illinois, and thence a 
 northerly course, 60 miles to Chicago, making the distance from this place to Chicago, as 
 
 traveled," 200 miles The trip out was performed in eleven days and the return 
 
 trip in eight days The lead was taken by water from Chicago to Detroit . . . 
 
 . . . Should a road be surveyed and marked on the best ground and the shortest distance, 
 a trip could be performed in much less time. And if salt could be obtained at Chicago 
 from the New York salt-works, it would be a profitable and advantageous trade. ' ' (ialena 
 i; Si pi. //, 1X29.
 
 136 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Other earl} T railroad enterprises were the Terre Haute & 
 Alton Railroad now the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute be- 
 gun in 1852 and completed in 1854; the Chicago, Rock Island 
 & Pacific, begun under the name of the Chicago & Rock Island, 
 in 1852, and completed two years after; the Ohio & Mississippi, 
 from East St. Louis to Cincinnati, completed in 1857, with an 
 auxiliary line since constructed from Beardstown to Shawneetown, 
 intersecting the main line at Flora ; the St. Louis, Chicago & 
 St. Paul; the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw, etc. These roads have 
 of late years been generally prosperous and have accomplished a 
 vast work in the development of the country through which they 
 pass. 
 
 The various- lines of railroad in operation in Illinois num- 
 ber over sixty, many of them having numerous branches which 
 have been absorbed since their original construction. Their to- 
 tal mileage in Illinois, according to the report of the Railroad 
 and Warehouse Commission, for 1890, was 10,163 miles. During 
 the past two years about 170 miles have been constructed, mak- 
 ing the total mileage at the close of 1892, about 10,333. The 
 growth of this class of enterprise in the State is indicated by the 
 mileage at different decades, as follows : 
 
 Year. Miles. Year. Miles. 
 
 1850 in 1880 7-857 
 
 1860 2,790 1890 10,163 
 
 1870 4,823 1892 10,333 
 
 The following is a list of the principal railroad corporations 
 operating in the State, with the number of miles under control 
 of each in 1892: 
 
 NAME OF ROAD. Total Mileage. Mileage in State. 
 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 7,106.14 285.8 
 
 Chicago & Alton, 848.98 586.36 
 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 2,139.41 1,236.89 
 
 Chicago & Eastern Illinois, 272.3 221.64 
 
 Chicago & Northwestern, 4,300.21 586.28 
 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, 3,131.6 236.8 
 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, . . . 2,324.8 697 
 
 Elgin, Joliet & Eastern, 165 144 
 
 Illinois Central 2,989.09 1,395-55
 
 ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 137 
 
 NAME OF ROAD. Total Mileage. Mileage in State. 
 
 Indianapolis, Decatur & Western, *5 2 -5 74-S 
 
 Jacksonville Southeastern, 298.4 298.4 
 
 Lake Erie & Western . . . . 585.84 121.02 
 
 Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis, 350.3 '4-8 
 
 Louisville & Nashville 2,906.1 179.67 
 
 Mobile & Ohio, 687.6 160.6 
 
 Ohio & Mississippi, 625.75 371-49 
 
 Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, 243 201 
 
 Rock Island & Peoria 185 185 
 
 St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul, 85 85 
 
 St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute, 242 242 
 
 Terre Haute & Peoria, 144 144 
 
 Terre Haute & Indianapolis, 460.6 158.3 
 
 Toledo, Peoria & Western, 230 230 
 
 Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City, 451 172 
 
 Wabash, 1,834.4 726 
 
 Wisconsin Central, 851.15 59-62 
 
 Every county in the State but three is intersected by at least 
 one line of railroad; the exceptions are Calhoun, Hardin and 
 Pope. 
 
 Besides these, the Baltimore & Ohio; Chicago & Grand 
 Trunk ; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul ; Lake Shore & Mich- 
 igan Southern; Michigan Central; Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & 
 Chicago, though having a small extent of mileage in the State, 
 do a large business in Illinois. 
 
 While the rapid growth of the State has influenced the 
 building of railroads, still the influence of the railroad system 
 upon the prosperity of the Commonwealth has been reciprocal, as 
 is shown in the opening up of every section of it to cultivation, 
 in its rapid increase in population, the growth of towns and 
 cities, and the vast development of manufacturing enterprises. 
 Beginning with a population of 34,620 on its admission to the 
 Union, in 1818, in 1820 it had increased to 55,162; in 1830, 
 to 157,445; in 1840, to 476,183 ; in 1850, 10851,470; in 1860, to 
 1,711,951; in 1870, to 2,539,891; in 1880, to 3,077,871; and in 
 1890, to 3,818,536 more than the entire population of the thir- 
 teen original States, and making it the third State in population 
 in the Union, exceeded only by New York and Pennsylvania. 
 The census of 1890 returned twenty -one cities in the State each 
 with a population exceeding 10,000, against twelve of the same
 
 138 THK WHITK CITY TIJ.IXOIS. 
 
 class in 1880. The ratio of increase in these in the preceding 
 decade had been from twenty to more than one hundred per 
 cent. The city having the largest relative growth not except- 
 ing Chicago, which had extended its area by annexing several 
 suburbs was Joliet, followed by Elgin, Rockford and Aurora, in 
 the order named. In each case the rapid growth was due largely 
 to the development of manufacturing enterprises. Besides the 
 ' cities named, the following have grown rapidly in importance as 
 manufacturing centres: Springfield, Peoria, Bloomington, Mo- 
 line, Quincy, East St. Louis and Galesburg. Chicago and its 
 suburbs, with Joliet, East St. Louis and Springfield, lead in iron 
 and steel manufacture ; Rockford, Springfield and Decatur in 
 furniture and other forms of wood-work ; Elgin, Rockford and 
 Springfield, in watches; Chicago, Moline, Peoria, Rockford, De- 
 catur and Springfield, in agricultural implements ; while large 
 quantities of various qualities of paper are manufactured at 
 Rockford, Moline, Springfield and Rivertou, Chicago and Kan- 
 kakee. Immense stock-yards and packing-houses at Chicago 
 
 and East St. Louis furnish a market for the live stock of the 
 
 i 
 
 Mississippi valley and supply cured and canned meats for home 
 and foreign consumption ; the elevators of Chicago and East St. 
 Louis store the grain of the Northwest, and the mills of Alton, 
 Rockford, Quincy, Rock Island, Moline and other cities grind it 
 into flour for the markets of the world. 
 
 The aggregate valuation of taxable property in the State in 
 1892, was $831,310,306. As this was on an ackowledged basis 
 of about 25 per cent, of the cash value, the real value of the 
 whole property of the State will not fall short of $,3,300,000,000. 
 The proportion of the assessment falling upon railroads was 
 $77,108,390, and upon other corporations, $6,549,202. 
 
 This chapter would be wanting in completeness did it fail to 
 mention some of those who, as the original founders of the com- 
 monwealth, or, at a later period, its builders, protectors and de- 
 fenders, have assisted to make Illinois what it is to-day. And 
 first in order of time, if not in honor, should stand the name of
 
 MASONIC TEMPLE, CHICAGO.
 
 ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATE. 139 
 
 the eloquent orator of the Revolution, Patrick Henry, who, as 
 Governor of Virginia, authorized the expedition which captured 
 " the Illinois Country" from the British in 1778, and the in- 
 trepid and daring young Virginian, Col. George Rogers Clark, 
 who carried the plan into execution. Henry thus became Illi- 
 nois' first Governor. 
 
 Then, again, all honor is due to the men who gave form and 
 vitality to the Ordinance of 1787 to Thomas Jefferson wha 
 formulated the prohibition of slavery in the Territory of the 
 Northwest, which was finally passed in an amended and improved 
 form ; to Manasseh Cutler, the distinguished New England 
 champion of popular education, who aided in its adoption; to 
 Nathan Dane, the enlightened and sagacious statesman of Massa- 
 chusetts, who composed and drafted the act, and to Richard 
 Henry Lee of Virginia, and John Kean of South Carolina, 
 whose votes assisted to enact it into law. The fact is none the 
 less worthy of mention because Southern men, identified with 
 the institution of slavery, contributed in the largest measure to 
 the result. Neither can the services of Edwards, Territorial 
 Governor, United States Senator and State executive, be forgot- 
 ten ; nor those of the frank and generous Pierre Menard, first 
 Lieutenant-Governor ; nor of Nathaniel Pope, Delegate in Con- 
 gress, who won the soil on which Chicago stands for Illinois, and 
 secured a perpetual inheritance for the common schools of the 
 State ; nor of Daniel P. Cook, the youthful and gifted Congress- 
 man, who won the first victory in Congress for the Illinois and 
 Michigan Canal ; nor of Governor Coles, the patriotic executive, 
 who defeated the conspiracy to establish slavery in Illinois ; nor 
 his co-laborers the pure, scholarly and judicial -minded Lock- 
 wood, Hooper Warren, the pioneer journalist, and Thomas Lip- 
 pincott; nor of John McLean and Elias Kent Kane, in the 
 United States Senate ; nor of John Reynolds, Justice of the Su- 
 preme Court, Governor, Congressman, "Old Ranger" and histo- 
 rian; nor of the liberal and high-minded Duncan, Congressman 
 and Governor ; none of these can be deprived of the place which
 
 140 THR WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 has been assigned them in the history of the State. To a later 
 period belonged Governor Ford, historian, and defender of the 
 credit of the State ; Trumbnll and Douglas, each Secretary of 
 State, Justice of the Supreme Court, Congressman and United 
 States Senator; J. D. Caton, for twenty-two years on the Supreme 
 bench ; Sidney Breese, Justice of the Supreme Court, United 
 States Senator and Speaker of the House of Representatives ; 
 Hardin, Baker and Bissell, Congressmen and soldiers of the 
 Mexican War the first falling at Buena Vista, the second, at 
 Ball's Bluff in the War of the Rebellion, and the last becoming 
 the first Republican Governor of Illinois. Among the men who 
 founded colonies and attracted new settlers, were Birkbeck and 
 Flower of the English settlement in Edwards County, the Bonds 
 of Monroe, the Lemens of St. Clair, the Judys of Madison, the 
 Kinzies of old Fort Dearborn, and, of a later period, John Wood 
 of Quincy, Dixon and Dement on Rock River, Gurdon S. Hub- 
 bard, the Clybourns, Beaubiens, Philo S. Carpenter, and others 
 at Chicago. 
 
 Among educators, who founded and built up institutions, as 
 well as wrote history, were the indefatigable John M. Peck, Ed- 
 ward Beecher, Julian M. Sturtevant, Jonathan B. Turner; Prof. 
 Loomis and the Leverett Brothers of Shurtleff College; B. G. 
 Roots, William H. Wells, Dr. Richard Edwards, Dr. Newton 
 Bateman and a host of nameless teachers in log school-houses 
 who gave direction to the minds of the future leaders of the 
 State. Not less important were the labors of an army of pio- 
 neer ministers of various denominations who dispensed religious 
 instruction to the scattered population. 
 
 On material lines, a vast work was accomplished by the 
 engineers and capitalists who built up mercantile enterprises, 
 projected and constructed railroads, founded cities and erected 
 manufactories as the Morrisons, Lamb and Mather, at Old Kas- 
 kaskia; Gooding, Buckland, Jenne and Morgan, Ogden, Turner, 
 Farnam and others. 
 
 Coming down to the period of the late War, the number who
 
 ILLINOIS BUILDING A STATR. 
 
 141 
 
 won a prominent place in history is vastly increased. Many of 
 them surrendered their lives on southern battle-fields, including 
 a Wallace, a Wyman, a Mulligan and many more. Others sur- 
 vived to serve the State in official stations, such as Logan, 
 Oglesby, Palmer, Henderson, P. Sidney Post, Beveridge, Lippen- 
 cott, Jesse J. Phillips,. E. N. Bates, John C. and George W. 
 Smith, McNulta, Rinaker, Fifer and scores of their comrades. 
 A name with which to conjure among both soldiers and civilians, 
 was that of the gifted Yates, Illinois' patriotic "War Governor." 
 But two names from the ranks of Illinoisans have been assigned 
 a higher place than all others, and have left a deeper impress 
 upon the history of the State' and the Nation; these are Ulysses 
 S. Grant, the organizer of victory for the Union arms and con- 
 queror of the Rebellion, and Abraham Lincoln, the Great Eman- 
 cipator, the preserver of the Republic and its martyred 
 President.
 
 ><_< 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 ILLINOIS OFFICIALS. 
 
 
 
 LIST OF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS UNDER THE TERRITORIAL AND 
 
 STATE GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 OV. ARTHUR ST^CLAIR was the first regu- 
 larly appointed Governor of the Northwest Ter- 
 ritory (of which Illinois then formed a part), 
 receiving his appointment February i, 1788, and 
 serving until 1800, when Indiana Territory (in- 
 .cluding " the Illinois Country ") was set off from 
 Ohio. Gen. William Henry Harrison was then 
 (May 13, 1800) appointed Governor of the new Territory, con- 
 tinuing to serve so long as Illinois continued to be a part of it. 
 By act of Congress of February 3, 1809, Illinois Territory was 
 organized, and a few weeks later John Boyle of Kentucky, was 
 appointed Territorial Governor, but declined. Ninian Edwards 
 then (April 24, 1809) received the appointment and continued to 
 serve until after the first State election, October, 1818. 
 
 The following were the other chief officers during the Ter- 
 ritorial period: 
 
 Secretaries. Nathaniel Pope, March 7, 1809, to December 
 17, 1816; Joseph Philips, December 17, 1816, to October 6, 1818. 
 Auditors of Public Accounts. H. H. Maxwell, 1812-1816; 
 Daniel P. Cook, January 13, 1816, to April, 1817; Robert Black- 
 well, April 5, 1817, to August, 1817; Elijah C. Berry, August 
 28, 1817, to October 9, 1818. 
 
 Attorneys-General. Benjamin Doyle, July 24, 1809, to De- 
 cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, December 30, 1809, to April,
 
 ILLINOIS OFFICIALS. 143 
 
 1810 ; Thomas T. Crittenden, April 7, 1810, to Octooer, 1810; Ben- 
 jamin M. Piatt, October 29, 1810, to June, 1813; William Mears, 
 June 23, 1813, to February 17, 1818. 
 
 Treasurer. John Thomas, 1812-18. 
 
 Delegates to Congress. Shadrach Bond, 1812-14; Benja- 
 min Stephenson 1814-17 Nathaniel Pope, 1817-18. 
 
 STATE OFFICERS. 
 
 Governors. Shadrach Bond, 1818-22 ; Edward Coles, 1822- 
 26; Ninian Edwards, 1826-30; John Reynolds, 1830-4; William 
 L. D. Ewing (vice Reynolds, resigned), November 17, 1834, to 
 December 3, 1834; Joseph Duncan, 1834-8; Thomas Carlin, 
 1838-42; Thomas Ford, 1842-6; Augustus C. French, 1846 to 
 January, 1853; Joel A. Matteson, 1853-7; W. H. Bissell, 1857 
 to March 21, 1860; John Wood (vice Bissell, deceased), March, 
 1860, to January, 1861; Richard Yates, 1861-5; R. J. Oglesby, 
 1865-9; John M. Palmer, 1869-73; R. J. Oglesby, January 13, 
 1873, to January 23, 1873; John L/. Beveridge (vice Oglesby, 
 elected to United States Senate), 1873-7; Shelby M. Cullom, 
 1877-83; John M. Hamilton (vice Cullom, elected United States 
 Senator), 1883-5; R- J- Oglesby, 1885-9; Joseph W. Fifer, 
 1889-93; John P. Altgeld, 1893 
 
 Lietitenant-Governors. Pierre Menard, 1818-22 ; A. F. Hub- 
 bard, 1822-6; William Kinney, 1826-30; Zadock Casey, 1830 
 to March" i, 1833; W. L. D. Ewing (vice Casey, resigned), 
 March i, 1833, to December 5, 1834; Alexander M. Jenkins, 
 1834-6; William H. Davidson (vice Jenkins, resigned), 1836-8; 
 Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42; John Moore, 1842-6; Joseph B. 
 Wells, December, 1846, to January, 1849; William McMurtry, 
 1849-53; Gustavus Koerner, 1853-7; J^ n Wood, 1857-60; 
 Francis A. Hoffman, 1861-5; Wm. Bross, 1865-9; John Doug- 
 herty, 1869-73; John L. Beveridge, January 13, to January 23, 
 1873; John Early (as President of Senate), 1873-5; A. A. 
 Glenn (as President of Senate), 1875-7; Andrew Shurnan, 
 1877-81; John M. Hamilton, 1881-3; William J. Campbell (as
 
 144 THE WHITE CITY ILUXOIS. 
 
 President of Senate) , 1883-5; John C. Smith, 1885-9; Lyman 
 B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill, 1893- 
 
 Secretaries of State. Elias Kent Kane, 1818-22; Samuel 
 D. Lockwood, December, 1822, to April, 1823; David Blackwell, 
 1823-4; Morris Birkbeck, October, 1824, to January, 1825; 
 George Forquer, 1825-8; Alex. P. Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. 
 Douglas, November, 1840, to February, 1841; Lyman Trumbull, 
 1841-3 ; Thompson Campbell, 1843-6; Horace S. Cooley, 1849-50; 
 David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alex. Starne, 1853-7; Ozias M. 
 Hatch, 1857-65; Sharon Tyndale, 1865-9; Edward Rumniel, 
 1869-73; George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 
 1881-9; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H. Hinrichsen, 
 1893 
 
 Auditors of Public Accounts. Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; 
 James T. B. Stapp, 1831-5; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James 
 Shields, 1841-3; W. L. D. Ewing, 1843-5; Thomas H. Campbell, 
 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857, to December, 1864; Orlin H. 
 Miner, 1864-9 '> Charles E. Lippencott, 1869-77 5 Thos. B. 
 Needles, 1877-81; Charles P. Swigert, 1881-9; C. W. Pavey, 
 1889-93 i David Gore, 1893 
 
 State Treasurers. John Thomas, 1818-19; Rob't K. Mc- 
 Laughlin, 1819-23 ; Abner Field, 1823-7 5 James Hall, 1827-31 ; 
 John Dement, 1831-6; Charles Gregory, 1836-7; John D. 
 Whiteside, 1837-41 ; Milton Carpenter, 1841-8 ; John Moore, 
 1848-57; James Miller, 1857-9; William Butler, 1859-63; Alex. 
 Starne, 1863-5; James H. Beveridge, 1865-7; George W. Smith, 
 1867-9 ; E. N. Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz, 1873-5; Thomas 
 S. Ridgway, 1875-7; Edward Rutz, 1877-9; John C. Smith, 
 1879-81; Edward Rutz, 1881-3 ; John C. Smith, 1883-5; Jacob 
 Gross, 1885-7; John R- Tanner, 1887-9; Charles Becker, 
 1889-91; Edward S.Wilson, 1891-3 ; Rufus N. Ramsay, 1893 
 
 Attorneys-General. Daniel P. Cook, 1819; William Mears, 
 1819-21; S. D. Lockwood, 1821-3; James Turney, 1823-9; 
 George Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-4; N. W. Ed- 
 wards, 1834-5 ; Jesse B. Thomas, 1835-6 ; W. B. Scales, 1836-7 ;
 
 ILLINOIS OFFICIALS. 145 
 
 Usher F. Linder, 1837-8; George W. Gluey, 1838-9; W. Kitch- 
 ell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840-3; James Allen McDougall, 
 1843-6; David B. Campbell, 1846; Robert G. Ingersoll, 1867-9; 
 Washington Bushnell, 1869-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81; 
 James McCartney, 1881-5; George Hunt, 1885-93; M. T. 
 Moloney, 1893 
 
 Superintendents of Public Instruction. N. W Edwards, 
 1854-7; Win. H. Powell, 1857-9; Newton Bateman, 1859-63; 
 John P. Brooks, 1863-5; Newton Bateman, 1865-75; Samuel 
 W. Etter, 1875-9; James P. Slade, 1879-83; Henry Raab, 
 1883-7; Richard Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES. 
 
 The following table shows the date of organization of the 
 several counties of the State: 
 
 1809 Randolph, St. Clair; 1812 Gallatin, Johnson, Madi- 
 son; 1814 Edwards; 1815 White; 1816 Crawford, Jackson, 
 Monroe, Pope; 1817 Bond; 1818 Franklin, Union, Washing- 
 ton; 1819 Alexander, Clark, Jefferson, Wayne; 1821 Fayette, 
 Greene, Hamilton, Lawrence, Montgomery, Pike, Sangainon; 
 1823 Edgar, Fulton, Marion,. Morgan; 1824 Clay, Clinton, 
 W T abash; 1825 Adams, Calhoun, Hancock, Henry, Knox, Mer- 
 cer, Peoria, Putnam, Schuyler, Warren; 1826 McDonough, 
 Vermilion; 1827 Jo Daviess, Perry, Shelby, Tazewell; 1829 
 Macon, Macoupin; 1830 Coles, McLean; 1831 Cook, Effing- 
 ham, Jasper, La Salle, Rock Island; 1833 Champaign, Iroquois; 
 ^36 Kane, McHenry, Ogle, Whiteside, Will, Winnebago; 
 1837 Boone, Bureau, Cass, DeKalb, Livingston, Stephen- 
 son ; 1839 Brown, Carroll, Christian, DeWitt, DuPage, Hardin, 
 Jersey, Lake, Lee, Logan, Marshall, Menard, Scott, Stark, Wil- 
 liamson; 1841 Grundy, Henderson, Kendall, Mason, Piatt, 
 Richland, Woodford; 1843 Cumberland, Massac, Moultrie, 
 Pulaski; 1847 Saline; 1851 Kankakee; 1857 Douglas; 1859 
 Ford. 
 
 The settled portion of the " Illinois Country " was organized
 
 146 
 
 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 into "Illinois County" for the purposes of government, by the 
 Virginia House of Delegates, a few months after the conquest of 
 Illinois by Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778. After the organi- 
 zation of the Northwest-Territory (1780) this region was reorgan- 
 ized and received the name of St. Clair County, after the first 
 Governor, who.had been appointed in 1788. Randolph, the sec- 
 ond county, was set off in 1795, both being then under the juris- 
 diction of the Northwest-Territory. No further changes were 
 made in the county organization in the "Illinois Country" un- 
 til after the organization of Illinois Territory.
 
 Illinois Institutions. 
 
 FORT SHERIDAN THE ART INSTITUTE THE ARMOUR MISSION 
 
 THE ARMOUR INSTITUTE THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CHICAGO. 
 
 inception of a Government Post at Chicago 
 originated with Gen. Philip Henry Sheridan, 
 who suggested to prominent citizens the import- 
 ance of there locating a military school. On 
 April 25, 1885, Gen. John M. Schofield, while at- 
 tending a dinner given under the auspices of the 
 Commercial Club of Chicago, in the course of 
 his remarks expressed the same thought which 
 was made the subject of discussion by the Club on May 25th. 
 On March 2yth, of the following year, the matter was still 
 further debated and a committee appointed to carefully consider 
 the advisability of establishing a Fort. The report of this com- 
 mittee was favorable to the enterprise, and was, in effect, that 
 steps should at once be taken by the Club to secure the necessary 
 funds to purchase a suitable location. 
 
 About this time a committee was delegated by General 
 Sheridan to examine certain sites which were reported desirable, 
 and, as the result of their investigation, the station of High- 
 wood, on Lake Michigan, about twenty-one miles north of Cook 
 County Court-house, was selected. The Commercial Club, at all 
 times interested in the welfare of the city, headed the subscrip- 
 tion by contributing liberally, to which were appended the names 
 of about four hundred business men of Chicago, so that, in addi- 
 
 Illinnis. 
 
 147
 
 148 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 tion to the purchase price, $300,000, $13,045 was subscribed, 
 which amount was returned, pro ra/a, to all contributors. 
 
 In October, 1887, the land, which consisted of 633.32 acres, 
 \vas purchased and a deed of the same transferred to the United 
 States Government, on which to establish a military post, the 
 location being named Fort Sheridan, in honor of the General 
 whose thought first found expression in favor of the enterprise. 
 
 The site is one of the most picturesque and beautiful in the 
 vicinity of Chicago, and, in fact, it would be difficult to find in 
 any location one surpassing it in the attractiveness of its sur- 
 roundings. The climate is not severe in winter, while the cool- 
 ing breezes which blow from the Lake renders it one of the most 
 delightful of summer resorts. 
 
 In 1888 Congress made the first appropriation for improve- 
 ments, since which time seventy-one buildings have been erected, 
 upon which, together with the improvements of streets, water sup- 
 ply, etc., there have been expended more than one million dollars. 
 
 The Fort is under command of Col. Robert E- A, Crofton, 
 whose staff and garrison consist of 602 men belonging to the 
 Fifteenth Regiment and Battery E, and two troops oftheSeventh 
 Cavalry, comprising 120 men. 
 
 Colonel Crofton has been in continuous service since the 
 breaking out of the Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed Cap- 
 tain, and was made Lieutenant-Colonel in 1879 while serving on 
 the frontier. In 1886 he was promoted to the rank of Colonel 
 and placed in command of the famous Fifteenth Regiment, serv- 
 ing with it continuously from that time. Colonel Crofton is 
 deserving of all the respect and esteem which is everywhere and 
 at all times accorded to him by officers and soldiers ; his promo- 
 tions were well merited, being no more than a just ackowledge- 
 ment of faithful service. 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Samuel Ovenshine and Maj. C. M. Bailey are 
 next in command. Of Col. Crofton's staff, ist Lieut. Will T. 
 May is Regimental Adjutant, and ist Lieut. J. A. Maney, 
 Regimental Quartermaster.
 
 ILLINOIS INSTITUTIONS. 149 
 
 The history of the Fifteenth Regiment is an interesting one 
 and, to those who have served in its ranks, the past is not devoid 
 
 
 
 of stirring events. It was organized by act of Congress in 1861, 
 reorganized in 1866, and again reorganized by consolidation with 
 the Thirty-fifth Regiment. For sixteen years after the close of 
 the Civil War its services were required in New Mexico, Cali- 
 fornia, Arizona and Dakota, and its record is one of which to be 
 proud; in fact, so hazardous and trying were these campaigns 
 that it is generally acknowledged that the gallant "Fifteenth" is 
 fully entitled to the best the government affords, Fort Sheridan 
 being among the favorite posts. 
 
 Gen. Nelson A. Miles was born in Westminster, Massachu- 
 setts, August 8, 1839. At the outbreak of the Civil War he 
 joined the Twenty -second Massachusetts Volunteers as Second 
 Lieutenant, but was soon promoted to the rank of Captain, and 
 in May, 1862, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty- 
 first New York Volunteers, in acknowledgement of gallant ser- 
 vice. After the battle of Antietam he rose to the rank of Col- 
 onel, in September, 1862, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in 
 1864 for meritorious conduct throughout the campaign, and 
 particularly for gallantry at the engagement at Ream's Station, 
 Virginia. He was made Major-General in October, 1865, and 
 mustered out of service in September, 1866. 
 
 As Colonel of the Fortieth Infantry, General Miles entered 
 the reorganized army, but was brevetted Major-General, March 2, 
 1867, for gallant service at the battle of Chancellorsville. He 
 was transferred to the Fifth Infantry in 1869, and at this date 
 his career as an Indian fighter began by the subjugation of the 
 Conianches and Kiowas in the Staked Plains country. In 1876 
 he drove Sitting Bull from Montana, and captured the Nez 
 Perces, under chief Joseph, and, in 1878, subdued the Bannocks 
 in the National Park. In 1880 he received the rank of Briga- 
 dier-General and commanded the Department of the Columbia 
 for five years. In 1885 he was placed in command of the De- 
 partment of the Missouri, where his services in Arizona, against
 
 150 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 the savages, were crowned with the same success as attended his 
 former expeditions against the savage tribes of the Northwest 
 country. On the cessation of these hostilities, he was placed in 
 charge of the Division of the Pacific, was promoted to rank of 
 Maj or-General April 5, 1890, and, in September of the same 
 year, was placed in command of the Department of the Missouri, 
 reaching Chicago September 20, 1890. The campaign against 
 the Sioux and the subjugation of the "ghost dances" are the 
 latest testimonials of his effective measures in Indian warfare. 
 
 Through the efficient services of General Miles, Fort Sheri- 
 dan has added much to its importance as a post. Among the 
 improvements may be noted the bicycle corps, which has been 
 found especially efficient as a messenger service. The ambulance 
 corps and life-saving service have also been greatly improved 
 during the present successful administration of Gen. Nelson A. 
 Miles of the Division of the Missouri. 
 
 THE ART INSTITUTE. 
 
 The Art Institute of Chicago was incorporated, under the 
 laws of Illinois, May 24, 1879, " for the purpose of maintaining 
 a School and Museum of Art," and affords full courses of in- 
 struction in academic drawing and painting, sculpture, decora- 
 tive designing and architecture. Students are admitted at any 
 time without examination, and are classified according to their 
 attainments after a month's attendance ; each pupil is advanced 
 individually, no time being prescribed for the course. 
 
 The School of Drawing and Painting is divided into four 
 sections , elementary, intermediate, antique and life, the average 
 beginner requiring about eight months to reach the antique class, 
 when he is first permitted to use color, although a few excep- 
 tions are made to this rule. The regular Diploma is conferred 
 upon those who have held the rank of Life Student for two 
 years, a silver medal being awarded in cases of extraordinary 
 merit. 
 
 Instructions are given in illustrating, for which the whole
 
 ILLINOIS INSTITUTIONS. 151 
 
 training of the school is a direct preparation, and many advanced 
 pupils are at all times engaged in this work, for publications of 
 various kinds. The course of Anatomy consists of two series 
 of lectures of about twenty each yearly, the students being 
 required to submit to a written examination at the close of each 
 term. Classes in Decorative Designing are conducted upon the 
 studio system, and the instruction is varied to suit the needs of 
 individual cases. 
 
 The School of Architecture was founded in 1889 and is one 
 of the most important departments of the Institute. Its course 
 is open to both men and women, and is almost identical with the 
 Short Course of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A 
 fine collection of architectural casts, sent to the Columbian Ex- 
 position by the French Government, is to become the property 
 of the Institute at the close of the Fair. The cost of bringing 
 to Chicago the "Trocadero Collection," as it is called, was 
 $50,000, and it is by far the finest in the United States, while its 
 value to the Institute can scarcely be overrated. 
 
 The Art L/ibrary was established in 1879, and now forms 
 one of the important features of the school. The current Art 
 Journals are kept on file, and books to the number of about thir- 
 teen hundred constitute both a circulating and reference library 
 for the students. A complete collection of large carbon photo- 
 graphs, known as autotypes, is a recent purchase by the Trustees 
 and is a most important accession to the library. It consists of 
 more than eighteen thousand subjects, and includes reproduc- 
 tions of the most celebrated paintings, drawings and sculptures 
 of the great masters, such as are found in the museums of the 
 Old World, and being the only complete collection of the kind 
 in America, its value is proportionately enhanced. 
 
 Early in 1891 the city of Chicago passed an ordinance grant- 
 ing a tract of land on the Lake Front, between Jackson and 
 Madison streets, for the site of a Museum of Art, and upon this 
 ground the permanent home of the Art Institute has been 
 erected, although it is to be occupied during the Exposition by
 
 152 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 the various World's Fair Congresses which convene at that time. 
 The means for carrying forward the plans of the Trustees were 
 obtained from the sale of real estate belonging to the Institute, 
 which netted about $265,000; from the World's Columbian Ex- 
 position, which offered $200,000 for the use of the building for 
 Congresses from Way ist to November i, 1893, au d from pri- 
 vate subscriptions amounting to $120,000. 
 
 The ownership of the building is vested in the city of Chi- 
 cago, but the right to occupy the same is given to the Art 
 Institute so long as certain conditions are observed. 
 
 The building is described as " in style Italian Renaissance, 
 the details classic, and of the Ionic and Corinthian orders." It 
 is 320 feet long, with a depth of 208 feet, including projections. 
 It is two stories in height above the basement, and is without 
 tower or dome. The plan is rectangular, enclosing two squares, 
 which will ultimately be used, the one as an audience room and 
 the other as a library. The great staircase in the center of the 
 building, with the main halls above and below, form the striking 
 features of the interior. Every object has been subordinated to 
 securing the best rooms for exhibition, with reference to light and 
 simplicity of arrangement, and the architects have succeeded in 
 this direction and, at the same time, furnished a dignified and 
 imposing exterior. The material used is Bedford limestone, 
 with a foundation of granite. 
 
 The President of the Institute is Charles L. Hutchinson ; 
 Director, W. M. R. French. With a full corps of competent 
 teachers and lecturers, the best of material, models, costumes, 
 still-life objects, library, etc., every facility is afforded the student 
 for a thoroxigh education in art. 
 
 THK ARMOUR MISSION. 
 
 Among the places of interest about which a stranger in- 
 quires when visiting the city of Chicago is the Armour Mission. 
 This institution is the outgrowth of the City Mission, founded 
 in November, 1886, to which Joseph F. Armour, who died in
 
 ILLINOIS INSTITUTIONS. 153 
 
 1881, bequeathed $100,000. Becoming at once much interested 
 in carrying forward the purposes of his brother, Mr. Philip D. 
 Armour increased the bequest to $1,000,000, and incorporated 
 the Armour Mission Company tinder the laws of Illinois. With 
 characteristic business foresight Mr. Armovir sought to provide a 
 constant revenue for this enterprise, and purchased ground and 
 erected tenement buildings, containing over two hundred apart- 
 ments, the rental of which is applied to the support of the 
 Mission. 
 
 Mr. Armour loves chilrdren, and his sympathies and a help- 
 ing hand are ever extended to assist those who would help them- 
 selves. He believes in the importance of early training and sur- 
 roundings to develop the highest manhood and womanhood, and 
 puts his theories into practice by providing for the temporal as 
 well as spiritual well-being of the people with whom he is asso- 
 ciated. Armour Mission is unsectarian and is open to all, "re- 
 gardless of race or creed," and here a great Sunday-school as- 
 sembles, the Auditorium accommodating twenty-five hundred 
 people. Connected with the Mission are a day nursery, a kinder- 
 garten, an industrial school and free medical dispensary. A 
 night school also affords an opportunity for study to those whose 
 " daily bread" depends entirely upon their own exertions, and who 
 would otherwise be deprived of all educational advantages. 
 
 THE ARMOUR INSTITUTE. 
 
 Armour Institute, Mr. P. D. Armour's splendid contribu- 
 tion to the cause of education, originally had in view industrial 
 training for boys and girls rather than the comprehensive scheme 
 of technical education to which it is now committed. Some of 
 the purely industrial features are retained, nor is their import- 
 ance slighted. But the latter form of organization is due to a 
 conviction of the need in Chicago of a school for high-class tech- 
 nical instruction. These two ideas have happily influenced each 
 other, giving to the industrial work, as planned, a more thor- 
 oughly scientific basis, and making the technical departments
 
 154 THK WHITK CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 scnools for the practical application of science and not mainly 
 for theoretical instruction. It will be a specific aim of the Insti- 
 tute to produce men capable of addressing themselves in a 
 practical and efficient manner to the solution of the various 
 engineering problems. 
 
 The plan of organization of departments secures unity, to- 
 gether with the largest expression of individuality. The Aca- 
 demic Department co-ordinates all the curricula of preparatory 
 and technical studies and embraces the Scientific Academy, 
 which has a Latin, a Science, and a Technical course, and fits 
 students for colleges in general, and for the advanced courses of 
 Armour Institute in particular, and the Technical College, 
 in which are included the advanced technical courses, each four 
 years in length. Courses in Mechanical, Electrical, Mining, and 
 Civil Engineering have already been established. The technical 
 work of each course is conducted in a separate department, each 
 being exclusively under the charge of its own director. 
 
 The equipment is of the completest description and includes, 
 besides the scientific apparatus, a fine Gymnasium, a Technical 
 Museum, and a choice Library, which already has over ten 
 thousand carefully chosen volumes. 
 
 The officers of the Armour Institute are : 
 
 Frank W. Gunsaulus, D. D., President. 
 
 Thomas C. Roney, A. M., Director of the Academic De- 
 partment. 
 
 Earnest W. Cooke, Director of the Department of Mechan- 
 ical Engineering. 
 
 Wilber M. Stine, M. S., Director of the Department of 
 Mining Engineering. 
 
 Mrs. Mary A. Hull, Director of the Department of Domestic 
 Arts. 
 
 Miss Katharine L. Sharp, Ph.M., B. L. S., Director of the 
 Department of Library Science. 
 
 Miss Eva B. Whitmore, Director of the Normal Department 
 of Kindergartens.
 
 ILLINOIS INSTITUTIONS. 155 
 
 Philip D. Armour was born in Stockbridge Hills, New 
 York, May 16, 1832, and in country schools and the Academy 
 at Watertown received such education as fitted him to enter the 
 business world when he became of a!ge. In 1852 he joined a 
 California party, and made the long overland journey to the "far 
 West," where he remained four years. After reaching home, he 
 almost immediately turned westward, settling in Milwaukee, 
 Wisconsin, where he entered into a partnership with Frederick 
 B. Miles, in the commission business. He afterward became as- 
 sociated with John Plankinton, of that City, and their united 
 efforts built up an enormous grain and provision trade. 
 
 Mr. Armour has many business interests, being director and 
 principal stockholder of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
 Railway, as well as heading the greatest elevator combination in 
 the world, and in Lake transportation controlling one of the 
 largest companies. It is through his packing enterprise, how- 
 ever, that he is most widely known, the main plant of which is 
 located at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, and the second larg- 
 est, at Kansas City, Missouri, in the various branches of which 
 business about 17,000 men, boys and women are employed. 
 
 Mr. Armour was married in 1862 to Miss Malvina Belle 
 Ogden, of Cincinnati, and together they have lovingly journeyed, 
 while two sons, Jonathan Ogden and Philip D. Armour, Jr., have 
 been sharers of the comfortable but unostentatious home. Mr. 
 Armour is methodical in his habits, and is a constant example 
 of industry to the thousands of employes connected with the 
 vast establishments of which he is the head and chief. As to 
 his kindness of heart, the Mission and Institute speak more elo- 
 quently than written volumes, ever testifying of the philanthropic 
 purposes which actuate his daily life. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 
 
 The name, University of Chicago, has long been a familiar 
 one, although the present institution was not projected prior to 
 1888. In 1855 several citizens of Chicago called upon Stephen
 
 156 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 A. Douglas and presented the idea of securing for the city an in- 
 stitution of higher learning, and, as a result of this meeting, 
 Mr. Doug 1 as donated ten acres of land for a campus, and a char- 
 ter was granted to the University of Chicago in 1857, the laying 
 of the corner-stone, which occurred on the fourth of July of that 
 year, being an event of great interest. The building, when com- 
 pleted, was an imposing granite structure, occupying a portion 
 of the grounds belonging to the Douglas homestead, and was 
 supplied with the necessary class-rooms, dormitories, halls, li- 
 brary, parlors, professors' rooms, etc., and all the conveniences 
 which were obtainable at that date. In 1886 the University 
 passed into the hands of an insurance company, and was there- 
 after occupied by tenants of every description until January, 
 1889, when the walls were razed, and the material used in the 
 construction of other buildings. 
 
 In 1888, Professor Harper, now President of the institution, 
 conferred with John D. Rockefeller, and at the close of that year 
 presented to the Baptist Board of Education a proposition "to 
 . establish an educational institution upon a broader and more lib- 
 eral basis than that of any other college or university in this 
 country." The subject was presented to a committee of prom- 
 inent men in the spring of 1889, and Chicago chosen as the seat 
 of the Institution. 
 
 Mr. Rockefeller's conditional gift of $600,000 was supple- 
 mented by the $400,000 which he required of others, and, in 
 addition, $15,000 in books and $125,000 in land was also con- 
 tributed. In September, 1890, the University of Chicago was 
 incorporated under the laws of Illinois, Dr. William Rainey 
 Harper, of Yale, accepting the presidency. 
 
 Again Mr. Rockefeller generously contributed to the insti- 
 tution, giving $1,000,000, "conditioned upon the Baptist Union 
 Theological Seminary at Morgan Park a suburb of Chicago 
 being made the Divinity School of the new University, and that 
 an Academy be organized," which proposition was immediately 
 accepted.
 
 ILtlNOIS INSTITUTIONS. 157 
 
 The erection of the buildings began November 2 6, 1891, the 
 first being a four story Recitation Building 168x85 feet, and 
 Dormitory Buildings for the University and Divinity School, the 
 former costing $210,000. This institution, which admitted its 
 first pupils in October, 1892, has at the present time a large 
 enrollment of students, and one. hundred and twenty instructors 
 in charge. Seven buildings have been completed, at a cost of 
 $900,000, and it is estimated that, by the opening of the October 
 term, 1893, five more will be ready for occupancy, the cost of 
 which will aggregate $2,000,000. 
 
 The University of Chicago is located between Fifty-seventh 
 Street on the north and Midway Plaisance on the south, Lexing- 
 ton Avenue on the east and Ellis Avenue on the west, the tract, 
 consisting of twenty-five acres, lying between Washington and 
 Jackson Parks. The original site was donated by Marshall 
 Field, though some additions have been made thereto by purchase 
 and the vacating of land by the city, which now gives to the 
 University an undivided tract. 
 
 In addition to the gifts of Mr. Rockefeller, other generous 
 donations have been made. The estate of William B. Ogden 
 first Mayor of Chicago has contributed to the University $700,- 
 ooo, which amount will be used to establish the Ogden Scientific 
 School ; the Kent Chemical Laboratory has been provided for by 
 Mr. S. A. Kent of Chicago, who donated $200,000 to the institu- 
 tion ; the Walker Museum, costing $100,000, is the gift of another 
 Chicago citizen, Mr. George C. Walker ; the Ryerson Physical 
 Laboratory, costing $200,000, is a donation of Martin A. Ryerson 
 of Chicago, and is now in process of construction; Rust Hall, 
 for which the amount of $70,000 was furnished by Maj. H. A. 
 Rust, and the Field Biological Laboratory, a contribution of 
 Marshall Field, costing $250,000, are also donations of Chicago 
 citizens. The Yerkes Laboratory will contain the largest and 
 most powerful telescope in the world, for the purchase of which, 
 together with the construction of the tower, Mr. Yerkes of Chi- 
 cago, donated $500,000. The lenses of this wonderful telescope
 
 158 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 are forty-two inches in diameter, and will cost $46,000 when 
 ready for mounting. 
 
 The ladies of Chicago have also interested themselves in 
 this new University, and 'several have generously donated means 
 to further the cause, among them being Mrs. Henrietta Suell, Mrs. 
 Mary Beecher, Mrs. N. S. Foster and Mrs. E. G. Kelly, and the 
 buildings for which their donations provide are either in process 
 of construction or will be erected in the near future. 
 
 The University is organized into four distinct divisions : 
 the University proper, the University Extension, the University 
 Library and Museum, and the University Press. The Uni- 
 versity proper includes Schools, Academies and Colleges; the 
 University Extention is organized into six Departments 
 lecture-study, class-work, correspondence, examination, library 
 and training; the University Library and Museum embrace the 
 General Library and General Museum and all apparatus and 
 material pertaining thereto, and the University Press includes the 
 Departments of Printing, Publication and Purchase. 
 
 The Divinity School is open to students of all denominations 
 of Christians, and prepares them for the ministry, for missionary 
 fields or for Christian teachers. 
 
 The question of co-education of the sexes was seriously and 
 earnestly considered at the inception of the enterprise, and re- 
 sulted in the adoption of a section in its charter obliging the 
 University " to provide, impart and furnish opportunities for all 
 departments of higher education, to persons of both sexes, on 
 equal terms."
 
 ReIigiR. 
 
 DWIGHT L. MOODY BISHOP J. L. SPAULDING. 
 
 DWIGHT LYMAN MOODY. 
 
 N every human heart there is implanted the germ 
 of reverence for "Good" the principle of all being 
 though the chances and changes of life may dwarf 
 the sensibilities, until, to outward appearance, there 
 is neither respect nor love for the Supreme Ruler of 
 the Universe. To break through the shell of preju- 
 dice or indifference, and let the mellowing rays of 
 Divine Light warm into active life the God-implanted 
 principle, is the work of the laborer" in His vineyard, but only 
 he who can forget self and speak truth for Truth's sake, is 
 worthy of the plaudit: "Well done, good and faithful servant." 
 In all the ages of the world there have been those who were 
 ready to die for the cause nearest their hearts, and we honor the 
 Christian martyrs who perished for conviction's sake. The 
 Nineteenth Century no less than the past demands religious 
 heroism, but it is required of us that we live and not die for the 
 cause of Christ and His Truth. 
 
 The religious denominations of this age have done and are 
 doing a noble work. They are holding aloft the banner of the 
 King, and welcoming beneath its ample folds the world's " weary 
 and heavy laden." One of the watchmen upon the towers of 
 Zion, whose voice has been heard in many lands, proclaiming 
 "glad tidings of great joy," is Dwight Lyman Moody, wha 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 159
 
 l6o THK WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 speaks to the people and the people listen, because he takes them 
 by the hand and calls them " brother." 
 
 The subject of this sketch was born in Northfield, Massa- 
 chusetts, in 1837, an d is therefore in the fifty-seventh year of his 
 age. Earnest years they have ever been, from the period of 
 early life, spent upon the little plat of ground on the mountain 
 side the family home to the more eventful ones which followed. 
 At four he was left fatherless, and the family, then consisting of 
 seven children, were under a mother's watchful guidance, the 
 oldest child being but thirteen years of age; and tender, indeed, 
 must be the recollections of that mother's care and love, since 
 upon her devolved the management of affairs, and the principal 
 education of her family. The district school afforded the only 
 instruction outside of home-teaching, and at the age of seven- 
 teen Mr. Moody's school days were over, and he engaged in busi- 
 ness as a salesman in a boot and shoe store in Boston. He there 
 attended the Congregational church, and afterward became a 
 member of that denomination. 
 
 He was only nineteen years of age when he followed a 
 strong inclination to seek a western home, and in Chicago soon 
 became identified with the Plymouth Congregational Church, 
 and began the career of a home missionary, hiring several pews, 
 and attracting hither the young men of the city to hear the word 
 of God. From this small beginning grew the thought of Sunday 
 School work and the establishment of one on a broad basis, his 
 talent being especially directed to missionary labors, where his 
 efforts were crowned with abundant success. 
 
 Other cities and towns were sharers in the "glad tidings," 
 and Mr. Moody, with his co-worker, Mr. Sankey, went fearlessly 
 forward, recruiting the army of the Lord and giving Him the 
 glory. In 1872, Europe was visited, and the Old World re- 
 sponded to the invitation, and thousands enlisted under the "ban- 
 ner of the Cross." 
 
 While many Nations have been the field of his earnest la- 
 bors, Illinois, and particularly Chicago, is his home, and here
 
 ILLINOIS RELIGION. l6l 
 
 has been erected a church, the building of which has engaged 
 the thoughts of a greater number of people than any other sim- 
 ilar structure in the world. Brick by brick the walls were 
 raised, and each one in all the vast edifice stands for an earnest 
 contributor to the cause of Christ. A preacher for the people is 
 Mr. Moody. Simple his diction, but earnest and enthusiastic 
 are his words. Denominational lines fall before the earnestness 
 of his appeal for better living, for practical Christianity, for a 
 life hid with Christ in God 
 
 "Let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth" is 
 a text which finds its true interpretation in the life of Dwight 
 Lynian Mood}-. 
 
 BISHOP SPALDING. 
 
 One of the most interesting personages in the Catholic 
 church in America to-day is the Rt. Rev. J. L. Spalding, Bishop 
 of Peoria, Illinois. 
 
 His appointment as President of the Catholic Exibit at the 
 World's Fair, the connection of his name with the archiepiscopal 
 see of St. Louis, as well as the vigorous pastoral recently issued 
 from his pen in the name of the Archbishop and Bishops of 
 Illinois, have brought him so prominently before the public dur- 
 ing the past few weeks that the Colorado Catholic thinks the 
 occasion opportune for giving a brief sketch of his life and the 
 more important acts of his career as priest and bishop, which for 
 want of space we cannot in detail publish, though it is of a most 
 interesting character; but the important work to which he has 
 given his energies was in organizing the new and scattered 
 diocese of Peoria, and it showed the good judgment of those who 
 were responsible for his appointment. The thirty-two counties of 
 Illinois, which at that time comprised the diocese of Peoria, had 
 fifty-one churches scattered over a territory as large as the State 
 of Massachusetts, twenty-eight priests, few schools and no re- 
 ligious institutions. To-day the diocese has over 100,000 Cath- 
 olics, 180 churches, 142 priests, fifty schools and academies, seven 
 hospitals, two orphan asylums and a prosperous college.
 
 162 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Bishop Spalding, with his well known modesty, gives credit 
 for all this good work to the priests of the diocese, but it is well 
 known whose hand has guided all the work, whose wise councils 
 and hearty encouragement has been so large a part of the success 
 attained. It is not often that close students and those who love 
 to dwell with the master minds of the past and present are very 
 successful in the ordinary affairs of life. Bishop Spalding is a 
 brilliant exception to this rule. His practical shrewdness and 
 clear-cut business tact have made his opinion on business matters 
 highly valued and much sought after by men of the world. 
 
 That the efforts of Archbishop Ireland, Bishop Spalding and 
 those associated with them were eminently successful can be 
 seen in the thrifty Catholic population in the parts of Minnesota 
 and Nebraska where their colonies were located. 
 
 Those who have once read one of his works seek with avidity 
 all further productions of his pen. This longing is expressed 
 so much better than we can say it by the editor of the Catholic 
 Union and 7zmes, that we reproduce here in full his remarks on 
 the subject: 
 
 "The charm of Bishop Spalding's writings both in prose 
 and verse is that he never repeats himself. The world abounds 
 to-day with literary pushers who display a woeful poverty of 
 originality. Once read, you have their entire stock in trade; for 
 in all their after efforts there is nothing but the same old thought 
 trotted out to do magazine or newspaper service in a sort of new- 
 fangled verbose dress. The cool imposition of such writers is 
 not more surprising than the patient endurance of the public 
 with such shallow pretense. How different the Bishop of Peoria ! 
 His thoughts are copious, clear and deep as the waters of a limpid 
 spring, and, while heart and brain are bathed in their cr3 T stalline 
 flow, there is ever a quenchless longing and a sigh of the soul 
 for more." 
 
 His principal productions not mentioned elsewhere in this 
 article are "Essays and Reviews," "Education and the Higher 
 Life," and "Lectures and Discourses." He is not a frequent, but
 
 ILLINOIS RELIGION. 163 
 
 always a valued and much-sought-for contributor in prose and 
 verse to our best magazines and reviews. 
 
 We must not close this sketch without referring to Bishop 
 Spalding's efforts to erect in this country a school for the higher 
 education of Catholic youth, both lay and cleric. He saw that 
 our educational institutions were merely preparatory, fitting 
 their students for the ordinary affairs of life, but leaving no 
 forces in reserve for times of emergency. This deficiency he en- 
 deavored to supply by the erection of a Catholic University. 
 One would imagine that such a project would be hailed with de- 
 light as soon as broached, especially when along with the proposi- 
 tion were offered the funds necessary to carry it into effect. We 
 are nevertheless compelled to record the fact that the foundation 
 of our Catholic University met with opposition where it was least 
 expected, and that its inauguration was attended by obstacles 
 which at times threatened to destroy it. Bishop Spalding in this 
 only experienced the reception met with by his illustrious uncle 
 when he founded the American college at Louvain. Like him 
 also, be snatched success from the jaws of defeat, and placed his 
 cherished institution on such a firm basis that it can no longer 
 be looked upon as an experiment. His appointment as president 
 of the Catholic Educational Exhibit at the World's Fair was a 
 wise one. Whether he be appointed to succeed Archbishop Ken- 
 rick in St. Louis, or be permitted to pursue in peace his life of 
 study in Peoria the Colorado Catholic believes that it echoes the 
 heart-felt wish of all who may read these lines when it says : 
 " May he long be spared to the church in America, to strengthen 
 by his voice and pen the sacred cause of God and truth."
 
 GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN 
 
 ASSOCIATION WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION 
 
 CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR EPWORTH LEAGUE. 
 
 GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 first Grand Army Post in the United States 
 was organized at Decatur, in this State, April 6, 
 1866, with Gen. Isaac C. Pugh as Commander. 
 The Department of Illinois was organized July 
 12, 1866, at Springfield, and Gen. John W. 
 Palmer was elected the first Department Com- 
 mander. The history of the Grand Army, in 
 the State which gave it birth, is one of struggle 
 , and misfortune. Although there were reported to be about 330 
 Posts in the State in 1869, two years later the number had de- 
 creased to less than twenty-five, and a little later the number was 
 narrowed down to only one Nevins Post, now Number i, at Rock- 
 ford. Since that time the Department has steadily gained in 
 numbers and influence, and in 1892 was represented at the 
 National Encampment by 620 Posts. The membership, Decem- 
 ber 31, 1891, was 32,984, and the deaths reported for the year 
 were 477. 
 
 . The Women's Relief Corps is reported in excellent condi- 
 tion and in hearty sympathy with the Grand Army, in whose 
 charitable labors they are co-workers. The Sons and Daughters 
 of Veterans are also faithfully carrying forward the ministry of 
 love inaugurated by their honored sires. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Hi4
 
 ILLINOIS SOCIETIES. 165 
 
 At the Department Encampment in 1884 a committee con- 
 sisting of Post Department Commanders H. Hilliard, E. D. 
 Swain, J. W. Bnrst and T. G. Lawler, was appointed to obtain 
 statistics as to the number of dependent soldiers in the State; 
 to niemoralize the Legislature on the necessity of at once pro- 
 viding a Home for the comfort of these veterans, and to prepare 
 a bill for the consideration of the Legislature covering the objects 
 to be accomplished, in order that a Home could be provided for a 
 limited number of veterans at the earliest date. 
 
 The committee secured from the Legislature an appropri- 
 ation of $200,000 for the construction of the buildings, and 
 enough cottages were built to accommodate all veterans who were 
 in the charitable institutions of the State before the severe cold 
 weather of the late fall came upon them. 
 
 The Legislature of 1886 and 1887 made an appropriation 
 for buildings and maintenance and the total appropriations up to 
 1889 were $605,500. The number of inmates at that date was 
 562 and cottages have since been constructed, increasing the ac- 
 commodations to 750 men. 
 
 THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The growth of Young Men's Christian Association work in 
 Illinois is a most noteworthy feature of the history of this great 
 State. The first Association organized was at Chicago, in June, 
 1858, largely under the leadership of Mr. D. L. Moody, who de- 
 voted his energies to this line of work for some years. The 
 great work which he has accomplished and is accomplishing is 
 due in no small measure to the training and development re- 
 ceived while in the Young Men's Christian Association of Chi- 
 cago. He has spoken thus of the Association: "It has, under 
 God, done more in developing me for Christian work than any 
 other agency." 
 
 The growth during the next twenty j'ears was steady, ex- 
 tending into many of the important cities of the State. In 1869 
 and 1870 a closer supervision of the Association was taken up,
 
 1 66 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Mr. Robert Welcbnsall, Western Secretary of the International 
 Committee, devoting much time to traveling in the State and 
 organizing and directing Associations in their work. In 1877 
 Mr. C. M. Morton was secured as State Secretary for Illinois ; 
 after three years of faithful service he resigned to take up 
 general evangelistic work. In June, 1880, Mr. J. E. Brown was 
 secured as State Secretary, and under his able leadership the 
 Association work has steadily grown and prospered. There are 
 now but three cities with over ten thousand population in the 
 State which are without a well-equipped Young Men's Christian 
 Association. The lines of work maintained are numerous and 
 varied, as the following brief outline shows: 
 
 Socially through pleasant, home-like quarters, social 
 gatherings, games and entertainments. 
 
 Physically through gymnasiums, athletics, out-door sports, 
 bath-rooms, health talks, etc. 
 
 Intellectually through lectures, practical talks, reading 
 rooms, and ediicational classes, giving evening instruction in 
 practical studies. 
 
 Spiritually through Gospel meetings and Bible classes, 
 Christian friendship, and direction into church relations. 
 
 In addition to these the association is helpful to young men 
 in finding suitable boarding places, in securing employment, by 
 visitation and care in sickness and in many other ways. 
 
 The Associations are also organized among young men in 
 the small towns, where a necessarily circumscribed, but not 
 unimportant, work is accomplished. Associations also exist in 
 thirty of the leading colleges of the State, where systematic and 
 thorough work by Christian students is being organized and con- 
 ducted. A number of Railroad Branches also exist, and the 
 prospect for the further organization of this department is en- 
 couraging, as a number of the leading Railroad corporations are 
 asking that pleasant rooms with Christian influence be established 
 for their men at important division points. Another interesting 
 feature is the system of corresponding members of the State As-
 
 
 W. C. T. U. TEMPLE, CHICAGO.
 
 ILLINOIS SOCIETIES. 167 
 
 sociation, in towns where no Association exists. The plan is to 
 secure a capable Christian man in every town, who is the official 
 representative of the Association for his community. Whenever 
 a young man leaves his town to locate in a large city or to enter 
 college, he is supplied with a note introducing him to the Young 
 Men's Christian Association where he goes, so that he may be 
 cordially welcomed to the privileges there. 
 
 There are at present (June 1893) ninety-nine Associations 
 in the State, beside 364 towns having corresponding members. 
 
 The Associations, at their annual State Convention, appoint 
 a State Executive Committee consiting of twenty-seven leading 
 business men from all parts of the State, who have charge of the 
 supervision and extension of the work. They employ a corps 
 of secretaries, consisting of the State Secretary (having general 
 supervision of the whole field), a traveling secretary for the city 
 and railroad Associations, for the college departments and for the 
 village Associations; also a Financial Secretary, Secretary for 
 the Corresponding Membership Department and an Office Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association is recognized as a 
 special department of church work, confining its efforts to'young 
 men. It is established' by the churches, supported by the 
 churches and governed by the churches, being interdenomina- 
 tional in its work. Pastors everywhere bear testimony as to its 
 value. The total membership in the State is 14,000. 
 
 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION. 
 
 The organization of the Woman's Christian Temperance 
 Union for Illinois was effected in 1874, the first Annual Conven- 
 tion being held at Bloomington, in October of that year. The 
 State officers for 1892-93 are: President, Mrs. Louise S. Rounds, 
 Chicago ; Vice-President, Mrs. Daisy H. Carlock, Hudson ; Cor- 
 responding Secretary, Miss Mary C. Gregory, Chicago; Record- 
 ing Secretary, Mrs. Carrie L. Grout, Rockford ; Treasurer, Mrs. 
 Amelia E. Sanford, Bloomington.
 
 l68 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Illinois is divided into twenty Districts, which are practi- 
 cally identical with the Congressional Districts of the State, 
 with presidents in the order named: Mrs. Theo. Basset, Grand 
 Crossing; Mrs. M. A. Gordon, Chicago; Mrs. H. L. Clarke, 
 Chicago ; Mrs. T. C. Reiley, Evanston ; Miss Emma Norton, 
 Marengo; Miss M. Lena Morrow, Freeport; Mrs. E. E. Reed, 
 Geneseo; Mrs. V. M. Taxis, Gardner; Miss Lucy P. Gaston, La- 
 con; Mrs. Elizabeth G. Hibben, Peoria; Miss Emma Bell, 
 Warsaw; Mrs. Wm. P. Kuhl, Beardstown; Mrs. Don. R. Frazer, 
 (pro tern .), Springfield; Miss Margaret Crissey, Decatnr; Mrs. 
 Kate Goldman, Newman ; Miss M. C. Brehm, Claremont ; Mrs. 
 Clara F. Gould, Windsor ; Mrs. M. K. West, Edwardsville ; Mrs. 
 M. C. Board, Harrisburg; Mrs. M. A. Phillips, Carbondale. 
 
 Again, there are County Organizations, with their presi- 
 dents, the counties being divided into auxilliaries. As reported- 
 at the last convention, which met in October, 1892, at Danville, 
 there were 800 Unions in the State, and a membership of 16,000, 
 Illinois standing third in rank in the United States, New York 
 holding first and Ohio second place. 
 
 The various Departments of work are placed in charge of 
 Superintendents, who report at the annual convention the results 
 of their labors, and encouraging indeed are these statements of 
 progress, as made by the earnest women who are identified with 
 this good cause. 
 
 The Chicago Central Union may be mentioned, in this con- 
 nection, as doing a noble work through its several Missions. 
 From twenty-five to thirty children are cared for daily at the 
 nursery of the Bethesda Mission, which has also a free kinder- 
 garten with a regular attendance of about forty pupils. Sunday 
 School is held at this Mission and is well attended, as are also 
 the evening meetings at the same place. Hope Mission and 
 reading-room, for Scandinavians, sustrins a gospel temperance 
 meeting every evening, and Sunday-school every. Sunday, at 
 which latter gathering about eight thousand children have been 
 present during the past year. Anchorage Mission, for Women,
 
 ILLINOIS SOCIETIES. 169 
 
 has placed in good positions several hundred girls during the 
 same period. Talcott Mission has also a day nursery and kinder- 
 garten, and, for the year 1892, 10,000 children were accommo- 
 dated in the Home and about 14,000 meals were given away to 
 the poor of the district. The cost of Mission work of the Chi- 
 cago Central Union, for the year ending October, 1892, was $10,- 
 800, which amount was raised by subscriptions and donations. 
 This Union has also other Departments of work, such as a 
 Flower Mission, Press Work and Franchise, in charge of regu- 
 larly appointed Superintendents. 
 
 The State Headquarters of the Woman's Christian Temper- 
 ance Union are at Room 1101, "The Temple," Chicago. 
 
 SOCIETY OF CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR. 
 
 The State organization was perfected in October, 1886, at 
 Bloomington, Illinois, at which time Chas. B. Holdrege was 
 elected president. At the first State Convention about thirty 
 delegates were present; in 1892, two thousand representatives 
 attended the International meeting in New York, out of the 
 sixty thousand membership in the State at that time, and Illinois 
 was only surpassed in the number of societies by the States of 
 New York and Pennsylvania. 
 
 The officers of the Illinois Christian Endeavor Union for 
 1892-3, are: President, Chas. B. Holdrege, Chicago; Vice- 
 President, Hope Reed Cody, Chicago; Secretary, Charles F. 
 Mills, Springfield ; Treasurer, F. D. Rugg, Champaign ; Auditor, 
 C. A. Chappell, Chicago; State Superintendent Junior Work, 
 Thomas Wainright, Chicago; State Superintendent Missionary 
 Department, Miss Frances B. Patterson, Chicago; State Super- 
 intendent Normal Department (Bible Study), J. D. Templetou, 
 Bloomington. The following are the Advisory Board : 
 
 Congregational Rev. J. M. Sturtevant, D. D., Galesburg. 
 
 Presbyterian Rev. W. H. Penhallegon, D. D., Decatur. 
 
 Baptist Rev. L. A. Crandall, D. D., Chicago. 
 
 Methodist Rev. W. O. Shepard, D. D., Rockford.
 
 IJO THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS. 
 
 Christian Rev. G. A. Miller, Normal. 
 
 Cumberland Presbyterian Rev. R.M.Tinuon,D. D., Lincoln. 
 Methodist. Protestant Rev. A. H. Widney, Cuba. 
 Lutheran Rev. M. F. Troxell, D. D., Springfield. 
 Reformed Episcopal Rev. M. Fairly, Peoria. 
 United Presbyterian Rev. John Knox Montgomery, Sparta. 
 Vice-President of the United Society for Illinois Rt. Rev. 
 Charles Edward Cheney, D. D., Chicago. 
 
 EPWORTH LEAGUE. 
 
 A week after the formation of the Epworth League an en- 
 thusiastic speaker predicted that within five years 5,000 chapters 
 woxild be organized. At the time it seemed a daring assertion, 
 but figures prove that the speaker did not over-estimate its won- 
 derful growth, since in less than four years over 10,000 chapters 
 have been organized in one religious denomination (the Method- 
 ist) alone. 
 
 Illinois has been bearing well her part in point of numbers 
 
 and interest. The first State Convention was held in Chicago, 
 July 18, 1892, at the Centenary Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 and about 1,000 delegates were present. The closing services 
 of the convention were conducted at the Auditorium, which was 
 filled with interested listeners. 
 
 The State has at present about 1,200 chapters, averaging 
 fifty members each, with officers, as follow: President, H. V. 
 Holt, Evanston ; First Vice-President, Chas. E. Piper, Chicago ; 
 Second Vice-President, A. G. Johnson, Galesburg; Third Vice- 
 President, R. G. Hobbs, Champaign; Fourth Vice-President, 
 R. W. Ropiequet, Belleville; Secretary, F. H Gumming, Galva; 
 Treasurer, J. R. Lindgun, Chicago. 
 
 The Epworth Herald is the official organ of the League and 
 is published weekly in Chicago, Joseph F. Berry editing the in- 
 teresting sheet. The central office of the Epworth League is 
 located at 57 Washington street, Chicago.
 
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 3 EXT to his own State the interest of the Amer- 
 ican citizen is centered in the National Capi- 
 ital ; in that city of cities, about which so 
 many associations cluster, and which repre- 
 sents so much to this country and the world 
 at large through the transactions of its vari- 
 ous departments executive, legislative, judicial. 
 Though it is presumed that all are, in a general 
 way, familiar with the Federal City and its attract- 
 ive environments, we trust that a brief sketch of this interesting 
 locality will be appreciated, not only by all who are acquainted 
 with its scenes, but by those who have never enjoyed the pleas- 
 ure of a personal visit. 
 
 We, as a Nation, have passed the first centennial of Presi- 
 dential administration "a government of the people, by the 
 people and for the people" and, in turn, each Chief Executive 
 has entered iipon the duties of his office with a fixed policy set 
 steadfastly before his view, which it has been his high purpose 
 to carry to a successful issue. How exalted and honorable the 
 position, yet how fraught with responsibility! 
 
 Glancing backward over the intervening years since the 
 oath of office was administered to the Nation's first Chief Magis- 
 ti'ate, on April 30, 17^9, Time's hand has wrought marvelous 
 changes in this land of ours, in the growth and development of 
 its then unknown resources ; but the broad foundations of gov- 
 ernment, laid in tribulation and anxiety, but with honesty of 
 
 Dist. of Columbia.
 
 2 PREFACE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 purpose and patriotic zeal, have never been shaken by foreign 
 assault or civil tumult. 
 
 A brief biographical sketch of these Representatives of the 
 Nation, which sets forth, in addition to the life, a few important 
 facts connected with each administration, will, we trust, be also 
 appreciated. 
 
 Among our readers will be found a large number who are 
 interested in the organization known as the Grand Army of the 
 Republic, and it has been our pleasure to furnish a brief history 
 of that Order from its inception down to the present time. The 
 sketches of the formation and growth of the Young Men's Chris- 
 tian Association, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Society 
 of Christian Endeavor, Epworth League and Baptist Young 
 People's Union of America will also speak to many interested 
 readers. 
 
 To present to the public, through this medium, late and 
 reliable data, relative to subjects of such general interest as the 
 above-mentioned, has been the purpose of 
 
 THE AUTHOR.
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF A FEDERAL CITY. 
 
 UR direst necessities are often "blessings in 
 disguise," for the effort to escape from unfor- 
 tunate environments may be the "opening 
 wedge" which breaks down the barriers so 
 seemingly impregnable when viewed in the 
 light of timidity and self-distrust. Thus was the con- 
 ception of the Nation's Capital the outgrowth of the 
 Nation's need, and in almost desperate self-defense was 
 Congress 'driven to an undertaking which demanded vigorous 
 prosecution, but, in result, was the " consummation devoutly to 
 be wished." 
 
 In these nineteenth century times, when the country is 
 reveling in prosperity and at peace with all the world, imagina- 
 tion can scarce picture the scenes of those early continental days, 
 when there was neither a Union, Seat of government, nor Presi- 
 dent. True, the English yoke had just been cast aside, and 
 doubtless the colonists were sincerely grateful for even a cessa- 
 tion of hostilities; but the "Confederacy of Thirteen States," 
 which had met a common enemy and accomplished its defeat, was 
 lacking in that itnanimity of purpose which governs the com- 
 monwealths comprising our glorious Nation of to-day. Sec- 
 tional interests were arraying these individual sovereignties 
 against each other; the treasury was depleted; still more signif- 
 icant to the country was the condition of indebtedness to her 
 defenders, which the war had entailed.
 
 4 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 It was June 19, 1783, and Congress was in session at Phila- 
 delphia, when a messenger rushed upon the scene with the 
 announcement that a company of soldiers, from Lancaster, were 
 advancing under arms to demand of Congress their back pay ; 
 these to be followed by Armand's entire legion, with the same 
 object in view. 
 
 When the appeals of Congress to the Executive Council of 
 Pennsylvania for protection were met with the announcement that 
 "even the State militia could not be depended upon," and that 
 "the soldiers must be allowed to enter the city," there was natur^ 
 ally much dissatisfaction expressed, and the declaration was made 
 by members of the legislature that, " if the city would not support 
 Congress, it was high time to remove to some other place." 
 
 For two days the City Hall was besieged by armed soldiers, 
 whose threatening aspect occasioned the greatest alarm. Finally, 
 a resolution to adjourn to Princeton, New Jersey, was introduced, 
 and, after several days deliberation, acted upon. The necessity 
 for such a step led to a general discussion of the subject by the 
 legislators, and on October 7th of the same year, Elbridge Gerry, 
 of Massachusetts, introduced a resolution to the effect that 
 " Buildings for the use of Congress should be erected on or near 
 the banks of the Delaware or Potomac Rivers, provided that a 
 suitable spot could be procured for a Federal Town, and that the 
 right of soil and exclusive jurisdiction should be vested in the 
 United States." 
 
 This became a law, though its life was of short duration, 
 being repealed on April 26, 1784; but the initatory steps had 
 been taken, and at the next session of Congress the following 
 October three commissioners were appointed to "lay out a dis- 
 trict on either side of the Delaware." This location met with 
 violent opposition from the Southern members, who based their 
 objections largely upon the situation, with reason claiming that 
 the Federal City should be as near to the geographical center as 
 possible, as well as the center of population, the Delaware filling 
 neither of these conditions. In January 1785, while Congress
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA A FEDERAL CITY. 5 
 
 was in session in New York, an attempt was made to locate the 
 capital on the Potomac, which met with spirited resistance from 
 the Northern Commonwealths, they claiming an injustice in the 
 relative position, nine States being situated north of this loca- 
 tion and four to the south. 
 
 The first definite steps taken toward the acquisition of a 
 permanent Seat of Government was the adoption of the present 
 Constitution, in September, 1787, which conclusively settled the 
 extent of the district. In 1788, Maryland, recognizing the ad- 
 vantage to a State of the location of the National Capital, made 
 offer of "any district (not exceeding ten miles square) which the 
 Congress may fix upon and accept for the Seat of Government 
 of the United States." A matter of such importance to the en- 
 tire federation could not be disposed of without deliberation. It 
 was debated at the session of 1789; and, while each section vir- 
 tually agreed to the general proposition that the Federal City 
 oitfflit to be centrally located, it is scarcely to be expected that 
 motives of self-interest could be entirely eliminated from district 
 representation. The North and South were pitted against each 
 other on the settlement of this important question ; the former 
 favoring the banks of the Susquehanna, while the latter de- 
 manded the Delaware or the Potomac. The cities which had 
 entertained the Legislature at former sessions, as well as a num- 
 ber of other localities, had strong partisan supporters, and the 
 result of the deliberations of Congress pointed significantly to 
 most serious complications. 
 
 At the session of 1789, Germantown, Pennsylvania, suc- 
 ceeded in securing the prize, lacking only the concurrence of the 
 Senate in a final amendment, which that body decided to post- 
 pone until the Congress following. Virginia, as a State, had 
 not been idle, and on December 3, 1789, passed an Act granting 
 to Congress land on the Potomac, and pledges for the erection of 
 suitable buildings, Maryland to concur in the proposition, and 
 render substantial assistance. 
 
 The question of "funding the public debt" was occupying
 
 6 THK WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 the attention of the members, and the House had rejected an 
 amendment to the effect that the Government should assume 
 twenty-one million dollars of State debts. The North was 
 unitedly in favor of assumption, but opposed to the situation of 
 the Capital as favored by the Southern States; the South was 
 divided on the former question, but presented a solid phalanx on 
 the location of the Federal City. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, and 
 Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, realizing the dangers im- 
 pending, proved themselves diplomats, indeed, at this critical 
 juncture, by arranging a compromise between the localities 
 which they respectively represented. A dinner party, given by 
 Mr. Jefferson, became herewith an historic event, such members 
 being invited as were necessary to carry forward the purposes of 
 the leaders. Hamilton won to his opinion the needed majority 
 of the Northern States, while Jefferson carried the Southern, 
 the resujt of which was the passage of the "Assumption Act," 
 and the acceptance by Congress, of the joint offer of Virginia 
 and Maryland. George Washington, President, issued proclama- 
 tions designating the limits of the District, in January and 
 March, 1791, the fifteenth year of American independence. 
 
 Gen. Thomas Johnson and Hon. Daniel Carroll, of Mary- 
 land, and Dr. David Stuart, of Virginia, were appointed Com- 
 missioners by the President, and on April 15, 1791, the first 
 boundary stone was placed at Jones' Point, adjacent to Alex- 
 andria, Virginia. The name "Columbia" was given to the 
 District, in honor of the discoverer of the continent.
 
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 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 site of the now charming and picturesque City 
 of Washington was, in the early days, a favorite 
 camping-ground of the Anacostian Indians, and 
 their council-fires burned brightly upon the lo- 
 cality where the Nation's Capitol now lifts its 
 graceful dome. The first white man credited 
 with the discovery of these Wooded shores was 
 Henry Fleet, an English fur-trader, who plied his skiff on the 
 Potomac River, in 1624, and, in his journal recently discovered 
 in the Lambeth Library, London gives an interesting descrip- 
 tion of the native tribes and their occupation of hunting and 
 fishing, as well as the conditions of soil and climate of the sur- 
 rounding country. 
 
 In 1660, another Englishman, named Pope, purchased a 
 tract of land in this locality, to which he gave the name of 
 "Rome," designating a small, adjacent creek "The Tiber," and 
 laying out a city upon a paper foundation which should be a 
 counterpart of the famous capital beyond the sea. 
 
 As early as 1634 Maryland was occupied by Lord Balti- 
 more's Catholic Colony, but it was not until 1695 that a company 
 of Scotch and Irish exiles settled upon the territory now known 
 as the District of Columbia and engaged in farming, giving to 
 their combined possessions the title of " New Scotland." 
 
 The original location selected by President Washington for 
 
 Dist. of Columbia. 7
 
 8 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 the Federal City was taken from Prince George and Mont- 
 gomery Counties, Maryland, and from Fairfax County, Virginia, 
 and comprised a district one hundred square miles in extent, 
 which contained three flourishing towns, Alexandria, in Vir- 
 ginia; Bladensburg and Georgetown, in Maryland. In 1846 the 
 territory on the right bank of the Potomac was retroceded to 
 Virginia, and the area of the present District consequently re- 
 duced to fifty square miles. Its only county is Washington ; its 
 towns, Washington and Georgetown. Andrew Ellicott, of Penn- 
 sylvania, was appointend to make the surveys of the District, in 
 the spring of 1791, and negotiations were thereupon entered into 
 with the owners of the property, the four principal ones being 
 Daniel Carroll, David Burns, Samuel Davidson and Notley 
 Young, with whom satisfactory terms were finally concluded. 
 
 About fourteen miles above Mt. Vernon, the famous country 
 seat of President Washington, the Eastern Branch unites with 
 the Potomac, leaving, between the streams, a wedge-shaped strip 
 of land which is bordered on one side by the Potomac River for 
 a distance of about three miles. Here, wooded hills rise in 
 majestic beauty, and form a semi-circle, meeting the Eastern 
 Branch about a mile from its confluence with the Potomac ; and, 
 upon this point of land, the President located the Federal City, 
 afterward named Washington, in his honor. 
 
 Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a native of France, was selected to 
 lay out the city, and studied the situation carefully and diligently 
 during the spring and summer of 1791. He had been attracted 
 to America with many of his countrymen, during the Revo- 
 lution, at a time of the Nation's need, and had ably assisted the 
 colonists by his instruction in the planning of fortifications; 
 his services were rewarded by an appointment as Major of 
 Engineers. One splendid feature of his design was its provision 
 for the growth of the Nation, recognizing the needs of the 
 future, as well as those of his own day and generation; and, 
 although owing to an unfortunate temper, which occasioned his 
 dismissal another completed the labors he had entered into so
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CITY OK WASHINGTON. 9 
 
 assiduously, his ideas were largely embodied in the plans of his 
 successor, Andrew EHicott. 
 
 THE STREETS OF THE CITY. 
 
 The streets of Washington are a distinguishing feature of 
 the city. They are somewhat confusing to a stranger, owing to 
 the unusual manner of "doubling" the names, but when 
 once the plan is comprehended, all difficulty in this direction is 
 removed. With "Capitol Hill " as the center of the system, the 
 streets running parallel to it, east and west take the letters of 
 the alphabet ; those extending north and south are designated by 
 numerals, while the sixteen magnificent avenues running 
 diagonally across the city and named for the States which com- 
 prised the Union in the year 1800, are among the pleasing 
 features of the capital. They are from 130 to 160 feet in width, 
 and are lined by beautiful trees which give to Washington a 
 most attractive appearance.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ERECTING THE CAPITOL. 
 
 N July 1793 Stephen L,. Hallett was appointed Arch- 
 itect of the Capitol, with James Hoban acting as 
 Supervising Architect, and, on the eighteenth of Sep- 
 tember, the Southeast corner-stone of the building 
 was laid with imposing ceremonies. Mr. Hoban's 
 design for the President's House was accepted, and 
 both structures were pushed forward as rapidly as 
 possible, in order to comply with the stipulation re- 
 quiring that they be ready for occupancy by the year 1800. No 
 appropriations for these buildings had been provided by Con- 
 gress, and the amounts voted by Maryland and Virginia were 
 soon exhausted, the former finally furnishing additional funds, 
 on the personal credit of the Commissioners. 
 
 A third term being declined by Washington, John Adams 
 succeeded to the Presidency, and, although representing a dis- 
 trict hostile to the location, entered heartily into the plans 
 of his predecessor. The resignation of Mr. Hallett, as well as 
 his successor, appointed by the President, entailed upon Mr. 
 Hoban the duty of carrying the work to completion. The North 
 wing was finished in 1799, and occupied the following year by 
 Congress, as was also the President's House, Mrs. Adams hold- 
 ing the distinguished position of first mistress of the White 
 House, as it has since been named. 
 
 The members opposed to the accepted locality of the Federal 
 City gave to it, in the early days, many titles significant of their 
 sentiments of disgust, one of which "The City of Magnificent 
 
 Dist. of Columbia. 
 
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 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ERECTING THE CAPITOL. II 
 
 Distances " still clings to it, but not in a sense of disapproba- 
 tion, at the present time. " Capitol-movers," as they were des- 
 ignated, pnt forth every effort to effect a change in the location of 
 the Federal City, but in vain, though they doubtless retarded 
 not a little the growth of the District. 
 
 During President Madison's administration occurred the de- 
 struction of the Capitol and other State Buildings, by the Brit- 
 ish, on August 24, 1814. Three years previous to this the 
 South, or House wing, of the edifice had been completed the 
 Halls being connected by a covered passage way and thus was 
 afforded to the enemy the opportunity of still greater devasta- 
 tion. The records, valuable papers and plate were saved from 
 destruction by removal, but the library, family stores and furni- 
 ture were consumed, only the blackened walls remaining to cry 
 out against the wrong committed, and to urge the common- 
 wealths to concerted action in rebuilding their Federal City. 
 
 Congress appointed Mr. Benjamin H. Latrobe to supervise 
 the reconstruction of the Capitol, but, in December, 1817, he was 
 succeeded by Mr. Charles Bulfinch, who carried the work to com- 
 pletion the foundation of the Central Building being laid 
 March 24, 1818, and the structure made ready for occupancy in 
 the year 1825. What is now designated as the "Old Capitol" is 
 a building which was leased by Congress in 1815, and occupied 
 by them for the succeeding ten years.
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE NEW CAPITOL. 
 
 N September 30, 1850, Congress passed an Act 
 for the extension of the Capitol in accordance 
 with the necessities of that Body. President 
 Fillniore approved of the plan of Mr. Thomas 
 U. Walter, Architect, and placed him in charge 
 of its construction ; and, on July 4, 1851, in the seventy- 
 sixth year of American Independence, the corner-stone 
 was laid by the President, with appropriate ceremonies, 
 Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, delivering the oration on 
 that memorable occasion. 
 
 The New Capitol is comprised of the old building (which 
 forms the center of the structure) and the " Extension," consist- 
 ing of two wings, though it virtually represents three periods of 
 the Nation's history. Its entire length is 751 feet, and depth 
 324 feet inclusive of porticoes and steps, and the structure covers 
 153,112 square feet exclusive of the courts. The Capitol faces 
 the east, while, contrary to the expectation of the projectors, the 
 settlement of the city did not begin in that locality, but to the 
 westward of the edifice. 
 
 The material of the "Extension" is white marble, which 
 was procured in Massachusetts, while the columns were quarried 
 in Maryland, the entire superstructure resting upon a basement 
 of rustic stone. 
 
 The three principal entrances are on the east, the central 
 being the main entrance to the Capitol, and is reached through a 
 
 Dist. of Columbia. K
 
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 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA THE NEW CAPITOL. 13 
 
 portico one hundred and sixty feet in length ; and here has been 
 witnessed the inauguration of the Presidents of the United 
 States since the completion of the Capitol. 
 
 From Pennsylvania Avenue the mile-long approach to the 
 edifice the effect is strikingly grand, while a nearer view takes 
 nothing from its attractiveness, so symmetrical are its propor- 
 tions and so harmonious the surroundings. Space forbids such 
 detailed account of both exterior and interior as would be pleas- 
 ant and profitable, hence we will simply touch upon some of the 
 noted features, an extended description of which would occupy a 
 volume. 
 
 The ROTUNDA of the Capitol is reached through massive 
 doois of bronze, embellished with high-relief figures, the work 
 of the noted American sculptor, Randolph Rogers, representing 
 historical events connected with Columbus. The diameter of 
 the Rotunda is ninety-five and one-half feet, circumference three 
 hundred, and height one hundred and eighty feet from base to 
 canopy. The floor is of sandstone, and the ceiling is the iron- 
 ribbed interior of the great Dome. A frieze, ten feet in width, 
 is frescoed to represent important events in American history, 
 while the paintings, by celebrated artists, set in panels about the 
 walls, are among the most attractive decorations of the Rotunda, 
 representing, as they do, important scenes in the history of the 
 Nation. Thirty-six windows are placed in the ceiling, and " the 
 eye," a small opening at the apex, is surrounded by a canopy, 
 upon which is frescoed the " Apotheosis of Washington." This 
 allegorical painting, the work of Senior C. Bruniidi, an Italian 
 artist, covers 4,664 square feet, and represents to the Government 
 an expenditure of $40,000, while, to the American citizen, it is 
 ever a delightful study an education in Art. 
 
 The DOME, designed by Thomas U. Walter, is one of the 
 surprises of the structure, having the appearance of airiness, 
 but built in so substantial a manner as to resist the severest 
 storm, with only a slight vibration. Four thousand tons of iron 
 entered into its construction, while eight years were spent in the
 
 14 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 erection of this prominent feature of the Capitol. It rises 307 
 feet above the foundation and is surmounted by a figure of Free- 
 dom, designed by Thomas Crawford. The view of the city and 
 surrounding country from the Dome is most entrancing, the 
 hills and valleys, as well as the graceful river, presenting a fas- 
 cinating picture to the eye; while the magnificent avenues, 
 reaching out in every direction, give the appearance of a specific 
 object, in all their wanderings, which is in reality, none other 
 than The Capitol. 
 
 One of the most interesting apartments of the Capitol, asso- 
 ciated as it is with those early days of "trials and triumphs" is 
 the HALL OF STATUARY, reached by the main corridor, as one 
 passes to the South Extension the Hall of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives. This semi-circular chamber is 95 feet in length with 
 a panelled ceiling 60 feet in height, imitative in its decorations of 
 the Pantheon at Rome. This historic apartment most truly 
 memorable on account of the " battles of the giants " which were 
 waged so forcefully during the fifty years of its occupancy as 
 House of Representatives Congress, in 1864, wisely set aside as 
 a Hall of Statuary, and authorized the President to extend an 
 invitation to each State to contribute a bronze or marble statue 
 of two of her noted sons. Rhode Island was the first to comply 
 with the request, and Connecticut, New York, Massachusetts, Ver- 
 mont, and several other States have also responded. When 
 each commonwealth of the United States shall have placed 
 beneath the arched ceiling of this Pantheon of America's noted 
 men the statues to which she is entitled, the Nation may indeed 
 be proud of such representation, since neither by inheritance nor 
 the accident of birth came honors, but in faithfulness to prin- 
 ciple, which is its own reward. 
 
 Occupying respectively the North and South Extensions are 
 the Senate Chamber and Hall of the House of Representatives, 
 the former being in size 112x82 feet, and the latter 139x93 feet, 
 in both cases the floor space being largely devoted to the desks 
 and chairs of members. Galleries, extending entirely around
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA THE NEW CAPITOL. 15 
 
 these auditoriums, are divided into sections for the Diplomatic 
 Corps, for ladies, and for gentlemen, the Reporters Gallery 
 being above and behind the presiding officer's chair, in both 
 Houses. 
 
 The decorations of these Chambers are in perfect harmony 
 with the magnificent structure of which they form so important 
 a part. Heating, lighting, and ventilating are thoroughly and 
 systematically accomplished, while comfort and convenience are 
 paramount considerations in these legislative halls the Senate 
 and House of Representatives. 
 
 From the year 1800 to 1859 the apartment now designated 
 as the Supreme Court Chamber resounded to the voices of Sen- 
 ators of the United States, as they debated questions of import 
 to the Nation's welfare. With the completion of the extension, 
 the Senate removed to its new location, and the Supreme Court 
 was assigned to the deserted chamber. This semi-circular 
 apartment is one of magnificent proportions, and the decorations 
 and appointments are in keeping with the legislative halls of the 
 House and Senate. 
 
 Occupying the Capitol's entire Western projection, is the 
 Library, an elegant apartment (in 'reality three chambers in 
 one), affording to knowledge-seekers an inspiration for study, 
 through the companionship of rare and priceless volumes, as 
 well as the latest productions of our gifted writers of to-day. 
 
 On April 24, 1800, Congress passed an Act appropriating 
 $5,000 for the purchase of a Library, which, however, was de- 
 stroyed in 1814, with the burning of the Capitol by the British. 
 President Jefferson's offer of his entire library was accepted by 
 the Government, and 7,500 valuable volumes were purchased of 
 him in 1815. These were at once removed to Washington, and, 
 in 1825, assigned to their permanent location, where they formed 
 the nucleus of the present Library. 
 
 In 1851, 35,000 volumes were destroyed by fire, but the 
 original collection of Mr. Jefferson, for the most part, fortunately 
 escaped. Appropriations were immediately made to replace the
 
 1 6 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 loss, as well as for a large additional purchase of books ; arid, in 
 March, 1852, $72,500 was voted toward repairing the burned 
 apartments. As a result, we have the present commodious 
 chambers, which are thoroughly fire-proof, and adapted in every 
 way to the requirements of this important department. In 1866 
 the scientific library of the Smithsonian Institute was added to 
 the collection ; and the following year Congress purchased the 
 library of Mr. Peter Force, of Washington. In 1870 the copy- 
 right law (in the transfer of its business from the Patent Office to 
 the Library of Congress) provided that two copies of each 
 publication be deposited with the librarian, and thus the collec- 
 tion has grown to mammoth proportions. 
 
 Of other departments of the Capitol we will refrain from 
 special mention, leaving to the visitor the charm of personal 
 inspection, which ever proves not only a pleasant occupation but 
 a matter of instruction as well.
 
 . 
 
 * : ->. v. 
 
 '' 
 
 ALLEGORICAL PICTURE, NATIONAL CAPITOL.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 ATTRACTIONS OF THE CITY. 
 
 EXT to the Capitol, the Executive Mansion is 
 and always has been an object of interest. It 
 was erected at the same period and suffered 
 equally at the hands of the invading hosts, in 
 1814, but was made ready for occupancy in 
 January, 1818. It is located on Pennsyl- 
 vania Avenue, but at a distance of one mile from 
 the Legislative Halls, and is surrounded by the 
 State, Treasury, Navy and War Departments. The grounds 
 are spacious and attractive, extending to the Potomac River, on 
 which charming prospect the visitor never tires of gazing. 
 
 The structure is of Virginia sandstone, which is of so por- 
 ous a nature as to require a yearly coat of paint to keep it from 
 crumbling, and, because of this necessity, has received its ap- 
 pellation The White House. It has a frontage of 170 feet 
 with a depth of 86 feet, and is two stories in height. The main 
 entrance leads from a spacious portico to a central hall, on the 
 left of which is the East Room, occupying that entire portion of 
 the building, and used upon occasions of state. Adjoining this 
 apartment are the Green, Blue and Red Rooms, furnished in 
 these respective colors ; and to the west of the latter are the State 
 Dining Room and a smaller apartment used as such by the 
 President and fajnily, upon ordinary occasions. 
 
 The second story, containing thirteen apartments, is divided 
 into the necessary family rooms, and the suite occupied by the 
 President as ante-chamber, audience-room, private office, library, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Dist. of Columbia. 
 
 17
 
 l8 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 This home of the Chief Executive of the United States has 
 witnessed both sad and joyous events. Here have been consum- 
 mated marriage vows, and here also have lain in state the mortal 
 remains of the Nation's honored dead. However, the usages of 
 society at the Capital considerably abridge its periods of mourn- 
 ing save in the hearts of the afflicted since "men may come 
 and men may go," but receptions, state dinners, balls and fetes 
 must " still go on forever." 
 
 THE DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 In the Renaissance Building, which adjoins the White 
 House on the west, are located the State, War and Navy Depart- 
 ments, occupying respectively the South, North and East fronts. 
 These are all models in arrangement and decoration, and are a 
 delight to visitors who make the " rounds " of the " Federal City." 
 Any attempt at particular description is futile, however, since 
 one's best effort would but subject him to the criticism that " the 
 half has not been told." 
 
 The State Department which, owing to its position as the 
 medium of communication with foreign powers, as well as its 
 other exacting offices, is one of the most important branches of 
 the Nation's business, and was established in 1789, with Thomas 
 Jefferson as its first Secretary. Three Assistants, a Chief Clerk 
 and six Chiefs of Bureaus share the responsible duties, while 
 an army of clerks execute the purposes of their "superior 
 officers." 
 
 The War Department was also organized in 1789, and 
 Gen. Henry Knox, of Massachusetts, was appointed its first Sec- 
 retary. This official has no Assistants other than the Chiefs of 
 the various Bureaus, but through these heads of Departments 
 the business of the Nation is admirably conducted. 
 
 General Knox was also made Secretary of the Navy, in 
 1789, at which date this Department was created. There are no 
 Assistants, so named, but a Chief Clerk and heads of Bureaus 
 conduct the affairs of this Department, which is one of great 
 magnitude and importance.
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ATTRACTIONS. 19 
 
 The Navy Yard is one of the "features" of the Capital, and 
 attracts marked attention from visitors. It is located on the 
 Anacostia or Eastern Branch of the Potomac, at the foot of 
 Eighth Street East, and was established in 1800. It occupies an 
 area of twenty acres, and its grounds have been attractively laid 
 out and handsomely ornamented; and here are also displayed 
 many relics and trophies, such as cannon, shot and shell, taken 
 in earlier conflicts, as well as during the Civil War. 
 
 The Treasury Department was also organized in 1789, with 
 Alexander Hamilton its first Secretary, since which date many 
 honored names are recorded as its presiding officers. The 
 Building is located on Pennsylvania Avenue at the corner of 
 Fifteenth Street West, and, owing to the extensions that have 
 been added to the original structure, and which were completed 
 in 1869, is only second in attractiveness to the Capitol. 
 
 The edifice is 465 feet in length by a depth of 266 feet, the 
 extensions being constructed of the finest quality of granite 
 from Dix Island, Maine. Of all the Departments of State, none 
 takes higher rank, in point of architectural beauty or interior ar- 
 rangement and finish, than the Treasury. It is officered, in ad- 
 dition to the Secretary, by two Assistants, a Chief Clerk, two 
 Comptrollers, Commissioner of Customs, six Auditors, Register, 
 Director of the Mint, Solicitor of the Treasury, Commissioner of 
 Internal Revenue, and Chiefs of other important Bureaus con- 
 nected with the Department, which, with the clerical force em- 
 ployed, constitutes a small army of workers, enlisted under the 
 banner of the "Sovereign of the Realm" in other words, the 
 Treasury of the United States. 
 
 The Department of the Interior was established in 1849, 
 and occupies a marble and granite structure facing F Street, and 
 a portion of the pension office on Judiciary Square. This De- 
 partment has charge of the business relating to Patents, Pen- 
 sions, Public Lands, Indian Affairs, Surveys, Census, Education, 
 Railroads and many other public interests. There are two 
 Assistants, as well as Commissioners over each of the Bureaus,
 
 2O THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 while a large number of clerks dispatch the business of the Na- 
 tion as represented by the Department of the Interior. 
 
 In 1789 the office of Postmaster-General was established, 
 and Samuel Osgood, of Massachusetts, was placed at the 
 head of this department, which stands next in importance to the 
 Treasury of the United States. There are three Asssistants, as 
 well as Chiefs of Contract, Finance, Inspection and Appointment, 
 who share with the first officer the duties of the Department. 
 This building, about which so many interests cluster, and which 
 is one of the first to be inspected by the City's guests, covers an 
 entire block, between E and F Streets North, and Seventh and 
 Eighth Streets West, with its main entrance on Seventh Street. 
 It is constructed of white marble, in rectangular form, and is a 
 most imposing structure. The original building was erected in 
 1839, and additions were made thereto in 1855, the entire edifice 
 costing two millions of dollars in round numbers. 
 
 The Department of Justice is of recent creation, being estab- 
 lished in 1870, and is in charge of the Attorney-General, the 
 "law-officer" of the Government. A Solicitor and two Assistant 
 Attorney-Generals share the duties of this office, which is located 
 in a brown stone building on Pennsylvania Avenue, near 
 Fifteenth Street. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture, established in 1862, is 
 located upon a portion of the "Smithsonian Reservation," twenty 
 acres of ground being devoted to its use. The building, con- 
 structed of pressed brick, is four stories in height and 166x60 
 feet in dimensions, and complete in all its appointments. As 
 in the other Departments, the Bureaus are in charge of Chiefs, 
 to whom are intrusted the control of their respective interests, 
 subject to the Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 The Patent Office is a Bureau of the Department of the 
 Interior, and is in charge of a Commissioner. It is located 
 between Seventh and Ninth Streets West, and is bounded by F 
 and G Streets, which it faces on the south and north. The 
 building is 410x275 feet in dimensions, and is constructed of
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ATTRACTIONS. 21 
 
 marble in plain but massive style, and is one of tne most at- 
 tractive structures of the city. 
 
 It is simply impossible to attempt a description of this De- 
 partment or its forces at work, since by personal inspection, 
 alone, can any adequate idea be formed of the vastness of the 
 enterprise or the interesting objects contained within these walls; 
 hence we leave to the visitor the charm of observation, and 
 to the historian unrestricted to a brief outline a detailed account 
 of so interesting a Department. 
 
 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 One of the noted structures toward which the "pilgrim" 
 journeys, and in which the Washingtonian takes especial delight, 
 is the Smithsonian Institution, which occupies a commanding 
 position in what is designated as "The Mall," a fifty acre park 
 extending from Seventh to Twelfth Streets West, and from 1 B 
 Street South to Canal, its northern limit. The structure is 
 447x160 feet in its greatest dimensions, but these figures give 
 little idea of the space comprehended in this magnificent 
 edifice, with its wings, turrets and projections. The material 
 entering into its construction is lilac gray freestone, quarried in 
 the vicinity of Washington, and its style of architecture is the 
 Norman or Romanesque. 
 
 In 1829 James Smithson, an English scientist, died in 
 Genoa, Italy, and bequeathed his estate "to the United States of 
 America to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- 
 sonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion 
 of knowledge among men." The bequest, with a later residuary 
 legacy, was judiciously invested, and, as a result of wise enact- 
 ments, the Smithsonian Institution stands to-day a monument, 
 not only to its founder, but to the counselors who have established 
 it upon the broad foundation contemplated in the gift. 
 
 THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 
 
 To visit Washington is to view "The Monument," both as 
 a matter of desire and also of necessity, since at no locality
 
 22 THE WHITE CITY DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 within the city or its vicinity can one fail to observe this archi- 
 tectural wonder, if his eye is directed toward the Mall. Half a 
 mile to the south of the Executive Mansion stands this noble 
 structure, "the highest artificial elevation in the world"; an 
 obelisk contemplated nearly a century before it stood a finished 
 piece of masonry, the pride of every citizen of the United 
 States. 
 
 In the original plans of L'Enfant there was contemplated an 
 equestrian statue of Washington, as well as an "historic col- 
 umn," to be located "a mile from the Federal House;" and, upon 
 the site designated for the statue, rests this combination of 
 memorials The Washington Monument. 
 
 Patriotism was not lacking in the earlier days, "but, like 
 many praise-worthy undertakings, other interests were allowed 
 to take precedence in the appropriations of Congress, and the or- 
 ganization of the Washington National Monument Society was 
 necessary to arouse a "working enthusiasm" in the hearts of 
 members of the Legislature. When $87,000 had been raised 
 by private subscription, the foundation was begun, and on July 
 4, 1848, the corner-stone was laid, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop 
 being orator of the day ; the gavel which had been used by Wash- 
 ington at the same ceremony for the Capitol, in 1792, being a 
 feature of the later occasion. Among the notable guests present 
 at this ceremony were Mrs. "Dolly" Madison, Mrs. John Quincy 
 Adams and Mrs. Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 In 1855 the funds were exhausted, and not until 1884 was 
 the monument completed. On December 6th, of that year, the 
 capstone was placed in position, and, with the lowering of the 
 massive block, a flag was waved from the platform, while the 
 firing of cannon and ringing bells announced the finished work. 
 
 The height of the Monument from base to tip is 555 feet; 
 its weight 80,000 'tons, and the .cost of construction $1,200,000. 
 Dedicatory services were conducted on Washington's birthday, 
 1885, at the foot of the Monument, the orator of the occasion
 
 SUPREME COURT ROOM, WASHINGTON. 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL LIBRARY, WASHINGTON.
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ATTRACTIONS. 23 
 
 "being Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, upon whom devolved a similar 
 service at the laying of its corner-stone thirty-seven years before. 
 
 THE CITY'S CEMETERIES. 
 
 One of the places of interest about Washington is " The 
 Congressional Cemetery," a beautifully located "City of the 
 Dead" overlooking the Anacostia or Eastern Branch of the Poto- 
 mac, in which repose the remains of some of the Nation's hon- 
 ored sons. It takes its name, however, chiefly from the cenotaphs 
 of over one hundred and fifty members of Congress, whom death 
 has claimed while representing their respective commonwealths 
 at the Nation's capital. 
 
 Oak Hill Cemetery situated on Georgetown Heights, also 
 claims its share of respectful interest. Here exquisite taste has 
 supplemented Nature in the adornment of the grounds, in which 
 repose the remains of many whose names in life were spoken with 
 veneration, among whom are General Van Ness and Lorenzo 
 Dow, while John Howard Payne here rests at last, in Native land, 
 no longer an exile from his " Home sweet home." 
 
 THE SOLDIER'S HOME. 
 
 Adjoining the National Cemetery is the Soldiers' Home, 
 beautifully located in its five hundred acre plat of ground and 
 with its seven miles of attractive drives. It was established by 
 General WinfieM Scott, as a Military Asylum, but at the close 
 of the Civil War, was converted into a National Home for indi- 
 gent soldiers. It is an attractive resort to Washingtonians, as 
 well as one of the features of interest to the visitor at the Na- 
 tion's Capital. 
 
 THE CORCORAN ART GALLERY. 
 
 To speak of Washington is to recall to mind a number of 
 private enterprises, of which limited space prevents particular 
 mention. We cannot leave unnoticed, however, the Corcoran 
 Gallery of Art, which is an institution of private origin, but de-
 
 24 THE warra CITY- -DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 voted to the interest of the public, of which the founder was a 
 benefactor in the broadest sense of the word. For "the perpet- 
 ual establishment and encouragement of Painting, Sculpture 
 and Fine Arts generally," this generous donor, William \V. Cor- 
 coran, deeded to the trustees the noble structure which bears his 
 name, the entire benefaction aggregating $1,200,000, conditioned 
 on the free admission of students and visitors two days each 
 week, and at other times, "at moderate and reasonable charges." 
 This Institute is located on Pennsylvania Avenue and Sev- 
 enteenth Street, and is an imposing structure, built in the Renais- 
 sance style of architecture. It was designed by James Renwich, 
 of New York, and was completed in 1871. The best "works in 
 Europe and America are here represented, both in statuary and 
 painting, as well as by fine collections of ceramics and bronzes. 
 
 WASHINGTON SUBURBS. 
 
 If it is difficult to do Justice to the National Capital in a 
 brief sketch, it is equally so in respect to its suburban attractions, 
 of which no city can boast greater. 
 
 Mount Vernoii, situated sixteen miles below the city on the 
 western shore of the Potomac, in Fairfax County, Virginia, is 
 now the property of the Mount Vernon Association, and was 
 purchased of the estate by popular contribution, in 1860, for 
 $200,000. The yearly pilgrims to this shrine, sacred to the 
 memory of Washington, are a goodly number, and at all times 
 and seasons the picturesque grounds of this popular resort are 
 animated by interested visitors. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 
 
 Georgetown, in Maryland, now known as West Washington, 
 is, in reality, a beautiful suburb of the Federal City. Just below 
 this interesting locality, the Aqueduct Bridge over the Potomac 
 leads to Arlington Heights, the location of the National Cemetery. 
 
 This historic spot, sold for taxes in 1864, was purchased by 
 the Government for $23,000, and set aside as a National Ceni-
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ATTRACTIONS. 25 
 
 etery. The property had formerly been the possession of Robert 
 E. Lee, and his son, George W. C. Lee, entered suit to recover 
 the estate, which finally resulted in the establishment of his 
 claim, and later, a conveyance by him to the Government of the 
 two hundred acres now known as Arlington Cemetery, for a con- 
 sideration of $150,000. 
 
 In addition to the 16,264 soldiers whose resting places are 
 marked by a simple headstone, is the Mausoleum, sacred to the 
 memory of 2,111 "unknown " dead, whose "remains could not be 
 identified, but their names and deaths are recorded in the archives 
 of their Country, and its grateful citizens honor them as of their 
 noble army of martyrs." 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 We have briefly written of the Nation's Capital, and the 
 trying period which gave it birth ; of the selection of a location, 
 erection of the Capitol, its destruction and re-building; of the 
 "Executive Mansion," the Departments of State, a few of the 
 most important Institutions and interesting Suburbs. We have 
 not entered into the life of the city its social world; nor fol- 
 lowed the fortunes of that ever advancing and receding " wave of 
 humanity," which drifts in and out with each political tide. 
 
 To write "The Story of The Federal City" is to record "be- 
 tween the lines" those names we all revere and love the Na- 
 tion's honored Sons ; not Washingtonians, alone, but Children 
 of your State and mine. 
 
 Some names are written not alone 
 In deep-carved letters on the stone 
 
 Standing above each head ; 
 But, in the Nation's heart, to-day, 
 Their deeds still live, although we say : 
 
 "This son or that is dead." 
 
 Some names are written not on stone ; 
 Nor to the past belongs alone 
 
 The Nation's heroes, all. 
 They live within our land to-day, 
 Standing for truth and right alway, 
 
 Though "parties " rise or fall.
 
 THE PRESIDENTS.
 
 Washington. 
 
 public. 
 
 N February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, 
 Virginia, there awoke to conscious existence in 
 the "steep-roofed" home of Augustine and 
 Mary Ball Washington, on Bridge's Creek, a 
 son, of whose early life only the merest outline 
 is obtainable, but whom a nation honors for his nobil- 
 ity of character and the important position which he 
 filled at so critical a pe'riod as the birth of the Re- 
 He was a descendant of a vigorous English ancestry, 
 his great-grandfather, John Washington, emigrating to Virginia 
 from Leicestershire, in 1657. When eleven years of age his fa- 
 ther passed away, leaving his mother with a family of small 
 children, George being the eldest. 
 
 Two half-brothers, by his father's former marriage (es- 
 pecially the elder, Laurence, fourteen years the senior of George) , 
 were destined to materially influence the unfolding life of their 
 afterward highly distinguished relative. 
 
 Laurence married the daughter of one of Virginia's most 
 refined and wealthy families the Fairfaxes and at their coun- 
 try-seat, Belvoir, George passed many happy hours in the society 
 of such companions as frequented that hospitable home. From 
 his father, Laurence had inherited property on the Potomac, to 
 which was given the name of Hunting Creek, but afterward re- 
 named Mount Vernon, by its owner, and it was destined to be- 
 come the historic spot on American soil. With his half-brother, 
 Augustine, he also passed considerable time and there enjoyed 
 
 I'rcsi'.li-uts 
 
 27
 
 28 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 the opportunities of a somewhat higher education than his earlier 
 surroundings afforded. 
 
 At the age of sixteen an acquaintance and quickly devel- 
 oped friendship between himself and Lord Thomas Fairfax 
 largely influenced his future career, the latter entrusting him 
 with a commission to survey his vast estates in the Shenandoah 
 Valley. The experiences of such an undertaking and the hard- 
 ships and dangers of the frontier served him a good purpose 
 when hardihood was required in his country's service. 
 
 Physically, George Washington presents to us the type of 
 vigorous manhood. He was of powerful build and delighted in 
 such athletic sports as developed a magnificent physique and per- 
 fect health. He was quiet in demeanor and thoughtful beyond 
 his years, but under the calm and dignified exterior the fires of 
 heroism were burning, and a strong will and a temper more 
 swift in rising than his blue eyes might suggest are not out of 
 harmony with the vigorous prosecution of every enterprise to 
 which his efforts were afterward directed. 
 
 Later, when the French and English colonies were strug- 
 gling for supremacy in the Ohio Valley, his military instinct 
 began to develop; but about this time cares and sorrows also 
 pressed heavily upon him, owing to the death of his brother, 
 Laurence, and the responsibilities of his duties as executor of 
 the vast estate. Mount Vernon now became his home and was 
 never relinquished as such during the years of his life. Wash- 
 ington's part in the contest between the French and English was 
 an important one, and, as a crowning act of the struggle he, 
 with his advance guard, on November 25, 1758, entered Fort 
 Duquesne and flung to the breeze the English flag. 
 
 His marriage with the beautiful Martha Custis was indeed 
 a "union of hearts" and occurred at the close of this campaign. 
 For sixteen years following, his life seems to have run smoothly, 
 and then came the struggle for American independence, when 
 his was the strong arm upon which to lean, and his words 
 when speech 'was needed glowed with patriotic fire.
 
 PRESIDENTS WASHINGTON. 29 
 
 When victory at last crowned the American arms, Wash- 
 ington's was the striking figure before the eyes of the New 
 World. He returned to Mount Vernon to enjoy the tranquility 
 of domestic life, only to be called to higher responsibilities by a 
 unanimous election as the first President of the United States. 
 
 The sound judgment which marked this administration 
 proved that Washington's statesmanship was not inferior to his 
 qualifications as a soldier. For eight years he guided the af- 
 fairs of the youthful Republic courageously and conscientiously, 
 and on March 4, 1797, retiring from public life with almost un- 
 speakable happiness, he repaired to Mount Vernon to enjoy the 
 home made dear by early associations. When, however, the 
 French Directory aimed a blow at American commerce, and war 
 threatened, Washington was commissioned Commander-in-chief 
 of the American forces, and entered upon his duties as the 
 patriot and soldier. However, the preparations for war, so vig- 
 orously undertaken, seemed to inspire the French with proper 
 respect for American arms and they retreated from their arro- 
 gant position; and thus the calamities of war were averted. 
 
 When relieved once more from his official duties, Washing- 
 ton returned to Mount Vernon and entered upon a tranquil but 
 busy life, which was only to be broken in upon by the Invader 
 of all homes the silent messenger who came on December 17, 
 1799, when the year was nearing its close, and the eventful cent- 
 ury, in which he had occupied so conspicuous a place, was also 
 fast hastening away.
 
 second President of these United States bears 
 the simple cognomen of John Adams, but there 
 is something characteristic in the name, quite in 
 keeping with the straightforward, earnest, intense 
 nature of this man, who occupies so important a 
 place in the Nation's history. John Adams was 
 born at Braintree, Massachusetts on the south 
 shore of Boston harbor October 19, 1735. He 
 was among the descendants of a Puritan family, which settled 
 in Massachusetts in 1630; and of his father it may be said to his 
 great credit that, although not blessed with a superabundance of 
 this world's goods, he realized the advantages of education for 
 his children, and placed his eldest son at Harvard, from which 
 institution he was graduated in 1775, at the age of twenty years. 
 The records are very meager in regard to the childhood and 
 youth of this distinguished Statesman. On leaving his Alma 
 Mater, he naturally drifted into a pursuit for which his education 
 had qualified him, and we find him installed in charge of a 
 grammar school, at Worcester, but his ardent nature chafed un- 
 der the circumscribed rules and methods of such a life, and after 
 much deliberation, resulting in the abandonment of an ambition 
 for the "pomp and glory " of a soldier's life, he decided in favor 
 of the law; was admitted to the bar November 6, 1758, and at 
 once began the practice of his profession, in Suffolk County. As 
 showing the high standard of integrity with which he entered 
 upon his career, his own words are fitting in this connection: 
 
 Presidents. 
 
 n
 
 PRESIDENTS ADAMS. 31 
 
 "But I set out with firm resolutions, I think, never to commit 
 any meanness or injustice in the practice of the law." 
 
 On October 25, 1764, John Adams was married to Miss 
 Abigail Smith, a clergyman's daughter, who, though a youthful 
 bride, proved a most worthy help-meet through all the years of 
 his eventful life. Owing to the demands of public affairs upon 
 the father, the care and training of the daughter and three sons 
 rested largely upon the devoted wife and mother, but there was 
 no faltering in the acceptance of the trust, and her double duties 
 were faithfully performed. 
 
 In 1765 the passage of the "Stamp Act" awoke the Colo- 
 nies to spirited resistance, though, with its repeal, the sentiment 
 of loyalty to the Mother Cotintry doubtless calmed somewhat 
 the storm of disaffection which had gathered, although it was 
 never again to be lulled into the sleep of restful security. 
 
 John Adam's patriotism has never been questioned. What- 
 ever may be said of those later acts of his which dimmed the 
 luster of his political record, and subjected him to the severest 
 criticism, his love of country stands out as a " bright, particular 
 star," whose guidance may be safely followed in these nineteenth 
 century days. 
 
 With the Boston Port Bill came the rousing of the colonists 
 to positive action, and on June 17, 1774, one of the five Massa- 
 chusetts delegates sent by the Provisional Assembly to the Conti- 
 nental Congress, at Philadelphia, was John Adams, and he was 
 also returned to the Second Assembly the following May. 
 
 The events of this period are among the most memoraole in 
 history. Almost at the very door of his Braintree home, scenes 
 of conflict were being enacted, while the deliberations of Con- 
 gress, then in session, were to render immortal the names of 
 several of the Nation's sons. Although to Thomas Jefferson is 
 given credit for the authorship of the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence, John Adams' presentation before Congress carried his 
 hearers with him, and "his praise was in everybody's mouth." 
 
 He was afterward appointed Commissioner to the Court
 
 32 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 of France, and in accepting this important trust must 
 have realized the dangers which it involved, as his capture upon 
 the seas, by the English Government, would have been hailed 
 with joy by the ruling power George III. Owing to Dr. Frank- 
 lin's popularity among the French, at the suggestion of Mr. 
 Adams the Commission was given to the former, and he (Adams) 
 returned to America. In 1779 he again sailed, under appoint- 
 ment, as Minister "to treat with Great Britain for peace and 
 
 commerce." 
 
 At the head of foreign affairs in France, at that time, was 
 Compte de Vergennes, and the relations of these two diplomats 
 were far from agreeable. Mr. Adams lacked tact, and his out- 
 spoken words were doubtless the cause of much disaffection be- 
 tween them. He was also on unfriendly terms with Dr. Frank- 
 lin, which rendered his position the more trying. War between 
 Great Britain and Holland was declared, and Mr. Adams was 
 appointed Minister to the latter province, in place of Laurens, 
 who had been captured by the British and held for supposed 
 irregularities. With the same confidence as was shown in 
 presenting to Congress the name of George Washington as 
 Commander-in-chief of the Army, and the carrying out of his 
 purpose by the force of his convincing arguments, Mr. Adams 
 demanded of the States-General recognition as the representative 
 of "an independent nation." On April 19, 1782, his demands 
 were acceded to, and he was recognized as "American Minister at 
 The Hague." 
 
 Mr. Adams afterward secured loans from Holland which 
 were much needed in the new country, and also materially 
 strengthened his colleagues in France (Dr. Franklin and Mr. 
 Jay) at a most critical moment in their negotiations with Eng- 
 land. 
 
 After the " Treaty of Peace with the United States of North 
 America," Mr. Adams was appointed Minister to Great Britain, 
 on February 24, 1785, but resigned and sailed for America on 
 April 20, 1788. He was elected Vice- President and re-elected
 
 PRESIDENTS ADAMS. 33 
 
 
 
 for the second term. Between himself and Alexander Hamilton 
 had arisen the sharpest antagonism, and though Mr. Adams suc- 
 ceeded to the Presidency, it was by a very small majority, and 
 the animosity between these two distinguished statesmen is 
 pointed to as "the most bitter feud in American history." 
 
 With the declaration of war with France, Washington left 
 Mt. Vernon to become Commander-in-chief of the army, but ere 
 long this Foreign power made advances to America for peace. 
 To this Mr. Adams inclined, only to meet the violent opposition 
 of his Cabinet, who desired a permanent rupture with that gov- 
 ernment. Mr. Adams was not elected to a second term and no 
 doubt his defeat was largely due to his implacable foe, Alexan- 
 der Hamilton. 
 
 He has been severely criticised for deserting his place and 
 "violating the etiquette of the occasion" by refusing to be 
 present at the inauguration of his successor, but his mortifica- 
 tion was terrible and his disappointment severe. He had served 
 his country with unselfish devotion, and to him her seeming in- 
 gratitude was unparalleled. 
 
 John Adams is described as portly, but of well-knit frame ; 
 a handsome man with resolute lines showing prominently 
 in the clear, strong features. He was simple and dignified in 
 manner, and carried himself with quiet self-respect. His be- 
 loved wife passed away in 1818, and eight years later, on July 4, 
 1826, John Adams answered the "summons," and the second 
 President of the United States "was no more."
 
 T the "Shadwell homestead," in Albemarle 
 County, Virginia, where he was born on 
 April 13, 1743, the early life of Thomas 
 Jefferson was passed. His father was 
 considered a remarkable man in those 
 days, and to such sterling qualities as 
 sound judgment and integrity were added intelli- 
 gence and the faithful administration of public 
 affairs. His mother was Jane Randolph, of old Virginia 
 stock, whose birthplace was a London parish called 
 Shadwell, which name was thus fittingly given to the home upon 
 the banks of the Rivanua. 
 
 Peter Jefferson died when his son was fourteen 3'ears of age, 
 leaving him the third child, but eldest son, in a rather numerous 
 family. According to his father's expressed wish, Thomas was 
 to receive a thorough education and his first tutor was the Rev. 
 James Maury, with whom he remained for two years, and then 
 entered William and Mary College, at Williamsburg, the capital 
 of Virginia. 
 
 In personal appearance this future "great man" is described 
 as "tall and slender, with sandy hair and freckled face, prom- 
 inent cheek bones and chin, and large hands and feet; but with 
 bright, hazel-gray eyes and perfect teeth." He was a great stu- 
 dent, and became a favorite with his classmates. He also there 
 met friends who largely influenced his future years, and whose 
 names were always associated with those early days. The first 
 
 Presidents. 34
 
 PRESIDENTS JEFFERSON. 35 
 
 romance of his life came to him within those college walls, but 
 the disappointment at the rejection of his suit, by the beautiful 
 Rebecca Burwell, did not shut out all the brightness of his future 
 career, nor render him oblivious to its sacred duties and trusts. 
 
 Between himself and one of his classmates, Dabiiey Carr, 
 later the husband of Martha Jeiferson the closest friendship 
 existed, and their favorite retreat a noble oak part way toward 
 the summit of the afterward famous Monticello became to each 
 a sacred place. By covenant between these two, the one whose 
 death should first occur was to find a resting place beneath the 
 spreading branches of the oak, and Jefferson performed for his 
 friend his solemn obligation, and, in later years, was laid to rest 
 beside that much-loved comrade of his youth. 
 
 In 1767 Thomas Jefferson was admitted to the bar. Two 
 years previous to this, while a law-student, he was permitted to 
 listen to the famous words of his old college friend, Patrick 
 Henry, when, as a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 
 he made his memorable speech against the taxing of her Colo- 
 nies by Great Britain, and, with the utterance of those thrilling 
 words, the heart of the young student had received its in- 
 spiration. 
 
 In 1768 Jefferson served as a member of the First Virginia 
 Legislature, and at the Raleigh tavern eighty-eight members of 
 the House of Burgesses signed the " Non-Importation Agree- 
 ment," and were loyally supported by the State. This was the 
 beginning of a public life which was to continue uninterruptedly 
 for forty years. 
 
 On January i, 1772, in New York, Thomas Jefferson was 
 married to Martha Skelton, and their wedding journey was un- 
 dertaken in a "two-horse chaise," to the home at Monticello, 
 " more than a hundred miles away." Nothing but harmony 
 reigned in this charming household, where hospitality sat en- 
 throned. Of the six children which came to the worth}' couple 
 five daughters and one son but one, the eldest, survived the 
 father. To his own family, however, was added that of his
 
 36 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 brother-inlaw, Dabney Carr, whose death, in 1773, left six little 
 children fatherless. Ttms did he truly prove faithful in a sub- 
 stantial manner to the friend of his youth. 
 
 On the burning of the Gaspee, by the Rhode Islanders, a 
 sentiment of sympathy for the desperate colonists was aroused 
 in Virginia, and a " Committee of correspondence " was organ- 
 ized, and afterward the Continental Congress. The tempera- 
 ment of Jefferson was mild and peace-loving, and he addressed a 
 petition to the King, setting forth the wrongs endured by the 
 Colonists, which, however, was met by that personage, with 
 silent contempt. The immortal document, the Declaration of 
 Independence, was prepared by Mr. Jefferson during the summer 
 of 1776, and on July 4th, "the most famous State-paper in the 
 world " was signed by all the members of Congress. 
 
 On June i, 1779, Thomas Jefferson was made Governor of 
 Virginia. On the important part which he played during the 
 closing years of the Revolution, or the dangers which menaced 
 the Legislature and its members from British invasion, it is im- 
 possible to dwell. When, at the close of the war, Jefferson re- 
 turned to his home, it was to soon realize the greatest sorrow of 
 his life the death of his beloved wife, the mistress of Monticello, 
 which occurred Sept. 6, 1782. 
 
 The following May he accepted the appointment of Con- 
 gress as envoy to France, and sailed from Boston, July 5, 1783, 
 taking his eldest daughter with him. For five years he repre- 
 sented his country at the Court of France, but was always the 
 American patriot. He witnessed the opening scenes of the 
 French Revolution and the fall of the Bastile. The occasion of 
 his daughter's engagement to her cousin, Thomas Mann Ran- 
 dolph, which took him away from the French Capital at this 
 eventful period, in all probability saved the life of America's 
 future President. He was greeted upon his arrival by the an- 
 nouncement that President Washington had appointed him Sec- 
 retay of State, which trying position he reluctantly accepted. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton was at this time Secretary of the
 
 PRESIDENTS JEFFERSON. 37 
 
 Treasury, and these two brilliant statesmen soon became bitter 
 opponents, and the leaders of two political parties the Federal- 
 ist and Republican. On January i, 1794, Secretary Jefferson 
 resigned his position in the Cabinet, and retired to Monticello, 
 but could not long remain the quiet home-loving citi/en, being 
 elected Vice-President in 1796. 
 
 Here as before, he was brought into conflict with Hamilton, 
 whose views were in direct opposition to his own, and whose 
 party, the Federalist, was diminishing, while the Republican 
 "the party of the people" was gaining strength, as was its 
 leader, Jefferson. He was made third President of the United 
 States in 1801, and was inaugurated on March 4th, with what 
 has since been fittingly designated "true democratic simplicity," 
 and, if he carried his convictions for an absence of display to ex- 
 treme limits, he no doubt erred on the side of good judgment. 
 
 Jefferson's first term was a happy and prosperous one, and 
 the purchase of Louisiana was an important event of this ad- 
 ministration. His second term was somewhat clouded by the 
 discovery of the deficiency of his salary to meet the demands 
 upon his income. This was made good out of his private re- 
 sources, however, and on March 4, 1809, he surrendered the 
 reins of government to his successor, James Madison, and re- 
 tired to the "dearest spot on earth" Monticello, whose walls 
 resounded with the patter of youthful feet and the glad voices of 
 children's children. 
 
 One event of these later days must have greatly rejoiced his 
 heart it was the meeting with LaFayette which occurred in 
 October 1824, after a separation of thirty-six years, during which 
 time many startling events had transpired in the experiences of 
 each. 
 
 The sentiments he expressed at his death were significant 
 of his nobility of character and were, in effect, that: "His 
 calumniators, he had never thought, were assailing him, but a 
 being non-existent, of their own imagining, to whom they had 
 given the name of Thomas Jefferson."
 
 38 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS, 
 
 His desire to live until the anniversary of the Declaration of 
 Independence was granted, and with the closing of that ever- 
 memorable day, July 4th, of the year 1826, the third President of 
 the United States " slept with his fathers," leaving a name to be 
 revered throughout all generations.
 
 James 
 
 ISTORY furnishes but dim outlines of the early 
 life of James Madison, fourth President of the 
 United States. He was the eldest son of an old 
 Virginia family, and was born at King George 
 (afterward known as Montpelier), in Orange 
 County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. From his 
 refined and hospitable home, in the Blue Ridge country, 
 after acquiring, under a private tutor, a better prepara- 
 tion for college than was usual in those days of limited 
 school privileges, James Madison entered Princeton College, in 
 his nineteenth year, and at once attracted attention as a tireless 
 student and an indefatigable intellectual worker. 
 
 It was said of his assiduity in the pursuit of knowledge, 
 that he only allowed himself three hours rest out of the twenty- 
 four; he was certainly happy in this energetic endeavor for an 
 education, and, while it is claimed that his unremitting labors 
 sapped the fountain of physical strength, he reached the rather 
 advanced age of eighty-five, and while he lived, lived well. 
 
 After graduating, in 1771, he continued his studies, for a 
 time, under Princeton's President, Dr. Witherspoon, and then 
 returned to his home to take up the study of the law and the 
 instruction of the younger members of his family. 
 
 When but twenty-five years of age, James Madison entered 
 upon his public career, though at first largely through his pen 
 and by debate. In 1777 he was nominated for the General As- 
 sembly, but, owing to his strong convictions on the subject of 
 
 Presidents. 
 
 39
 
 40 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 temperance, lost his election by refusing to " treat the voters with 
 whiskey." This was only a seeming defeat, however, as he 
 gained a position of greater respect for standing by his convic- 
 tions, and he soon thereafter received an appointment to the 
 council of the Governor. 
 
 Madison, in 1780, was elected to the Continental Congress, 
 and, while serving his country in this capacity, the war of the 
 Revolution drew to a close, and the Treaty of Peace was signed 
 between Bn gland, France and the youthful Republic America. 
 Four years later he left the National Legislature and took up the 
 burden of State affairs in Virginia, and, in the revision of its 
 statutes, found opportunities for the exercise of the knowledge 
 which he had acquired in the Continental Congress. 
 
 While independence had been gained, still the affairs of the 
 Nation were in an unsettled condition. After the tyrannical 
 bondage of George III., any attempt at strengthening a Central 
 Government was looked upon by those who had participated in 
 the defense of the colonies as a drifting toward Monarchy, and 
 while this youthful but studious leader, James Madison, recog- 
 nized the necessities for an alliance of the " thirteen States " in 
 a powerful National Government, it was no easy task to convert 
 his countrymen to his own decidedly radical convictions. His 
 first effort to bring the subject to the general attention was 
 through the Legislature of Virginia, in an invitation to the sev- ( 
 eral States to assemble at Annapolis for the purpose of discuss- 
 ing "Measures for the formation of a more efficient Federal 
 Government." Out of the thirteen States, five responded to the 
 call, but, during this assembly, the date was fixed upon for a 
 convention to be held at Philadelphia, " to draft a Constitution 
 for the United States," thus virtually admitting the defects of the 
 League in which the States were united in alliance. 
 
 This was a memorable summer, indeed. With the closing 
 of the Convention the step had been taken, but there was yet 
 the arduous task of sec uring the acceptance of the New Consti- 
 tution by the States which opposed the measure. Here it was
 
 PRESIDENTS MADISON. 41 
 
 that Madison's qualifications were truly disclosed in the remark- 
 able papers contributed to the Federalist, setting forth the issues 
 at stake, and, with his compatriots, Hamilton and Jay, the strug- 
 gle was undertaken. Later, when this period of anxiety for the 
 life of the Republic had given place to one of more confidence, 
 the striking differences in the measures of Madison and Hamil- 
 ton were brought prominently to light, and, as the leaders of two 
 political parties, these remarkable men were pitted against each 
 other ; the former being the acknowledged leader of the Repub- 
 lican, and the latter marshalling the Federalist forces, of which 
 party he was the inspirer. 
 
 Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson, in turn Governors of 
 Virginia, were the staunch friends of James Madison, and es- 
 pecially with the latter was this friendship a life-long bond. 
 
 At the age of thirty-two, James Madison opened the history 
 of his life at a new chapter, and on each page was written 
 " Love." Inclined to look seriously upon every purpose of life, 
 the fickleness of the object of his regard would naturally wound 
 one of his thoughtful and sensitive nature, and yet, when the 
 test came, he accepted the statement of his friend Jefferson, to 
 whom he had confided his sorrow, that "Firmness of mind and 
 unintermitting occupation will not long leave you in pain." 
 Eleven years afterward, when he met the one who was to bless 
 and crown his days Dorothy Todd, or Dolly Madison as she 
 was later known, the romance of those earlier years had gone 
 out from his consciousness, and left no wound or scar. 
 
 The charms of this young Quaker widow have been written 
 and sung until it is mere repetition to dwell upon the portrayal 
 of her lovely personality or character ; still to mention James 
 Madison is to recall to mind the gracious mistress of the White 
 House, whose trying duties as " first lady of the land " con- 
 tinued during the unprecedented period of sixteen years (for 
 eight years as the wife of the Secretary of State, under President 
 Jefferson, who was a widower), and of whom it was said that " she 
 never forgot a name or a face." She was also a born diplomat,
 
 42 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 when used in that word's kindliest sense, since it was her highest 
 pleasure to bring people to recognize the best there was in each 
 other, and to disarm jealousy and petty strife by a tact as re- 
 markable as rare. 
 
 With the year 1801, under President Jefferson, James Madi- 
 ison was made Secretary of State, and was identified with that 
 leader's policy and party the Republican and at the close of 
 his second term, this " great little man," as Aaron Burr chose to 
 call him, succeeded to that most honorable position President of 
 the United States. This administration has its important his- 
 torical epoch in the declaration of war with Great Britain, which 
 act of Congress was approved by Madison on June 8, 1812. 
 
 We will not linger upon these thrilling events. During 
 this time, which "tried men's souls," Dolly Madison proved her- 
 self as brave as she was lovely, and, though in imminent danger 
 of capture by the " Redcoats," stood at her post until she had se- 
 cured the valuable State and private papers and the portrait of 
 General Washington, and then entered her carriage to seek 
 safety in flight. Madison's life was also in great peril, but, with 
 the dawn of the morning following the most eventful of those 
 trying days, the British had retreated, the President was un- 
 harmed, but the White House lay in ruins. 
 
 Two years after the close of the war, James Madison was 
 again a private citizen and retired to the enjoyment of his 
 lovely Montpelier home. Once afterward, in 1829, he was called 
 by his State, from the quiet of his home, to take part in her 
 affairs, as a member of the Convention to revise the Constitution, 
 and his words were listened to with marked attention. Like 
 Washington and Jefferson he was opposed to the institution of 
 slavery, and expressed his opinions upon the subject in no un- 
 certain terms. 
 
 Though at all times of delicate health and enfeebled 
 physique, the mind of the fourth President of the United States 
 was clear and undimrned. He had endured much discomfort in 
 the sufferings of the mortal body, but he had also experienced
 
 PRESIDENTS MADISON. 
 
 43 
 
 much pleasure through the mind which was that body's seat of 
 happiness. 
 
 James Madison passed away on June 28, 1836, and his 
 widow survived him thirteen 3^ears. His life forms an impor- 
 tant chapter in the History of the Nation, both from the events 
 of that period and his connection with the great men of his time ; 
 and to his name as to those of his predecessors in the Presi- 
 dential chair should be added, in letters of undying light 
 Patriot.
 
 family of James Monroe immigrated to Amer- 
 ica and established themselves in Virginia in 
 1652. His father was a planter, and his estate in 
 Westmoreland County was near the head of the 
 creek which bears his name, and which empties 
 into the Potomac River. At the date of the birth 
 of this son, April 28, 1758, the tobacco plantation 
 of the Monroe family was yielding a large income, 
 and in this prosperous home the childhood of the future Presi- 
 dent was happily passed. These comfortable surroundings, how- 
 ever, did not engender a spirit of apathy toward the condition 
 of the Commonwealth, for the son seems to have remembered 
 to a good purpose the burning words which must have entered 
 largely into the daily conversation of that liberty-loving family. 
 The means at command provided for him the best educa- 
 tional advantages, and young Monroe, after attending a " classical 
 school," entered William and Mary College, at the age of six- 
 teen, where he remained for two years. 
 
 With the Declaration of Independence the youthful patriot 
 could no longer be restrained within college walls, and he has- 
 tened to New York and "enrolled himself as a cadet in the 
 army." He soon proved the mettle of which he was made, and, 
 from the rank of Captain, gained at Trenton, was advanced to 
 that of Mojor; this last promotion, however, "lost him his 
 place in the Continental line," owing to his ability being recog- 
 nized by Washington, who commissioned him to raise a new 
 
 Presidents.
 
 PRESIDENTS MONROE. 45 
 
 regiment in his own State; but as the young men of Virginia 
 had already so nobly responded to the call and entered the 
 Northern army, his effort proved a failure. 
 
 Chagrined at what must have appeared to this youthful 
 patriot as a signal defeat, he was, for a time, painfully despon- 
 dent, but finally yielded to the voice of better judgment and re- 
 turned to the pursuit of his studies, taking up the law, under 
 Thomas Jefferson, then Governor of Virginia. 
 
 The public career of James Monroe began at the early age 
 of twenty-three, when he was elected to the Virginia Assembly 
 and was made a member of the Executive Council. Additional 
 honors came to him when, the following year, he was chosen a 
 delegate to the Continental Congress for a term of three years, 
 and participated at its sessions in Annapolis, Trenton and New 
 York. While in the latter city he formed the acquaintance of 
 Miss Elizabeth Kortright, the accomplished daughter of Laurence 
 Kortright, and their marriage occurred in 1786. This was in 
 the midst of troublous times. The Constitution had been framed, 
 and its supporters were actively advocating its acceptance. In- 
 spired by an equally patriotic sentiment, but with eyes which 
 saw only danger in a Constitution investing a Central Govern- 
 ment with such large powers, and taking alarm at the audacious 
 measures of Alexander Hamilton, who was carrying forward his 
 brilliant purposes, Monvfte "opposed the ratification of the Con- 
 stitution by the States." 
 
 While the French people were still trembling with the 
 horrors of the Revolution, Washington commissioned Monroe 
 to represent the United States as Minister to that Nation. On his 
 arrival, he waited some days for recognition from the French 
 National Convention, and then addressed a letter to its President. 
 This accomplished the desired purpose and he was given a more 
 than cordial welcome. In fact, it is said of his responsive speech, 
 that, carried away by emotions inspired by the cordiality of his re- 
 ception, he "committed his country too far to the side of France." 
 England was watching with suspicious eyes, and the Federalist
 
 46 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 party, in America, emphatically resented his liberty of speech. 
 This mission was not without its mistakes. Monroe's evident 
 leaning toward the French Nation, his lack of tact in neutraliz- 
 ing the grievances of so important a power as England, and 
 overlooking the "authorities at home," brought him more and 
 more into disfavor, until he was recalled by his government, in 
 1 796. He was soon afterward elected Governor of Virginia for 
 the term of three years. 
 
 In the early part of the century Jefferson saw the oppor- 
 tunity to secure for the United States the vast territory named 
 Louisiana, then in possession of the French Nation. Napoleon 
 Bonaparte needed increased revenues to carry out his cherished 
 purposes ; the United States wanted Louisiana. Monroe was 
 commissioned by Jefferson to consummate the purchase; this he 
 did, paying for the coveted territory $15,000,000, and regarding 
 the act ever afterward as his most important service to the 
 Country. 
 
 A part of his mission abroad, at this time, was with the 
 English Government, but his treaty with that nation failed to 
 meet the approval of the President, much to the disappointment 
 of the Minister. He was not without honors, however, for in 
 1811 he was again elected Governor of Virginia, and during his 
 administration of the affairs of State was called to a Cabinet 
 position, being made Secretary of State,"to which were afterward 
 added the arduous duties of Secretary of War. 
 
 He was "the master-spirit of the hour" at the dark and 
 trying period of the burning of the city of Washington, and 
 proved, indeed, a power for good to the Nation, by the inspira- 
 tion of his patriotism and sacrifice. When the treasury was ex- 
 hausted, he it was who stepped forward and "pledged his private 
 fortune to supply the country's pressing needs." The Republic 
 nmst be victorious, and Monroe, though recognizing his certain 
 defeat for the Presidency in so unpopular a measure, was ready 
 to sacrifice himself for the good of the cause, by issuing a call 
 for a hundred thousand men. The demand was not necessary,
 
 PRESIDENTS MONROE. 47 
 
 however, and soon thereafter the "Treaty of Ghent" was signed. 
 
 James Monroe was made President in 1817, and his admin- 
 istration was far more peaceful than any previous one ; in fact, it 
 has been spoken of as "the era of good feeling." He was re- 
 elected for a second term with but one dissenting voice, showing 
 the popularity of his official career. 
 
 Among the most important affairs engaging the attention of 
 President Monroe during his double term were: "the defense of 
 the Atlantic Sea-board, the promotion of internal improvements, 
 the Seminole War, the acquisition of Florida, the Missouri com- 
 promise, and resistance to foreign interference with American 
 affairs." 
 
 In his message of Dec. 2, 1823, ne proclaimed a platform 
 known as the " Monroe Doctrine," "promulgating the policy of 
 neither entangling the United States in the broils of Europe, 
 nor suffering the powers of the Old World to interfere with the 
 affairs of the New;" and this policy has met the approval of 
 prominent statesmen from its inception down to the present time. 
 
 James Monroe retired to his lovely home at Oak Hill, 
 Loudon County, Virginia, at the close of his administration, and 
 enjoyed in a quiet, simple way its grateful rest. The death of 
 his wife, in 1830, was a severe blow, and such reverses of fortune 
 visited him as compelled him to relinquish his charming home. 
 The friend of his early years, LaFayette, whom he had be- 
 friended in the days of darkest trial and danger, now proffered 
 generous assistance, but the statesman did not see fit to accept 
 the offer so delicately tendered. 
 
 Monroe's closing days were passed with his daughter in 
 New York, and on the anniversary of a day made memorable by 
 events both stirring and sad July 4th, of the year 1831 the 
 fifth President of the United States passed peacefully away.
 
 OHN QUINCY, the eldest son of John and Abigail 
 g Adams, was born July n, 1767, at North Brain- 
 tree, Massachusetts, and was destined in the early 
 years of his life to be a witness of such stirring 
 scenes as have embellished the pages of American his- 
 tory with its most tragic pictures. At the age of eight 
 years he beheld, from the summit of one of the hills 
 of his native parish, the destruction of Charlestown, 
 which carried dismay to the anxious hearts of the waiting Amer- 
 ican Colonists, but resulted in the Battle of Bunker Hill, that 
 "day of days," June 17, 1775, when " Massachusetts had seen 
 the darkest, most glorious day in her history." 
 
 To one of his thoughtful temperament, the thrilling scenes 
 of these eventful days were the unfolding of a maturer thought 
 than such early years would usually disclose, and the influences 
 about him were also favorable to patriotic sentiment, as well as 
 the development of a high moral and intellectual growth. In his 
 eleventh year, his father received the appointment of envoy to 
 France, and it was decided that this his eldest son should 
 accompany him. He was placed at school in the French capital 
 and rapidly acquired the language of that country, returning to 
 America with his father a year and a half later, but again ac- 
 companied him to Europe, after a brief home visit, John Adams 
 having received an appointment taking him to Holland. The 
 son then pursued his studies for a time at Amsterdam, Leyden 
 and Paris, when he received the appointment of private secretary 
 
 Presidents. 
 
 48
 
 PRESIDENTS ADAMS. 49 
 
 to Francis Dana, envoy from the United States to Russia, and 
 thus entered the diplomatic service at the age of fourteen years. 
 Later, he joined his father in Paris, and became his secretary 
 when negotiations were pending for a treaty of peace between 
 Great Britain and her American colonies. 
 
 In 1785 an important decision was made which indicated the 
 mettle of the youthful diplomat. His father had received the 
 appointment of Minister to St. James, and the son would thence- 
 forth find every avenue to cultivated society and court life open- 
 ing before him. In the face of these brilliant prospects, however, 
 he decided upon a course of study at Harvard, and, returning to 
 his native land, entered the junior class and was graduated in 
 1787. Later he studied law, and was admitted to the bar at the 
 age of twenty-three, entering immediately upon the practice of 
 his profession in Boston. In his twenty-seventh year he was 
 commissioned Minister to The Hague, where he arrived October 
 31, 1794. The condition of foreign affairs, at this time, made his 
 position one requiring much discretion in its management, but 
 he is credited with successfully meeting the difficulties of the 
 position, and by diplomacy avoiding the pitfalls which would 
 have engulfed unwary feet. 
 
 In London he met Miss Louise Catherine Johnson, daughter 
 of the American Consul, and on July 26, 1797, their marriage 
 was consummated, and proved a happy and congenial union 
 through the half century of wedded life which succeeded. 
 
 Just following an appointment as Minister to Portugal, came 
 the announcement of his father's succession to the Presidency of 
 the United States, and, with his characteristic good judgment, 
 the son signified his decision to resign. Washington did not 
 concur in this view of the situation, and insisted that his father 
 should retain him in a position for which he was so well qualified. 
 He was appointed Minister to Berlin and finally secured a treaty 
 of " Amity and Commerce " between the United States and 
 Prussia. He then asked for his recall, which came with the 
 closing of his father's administration.
 
 50 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 Ill 1802 John Quincy Adams was elected by the Federal party 
 to the State Senate, and the following year, was chosen United 
 States Senator. Here his position was made extremely unpleas- 
 ant by the_ opposition of the Republicans, then in power, and also 
 by the Federalists, who attributed their defeat to the elder 
 Adams, while the son was made the object of the rancorous sen- 
 timents of both parties for the four succeeding years. 
 
 Then came issues of great moment to the United States, 
 among them the purchase of Louisiana, in which John Quincy 
 Adams favored the policy of Jefferson, and brought down upon 
 himself the disapproval of the Federalists, who were English 
 sympathizers in matters of policy. He supported the Presi- 
 dent's " non-importation act," and resented the blows i aimed 
 by the English at American commerce. The act of " British 
 impressment" was the crowning injury which he set himself 
 steadfastly against, and, not as fully covering the ground, but as 
 a " step in the right direction," voted for the bill establishing an 
 embargo against England; this act roused his party to such 
 frenzy against him that they nominated his successor. 
 
 In 1809, under President Madison, John Quincy Adains was 
 appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia, and spent the 
 four and a half years following, at the Court of the Romanoffs. 
 He was also one of the Commissioners who took part in the cel- 
 ebrated "Treaty of Ghent," in 1814, which event was hailed with 
 much rejoicing by America, and accepted by England as the 
 lesser of threatened ills. 
 
 The following May, Mr. Adams was appointed Envoy 
 Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to England, and re- 
 mained two years at the Court of St. James, returning to his 
 native land on June 15, 1817, where he accepted new duties as 
 Secretary of State under President Monroe. 
 
 In spite of the bitter opposition of political rivals, John 
 Quincy Adams was inaugurated President, March 4, 1825; but. 
 though a faithful worker in the interest of the Nation, he seemed 
 lacking in the qualities which would win him a faithful following.
 
 PRESIDENTS ADAMS. 51 
 
 He was unwilling to bend to popular opinion, and was often 
 misunderstood, although greatly admired and respected by those 
 who were in position to appreciate his sterling qualities of heart 
 and mind. 
 
 He was succeeded in the Presidential Chair by Andrew 
 Jackson, and retired to his home at Quincy, but not to remain 
 long the private citizen, for the " National Republicans " (later 
 known as " Whigs") elected him to Congress, where he took his 
 seat in December, 1831. If it seemed to many a "descent in 
 official life" that the ex-President should consent to serve his 
 constituency in this capacity, it was at no time so regarded by 
 Mr. Adams, whose own words emphatically declare his senti- 
 ments: "No person could be degraded by serving the people in 
 Congress. Nor, in my opinion, would an ex-President of the 
 United States be degraded by serving as a Selectman of his 
 town, if thereto elected." 
 
 In Congress Mr. Adams at all times stood for the principles 
 he advocated, regardless of the frown or favor of his colleagues. 
 He was not an orator, nor did he possess an attractive person- 
 ality, and age was now adding the touches which are never 
 pleasing to the eye, but there was no lack of interest in his 
 words, which were the powerful expressions of earnest convic- 
 tion and the result of profound thought and varied experience. 
 
 When the cause of slavery became a prominent subject of 
 consideration in Congress, the stand of John Quincy Adams, as 
 a leader of that "forlorn hope," brought upon him bitterest 
 invective and unbounded opposition, but instead of yielding to 
 the demand of popular sentiment, he was not to be moved from 
 the position which he had taken, when he believed that his 
 opinions were based upon a principle to be maintained. 
 
 The final summons came to Mr. Adams while at his post of 
 duty, when he rose to address Congress, on February 21, 1848. 
 He lingered until the evening of the 23d, however, declaring in 
 his latest conscious moment: "This is the end of earth. I am 
 content."
 
 NDREW JACKSON, the subject of this sketch, 
 was born in the Waxhaw settlement, Union 
 County, North Carolina, on March 15, 1767, 
 and under conditions as discouraging and in- 
 auspicious as could well be imagined. His 
 parents (who were of Scotch descent) had 
 emigrated from the north of Ireland with their two sons, 
 Hugh and Robert, two years previous, not as well-to-do people, 
 but as honest and earnest seekers for a betterment of fortune. 
 When Andrew Jackson opened his eyes upon this "theater of 
 action" in which he was to play so important a part, it was to 
 realize a mother's love only, for his father's death had come as a 
 crushing blow upon the little household a short time previous to 
 his birth. 
 
 His early years were passed in the family of an uncle, and 
 the rudiments of an education were gained by attending the 
 schools in the neighborhood, but he is not credited with an un- 
 usual earnestness in the pursuit of book-lore, his disposition 
 directing his energies in the line of greater activity. 
 
 During the War of the Revolution the Carolinas were the 
 scenes of terrible carnage and devastation, and, though still, in 
 his "teens," the boy's earnest nature was stirred to bitterest re- 
 sentment by the indignities sustained at the hands of the 
 British. The oldest brother, Hugh Jackson, had joined the 
 militia, and lost his life in the service of his country. Later, 
 Andrew and his brother Robert were taken prisoners of war and 
 
 Presidents. 52
 
 PRESIDENTS JACKSON. 53 
 
 both were wounded by an officer of the dragoons whose treat- 
 ment they had dared to resent. After suffering the greatest 
 hardships, the entreaties of Mrs. Jackson secured an exchange 
 of prisoners of war and she started with her two sons for the 
 home at Waxhaw, but, before the weary journey was ended, 
 Robert had closed his eyes upon the scenes of mortal existence, 
 and Andrew was battling with the "grim destroyer." 
 
 The sufferings of her beloved children fired the heart of this 
 noble mother in behalf of other sons, and, in 1781, Mrs. Jackson 
 undertook the mission of ministering to the needs of the inmates 
 of the prison-ships at Charleston ; but when Andrew Jackson 
 had reached his fifteenth year, he was an orphan, for the mother's 
 life had been sacrificed at the post of duty, as she no doubt re- 
 garded the labor she had undertaken. 
 
 The ensuing years are eventful ones in the life of Andrew 
 Jackson, whose strong will and imperious temper, did not add 
 to his popularity either among his relatives or companions. He 
 became dissipated, and, for a time, followed the bent of his wild 
 and wayward nature, but when he came to a realization of the 
 inevitable result of such living, his reform was as genuine as his 
 dissipation had been reckless. 
 
 He undertook the study of the law, at Salisbury, and was ad- 
 mitted to the bar two years later. Receiving the appointment of 
 Solicitor for Washington County (now State of Tennessee), in 
 this wild region, where almost every known danger must be 
 encountered, his energies found ample exercise, and the sterling 
 qualities of his character were acknowledged by friends and 
 enemies alike. 
 
 In personal appearance he is described as hardly "prepos- 
 sessing," being "thin-faced, reddish-haired, tall and angular," 
 but his blue eyes were ablaze with excitement at the slightest 
 provocation, and his earnestness, together with a certain magnet- 
 ism of personality, commanded consideration and respect. 
 
 In 1791 young Jackson was married to Mrs. Rachel Robards, 
 a lady of _ noble qualities, but whose previous marriage had
 
 54 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 proven so intolerable as to compel the annulling of those ties. 
 The new relations, though assumed under these trying circum- 
 stances, were most happy to both parties. 
 
 In 1 796 Andrew Jackson was elected to Congress, as Rep- 
 resentative of the new State of Tennessee, and was sent to the 
 Senate the following year. He was also chosen Judge of the 
 Supreme Court, and thus enjoyed such honors as have fallen to 
 the lot of few men at the age of thirty -two years. 
 
 About this time he engaged in mercantile pursuits, which 
 he followed in connection with his official duties, and in the 
 ventures met with considerable success until the Bank of Eng- 
 land suspended payment, in 1797, when, through the business 
 failure of a friend, whose notes he had endorsed, he found him- 
 self in the trying position of a heavy debtor. To free himself 
 from this enibarassment was his immediate purpose, so he re- 
 signed his Judgeship, sold his plantation, paid his debts and "set 
 up business" at "Clover Bottom," near Nashville, where he 
 proved himself a successful financier. 
 
 When war with England was declared, in 1812, the services 
 of Mr. Jackson (who had received the appointment of Major- 
 General of the Tennessee Militia) were accepted, and, with 
 twenty-five hundred volunteers, he set out for Natchez, only to 
 receive an order to disband the troops on his arrival at that 
 point. Contrary to instructions, however, he resolved to under- 
 take the return march with the little company who had shared 
 with him the hardships of the journey, since they were "without 
 pay, without means of transportation, without provision for the 
 sick." It was during this disheartening march that he was given 
 the appellation of "Old Hickory," which clung to him so te- 
 naciously during all his after life. This journey, so fraught with 
 trials and suffering, likewise drew to him a faithful following, and 
 won the highest regard of the soldier}', by whom he had hitherto 
 been misunderstood and feared. 
 
 The stirring events of this period would be of particular 
 and fascinating interest, but it is impossible to enter into their
 
 PRESIDENTS JACKSON. 55 
 
 detailed record. Andrew Jackson's generalship stands ont most 
 prominently in the defense of New Orleans, in December, 1814, 
 against which city the British troops were marching with the 
 firm belief that they were "invincible," and that the enemy must 
 speedily surrender. 
 
 January 8, 1815, is regarded as General Jackson's "day of 
 days," when the British troops were so signally defeated at New 
 Orleans, and the battle-plain strewn with their dead and dying. 
 It was a sharp and decisive encounter, lasting less than a half 
 hour, but the militia of the frontier were splendid marksmen, 
 and met the advance of the veterans with so unexpected a re- 
 sistance, and with such devastating fire, that the astonished 
 British troops were unable to stand before the foe. This was the 
 closing chapter of hostilities, and the central figure was General 
 Andrew Jackson, the hero of that memorable day. 
 
 During the Seminole War, Jackson was an important figure, 
 and the course he took during this campaign was both applauded 
 and criticised. In 1821 he was made Governor of Florida, but 
 resigned the office in a few months and returned to his home 
 The Hermitage. 
 
 Three years later when his name was proposed by the Leg- 
 islature of his State, for President, it was not favorably regarded 
 by his party leaders throughout the country. That he had a 
 "genius for fighting," was admitted by all, but that he should 
 succeed men of such scholarly attainments, as were his prede- 
 cessors, was not so readily conceded. He was sent to the United 
 States Senate, however, in 1823-4, and before the close of the 
 latter year, having received the nomination to the Presidency, 
 proved that his name was so popular with the masses that he 
 was defeated by a very small vote, John Quincy Adams being 
 his successful rival. 
 
 The next attempt of his friends to place Mr. Jackson in 
 the Presidential chair was successful, but his triumph was in- 
 termingled with trials his beloved wife dying at this memorable 
 period of his career. He went to the White House a saddened
 
 56 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 man, only contemplating one term; and his re-election by an 
 overwhelming majority over his opponent proved the popularity 
 of his administration. 
 
 On retiring to the Hermitage, it was to take up a home life 
 which forms a picture in strange contrast to many of the scenes 
 of his earlier days. An adopted son and his wife with their 
 happy family were his household, to which should be added the 
 small army of slaves on the plantation, whom he treated with 
 the greatest consideration and indulgence, though always main- 
 taining, however, the right and justice of the "institution." 
 
 Andrew Jackson's death, on June 8, 1845, was deeply 
 mourned. His nature was, in some respects, a dual one, with 
 fierce temper and vindictiveness on the one hand, but with a 
 heart as tender as a woman's, on the other. 
 
 He was buried by the side of his wife, whose memory he so 
 fondly cherished, and, with the "dust to dust," the curtain falls 
 upon one whose life was a succession of stirring events from the 
 cradle to the grave.
 
 Bur>efi. 
 
 ROM Washington to Jackson, the Presidents of 
 the United States had been sons of the Revo- 
 lution. But now, into the arena of public life, 
 there came a new generation, and younger 
 hands must direct the ship of State through the 
 great river of Time. Of this new school Martin 
 Van Buren was the first to occupy the chair of 
 Chief Magistrate. Mr. Van Buren's ancestors 
 : : ff were among the early emigrants from Holland, who set- 
 tled in the ancient town of Kinderhook, New York. His father 
 was a farmer, of moderate means, beloved and respected by all 
 who knew him, and here Martin Van Buren was born, December 
 5, 1782. 
 
 He attended the village school and in due time was sent to 
 the Kinderhook Academy, where he proved to be a very diligent 
 student and made good progress in his studies. At an early age 
 Van Buren displayed a decided passion for composition and ex- 
 tempore speaking, and was a close student of human nature. 
 
 At the age of fourteen Van Buren entered the law office of 
 Francis Sylvester, in his native town, and while here evinced 
 much interest in the policy of government and the claims of the 
 great political parties of his day. The last year of his prepara- 
 tory law study was passed in the office of William P. Van Ness, 
 in the city of New York. In 1803 Van Buren was admitted to 
 the bar and at once returned to his native village where he began 
 
 I'ri'sidfiits. 
 
 57
 
 58 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 the practice of his profession in partnership with his half 
 brother, James I. Van Allen. 
 
 As a lawyer Mr. Van Buren was so successful that, among 
 all the brilliant and learned lawyers of his day, he was, in 1815, 
 appointed Attorney-General of the State. He had previously, 
 in 1812, been elected to the New York State Senate where he 
 served with distinguished honor. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren was married in 1806 to Miss Hannah Hoes, 
 a most estimable lady, who died in 1818, of consumption. 
 
 In 1821 Mr. Van Buren entered the United States Senate 
 and was re-elected in 1827, but resigned his seat in 1828 and was 
 elected Governor of the Empire State. When President Jackson 
 formed his cabinet, in 1829, he offered the portfolio of State to 
 Mr. Van Buren, which was accepted. He served as Secretary of 
 State until 1831, when he was appointed minister to the Court 
 of St. James, but, in the succeeding year, was elected Vice- 
 President on the same ticket with General Jackson. On the 
 fourth of March, 1837, ^ r - Van Buren was inaugurated eighth 
 President of the United States. His administration was begun 
 under much financial depression. The country was flooded with 
 bank notes which gave a fictitious value to almost every article 
 of merchandise, and speculation in the public lands became 
 enormous. President Jackson, in order to restrain this undue 
 sale of lands, issued an order requiring the collectors, at the 
 various Land Offices, to receive only gold and silver in pa\anent 
 for land ; and, shortly after, Congress passed an act distributing 
 the Government funds on deposit in the banks, among the States. 
 These two acts of the Executive and Congress, during the last 
 administration, precipitated a financial panic and unparalleled 
 embarrassments were experienced in monetary circles. The 
 whole business of the country was prostrated. In a short time 
 the banks of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and many other 
 cities suspended specie payments. A special session of Congress 
 was called, which continued in session over forty days, but as the 
 majority were opposed to the policy of the President, the ineas-
 
 PRESIDENTS VAN BUREN. 59 
 
 tires proposed by the administration were defeated. Many of the 
 States issued State bonds in order to secure loans for internal im- 
 provements and eight of the States failed to pay the interest on 
 these loans. They all rallied in time and paid their obligations 
 except two Mississippi and the territory of Florida. These 
 stocks were mainly held by English capitalists and great indig- 
 nation was felt throughout Europe at the failure of the States to 
 pay their obligation. 
 
 In 1840 Mr. Van Buren was again the nominee of his 
 party for the office of President, but was defeated by General 
 Harrison. 
 
 In appearance Mr. Van Buren was of about medium size, 
 with an erect form, light hair and eyes, and a broad, high 
 forehead. 
 
 At the close of his administration, Mr. Van Buren retired 
 to his home at Kinderhook, where he resided at his death, which 
 occurred in July, 1862.
 
 Iai ^- , 
 
 N the little town of Berkeley, Charles City County, 
 Virginia, William Henry Harrison was born, on the 
 ninth day of February, 1773. His ancestry were 
 among the early settlers of the "Old Dominion," and 
 their name has always been the synonym for integ- 
 rity, honesty and patriotism. His father, Benjamin 
 Harrison, was a prominent member of the Continental 
 Congress during the years 177456, and was one of 
 the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He 
 was elected Governor of Virginia in 1782, and was one of the 
 most efficient officers that ever occupied that responsible position. 
 Young Harrison graduated from Hampton Sidney College, 
 and began the study of medicine; but the atrocities of the In- 
 dians upon the western frontiers so stirred the spirit within him, 
 that he resolved on joining the army. He communicated his 
 desire to General Washington and received from him an Ensign's 
 commission in the First regiment of United States Artillery. 
 He joined his regiment at Fort Washington, on the Ohio Ri^er, 
 near the present site of Cincinnati, in 1791. In the following 
 year he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, and participated 
 in the battle of the "Fallen Timbers," where his gallant and 
 faithful services won for him the hearty commendation of Gen- 
 eral Wayne. Harrison, at this time little more than a boy, was 
 slender in build and almost effeminate in appearance. One of his 
 old soldiers in speaking of him, said: "I would as soon have 
 thought of putting my wife in the service as this boy; but I 
 
 President*. 
 
 CO
 
 PRESIDENTS HARRISON. 6 1 
 
 have been out with him, and I find those smooth cheeks are on 
 a wise head, and that slight frame is almost as tough as my own 
 weather-beaten carcass." 
 
 When this campaign came to a close Lieutenant Harrison 
 was promoted to the rank of Captain, and assigned to the com- 
 mand of Fort Washington. While stationed at this fort he was 
 married to the daughter of John Cleves Symmes, who founded 
 the Miami settlements. In 1798 Captain Harrison was ap- 
 pointed Secretary of the Northwestern Territory, to succeed 
 Winthrop Sargent, and the following year was chosen its first 
 Congressional delegate. When Mr. Harrison entered Congress 
 the public lands of the United States could not be purchased in 
 less amount than four thousand acres ; this made it impossible 
 for men of small means to acquire a free-hold, and capitalists 
 and land-agents secured large tracts of land and compelled the 
 poor man to pay enormous rentals, or much more than their 
 value if divided into smaller parcels. Mr. Harrison succeeded 
 in amending this obnoxious law, although he was strenuously 
 opposed by the speculators. 
 
 About this time the Northwestern Territory was divided, 
 Ohio being set off by itself, and the remaining territory, com- 
 prising all the country beyond the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, 
 received the name of Indiana, over which Mr. Harrison was ap- 
 pointed Governor. He was also Indian Commissioner at this 
 time and secured for the government millions of acres of the 
 richest country in the West by treaty with the Aborigines. In 
 1810 the Indian tribes, who had from time to time ceded their 
 lands to the settlers and moved westward, became jealous and 
 rebellious ; their hunting grounds were broken up, and the white 
 man continually advanced upon their settlements. Under the 
 leadership of the celebrated Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, and his 
 twin brother, Elskwatawa, the Prophet, the Indians became more 
 and more aggressive until hostilities were commenced at a town 
 at the junction of the Wabash and'Tippecanoe rivers, where the 
 prophet had established himself. Governor Harrison had become
 
 62 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 fearful that the Indians would begin a war, and marched his 
 troops to this place to try and prevent bloodshed if possible. 
 About four o'clock on the morning of the fourth of November, 
 1811, the Indians began the attack, but by the excellent general- 
 ship and undaunted courage of Harrison they were repelled and 
 the battle of Tippecanoe was won. The Indians now joined the 
 British forces in what is known as the war of 1812. In 1813 
 Governor Harrison was appointed to the command of that por- 
 tion of the army at the head of Lake Erie, with the commission 
 of Major-General. His distinguished services in this war won 
 for him heart}- recognition from the people, with whom he was a 
 great favorite, and Congress voted him a gold medal for "gallant 
 and good services." 
 
 In 1816 General Harrison was elected to the National House 
 of Representatives, and re-elected for the following term. In 
 1819 he was chosen to the Ohio State Senate and in 1824 was 
 sent by that State to the United States Senate. In 1828 he was 
 appointed United States Minister to the Republic of Columbia, 
 from which he was recalled by President Jackson. 
 
 General Harrison received the nomination for President of 
 the United States, by the Whig party, in 1840. The campaign 
 was one of the most spirited the Republic has ever known. 
 There were public meetings and processions and barbecues, in 
 which log cabins, coons and hard cider figured conspicuously, 
 and in which the cry "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" became house- 
 hold words. It resulted in the election of Harrison, and he was 
 inaugurated on the fourth of March, 1841, with great enthusi- 
 asm. In his cabinet were such well-known men as Daniel Web- 
 ster, Thomas Ewing, John Bell and John J. Crittenden, and 
 much was expected of this administration. 
 
 But death stood at the nation's door and, in one month after 
 his inauguration, President Harrison passed beyond the vale 
 into the great beyond. His death occurred on the twenty- 
 seventh of March, 1841. He was the first President to die in 
 office and was sincerely mourned by the whole people.
 
 OHX TYLER, the tenth President of the United 
 - State, was born in Charles City County, Virginia, 
 March 29, 1890. The " Old Dominion " had already 
 given the Republic five Chief Magistrates, viz.: 
 Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Har- 
 rison, and was well entitled to the appellation she 
 had received as the "Mother of Presidents;" but 
 she now adds a sixth to the illustrious list, 
 proving that she still had more "such seed within her breast." 
 
 The ancestors of John Tyler were among the early English 
 settlers of Virginia ; his grandfather, John Tyler, was marshal 
 of the colony under the English government ; and his father, 
 also named John, was a distinguished patriot, occupying the im- 
 portant offices of Governor, and Justice of the Supreme Court. 
 
 Unlike many of his illustrious successors in office, Mr. Ty- 
 ler was the son of wealthy parents, and every advantage which 
 wealth could procure was his. At the age of seventeen he grad- 
 uated from William and Mary College, and, two years later, was 
 admitted to the bar and began the practice of law. His success 
 as a lawyer was phenomenal, for one so young, and, when only 
 twenty-one, he was elected a member of the State Legislature, re- 
 taining his seat for six consecutive years. There are few men 
 whose political advancement has been so rapid and so constant as 
 was that of Mr. Tyler. In 1816 he was elected a member of 
 Congress, re-elected in 1818, and again in 1820. In 1825 ne was 
 chosen Governor of the State of Virginia, and re-elected in 1826. 
 
 I'rt.'.-idt'nt*. C3
 
 64 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 In 1827 we find him a Senator of the United States. In 1840 he 
 was chosen Vice-President, and, in one month after his inaugu- 
 ration, succeeded to the Presidency, through the untimely death 
 of President William Henry Harrison. 
 
 President Tyler was not long in finding himself in strong 
 opposition to the Whig party, which elected him. This rupture 
 was caused by the President's veto of the Bill establishing a 
 United States Bank, a measure to which the Whigs were com- 
 mitted, and this action was denounced by them in strong terms. 
 The entire cabinet, except Mr. Webster, resigned, in September, 
 1841, declaring that all confidence between the President and 
 themselves was gone. 
 
 Some of the more important events of the administration of 
 President Tyler were the annexation of Iowa and Florida, the 
 bills for which he signed on the last day of his term of office ; 
 the completion of the Bunker Hill monument ; the establish- 
 ment of the electric telegraph, and the banishment of the Mor- 
 mons from the territory east of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 President Tyler retired from office without the regret of 
 either political party. He was freely accused by the Whigs not 
 only of a want of judgment, but of a want of good faith. 
 
 Personally Mr. Tyler was tall and slim, with a light com- 
 plexion, blue eyes, high forehead, and a prominent nose. He was 
 married to Miss Letitia Christian, in 1813, who died in 1842. In 
 1844 he married Miss Julia Gardner, a young and beautiful lady 
 of New York. 
 
 Mr. Tyler was a member of the Confederate Congress, and 
 died at Richmond, Virginia, January 18, 1862.
 
 K. 
 
 N the earlier history of the Republic men were se 
 lected for the Presidential office who had been Ion, 
 and prominently connected with public affairs, and 
 who were well known, by reputation at least, to the 
 great body politic. But there came a time, later on 
 when principles and policy of government overshad- 
 owed the genius of the man, and the public learned 
 that what shall be done is of more consequence than 
 who shall do it. 
 
 The nomination of James K. Polk was among the earlier 
 
 St 74 f " r dida ' e ^ the ffiCe f CUrf Ex Mi - f tl* 
 Umted States who represented principles of government rather 
 
 than mere personality. Although his political opponents took 
 de.,gh, in the inauiry, "Who is PolkP , stil, the eteion" 
 that the people were awake to the principles of good govern- 
 ment, and that h,s party CO u, d ral , y lo their ,* f " 
 though the,r standard-bearer might be comparatively' unknoln 
 
 PoU Jk Th 8 ' n f T me P f t " UDdMbted 'y - -"traction of 
 The fannly ,s of Scotch origin, bu, the ancestors of 
 that branch of the family to which the snbject of this sketch 
 belongs, were residents of Jreland, and emigrated to ,,,i s o , t 
 etthng first ,n Maryland, atout z; 3 8. Samuel Folk, fathe of 
 James K., was a resident of Mechlenburg County North C, 
 In.a and there James K. Polk was born, N^ovembe, *', * " 
 mother was a daughter of James Knox, an officer in the 
 
 " or ' and i 
 
 65
 
 66 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 The boyhood of the eleventh President of the United States 
 was passed on his father's farm, where he assisted in its manage- 
 ment and where was laid the foundation of that industrious, 
 honest and virtuous life which characterized his maturer years. 
 He early evinced a strong desire for an education and was always 
 an earnest student. About the year 1813 he was sent to an 
 Academy at Alurfreesborough, Tennessee, and in the fall of 1815 
 entered the University of North Carolina, where he graduated, 
 with the highest honors, in iSiS, delivering the Latin Salutatory 
 Oration. In 1847 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the hon- 
 orary degree of Doctor of Laws. 
 
 The year following his graduation he entered the law office 
 of Felix Grundy, at Nashville, Tennessee, and in 1820 was ad- 
 mitted to the bar. While a law student in Mr. Grundy's office, 
 he met Andrew Jackson, whose friendship he won and ever 
 after retained. 
 
 As a lawyer, Mr. Polk was a close reasoner and a brilliant 
 speaker, and he soon stood in the front rank of his chosen pro- 
 fession. He entered public life as Clerk of the House of Rep- 
 resentatives of Tennessee, became a member of that body in 
 1823 and again in 1824, and was regarded as one of its most 
 talented and promising members. 
 
 On New Year's day, 1824, M r - Polk was united in marriage 
 to Miss Sarah Childress, daughter of Joel Childress, a prominent 
 merchant of Rutherford County, Tennessee. To a remarkable 
 beauty of person, Mrs. Polk united the charms of a high order 
 of intellectual accomplishment and a sweetness of disposition 
 that rendered her well fitted to adorn the high station in life she 
 was called upon to fill. 
 
 In 1825 Air. Polk was elected a member of the lower House 
 of Congress, which position he retained for fourteen years, the 
 last two years of which he was Speaker, and was then elected 
 Governor of Tennessee by an overwhelming majority. 
 
 In 1844 Mr. Polk was elected President of the United 
 States. The most important event of his administration was
 
 PRESIDENTS POLK. 67 
 
 the annexation of Texas, which precipitated the Mexican war. 
 Other incidents of national significance was the discovery of 
 gold in California ; the establishment of the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tute at Washington ; the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, 
 and the organization of the Department of the Interior, or, as it 
 was at first called, the Home Department. 
 His death occurred June 15, 1849.
 
 assertion has been made that modesty, though 
 coupled with real merit, always fails in competi- 
 tion with audacity ; but we believe that the real 
 facts prove quite the contrary. True, modesty 
 may, for a season, obscure the merit of a man, 
 but time, the great revealer, as well as leveler, 
 of the race, will shortly discover the genuine and 
 unmask the counterfeit. The race to-day cast the crown of their 
 highest regard before those truly commendable virtues integrity 
 and intelligence ; it was for these estimable characteristics that 
 Zachary Taylor became the chief Executive of this great 
 Nation. 
 
 Colonel Richard Taylor, father of the subject of this sketch, 
 was a descendant of the earliest settlers of the " Old Dominion," 
 whose home was in Orange County, Virginia ; it was here that 
 Zachary was born, on the twenty-fourth of November, 1784. He 
 inherited from his father a sturdy and courageous disposition 
 which marked his career from childhood to the grave. When 
 young Taylor was a mere lad the family moved to Kentucky and 
 settled near Louisville. Kentucky in that day was sparsely popu- 
 lated, and the advantages for securing an education were exceed- 
 ingly limited. At an early age, in company with his brother, 
 Zachary was placed under the care of a private tutor, Mr. Elisha 
 Ayres, of Connecticut, who seems to have been peculiarly well* 
 fitted to undertake the education of youth. He describes his 
 illustrious pupil as a boy of good natural abilities, studious, 
 
 Presidents. 68
 
 PRESIDENTS TAYLOR. 69 
 
 persevering, and of an ardent temperament. Even from child- 
 hood young Taylor looked forward to the army as the arena of 
 his future labors. When only eighteen, his father secured him 
 a commission as lieutenant in the Seventh regiment of United 
 States Infantry, and he was under the command of General 
 Wilkinson, at New Orleans. 
 
 In 1810 he was united in marriage to Miss Margaret Smith, 
 of Maryland, a most worthy and beautiful woman. 
 
 Having been promoted to the rank of Captain, soon after his 
 marriage, in 1812, he was given command of Fort Harrison, a 
 military post on the Wabash River, fifty miles beyond the fron- 
 tier settlements ; this was an important trust for a young man of 
 twenty-eight, but subsequent events proved the worth of the 
 young commander. This fort was nothing but a rude stockade 
 which had been hastily built by General Harrison, in 1811, 
 while on his march to Tippecanoe. During the night of Septem- 
 ber 3, 1812, this fort was attacked by a large body of Indians, 
 and set on fire, but Captain Taylor, by the most heroic efforts, de- 
 fended it and drove off the Indians, with the loss of only one 
 man, while that of the Indians was heavy. For his valiant 
 defense of Fort Harrison, he was promoted to the rank of brevet 
 Major. 
 
 From this time until the Indian war in Florida, Major Tay-*- 
 lor continued in command of various western posts. In 1832 he 
 was promoted to the rank of Colonel, and was in command at the 
 terrible battle of the Wisconsin, where Black Hawk was captured 
 and the war was terminated. 
 
 Colonel Taylor was ordered to Florida in 1836, where the 
 Seminole, and other tribes of southern Indians, were making war 
 on the United States. This Indian war in Florida was the most 
 troublesome and protracted of any of the Indian wars in which 
 the government has been engaged. On the twenty-third of De- 
 cember, 1837, he fought the famous battle of Okachobee, which 
 practically finished this war. In recognition of his services he 
 was promoted to the brevet rank of Brigadier-General, and given
 
 70 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 the command of the Florida forces, a position he retained until 
 1840, when he was relieved, at his own request, and transferred to 
 the command of the army in the States of Louisiana, Missis- 
 sippi, Alabama and Georgia. The Mexican question, having, in 
 1845, reached a crisis, General Taylor was ordered to march into 
 Texas and to repel any invasion which might be made upon the 
 territory by Mexican forces. He established headquarters at 
 Corpus Christi, but early in 1846 advanced his army, which now 
 numbered about five thousand, to the Rio Grande, upon the 
 opposite side of which was the Mexican Army under the com- 
 mand of General Ampudia. Then followed the battles of Palo 
 Alto, and Reseca de la Palma, in which General Taylor dis- 
 tinguished himself by his splendid generalship and undaunted 
 courage, which gave the victory, in these remarkable engage- 
 ments, to the United States forces, and the enemy were driven 
 across the Rio Grande. 
 
 In February, 1847, with an army of but six thousand men, 
 he met General Santa Ana, with an army of twenty thousand, 
 at Buena Vista, and, after a terrific struggle, won one of the most 
 brilliant victories in the history of the United States. This was 
 General Taylor's last battle. While yet in the field he was 
 nominated for the Presidency, and was elected to that high office 
 in November, 1848. The application of California for admission 
 into the Union, early in President Taylor's administration, was 
 the origin of a prolonged and bitter controversy in Congress on 
 the question of slavery. At this time, and for many years pre- 
 vious, the slave-holding and non-slave-holding States, possessed 
 an equal representation in the United States Senate. If Cali- 
 fornia was admitted as a free State, it was claimed by the South, 
 that this equilibrium would be destroyed and the rights and 
 interests of the South placed in the hands of the North. The 
 controversy waxed warm and furious, the debates growing more 
 and more exciting, until, at their height, the illustrious Henry 
 Clay introduced his famous compromise scheme, which was 
 sneeringly termed, by those who opposed it, the "Omnibus Bill."
 
 PRESIDENTS TAYLOR. _ 
 
 Seven months were passed in discussing the slavery question 
 and it du rf thfs dme that ^.^^ J; 
 
 Place, on the nmth of July, I85 o. His last words were "Ian 
 ready to die. I have always done my duty; my only regret is 
 for he fnends I leave behind me." I n the eu log v pronounced 
 in the House by Humphrey Marshall, appear these words 
 
 ' Great, without pride; cautious, without fear; brave, with- 
 outr ashness; stern; without harshness; h _ 
 
 fulness ^sagacious, without cunning; benevolent, without osten- 
 on; sincere and honest as the sun, the 'noble old Roman' has 
 at last laid down Ins earthly harness-his task is done. He has 
 fallen as falls the summer.tree in the bloom of its honors, ere the 
 blight of autumn has seared a leaf that adorns it "
 
 life of Millar4 Fillmore, the thirteenth Presi- 
 dent of the United States, is one filled with lessons 
 of profit to every young American ; teaching, as 
 it does, the power of resolution and energy over 
 opposing circumstances. His ancestors, for four 
 generations, were forest pioneers, whose lives of 
 honesty and sturdy manhood were a magnificent 
 inheritance for their descendants. His father, 
 Nathaniel Fillinore, who participated in the battle of Bennington, 
 early in life removed from his Vermont home to Summer Hill, 
 Cayuga County, New York, where Millard was born, January 7, 
 1800. Young Fillmore's early education was acquired in the 
 common schools of the neighborhood, and, at the age of fifteen, 
 he went to Livingston County to learn the fuller's trade. A 
 small village library furnished his only means for acquiring a 
 knowledge of books, and the young man improved every moment 
 of his spare time in reading the works thus placed within his 
 reach. Four years were thus passed. At the age of nineteen he 
 entered the law office of Judge Walter Wood, where he remained 
 two years, closely applying himself to his studies, and teaching 
 school during the winter to assist in paying his expenses. In 
 the fall of 1821 he removed to Erie County, and, in the spring 
 of 1822, entered a law office in Buffalo, where he remained one 
 year. At the expiration of this time he was admitted to the 
 Court of Common Pleas, and opened an office in the village of 
 
 Presidents. 
 
 72
 
 PRESIDENTS FILLMORE. 
 
 Aurora, where he remained until l83 o, when he returned to 
 Buffalo, which remained his home until his death 
 
 .While residing in Aurora, he met a daughter of the Rev 
 Lemuel Powers, who was a lady of rare intelligence d 
 
 A tender attachment sprang up between the" 
 they were married in 1826. 
 
 101 " 65 Cntry nt PUbHc Hfe Was made January 
 he entered the New York Legislature as a Repre' 
 sentat, ve from Erie County. He soon won the confident 
 esteem of hlS associates and was re-elected the two succeed^ 
 years. He was elected to Congress in ,832 and was 
 
 , now became the majority, and was made 
 
 his political opponents, were able to find 
 
 " Mr. Fillmore, in person, i s stont and finely formed He 
 has an erect and easy walk, a well-developed chest IWu 
 p.exion lively blue eyes, a smooth forehead' mart' bfb re dtT 
 rather than he.gh,, ,nd thin grayish hair. His face is broad 
 
 " 
 
 financial affairs of the nation 
 While fi ,, illg this office, he
 
 74 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 Convention as a candidate for the Vice-Presidency, and, in the 
 following November was elected, Zachary Taylor being at the 
 head of the ticket. 
 
 President Taylor s death occurred on the ninth of July, 
 1850, and Mr. Fillmore succeeded to the office of President. 
 The administration of President Fillmore demanded great wis- 
 dom and calm judgment. The North was agitating the anti- 
 slavery question, and the South threatened secession. California 
 was impatient to be admitted into the Union, and war was im- 
 minent between Texas and New Mexico. President Fillmore 
 urged upon Congress the necessity for immediate action regard- 
 ing these important issues, and renewed efforts were made to 
 settle these vexing questions. California was admitted into the 
 Union ; the boundary line of Texas and New Mexico was estab- 
 lished; the slave trade in the District of Columbia was abolished, 
 and Congress passed an act making more effectual provisions for 
 the apprehension of fugitive slaves. All these, except the last, 
 received the President's approval. Concerning this latter, he 
 asked the opinion of the Attorney-General whether it would not 
 conflict with the Constitution relating to the writ of habeas cor- 
 pus; the Attorney-General rendered an opioion that it would not, 
 and President Fillmore signed the bill. The signing of this bill 
 precipitated the hostility of the anti-slavery party of the North, 
 and all the attacks upon the character of President Fillmore date 
 from this time forward. 
 
 Among the more important events which occurred during 
 Mr. Fillmore's administration, may be mentioned the serious 
 trouble between the United States and Great Britain regarding 
 the coast fisheries off the Banks of New Foundland, which, 
 however, was settled by England conceding the rights claimed 
 by the United States; the completion of the New York and 
 Erie Railroad; the laying of the corner-stone of the enlarge- 
 ment to the new Capitol building, and the Cuban expedition. 
 
 During this administration, begun by President Taylor and 
 completed by President Fillmore, a number of distinguished
 
 PRESIDENTS FILLMORE. 
 
 75 
 
 men passed away, among whom may be named John C. Calhoun, 
 Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. 
 
 At the expiration of his term of office, Mr. Fillmore retired 
 to his home in Buffalo, New York, where, March 8, 1874, he 
 passed out into "that undiscovered country, from whose bourn 
 no traveller e'er returns."
 
 fierce. 
 
 .HE fourteenth President of the United States, 
 Franklin Pierce, was the son of Gen. Benjamin 
 Pierce, a distinguished soldier of the Revolu- 
 tion, and subsequently Governor of New Hamp- 
 shire. Franklin, the sixth of a family of 
 eight children, was born at Hillsborough, New 
 Hampshire, November 23, 1804. He attended school at 
 Hancock Academy, and prepared for college at Francetown; 
 entered Bowdoin College in 1820, when only sixteen years old, 
 and graduated in 1824. His warm, personal friend, Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne, writes of him: "At this early period of his life, he 
 was distinguished by the same fascination of manner that has 
 since proved so magical in winning him an unbounded personal 
 popularity. It is wronging him, however, to call this peculiarity 
 a mere effect of manner; its source lies deep in the kindliness 
 of his nature, and in the liberal, generous, catholic sympathy 
 that embraces all who are worthy of it. Few men possess any- 
 thing like it." 
 
 Young Pierce oegan the study of law in the office of Judge 
 Woodbury, at Portsmouth, spending the last two years of law 
 study at the Northampton, Massachusetts, law school, and in the 
 office of Judge Parker, at Amherst. In 1827 he was admitted to 
 the bar, and began the practice of his profession at Hillsborough, 
 his native town. Although his early practice was far from being 
 successful, still the young man persistently pushed forward, de- 
 termined to win. In 1829, at the age of twenty-five, Mr. Pierce 
 
 Presidents.
 
 PRESIDENTS PIERCE. 77 
 
 was elected to represent his district in the State Legislature. He 
 served in this body four years, the last two of which he was 
 speaker of the House. At the age of twenty-nine, he was elected 
 to Congress, where he served faithfully for years, at the end of 
 which time he entered the senate of the United States, its 
 youngest member. Here he found himself in the company of 
 those eminent statesmen, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, 
 Henry Clay, Silas Wright, James Buchanan, and many others, 
 whose names are written on the scroll of famous Americans. In 
 1842 Mr. Pierce retired from the United States Senate and re- 
 sumed his law practice at Concord, the capital city of his native 
 State. Notwithstanding his early failures in the legal profession, 
 he now rapidly acquired fame and distinction and soon was the 
 leading member of the New Hampshire bar. 
 
 Mr. Pierce was married, in 1834, to Miss Jane, daughter 
 of Rev. Dr. Appleton, ex-president of Bowdoin College, and 
 three children, all sons, were the fruit of this union. 
 
 In 1846 Mr. Pierce declined the offer of the United States 
 Senatorship , also the position of Attorney-General of the United 
 States which was tendered him by President Polk. He also de- 
 clined the nomination of the Democratic State Convention for 
 Governor. Mr. Pierce seemed unwilling to receive public politi- 
 cal honors, but when the Mexican war broke out, in 1846, he 
 was the first volunteer in Concord and raised a company of men 
 for his country's service. He was early commissioned Colonel of 
 the Ninth Regiment and in March, 1847, was made Brigadier- 
 General. He rendered his country most efficient service and, at 
 the close of the war, returned to Concord and resumed his law prac- 
 tice. In 1850 General Pierce was made president of a convention 
 called to revise the Constitution of the State, in the deliberations 
 of which he exercised great influence. 
 
 At the National Democratic Convention held in Baltimore, 
 in June, 1852, General Pierce, though not a candidate, received 
 an almost unanimous nomination to the office of President of the 
 United States, and defeated General Winfield Scott, nominee of
 
 78 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 the Whig party, by an unprecedented majority. On the fourth of 
 March, 1853, he was inaugurated fourteenth President of this 
 Republic. 
 
 Among the important events which occurred during the ad- 
 ministration of President Pierce was the beginning of the Pacific 
 Railroad ; the settlement of the disputed boundary between New 
 Mexico and Chahuahua, and the commercial treaty with Japan. 
 In January, 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced his 
 famous Kansas-Nebraska Bill, which proposed the organization 
 of these two territories, and contained a provision that the new 
 States, which should be formed from them, should decide for 
 themselves whether they should be slaveholding or not. As 
 both these Territories were north of the parallel of thirty-six de- 
 grees and thirty minutes, the passage of this bill practically 
 repealed the Missouri Compromise, by virtue of which the old 
 slavery question had been settled. 
 
 For nearly four months this bill was the subject of the 
 most impassioned debate in Congress, but on March 3, 1854, the 
 bill passed the Senate, on the twenty-fourth of the . following 
 May it passed the House, and on the thirtieth of May it 
 received the signature of President Pierce and thus became 
 the law. The result of this legislation was the destruction 
 of the Whig party; the division of the Democrat party into 
 sections, North and South; and the formation of the Repub- 
 lican party, with anti-slavery as the principal plank of its plat- 
 form. Kansas, after an exciting struggle, was carried by the 
 pro-slavery party and this was followed by a civil strife which 
 continued for nearly a year. Finally peace was restored in Kan- 
 sas, but the agitation of the slavery question had become a 
 national issue and continued to be the central subject of discus- 
 sion, throughout the administration of President Buchanan, and 
 until its culmination in civil war, in 1861. 
 
 At the expiration of his term of office, Mr. Pierce returned 
 to his home at Concord, New Hampshire, where he answered 
 the summons of the death angel, October 8, 1869,
 
 AMES BUCHANAN was born in a wild, romantic 
 valley, surrounded by the towering peaks of the 
 
 IP 
 
 Alleghany Mountains, in the town of Stony Batter, 
 Franklin County, Pennsylvania; he used to say: 
 "I lacked but a broad limestone valley of being 
 born in Maryland." The date of his birth was April 
 23, 1791. His father was a native of County Don- 
 egal, Ireland, and came to this country in 1783, 
 where he married an estimable Pennsylvania girl, and the young 
 couple were among the pioneer settlers of the section where their 
 son James was born. 
 
 The family removed to Mercersburg in 1798, where James 
 was sent to school, and proved a bright and industrious student. 
 At the early age of fourteen he entered Dickson College, at 
 Carlisle, where he was graduated with the highest honors at the 
 age of eighteen. He soon began the study of law, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1812; rising rapidly in his profession, he 
 soon became one of the most distinguished lawyers of the State, 
 and his name appears more frequently in the Pennsylvania Re- 
 ports than that of any other lawyer of his day. 
 
 In October, 1814, he was elected a member of the lower 
 House of the Legislature of his native State, and was re-elected 
 in 1815. When only twenty-nine years of age, in 1820, he was 
 elected to the House of Representatives, where he soon acquired 
 prominence as an impressive speaker and a clear and vigorous 
 reasoner. He remained a member of Congress for ten consecu- 
 
 Presidents. 
 
 79
 
 8O THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 tive years, at the expiration of which time he was charged by 
 President Jackson with the duty of negotiating a commercial 
 treaty with Russia ; he was successful in his efforts and returned 
 to the United States in 1833. The following year he was 
 chosen, by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, United States Sena- 
 tor. Perhaps the most important subject which came before the 
 Senate at this time was the slavery question. While Mr. 
 Buchanan was heartily opposed to slavery in the abstract, he 
 strongly defended the Southern States in the rights which the 
 Constitution accorded them. 
 
 In 1845 he resigned the Senatorship of Pennsylvania, which 
 position he had held for ten years, and accepted the office of Sec- 
 retary of State in the cabinet of President Polk. From 1853 to 
 1856, under the administration of President Pierce, Mr. Buch- 
 anan ably represented the United States at the Court of St. 
 James. Soon after his return from England he was nominated 
 by the National Democratic Convention as their candidate for the 
 Presidency. In this election the Republican party entered the 
 field for the first time, with any apparent show of success, 
 with Gen. John C. Fremont as its candidate. The issue between 
 'these two political parties was the question of Slavery in the 
 Territories. The election resulted in the choice of Mr. Buch- 
 anan, which was accomplished by the votes of California, Ind- 
 iana, Illinois, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, united with those of 
 the slave-holding States. 
 
 Beside the vexatious questions connected with the extension 
 of slavery, was the disturbed relations with Great Britain. The 
 British had flagrantly violated the conditions of the Monroe 
 Doctrine, and had not relinquished the right of search, which 
 had caused the war of 1812. President Buchanan 'resolved to 
 deal peremptorily with this matter, and England awoke to the 
 truth that the United States was not to be trifled with. Repre- 
 sentatives of the two governments met and the demands of this 
 Nation were accorded her. 
 
 The laying of the first Atlantic Cable, and the quelling of
 
 PRESIDENTS BUCHANAN. 8 1 
 
 the Mormon rebellion were among the chief events, not con- 
 nected with the Slavery question, which distinguished the ad- 
 ministration of President Buchanan. 
 
 In 1859 occurred John Brown's famous raid at Harper's 
 Ferry. This was the climax of the Kansas warfare, the Dred- 
 Scott Decision, and the suspected plot of insurrection among the 
 slaves, and while its success was an impossibility from the start, 
 still its influence was important. The closing year of President 
 Buchanan's administration was one of intense political excite- 
 ment. The breach between the North and the South was con- 
 stantly widening, and it was evident that the country was fast 
 approaching a critical period in its history. The question of 
 slavery divided the Democratic party and the work of secession 
 began in South Carolina in December, 1860, after the election of 
 Lincoln, and spread so rapidly that by the first of February, 
 1861, the States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Miss- 
 issippi and Texas had all passed resolutions of secession and de- 
 clared themselves out of the Union. A .convention of these 
 States, held at Montgomery, Alabama, February 4, 1861, formed 
 the Confederate States of America, and selected Jefferson Davis, 
 of Mississippi, as President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of 
 Georgia, as Vice-President. Such was the condition of affairs 
 when Mr. Buchanan retired from the office of President. 
 
 After the inauguration of his successor, Mr. Buchanan re- 
 turned to his home in Wheatland, Pennsylvania, where he died 
 June i, 1868.
 
 HE life of this great and good man is a true type 
 of American manhood. Born in obscurity, start- 
 ing life with nothing, but utilizing every oppor- 
 tunity within his reach, he honestly earned the 
 right to live forever enshrined in the hearts of his 
 countrymen. In a rough log cabin on the banks 
 of Nolin Creek, in Larue County, Kentucky, on 
 the twelfth of February, 1808, Abraham Lincoln 
 was born. His father, Thomas Lincoln, born and reared in the 
 wilds of Kentucky, where, at that early period, there were no 
 schools, was an uneducated but strictly honest man, who was not 
 able even to read when he was married. His mother, Nancy 
 Lincoln, nee Hanks, was a loving, gentle woman, almost wor- 
 shipped by her children. Speaking of his early life, on an 
 occasion when fame and success had laid their crowns at his feet, 
 Mr. Lincoln said, while tears filled his eyes: "All that I am, or 
 hope to be, I owe to my angel mother; blessings on her 
 memory." 
 
 In 1816 the family removed to Indiana and settled in the 
 forest, about eighteen miles from Thompson's Ferry. A rude 
 cabin, one side open to the elements, except as it was sheltered 
 by the hides of the animals that were killed for food, constituted 
 their home during the first winter. Thorns took the place of 
 pins ; bits of bone, covered with cloth, were their buttons; while 
 burned rye bread served as coffee, and dried herb leaves as tea. 
 Stricken down by hard work, exposure and anxiety, the mother 
 
 Presidents. 
 
 82
 
 84 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS, 
 
 the Presidency in 1860. The slavery question was at this time 
 just beginning to be agitated, and Mr. Lincoln's anti-slavery 
 record begins with this session of the Legislature where he 
 caused his protest against an extreme pro-slavey resolution to 
 be recorded in the journal of the House. 
 
 In 1836 Mr. Lincoln was admitted to the bar and in the 
 autumn of that year went to Springfield, and opened a law office. 
 Concerning this venture, a friend w.ites: "He rode into town 
 on a borrowed horse, all his earthly possessions packed in a pair 
 of saddle-bags fastened to the crupper of his saddle. He wanted 
 to hire a room and furnish it with the barest necessities, but found 
 that the aggregate cost of these was seventeen dollars. To the 
 storekeeper Mr. Lincoln said sadly, ' It is cheap enough, but, 
 cheap as it is, I have not the money to pay for it. If you will 
 give me credit until Christmas, and my experiment here is a 
 success, I will pay } r ou then ; if I fail, I shall probably never be 
 able to pay you." His request was granted, and in April, 1837, 
 he formed a partnership with Maj. John T. Stuart which con- 
 tinued four years. In 1843 he became associated with William 
 H. Herndon, and the co-partnership ended only with the death of 
 Lincoln, in 1865. 
 
 As a lawyer, Mr. Lincoln soon won distinction and was re- 
 tained in nearly every important case in his circuit, but he 
 was so thoroughly conscientious that he positively refused to 
 take any case unless convinced that his client was in the right, 
 and once, when he learned that, in a case which he had won, his 
 client was in the wrong, he refused to accept a fee for his 
 services. 
 
 In 1838 he was re-elected to the Legislature. During a de- 
 bate, in which some of the most noted men of the time were en- 
 gaged, one of his opponents sneeringly referred to the few who 
 supported the other side, and the hopelessness of the cause they 
 were defending. Mr. Lincoln said, in reply: "Address that 
 argument to cowards and knaves. It may be true, if it must, 
 let it. Many free countries have lost their liberty, and ours may
 
 PRESIDENTS LINCOLN. 85 
 
 lose hers. But if she shall, let it be my proudest plume, not 
 that I was the last to desert her, but that I never deserted her." 
 
 Mr. Lincoln was married to Miss Mary Todd, daughter of 
 Hon. Robert S. Todd, of Lexington, Kentucky, in 1842, and 
 they took lodgings at the Globe Tavern, a modest boarding- 
 house near the State House. 
 
 In 1846 Lincoln was elected a Member of the House of 
 Representatives, and took his seat December 6, 1847, the only 
 Whig member from Illinois. At the expiration of his term of 
 office he came back to his home in Illinois and did not return 
 again to Washington until he went to emancipate the slave in all 
 the length and breadth of the Union. He now became actively en- 
 gaged in political discussions, notably in joint debates with 
 Stephen A. Douglas, upon the Dred-Scott decision and the Kan- 
 sas-Nebraska bill. Of their debate in Springfield, on the latter 
 question, the Springfield Journal speaks of Mr. Lincoln's argu- 
 ment as follows: "He quivered with feeling and emotion; the 
 whole house was as still as death. He attacked the bill (Kansas- 
 Nebraska) with unusual warmth and energy, and all felt that a 
 man of strength was its enemy, and that he intended to blast it 
 if he could by strong and jnanly efforts. He was most success- 
 ful, and the long continued huzzas of the house approved the 
 glorious triumph of truth. Women waved their handkerchiefs 
 in token of woman's silent but heartfelt consent. At the con- 
 clusion of the speech every man felt that it was unanswerable; 
 that no human power could overthrow it or trample it under foot , 
 and every mind present did homage to the man who took captive 
 the heart, and broke like a sun over the understanding." 
 
 After one of the most exciting political contests ever known, 
 Mr. Lincoln was elected President of the United States, in No- 
 vember 1860, and was inaugurated on the fourth of the following 
 March, and the affairs of government were turned over to Repub- 
 lican administration by the Democratic hands which had so long 
 controlled it, together with the momentous questions which at 
 this critical period agitated the Nation as never before.
 
 86 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 Then followed the call for troops, and the terrible issues of 
 civil war were joined. Mr. Lincoln was re-elected President in 
 1864, and closely following upon his second inaugural came the 
 surrender of Lee and the fall of Richmond. The North was in 
 a tumult of rejoicing. The war was over; white-robed peace 
 again reigned triumphant, and every heart sang the praises 
 of Abraham Lincoln. But in the midst of these scenes of re- 
 joicing came that terrible assassination at the hands of John 
 Wilkes Booth, and, on the fifteenth of April, 1865, the great soul 
 of Lincoln went back to God who gave it, and the earthly career 
 of one of earth's greatest and noblest men was ended. Living, 
 he was loved as man is rarely loved ; dying, he bequeathed to this 
 Nation a legacy of patriotic devotion which will last as long as 
 time shall endure.
 
 early life of this man, so suddenly called upon 
 to fill the office of chief magistrate of the United 
 States, in the overwhelming grief which bore the 
 nation to the earth in the sad death of Abraham 
 Lincoln, was one of poverty and friendlessness. 
 He was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, Decem- 
 ber 29, 1808. His parents, who were among the 
 " poor whites" of the South, were unable to give the boy the 
 slightest advantages of an education, and, until the age of ten 
 years, he was a ragged urchin about the streets of his native 
 city, unable either to read or write. He was at this age appren- 
 ticed to a tailor and while he was learning his trade he learned to 
 read, but he never attended school a day in his life. In 1826 he 
 removed to Greenville, Tennessee, where he was married to a 
 young lady of estimable character who became his teacher in 
 the common English branches, reading to him while he worked 
 at his trade of tailor, and teaching him in the evening. In 1828 
 he was elected one of the aldermen of Greenville, by the labor- 
 ing classes, among whom he was a recognized leader, and in 
 1830 was made Mayor. 
 
 Mr. Johnson now became thoroughly identified with polit- 
 ical life, being a Jacksonian Democrat, and as such, was elected 
 to the State Legislature in 1835, and again in 1839. In 1841 
 Mr. Johnson was elected a State Senator, and in 1843 represented 
 his district in the lower house of Congress, which latter position 
 he retained for ten years. At the expiration of this period, in 
 
 Presidents. 87
 
 88 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 1853, he was elected Governor of Tennessee, and re-elected in 
 1855. In the gubernatorial office, as in those positions of trust 
 with which he had been heretofore honored, Mr. Johnson was a 
 zealous defender of the rights of the sons of toil, and an active 
 champion of their wants. 
 
 In 1857 Mr. Johnson was elected United States Senator for 
 the term of six years, and here, as he had done in the House, 
 he adopted, in general, the Democratic policy, which opposed a 
 protective tariff, the United States Bank, and all plans for in- 
 ternal improvement by the National Government. 
 
 Mr. Johnson was born of the people, and grew up among 
 the people; he never permitted a sneer at the workingman to 
 pass unrebuked. Replying to one of the finest speakers in the 
 United States Senate he said : " I do not forget that I am a me- 
 chanic; nor do I forget that Adam was a tailor and sewed fig- 
 leaves, and that our Saviour was the son of a carpenter." On 
 the question of slavery Mr. Johnson defined his position in the 
 following words: "My position is, that Congress has no power 
 to interfere with the subject of slavery; that it is an institution 
 local in its character, and peculiar to the States where it exists, 
 and no other power has the right to control it." He was a 
 staunch Union man and opposed the ideas of secession in strong- 
 est terms. So pronounced was his opposition to the position 
 taken by nearly every Southern Senator and Representative, 
 that they finally denounced him as a traitor to the South. So 
 bitter was the feeling against him that in 1861 he was burned in 
 effigy in Memphis, Tennessee, and subsequently hooted at by 
 the mobs, and even threatened with lynching. His home was 
 invaded, his sick wife, with her child in her arms, was ruthlessly 
 driven into the street, his slaves confiscated, and his house turned 
 into a hospital and barracks by the Confederates. 
 
 In February, 1862, Mr. Johnson, was appointed, by Pres- 
 ident Lincoln, Military Governor of Tennessee and, in the 
 mouth following, he entered upon the duties of his office with 
 headquarters at Nashville.
 
 PRESIDENTS JOHNSON. 89 
 
 One of the first official acts, when the Mayor and city coun- 
 cil of Nashville refused to obey his order to take the oath of al- 
 legiance to the United States government, was to send them all 
 to the penitentiary ; and the editor of the Nashville Banner, for 
 uttering treasonable sentiments, was sent to keep them company, 
 and his paper suppressed. He imprisoned five clergymen for 
 preaching treason from their pulpits. 
 
 Shortly after the Confederate armies placed Nashville in a 
 state of siege and General Buell, who was in command, deter- 
 mined to evacuate the city, Mr. Johnson said: "I am not a 
 religious man, and have never pretended to be religious; but 
 there is one thing about it, I do believe in Almighty God, and I 
 
 believe also in the Bible, but I say d n me if- Nashville shall 
 
 be surrendered." 
 
 The circumstances surrounding Mr. Johnson seem to have 
 led him into sympathy with the Republican party, and he was 
 elected Vice-President of the United States in November, 1864, 
 with Abraham Lincoln as President. They were inaugurated 
 on the fourth of March following, and soon the clouds of gloom 
 which had so long hung over the land began to break, and on 
 the ninth of April, 1865, the Rebel army, under General Lee, 
 surrendered and joy reigned in the nation's heart. Five days 
 later the bullet of the assassin ended the earthly life of Pres- 
 ident Lincoln, and in less than three hours after his death An- 
 drew Johnson became President of the United States. 
 
 Very soon after the accession of Mr. Johnson to the Presi- 
 dency it became apparent that the Executive and Congress were 
 decidedly antagonistic on the question of the reorganization of 
 the Southern States. The President held that the seceding 
 States had never been out of the Union, and that their acts of 
 secession were absolutely void, while Congress maintained that, 
 while the acts of secession were unconstitutional, yet these 
 States had actually been out of the Union, and that to enable 
 them to again resume their former status would require special 
 legislation. Various other subjects arose from time to time
 
 90 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 which served to increase the spirit of discord between the Presi- 
 dent and Congress, until the impeachment of the President was 
 decided upon. The trial continued over two months and finally 
 resulted in the President's acquittal, it requiring a two-thirds 
 vote to convict and the vote standing thirty-four for impeach- 
 ment and nineteen against. 
 
 His death occurred at the residence of his daughter, at Car- 
 ter Station, Tennessee, July 27, 1875.
 
 life of Ulysses S. Grant is one of develop- 
 ment, rather than of original prominence or 
 promise. He was an energetic, honest, modest 
 boy whose latent virtues and heroism the war de- 
 veloped. Point Pleasant, Ohio, was his birth- 
 place, on April 29, 1822. He received a common 
 school education at Georgetown, and at the age of 
 seventeen entered the Military Academy, at West 
 Point, where he was graduated in 1843. He then spent two 
 years as a Lieutenant of Infantry at a military post in Missouri ; 
 afterwards participating in the Mexican war, where he earned the 
 commission of Captain. In 1854 Captain Grant resigned his 
 commission, married, and settled on a small farm near St. Louis, 
 Missouri. In 1859 he entered into a partnership with his father 
 in the leather business, which proved a paying venture. 
 
 When the Civil War broke out Captain Grant said to those 
 about him in his home: "Uncle Sam. educated me for the army; 
 and though I have served him through one war, I do not feel 
 that I have yet repaid the debt. I am still ready to discharge 
 my obligations ; I shall buckle on the sword, and see Uncle Sam 
 through this war too." Ten days after the fall of Sumter he 
 presented himself to Governor Yates at the head of a company 
 of volunteers which he had organized. June 15, 1861, he re- 
 ceived a commission as Colonel of the Twenty-first Regiment of 
 Illinois Volunteers. In August, 1861, he was promoted by Presi- 
 dent Lincoln to the rank of Brigadier-General, and assigned to 
 
 Presidents.
 
 92 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 the command of the district of Southeastern Missouri, with head- 
 quarters at Cairo. In February, 1862, while General Grant was 
 preparing to storm the intrenchments at Fort Donaldson, Gen- 
 eral Buckner, who was in command of the Rebel forces, sent a 
 note asking for terms of surrender. General Grant's reply was 
 characteristic : "No terms can be accepted but unconditional sur- 
 render. I propose to move immediately upon your works." 
 Stringent as they were the terms were accepted and fifteen 
 thousand men, seventy-five guns and a large amount of military 
 stores fell into the victor's hands. 
 
 General Grant had introduced a new feature of persistent 
 and aggressive action on the part of the army under his leader- 
 ship, the results of which were manifest at Fort Donaldson, and 
 that brilliant victory, which was really the first important success 
 the Northern armies had achieved, aroused the Nation, and Sec- 
 retary Stanton recommended General Grant as Maj or-General of 
 Volunteers. President Lincoln immediately sent the nomination 
 to the Senate where it was at once confirmed. General Grant 
 thus won for himself a National reputation; he was now given 
 command of the military district of Tennessee. 
 
 Following this the battle of Shiloh was fought and General 
 Grant again won an important victory. Then came the famous 
 siege of Vicksburg, where, for weeks and even months, there was 
 almost continual fighting. Some one asked General Grant if he 
 really expected to take Vicksburg. " Certainly," he replied, " I 
 cannot tell exactly when I shall take the town, but I mean to 
 stay here until I do, if it takes me thirty years." At length on 
 the fourth of July, 1863, the white flags along the Rebel lines an- 
 nounced the unconditional surrender of Vicksburg. It was one 
 of the most notable conquests of the war ; nearly forty thousand 
 prisoners were taken and the Mississippi River was opened to 
 the Gulf of Mexico. On the twenty-fifth of October, 1863, 
 occurred the memorable battle of Chattanooga, which pierced 
 the heart of the Rebellion, saved Kentucky and Tennessee, and 
 opened the door for that wonderful march to the sea. Congress
 
 PRESIDENTS GRANT. 93 
 
 now ordered a gold medal, with appropriate emblems, to be pre- 
 sented to General Grant, together with a vote of thanks, in which 
 several of the States joined. 
 
 Wherever he went he was received with the warmest en- 
 thusiam ; but nothing could flatter, persuade nor provoke him 
 into making a speech, with one single exception. One evening 
 it was learned that Grant was stopping at a certain hotel in St. 
 Louis. An immense crowd gathered and commenced shouting 
 for a speech. After a long delay he appeared upon the balcony 
 and said, slowly and deliberately, to the breathless audience : 
 "Gentlemen, making speeches is not my business; I never did 
 it in my life, and I never will. I thank you, however, for your 
 attendance here." 
 
 In February, 1864, Congress conferred upon General Grant 
 the distinguished rank of Lieutenant-General and in March fol- 
 lowing he was summoned to Washington to receive his creden- 
 tials. Crowds gathered at every station, eager to catch a glimpse 
 of his face. He reached Washington and, going to Willard's 
 Hotel, slipped into the dining room and secured a seat at the 
 table without being recognized. While at the table some one 
 entered the room who knew the General, and at once said to the 
 guests, "Gen. Ulysses S. Grant is present." Instantly the en- 
 tire company arose to its feet and cheer after cheer echoed 
 through the room. A brilliant reception was given the same 
 evening in his honor, by President Lincoln, but General Grant 
 had no taste for public parade and populai applause and said to 
 a friend that night: "I hope to get away from Washington as 
 soon as possible, for I am tired of this show business already." 
 
 General Grant now gave himself unreservedly to the one 
 purpose of bringing the war to a close. The only means he be- 
 lieved possible was a destruction of the Rebel forces, and to this 
 end he labored. At length on the ninth of April, 1865, General 
 Lee surrendered and the War of the Rebellion was over. 
 
 General Grant was elected President of the United States 
 in November, 1868, and entered upon the duties of his new
 
 94 
 
 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 office in March following. The Southern States were in a sadly 
 chaotic condition, and he was called upon to deal with many per- 
 plexing political problems. During this term of office the Fif- 
 teenth Amendment to the. Constitution was ratified by the 
 requisite number of States; government bonds reached a par 
 value; a new Indian policy was adopted, and the question of the 
 Alabama claims was settled by a treaty with Great Britain. He 
 was re-elected President in 1872. During this term occurred the 
 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, which was opened by 
 the President. 
 
 At the conclusion of his second term he made that memor- 
 able tour of the world, and was the recipient of more unbounded 
 honor than has ever been accorded any other American citizen, 
 every nation vieing with its neighbor to do him homage 
 
 After an extended illness, he died, at Mount McGregor, 
 New York, July 23, 1885, and his remains lie in Riverside Park 
 on the banks of the Hudson River, in New York City.
 
 .HE subject of this sketch was born in the town 
 of Delaware, Ohio, October 4, 1822. His edu- 
 cation began in the common schools of his 
 native town. Subsequently he attended the 
 academy at Norwalk, Ohio, and entered Ken- 
 yon College, at Gambier, Ohio, in 1838, gradu- 
 ting therefrom, in 1832, as valedictorian of his class. 
 He at once began the study of law in the office of Thomas Spar- 
 row, at Columbus, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. ^ n T 85O 
 he opened a law office in Cincinnati, where, in 1854, he formed 
 a partnership with R. W. Corwine and W. K. Rogers, under 
 the firm name of Corwine, Hayes & Rogers. 
 
 He was married to Miss Lucy W. Webb, daughter of Dr. 
 James Webb, of Chillicothe, Ohio, December 30, 1852. 
 
 Directly after the bombardment "of Fort Sumter, Mr. Hayes 
 entered the United States service and was commissioned Major 
 of the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Of this regi- 
 ment W. S. Rosecrans was Colonel, and Stanley Matthews 
 Lieutenant-Colonel. Major Hayes was promoted to the rank of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, September 19,1861, and was raised to the 
 rank of Colonel, October 24, 1862. At the battle of Cedar 
 Creek, so great was the gallantry of Colonel Hayes, that Gen- 
 eral Sheridan graped his hand on the battlefield and said: 
 ''Colonel, from this day forward you will be a Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral!" March 13, 1865, he was < ommissioned brevet Major-Gen- 
 eral for distinguished services during the campaign in West 
 Virginia. 
 
 I'rc.-iilcnts 95
 
 96 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 In December, 1865, General Hayes took his seat as a Mem- 
 ber of the House of Representatives of the Thirty-Ninth Con- 
 gress, and was re-elected in 1866. He was elected Governor of 
 Ohio in 1867, and again in 1869. In 1871 he declined a re-nom- 
 ination, but in 1875, was a third time elected to the guberna- 
 torial office of that State. 
 
 In 1876, occurred the memorable struggle for the Presi- 
 dency, Mr. Hayes being the nominee of the Republican party 
 and Samuel J. Tilden, of the Democrat. After a vigorous cam- 
 paign, which was ably conducted on both sides, the result of the 
 election was in doubt. Both parties claimed to have carried the 
 States of South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The anxiety 
 and excitement throughout the country was intense. Concern- 
 ing the grave questions of counting the electoral votes and the 
 settlement of the contests in the disputed States, Congress held 
 protracted and anxious sessions without reaching a satisfactory 
 conclusion. At last both agreed to refer the question to a com- 
 mission, known as the Electoral Commission, which was com- 
 posed of fifteen members, five from the House of Representatives, 
 five from the Senate, and the remaining five were Judges of the 
 Siipreme Court of the United States. The Commission was as 
 follows : , . 
 
 From the Senate, George F. Edmonds, of Vermont; Oliver 
 P. Morton, of Indiana, and Fredrick T. Frelinghuysen, of New 
 Jersey, Republicans; and Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, and 
 Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware, Democrats. 
 
 From the House, Henry W. Paine, of Ohio; Josiah B. Abbot, 
 of Massachusetts, and Eppa Hunton, of Virginia, Democrats; 
 and George F. Hoar, of Massachusetts, and James A. Garfield, 
 of Ohio, Republicans. 
 
 From the United States Supreme Court, William Strong, of 
 Pennsylvania, and Samuel F. Miller, of Iowa, Republicans ; and 
 Nathan Clifford, of Maine, and S. J. Field, of California, Demo- 
 crats. These four Judges were to select the fifth. Their choice 
 fell upon Judge Joseph P. Bradley, of New Jersey, who was a
 
 PRESIDENTS HA YES. 
 
 Republican, and as the Republicans thus had a maj orit y of one 
 chair 6 miSS1 n; thiS SCated Mr ' Ha ^ in the Presidential 
 
 He gave the country a conservative and dignified administra- 
 tion, notwithstanding the criticisms that were ma de by his politi- 
 1 opponents, and even by members of his own party, that he 
 was not elected to the office. 
 
 17,
 
 James M. 
 
 AMES A. GARFIELD, youngest son of Abram and 
 Eliza Ballon Garfield, was born in Bedford, Orange 
 Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November 19, 
 1831. His father died when James was only 
 eighteen months old, and the care of the farm and 
 the four children devolved on the mother. As soon 
 as the lad could handle a hoe or hold a plow he was 
 called into service, and as he grew older he shoul- 
 dered his full share of the farm labor. When about sixteen 
 years of age he obtained a position on the canal boat " Evening 
 Star," as driver at twelve dollars a month. One dark, stormy 
 night he accidently fell overboard and was rescued by, what 
 seemed to him, little less than a miracle. This proved to be an 
 important event in the life of Garfield, and arguing that, since 
 Providence thought his life worth saving, he would not throw it 
 away on a canal boat, he resolved to return home, secure an 
 education and become a man. He at once acted upon this reso- 
 lution and went home, where he attended school and fitted him- 
 self for teaching. In the spring of 1850 he began to prepare 
 himself for college. In March of this year he joined the Church 
 of the Disciples. Three years later he entered the junior class 
 at Williams College. In the winter of 1855, during a vacation, 
 he taught a writing class at North Pownal, Vermont, in the same 
 school-house where, a year before, Chester A. Arthur was princi- 
 pal. He graduated from Williams College with high honors in 
 1856, and entered Hiram College as a teacher of ancient
 
 PRESIDENTS GARFIELD. 99. 
 
 guages and literature. The next year he became president of 
 Hiram College, which position he held until 1861, when he re- 
 signed to enter the army. 
 
 While Garfield was preparing for college he became ac- 
 quainted with Miss Lucretia Rudolph, who was also a student at 
 the academy. They became engaged and in 1858, when he be- 
 came president of Hiram College, they were married. 
 
 Mr. Garfield now began to interest himself in politics and 
 espoused the cause of the Republican party. In 1859 he was 
 elected to the Ohio Senate, and at once took high rank, and 
 proved to be an eloquent and powerful debater. 
 
 When the war broke out Mr. Garfield dedicated his life to 
 his country. Addressing a friend, he writes : "I regard my life 
 as given to my country. I am only anxious to make as much 
 of it as possible before the mortgage on it is foreclosed." He 
 entered the service as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-second 
 Ohio regiment and soon became its Colonel. He was made a 
 Brigadier-General in January, 1862, and a Major-General in 
 1863, resigning his commission in December of that year to 
 enter Congress, where he served with distinguished honor until 
 1880, when he was elected United States Senator from Ohio. 
 
 The following incident will illustrate the rare oratorical 
 power of General Garfield: 
 
 The day after the assassination of President Lincoln 50,000 
 people were assembled around the Exchange building in New 
 York City. The cry of this vast crowd was Vengeance ! Two 
 men, one dead, and the other dying, lay on the .pavement of one 
 of the side streets, who, a moment before, had said that Lincoln 
 ought to have been shot long ago. It was a critical moment. 
 There was no telling what that crowd of excited men would 
 do. Just then a man stepped forward on the balcony of the Ex- 
 change building, waving a small flag and beckoning to the crowd. 
 There was a momentary silence as every eye was turned toward 
 him. Raising his right arm heavenward, and in a clear, steady 
 voice he said : " Fellow citizens : Clouds and darkness are round
 
 IOO THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 about Him ! His pavilion is dark waters and thick clouds of the 
 skies! Justice and judgment are the establishment of His 
 throne ! Mercy and truth shall go before His face ! Fellow citi- 
 zens, God reigns and the Government at Washington still 
 lives!" 
 
 As if by magic the fierce passions of that angry host were 
 quelled, and those men stood as though rooted to the ground, 
 gazing with awe into the face of that inspired man. It was a 
 triumph of eloquence unsurpassed in the annals of American 
 history. The crisis was passed, and the hero of that wonderful 
 hour stood there in the person of James A. Garfield. 
 
 After a most vigorous campaign, General Garfield was 
 elected President of the United States in November 1880, and 
 inaugurated on the fourth of March following. The military dis- 
 play on that occasion was one of the most imposing ever wit- 
 nessed in Washington, upon any similar occasion. 
 
 July 2, 1 88 1, will be memorable in the history of the Na- 
 tion as the day when President Garfield was stricken down by 
 the bullet of the assassin, Charles J. Giteau. For eighty days 
 hope and fear struggled in the Nation's heart. Would the 
 President recover? Almost the first question that was asked, as 
 morning after morning came, was: "How is the President?" 
 and hopes rose or fell with the answer. At last, on the 
 nineteenth of September, death claimed him for its own and the 
 brave heart of Garfield ceased to beat the mortgage was fore- 
 closed and his country's service was finished. In twenty-four 
 hours the President's death was known all over the civilized 
 world, and from every hamlet and village in this great land there 
 arose such a cry of sorrow as heaven's arches have rarely echoed. 
 
 "The stars on our banners grow suddenly dim ; 
 Let us weep in our sadness, but weep not for him 
 Not for him who, in dying, left millions in tears ; 
 Not for him who has died full of honors and years ; 
 Not for him who ascended fame's ladder so high, 
 From the round at the top he has stepped to the sky."
 
 JI. 
 
 K^xasis,**'^ 
 H?^SB 
 
 gynian, and a man of fine li terary attainments 
 
 Attending school, first at Union Village 
 
 ington Counts' AT " lr " - 
 
 tady, he ente 
 
 graduated with distinction iu ^ 
 
 school at Ballston Springs, for a th ' ^ ^^ a kw 
 1 -' the North - 
 
 * 
 
 he 
 
 of the firm of Cn,ver, Parker & A rt h 
 yer was early devebped, and his per s o nal 
 stmggle over slavery was indicated 
 
 of the u cek y brated L t:: n d 
 
 In 1852 Jonathan Lemmon, a 
 eight slaves f rom Norfolk to N w 
 to Texas. A writ of 
 of ne Superior 
 
 and 
 
 COmmg 
 
 manage - 
 
 d ^ 
 
 ending to ship them 
 
 h 

 
 102 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 
 tive slave law did not apply to them, and that, under none other 
 
 than that National law could any human creature be held in 
 bondage in the Empire State. 
 
 Judge Paine's decision created intense excitement in the 
 slave States, affirming, as it practically did, that every slave, not 
 a fugitive, being brought by his master into a free State, was 
 thereby made free. This decision was sustained by the Supreme 
 Court of New York, where Mr. Arthur appeared as State's At- 
 torney, and later by the Court of Appeals. 
 
 Mr. Arthur took an active interest in politics at a very early 
 age, but it was not until 1865 that he became prominently con- 
 nected with politics in New York City. 
 
 The day following the bombardment of Fort Sumter, Mr. 
 Arthur was appointed Quartermaster-General at New York, and 
 at once began the Herculean task of quartering, uniforming, 
 equipping and arming the soldiers of New York for the war. 
 This was a task of enormous proportions, but General Arthur 
 was equal to the occasion, and had the satisfaction of forwarding 
 nearly 700,000 men, whom he had equipped with uniforms and 
 muskets. This great force constituted nearly one-fifth of the 
 Northern army. 
 
 At the close of the war General Arthur resumed his law 
 practice, being now the senior member of the well-known firm of 
 Arthur, Phelps, Knevals & Ransom. In November, 1871, he 
 was appointed, by President Grant, Collector of the Port of New 
 York, and re-appointed in 1875, being the first Collector of the 
 Port ever receiving a re-appointment. 
 
 In 1859 General Arthur was married to Ellen L. Herndon, 
 daughter of Capt. William L. Herndon, of Fredericksburg, 
 Virginia. Mrs. Arthur died suddenly, in January, 1880, leaving 
 a son and daughter. 
 
 General Arthur was elected Vice-President of the United 
 States, in November, 1880, General Garfield being President. 
 
 When those terrible days of suffering were over, and the 
 spirit of the assassinated Garfield passed into the great beyond,
 
 PRESIDENTS ARTHUR. 103 
 
 General Arthur took the oath of office and became the fourth of 
 our Nation's Executives who were called to the chair of State by 
 the death of their predecessors, rather than by the suffrages of 
 the people. 
 
 President Arthur's administration was uniformly able, digni- 
 fied and excellent, During his term of office occurred the 
 dedication of that greatest scientific achievement and most 
 marvellous triumph of engineering skill, of this or any other 
 century, the New York and Brooklyn Bridge; designed by 
 American genius, made in American workshops, and built by 
 American skill. 
 
 November 29, 1883, occurred the centennial celebration of 
 the evacuation of the city of New York by the British. At the 
 date of the evacuation, in 1783, New York had a population of 
 twenty-three thousand, but on this centennial day its population 
 exceeded one million two hundred thousand; on this day also 
 was unveiled the bronze statue of Washington, in front of the 
 Sub-Treasury building on Wall Street. 
 
 On Saturday, February 21, 1885 (the 22nd falling on Sun- 
 day), occurred the celebration of the dedication of the Memorial 
 Monument to George Washington. Robert C. Winthrop deliv- 
 ered the oration, and the formal delivery of the monument to the 
 President of the United States was by Col. Thomas L. Casey, to 
 which the closing sentence of President Arthur's reply was as 
 follows : 
 
 "Other and more eloquent lips than mine will to-day re- 
 hearse to you the story of his noble life and its glorious achieve- 
 ments. To myself has been assigned a simpler and more formal 
 duty, in fulfillment of which I do now, as President of the 
 United States, and in behalf of the people, receive this monu- 
 ment from the hands of its builder, and declare it dedicated from 
 this time to the immortal name and memory of George Wash- 
 ington." 
 
 Mr. Arthur's death occurred in the city of New York, 
 November 18, 1886.
 
 
 
 Cleveland. 
 
 LTHOUGH distinctively American, the 
 Clevelands are of English origin, having 
 first settled in Connecticut more than two 
 centuries ago. Richard Falley Cleveland, 
 father of Grover Cleveland, was born at 
 Norwich, Conn., in 1804. The elder Mr. 
 Cleveland and his cousin, the late William E. Dodge, 
 were factory boys together. He graduated from 
 Yale College in 1824; from thence he went to Princeton 
 Theological Seminary, and after his theological course, became 
 a Presbyterian clergyman. In 1839 he married Miss Anna Neal, 
 of Baltimore. His third charge was at Caldwell, New Jersey, 
 where Grover Cleveland was born, March 18, 1837. Young 
 Cleveland was named in honor of his father's predecessor in the 
 pastorate of the church at Caldwell, Stephen Grover; but from 
 childhood he has been called Grover, and has always written his 
 name simply Grover Cleveland. In 1840 the family removed to 
 Fayetteville, near Syracuse, New York, where his father had re- 
 ceived a call to preach, and in 1851 they settled at Clinton, 
 Oneida County, New York. Here young Grover prepared him- 
 self for college ; but his father's death, in 1853, caused a great 
 change in his life-plans. For a time he abandoned all hope of a 
 college education, and set to work to assist in supporting the 
 family. In the spring of 1855, in company with a friend, he 
 started'for Cleveland, Ohio, then a rising city, to seek his fortune. 
 He stopped at Buffalo to visit an uncle Mr. Lewis F. Allen, 
 
 Presidents. 
 
 104
 
 PRESIDENTS CLEVELAND. 105 
 
 who, finding him desirous of becoming a lawyer, proposed to him 
 to remain with him for a time, and endeavor to secure a place in 
 some law office in Buffalo. This offer was accepted and, in 
 a few months, through the influence of his uncle, he entered the 
 law office of Messrs. Rogers, Bowen & Rogers. He was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1859, and in 1863 received the appointment of 
 Assistant District Attorney for Erie County. In 1866 he entered 
 into partnership with the late I. K. Vanderpoel, and was after- 
 wards associated with the late A. P. Lansing, and the late Oscar 
 Folsom. He was elected sheriff of Erie County in 1870, and in 
 1874 resumed the practice of law, forming a partnership with W. 
 S. Bissell ; the firm remaining Cleveland & Bissell until George 
 J. Sicard joined the partnership in 1881. 
 
 Mr. Cleveland was a successful lawyer, and a fluent and forci- 
 ble speaker. He had a clear apprehension of legal principles 
 and was terse and logical in his statement of them. Personally 
 Mr. Cleveland is genial and unassuming ; always self-possessed, 
 rarely demonstrative and never loses his head under excitement. 
 A very intimate friend of Mr. Cleveland wrote, just after his first 
 nomination for the presidency: "He is very deliberate, even 
 somewhat slow in forming decisions, but after he has settled a 
 matter nobody in the world can change him. He has taken 
 many positions that his friends thought wrong and sometimes 
 ruinous, but we were never able to change him, and it has often 
 turned out that he was right. " The subsequent official life of 
 Mr. Cleveland has demonstrated the accuracy of his friend's esti- 
 mate. 
 
 Mr. Cleveland was elected Mayor of Buffalo, New York, in 
 1 88 1, and is said to have saved the city nearly $1,000,000 in con- 
 siderably less than a year by vetoing the resolutions of the Com- 
 mon Council in awarding contracts for street cleaning, etc. 
 
 In 1882 Mr. Cleveland was elected Governor of the State of 
 New York by the largest majority ever received by anybody in 
 any State of the Union, viz., 192,854. The issue was one of re- 
 form and, while this vote was flattering in its indications of the
 
 106 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 t 
 
 great confidence the people placed in him, still it was well calcu- 
 lated to increase his sense of responsibility, because it clearly 
 showed that high expectations had been formed as to what he 
 would do. 
 
 On the day before his inauguration as Governor he came to 
 Albany and spent the night at the executive mansion, and the 
 following day walked through the throngs of people in the streets 
 to the Capitol and entered the building unrecognized. As soon 
 as the simple ceremony of inauguration was over he entered the 
 office of the executive and went quietly to work. Here may be 
 seen both his dislike for public ostentation and his simple, in- 
 dustrious habits. His management of the executive office so 
 commended him to the people of the State and Nation that a 
 movement to place him in nomination for the Presidency was a 
 natural consequence. 
 
 He was inaugurated President on the fourth of March, 1885. 
 His administration was marked by those independent qualities 
 which distinguish the man. On the second of June, 1886, Presi- 
 dent Cleveland was married to Miss Frances Fcjlsom, daughter 
 of his friend and former partner, Oscar Folsom. Mrs. Cleveland 
 possesses many personal attractions and is sincerely beloved by 
 all who know her. 
 
 Mr. Cleveland was nominated for a second term in June 
 1888, but was defeated by Benjamin Harrison, the nominee of 
 the Republican party ; he then resumed the practice of his profes- 
 sion in the city of New York. Again in 1892, Mr. Cleveland was 
 honored by the nomination of his party for the presidency, again 
 running against Mr. Harrison, whom he defeated, and was a 
 second time inaugurated, March 4, 1893.
 
 OR the second time within the century the office 
 of Chief Magistrate of this great Republic has 
 been given, by the suffrages of the people, to 
 members of the same family. Shortly after 
 the subject of this sketch first saw the light, his 
 grandfather, beneath whpse roof the lad was born, 
 became the ninth President of the United States, 
 and in the year of grace 1888 Benjamin Harrison 
 was elected to that distinguished position. 
 The Harrisons were a staunch and sturdy race, whose an- 
 cestors were among the early settlers of Virginia, and the name 
 figures prominently among the heroes of the Revolution. Ben- 
 jamin was born on the old Harrison farm at North Bend, Ohio, 
 August 20, 1833. He was named for his great-grandfather, who 
 was a signer of the Declaration of American Independence, and, 
 at one time, Governor of Virginia. His father, John Scott Har- 
 rison, although twice a member of Congress, was a domestic man 
 who loved his home and his simple farm life far better than the 
 fleeting honors of political life and, as has been well said, 
 "will always stand a quiet, unpretentious figure between his 
 famous father and his distinguished son." His mother was a 
 devoted, Christian woman, and much of President Harrison's 
 reverence for religion is undoubtedly due to the early influences 
 of this noble mother. His rudimentary education was received 
 in a log school house, near his early home. He afterward at- 
 tended Farmer's College, which was located a short distance 
 
 Presidents. 107
 
 IO8 THE WHITE CITY PRESIDENTS. 
 
 from Cincinnati, for a period of two years, and then entered 
 Miami University from which he was graduated in 1851, stand- 
 ing fourth in his class. 
 
 When the young man left college he found himself face to 
 face with his own fortune. His father had been unfortunate in 
 financial matters and lost everything he was worth except the 
 farm, which he managed to retain through the assistance of some 
 friends. Without any repining or time spent in mourning over 
 his hard lot, the young man secured a place in a law-office in the 
 city of Cincinnati, and with an earnestness which has been a 
 distinguishing characteristic of his life, began to prepare for the 
 legal profession. 
 
 In 1853, a year before reaching his majority, he was married 
 to Miss Caroline W. Scott, a beautiful and intelligent young lady 
 whose life so sadly ended at the White House. Sincere love and 
 true courage sustained this young couple in the battle with iron- 
 handed fortune. They removed to Indianapolis and there Mr. 
 Harrison began the practice of his profession. The battle was a 
 severe one; there were no influential friends to send the young 
 lawyer wealthy clients ; there were no wealthy relatives to pro- 
 vide the money necessary for the purchase of a home and the 
 comforts of life ; but there was a manly purpose, there was a clear 
 mind and an honest heart in that slender young lawyer and he 
 toiled on, unwavering, undaunted until the victory was won and 
 success perched upon his banners. 
 
 In 1860 he was elected Supreme Court Reporter and per- 
 formed the duties of that office with marked ability. He was 
 only twenty-seven years old when the war of the Rebellion broke 
 out, but he believed that his country had a claim superior to all 
 others and began raising a company of men for the war. He 
 was shortly commissioned Colonel of the Seventieth Regiment, 
 Indiana Volunteers, and remained with this regiment until it 
 was mustered out of the service after the fall of Richmond. 
 
 Colonel Harrison's military service was as earnest and active 
 as had been his strife with poverty and fame, and in every place,
 
 PRESIDENTS HARRISON. 
 
 1 v-'Q 
 
 among the many trying scenes , h whi h 
 
 proved h,n,se,f the true soldier, connuander, ' 
 
 
 campa.gns, and also gave 
 
 rfi d ' wh ffered 
 
 -son declmed, to occupy a seat in the United State Senate 
 where he served with conspicuous abi.ity for six years I^g 
 
 "aU a L e :r *;f T r- United s ^ ^ ^ 
 
 4, His admimstration was an able and 
 
 bearer oTh T ?* ^ ^^ DOminated * the ^ 
 h.s party, but was defeated by Grover Cleveland. At 
 
 he dose O f h,s tern, of office Mr. Harrison retired to his honte 
 a rnd.anapol.s, Indiana, where he now resides Wed aid 
 respected by all who know him.
 
 GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 , as a Nation, still continue to mark 
 0; periods of time as antedating or follow- 
 ing that historic struggle known as the 
 "War of the Rebellion" or the "Civil 
 War;" and yet so many years have in- 
 tervened that there is now less distinct- 
 ness in the outline of that event which, for a time 
 so completely separated the present from the nearer 
 or more remote past. As the years go by "before 
 the war" is heard with less and less frequency, and silver hairs 
 now crown the head of him who relates personal experiences of 
 that fast receding period. 
 
 The story of the Civil strife is not unfamiliar to the citizen 
 of to-day. It has been handed down from father to son, and the 
 details of its hardships, its defeats and glorious achievements, 
 have been made the theme of earnest recital. It has been written 
 on the pages of history, and children have traced with eager 
 fingers the battle-plains made sacred by the sacrificed lives of 
 father and brother. It has been pictured in realistic detail, vividly 
 setting forth scenes that are already indelibly stamped upon the 
 canvas of the mind. 
 
 The period of the War dates from the firing on Fort Sumter, 
 April 12, 1 86 1, during which year 156 engagements took place; 
 it may be said to have closed with the thrilling scenes at Appo- 
 mattox when General Lee surrendered to the Union forces on 
 
 Societies. 
 
 110
 
 SOCIETIES G. \ R 
 
 III 
 
 Is it the WaS the Peri d of " th e War." 
 
 should seek perpetuitv) \v " common cause, 
 
 rath ; r the natural 
 of fratemity 
 
 of 
 
 steps t 
 
 other posts 
 
 Stepheusou, " "eing rendered D,
 
 112 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 Maj. R. M. Woods, J. T. Bishop and John S. Phelps. Later, in 
 the Eastern States, Philadelphia took the lead in the establish- 
 ment of Posts No. i and No. 2, Pittsburg following soon after. 
 
 The first Department Convention was held at Springfield, 
 Illinois, July 12, 1866, Gen. John W. Palmer being elected first 
 Department Commander. Resolutions were at this time adopted, 
 in recognition of the services of Dr. Stephenson, and were as 
 follows : 
 
 " Whereas, The members of the Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic recognize in Maj. B. F. Stephenson, of Springfield, Illinois, 
 the head and front of this organization, be it therefore, 
 
 "Resolved, That for energy, loyalty and perseverance mani- 
 fested in organizing the Grand Army of the Republic, he is 
 entitled to the gratitude of all loyal men ; and we, as soldiers, 
 tender him our thanks, and pledge him our friendship at all 
 times and under all circumstances." 
 
 The interest manifested in the organization showed no 
 abatement when six months of its existence had passed away. 
 It was a child of vigorous growth, and had been formally 
 adopted in many of the States. At the date of the first National 
 Convention, held at Indianapolis, Indiana, November 20, 1866, 
 Posts from the following States were represented : Illinois, Iowa, 
 Kentucky, Kansas, New York, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 
 Wisconsin and the District of Columbia. Gen. John W. 
 Palmer presided at this assembly, and Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut, 
 of Illinois, was elected Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 Briefly stated, the Objects of the Order are comprehended in 
 the following regulations : 
 
 First. To preserve and strengthen those kind and frater- 
 nal feelings which bind together the soldiers, sailors and mariners 
 who united to suppress the late Rebellion, and to perpetuate the 
 memory and history of the dead. 
 
 Second. To assist such former comrades in arms as need 
 help and protection, and to extend neeedful aid to the widows 
 and orphans of those who have fallen.
 
 SOCIETIES G. A. R. 113 
 
 Third. To maintain true allegiance to the United States of 
 America, based upon a paramount respect for, and fidelity to, its 
 Constitution and laws; to discountenance whatever tends to 
 weaken loyalty, incites to insurrection, treason or rebellion or in 
 any manner impairs the efficiency and permanency of our free 
 institutions; and to encourage the spread of imiversal liberty, 
 equal rights and justice to all men. 
 
 A preamble, twenty-three articles, and a ritual originally 
 constituted the "rules and regulations" of the Order. These 
 have been changed from time to time in compliance with the 
 necessities of the organization, although its spirit has been faith- 
 fully maintained qualifications for membership being service in 
 the Civil War, included between the dates, April 12, 1861, and 
 April 29, 1865, and an honorable discharge therefrom, at the 
 close of such service; while it debars from membership any per- 
 son "who has at any time borne arms against the United States." 
 
 Independence Hall, Philadelphia, was the scene of the sec- 
 ond National Encampment, which was held on January 15, 
 1868, and was a distinctively important occasion in the history of 
 the organization. Twenty-one departments were here repre- 
 sented, and its National scope proven beyond the shadow of a 
 doubt; while a comparison of views of delegates from the sev- 
 eral localities aided in strengthening the Order. Headquarters 
 of the Grand Army was at this time established at Washington 
 City, and a resolution also adopted in reference to the title by 
 which members should be addressed, when in attendance upon 
 Post meetings or in official reports the appelation "Comrade" 
 being selected, with the exception of officers, to whom were 
 accorded their Grand Army titles. 
 
 Gen. John A. Logan, of Illinois, was elected Comrnander-in- 
 Chief, and, owing to superior qualifications as an organizer, as 
 well as zeal and earnestness in a cause so dear to his heart, 
 carried into execution such regulations as proved of lasting 
 benefit to the Grand Army. His order "Number n," issued, 
 May 5, 1868, was characteristic of the patriotic spirit which
 
 114 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 animated this noble citizen and soldier, in designating the 
 thirtieth day of May, 1868, for strewing flowers and otherwise 
 decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of the 
 Nation during the War of the Rebellion. 
 
 The third National Encampment was held at Cincinnati, 
 May 12, 1869, and General Logan re-elected Commander-in- 
 Chief. Some serious complications had arisen, owing to mis- 
 understanding of the nature of the Order, some regarding it as 
 a " Secret political party," and steps were taken at this meeting 
 to dissipate this illusion. A new plan of "ranking" the mem- 
 bers was adopted, but, proving unsatisfactory, was abandoned 
 after a two years' trial. 
 
 The fourth National Encampment convened at Washington 
 City, on May n, 1870, and re-elected General Logan as Com- 
 mander-in-Chief. One of the important matters of business 
 transacted at this meeting was the amendment of rules gov- 
 erning the design of a membership badge, which had been 
 selected at a special session October 27, 1869, at New York City. 
 The Convention also adopted an Article, as a part of its regula- 
 tions, establishing May 3Oth as the day to be set apart for 
 annually commemorating the deeds of fallen heroes of the War. 
 
 Boston was selected as the rendezvous for the fifth annual 
 Encampment, commencing May 10, 1871, and Gen. Ambrose E. 
 Burnside, of Rhode Island, was chosen Couimander-in-Chief, 
 and re-elected at the sixth Encampment, held at Cleveland, May 
 8, 1872. 
 
 It would be a pleasure to follow these National gatherings, 
 and note the growth of the organization from year to year, but 
 space forbids more than a mention of the simplest data connected 
 therewith. 
 
 At New Haven, Connecticut, the seventh Encampment was 
 held on May 14, 1873, and Gen. Charles Devens, of Massa- 
 chusetts, elected to the chief office of the Order, who succeeded 
 himself at the eight Encampment convening at Harrisburg, 
 Pennsylvania, the following year.
 
 SOCIETIES G. A. R. 
 
 The ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth Encampments were 
 held respectively at Chicago, 011 May 12, 1875; Philadelphia, 
 June 30, 1876; Providence, Rhode Island, June 26, 1877; Spring- 
 field, Massachusetts, June 4, 1878; Gen. John F. Hartranft of 
 Pennsylvania, holding the office of Comander-in-Chief during the 
 years 1875 and 1876, to be succeeded by Gen. John C. Robinson, 
 of New York, for the two following years. 
 
 The organization known as The Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic had long since grown to important proportions, and all the 
 cities honored by the National Encampments, were now vicing 
 with each other to do honor to the assembly. . Albany, New York, 
 entertained the thirteenth Encampment, June 17, 1879, which 
 elected William Earnshaw, Commander-in-Chief. He was suc- 
 ceeded June 8, 1880, by Gen. Louis Wagner, who was the choice 
 of the fourteenth Encampment, which convened at Dayton, Ohio; 
 he, in turn, being followed by Maj. George S. Merrill, of Massa- 
 chusetts, who was elected Cornmander-in-Chief by the fifteenth 
 Encampment, held at Indianapolis, Indiana, June 15, 1881. 
 
 When Baltimore, Maryland, invited the Comrades to the hos- 
 pitalities of her beautiful city, on June 16, 1882, President Arthur 
 and General Sherman reviewed the procession. Paul Van Der 
 Voort was elected Commander-in-Chief; and at this meeting was 
 inaugurated a movement toward the organization of the Woman's 
 Relief Corps. 
 
 On July 23, 1883, Denver extended a hearty welcome to the 
 veterans, the Legislature having appropriated $21,000 toward 
 their entertainment, which was largely augmented by pri- 
 vate contributions. A camp to accommodate 15,000 men was 
 provided, while numerous excursions to places of note in the 
 vicinity of the city afforded a treat of the most enjoyable charac- 
 ter. At this encampment, Col. Robert B. Beath, of Pennsylvania, 
 was elected Commander-in-Chief, and the organization of the 
 Woman's Relief Corps auxiliary to the G. A. R. completed. 
 
 The following year, on July 23, 1884, Minneapolis enter- 
 tained the delegates with free-handed hospitality, and John S.
 
 Il6 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 Kountz, of Ohio, was elected Commander-in-Chief. At this 
 meeting, the total membership of the organization was shown to 
 be 253,895, with Posts, to date, 4,325. 
 
 On June 24, 1885, Portland, Maine, welcomed the comrades, 
 the State appropriating $10,000, the city, $5,000 and citizens con- 
 tributing $5,000 more, to entertain the honored guests. Over 
 30,000 veterans were present and the occasion was made memor- 
 able by inai'ked features of the parade, among them being a 
 throng of more than a thousand little children, whose voices 
 blended in song as the comrades proceeded on their way. 
 Samuel S. Burdett, of Washington City, was elected Comman- 
 der-in-Chief. 
 
 San Francisco, California, next became the hostess of the 
 Grand Army, which partook of her generous hospitality, begin- 
 ning August 4, 1886. Here entertainer and entertained entered 
 into the enjoyment of the occasion with sincere good-feeling, and 
 when the adieus were spoken, a wave of sadness mingled with 
 the heartiness of the " God bless you all." The city was dressed 
 in gala attire. Flowers, flags and sumptuous decorations of . 
 every kind greeted the "boys in blue." The procession of 
 August 3d, was one not soon to be forgotten, while the reception 
 at the Mechanic's Pavilion, during the evening of the same day, 
 was marked by enthusiastic demonstrations from both citizens 
 and guests, which reached its climax at the appearance of such 
 honored veterans of the War as Generals Logan and Sherman. 
 Ex-Gov. Lucius Fairchild was declared the choice of the Grand 
 Army for the office of Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 The Twenty-first National -Encampment convened at St. 
 Louis, Missouri, September 28, 1887, and transacted business of 
 much importance to the Order. The Adjutant-General reported 
 membership in good standing on March 31, 1887, 320,946; net 
 gain of Posts during the year, 540 ; amount dispensed for charity 
 by Posts, $253,934.43. The encampment unanimously adopted 
 resolutions of respect, deploring the death of their former 
 comrade, leader and Commander-in Chief, Maj. Gen. John A.
 
 SOCIETIES G. A. R. 117 
 
 Logan, which was one of the sad events of the year, and plans 
 were discussed and resolutions adopted for a monument to be 
 erected to his memory at Washington, D. C. 
 
 The entertainment provided for the Grand Army, at this 
 assembly, was one of unsurpassed liberality, and the illumina- 
 tions, decorations, etc., were on a scale of magnificence never 
 before approached, $100,000 being contributed by the business 
 men of the city for the purpose. For the most part the excur- 
 sions planned for this occasion were abandoned, owing to unusu- 
 ally unfavorable weather, but Lincoln's tomb, at Springfield, was 
 visited, and banquets and other entertainments were made mem- 
 orable features of the event. John P. Rea, of Minneapolis, Min- 
 nesota, was elected Cornniaiider-in-Chief for the ensuing year, 
 and Columbus, Ohio, chosen as the rendezvous for the Twenty- 
 second National Encampment. 
 
 This meeting occurred on September 12, 1888, and the 
 Departments were represented in great numbers. The parade 
 was by far the largest which had been witnessed since the Grand 
 Review at Washington, in 1865, occupying nearly five hours in 
 passing a given point, and was witnessed by General Sherman, 
 Ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes and other prominent mem- 
 bers of the Grand Army of the Republic. Maj. William War- 
 ner, of Kansas City, Missouri, was elected Commander-in-Chief, 
 by a unanimous vote, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, selected for the 
 National Encampment of 1889. Here the "boys in blue" were 
 royally entertained by the citizens, as well as comrades. Every 
 possible attention was lavished upon the visitors and the event 
 was a most memorable one among the yearly gatherings of the 
 Order. Gen. Russell A. Alger> of Michigan, was elected Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, and Boston, Massachusetts, chosen for the 
 Twenty-fourth Encampment. 
 
 On August 13, 1890, the Massachusetts veterans welcomed 
 their comrades to the hospitalities of Boston, and nothing was 
 lacking in cordiality or attention to the comfort and pleasure of 
 their guests. Col. Wheelock G. Veazey, of Rutland, Vermont,
 
 Il8 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 was chosen Couimander-in-Chief, and Detroit, Michigan, selected 
 as the meeting place of the Twenty-fifth National Encampment. 
 To this beautiful city the veterans repaired in August, 1891, 
 and enjoyed a most harmonious reunion, interspersed with 
 excursions and other attentions which were thoroughly appreci- 
 ated. John Palmer, of Albany, New York, was elected Com- 
 inander-in-Chief, and Washington, D. C., selected for the 
 Twenty-sixth National Encampment, which convened Septem- 
 ber 21, 1892. The members of the Grand Army of the Republic 
 in good standing, as reported at this assembly, up to December 
 31, 1891, were 407,781; number of Posts at same date, 7,568; 
 amount expended in charity, as reported, from July i, 1871 to 
 December 31, 1891, $2,317,715.38, although these figures are 
 regarded as far short of the actual assistance rendered. 
 
 The parade of September 2Oth, was one of unusual magni- 
 tude, but every effort was made to relieve the veterans of all 
 possible fatigue, while the entire occasion was regarded as a most 
 memorable one to all who partook of the hospitality of the 
 Nation's Capital. 
 
 Of the officers whom we have mentioned as Past Commanders- 
 in-Chief of the National Encampment, several have responded 
 to the "final summons." They are B. F. Stephenson, died 
 August 30, 1871; S. A. Hurlbut, March 27, 1882; John A. 
 Logan, December 26, 1886; Ambrose E. Burnside, September 
 13, iSSi ; Charles Devens, January 7, 1891; John F. Hartranft, 
 October 17, 1889; and William Earnshaw, July 17, 1885. 
 
 WOMAN'S RELIEF CORPS. 
 
 The first organization of .the Woman's Relief Corps was 
 formed in 1869, at Portland, Maine, and was entitled the Bos- 
 worth Relief Corps, Auxiliary to Bosworth Post. The first 
 State organization was perfected at Fitchburg, Massachusetts, in 
 April, 1879. 
 
 In 1 88 1, the National Encampment adopted a resolution, 
 approving the work of the Woman's Relief Corps, and author-
 
 SOCIETIES WOMEN'S RELIEF CORPS. 09 
 
 izing it to add to its title " Auxiliary to the Grand Army of the 
 Republic." In 1883, all the Auxiliaries were invited to send 
 representatives to Denver, which invitation was accepted, and the 
 work accomplished by the Order was approved by the National 
 Encampment, which adopted the following resolution : 
 
 ** Resolved, That we cordially hail the organization of the 
 Woman's Relief Corps and extend our greeting to them. We 
 return our warmest thanks to the loyal women of the land for 
 their earnest work, support and encouragement, and bid them 
 God speed in their patriotic work." 
 
 The plan of organization of the Grand Army was followed 
 in constituting the Woman's Relief Corps. Local associations 
 were designated Corps ; State associations were called Depart- 
 ments; and the National Organization entitled the "National 
 Convention, Woman's Relief Corps, Auxiliary to the Grand 
 Army of the Republic." 
 
 The objects of this Order are: 
 
 ' To specially aid and assist the Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic and to perpetuate the memory of their heroic dead. To 
 assist such Union veterans as need our help and protection, and 
 to extend needful aid to their widows aird orphans. To find 
 them homes and employment, and assure them of sympathy and 
 friends. To cherish and emulate the deeds of our army nurses, 
 and of all loyal women who rendered loving service to their 
 country in her hour of peril. To inculcate lessons of patriotism 
 and love of country among our children, and in the communities 
 in which we live. To maintain true allegiance to the United 
 States of America. To discoutenance whatever tends to weaken 
 loyalty and to encourage the spread of universal liberty and 
 equal rights to all men." 
 
 The growth of this organization has been remarkable, and 
 the work accomplished, something phenomenal. Though a silent 
 minister, unheralded by the sound of trumpets, its benefactions 
 have been wide-spread, reaching where its co-laborer, the Grand
 
 120 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 Army of the Republic, might often have failed to accomplish 
 desired results. 
 
 All honor to the noble women whose names are enrolled 
 upon the Roster of the Woman's Relief Corps. 
 
 THE SONS OF VETERANS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 This Order dates from the year 1878, and to Post No. 94, 
 Grand Army of the Republic, Philadelphia, belongs the honor 
 of taking initiatory steps in its organization; the records of 
 August 27, 1878, showing that "on motion of Com. James P. 
 Holt, a committee of five was appointed to devise means of form- 
 ing a G. A. R. Cadet Corps, to be attached to that Post." 
 
 On September 29, 1878, Anna M. Ross, Corps Number i, 
 of Philadelphia, Order of Sons of Veterans, was organized. 
 Later, other Posts of the State followed, and the Order spread 
 into New York, New Jersey and Delaware. Maj. A. P. Davis, of 
 Pittsburgh, formed an organization in that city, November 12, 
 1 88 1, giving it the title of " Sons of Veterans of the United 
 States of America." He prepared a Constitution, Rules and 
 Ritual, and arranged for local and State Associations and a 
 National organization. Permanent organization for Pennsyl- 
 vania was effected February 23, 1882. 
 
 This Order has been one of rapid growth and numbers over 
 sixty thousand members, with Camps in nearly all the States and 
 Territories. 
 
 The objects of the Order are as follows: 
 
 "To keep green the memories of our fathers and their sacri- 
 fices for the maintenance of the Union. 
 
 " To aid the members of the Grand Army of the Republic in 
 caring for their helpless and disabled veterans ; to extend aid and 
 protection to the widows and orphans ; to perpetuate the memory 
 and history of their heroic dead, and the proper observation of 
 Memorial Day. 
 
 "To aid and assist worthy and needy members of the Order. 
 
 "To inculcate patriotism and love of country, not alone among
 
 SOCIETIES-SOXS OF VETERANS. 
 
 and work, and officered " ary m <*aracter 
 
 corres " 8 * "^ ^tion- 
 
 
 hereby gives ,o the Order the offici "' ' & A " 
 
 of tn e Re ptlblic , and rec 
 
 11]stitation of Camps of ^ Sons 
 
 THE DAUGHTERS OF VETERANS. 
 
 t 
 
 Sons of Veterans does 1 h Gr T?" " C<>rpS " S 
 
 is a flonrishing Order eo* ot7 f Tf 
 
 wonld keep alive the Sres o f Dat ? " , 
 
 in tne oreasts of ne* ^T^ 
 
 that in the home are ineulca.ed those [ , *"*' 
 
 heroes and martyrs of the orld u' ^" S "^ "* 
 
 burn less brightly than now. * CWf 6ns 
 
 YOUNG MEN'S CH AN ASSOCIATION 
 
 *; r: sent movemeiit da - -* 
 
 , ren ed to ^ ^JT"^ d"' BridgVVato ' 
 n.ent of Hitchcoek & Co St P n * g ds establish - 
 
 assistant. ' PaU ' S C hrch-y ar d, as junior
 
 122 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 of Christ, here gathered, when the day was over, in one of the 
 sleeping apartments with which business houses were provided in 
 those days for the accommodation of their employes, and held 
 meetings for Bible study and prayer. One by one their indiffer- 
 ent and, in many cases, profligate comrades were induced to join 
 them in these meetings, and it was not long before the necessity 
 arose for larger quarters to accommodate the many who desired 
 to be present. 
 
 It was with some trepidation that the young men appealed 
 to their principal whose acquiescence was needed in order to 
 secure a quiet and more commodious location but the improve- 
 ment was already so apparent to the employer, that he not only 
 extended his sympathy with the movement and provided the 
 desired apartment, but from that time inaugurated reforms in his 
 establishment looking to the highest welfare as well as the per- 
 sonal comfort of his employes. 
 
 On June 6, 1844, it was decided to organize a "Young Men's 
 Christian Association," the object contemplated being " to 
 improve the spiritual condition of young men engaged in the 
 drapery and other trades." In 1845 T. H. Tarleton was em- 
 ployed as secretary and missionary of the Society, and in 1851 
 Wm. Edwyn Shipton was chosen corresponding secretary, who, 
 during his service of twenty-eight years, was able to greatly aid 
 the cause both in Europe and America. Mr. Williams was made 
 President of the London Association, in 1885, on the death of 
 the Earl of Shaftsbury. 
 
 An attempt was made in 1849 to carry out the plans of 
 the London Association, at Lowell, Massachusetts, but the first 
 organization on the London basis was effected at Montreal, 
 December 9, 1851, and the first in the United States was organ- 
 ized on December 2 9th of the same year. During the next two 
 years, twenty-six Societies had been formed, and to Win. 
 Chauncey Langdon, of Washington, D. C., is due much credit 
 for bringing into existence a general organization, the first As- 
 sociation of all lands convening at Paris, August 19-24, 1855.
 
 SOCIETIES Y. M. C. A. 123 
 
 The first international conference of the Association was 
 held at Buffalo, New York, June 7, 1854, and yearly meetings 
 followed thereafter until 1861, the breaking out of the Civil War, 
 at which time 203 Associations were in existence in America. 
 
 The New York Association took the initiatory in the work of 
 relie f at this trying period, and, in October 1861, called a Con- 
 vention of the Associations of the North, which met November 
 1 4th and formed the United States Christian Commission, which 
 co-operated with the Sanitary Commission, and, during the years 
 of the War, sent about 5,000 Christian men and women as help- 
 ers, and distributed nearly $3,000,000 of store and $2,500,000 in 
 money to those in need of assistance ; while the Associations in 
 the South also did good service among the Confederate soldiers, 
 although not generally organized. At the close of the War, 
 home work was resumed, yearly conventions being held in the 
 larger cities of the Union. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association is loyal to the 
 Church, though entirely xinrestricted by denominational lines, 
 and is a power for good which is everywhere recognized, its 
 benefits being felt throughout the length and breadth of the land. 
 
 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION. 
 
 The officers of the National Woman's Christian Temperance 
 Union are: President, Frances E. Willard, Evanston, Illinois; 
 Corresponding Secretary, Caroline Buell, Woman's Christian 
 Union Temple, Chicago, Illinois ; Recording Secretary, Mary A. 
 Woodbridge, Ravenna, Ohio; Treasurer, Esther Pugh, Woman's 
 Christian Temperance Union Temple, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Officers of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance 
 Union: President, Frances E. Willard, Evanston, Illinois; Vice- 
 President-at-Large, Lady Henry Somerset, London, England; 
 Secretary, Mary A. Woodbridge, Ravenna, Ohio; Assistant Sec- 
 retary, Anna A. Gordon, Evanston, Illinois. 
 
 The object of the organization is to unify throughout the
 
 124 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 world the work of women in temperance and social reform, and 
 to circulate a petition addressed to all the Governments of the 
 world for the overthrow of the alcohol and opium trades. , Its 
 methods are Preventive, Educational, Evangelistic, Social and 
 Legal. Time of prayer : Noontide. Badge : A knot of white 
 ribbon. Watchwords: Agitate! Organize! Motto : For God and 
 Home and Every Land. 
 
 The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union was 
 organized in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1874, and is the sober second 
 thought of the great Women's Crusade. It is now regularly 
 organized in the forty-four States of the Union and in every 
 Territory except Alaska. Its headquarters are in Chicago, where 
 it has a Woman's Temperance Publishing House that sends out 
 about 135,000,000 pages annually, and has seven editors and one 
 hundred and fifty employes. This publishing house is a stock 
 company and all its directors and stock-holders are women, as is 
 its business manager. The Union Signal is the organ of the 
 Society and has an average circulation of 80,000. The cash re- 
 ceipts of the publishing house in 1891-2 were, in round numbers, 
 $230,000. 
 
 The Woman's Lecture Bureau sends speakers to all parts 
 of this country and Canada. The Woman's National Temper- 
 ance Hospital demonstrates the value of non-alcoholic medication. 
 The Woman's Temperance Temple, costing over $1,000,000, has 
 been built in Chicago. 
 
 There are about 10,000 local unions with a membership and 
 following, including the Children's Societies, of about half a mil- 
 lion. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union has forty-four 
 distinct departments of work presided over by as many women 
 experts in the National Society, and in nearly every State. All 
 the States in the Republic, except eight, have laws requiring the 
 study of scientific temperance in the public schools, and all these 
 laws were secured by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union ; 
 also the laws forbidding the sale of tobacco to minors. Most of 
 the Industrial Homes for Girls, established in the various States,
 
 FRANCES E. WILLARD.
 
 SOCIETIES W. C. T. U. 125 
 
 were secured through the efforts of this society, as were the 
 Refuges for Erring Women. Laws raising* the age of consent 
 and providing for better protection for women and girls have 
 been enacted by many legislatures through the influence of the 
 Department for the Promotion of Social Purity, of which the 
 president of the society has, until the present year, been super- 
 intendent. 
 
 The World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union was 
 founded through the influence of the National Society in 1883, 
 and already has auxiliaries in more than forty countries and 
 provinces. The White Ribbon is the badge of all the Woman's 
 Christian Temperance Union members and is now a familiar em- 
 blem in every civilized country. A great petition is being cir- 
 culated in all parts of the world against legalizing the sale of 
 opium and alcoholics. When two millions of names have 
 been secured this petition is to be presented to all the Govern- 
 ments of the world by a committee of women appointed for that 
 purpose. 
 
 FRANCES E. WILLARD. 
 
 Miss Frances E. Willard, founder, and for five years presi- 
 dent, of theWorld's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and 
 now for thirteen years president of the National Woman's 
 Christian Temperance Union, was born September 28, 1839, at 
 Churchville, New York. She is a graduate of the Northwestern 
 University of Chicago. She took the degree of A. M. from Syra- 
 cuse University. In 1862 she was professor of natural science 
 in the Northwestern Female College, Evanston, Illinois; 1864, 
 professor of Belles-lettres in Pittsburgh Female College; 1866-7, 
 she was preceptress of the Wesleyan Seminary, Lima, New York ; 
 1868-70, she traveled abroad, studying French, German, Italian 
 and the history of the fine arts visited nearly every European 
 Capital, and went to Greece, Egypt and Palestine; in 1871 she 
 was president of the Woman's College of Northwestern Univer- 
 sity, and professor of aesthetics; in 1874, Corresponding Secre-
 
 126 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 tary of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union; in 
 1877 was associated with D. L- Moody in revival work in Boston; 
 in 1878, President of the Illinois Woman's Christian Tem- 
 perance Union, and editor of the Chicago Daily Post; in 1879 
 (and since), President of the National Woman's Christian 
 Temperance Union. 
 
 Miss Willard is an author of considerable distinction, and 
 has written many books ; is associate editor of Our Day, and 
 has, in the past year, been made editor-in-chief of The Union 
 Signal, the organ of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 
 
 SOCIETY OF CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR. 
 
 One of the organizations connected with Christian denomi- 
 nations which is of comparatively recent origin, but a power for 
 good among the young people of the churches, is' the Society of 
 Christian Endeavor, which dates from the winter of 1880 81, and 
 followed a revival season which visited the Williston Church of 
 Portland, Maine, at which time and place a number of young 
 people were converted to Christ. 
 
 The pastor, Rev. Francis E. Clark, together with many of 
 the older church members, realizing the necessity for great 
 wisdom in guiding the young converts through the most critical 
 period of their discipleship, gave much thought to the subject of 
 their spiritual welfare and, as an outcome of these deliberations, 
 the pastor invited the young church members to his home on 
 February 2, iSSi, and presented a constitution of the "Williston 
 Young Peoples' Society of Christian Endeavor," which is, in all 
 essential points, the one adopted by the majority of Societies of 
 
 the present day. 
 
 An article published in a religious paper of Boston, in 1881, 
 
 entitled, "How one church cares for its young people," brought 
 many letters to the pastor, from Christian ministers and others 
 interested in the work. The second society established was in 
 Newbiiryport, Massachusetts, and closely followed the first organ- 
 ization.
 
 SOCIETIES CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR. I2J 
 
 The first president of the United Society was Mr. W. ]. 
 Van Patten, of Burlington, Vermont, whose suggestions and 
 plans for growth and advancement have proven of great ben- 
 efit to the organization. The first signature to the original 
 constitution was that of W. H. Pennell, a teacher of a class of 
 young men in the Williston Sunday school, and whose earnest 
 support has been given to the cause from the beginning. He 
 was chosen, for three successive years, president of the National 
 Convention. 
 
 Other sources have been credited with the inception of the 
 organization known as the Society of Christian Endeavor, but 
 the distinctive features, such as the strict prayer-meeting pledge, 
 the consecration meeting, roll-call, duties of committees, etc., 
 originated with the pastor of the Williston Church, and was the 
 outgrowth of the meeting of Februay 2, 1881. 
 
 The first conference was held June 2, 1882, in Portland, 
 Maine, and was one of great enthusiasm. Six Societies were 
 represented, with a membership aggregating 481, the Williston 
 Society leading all others with 168 signers to the constitution. 
 On June 7, 1883, the conference again assembled at Portland, and 
 reported an organization of fifty-three societies with 2,630 mem- 
 bers. The next convention was held at Lowell, Massachusetts, 
 on October 22, 1884, and 151 societies, of 6,414 members, were 
 represented by their delegates. On July 9, 1885, at Ocean Park, 
 near Old Orchard Beach, the " United Society of Christian En- 
 deavor" was founded and incorporated under the laws of Maine. 
 Societies, numbering 253, with an aggregate membership of 
 14,892, were now established in all parts of the United States, 
 and several foreign Nations reported flourishing organizations. 
 At this meeting, headquarters of the United Society were located 
 in Boston. The Fifth and Sixth Conventions assembled at 
 Saratoga, and at the latter, in 1887, Rev. F. 'E. Clark was chosen 
 president of the United Society and editor of Christian En- 
 deavor literature, resigning his pastorate in order to iindertake 
 the duties of the position.
 
 128 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 The Seventh Annual Convention was held at Chicago, July 
 5, 1888; the Eighth, at Philadelphia, July 9, 1889; the Ninth, 
 at St. Louis, June 12, 1890, and the Tenth at Minneapolis, July 
 9, 1891, at which meeting over fourteen thousand delegates were 
 in attendance from nearly every State and Territory in the 
 Union. The Convention of 1892 was held in New York, and 
 was a most harmonious and enthusiastic gathering. 
 
 State Unions have become a prominent feature of recent 
 years, Connecticut leading all others in State organization. 
 The official organ of the Societies is The Golden Rule, a weekly 
 religious paper, carefully edited and replete with valuable infor- 
 mation. 
 
 At the beginning of ths present year (1893) there were recor- 
 ded 18,500 Societies of Christian Endeavor, with 1,100,000 mem-' 
 bers. Thirty evangelical denominations are represented, the 
 Presbyterians leading with 4, 500 Societies, the Congregational- 
 ists, Baptists, Methodists and Christians being next in numbers, 
 in the order named. 
 
 "Junior Unions" are being formed everywhere, and their 
 organizations are earnestly promulgating the good work among 
 the children of the land. 
 
 "Christian Endeavor Day," February 2d (or as near that 
 date as possible) , is generally observed, many societies making it 
 the occasion for replenishing the missionary treasury by a free- 
 will offering to a cause which is near to the heart of every 
 "Christian Endeavorer." 
 
 THE EPWORTH LEAGUE. 
 
 Among Christian people are a number of organizations, 
 some of which have become household words owing to our 
 familiarity with their objects or the length of time they have 
 occupied their various fields. Some are general in their nature, 
 and not encompassed by denominational lines ; others are work-
 
 SOCIETIES EPWORTH LEAGUE. 129 
 
 ing in special channels, and, being of comparatively recent de- 
 velopment, are possibly not as familiar to the general public as 
 their most worthy work deserves. 
 
 Of these may be mentioned the Epworth League, which is 
 an organization subordinate to the Quarterly Conference of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, and was constituted at Cleveland, 
 Ohio, May 15, 1889. Its central office is in Chicago, Illinois, 
 and its General Officers are as follows : President, Bishop James 
 N. Fitzgerald, New Orleans, Louisiana ; First Vice-President, 
 Willis W. Cooper, St. Joseph, Michigan ; Second Vice-President, 
 Rev. W. I. Haven, Boston, Massachusetts; Third Vice-Presi- 
 dent, R. R. Doherty, Ph. D., New York City, New York; 
 Fourth Vice-President, Rev. H. C. Jennings, Red Wing, Minne- 
 sota ; Corresponding Secretary, Rev. Edwin A. Schell, Chicago ; 
 Treasurer, Chas. E. Piper, Chicago; German Assistant Secretary, 
 Rev. Henry Leibhart, D. D.; Editor Epworth Herald, Rev. F. 
 Berry, D. D. 
 
 The object of this organization is "to promote intelligent 
 and vital piety among the young people of our churches and con- 
 gregations, and to train them in works of mercy and help." 
 The State Leagues are composed of Local Chapters, their officers 
 corresponding with those of the General League. The work of 
 the Chapters is distributed under Departments of Spiritual 
 Work, Mercy and Help, Literary Work, Social Work, Corres- 
 Dondence and Finance. 
 
 The League Covenant to which its members subscribe is as 
 follows : 
 
 " I will earnestly seek for myself and do \vhat I can to help 
 others attain the highest New Testament standard of experience 
 and life. I will abstain from all those forms of worldly amuse- 
 ment forbidden by the Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. I will attend, so far as possible, the religious meetings 
 of the Chapter and the Church, and take some active part in 
 them." 
 
 Since the organization of this Society, its membership has
 
 130 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 grown with wonderful rapidity. Each Chapter is under the con- 
 trol of the Quarterly Conference and Pastor, whose duty it shall 
 be " to organize, if possible, and to maintain, if practicable, 
 Chapters of the Epworth League." The President of a Chapter 
 must be a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and shall 
 be elected by the Chapter and confirmed by the Quarterly Con- 
 ference, of which body he then becomes a member. Members 
 are constituted by election of the Chapter, on nomination of the 
 President, after approval by the Cabinet. 
 
 The Junior Epworth League is an organization, carried on 
 under the same general plan, but composed of boys and girls un- 
 der fourteen years of age. This awakens an interest in the 
 Church in early years, and builds about the lives of the mem- 
 bers a defense of strength by which they may resist later attacks 
 of the "wily adversary." 
 
 The motto of the League Badge, " Look up Lift up," is 
 most suggestive of the object of the organization, and when 
 made the purpose of the daily life must be a power for good felt 
 through the ages of eternity. 
 
 BAPTIST YOUNG PEOPLE'S UNION OF AMERICA. 
 
 In 1891 a call was issued for a convention of the young 
 people of the Baptist church in America to meet in Chicago for 
 the purpose of forming an international organization. The call 
 was responded to by 2,900 Christian workers of that denomina- 
 tion and an organization was formed under the name of the Bap- 
 tist Young People's Union of America. 
 
 A second convention was held at Detroit, in 1892, where 
 there was an attendance of over 4,100, and the plans for work 
 were broadened and elaborated. 
 
 The third international convention was held in Indianapolis 
 in July, 1893, where the attendance was fully equal to the meet- 
 ing of the previous year at Detroit, and the reports of the Board 
 of Managers and officers showed a year of successful work.
 
 SOCIETIES BAPTIST YOUNG PEOPLE'S UNION. 131 
 
 As stated in the International Constitution, the object of the 
 organization is "for the unification of Baptist young people; 
 their increased spirituality ; their stimulation in Christian service ; 
 their edification in Scripture knowledge; their instruction in 
 Baptist doctrine and history, and their enlistment in all mission- 
 ary activity through existing denominational organizations." 
 
 The membership of the Union consists of accredited dele- 
 gates from Young People's Societies in Baptist churches, and 
 from Baptist churches having no Young People's organization. 
 The officers consist of a President, three Vice-Presidents, a Re- 
 cording Secretary, and a Treasurer. The Board of Managers is 
 made up of the officers of the Union and one additional member 
 for each State, Province, Territory and country represented in 
 the annual meeting. 
 
 Beside the International Organization, the States, Provinces, 
 Territories, etc., are organized, and these, in turn, are supple- 
 mented by Associational organizations to which the Local organi- 
 zations or Unions are tributary. The plan is representative and 
 has proved an abundant success. 
 
 Of course the local Unions are where the work is done. 
 These are thoroughly systematic and labor largely through com- 
 mittees, though individual Christian work is not neglected. 
 They provide for eight distinct lines of work, each being in 
 charge of a committee. These are as follows : Committee on 
 Membership, who has charge of the distribution of invitation 
 cards ; bringing in new members, and encouraging and interest- 
 ing them in the work. Devotional Committee, which arranges for 
 devotional meetings ; provides topics, singing books, leaders and 
 organist, and seeks to promote the interest of these meetings ; 
 the Committee on Instruction, which is charged with the ar- 
 rangement of Bible study, lectures on religious topics, and 
 courses of general, denominational, and missionary reading and 
 instruction. Social Committee, whose duties are to call upon 
 and welcome strangers; provide for sociables, and extend the 
 acquaintance of the membership. The committee on Tracts and
 
 132 THE WHITE CITY SOCIETIES. 
 
 Publications provides for the circulation of the Scriptures, tracts 
 and other current denominational literatui'e. The Missionary 
 Committee divides the territory of the church into districts ; se- 
 cures visitors ; seeks new scholars for the Sunday school ; visits 
 absent scholars ; assists the pastor in securing contributions for 
 missions and other objects, and seeks to inspire the young with 
 a true Christian spirit. The Committee on Temperance, distrib- 
 utes literature on the subject; arranges for meetings, and seeks 
 to diffuse a spirit of temperance in the community. The Ex- 
 ecutive Committee, consisting of the pastor and officers of the 
 Union, considers all matters of business and reports to the church 
 the progress of the work. 
 
 There is a course of Daily Bible Reading prescribed and a 
 Weekly Bible Study. The meetings of the Unions comprise the 
 Prayer Meeting, the Conquest Meeting and the Monthly Sym- 
 posium. 
 
 Different portions of the country are designated by different 
 colors: The Convention color is White; the color for Canada 
 is Scarlet; for the Northern States, east of the Mississippi, Gold; 
 for the Northern States, west of the Mississippi, Blue; and for 
 the Southern States, Olive Green. 
 
 While the Union is only two years old, it has now not less 
 than 4,500 local Unions, in thirty different States and Provinces, 
 and about 300 Associate Unions. 
 
 An official organ called the Voting Peoples Union is a bright, 
 newsy paper published at Chicago.
 
 MRS. POTTER, PALMER.
 
 Gelumbian Bxpos'ifei^. 
 
 Pursuant to "An act to provide for celebrating the four hun- 
 dredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher 
 Columbus, by holding an international exhibition of arts, indus- 
 tries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine and sea, in 
 the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois," a National World's 
 Columbian Commission was appointed, consisting of two Com- 
 missioners from each State and Territory of the Union and the 
 District of Columbia, with eight Commissioners-at-large, to- 
 gether with the same number of Alternates. These appoint- 
 ments were to be made by the President of the United States, 
 the Governors of the respective Commonwealths to recommend 
 these Commissioners in the case of the States and Territories, 
 and honors to be equally divided from a political point of view.' 
 The date of the Exposition was fixed as May i, 1893, to be 
 continued until- October 26th, of the same year. 
 
 The first session of the World's Columbian Commission was 
 held June 26, 1890, at Chicago, with the following officers 
 chosen : 
 
 President, Thomas W. Palmer of Michigan ; First Vice- 
 President, Thomas M. Waller of Connecticut; Second Yice-Pres- 
 ident, M. H. De Young of California; Third Vice-President, 
 Davidson B. Penn of Louisiana; Fourth Vice-President, Gorton 
 W. Allen of New York ; Fifth Vice-President, Alexander B. 
 Andrews of North Carolina ; Secretary, John T. Dickinson of 
 Texas; Vice-Chairman Executive Committee, James A. Mc- 
 Kenzie of Kentucky. 
 
 On the fifteenth of September the Commission met a sec- 
 
 Coliiniliiuii K\|.sition. I
 
 2 THE WHITE CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION'. 
 
 ond time and elected Hon. Geo. R. Davis, Director-General; ap- 
 pointed a Board of Lady Managers, and attended to many im- 
 portant duties connected with the Exposition. 
 
 To enter into details in connection with the labors of the 
 Commission would require more space than can be appropriated 
 for the purpose in these pages. What the public is most inter- 
 ested in is the result of their labors, and a general outline of the 
 Departments comprehended by the Exposition. These latter 
 consist of the following, the Chiefs of which are appointed by 
 the Director-General, subject to the approval of the National 
 Commission and Board of Directors : 
 
 Department A. Agriculture, .Food and Food Products, 
 Farming Machinery and Appliances; W. I. Buchanan, Chief. 
 
 Department B. Viticulture, Horticulture, and Floricul- 
 ture; J. M. Samuels, Chief. 
 
 Department C. Live Stock Domestic animals; W. I. 
 Buchanan, Acting Chief. 
 
 Department D. Fish, Fisheries, F'ish Products, and Ap- 
 paratus for Fishing; J. W. Collins, Chief. 
 
 Department E. Mines, Mining and Metallurgy ; Frederick 
 J. V. Skiff, Chief. 
 
 Department F. Machinery ; L. W. Robinson, Chief. 
 
 Department G. Transportation Exhibits Railways, Ves- 
 sels and Vehicles; Willard A. Smith, Chief. 
 
 Department H. Manufactures ; James Allison, Chief. 
 
 Department J. Electricity, and Electrical Appliances; J. P. 
 Barrett, Chief. 
 
 Department K. Fine Arts Pictorial, Plastic and Decora- 
 tive; Halsey C. Ives, Chief. 
 
 Department L. Liberal Arts, Education, Engineering, 
 Public Works, Architecture, Music and the Drama; Selim H. 
 Peabody, Chief. 
 
 Department M. Ethnology, Archseology, Progress of La- 
 bor and Invention Isolated and Collective Exhibits ; F. W. 
 Putnam, Chief.
 
 
 
 PRESIDENT TIKIS. W. 1'ALMKK
 
 THK COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. -, 
 
 Department N. Forestry and Forest Products;. W. I. Bu- 
 chanan, Acting Chief. 
 
 Department O. Publicity and Promotion ; Moses P Handy 
 Chief. 
 
 Department P. Foreign Affairs ; Walker Fearu, Chief. 
 Secretary of Installation ; Jos. Hirst. 
 
 The officers of the World's Columbian Exposition con- 
 sist of the following well-known and capable representatives : 
 
 President, Harlow N. Higinbotham; First A 7 ice-President, 
 Ferdinand W. Peck; Second Vice-President, Robert A. Waller;' 
 Secretary, Howard O. Edmonds ; Assistant Secretary, Samuel A.' 
 Crawford ; Treasurer, Anthony F. Seeberger ; Auditor, William 
 K. Ackerman ; Assistant Auditor, Charles V. Barrington. Law 
 Department: Attorney, W. K. Carlisle; Assistant Attorneys, 
 George Packard, Chas. H. Baldwin and Joseph Cummins. 
 
 The Board of Directors for 1892 and 1893 is composed of the 
 following: 
 
 William T. Baker, C. K. G. Billings, Thomas B. Bryan, 
 Edward B. Butler, Benjamin Butterworth, Isaac N. Camp, Wil- 
 liam J. Chalmers, Robert C. dowry, Charles H. Chappell, George 
 R. Davis, Arthur Dixon, James W. Ellsworth, George P. Engel- 
 hard, Lyman J. Gage, Charles Henrotin, H. N. Higinbotham, 
 Charles L. Hutchinson, Elbridge G. Keith, William D. Kerfoot, 
 William P. Ketcham, Milton W. Kirk, Edward F. Lawrence' 
 Thies J. Lefens, Andrew McNally, Adolph Nathan, Robert Nel- 
 son, John J. P. Odell, Ferd. W. Peck, Eugene S. Pike, Washing- 
 ton Porter, Alexander H. Revell, Edward P. Ripley, A. M. 
 Rothschild, George Schneider, Charles H. Schwab, Paul O. 
 Stensland, Henry B. Stone, Charles H. Wacker, Edwin Walker- 
 Robert A. Waller, Hempstead Washburne, John C. Welling, 
 Frederick S. Winston, G. H. Wheeler, Charles T. Yerkes. 
 
 The Executive Committee of the Board of Directors is repre- 
 sented by such names as : 
 
 Harlow N. Higinbotham, President; Ferdinand W. Peck,
 
 4 THK WHITE CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.' 
 
 First Vice-President; Robert A. Waller, Second Yice-President; 
 Henry B. Stone, Edwin Walker, Win. D. Kerfoot, Chas. H. 
 Schwab, Alexander H. Revell, Edward P. Ripley, George R. 
 Davis, Charles L. Hutchinson, James W. Ellsworth, Robert C. 
 dowry, John J. P. Odell, Edward B. Butler, Thies J. Lefens, 
 Lyman J. Gage, Wm, T. Baker; H. O. Edmonds, Secretary. 
 
 The Standing Committees of the Directory are composed of 
 the President and Director-General as ex-officio members, and 
 have been named as follows : 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Wm. D. Kerfoot, Chairman; Thies J. Lefens, Isaac N. 
 Camp, Geo. Schneider, Washington Porter. 
 
 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL AND PXEUMATICAL APPLIANCES 
 
 Robert C. dowry, Chairman; Charles H. Wacker, C. K. 
 G. Billings, Robert Nelson, Charles L. Hutchinson. 
 
 FINE ARTS. 
 
 Charles L. Hutchinson, Chairman ; James W T . Ellsworth, 
 Elbridge G. Keith, Charles T. Yerkes, Eugene S. Pike. 
 
 FINANCE. 
 
 Ferdinand W. Peck, Chairman ; Elbridge G. Keith, John 
 J. P. Odell, Lyman J. Gage, Harlow X. Higinbotham. 
 
 FOREIC;x EXHIBITS. 
 
 Thies J. Lefens, Chairman; James W. Ellsworth, Charles 
 H. Wacker, Harlow N. Higinbotham, Charles Henrotiii; R. L- 
 Fearn, Secretary. 
 
 GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 
 
 Henry B. Stone, Chairman; Lyman J. Gage, Robert C. 
 Clowry, Wm. P. Ketcham, Edward F. Lawrence, Charles H. 
 Schwab, Eugene S. Pike.
 
 LYMAN J, GAGE.
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITON. c 
 
 LIBERAL ARTS. 
 
 James W. Ellsworth, Chairman ; Robert A. Waller, Isaac 
 N. Camp, Alexander H. Revell, George P. Engelhard. 
 
 LEGISLATION. 
 
 Edwin Walker, Chairman; Fred S. Winston, Ferd. W. Peck, 
 Benj. Butterworth, Arthnr Dixon. 
 
 MINES, MINING, AND FISH. 
 
 Charles H, Schwab, Chairman ; Win. J. Chalmers, Robert 
 Nelson, John C. Welling, Arthur Dixon. 
 
 MANUFACTURES' AND MACHINERY. 
 
 John J. P. Odell, Chairman; Andrew McNally, A. M. 
 Rothschild, Adolph Nathan, Paul O. Stensland. 
 
 PRESS AND PRINTING. 
 
 Alexander H. Revell, Chairman ; Benj. Butterworth, Ed- 
 ward B. Butler, Milton W. Kirk, George Schneider; R. J. Mur- 
 . phy, Secretary. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 Edward P. Ripley, Chairman; Henry B. Stone, Charles H. 
 Chappell, John C. Welling, G. H. Wheeler. 
 
 WAYS AND MEANS. 
 
 Edward B. Butler, Chairman; Adolph Nathan, George 
 Schneider, Edward F. Lawrence, Edward P. Ripley, Charles H. 
 Wacker, Milton W. Kirk, Willam J. Chalmers, Andrew Mc- 
 Nally, Robert A. Waller, Washington Porter, William D. Ker- 
 foot; Samuel A. Crawford, Secretary. 
 
 As a convenient and comprehensive summary we append 
 the following: 
 
 BOARD OF REFERENCE AND CONTROL. 
 
 NATIONAL WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 
 
 Thomas W. Palmer, Thomas M. Waller, James A. Me-
 
 THE WHITE CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 Kenzie, Elijah B. Martindale. George V. Massey, J. W. St. Clair, 
 
 William Lindsay, Michael H. de Young. 
 
 t 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 H. N. Higinbotham, Edwin Walker, Ferd. W. Peck, H. B. 
 Stone, R. A. Waller, E. P. Ripley, L. J. Gage. John J. P. Odell. 
 
 On August 18, 1892, the Joint Board of Reference and Con- 
 trol approved the appointment of a "Council of Administra- 
 tion," consisting of two members of the World's Columbian 
 Commission and two Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition and named the following : 
 
 Harlow N. Higiubotham, Chairman (President World's 
 Columbian Exposition) ; Chas. H. Schwab, Director World's 
 Columbian Exposition ; Geo. V. Masse}", Commissioner from 
 Delaware; J. W. St. Clair, Commissioner from West Virginia; 
 A. W. Sawyer, Secretary. 
 
 The Bureau of Public Comfort consists of W. Marsh Kas- . 
 son, Chief of Bureau; Members of the Board of Control : H. N. 
 Higinbotham, Chairman ; E. B. Butler, R. A. Waller. 
 
 The Board of Management and Control, in charge of the 
 United States Government Exhibit, consists of the following 
 named members : 
 
 Edwin Willits, Chairman, Assistant Secretary Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture; Sevellon A. Brown, Chief Clerk De- 
 partment of State; Fred A. Stocks, Chief Clerk Treasury 
 Department; Maj. Clifton Comly, U. S. A., War Department; 
 Commodore R. W. Meade, U. S. N., Navy Department; Horace 
 A. Taylor, Commissioner of Railroads, Department of the Inter- 
 ior; A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster-General, P. O. 
 Department; E. C. Foster, General Agent Department of Justice; 
 G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institute and 
 National Museum; Tarleton H. Bean, United States Fish Com- 
 
 
 
 mission; F. T. Bickford, Secretary and Executive Officer.
 
 WILLIAM T. BAKER.
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 7 
 
 The Bureau of Admissions and Collections consists of: 
 Edward B. Butler, Chairman; Harlow N. Higinbotham, 
 Anthony F. Seeberger, Ferdinand W. Peck, William K. Acker- 
 man; H. O. Edmonds, Secretary ; Horace Tucker, Superintendent 
 of Admission; E. A. Felder, Assistant Superintendent; Paul 
 Blackmar, Superintendent of Collections; Director of Public 
 Works, D. H. Burnham; Assistant Director of Public Works, 
 E. R. Graham; Secretary of Public W T orks, M. B. Pickett. 
 
 THK HOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 
 
 The Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian 
 Commission, which was created and authorized by the concur- 
 rent action of Congress and the Columbian Commission, has 
 been given control of the interests of women at the Exposition. 
 Their first object was to secure from every country a representa- 
 tive collection which should convey an adequate idea of the 
 value and extent of work accomplished by women, not only in 
 the arts and sciences, but in industries, the latter including 
 competitive positions which, as bread-winners, they are now 
 occupying side by side with men, -as well as those which may be 
 considered better suited to their natural tastes and temperaments. 
 
 After much consultation and deliberation it was decided by 
 the Board that in the general Exposition buildings where all 
 competitive displays were to be placed no attempt would be made 
 for a special Department of Woman's Work, this position being 
 favored by^those most interested, the competitors urging recogni- 
 tion on the grounds of merit, alone. In order to fully demon- 
 strate the proportion of labor performed by women, in all the 
 industrial departments, where they are co-workers with men, 
 tabulated statements have been furnished with each exhibit and 
 thus theExposition will prove of future benefit to this numerous 
 class of exhibitors. 
 
 By Act of Congress the Board of Lady Managers was 
 granted the privilege of appointing members on each jury to 
 award prizes for exhibits where woman's work entered into com-
 
 8 THE WHITE CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 petition, the number of jurors being in proportion to the contri- 
 butions of women in the corresponding department. 
 
 An opportunity of displaying work of superior excellence 
 has been granted in the Woman's Building, over which the 
 Board of Lady Alanagers exercises entire control. This edifice is 
 situated near one of the principal entrances to the Exposition and 
 commands a fine view of the buildings and grounds. Its dimeii- 
 tions are 400x200 feet and its cost $200,000. Miss Haydeu, of 
 Cambridge, Massachusetts, was the successful competitor for the 
 plans of the Woman's Building, and proved not only gifted as a 
 designer, but was able to carry out the working drawings in an 
 entire!}" satisfactory and highly creditable manner. 
 
 This building contains ample parlors, social headquarters, 
 committee rooms and balconies, and a congress hall for the ac- 
 commodation of clubs of women, or for addresses of distinguished 
 visitors. There is a room devoted to a library of the books written 
 by women, and a department for statistics of such work as cannot 
 be conveniently exhibited; and in fact, a representation of all the 
 interests of women, both practical and artistic, is also shown. 
 
 The exhibit in this Building fully demonstrates the origin- 
 ality and inventive genius of women, and traces the'developuient 
 from primitive designs and construction to the exquisite textiles 
 and manufactures of the present day. In the Gallerv of Honor 
 the most creditable work in the arts, sciences and industries has 
 been placed, the limited space here afforded rendering it neces- 
 sary to admit exhibits only 011 invitation of the Board of Lady 
 Managers, and not upon the application of individuals, hence the 
 character of the display is of highest excellence, and the name of 
 each favored exhibitor inscribed upon a roll of honor, indeed. 
 The decoration of the interior of the Woman's Building, as well 
 as the installation of the exhibits therein has been entirely in the 
 charge of Mrs. Candace Wheeler,' of New York, Director of the 
 Woman's Building, who is considered the mother of decorative 
 art and woman's exchanges in this country. 
 
 The Children's Building is also under the supervision of the
 
 
 HARLOW X. HIGINBOTHAM.
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 9 
 
 Board of Lady Managers, and is one of the most interesting and 
 delightful departments created by their united efforts. It is pri- 
 marily an educational exhibit, and practically demonstrates the 
 improved methods adopted by the Nineteenth Century in the 
 care and training of children, beginning with the infant and con- 
 tinuing through the years of childhood and youth. This Build- 
 ing has been provided with all the comforts and conveniences 
 which thoughtful attention to children's wants could suggest, 
 while the artistic features have not been omitted from its con- 
 struction. Airs. Geo. L. Dunlap, of Chicago, is the Director, and 
 to her ability and energy are due, in a great measure, the suc- 
 cess of this beautiful enterprise. She has been ably seconded by 
 an Executive Committee consisting of Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, 
 Jr., Mrs. W. W. Kimball, Mrs. L. Brace Shattuck and Mrs. 
 Leander Stern, all of Chicago. 
 
 No appropriation was made by the Exposition authorities for 
 the Children's Building, and the Board of Lady Managers as- 
 sumed the responsibility of raising the funds for its erection. 
 In this their efforts were seconded by the Lady Managers of the 
 State Boards, and contributions have been received from nearly 
 every commonwealth of the United States toward the object 
 which meets such heart}' and universal approval, even the chil- 
 dren adding their mite to the general fund. 
 
 Woman's work is becoming more and more a recognized fac- 
 tor in the industrial world, but her best efforts are shown in re- 
 formatory, charitable and educational measures, where she labors 
 with the courage of conviction in the justice of her cause for the 
 elevation of the highest standard of morality, the alleviation of 
 suffering and the general upbuilding and betterment of the race. 
 Much credit is due to the Board of Lady Managers for so com- 
 prehensive a representation of woman's work through these 
 departments of peace and progress. 
 
 Individual mention of the members of the Board of Lady 
 Managers is impossible in this connection, other than a list of its 
 Officers, whose name are appended, as follows :
 
 IO THE WHITK CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 President, Mrs. Potter Palmer, Chicago ; First Vice-Presi- 
 dent, Mrs. Ralph Trautman, New York; Second Vice-President, 
 Mrs. Edwin C. Bnrleigh, Maine; Third Vice-President, Mrs. 
 Charles Price, North Carolina; Fourth Vice-President, Miss 
 Katherine L. Minor, Louisiana; Fifth Vice-President, Mrs. Beriah 
 Wilkins, District of Columbia ; Sixth Vice-President, Mrs. Susan 
 R. Ashley, Colorado; Seventh Vice-President, Mrs. Flora Beall 
 Ginty, Wisconsin ; Eighth Vice-President, Mrs. Margaret Blaiiie 
 Salisbury, Utah ; Vice-President-at-large, Mrs. Russell B. Har- 
 rison, Montana; Secretary, Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, Tennessee. 
 
 PROMINENT WORLD'S FAIR OFFICIALS. 
 
 HOMAS WETHERELL PALMER. 
 
 The subject of this brief sketch is a native of Michigan, and 
 was born in Detroit, on June 25, 1830. His parents were east- 
 ern people, the father being a native of Connecticut, and his 
 mother a Dutch descendant of Roger Williams claiming 
 Rhode Island for her native State. He graduated from the Uni- 
 versity of Michigan, and later, accompanied by a party of friends, 
 made a pedestrian tour through Spain, which afforded the oppor- 
 tunity of such acquaintance with the people of that country as 
 proved of exceeding advantage in later years. 
 
 On his return to this country he engaged in business in 
 Wisconsin and afterward located in Detroit, Michigan, where he 
 has since been identified with the interests of that city. 
 
 The politics of the State have largely occupied Mr. Palmer's 
 attention, and he has been honored by election to the State Sen- 
 ate, and has also served his constituents as United States Senator 
 for a period of six years. In 1889, he was appointed Minister 
 Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to the Court of Spain, 
 and the acquaintance of former years served a good turn in 
 giving him a practical knowledge of the people witli whom he 
 was thus thrown in contact. 
 
 Mr. Palmer's appointment to the important office of Presi-
 
 FERDINAND W. PECK.
 
 THK COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. II 
 
 deut of the World's Columbian Exposition has met with univer- 
 sal approval, since he is possessed of those qualities which in- 
 spire confidence in his ability to bring to a successful issue 
 so stupendous an undertaking. All honor to one upon whom 
 such dignities have fallen, and of whom it may truly be said- 
 he is worthy of them all. 
 
 I.VMAX J. GAGE. 
 
 Since 1855 Chicago has claimed among its worth}' citizens 
 Lyman J. Gage, the subject of this brief sketch. He is a New 
 Yorker by birth, waking to the consciousness of life at De 
 Ruyter, Madison Count}', that State, on June 28, 1836. He was 
 graduated from the academy at Rome, and, in the East, began 
 his business career. 
 
 His first connection with the commercial enterprises of 
 Chicago was as cashier of the Merchant's Loan and Trust Com- 
 pany, of that city, holding the position for thirteen years, during 
 which period he fully demonstrated his capability as a financier. 
 In 1868 he was made Cashier of the First National Bank, and in 
 this capacity, as well as that of the highest official of this insti- 
 tution, he has continuously managed its affairs, to the upbuilding 
 of the " great bank of the West." 
 
 Mr. Gage is not a man of "one idea," and that a selfish one; 
 he has interested himself for many years in philosophical and 
 sociological questions, and has always advocated calm and intelli- 
 gent discussion of the difficult problems which have arisen be- 
 tween capital and labor, maintaining that only in this manner 
 could each be cognizant of the needs of the other. The "Eco- 
 nomic Conferences," for mutual and free discussion of these sub- 
 jects of vital interest, were largely promoted by his earnest 
 endeavor to establish satisfactory relations between these other- 
 wise opposing elements. 
 
 From the time of the inception of the Fair, Mr. Gage has 
 labored in its interest, and, as first President of the Board of 
 Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, inspired his
 
 12 THK WHITK CITY COLUMBIAN KXPOSITION. 
 
 associates with confidence in its unqualified success. His re- 
 linquishment of that important position, owing to the demands of 
 his large business interests, was looked upon as a severe loss to 
 the enterprise, though his continuance on the Board as Director, 
 has in a measure satisfied his co-workers to his resignation as 
 President. 
 
 There is no name connected with Chicago's business or 
 social life, which commands higher respect, than that of Lyman 
 J. Gage, Director of the World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 WILLIAM T. BAKKR. 
 
 Among those who have been prominently associated with 
 the World's Columbian Exposition and have honored the posi- 
 tion to which they have been called, is William T. Baker. 
 
 He was born at West Winfield, New York, in 1841, and 
 early in life entered the business arena, taking a clerkship in a 
 store in Groton, New York, when only fourteen years of age. 
 At McLean, in the same State, he later engaged in business 
 with the firm of D. B. Marsh & Co., remaining in their employ 
 six years. He removed to Chicago in 1861 and engaged as book- 
 keeper with Hinkley & Handy, commission merchants, whose 
 place of business was at that time located on South Water Street, 
 in the old Board of Trade Building. 
 
 Later, Mr. Baker was identified with this firm as a partner 
 in the business, but in 1868 became associated with C. A. Knight 
 and W. F. Cobb, these relations existing until 1872, when, on 
 Mr. Knight's withdrawal from the Company, it continued busi- 
 ness under the name of W. T. Baker cc Co. 
 
 After the great fire of 1871, this firm did business from 
 temporary quarters on the West Side, and then located on La 
 Salle Street, where they remained for seven years. On the com- 
 pletion of the new Board of Trade, they removed thither, and 
 later established themselves in the Phcenix building, their 
 present location. 
 
 Mr. Baker has served two terms as President of the Board
 
 AXTHONY F. SEEHKRGKR
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITON. 13 
 
 of Trade, which difficult position he filled most creditably to him- 
 self and acceptably to his colleagues. 
 
 From the earliest movement in regard to the World's Fair, 
 his name has been coupled with those who have given the enter- 
 prise hearty support and encouragement. As a Director of the 
 Exposition, he was ever a faithful and earnest worker, and when 
 his name was considered to succeed Hon. Lynian J. Ga^e, as 
 President of the World's Columbian Exposition, his qualification 
 for the trying position brought to his support a strong following, 
 since owing to his training as a presiding officer, as well as his 
 conservatism and understanding of "men and affairs," he was 
 eminently fitted for the peculiar duties of this most delicate 
 position. 
 
 That he proved a most acceptable officer, all will admit, and 
 also acknowledge the ability and energy with which he prose- 
 cuted his labors while occupying the honorable position of Presi- 
 dent of the World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM. 
 
 This will introduce to our readers Harlow N. Higinbotham, 
 President of the World's Columbian Exposition ; not that the 
 name is an unfamiliar one, either in the city of Chicago or in 
 Illinois, his native State, but in order to record briefly the events 
 which have shaped the life of this respected citizen and efficient 
 officer of the World's Fair. 
 
 Mr. Higinbotham was born at Joliet, in the year 1838, and 
 is consequently in the fifty-fifth year of his age a period of 
 maturity, yet aglow with the earnestness of business activity 
 and enterprise. The earlier years of his life were spent upon 
 a farm, and, at the age of seventeen, he took a position in a 
 store in Joliet, where he remained until 1858, when he removed 
 to Oconto, Wisconsin, accepting a position in a bank, as book- 
 keeper, until called to a similar occupation in Morris, Illinois. 
 
 In 1861 Mr. Higinbotham took up his residence in Chicago, 
 which city has since been his home, and where he first became
 
 14 THK WHITE CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 associated with its business interests by a connection with the 
 firm of Cooley, Farwell & Co. In 1865, Field, Palmer & Leiter 
 organized the business which became, in later years, a mercan- 
 tile house of mammoth proportions , and, though a number of 
 changes have occurred, Mr. Higinbotham still retains the im- 
 portant and responsible position of head creditman of this firm. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to state that his qualifications are 
 superior, since his business career has been so eminently suc- 
 cessful. He is a conservative man, and weighs all matters care- 
 fully before giving them sanction. These qualities, united with 
 an earnestness and zeal for the success of the Exposition, ren- 
 dered him most acceptable to the Commission and the Directory 
 for the trying and responsible position of President of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 With the close of the first year of his official management, 
 the success of the enterprise was assured, and his re-election is 
 but another mark of the esteem and confidence in which he is 
 held, while it insures to the Exposition his earnest efforts, as 
 well as the benefit of his conservative management. 
 
 FERDINAND W. PECK. 
 
 A name which is almost a household word in Chicago, is 
 Ferdinand W. Peck, since he has been connected with so many 
 gigantic enterprises, and is so prominent in business and social 
 circles. He was born in Chicago, in 1848, and received his 
 education in that city, finally graduating from the Chicago Law 
 School, and was admitted to the bar, though not engaging in the 
 profession. 
 
 Mr. Peck is a business man who has demonstrated the suc- 
 cess of liberal investments. He inherited a large fortune, at the 
 death of his father, and the estate has been managed with won- 
 derful skill and enterprise. Large ventures delight him most, 
 and his important connection with the erection of the Auditor- 
 ium, which is recognized as a most wonderful structure both in 
 this country and in Europe, and which contains the largest
 
 CHARLES CARROLL BOXXEY.
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 15 
 
 theatre in the world, has further demonstrated his position as a 
 capable financier. 
 
 With wealth at his command, he has used it to further the 
 public good, and many enterprises have been instituted by him 
 which are worthy the consideration of those who, possessing 
 means, employ it only for the advancement of their own ambi- 
 tions. 
 
 Mr. Peck has earnestly labored for the World's Columbian 
 Kxposition, of which he is the Vice-President, ever since the 
 inception of the project. He is a member of the Board of Refer- 
 ence and Control, and Chairman of the Finance Committee. He 
 was sent to Europe on a special Commission by the United 
 States Government in the interest of the Exposition, and gives 
 liberally of his time and means toward the success of the 
 
 project. 
 
 Mr. Peck is interested in many Clubs and Leagues in the 
 
 City, and, with his wife, charmingly entertains, welcoming, to 
 the lovely home on Michigan Avenue, Chicago's social world. 
 
 ANTHONY F. SEEBERGER. 
 
 Anthony F. Seeberger, the subject of this sketch, was born 
 August 12, 1829, i n Wetzlar, Prussia, and when seven years of 
 age his family emigrated to America, settling first in New York 
 State, where they remained for one year, and then removed to 
 Ohio and engaged in farming. In 1844, Anthony secured a 
 position in a mercantile house in Wooster, and twelve years later 
 took up his residence in Oskaloosa, Iowa, then one of the most 
 enterprising towns in the State. Here he engaged in business, 
 establishing the first house, west of the Mississippi River, de- 
 voted exclusively to hardware. 
 
 In 1864 Air. Seeberger came to Chicago, and engaged in the 
 wholesale hardware business. In 1885 President Cleveland ap- 
 pointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago, which position he 
 occupied until February 18, 1886, to the complete satisfaction of 
 the administration and of the entire business community of 
 Chicago.
 
 l6 THE WHITE CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 Mr. Seeberger's business ability is unquestioned, and the 
 success of his own ventures, together with his well-known in- 
 tegrity of character, doubtless led to his appointment in 1890, as ' 
 Treasurer of the World's Columbian Exposition. His first 
 year's service in this capacity proving entirely satisfactory to 
 the National Committee and Local Directory, he was re-elected to 
 the position in 1891, 1892 and 1893. 
 
 Mr. Seeberger enjoys not only the confidence of the entire 
 Commission, but of the business world, as well, and the impor- 
 tant duties of his office are carried on with the precision and 
 satisfaction which follows a systematic and business-like admin- 
 istration of affairs. 
 
 On August 26, 1856, Mr. Seeberger was married to Miss 
 Jennie L. Cooper, of Mt. Vernon, Ohio, in whom he has found a 
 most worthy helpmeet and companion in the years which have 
 crowned his life with happiness and success. 
 
 CHARLES CARROLL BOXXEY. 
 
 One of the bright minds, whose guiding thought will be 
 felt in future years, is Charles Carroll Bonney, President of the 
 World's Congress Auxiliary, of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion. He is a native of the State of New York, and was born in 
 Hamilton, in the year 1831, while the name which he bears is 
 the perpetuation of an interesting one in history, that of Charles 
 Carroll, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the last 
 surviving member of that important council. 
 
 Young Bonney, though the son of a farmer, was not de- 
 prived of the opportunity for acquiring a superior education. 
 After finishing his studies in the public schools and Hamilton 
 Academy, private instructions were received, and further practi- 
 cal knowledge gained by teaching, in which. work he was en- 
 gaged in his native town until, at the age of nineteen, he took 
 up his residence in Peoria, Illinois. Two years previous to this 
 he began reading law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar at the 
 age of twenty-one, and to the United States Supreme Court 
 fourteen years later.
 
 % 
 
 THOMAS li IIKYAX.
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 17 
 
 Mr. Bonney's early years, no less than those of a more re- 
 cent period, were extremely busy ones. He was a public lec- 
 turer, a writer for the press, a teacher, and an interested worker 
 in the furtherance of a better educational system in Illinois all 
 within a few years of his advent into the State. 
 
 , Later, his law practice has absorbed his attention to a great 
 extent, and since his removal to Chicago in 1860 he has been 
 recognized as one of the most honored members of that distin- 
 guished Bar. His earnest endeavors in organizing the " Law 
 and Order Movement," for enforcing the statutes, may be re- 
 garded as of great benefit to the State and the country at large, 
 and his labors in that direction have been accorded just 
 recognition, by his election to its highest office, that of Presi- 
 dent of the International Law and Order League. He is also 
 an author of ability, especially upon subjects pertaining to his 
 profession. 
 
 Mr. Bonney's scheme for a series of World's Congresses, in 
 connection with the World's Fair, by which the highest thought 
 of the different civilizations may be brought out in all depart- 
 ments through the better acquaintance of the Nations, is re- 
 garded as extremely beneficial, not only for the present occasion 
 but for the years to come ; and there is surely no better or safer 
 representative of the Nation to carry out the highest ideas in- 
 volved in this project, than the one to whom this office has been 
 assigned Hon. Charles Carroll Bonney, President of the World's 
 Congress Auxiliary, of the Columbian Exposition. 
 
 THOMAS B. BRYAN. 
 
 One of Chicago's leading citizens, of whom it is a pleasure 
 and satisfaction to speak, is Thomas B. Bryan, Special Commis- 
 sioner-at-Large of the World's Columbian Exposition. He has 
 made that city his home for upwards of forty years, and is looked 
 upon with highest respect by his business associates everywhere. 
 Mr. Bryan is a native of Virginia, and honors his birth place as 
 well as the State of his adoption. When his studies prepared
 
 l8 THE WHITE CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 him for a higher course, he entered Harvard University, from 
 which institution he received the degree of Bachelor of Law. 
 
 In 1862 Mr. Bryan was largely instrumental in the organi- 
 zation of the "Young Men's Christian Association" Regiment, 
 through his efforts with the Council and organizations of the 
 city ; also in establishing and equipping for military service the 
 "Home Guard," for Chicago's protection. He was honored by 
 President Hayes by being made Commissioner of the District of 
 Columbia, where he practically occupied the office of Governor. 
 
 When the great Sanitary Fair was held in Chicago, during 
 the war, Mr. Bryan was made its President, and to his efficient 
 management was due much of the success of the enterprise. 
 Soon after that event he purchased and presented to the Soldier's 
 Home the original draft of the Emancipation Proclamation, a 
 document only second in value to the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, and for which the Home afterward refused $25,000. 
 
 Bryan Hall was built by him in the early days of Chicago's 
 history, and Graceland Cemetery was also established through 
 his instrumentality. When the great holocaust of 1871 swept in 
 a devastating wave over Chicago, the " Fidelity Vaults" of Mr. 
 Bryan furnished the first currency in circulation, they having 
 withstood the trying ordeal of the fire. 
 
 It was eminently fitting that, when the World's Fair project 
 was brought up for consideration in the City Council, Mr. Bryan 
 should offer the first resolution in its behalf; while his appoint- 
 ment as Special Commissioner of the Exposition, in the interest 
 of which he has traveled extensively in the United States as well 
 as nearly all the foreign countries of the globe, has been highly 
 satisfactory to all, and a just recognition of rare abilities. 
 
 JOHN T. DICKINSON. 
 
 Time may add hoary locks to the brow, and the weight of 
 years command our respect, yet it is the dignity of mind before 
 which we bow, whether expressed in youth or age. John T. 
 Dickinson, though one of the youngest members of the Com-
 
 JOHN T. DICKINSON.
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 19 
 
 mission, does not fail to impress all who know him with the force- 
 fulness of his character and the stability and earnestness of his 
 purpose. He was born at Houston, Texas, June 18, 1858, 
 and was therefore but thirty-one years of age when he was called 
 to act with the Chicago World's Fair Committee, in 1889, in 
 their endeavor to secure for that city the location of the Exposi- 
 tion. 
 
 Mr. Dickinson early in life experienced the loss of both 
 parents, his father dying when he was but thirteen years of age, 
 and the mother passing away three years later. Previous to this 
 time he had received every possible educational advantage, his 
 studies being pursued under the best instructors at home and 
 also in schools in England and Scotland. 
 
 On the death of his father he engaged for a time in a busi- 
 ness career, but later attended college at Ashland, Virginia, and 
 the University of Virginia, from which latter institution he was 
 graduated, taking the degree of Bachelor of Law, before he had 
 reached the age of twenty-one He never practiced his profession, 
 however, preferring newspaper work, and, on his return to his 
 native city in 1879, became the editor of the Houston Daily 
 Telegram. 
 
 In 1 88 1 Mr. Dickinson was elected Secretary of the House 
 of Representatives of his native State, and made, at that time, a 
 record of which he may well be proud, owing to the accuracy of 
 his Journal. The following year he was made Secretary of the 
 Texas State Capitol Board, which position he held during the 
 construction of the Capitol Building, which is famous throughout 
 the United States owing to its size and finish, and is also ac- 
 corded the distinction of being the largest red granite structure 
 on the globe. 
 
 On the completion of this edifice, an Inter-State Military 
 Encampment and International Musical Contest was held the 
 competition of Military and Musical organizations being an im- 
 portant feature, and among which societies $25,000 in cash prizes 
 was distributed. As Secretary of this organization, Mr. Dickin-
 
 20 THE WHITE CITY (COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 son's abilities were proven to be of the highest order; while in 
 1888 he was further honored by an election to the Secretaryship 
 and office of General Manager of the first Texas-Mexican Ex- 
 position, held at San Antonio. 
 
 It is little wonder, therefore, that his abilities should be rec- 
 ognized by his own State, in his appointment by the Governor as 
 World's Fair Commissioner of Texas. Neither is it surprising 
 that, at the organization of the World's Columbian Commission 
 in Chicago, in 1890, Mr Dickinson should be chosen its Secre- 
 tary, owing to his former successes in similar positions. It is 
 also predicted that the splendid intellect, energy, perseverance 
 and executive ability of this national officer of the Exposition, 
 will receive still further recognition from the Nation, when his 
 present labors are over, since qualifications such as his are in- 
 deed rare, and when met with, should receive merited acknowledg- 
 ment. 
 
 GEN. GEORGE R. DAVIS. 
 
 George R. Davis, who occupies so prominent a position, as 
 Director-General of the World's Columbian Exposition, is at the 
 present time identified with Illinois, although Massachusetts 
 claims him as her son, since he was born in Palmer, that State, 
 on January 3, 1840. 
 
 He graduated with honors from Williston Seminary, in 
 1860, and immediately engaged in the study of the law; but, on 
 the breaking out of the Civil War, in 1861, he enlisted and re- 
 ceived a Captain's commission in the Eight Regiment Massachu- 
 setts Volunteer Infantry. At the close of his term of service, he 
 returned to his native State, but immediately organized a battery 
 of light artillery, under the authority of the Governor. Later 
 he was appointed Captain of Company C, Third Rhode Island 
 Cavalry, was promoted to Major at the close of the year 1863, 
 and, witli his Regiment, engaged in active duty in the Depart- 
 ment of the Gulf from that time until the close of the war. 
 
 When mustered out of the service he entered the Regular
 
 <;K.\. GKO. H. DAVIS.
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 21 
 
 Army in a civil capacity, holding the position of Superintendent 
 of Railroad, River and Ocean Transportation of the Depart- 
 ment of the Gulf, under General Sheridan whom he accompanied 
 to Kansas, engaging in the Indian Campaigns of 1868-9, and 
 rendering efficient support in the severe engagements of that 
 period. 
 
 On the settlement of these disturbances, he returned with 
 General Sheridan to Chicago, but in 1871, turned his attention to 
 business enterprises, accepting the position of representative of 
 Eastern Insurance Companies, though taking up his residence in 
 Chicago. General Davis has never lost interest in military 
 affairs, however, having been made commander of the First 
 Regiment of the Illinois National Guard and Senior Colonel in 
 the State Service. He was also elected to Congress, serving 
 three terms, from 1878. 
 
 As the unanimous choice of the National Commission and 
 Local Directory for the important position of Director-General, 
 Mr. Davis is unquestionably "the right man in the right place," 
 his experience in military matters rendering him systematic, 
 while his business qualifications enable him to cope success- 
 fully with the serious problems of his position. Only good words 
 are spoken of the management of Gen. George R. Davis, Di- 
 rector-General of the World's Fair. 
 
 DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM. 
 
 One of the notable men connected with the World's Col- 
 umbian Exposition in an important capacity, and claimed by 
 Illinois as the son of her adoption, is that of Daniel Hudson 
 Burnham, Director of Works. He was born in Henderson, New 
 York, September 4, 1846, and is a descendant of Revolutionary 
 stock, his grandfathers, on the side of both parents, being noted 
 men in that period of stirring events. 
 
 When he was about nine years of age, his parents removed 
 to the West and located in Chicago, his father, Edwin Burnham, 
 engaging in a wholesale mercantile business until 1874, the date
 
 22 THE WHITE CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 of his death. He was also associated with the old Merchant's 
 Exchange, as its President. 
 
 Mr. Burnham attended private schools of the city as well as 
 the Chicago High School, and later spent two years at Waltham, 
 Massachusetts, under special instruction, and one year with Prof. 
 T. B. Hayward, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, as his only pupil. 
 He returned to Chicago in 1867, and since that date has been 
 connected with the firms of Loring & Jinney, and L,. G. Laurean, 
 architects. After the great fire of 1871, Mr. Burnham was as- 
 sociated with Carter, Drake & White, and while in their employ 
 made the acquaintance of J. W. Root, the outgrowth of which 
 was the partnership of these two distinguished architects. 
 
 The firm, Burnham & Root, has the credit of planning 
 some of the most notable buildings in Chicago, among them 
 being: The National Bank of Illinois, Insurance Exchange, 
 Chemical Bank, Phoenix, Chicago Burlington & Quincy Gen- 
 eral Office, Rand & McNally, Montauk Building, Counselman 
 Building, Calumet, Calumet Club, Women's Temple, Great 
 Northern Hotel, Masonic Temple, Monadnock, Herald, Rialto, 
 and Rookery. Mr. Burnham has planned many notably fine 
 buildings in other cities of the United States, among them being 
 the Mill's Building of San Francisco. He also organized the 
 Western Association of Architects and is a member of the 
 American Institute. 
 
 Mr. Burnham was appointed Director of Works of the 
 World's Columbian Directory, and his position is a most re- 
 sponsible one, that of making the drawings for the buildings and 
 grounds and supervising their construction. He has charge of 
 the guard, the Fire Department and everything in and about the 
 Fair, except the exhibits. 
 
 MOSES P. HANDY. 
 
 An important personage named among the officials of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition is Moses P. Handy, Chief of the 
 Department of Publicity and Promotion. He was born in War-
 
 MOSES P. HANDY.
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 23 
 
 saw, Missouri, April 14, 1847, an d there received a common 
 school education, but finished his school life at the Virginia Col- 
 legiate Institute, at Portsmouth. 
 
 From the year 1867 Mr. Handy turned his attention to 
 newspaper work, and has been connected with some of the most 
 important papers of the East and South in an editorial capacity. 
 While editing the Richmond Enquirer he received the appoint- 
 ment of Alternate Commissioner for Virginia, at the Centennial 
 Exposition, in 1876, though the principal's duties finally de- 
 volved upon him, owing to that official declining the honor. 
 While serving in this capacity he held an important position on 
 the editorial staff of the Philadelphia Times, which city became 
 his permanent home. He has also long been a most valued con- 
 tributor to the leading magazines and newspapers of the county. 
 
 There is much energy in the character of Mr. Handy, and 
 the affairs of his department are managed with the decision 
 which is one of the qualifications necessary to a successful editor- 
 ial career. His pen has rendered valuable service in promoting 
 the interests of the World's Fair, and though one of the busiest 
 of men, there is no more popular official connected with the 
 Directory of the Columbian Exposition than Moses P. Handy, 
 Chief of the Department of Publicity and Promotion. 
 
 JOHN WELLBURN ROOT. 
 
 We may not pass un mentioned a name so prominently con- 
 nected with the Exposition, during the early period of its location 
 at Chicago, as John Wellburn Root, though that name is now re- 
 corded in the Directory of the Dead, since it may be said of 
 him, in truth, that " he rests from his labors, and his works do 
 follow him." 
 
 Atlanta, Georgia, was the natal place of the one to whose 
 memory these brief lines are inscribed, and the year of his birth, 
 1851. His father was a wealthy planter, and the best of educa- 
 tional advantages were consequently at his command. He at- 
 tended school at Eurkenhead, England, and graduated with high
 
 24 THE WHITE CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 honors from the institution at that place ; he prepared to enter 
 Oxford but was recalled to the United States, in 1869, and 
 entered the New York City College, where he was regarded as a 
 profound thinker as well as a brilliant scholar. 
 
 His career, as an architect, began under the justly cele- 
 brated James Renwick, and he was later connected with Mr. 
 Snook, the designer of the Vanderbilt and Stewart Mansions. 
 In 1872, Mr. Root sought a Western home, and in progressive 
 Chicago found a location suited to his energy and capabilities. 
 He became connected with Mr. D. H. Burnham. under the firm 
 name of Burnham & Root, which business relation was sus- 
 tained until severed by the death of Mr. Root, on January 15, 
 1891. 
 
 He was Secretary of the National Institute of Architects; 
 was corresponding member of the Royal Institute of Architec- 
 ture, of Belgium ; Honorary member of the Art Institute ; mem- 
 ber of the Union League; also of such clubs as the Chicago, 
 Union, University and Chicago Literary. He was a writer of 
 acknowledged ability, and a patron of music and the arts. 
 
 Mr. Root was married in 1881, to the daughter of H. S. 
 Monroe, and the happy home, cheered by the presence of three 
 interesting children, is now bereft of husband and father. 
 
 What Mr. Root was to the World's Fair, there is little need 
 to dwell upon in these pages, since it is the execution of his 
 thought which has given us the grand panorama of "The White 
 City," which idea inspired the mind of this gifted architect, and, 
 in the execution of which, his capabilities were brought so con- 
 spicuously into light. That his life was sacrificed in the interest 
 of the work, toward which his efforts were directed, is a sad com- 
 mentary on the zeal with which he prosecuted his labors ; but the 
 triumph of the conception is still accorded to his name, though 
 the laurel leaves, with which an appreciative people would crown 
 his brow, wither beside the monument which marks his final 
 resting place on earth.
 
 THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 25 
 
 JOHN PARKER REYNOLDS. 
 
 To introduce John Parker Reynolds to our readers is to 
 bring before them a name with which a very large number are 
 already familiar, through the positions of trust which he has 
 held in Illinois, the State of his adoption, as well as the promi- 
 nence of his present important office as Director-in-Chief of the 
 Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. 
 
 It is not to be denied that the State necessarily stands as the 
 " observed of all observers " at the Columbian Exposition, and to 
 ignore the demands of the occasion, by placing incompetent 
 officials in charge of affairs, would be to bring upon the State a 
 just but well-merited reflection, which she has wisely provided 
 against in a choice so generally approved as the subject of this 
 sketch. 
 
 John Parker Reynolds was born at Lebanon, Ohio, March 
 I, 1820, and was given the full name of his honored father, who 
 removed from his birth-place, Nine Partners, New York, to Sa- 
 lem, the same State, and was engaged in the business of book- 
 publishing before seeking a more western home in Ohio. The 
 mother, a Miss Wilson, of Scotch lineage, was born in Vermont. 
 
 After attending a boarding school near Cincinnati, John 
 Parker Reynolds, Jr., entered Miami University, in 1835, grad- 
 uating three years later, at the early age of eighteen. He then 
 pursued a law course in the office of Wright & Walker, Cincin- 
 nati, and graduated from the College of Law, in that city, in 
 1840, beginning the practice of his profession at the age of 
 twenty-one as a partner of Gov. Win. Bebb, of Hamilton, Ohio, 
 with whom he assumed a nearer relation by marrying the eldest 
 daughter, in 1842. Eight years later he removed to Winne- 
 bago County, Illinois, and engaged in farming, giving particular 
 attention to the raising of fine stock. He afterward located in 
 Marion County, and was chosen by the State Agricultural 
 Society as its Secretary, which position he held from 1860 to 
 1871, and when that organization was merged into the State
 
 26 THE WHITE CITY COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 Board of Agriculture, no selection was considered so judicious 
 for its President as Mr. Reynolds. As Secretary and member of 
 the Executive Committee of this society his services were re- 
 tained for eleven years, while he is still an honored member of 
 the Board of Agriculture. 
 
 During the Civil War, Mr. Reynolds was appointed, by the 
 Governor, as President of the State Sanitary Commission, retain- 
 ing the position until the close of the Rebellion. He has also 
 served the State Horticultural Society, as its President. He it 
 was who represented the State as her only delegate to the Expo- 
 sition at Paris, France, in 1887, being also an honorary member 
 of the United States Commission; and Illinois points with pride 
 to the silver and bronze medals, secured, among the collections, 
 under the supervision of her representative. 
 
 In February, 1869, Mr. Reynolds took up his residence in 
 Chicago, and since that time has been called to some of the most 
 important positions in the interest of city and State. In 1883 
 he was made Secretary of the Inter-State Industrial Exposition, 
 and was connected with that enterprise through its entire ex- 
 istence. Under appointment of the Governor, he was made 
 Chief Inspector of Grain under the system inaugurated by the 
 Railroad and Warehouse Commission of Chicago, and occupied 
 this important position for a term of five years. 
 
 The present office, which is being filled so acceptably by Mr. 
 Reynolds, as Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's 
 Fair Commissioners, is one requiring unusual abilities, since so 
 much depends upon generalship in guiding the affairs of State 
 representation at the Exposition. Illinois may safely trust her 
 interests in his hands, however, since experience, zeal, integrity 
 of purpose and State pride are united in the person of her 
 Director-in-Chief, John Parker Reynolds, of Chicago.
 
 National Commissioners of Illinois, named by 
 the Governor and appointed by the President, are 
 Chas. H. Deere, Moline, and A. T. Ewing, Chi- 
 cago; Alternates, LaFayette Funk, Shirley, and 
 De Witt Smith, Springfield; while the State Board 
 of World's Fair Managers consists of the follow- 
 ing officers and members : 
 
 LaFayette Funk, President, Shirley; David Gore, Vice- 
 President, Carlinville; Wilson C. Garrard, Secretary, Chicago; 
 John W. Bunn, Treasurer, Springfield; John P. Reynolds, 
 Director-in-Chief, Chicago; J. Irving Pearce, Chicago; J. Harley 
 Bradley, Chicago; Wm. Stewart, Chicago; Byron F. Wyman, 
 Sycamore; A. B. Hostetter, Mt. Carroll; Samuel Dysart, Frank- 
 lin Grove; W. D. Stryker, Plainfield; John Virgin, Fairbury; 
 D. W. Vittum, Canton; E. B. David, Aledo; W. H. Fulkerson, 
 Jersey ville; J. W. Judy, Tallula; S. W. Johns, Decatur; E. E. 
 Chester, Champaign; James K. Dickerson, Lawrenceville ; Ed- 
 ward C. Pace, Ashley; B. Pullen, Centralia ; J. M. Washburn, 
 Marion. 
 
 The Illinois National Board of Lady Managers are: Mrs. 
 Richard J. Oglesby, Elkhart, and Mrs. Frances W. Shepard, 
 Chicago. Alternates : Mrs. Marcia Gould, Moline, and Mrs. I. 
 L. Candee, Cairo. 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE BUILDING. 
 
 The appropriation of $800,000 by the Illinois Legislature 
 has enabled the State to present to the world a most creditable ex- 
 hibit. The State Building, which is a marvel of beauty and
 
 28 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS AT THE FAIR. 
 
 attractiveness, cost $250,000. The location is exceptionally fine, 
 being situated in the northern portion of Jackson Park, while 
 there is permanency given to the building by the materials of 
 which it is composed, Illinois stone, steel and brick entering into 
 its construction. The exterior finish and decorations are ex- 
 tremely attractive and the adjacent grounds are in perfect keep- 
 ing with this, one of the most note worthy structures of the 
 Exposition. 
 
 There are three entrances to the Building South, West and 
 North the one to the South being the most prominent, and 
 facing the water-way, so that passengers upon this canal will dis- 
 cover a noble structure at the termination of their route, which 
 bears the name "Illinois." Though it was not at first the in- 
 tention of the committee to locate their State Building on this, 
 the most prominent position of the grounds, it became a neces- 
 sity, when the Exposition Management was planning to place 
 the Fine Arts Building on the water-front, since the appropria- 
 tion of other States was insufficient to insure a creditable struc- 
 ture for so commanding a situation. This location has necessi- 
 tated an additional outlay of $80,000, $20,000 of which have been 
 expended in grading and preparing the grounds, the building 
 resting upon a terrace four feet in height. 
 
 From the main entrance a commanding view is obtained of 
 the "White City," with its marvelous display of structures, 
 interspersed with enchanting floral scenes the perfection of art 
 gardening. The edifice is externally adorned with groups of 
 statuary, of original design, by the sculptor, Lorado Taft, which 
 are worthy a fuller description than these pages will permit. 
 Among the number are : " Illinois Welcoming the Nations," 
 which crowns the main entrance ; " The Birth of Chicago," " Edu- 
 cation," "La Salle and his Companions," etc., twelve groups in 
 all, this particular feature of the decorations requiring an outlay 
 of not less than $12,500. 
 
 In size, the Illinois building is 160x450 feet, and includes 
 the school-room and Memorial Hall, which were originally de-
 
 ILLINOIS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 29 
 
 signed to occupy a separate enclosure. The dome is 300 feet in 
 height, and in diameter 72 feet, with a "lookout" at an elevation 
 of So feet and another from the Lantern, 175 feet above the 
 ground. 
 
 Memorial Hall, of fire-proof construction, occupies the north 
 projection, using a space 65x70 feet. This contains the archives 
 of the State, her famous battle flags, and relics, which are of 
 incalculable value, the exhibit being under the supervision of 
 the Attorney-General. 
 
 The east wing is occupied by the " school-house," and is a 
 model, fully equipped, in which is carried on the practical work 
 of the grades represented ; also an exibit of the industrial meth- 
 ods pursued in the Charitable Institutions of the State. Educa- 
 tion, from the Kindergarten to the University, is here compre- 
 hensively demonstrated, while every school in the State is a 
 contributor to the interesting study of Illinois progr as re- 
 lates to the development of her school system. 
 
 The Executive Offices have been assigned to the south wing, 
 which is raised to three stories a public hall occupying the 
 upper floor. Upon the Governor's room much labor has been 
 expended and its decorations and furnishings are elegant, elabo- 
 rate and in keeping with that State pride which recognizes the 
 dignity of the office of its Chief Executive, and accords to him 
 the best the Commonwealth affords. 
 
 The interior of the State Building is a model in arrange- 
 ment and adaptability to the purposes for which it was intended. 
 There are no competitive displays, but, rather, a representation of 
 the State's resources and industries, with the finest of opportuni- 
 ties afforded for educational, technical and art exhibits. 
 
 The embellishments of the interior are largely floral, and 
 take the place of the statuary originally contemplated. A foun- 
 tain, forty feet high, rises within the dome, and an artistic 
 combination of cascades, rock-work and floral decorations de- 
 light the visitor to Illinois' hospitable home at the Exposition. 
 
 It would be a pleasure to speak of the various departments,
 
 3O THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS AT THE FAIR. 
 
 which are being so systematically cared for by the committees in 
 charge, but we must refrain from particularization, leaving to the 
 visitor the interesting study of these instructive and entertaining 
 features. The State Board of Agriculture, with whom the Illi- 
 nois members of the National Commission and the Board of 
 L/ady Managers have been invited to co-operate, has in charge a 
 work, the magnitude of which is little comprehended by the 
 casual observer. One feature we would mention in this con- 
 nection, however, and that is the Topographical Map of the 
 State, with dimensions 8x 16 feet one of the largest ever made 
 being on a scale of two miles to the inch, and costing $15,000, 
 the value of which will be appreciated in years to come ; it reflects 
 great credit upon the committee having its preparation in charge. 
 This map is complete in every particular, giving each railroad 
 station and post-office in the State, and verifying the position 
 and direction of even its smallest creeks and streams, while its 
 slightest elevations of surface are also represented. This map 
 was prepared from all the data available when the work was com- 
 menced, to which have been added original observations by 
 fourteen civil engineers, with barometers and levels in hand, 
 traversing every county of the State for about fifteen months. 
 
 A flat map of large proportions is also an important feature, 
 showing, as it does, every school-house in the State (of which 
 there are over 7,000), and locating them in their proper quarter- 
 sections. 
 
 Ano er extremely interesting feature of the Illinois exhibit 
 is the Worthen library and collection of fossils, which have now 
 become the property of the State, formerly belonging to Professor 
 Worthen (for twenty-five years State Geologist), and numbering, 
 at the time of his death, more than 28,000 specimens, which had 
 been gathered by him from all parts of the known world. The 
 collection includes about one thousand typical specimens from 
 which were figured and named the same number of new species, 
 as described in the reports of the Illinois State Geological Sur- 
 vey from time to time for the last forty years.
 
 \
 
 ILLINOIS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 31 
 
 WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT'. 
 
 The Department of Woman's Work, under the competent 
 supervision of the Lady Managers, has received earnest atten- 
 tion. This Board was created by act of the legislature June 17, 
 1891, and is composed of the two National Managers, together 
 with their alternates, and four ladies appointed by the Governor, 
 making eight in all, the following named now constituting the 
 Board : Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, Mrs. Frances W. Shepard, 
 Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, Mrs. I. L. Candee, Illinois National 
 Lady Managers; Mrs. Frances L. Gilbert, Mrs. Francine E- 
 Patton, Mrs. Robert H. Wiles and Miss Mary Callahan. At the 
 organization of the Board, Mrs. Frances B. Phillips was elected 
 its President, but being compelled to resign on account of fail- 
 ing health, Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, of Moline, was appointed 
 to the responsible position. Mrs. Robert H. Wiles, of Freeport, 
 is Vice-President; Miss Mary Callahan, of Robinson, Secretary. 
 Having been assigned one-tenth of the State appropriation, 
 the Commissioners generously granted to the ladies the same 
 proportion of space in the Illinois Building, or 45x160 feet on 
 the ground floor, in addition to kindergarten, office and reception 
 rooms. 
 
 With such encouragement and hearty support from the 
 Commissioners, the Board of Lady Managers entered systemati- 
 cally upon their labors, with certain objects in view: To place a 
 worthy exhibit before the world, as the work of the women of 
 Illinois ; to assist the women of the State, by a comparison of the 
 best methods of producing results, especially in practical duties , 
 and to stimulate to still greater activity through the opening of 
 new avenues for self-support and advancement. The different 
 departments were assigned to Committees, with their respective 
 Chairmen, as follows : 
 
 Committee on Literature, Mrs. Frances L. Gilbert, Chicago. 
 
 Historical and Scientific Collections, Miss Mary Callahan, 
 Robinson.
 
 . 
 
 32 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS AT THE FAIR. 
 
 Decorative Art, Mrs. H. H. Candee, Cairo. 
 Fine Arts, Mrs. Henry M. Shepard, Chicago. 
 Domestic Science, Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, Elkhart. 
 Practical Arts, Mrs. Robert H. Wiles, Freeport. 
 Educational, Charitable and Professional Work, Mrs. Fran- 
 cine E. Patton, Springfield. 
 
 Music and Dramatic Art, Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, Mo- 
 line. 
 
 Superintendent of Cook County Work, Mrs. Robert H. 
 Wiles, Freeport. 
 
 In every county of the State, with the exception of Cook 
 (in which the organizations of women were already varied and 
 numerous), the Lady Managers established County Columbian 
 Clubs, through which medium the exibits have been largely 
 secured. Illinois boasts more than one hundred and fifty au- 
 thors some of whom take prominent rank and the list of their 
 books has been carefully compiled by the committee on litera- 
 ture. Among these we find the works of Mrs. Celia P. Wooley, 
 Mrs. Charles Edward Cheney, Miss Eliza Allen Starr, Mrs. 
 Amelia Geer Mason, Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood, as well as 
 many other well-known and highly gifted authors. 
 
 The exhibit arranged by the Historical and Scientific Com- 
 mittee partakes of the nature of a comparative display, intended 
 to emphasize the advancement in the manners and customs of 
 the present day in contrast with the early years of the State's ex- 
 istence, and is shown by historical relics, such as garments 
 worn, as well as pictures, books and articles of various uses. As 
 far as space permitted, this exhibit has been made highly inter- 
 esting, as showing the progress of the State during the past 
 years. 
 
 The department of Science has a most creditable display in 
 botany, microscopy, bacteriology, geology, etc., through the 
 efforts of its committee, thus showing the honorable position 
 women are now taking in this important field. 
 
 Glyptic art has several worthy representatives, among them
 
 ^- 
 
 MRS. MARCIA LOUISE GOULD, President. 
 MRS. ROBERT H. WILES. Miss CALLAHAN. 
 
 MRS. OOLESBY. MRS. GILBERT. 
 
 FRANCINE E. PATIOS. MRS. CANDLE. FRANCES WELLES SHEPARD.
 
 ILLINOIS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 33 
 
 being Miss Julia M. Bracken, of Galena, whose heroic statue in 
 marble, typifying " Illinois welcoming the Nations of the World " 
 is a figure of striking design, combining strength and beauty. 
 Six models for statues in " staff," to adorn the wall space in the 
 main exhibit gallery, were accepted by the committee, and exe- 
 cuted by the following sculptors: Mrs. Ellen Rankin Copp, 
 Miss Taft, Miss Scudder, Miss Brocken, Miss Bessie O. Potter 
 and Miss Caroline Brooks, and are illustrative of Maternity, 
 Justice, Charity, Faith, Literature and Art. 
 
 The Palette Club, an organization including among its mem- 
 bers many of the finest women artists of the State, has made an 
 extensive display of oil and water colors, to which individual 
 artists have further contributed. The exhibit also includes mini- 
 ature painting on ivory, porcelain decorations, illuminated books, 
 etc., which are truly works of art. 
 
 In the library and reception room the decorative designs 
 were made by women, and largely executed by them, and consist 
 of wood-carving, embroidery, embossing on leather, upholstering, 
 mural painting, etc. The Kindergarten has for its wall cover- 
 ing, paper designed by a woman of the State, while a most 
 beautiful frieze in the reception room was painted by such ac- 
 complished artists as Mrs. Marie Koupal Lusk, Miss Ida J. 
 Burgess, Miss Caroline B. Wade, Miss Helen Barber Gregory, 
 Miss Anna Weaver Jones, Mrs. Mary F. Means, and Miss 
 Pauline A. Dohn. The furniture of this apartment, as well as 
 the library, consists largely of contributions by women, and in- 
 cludes a beautifully carved mantel, a cabinet, easel, escritoire, 
 clock-case, chairs, tables, etc. 
 
 While much attention has been given to art, and a most 
 creditable display made by the State, the more practical depart- 
 ments have not been neglected. Designing has been made an 
 important feature of the exibit, showing woman's ability to com- 
 pete with men in such profitable employment as furnishing 
 designs for stained glass, embossed leather, wall-paper, textiles, 
 etc. The women of the State are also represented in great
 
 34 THE WHITE CITY ILLINOIS AT THE FAIR. 
 
 numbers, as patentees, and their inventions, largely in the line 
 of useful and practical articles, photographs and models, make a 
 most interesting display. The industries in which women are 
 taking a prominent place, have been represented by statistics, 
 since it is a difficult matter to separate their work from that of 
 men with whom they are competitively engaged in about one 
 hundred and fifty industries. 
 
 Practical demonstrations are also given of woman's work in 
 the department of domestic economy, by a model kitchen, with all 
 the latest appliances; while a pantry exhibit, with its stores of 
 preserves, jellies, canned goods, etc., is to some the most inter- 
 esting of all displays, since it pertains to woman's especially 
 acknowledged "sphere." 
 
 Much attention has been given to art needlework in fact 
 about one-tenth the space allotted to woman's work has been de- 
 voted to this department. The Kindergarten, in charge of the 
 Chicago Frcebel and Free Association is being carried on during 
 the Exposition as a part of the educational exhibit, and practi- 
 cally demonstrates its work by a class of fifty children under a 
 director and four assistants. 
 
 The women of the State are also contributors to the depart- 
 ments of Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Horticulture, 
 Agriculture, Dairy, Transportation, etc. They are maintaining 
 one department of the Children's building, and their county or- 
 ganizations have raised considerable amounts, which, in some 
 cases, have been expended for Dormitory stock, to be given to 
 working women. 
 
 The professions are well represented by apparatus, labora- 
 tories, etc., while in every department, both artistic and practi- 
 cal, the women of the State have responded with choicest dis- 
 plays.
 
 Illineis Exhibits. 
 
 Department A. AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND ITS ACCESSORIES. 
 
 INHIBITOR. 
 
 Albert Dickinson Co 
 
 C. F. Listeman & Co. . . 
 Chas. Pope Glucose Co. . . . 
 
 Stein, Hirsch & Co 
 
 Chas. Tiedemann Milling Co. 
 Winterhoff & Wessel 
 Woodward & Croffut .... 
 American Biscuit & Mfg. Co. 
 
 Canepa Bros 
 
 Chicago Macaroni Co 
 
 Chicago Sugar Refining Co. 
 
 J. P. Dieter Co 
 
 E. W. Gillett 
 
 Chas. Pope Glucose Co. ... 
 Price Baking Powder Co. . . 
 
 Stein, Hirsch & Co 
 
 Chicago Sugar Refining Co. . 
 Chas. Pope Glucose Co. ... 
 Walburn-Swenson Co. 
 American Ready Food Co. 
 Anglo-American Provision Co. 
 Armour & Co 
 
 Barnett Produce Co 
 
 Elgin Condensed Milk Co. 
 Fairbank Canning Co. 
 Helvetia Milk Condensing Co. 
 Libby, McNeill & Libby 
 Morris, Nelson & Co. 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 O' Fallen 
 
 Lansing 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 Elgin . 
 Chicago . 
 Highland 
 Chicago . 
 Chicago . 
 
 St. Charles Evaporated Cream Co. St. Charles 
 F. Tanty & Co Chicago . 
 
 Swift & Company Chicago 
 
 John Boyd Chicago 
 
 Illinois Exhibit';. 
 
 EXHIBIT. 
 
 Pop corn, agriculture, seeds, ensilage- 
 Flour. 
 
 Meal. 
 
 Potato Flour. 
 
 Flour. 
 
 Curled grass. 
 
 Cornmeal, flour, hominy flakes. 
 
 Crackers and biscuit. 
 
 Macaroni and other pastes. 
 
 Macaroni, noodles, etc. 
 
 Starch. 
 
 Baking powder. 
 
 Yeast cakes. 
 
 Starch. 
 
 Baking powder. 
 
 Starch. 
 
 Grape sugars, syrups, glucose, gluten. 
 
 Glucose. 
 
 Beet sugar plant. 
 
 Condensed soups. 
 
 Hog products. 
 
 Canned meats. Canned soups. Ex- 
 tract of beef. 
 
 Sauer kraut. 
 
 Condensed milk and cream. 
 
 Canned meats. Canned soups. 
 
 Evaporated cream. 
 
 Potted meats, soups. Beef extract. 
 
 Dried beef. Smoked pork, hams and 
 bacon. Extracts of beef and hog 
 products. 
 
 Evaporated cream. 
 
 Canned meats, pates, game, etc. Soups 
 and plum pudding. 
 
 Dried beef. Hams and bacon. Salted 
 meats. Beef extracts; beef and hog 
 products. Fresh meats. 
 Creamer. Cream and cheese vats.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXIIlBITnn. ADDRESS. EXHIBIT. 
 
 Creamer}' Package Mfg. Co. . Chicago . . Dairy supplies and fittings. Butter 
 
 tubs, egg cases, fruit packages. 
 
 Davis & Rankin Bldg. & Mfg. Co. Chicago . Dairy supplies. 
 
 DeLaval Separator Co Chicago . . Cream separators, churn attachments. 
 
 Orin Leonard Belvidere . . Cream cooler. 
 
 Magic Freezer Co Chicago . . Ice cream machines. 
 
 Northwestern Butter & Cheese Co. Romeoville . Cheese. 
 
 Caroline Westcott Romney . . . Chicago . . Milk cooler. 
 
 Philip M. Sharpies Elgin . . . Cream separators. 
 
 J. C. Strickler & Co Sterling . Butter color. 
 
 J. P. Dieter Co Chicago . . Roasted coffees. Spices and mustard. 
 
 Krembs & Co Chicago . . Chicory. 
 
 Kresl & Mallue Chicago . . Cigar molds, manufacturers' supplies. 
 
 E. B. Miller & Co Chicago . Spices; condiments. 
 
 C. J. Van Houten & Zoon . . . Chicago . . Cocoa. 
 
 Eugene Vallens & Co Chicago . . Cigars. 
 
 Armour & Co Chicago . Wool. 
 
 David Bradley Mfg. Co Chicago . . Cotton planters. 
 
 Deere & Mansur Co. .... Moline . . . Cotton planter. 
 
 Brown & Logan Chicago . . Mineral water. 
 
 Waukesha Lithia Spring Co. . . Chicago . . Mineral water. 
 
 Burrill Bros Freeport . . Vinegar. 
 
 Dallemand & Co Chicago . . Rye whiskey. 
 
 Lockhart Chemical Co Chicago . . Orange cider. 
 
 Besley's'Waukegan Brewing Co. Waukegan . Ale and porter. 
 
 North Western Brewing Co. . . Chicago . . Lager beer. 
 
 Peoria Malting Co Peoria . . . Malt. 
 
 Geo. A. WeissMalt'g&ElevatorCo. Chicago . . Barley malt. 
 
 Behringer Malt Cleaning Ma- 
 chine Company Lansing . . Malt cleaning machine. 
 
 Chicago Corrugated Shaving Co. Chicago . . Beer and vinegar shavings ; barley 
 
 washer and conveyor. 
 
 Chas. Kaestner & Co Chicago . . Malt mills. 
 
 Olsen & Tilgner Chicago . . Hydraulicmashmachineandinaltmill. 
 
 Saladin Pneumatic Malting Con- [ing grain, 
 struction- Co. ....... Chicago . . Germinating compartment and malt- 
 August Stollstorff Chicago . . Revolving branding iron. 
 
 Aermotor Company Chicago Wind mills, feed grinders and cutters. 
 
 American Well Works Aurora-. . . Windmill, pumps. 
 
 Avery Planter Co Peoria . . . Cultivators. Planter and check rower: 
 
 drill. 
 
 A very & Rouse Steam Thresher Co. Chicago . . Separator. Traction engine. 
 
 F. C. Austin Manufacturing Co. Chicago . . Steam generator, feed mills and rock 
 
 drill. 
 
 Barlow Corn Planter Co Quincy . . . Corn planters. 
 
 David Bradley Mfg. Co Chicago . . Plows, cultivators and harrows. Stalk 
 
 cutters. 
 
 Robert Butterworth Chicago . . Cider presses. 
 
 Challenge Windmill & Feedmill Co. Batavia . . . Windmills, tanks, feed grinders, corn 
 
 shellers, etc. 
 
 Charles K. Connor New Philadelphia Corn harvester. 
 
 Craver & Steele Mfg. Co. . . . Harvey . . . Grain header. Grain drill and pea 
 
 planter. 
 
 Joseph P. Davenport Downers Grove Potato planter. 
 
 Deere & Mansur Co Moline . . . Planters, drills, etc. Hay loader.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT A. 
 
 37 
 
 EXUIBITOll. ADDRESS. 
 
 Deere & Co Chicago . . Plows and Cultivators. 
 
 Win. Peering & Co Chicago . . Harvesting machinery. 
 
 Emerson, Talcott & Co Rock ford . . Mowers, tedders, rakes. 
 
 Famous Manufacturing Co. . . Chicago . . Baling presses. 
 
 Globe Windmill Co West -Pullman Windmill. 
 
 Grand Detour Plow Co Dixon . . . Plows, harrows and cultivators. 
 
 Hawarth & Sons Decatur . . Corn planter; check rower. 
 
 Hayes Pump & Planter Co. . . Galva . . . Corn planters, drill and shoveling 
 
 boards. 
 
 Nathaniel B. Higbie Chicago . . Oats cleaner. 
 
 Iwan Bros. . ... Streator . . Drain and tile cleaners and post-hole 
 
 augers. 
 Joliet Manufacturing Co. ... Joliet .... Corn shelters. 
 
 Joliet Strowbridge Co Joliet .... Grain seeders. Feed grinders. 
 
 Chas. Kaestner & Co. . . . . Chicago . . Grist and feed mills. 
 
 W. J. H. Kappe Quincy . . . Hay baling presses. 
 
 Keystone Manufacturing Co. . . Sterling . . Harrow. Sower and planter. Hay 
 
 loader and rake. Corn shellers, 
 huskers and harvesters. 
 
 May Bros Galesburg . Windmill. 
 
 J. McCallum Manufacturing Co. Chicago . . Potato digger, picker and loader. 
 McCorniick Harvesting Mach. Co. Chicago . . Binders, reapers r mowers, droppers, etc. 
 Moline Plow Co. Moline . . . Plows and cultivators. Corn planter. 
 
 John H. O'Hara . ... Chicago . . Corn planter and harvester. Reaper 
 
 and binder, hay rake and tedder. 
 Traction engine. 
 Heber Parrish .... ... Morrison . . Grain separator and cleaner. 
 
 H. H. Perkins Manufacturing Co. Kewanee . . Corn planter. Corn husker. 
 Piano Manufacturing Co. ... Chicago . . Binder, header and mowers. 
 
 Jos. E. Porter Ottawa . . . Hay carriers. 
 
 L. J. & J. M. Price Macomb . . Syrup evaporator. 
 
 Quincy Baling Press Co Quincy . . . Baling Press. 
 
 Sandwich Enterprise Co. ... Sandwich . . Cultivators, harrows. Cotton planter. 
 
 Corn slicer. 
 Sandwich Manufacturing Co. . Sandwich . . Harvester. Corn sheller and baling 
 
 press. 
 Sattley Manufacturing Co. . Springfield . Plows, cultivators and harrows. Straw 
 
 stacker. 
 Skandia Plow Co. . .... Rockford . . Plows, cultivators and harrows. Corn 
 
 planters and listers. 
 Sterling Manufacturing Co. Sterling Harrows. Seeder. Cornstalk cutter; 
 
 feed grinder. 
 Stover Manufacturing Co. ... Freeport . . Windmill. 
 
 United States Wind Engine Co. Batavia . . . Windmills and feed and grinding mills. 
 Ward, Montgomery & Co. . . Chicago . . Hay stacking and carrying apparatus. 
 
 Corn grinders and shellers, and bone 
 grinders. 
 Warder, Bushnell & Glessner Co. Chicago . . Mower, reaper and harvester. 
 
 Thomas Whitfield Chicago . . Oats cleaner. 
 
 Armour & Co. . . ... Chicago . . Gelatine and glue. Hair. 
 
 Swift & Company Chicago . . Glue, horns, hoofs and bone. Fertil- 
 izing material. 
 Am. Copper, Brass & Iron Works Chicago . . Brewers' supplies. 
 
 Armour & Co. Chicago . . Butterine. Stearine. 
 
 Columbia Cleansing Compound Co. Chicago . . Cleansing compound.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. A!>I>r.KSS. 
 
 Frazer Lubricator Co Chicago . . 
 
 Geo. T. Johnson Chicago . . 
 
 Leonard & Ellis Chicago . . 
 
 National Linseed Oil Co. . . . Chicago . . 
 
 Swift & Company Chicago . . 
 
 D. O. Wallace & Co Chicago . . 
 
 Wise Lubricating Co. ..... Chicago . . 
 
 Louis Banscher Freeport . . 
 
 J. W. Boatman Carlinville . 
 
 F. E. Bone Tallula . . . 
 
 Joseph Boner Panola . . . 
 
 David Brumback Danforth . . 
 
 W. A. Burdick Winnebago . 
 
 J. L. Burdick Rockford . . 
 
 Wm. Burrows Panola . . . 
 
 J. J. Butler Eldorado . . 
 
 T. P. Chester . . . Champaign . 
 
 Edward Childs El Paso . . . 
 
 W. M- Cline Rockford . . 
 
 Horace Coffin Rockford . . 
 
 John Conlon Taylor . . . 
 
 Thos. Cribbins El Paso . . 
 
 L. H. Crowell Rockford . . 
 
 A. E. Cutler Rockford . . 
 
 Nicholas De Freese Panola . . . 
 
 H. P. Edmonds Taylor . . . 
 
 J. W. Edmonds Lighthouse . 
 
 Philip Edmonds El Paso . . 
 
 Kim. Enright El Paso . . 
 
 A. Earnest & Co Farmingdale 
 
 Walter Fraipont Rockford . . 
 
 E. S, Fursman El Paso . . . 
 
 June Gardiner Rockford . . 
 
 Geo. W. Graham Carbondale . 
 
 William Gurbrick El Paso . . . 
 
 Jos. Haas El Paso . . . 
 
 Leori Hay Kankakee . 
 
 Helms & Ripley Belleville . . 
 
 Mart. Herr Panola . . . 
 
 Daniel Hill El Paso . . 
 
 W. H. Hodge Morris . . . 
 
 Jesse Hodgson Panola . . . 
 
 M. A. Hooker McLanesboro 
 
 EXHIBIT. 
 
 Grease and oil. 
 
 Eradicator. 
 
 Lubricating oils. 
 
 Oils, oil cake and meal. 
 
 Butterine, lard and oils. 
 
 Furniture-cleaning compound. 
 
 Lubricating compounds. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Buck- 
 wheat. Grasses. Clover, etc. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. Rye. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. Buckwheat. Grasses. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Grass. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Buck- 
 wheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Buck- 
 wheat. Grasses. Forage plants.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT A. 
 
 39 
 
 EXHIBITOR. ADDRESS. EXHIBIT 
 
 H. A. Hopps Panola . . . Corn. 
 
 George Homer Panola. . . . Corn. 
 
 A. B. Hostetter Mt. Carroll . Wheat. Oats. Barley. Rye. Grasses. 
 
 Thos. Hurd El Paso . . . Corn. 
 
 J. N. Irving Arcola . . . Oats. 
 
 Win. Johns Rockford . . Corn. 
 
 Andy Johnson El Paso . . . Corn. 
 
 W. G. Kimtnel Jonesboro . . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Buck- 
 wheat. Grasses. Clover. 
 
 John Klug Panola ... Corn. 
 
 William Klug Panola . . . Corn. 
 
 Knox County Agricultural Board. Knoxville . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Buck- 
 wheat. Grasses. Clover. 
 
 Jas. Krow : . . . Woodstock . Corn. 
 
 S. D. La Rosh Pekin. . . . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 McHenry Co. Agricultural Board. Woodstock . Corn. 
 
 J. W. McHenry . .... Carmi . . . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Forage 
 
 plants. 
 
 H. L. McOmber El Paso . . . Corn. 
 
 F. W. March Daysville . . Corn. 
 
 Massac County Fruit Growers' 
 
 Association . . . Metropolis . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Buck- 
 
 wheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Benjamin Millard Rockford . . Wheat. Oats. 
 
 C. E. Miller Panola . . . Corn. 
 
 Ed. Murray Daysville . . Corn. 
 
 J. E. Nash Princeton . . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 A. Neeper Kinmundy . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Buck- 
 wheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 Robert Nethercott ........ El Paso . . . Corn. 
 
 John Patton Panola . . . Corn. 
 
 George Pinkham Panola . . . Corn. 
 
 Theron Pierpont Rockford . . Corn. 
 
 James Pleasant El Paso . . . Corn. 
 
 Wm. Rice Rockford . . Grasses. 
 
 A. E. Russell Shattue . . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Buck- 
 wheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 W. J. Sawyer Belvidere . . Corn. Grass. 
 
 John Schofield El Paso . . . Corn. 
 
 J. E. Seiler Mt. Carmel . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Grasses. 
 
 Forage plants. 
 
 Robert Shedden Pingree Grove Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Geo. Sheen El Paso . . . Corn. 
 
 C. W. Sibley . . . Pana .... Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Buck- 
 
 wheat. Grasses. Forage Plants. 
 
 C. M. Stephenson Secor . . . Corn.' 
 
 Geo. Stevens Rockford . . Grasses. 
 
 Wm. Stevens Daysville . . Barley. 
 
 S. S. Stitt El Paso . . . Corn. 
 
 Mr. Stonebraker Panola . . . Corn. 
 
 John Storrs Rockford . . Oats. 
 
 Levi Stumbaugh El Paso . . . Corn.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. ADDRESS. EXHIBIT. 
 
 James Swartz El Paso . . . Corn. 
 
 University of Illinois Champaign . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 Adam Vanbel Peoria . . . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 T. S. Weedman Farmer City . Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 
 
 Buckwheat. Grasses. Forage plants. 
 
 Albert Whitten Bismarck . . Corn. 
 
 John Wilcox Rockford . . Wheat. Oats. 
 
 John Wolf Canton . . Grasses. 
 
 Byron F. Wyman Sycamore . . Grasses. 
 
 F. E. Bone Tallula . . . Sorghum. 
 
 J. L. Burdick Rockford . Sorghum. 
 
 J. J. Butler Eldorado . . Sorghum. 
 
 Confectioners' & Bakers' Supply 
 
 Company Chicago . . Confectionery. 
 
 E. S. Furrnan El Paso . . Sugar Cane. Sorghum. 
 
 Leon Hay Kankakee . Sorghum. 
 
 Helms & Ripley Belleville. . Sugar Cane. Sorghum. 
 
 M. A. Hooker McLeansboro Sorghum. 
 
 Jacob Huff Grand Detour Sorghum. 
 
 W G. Kimmel Jonesboro . Sugar Cane. 
 
 S. D. La Rosh Pekin . . . Sorghum. 
 
 J. W. McHenry Carini . . . Sugar Cane. Sorghum. 
 
 Massac County Fruit Growers' 
 
 Association Metropolis . Sorghum. 
 
 J. E. Nash Princeton . . Sorghum. 
 
 A. Keeper . . '. Kinmundy . Sorghum. 
 
 A. E. Russell Shattue . . . Sorghum. 
 
 Robert Shedden Pingree Grove Sugar Cane. 
 
 C. W. Sibley Pana .... Sorghum. 
 
 University of Illinois Champaign . Sorghum. 
 
 T. S. Weedman Farmer City . Sorghum. 
 
 F. E. Bone ..'....... Tallula . . . Potatoes. Sugar beets, mangel- 
 
 wurzels, etc. Turnips. 
 
 David Brumback Danforth. . . Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams. 
 
 J. L. Burdick Rockford . . Potatoes. Beets. Turnips, carrots. 
 
 W. A. Burdick Winnebago . Potatoes. Sugar beets. Carrots, 
 
 turnips, etc. 
 
 J. J. Butler Eldorado . . Potatoes. 
 
 T. P. Chester Champaign . Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, etc. 
 
 Sugar beets, mangel-wurzels. Car- 
 rots, beets, turnips, etc. 
 
 H. P. Edmond Taylor . . . Potatoes, sweet potatoes. 
 
 A. Ernest & Co Farmingdale. Potatoes, yams, etc. Mangel-wurzels. 
 
 carrots, turnips, beets. 
 
 E. S. Fursman El Paso . . Potatoes. Mangel-wurzels. Carrots, 
 
 turnips, beets, etc. 
 
 Leon Hay Kankakee . Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, etc. 
 
 Mangel-wurzels. 
 
 Helms & Ripley Belleville . . Potatoes, sweet and Irish, yams, etc. 
 
 Sugar beets and mangel-murzels. 
 Carrots, turnips, beets, etc. 
 
 W. H. Hodge Morris . . . Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, etc, 
 
 Mangel-wurzels. Carrots, turnips, etc
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT A. 4 ! 
 
 EXHIBITOR. ADDIIES*. EXHIBIT. 
 
 M. A. Hooker McLeansboro Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, etc. 
 
 W. G. Kimmel Jonesboro . . Potatoes. Beets. Peanuts. 
 
 S. D. LaRosh Pekin . . . Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, etc. 
 
 Sugar beets, mangels. Carrots, 
 turnips and beets. 
 
 Massac County Fruit Growers' 
 
 Association Metropolis . Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams. Man- 
 
 gel-wurzels. Carrots, turnips, etc. 
 J. E. Nash Princeton . . Potatoes. Beets, niangel-wurzels. 
 
 Carrots and turnips. 
 
 J. E. Seiler . Mt. Carmel . Potatoes, sweet potatoes. 
 
 C. W. Sibley . . . ' p ana . . . Potatoes, sweet potatoes. Carrots, 
 
 turnips, beets, artichokes. 
 
 University of Illinois Champaign . Potatoes. 
 
 Adam Vanbel . . . Peoria . . . Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams. Man- 
 
 gel-wurzels. Carrots, turnips and 
 
 beets. 
 
 T. S. Weedman Farmer City . Potatoes. Carrots, beets, turnips 
 
 F. E. Bone Tallula . . . Broom corn. 
 
 J. L. Burdick . . Rockford . . Broom corn. Pumpkins. Squashes. 
 
 J. J. Butler Eldorado . . Broom corn. 
 
 P. Chester . . .... Champaign . Pumpkins, peas, beans. 
 
 H. P. Edmonds Taylor . . . Broom corn. 
 
 E. S. Fursman El Paso . . . Broom corn.pumpkins, peas, beans.etc. 
 
 Helms & Ripley Belleville . . Broom corn. 
 
 M. A. Hooker McLeanboro Broom corn. 
 
 Jacob Huff Grand Detour Broom corn. 
 
 W. G. Kimmel Jonesboro . . Squashes, beans, peas. 
 
 S. D. LaRosh Pekin . . . Broom corn, pumpkins, squashes. 
 
 J. W. McHenry Carmi . . . Broom corn. 
 
 Massac County Fruit Growers' 
 
 Association ....... Metropolis . Broom corn. 
 
 A. Neeper Kinmundy . Broom corn. 
 
 Robert Shedden Pingree Grove Broom corn. 
 
 C. W. Sibley . . ... p ana .... Broom corn. 
 
 University of Illinois Champaign . Broom corn. 
 
 T. S. Weedman Farmer City . Pumpkins, squashes. 
 
 F. E. Bone Tallula . . . Tobacco. 
 
 David Bruniback Dauforth . . Peppers, etc. 
 
 J. L. Burdick Rockford . Peppers. 
 
 W. A. Burdick Winnebago . Tobacco. 
 
 T. P. Chester Champaign . Peppers. Tobacco. 
 
 H. P. Edmonds Taylor . . . Peppers. 
 
 E. S. Fursman El Paso . . . Hops. Peppers. Tobacco, 
 
 Helms & Ripley Belleville . . Tobacco. 
 
 S. D. LaRosh . ... p e kin . . . Peppers, etc. Tobacco. 
 
 W. G. Kimmel Jonesboro. . Peppers. Tobacco. 
 
 J. W. McHenry Carrni . . . Tobacco. 
 
 J. E. Nash . . Princeton . . Hops. ' Peppers. Tobacco. 
 
 A. Neeper Kinmundy . Tobacco. 
 
 A. E. Russell Shattuc . . . Tobacco. 
 
 C. W. Sibley Pana .... Tobacco. 
 
 T. S. Weedman Fanner City . Hops. Peppers. Tobacco. 
 
 F. E. Bone Tallula . . . Hemp. 
 
 David Bruniback Danforth . . Hemp and flax.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. ADDRESS. EXHIBIT. 
 
 J. L. Burdick Rockford . . Flax. 
 
 T. P. Chester Champaign . Hemp and flax. 
 
 \V. P. Edmonds Taylor . . . Hemp. 
 
 W. G. Kimmel Jonesboro . Cotton. 
 
 S. D. LaRosh Pekin . . . Hemp and flax. 
 
 A. Neeper Kinniundy . Hemp. 
 
 Robert Shedden Pingree Grove Hemp and flax. 
 
 T. S. Weedman Farmer City Hemp. 
 
 Department B.-HORTICULTURE. 
 
 A. H. Gasten Lacon . . . Grapes, apples, pears, berries, etc. 
 
 I. G. Hubbard Nokomis . . Peaches. Wax models of peaches. 
 
 Preserved peaches. Orchard pack- 
 ing bench. 
 
 F. C. Johnson Kishwaukee . Cider and vinegar. 
 
 Frederick W. Benham Chicago . . Flowering annual plants. Climbing 
 
 annual plants. Misc, annuals, 
 phlox, asters, etc. 
 
 Bloomington Phrenix Nursery . Blocmington, Trees and shrubs. 
 
 Douglas Park Chicago . . Plants. 
 
 R. Douglas & Sons Waukegan . Flowers and plants. 
 
 Albert Fuchs Chicago . . Tropical plants. 
 
 Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co. . . Chicago . . Flower stands. 
 
 Goode & Co Chicago . . Greenhouse plants. 
 
 Lincoln Park Chicago . . Plants. 
 
 George Miller Chicago . . Hothouse plants. 
 
 Illinois Horticultural Society . . Chicago . . Vegetables. 
 
 P. S. Peterson Chicago . . Trees. 
 
 Wm. Zimmerman Chicago . . Tree and plant setting machine. 
 
 Orange Judd Farmer Co .... Chicago . . Noxious weeds. 
 
 Nettie A. Palmer Chicago . . Herbaria. 
 
 J. Vaughan Chicago . . Plants. Receptacles for plants, etc. 
 
 Washington Park Chicago . . Bedding plants. 
 
 J. C. Vaughn Chicago . . Seeds. 
 
 E. A. Bechtel's Sons Staunton . . Pyrus augustifolia. 
 
 A. H. Gasten Lacon . . . Catalpa, etc. 
 
 David Hill Dundee . . Evergreens. 
 
 E. H. Ricker Co Elgin . . . Evergreens, seeding, etc. Nurseries. 
 
 Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co . . Chicago . . Wire work. 
 
 Glennon & Krause Chicago . . Lawn mower and grass carrier. 
 
 H. B. Hardt Chicago . . Model conservatory. 
 
 Orange Judd Farmer Co .... Chicago . . Fences. 
 
 J. C. Vaughn Chicago . . Horticultural supplies. 
 
 E. S. Fursman El Paso . . . Grapes for the table. Grapes for wine 
 
 making. 
 
 H. A. Aldrich Neoga . . . Fruits. 
 
 Jacob Auer Deer Plain . Fruits. 
 
 A. B. Austin Downer's Grove Fruits. . 
 
 C. E. Austin Effingham . Fruits. 
 
 M D. Baldwin Jacksonville Fruits. 
 
 O. B. Barnard Mantino . . Fruits. 
 
 Wm. Barter Attila . . . Fruits. 
 
 E. Baxter Nauvoo . . . Fruits. 
 
 L. N. Be*t . Mt. Vernon . Fruits.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT B. 
 
 43 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 R. C. Berry ..."-.... Bachtown . . 
 
 F. E. Bone Tallula . . . 
 
 H. D. Brown Hamilton . . 
 
 J. S. Brown ' Alton. . . . 
 
 David Brumback Danforth . 
 
 H. Bryant Princeton . . 
 
 L. R. Bryant Princeton . . 
 
 Benj. Buckman Fanningdale 
 
 J- C. Bull Girard . . . 
 
 J. W. Cain Effingham . 
 
 W. E. Caldwell Griggsville . 
 
 Eli Garbin Carbin Cliff . 
 
 J. J. Cart Morrisville . 
 
 T. P. Chester Champaign . 
 
 G. W. Cook Lacon . . . 
 
 A. Cope Tonti .... 
 
 J. V..Cotta Nursery . . 
 
 W. R. Craine Villa Ridge . 
 
 E. C. Crammer Fairfield 
 
 Clyde Curtee Tamaroa . . 
 
 John Dewe Kankakee . 
 
 H. L. Down Jacksonville 
 
 A. J. Dunlap Dunlap . . . 
 
 H. M. Dunlap Savoy 
 
 R. L. Dunlap Savoy 
 
 W. S. Dyer Springfield . 
 
 H. P. Edmonds Taylor 
 
 G. W. Endicott Villa Ridge . 
 
 Jas. Falin Villa Ridge . 
 
 D. H. Freeman . Metropolis . 
 
 R- T. Fry Olney . . . 
 
 J. W. Fuller Anna .... 
 
 E. S. Fursman El Paso 
 
 S. Goodrich . . Urbana . . 
 
 T. E. Goodrich Cobden . . 
 
 W. E. Gould Villa Ridge . 
 
 E. W. Graves Sandwich . . 
 
 D. H. Gray Elmwood . . 
 
 A. C. Hammond Warsaw 
 
 M. S. Hammond Warsaw 
 
 R. P. Hanna . . . Fairfield . . 
 
 Jay Harrison Flora .... 
 
 C. F. Hartman Nashville . . 
 
 J. L. Hartwell Dixon 
 
 Henry Hauser Franklin Grove 
 
 F. Helms . Belleville . . 
 
 Helms & Ripley Belleville . . 
 
 Ludwig Henke Collinsville . 
 
 W. P. Hessler Cobden . . . 
 
 D. Hill Dundee . . . 
 
 A. H. Hinkley Du Bois 
 
 Oliver Hohnes Fairfield 
 
 M. A. Hooker McLeansboro 
 
 T. Huber Illinois City . 
 
 H. P. Irish Farina . 
 
 EXHIBIT. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Nuts. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Pomaceous and stone fruits. Nuts. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Pomaceous and stone fruits. Nuts. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Apples. -Nuts 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Nuts. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Pomaceous and stone fruits. Nuts. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Pears, apples etc. Nuts in variety. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Fruits.
 
 44 
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 EXHIBIT. 
 
 
 J. T. Johnson 
 
 Warsaw . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 H. Johnston 
 
 Villa Ridge . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 \V. I-;. Jones 
 
 Lincoln . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 \V. E. Jones 
 
 Lincoln . . . 
 
 Pomaceous and stone fruits. 
 
 
 W. G. Kimmel 
 
 Jonesboro . . 
 
 Pomaceous and stone fruits. 
 
 Nuts. 
 
 S. D. LaRosh 
 
 Pekin . . . 
 
 Pomaceous and stone fruits. 
 
 Fruits in 
 
 
 
 alcohol. 
 
 
 T. T. Leeper 
 
 Lima .... 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 F. J. Mann 
 
 Gilmore . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 Massac Co. Fruit Growers' Assn . 
 
 Metropolis . 
 
 Pomaceous and stone fruits. 
 
 Nuts. 
 
 J. R. Matthews 
 
 Marissa . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 J. McCaffery 
 
 Cobden . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 G. W. McCluer 
 
 Champaign . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 John McHinstey 
 
 Dixon . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 J. Z. McSpadelen 
 
 Neoga . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 E. G. Mendenhall 
 
 Kinmundy . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 John Morris 
 
 Fairfield . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 John E. Moyer 
 
 Dixon . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 A. Neeper 
 
 Kinmundy . 
 
 Fruits. Nuts. 
 
 
 W. A. Norris 
 
 Vernon . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 A. W. Orr 
 
 Ottawa . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 C. M. Perrine 
 
 Fairfield . '-. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 W. S. Perrine 
 
 Centralia . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 Richard Perry 
 
 Griggsville . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 Wm. Perry 
 
 Milton . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 D. J. Piper 
 
 Forreston . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 C. R. Powell . 
 
 Sterling . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 C. H. Prescott 
 
 Marengo . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 D. W. Prindell 
 
 Villa Ridge . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 J. A. Ralston 
 
 Fanningdale 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 A. Rice 
 
 Rockford . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 E. A. Ricke 
 
 Alton .... 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 W. S. Ross 
 
 Alma .... 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 A. E. Russell 
 
 Shattuc . . . 
 
 Nuts. 
 
 
 A. B. Ryder 
 
 Fairfield . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 J. E. Seller 
 
 Mt. Carmel . 
 
 Pears, apples, peaches, plums. 
 
 Nuts. 
 
 C. W. Sibley 
 
 Pana .... 
 
 Fruits. Nuts. 
 
 
 H. C. Smith 
 
 Toloni . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 J. S. Smith ( 
 
 Champaign . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 J. B. Spaulding 
 
 Spaulding . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 N. W. Spencer 
 
 Centralia 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 S. N. Stevens 
 
 Warsaw . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 A. Stewart 
 
 Champaign . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 E. Stewart 
 
 Hamilton . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 Phil Stinbler 
 
 Naperville . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 S. R. Stoddard 
 
 EflSngham . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 John Upton 
 
 Springfield . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 H. K. Vickroy 
 
 Normal . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 T. D. Voies 
 
 Neoga . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 J. T. \Vallner 
 
 Neoga . . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 B. C. Warfield 
 
 Sandoval . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 E. B. Watson 
 
 Waverly . . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 C. H. Webster 
 
 Centerville . 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 
 T. S. Weedman 
 
 Farmer City . 
 
 Pears, apples, peaches. Nuts. 
 
 
 G. C. Wells 
 
 Farina . . . 
 
 Fruits. 

 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT B. 
 
 45 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 A. C. Wilson Batchtown . Fruits. 
 
 C. C. Wilson Fail-field . . Fruits. 
 
 J. C. Tv'ilson Olney . . . Fruits. 
 
 H. A. Whiting Franklin Grove Fruits. 
 
 C. G. Winn Griggsville . Fruits. 
 
 L. Woodward Marengo . . Fruits. 
 
 G. B. Worthen Warsaw . . Fruits. 
 
 W. B. Wright Effingham . Fruits. . 
 
 David Youngs Canni . . . Fruits. 
 
 J. L. Zook Olney . . . Fruits. 
 
 H. P. Edmonds Taylor . . . Ferns. 
 
 Mollie Anderson Taylor . . . Beans. 
 
 Louis Banscher Freeport . . Miscellaneous vegetables 
 
 Antomet Beck Freeport . Beans and peas. Turnips, carrots. 
 
 Cabbages. 
 
 David Brumback Danforth . Beans, tomatoes, cucumbers, etc. Cab- 
 bage. Beets, turnips. Miscellaneous. 
 Rockford . . Tomatoes, cucumbers, melons. Rad- 
 (for Stephenson Co.) ishes. Cabbage. Miscellaneous 
 Winnebago . Squashes, pumpkins, melons, etc. 
 Radishes. Asparagus. Rhubarb. 
 Cabbage. 
 J. J. Butler Eldorado . . Beans, peas, etc. 
 
 Champaign . Beans, peas, tomatoes, etc. Beets, 
 turnips, potatoes, etc. Cabbage, let^ 
 tuce. Miscellaneous. 
 Mrs. Clark Dayesville . Potatoes. Carrots. 
 
 Taylor Beans, peas, squashes, etc. Turnips, 
 
 potatoes, carrots, beets. Miscella- 
 neous. 
 
 A. Ernst & Co Farmingdale Peas and beans. Miscellaneous veg- 
 etables. 
 El Paso . Tomatoes, melons, etc. Beets, radishes. 
 
 Asparagus. 
 
 Kankakee Cucumbers, pumpkins, melons. Tur- 
 
 nips, beets. Miscellaneous. 
 is&R Ip ley. Belleville. Beans, peas, tomatoes, etc. Beets, 
 
 turnips, potatoes. Miscellaneous. 
 Morris . Beans, peas, peppers, etc. 
 
 McLeansboro Beans, peas, peppers, etc. Beets, tur- 
 nips, potatoes, etc. Miscellaneous. 
 Rockford . . Miscellaneous vegetables 
 Jonesboro . Cucumbers, okra, melons. Miscella- 
 neous. Rhubarb, asparagus. 
 Knox County Agncultural Board Knoxville . Beets, turnips, potatoes. Cabbage 
 
 Pekin . . . Beans, peas, tomatoes, etc. Radica- 
 ceous and tubrous vegetables. As- 
 paragus, cabbage, etc. Miscellaneous 
 culinary vegetables. 
 Massac County Fruit Growers' r potatoeSj etc MisceUaneous 
 
 T W M w " Metropolis . Beans, peas, peppers. Beets, turnips, 
 
 J. W. McHenry Carmi . . . Beans, peas, etc. 
 
 J. E. Nash Princeton . . Beans, cucumbers, squashes, etc 
 
 Kinmundy . Beans, peas, etc.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. ADDRESS. EXHIBIT. 
 
 A. E. Russell . Shattuc - . . Beans, peas, peppers. Beets, turnips, 
 
 potatoes. Miscellaneous. 
 
 \V. J. Sawyer Belvidere . . Potatoes. 
 
 J. E. Seller Mt. Carmi . Squashes, pumpkins. Cabbage, etc. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Robert Shedden Pingree Grove Beans and peas. 
 
 C. W. Sibley Pana .... Beans, cucumbers, etc. Beets, rad- 
 ishes. Miscellaneous. 
 
 University of Illinois Champaign . Beans, peas, peppers, etc. Beets, 
 
 turnips, carrots, potatoes. Miscel- 
 laneous. 
 
 Adam Vanbel Peoria . . . Peas, beans, cucumbers. Miscella- 
 neous vegetables. 
 
 T. S. Weedman Farmer City Beans, peas, tomatoes. Radishes. 
 
 Cabbage, rhubard. Miscellaneous. 
 
 Mary A. Hawley Dixon . . . Apparatus for applying insecticides. 
 
 Departmert D.-FISH, FISHERIES, ETC. 
 
 E. B. McClanahan Waukegan . Mounted brook trout. 
 
 Henry Seidler . Chicago . . Storm worm. Shrimp. Preserved 
 
 fish specimens. 
 
 A. Booth Packing Co Chicago . . Fresh and canned fish and oysters. 
 
 Salmon, shrimp, etc 
 
 A. S. Comstock ........ Evanston . . Tent for anglers. 
 
 Joseph Rosatka Chicago . . Automatic fishing tackle. 
 
 Waltonian Manufactory Co. . . Chicago . . Artificial flies. 
 
 A. Booth Packing Co Chicago . . Canned fish. 
 
 Mann Bros Chicago . . Pails for shipping oysters. 
 
 John Tobin Chicago . . Fish scaling machine in operation. 
 
 L. Wilzinski Chicago . . Sturgeon sounds. 
 
 O. H. Jewell Filter Co Chicago . . Water filters. 
 
 Department E.-M1NES, MINING AND METALLURGY. 
 
 Samuel Beers Chicago . . Magnesite. 
 
 L. Galitzki, Chicago . . Gold and silver ores. 
 
 John B. SchaefHer Chicago . . Building material. 
 
 Sioux Valley Stone Co Chicago . . Jasper, rough and wrought. 
 
 Chisholm, Boyd & White . . . Chicago " . . Brickmaking clays and shales, bricks. 
 
 Chicago Fitzgerald Plaster Co. . Chicago . . Wall plaster. 
 
 C. H. Rose & Co Chicago . . Cement, cement plaster. 
 
 Chicago Fire- Proof Covering Co. Chicago . . Mineral wool, it,; manufacture and 
 
 products. 
 
 Crane Elevator Co Chicago . . Steam reversing engines for rolling 
 
 mills. 
 
 Illinois Fluor Spar and Lead Co. Chicago . . Fluor spar and its processes. 
 
 Sanderson Bros. Steel Co. . . . Chicago . . Cast steel. 
 
 Swartz Iron & Steel Co Chicago . . Iron and steel. 
 
 Geo. B. Tennant Chicago . . Bessemer products. Open hearth pro- 
 ducts. The metallurgy of iron and 
 steel. 
 
 United States Car Co Chicago . . Merchant iron. 
 
 Western Mineral Wool Co. . . . Chicago . . Mineral wool in bulk, mineral wool, 
 
 insulation minerals. 
 
 Joseph M. Hirsh Chicago . . Aluminum. Aluminum alloys.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT E. 
 
 47 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 Chicago Copper Refining Co. . . Blue Island . Electrolytic copper and its processes. 
 
 Frazer & Chalmers Chicago . . Lead and copper furnace apparatus. 
 
 Copper furnace and converter. 
 
 Joseph M. Hirsh Chicago . . Aluminum bronze. 
 
 H. L. Bridgman Blue Island . Ore sampling machine. 
 
 Chicago Iron Works Chicago . . Stamp mill. Amalgamating plant. 
 
 Fraser & Chalmers Chicago Stamp mill. Amalgamating barrel. 
 
 Orrin B. Peck Chicago . . Centrifugal ore concentrator. 
 
 Raymond Bros Chicago . . Pulverizing machinery. 
 
 Chicago Iron Works Chicago . . Smelting and concentrating plants. 
 
 Fraser & Chalmers Chicago . . Lead furnaces. 
 
 American Well Works Aurora . . . Diamond boring, prospecting and 
 
 sinking machinery. Drilling tools 
 and hydraulic well sinking machin'y 
 
 M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co Chicago . . Hand diamond drill. Rock drills. 
 
 Diamond drills. Well boring rig 
 and derrick. 
 
 Sullivan Machinery Co. . . . Chicago . . Diamond and steam rock drills. Coal 
 
 mining machines. 
 
 W. A. McCune & Co Sterling . . Hand and power drills. 
 
 A. W. Morgan Springfield . Well-making machinery. 
 
 American Well Works Aurora . . . Mining pumps. 
 
 M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co Chicago . . Air compressors, engines and hoist. 
 
 Chicago Iron Works Chicago . . Air compressors, hoisting and pump- 
 ing engines. 
 Crane Elevator Co. ...'... Chicago . . Steam mine hoisting engine and cages. 
 
 Fraser & Chalmers Chicago . Hoists. 
 
 Borden & Selleck Co Chicago . . Conveyors of coal. 
 
 Corey Car & Mfg. Co Chicago . . Cars, switches and turn-tables. 
 
 Fraser & Chalmers Chicago . . Bullion moulds, cars, pots, etc. 
 
 Gates Iron Works Chicago . . Rock and ore breakers. Cornish rolls. 
 
 Raymond Bros Chicago . . Ball pulverizers. 
 
 Robert Aitchison Perforated [ated plates. 
 
 Metal Co Chicago . . Grizzlys for placer mining. Perfor- 
 
 Borden & Selleck Co Chicago . . Coal elevator and screen. 
 
 Fraser & Chalmers Chicago . . Perforated metal. 
 
 Raymond Bros Chicago . . Pneumatic separators. 
 
 Wm. Hoskins & Co Chicago . . Furnaces and blast lamps. 
 
 Richards & Co Chicago . . Furnaces, muffles and appliances. 
 
 Scorification and cupelling appara- 
 tus. Volumetric methods and ap- 
 paratus. Assay balances, etc. Assay 
 tables, schemes and methods. 
 
 Black Diamond Co Chicago . . Coal and coal mining Journal. 
 
 Callaghan & Co Chicago , . Mining reports. 
 
 George W. Cope Chicago . . "The Iron Age," "The Metal Worker," 
 
 "Carpentry and Building." 
 
 Gates Iron Works Chicago . . Models of rock breakers and Cornish 
 
 rolls. 
 
 J. B. Sanborn Co Chicago . . Coal dealers' blue book. 
 
 Walburn Swenson Co Chicago . . Model of works for concentrating low 
 
 grade ores.
 
 4 8 
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 Department F.-MACHINERY. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 ADDIIKSS. 
 
 Aertnotor Co Chicago . 
 
 American Leather Link Belt Co. Chicago . 
 
 American Well Works Aurora . . 
 
 Bates Machine Co Joliet . . . 
 
 H. W. Caldwell & Son Co. . . . Chicago . 
 Challenge Windmill & Feed 
 
 Mill Co Batavia . . 
 
 Chapman Valve Mfg. Co. . . . Chicago . 
 
 Chicago Automatic Scale Co. . . Chicago . 
 
 Chicago Belting Co Chicago . 
 
 Chicago Gas & Crude Oil Burner 
 
 Mfg. Co Chicago . 
 
 Chicago Rawhide Mfg. Co. ... Chicago . 
 
 E. G. T. Colles & Co Chicago . 
 
 Crane Elevator Co Chicago . 
 
 Crane Co Chicago . 
 
 Dodge Mfg. Co Chicago . 
 
 Envin-Welch Hydraulic Mach. Co. Chicago . 
 
 Field Feed \Vater Purifier Co. . Chicago . 
 
 Fraser & Chalmers Chicago . 
 
 Globe Light & Heat Co Chicago . 
 
 Hayes Pump & Planter Co. . . Galva . . 
 
 Hercules Iron Works Chicago . 
 
 J. G. Hoffman Chicago . 
 
 A. L. He & Son Springfield 
 
 0. H. Jewel Filter Co Chicago . 
 
 H. W. Johns Mfg. Co Chicago . 
 
 Thos. Kane & Co Chicago . 
 
 1. T. Kearns & Co Chicago . 
 
 Kroeschells & Bourgeois .... Chicago . 
 
 Liquid Carbonic Acid Mfg. Co. . Chicago . 
 
 Miller Steam Pump Co Dixon . . 
 
 National Supply Co Chicago . 
 
 Miles G. Hixon Chicago . 
 
 Geo. E. Nye Chicago . 
 
 George Oberne & Co Chicago . 
 
 H. H. Perkins Mfg. Co Kewanee . 
 
 E. B. Preston & Co Chicago . 
 
 Sandwich Enterprise Co. ... Sandwich . 
 
 Chas. A. Schieren Chicago . 
 
 J. A. Smith & Co Chicago . 
 
 Tuerk Bros Chicago . 
 
 Webster Mfg. Co Chicago . 
 
 Welch- Erwin Hydraulic Mach. Co Chicago . 
 
 F. C. Wells Chicago . 
 
 Wilson F. Cortez & Co Chicago . 
 
 Fred W. Wolf Co Chicago . 
 
 Fire Extinguisher Mfg. Co. . . Chicago . 
 
 EXHIBIT. 
 
 Pumps. 
 
 Leather link belts. 
 
 Engines, pumping machinery. 
 
 Engine. 
 
 Power transmitting machinery. 
 
 Pumps. 
 
 Steam Valves. 
 
 Grain weighing machine. 
 
 Belting. 
 
 Oil burning device for boilers. 
 
 Belting, leather. 
 
 Feed water heaters, live steam puri- 
 fiers and boiler cleaning filters. 
 
 Hydraulic machines, piston and cages. 
 Steam engines. Power pump. El- 
 evators 
 
 Steam, water and gas supplies. 
 
 Wood split pulleys in paper mill plant. 
 
 Engines ; motors. 
 
 Heater and purifier. 
 
 Mining machine. Engine. 
 
 Gas machine. 
 
 Force pumps, windmills and power 
 pumps. 
 
 Ice and refrigerating machines. 
 
 Hand fan blowers. 
 
 Engines. 
 
 Water filters. 
 
 Pipe coverings. Asbestos pipe covering. 
 
 Engines. 
 
 Valves. 
 
 Feed water heater. 
 
 Acid and machinery. 
 
 Pumps. 
 
 Fuel oil burners. 
 
 Oil engine. 
 
 Pumps. 
 
 Belting. 
 
 Force pump. 
 
 Leather belting. 
 
 Pumps, cylinders, tools. 
 
 Belting, stuffing, cement. 
 
 Vegetable boiler compound. 
 
 Gas burners. 
 
 Gas engines. Conveyor, elevators, etc. 
 
 Pumps. 
 
 Pumps and engines. 
 
 Oil filters and tanks. 
 
 Refrigerating machine. 
 
 Hook and ladder true".:. Fire extin- 
 guishers.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT F. 
 
 49 
 
 EXHIBITOR. ADDRESS. EXHIBIT. 
 
 Harden Hand Fire ExtinguisherCo. Chicago . . Fire extinguishers. 
 
 Lindgreii-Mahan Chemical Fire [guishers. 
 
 Engine Co Chicago . . Chemical fire engine and fire extin- 
 
 Miller Chemical Engine Co. . . Chicago . . Chemical fire extinguishers. 
 3. B. Preston & Co Chicago . . Fire hose, brass goods. 
 
 W. F. and John Barnes & Co. . Rockford . . Lathes, drills, etc. 
 
 Chas. H. Besly & Co Chicago . . Metal working machinery. 
 
 Canedy-Otto Mfg. Co Chicago . . Portable forges, blowers, vises, drills, 
 
 screw plates, anvils and blacksmith 
 tools. 
 
 Capitol JVZfg. Co Chicago . . Metal working machines. 
 
 Farquhar Heating Co. . Chicago . . Riveting and grinding machine. 
 
 International Steel Post Co. . . Chicago . . Rolling machine and punches. 
 
 J.C.Walsh Chicago . . Tools for brazing and soldering. 
 
 Weldless Steel Chain Co. ... Chicago . . Chain rolling machines. 
 
 Dennison Mfg. Co Chicago . . Tag making machine. 
 
 Electrical Machine Co Chicago Cloth cutting machine. 
 
 Gardner Sewing Machine Co. . Aurora. . . Sewing and folding machines. 
 
 Wm. H. Mitchell . . . Chicago . . Embroidery, perforating and sewing 
 
 machines. 
 
 National Sewing Machine Co. . Belvidere . . Sewing machine. 
 
 North Press Co Chicago . . Tag machine. 
 
 Union Special Sewing Mach. Co. Chicago . . Sewing machines. 
 
 Weyburn Special Machine Co. . Chicago . . Knitting, cutting and cementing ma- 
 chines. 
 
 Chicago Rapid Roofing Co. . . Chicago . . Shingling machine. 
 
 Covel Mfg. Co. Chicago . . File room machinery. 
 
 Folding Sawing Machine Co. . . Chicago . . Sawing machine. 
 
 Greenlee Bros. & Co Chicago Wood-working machinery. 
 
 Moseley & Co. ... Elgin . . . Bench lathes, etc. 
 
 Smith & Phillips Mfg. Co. ... Chicago . . Wood-working machinery. 
 
 Avery & Burton Chicago . . Perforating machinery. 
 
 Barnhart Bros. & Spindler . Chicago . . Old Ramage press. Type casting 
 
 machines. 
 
 Goss Printing Press Co Chicago . Newspaper perfecting presses. 
 
 Lieb Machine Works .... Chicago . . Embossing and inking presses. 
 Miehle Printing Press & Mfg. Co. Chicago . . Printing press. 
 Prouty Co Chicago . . Printing presses. 
 
 F. P. Rosback Chicago . . Toilet paper machine. 
 
 Shniedewend & Lee Co. Chicago . . Printing presses. Job presses. Elec- 
 
 trotypers' machines. Paper cutters. 
 Duplex Color Disc Co. . Chicago Duplex color ink plate for printing 
 
 presses. 
 
 5. Russell Cooper . ... Chicago . . Sign painting machine. 
 
 Warren Ewen Jr. & Co Chicago . . Multi-color process exhibit. 
 
 Acme Machine Co. ... Moline . . Dish-washing machine. 
 
 G. S. Blakeslee Co. Chicago . . Dish-washer machine. 
 
 Chicago Fire Proof Covering Co. Chicago . . Mineral wool and other steam pipe 
 
 and boiler covering. 
 
 Josephine Cochrane Park Manor Dish-washing machine. 
 
 Crown Pen Co. . . Chicago . . Pen making machine. 
 
 3. P. Donnell Mfg. Co. Chicago . . Wire stitchers and index machine. 
 
 Electric Automatic Appliances Co. Chicago . Automatic engine stop. 
 
 Geneva Optical Co Chicago . . Drill, lens and prism measure.grinder. 
 
 Goodsell Packing Co Chicago . . Engine packing, etc.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 F. A. Hardy Chicago . . Machine for grinding lenses and fit- 
 ting them to the eye. 
 
 Chas. Kaestner & Co Chicago . . Paint mills. 
 
 Kennedy Wire Nail Machine Co. Chicago . . Wire nail machine. 
 
 W. H. Lahman Chicago . Grates. 
 
 Hugh D. Matthews Chicago . Tablet machine. 
 
 Mrs. Addie Dickman Miller . . Chicago . . Dish-washing machine. 
 
 C. D. Osborn Chicago . . Machine forthemanufactureof gloves. 
 
 R. C. Pope Chicago . . Reversible horse rollers. 
 
 James A. Smith Chicago . . Vegetable boiler compound. 
 
 Tuerk Bros Chicago . . Watch and clock tools. 
 
 U. S. Mangle & Laundry Machine 
 
 Co Chicago . . Laundry machinery. 
 
 Vacuum Oil Co Chicago . . Models of the Rochester and Olean 
 
 works. 
 
 Western Wheeled Scraper Co. . Aurora . . Road roller and street sweeper. 
 
 \Volf, Sayer & Heller Chicago . Meat market supplies. 
 
 Compress Wheel Co Chicago . . Polishing and buffing wheels. 
 
 Crane Elevator Co Chicago . . Engine for rolling mill service. 
 
 J. W. Condon Chicago . . Mixing machinery. 
 
 Chas. Kaestner & Co Chicago . . Mills for preparation of cereals. Spin 
 
 mills. 
 
 E. Westerman & Co Chicago . . Dough mixers and rollers. 
 
 Barnard & Leas Mfg. Co Moline . . Flour mill machinery. 
 
 Department G. TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 Frederick U. Adams Chicago . . Model of engine, tender and cars. 
 
 Adams & Westlake Co Chicago . . Railway car trimmings and lighting 
 
 appliances. 
 
 C. O. Allen & W. H. Wellman . Pullman . . Model of combination coach, dining 
 
 car and sleeper. 
 
 Allen Paper Car Wheel Co. . . . Chicago . . Paper and metal center wheels. 
 
 American Car, Truck & Supply Co. Chicago . . High speed hand drill. Trucks, coup- 
 ler, bearings, springs. 
 
 American Railway Water Co. . Chicago . . Model of automatic railway water sta- 
 tion and pump. 
 
 Anglo-American Refrigerator 
 
 Car Co Chicago . . Refrigerator car. 
 
 Sinclair Arcus Chicago . . Hand-car hoist. 
 
 Arms Palace Horse Car Co. . . . Chicago . . Cars for horses. 
 
 F. C. Austin Mfg. Co Chicago . . Grader, ditcher and ore breaker. 
 
 Automatic Interchangeable Car 
 
 Coupling Co Chicago . . Car couplers. 
 
 J. H. Bass Chicago . . Locomotive and car wheels, castings. 
 
 Bogue & Mills Chicago . . Crossing guards, pnumatic lever and 
 
 cable crossing gates. 
 
 Joseph H. Campbell Chicago . . Rail joints and chairs. Side bearings. 
 
 Canda Cattle Car Co Chicago . . Stock car. 
 
 Chicago Car Seal & Mfg. Co. . . Chicago . . Car seals, locks, dies, tags, etc. 
 
 C., M. & St P. R. R. Co. . . . Chicago . . A light and heat tender. 
 
 C., B. & Q. R. R. Co Aurora . . . Dynamometer car. 
 
 Chicago & Northwestern R. R. Co. Chicago . . Locomotive "Pioneer." 
 
 Chicago Ry. Equipment Co. . . Chicago . . Metal brake beams. 
 
 Chicago Scale Co Chicago . . Railroad track scale.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT G. 
 
 5 1 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 A. H. Clark Co. . . Chicago . Automatic piston packings. 
 
 Congdon Brake Shoe Co. . . . Chicago . . Brake shoes and steel castings. 
 W. H. Cosper Co. Chicago . . . Metallic weather strip for cars. 
 
 Crane Co. . Chicago . . Air brakes and material. 
 
 Dewitt C. Cregier, Jr Chicago . . Electric train signal. 
 
 Drexel Railway Supply Co. . Chicago . Drills, car couplers, journal box covers, 
 
 car replacers, etc. 
 
 Fox Solid Pressed Steel Co. . . Chicago . . Flat car, trucks and parts. 
 Frank Brady .... Chicago . . Railroad tricycle. 
 
 J. M. Goodwin Chicago . . Dump car. 
 
 Greer, Howard & Co. Chicago . . Railway track appliances. 
 
 Griffin Wheel & Foundry Co. Chicago Car wheels. Multiple speed Ry. on 
 
 pier. Intramural Ry. 
 
 Harvey Steel Car & Repair W'ks. Harvey Gondola, box, freight and oil tank 
 
 cars. 
 
 Herman Heinze Chicago . . Wall map. 
 
 Hicks Stock Car Co Chicago . . Stock car. 
 
 Hiuson Car Coupler Co. Chicago . . Automatic car-coupler. 
 
 D. F. Holman . Chicago . . Sketch of railway track-laying machine 
 
 Hutchms Refrigerator Car Co. . Chicago . . Refrigerator cars. 
 
 C. C. Jerome . . Chicago . . Packing glands, fittings and supplies. 
 
 Thomas D. Jones Car Construction 
 
 Co - Chicago . . Nut locks and spur locks. 
 
 Kilmer Mfg. Co. . Chicago Automatic pipe coupler for railway 
 
 cars. 
 Link Belt Machinery Co. . ' Chicago .' . Appliances for handling materials in 
 
 bulk. 
 
 Live Poultry Transportation Co. . Chicago . . Live poultry car. 
 Mason Air Brake & Signal Co. Chicago Automatic brakes, connections and 
 
 apparatus. 
 
 Mather's Humane Stock Trans- 
 portation Co Chicago . Stock car. 
 
 James McAndrews . Chicago . . Journal brasses, locomotive bells, etc 
 
 McGuire Mfg. Co Chicago Door for grain freight car. Automatic 
 
 switch stand. 
 
 Mechanical Mfg. Co Chicago . . Bumping posts. 
 
 Geo. S. Morison . . . . Chicago . . Model of bridge. 
 
 National Car Ventilating Co. . Chicago . . Ventilated fruit car. 
 National Hollow Brake Beam Co. Chicago . . Metal brake beams. 
 
 National Car Coupler Co Chicago . . Automatic car couplers. 
 
 National Surface Guard Co. ... Chicago . Cattle guards. 
 
 Nelson Morris & Co Chicago . . Refrigerator car. 
 
 Northwestern Equipment Co. Chicago Brake beam, car doors and journal 
 
 box lid. 
 Nowlin Safety Switch & Signal Co. Chicago . . Switch and signal and model 
 
 J. H. O'Hara Chicago . . Air brakes. 
 
 Peoria Steel & Iron Co Peoria . . Nuts, bolts, etc. 
 
 Frank A. Philbrick Chicago . . Bridge gates. 
 
 Pneumatic Gate Co Chicago . . Railway gates. 
 
 A. B. Pullman Co Chicago . . Freight car door. 
 
 Pullman Palace Car Co. Chicago .. Complete vestibule train. Passenger 
 
 coaches, locomotives, etc 
 
 Chicago . . Ticket cases, tickets, punches, bag- 
 gage checks, maps, etc.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 Rodger Ballast Car Co. . 
 
 Mrs. Caroline W. Romney . . . 
 Stafford Automatic Draw Bar Co. 
 
 Sellers, Morris & Co 
 
 Street's Western Stable Car Line 
 
 Streeter-Amet Weighing & Re- 
 cording Co 
 
 B. E. Tilden 
 
 United States Car Co 
 
 United States Wind Engine & 
 Pump Co 
 
 F. F. Voigt 
 
 Wagner Palace Car Co 
 
 Wakefield Rattan Co 
 
 Montgomery, Ward & Co. . . . 
 
 Western Wheel Scraper Co. . . 
 
 Harris A. Wheeler 
 
 Benj. Wolhaupter 
 
 Chicago Naptha Motor Co. . . . 
 
 Columbian Intramural Railway . 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Batavia . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Aurora . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Englewood . 
 
 World's Fair 
 
 Grounds. . . 
 Elevated Suspension Electric 
 
 Railway .Co Chicago . . 
 
 Genett Air Brake Co Chicago . . 
 
 International Register Co. . . Chicago . . 
 
 Geo. M. Ludlow Elgin . . . 
 
 James McAndrews Chicago . . 
 
 McGuire Mfg. Co Chicago . . 
 
 Pullman Palace Car Co Chicago . . 
 
 Standard Fireless Engine Co. . . Chicago . . 
 
 Standard Railway Supply Co. . Chicago . . 
 
 B. E. Tilden Chicago . . 
 
 Harris A. Wheeler Chicago . . 
 
 Acme End Gate Mfg. Co. . . . Chicago . . 
 
 American Cycle Co. Chicago . . 
 
 A. H. Atwood Chicago . . 
 
 F. C. Austin Mfg. Co Chicago . . 
 
 Frank B. Barkley Mfg. Co. . . . Chicago . . 
 
 Blodgett Mfg. Co Chicago . . 
 
 L. A. Butler Chicago . . 
 
 Checkbook Holdback Coupling Co. Chicago . . 
 
 A. H. Clark Co Chicago . . 
 
 Columbia Cab Co Decatur . . 
 
 Cork Faced Collar Co Lincoln . . 
 
 Derby Cycle Co Chicago . . 
 
 J. V. Dougine Chicago . . 
 
 Donnelly & Deward Chicago . . 
 
 Duuham & Kissinger Bros. . . Englewood . 
 
 A. Featherstone & Co Chicago . . 
 
 EXHIBIT. 
 Ballast distributing cars; section of 
 
 track'. 
 
 Foot stove for cars. 
 Automatic link and pin draw bars and 
 
 models. 
 
 Splice bars, track spike and steel rail. 
 Cattle car. 
 
 Weighing and recording device. 
 Wrecking frogs and bridge guards. 
 Refrigerator car. 
 
 Railway water-station material. 
 
 Model of track-laying machine. 
 
 Passenger equipment. 
 
 Railway car seats. 
 
 Graders and scrapers. 
 
 Scrapers, road machines, etc. 
 
 Car seats and chairs. 
 
 Car brake attachment 
 
 Street car motor. Exhibition tracks. 
 
 World's Fair elevated electric railway. 
 
 Model of electric suspension railway. 
 
 Air-brake equipment. 
 
 Fare registers. 
 
 Model of electric car and track. 
 
 Street car castings and gongs. 
 
 Motor trucks. 
 
 Street cars. 
 
 Ammoniacal motor with apparatus. 
 
 Street car stoves and specialties. 
 
 Motor replacers, wrecking frogs, bridge 
 
 guards. 
 
 Street car seats. 
 Wagon end gate. 
 Bicycles, etc. 
 
 Carriage lamps, harness mountings. 
 Dump cart and wagon. Road grader, 
 
 roller, street sweeper, and wagon 
 
 loader. 
 Buggy and phaeton. Harness and 
 
 saddlery goods. 
 Bicycles. 
 Carriage fittings. 
 Couplings. 
 Bicycles. 
 
 Baby carriages, stools. 
 Horse collars. 
 Bicycles and parts. 
 Wagon and truck. 
 Safety bicycle. 
 Dump wagons. 
 Bicycles, children's carriages.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT G. 
 
 53 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 J. H. Fenton Co Chicago . Stable accessories. 
 
 W. S. Frazier & Co Chicago . . Light pleasure vehicles. 
 
 Freeport Bicycle Mfg. Co. ... Freeport . . Bicycles and parts. 
 
 Gormully & Jeffery Mfg. Co. . . Chicago . . Bicycles and parts. 
 
 John M. Green Mfg Co Chicago . . Harness, stable accessories. 
 
 Hill Cart Co Chicago . . Road carts. 
 
 Hullar Bros Chicago . . Horse collars. 
 
 F. C. Johnson Kishwaukee Neck-yokes. 
 
 Johnson Wheel Co Freeport . . Carriage wheels. 
 
 Joliet Straw-bridge Co Joliet . . . Farm wagon. 
 
 Kauffinan Buggy Co. . . Chicago . . Light pleasure vehicles. 
 
 S. Kipler & Sons .... Chicago . . Stable accessories. 
 
 Knickerbocker Ice Co. Chicago . . Ice and dump wagons. 
 
 C. P. Kimball & Co. . . Chicago . . Pleasure carriages. Speeding wagons. 
 
 Trotting sleighs. Stable accessories. 
 
 Chicago . . Carriage bodies, spokes and wagon 
 wood. 
 
 Kenwood Mfg. Co Chicago . . Bicycles. 
 
 R. F. Krause Chicago . . Buggy tops. 
 
 McCollum Steel Wheel Wagon Co. Elgin . . . Steel wheel wagons. 
 
 T. W. McFarland . Chicago . . Carriage tops and side panels. 
 
 Moline Wagon Co Moline . . . Farm wagons. Spring wagons. 
 
 Monarch Cycle Co Chicago . Bicycles. 
 
 John H. O'Hara Chicago . . Thill couplings. 
 
 A. Ortmeyer & Son Chicago . . Saddlery. 
 
 A. F. Risser Co Chicago . . Saddlery. 
 
 Rock Falls Mfg. Co. ... Sterling . . Hearses and cars. 
 
 Rouse-D\iryea Cycle Co Peoria . . . Bicycles and parts 
 
 Rouse Hazard & Co Peoria . . . Bicycles and parts. 
 
 Safety Halter Co Chicago . . Safety halter, rope and street tie-rope. 
 
 D. F. Sargent & Son Geneseo . . Road carts. 
 
 Schuttler & Hotz . . . Chicago . . Wagon and cart. Special purpose 
 
 wagons. 
 
 D. M. Sechler Carriage Co. ... Moline . . . Light pleasure vehicles 
 
 G. F. G. Slender Chicago . . Harness. 
 
 Staver & Abbott Mfg. Co .... Chicago . . Light pleasure vehicles. 
 
 Stokes Mfg. Co. ... Chicago . . Bicycles and parts. 
 
 C. Stone & Sons Chicago . . Pleasure carriages. 
 
 S. Taylor & Co Chicago . . Track harness; horse boots. 
 
 Trott Mfg. Co Chicago . . Surcingles. 
 
 United States Whip Co. . Chicago . . Whips and lashes. 
 
 Wakefield Rattan Co Chicago . . Children's carriages. 
 
 Wayne Sulkyette & R. C. Co. Decatur . . Light pleasure vehicles. 
 
 Weber Wagon Co. . Chicago Special purpose wagons. Mountain 
 
 wagons. Bob sleigh. 
 
 Western Wheel Works . Chicago . . Bicycles. Wheel chairs; children's 
 
 carriages. 
 
 Western Wheeled Scraper Co. . Aurora . . . Wheelbarrows. 
 
 Wheat Mfg. Co Chicago . . Trace holders. 
 
 Bostedo Package & Cash Carrier 
 
 Co Chicago . . Pneumatic tubes. Store service carriers 
 
 Burdette & Rowntree . . . Chicago . . Mechanism for operating elevator 
 
 doors. 
 
 Crane Elevator Co Chicago . . Elevators and passenger machines.
 
 54 
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. ADDRESS EXHIBIT 
 
 Dewitt C. Cregier Chicago . . Electric elevators. 
 
 Smith Pneumatic Transfer and [grain, etc. 
 
 Storage Co Chicago . . Pneumatic machinery for conveying 
 
 Standard Store Service Co. . . . Freeport . . Cash and package carriers. 
 Smith-Hill Foundry and Machine 
 
 Co Quincy . . . Elevators. 
 
 Blodgett Mfg. Co Chicago . . Treadle power boat. 
 
 Chicago Ship Building Co. . . . Chicago . . Ship models and pictures. 
 
 Chas. F. Elmes Chicago . . Engines. Steam launch Chicago. 
 
 Hickman E. Foster Decatur . . Boat detaching apparatus. 
 
 P. D. Johnston Chicago . . Model of ocean steam yacht. 
 
 Thos. Kane & Co Chicago . . Yachts, boats and canoes. Steam and 
 
 electro- vapor launches. Boat fittings. 
 
 Ellis R. Meeker Chicago . . Steam launches. Lagoons and lake. 
 
 N. C. Poulsen Chicago . . Paintings of vessels, etc. 
 
 Rice & Whitacre Mfg. Co. . . . Chicago . . Engine. 
 
 David Richards Chicago . . Sailing model of sea-going racing 
 
 yacht. 
 
 Venetian Gondola Co Chicago . . Gondolas and barges. 
 
 E. A. Wilkstrom Momence . . Boat from Hammerfest, Norway. 
 
 Alex. M. Woolfolk Chicago . . Canal excavator. 
 
 Department H.-MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Lena G. Austrain Chicago . . Hair tonic and lotion. 
 
 B. D. Baldwin & Co Chicago . . Perfumes. 
 
 Buttermilk Toilet Co Chicago . . Soap. 
 
 J. S. Kirk & Co Chicago . . Soaps, perfumery and glycerine. 
 
 Krenibs & Co Chicago . . Chemical preparations. Pharmaceu- 
 tical and technical preparations. 
 
 Enoch Morgan Sons Chicago . . Scouring soap. 
 
 Mrs. E. A. Osterhout Chicago . . Toilet soap. 
 
 Zehring Co Chicago . . Perfumes and toilet goods. 
 
 Eugene Arnstein Chicago . . Bronze-powder, paints, brushes, etc. 
 
 Berry Bros Chicago . . Varnishes. 
 
 Chicago Varnish Co Chicago . . Varnishes and material. 
 
 Watts DeGolyer Co Chicago . . Varnishes. 
 
 G. D. Dunham Chicago . . Glaziers' diamonds. 
 
 Gerts, Lumbard & Co Chicago . . Paint brushes, etc. 
 
 Heath & Milligan Mfg. Co. . . . Chicago . . Paints and supplies. 
 
 John W. Masury & Son Chicago . . Varnishes, japans and stains. White 
 
 leads. Artist's colors. 
 
 Rubber Paint Co Chicago . . Paints and materials. 
 
 Senour Mfg. Co Chicago . . Paints and colors. 
 
 L. H. Thomas Co Chicago . . Inks, mucilage, bluing. 
 
 Valentine & Co Chicago . . Varnishes, colors and material. 
 
 Amberg File & Index Co. . . . Chicago . . Letter files, copying and index books. 
 
 Auto-typograph Co Chicago . . An instrument for copying hand writ- 
 ing and typewriting. 
 
 Crown Pen Co Chicago . . Fountain and gold pens. 
 
 Dennisoji Mfg. Co Chicago . . Stationers' goods, tissue paper articles. 
 
 A. B. Dick & Co Chicago Typewriters, Edison's mimeograph. 
 
 Electrose Mfg. Co Chicago . . Inkstands, paper weights, etc. 
 
 B. Grieshaber Chicago . . Gold pens, picks, etc.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT H. 
 
 55 
 
 Hammond Typewriter Co. 
 
 Illinois Iron & Bolt Co 
 
 Munson Typewriter Co 
 
 Rockwell & Rupel Co 
 
 Rubel Bros 
 
 Safeguard Account Co 
 
 Henry O. Shepard Co 
 
 Smith-Premier Typewriting Co. . 
 Western Coated Paper & Card Co. 
 
 Western Paper Bag Co 
 
 Adams & Westlake Co 
 
 American Saloon Fixture Co. 
 Brunswick, Balke, Collander Co. 
 
 Chicago Typewriters and appurtenances. Mod- 
 
 els of printing devices and factories. 
 Carpenterville Copy presses and stands. 
 Chicago . . Typewriters. 
 
 Chicago Copy presses, typewriters' supplies. 
 
 Chicago . . Account books and system of accounts. 
 Chicago Account books and system of book- 
 
 keeping. 
 
 Chicago . . Blank books, cards, printed books, etc. 
 Chicago Typewriters and supplies. 
 
 Chicago . . Coated papers. 
 Batavia . . Paper bags and paper. 
 Chicago . . Brass bedsteads. 
 Chicago . . Saloon furniture. 
 
 Chicago Furniture for club, billiard and bar 
 
 rooms. 
 
 Leopold Buxbaum Chicago . . Restaurant .able 
 
 Central Mfg. Co Chicago . . Office furniture 
 
 ?. Child Chair Co. ... Chicago . . Adjustable chairs. 
 Clark & Co. . Chicago . . Mouldings and picture frames 
 
 )ean&Co. . Chicago . . Bamboo furniture. 
 
 Demme & Dierkes Furniture Co. Chicago . . Chamber suits 
 
 JibbleeCo. Chicago . . Furniture, mantels and decorations. 
 
 Ehman&S.monMf^Co. . Chicago . Wood mantels and interior finishing. 
 
 Garden City Billiard Table Co. . Chicago , Billiard tables, cues, balls etc 
 
 ,. M. Hamlme & Co Chicago . . Chamber suits. 
 
 Bros. Mfg. Co. . Chicago Chamber suits, side boards, chiffoniers, 
 
 tables and stands. 
 
 Hornung Mfg. Co Chicago . . Barber shop fittings. 
 
 Thos. Kane & Co Chicago . . Post-office furniture. 
 
 S. Karpen & Bros Chicago . . Parlor furniture. 
 
 Klemm, Smith & Co. Chicago Picture frames, moldings, looking 
 
 glasses, etc. 
 Theo. A. Kochs Chicago . . Barbers' supplies 
 
 Koemg & Gamer Furniture Co. Chicago . Chamber suits, chiffoniers and cribs. 
 Marks Adjustable Folding Chair 
 
 Chicago . . Folding chairs. 
 
 C. S. Olsen & Co. . . Chicago . . Desks and combination bed 
 
 Passow&Sons Chicago . . Bar and billiard room fixtures, etc 
 
 A. Peterson & Co. . Chicago . . Desks. 
 
 Ug "f F :- Richter Chicago . . Mirrors, picture framesand moldings 
 
 RockfordPurmture Exchange . Rockford . . Furniture 
 
 Percy A. Sanguinetti Chicago . . Folding beds 
 
 Jay C. Wemple & Co. Chicago . . Window shades and shade rollers. 
 
 Chicago . . Hat racks, desks and cabinets. 
 
 Windsor Folding Bed Co. Chicago . . Folding beds, tables, chairs, etc 
 
 Columbian Ceramic Association. Chicago .. Decorated china 
 
 Leonide C. Lavaron . Chicago . . Decorated china; punch bowl 
 
 Northwestern Terra Cotta Co. . Chicago . . Terra Cotta. 
 Pioneer Fire Proof Construction 
 
 T>. ff C " ' Chicago . . Fire clay and terra cotta fire proofing. 
 
 Tiffany Pressed Bnck Co Chicago .. Brick and roofing tiles. 
 
 .chols & Co. .... Chicago . . Monuments. 
 
 Frank G. White . South Chicago Hermetic shrouds.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXH1BITPK. 
 
 American Bronze Co. 
 K. M. Hicks & Co. 
 
 Geo. E. Androvette & Co. . . . Chicago . . 
 
 H. Erkins Chicago . . 
 
 Flanagan & Biedenweg .... Chicago . . 
 
 Healey & Millett Chicago . . 
 
 Miss Marie Herndi Chicago . . 
 
 McCully & Miles Chicago . . 
 
 Rawson & Evans ....... Chicago . . 
 
 Wells Glass Co Chicago . . 
 
 BenzigerBros Chicago . . 
 
 Wm. Rogers Mfg. Co Chicago . . 
 
 Edward P. Jones Chicago . . 
 
 Ansonia Clock Co. ...:... Chicago . . 
 
 Geneva Clock Co. Chicago . . 
 
 C. F. Baum Chicago . . 
 
 Belding Bros. & Co Chicago . . 
 
 Nonotuck Silk Co Chicago . . 
 
 Richardson Silk Co Chicago . . 
 
 James Thompson & Co Chicago . . 
 
 C. F. Baum Chicago . . 
 
 J. Capps & Son Jacksonville , 
 
 Jackson & McEnery Co Chicago . . 
 
 Joseph Back Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago Corset Co. Chicago. . . 
 
 duett, Coon & Co Chicago . . 
 
 Wm. J. Collins Chicago . . 
 
 Fred W. Croft Chicago . . 
 
 Davis Sewing Machine Co. . . 
 Domestic Sewing Machine Co. 
 
 Earl Mfg. Co 
 
 Ederheimer, Stein & Co. . . . 
 
 Downs, Gage Co 
 
 Glasser & Rock . 
 
 Grus & Luken 
 N. B. Haynes . 
 Frank Heining 
 
 Hippach & Benson 
 Chas. E. Hvde & Co. 
 
 Ivorine Collar and Cuff Co. 
 
 Keith Bros. & Co 
 
 J. W. Kilmore 
 
 Nathan Kuh & Fisher Co. 
 Lundahl & Co. 
 
 Chicago . . Bronze statues and castings. 
 Chicago . . Floor, skylight and ornamental work 
 in iron and glass. 
 
 Decorative glass. 
 
 Stained glass and glass windows. 
 
 Art glass. 
 
 Stained glass. 
 
 Stained glass window. 
 
 Stained glass windows. 
 
 Ornamental glass. 
 
 Art stained and ornamental glass. 
 
 Catholic church supplies. 
 
 Silver, gold and silver plated ware. 
 
 Gold and silver watch cases, spoons, 
 forks, etc. 
 
 Clocks. 
 
 Clocks. 
 
 Dress trimmings. 
 
 Silks, serges, surahs and satins, dress 
 silks, braids. 
 
 Silks, silk underwear, etc. 
 
 Silk, hosiery and mittens, braids. 
 
 Twines, musquito nets, buckram and 
 screen cloth. 
 
 Dress trimmings. 
 
 Woolen goods, blankets, etc. Cotton 
 and woolen mixed goods. Woolen 
 goods woven on cotton warp. 
 
 Dress trimmings. 
 
 One full dress suit. 
 
 Corsets and waists. 
 
 Collars, cuffs and shirts. 
 
 Coat, waistcoat and trousers. 
 
 Trousers, waistcoat, Frederick coat 
 
 and surtout. 
 
 Chicago . . Sewing machines. 
 Chicago . . Sewing machines. 
 Chicago . . Hose supporters. 
 Chicago . . Clothing. 
 Chicago . . Corsets. 
 Chicago . . Overcoat, coat, waistcoat, and dress 
 
 coat. 
 
 Chicago . . Coats. 
 Chicago . . Millinery. 
 Chicago . . Full dress suit and promenade suit and 
 
 overcoat. 
 
 Chicago . . Cutaway frock coat, vest and trousers. 
 Chicago . . Full dress and business suit and over- 
 coat. 
 
 Chicago . . Collars and cuffs. 
 Chicago . . Derby hats. 
 Chicago . . Suit and overcoat. 
 Chicago . . Ready-made clothing. 
 Chicago . . Tuxedo coat and overcoat.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT H. 
 
 57 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 L A. Mitchell 
 
 Mme. Newman Corset Co. 
 H. G. Purington 
 
 E. Rothschild & Bro. 
 Schuab Bros. 
 
 W. G. Sheridan . 
 F. Siegel & Bros. 
 Star Knitting Co. 
 Henry Turner . . 
 
 United Shirt & Collar Co. 
 
 L. C. Wachsmuth & Co. . 
 
 R. J. Walshe 
 
 Henry Werno 
 
 James Wilde, Jr. & Co. . 
 
 Shayne & Co 
 
 Wolf & Periolat 
 
 Johannes Bodenman . . . 
 
 Nicol & Co 
 
 Palmetto Fibre Co. . . . 
 Geo. Ericksen & Co. . . . 
 
 J. David Raab 
 
 Chas. T. Wilt 
 
 Rosenblatt & Co 
 
 Louis Jorden 
 
 R. E. Dietz 
 
 Globe Light & Heat Co. . 
 
 American Heating Co 
 
 Francis H. Buzzacott 
 
 American Radiator Co 
 
 Chicago Clothes Dryer Works 
 Chicago Stove Works .... 
 
 Geo. M. Clark & Co 
 
 Collins & Burgie Co 
 
 Cribben, Sexton & Co. . . . 
 Paul J. Daemicke 
 
 Dearborn Duster Co 
 
 Farquhar Heating Co 
 
 Graff & Co 
 
 Mrs. A. J. Hambel 
 
 Huette-Barler Mfg. Co. . . . 
 
 Mason & Davis Co 
 
 New Era Fuel Appliance Co. . 
 Powers Duplex Regulator Co. 
 Northwestern Stove Repair Co. 
 Richardson & Boynton Co. . . 
 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Rockford . . 
 Fort Sheridan 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Chicago . . 
 
 Rathbone, Sard & Co Chicago 
 
 Coat, waistcoat and trousers. 
 
 Corsets. 
 
 Promenade overcoat, fancy waistcoat, 
 
 trousers and full dress uniform of 
 
 major. 
 
 Men's clothing. 
 Overcoat, full dress suit, business suit, 
 
 cutaway suit. 
 
 Coat, waistcoat and trousers. 
 Cloaks. 
 
 Knit goods, hoisery, etc. 
 Overcoat, sack and waistcoat and 
 
 trousers. 
 Collars, cuffs and shirts; aprons and 
 
 underwear. 
 Ready-made clothing. 
 Waistcoat, coat, trousers and overcoat. 
 Dress coat, waistcoat and trousers. 
 Men's, boys' and children's clothing. 
 Furs, fur garments and pelts. 
 Furs and garments. Mounted animals. 
 Embroideries. 
 Hair tools and heaters. 
 Brushes. 
 
 Hammock, nets and fixtures. 
 Bureau trunks. 
 Travelers' equipments. 
 Plush and leather boxes, etc. 
 Shotguns. 
 
 Lamps and lanterns. 
 Street lamps, gas and electric fixtures,. 
 
 reflectors and heating specialties. 
 Hot water heaters. 
 Cookers and ovens. 
 Radiators. 
 
 Laundry stoves and clothes dryers. 
 Ranges and stoves. 
 Gas and gasoline stoves. 
 Stoves and ranges. 
 Stoves and ranges. 
 Refrigerator, counter block, etc., for 
 
 butchers. Heaters. 
 Feather dusters. 
 Furnaces and heaters. 
 Furnaces and ranges. 
 Cake beater. 
 Heaters. 
 
 Ranges and laundry stoves. 
 Gas ranges, heaters, etc. 
 Temperature regulators. 
 Stove repairs, water backs, etc. 
 Furnaces, ranges and steam heating 
 
 apparatus. Heating apparatus. 
 Stoves and ranges.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. ADDKES 
 
 Mrs. Caroline Westcott Romney Chicago 
 
 Wilcox Water Heater Co. . . . Chicago . 
 
 Woven Down Duster Co Chicago . 
 
 Belding Mfg. Co Chicago . 
 
 Wiren Henning Chicago 
 
 Mrs. Caroline Wescott Rotnney Chicago 
 
 D. R. Sperry & Co Batavia . 
 
 Vienna Enamel & Stamping Co. Chicago . 
 
 Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co. . . Chicago . 
 
 John A. Roebling's Sons Co. . . Chicago 
 
 United States Wire Mat Co. . . Decatur 
 
 F. Hainsworth & Son Chicago 
 
 H. M. Chapman Chicago . 
 
 N. W. Horse Nail Mfg. Co. ... Chicago . 
 
 Winslow Bros. Co Chicago . 
 
 L. A. Baker Elgin . . 
 
 Chicago Spring Butt Co Chicago 
 
 Wm. D. Gibson Co Chicago . 
 
 Hall Safe & Lock Co Chicago . 
 
 Knickerbocker Ice Co Chicago . 
 
 A. M. Mills Chicago . 
 
 Munger Cotton Mfg. Co Chicago . 
 
 Instantaneous Water Heating Co. Chicago 
 
 Thos. Kelly & Bros Chicago . 
 
 Lehner, Johnson, Hoyer Mfg. Co. Chicago . 
 
 Mosley Folding Bath Tub Co. . Chicago . 
 
 Norton Bros Chicago . 
 
 Peck Bros. & Co Chicago . 
 
 H. Ayers-Jackson Co Chicago . 
 
 Brown Bros. Mfg. Co Chicago 
 
 DanaJ. Bugbee Chicago . 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. F. E. Buddington Chicago 
 
 Elniira Cornwell Chicago 
 
 Paul J. Daetnicke Chicago 
 
 Diamond Match Co Chicago 
 
 Robert Paries Decatur 
 
 Mrs. H. A. Jackson Co Chicago 
 
 Edward Leger & Son Chicago 
 
 Matchless Metal Polish Co. . . . Chicago 
 
 John C. Paul & Co Chicago 
 
 C. H. Fargo & Co Chicago 
 
 Florsheim & Co Chicago 
 
 S. W. Hall Chicago 
 
 C. M. Henderson & Co Chicago 
 
 Atkinson Leonard Co Chicago 
 
 N. J. Mousek '.... Chicago 
 
 Phelps, Dodge & Palmer Co. . . Chicago 
 
 Price & Wolff Chicago 
 
 Selz, Schwab & Co Chicago 
 
 Oven fixtures for conservation of heat, 
 
 also foot warmer. 
 Hot water heater and radiator. Dish 
 
 washer. 
 Dusters. 
 Refrigerators. 
 Beverage fountain. 
 Refrigerators and cooling room for 
 
 slaughter houses. 
 Cooking utensils. 
 Enameled sjeel ware. 
 Wire goods. 
 Wire of all descriptions. 
 Wire mats and matting. 
 Iron grille work. 
 Boiler and heaters. 
 Horseshoes and nails. 
 Ornamental iron. 
 Shingle nailing machine. 
 Builders' hardware. 
 Springs. 
 
 Vaults, safes, locks, etc. 
 Ice cutting tools. 
 Iron safes. 
 
 Hardware specialties. 
 Water heaters used with gas. 
 Water closets and wash basins. 
 Plumbers' brass goods. 
 Folding bath tubs and water heaters. 
 Water closets. 
 
 Brass work for plumbers, etc. 
 Tailor system dress cutting. 
 Vault lights. 
 Buffalo horns manufactured into vases 
 
 and various ornaments with gold 
 
 and silver mountings. 
 Machine for dress cutting system. 
 Tailor dress cutting system. 
 Butchers' supplies. 
 Matches. 
 
 Display of fixtures for stores. 
 Instruments for cutting patterns. 
 Display stands and fixtures. 
 Metal polishes, etc. 
 Metal polish. 
 Boots and shoes. 
 Shoes. 
 
 Over gaiters and leggings. 
 Boots and shoes. 
 Shoes. 
 
 Hand-made shoes. 
 Boots and shoes. 
 Slippers and low shoes. 
 Boots and shoes.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT J. 
 
 59 
 
 EXHIBITOR ADDRESS. EXHIBIT. 
 
 R. C. Smith & Sons Co. ... Chicago . Shoes. 
 
 J. E. Tilt Shoe Co Chicago . . Boots and shoes. 
 
 11. D. Wells & Co Chicago . . Boots and shoes. 
 
 W. N. Eisendrath & Co Chicago . . Shoe and glove leather. 
 
 Lambean Leather Co Chicago . . Leather, kangaroo calf, etc. 
 
 James D. Marshall Chicago . . Sole leather and finished hides. 
 
 Swift & Co Chicago . . Hides and skins. 
 
 Oakley Walker Co Chicago . . Calfskin leather. 
 
 J. Weil & Bros Chicago . . Sheep skins and side leather. 
 
 Wilder & Co Chicago . . Horse hide, sole leather. 
 
 Department J.-ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Diamond Electric Mfg. Co. . . Peoria . . . Induction coils, converters, etc. 
 
 Elwell-Parker Electric Construc- 
 tion Co Chicago . . Transformers. 
 
 Pratt Electro Medical Supply Co. Chicago . . Statical electricity. Thermo electric 
 
 batteries. Temporary and perma- 
 nent magnets. 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago . . Magnets. Induction coils, etc. 
 
 Ansonia Electric Co Chicago . . Instruments of precision. 
 
 Anthony Electric Instrument Co. Chicago . . Resistance coils. Voltmeters, amme- 
 ters, etc. 
 
 Central Electric Co Chicago . . Resistance coils, Batteries. Instru- 
 ments of precision. 
 
 George Cutter Chicago . . Voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters. 
 
 Elwell-Parker Electric Construc- 
 tion Co Chicago . . Electrical measurement instruments. 
 
 Charles E. Lee Chicago . . Battery tests. 
 
 Mclntosh Battery & Optical Co. Chicago . . Electrical measurement apparatus. 
 
 Pratt Electro Medical Supply Co. Chicago . . Standard resistance coils. Standard 
 
 condensers. Voltmeters, ammeters, 
 etc. 
 
 Railway Equipment Company . Chicago . . Instruments of precision. 
 
 Standard Electric Company . . Chicago . . Ammeters. 
 
 Ansonia Electric Co Chicago . . Batteries. 
 
 Central Electric Co Chicago . . Batteries. 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago . . Resistence coils. Condensers. Bat- 
 teries. Instruments of precision, 
 voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters. 
 
 American Battery Co Chicago . . Primary and secondary batteries. 
 
 Consolidated Electric Storage Co. Chicago . . Storage batteries. 
 
 Elgin Telephone Co Elgin . . . Batteries. 
 
 International Automatic Light & 
 
 Power Co Chicago . . Primary batteries. 
 
 National Engraving Machine Co. Chicago . . Secondary batteries. 
 
 Pratt Electro Medical Supply Co. Chicago . Electric batteries. 
 
 James K. Pumpelly ..'.... Chicago . . Batteries. 
 
 Union Electric Works Chicago . . Primary batteries. 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago . . Batteries. 
 
 Elwell-Parker Electric Construc- 
 tion Co Chicago . . Direct dynamos. Alternating dynamos. 
 
 Hanson & Van Winkle Co. . . Chicago . . Direct current dynamos, constant E. 
 
 M. F. Direct current dynamos, vary- 
 ing E. JVI. F.
 
 6o 
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 Mather Electric Co Chicago 
 
 Pratt Electro Medical Supply Co. Chicago 
 
 Standard Electric Co Chicago 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago 
 
 Ansonia Electric Co Chicago 
 
 Anthony Electric Instrument Co. Chicago 
 
 Brush Electric Co Chicago 
 
 Central Electric Company . . Chicago 
 
 George Cutter Chicago 
 
 Ewell-Parker Electric Construc- 
 tion Co Chicago 
 
 George S. Knapp Chicago 
 
 Charles E. Lee Chicago 
 
 Mather Electric Company . . . Chicago 
 
 Mclntosh Battery & Optical Co. Chicago 
 
 Railway Equipment Co Chicago 
 
 Standard Electric Company . . Chicago 
 
 Western Electric Co. . 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Ansonia Electric Company . . Chicago 
 
 Elwell-Parker Electric Co. . . . Chicago 
 
 Hanson & Van W'inkle Co. . . Chicago 
 
 Mather Electric Co Chicago 
 
 Pratt Electro Medical Supply Co. Chicago 
 
 Smith Pneumatic Transportation 
 
 & Storage Co Chicago 
 
 Rockford Electric Mfg. Co. . . Rockford 
 
 Standard Electric Co Chicago 
 
 Union Electric Works Chicago 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago 
 
 American Battery Co Chicago 
 
 Ansonia Electric Co. ' Chicago 
 
 Central Electric Co Chicago 
 
 Crane Elevator Company . . . Chicago 
 
 George Cutter Chicago 
 
 Electric Machine Company . Chicago 
 
 Compound wound power generators 
 and direct current dynamos. 
 
 Direct current dynamos, constant E. 
 M. F. Direct current dynamos, va- 
 rying E. M. F. 
 
 Direct current dynamos, varying E. 
 M. F. 
 
 Direct dynamos. Alternating dynamos. 
 
 Cables, wires, switches, etc. 
 
 Indicators and registering meters. 
 
 Switches, rheostats and electric sup- 
 plies. Arresters, insulators, and safety 
 appliances. 
 
 Wires, lead cables. Switches, insula- 
 tors etc. Conduits, tubing. 
 
 Rheostats, switches. Insulators, cut- 
 outs. 
 
 Transformers. Protective appliances. 
 
 Historical collection of lightning rods. 
 
 Automatic battery cut-out. 
 
 Electric supplies. Insulation appli- 
 ances. 
 
 Rheostats, rheotoms. 
 
 Resistance boxes, insulators, switches 
 etc. Fuse wire, brackets and hangers. 
 
 Cables, wires and electrical supplies. 
 Safety and protective appliances. 
 Conduits. 
 
 Cables, wires, rheostats, switches, in- 
 dicators, meters. Safety appliances. 
 Underground conduits. 
 
 Motors. 
 
 Motors. 
 
 Direct constant current motors. 
 
 Direct constant E. M. F. motors. 
 
 Direct constant current motors. Direct 
 constant E. M. F. motors. 
 
 Electric motors. 
 
 Direct constant potential motor. 
 
 Constant current series motor. 
 
 Battery motors. 
 
 Motors. 
 
 Electric toys, novelties and domestic 
 
 appliances. 
 Railway motors. Motors generally 
 
 applied. 
 Railway motors. Appplication of 
 
 motors to novelties. 
 Electric passenger elevator and power 
 
 pump. 
 
 Motors generally applied. 
 Electrical cloth cutting machine.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT J. 
 
 61 
 
 EXIIIBITOlt. AIIDIIESS 
 
 Elwsll-Parker Electric Construc- 
 tion Co Chicago 
 
 Griffin Wheel & Foundry Co. . Chicago 
 
 Illinois Alloy Co Chicago 
 
 Knight's Coin Central Boot-Black- 
 ing Company Chicago 
 
 A. C. Mather Chicago 
 
 Mather Electric Co Chicago 
 
 Mclntosh Battery & Optical Co. Chicago 
 
 Motors applied to railways. Motors ap- 
 plied to elevators, etc. Motors ap- 
 plied to novelties, etc. 
 
 Car wheels. 
 
 Railway trolley wheels. 
 
 Electric boot-blacking machine. 
 Working model of cars and boats. 
 Railway motors. Elevator and general 
 machinery motors. 
 
 Batteries and machines applied to nov- 
 elties. 
 
 Chas. Munsou Belting Co. ... Chicago . . Dynamos and belting. 
 
 Page Belting Company .... Chicago . . Dynamo belting. 
 
 Pratt Electric Medical Supply Co. Chicago . . Electric novelties. 
 
 Railway Equipment 'Co Chicago . . Trolley appliances. 
 
 Rockford Electric Mfg. Co. . . Rockford . . Motor applied to generator and ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 Chas. A. Schieren & Co Chicago . . Dynamo belting; oerf orated leather 
 
 raw-hide rope. 
 
 Sloss Electric Gaslight & Special- 
 ty Company Chicago . . Fan motors operated by batteries. 
 
 Ansonia Electric Co Chicago . . Arc systems. Incandescent systems. 
 
 Union Electric Works Chicago . . Battery motors applied to general ma- 
 chinery. Battery motors applied to 
 novelties. 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago . . Motors applied to street railways. Mo- 
 tors applied to general machinery. 
 Motors applied to novelties. 
 
 Central Electric Company . . . Chicago . . Arc system. Incandescent system. 
 
 George Cutter Chicago . . Arc system fixtures. Incandescent 
 
 system fixtures. 
 
 Elwell-Parker Electric Construc- 
 tion Co Chicago . . Arc systems. Incandescent systems. 
 
 Hanson & Van Winkle Co. . . Chicago . . Incandescent lighting. 
 
 Healey & Millets Chicago . . Ornamental glass for electric light 
 
 effects. 
 
 International Automatic Light & 
 
 Power Co Chicago . . Arc lighting. Incandescent lighting. 
 
 Mather Electric Co Chicago . . Systems of incandescent lighting. 
 
 Railway Equipment Co Chicago . . Incandescent lamps and electroliers. 
 
 Sosman & Landis Chicago . . Scenic stages, curtains. 
 
 Standard Electric Company . . Chicago . . Arc systems, lamps, fixtures and ap- 
 pliances. 
 
 Star Electric Lamp Co Chicago . . Incandescent lamps. 
 
 Union Electric Works Chicago . . Incandescent lamps operated by bat- 
 teries. 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago . . Arc system and appliances. Incandes- 
 cent system and glass for light effects. 
 
 Ansonia Electric Co Chicago . . Domestic heating apparatus. Industrial 
 
 heating apparatus. Ovens. 
 
 Copper Electric Heater Co. . . Chicago . . Electric heaters. 
 
 George Cutter Chicago . . Heating apparatus. Car heaters, flat 
 
 irons, etc.
 
 62 
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOH. 
 
 International Automatic Light & 
 
 Power Co 
 
 Railway Equipment Co 
 
 ADDKESS. 
 
 Chicago . . Electric heating apparatus. 
 Chicago . . Heaters. Industrial heating applia- 
 ances. Ovens. Furnaces. 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago . . Industrial heating apparatus. High 
 
 temperture ovens. 
 Elwell-Parker Electric Construc- 
 tion Co Chicago . . Instruments for electro-chemistry. In- 
 struments for electro-metallurgy. 
 Alfred Guillaume Chicago . . Smelting furnace. 
 
 C. F. Hall Chicago . . Method of electro-plating. Electro- 
 
 plated goods. 
 Hanson & Van Winkle Co. . . . Chicago . . Electrotyping. Gilding and plating. 
 
 Electrolytic separation of metals. 
 Mclntosh Battery & Optical Co. Chicago . . Batteries for electro-plating, gilding 
 
 and nickeling. ^ 
 
 Ansonia Electric Co Chicago . . Ansonia gravity needle annunciator. 
 
 Central Electric Co Chicago . . Telegraph instruments. Annunciators. 
 
 Thermostats. Fire alarm apparatus. 
 
 Police telegraph apparatus. 
 Copenhagen Automatic Fire 
 
 Alarm Co Chicago . . Thermostats. Fire alarm apparatus. 
 
 E. M. Edgerton Chicago . . Annunciator and program call. 
 
 Elwell-Parker Electric Construc- 
 tion Co Chicago . . Railroad signal apparatus. 
 
 Gamewell Fire Alarm Telegraph 
 
 Co. . Chicago . . Fire alarm. Police telegraph system. 
 
 O. F. Goldfuss Chicago . . Electric automatic clocks. 
 
 ElishaGray Highland Park Writing telegraph apparatus. 
 
 John F. Hurd Chicago . . Electric coat-thief and pickpocket de- 
 tector. 
 
 Charles E. Lee Chicago . . Annunciator. 
 
 Alfred S. McCaskey and J. A. 
 
 Ellis Chicago . . Printing telegraph. Electric program 
 
 clock. Railway block signal. 
 
 Newman Clock Mfg. Co Chicago . . Annunciators,guestcalls,alarmsignals. 
 
 Police Telephone & Signal Co. . Chicago . . Police telephone and signal apparatus. 
 Strowger Automatic Telephone 
 
 Exchange Chicago . . Transmitting and receiving apparatus. 
 
 D. D. Tate Chicago . . Model of block signal system. 
 
 John T. Todd Chicago . . Systems of transmitting and receiving. 
 
 Union Electric Works Chicago . . Annunciators. 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago . . Systems of transmitting and receiving. 
 
 Annunciators. Thermostats. Fire 
 alarm apparatus. Police telegraph 
 and burglar alarm apparatus. 
 
 Wilder Duplex Electric Burglar 
 
 Alarm & Messenger Co. . . Chicago . . Messenger box. Burglar alarm. 
 
 Central Electric Co Chicago . . Telephone cables. Telephone switch- 
 boards. Telephone transmitting ap- 
 paratus. 
 
 Elgin Telephone Company . . Elgin . . . Accoustic telephone and apparatus. 
 
 Alfred S. McCasky and J. A. 
 
 Ellis Chicago . . Automatic telephone exchange.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT J. 
 
 North American Phonograph Co. Chicago 
 Strowger Automatic Telephone 
 
 Exchange Chicago 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago 
 
 O. L. Wullweber Chicago 
 
 Phonograph and appliances. 
 
 Mclntosh Battery & Optical Co. Chicago 
 
 Dr. A. Owens Chicago 
 
 Pratt Electric Medical Supply Co. Chicago 
 
 Switchboards. Operation of telephone. 
 Telephone appliances. Phonographs. 
 Telephone transmitting apparatus. 
 
 Telephone receiving apparatus. 
 Batteries and instruments applied in 
 
 surgery, dentistry, etc. 
 Apparatus for application of electrical 
 
 current. 
 
 Cautery apparatus. Appliances for 
 therapeutic work and surgical and 
 dental remedial agencies. Micro- 
 phonic stethescope. Batteries and 
 appliances for electrolysis. 
 
 Central Electric Co Chicago . . Pens. 
 
 George Cutter Chicago . . Gas lighting. 
 
 George S. Knapp Chicago . . Historical collection of lightning rods. 
 
 Charles E. Lee Chicago . . Temperature regulator. 
 
 Sloss Electric Gaslight & Spe- 
 cialty Co Chicago . . Electric gaslights. 
 
 Western Electric Co. Chicago . . Ignition of explosives and gas light- 
 
 ing. Pens. 
 
 Central Electric Co Chicago . . Publications. 
 
 Electrical Industries Publishing 
 
 Company . Chicago . . Electric books and publications. 
 
 Elisha Gray Highland Park Objects illustrating electric develop- 
 
 ment. 
 Mclntosh Battery & Optical Co. Chicago . . Apparatus illustrating the phenomena 
 
 of electricity. 
 
 National Engraving Machine Co. Chicago . . Jewelers' engraving machine. 
 Western Electric Co. ... Chicago . . Objects illustrating electrical progress. 
 
 Western Electrican . Chicago . . Electrical books and publications. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Co. . Chicago . . Collective exhibits. 
 
 Elisha Gray Highland Park Models and drawings. 
 
 Western Electric Co Chicago . . Models and drawings. 
 
 Orlando P. Briggs . Chicago . . Attachment for automatic machine. 
 
 Illinois Alloy Co Chicago . . Aluminum bushing; anti-friction metal. 
 
 Chas. Munson Belting Co. ... Chicago . . Dynamo belting. 
 A. J. Oehring . ... Chicago . . Multiple-drill press. 
 
 Webster Manufacturing Co. . . Chicago . . Shafting pulleys and clutches. 
 Western .Electric Co. .. Chicago Electrical construction apparatus. Car- 
 
 bon and its application. Applica- 
 tion of metals in electrical construc- 
 tion. 
 
 J. Gurtzon Borglum . 
 Ellen R. Copp . . . 
 J. Gelert .... 
 
 Department K.-FINE ARTS. 
 
 Chicago . . Indian Scouts. 
 
 Chicago Relief portrait of Harriet Monroe. 
 
 Chicago Bust of Abraham Lincoln. The Little 
 
 Architect. Theseus. Struggle for 
 
 Work.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOK. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 J. Milo Griffith Chicago . . 
 
 Edward Kemeys Chicago . 
 
 August Lindstrom Chicago . 
 
 George D. Peterson Chicago . 
 
 Bessie O. Potter Chicago . 
 
 Carl Rohl-Smith . . ... Chicago . 
 
 Leonard W. Volk . . . '. . . . Chicago . 
 
 Eniel H. Wuertz Chicago . , 
 
 H. H. Zearing Chicago . 
 
 A. E. Albright Chicago . 
 
 Enella Benedict Lake Forest 
 
 D. F. Bigelow Chicago 
 
 Chas. E. Boutwood Chicago . 
 
 A. F. Brooks Chicago . 
 
 Charles Francis Browne .... Chicago . 
 
 Herbert Butler Chicago . 
 
 Edgar S. Cameron Chicago . 
 
 Chas. O. Corvvin Chicago . 
 
 Pauline A. Dohn . Chicago . 
 
 Frant Dvorak Chicago . 
 
 C. Harry Eaton Chicago . 
 
 Mrs. M. E. Evans Godfrey . 
 
 Frederick W. Freer .._.... Chicago . 
 
 Oliver Dennett Grover Chicago . 
 
 G. P. A. Healy Chicago . 
 
 Lydia Purdy Hess Chicago . 
 
 Alice D. Kellogg Chicago . 
 
 Guy F. Maynard ... . Chicago . 
 
 F. C. Peyraud Chicago . 
 
 J. H. Vanderpool Chicago . 
 
 Bust. Sabrina, Goddess of the Severn. 
 Nubian Captive. Coursing during 
 the time of Queen Elizabeth. Shield 
 presented to H. R. H. the Princess 
 of Wales at her silver wedding by 
 the inhabitants of South Wales. 
 Medallion study of female head. 
 Medallion. Dawn. 
 
 Old Ephraim. After the Feast. Amer- 
 ican Bay Lynx. American Panther 
 and her Cubs. Grappling His Game. 
 Fighting Panther and Deer. Texan 
 Bull and Jaguars. The Still Hunt. 
 Battle of the Bulls. American Black 
 Bear. Jaguar and Boa-constrictor. 
 
 Bust of John Ericsson. 
 
 Tiger at Bay. 
 
 Prof. David Swing. 
 
 Mato Wanartka (Kicking Bear) Chief 
 of the Sioux. Bust of Henry Wat- 
 terson. 
 
 Bust of Colonel Hascall, U. S. A. Bust 
 of a lady. 
 
 Murmur of the Sea. 
 
 Bas-relief of Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 Morning-glories. 
 
 Brittany children. 
 
 Lake Champlain and the Adirondacks. 
 
 Portrait of Hon. C. B. Farwell. 
 
 The Primrose Way. 
 
 Old Poplar Trees. Sand Dunes of 
 Drutnmadoon Arran. Back from the 
 Beach, Cape Ann. On the Oise, 
 France. 
 
 Hard Times. 
 
 In the Studio. 
 
 Edge of the Clearing. 
 
 What the Stork Brought. 
 
 Mother's Pleasure. 
 
 Normandy Landscape. Autumnal 
 Landscape. 
 
 September Lane. 
 
 Portrait of a Lady in Black. Portrait. 
 Gold Fish. 
 
 Thy Will Be Done. 
 
 Portrait of Adolphe Thiers. 
 
 Portrait of Miss E. H. 
 
 Intermezzo. The Mother. 
 
 Dutch Interior. Looking Out. 
 
 Evening. Autumn Morning. 
 
 Summer Morning in the Orchard. 
 Portrait of a Lady. Blessed are They 
 That Mourn. Weary. Twilight 
 Reverie.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT K. 
 
 EXHIBI.OK. 
 
 ADDKES8. 
 
 EXHIBIT. 
 
 H. A. Vincent Chicago . . Fields in October. 
 
 Caroline D. Wade Chicago . . Portrait of a Lady. 
 
 A. F. Brooks Chicago . . Boys Fishing. 
 
 William Clusinann Chicago . . A Wood Interior, Wisconsin. 
 
 Arthur Dawson Chicago . . When Evening Twilight Gathers 
 
 Round. Snow Scene. 
 Jules Guerin Chicago . . Early Morning in a Village Street, 
 
 Kentucky. 
 Walter C. Hartson Chic?go . . Old Willows at Glendale. Outskirts 
 
 of the City. Along the Baraboo 
 
 River. 
 Annie W. Jones ..... . Chicago . . Easter Lilies. 
 
 Robert Rascovich Chicago . . Canal in Venice. 
 
 Charles A. Corwin Chicago . . Oat Harvest. 
 
 Charles W. Rhoades Chicago . . Study Head. (Charcoal.) 
 
 Foreign Works from Private Galleries in the United States. 
 
 Jules Bastien Lepage France . . . Revery. (Lent by Potter Palmer, 
 
 Chicago.) 
 
 Paul- Albert Besnard Paris .... Head. (Lent by Potter Palmer, Chicago.) 
 
 Richard P. Bonington England . . Landscape. (Lent by R. Hall McCor- 
 
 mick, Chicago.) 
 
 Jules-Adolphe Breton Paris .... The Song of the Lark. (Lent by Mrs. 
 
 Henry Field, Chicago.) 
 
 Jean-Charles Cazin Paris .... Thp Expulsion from Paradise. Elsinore. 
 
 Flight into Egypt. (Lent by 
 Potter Palmer, Chicago.) Midnight 
 Moonlight. (Lent by Chas. T. Yer 
 kes, Chicago.) 
 
 John Constable England . . The Lock. (Lent by Mrs. Henry Field, 
 
 Chicago.) Shepherd and Flock--- 
 Dedham Church in the distance. 
 Lent by R. Hall McCormick, Chi- 
 cago. ) Orpheus. Shrimp-fisher. Land- 
 scape. (Lent by Potter Palmer, Chi- 
 cago.) The Path to the Village. 
 Environs of Villa d'Avrey, France. 
 (Lent by Chas. T. Yerkes, Chicago.) 
 The Inn. (Lent by Martin A. Ryer- 
 son, Chicago.) 
 
 Charles-Francois Daubigny . . France . . Banks of the Oise, Auvers Sur-Oise, 
 
 France. (Lent by Chas. T. Yerkes, 
 Chicago. ) 
 
 Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps . . France . . . Oriental Kiosk. (Lent by Martin A. 
 
 Ryerson, Chicago.) 
 
 Jules Dupre France ... At Sea. (Lent by Chas. T. Yerkes, 
 
 Chicago.) 
 
 Francois-Louis Francais . . Paris .... Women of Sahara. (Lent by Mrs. 
 
 Henry Field, Chicago. ) 
 
 Jean-Baptiste Greuze France . . . The Pouting Child. (Lent by Martin 
 
 Ryerson, Chicago.) 
 
 Eugene Isabey France ... A Fete at the Hotel ^e Rambouillet. 
 
 (Lent by Samuel M. Nickerson, Chi- 
 cago. )
 
 66 
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. ADDRESS. 
 
 Josef Isreals ......... Amsterdam 
 
 Ludwig Knaus ........ Berlin .. 
 
 Baron Hendrik Leys 
 Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier 
 Francesco Paolo Michetti . 
 Jean Francois Millett . .. 
 
 Belgium 
 France . 
 Naples . 
 France . 
 
 A Frugal Meal. (Lent by Chas. T. 
 
 Yerkes, Chicago. I 
 A Country Festival. ( Lent by Chas. 
 
 T. Yerkes, Chicago. ) The Potato 
 
 Harvest. (Lent by Mrs. Henry 
 
 Field, Chicago.) 
 The Book Stall. (Lent by Chas. T. 
 
 Yerkes, Chicago.) 
 Reconnaissance. (Lent by Chas. T. 
 
 Yerkes, Chicago. ) 
 Springtime and Love. (Lent by Albert 
 
 A. Hunger, Chicago.) 
 The Pig Killers. (Lent by Chas. T. 
 
 Yerkes, Chicago.) Peasants Carry- 
 
 ing a New-Born Calf. (Lent by Mrs. 
 
 Henry Field, Chicago. ) 
 George Morland ....... England . . Contentment. (Lent by R. Hall Mc- 
 
 Cormick, Chicago.) 
 Camille Bissaro ........ Paris .... The Village. (Lent by Potter Palmer, 
 
 Chicago.) 
 Pierre Puvis de Chavannes . . . Paris .... Autumn. (Lent by Martin A. Ryer- 
 
 son, Chicago.) 
 Jean-Francois Raffaelli .... Paris .... Absinthe Drinkers. On the Coast. 
 
 Place de la Trinite, Paris. (Lent by 
 
 Potter Palmer, Chicago.) 
 Theodore Rousseau ...... France . . . Landscape in Berry, France. (Lent by 
 
 Chas. T. Yerkes, Chicago.) 
 Alfred Sisley ......... Paris .... Village Street, Moret, France. (Lent 
 
 by Potter Palmer, Chicago.) 
 Nicolas-Francois-Octave Tassaert France . . Saint Hilarion. (Lent by Potter Palm- 
 
 er, Chicago.) 
 Constant Troyon ....... France . . . Going Home. (Lent by Mrs. Henry 
 
 Field, Chicago.) 
 Jan Van Beers ........ Brussels . . " You are Welcome. " (Lent by Chas. 
 
 T. Yerkes, Chicago.) 
 George Frederick Watts .... London . . Portrait of Joachim-Candlelight. ( Lent 
 
 by Chas. L. Hutchinson, Chicago.) 
 Anders L. Zorn ........ Stockholm . Bottling Works. (Lent by Potter 
 
 Palmer, Chicago.) 
 
 Department L.-LIBERAL ARTS. 
 
 Wm. Banneman ....... Chicago . . Phenyle disinfectant. 
 
 Jean Marie Guenantin ..... Chicago . . Models, maps and drawings of suggest- 
 
 ed plan for sewerage of Chicago. 
 Geo. H. Hess Co ........ Chicago . . Apparatus, models and plans showing 
 
 mode of ventilating and warming 
 
 schools, houses, etc. 
 Illinois State Board of Health . Springfield . Maps illustrative of sanitary condition 
 
 of Chicago. 
 Christian H. Koch ...... Chicago . . Electrical apparatus for purifying 
 
 water and meat. 
 Mrs. Caroline Romney .... Chicago . . Wanning closet, heat conserver, din- 
 
 ner pail, water filter.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT L. 
 
 6 7 
 
 Albert Wahl 
 
 World's Crystal Water Filter Co. 
 
 Armour & Co 
 
 Boughton & Smith 
 
 E. S. Burnham 
 
 Chicago Truss Co 
 
 Common Sense Truss Co. . . 
 Gault Artificial Limb Co. ... 
 
 HauRsmann & Dunn 
 
 T. W. Heinemann 
 
 James I. Lyons 
 
 L. J. Mason & Co 
 
 A. Niehans 
 
 E. L. O'Connor 
 
 Sharp & Smith ". 
 
 Storrs Air Pad Truss Co .... 
 Thomsen's Extract of Malt Co. . 
 Chas. Truax, Greene & Co. . . 
 Western Leather Mfg. Co. ... 
 
 F. G. White 
 
 Air Brush Mfg. Co 
 
 Arch-diocese of Chicago .... 
 Art Institute of Chicago .... 
 
 Central Church Mission .... 
 Chicago Manual Training School 
 Chicago College of Pharmacy . 
 
 Chicago Free Kindergarten Assn. 
 Jewish Training School .... 
 
 Thos. Kane & Co 
 
 Kate Byam Martin 
 
 National Eclectic Medical Assn. 
 
 School of Fine Arts 
 
 Thayer & Chandler . .. . 
 
 C. Gilbert Wheeler 
 Albert, Scott & Co. 
 J. B. Campbell . . 
 Miss Clara Dicker! 
 Fairbank & Rolison 
 A. Flanagan . . . 
 
 Wm. Freund & Sons .... 
 Gallison & Hobron Co. ... 
 
 Wm. T. Keener 
 
 A. C. McClurg & Co 
 
 National Christian Science Co. 
 Open Court Publishing Co. 
 Rand, McNallv & Co. . 
 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. 
 
 Chicago . . Health apparatus. 
 
 Chicago . . Water 61ters. 
 
 Chicago . . Pharmaceutical preparations. 
 
 Chicago . . Artificial teeth and dental specialties. 
 
 Chicago . . Instruments for catarrhal affections. 
 
 Chicago . . Trusses, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Trusses, supporters, etc 
 
 Woodstock . Artificial limbs. 
 
 Chicago . . Surgical instruments. 
 
 Chicago . . Surgical appliances. 
 
 Chicago . . Artificial limbs. 
 
 Chicago . . Electric dental engine and dental in- 
 struments. 
 
 Chicago . . Artificial limbs. 
 
 Chicago . . Extension shoe. 
 
 Chicago . . Surgical instruments. 
 
 Chicago . . Air pads, supporters, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Extract of Malt 
 
 Chicago . . Surgical instruments and appliances. 
 
 Chicago . . Medicine cases, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Dentistry. 
 
 Rockford . . .Air brush and paintings produced by it. 
 
 Chicago . . Educational exhibit. 
 
 Chicago . . Drawings, paintings, modeled work 
 
 and statuary. 
 
 Chicago . . Kindergarten work. 
 
 Chicago . . Students' work. 
 
 Chicago Materia medica, apparatus, literature, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Work of normal class and of children. 
 
 Chicago Shop-work, drawing, literary work, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Chicago . . School desks and slates. 
 
 Chicago . . Form and color work. 
 
 Chicago . . Books, diplomas, medicines, etc. 
 
 Jacksonville Students' work. 
 
 Chicago . . Air brush and paintings produced by 
 
 it; ink eraser. 
 
 Chicago . . Scientific charts. 
 
 Chicago . . School books. 
 
 Chicago . . Illustrated magazine and lithographs. 
 
 Chicago . . Relief map of Palestine. 
 
 Chicago . . School books. 
 
 Chicago . . School books, charts, maps, apparatus, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Copper plate and steel die wor 
 
 Chicago . . Engravings, trade journals. 
 
 Chicago . . Medical books. 
 
 Chicago . . Books. 
 
 Chicago . . Books, pamphlets, tracts, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Books, magazines and charts. 
 
 Chicago . . Books, printing, engraving, etc. Maps, 
 
 globes, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Books and periodicals.
 
 68 
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBIT03. 
 
 Mrs. May F. Sheldon 
 
 Shober & Carqueville Lithograph- 
 ing Co 
 
 Western Bank Note & Engraving 
 Co 
 
 A. Zeese & Co 
 
 American Cash Register Co. . . 
 
 Chicago Photogravure Co. . . . 
 
 D. R. Clark 
 
 Geneva Optical Co. . 
 
 F. A. Hardy & Co 
 
 Thomas Harrison 
 
 James Inglis 
 
 Geo. J. Klein 
 
 L. Manasse 
 
 Mclntosh Battery & Optical Co. 
 
 Wm. M. Morrison 
 
 Northwestern University .... 
 
 Frank A. Place 
 
 R. S. Rhodes 
 
 W. J. Root 
 
 J. B. Scholl 
 
 O. P. Scott 
 
 Stein & Rosch 
 
 F. S. Allen 
 
 Brykit-Hall Sheating Lath Co. . 
 
 Peter Habel 
 
 F. W. Schaeffer 
 
 Samuel C. Taylor 
 
 Abbott Machine Co 
 
 Grand Lodge Good Templars . 
 American Humane Association . 
 
 Concordia Publishing House . . 
 
 John W. Banks 
 
 Julius Bauer & Co 
 
 Geo. P. Bent 
 
 Joseph Bohmann 
 
 S. Brainard's Sons Co 
 
 Bush & Gerts Piano Co. ... 
 Chicago Cottage Organ Co. . . . 
 Columbian Organ & Piano Co. . 
 J. Howard Foote 
 
 Chicago . . Books of travel. 
 Chicago . . Lithographs. 
 
 C. A. Gerold . . . 
 
 C. Hinze 
 
 W. W. Kimball Co. 
 National Music Co. 
 H. C. Nelson . . . 
 Newman Bros. . . 
 Miss Libbie Pick . 
 A. Reed & Sons . 
 
 Chicago . . Steel plate and lithographic engravings. 
 
 Chicago . . Process engravings, electrotypes, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Cash registers. 
 
 Chicago . . Photogravures. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs. 
 
 Chicago . . Optical goods. 
 
 Chicago . . Optical instruments, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs. 
 
 Chicago . . ' Bromide photographs. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs. 
 
 Chicago . . Meteorological instruments. 
 
 Chicago . . Optical apparatus. Electrical appara- 
 tus, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs. 
 
 Evanston . . Barometers, chronographs, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs and portraits. 
 
 Chicago . . Audiphones. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs and portraits. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs, portraits, etc. 
 
 Joliet .... School architecture. 
 
 Chicago . . Wooden sheathing lath. 
 
 Chicago . . Reversible window. 
 
 Chicago . . Cornice work. 
 
 Chicago . . Reversible window. 
 
 Chicago . . Check perforators, cancelling machines, 
 etc. 
 
 Illinois . . . Development of the Order. 
 
 Chicago . . Work of the Society in preventing 
 cruelty to animals and children. 
 
 Chicago . . Publications of the Lutheran Church. 
 
 Chicago . . Guitars. 
 
 Chicago . . Pianos. 
 
 Chicago . . Pianos. Reed organs. 
 
 Chicago . . Zithers, guitars, banjos, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Sheet music, books, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Pianos. 
 
 Chicago . . Pianos. Reed organs. 
 
 Grand Crossing Reed organs. 
 
 Chicago . . Guitars, mandolins, etc. Flutes, cor- 
 nets, horns, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Pianos. 
 
 Chicago . . Pianos. 
 
 Chicago . . Pianos. Reed organs. 
 
 Chicago . . Sheet music, books, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Banjos. 
 
 Chicago Reed organs. 
 
 Chicago . . Music cabinet attachment. 
 
 Chicago . . Pianos.
 
 EXHIBITS DEPARTMENT L. 
 
 6 9 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 Rice-Macy Piano Co. . . 
 Story & Clark Organ Co. . 
 Clayton F. Suininy . . . . 
 
 Tonk Mfg. Co 
 
 Western Cottage Organ Co. 
 
 Mary A. Hawley 
 
 Chicago News Record . . . 
 
 Children's Aid Society 
 
 Illinois School of Agriculture, 
 and Manual Training School 
 for Boys 
 
 Chicago Relief & Aid Society . 
 
 German Old People's Home . . 
 
 German Society of Chicago . . 
 
 Illinois State 
 
 F. H. Wines 
 
 Benedictine Sisters 
 
 Sisters of Charity 
 
 Dominican Sisters 
 
 Sisters of Loretto 
 
 Brothers of Mary 
 
 Sistersbf Providence 
 
 Sisters of Providence 
 
 Sisters of Providence 
 
 Sisters of Providence 
 
 Sisters of Providence 
 
 School Sisters of Notre Dame . 
 School Sisters of Notre Dame . 
 School Sisters of Notre Dame . 
 School Sisters of Notre Dame . 
 School Sisters of Notre Dame . 
 School Sisters of Notre Dame . 
 
 St. Joseph Sisters 
 
 Ursuline Sisters 
 
 Ursuline Sisters 
 
 Ursuline Sisters 
 
 Chicago . . Pianos. 
 
 Chicago . . Reed organs. 
 
 Chicago . . Sheet music, books and charts. 
 
 Chicago . . Piano stools, music cabinets, etc. 
 
 Ottawa . . . Reed organs. 
 
 Dixon . . . Invalid's table. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs, statistics, and appliances 
 
 of Fresh Air Fund. 
 
 Chicago . . Statistics, photographs, etc. 
 
 [school work. 
 
 Glenwood . Photographs, statistics, specimens of 
 
 Chicago . . Literature, record blanks, statistics. 
 
 Chicago . . Report and photographs. 
 
 Chicago . . Literature and record blanks. 
 
 Statistics, reports. 
 
 Springfield . Graphic charts of crime and pauperism 
 in the States from nth U. S. census. 
 
 Nauvoo . . . Pa'.ish school. 
 
 La Salle . Academies and parish schools. 
 
 Bloomington Academies. 
 
 Cairo .... Academies. 
 
 Chicago . . Colleges. 
 
 Galesburg . Academy. 
 
 Chicago . . Parish schools. Academy. 
 
 Galesburg . Parish schools. 
 
 Lockport . . Parish schools. 
 
 Savanna . . Parish schools. 
 
 Quincy . . . Academy and orphanage. 
 
 Belleville . . Parish schools. 
 
 Champaign . Parish schools. 
 
 Highland . . Parish schools. 
 
 Peoria . . . Parish schools. 
 
 Quincy . . . Parish schools. 
 
 Peoria . . . Academies. 
 
 Collinsville . Academies. 
 
 Decatur . . Academies. 
 
 Alton . . . Academies and parish schools. 
 
 Department M. -ETHNOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, ETC. 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGY. 
 
 Theodore Kamensky 
 
 Walter Channing Wyman .... 
 
 F. Boas 
 
 University of Chicago 
 
 S. H. Champlin, College of Physi 
 cians and Surgeons 
 
 L. Hektoen 
 
 J. Leeb, Physiological Laboratory, 
 niversity of Chicago .... 
 
 C. A. Strong, Pyschological Lab- 
 oratory, University of Chicago, 
 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 
 F. G. Logan 
 Edward E. Ayer 
 Felt & Tarrant 
 
 G. M. West 
 
 H. H. Donaldson, Neurological l.ab 
 
 oratory, University of Chicago, 
 
 M. H. Knap .......... 
 
 H. M. Lyman, Rush Medical Col- 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 - 
 
 Chic ; .. 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 
 Truax, Greene & Co ...... 
 
 C.O.\Vh;t:::a:i,Norphological Lab- 
 
 oratory, University*}* '"iicn;o, Chicago
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Fred Kaempfer Chicago 
 
 Leander Stiles Chicago 
 
 Wm. F. E. Gurley Danville 
 
 Gustav Stanisky & Co Chicago 
 
 Louis Fuchs . Belleville 
 
 Gustav Bruegger . 
 A. E. MacDonald . 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 .... Pullman W. S. Hooper Chicago 
 
 . . . Englewood G. H. Luxton Chicago 
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 
 
 John H. Grabill Chicago 
 
 Herman Haupt, Jr Chicago 
 
 Oliver M. Babcock Chicago 
 
 E. Remengi La Grange 
 
 Brunswick Balke-Collender Co. . Chicago 
 
 R. J. Gunning Chicago 
 
 J. McMillan Chicago 
 
 Harvey Shutleff Chicago 
 
 Henry B. Waterman Chicago 
 
 Department N.-FORESTRY AND FOREST PRODUCTS. 
 
 Compound Lumber Co. . . 
 Garrison Wood Turning Co. 
 
 Chicago . . Hardwood doors. 
 
 Chicago . . Balusters, spindles and wood turnings, 
 
 etc. 
 Edwin S. Hartwell . . . . . . Chicago . . Lumber and shingles. 
 
 Josephine Mathieu ...... Chicago . . Apparatus for manufacturing charcoal, 
 
 wood alcohol, etc. 
 R. W. McCready Cork Co. . . . Chicago . . Cork and cork handles. 
 
 National Ladder Co Clyde . . . Wooden ware. 
 
 Redlich Manufacturing Co. . . Chicago . . Cork and wooden ware. 
 Seamen, Cox & Brown Cooperage 
 
 Co Chicago . . Coopers' stock. 
 
 Stein, Hirsch & Co Chicago . . Guns. 
 
 United Indurated Fibre Co. . . Chicago . . Pails, washtubs, measures, basins, 
 
 /ases, etc. 
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 Mrs. D. S. Thompson Chicago . . Baking powder. 
 
 Mrs. C. W. Romney Chicago . . Milk cooler and refrigerator. 
 
 Fannie Massiah Cairo .... Chocolate and cocoa. 
 
 Mrs. C. V. Thompson Chicago . . Home made fruit wines. 
 
 Mrs. A. M. Crowley Evanston . . Prepared botanical specimens 
 
 Mrs. Laura Myers Chicago . . Silver polish. 
 
 Sophie E. Bachmann Chicago . . Portable weaving machine. 
 
 Ella Goodwin Chicago . . Washing machine. 
 
 Geneva Armstrong Chicago . . Model of a stock car. 
 
 Mrs. C. W. Romney Chicago . . Foot-stone for compartment car. 
 
 Anna E. Bailey Chicago Wanning device for protecting street 
 
 car drivers. 
 
 Frances H. Coit Chicago . . Fruit laxative. 
 
 National Ass'n of Women Sten- 
 ographers Chicago . . Typewriters. 
 
 Sophia B. Frindlander .... Chicago . . Boudoir of furniture in pyrographic 
 
 painting. 
 
 Mrs. M. West . Chicago . . Satin portiere. 
 
 Lillie E. Cole Chicago . . Decorated porcelain w^re. 
 
 Columbian Ceramic Society . . Chicago . . Ceramic work.
 
 EXHIBITS WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 EXHIBITOR. ADDRESS. EXHIBIT 
 
 Mrs. I. B. Crockett Chicago . . Decorated china. 
 
 Mabel C. Dibble Chicago . . Decorated china. 
 
 Henrietta O. Flint Highland Park Decorated tile. 
 
 Nellie M. Lord Chicago . . Decorated china. 
 
 C. J. Miller Peoria . . . China tray. 
 
 Grace H. Peck Chicago . . Decorated porcelain chocolate set. 
 
 Chicago Athenaeum, Wood Carv- [etc. 
 
 ing School Chicago . . Carved cabinet, chairs, chest, screen ( 
 
 Louise M. Gardner Chicago . . Demi-relief on polished wood. 
 
 Magda W. Henermann .... Chicago . Pyrographic work. 
 
 Mrs. P. R. King Chicago . . Carved jewel case. 
 
 Janet Scudder Chicago . . Carved mantel. 
 
 Amanda C. Titus Chicago . . Combined cabinet and bookcase, 
 
 carved. 
 
 Brown Amber Mfg. Co Chicago . . Amber ornaments. 
 
 Mrs. Claudia Guidotti ..... Chicago . . Infant stomach protector and diaper- 
 holder. 
 
 Lizzie Kennedy Chicago . . Rug. 
 
 Mrs. Sarah J. Schack Chicago . . Abdominal and hose supporter. 
 
 Sara B. Bodtker Chicago . . Seal of the Board of Lady Managers 4 
 
 Miss Hattie D. Caldwell .... Chicago . . Lace made from fayal fibres. 
 
 Lucile M. Chislett Chicago . . Spanish drawn work. 
 
 Mrs. Rosa E. Cowdrey Chicago . . Drawn work. 
 
 Mrs. S. E. Criss Chicago . . Mexican drawn work. 
 
 Mary Durrad Chicago . . Dress lift. 
 
 Marshall Field & Co Chicago . . Embroidered table linen. 
 
 Edith G. Higginson Chicago . . Alter front. 
 
 Mrs. Mary J. Kenyon Downer's Grove Lace handkerchief and linen drawn 
 
 work, neck scarf made by lady eighty- 
 . two years old. 
 
 Mrs. Augusta Kofod Chicago . Gold and steel embroidery done in 
 
 Denmark, in 1794. 
 
 Jaenne Leontin Chicago . . Garment fastener. 
 
 Mrs. Anna Mantel Chicago . . Embroidery. 
 
 Mrs. M. A. Masters Chicago . . Center piece made by a lady seventy- 
 six years old. 
 
 McLean County Columbian Club Bloomington Fine sewing. 
 
 Mrs. Dora I. Morris Chicago . . Point lace shams. 
 
 Florette Quein Chicago . . Veil clasp. 
 
 Mrs. J. Radford Chicago . . Embroidered handkerchief. 
 
 Mary C. Rose Chicago . . Dinner cloth. 
 
 Susan W. Shaw Downer's Grove Point lace handkerchief, collars and 
 
 cuffs. 
 
 Mrs. Levi Seeley Lake Forest Art needle work. 
 
 Mrs. J. A. Robinson Ravenswood Knitted bed" spread. 
 
 Mrs. W. H. Stark Chicago . . Lace bed spread and pillow shams. 
 
 Matilda Thurston Chicago . . Point lace handkerchief. 
 
 Mrs. J. McDonald Streator . . Hair wreath. 
 
 Miss Annie B. Milliken .... Chicago Toy folding chair. 
 
 Mrs. H. Breves Chicago . . Embossed leather chair seat and back. 
 
 Mrs. J. G. Cochrane Shelbyville . Dish washer. 
 
 Mrs. A. J. Ilambel Chicago . . Egg beater. 
 
 Catherine Hamilton Decatur . . Model of convertible cliair. 
 
 Mary H. Holcomb Chicago . . Baking dish.
 
 THE WHITE CITY EXHIBITS. 
 
 Fr.J'BITOIl. 
 
 Mrs. Martha B. Hclden . 
 Elizabeth Minster . . . 
 
 Mary M. Harris 
 
 Mrs. C. W. Romney . . . 
 Miss Hattie D. Caldwcll . 
 Mrs. S. H. Dexter .... 
 Mrs. S. L. Smith .... 
 Mabel C. Chislett .... 
 Ellen Rankin Copp . . . 
 Phebe A. Dunham . . . 
 
 Palette Club 
 
 Mrs. G. P Adams . 
 
 Euella Benedict . . . . 
 
 Grace G. Bohn . . . . 
 
 Frances N. Bond . . . 
 
 Kate Burton 
 
 Minerva J. Chapman 
 
 Mrs. A. M. Craig . . . 
 
 Mrs. A. V. Dodgsliun . 
 
 Pauline A. Dohn . . . 
 
 Miss Lydia P. Hess . . 
 Miss Mary J. Holmes 
 
 Alice D. Kellogg . . . 
 Theodora K. Matthern 
 
 Eugenie McLean . . . 
 
 Palette Club 
 
 Caroline D. Wade . . . 
 
 Mrs. J. A. Wadham . . 
 
 Elizabeth Attwill . . . 
 
 Grace G Bohn . . . . 
 
 Elizabeth Brooks . . . 
 
 Frances M. Brooks . . 
 
 Miss Lily M. Hart . . . 
 Mrs. A. A. Lathrop 
 
 Mrs. G. W. Roberts . . 
 
 Louise C. Anderson . . 
 Emily M. B. Boyden . 
 
 Marie B. Foster . . . . 
 
 Mrs. A. Frazee . . . . 
 
 Mrs. Walter Greenleaf . 
 
 Emma A. Kittridge . . 
 Eugenie McLean . . 
 
 Mrs. W. L. Mann . . . 
 
 Cecile E. Payen . . . . 
 Miss Lilly M. Hart . 
 Margaret Sweeney 
 Thomas Wilkinson 
 
 Miss Garrity 
 
 Miss Hattie A. Proctor . . . 
 
 Woman's Physiological Society- Chicago 
 
 Chicago . . Carpet and floor duster. 
 
 Ravenswood Bolster. 
 
 Chicago . . Model of refrigerator. 
 
 Chicago . . Water cooler and refrigerator. 
 
 Chicago . . Straw- work on lace. 
 
 Chicago . . Fancy rope work. 
 
 Austin . . . Scale for measuring hems, etc. 
 
 Chicago . . Plaster bust. 
 
 Chicago . . Plaster portrait of Harriet Monroe. 
 
 Wayne . . . Plaster medallions. 
 
 Chicago . . Sculpture. 
 
 Chicago . . A pail of Raspberries. Grandma's 
 
 Window. Plums. 
 
 Lake Forest . Old Stories. 
 
 Chicago . . A Staid Old Poser. Old Cider Mill. 
 
 Chicago . . Posing. 
 
 Geneva . . . White's Creek. A Country Road. 
 
 Chicago . . The Village Church 
 
 Galesburg . Roses. 
 
 Chicago . . Landscapes. 
 
 Chicago . . Portrait of Mrs. M. W. Means. 
 
 Chicago . . Two Friends from Normandy. 
 
 Chicago . . Portrait of Hannah Moore. 
 
 Chicago . . Portrait. 
 
 Chicago . . Autumn's Last Offering. Group of 
 
 Orchids. 
 
 Pullman . . A Dreamer. 
 
 Chicago . . Paintings. 
 
 Chicago . . A Little Maid. 
 
 Chicago . . Roses. 
 
 Chicago . . Water color painting. 
 
 Chicago . . Roses. 
 
 Chicago . . Springtime. On the Shenango. 
 
 Chicago . . The Old Cider Mill. 
 
 Champaign . Water color paintings of insects. 
 
 Chicago . . Scenery in Montana. 
 
 Highland Park Pass Through the Woods. 
 
 Chicago . . Paintings on porcelain. 
 
 Chicago . . Dog in embroidery. 
 
 Chicago . . Painting on porcelain. 
 
 Chicago . . Sketch on porcelain. 
 
 Riverside . . Painting on porcelain. 
 
 Chicago . . Painting on porcelain. 
 
 Pullman . . Painted tapestry. 
 
 Chicago . . Painting on porcelain. 
 
 Chicago . Miniatures painted on ivory. 
 
 Champaign . Drawings of insects and crustaceans. 
 
 Chicago . . Relief maps. 
 South Waukegan Sentences written by Madagascar 
 
 women, with English translation. 
 
 Chicago . . Photographs. 
 
 Chicago . . Instrument to facilitate the analysis of 
 
 oils. 
 Manuscript.
 
 EXHIBITS WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 73 
 
 EXHIBITOK. 
 
 Pick, Libby & Esther Chicago 
 
 Chicago Exchange for Woman's 
 
 Work 
 
 Woman's Work for Women 
 Ellen Rankin Copp 
 
 Sophia E. Bachmann 
 Chicago Trade School 
 Blanche McManus 
 
 Monticello Seminary 
 Miss Maria Peterson . 
 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 
 Godfrey 
 Chicago 
 
 Music cabinet attachment for pianos 
 and organs. 
 
 Woman's work. 
 
 Statistics of organization. 
 
 Portrait in bronze of Mrs. Potter 
 Palmer. 
 
 Copy book for the blind. 
 
 Models in full dress, charts, etc. 
 
 Designs for mural decorations, wall- 
 paper, etc. 
 
 Statistics and work. 
 
 Samples of sloyd work to be taught to 
 girls in common schools.
 
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