, 
 
 
 930.109773 
 C119 
 ^op. 2 
 
 Paul F. Titterington, 
 - The Cahokia Mound Group and its 
 Village Site Materials. (1938) 
 

 ilipiri 
 
 ILLINOIS HISTORICAL SURVEY. 
 
7L 
 
 CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP 
 
 and 
 
 ITS VILLAGE SITE 
 MATERIALS 
 
 P. F. TITTERINGTON 
 
 ST. LOUIS. MO. 
 1938 
 
Di*o P 6 Fo Titterington of St onerously- 
 
 donated copies of his 1938 Cahokia ilinois Archaeological 
 
 Survey* In an effort to make archae ormation available 
 
 to the public, this office will d: 4es of the report 
 f re e«of -charge^ 
 
 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cahokiamoundgrouOOtitt 
 
Jim Cahokia JMoand idloup and <Jts ^Village <Site <J\late>iials 
 
 he American bottom lies to the east 
 of the Mississippi River from the 
 mouth of the Missouri River south for 
 a distance of 50 or 60 miles. It varies in width 
 from 1 to 8 miles and the soil is rich and fertile. 
 Just to the north of the center of this area is the 
 Cahokia Group of Mounds. To locate the group 
 more accurately, it lies in southeastern Madison 
 and northeastern St. Clair Counties, Illinois, the 
 boundary line between the 2 counties passing 
 through the center of the group on National 
 Highway No. 40. One author states that origin- 
 ally there were at least 85 mounds in an area 
 of approximately 3,000 acres, while another 
 says that the area covered by the group 
 measures 1.8 miles north and south and 1.75 
 miles east and west, and contains 67 mounds. 
 This difference can be explained by the fact 
 that the area has been under cultivation for 
 about 80 to 100 years, and that some of the 
 smaller mounds have been completely leveled 
 and are not visible at this time. At present 
 there are only 15 or 20 of the larger mounds 
 that are not under cultivation. They are either 
 conical in shape or truncated rectangular 
 pyramids, the latter having their sides toward 
 the cardinal points of the compass. All of the 
 other mounds have become so altered by the 
 plow that their original shapes cannot be de- 
 termined. There is some difference in opinion 
 among the early authors as to whether the 
 mounds in this group had any definite or 
 orderly arrangement. If they had any such 
 arrangement, it cannot be determined at this 
 time. 
 
 Several years ago a state park of 144 acres 
 was formed. It contains 1 1 of the more im- 
 portant mounds, including Monk's Mound. A 
 gravel drive has been made through the park, 
 and a small museum has been built, with the 
 result that a large number now visit the site 
 each year. 
 
 In 1922, Mr. George B. Higgins of St. Louis 
 completed a survey of the group. He spent 
 several years in his spare time in making 
 ■ measurements and gathering data, and then 
 constructed a model to scale showing the size 
 and location of the various mounds. A photo- 
 graph of the Higgins' model is shown in 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 The largest mound, and incidentally the 
 largest earthen mound in North America, lies 
 in the north central portion of the group. It is 
 known as the Cahokia or Monk's Mound. The 
 name "Cahokia" may have been taken from a 
 small creek by the same name that ran 
 through the group, in as much as there is no 
 evidence that the historic tribe of Cahokias had 
 anything to do with the building of the mounds. 
 The name "Monk's Mound" is derived from a 
 group of Trappists monks who lived on or near 
 the mound from 1810 to 1813. 
 
 The mound is a truncated, rectangular pyra- 
 mid, 1,080 feet long, 710 feet wide and 100 feet 
 high, the base covering over 16 acres. It is 
 composed of 4 distinct terraces and a ramp that 
 leads from the lowest terrace to the original 
 ground level (Fig. 1). The lowest terrace, which 
 is on the south, is 500 feet east and west and 
 200 feet north and south. The ramp or graded 
 approach begins just to the east of the center of 
 this terrace and extends 80 feet due south to the 
 ground level. The second terrace is on the 
 west side of the mound and is so badly 
 weathered and gullied that its size and height 
 are difficult to ascertain. The third terrace, 
 which is on the east side, is 97 feet above the 
 original ground level and at one time had a 
 small conical mound at its center. It was re- 
 moved many years ago when a house was 
 built upon the site. The fourth and highest 
 terrace is also on the east and is 3 feet higher 
 than the third terrace. Its area is about 1 acre. 
 
 Seven miles north of Cahokia, at Mitchell, 
 there is a group of 1 1 mounds near the banks 
 of Long Lake. The largest of these mounds was 
 100 paces wide on each side and 25 or 30 
 feet high. It was practically completely re- 
 moved in about 1876 in grading for 3 railroads. 
 Many burials were exposed which were ac- 
 companied by many fine stone implements. 
 These have all been lost or scattered, and a 
 large number were destroyed in a fire shortly 
 after their discovery. At the present time there 
 is a chert spud (Fig. 23, B) in the Missouri 
 Historical Society collection that, according to 
 the late Gerrard Fowke, is one of a cache of 
 20 from this mound. This one was sent to 
 St. Louis for identification and, in the meantime, 
 the other 19 were lost in the fire. There is also 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 Bvkois W, KnoWocK - 
 
 1138 
 
 FIG. 1 — Diagramatic sketch ot Monk's Mound as it is thought to have been originally: A, ramp; 
 B, first terrace; C, second terrace; D, third terrace; E, fourth or top terrace. 
 
 a ten-inch knife in the Missouri Historical 
 Society collection, similar to those in Fig. 24, 
 from this same mound. 
 
 St. Louis, Missouri, lies across the Mississippi 
 River and to the west of the Cahokia Mound 
 Group. In the growth of the down-town district, 
 26 mounds were destroyed. These were first 
 surveyed by Major Stephen H. Long before any 
 of them had been disturbed. His report says, 
 in part, that the mounds were situated on the 
 second bank of the river just above the town, 
 and consisted of one group forming a more or 
 less rectangular enclosure, 1,463 feet north of 
 which was a large isolated mound. It is not 
 known just when the smaller mounds were 
 destroyed, but the Big Mound was removed 
 in 1869. 
 
 Conant made almost daily visits to this 
 mound while it was being razed, and describes 
 it very carefully. His observations indicate that 
 a tomb 75 feet long, 8 to 12 feet wide and 8 to 
 1 feet high had been built. The floor had been 
 made smooth and hard, and the walls raised 
 with a somewhat outward slant so that the ceil- 
 ing was slightly wider than the floor. The 
 walls had been plastered with yellow clay and 
 were solid and compact. The roof was covered 
 with heavy timbers, and the mound erected 
 
 over the whole structure. The roof had caved 
 in long before, and the whole chamber was 
 filled with dirt which was much looser than the 
 walls and the mound beyond. 
 
 The burials had all been placed on the floor 
 a few feet apart with their feet to the west. All 
 of the burials, 20 to 30 in number, were 
 accompanied by a very large number of disc 
 shell or Marginella beads, but in no instance 
 were both types of beads found with the same 
 burial. The disc shell beads were found with 
 most of the burials and in numbers sufficient to 
 completely cover the individual from his thighs 
 to his head. The Marginella beads were de- 
 posited with only 5 or 6 of the burials in the 
 southern end of the vault, and with each there 
 were from 4 to 6 quarts. These beads are small 
 and average about 2,400 to the quart. 
 
 He describes other types of burials in the 
 mound. These were found from 18 to 36 inches 
 below the surface, and are thought to have 
 been intrusive. Two burials of this type are 
 described, one a male and the other a female. 
 They had been placed close together, and with 
 the male were 2 spirals from conch shells, 
 9 cylindrical shell beads, an ear-spool, an ivory 
 spool and 2 curious copper articles. From his 
 description of the last 3 pieces, they were in all 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 probability a shell ear-spool and 2 small copper 
 plates. 
 
 To the south of Cahokia there is another 
 small group of mounds near Dupo, and 15 
 miles to the east there is still another small 
 group near Lebanon. Nothing more than the 
 mention of these two groups is made by the 
 previous authors, and, apparently no study has 
 been made of them. 
 
 It would seem that there was a large central 
 group of mounds surrounded by smaller groups 
 on the north, south, east and west. That the 
 several groups may be related is evidenced by 
 the finding of similar and related artifacts at all 
 of the sites as the result of plowing and 
 commercial excavations. As late as 1818 a 
 deeply worn trail could be traced from the 
 Lebanon Group to the Cahokia Group, further 
 suggesting the possibility of a connection. 
 
 Moorehead states that the village site is 6 
 miles long and varies from several hundred 
 yards to a mile in width, the heaviest occupa- 
 tion occurring in about 500 acres to the south 
 and east of Monk's Mound. In his test pits he 
 found the camp refuse to vary from 20 inches 
 to 4 or 5 feet in depth, and he also found refuse 
 under several feet of new land formed by 
 overflow. 
 
 Almost all of the material reported in this 
 article, except that from the Powell Mound, is 
 from the above mentioned village site. It is all 
 from the surface, but there is no doubt that 
 some of it was grave offerings. A large amount 
 of horse radish is raised each year in the 
 area and this necessitates plowing to a depth of 
 12 to 14 inches and more recently some of the 
 fields have been plowed to a depth of 19 inches. 
 It is not unusual to find that a burial has been 
 plowed through, and the close watching of 
 such spots is generally rewarded by the finding 
 of a few artifacts in perfect or almost perfect 
 condition. 
 
 In the fall of 1937, the 19-inch plowing ex- 
 posed a small refuse pit which contained con- 
 siderable material. The pit was dug out and 
 objects of sandstone and shell were found. 
 There were also about 75 potsherds. In the 
 sandstone group there were 2 mortars, 1 saw 
 (Fig. 25, B), 2 sharpening stones (Fig. 25 D and 
 E) and 3 small irregular cubes suggesting un- 
 used sharpening stones. The shell group con- 
 
 sisted of 7 hoes (Fig. 30), 54 unworked mussel 
 shells (Fig. 31), 4 drilled conch-shell pendants 
 (Fig. 36, A), 2 grooved conch-shell pendants 
 (Fig. 36, D), 2 partially worked conch shells 
 (Fig. 36, C) and 9 unworked conch shells, 2 of 
 which are shown in (Fig. 36, B.) The conch 
 shells were all small, the largest being 6% 
 inches long. 
 
 CHIPPED STONE OBJECTS 
 
 Under this heading are the arrowheads, 
 drills, spades, hoes, chisels, picks, spuds and 
 knives. 
 
 The arrowheads are by far the most numer- 
 ous, there being 3,517 that can be classified and 
 290 that are so badly broken that their types 
 cannot be definitely determined. They range 
 from V2 inch to 2% inches in length, averaging 
 1 to 1 l A inches. The triangular form predomi- 
 nates, there being about 85% of this type and 
 only about 15% of other types. The chief 
 divisions are the unnotched and the notched. 
 
 The following table shows the various types 
 and the number of each: 
 
 Unnotched Points 
 
 Straight base, convex sides — Fig. 7, A 642 
 Straight base, straight sides — Fig. 7, B 353 
 Straight base, concave sides — Fig. 8, A 105 
 Concave base, convex sides — Fig. 8, C 29 
 Concave base, straight sides — Fig. 8, D 72 
 Concave base, concave sides — Fig. 8, E 45 
 Convex base, convex sides — Fig. 7, C 44 
 Convex base, straight sides — Fig. 7, D .. 69 
 Convex base, concave sides — Fig. 8, B 50 
 
 1,409 
 
 Notched Points 
 
 Two-notched, straight base — Fig. 9 970 
 
 Two-notched, concave base — Fig. 10, A 205 
 Two-notched, convex base — Fig. 10, B 65 
 Three-notched— Fig. 11 and Fig. 12, A 306 
 
 Four-notched — Fig. 10, C 65 
 
 Five-notched— Fig. 12, B 31 
 
 Six-notched— Fig. 10, D 13 
 
 Seven-notched — Fig. 12, C 10 
 
 Nine-notched— Fig. 12, D 4 
 
 Single base notch — Fig. 15, D 5 
 
 Two-notched with one extra side notch 
 
 Fig. 15, G 1 
 
 Corner-notched — Fig. 13 433 
 
 2,108 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 According to this grouping, 1,409 or 40.06% 
 are unnotched and 2,108 or 59.94% are notched. 
 The table of the unnotched points is self ex- 
 planatory, but that of the notched points will 
 need some explanation. This group is divided 
 into the side-notched and the corner-notched, 
 there being 1,675 or 79.5% of the former and 
 433 or 20.5% of the latter. In the side-notched 
 points the notches are sufficiently far down the 
 side to make the head of the arrow rather bold 
 and more or less rectangular in shape (Fig. 9). 
 The corner-notched group contains all of the 
 points that do not have the rectangular heads 
 (Fig. 13). This includes the true corner-notched 
 type and those side-notched points in which the 
 notch comes to or almost to the corner of the 
 base. 
 
 There are 433 points in this group, 76 of which 
 are made of a tan to a reddish-brown chert, the 
 various types being represented by the bottom 
 row of Fig. 13. In this area Cahokia is the only 
 known place where these types and materials 
 are found. 
 
 Of the total number of 3,517 arrowheads, 356 
 or 10.2% have a notch at the center of the base. 
 There are 5 that have no side notches and 351 
 have side notches. They are worthy of special 
 note on account of the selection of materials 
 and exceptional workmanship. The materials 
 are of the finest; 63 are translucent, a few of 
 which are made of a highly colored, almost 
 transparent chalcedony. Only a very small 
 percent of the other types is made of translucent 
 material. The chipping is also of the finest — 
 the arrowheads being thin, well made and 
 regular; most of them are completely chipped 
 on both sides, and only a few are made of 
 flakes. A high percentage of these points is 
 made of a hard, compact, white chert, suggest- 
 ing material from the Crescent Quarry, St. Louis 
 County, Missouri. Others are made of a col- 
 ored chert. 
 
 The object of the notch in the base has not 
 been determined, but the fact that the points 
 were used is made evident by the finding of one 
 imbedded in a human bone, a sacrum. It is a 
 gray chert three-notched point about 1 V2 inches 
 long, and was found in a burial in the Dickson 
 Mound at Lewistown, Illinois. 
 
 Most of the 306 base-notched points have one 
 pair of side notches and are known locally as 
 the three-notched points. A few of them have 
 
 more than one pair of notches and are known 
 as the multiple-notched. In this latter group, 
 one pair of notches is considerably deeper than 
 the others and is referred to as the primary 
 notches, while those that are more shallow are 
 called the secondary notches. Most of the mul- 
 tiple-notched points appear to be three-notched 
 points to which extra notches have been added. 
 
 In the group of points here classified, there 
 are 31 base-notched points with one set of 
 primary notches and one set of secondary 
 notches, or five-notched points; there are 10 with 
 one set of primary and two sets of secondary 
 notches, or seven-notched points; there are 4 
 with one set of primary notches and three sets 
 of secondary notches, or nine-notched points; 
 there are 1 1 with one set of primary notches, in 
 which the secondary notches are so close to- 
 gether that they lose their identity as such, and 
 the points are classed as serrated. 
 
 The secondary notching is occasionally seen 
 in those notched points in which there is no 
 base notch. There are 65 in which there is one 
 pair of primary and one pair of secondary 
 notches, or four-notched points; and there are 
 13 in which there is one set of primary and two 
 sets of secondary notches, or six-notched points. 
 
 In all of the multiple-notched points the 
 secondary notches may be above or below, or 
 above and below the primary notches. 
 
 Occasionally a point is found in which there 
 is one more notch on one side than the other. 
 An example of this is shown in Fig. 15, G. 
 This could be described as a point with a pair 
 of primary notches and a secondary notch on 
 only one side, or as an asymmetrical three- 
 notched point; or, this type might also be 
 classed as an uncompleted four-notched point. 
 In the Milwaukee Public Museum Bulletin, 
 No. 13, Plate 49, No. 9, is illustrated a base- 
 notched point, with one pair of primary notches 
 and a secondary notch on only one side, that 
 is an asymmetrical four-notched point or an un- 
 completed five-notched point. There is a similar 
 point in the museum of the St. Clair County 
 Historical Society. 
 
 There are 85 of the unnotched points and 66 
 of the notched, or 4% of the total that are 
 serrated (Fig. 14). There are 12 points each of 
 which has a highly polished strip down the 
 center of one side (Fig. 15, C). The material is 
 the same as that of the agricultural implements, 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 and the polish is the same as that seen on the 
 bits of such implements. It suggests that they 
 might have been made from chips from the bits 
 of these implements. These chips could have 
 been obtained as the result of resharpening the 
 spades and hoes. 
 
 A comparison of the types of materials used 
 in the manufacture of the small points with 
 those found at Aztalan by Dr. Barrett is interest- 
 ing. He found a total of 350 of the small points, 
 54 of which were notched and 296 of which 
 were unnotched. We find 59.94% that are 
 notched whereas he found only 15.4%, and he 
 has 84.6% unnotched as against our 40.06%. 
 The materials in his group are divided into 18 
 quartz, 170 quartzite and 162 chert points. In 
 our group we have only 4 quartz points (Fig. 
 15, B) only 16 of quartzite (Fig. 16, A) and 3,487 
 of chert and chalcedony, all but about 85 of the 
 last group being chert. 
 
 It can be seen that both the types and the 
 materials used in the two groups are greatly 
 out of proportion. The difference in the types is 
 unexplained, unless it is due to the difference 
 in the size of each series; but the difference in 
 the materials can be explained on the basis of 
 the large amount of quartzite found in 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 There are 200 drills, 53 of which have definite 
 bases. The others have been made from 
 spicules of chert more or less square in cross- 
 section. Some are chipped only along one 
 edge; others on two edges, and still others on 
 all edges (Fig. 16). 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS 
 
 There are two different kinds of these im- 
 plements; the spades and the hoes, each being 
 divided into two types. The spades are either 
 oval (Fig. 17) or flare-bitted (Fig. 18), and the 
 hoes are either notched (Fig. 19) or unnotched 
 (Fig. 20). The unnotched hoes are nothing more 
 than small spades, and the division line is 
 arbitrary. Usually those under 8 inches 
 long are called hoes, and those over 8 
 inches, spades. Spades 18 inches long are 
 known to have been found at Cahokia, but 
 the average length is from 9 to 12 inches. 
 The spades are classed as oval when 
 their width is equal to less than Vz the length, 
 and flare-bitted when the maximum width of 
 the bit is equal to Vz or more of the length. 
 
 Both the hoes and spades are slightly convex 
 from front to back, with the bits well sharpened. 
 With use the bits become polished, and with 
 extensive use, dulled and rounded as well. 
 They would then be resharpened, most of the 
 flakes being taken off the back surface of the 
 bit. It is not uncommon to find specimens dem- 
 onstrating this point, and 2 of the notched 
 hoes have been resharpened so many times 
 that the blades are almost completely gone. 
 
 The agricultural implements are frequently 
 found in caches. One cache of 4 spades and 
 another of 9 notched hoes are known to have 
 been found in the immediate vicinity of Monk's 
 Mound. A cache of 2 oval spades (Fig. 17, 
 A and B) was found near the Powell Mound, 
 and one of 8 was found near the mound group 
 7 miles north of Cahokia, at Mitchell. 
 
 The largest cache known to have been found 
 in the district is reported by Mr. Charles Rau in 
 the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution 
 for the year 1868. His account of the find is 
 that early in December of that year some 
 laborers were grading an extension of Sixth 
 Street in East St. Louis, between Summit and 
 St. Clair Avenues. They came upon 3 separate 
 deposits arranged in the form of a triangle, with 
 the edges of the deposits about one foot from 
 each other. The first one consisted of about a 
 bushel of small, partly pierced marine shells; 
 the second consisted of several boulders of 
 chert and greenstone, weighing from 15 to 30 
 pounds each, and many smaller fragments of 
 chert; and the third consisted of a nest of 
 agricultural implements. The chert tools had 
 been placed on edge and overlapped each 
 other so that they formed a circle. No exact 
 count was made but the contractor thought that 
 there were 70 to 75 pieces present; about 50 
 notched hoes and the balance in spades. None 
 of them showed evidence of use as there was 
 not the slightest polish on the cutting edges. No 
 scientifically interested person was present, and 
 the cache was soon scattered with no success- 
 ful attempt to reassemble it. 
 
 It has been noted that in most of these caches 
 the implements show no evidence of use. 
 Such caches may have been stores of new 
 implements, the wares of the manufacturer, or 
 may have represented the wealth of an in- 
 dividual. Those caches in which the pieces 
 show use could be explained as implements 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 stored from one planting season to the next. It 
 is self evident in any case that those making 
 the deposits for some reason or another never 
 got back to them. 
 
 In this series there are 26 oval and 6 flare- 
 bitted spades, and 21 unnotched and 10 notched 
 hoes. The oval spades range up to 17 inches 
 in length, and the flare-bitted specimens up to 
 10 inches. The unnotched hoes range up to 8 
 inches, and the notched ones up to 7% inches 
 (Fig. 19, A). The notched hoes are divided into 
 two types the oval-bitted (Fig. 19, A, B and C) 
 and the flare-bitted (Fig. 19, D). The different 
 types of heads of the notched hoes are shown 
 in Fig. 19. Most of them are somewhat con- 
 cave on top, and a few are straight. There 
 are 7 of the former type and 2 of the latter. 
 Fig. 19, F, shows an oval-bitted notched hoe 
 with a convex head, a rare type. Some of the 
 unnotched hoes (Fig. 20, A to C) and one of the 
 notched variety (Fig. 19, D) are made of a very 
 hard, compact, semi-translucent material, vari- 
 ously colored to include milk-white, pink, red 
 and, sometimes, purple. This material is 
 thought to be from the novaculite quarry in 
 Union County, Illinois. Another is made of the 
 quartzite so commonly found in Wisconsin. 
 Most of the unnotched hoes (Fig. 20, E to H) are 
 made of the tan-colored chert from which the 
 other agricultural implements are made. Some 
 of the smaller ones appear to have been made 
 from the bits of broken spades. Fig. 20, H illus- 
 trates one of this type. The bit is unpolished 
 and the top is the highly polished bit portion of 
 the spade fragment from which the hoe was 
 made. There are several islands of polish on 
 the front and back of the hoe that were not 
 flaked off in revamping the piece. 
 
 CHISELS 
 
 These are rectangular pieces with rounded 
 corners ranging from 7 to 12 inches in length 
 (Fig. 21). Some are convex, front to back, and 
 others are straight; both forms are rather thin. 
 The bits show evidence of use but no polish as 
 seen on the agricultural implements. There are 
 6 of these pieces in the group. 
 
 PICKS 
 
 The picks range from 4 to 10 inches in length 
 and are about 1 V2 to 2 inches wide, being 
 roughly semicircular in cross-section (Fig. 22). 
 One end tapers to a more or less rounded point 
 
 which has been ground so all evidence of 
 chipping has been effaced, producing a very 
 smooth surface. The other end is left rough and 
 rather crudely finished. Sometimes the cutting 
 edge of these pieces is so broad that it seems 
 as though the implements should be classed as 
 chisels rather than picks, but since they are so 
 thick and those classed as chisels are so thin, 
 they have been put in the former classification. 
 There are 8 picks in this collection. On one 
 occasion an unfinished pick was found with a 
 flare-bitted spade and on another occasion one 
 was found with an oval-bitted notched hoe. Both 
 pieces were finished except for the grinding and 
 polishing of the sharp end. 
 
 SPUDS 
 
 This is a type of implement apparently made 
 of carefully selected material and invariably ex- 
 hibiting superior workmanship. There are two 
 forms: the flared bit (Fig. 23, A and B) and the 
 rounded bit (Fig. 23, C and D). Fig. 23, A illus- 
 trates the flare-bitted type; the spud is 8^ 
 inches long and 4f\ inches across the points, 
 and the material is a multi-colored opaque chert 
 that has been ground and polished until 
 nearly all of the depressions made by the 
 flaking have been removed. The colors vary 
 from a bluish-gray to a purple and from a light 
 yellowish-brown to a deep reddish-brown. 
 
 Fig. 23, B shows a spud in the Missouri 
 Historical Society Collection, the lone survivor 
 of the cache of 20 found in the mound at 
 Mitchell that was destroyed in 1876. It is 7% 
 inches long and white with a small amount of 
 pink coloring. The material is probably a 
 novaculite from Union County, Illinois. 
 
 Fig. 23, C shows the round-bitted type. The 
 specimen is 8 inches long and 2 3 A inches across 
 the points. It is made of a light tan-colored 
 chert with various shades of gray and purple in 
 the upper end of the handle. 
 
 Fig. 23, D shows a specimen from a mound on 
 Wood River, 3 miles north east of Alton, 
 Illinois, about 15 miles northeast of Monk's 
 Mound. It is 9 5 /s inches long, made of chert, 
 and grayish-black to a brownish-black in color. 
 It was found in a fire pit and its original color 
 is thought to have been white, the present dis- 
 coloration being due to the fire. 
 
 These pieces are rare, but others from 
 Cahokia are known. Moorehead reports one 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 in the University of Illinois Bulletin, Volume 26, 
 Number 4, that was found near Monk's Mound 
 in 1873 and that is now in the Peabody Museum 
 of Harvard. There were several from Cahokia 
 in the Payne Collection, and one in the 
 Whelpley Collection, and a cache of 20 was 
 found in the mound at Long Lake, 7 miles north 
 of Cahokia. 
 
 KNIVES 
 
 Nine knives are included in this series (Fig. 
 24). They are very thin and of very good work- 
 manship, and are usually made of the same 
 material as the agricultural implements. This 
 material is most frequently tan in color, but 
 sometimes a light gray. It is not very compact 
 or hard and does not show the chipping well. 
 
 Occasionally one is found that is made of a 
 hard, compact, semi-translucent material. 
 Fig. 24, E shows one of this type. It is 6 inches 
 long, deep red in color with some white, and 
 has one cutting edge highly polished. 
 
 The bases of the knives are of two types, 
 about equally divided. They are either 
 rounded off by the chipping (Fig. 24, C and D) 
 or taper down to a narrow end and are snapped 
 off obliquely (Fig. 24, A, B and E). These pieces 
 are from 6 to 10 inches long, and a large num- 
 ber of fragments are found indicating their 
 fragility and that a large number must have 
 been in use. 
 
 SQUARE AND BUNT 
 
 Dr. Barrett reports a unique piece from 
 Aztalan, in the form of a chipped-chert square. 
 There is one in this series that measures 1 inch 
 across the center from top to bottom and from 
 side to side (Fig. 15, E). It is about Va of an inch 
 thick and the sides are slightly rounded. It is 
 made of a white chert and is not as fine a 
 specimen as the one from Aztalan. Since it is 
 chipped on ' each side and is of white chert, 
 it is distinguished from the gun flints which are 
 occasionally found at Cahokia. The gun flints 
 are made from thick, dark-colored flakes 
 chipped around the edges. 
 
 Dr. Barrett also reports 5 bunts from Aztalan, 
 and we can produce only 1. It was made from 
 a three-notched point and is shown in Fig. 15, F. 
 
 PECKED AND GROUND STONE OBJECTS 
 
 Under this heading are the celts, adzes, 
 discoidals, sandstone implements, cross- 
 hatched tablets, ear-spools and boat stones. 
 
 CELTS 
 
 There are 17 celts reported in this series. 
 They range in size from 1 V2 by 1 % by V2 
 inches (Fig. 26, E) to 7 by 2 Vb by 1 7 /s inches 
 (Fig. 27, D). Nearly all of them are of the 
 type shown in Fig. 26 and are made of granite. 
 The one shown in Fig. 27, D is unusual in that 
 the poll is almost circular in cross-section. 
 
 The bits are all more or less rounded and are 
 sharp and well polished. The polls are square 
 to rounded; none of the distinctly pointed type 
 have been found. In all of the larger celts the 
 upper half of the poll has been left roughened. 
 This is thought to be intentional so that a more 
 secure hafting could be made. Some of the 
 smaller celts are polished all over. 
 
 A large number of fragments are found on 
 the village sites. They are usually quite small 
 and are not large enough to indicate the type 
 or size of the original piece. 
 
 There is a small mound about Va of a mile 
 north of Monk's Mound from which a large 
 number of unfinished celts were taken about 
 30 or 40 years ago. All were pecked out into 
 a fairly good shape except for some on which 
 the bit had not been formed. The largest 
 weighed about 25 pounds. The specimen 
 shown in Fig. 26, A is a large unfinished celt 
 of this type, but it is not from the mound men- 
 tioned above. 
 
 No grooved axes are definitely known to 
 have been found within the mound group 
 proper, but several are known from the bluffs 
 about a mile to the east. 
 
 ADZES 
 
 These are quite similar to the celts but have 
 one side somewhat flattened. The bits are 
 slightly curved with the convexity of the curve 
 away from the flat side. Fig. 27, A, B and C 
 shows 3 of these pieces. The largest is 8 7 /e by 
 2 3 /8 by Wa inches with a somewhat pointed 
 poll. The bit is slightly narrower than the 
 widest portion of the piece, but in the other 
 two the bits are definitely the widest part. 
 
 DISCOIDALS 
 
 This type of object is represented by 4 com- 
 plete and 4 fragmentary specimens. There are 
 6 made of quartz and 2 of granite. All are of 
 the same type; they are relatively thin with the 
 concavities fairly deep and extending all of the 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 way out to the edge of the piece. Fig. 28, 
 A, B and C shows 3 complete specimens, the 
 largest being of quartz, 2% inches in diameter 
 and 1 inch thick. Their use is problematical. 
 A cache of 6 discoidals of this type is re- 
 ported to have been found 25 or 30 years ago 
 about 300 yards^o^t of Monk's Mound. They 
 were found at a depth of 18 inches while 
 digging a post hole. 
 
 MORTARS OR GRINDING STONES 
 
 There are only 2 pieces of this type to be 
 reported. Both were plowed out of a refuse 
 pit in the fall of 1937. One is made of a reddish- 
 brown, fine-grained sandstone, roughly circular 
 in shape, 8V2 inches in diameter, 2 inches thick 
 on one side and 3 inches thick on the opposite 
 sjde. There is a shallow depression on each 
 side that extends out to the edge of the piece in 
 all directions. The other is made of a yellow 
 sandstone and is roughly triangular in shape, 
 being 9V2 inches in its greatest diameter and 
 averaging 2 inches in thickness. It also has 
 shallow depressions, one on each side, but 
 these are confined more to the central portion 
 of the piece and do not involve the corners. 
 
 Dr. Barrett reports 5 similar pieces from 
 Aztalan. He is of the opinion that they were of 
 common usage and accounts for their scarcity 
 in collections by the fact that they were rather 
 large and crude and are not ideal specimens 
 for the collector. When the land was first 
 plowed it is possible that a large number of 
 them were brought to the surface and recog- 
 nized only as so many stones to be hauled 
 off the fields on account of their interference 
 with working the soil. In this way he accounts 
 for their scarcity in the village sites at this 
 time. He also found a few hand stones that 
 could have been used as mullers in the grind- 
 ing of corn. Such stones are probably present 
 at Cahokia but have not been recognized, and 
 we have none to report. 
 
 SHARPENING STONES 
 
 These artifacts are quite common. They are 
 irregular cubes or rectangular pieces of a rather 
 fine-grained sandstone. The largest are not 
 over 4 inches long and about half as wide. 
 Most of them are irregular cubes 1 to 3 inches 
 in diameter. They contain fairly deep grooves 
 on one or more sides, and were probably used 
 in sharpening the bone and antler implements 
 (Fig. 25, bottom row). 
 
 SANDSTONE SAWS 
 
 These pieces have a sharp straight edge 
 that could have been readily used for the 
 sawing of bone and shell. Two are illustrated 
 in Fig. 25, A and B. A of this figure is a half 
 oval in shape, 7% inches long, 2 7 /s inches wide 
 and 3 /8 of an inch thick at the back. It grad- 
 ually tapers from the back to ,. thin straight 
 edge that could have been used as a saw. B is 
 a thin piece of sandstone with a straight sharp 
 edge- the other three sides show no definite 
 working, and one flat surface near the end has 
 been used as a sharpening stone. 
 
 CROSS-HATCHED TABLETS 
 
 Pieces of this type are rare and are usually 
 made of sandstone. A few are found that are 
 made of a very light-weight cinder-like material. 
 They are either oval in outline or rectangular 
 with rounded corners. The cross hatching is 
 either on one or both sides and in the form of 
 small squares or diamonds. Fig. 28, E shows a 
 specimen made of the cinder-like material, 3% 
 inches long and 2% inches wide with square 
 cross-hatching on only one side. Their use is 
 not known. 
 
 EAR-SPOOLS 
 
 These objects have not been found in 
 abundance. In this series there is a fragment 
 of a bone piece and an unfinished fine-grained 
 sandstone piece that may be unfinished ear- 
 spools. Fig. 38, G shows a fragmentary one 
 made of bone that was found at Mitchell when 
 the railroad companies tore down the large 
 mound in 1876. It is 1 T : \j inches in diameter; 
 the flange on the front is % of an inch wide and 
 that on the back Vi of an inch. Its maximum 
 thickness is % of an inch and the hole through 
 the center is j\- of an inch in diameter. 
 Fig. 29, J is of a somewhat different type than 
 the one just described. It is made of steatite 
 and is 1 Va inches in diameter and V2 of an inch 
 thick. The flanges are the same width on each 
 side, varying from f^ to l A of an inch. The 
 hole through the center is not true, but averages 
 1-nr inches in diameter. The inner surface 
 of the hole and the depression between the 
 two flanges are not polished, whereas the flat 
 surface of each flange is highly polished. 
 
 It is reported that 2 large stone ear-spools 
 were found by the University of Illinois in their 
 work in 1931. 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 BOAT STONES 
 
 Only 3 boat stones from Cahokia are known. 
 None of the earlier writers report them and it is 
 probable that the Cahokia people did not use 
 them. The heart of the boat-stone area is in the 
 south, and it may be that this district is the 
 northern limit of the area, in as much as an 
 occasional boat is found here. 
 
 Fig. 29, A, B and C show the 3 specimens 
 all of which were found on a ridge about IV2 
 miles long that extends due west from Monk's 
 Mound. A is made of limestone and measures 
 2 V2 inches long, 1 l A inches wide and -,% of an 
 inch high. It has a hole of pin-point size drilled 
 % of an inch from one end, and a small hole 
 started % of an inch from the other end. It 
 has a shallow concavity on the flat surface. 
 B is made of a brown quartz and measures 378 
 inches long, 1 7 /s inches wide and 1 Ve inches 
 high. It is not drilled and has a deep con- 
 cavity. C is made of a stone quite similar to 
 hematite in appearance and color but much 
 lighter in weight. It is 4 V2 inches long, 1 Va 
 inches wide and V2 of an inch high. It is drilled 
 with a large tapering hole at each end and has 
 a concavity of moderate depth. 
 
 OBJECTS OF SHELL 
 
 Both fresh-water and salt-water shells were 
 used. Mussel shells were obtained from the 
 bodies of fresh water nearby, and were used as 
 hoes and, to a lesser extent, in making orna- 
 ments. Salt-water shells were obtained from 
 the Gulf of Mexico and were used mostly in 
 the manufacture of ornaments. 
 
 SHELL HOES 
 
 These pieces are made from the large, heavy- 
 ribbed mussel shells known locally as wash- 
 board shells. Fragments of the hoes are more 
 or less common on the village sites, and there 
 are 8 fairly complete specimens in this series. 
 Of these, 7 (Fig. 30) were found together in a 
 refuse pit, and the eighth was found in the loose 
 dirt scattered from the Powell Mound. 
 
 Each is perforated by an irregular, circular 
 hole in the body near the larger end, varying 
 from 5 /a of an inch to 1 inch in diameter, and 
 also has a shallow notch near the hinge. The 
 largest piece is 5 7 /s inches long and 4 inches 
 wide, and the smallest is 3 5 /s inches by 3 3 /4 
 inches. 
 
 The method of hafting is problematical but 
 they were no doubt attached to a wooden 
 handle similar to our hoes of today. The hole 
 and the notch are thought to have been used in 
 making the attachment of the handle possible. 
 A hoe of this type with its original wooden 
 handle was found in a rock shelter in Benton 
 County, Arkansas, by the Heye Foundation. 
 The wooden part was straight with a cylindrical 
 enlargement at one end and there was a deep 
 notch cut across the cylinder at right angles 
 to the long diameter of the handle. The base of 
 the hoe was put in the notch and lashed in 
 place with leather thongs through the hole. 
 
 SHELL ORNAMENTS 
 
 The bead is by far the most common article 
 of this type, the disc form occurring many more 
 times than any other. In October of 1937, 
 while walking over one of the village sites 
 about one mile west of Monk's Mound, 3 disc 
 beads were seen in a small area about 5 inches 
 in diameter, and about a foot away was a 
 fourth bead. More beads were discovered im- 
 mediately under the group of three, and when 
 a depth of about 10 inches had been reached, a 
 large mass of beads 15 inches in diameter and 
 3 inches thick was found. Due to the heavy fall 
 rains there was deep mud under the dried 
 surface of the ground and it was impossible 
 to work the beads out in place, but it could 
 easily be determined that they had been strung 
 without regard to size. 
 
 They were made of both the fresh-water 
 mussel shells and the Gulf conch shells, some 
 of the beads showing identifiable parts of the 
 original shells. They range in size from l A of 
 an inch to 1 Ye inches in diameter and vary in 
 thickness from ys to y$ of an inch. There 
 were 1,960 beads in the cache. They were not 
 associated with a burial, and no other artifacts 
 were found with them. There were 2 bone 
 heads in the group. 
 
 They have been classified as follows: 1,084 
 round or true disc beads (Fig. 32); 290 made 
 from the shoulder of the conch shell (Fig. 33); 
 386 unfinished (Fig. 34); 2 bone; and 198 badly 
 broken, unclassified beads. 
 
 Those classified as unfinished are of interest 
 in that they are irregular pieces of shell roughly 
 triangular to square in shape with a hole more 
 or less centrally placed. Some show that the 
 original shell had been cut about V2 of the 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 way through, and then the piece to be made 
 into a bead broken out. The line of fracture did 
 not always follow the groove that had been 
 made (Fig. 34, the last specimen in the middle 
 row). 
 
 From the study of the specimens in this 
 cache, it seems probable that a shell which 
 was to be made into beads was marked off 
 and then deep grooves cut in the surface, prob- 
 ably by means of the sandstone saws or other 
 sharp-edged implements. They were then 
 broken up along lines following the grooves 
 as nearly as possible. The individual pieces 
 were drilled and the shaping was done after 
 the drilling. A small flint drill apparently was 
 used to make the holes, most of the beads 
 having been drilled from only one side. How- 
 ever, there are quite a few of the thicker ones 
 that were drilled from both sides. 
 
 Another type of shell bead that is occa- 
 sionally found is barrel-shaped. One is illus- 
 trated in Fig. 35, D. It is ys °f an inch long 
 and ys °f an i ncn i n diameter, and has been 
 drilled from each end with a conical hole. The 
 apices of the two cones meet at the center form- 
 ing an opening about yv, of an inch in diame- 
 ter. Fig. 38, J shows a similar bead of bone. 
 
 The beads from the Powell Mound were of 
 several types, cylindrical, barrel-shaped, thick 
 disc, almost spherical and the marine olivella 
 and marginella shells. One group of 24 
 cylindrical and barrel-shaped beads was found. 
 There were 6 of the former and 18 of the latter. 
 One of the cylindrical beads (Fig. 35, £5) is 2 
 inches long and -^ of an inch wide, and one 
 of the barrel-shaped, (Fig. 35?TH; is l 3 A inches 
 long and fif of an inch in diameter. Each 
 has been drilled from each end with a conical 
 hole. There was another group of 31 beads that 
 were almost spherical in shape. The largest 
 (Fig. 35, F) measures 1 Vb inches by 3 A of an 
 inch. It has been drilled with a hole of almost 
 uniform diameter. There are 69 beads in a third 
 group which were thick discs. The largest (Fig. 
 35, E) is xg by j^ of an inch in dimensions 
 and has been drilled from each side. All of the 
 beads in these three groups are made from the 
 columella of the conch shell. Thousands of the 
 marginella beads were found (Figs. 50 and 51). 
 These vary in length from 3 /s of an inch to, 
 rarely, 5 /a of an inch, and all have been ground 
 near the shoulder to make a hole for attach- 
 ment. 
 
 Beads of other materials are sometimes 
 found. Fig. 35, A is a split canine tooth of a 
 bear, and B of this same figure shows two 
 globular beads made of felspar. A burial 
 was plowed through two years ago; and the 
 two felspar beads, 22 disc shell beads closely 
 averaging Vi of an inch in diameter, a three- 
 notched arrowhead and a twelve-inch oval- 
 bitted spade have been picked up in this spot 
 to date. 
 
 PENDANTS 
 
 All of the pieces of this type in the series are 
 made of the small Gulf conch shells. There are 
 6 that have a hole drilled through the smaller 
 end of the shell (Fig. 36, A) and 2 that are 
 grooved (Fig. 36, D), one of the latter having a 
 second groove about the middle of the shell 
 (Fig. 36, D, right). Most of them have all of 
 the sharp projections on the shoulders of the 
 shell ground off smooth. Some show only a 
 moderate grinding of projections, and others 
 show no working other than the hole for sus- 
 pension. The 8 specimens on hand vary from 
 3V4 to 5% inches in length. 
 
 There is a type of specimen that is difficult to 
 classify (Fig. 37). It is made of the columella of 
 the conch shell, and some specimens show 
 definite signs of having been worked (Fig. 37, 
 1, 4 and 6), showing notches, while others could 
 be spicules of badly disintegrated articles made 
 from the columella of the conch shell. They are 
 described here under pendants because 
 Dr. Barrett, at Aztalan, found some of them 
 perforated and grooved for suspension. None 
 worked in this manner from Cahokia have been 
 called to our attention. 
 
 OBJECTS OF BONE AND ANTLER 
 
 Animal bones were used for the making of 
 implements and ornaments. The bone awl 
 is the most common of these articles. 
 The majority are split sections of the 
 shafts of long bones that have been sharp- 
 ened on one end (Fig. 38, E and F). There 
 are 7 complete specimens of this type in the 
 series. The specimens shown in Fig. 38, A and 
 B are made from the cannon-bone of the deer; 
 that in Fig. 38, C, from the tibia of the deer; 
 and that in Fig. 38, D, from the leg bone of the 
 wild turkey. In all of these, one end of the 
 bone has been left unaltered, probably to be 
 used as a handle. Fig. 38, L shows a spine 
 from the fin of a large fish. It required very 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 little, if any work, to convert it into a perforator, 
 but the point shows definite evidence of use. 
 Fig. 38, H shows what appears to be an 
 unfinished disc bead. Two finished beads of 
 this type were found in the cache reported 
 under the shell disc beads. Fig. 38, K illustrates 
 a perforated toe bone of the deer, used for 
 decoration or in certain games. The perforation 
 is in the lower end of the piece in the direction 
 of the long axis. 
 
 Four fragmentary antler arrow tips have been 
 found, the most complete specimen of which is 
 shown in Fig. 38, M. 
 
 COPPER. HEMATITE AND GALENA 
 
 In all of Moorehead's explorations at Cahokia 
 no tools or ornaments made of copper were 
 found. In the summer of 1922 a snake about 4 
 inches long made of sheet copper was found in 
 the Round Top Mound. Fig. 29, E and F shows 
 the only two copper pieces in this collection. 
 E is a very thin celt 2'/s inches long, and F is 
 a rolled copper bead -pj of an inch long. 
 
 The celt has been examined by Dr. H. M. 
 Sayre of the Montana School of Mines, and he 
 reports that it is made of copper from the lake 
 region and was worked cold or at a very slight 
 heat. 
 
 Two copper covered wooden spindles from 
 the Powell Mound are shown in Fig. 49 and are 
 described on page 15. 
 
 Hematite is also quite rare at Cahokia. Fig. 
 29, D shows a hematite paint stone 2% inches 
 long. It has been broken in two, and one por- 
 tion of it was found near the base of the Powell 
 Mound one year, while the other portion was 
 found near by the next year. Fig. 29, G shows 
 a hematite adz 1 V2 inches long and 1 Vi inches 
 wide. It is made of a steel-gray, hard hematite, 
 highly polished, and with a slight curve to the 
 cutting edge. A small, very well made hema- 
 tite celt from Cahokia is known to have been 
 found. Small pieces of hematite in the forms of 
 red and yellow ocher are not uncommon. They 
 are thought to have been used as paint. 
 
 Numerous pieces of galena are found in the 
 forms shown in Fig. 29, H. No artifacts of this 
 material have been reported, and it is 
 suggested that this also may have been used 
 as paint. 
 
 POTTERY 
 
 The art of making pottery at Cahokia was 
 very highly developed, and there was a large 
 amount of it in use. Large numbers of sherds 
 can still be picked up on the village site, and 
 they indicate many different forms of vessels, 
 both plain and decorated. Most of the temper- 
 ing is shell; however, a moderate number of 
 grit-tempered sherds are found. There are also 
 cell-tempered sherds, but since by some 
 authorities they are considered to represent a 
 disintegrated shell tempering they will be so 
 considered here. The most characteristic shape 
 of the vessels is circular in cross-section with 
 the height usually less than the width and with 
 a rounded base. In some, the shoulder is 
 rounded and in others it forms a sharp angle. 
 The shoulders slope inward to form the neck, 
 and the rim is usually short and flaring. There 
 are 2 and sometimes 4 loop handles extending 
 from the rim to the shoulder. Some are bowl- 
 shaped with slightly contracting walls and no 
 neck, and these quite often have handles repre- 
 senting the head (Fig. 41, group A) and tail 
 of some animal or bird, placed opposite each 
 other on the rim (Fig. 40, A). 
 
 One form that appears rather commonly is 
 the so-called "beanpot" (Figs. 40, B; 43). It is 
 a more or less straight-walled beaker-shaped 
 vessel with a straight handle extending out 
 from the side wall. The handle may be 
 attached to the rim (Fig. 40, B) or to the side 
 wall anywhere along the upper half of the 
 vessel, and was quite often attached by the 
 riveting process. A hole was made through the 
 side of the vessel; then the end of the handle 
 to be attached was placed through the hole and 
 smoothed out on the inner side of the vessel. 
 The handles are usually 2 to 4 inches in length, 
 circular or semi-circular in cross-section and 
 pointed at the end (Fig. 41, group D). A few 
 have been found that represent the human fore- 
 arm and closed fist (Fig. 41, group B). 
 
 There are many specialized forms, and flat 
 dish-like vessels are not uncommon. Fig. 40, C 
 shows a small owl-effigy bowl with the open- 
 ing in the abdomen. There are also handled 
 covers for the very large vessels. Two re- 
 constructed covers are shown in Fig. 43. They 
 are in the bottom row on each side of the group 
 of spades. 
 
 11 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 Some of the pottery is very thin and hard, 
 usually black in color, of a much better texture 
 than the average, and appears to have been 
 polished (Figs. 39; 40, H; and 43, the 5 central 
 pieces in the top row and the 3 central pieces 
 in the second row). Some of it is painted either 
 on the inside or the outside, and sometimes 
 both. It is very seldom that more than one 
 color has been used on the same piece. 
 
 Decorations are quite common, and they 
 usually occur on the area between the 
 shoulder and the neck of the bowls, or on the 
 outer wall of the "beanpots." They are in the 
 form of straight or curved lines and are 
 geometric in design, the scroll being quite 
 common. The lines appear to have been 
 incised with a sharp point (Fig. 42, E, F and G), 
 or, in instances, they appear to have been 
 made with a dull point (Fig. 42, B), and are wide 
 and smooth, suggesting modeling. G of 
 this same figure shows a thin, grayish-black, 
 shell-tempered ware, and the incised design is 
 suggestive of the eye portion of the figure on 
 the thin copper plaques from the south. Occa- 
 sionally punctate patterns are seen (Fig. 42, D). 
 This form of design occurs most commonly on 
 the red ware. The specimens shown in D and 
 F of this figure are a bright red on both the 
 outer and inner surfaces. 
 
 Fig. 39 is of a handled bowl of the thin, 
 black ware, restored by the Milwaukee Public 
 Museum. It was found at a depth of 3Vz feet 
 in making a cut for the widening of U. S. High- 
 way No. 40, in 1935. Its maximum diameter is 
 10% inches; inner rim diameter, 8-pj; inches; 
 and the height, 3f| inches. The tail or handle 
 is 3^ inches long and 2-^ inches wide. 
 
 Quite a few sherds from pots similar to that 
 shown in Fig. 40, G have been picked up. This 
 is a shell-tempered, cord-imprinted vessel in the 
 Missouri Historical Society collection, originally 
 in the Patrick collection, and was found in 
 St. Clair County. It is 8 V2 inches high, IIV'2 
 inches across the shoulders, 9% inches across 
 the rim, and has an opening IVi inches in 
 diameter. In most of the sherds of this type the 
 cord imprinting extends up to the base of the 
 neck (Fig. 42, A). 
 
 Handles and lugs are of rather common 
 occurrence. They are round or elliptical in 
 cross-section and frequently extend above the 
 rim of the vessel (Fig. 40, D). The handle on 
 Fig. 40, F has two small knob-like projections 
 
 on the rim at the top and a deep groove down 
 the center. These are decorative features. The 
 straight handles have been described under 
 "beanpots." 
 
 Lugs are outward projections on the rim, as 
 illustrated in Fig. 40, E. In this specimen there 
 is a double lug on each side, seen best on the 
 right side because those on the left have been 
 damaged. The lugs vary from small to large 
 and are either plain or decorated. The effigy 
 head of animals and birds seen on some of the 
 bowls could be classed as decorated lugs. 
 Sometimes the large heads are hollow and con- 
 tain several small pellets of pottery or stone so 
 that they will rattle when shaken. 
 
 Pottery trowels, or shapers, are not un- 
 commonly found. They are usually mushroom- 
 shaped and made of a tan-colored clay. The 
 broad bottom surface is somewhat convex and 
 very smooth. The last specimen in the top 
 row of Fig. 43 is of this type. A few of the type 
 shown in Fig. 41, E have been found. This piece 
 is shaped like a bell pestle. It is made of a 
 dark shell-tempered clay and the bottom 
 surface is very highly polished. 
 
 Fig. 42, C is a pottery disc perforated at the 
 center, made of a grit-tempered cord imprinted 
 ware. Discs of this type are in character with 
 the Monk's Mound culture, but all of the others 
 so far seen have been made of a shell-tempered 
 ware. Moorehead reports several of these; 
 their use is not known. 
 
 Pottery ornaments for personal adornment 
 are rare but are sometimes found. Fig. 35, C 
 shows a bead in the effigy of an owl. It is 
 made of black pottery and is 1 Va inches high, 
 with incised lines to represent the wing on each 
 side of the body, and with a hole drilled com- 
 pletely through the head, the openings of the 
 hole representing the eyes. Three other pieces 
 of this type are on record; one of pottery and 
 two of stone. The one of pottery is considerably 
 the largest, and the two of stone are about -the 
 same size, the difference being that the wings of 
 all three are in relief instead of being incised. 
 
 Most of the pipes found are made of pottery. 
 Fig. 28, D shows one that was found near 
 Monk's Mound in 1910. It is made of a black 
 ware, and is 3% inches long and 3V8 inches 
 high. The next to last specimen in the top row 
 of Fig. 43 shows a specimen similar to the one 
 described above, but somewhat larger and 
 with a more flaring bowl. 
 
 12 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 Figs. 44 and 45 show two pottery objects 
 for which the use is unknown. These pieces 
 are made of a poorly puddled, crumbly ware 
 that contains considerable coarse grit temper- 
 ing. They were apparently heavily fired, be- 
 cause the external surfaces are so hard that it 
 is difficult to scratch them with the thumb nail, 
 while on the broken surfaces fairly large 
 granules can be broken out by moderate 
 pressure of the ball of the thumb. There are 9 
 fragmentary specimens on hand, the outer 
 surfaces of 7 showing a coarse cord imprinting, 
 and the outer surfaces of 2, a rather fine cord 
 imprinting. All 9 are from within the Cahokia 
 Mound Group. 
 
 There are two types represented and they 
 have several features in common. Both some- 
 what resemble a tree stump with a flaring top, 
 and with 2 foot-like projections suggesting the 
 above-ground portions of the larger roots. 
 These 2 foot-like projections are placed almost 
 at right angles to each other so that about 3 A 
 of the base is roughly circular in outline. 
 Neither of the two more complete specimens 
 have both of the feet, but if both feet, were pres- 
 ent, it is thought that the object would stand in 
 the upright position without additional support. 
 Each type has a deep, inverted conical cavity, 
 the base of the cone being at the top and the 
 apex extending down into the body for a dis- 
 tance equal to Vi or % of the entire height 
 of the object. 
 
 The difference between the two types relates 
 to the nature of a hole in the lower portion of 
 the pieces. In the first type (Fig. 44) the hole is 
 a perpendicular downward extension of the 
 apex of the conical cavity. It emerges on the 
 bottom of the piece in a circular opening. In 
 the second type (Fig. 45) the hole lies in the 
 horizontal plane about 1 inch above the bottom 
 of the piece, and has no connections whatever 
 with the conical cavity above. The hole begins 
 in the angle between the two feet and extends 
 straight through the base, and emerges on the 
 opposite side. 
 
 Two specimens of each type can be identi- 
 fied, and the other 5 fragments are represented 
 by three foot specimens and two body speci- 
 mens, insufficient for typing. Five other 
 fragmentary specimens have been seen. Four 
 are from the southern portion of, or just south 
 of the Cahokia Mound Group proper, and the 
 
 fifth was found in the summer of 1937 at a 
 village site in the Pierre Marquette "State Park, 
 Jersey County, Illinois, by Mr. John Rinaldo 
 of the University of Chicago. 
 
 THE RAZING OF THE POWELL MOUND 
 
 This mound, No. 46 in the Moorehead 
 Classification, was 310 feet long, 180 feet wide 
 and 40 feet high. It was the most symmetrical 
 mound in the group and was shaped like a 
 large hay stack (Fig. 46). 
 
 In December of 1930 and January of 1931, all 
 but about 5 feet of its base was removed, the 
 object being to fill in crarea of low ground 200 
 to 400 yards to the northwest. By doing this, 
 the owners were able to put their whole tract of 
 about 50 acres under cultivation. 
 
 It is regrettable that information from this 
 mound was almost completely lost to science. 
 This loss was due to lack of funds by the 
 scientific institutions, and to the lack of public 
 interest. For a period of several years the 
 Powell brothers had a standing offer of $3,000 
 and 3 year's time open to any institution that 
 cared to study the mound; the only conditional 
 requirement was that the dirt removed be 
 placed in the area of low ground — 200 to 400 
 yards away. The undertaking was too big for 
 those scientifically interested, even with the 
 financial assistance offered by the owners. It 
 seems that the state wanted to buy the mound 
 with a 50-foot margin around the base and a 
 road leading to the main highway. This prop- 
 osition did not appeal to the Powells because 
 it would have taken a mushroom-shaped piece 
 out of one end of their tract of land. They 
 offered to sell their whole farm, but this in turn 
 did not appeal to the state. With this deadlock, 
 there were rumors of condemnation proceed- 
 ings which precipitated the removal of the 
 mound. 
 
 Work was started on the north side of the 
 mound with a large steam shovel, which was 
 hidden from the view of the highway by the 
 large size of the mound. It was 8 days before 
 the public was aware that the mound was be- 
 ing taken down. At this time the Powells gave 
 permission for a scientific man to watch the 
 proceedings, and to do what excavating he 
 could as long as he did not interfere with the 
 contractor. 
 
 13 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 This work was under the supervision of the 
 Archaeological Department of the University of 
 Illinois, but did not get under way until the 
 razing had been in progress for a total of 16 
 days. 
 
 In talking to the workmen and several visitors 
 who had been present during this 16-day 
 period, several things of interest were reported. 
 
 Soon after the contractor started, a black 
 humus line, approximately 4 inches thick, was 
 seen near the base. It gradually rose to about 
 the middle of the mound and kept this level 
 for the greater part of the distance of the long 
 axis, when it began to descend again toward 
 the base. It was also seen to slope toward the 
 base at the sides, giving the impression of an 
 original flat-top mound which had been cov- 
 ered over by a secondary mound (Fig. 47). 
 
 Near the west end of the mound, on top of the 
 black humus line, considerable burnt clay of 
 reddish color was seen. Nothing more than 
 its presence was noted by the workmen. This 
 may have been a fire place, or the clay surfac- 
 ing of a burnt house. 
 
 At about the junction of the west and middle 
 thirds of the mound, on the humus line, many 
 fragments of bone, thousands of Marginella 
 shells and an occasional bead made from the 
 columella of the conch shell began to appear. 
 Some of the bone fragments were discolored, 
 which was thought to be due to a chemical 
 change rather than to fire. The area occupied 
 by this group burial extended 30 feet across 
 the vertical face of the mound. As the digging 
 progressed, the ends changed their course very 
 little and extended back in the direction of the 
 long axis for about 20 feet, giving the impress- 
 ion that the burial was rectangular in shape. 
 Nothing from this burial was saved. 
 
 A short distance west of the center of the 
 mound, about 3 feet below the humus line of 
 the flat-top mound, about 18 inches of a cedar 
 post was seen, approximately 6 inches in 
 diameter. The upper end was freshly splint- 
 ered and the lower end extended down into 
 the dirt and was not visible. The specimen 
 was not recovered. 
 
 At about the junction of the middle and 
 eastern thirds of the mound, another one of 
 the rectangular group burials was found. The 
 west side of it was torn out by the shovel, and 
 
 the scientific work done was in about the 
 eastern third of it. 
 
 Through the courtesy of the contractor, sev- 
 eral of us had the opportunity of studying 
 rather closely the vertical face of the mound 
 through this second group burial. He put us 
 into the scoop of the shovel and raised us up to 
 the level of the burial. Our impression of what 
 we saw was that cedar sticks, about 1 inch in 
 diameter, had been laid down parallel to each 
 other about 3 feet apart on the top of the humus 
 line. These had been covered over with layers 
 of bark and the burials placed on top of the 
 bark. The burials were covered by from 1 to 5 
 layers of Marginella shells. These shells were 
 in such definite rows, and covered areas 
 sufficient in size, to suggesUthat they had been 
 attached to garments or robes. Over the top 
 layer of shells was a layer of bark, and above 
 this was the secondary mound. 
 
 A cross-section of the whole face of the 
 mound would be as follows: 20 feet of dirt of the 
 primary mound including a 4-inch humus line 
 on top; a row of cedar sticks on the humus line; 
 a layer of bark over the cedar sticks; bones on 
 the layer of bark; the bones covered by 1 to 5 
 layers of Marginella shells; the shells covered 
 by a layer of bark; and this layer of bark cov- 
 ered by 20 feet of dirt of the secondary mound. 
 The burial, including the top and bottom layers 
 of bark, was 2 inches thick and, as can be seen, 
 was sandwiched between 20 feet of dirt above 
 and below. Fig. 49 shows a reconstruction of 
 the burial in cross-section as described. It 
 does not show the cedar sticks. 
 
 Fig. 50 shows the preservation of a specimen 
 of the top layer of bark and the top layer of 
 Marginella shells as seen from below. It was 
 frozen to a piece of dirt weighing about 50 
 pounds, and was brought in and allowed to 
 thaw out and dry. In so doing, it cracked 
 through the center, and a few shells in this area 
 have been replaced. Note the regularity of 'the 
 rows of shells and the uniformity of position of 
 the shells in each row. Each shell has been 
 perforated for attachment. 
 
 Fig. 51 shows a reconstruction looking down 
 upon the top of the rows of shells. 
 
 During the removal of the mound, 13 burials, 
 extended in the flesh and thought to be in- 
 trusive, were found. There were no artifacts 
 with them and they did not seem to be 
 
 14 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 connected with the group burials. One of the 
 burials was in the west end and another in the 
 east end, both near the base of the secondary 
 mound. There were 5 in the south side and 6 
 in the north side. All were at about the level 
 of the humus line, but in the secondary mound. 
 
 Numerous artifacts were picked up during 
 and after the razing. These consisted mostly 
 of Marginella beads, beads made from the colu- 
 mella of the conch shell, pendants made from 
 the entire small conch shells and numerous 
 potsherds. These sherds are thought to have 
 been scattered in the mound dirt rather than to 
 have come from broken pots with the 
 burials. Two interesting artifacts from the 
 eastern group burial were picked up by one of 
 the workmen. They were 2 spindle-shaped 
 objects made of cedar (Fig. 48). Each cone of 
 the spindle had been covered by a thin sheet 
 of copper, and one spindle had a leather thong 
 tied in a double knot around the neck. The 
 leather had been preserved by the copper. 
 Each piece was 2% inches long and lVs inches 
 wide at its greatest diameter. 
 
 Some of the beads recovered are shown in 
 Fig. 35, E to H, inclusive. Fig. 35, E is of a thick 
 disc bead, while the one shown in F of the 
 same figure is almost spherical. Fig. 35, G and 
 H shows beads from the same necklace; one is 
 a barrel-shaped, cylindrical bead and the other 
 is a true cylindrical bead. Fig. 35, J and K 
 shows 2 of a group of 90 olivella beads from a 
 burial found under Mound 85, which was ex- 
 cavated by the University of Illinois in the 
 summer of 1931. This mound lay just a very 
 short distance south of the Powell Mound. 
 
 In the early spring of 1931, the base of the 
 Powell Mound was trenched by the University 
 of Chicago and the University of Illinois, with 
 the cooperation of the Milwaukee Public 
 Museum. During the summer, the University of 
 Illinois, while excavating Mound 85, found a 
 large refuse pit under the mound. 
 
 In Fig. 43, the 5 central pots in the top row, 
 the 3 central pots in the middle row and the 
 2 large covers in the bottom row are specimens 
 restored from some of the sherds from this pit. 
 They are the hard, thin, polished ware typical 
 of the "Old Village" culture. The other pots 
 shown in this figure are types found at Cahokia, 
 but are of a much coarser ware and are 
 ascribed to the "Beanpot" culture. The spades 
 
 shown in the center of the bottom row were 
 found close to a burial at the edge of 
 Mound 85. 
 
 Practically all of the reconstruction work done 
 on this group of pots was by Mr. Peter Stewart, 
 formerly with the Department of Anthropology 
 of the University of Illinois. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS 
 
 It is known that more than one cultural 
 manifestation is present at Cahokia. Since 
 nearly all of the material here reported is from 
 the surface of the village site, it is a mixture of 
 all of the cultures present, and presents a 
 difficult problem in placing the various artifacts 
 in their proper cultures. This can be done only 
 in part. 
 
 Dr. A. R. Kelly has used the name "Old 
 Village" for one of the cultures. This is a 
 tentative name, and the manifestation is more 
 generally known as the Monk's Mound Aspect 
 of the Middle Phase, Mississippi Pattern. 
 
 Certain artifacts and traits have been found 
 to have been associated definitely with the 
 Monk's Mound or "Old Village" culture. These 
 are the platform mounds, split-bone and pol- 
 ished bone awl, ear-spools, thin polished 
 pottery, three-notched triangular points, chert 
 spades, mushroom-shaped pottery trowels or 
 shapers and burials extended in the flesh. 
 
 Dr. Kelly gave the name "Beanpot" to the 
 culture having the thicker and coarser types of 
 pottery and having the "beanpot" as a rather 
 common type of vessel. It is thought to be 
 later than the "Old Village" culture, but still a 
 branch of the Middle Mississippi Phase. 
 Whether they built the round-topped mounds 
 and the conical mounds superimposed on the 
 platform mounds remains to be determined. 
 These mounds may have been built by some 
 other cultural group not yet recognized. 
 
 It is possible that both the "Old Village" and 
 the "Beanpot" cultures used the disc shell 
 beads, conch shells, triangular points — includ- 
 ing the two-notched types, and the celts or un- 
 grooved axes. Which one used the notched 
 hoes and the polished spuds is not known. In 
 as much as neither of these are found at 
 Aztalan, it seems probable that they were not 
 used by the "Old Village" culture, since 
 Aztalan parallels the "Old Village" manifesta- 
 tion quite closely. When it is possible to place 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 a crew of scientific men at Cahokia for a 
 sufficient length of time to study the area thor- 
 oughly, the artifacts herein described can be 
 more properly placed in regard to their cultures. 
 
 My thanks and appreciation are expressed to 
 the Powell, Rechlein, Sherman, and Ramey 
 families for the materials which they have 
 made available and for permission to go over 
 the village sites on their farms each year; to 
 Mr. William Norton, curator of the Museum, 
 and Mrs. Norton for their cooperation; to 
 Messrs. Will L. Hall, L. R. Daerr, Joe Walta, 
 O. A. Schneider, Charles Simpson, Joe Pullin, 
 George B. Higgins, the late M. A. Wertheimer 
 and The Missouri Historical Society for ma- 
 terials which they have made available; to the 
 Milwaukee Public Museum, the University of 
 Illinois and Mr. J. A. Meyer for the use of 
 photographs; to Byron Knoblock for drawings 
 and to W. C. McKern for editorial suggestions. 
 
 The reader is referred to Dr. S. A. Barrett's 
 bulletin on "Ancient Aztalan" and also to that 
 of Dr. W. K. Moorehead on "The Cahokia 
 Mounds" for further descriptions and photo- 
 graphs of pottery types and decorations. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 1. Barrett, Dr. S. A., Ancient Aztalan. Mil- 
 waukee Public Museum Bulletin, No. 13, 
 1933. 
 
 2. Bushnell, D. I., Jr., The Cahokia and Sur- 
 rounding Mound Groups. Peabody Museum, 
 1904. 
 
 3. Conant, A. J., Foot Prints of Vanished Races. 
 
 1879. 
 
 4. Fowke, Gerard, Antiquities of Central and 
 Southeastern Missouri. Bureau of American 
 Ethnology, Bulletin No. 37, 1910. 
 
 5. McAdams, William, Antiquities of Cahokia; 
 The Ancient Mounds of Illinois. 1881; Rec- 
 ords of Ancient Races, 1887. 
 
 6. McKern, W. C, Wisconsin Pottery. American 
 Anthropologist, Volume 33. 
 
 7. Moorehead, W. K., The Cahokia Mounds. 
 University of Illinois Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 4. 
 
 8. Rau, Charles, A Deposit of Agricultural Flint 
 Implements. Annual Report, Smithsonian 
 Institution, 1868. 
 
 9. Thomas, Cyrus, Mound Report. 12th Annual 
 Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, 
 1894. 
 
 C A HO Kt A C R£ E If 
 
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 FIG. 2 — Higgins' model of the Cahokia Mound Group; A, Monk's Mound; B, Merrill Mound; 
 C, Round-Top Mound; D, Fox Mound; E, one of the smaller mounds; F, Powell Mound. 
 
 16 
 
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THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 FIG. 7 — Unnotched arrowheads: A, straight base, convex sides; B, straight base, straight sides; 
 C, convex base, convex sides; D, convex base, straight sides. Figs. 7-16 inclusive are 
 % actual size. 
 
 FIG. 8 — Unnotched arrowheads: A, straight base, concave sides; B, convex base, concave sides; 
 C, concave base, convex sides; D, concave base, straight sides; E, concave base, concave 
 sides. 
 
 18 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 FIG. 9 — Two notched arrowheads with straight bases. 
 
 FIG. 10--Notched arrowheads: A, two-notched with concave base; 
 base; C, four-notched; D, six-notched. 
 
 B, two-notched with convex 
 
 19 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 FIG. 11 — Three-notched arrowheads: Rows 1 and 2 are made of translucent materials; row 3 is 
 made of colored opaque materials. 
 
 FIG. 12 — Notched arrowheads: A, three-notched; 
 notched. 
 
 3, five-notched; C, seven-notched; D, nine- 
 
 20 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 FIG. 13 — Corner-notched arrowheads. 
 
 FIG. 14 — Serrated arrowheads. 
 
 21 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 FIG. 15 — Arrowheads: A, quartzite; B, quartz; C, arrowheads made from the polished flakes of 
 agricultural implements; D, single-base-notched arrowheads; E, square; F, bunt; G, un- 
 completed four-notched arrowhead. 
 
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THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 
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 FIG. 17 — Oval-bitted spades: A and B show no polish on the bit; C, polished bit. 
 
 FIG. 18 — Flare-bitted spades. All of the bits show polish. 
 
 23 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 D 
 
 F 
 
 FIG. 19 — Notched hoes, oval and flare-bitted. 
 
 FIG. 20 — Unnotched hoes. 
 
 24 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 
 FIG. 21— Chisels. 
 
 FIG. 22— Picks. 
 
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THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
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 FIG. 24— Knives. 
 
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 FIG. 25 — Sandstone: A and B, saws (?), C to F, sharpening stones. 
 
 27 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 FIG. 26— Celts: A, unfinished celt; B to H, finished celts. 
 
 FIG. 27 — Adzes and celt: A to C, adzes; D, celt with round poll. 
 
 28 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 B 
 
 FIG. 28 — A to C, discoidals; D, clay pipe; E, cross-hatched tablet. 
 
 
 FIG. 29— A to C, boat stones; D, hematite paint-stone; E, copper celt; F, rolled-copper bead; 
 G, hematite adz; H, galena; J, steatite ear-spaol. 
 
 29 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
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 FIG. 30 — Shell hoes from a refuse pit. 
 
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 FIG. 31 — Unworked mussel shells from a refuse pit. 
 
 30 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 FIG. 32— Disc shell beads. 
 
 FIG. 33 -Disc shell beads made from the shoulder of a conch shell. 
 
 31 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 HQgftQa 
 
 FIG. 34 — Unfinished disc shell beads. 
 
 FIG. 35 — Beads: A, split canine tooth of a bear; B, globular felspar beads; C, pottery owl bead; 
 D, small barrel-shaped shell bead; E, thick disc shell bead; F, globular shell bead; 
 G and H, cylindrical shell beads; J and K, olivella shell beads. 
 
 32 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 FIG. 36 — Conch shells: A, pendants drilled at top for suspension; B, unworked conch shells; 
 C, worked conch shells, neither drilled nor grooved; D, pendants grooved at top for 
 suspension. 
 
 FIG. 37- -Columella of the conch shell. 
 
 33 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 FIG. 38 — Bone and antler: A and B, awls from the cannon bone of the deer; C, awl, tibia of the 
 deer; D, awl, leg bone of wild turkey; E and F, split-bone awls; G, bone ear-spool; H 
 and J. bone beads; K, perforated toe bone of the deer; L, perforator from the spine of 
 a fish fin; M, antler-tip arrow point. 
 
 FIG. 39 — Handled pottery bowl; thin, black ware. 
 Milwaukee Public Museum. 
 
 Property of, restored and photographed by the 
 
 34 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 x V. , ' ' ' < ■■'•J I tfl "' 
 
 FIG. 40 — Caholcia pottery; A to G, the coarser 'ware; H, the thin, black, polished ware. A and B 
 restored by the Milwaukee Public Museum. G, property of the Missouri Historical 
 Society. 
 
 35 
 
THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
 FIG. 41 — Pottery handles: A, bird and animal heads; B, "beanpot" handles in the form of the 
 human arm; C, loop handles; D, "beanpot" pointed handles; E, pottery trowel or shaper. 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 FIG. 42- -Potsherds: A, sherd from a pot similar to that shown in Fig. 40, G; B, wide, smooth, 
 linear decoration; C, pottery disc; D, punctate decoration; E to G, incised, fine-line 
 decoration. 
 
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THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
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 FIG. 45 — Unidentified pottery object. 
 
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THE CAHOKIA MOUND GROUP AND ITS VILLAGE SITE MATERIALS 
 
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 FIG. 46 — Powell Mound in 1905; photographed by Mr. J. A. Meyer, St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
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 FIG. 47 — The razing of the Powell Mound. Note the black humus line at the center of the mound 
 and how it dips downward at the left end of -the mound. Photograph by the University 
 of Illinois. 
 
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