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TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 

A TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 PARASITES AND PARASITIC 
 DISEASES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 
 
 BY 
 
 l. g. Neumann 
 
 PROFESSOR OF THE NATIONAL VETERINARY SCHOOL OF TOULOUSE 
 
 {Translated bg 
 
 GEORGE FLEMING, C.B., LL.D., F.R.C.V.S. 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 REVISED AND EDITED BY 
 
 JAMES MACQUEEN, F.R.C.V.S. 
 
 PROFESSOR AT THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, LONDON 
 
 WITH 365 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 VETERINARY medicine 
 library 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 WILLIAM R. JENKINS 
 851 & 853 SIXTH AVENUE 
 1906 
 

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 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 
 
 The second edition of Fleming’s translation of Neumann s Traite 
 des Maladies Parasitaires non Microbiennes des Animaux Domes - 
 tiques has been carefully revised and brought up to date. The 
 arrangement of the chapters remains undisturbed, but the footnote 
 references to authors have been removed from the pages and 
 placed together at the end. In places the terminology has been 
 altered — a change which might have been extended but for the 
 fear that further interference with familiar names would cause 
 inconvenience to many who may consult this work. 
 
 In the preparation of this edition I have received much assistance, 
 for which I desire to record my indebtedness and grateful thanks . 
 to the author of the original, Professor Neumann, for his untiring 
 helpfulness in reconstructing the chapter on the Dermatomy coses, 
 and in furnishing most of the additions and corrections elsewhere , 
 to Professor McFadyean— always accessible and ready with advice 
 on difficult points— for permission to transcribe portions of his 
 published articles on parasites, and to copy Figs. 141, 142, i43> an( I 
 144 ; to Dr. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 
 U.S.A., for many valuable publications on parasites ; and to 
 Dr. G. H. F. Nuttall, Cambridge University, for a copy of his 
 Critical and Historical Study of the ‘ Role of Insects, Arachnids, 
 and Myriapods as Carriers in the Spread of Bacterial and Parasitic 
 Diseases of Man and Animals.’ I have also to thank my colleagues 
 —Professor Woodruff, for assistance with the pages on Ringworm, 
 and Mr. T. C. Graves for revising the Index. 
 
 J. MACQUEEN. 
 
 Royal Veternary College, 
 
 London, 
 
 September 1, 1905. 
 
 v 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 
 
 (ABRIDGED) 
 
 The value of such a work as this of Professor Neumann is amply 
 testified to by the fact, that the first edition was exhausted in less 
 than three years, while the author received the Vernois Prize from 
 the Academie de Medicine in 1889, and the gold medal of the 
 Societe Nationale d’ Agriculture de France ; the War Minister of 
 France has also authorized its issue to all the mounted corps and 
 the military schools and establishments. No better evidence of its 
 great merits could be adduced, nor can stronger proof be afforded 
 of the recognition and encouragement such labours meet with in 
 France. Professor Neumann, with the greatest courtesy and 
 generosity, not only gave me permission to translate his admirable 
 work, but provided me with corrections and additions which could 
 not appear in the body of his new book. For all this goodness and 
 attention, I beg to tender my estimable friend warmest thanks. 
 
 There is no work in English to be at all compared with this, so- 
 far as veterinary medicine is concerned ; and even in human 
 medicine — English or foreign — there is none so comprehensive and 
 complete. In his preface, Neumann states : ‘ Those who have 
 studied the subjects so numerous and varied, the substance of which 
 is given in this book, will have had reason to be astonished at the 
 multiplicity of the works in which they are treated, and the almost 
 innumerable documents of which they are constituted. They will 
 also have had cause to regret more than once that, in our country 
 at least, no one has ventured to give a didactic tableau of the injury 
 caused by parasites to the health .of the domesticated animals. 
 Having, as much as anyone, had to regret the existence of this 
 void, we determined to fill it. Truly, this attempt is not altogether 
 without precedent ; but none of the French or foreign works to 
 
viii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 
 
 which we have referred — excellent though some of them are — could 
 be accepted as a model ; as some were limited to the “ entozoa,” 
 others to the parasites of the skin, certain of them prematurely 
 included microbic diseases in their list, or confined themselves to 
 the parasites only — neglecting too much the host and the mischief 
 they caused ; while the majority, if not all of them, adapted their 
 plan to the taxinomic requirements of zoology and botany. | “ * | 
 
 ‘ As we had in view more particularly the damage done to health 
 — the parasitic diseases — we deemed it useful to establish the order 
 to be followed according to the nature of the organs invaded ; and 
 this has been the predominant idea throughout the work — the rare 
 deviations therefrom which had to be made being of no impor- 
 tance, as they will cause no trouble or hindrance to the attentive 
 reader in determining the character of the parasites he may meet 
 with. 
 
 ‘ In dealing with the parasitic diseases of our domesticated 
 animals, no notice has been taken of those very small and subtle 
 parasites usually designated “ microbes,” which belong to the vast 
 class of Schizomycetes ; for, notwithstanding the incontestable 
 interest that invests them, as a whole, in the parasitism of animals, 
 it appeared advantageous to omit the virulent diseases. One 
 decisive reason, among others, justified this omission ; for if among 
 these maladies there are some the parasitic origin of which is estab- 
 lished, there are many others, unfortunately, for which the same 
 cannot be said, though they are better known, and cannot be 
 separated from them with regard to symptoms, course, lesions, 
 conditions of contagion, sanitary police, prophylactic measures, 
 etc. The diseases which we here treat of are nearly all due to 
 relatively large parasites, which might be designated macro- 
 parasites. 
 
 ‘ The domestic animals dealt with in this book — mammals and 
 birds — are almost exclusively species belonging to our country, as 
 the observations regarding parasitism more especially belong to 
 them ; the species special to Asia, Africa, and America have, in 
 this connection, an interest too secondary to warrant us in further 
 extending our already very extensive work. Therefore it is that 
 they have only received rare and brief notice. 
 
 ‘ Although pathology has been more especially kept in view, we 
 have not confined ourselves to an enumeration of the troubles 
 engendered in the economy by the organisms that invade it. In 
 order to facilitate diagnosis, we have added to the study of the 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 
 
 IX 
 
 parasites — properly so called — that of the commensals which are 
 so frequently met with ; and we have been compelled to include 
 all the living forms observed on the surface or in the texture of 
 organs, whether they be common or rare, frequent or exceptional. 
 
 ‘ As it is not always easy, in presence of an intrusive species, to 
 allot it to parasitism or commensalism, and as numbers are, in this 
 matter a powerful element in distinguishing it, the determination 
 of a parasite is singularly aided by comparing it with species having 
 the same habitat. The mention which accompanies each of these 
 gives the measure of its importance. 
 
 ‘ In order to render a nosographical account of the parasitic 
 disorders intelligible, it is absolutely necessary that zoological, and 
 sometimes botanical, information be had recourse to. Generally 
 speaking, this has been reduced to the strictest minimum, as the 
 reader can find in other treatises or special works any further infor- 
 mation he may require.’ 
 
 I have only to express the hope and desire that the subject of 
 parasitism, which has been so closely and advantageously studied 
 by members of the veterinary profession — more especially in France, 
 Germany, and Italy — will now receive greater attention from those 
 in English-speaking countries generally — countries which cover 
 such a large surface of the globe, and therefore offer such excellent 
 opportunities for extending our knowledge in this important section 
 of biology and sanitary science. 
 
 The metric system of measurement has been retained, as it is 
 the most convenient, and is now generally adopted in scientific 
 treatises. The introduction of the micromillimetre (n) is a great 
 advantage in dealing with very minute objects. The title of the 
 work I have also taken the liberty of slightly altering, in order the 
 better to indicate its scope ; as it treats not only of parasitic diseases 
 and their treatment, but lucidly, if briefly, of the parasites them- 
 selves — an advantage which will be appreciated by those who wish 
 to gain some knowledge of them, and learn to identify them. 
 
 St. John’s, London, 
 
 March, 1892. 
 
 GEORGE FLEMING. 
 

CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . v 
 
 Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . vii 
 
 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . i 
 
 Vegetable Parasites . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 
 
 Animal Parasites . . . . . . . . . . 3 
 
 Habitat of the Parasites . . . . . . . . . . 5 
 
 Degrees and Mode of Parasitism . . . . . . . . 5 
 
 Etiology of Parasitic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 8 
 
 Symptoms and Lesions . . . . . . . . . . 12 
 
 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 
 
 Nomenclature of Parasitic Diseases . . . . . . . . 15 
 
 Prognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 
 
 Prophylaxis . . . . . . . . . . 16 
 
 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 
 
 BOOK I 
 
 PARASITES OF THE SKIN 
 
 General Considerations .. .. .. .. .. 19 
 
 CHAPTER I. — Dipterous Parasites in the Perfect Insect State . . 22 
 
 CHAPTER II. — Dipterous Parasites of the Skin in the Larval State . . 36 
 
 CHAPTER III.— The Fleas . . . . . . . . 52 
 
 CHAPTER IV. — Phthiriases . . . . . . . . . . 58 
 
 CHAPTER V. — Acariases . . . . . . 83 
 
 A.— ACARIASES OF THE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS .. 86 
 
 Article I. — Non-psoric Acariases . . . . . . 86 
 
 Article II. — Psoric Acariases . . . . . . 105 
 
 1. Sarcoptinic Scabies .. .. .. .. ..106 
 
 A. Scabies of the Equida? . . . . 127 
 
 1. Sarcoptic Scabies .. .. .. ..128 
 
 2. Psoroptic Scabies . . . . . . 140 
 
 3. Chorioptic Scabies . . . . . . 143 
 
 xi 
 
Xll 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 BOOK I. ( continued ) 
 
 l’AGE 
 
 B. Scabies of Bovine Animals . . . . . . 146 
 
 1. Sarcoptic Scabies . . . . . . . . 146 
 
 2. Psoroptic Scabies . . . . . . . . 146 
 
 3. Chorioptic Scabies .. .. .. ..150 
 
 C. Scabies of the Sheep . . . . . . . . 1 5 1 
 
 1 . Sarcoptic Scabies . . . . . . ..152 
 
 2. Psoroptic Scabies . . . . . . . . 154 
 
 3. Chorioptic Scabies . . . . . . . . 173 
 
 D. Scabies of the Goat . . . . . . . . 174 
 
 1. Sarcoptic Scabies .. .. .. ..174 
 
 2. Chorioptic Scabies . . . . . . 176 
 
 E. Scabies of the Pig . . . . . . . . 177 
 
 F. Sarcoptic Scabies of the Rabbit . . . . . . 179 
 
 G. Scabies of the Dromedary and Camel .. .. 180 
 
 H. Sarcoptic Scabies of the Dog . . . . . . 182 
 
 I. Sarcoptic Scabies of the Cat . . . . . . 187 
 
 J. Sarcoptic Scabies of the Ferret . . . . 190 
 
 2. Demodecic Scabies . . . . . . . . 191 
 
 A. Demodecic Scabies of the Dog . . . . . . 193 
 
 B. Demodecic Scabies of the Pig . . . . 201 
 
 C. Demodecic Scabies of the Goat . . . . . . 202 
 
 D. Demodecic Scabies of the Ox . . . . . . 202 
 
 B .—ACARIASES OF DOMESTICATED BIRDS . . ..202 
 
 Article I. — Non-psoric Acariases . . . . . . 203 
 
 Article II. — Psoric Acariases . . . . . . 219 
 
 1. Scabies of the Legs . . . . . . . . .. 220 
 
 2. Scabies of the Body, Depluming Scabies . . . . 223 
 
 CHAPTER VI. — Cutaneous Helminthiases . . .. .. .. 226 
 
 Article I. — Parasitic Dermatorrhagia . . . . . . 226 
 
 Article II. — Summer Sores of Horses . . . . . . 229 
 
 Article III. — Dracontiasis (Filaria of Medina) . . . . 234 
 
 Article IV. — Indigenous Cutaneous Filariasis of the Dog 237 
 Article V. — Verminous Foot-rot of Sheep . . . . 238 
 
 CHAPTER VII. — Dermatomycoses . . . . . . . . 239 
 
 Article I. — Ringworm of the Horse and Ass . . . . 245 
 
 Article II. — Ringworm of the Ox .. .. ..255 
 
 Article III. — Ringworm of the Sheep, Goat, and Pig . . 259 
 
 Article IV. — Ringworm of the Dog . . . . . . 260 
 
 Article V. — Ringworm of the Cat . . . . . . 263 
 
 Article VI. — Favus of the Rabbit . . . . . . 266 
 
 Article VII. — Tinea of the Fowl .. .. .. 267 
 
 Article VIII. — Onychomycosis of Equid^; . . . . 269 
 
CONTENTS xiii 
 
 BOOK II 
 
 PARASITES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 General Considerations .. .. .. .. ..271 
 
 CHAPTER I. — Parasites of the Mouth and Pharynx . . .. .. 281 
 
 Article I. — H^emopis .. .. .. .. ..281 
 
 CHAPTER II. — Parasites of the (Esophagus and Stomach . . . . 288 
 
 Article I. — Parasites of the (Esophagus and Stomach of 
 
 Equid.e . . . . . . . . . . 288 
 
 Article II. — Parasites of the (Esophagus and Stomach of 
 
 Ruminants . . . . . . . . 300 
 
 Article III. — Parasites of the Stomach of the Pig .. 310 
 
 Article IV. — Parasites of the (Esophagus and Stomach of 
 
 the Dog .. .. .. .. ..312 
 
 Article V. — Parasites of the Stomach of the Cat .. 314 
 
 Article VI. — Parasites of the Stomach of the Rabbit .. 315 
 
 Article VII. — Parasites of the (Esophagus and Stomach of 
 
 Birds .. .. .. .. .. 316 
 
 CHAPTER III. — Parasites of the Intestine . . . . . . 320 
 
 A. — DOMESTICATED MAMMALIA .. .. .-333 
 
 Article I. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Equid.e . . 333 
 
 Article II. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Ox . . 348 
 
 Article III. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Sheep .. 355 
 
 Article IV. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Goat . . 364 
 
 Article V. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Pig . . 365 
 
 Article VI. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Dog . . 370 
 
 Article VII. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Cat . . 397 
 
 Article VIII. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Rabbit 401 
 Article IX. — Parasites of the Stomach and Intestine of the 
 
 Elephant . . . . . . . . 403 
 
 B . —DOMESTICATED BIRDS .. .. .. ..404 
 
 Article I. — Parasites of the Intestine of Poultry . . 404 
 
 Article II. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Turkey, 
 
 Guinea-fowl, Peacock, and Pheasant .. 41 1 
 
 Article III. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Pigeon .. 412 
 
 Article IV. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Duck . . 414 
 
 Article V. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Goose . . 417 
 
 Article VI. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Swan . . 420 
 
 CHAPTER IV. — Parasites of the Liver .. .. .. .. 421 
 
 Article I. — Coccidiosis of the Liver . . . . . . 426 
 
 Article II. — Echinococcosis of the Liver . . . . 431 
 
 Article III. — Distomiasis of the Liver . . . . . . 440 
 
 1 . Distomiasis of Herbivora . . . . . . . . 440 
 
 2. Distomiasis of Carnivora . . . . . . . . 464 
 
 CHAPTER V. — Parasites of the Pancreas and Spleen .. .. 465 
 
XIV 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 BOOK III 
 
 PARASITES OF THE SEROUS MEMBRANES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Equidse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 
 
 Ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 
 
 Pig • . • • • • • • • - . . . . . . 469 
 
 Rabbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 
 
 Dog and Cat . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 
 
 BOOK IV 
 
 PARASITES OF THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS 
 
 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 474 
 
 A .—DOMESTICATED MAMMALIA . . .. ..475 
 
 CHAPTER I. — Parasites of the Nasal Cavities and Larynx .. ..475 
 
 Article I. — Nasal Coccidiosis of the Rabbit . . . 475 
 
 Article II. — Linguatulida . . . . . . . 476 
 
 Article III. — Larv^: of the CEstrus . . . . 483 
 
 CHAPTER II. — Parasites of the Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs . . . . 490 
 
 Article I. — Pulmonary Echinococcosis . . . . . . 490 
 
 Article II. — Pulmonary Distomatosis . . . . . . 493 
 
 Article III. — Bronchial and Pulmonary Strongyloses . . 494 
 
 1. Verminous Broncho-pneumonia of the Sheep and Goat . . 496 
 
 2. Verminous Bronchitis of Bovines . . . . . . 503 
 
 3. Verminous Bronchitis of the Camel . . . . . . 506 
 
 4. Verminous Bronchitis of Equines . . . . . . 507 
 
 5. Verminous Bronchitis of the Pig . . . . . . 507 
 
 6. Verminous Bronchitis of the Rabbit . . . . . . 509 
 
 Article IV. — Helminthiases of the Trachea, Bronchi and 
 
 Lungs of the Dog . . . . . . 509 
 
 Article V. — Helminthiases of the Trachea, Bronchi and 
 
 Lungs of the Cat . . . . ..513 
 
 B .—DOMESTICATED BIRDS .. .. .. ..515 
 
 CHAPTER I. — Verminous Tracheo-Bronchitis (Syngamosis) .. .. 516 
 
 CHAPTER II. — Mycosis of the Air-Passages .. .. ..521 
 
 BOOK V 
 
 PARASITES OF THE CIRCULATORY APPARATUS 
 
 General Considerations . . . . . . . . 523 
 
 CHAPTER I. — Hsematozoa of the Horse .. .. .. ..524 
 
 Article I. — Nematodes . . . . . . . . 524 
 
 CHAPTER II. — Hsematozoa of Ruminants. . . . . . . . 532 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 xv 
 
 BOOK V ( continued ) 
 
 l'AC.E 
 
 CHAPTER III. — Haemotozoa of the Dog .. .. .. 535 
 
 Article I. — H^ematozoa of Lewis .. .. 535 
 
 Article II. — Haematic Filiariasis .. .. .. 537 
 
 Article III. — Strongylosis of Bloodvessels . . . . 542 
 
 Article IV. — Spiroptera Sanguinolenta . . . . . . 544 
 
 CHAPTER IV. — Hsematozoa of Birds . . . . . . . . 546 
 
 BOOK VI 
 
 PARASITES OF THE MUSCLES, CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND BONES 
 
 General Considerations . . . . . . . . 547 
 
 Coenurus Cerebralis . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 
 
 Coenurus Serialis . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 
 
 Echinococci . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 
 
 Distomum Hepaticum .. .. .. .. ..550 
 
 Distomes of the Muscles of the Pig . . . . . . 550 
 
 Nematodes .. .. .. .. .. .. ..551 
 
 Spiroptera Reticulata .. .. .. .. ..552 
 
 CHAPTER I. — Psorospermosis of the Muscles and Connective Tissue . . 555 
 
 Article I. — Muscular Psorospermosis .. .. 555 
 
 Article II. — Connective-Tissue Psorospermosis . . . . 560 
 
 CHAPTER II. — Measles . . . . . . . . . . 562 
 
 Article I. — Measles of the Pig . . . . . . . . 562 
 
 Article II. — Measles of the Dog . . . . 575 
 
 Article III. — Measles of the Ox . . . . 576 
 
 Article IV. — Various Measles . . . . . . 584 
 
 CHAPTER III. — Trichinosis .. .. .. .. 585 
 
 CHAPTER IV. — Parasites of the Bones (Echinococci) . . . . 605 
 
 BOOK VII 
 
 PARASITES OF THE NERVE CENTRES AND ORGANS OF SENSE 
 
 CHAPTER I. — Parasites of the Nerve Centres . . . . . . 606 
 
 Article I. — Wandering Helminthes . . . . . . 606 
 
 Article II. — Hydatido-cephalus or * Gid ’ . . . . 607 
 
 Article III. — Larvae of the CEstrid^e .. .. .. 618 
 
 CHAPTER II. — Parasites of the Sensory Organs . . . . 620 
 
 Article I. — Parasites of the Ear . . . . . . 620 
 
 1 . Psoroptic Otacariases . . . . . . . . ..621 
 
 A. — Psoroptic Otacariasis of the Rabbit . . . . 622 
 
 B. — Psoroptic Otacariasis of the Goat . . . . 624 
 
XVI 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 BOOK VII ( continued ) 
 
 PAGE 
 
 2. Chorioptic Otacariasis . . . . . . . . . . 625 
 
 A. — Chorioptic Otacariasis of the Dog .. .. 625 
 
 B. — Chorioptic Otacariasis of the Cat . . . . 630 
 
 C. — Chorioptic Otacariasis of the Ferret . . . . 630 
 
 Article II. — Parasites of the Eye .. .. ..631 
 
 1. Ocular Cysticercosis .. .. . . .. ..631 
 
 2. Intra-ocular Filariasis . . . . .. .. ..632 
 
 3. Extra-ocular Filariasis . . . . . . . . . . 634 
 
 BOOK VIII 
 
 PARASITES OF THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS 
 
 CHAPTER I. — Parasites of the Urinary Organs . . . . 637 
 
 Coccidia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 
 
 Cestodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 
 
 Trematodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 
 
 Nematodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 
 
 Acari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 
 
 Larvae of the (Estridae . . . . . . . . . . 644 
 
 CHAPTER II. — Parasites of the Generative Organs . . . . . . 645 
 
 Mammalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 
 
 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 645 
 
 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 
 
 General Index . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 
 
A TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 NON-MICROBIC PARASITIC DISEASES 
 OF THE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Of the diseases which are engendered in the external media surround- 
 ing animals, many are due to inferior organisms contained in these 
 media — organisms in various stages of development, from the egg 
 to the perfect individual. The recent and uninterrupted progress 
 of science daily increases the domain of this section of pathology, 
 and incessantly tends to include disorders which, until lately, were 
 ascribed to purely physical causes. Hence has arisen a special 
 branch of science, Parasitology , which has a distinct object and 
 methods, and possesses a particularly suggestive interest. 
 
 In the immense laboratory of living matter representing the 
 organic world, the conditions of nutrition are so framed for animals, 
 and also for non-chlorophyllous plants, that their aliment is ex- 
 clusively composed of organic substances. The majority of these 
 organisms subsist on lifeless matter ; but there are many that prefer 
 to derive their nourishment from living beings, and so obtain it 
 during a part, or even the whole period of their existence. When 
 the relations between size and strength are such that the consumer 
 is inferior to its victim, the former becomes the parasite of the latter. 
 
 Parasitism is, therefore, only a particular instance of Symbiosis 
 (De Bary) ; and the various forms of life in common of different 
 organisms are so named, there being distinguished mutualism, com- 
 mensalism, and parasitism (P. J. Van Beneden). 
 
 In mutualism, or mutualistic symbiosis, the two beings in contact 
 form a real association or union, which is beneficial to both. In 
 commensalism one of the two alone profits by this union, in which it 
 finds a refuge, and also, without injuring its co-symbiot, more 
 favourable, if only contingent, conditions for existence. In para- 
 sitism, or antagonistic symbiosis, only one of the organisms, again, 
 gains by the union, which affords it an assured shelter and subsist- 
 
 i 
 
2 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 ence — sometimes only the latter — most frequently at the expense of 
 its co-symbiot, which in this case becomes its host (or bearer). It is 
 in this sense that we adopt the word ‘ parasite/ and so give it an 
 extension which will be at least justified by the aim of this work. 
 
 The Parasites (Trapao-tros, eating beside or with another, from 7 rapd, 
 beside, and o-iros, food) which live on the domesticated animals 
 (Mammals and Birds) belong to the vegetable and animal kingdoms. 
 All the vegetable parasites ( Phytoparasites ) are fungi ; all the animal 
 parasites (, Zooparasites ) belong to the Invertebrata. 
 
 Vegetable Parasites. — The majority of the parasitic Fungi of the 
 domesticated animals are included in the group — order or family — 
 of Schizomycetes, Bacteria or Bacteriacece. They are formed of a 
 single cell destitute of nucleus, the homogeneous protoplasm of 
 which is generally colourless, and is enveloped in a thin membrane. 
 Their essential mode of multiplication is by division, nearly always 
 transversal, and rarely in two, or even three directions. Among them 
 are found the most minute organisms. If, indeed, some of them 
 may measure two to ten millimetres in length, there are many that 
 reach the limit of the magnifying power of the best microscopes. All 
 the inferior organisms which are now popularly designated Microbes 
 belong to the Schizomycetes. The considerable part they play in 
 the general economy of Nature is every day rendered more evident 
 by the progress of science, and there is a particular tendency to give 
 them a more and more preponderating influence in the etiology of 
 infectious or contagious maladies — such as Anthrax, Glanders, 
 Tuberculosis, Swine-plague, Tetanus, Fowl Cholera, Typhoid Fever, 
 etc. Pathogenic microbes, or their chemical products (toxines), 
 are now considered the virulent agents proper to each of these 
 affections ; and their multiplication within the body of an infected 
 animal affords an explanation of the characteristic processes of 
 these diseases. 
 
 Their role in pathology, the special nature of the disorders they 
 occasion, their biological physiognomy, the delicate methods re- 
 quired in their study, and the different points of view from which 
 they may be considered, separate them distinctly from the other 
 parasites. It is for this reason that they are not comprised in this 
 work, which is devoted only to parasites relatively gigantic for the 
 most part, localized in one or more organs or tissues, and never 
 intimately mixed up in the fluids. But it must be stated that there 
 are between these two large groups of parasites some intermediate 
 ones : Schizomycetes, such as the Sarcina ; the Micrococcus of the 
 funiculus ; the Actinomyces bovis, etc., which very closely localize 
 themselves ; and macroparasites which, at certain phases of their 
 development, invade the circulating fluid — as the embryos of the 
 hsematozoa. Notwithstanding these few exceptions, there is more 
 advantage than inconvenience in separating the study of these two 
 groups of parasites. Consequently, only a small number of para- 
 sitic fungi will be referred to in this work. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 3 
 
 Animal Parasites. — Three sections only of the animal kingdom 
 contain the parasites of the domesticated animals ; these are the 
 Protozoa , Worms, and Arthropodes. 
 
 A. The Protozoa are very small, often microscopic creatures, 
 formed of a single and more or less complex cell, and possessing 
 neither differential organs nor tissues. Their reproduction never 
 requires the intervention of male or female sexual elements (sperma- 
 tozoids or ova), but takes place by fission, budding, or sporulation ; 
 at most, it may sometimes be preceded by the definitive or transient 
 fusion of two or more individuals (conjugation). 
 
 They are divided into five classes, of which only two ( Sporozoa , 
 Infusoria) contain parasites of the domesticated animals. 
 
 The Sporozoa are parasitic Protozoa provided with a nucleus, and 
 generally limited to the adult age by a hairless cuticle which has 
 no flagellum or suckers. They are reproduced by spores , resulting 
 from segmentation of their protoplasm or sarcode. They are often 
 designated Psorospermice. Balbiani has arranged them in five 
 orders : Gregarina, Coccidia (Psorospermice oviformes), Sarcosporidia 
 (Psorospermice utriculiformes ), Myxosporidia (Psorospermice of Fish), 
 and Microsporidia (Psorospermice of the Arthropodes). The Psoro- 
 spermiae which concern us are the Coccidia and Sarcosporidia. The 
 first chiefly inhabit the digestive apparatus, the second are found 
 exclusively in the muscles. 
 
 The Infusoria are Protozoa provided with a nucleus, and, generally, 
 a cuticle bearing cilia, flagella, or suckers. They are divided into 
 three sub-classes according to the nature of their appendages. 
 Infusoria are more particularly found in the digestive apparatus, or 
 its dependencies, of the domesticated animals : they belong to the 
 Flagellata or Ciliata. 
 
 B. The Worms are Invertebrata, with a soft contractile body, 
 which is symmetrically bilateral and non-articulated, or is markedly 
 divided into a linear series of similar (homonomous) rings, is always 
 destitute of articulated limbs, and is provided with a system of 
 excretory organs in pairs (aquiferous vessels) opening externally. 
 
 This section contains a vast collection — the Helminthes (e'A jjuvs, 
 worm) — which do not form a very natural zoological class ; but 
 from our point of view it is useful to bring them into one group, 
 because of the analogies in their habitat, and their mode of action. 
 These are the Worms which are generally parasitic ; they are 
 cylindrical or flattened, are always destitute of a ventral chain of 
 nerve-ganglia, and have no rotatory apparatus for locomotion. All 
 those we treat of belong to this group, with the exception of a small 
 number which pertain to the Annelida. 
 
 The Leeches (Hirudines) have the body cylindrical or flattened, 
 are distinctly ringed, and have always a ventral chain of nerve- 
 ganglia, an oesophageal collar, a cerebroid ganglion, and a blood- 
 vascular system. The Hcemopis sanguisuga and other leeches will 
 be considered with the parasites of the mouth and pharynx. 
 
 The Helminthes demand a more detailed description. Simple in 
 
 i — 2 
 
4 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 their organization, they are — especially as parasites — unprovided 
 with sensory organs, and their feeble respiration is always carried on 
 through the integuments. Designated in many works as Entozoa, 
 intestinal Worms , etc., although they may be found in various organs, 
 they are divided into two classes : the Platyhelminthes , with bodies 
 generally flat ; and N emathelminthes, whose bodies are nearly 
 cylindrical. 
 
 The Platyhelminthes or Platodes comprise three orders : Cestoda, 
 Trematoda, and Turbellaria. The first two only are limited to a 
 parasitic existence. Nearly all the species are hermaphrodite. 
 
 The Cestoda or Cestoides (kco-tos, band, and efSos, form) are Platy- 
 helminthes whose bodies are nude in the adult condition, ribbon- 
 shaped, nearly always segmented, and provided at one extremity 
 with organs of fixation — suckers or hooks ; they have no digestive 
 apparatus. In the adult state, they live in the intestines of the 
 higher animals ; but before that period they undergo a certain 
 number of metamorphoses and migrations, which are often effected 
 in the most diverse organs of different hosts. 
 
 The Trematoda (r/o^/xaTwSrjs, perforated) are Platyhelminthes, the 
 bodies of which are nude, soft, and non-segmented, generally 
 foliaceous, and furnished with one or more suckers ; they have a 
 digestive canal having a single opening and no anus. Those which 
 concern us live as parasites in the interior of the body of their host 
 (endoparasites) and belong to the sub-order of Distomea. They 
 possess at most two suckers, of which the anterior is oval. 
 
 The N emathelminthes {vrjfia, thread) or round Worms , in which the 
 sexes are nearly always separate, comprise two orders : Acantho- 
 cephala and Nematoda. 
 
 The Acanthocephala have no digestive canal, and have a protrac- 
 tile proboscis armed with hooks. They include only the E chino - 
 rhynchus, which, in the adult state, lives in the digestive canal of 
 Vertebrates. 
 
 The Nematoda or N emato'ides have a digestive canal, generally 
 complete, with two openings. They are elongated, frequently 
 slender, and even filiform. Their number is considerable, and they 
 are found in all the organs of the domesticated animals, with the 
 exception of the bones. 
 
 C. The Arthropoda are Invertebrates, symmetrically bilateral, 
 formed of dissimilar rings (heteronomous), and always provided 
 with articulated limbs. There are four classes : Crustacea , Arach- 
 nida, Myriapoda, and Insecta. The Arachnida and Insecta alone 
 contain species which are parasitic in the domesticated animals. 
 
 a. The Arachnida are air-breathing Arthropoda, respiration being 
 effected by a trachea and lungs, or by the cutaneous surface ; the 
 head is usually fixed to the thorax (cephalothorax) ; there are two 
 pairs of masticatory appendages (gnathites), four pairs of feet, no 
 wings, and an apodous abdomen. Of the orders into which they are 
 divided, two alone include parasites of warm-blooded Vertebrates : 
 these are the Linguatulida and the A carina. The first live, when 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 5 
 
 adults, in the air-passages, but in the larval state they infest the 
 internal organs. The parasitic Acarina almost exclusively inhabit 
 the surface or the substance of the skin. 
 
 b. The Insects are air-breathing Arthropoda, with a trachea, 
 having their bodies divided into three distinct parts (head, thorax, 
 and abdomen), the head carrying a pair of antennae, the thorax three 
 pairs of legs, and most frequently two pairs of wings. There are 
 many orders, only two of which — the Diptera and Hemiptera — 
 contain parasitic species, nearly all of which live — at least, in the 
 adult state — on the surface or in the substance of the skin. 
 
 Habitat of the Parasites. — Parasites live on the surface of the skin 
 or in the depth of organs. The first are named ectoparasites , and 
 the second endoparasites. 
 
 The ectoparasites are vegetable and an'mal. The first are called 
 dermatophytes , and the others epizoa or ectozoa. The two last names 
 are generally, however, more part'cularly applied to the apterous 
 Insects known as Pediculidce and the Lxe-like Ricinidce. The 
 other animal ectoparasites are the Acarina and Insects. 
 
 The vegetable endoparasites comprise all the phytoparasites other 
 than the dermatophytes. The animal endoparasites are the 
 Sporozoa, the Infusoria, and the Worms ; there are also the larvae 
 of certain Insects, and notably those of several CEstridae. The term 
 Entozoa, which is quite suitable, is applied almost exclusively to the 
 Helminthes. 
 
 Degrees and Mode of Parasitism. — Parasitism occurs in various 
 degrees. It may be facultative or obligatory. Facultative or occa- 
 sional parasitism (Leuckart) is rarely met with beyond the Fungi, 
 and particularly the Schizomycetes, a large number of which may 
 develop indifferently in lifeless media, in organic matter undergoing 
 decomposition, or even in living bodies. Nearly all the parasites 
 embraced in our study present obligatory or constant parasitism 
 (Leuckart) ; their development necessarily admits of it, at least 
 during a portion of their existence. 
 
 From this point of view, parasitism is transitory or permanent. It 
 is transitory for the creatures which, during a portion of their life, 
 may be nourished external to an animal organism ; and sometimes 
 it may take place only during early age — as in the case of the 
 QEstridae, of which only the larvae are parasites ; at other times, it 
 is only at adult age — such are the Anchylostomes, the Ixodinae, and 
 the Chigoe. Permanent parasitism extends from the hatching of the 
 egg and liberation of the embryo, to the phase of reproduction in the 
 adult. The majority of the Entozoa undergo permanent parasitism. 
 
 Parasites may also be fixed or erratic , according as they have a 
 narrowly defined habitat and cannot spontaneously pass from one 
 host to another (Helminthes, Linguatula, larvae of the CEstridae), or 
 enjoy a more extensive domain (Lice, Ticks, psoric Acarina, Fleas, 
 Bugs, Gnats, Leeches, etc.). 
 
6 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 For the latter — obligatory and erratic parasites — parasitic life 
 may be essentially intermittent , that is, when they only visit their 
 host to obtain nourishment, leaving immediately afterwards. Such 
 are the adult Diptera (Stomoxes, Haematobia, Tabanidae, Simuliidae, 
 Gnats, etc.), which, when they are gorged with blood, forsake their 
 entertainer and fly to other occupations. Parasitism is continuous 
 for those which remain permanently on the surface of their host for 
 generations : Lice and psoric Acari. Remittent parasitism is an 
 intermediate form between intermittence and continuity, and 
 examples are furnished by the erratic parasites which breed away 
 from their hosts, and are not so closely attached to them — such are 
 Lice, Hippoboscidae, Haemopis. 
 
 The mode of reproduction is, in fact, one of the principal factors 
 that determine the conditions in which parasitism shall take place ; 
 and in proof of this, there is the profusion with which the germs are 
 produced — this tending to compensate for the many causes of de- 
 struction to which they are exposed. 
 
 With regard to intermittent and remittent parasites, reproduction 
 is independent of the host, copulation usually occurring far from the 
 latter, and ovulation always. 
 
 Transient parasitism often commences at ovulation, and termi- 
 nates at adult age (larvse of the (Estridae). 
 
 Independently of the cases mentioned above (continuous para- 
 sitism), in which generations succeed one another indefinitely in the 
 same host, there are others where the eggs, deposited in the body of 
 the entertainer, are soon expelled, and must remain external until 
 they reach the maturity indispensable to hatching. This may take 
 place either in an external medium, or in a new host into which the 
 eggs may have passed by various channels. The Helminthes offer 
 in this respect extremely varied types, of which we shall only notice 
 those relating to the parasites of the domesticated animals, or to 
 neighbouring and better known species. 
 
 Sometimes complete evolution of the species only requires one 
 host, sometimes it demands two, successive and, in general, specifi- 
 cally different hosts. Parasites may therefore be termed monoxenous 
 ( fx6vo<s , single, and fei/os, host) or heteroxenous (eTqoos, different, £evos, 
 host). 
 
 I. Monoxenous Parasites. — a. The ovum having been evacuated 
 by the host, the embryo is developed within the shell, and, while it 
 is still there, passes into a new and definitive host. Examples : 
 Oxyuris vermicularis , Trichocephalus affinis. 
 
 b. The embryos, having left their shell, live in water or moist soil, 
 and are nourished and grow there ; but they are not complete — that 
 is to say, sexualized — until after they reach the body of their host. 
 Example : Anchylostomum. 
 
 II. Heteroxenous Parasites. — These pass by an intermediate or 
 transitory host , in which they cannot attain their complete develop- 
 ment ; consequently, this first host must become the prey of a 
 second or definitive host. The choice of the latter is subordinate to 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 7 
 
 its habits. This passing of the heteroxenous parasites from one host 
 to another is named transmigration. 
 
 a. Some of the embryos pass to the intermediate host ; others 
 may develop in the host in which they are hatched. Example : 
 Ollulanus tricuspis. This type serves as a transition between the 
 monoxenous and heteroxenous parasites. 
 
 b. The embryos are hatched in the body of the host which shelters 
 their mother, and invade its tissues ; they attain the adult state in 
 a second host. Example : Trichina ( Trichinella ) spiralis. 
 
 c. The eggs are expelled from the body of the definitive host, and 
 the embryos — free or yet in the shell — pass to the intermediate host, 
 where, after a first development, they give rise, by asexual genera- 
 tion, to individuals different from their parent. It is incumbent 
 that these individuals make one or more migrations, in order to 
 realize the definitive form which terminates the cycle of their 
 development. These parasites, therefore, represent what has been 
 termed alternate or heterogeneous digenesis. By their faculty of 
 multiplication in the intermediate host, they realize more exactly 
 than the others the heteroxeny of the Fungi. Example : Tcenia 
 ccenurus, which has the Sheep for a transitory host, in the brain of 
 which it is developed as an agamous form of coenurus — and for 
 definitive host the Dog, whose intestine it inhabits while acquiring 
 the adult state. 
 
 Lastly, there are many parasites the metamorphoses and migra- 
 tions of which we are still ignorant. 
 
 In general, each species of domestic animal has its parasites, 
 which are only found in it, or, at least, do not thrive in a different 
 species, and soon leave it. There is between the inferior being and 
 its host an intimate correlation, an exact subordination, which we 
 may recognise without being able, in many instances, to determine 
 the conditions. Parasites which escape them are precisely those for 
 which parasitism is not imperative, and which only appear in the 
 domestic animals intermittently ; such are the majority of the 
 Diptera, which, in the perfect state, attack the Horse, Ox, and Sheep 
 indifferently ; and certain species of Fleas that pass readily from 
 Man to the domestic animals, or inversely, or from one Bird to a 
 different Bird. The Entozoa are more strictly limited to determi- 
 nate species, and the exceptions to this rule are rare. One of the 
 most remarkable is furnished by the Trichina, which, in the larval 
 state, finds in the muscles of very diverse species a favourable 
 habitat. Many of the cystic forms of Taenia are equally rather 
 indifferent to the specific nature of their host, but this does not apply 
 to the sexual state. 
 
 The subordination of the parasite is not confined to the host, but 
 usually extends to the habitat. In general, the skin has its para- 
 sites, which are unlike those of the intestine, and the latter differ 
 from those of the air-passages. Nevertheless, the forms which invade 
 the parenchymatous organs often appear indifferently in one or 
 another (liver, spleen, lungs, kidney, etc.) ; such is the cystic form of 
 
8 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Taenia echinococcus. Certain nematode Worms — Spirojytera san- 
 guinolenta, Filaria papillosa , etc. — may also be met with in various 
 organs. 
 
 It may happen that, at an early age, a parasite attacks a host 
 which is not suitable to its development ; this, according to Davaine, 
 is a foreign or accidental host ; or, the host being normal, the parasite 
 has penetrated organs improper to its evolution or growth. In both 
 cases it is a stray parasite . It is called erratic when it is found in the 
 adult state in an organ different from that which constitutes its 
 normal haunt. 
 
 Etiology of Parasitic Diseases. — General ignorance at one time 
 prevailed with regard to the origin of parasites. Certain of them, 
 because of their small size, escaped observation, and the maladies 
 they occasioned were relegated to those sections of pathology into 
 which the character of their lesions seemed to warrant their being 
 placed ; such were the microbic diseases, the derma tomycoses, 
 scabies, etc. 
 
 The others were considered as the products of a spontaneous 
 generation in the midst of organic matters, under the influence of 
 heat, fermentation, putrefaction, etc. These views were discredited 
 towards the beginning of the last century, when precise notions 
 regarding the complex structure and reproductive organs of a large 
 number of parasites began to be entertained. But until the early 
 years of the nineteenth century, distinguished helminthologists, 
 such as Rudolphi and Bremser, clung to the old doctrines, and 
 Burdach even professed them in 1830, in his Traite de Physiologie. 
 
 When, in 1842, Steenstrup made known his theory of alternate 
 generation, and a few years afterwards Von Siebold, Van Beneden, 
 Kiichenmeister, and others published their significant researches on 
 the generation of flat Worms, the early theories were overthrown, 
 and the necessity for an anterior germ for parasites, as for all other 
 creatures, was universally admitted. The ingenious experiments of 
 Pasteur prevailed against all refractory opposition, and peremp- 
 torily established the fact that spontaneous generation could not be 
 invoked, even for the infinitely small parasites or microbes. 
 
 Our knowledge of vegetable parasites was later in being perfected, 
 for they were not rendered evident without the assistance of the 
 microscope. The demonstrative labours of Tulasne in 1847, an( i of 
 De Bary, having proved the nature of the parasitic Fungi of plants, 
 the doctrine of parasitic mycoses in animals obtained a solid basis. 
 A great share of this important acquisition belongs to Ch. Robin, 
 who has shown in a classical work on the subject the considerable 
 part played by these lower organisms. 
 
 Another theory invoked by the ancients to explain the origin of 
 parasites- — at least, the intestinal Worms — was to regard them as 
 hereditary ; and it is to be noted that, ignorant of the nature of these 
 creatures, they only knew of three kinds of Worms in Man, and, it 
 may be said, none in the domestic animals. When the researches of 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 9 
 
 naturalists had established the great number of parasites that a 
 single individual may harbour, it became incumbent to renounce an 
 explanation that could not satisfy sensible minds. All that can be 
 admitted is that the foetus may be invaded — like the maternal 
 organism, and for the same reason — by embryonic worms, which 
 the circulation carries to every part of the body. 
 
 The propagation of parasitic diseases is subordinate to the con- 
 ditions of existence of the parasites. 
 
 The eggs deposited by Worms in the intestinal canal, biliary or 
 urinary passages, are expelled with the excremental contents of 
 these. Those of the air-; assages are carried outwards by the 
 vibratile cilia of the epithelium (Davaine), and more especially by 
 coughing and husking. Frequently fragments of, or even entire 
 Worms are thus expelled, and these, by a process of natu r al disin- 
 tegration, yield the ova they contain to external agents. 
 
 These ova have various destinations. The majority are lost by 
 exposure to unnatural dryness or humidity. Those which are more 
 fortunate may have to wait a long time — months, and sometimes 
 even years — before they can reach the body of a new host ; some- 
 times it is the ovum itself, at other times the hatched embryo, that 
 finds a new home ; often it is a larva intermediate between the 
 embryo and the adult, and occasionally an individual of a new 
 generation, which remains independent for a longer time. 
 
 In this way the ova of the A scans lumbricoides and the Tricho- 
 cephalus of Man may wait four years for the chance that will bring 
 them into their natural host. The embryo formed in their interior 
 maintains a latent existence, which terminates when it arrives in the 
 digestive canal, where it pierces the shell of the egg, which has 
 become softened by the intestinal juices. 
 
 The duration of the period of confinement of the embryo in the 
 egg varies with the species. With the ovo viviparous parasites, 
 hatching takes place with the laying — as with Trichina, and the 
 majority of the Strongyles inhabiting the air-passages. This more 
 or less protracted duration of intra- ovular life corresponds to the 
 more or less easy migration of the future Entozoon. 
 
 ‘ The conditions which the ovum expelled from the organs of its 
 host encounter, are generally related to the mode of life of this host ; 
 for in a great number of cases the ovum ought to develop, or to 
 complete its development, when free. If the host lives in water or 
 on a more or less arid soil, it is in one or other of these conditions 
 that the ovum produces its embryo. The ova of certain Entozoa 
 perish without developing, if they are in a humid medium ; but 
 others, on the contrary, die if they are placed in a dry medium ’ 
 (Davaine). 
 
 Besides, in certain species the ova have only a very thin shell, 
 while in others it is thick and resistant ; and these differences are 
 related to the durability of the ova after they are laid. In general, 
 the first are hatched in the surrounding media, and infection takes 
 place by the embryos (Ex. : Sclerostomum) ; the thick-shelled ova 
 
IO 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 pass, on the contrary, intact into the digestive canal of the host 
 (Ex. : A scarifies, Trichocephalus). 
 
 The embryo, set at liberty in the digestive canal, finds its way to 
 the compartment suitable to its specific nature ; or it passes through 
 the intestinal wall, and, either by reptation or by means of the 
 circulation, it attains those organs which alone favour its ulterior 
 development. In this way are the proscolices of Taeniae, and the 
 embryos of Trichinae and several others, eventually localized. If 
 this first sojourn constitute only a stage in the process of evolution, it 
 is necessary that the primary host shall become the prey of a second ; 
 thus it is that, having gained the intestine, cystic worms become 
 Taeniae cercariae Flukes, the future Trichinae adult, the Linguatula 
 of the Dog full grown, etc. 
 
 The transmission of parasites may also take place from an infected 
 to a healthy animal, and it is in this way that scabies and phthiriasis 
 are propagated by direct or mediate contact. 
 
 Lastly, in certain cases the instincts of the parasite count for 
 nothing in its installation, as happens with the majority of those 
 which live at liberty till they are of ndult age. With these it is the 
 female which is charged to deposit her eggs in the conditions re- 
 quired to insure the indispensable refuge, until the larval stage is 
 reached. The (Estridse furnish a well-known example. 
 
 The circumstances that surround the propagation of parasites 
 are so varied, that they cannot all be passed in review here, but will 
 find their place in the following chapters. In general, parasites are 
 singularly favoured by their prodigious fecundity, and the great 
 vital resistance with which a large number of them are endowed. 
 Leuwenhoeck calculated that the female Louse may become in eight 
 weeks the grandmother of 5,000 lice ; according to others, the second 
 generation of a single individual may furnish 2,500 progeny, and the 
 third 125,000. Gerlach asserted that a couple of the Sarcoptes of 
 Man might yield six generations in three months, the last generation 
 comprising 1,500,000 individuals. The female Chigoe, when com- 
 pletely developed, is scarcely more than a bladder full of eggs. In 
 a female Ascaris, the oviduct occupies nearly the whole of the body. 
 Each mature segment of a Taenia is gorged with ova, and it has 
 been computed that the Tcenia saginata of Man may throw off in a 
 year, by the successive detachment of its rings, as many as 150 
 millions of eggs. These startling examples would give cause for 
 great alarm, did we not know how numerous, varied, and powerful 
 are the causes which hinder rapid increase of these vermin. 
 
 But independently of their prolific capacity, many parasites 
 possess an altogether remarkable vital resistance. The Ixodidse can 
 endure a very prolonged abstinence. Railliet has kept the Argas 
 reflexus alive for fourteen months in a glass bottle, and Laboulbene 
 has seen the Argas persicus remain active during four to five 
 years, without receiving the least nourishment. There are Nema- 
 todes which comple.e desiccation only renders torpid, and which 
 regain their activity under the influence of moisture. The muscle 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 1 1 
 
 Trichina can withstand cold of 15 0 (Cent.). Other Worms continue 
 to exist in the midst of putrefying substances, and the ova and 
 embryos of a large number of species are endowed with the same 
 powers of resistance. 
 
 The propagation of parasites is facilitated by certain predisposing 
 conditions. The zoological species of the host plays an important 
 part. As has been said, few parasites are common to several species. 
 There are, nevertheless, some which are more or less cosmopolitan 
 in this respect ; such is the Cysticercus of the pig-measle, the hepatic 
 Fluke, the Trichina, and the larva of Linguatula taenioides. 
 
 Age has a manifest influence. Young animals are often invaded 
 by Entozoa, and readily so by those which have to immigrate in the 
 tissues, which are more delicate and offer less resistance. Old 
 animals are also the favourite hosts of parasites, internal or ex- 
 ternal ; they are less able to defend themselves from attack, and the 
 contractions and secretions of the digestive organs are less capabl 3 
 of eliminating these vermin. 
 
 After these observations it will be understood that the constitution 
 of the host plays an analogous part, and that weakly subjects are 
 more liable to parasitism than those in the opposite condition. But 
 this is not due to a verminous diathesis, as was at one time believed, 
 but very probably to defective reaction. This explains the fact given 
 by Delafond, that the Psoroptes deposited on the skin of Sheep in 
 good condition did not multiply, and soon perished, while in debili- 
 tated sheep they rapidly increased. 
 
 The state of the surroundings in which the domestic animals are 
 placed, may favour or hinder the multiplication of parasites. Those 
 whose skin receives but little attention are liable to phthiriases and 
 acariases, which are seldom seen in well-kept animals ; and those 
 which are clipped have more chance of escaping them. Crowding 
 and dirty habitations aid in the propagation of parasites. The 
 Herbivora, which live at pasture, alone harbour the larvae of the 
 (Estridae ; butchers’ dogs and those of shepherds, are the favourite 
 hosts of certain Taeniae, whose cystic life is passed in the tissues of 
 Herbivora ; and there are also dogs which harbour parasites 
 ( Linguatula ) in their nasal cavities, the larvae of these parasites 
 offering analogous facts. Flocks kept in dry pastures are exempt 
 from distomiasis, and other examples might easily be given. 
 
 The influence of Seasons is related to the preceding. In summer 
 are seen the adult Diptera, which torment animals by living on their 
 juices, or by depositing larvae in the skin ; in summer, also, Ixodinae 
 appear, and Fleas breed ; and we have the Leptus in autumn and 
 the Lice in winter. Many of the parasitic diseases — as Scabies — 
 undergo very remarkable seasonable variations. It is in the autumn 
 that Sheep gather the germs of distomiasis, etc. 
 
 Countries operate according to their climate, and also by the 
 management and the kind of feeding the animals receive in them. 
 Many Ixodinae and Argasinae are peculiar to certain hot countries ; 
 the Bilharzia crassa has only been found in Egypt ; the Gastro- 
 
£2 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 discus in Egypt, Guadeloupe, and Senegal. The Taeniae of the Horse 
 are frequent in Germany, but rare in France. In Iceland, Taenia 
 echinococcus is found in one-third of the Dogs, and the Cystic form 
 in the majority of the Sheep and Cattle. Trichina spiralis is par- 
 ticularly common in Germany and the United States. On the other 
 hand, there are parasites which are found everywhere — such are the 
 majority of the Taeniae of the Dog, the Ascarides of the Horse, and the 
 Cysticercus of the Pig. 
 
 Symptoms and Lesions. — The influence of parasites on the health 
 of their host has been at all times the subject of contradictory 
 opinions. Some authorities — as Andry, Nylander, Leuwenhoeck, 
 etc. — have attributed to imaginary worms or inoffensive parasites 
 the most diverse diseases, and chiefly epizootic or enzootic affections. 
 Later, there was a tendency to consider the majority of the parasites 
 as indifferent to their host, and even favourable to health. So it 
 was that Abildgaard and Goeze admitted that Lice are the natural 
 emunctories, and remove the bad humours secreted by the skin, 
 while the intestinal Helminthes stimulate digestion, and consume 
 the superfluous juices in the viscera. Bracy Clarke expressed a 
 similar opinion with regard to the larvae of Gastrophilus found in the 
 stomach of the Horse ; even in our own times, the Abyssinians con- 
 sider that harbouring one or more Taeniae is a sign of good health, 
 and there are physicians to be found — though they are rare — who 
 entertain such a doctrine. 
 
 It is no doubt true that at the autopsies of animals which showed 
 every sign of health, the intestines may contain a considerable 
 quantity of Worms ; this is often the case with the Horse (Ascar- 
 ides), and with the Dog and Birds (Taeniae). The larvae of Gastro- 
 philus may cover nearly all the mucous membrane of the left sac of 
 the stomach of a horse which is otherwise healthy ; an Ox may, 
 without any apparent inconvenience, have all the upper part of 
 its body studded with parasitic tumours (Hypoderma) ; but we 
 cannot therefore conclude from such facts that these are of any 
 benefit to the hosts infested by them. At most, we might admit 
 the indifference of the latter, or, better, the production of a reaction 
 by which there is compensation for the inconvenience of this 
 invasion. For these parasites are nourished on the tissues of their 
 host, or on the chymous matters in the digestive organs, and they 
 more or less obstruct those passages the freedom of which is 
 favourable to health. They often finish by being a source of trouble 
 especially if they bring about disadvantageous modifications in the 
 constitution, these becoming manifest as parasitic diseases. The 
 instances are numerous in which the tolerance of the organism is 
 rapidly exceeded, either by the nature of the weapons of the parasite, 
 its mode of attack, its rapid increase, or its habitat. 
 
 Sometimes — as with the majority of the intermittent or remittent 
 parasites — the damage is not so much owing to the blood abstracted 
 from the host, as to the torture the bites or stings produce ; and at 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 3 
 
 other times — as with the psoric Acari — their breeding brings about 
 in the skin disorders of nutrition, which have a bad effect on the 
 general health ; while certain of them which invade the ear, give 
 rise to serious nervous disturbance. 
 
 In general, the intestinal parasites act by crowding, so as to 
 cause mechanical obstruction, and digestion may become impaired ; 
 though rarely, in consequence of some defect in local resistance, 
 there may be perforation or rupture of the organ. Sometimes the 
 injury is limited to the abstraction of a certain quantity of blood, 
 which the worm sucks from the mucous membrane (Ex. : Anchylos- 
 tomum). 
 
 When the liver is very much infested icterus and anaemia occur 
 as well as the symptoms and lesions of hepatitis. The respiratory 
 organs, and especially the bronchi and lungs, with difficulty support 
 the presence of parasites. Verminous bronchitis and pneumonia 
 owe their gravity to the unceasing and increasing effects of a cause 
 always acting more and more energetically. The parasites of the 
 blood-circulation may not, for a long time, attract attention ; but 
 when they manifest their presence, it is by alarming symptoms 
 resulting from alterations in the walls of the vessels. 
 
 The natural susceptibility of the nerve-centres scarcely permits 
 them to withstand the presence of parasites. As the bony covering 
 of these centres fits closely upon them, a parasite that penetrates it 
 can only develop by causing compression and atrophy, which are 
 nearly always fatal. In the same way the organs of vision betray, 
 by disturbance of function, the invasion they have undergone. 
 
 The muscles are, of all the organs, the most tolerant. Pig- 
 measles, trichinosis, etc., most frequently occur without arousing 
 suspicion ; the histological alteration the muscular tissue undergoes 
 is not betrayed by marked signs. 
 
 Of the genito-urinary organs, the kidneys almost alone exhibit 
 susceptibility, particularly in the case of Eustrongylosis ; this 
 susceptibility being accounted for by the enormous volume of the 
 parasite. 
 
 Otherwise, it is evident that, independently of habitat, the 
 pathological phenomena due to parasitism are subordinate to the 
 number, dimensions, and mode of life of the parasites. 
 
 If they are in small number, they are only obnoxious when a 
 delicate organ is attacked — as is witnessed in ‘ Gid,’ or in verminous 
 ophthalmia ; or if their volume causes a great destruction of tissue 
 (Giant Strongyle). It is usually by their accumulation that parasites 
 become dangerous. 
 
 Many parasites of the stomach and intestine are nourished by 
 the more or less modified alimentary matters contained in these 
 organs. All the others derive their sustenance from the substance 
 of their host. Some feed on the epidermic cells, or the debris of 
 worn-out feathers or hairs ; they might, therefore, be considered 
 as mere mutualists, relieving the skin of useless materials, if we did 
 not know that they may become exceedingly troublesome to their 
 
14 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 host by causing atrophy of the papillae, shedding of the feathers, and 
 sometimes a real dermatosis. 
 
 The parasites which live on the blood are, from this fact, rarely 
 dangerous to their host. Some — such as Fleas, Gnats, and other 
 Diptera — puncture the skin, and leave it when their appetite is 
 satisfied ; others plunge into the fluid upon which they subsist 
 (Haematozoa) ; and certain others, as the Haemopis, may, neverthe- 
 less, extract such a large quantity of blood that anaemia results — 
 a circumstance which is also remarked when the Anchylostomidce 
 are in considerable number in the intestine. 
 
 The majority of the parasites derive from the morbid products, 
 the secretion of which they provoke, the materials for their develop- 
 ment and maintenance. Those which are provided with a digestive 
 apparatus ingest these materials ; while others imbibe them by 
 cutaneous osmosis. Among the Worms, the Nematodes and Trema- 
 todes are in the first category, and the Cestodes are in the second. 
 This spoliation, aiding the compression, may induce atrophy of 
 organs. 
 
 The anatomical situation occupied by the parasite in the tissues 
 of organs is subordinate to its size. The smallest may be lodged 
 in the elements of the tissues : the Coccidium ovi forme in the 
 epithelial cells of the Rabbit’s biliary ducts ; the Sarcosporidia, as 
 well as the Trichinae, in the ultimate fibres of the muscles ; and the 
 ova of Strongylus vasorum in giant cells. Others are contained in 
 the natural cavities of organs : example, the majority of the 
 parasites in the digestive canal. Some are found in cysts formed 
 at the expense of the tissues of the host — such are the cystic or 
 bladder-worms, Cysticercus, Coenurus, Echinococcus, and also the 
 Trichina. Or they may be lodged in real unilocular or multilocular 
 abscesses — as the larvae of the Hypoderma and the Spiroptera of 
 the stomach ; or in fibrous tumours, as Spiroptera reticulata ; or in 
 aneurisms, as Sclerostomum equinum. Lastly, the Worm is in 
 direct contact with the tissues it has invaded, and excavated to 
 effect a lodgment (Ex. : Giant Strongyle, Filaria papillosa). 
 
 Diagnosis. — The diagnosis of parasitic diseases rests principally 
 on investigation and the determination of the parasites which cause 
 them. There are many which do not give rise to any precise sign 
 or symptom, and their presence can only be ascertained by an 
 autopsy ; often, even the name of the malady cannot be justly 
 applied. 
 
 Sometimes the ejection of some parasites is the only symptom, 
 and this frequently happens in cases of intestinal helminthiasis, 
 especially in the Dog, and also for the gastric larval (Estridae. 
 When suspicion alone exists, certainty can only be ensured by a 
 microscopical examination of the matters discharged, or of the 
 excrements ; in default of a parasite, ova or embryos may be found 
 — as in distomiasis, and in verminous bronchitis and pneumonia ; 
 or, by a kind of partial ante-mortem au'opsy, fragments of tissue 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 15 
 
 may be extracted from the animal, and their examination will 
 remove all uncertainty — as by using the harpoon in trichinosis, or 
 in the ablation of tumours due to the Spiroptera reticulata. 
 
 The symptoms proper, due to functional disturbance in the host, 
 may also be sufficiently significant to permit a true diagnosis being 
 established, and this will be confirmed at a later period — during 
 the life or after the death of the patient — by the discovery of the 
 parasite ; this is usually the case in scabies, hypodermosis, disto- 
 miasis, verminous bronchitis, ‘ gid,’ etc. 
 
 A somewhat frequent cause of error occurs in considering as 
 parasitic the affections that coincide with the presence of minute 
 organisms — animal or vegetable — which have absolutely no patho- 
 genic influence. There are often found on the skin Cryptogamic 
 germs, which are brought there with the dust from forage, or stray 
 Acarina or small insects also derived from forage, litter, or grooming 
 utensils ; larvae and various foreign bodies have also sometimes 
 been mistaken for parasites, and in the intestine of Carnivora 
 Helminthes, belonging to a lately eaten host, may be found that 
 have resisted the digestive fluids. These are so many examples 
 of what are termed pseudo-parasites. 
 
 Nomenclature of Parasitic Diseases. — The maladies caused by 
 parasites have received various appellations, according to the 
 state of science at the time they were so named. When their 
 nature was not known, the names given to them were based on 
 some important symptom — such are the terms scab or mange , 
 ringworm , favus , rot , measles , gid, hoose , etc. Later, more precise 
 terms indicate the progress made in knowledge ; thus we distinguish 
 in the mange or scab of the domestic animals sarcoptic, psoroptic, 
 and chorioptic scabies, and in verminous bronchitis, verminous 
 pneumonia, and verminous ophthalmia, affections characterized 
 according to their seat, and, with varying precision, their cause. 
 
 At present the general tendency is to designate each parasitic 
 disease by a word, the radicle of which is derived from the generic 
 name of the parasite, thh radicle being followed by the suffix asis 
 or osis. Examples : Distomiasis, Phthiriasis , Acariasis , Helmin- 
 thiasis , Trichophytosis , Filariasis , Strongylosis , Trichinosis. Para- 
 sitic diseases having always an immediate and known etiology, 
 residing in the parasites producing them, this division of pathology 
 has thus the advantage of possessing a rational nomenclature. 
 
 Prognosis. — The gravity of the disturbances due to parasites is 
 subordinate to the alterations they determine. Inappreciable with 
 some parasites, the symptoms exhibited may appear in every degree 
 — from that of mere inconvenience to the extent of deadly disease — 
 a fatal result ensuing more or less rapidly, according to the organ 
 attacked. 
 
 The seriousness of many parasitic disorders depends upon their 
 often appearing in an epizootic form in the whole of a herd or flock, 
 
i6 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 over a wide district, or throughout an entire country. This may 
 depend upon whether the majority of the animals have been sub- 
 mitted to conditions which permit the invasion of the parasites — 
 distomiasis, for instance ; or whether their agglomeration has ex- 
 tended the contagion — as in scabies. There is multiplication of 
 the losses by death, by depreciation of the flesh, wool, or skins, by 
 the difficulty in fattening, by the incapacity of working- animals, 
 and by the time required and expense incurred in attending to them. 
 
 On other occasions, a disease which may be benign in one animal 
 may acquire an extremely serious character if due to certain heter- 
 oxenous parasites, which become dangerous in their second form. 
 The helminthiasis of the Dog, insignificant in itself, is of much gravity 
 for numbers of the Herbivora, in which — according to their species 
 and the kind of Tsenia — it may be the source of ‘ gid,’ echinococcosis, 
 or several cysticer coses. 
 
 But that which gives this study much of its interest, is the fact 
 that the danger from these heteroxenous parasites is often threatened 
 to Man. Without considering scabies and ringworm, which he may 
 derive from contact with animals, he may find in what he eats the 
 germs of trichinosis, and those of the armed and unarmed Taeniae ; 
 while the Dog may also transmit to him the Echinococci. 
 
 Prophylaxis. — If we do not yet know the precise mode of intro- 
 duction of a great number of parasites, we are yet not altogether at 
 the mercy of their invasion. For them as for the others, their germs 
 are certainly derived from without ; and it is evident that our 
 animals can be rendered absolutely safe from them, if we can insure 
 the rigorous cleanliness of the various hygienic agencies — the air, 
 water, food, harness, etc. It is on this point that attention should 
 be fixed at first ; but as it requires continual, fastidious, and patient 
 care, it is generally neglected in practice, and only comes into notice 
 when circumstances have demonstrated the existence or imminence 
 of an invasion. This is a consequence of the exigencies of rearing 
 animals. 
 
 In dealing with ectoparasites, the animals attacked should be 
 isolated, and the place they occupied — and, by preference, the whole 
 premises — scrupulously disinfected. In this respect, boiling water 
 is the best agent. 
 
 For the endoparasites, the preservative measures should be sub- 
 ordinate to what is known of their mode of introduction. Water 
 having in this instance the greatest share, its purity should be 
 attended to. Abstention from such watering-places as ponds, pools, 
 streams, cisterns, etc., into which rain-water passes, is necessary, 
 if these receive and retain various dejections containing germs of 
 parasites. In taking precautions against some heteroxenous para- 
 site, we should keep away the definitive host ; for instance, we ought 
 not to allow Dogs to eat the heads of Sheep which have died of 
 ‘ gid ’ ; flocks of Sheep should be kept from Dogs which have Tape- 
 worms ; Sheep should not be allowed to graze on damp pastures, 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 1 7 
 
 where they may find Snails infested with the Cercariae of Distomata, 
 etc. But for each malady to be hereafter studied, more precise in- 
 formation will be given on these various points. 
 
 All the parasites met with — those ejected by the natural passages, 
 or collected by grooming tools — and all the organs which, after 
 examination, are found to be infested, should be carefully destroyed 
 by fire or by boiling. Above all, they ought not to be thrown on 
 dungheaps, where rain may carry the germs they contain into 
 drinking water. At most, Dogs should only be permitted to con- 
 sume parasitic viscera when it is ascertained that infection cannot 
 be transmitted by these animals. Boiling, of course, renders the 
 viscera safe as food. 
 
 Treatment. — In the therapeutics of the parasitic maladies, it is 
 sometimes advantageous to improve the general health by tonics 
 and alteratives. Nevertheless, a definite result cannot be obtained 
 if the efforts have not for their principal, and most often exclusive, 
 object the destruction of animal or vegetable organisms which, 
 inhabiting some part of the body, live at its expense. The name 
 parasiticides (parasitus, t parasite ; ccedere , to kill) is given to agents 
 which possess that property. They are naturally divided into two 
 groups : the edoparasiticides , which destroy external animal or 
 vegetable parasites ; and the endoparasiticides , or anthelmintics , 
 employed against helminthes or entozoa, which live in the interior 
 of the body of man or animals. 
 
 These medicaments are extremely varied. There are some, as 
 fatty substances, which, by closing the respiratory stigmata of the 
 Epizoa, asphyxiate them ; but nearly all act as poisons on the para- 
 sites against which they are directed, and a certain number being 
 irritants also for the host, require the observance of certain precau- 
 tions in their employment. 
 
 Parasites situated in the tissues, or in cavities not in communica- 
 tion with the exterior, cannot be reached directly by medicaments, 
 and we do not know of any substances which can be administered 
 without danger, in sufficiently large quantity to be distributed 
 throughout the organism by diffusion or the circulation. 
 
 Nevertheless, these inaccessible parasitic diseases have not neces- 
 sarily a fatal issue. In general, the deep-seated parasites cannot 
 reproduce, and their number is therefore limited to those which 
 formed the first invasion. If this is not mortal, then time diminishes 
 the vitality of the parasite : its volume becomes reduced ; it under- 
 goes calcification, and is then only a foreign body, inoffensive 
 because of its small dimensions. 
 
 In some instances surgery extends the resources of antiparasitic 
 therapeutics. It is by hydrotherapy and trephining that we combat 
 the Coenurus cerebralis, by the extirpation of tumours the Spiroptera 
 reticulata, by injections or fumigations the Lingua tula of the Dog 
 and the larvae of the Sheep (Estrus, and by puncture those of the 
 Hypoderma of the Ox. 
 
 2 
 
i8 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Lastly, there are parasitic affections which disappear of them- 
 selves, by virtue of the laws which control the evolution of parasites. 
 Such are those which are allied with the seasons. 
 
 In the following chapters, to facilitate study, the parasites will be 
 examined as to their pathological influence according to their 
 habitat, and the treatment appropriate to each particular case will 
 be indicated. 
 
BOOK I 
 
 PARASITES OF THE SKIN 
 
 By its peripheral situation and its relations with the external world, 
 the skin is, more than any other apparatus, exposed to the invasion 
 of animal or vegetable parasites. These arrive directly at its surface, 
 fix themselves there, and are propagated readily from the affected to 
 the healthy animal. The maladies they occasion vary in seriousness, 
 according to the mode of parasitism they affect — their habits, 
 requirements, and their habitat superficial or profound. In general, 
 the diagnosis of these affections is easy, the determination of the 
 cause being within the immediate reach of the observer ; and so, 
 for the same reason, is the treatment. Some of these diseases dis- 
 appear spontaneously, as a consequence of the conditions which 
 preside over their development — tumours (Hypoderma), and stings 
 (Diptera). Nevertheless, the majority have a tendency to per- 
 petuate themselves and become aggravated, by direct reason of the 
 fecundity of the parasites, and — owing to the absence of appropriate 
 treatment — the grave disturbance in the functions of the skin 
 bringing about loss of condition in the individual. 
 
 There is a small number of parasitic dermatoses which are 
 markedly distinguished from the others in every respect. They are 
 due to some Nematode which leaves the interior of the body and is 
 attracted to the skin by accidental or instinctive selection. The 
 diagnosis is easy, but not so the treatment which — not being capable 
 of reaching the parasite at its source — has no influence on the pro- 
 gress of the malady, otherwise in itself of little gravity. 
 
 The parasitic dermatoses naturally divide themselves into dermato- 
 zoonoses and dermatomy coses, according as the parasites are animal 
 or vegetable. The latter are few, and form quite a distinct group, as 
 much by their physiognomy as by their nature. The dermato- 
 zoonoses, on the contrary, are extremely varied, according to the 
 host affected, and especially owing to the numerous species of para- 
 sites which may produce them. The majority belong to the class of 
 Insects and to that of Arachnida ; some are Nematodes. 
 
 All the parasitic insects belong to the order Diptera , or that of 
 the Hemiptera. 
 
 19 
 
 z — 2 
 
20 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Diptera are suctorial Insects, provided with only two wings, and 
 undergoing complete metamorphoses. The two existing wings are the 
 anterior ones ; they are nude and membraneous. The posterior w r ings are 
 replaced by two balancers — small organs, each composed of a slender stalk 
 terminated by a round knob, and furnished at its base with a small scale, 
 concave below, convex above — the spoon or tegula. The buccal apparatus is 
 a proboscis or sucker, adapted for the suction of fluids, and frequently for 
 puncturing : the lower lip, in effect, is transformed into a canal , and the other 
 pieces into setiform stylets, six at most, lodged in a canal. To the mouth are 
 annexed salivary glands, the secretion of which is often poisonous, and causes 
 irritation consecutive to the puncture. By the fact of their complete metamor- 
 phoses, on their issue from the egg the Diptera are in the form of apodal 
 larvae ; then they become pupae or nymphae, and Anally acquire the perfect 
 state. They are divided into three sub-orders : Nemocera, Brachycera, and 
 Aphaniptera. The latter is constituted by the Fleas, which, by reason of 
 their mode of existence, are distinct from the Diptera — properly so called — 
 from a parasitical point of view. 
 
 The Hemiptera are also suctorial Insects, generally provided with two pairs 
 of wings, the anterior of which are of variable consistence, while the posterior 
 are membraneous ; their metamorphoses are null or incomplete. They are 
 likewise divided into three sub-orders : Homoptera, Heteroptera, and Aptera. 
 The latter is essentially parasitic, and composed of insects which will be 
 studied under the name of Lice. Of the two other sub-orders, Heteroptera is 
 alone referred to, as it contains the Bugs, the noxious action of which will be 
 considered after that of the Lice. 
 
 The - parasitic" Arachnida of the skin all belong to the order of 
 A carina, the study of which will form a special chapter. 
 
 The various parasites of the skin contract with their host relations 
 more or less intimate, more or less continuous, and more or less 
 necessary, which are in this respect subordinate to the state of 
 perfection of their organization. Some — such as the Simulium 
 
 and the Breeze, Ox, and Horse Flies — only come into contact with 
 the domesticated animals at long intervals, in order to puncture 
 them and suck their blood. Others — like the Hippoboscidae — are 
 independent, and live for a long time in contact with the Horse’s 
 skin. Others, again, which are agile, but have no wings, only 
 exceptionally live — and then only for a very short time — away 
 from their natural host : such are the Epizoa — Fleas and Lice. 
 Those which live deeper in the skin — the Dermatozoa — comprise 
 the Acari of scabies, lodged in the epidermis ; the Demodex, not 
 so well endowed, sheltered in the hair follicles and sebaceous 
 glands j the larvae of the Hypoderma, which penetrate beneath 
 the skin itself ; the Nematodes, which are met with in the substance 
 of the derma, and in the products the formation of which they 
 have excited. This sketch will show the intimate relation that 
 usually exists between the organization of the parasite and its 
 localization, more or less deep and permanent, in the skin of its 
 host. 
 
 The disturbances generally due to parasites are of an inflam- 
 matory character — hyperaemia, exudation, pustules, efflorescences, 
 crusts, haemorrhage, abscesses, nodules, etc. They are due to the 
 presence of the parasites only, or to their migrations or punctures. 
 
PARASITES OF THE SKIN 
 
 2 
 
 These organisms act also in causing pruritus, which impels the 
 infested animal to scratch itself ; whence arise secondary alterations 
 of variable intensity — such as erythema, depilations, excoriations, 
 pustules, and ulcerations. 
 
 The symptoms of parasitic dermatoses consist of the above 
 pathological processes, and especially in the presence of the para- 
 sites, their zoological characters, and their mode of existence. 
 The gravity of the symptoms is subordinate to the facility with 
 which medicinal agents may reach the parasites. But that which 
 is most deserving of attention is the contagion, which is sometimes 
 exercised with provoking facility, and outstrips by its rapidity all 
 endeavours made to localize the disorder. Finally, when parasitic 
 dermatoses prevail among animals in feeble health or badly attended 
 to, they may bring about general troubles, and a physiological 
 misery which is sometimes fatal. 
 
 In the following description, the parasites of the skin will be 
 examined as closely as possible in their zoological order, subordi- 
 nating this in part to the seat of the maladies and to their gravity. 
 This will embrace successively : 
 
 1. The study of the parasitic Diptera in the state of perfect 
 Insect or imago ; 
 
 2. That of the larvae of the Muscidae and (Estridae ; 
 
 3. That of the Fleas ; 
 
 4. That of the Lice ( phthiriases ) ; 
 
 5. That of the Acarina (acariases) ; 
 
 6. That of the cutaneous Nematodes ( cutaneous helminthiases) ; 
 
 7. That of the Dermatophytes ( dermatomy coses , trichophytoses , 
 favus). 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 DIPTEROUS PARASITES IN THE PERFECT INSECT STATE 
 
 These are free and intermittent parasites, for they only visit 
 animals at more or less long intervals, in order to prick them and 
 suck their blood, or merely to feed on their perspiration. They are 
 commonly called Flies , although only a very small number belong 
 to the same family as the Flies, properly so called. They are 
 comprised in the two sub-orders of Nemocera and Brachycera, thus 
 named because of the form of their antennge. 
 
 The antennas of the Nemocera (vij/i a, thread ; Kepas, antenna) are filiform — 
 sometimes plnmose in the males — and formed of at least six articles or pieces, 
 In the Brachycera ((3paxfo, short ; ntpas, antenna) they are short, and com- 
 posed of only three articles, the last of which, stronger and often segmented, 
 usually carries a fine stylet. 
 
 Nemocera. — In this sub -order, which has fewer genera than 
 the other, the Culicidce (Gnats) and Simuliidce only come within 
 our study. Both pass their larval phase in water, in damp ground, 
 or in shady places. It is in the latter also that they abound in the 
 adult state, although winds may carry them far from their place of 
 origin. They subsist on vegetable juices, but the females often 
 attack animals, to prick them and suck their blood. The speckled- 
 wing mosquito ( Anopheles claviger) has been shown to be capable 
 of harbouring the protozoon of malaria after being fed with 
 malarial blood, and the anopheles so infested has been proved, 
 by direct experiment, to be capable of giving the disease to the 
 human being (Sidney Martin). 
 
 The Gnats ( Culex Linnaeus) form the type of the family of Culicidae. They 
 are recognised by their long body, their antennae composed of fourteen articles, 
 which are filiform and very plumose, especially in the males ; by their bulging 
 prothorax, narrow, cylindrical abdomen, their long thin legs, elongated 
 narrow wings lying flat on the body during rest, and their humming during 
 flight. The proboscis comprises six bristles or setae, and carries laterally the 
 two maxillary palps, longer than the proboscis in the males, and very short in 
 the females. 
 
 The best known species is the Common Gnat (Culex pipiens L.). 
 
 It is 5 to 6 millimetres long, thorax brownish-yellow, with two dark lines on 
 the dorsal surface, the abdomen pale grey, with ash-coloured rings (or seg- 
 ments) ; the legs are elongated and brown. It is found everywhere, and 
 abounds particularly in the neighbourhood of damp places and stagnant water, 
 which are necessary for the opportune laying of its eggs and its metamorphoses. 
 
 22 
 
DIPTEROUS PARASITES IN THE PERFECT INSECT STATE 23 
 
 It torments Man, particularly during the night, and in some 
 countries constitutes a veritable scourge. Its sting, due to the 
 penetration of the stylets of its rostrum into the skin, is not per- 
 ceived at first, but it soon becomes the seat of intense itching and 
 slight swelling, without doubt owing to the poisonous saliva the 
 insect ejects. 
 
 To the genus Culex belong the Mosquitoes of America, the 
 West Indies, Mexico, and South America, where they are, for 
 mankind, a source of incessant torment. Certain travellers even 
 affirm that they are obnoxious to the multiplication of Cattle 
 in the llanos or prairies of Venezuela, persecuting them to such 
 a degree as to prevent their thriving on the richest pastures. 
 
 It is not very probable that, in our country, the Gnats attack 
 animals ; in any case, they are far from being as aggressive and 
 tormenting as with Man. Cobbold, however, mentions a Culex 
 equinus which more particularly attacks Horses. 
 
 The scourge which takes the place of the Gnats with regard to 
 the domesticated animals, though not sparing Man, is found in 
 the genus Simulium. 
 
 The Simulium ( Simulium Latreille), typical of the family of Simuliidae of 
 Schiner, has a thick body, bulging thorax, somewhat short, cylindrical antennae 
 formed of eleven articles, the two first being separated from the others ; the 
 abdomen is relatively short and broad ; the legs are strong, with wide tarsi ; 
 the wings are very broad, short, and lying flat. The proboscis only comprises 
 two resisting bristles designed to puncture, and is provided on its sides with 
 two maxillary palps having four articles, the last of which is long and slender. 
 These Insects do not hum when flying. They are invested in a fine downy 
 covering ; the males, much fewer than the females, are darker and more 
 velvety, have the wings variegated, and the legs broader and more hairy. 
 
 The Simulium usually keeps to watering-places, shaded by trees, 
 and flies in swarms towards sunset. The family subsist on the 
 juices of vegetables, but the females often attack 
 animals and Man, sucking their blood with avidity, 
 and producing painful stings. They are encountered 
 in all climates. 
 
 In Lapland, they are sometimes extremely abundant 
 
 in May and July, and by night and day prey upon Fig l * si _ 
 
 Man. According to Guillard, ‘ it is not rare to see mulium rep- 
 Calves and Sheep succumb to their bites. The tans. — After 
 Reindeer only escape the torture by taking refuge Woodward, 
 beside glaciers and on the summit of mountains.’ 
 
 The Lapps preserve themselves and their Reindeer from these pests 
 by living in the smoke of large fires. The principal species are 
 S. boreale, S. reptans (Fig. 1), S. cinereum , S.molestum, S.pecuarium, 
 S. meridionale, etc. 
 
 Various parts of the New World are often infested with them. 
 In Brazil and South America they are known as Musquitoes ; in 
 North America they are called Black Flies and By (dots. 
 
 * The line to the right of this and other figures indicates the natural length 
 of the creature represented. 
 
24 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Like that of the Gnats, the puncture of the Simulium is followed 
 by a somewhat smart local irritation, probably due to the venomous 
 saliva shed therein. These Insects have been accused of propa- 
 gating anthracoid or septic diseases, it being supposed that, after 
 having sucked the blood of an animal attacked with one of these 
 affections, their proboscis, charged with this virulent fluid, may 
 inoculate any healthy animal which they chance to fasten upon. 
 
 The Simuliidse of Europe, though only numbering a few species, 
 are, according to Laboulbene, somewhat difficult to distinguish 
 from one another .|| b-4 
 
 The commonest appears to be Simulium reptans (Fig. i). ‘The male is 
 dark and velvety, with the margins of the thorax greyish ; the female grey. 
 The legs have white rings ; the base of the wings and the balancers are yellow. 
 Length, 2 to 3 millimetres ’ (Laboulbene). It is somewhat common in the 
 Paris basin. 
 
 Spinola mentions that certain Diptera in Brandenburg, which he identified 
 as Simulium reptans, and that, again, as the 5 . Columbatczense , attack Horses 
 at pasture, and prick their ears more especially. Where these punctures have 
 been made there appear white spots, which render the skin as if fly-bitten. 
 
 The Grey Simulium ( 5 . cinereum Mac.) is of a dark-grey tint, with the 
 antennae black, the thorax marked by three black, rather indistinct, longi- 
 tudinal lines, and the abdomen by three black transverse lines. Legs black. 
 Length, 3 to 3^5 mm. 
 
 Megnin has made similar remarks on this species to those of 
 Spinola on the S. reptans. According to him, it is common more 
 especially in the large forests in the centre and north-east of France. 
 It chiefly attacks Horses on those parts where the skin is fine and 
 destitute of hair, as on the inner surface of the thighs, and the 
 interior of the auricular concha. The punctures — which are usually 
 very numerous on a small space — give rise to a somewhat severe 
 inflammation, the subsidence of which is accompanied by an 
 abundant epidermic exfoliation and shedding of the hair. Some 
 Horses, for several days after these attacks, have their ears so 
 sensitive that it is difficult to bridle them. In others of good 
 breeding and nervous temperament, the pricks of the Simulium 
 inside the ears have been followed ‘ by a veritable psoriasis guttata , 
 characterized by small lenticular patches, isolated or confluent, 
 covered by a white, nacrous, epidermic stratification, beneath 
 which the integument has disappeared, as in vitiligo.’ Fleming 
 states that he found this insect in England during the Cannock 
 Chase manoeuvres in Staffordshire, in 1872. The horses of the 
 Royal Engineers were picketed in a narrow valley near the river 
 Soar, where they were greatly annoyed by myriads of this Simulium, 
 which congregated inside the ears, and gorged themselves with 
 blood. Subsequently, the white patches mentioned by Spinola 
 and Megnin appeared on the skin lining the ears. 
 
 Another species, the multiplication of which is sometimes very 
 troublesome, is the Spotted Simulium (S. maculatum Meig.). 
 
 The male is of a velvety black, with the sides of the thorax in front of a 
 silky yellow, and the base of the abdomen also yellow on each side. The female 
 
DIPTEROUS PARASITES IN THE PERFECT INSECT STATE 25 
 
 is bluish-grey, with three black longitudinal bands on the thorax. The abdo- 
 men has three black contiguous spots above. Length, 2 to 2*5 mm. 
 
 The spotted Simulium is abundant in summer in woody and 
 marshy places, and often attacks animals, particularly in warm and 
 stormy weather. In April, 1863, the canton of Condrieu (Rhone) 
 was particularly troubled, in consequence of the extraordinary 
 multiplication of these flies. Professor Tisserant, of the Lyons 
 Veterinary School, observed that they chiefly attacked Horses and 
 Cattle, annoying Sheep and Goats less, and not even sparing Man. 
 They sought those parts of the body where the skin was thinnest 
 and had least hair. When the Insects were numerous these parts 
 became red, even bleeding, and denuded ; then followed a hard and 
 painful tumefaction, with fever, and sometimes symptoms of 
 dyspnoea and intoxication, which might result in death in from 
 twelve to fourteen hours after the invasion of these swarms of 
 Simulium. In fact, eight or ten cattle did die. ‘ For some time/ 
 Railliet justly remarks, ‘ it was sought to attribute these accidents 
 to an epizooty of anthrax, in which the insects acted only as carriers 
 of the virus. But this was an entirely gratuitous supposition.' 
 Conviction as to the fact of these Insects being the cause followed 
 the study of the event, and especially when it was remembered that 
 a similar, if not identical, species gave rise to serious consequences 
 in certain parts of Central Europe, where it is famous as the Kolum - 
 batz Fly. 
 
 The Simulium of Kolumbatz (S. Columbatczense Schiner), female — the male 
 is very rare — measures 3-37 mm. to about 4 mm. It is black, entirely covered 
 with a whitish dust and yellowish hairs ; the antennae are yellow ; the legs are 
 white in the living specimen, but become yellow after death ; the wings are 
 hyaline. 
 
 This species derives its name from an old castle in Servia — district of 
 Posharavatz — on the right bank of the Danube, where it abounds in low-lying, 
 damp, and woody situations in that neighbourhood. It was there that its 
 damaging effects were first observed and decribed by Schonbauer. It was 
 subsequently found here and there throughout nearly the whole of Germany ; 
 but it is only abundant in Southern Hungary, Servia, Austria, and Moravia, 
 and is most numerous after inundations from the Danube. Damp shady places 
 are its favourite haunts, as it passes the first phases of its development in 
 water. Near the castle of Kolumbatz are vast limestone quarries, where the 
 Insects doubtless find shelter during unfavourable weather, and this may 
 explain the tradition ascribing the abundance of these little Flies to this 
 locality. 
 
 From the early days in May, they appear in such numbers that, from a 
 distance, the swarms seem like dark clouds ; it is impossible to breathe 
 without getting them into one’s mouth, and white animals upon which they 
 settle appear quite black. They alight upon Man, but prefer the domesticated 
 animals, which they chiefly attack around the natural openings, penetrating 
 even into the air-passages. ‘ Each puncture this Insect makes,’ says Schon- 
 bauer, ‘ causes a burning itching, and a very hard and painful tumefaction 
 which rapidly forms, and does not disappear until after eight or ten days. 
 When the punctures are numerous and close to each other, they occasion a 
 violent fever, and, in irritable individuals, cramps and convulsions. It will 
 be understood, after this, how these small Insects can kill large animals in a 
 few hours, when they inflict at one time thousands of punctures on the most 
 sensitive and thinnest parts of the skin, and when from these punctures arise 
 
26 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 thousands of small, very painful swellings, which merge into a large tumour, 
 and develop a violent inflammation. . . . The animals succumb to the 
 inflammatory fever and asphyxia, the Insects filling and obstructing the larynx, 
 trachea, and bronchi. Some of the animals even succumb during the course 
 of the invasion of the Simuliidse, ethers a few hours afterwards, and others, 
 again, during the following night. The finer the skin is the more the punctured 
 part is sensitive, the consecutive irritation is much more intense, the swelling 
 greater, and the consequences more serious. This is why women, children, 
 and young animals suffer much more from the punctures than men and aged 
 animals. There are instances recorded of children being killed by these 
 Insects — these occurrences taking place more especially when the mothers, 
 occupied in the fields, have left their progeny lying on the ground.’ 
 
 According to Tomosvary, death is due to the multitude of punctures, to the 
 pain they cause, the small haemorrhages, and the poisoning of the blood by 
 which they are followed. The female Insect is alone capable of pricking, and 
 it acts with such vigour that it buries its entire head in the skin, and, having 
 gorged itself, falls helpless to the ground. 
 
 In 1783, in the neighbourhood of Kolumbatz, the losses due to these 
 Simuliidae were not less than 52 Horses, 131 Cattle, 316 Sheep, and about 
 100 Pigs. In 1813 and in 1830 in this locality many hundreds of Horses, 
 Cattle, and Sheep perished from this cause. In 1878 several localities of 
 Central and Southern Hungary were severely visited by these pests, and in 
 certain parts from 20 to 30 cattle died daily ; the herds were so plagued that 
 they could only be sent to graze at night. 
 
 Brachycera. — This sub-order, which is very extensive, has been 
 divided into a great number of families ; but the only species which 
 belong to the subject of this chapter are those of the Tabanidce, 
 Asilidcz, Muscidcz, and the Hippoboscidcz or Pupipara. 
 
 The Tabanidse have a broad and slightly flattened body, the wings often 
 apart, the head large and depressed from before to behind ; the eyes are 
 contiguous in the males ; the last article of the antennae is annulated, but has 
 no stylet ; the proboscis, usually salient, comprises six stylets in the female, 
 four in the male ; the tarsi are furnished with three cushions. The proboscis 
 is exserted, enclosing lancets and ending in two fleshy lobes ; their wings are 
 extended horizontally, are moved by powerful muscles, and provided with a 
 great number of nervures. 
 
 These Insects, and particularly the Breeze-flies, ‘ are,’ says 
 Macquart, ‘ spread over the world ; each climate has its own proper 
 species ; and with regard to instinct, it is everywhere the same. 
 The Lion in the deserts of the torrid zone and the Reindeer of 
 Lapland have them for enemies, as have our Oxen and Horses. At 
 the moment when the Insect fixes itself, the proboscis pierces the 
 thickest skin, and blood flows immediately. The females alone 
 attack, the males living on the sap of flowers, though the former 
 have also been found on them ; it even appears that the Pangonia 
 have no other food. The Tabanidse more particularly frequent 
 woods and pastures ; and it is during summer, and the warmest 
 hours of the day, that they are most redoubtable. Their flight is 
 rapid, and accompanied by a buzzing sound.’ This revealing 
 noise is for the threatened animal a cause of alarm ; but it is in 
 vain that, by movements of limbs or tail, it can repel the enemy, 
 which suddenly descends on it, choosing the parts where the skin 
 is finest, and burying therein the powerful sharp proboscis, which 
 is not withdrawn until the creature is satiated with blood. And 
 
DIPTEROUS PARASITES IN THE PERFECT INSECT STATE 27 
 
 after its departure there flows a last drop of blood ; then appears 
 a slight swelling, which generally disappears in a short time. The 
 Breeze-flies usually only attack the larger 
 domesticated animals — the Ox and Horse, 
 and, in Algeria, the Camel. They may 
 be agents for the transmission of virulent 
 diseases, when they quit an animal affected 
 with one of these maladies and introduce 
 their soiled proboscis into the skin of a 
 
 Fig. 2. — Autumn Breeze-fly, Female. — Delafond. 
 
 A, Large head, seen in profile : a, antennae ; p, maxillary palp ; t, proboscis. 
 — B, Details of the proboscis : p, palp ; Is, epipharynx ; s, mandibles and 
 maxillae ; la, hypopharynx ; li, inferior lip, forming the sheath of the 
 proboscis. 
 
 healthy one. In this way the Tabanus tropicus is said to convey 
 the blood parasite ( Trypanosoma Evansi) of Surra from infected to 
 healthy animals. 
 
 The Tabanidae comprise several hundred species. The most 
 common among the indigenous species are the following : 
 
 The Breeze-flies, properly called, belong to the genus Tabanus (Linn.) ; 
 they are characterized by a short, thick, slightly salient proboscis, and the 
 last article of the antennae is notched in crescent form. 
 
 The Ox Breeze-fly ( T . bovinus Linn.), the largest of the indigenous species, 
 measures 27 mm. in length. It is of a dark-brown colour ; the thorax, covered 
 with yellow hairs, is marked by black longitudinal bands ; 
 the abdominal rings are fawn-coloured at their posterior 
 border, and on the middle of the dorsal face of each is 
 a white triangular spot. By its strength and size, this 
 very common species is most formidable. In Burgundy, 
 it is known as the Great Breeze-fly ( gros Tavin), to 
 distinguish it from the others, which are merely named 
 Breeze-flies ( Tavins ). 
 
 The Black Breeze-fly (T. morio Lat.), 18 mm. long, is 
 of a shining black colour. It has fuliginous wings, and 
 the third article of the antennae is sickle-shaped. 
 
 Fig. 3. — Autumnal 
 Breeze-fly, natural 
 size. — Railliet. 
 
 The Autumnal Breeze-fly (T. autumnalis Linn.) is 
 18 to 20 mm. long, is dark-coloured, with the thorax 
 
 grey and velvety, and marked by four brown longitudinal bands, three rows 
 of white spots on the abdomen, the wings non-fuliginous, and the legs yellowish 
 white, the extremity being black. 
 
28 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Noisy Breeze-fly (T. bromius Linn.) is from 14 mm. to 16 mm. long, and 
 differs from the preceding by its smaller size and more particularly by its 
 brighter thorax, by three rows of yellow spots on the abdomen, and by its more 
 hyaline wings. 
 
 The Rustic Breeze-fly (X. rusticus Fab.) has the same length as the preceding, 
 but is of a dark-grey colour, has thick yellowish hairs, and is yellow or rust- 
 tinted at several points. 
 
 The Tawny Breeze-fly (X. fulvus Meig.) is 16 mm. long, and is more tawny 
 than the preceding, principally from the thick down covering it ; it has, like the 
 Ox Breeze-fly, only one line of white spots along the abdomen. 
 
 The White-footed Breeze-fly ( T . cilbipes Fab.), from 23 mm. to 25 mm. long, 
 is black, with yellowish hairs, and tufted on the thorax and two first rings of 
 the abdomen ; its legs are yellow. 
 
 All these species, which are the most important of the genus, 
 have the same habits and same avidity, but they are not all 
 equally common ; the order in which they have 
 been mentioned is that of their frequency. 
 
 In North Africa, and especially in Egypt and 
 Algeria, there is a widespread species, which 
 appears to be the Tabanus albifacies, and which 
 the Arabs — bedouins or fellahs — name El Debab 
 or Debane (Fly). They wrongly blame it for a 
 mortality that often occurs among their Horses 
 and Camels in the marshy regions they frequent. 
 Piot has shown that these losses are independent 
 of the stings of this Insect, and should be 
 attributed to other parasitic affections, and 
 especially to a pernicious anaemia due to the 
 presence of numerous hyatid cysts in the lungs. 
 
 The genus Hematopota (Meig.), which differs from that of the Breeze-flies 
 more especially by the absence of the crescentic notch in the third article of 
 the antennae, and by the overlapping wings, has for its principal species the 
 Hematopota pluvialis (L.), or small Rain Breeze-fly. This species is readily 
 distinguished from the other Breeze-flies by its size (1 centimetre), its elongated 
 and somewhat narrow abdomen, its very fuliginous wings marked by hyaline 
 spots, its greenish eyes with reddish sinuous streaks, and the abdomen with a 
 white middle dorsal line and a row of small white spots. 
 
 Very common in summer, the Hematopota pluvialis harasses 
 animals more especially in stormy weather ; Man is also liable to 
 its attacks. It is said to be met with in Lapland, where the Reindeer 
 suffer from its visitations. 
 
 The Chrysops (Meig.) is distinguished from the preceding genera by the 
 presence of three accessory eyes or ocelli, which are very visible on the top of 
 the head, and derives its name from its golden-green eyes, with purple lines 
 and spots. The most interesting species is the Blinding Chrysops, or Small 
 Blinding Breeze-fly (C. ccecutiens L.). This is an Insect 9 mm. long, with wings 
 very wide apart, and the abdomen flattened and square-shaped almost to 
 its extremity, is yellow at the base, and grey for the remainder of its extent ; 
 the wings are brown, with a large hyaline spot near the base, and another 
 triangular one near the extremity. 
 
 Fig. 4. — Small Rain 
 Breeze-fly, magnified 
 two diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
DIPTEROUS PARASITES IN THE PERFECT INSECT STATE 29 
 
 Common in, summer, the blinding Chrysops is so named because 
 it prefers to puncture the larger domesticated animals around the 
 eyes. It also attacks Man. 
 
 The genus Pangonia (Latr.), which belongs to the same family, only merits 
 special mention here because Megnin attaches to it some Dipterous females 
 brought from New Caledonia, where, accord- 
 ing to Germain, they attack the Cattle like 
 the Tabanidse, and thus concurred in the pro- 
 pagation of an epizooty of anthrax that pre- 
 vailed in Pine Island. Megnin, who describes 
 them, names them P. Neo-Caledonica. 
 
 The Asilidse offer little interest. The Asiles 
 {Asilus Linn.), which are specially destructive 
 of Insects, have the reputation — perhaps badly 
 founded — of being tormentors of animals, like 
 the Breeze-flies. It is the Hornet Asilus {A. 
 crabroniformis Linn.) which is particularly in- 
 culpated in these misdeeds. It is recognised Breeze-fly, magnified two dia- 
 among all the Diptera by the resemblance it meters. — Railliet. 
 has, at the first glance, to a Wasp. It is from 
 
 23 mm. to 27 mm. long ; its thorax is brownish-yellow ; the abdomen, narrow 
 and elongated, is black in its three first rings, and bright yellow in the others ; 
 the feet are fawn-coloured, the wings dull yellow and spotted black at the inner 
 border. 
 
 The family of Muscidae, which includes all the Flies properly 
 so called, is extremely rich in genera and species. 
 
 With these Insects, the antennre — usually inflected in front of the head — 
 have their last article enlarged in the form of a palette, and provided at its base 
 with a bristle which is most frequently dorsal. The proboscis, inflected, is 
 essentially formed by the lower lip, and generally terminates by a soft enlarge- 
 ment ; it contains only two stylets. The tarsi are provided with two hooks 
 and two cushions. 
 
 Allusion will be made here only to those Muscidae which attack 
 animals, in order to feed on their blood or cutaneous secretions. 
 Hereafter, those will be described which are only parasitic in the 
 larval state. 
 
 The first belong to the genera Musca , Stomoxys , Hcematobia, 
 Aricia, Hydrophoria, Hydrotcea , and Glossina j 
 
 The Flies ( Musca Linn.) have the stylet of the antennae plumose to the end, 
 and a soft proboscis adapted for suction, but incapable of penetrating the 
 skin; so that if these insects trouble Man and animals, it is only to imbibe 
 their perspiration. They cause annoyance by their importunity, and irritate by 
 the tickling and itching they induce by their pads and proboscis. They are 
 found in our houses, in stables, cowsheds, sheep-folds, etc., and in paddocks 
 and pastures. Of an ash-grey or greyish aspect, they resemble the Common 
 Fly ( M . domestica Linn. ), so well known, and are distinguished from each 
 other by such minute differences that there can be no practical interest in 
 reproducing these ; as all the species, beside their general likeness, have 
 almost identical habits, and to an equal degree torment the domesticated 
 animals during warm weather. Such are : the bovine Fly (M. bovina 
 Robineau Desvoidy), the crow Fly (Af. corvina Fab.), the cow Fly (A/, vaccina 
 Rob. D.). the vagabond Fly (AT. vagatoria Rob. D.), the vitripene Fly {M. 
 vitripennis Meig.), the executioner Fly ( M . carnifex Rob. D.), the importunate 
 Fly (M. stimulant Rob. D.), the garden Fly (M. hortorum Meig)., etc. 
 
 Fig. 5. — Small Blinding 
 
30 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Stomoxes ( Stomoxys Geoff.), often called Stinging Flies, have a solid, 
 elongated proboscis, bent near its base, horizontal, and extending beyond 
 the head in front. This character serves to distinguish them immediately 
 from the Flies, which they otherwise closely resemble. 
 
 A very common species is the Stinging Stomoxys or Obstinate 
 Stomoxys (S. calcitrans Geoff.). It appears at the end of summer 
 
 and commencement of 
 autumn, and enters our 
 houses, stables, and 
 cowsheds. It attaches 
 itself by preference to 
 the legs of Horses, 
 which causes them to 
 stamp in order to get 
 rid of it — hence the 
 name calcitrans given 
 to this species. With 
 fine-skinned, sensitive 
 
 Fig. 7. — Stinging Sto- 
 moxys, natural size. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 animals, the puncture of the Stomoxys may be followed by a large 
 papule, on which the hairs are erect. Its larvae live in the fresh 
 dung of the Horse. When at rest, the Stomoxys and domestic 
 Fly are distinguished from each other in that the first carries its 
 head upward, while the second has it in the opposite position. It 
 has been supposed that the Stomoxes may be agents in spreading 
 anthracoid maladies, by stinging in succession a diseased and a 
 healthy animal, but no proof of this has been given. 
 
 The Hsematobia species (Rob. D.) also resemble the Flies, though they are 
 smaller. They have a proboscis like that of the Stomoxes, and are particularly 
 distinguished for the length of their palps, which equals that of the proboscis ; 
 while in the Stomoxes the palps do not exceed the anterior border of the 
 buccal fossette. 
 
 Thus, as their name indicates, the Haematobia species are no less 
 greedy of blood than the Stomoxes, but they do not enter stables ; 
 they only frequent pastures, where they are very troublesome to 
 Horses and Cattle. Linnaeus was of opinion that they were favour- 
 able to the health of these animals ; for in collecting in large numbers 
 on their bodies, they compelled them to keep moving, and so 
 prevented them from eating too much, which might be hurtful 
 to them. The HcEmatobia stimulans (Meig.), H. ferox (Rob. D.), 
 
 Fig. 6. — Head of the Stinging Stomoxys, highly 
 magnified and seen in profile. — Delafond. 
 
 a, antennae ; p, maxillary palp ; t, proboscis. 
 
DIPTEROUS PARASITES IN THE PERFECT INSECT STATE 31 
 
 H. irritans (Meig.), and H. serrata (Rob. D.), are the principal 
 French species. 
 
 The Saw or Horn-fly ( H . serrata ), chiefly characterized by the 
 shape of the posterior tarsi in the male, which have the form of a 
 saw, belongs especially to Southern France. It appears to be 
 widely distributed in the United States of America, into which it 
 has been probably imported from Europe. Of late years, by reason 
 of its multiplication, it has created much alarm by the way in which 
 it has caused cattle to suffer, and so prevented their thriving. When 
 these insects are in large numbers, they gather to rest at the base 
 of the horns, which they cover for some inches. During heavy 
 rain, they collect on the under side of the animal’s abdomen. They 
 attack, by preference, the back, flanks, and upper parts of the limbs. 
 According to the investigations of Howard, the H. serrata deposits 
 its eggs in fresh dung, where the larvae are hatched in about twenty- 
 four hours, and there they develop. Nymphosis takes place in the 
 superficial layers of the soil covered by the dung. The perfect 
 insect appears in about fifteen days after the egg has been laid. To 
 prevent the multiplication of this species, it suffices to throw lime 
 over the dung lying on the pastures. 
 
 The Arices ( Aricia Macq.), the Hydrophores ( Hydrophoria Macq.), the 
 Hydrotes ( Hydrotcea Rob. D.), possessing the same habits and causing the 
 same discomforts as the Flies, are distinguished from the preceding genera 
 by their balancers, which remain exposed ; while in Flies, Stomoxes, and 
 Haematobia they are concealed. 
 
 They live by preference in damp situations, and their ordinary 
 nourishment consists of the sap of flowers ; but the females attack 
 animals, and although their soft proboscis cannot pierce the skin, 
 and only allows them to suck up the secretion thrown out on its 
 surface, they harass and torment them most stubbornly. They 
 are found in the company of the Flies — which they much resemble 
 externally — around the eyes, nostrils, etc. — sometimes in veritable 
 swarms. The best-known species is the Storm-fly ( Hydrotcea 
 meteorica Rob. D.). Linnaeus termed it the meteoric Fly , because 
 at the approach of rain it formed a kind of cloud towards the 
 lower extremity of the Horse’s head. 
 
 It remains to speak of a species in the family of Muscidae, which does not 
 belong to our country, but which cannot be passed over in silence, because of 
 the universal evil reputation it enjoys. This is the Tsetse, or Glossina Morsitans 
 (Westwood), which, by the organization of its proboscis, comes near the 
 Stomoxys and Haematobia. It is a little larger than the domestic Fly ; its 
 slender proboscis is nearly twice as long as its head ; its thorax, chestnut in 
 colour, is marked by four black longitudinal lines ; the abdomen is yellowish- 
 white, and has only five segments, the last four of which have large black spots 
 interrupted on the middle line ; the wings are slightly smoky. 
 
 There are besides several Flies of tropical Africa, known by the common 
 names of Tsetse, Tzetze, and Zimb, forming part of the genus Glossina (Wiede- 
 mann), and remarkable for their elongated proboscis, which allows them to, 
 puncture with force. The most celebrated is the Gl. morsitans, also named 
 the Tsaltsaya. It constitutes one of the most serious obstacles to civilization 
 
32 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 in Africa, for in the regions it frequents it renders the employment of the 
 majority of beasts of burden impossible. 
 
 We will borrow from Railliet an excellent rSsumS of the history of this 
 insect : 
 
 * The Fly to which the negroes give the name of Tsetse is met with throughout 
 nearly the whole of Central Africa. It appears to prefer hanging about the 
 borders of marshes and watering-places, and in beds of reeds. 
 It makes a loud buzzing noise, which is easily recognised again 
 when it has once been heard. If Bruce is to be believed, the 
 buzzing of the Tsetse is “ a mixture of dull and sharp sound, 
 which is somewhat discordant. This buzzing causes more 
 terror and disorder among men and animals than the monsters 
 of the countries they inhabit could produce, if they were twice 
 as numerous.” 
 
 ‘ Many travellers — among others, Livingstone and Oswald — 
 Fig. 8. — Tse- have stated that this Fly is one of the most redoubtable scourges 
 tse, natural G f the African torrid zone ; nevertheless, the descriptions pub- 
 size. — Rail- lished with regard to it have, it appears to us, something of a 
 liet. legendary character. Like the Stomoxes, the Tsetse attacks 
 
 Man and animals. It darts on the latter, say the travellers, 
 with the rapidity of an arrow, and prefers biting them inside the thighs or 
 beneath the belly, and a tumour soon forms at the part attacked. 
 
 ‘ It has been said that this insect prefers the uncovered parts of the body ; 
 that the action of its bite on Man is no more dangerous than that of the Gnat ; 
 that the domesticated animals, on the contrary — with the exception of the 
 Ass, the Elephant, and the Goat — begin to waste away immediately, and soon 
 succumb ; that Dogs resist the bites when they are fed on venison, but perish 
 when they receive milk ; that Calves nourished on milk, on the contrary, are 
 exempt from injury, etc. On autopsy, the heart, lungs, and liver are found 
 more or less affected. 
 
 ‘ The majority of these descriptions of the older travellers have been 
 contradicted by more recent observations. Thus, a Belgian expedition has 
 lost several Elephants ; P. Baur has witnessed several of his Asses perish as 
 a result of the stings of this Fly, and he asserts that, instead of preferring 
 uncovered parts, the Tsetse usually gets underneath the clothing and up the 
 sleeves of men, and below the tails of animals. Others have observed that those 
 bitten generally succumb as a consequence of the gradually-increasing weak- 
 ness, which may continue for several weeks, and even months. Finally, the 
 most careful autopsies have not revealed any lesion of the spleen, liver, lungs, 
 or brain. 
 
 ‘ All these contradictory statements show that the action of the Tsetse 
 punctures is extremely variable, and that, consequently, they ought not to 
 be venomous. Besides, Nocard and myself have introduced, without any 
 result, beneath the skin of the thigh of a Sheep the head and proboscis of a 
 Tsetse, brought from Zanzibar a short time before by Paul Leroy. 
 
 ‘ In reality, the Tsetse can merely be regarded as a carrier of virus, and 
 its bite is only dangerous when its proboscis has been previously infected. 
 With regard to the virus that it habitually inoculates, it is difficult, in the 
 present state of our knowledge, to say what it actually is ; but contrary to 
 what Megnin has advanced, it is impossible to say it is that of anthrax — at 
 least, in the majority of instances. We have already given the opinion that 
 it might well be the virus of various maladies, and, perhaps, even of affections 
 peculiar to Central Africa.’ 
 
 Later investigations have shown that Nagana or Tsetse-fly disease, is caused 
 by a hsematozoon, the Trypanosoma Brucei, and that the Glossina morsitans 
 is capable of transmitting this parasite to Horses and other animals. 
 
 The small family of Pupipara, or Hippoboscidae, naturally con- 
 cludes this list, for the Insects composing it live exclusively as 
 parasites, either on Mammals or on Birds. The name has been 
 
DIPTEROUS PARASITES IN THE PERFECT INSECT STATE 33 
 
 given to it by Latreille, as the family does not lay eggs, but pupae 
 or nymphae. In reality, according to Leuckart, the eggs developed 
 in the ovaries undergo, in a dilatation of the vagina, the evolution 
 which leads to the formation of larvae ; the latter remain in this 
 organ, where they are nourished on the secretions of the glandular 
 appendages of the uterus, undergoing several moultings, and 
 acquiring their development before expulsion. Immediately after 
 this hatching, they are transformed into pupae. Therefore, the 
 term ‘ Pupipara ’ is not quite exact. In the pupa state, the insect 
 is in the form of an egg, nearly as large as the abdomen of the 
 mother, this region being covered by a continuous membrane, 
 without distinct rings, and capable of great dilatation — a structure 
 necessary to the female, from the peculiar manner in which she 
 brings forth her progeny. When the pupa case is expelled it 
 quickly becomes hard, and suddenly enlarges to a greater size 
 than the abdomen itself in which it was contained. The larger 
 end has a sort of hood, which the insect scales off as soon as it is 
 ready to make its escape. 
 
 These Insects have a flat broad body of leathery consistence. The rostrum 
 comprises only a sucker, formed of an extensible tube contained in a setiform, 
 horny sheath, which is in its turn protected by two velvety valves. The 
 antennae are rudimentary, and usually reduced to scarcely apparent knobs. 
 The legs are strong, and terminate in dentated hooks. The wings may be 
 absent, and the insect is then a permanent parasite, like the Louse. 
 
 Only two species of Pupipara interest us. One is the Melophagus 
 of the Sheep, and is apterous — consequently a permanent parasite, 
 and does not enter the group now under con- 
 sideration. The other is Hippobosca equina 
 (Linn.), which lives in intimate relation with 
 the domesticated animals, but being provided 
 with wings, easily quits its host, and therefore 
 belongs to the group of remittent parasites. 
 
 The Hippobosca of the Horse, Spider -fly (Reaumur), 
 or Flat- fly, is about 8 mm. in length. The head is 
 yellow, has a brown spot at the summit, and is salient 
 and distinct from the thorax ; the eyes are dark. The 
 thorax is brown, with three yellow spots, one at each 
 anterior angle, the other median, posterior and tri- bosca equina, magni- 
 angular ; the scutellum is white, margined with brown, hed two diameters. — 
 The abdomen is yellowish-brown. The legs are deep Railliet. 
 yellow, with some brown bands, and the tarsal hooks 
 
 are bifid. The wings are oblong, rounded, fuliginous, and have nervules only 
 in their antero-external third. The body is covered with short stiff hairs at 
 intervals. According to Leuckart, the transformation from the pupa into the 
 perfect insect requires about a month. 
 
 This Insect is very common in summer, and sometimes attacks 
 Cattle and Dogs, but it more particularly selects Horses, fixing itself 
 on their flanks, and especially on smooth parts — as around the 
 anus and vulva, and on the perinaeum and inner aspect of the 
 thighs. It runs with rapidity on the body of its host, and certain 
 
 3 
 
 Fig. 9. — Hippo- 
 
34 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 animals which are particularly sensitive to its presence kick 
 furiously at the contact of a single Fly. Habit, in the course of 
 time, overcomes this irritability, and Horses learn to endure swarms 
 of these insects without disturbance. They are very difficult to 
 drive away, always obstinately returning, and their coriaceous 
 integument resists a moderate degree of pressure intended to crush 
 them. When animals are badly groomed, the Fly only leaves them 
 at long intervals. 
 
 Rondani has separated into three species the different forms which the 
 Hippobosca equina may present. Thus he distinguishes : H. canina, which 
 attacks various Mammals, but more particularly the Dog ; H. equina, which 
 torments Horses, Cattle, Dogs, and other animals ; and H. taurina, found on 
 the Ox. 
 
 Preventive and Curative Measures against the Action of the 
 Diptera. — The various Diptera, generally designated by the name 
 of Flies, cause different degrees of injury to the health of animals. 
 At least, they prevent them resting in their habitations, and they 
 increase their fatigue during work by the superfluous movements and 
 inconvenient attitudes they compel them to assume. It is, there- 
 fore, useful to endeavour to prevent their approach. 
 
 What is most necessary is to keep them away from the interior 
 of habitations, or, at any rate, to destroy them there. The first 
 object to be attained is keeping these in comparative darkness ; 
 but curtains, blinds, and shutters interfere more or less with the 
 ventilation. A procedure indicated by Spence as resorted to in 
 Italy, which avoids this inconvenience, ‘ consists in providing the 
 windows externally with a simple net, the meshes of which may be 
 wide enough to allow several Flies to pass through at a time. If 
 the light enters at only one side of the building, the Insects will not 
 venture to traverse the net ; but if, on the contrary, there is a window 
 in the opposite wall which admits the light, they will not hesitate 
 to enter ’ (Railliet). 
 
 When Flies have entered the dwellings, it is somewhat incon- 
 venient to endeavour to expel them by means of certain odorous 
 substances, and it is preferable to impregnate certain parts of the 
 bodies of the animals themselves with a solution of bitter, nauseous 
 materials, such as those mentioned below. In some countries, while 
 the animals are out of doors, it is customary to burn the dry leaves 
 of the pumpkin, the acrid smoke of which immediately drives out 
 or kills the Flies. In other countries, small bundles of heather, 
 broom, willow, or ferns, are suspended from the ceiling or walls, 
 .and in these the Flies take refuge during the night, and while they 
 are asleep the wisps are shaken over a fire and the Insects in this way 
 destroyed. 
 
 During work or while at pasture, animals can be protected by 
 means of covers and linen sheets. The garniture most employed 
 with this object is the net that is spread over the bodies of Horses 
 and working Oxen, which is bordered by a fringe of twine, the con- 
 
DIPTEROUS PARASITES IN THE PERFECT INSECT STATE 35 
 
 tinual movement of which keeps away Insects. Sometimes this 
 fringe, fastened to the reins on each side, constitutes all the 
 caparison ; and only too frequently the protection for the Ox is 
 reduced to merely a bit of cloth covering the face, and defending 
 the eyes and muzzle. The abdomen is sometimes protected by 
 a kind of linen apron. The bonnet or hood which envelops the ears, 
 neck, and face prevents the entrance of Flies to the ears. Much 
 employed in the east of France and in Germany, this is made of net, 
 or, better, of linen. These contrivances are often replaced by 
 twigs and branches of trees, which, tied to the saddlery, by their 
 continual movement drive away the Insects. 
 
 Finally, the bodies of animals may be dressed with odorous, bitter, 
 or nauseous substances. In many countries, use is frequently made 
 of a decoction of walnut-tree leaves, or of a maceration of them in 
 vinegar. This need only be applied to the skin once a week. 
 Sometimes it is sufficient to merely rub the animals with the walnut- 
 tree leaves. There have also been recommended weak decoctions 
 of tobacco, aloes, and assafoetida. Substances should be avoided 
 such as empyreumatic oils — which soil the harness and the coats 
 of the animals, and are not superior in their effects to those just 
 mentioned. The lotions and frictions need rarely be generally 
 applied, but should rather be localized on the regions of the body 
 which are most sensitive, or which are most exposed to attack. 
 
 There are no particular instructions to offer with regard to the 
 accidents that may sometimes be occasioned by the dipterous 
 parasites ; and attention has only to be directed to the local or 
 general phenomena which present themselves. Usually cold 
 affusions, douches, and local or general bathing, cause the dis- 
 appearance of the tumefaction and pruritus that are manifested 
 and it is only these that appear to demand therapeutic intervention. 
 
 3-2 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SKIN IN THE LARVAL 
 
 STATE 
 
 A certain number of Diptera pass their larval phase either in 
 wounds on the surface of the body, or in the substance of the skin 
 itself. Sometimes this sojourn is only accidental for them, and at 
 other times it is absolutely necessary. Parasitism is, therefore, 
 less complete for the former than it is for the latter, which only com- 
 prise the larvae of the (Estridse, and 
 which are, for this reason, named cuti- 
 coles. 
 
 All these larvae are acephalous ; the anterior 
 extremity is destitute of eyes and antennae, and 
 has, at most, two horny hooks ; food is introduced 
 into the mouth by suction. On transformation 
 into nymphae, the skin becomes hardened and 
 assumes the form of a small barrel ( barrelled 
 pupa), in the interior of which is the real pupa. 
 The perfect Insect makes its escape by raising a 
 more or less rounded valve. 
 
 The term Myiosis designating every 
 disturbance due to the larvse of Diptera, 
 it is naturally only a question here of 
 Cutaneous Myiosis. This is caused by 
 the larvse of the Muscidse and (Estridse 
 — sub-orders of Brachycera. 
 
 Larvae of the Muscim. — The latter 
 Fig. io. — Head of the Blue belong to the genera Sarcophaga, Lucilia, 
 or Flesh Fly, highly magni- an( j Ochromyia ; for it is not proved that 
 fied. Delafond. the Blue Flesh-fly (Calliphora vomitoria 
 
 a, antennae ; p, maxillary L.), which contributes SO largely to 
 palps ; t, proboscis. changes in meat, nor the Carnivorous 
 
 Sarcophagus ( Sarcophaga carnaria L.), or 
 Gray Carnivorous Fly, really deposit, even accidentally, their eggs 
 and their larvse on wounds. On the contrary, it is now known — 
 thanks to Portchinsky — that the majority of larvse which are 
 found in Europe on the wounds of Man or animals, are those of 
 
 36 
 
PARASITIC DIPTEROUS LARVAE OF THE SKIN 
 
 37 
 
 the magnificent Sarcophagus (5. magnified Schiner, Sarcophila 
 Wohlfarti Portch.), which, according to Laboulbene, has the 
 following description : 
 
 Length io mm. to 13 mm. General colour gray ; face and sides of head 
 white ; antennae and palps black ; thorax ash-gray, with three black longi- 
 tudinal lines ; abdomen light-grav, with three black spots on each segment. 
 Wings hyaline, base yellow. Legs black. 
 
 Like the other species of Sarcophaga, this one is viviparous ; the 
 females deposit their larvae in wounds on Man and animals. 
 
 These larvae are fusiform, with very distinct segments, and destitute of 
 spines ; the buccal extremity is furnished with two hooks ; the posterior 
 extremity shows two stigmata — openings of the respiratory apparatus. 
 
 Fig. 11. — Blue Flesh-fly, natural 
 size. — Railliet. 
 
 Fig. 12. — Sarcophaga magnifica, 
 male. — Laboulbene. 
 
 ‘ This Dipteran,’ says Portchinsky, ‘ is entirely rural, and is 
 never seen in houses. In the perfect state, it is difficult to find, 
 and it can only be procured by hatching the nymphae obtained from 
 the larvae gathered on animals’ wounds. It is one of the finest of 
 the Sarcophila , and it is not only very annoying to Man, but also to 
 animals, in the Government of Mohilew. in fact, I have obtained 
 the Sarcophila Wohlfarti exclusively from different larvae derived 
 from Cattle, Horses, Pigs, Sheep, Dogs, and even domestic Birds — 
 chiefly Geese. In certain years, the infection of Cattle by the larvae 
 of Flies extends to two- thirds, or to at least one-half of a herd. 
 An insignificant wound is suddenly invaded by these larvae, and it 
 soon becomes considerable. This species prefers the mucous mem- 
 branes, but more particularly the inguinal region of Cows, where 
 the larvae cause extremely serious sores ; this occurrence is frequent 
 here. With Dogs, the same larvae are often met with in the ears, 
 and it is not rare to see them at the same time punctured by legions 
 of Stomoxys calcitrans and covered with blood.’ 
 
 Megnin mentioned having found the larvae of this Fly not only 
 in wounds of the domesticated animals, but also in the depressions 
 or folds of skin where the sebaceous secretion is always in a state 
 of more or less ammoniacal fermentation — such as the lacuna of 
 the frog of the Horse’s foot, the cavity of the prepuce, or hollow of 
 the pastern of that animal. In these places the larvae finish by 
 
38 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 inducing ulceration of the skin, and they may even sometimes 
 penetrate beneath it, causing more or less considerable disturbance. 
 
 After their transformation into nymphse, Megnin has, by hatching 
 them, always obtained the same Fly — Sarcophaga magnified. He 
 is of opinion that it is these larvae which are most frequently found 
 in wounds in Man, and that if they are mistaken for those of the 
 Calliphora vomitoria, Sarcophaga carnaria, and Lucilia Ccesar , it 
 is only because they all resemble one another so much that they 
 cannot be distinguished, except by hatching out the perfect Insect 
 — which is rarely successful. 
 
 The genus Lucilia (Rob. D.) contains Flies with a soft proboscis ; the 
 epistoma — the superior border of the buccal cavity — is not salient ; the 
 antennae to the third article are quadruple the size of the second, and the 
 stylet is very plumose ; abdomen short and round, wings wide apart. These 
 characters, joined to the bright metallic colours, constitute a facies which 
 distinguishes this genus from all the others. 
 
 The Lucilia Caesar (Linn.) is the type ; it is of a fine golden- green 
 colour, is widely extended, and deposits its eggs on decomposing 
 organic matter. It lays them also on the wounds of Man and animals. 
 
 The Lucilia sericata (Meig.) much resembles it. 
 
 It is smaller and of a greenish-blue tint. The epistoma and face are white, 
 while the first is of a pale red in the Lucilia Caesar. The first ring of the 
 abdomen alone is black, while in the other species the second ring, in addition, 
 has a black dorsal line. 
 
 In Holland, the Lucilia sericata often causes an affection of a 
 certain gravity in Sheep, which the breeders designate the f worm 
 sickness ’ (Worm-ziekte). It was first studied by Bouman and by 
 Gerlach, then by Jennes and Van Laer. 
 
 The larvae are found chiefly in young Sheep, and especially those 
 suffering from diarrhoea ; adult Sheep being seldom troubled by 
 them unless they are badly kept. Attracted by the faecal matters 
 about the hind-quarters of the animals, the flies there deposit their 
 eggs, and from these issue small cream-coloured larvae, formed of 
 ten to twelve rings, with points on their borders. The head has 
 two hooks, and the posterior extremity, more voluminous, shows 
 three stigmata. These larvae attack the skin and cause itching, 
 which compels the animal to keep its tail continually in motion, and 
 to bite and rub itself against surrounding objects. The wool is 
 then very closely matted, and in hard patches, beneath which the 
 skin is perforated by small openings or is largely abraded, and a 
 thick viscid fluid of an unpleasant odour is discharged from it. 
 When exposed, the larvse are greatly disturbed, run away in every 
 direction, and try to conceal themselves beneath the skin. They 
 are sometimes found towards the croup. If the disease persists, 
 it complicates the diarrhoea, and contributes to bring about mar- 
 asmus in the young animals. This condition is observed among 
 sheep in the United Kingdom which are said by the shepherds to 
 be affected with the ‘ fly ’ or ‘ maggot.’ 
 
PARASITIC DIPTEROUS LARVAE OF THE SKIN 
 
 39 
 
 Another better-known species is the Lucilia macellaria (Fabr.), 
 more frequently designated the L. hominivorax (Coquerel) and 
 L. anthropophaga (Conil.). It measures 9 to 10 mm., and is recog- 
 nised by its blue thorax streaked with three darker blue bands of a 
 purple tint ; the legs are black, and the wings brown at the base. 
 The larva measures 14 to 15 mm. This fly is met with over a great 
 portion of America, from the north of the United States to the 
 Argentine Republic ; but more particularly in the warm regions. 
 It is redoubtable because of its larvae. 
 
 It deposits its eggs in the wounds of the domesticated animals and Man, 
 and even introduces them into the natural cavities. By means of their two 
 buccal hooks, the larvae attack the tissues and rapidly produce serious dis- 
 order, with loss of substance and mutilation. The facts published with regard 
 to this interesting insect are chiefly concerning Man. Liguistin has, never- 
 theless, observed extremely grave complications caused by the larvae of this 
 Lucilia in wounds, and more particularly in the ulcerations ( crevasses , cracks 
 or fissures) from which the Horses and Mules suffered during the (French) 
 expedition to Mexico. 
 
 The last species of this group of parasites is the Oehromyia anthropophaga 
 (E. Blanchard). Railliet, who has particularly studied it, thus describes it : 
 ‘ A fly of a grayish-yellow tint, measuring 8 to 19 mm. long. The head is 
 testaceous and covered with small black hairs ; the style of the antennae is 
 plumose. The thorax has, in front, two black longitudinal bands ; the wings 
 are slightly smoky. The abdomen is covered with somewhat large black 
 spots, particularly behind. 
 
 ‘ It is a Senegal Fly, met with principally in the Province of Cayor — hence 
 the designation of Cayor-fiy by which 
 it is generally known. It has been 
 seen sometimes to hover over animals 
 (Xotaris) ; nevertheless, it appears to 
 deposit its eggs in the sand. In any 
 case, it is observed that the larvae, known 
 by the improper name of Cayor-worms, 
 develop beneath the skin in Man and 
 various animals — Dog, Cat and Goat. 
 
 With the Dog, which is more particularly 
 affected, a small inflammatory tumour 
 is seen, which increases rapidly and is 
 covered by a brown crust. In about 
 six or seven days the larva has completed 
 
 its evolution, and leaves this tumour in order to be transformed into a pupa, 
 cicatrization of the wound being spontaneously effected. 
 
 ‘ When the parasites are few in number, they occupy the tail by preference, 
 as well as the paws and ears — parts in contact with the ground. But if, on 
 the contrary, they are numerous, they are found on all parts of the body. 
 Young animals are oftenest attacked, but adults may be so seriously invaded 
 as to succumb. It is remarkable that this parasite abounds at Mount Pal, 
 about twenty miles from St. Louis, while it has never been seen at the latter 
 place ; and what is more. Dogs which enter St. Louis covered with larvae are 
 free from them in about two days.’ 
 
 R. Blanchard considers the Cayor-fly as belonging to the family of (Estridae, 
 and allied to Hypoderma and Dermatobia. 
 
 Fig. 13. — The Cayor-flv, magni- 
 fied two diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 Prophylaxis and Therapeutics . — The prophylactic measure to be 
 opposed to myiosis consists in preventing the approach of the Flies, 
 and has been sufficiently indicated in the preceding chapter. In 
 the case of wounds, and in view of their usually small dimensions, 
 
40 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 it is advantageous to apply some empyreumatic oil, as oil of cade, 
 around them ; its strong and persistent odour allows of its employ- 
 ment in very small quantities. 
 
 It is evident that dressings carefully performed, and sufficiently 
 frequent, will prevent the invasion of wounds by larvae ; and 
 thorough cleansing will expel them from the parts (prepuce, frog, 
 pastern) where they may lodge. Keeping the wool of the Sheep 
 clean will prevent the visits of the Lu cilia sericata ; and as for the 
 Cayor-fly, the prophylactic measure, says Lenoir, is to prevent 
 dogs from lying on the sand, or, better still, keep them away alto- 
 gether from the usual haunts of that insect. 
 
 The curative treatment is very simple, for the larvae are very 
 sensitive to an infinity of agents that cause but little irritation to 
 the wounds that harbour them, and they are easily killed or ex- 
 pelled. So that they may either be removed immediately, or 
 treated with ether, chloroform, benzine, petroleum, tincture of 
 camphor, etc. 
 
 Larvae of the (Estrid^e. — Although the larvae of the (Estridcs 
 infest the subcutaneous connective tissue, their study naturally 
 comes in here, for their presence is associated with perforations of 
 the skin. 
 
 An essential characteristic of the CEstridae is the necessary para- 
 sitism of their larvae. Guided by a special instinct, the female 
 lays her eggs on the bodies of Mammalia, choosing the species to 
 which their future development is subordinate. In order to be 
 hatched, the larva employs various means to reach the organ or 
 region most suitable. Sometimes it is the subcutaneous connective 
 tissue, and in other instances it is the frontal sinus, or pharynx, 
 the stomach, or intestine. It remains in its special habitat for a 
 variable period, generally from the summer until the following 
 spring, when it contrives to leave it by a mode of procedure appro- 
 priate to each type, and buries itself in the ground, conceals itself 
 beneath a stone, or seeks the shelter of some place which is a little 
 damp, where it may become transformed into a nympha or pupa, 
 before appearing in its perfect state. The latter is generally 
 somewhat rare to find. 
 
 The (Estridse are recognised by the following characters : 
 
 Body usually hairy ; head somewhat voluminous and hemispherical ; two 
 faceted eyes, usually separated by a broad forehead, which bears three ocelli ; 
 antennae very short, fixed near the forehead, and folding into two correspond- 
 ing cavities which are completely or incompletely separated. Of their three 
 articles, the last, which is almost globular, has a dorsal bristle or stylet, inserted 
 near the base, and usually simple. Proboscis generally very small, or scarcely 
 visible ; two palps sometimes distinct, sometimes rudimentary ; thorax large, 
 elevated, and prothorax very marked ; wings large ; abdomen formed of six 
 apparent rings, the extremity being rounded in the males, and terminated by a 
 very extensible oviscapt in the females. 
 
 Certain species are viviparous, bringing forth the larvae already 
 hatched ; others are oviparous, laying eggs of different shapes, 
 
PARASITIC DIPTEROUS LARVAE OF THE SKIN 
 
 4i 
 
 with a resisting shell sometimes operculated, which always present 
 at its posterior pole an appendage that serves to attach the egg to 
 the skin or to the hair of the host. The number of larvae or eggs 
 which each female deposits is always considerable. 
 
 The bodies of the larvae are composed of twelve segments, the first two of 
 which — cephalic segments — are not always very distinct from each other. 
 Between these two first segments are two very small respiratory stigmata — 
 anterior stigmata — in the form of points, nodules, or minute slits ; these are 
 sometimes concealed in a depression in the integument. The last segment 
 has also two stigmata — the posterior — consisting of openings into which the 
 tracheae may project, or in large peritremes pierced with a variable number 
 of openings. At their birth the larvae have external buccal organs, formed 
 chiefly of two hooks, which sometimes persist, or disappear as development 
 progresses. Above these buccal organs are seen two small horny or 
 cutaneous projections, which represent the antennae. The anus is very small, 
 and is situated below the stigmatic plates of the last ring. During their para- 
 sitic existence, the larvae undergo two moultings, which divide this period 
 into three stages. 
 
 When the larva has quitted its host and reached a place favourable to its 
 nymphosis, its skin becomes hardened, and is detached from the body of the 
 nymph, the covering of which is supple, and to which it sometimes remains 
 united by four tracheae. The shell, more voluminous than the insect which 
 ought to leave it, is distended at its posterior part by fluid that afterwards 
 escapes. The nymphal state continues from three to eight weeks, and even 
 longer if the weather is cold. At the instant of hatching, the Insect, by means 
 of a vesicle which is developed on its forehead, makes such pressure on the 
 inner surface of the shell as to cause this to rupture at the cephalic extremity, 
 and in the direction of the sutures of its arches. The wings of the newly- 
 hatched creature are extended in ten to fifteen minutes. 
 
 In this perfect state, with their mouth atrophied, the (Estridae 
 appear to be no longer able to take food ; they may live, neverthe- 
 less, for several weeks on 
 the fat accumulated in their 
 bodies. Quiescent until their 
 reproductive organs have 
 attained their maturity, they 
 then exhibit an extreme 
 vivacity, particularly if at- 
 mospherical conditions are 
 favourable. They fly chiefly 
 during the warmest and 
 finest days of summer, and during the middle of the day, and they 
 generally frequent pastures in the vicinity of woods. 
 
 According to the particular habitat of the larvae, the latter and the 
 species to which they belong are distinguished, since the time of 
 Bracy Clark, as gastricolcz or chylivorous — gastric or intestinal ; 
 cavicolce or lymphivorous — those frequenting the cavities of the 
 face ; and cuticola — those which are subcutaneous. 
 
 Brauer, whose works on the (Estridae constitute him an authority, 
 has arranged all the species into thirteen genera, only four of which 
 — Hypoderma , Dermatobia , Cuterebra, and (Estromyia — are cuticole 
 larvae. Of these four genera, the first two alone develop their 
 larvae beneath the skin of the domesticated animals, in Europe or 
 
 Fig. 14. — Wing of the Ox Hypoderma, 
 magnified five diameters. 
 
42 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 other parts of the world, and are consequently only those which will 
 be noticed here. From a zoological point of view, they belong to 
 the group whose wings have a terminal transverse nervure (Fig. 14). 
 
 Hypoderma. — The European cuticole CEstri belong to the genus 
 Hypo derma (Latr.). 
 
 In the perfect state, the body of these Insects is hairy ; the head is generally 
 larger than the anterior part of the thorax ; the antennae are very short, and 
 the stylet nude and deeply buried in two separate depressions. The proboscis 
 is quite rudimentary ; the thorax is nearly spherical, and generally larger than 
 the abdomen. In the female, the ovipositor (Fig. 16) is long, consists of four 
 articles, and is continuous with the fifth ring ; the segments composing it 
 pass within each other in telescope fashion. When it is extended it projects 
 backwards and slightly upwards, and at the end of the last article are three 
 horny appendages, a little curved inwards toward each other like pincers, 
 between which the eggs pass out. The wings, most frequently fuliginous, 
 are small, divergent, and inclined outwards. 
 
 In the first stage, the larvae are free in the subcutaneous connective 
 tissue, in the panniculus carnosus, and sometimes under the 
 fasciae of the superficial muscles. The skin covering them does 
 not show any perforation, this being obliterated after giving passage 
 to the young larva. The duration of this period appears to be 
 several months. 
 
 At the end of this time the larva is about 13 mm. long ; it is nearly cylin- 
 drical, and only about 2*2 mm. thick. The mouth, which is altogether 
 anterior, has, above, a salient stylet, completed on each side by a hook curved 
 almost at a right angle. These hooks can be brought together so as to become 
 parallel to the median stylet, and thus form a point well adapted to bore 
 through the tissues, while by their separation they are opposed to withdrawal 
 and facilitate progression. It is doubtless by this mechanism that the newly- 
 hatched larva can penetrate beneath the skin. This larva is formed of eleven 
 rings ; it is white except at the mouth, pharynx, and posterior stigmata, where 
 it is brown. The stigmata consist of thin, porous plates of chitin, which do 
 not yet perfectly fulfil their role of respiratory openings. This function must 
 be accomplished partly by the skin — which is thin, almost transparent, and 
 nude— if it is not carried out in the infundibuliform depression of the mouth 
 and on the border of the lower lip, where there are two microscopical spines. 
 
 In the second stage, which occupies about a month, the larva increases in 
 dimensions in every direction, but preserves its white colour except at the 
 inferior surface, which presents black spots formed by agglomerations of 
 microscopical spines. The upper surface is nude, with the exception of the 
 first two or three rings. The mouth is V-shaped and circumscribed by plates 
 of chitin ; the stylet and hooks have disappeared. The plates of the posterior 
 stigmata are reniform and have large alveoli. The posterior extremity is 
 thin, the anterior expanded and vesiculate. 
 
 The third stage lasts two to three months. The larva becomes thick, 
 pyriform, and almost spherical in a state of contraction ; it has the shape 
 of a boat when elongated, being convex below and plane above. Soft, flexible, 
 and very contractile, it becomes yellow, then brown, and finally black. The 
 buccal fossette is infundibuliform, with the rudimentary antennae above it. 
 At the upper surface of the cephalic extremity is a slight horseshoe-shaped 
 furrow that extends to about the fourth ring. This furrow encloses the part 
 which, at the termination of nymphosis, is detached by the Insect, in the form 
 of an operculum. Each ring, from the second to the ninth, carries three pairs 
 of lateral ridges ranged beside each other and garnished with spines, the dis- 
 position of which varies according to the species ; the last ring is hemispherical 
 or cylindrical. 
 
PARASITIC DIPTEROUS LARVJE OF THE SKIN 
 
 43 
 
 Three species of Hypoderma with larvae parasitic in the domesti- 
 cated animals are actually known : the Striped Hypoderma , the 
 Reindeer Hypoderma , and the Bovine Hypoderma. The latter 
 belongs more particularly to this country, and has been the longest 
 recognised. 
 
 The Striped Hypoderma ( H . lineata de Villers) is black, very hairy, 12 to 
 13 mm. long, and derives its name from the gray longitudinal bands on 
 the upper surface of the thorax. It has been found in England, Norway, 
 Germany, Italy, Southern Russia, and in Kentucky, America. Brauer sup- 
 poses that its larva lives beneath the skin of the Ox, and that it must be in- 
 cluded among the larvae of the (Estridae which have been several times observed 
 in Germany beneath the skin of Sheep recently clipped. 
 
 The Reindeer Hypoderma forms the sub-genus CEdemagena (Latr.), which 
 is only distinguished from the Hypoderma by the latter having no palps, and 
 the spines on the surface of the larva being fewer on the lower than on the 
 upper surface ; while in the CEdemagena palps — small and globular — are 
 present, and the two surfaces of the larva are equally spinous. 
 
 The Hypoderma of the Reindeer (H. {(Ed.) Tarandi linn.) is black and very 
 hairy. The female — larger than the male — is 16 mm. long. The thorax is 
 covered with yellow hair, and has a wide, black, transverse band. Ttie first 
 segment of the abdomen is covered with pale-yellow hairs, the other segments 
 with short hairs. The thighs are black : legs and tarsi grayish-yellow. 
 
 The larva is in every way larger than that of the Ox Hypoderma, which it 
 much resembles in other respects. 
 
 This species is found in Eapland and North America. 
 
 Linnaeus states that it inspires so much fear in the Reindeer, that ten of the 
 Insects will alarm a herd of more than five hundred. As soon as they appear, 
 the Reindeer tremble, run about, snort, bellow, and stamp their feet. He 
 also mentions that the female — as with other species of Hypoderma — only 
 deposits its eggs on the skin of these animals. Once hatched, the larva pene- 
 trates beneath the hide of its victim, and is there nourished after the manner 
 of the Hypoderma bovis. 
 
 The Insect deposits its eggs early in July, when the Reindeer has shed its 
 coat. It prefers to attack young animals, though it does not spare the old ; 
 it pursues them in the valleys, among precipices, and even on the icy mountain- 
 tops. In their agitation, the Reindeer can scarcely settle down to feed, and 
 it is not uncommon to see them lying down all the day before the hut of their 
 owner, without attempting to eat, in order that the thick smoke issuing from 
 the habitation may preserve them from the attacks of the CEdemagena. The 
 larvae are, however, not numerous on the same animal, being six to eight on 
 young deer ; but their presence causes much emaciation, and sometimes they 
 are blamed for destroying as many as one-third of the young animals (N. Joly). 
 
 The Ox Hypoderma ( H . bovis Geer) is by far the most interesting 
 of the cuticole species, for it is abundant, and extends from Scan- 
 dinavia and North America to the South of Europe, and to Asia and 
 Africa. It has the following characters (Fig. 15) : 
 
 Black, very hairy. Face gray, with white or yellow hairs. Similar hairs 
 on anterior half of the upper surface of the thorax, black on the posterior half, 
 and marked by broad longitudinal bands of shining black, close together. 
 Abdomen black, covered with white or yellow hairs at its base, black in the 
 middle, orange-red in its posterior third. Legs black at the base, yellow in 
 their terminal moiety ; wings somewhat brown. Length, exclusive of the 
 ovipositor, 1 3 to 1 5 mm. 
 
 In its perfect state, this insect lives during the months of J uly and 
 August, and may even be met with in the first days of September. 
 
44 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 It is particularly well known, from the fact that it can be artificially 
 hatched when the larva is extracted from the Ox’s skin, and kept 
 in favourable conditions. The female is provided with a soft, short, 
 
 Fig. 15. — Hypoderma of the Ox. 
 
 A, Female, natural size. B, Larva, making its exit from a tumour. — Reaumur. 
 
 black, cylindrical oviscapt, which is folded beneath when the Insect 
 is resting, and which serves to deposit its eggs on the skin of bovines 
 while they are out of doors. It prefers the upper parts of the body 
 
 B 
 
 Fig. 16. — Hypoderma of the Ox. 
 
 A, Extended ovipositor, magnified. — Reaumur. B, End of this ovipositor, 
 highly magnified ; e, spines which cover the outside of the second last tube 
 of the ovipositor ; v, vulvar tentaculae ; c, middle piece of the spoon. — N. Joly. 
 
 — the shoulders, back, loins, croup, sides and flanks. Its flight is 
 rapid and accompanied by a buzzing sound. When it is about to 
 lay its eggs, it flutters above the back of the Ox for a minute or 
 
PARASITIC DIPTEROUS LARVJE OF THE SKIN 
 
 45 
 
 two, then suddenly drops, deposits an egg on the skin, rises in the 
 air, again flutters, descends with rapidity as before, and drops 
 another egg. This manoeuvre is repeated ten or twelve times in 
 a quarter or half hour. 
 
 It is a widespread belief — which the majority of authorities have 
 subscribed to — that the approach of the female Hypoderma causes 
 great terror among cattle : they are restless, become more and 
 more agitated, and finally start off in a frantic manner, with tail 
 horizontal, until beyond the sound of their enemy. Sometimes 
 they plunge into water to shelter themselves from the dreaded 
 pursuit ; and in this way accidents may occur. This fear is 
 contagious, and one Hypoderma will put to flight a whole herd ; 
 it is even sufficient, it is said, to closely imitate the buzzing of 
 the Insect to realize the same moral effect, and to this trick is 
 often attributed the stampedes among Cattle which sometimes 
 occur at fairs. 
 
 Virgil is considered the first writer who has described the fear 
 that the (Estrus inspires in herds ( f Georgicorum/ lib. iii.) ; but it 
 is more than doubtful that the Insect which he mentions belonged 
 to the family of (Estridae ; and, on the other hand, doubt has been 
 thrown upon the correctness of the popular belief which, from the 
 time of Virgil, has been transmitted to our own day. It is really 
 founded on the dread the Ox may experience, of the puncture the 
 female (Estrus makes on implanting each egg in the skin. But it 
 is well established that the oviscapt (ovipositor) of the (Estrus is 
 not adapted in any way for boring, and is merely a depositing appar- 
 atus ; consequently, egg-laying does not cause any pain to the host. 
 Bracy Clark first, and Hertwig afterwards, remarked on this fact ; 
 and, besides, Goudot, who has personally experienced the effects 
 of the larvae of the Dermatobia, asserts that he never heard or saw 
 the flies, much less felt them deposit their eggs on the uncovered 
 parts of his body, and is inclined to attribute the fear of animals 
 on the approach of the Dermatobia to an instinctive prevision of 
 the future trouble that awaits them. On the other hand, it may 
 be asked if the share the Hypoderma has in causing fear among 
 Cattle is well founded, or if fear is not rather due to the cattle being 
 unable to discriminate between the buzzing made by the Hypo- 
 derma and that of the Breeze-flies, Gnats, and other Diptera which 
 torment animals under the same circumstances — that is, in hot 
 and stormy weather. Although Brauer, who is responsible for the 
 statement, says that two females of the Hypoderma Actceon have 
 been seen depositing their eggs on the backs of Deer without these 
 appearing to notice them, yet he is careful not to draw an inference 
 from one species to another. On the contrary, he brings forward 
 a document to prove that here, also, popular observation cannot be 
 relied upon without an imposing array of facts to support it. It is 
 a letter from Schleicher, an intelligent farmer of Gresten, Austria, 
 who had seen the perturbation caused by the Hypoderma, and was 
 able to capture the Insect in the act of laying, forwarding it to 
 
46 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Brauer, who recognised it as a female Hypoderma bovis, with an 
 egg still between the pincers of its oviscapt. 
 
 It is probable that the ova are deposited on the skin itself, or at 
 the hair-roots ; but no one has seen them there. Those who have 
 described the eggs have obtained them directly from the female, 
 by slight pressure on the abdomen. 
 
 These eggs (Fig. 17, B, C) are white, elongated, spindle-shaped and a little 
 flattened ; they have a posterior pole, with a brownish appendage, which 
 appears to be used to make the egg adhere to the hairs ; they are 1*25 mm. 
 long. The duration of incubation is not known, neither is the form of the 
 larva in the first stage. However, C. Curtice considers — and in this he is 
 supported by C. V. Riley — as belonging to this first stage of the H. bovis 
 larvae of from 10 to 1 5 mm. long and 1 -5 mm. broad, similar to those of H. Diana 
 
 C 
 
 Fig. 17. — Hypoderma of the Ox. 
 
 A, Genital apparatus of the female : ov, ovaries ; pc, copulative pouch ; 
 do, oviduct ; g, annexed glands ; t, portion of the second-last tube of the 
 oviscapt ; v, vulvar tentaculae ; c, middle piece or spoon. B, Eggs from the 
 ovary. C, Eggs from outside the ovary. 
 
 figured by Brauer, which he found in the wall of the oesophagus, beneath the 
 costal pleura, and in subcutaneous tumours on the back of Oxen in the United 
 States. 
 
 In the second stage — which usually corresponds to the month of May and 
 lasts about thirty days — the larva is club-shaped, and measures 13 mm. long 
 and 4 mm. broad at the fourth segment. The lateral prominences are very 
 salient ; the microscopical spines of the integument are in small groups on 
 the sides of the two first segments, at the anterior border and upper surface 
 of the second and third segments, at the two borders and inferior surface of 
 the second and ninth, and over the entire surface of the last. 
 
 At the third stage the larva is thick and pyriform, and the lateral promi- 
 nences are still more salient. On the upper surface is remarked, at the 
 anterior borders of the second to the fifth segments, small spines more numerous 
 anteriorly than posteriorly ; the same is seen at the posterior borders of the 
 second to the seventh or eighth ; and the same also at the superior and middle 
 
PARASITIC DIPTEROUS LARVAE OF THE SKIN 
 
 47 
 
 prominences of the second to the fifth segments. On the inferior surface, the 
 spines running along the two borders of the second to the ninth segments are 
 larger on the anterior than the posterior border ; and it is the same on the 
 anterior border of the inferior lateral prominences from the second to the 
 eighth segment. The two last segments are completely unarmed. The skin 
 is wrinkled and furrowed, and is at first white, except where the spines and 
 stigmatic plates are ; there it is of a dark brown. As age advances, the larva 
 assumes a grayish-yellow tint, then it becomes speckled with brown, and 
 finally becomes blackish-brown at complete maturity, which occurs in June 
 or July, exceptionally in August. It then measures 22 to 28 mm. long, and 
 1 1 mm. to 1 5 mm. broad, at the eighth segment. 
 
 Larval existence is passed beneath the skin of the host, in the 
 subcutaneous connective tissue, in the panniculus carnosus muscle, 
 or under the aponeuroses. In the earlier period, no irritation is 
 remarked around the parasites ; but when spring arrives the presence 
 of the larvae is made manifest externally by tumours, the size of 
 which increases with the development of these creatures. The 
 number of the tumours is variable ; there are rarely fewer than 
 four or five, and usually there are ten to twenty, sometimes as many 
 as fifty, and even one hundred have been counted. They are of 
 unequal volume, but seldom exceed the size of a nut ; they have the 
 characters of a cold abscess, are not abnormal in temperature, nor 
 markedly painful. At their summit, or towards their base, they 
 are pierced by an opening which is at first little apparent, but which 
 measures from 4 mm. to 7 mm. in diameter in those tumours from 
 which the larva is about to escape. From this opening flows pus, 
 which dries and agglutinates the adjacent hairs ; this comes from a 
 subcutaneous abscess in which the larva is lodged. It is in the 
 second stage of larval life that the tumour appears, and it is due to 
 the presence of the parasite, which acts as a foreign body, irritating 
 the tissues by the spines with which it is covered, and producing a 
 moderate degree of inflammation that results in the formation of 
 embryonic tissue in concentric layers. The skin is infiltrated and 
 marked with ecchymoses and blood-stains. The opening results 
 from a process of ulceration ; there is no hole at first, although 
 Strieker has admitted that the larva penetrates by the orifice of 
 a hair follicle or sebaceous gland, and that the tumour of the (Estrus 
 commences in one or other of these elementary organs. The larva 
 almost exactly fills the sac, the shape of which is reproduced ex- 
 ternally ; and the creature is so placed in it as to present to the 
 opening its oval anal extremity, furnished with the stigmated 
 plates, while the cephalic end is turned towards the bottom of the 
 sac. It is nourished not only by pus, but also by the blood of its 
 host, as an abundance of that fluid is found in its digestive apparatus. 
 
 When the development of the tumour is somewhat advanced, 
 methodical pressure at its base will readily cause the expulsion of 
 the larva. A few days before leaving its abode, the creature 
 enlarges the opening in the tumour by pushing at intervals the last 
 segments of its body into it, until, finally, it emerges in a state of 
 complete maturity — usually in the morning between six and seven 
 
48 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 o’clock, as Reaumur had long ago remarked. Those larvae which do 
 not perish by being trodden upon by their host or devoured by 
 birds, creep along by means of the hooklets on their inferior surface 
 and the energetic contractions of their bodies, until they find a con- 
 venient place for their transformation into nymphae ; they then 
 penetrate the ground to a depth of about two or three inches, or 
 conceal themselves in hay, among leaves, etc. The nympha is 
 about three-fourths of an inch long externally ; in shape it is 
 pyriform and expanded, its anterior extremity showing a plane, 
 oblique surface turned upwards, and infringing on the superior 
 surface. The condition of nympha lasts for twenty-five to thirty 
 days. 
 
 After the larva has left its cyst, the formation of pus gradually 
 ceases and the wound cicatrizes ; though for a long time it bears 
 traces of the alteration it has undergone, so that the skin is seriously 
 depreciated in value, especially if the larvae have been numerous. 
 But it rarely happens that the animals themselves suffer in health, 
 though it is doubtful if these larvae exercise a salutary effect on the 
 economy — preventing disease by acting as derivatives, according 
 to Bracy Clark’s belief. Lafore asserts that country people con- 
 sider the presence of the larvae as a proof that their animals are of 
 good quality and that they fatten well ; and they explain this 
 belief by the instinct that impels the Hypoderma to deposit its 
 eggs on animals with a fine supple skin. However this may be, it 
 is certain that if aged animals are spared its visitations, calves are 
 equally exempt. 
 
 The pecuniary loss occasioned in this country by the f Warble- 
 fly,’ as the Hypoderma bovis is popularly designated in England, 
 has been represented as very great, being estimated at as much as 
 one pound per head on every animal unsheltered from its attack. 
 Among dairy cattle, the loss has been estimated at three pounds 
 per head. 
 
 The loss by damage to the hides is extremely heavy, and has 
 been given as averaging one penny per pound weight, or five shillings 
 and tenpence for each hide. One extensive hide-importing firm 
 reports : ‘ Parcels of ox and cow hides and goat and sheep skins, 
 coming from all parts of the world, all contain a varying proportion 
 of warbled hides and skins, the damage being greatest, as a rule, on 
 those from the hottest climates, and generally affecting goat-skins 
 to the greatest extent. Those hides and skins from Mogador,and 
 other northern parts of Africa, suffer most in this respect, an average 
 of about one-fourth of them being damaged to the extent of 60 or 
 70 per cent, of their value. Those from Kurrachee, India, also 
 suffer damage to almost the same extent ; while those from Calcutta, 
 Madras, and Bombay are depreciated perhaps to the extent of 
 50 per cent, on 10 per cent, of the skins. From Cape Colony the 
 skins are comparatively slightly damaged, and still less are the 
 hides and skins from Australia and South America ’ (Ormerod). 
 
 Treatment . — To preserve animals from the ravages of the Hypo- 
 
PARASITIC DIPTEROUS LA R VIE OF THE SKIN 
 
 49 
 
 derma, it is only necessary to employ one of the many measures 
 indicated when dealing with the Flies. Brauer relates that, in 
 certain localities where the OEstridse abound, the inhabitants have 
 succeeded in diminishing their numbers by not allowing cattle to 
 pasture after ten o’clock in the morning from April to August. As 
 the mature larvae usually quit their host before that hour they 
 fall on the cowshed floor, and not finding a suitable quarter in 
 which to pass their nymphosis, they die ; consequently, the species 
 is much diminished. It has been remarked that such cattle are 
 very much less visited by the Hypoderma than those of the Alps, 
 in which the larvae are exceedingly numerous, because the animals 
 live out of doors night and day. 
 
 In order to free the skin from the larvae which have invaded it, 
 they may be extruded by pressure of the fingers, or they may be 
 killed en place by introducing a lancet, or a bistoury, or a red-hot 
 stylet into the orifice of the tumour. The same result can be 
 obtained by the use of benzine, oil of turpentine, tar, or salt water. 
 But these have the disadvantage of causing a long suppuration, in 
 order to bring about the gradual elimination of the dead body of 
 the parasite. It is, therefore, preferable in every respect to remove 
 it at once, if necessary, through its exit orifice, by enlarging 
 this and seizing the creature with forceps. Nothing more is then 
 required than attention to keeping the wound clean and healthy. 
 
 In England, much attention has been paid to this subject of pre- 
 vention and treatment, and many suggestions have been made and 
 carried into practice. One experienced veterinary surgeon, 
 H. Thompson, says : ‘ Respecting the application of anything to 
 prevent the Warble-fly depositing its eggs, there are many sub- 
 stances of a tarry nature that might be applied, but nothing better 
 than Stockholm or green tar. This should be rubbed along the 
 back of the Cows before turning them out, and the dressing should 
 last all the summer season. Or sheep-salve — bad butter and tar 
 mixed with sulphur. About two applications should last a full 
 season. Or the application of brine is useful. It is a common 
 practice to wash the Cows’ backs with pickling brine, the application 
 being made two or three times during the season. In this part — 
 Cumberland — large farmers keep what is called a “ pickling- tub,” 
 wherein they put beef and mutton. The brine is made with salt 
 and water, salt being added until an egg will float in it. This is 
 an old remedy, and I think a good one, as I believe the ova would 
 be destroyed immediately the mixture was placed on the skin. I 
 have used, and also recommend, the following mixture as a 
 preventive : sulphur, four ounces ; spirit of tar, one gill ; train 
 or whale oil, one quart. Mix well together, and apply it to the 
 spine of the Cow once a week with a small brush. The smell drives 
 off the flies, and prevents them depositing their eggs, the cattle are 
 left at peace to graze, and warbles thus prevented. Paraffin, 
 kerosine, carbolic acid, phenyle, etc., are all too transient to be of 
 much service, and would have to be frequently applied.’ 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Hypoderma of the Horse. — Horses which are allowed to 
 pasture during the summer season are sometimes found to be, in 
 the following spring, more or less invaded by the larvae of the 
 Hypoderma. Vallisnieri, Huzard, sen., and Bracy Clark had 
 already observed this. Roulin, cited by Joly, relates that, in the 
 llanos of South America, the Horses which live there in a semi- 
 savage condition, are gathered together at certain times, in order 
 that the larvae of the (Estrus may be removed from them. Loiset, 
 in particular, has given a good description of this cutaneous malady 
 of the Horse, from which it appears that, so far as external appear- 
 ances go, the tumours produced by the Hypoderma resemble in 
 every way those of the Ox. ‘ The (Estrus cuticole of the Horse is 
 common/ he says, ‘ not only in the North of France, but also 
 throughout Belgium, Holland, and the whole extent of the littoral 
 of the Baltic and North Sea ; for I have very often found it in young 
 animals from these regions.’ Fleming has observed the larvae 
 in the cutaneous tumours of army remount horses in England. 
 
 The larva is vesiculate, fusiform, expanded in front, and ter- 
 minating in a blunt point behind. Much smaller than that of the 
 Ox, it is only about 9 to 10 mm. in length ; its skin is thin and 
 diaphanous, and destitute of spines ; its segments are very marked. 
 The mouth is altogether unarmed (Loiset). 
 
 Joly, by reason of these particular characters, looks upon it as 
 a distinct species, which he designates Hypoderma equi. Brauer, 
 however, is inclined to think it is identical with the H. Silenus. 
 But the question is still undecided, as it has not yet been possible 
 to ascertain the nymphosis of these larvae, nor yet has the perfect 
 insect been found. 
 
 The tumours caused by the Hypoderma give rise, in the Horse* 
 to the same inconvenience as in the Ox ; in addition, they prevent 
 the use of harness on the invaded parts of the body. 
 
 The preventive and curative treatment is similar to that for 
 the Ox. 
 
 The larvae of the Hypoderma have also been found beneath the 
 skin of the Ass ; but Brauer considers that they belong to his 
 Hypoderma Silenus. 
 
 Dermatobia. — The Dermatobia (Brauer) can be distinguished by the pro- 
 boscis, which is bent at its base, concealed in the buccal cavity, beneath the 
 inferior surface of the head, and by the stylus of the antennae, which is plumose 
 at its superior border. The genus is interesting, for the reason that Man is 
 sometimes the host of the larvae of one species — the noxious Dermatobia 
 (D. noxialis Goudot), which lives in America, from Mexico to Brazil. For 
 it would certainly appear that it is to this Dermatobia that must be allotted 
 not only the larva which according to Goudot, is known in New Grenada 
 as the Nuche or Gusano, but also that which in Cayenne is named the Macaw- 
 fly ; in Brazil, Ura ; at Costa Rica, Tor cel ; and in Mexico, Moyoquil 
 Worm. It lives chiefly beneath the skin of the Ox and Dog. 
 
 It is elongated, terminates in a point, has spines on the borders of the seg- 
 ments in its anterior half only, carries two strong buccal hooklets, and measures 
 about 3 cm. The perfect insect is about 17 mm. long, has the face and fore- 
 head yellow, with short, silky brown hairs ; thorax brown, striped with gray ; 
 
PARASITIC DIPTEROUS LARVAE OF THE SKIN 
 
 5i 
 
 abdomen flat, blue, and covered with small black hairs, their base being of a 
 dull white. 
 
 According to Goudot, the Dermatobia noxialis is found in very great numbers 
 on the borders of large woods and lands covered with underwood, so that 
 such localities are regarded as unsuitable for herds of cattle. When they do 
 chance to frequent them, it is observed that they pass the greater part of the 
 day in sterile, sandy places, rather than venture to graze in the shade, where 
 their enemies are so abundant. In certain years the larvae of this fly are 
 counted by hundreds on one animal. They occupy a large portion of the 
 shoulders of Cattle, forming, by their agglomeration beneath the skin, a great 
 collection of tumours, from which purulent matter is continually flowing 
 through a multitude of openings. These orifices are frequented by other 
 Diptera, which deposit their eggs in them, and in this way wounds are pro- 
 duced which sometimes are dangerous, and are always difficult to heal. The 
 larvae of the same Dermatobia are also located on the head, flanks, tail, and 
 along the dorsal region ; but their principal haunt is always on the shoulders, 
 as this is the part where the animal can least defend itself by its horns, tongue, 
 or tail. 
 
 In the countries where Dermatobia species are abundant, the hides of the 
 slaughtered Cattle are frequently so perforated by holes as to be of little value. 
 
 Dogs are also very much attacked by these redoubtable Diptera, and often 
 harbour a great number of larvae ; but Mules and Horses are exempt from 
 their annoyance. 
 
 It is probable that the Dermatobia deposits its eggs in the same manner as 
 the Hypoderma — that is, clandestinely and without pricking the skin. The 
 agitation and dread the Cattle manifest, as Goudot has remarked, ought there- 
 fore to be ascribed to a special instinct or acquired experience of the effects 
 of these Insects. 
 
 In America, in order to free Cattle from the larvae of Dermatobia, measures 
 are adopted similar to those employed in Europe against the Hypoderma. 
 By methodical pressure, the larvae can be expelled from the tumours, which 
 are then dressed with salt water, removing at the same time all the eggs, which 
 the Muscidae never cease depositing. Not infrequently an animal which has 
 been carefully attended to in the morning has, by the evening, in the openings 
 made by the "Dermatobia, a perfect swarm of small larvae ; these are destroyed 
 by filling the holes with an infusion of tobacco, or, better, some Cevadilla 
 powder. 
 
 It is not known to what species the CEstridae belong which deposit their 
 larvae on the Oxen, Buffaloes and Gazelles of South and Central Africa. 
 
 According to P. Dutrieux, the natives of Unyamouezi, Central Africa, 
 designate by the name of founsa ia ngombe — that is, the ‘ Cattle-worm ’ — 
 a larva which is developed beneath the skin of the Ox and Man, and which 
 produces a kind of furunculous eruption ; this larva is deposited in the egg 
 stage by a large Fly that usually accompanies the Cattle. It appears to be 
 unknown between the central plateau, or the Ugogo, and the east coast. 
 
 With regard to these subcutaneous larvae of Africa, there is an interesting; 
 peculiarity. Certain birds of the order Passeres, allied to the starling tribe, 
 and belonging for this reason to a genus named the Buphaga, or Beef-eaters 
 (/3 ovs, an Ox ; tpayw, to eat), constantly accompany herds of ruminants, and 
 when they see the tumours of the CEstri on their skins, they fix themselves, 
 upon the backs of these animals, and with their bill (which is fashioned like 
 a pair of scissors) they dig and squeeze out the larvae that lie beneath the 
 tough skin, finally extracting them. The Cattle and Buffaloes willingly 
 endure this operation, as if they appreciated its utility. 
 
 OP ILL LIB. 
 
 4—2 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE FLEAS 
 
 Under this well-known name are comprised the Insects designated 
 in zoology as Suctorians , or, better, Aphaniptera. As has been 
 already mentioned, the majority of naturalists are agreed to con- 
 sider them as a sub-order of Diptera. 
 
 These are jumping Insects, whose metamorphoses are complete, and whose 
 buccal apparatus is arranged, in the larvae, for mastication, and for suction 
 in the adults. 
 
 Fig. i 8. — The Human Flea, 
 male. 
 
 Fig. 19. — Head of the Human Flea, 
 magnified thirty diameters.* 
 
 * md, mandible ; mx, jaws ; pm, maxillary palps ; l, single stylet ; pi, labial 
 palps. — Railliet. 
 
 The latter have the body flattened laterally. The head is small, and round 
 or angular, being widely joined to the prothorax. The rostrum — adapted for 
 piercing the skin and sucking the blood — comprises (Fig. 19) : (1) two man- 
 dibles transformed into setiform prickers, and serrated ; (2) two jaws or 
 triangular maxillae, sharp, and each carrying at its base a long and thin palp 
 of four articles ; (3) a single and rigid tongue ; (4) a lower lip, terminating 
 in two palps of several articles, which serves as a sheath or support to the 
 other parts ; there is no upper lip. The faceted eyes are replaced by two 
 ocelli, which are sometimes rudimentary or are absent, behind which are 
 concealed in a depression the antennae, made up of from three to six articles. 
 The three segments of the thorax are distinct ; the two last have small appen- 
 dages in the form of plates, which represent the four wings. The abdomen 
 comprises nine segments, overlapping at the sides. The legs are long, and 
 adapted for jumping, principally the third pair ; the thighs and tibiae are 
 voluminous ; the tarsi are composed of five pieces, and terminate in two 
 hooklets. The general colour is brown, and the length of the body — which is 
 greater in the female than the male — varies from 1 to 4 mm. 
 
 52 
 
THE FLEAS 
 
 53 
 
 The Fleas live as parasites on the Mammalia and on Birds, obtaining 
 nourishment from their blood. Very agile, and capable of jumping exten- 
 sively, these creatures pass readily from one animal to another, and all the 
 more so as they often quit their host — voluntarily or accidentally — and 
 wander on the floors of habitations. The female lays about twenty eggs in 
 dusty, damp, and dirty corners, in chinks of floors, filth, sawdust, etc. Ac- 
 cording to Fiirstenberg, the female Flea of the Dog ascends to the summit of 
 the hairs, and turning its posterior extremity outwards, drops on the ground 
 white, elliptical, elongated eggs, measuring o*8 mm. long. Austin has ob- 
 served that sometimes the Flea undergoes all the phases of its development 
 on its host. 
 
 The hatching of the eggs occupies about six days in warm weather, and 
 from nine to twelve days when the temperature is lower. From the egg comes 
 a white, cylindrical larva, complete, and formed of thirteen segments (Fig. 20). 
 
 It is absolutely destitute of legs, and moves somewhat rapidly by crawling, 
 which is favoured by two hooked 
 points situated at the caudal extremity, 
 and by long hairs directed backwards, 
 which garnish the inferior and pos- 
 terior border of the first twelve seg- 
 ments. The head, which is distinct 
 from the body, independently of the Fig. 20. — Larva of the Flea of the Fowl, 
 buccal pieces has two antenna, each magnified twenty diameters.— Railhet. 
 composed of three short articles ; and 
 
 at the base of the lower lip are two small rounded elevations, each of 
 which is provided with four points curved backwards, which may also serve in 
 progression. 
 
 Towards the eleventh day, the larva spins a little cocoon, gets rid of its old 
 skin, and is transformed into a nymph that already shows three pairs of legs, 
 and carries two small caudal pincer-like points if it is to be a male, only one 
 point if a female. The nymph is at first white, but it gradually becomes 
 darker, and towards the eleventh to the twentieth day — depending upon the 
 warmth of the season — it appears as the perfect insect, and immediately goes 
 in quest of a host to torment. 
 
 Of the domesticated animals, the Dog, Cat, Rabbit, and Pigeons 
 and Fowls, only have Fleas. It is more especially young, weakly, 
 or confined Dogs — such as those which are chained up or suckling — 
 that are invaded by Fleas, as they live in a condition favourable to 
 the breeding of these insects — from egg-laying to their full develop- 
 ment — which is more particularly favoured by litter and floors. 
 Fleas can exist for a long time away from their habitual host ; 
 for they are sometimes found swarming in uninhabited places, in 
 unoccupied Dog-kennels, and in abandoned Fox-holes. A remark- 
 able maternal instinct has been attributed to them, as it is stated 
 that they feed their larvae on dried blood- corpuscles, which they 
 carry to them. But attentive observation has proved that, in this 
 respect, Fleas are absolutely indifferent to their progeny. 
 
 The species that live on Man and the domesticated animals belong 
 to the genus Pulex (Linn.), which corresponds to the description 
 given above. The best known is that of Man, the Pulex irritans 
 (Linn.) (Figs. 18, 19). 
 
 The body is oval, of a maroon-brown colour, and shining ; the head, rounded 
 above and in front, is destitute of spinules at its anterior border ; it is the 
 same with the posterior border of the prothorax. The length of the female 
 is 3 to 4 mm. ; that of the male 2 to 2*5 mm. 
 
54 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 It can be conveyed to Dogs and Cats which live in contact with 
 Man. 
 
 Two species live on the domesticated Mammals. One is the Dog 
 Flea ( Pulex serraticefts Gervais), which abounds on Dogs, is much 
 less frequent on Cats, and may be transported to Man, though it 
 rarely pricks him. 
 
 It is readily recognised, under a low magnifying power, by its blunt, black 
 spines ranged like the teeth of a comb, which — seven to nine in number — 
 garnish the inferior border of each side of the head, that is rounded in front. 
 
 Fig. 21. — Head of the Dog Flea, Fig. 22. — Head of the Flea 
 magnified thirty diameters. — of the Leporidae, magnified 
 
 Railliet. thirty diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 The posterior border of the prothorax has also, laterally, seven to nine similar 
 spines. The male is 2 mm. long, and the hinder part of the body is raised ; 
 the female is 3 mm. long, and the body is more rounded. 
 
 The other species is the Flea of the Leporidae (P. goniocephalus 
 O. Taschb.). 
 
 It is characterized by its head, the anterior summit of which is angular, 
 and by the spines on the head and prothorax, which are only five or six on 
 each side. The dimensions are sensibly the same. 
 
 It lives on Hares and Rabbits. On the Rabbit is also found the 
 Pulex serraticefts, and sometimes also the Pulex irritans. 
 
 The Fleas which infest Fowls, Pigeons, and many other birds, 
 are relegated by Taschenberg to a single species, the Bird Flea 
 (P. avium O. Taschb.). 
 
 It has a somewhat elongated brown body ; the head is rounded, and has 
 no spinules at its posterior border, but the prothorax shows twelve or thirteen 
 on each side of its posterior border. The male is 3 mm. long, the female 
 3-5 mm. 
 
 Fleas are often very troublesome, tormenting and harming 
 animals by disturbing their rest and quietude. They are more 
 frequently found on Dogs than on Cats, and they are common on 
 Pigeons, rarer on Poultry. * 
 
 The Pulex serraticefts infests more particularly sedentary Dogs 
 and Cats — those which are nursing, and their young while sucklings ; 
 for laying the eggs and the development of the insect can then pro- 
 ceed under the most favourable conditions. ‘ The complete evolu- 
 
THE FLEAS 
 
 55 
 
 Fig. 23. — Head of the Flea of 
 the Fowl, magnified thirty- 
 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 tion of the parasite may even be accomplished on the body of its 
 host. Austin mentions the case of a Dog which suffered for six 
 months from a cutaneous irritation, accompanied by intense 
 pruritus, but without eruption. In the midst of the scurf and 
 epidermic scales he found eggs, empty 
 shells, larvae at different stages of 
 growth, the remains of larvae, nymphae, 
 and perfect insects. Leuckart has also 
 found, in crusts from the eczematous 
 skin of a Dog, numerous larvae of Fleas, 
 to which, in all likelihood, the eruption 
 could not be attributed, but which had 
 doubtless profited by this abundant 
 source of nourishment.’ — Railliet. 
 
 A particular interest attaches to the 
 Fleas, from the part they play as inter- 
 mediate hosts for certain parasites in 
 
 the course of transmigration. It will be shown hereafter that the 
 Dipylidium caninum or T. cucumerina of the Dog lives in a cysti- 
 cercoid state in the abdominal cavity of the Flea of that animal, 
 and that certain embryos of Nematode worms which are often 
 found in the blood of the Dog are ingested with blood by the Fleas, 
 and develop in the intestine and abdominal cavity of these parasites. 
 — See Parasites of the Intestine , and Parasites of the Circulatory 
 Apparatus. 
 
 Destruction of Fleas. — There is no need to allude here to the Flea 
 of Rabbits, nor yet to that of Cats, as these parasites are rare. To 
 destroy those of Dogs, insecticide powders, which have for their 
 basis the flowers of pyrethrum, stavesacre, or wormwood, are 
 sprinkled over the animal so as to fall between the hairs ; or the 
 skin may be rubbed with common or laurel oil, with which a little 
 powdered tobacco may be mixed, and a soap-bath given twelve 
 hours afterwards. Some people are content to use benzinated, or, 
 better, creolined water, or powdered parsley or wormwood. Cleanli- 
 ness, baths, washing with potash or carbolic soap, prevent the 
 multiplication of Fleas. Kennels, and other places invaded by 
 these creatures, should be treated with boiling water or limewash. 
 Pine-shavings have been recommended as bedding for Dogs, with 
 a view to keeping away Fleas. It has also been recommended to 
 have the floors of kennels made of the staves of old tar-barrels, laid 
 edgeways between the stones. The persistent odour of the tar 
 does not hurt the Dogs, and it drives away the Fleas. The same 
 result is attained by sprinkling on the floor creolin powder or 
 creolin water, 5 or 10 per cent. 
 
 For Poultry the same measures may be adopted, or those pre- 
 scribed for Lice. 
 
 The Chigoe. — In Brazil, Guinea, Mexico (West Indies), in all the equatorial 
 republics, and generally throughout the whole of tropical America, is found 
 a species of Flea which is extremely redoubtable by the accidents that its 
 
56 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 presence determines, principally in Man. Some years ago it was introduced 
 into Africa (Congo, Gaboon) by ships arriving from Brazil, which disembarked 
 it along with their merchandise, and it has already become a serious plague 
 there. 
 
 It belongs to the genus Sarcopsylla (Westwood), which is characterized by 
 peculiarities in the rostrum and its angular forehead, which has a number of 
 small points resembling the teeth of a saw. It is known by the common 
 names of Jigger, Chigoe, Chiggre, Sand Flea, Penetrating Flea ( Sarcopsylla 
 penetrans Wd., Pulex penetrans Linn.). It is much smaller than the ordinary 
 Flea, the female — which is smaller than the male — measuring no more' than 
 i *3 mm. long. Its colour is about the same as that of the Fleas of this country. 
 
 This insect lives in woods, on plants, dry herbage, and in sand, from which 
 it passes to Man and the domesticated or wild animals, attaching itself princi- 
 pally to the limbs. It attacks Sheep, Goats, Cattle, Horses, Mules, Asses, 
 Cats, and especially Dogs, and, even more so, Pigs. The latter have been 
 considered as greatly contributing to the propagation of the insect. This Flea 
 differs, then, from the other Aphaniptera by its indifference to the host it 
 invades. 
 
 . The male and virgin female act like the species of the genus Pulex. But 
 the fecundated female penetrates the skin of Man or an animal, lodging itself 
 beneath the epidermis, and remaining there for six or seven days. After the 
 second day, the second and third abdominal segments of the Chigoe increase 
 in size, enlarging in every direction, and pushing the thorax forward, the 
 other abdominal segments backward, and assuming the appearance of a vesicle, 
 the size of a pea. This sac is filled with eggs, which may be more than a 
 hundred in number. These are ovoid in shape, white, and 0*4 mm. long. 
 When they are mature, the female is often expelled by the pressure of the 
 tissues which it irritates, and lays its eggs external to the host. 
 
 The presence of the Chigoe entails local disorders of an inflammatory 
 nature at first, then ulcerative. The wounds have a tendency to extend and 
 
 become gangrenous, and in Man — whose feet 
 are oftenest attacked — arthritis, necrosis of 
 bones and tendons, fistulse, and loss of phalanges 
 and toes, are frequently witnessed. Animals 
 have the same lesions, and it is not rare to see 
 those which have lost toes, or even an entire 
 extremity ; others have the ears deformed by 
 irregular cicatrices. 
 
 Another species — the Chigoe or Sarcopsylla 
 of Fowls ( Sarcopsylla gallinacea Westwood) — 
 a neighbour of the American Chigoe, lives on 
 the domesticated Fowl, fixing itself principally 
 around the eyes and on the neck. It has as 
 yet only been found in Ceylon by Moseley, 
 during the voyage of the Challenger, and by 
 Green at Colombo ; it has been described by Westwood. 
 
 Treatment. — The measure to adopt against the Chigoe is its immediate 
 extraction. This is accomplished by means of a needle, and demands all the 
 more expertness if the parasite has been long embedded ; for there is danger 
 in perforating the ovigerous sac, which would allow the eggs to escape into the 
 wound, and thus give rise to grave complications. In such unsuccessful 
 cases, the wound is washed with pure or carbolized water, or even cauterized 
 with nitrate of silver, or dressed with tincture of iodine. Even in successful 
 cases cicatrization of the wound is relatively slow. When the Chigoes are 
 very numerous, frictions with mercurial ointment, sulphur baths, applications 
 of benzine, etc., have been beneficially employed. 
 
 With regard to prophylaxis, the American Indians rub themselves with 
 acrid and very odorous tinctures, and infusions of the leaves of tobacco or 
 arnatto. The negroes employ inunctions of almond-oil of the Carapa-guian - 
 ensis ; these inunctions are very useful for protecting the paws and ears of 
 the domesticated animals. 
 
 Fig. 24 — An engorged Chigoe 
 magnified. — Karsten. 
 
THE FLEAS 
 
 57 
 
 The Alakurt. — Schimkewitsch has described a form of Flea which is allied 
 to the Chigoe, and, like it, belongs to the Sarcopsylla, but which should be 
 placed in a separate genus — the Vermipsylla. It is found in Turkestan, and 
 is known to the Kirghiz by the name of Alakurt — that is, a versi-coloured 
 Worm or Insect, because it is at first nearly black, but on becoming distended 
 it is white, with stripes of various colours. Schimkewitsch has given it the 
 specific name of Vermipsylla Alakurt. 
 
 The female alone is known. It measures 6 mm. in length when completely 
 developed. The head is large, rounded behind and narrow in front ; the 
 fossette for the antennae is situated nearly in the middle of the head ; the eyes 
 are somewhat large ; the maxillae are triangular, and in the form of acute- 
 pointed lancets, not curved backwards. The fecundated females have the 
 abdomen vermiform and articulated like the Chigoe. The thorax is dark- 
 brown, as are the abdominal segments ; but the latter, in a state of distension, 
 are wide apart, and united by a milky-white membrane. 
 
 The Alakurt is met with in certain valleys and on particular mountains 
 in Turkestan. ‘ It appears in the autumn, when the mountains begin to be 
 covered with snow, and it abounds more particularly during the intense cold. 
 It lives as a parasite on Horses, Sheep, Camels, and Oxen, and brings about 
 considerable debility, which, in foals, may terminate in death.’ 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 PHTHIRIASES 
 
 The general name of Phthiriasis (from <£0€/h, a louse) has been given 
 to the cutaneous affection due to the presence of Lice on the skin. 
 It is also named the Pedicular disease and Lousiness. 
 
 In its ordinary sense, the term Louse comprises all the apterous 
 parasites which do not jump like Fleas, and only by accident quit 
 their host. 
 
 With the exception of the Melophagus of the Sheep and some 
 doubtful species, all belong to the sub-order of Hemipterous para- 
 sites , Rhynchota , or the Pediculince of Piaget. 
 
 These are small-sized — only a few millimetres in length — apterous insects, 
 of a dull-white colour, and the mouth of which is adapted either for pricking or 
 masticating. The head bears two simple eyes, or ocelli, often but little dis- 
 tinct ; and two antennae, composed of three, four, or five articles. The three 
 thoracic segments are more or less confounded with each other. The abdomen 
 is usually composed of nine segments. The legs are ordinarily short and 
 strong ; the tarsi are formed of two articles, the last of which has two nails, 
 or hooklets, by which the insect can creep. The eggs, called nits, are pyriform, 
 have an operculum at one end, and are fixed very solidly to the hairs or 
 feathers by a glutinous substance. The young — which leave the eggs by the 
 operculum — have quite the shape of the adults, and do not undergo any 
 metamorphoses, though they only acquire their definitive colour and con- 
 sistency after several moultings. 
 
 The male and female differ from each other, in the former being a little 
 smaller than the latter, frequently by peculiarities in the antennae, by the 
 last abdominal segment being often divided in the female and rounded in the 
 male, which has also, on the middle line, a copulating apparatus of a brownish 
 colour, and digitiform or lancet-shaped. 
 
 The males are usually much less numerous than the females. 
 
 The Hemipterous parasites are divided into two families — the 
 Pediculidce and the Ricinidce. 
 
 The Pediculidce , or Lice properly called , have the mouth arranged 
 as a sucker at the anterior border of the head ; the tarsi always 
 terminate in a single claw, with the exception of the Hcematomyzus, 
 which has two. The Ricinidce , or Mallophaga, have the buccal 
 apparatus formed for mastication ; they are pellivorous — that is, 
 they live on epidermic productions, hairs ( pilivorous ), or feathers 
 {pennivorous) ; the pieces constituting the mouth are placed at the in- 
 ferior surface of the head, and the tarsi terminate in one or two claws. 
 
 53 
 
PHTHIRIASES 
 
 59 
 
 PEDICULIDiE. — These have a movable proboscis, formed of the upper 
 and lower lips, and armed in front with one or two verticilli of small spines. 
 In this canal are four channels, arranged two and two, the juxtaposition of 
 which form an internal tube, or sucker, narrower and longer than the canal. 
 The insect projects this sucker beyond the sheath to bury it in the skin, and 
 uses it to aspirate the blood. The hooklets, or spines of the sheath, fix the 
 aspiratory apparatus, and so prevent access of air. The thorax is small, but 
 usually larger and shorter than the nead, and shows scarcely any traces of its 
 division into three segments. The abdomen is generally elliptical in outline, 
 and has its last segment rounded in the male, with an opening for the penis ; 
 in the female this segment is notched or bilobate, with two small terminal 
 appendages. 
 
 All the known species live on the Mammalia. The Lice infesting 
 Man — the head Louse ( Pediculus capitis), body Louse ( Pediculus 
 corporis), and pubic Louse or Morpion ( Phthirius pubis) — belong 
 to this family : genera Pediculus and Phthirius. The species which 
 are found on the domesticated animals are all included in the genus 
 HcBmatopinus (Leach). 
 
 Haematopinus. — The species of this genus are not very distinct from the 
 genus Pediculus, the species of which are comparatively few, and live, two on 
 Man, and a third on a Monkey. The Haematopinus species are characterized 
 by their head being inserted directly on the thorax, without any constriction 
 
 A 
 
 Fig. 25. — Magnified posterior extremity of the Haematopinus of the Pig. — 
 
 Delafond. 
 
 A, Male dorsal surface. B, Female ventral surface. 
 
 like a neck ; by their antennae of five articles, their abdomen of eight or nine 
 segments, their tarsi with a single claw, and their legs without a distinct 
 appendage at the internal angle of their tarsal extremity (Figs. 25, 26, 28, 29, 
 34 . 36 , 37 . 40 ). 
 
 They are found on all the domesticated Mammalia, with the exception of the 
 Sheep, Cat, and Guinea-pig. 
 
 RICINID/E. — These parasites are often distinguished at first sight from the 
 Pediculidse by their head, which is always larger than their thorax, and the 
 shape of which is determined by a system of dark horny bands, to which 
 particular names are given. The most important are : 1. The antennal bands, 
 which are marginal, and border the head in front, from the insertion of the 
 antennae, joining or not joining each other in the middle line ; 2. The occipital 
 bands, which extend — one on each side — from the occiput, or posterior border, 
 to the base of the mandibles or orbit. The mouthpieces are situated on the 
 inferior surface, and are principally constituted by the mandibles, in the form 
 of short hooks, and by the jaws. The thorax generally has its prothovax 
 distinct, but its other two segments are usually joined as one, which receives 
 the name of metathorax. The first seven abdominal segments have their borders 
 strengthened by a lateral band, and most frequently have transverse spots. 
 
6o 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The masticatory apparatus of the Ricinidae allows them to subsist 
 on epidermic productions, and fragments of hairs or feathers. They 
 do not suck the blood of their host like the Pediculidae ; so that 
 they might be considered, not as true parasites, but as commensals 
 which free the skin from its scurf. But it must not be concluded 
 that they are really advantageous to the animal infested by them. 
 Not only do they soil the skin by their dejections, their ‘ nits,’ their 
 exuviae, and their dead bodies, but it is certain that their contact 
 is felt by the creatures on which they live, and on which they pro- 
 duce disagreeable itching, accompanied by sharp biting. Birds 
 invaded by these vermin are often in bad health. 
 
 The Ricinidae are divided into two sub-families : i. The Philop- 
 terincE , which have the antennae composed of three or five articles, 
 and have no maxillary palps ; 2 . The Liotheince , whose antennae 
 have four articles, and are provided with quadri-articulated maxil- 
 lary palps projecting beyond the anterior border of the head. 
 
 Philopterinae. — Independently of the above characters, it is necessary to 
 note in these parasites the frequently important development of the anterior 
 part of the head, which is named the clypeus, and is sometimes distinctly 
 separated from the posterior part by a suture. The antennal sinus is a more 
 or less deep notch on each side of the middle line of the head, and at the 
 bottom of it is a small protuberance that carries the antennae. 
 
 The Philopterinae are divided into eleven genera, only six of which 
 are of interest here. These are : the Trichodectes , which live ex- 
 clusively on Mammalia ; the Ornithobius, Lipeurus , Goniodes, 
 Goniocotes, and the Docophorus, which are parasitic on Birds. 
 
 Trichodectes (Nitzsch) are characterized by their three-articled antennae, 
 these having five in all the other genera. They are limited to Mammalia, the 
 other genera being special to Birds (Figs. 27, 30, 31, 35, 38, 39). 
 
 Ornithobius (Denny), Fig. 49, and Lipeurus (Nitzsch), Fig. 46, have a narrow, 
 elongated body, the sides being nearly parallel. The antennae are different in 
 the two sexes ; besides, in Lipeurus the third article in the male has an appen- 
 dage which is absent in Ornithobius. The latter has the abdomen bordered on 
 each side by two parallel bands, while there is only one on Lipeurus. 
 Ornithobius is special to the Swan. 
 
 Goniodes (Nitzsch. — Fig. 43) and Goniocotes (Burm — Figs. 44, 45) have the 
 body flattened, sides rounded, or of an elongated oval, and the antennae different 
 in the two sexes, the first article in the male being larger than the others. In 
 the male Goniodes the third article, and sometimes the first, has an appendage 
 which is absent in Goniocotes ; and the latter always has the abdomen rounded 
 at the end, while in the male Goniodes it sometimes has two points. 
 
 Docophorus (Nitzsch — Fig. 48). — The antennae are alike in both sexes, and 
 are inserted in sinuses or excavations at the sides of the head, which has strong 
 movable trabeculae at its anterior angle. 
 
 The Liotheinse are distinguished from the Philopterinae by their four-articled 
 antennae and distinct maxillary palps. The head is very broad at the temples, 
 and appears to be triangular or trilobate. In front of the temple there is often 
 a notch, called the orbital sinus, in which is found the eye, though this is usually 
 not very distinct. 
 
 The Liotheinse comprise ten genera, four of which have their 
 representatives on the domesticated animals. These are Gyropus, 
 Trinoton , Colpocephalum, and Menopon. 
 
PHTHIRIA SES 
 
 6 
 
 The Gyropes ( Gyropus Nitzsch — Figs. 41, 42) have only a single claw at 
 the tarsi, while there are two in the nine other genera. The head presents, 
 posteriorly, two notches, limiting the very salient temples. They are only 
 met with on the Mammalia, and principally on Rodents. 
 
 The Trinotons ( Trinoton Nitzsch) have the head very round in front, the 
 temples salient and projected backwards ; a wide orbital sinus, having at the 
 bottom a bilobate eye ; and the antennae short and concealed. The thorax is 
 divided into three distinct segments, and the tarsi have two claws. This 
 species lives exclusively on Palmipeds. 
 
 The Colpocephales ( Colpocephalum Nitzsch) have the head broader than long 
 — somewhat like that of the Trinotons ; but they are distinguished from them 
 by their rarely bilobate eyes, and antennae projected beyond the head. The 
 tarsi have two claws. They live on all kinds of birds except the Coursers. 
 
 The Menopons ( Menopon Nitzsch — Fig. 47) generally have the head like 
 that of the two preceding genera, but the orbital sinus is absent or very shallow 
 at the part occupied by the eye, and often also that where the antennae are 
 fixed ; the latter are always short and indistinct. Living on Birds of all kinds 
 except the Coursers, Piaget has on two occasions found them on Mammals — 
 one of them, the Menopon extraneum, on the Guinea-pig. 
 
 This summary zoological description being considered sufficient 
 to enable anyone to recognise the genus to which a parasite belongs, 
 
 it will be easy to determine its 
 species by the following informa- 
 tion. 
 
 Horse. — The horse harbours 
 the H cematopinus macrocephalus, 
 the Trichodectes pilosus, and the 
 Trichodectes pubescens — the last 
 less frequently than the first two. 
 
 Fig. 26. — Hcematopinus macrocephalus, Fig. 27. — Trichodectes pilosus, female, 
 female, of the Horse ; magnified of the Horse ; magnified twenty 
 twenty diameters. — Railliet. diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 Haematopinus macrocephalus (Burm. — Fig. 26). — Head elongated and 
 narrow ; antennae implanted on a kind of lateral protuberance, behind which 
 is a deep notch, lodging the eye at the bottom. At this part the temples are 
 wide and curve forwards ; then the head contracts, and assumes a triangular 
 form in its posterior moiety. The thorax is much shorter than the head ; the 
 
62 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 abdomen is oval, with continuous and slightly sinuous borders ; the two 
 stigmata on the margin of each ring are placed in the middle of a lateral 
 protuberance. The head and abdomen are of a grayish-yellow colour, and 
 the thorax a brown maroon. The length of the female is 3-6 mm. ; that of the 
 male 2-6 mm. 
 
 Trichodectes pilosus (Giebel — Fig 27). — The head is broader than it is long, 
 and is rounded in front — a little widened at the temples ; the antennal band 
 makes a turn around the forehead. The first seven segments of the abdomen 
 have middle quadrangular spots. The head, thorax, legs, and abdomen are 
 covered with hair on both surfaces, and, in addition, the last abdominal 
 segment on the male has two hairy cushions. The general colour is yellow ; 
 spots and head ferruginous ; band brown maroon. The length of the female 
 is 1 -9 mm. ; that of the male 1 -6 mm. 
 
 Trichodectes pubescens {T. parumpilosus Piaget). — This species is much 
 rarer than the preceding ; it is 0*2 mm. less in length, and differs chiefly in the 
 head, which is hairy only along the borders. 
 
 Ass. — The Hcematopinus of the Ass belongs to the same species 
 as that of the Horse, but Piaget makes it a variety — Colorata — a 
 
 Fig. 28. — Hcematopinus euryster- Fig. 29. — Hcematopinus Fig. 30. — Tricho - 
 nus, female, of the Ox ; magni- vituli, female, of the dectes scalaris, 
 
 fled twenty diameters. Ox ; magnified twenty female, of the 
 
 diameters. Ox ; magnified 
 
 twenty diame- 
 ters. — Railliet. 
 
 little larger than the type, head less hairy, tint darker, and with a 
 quadrangular lateral spot on the sternum. Trichodectes pilosus is 
 also a parasite of the Ass. 
 
 Ox. — Hcematopinus eurysternus, H. vituli , and Trichodectes 
 scalaris , are found on the Ox. 
 
PHTHIRIASES 
 
 63 
 
 Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch — Fig. 28). — The head is rounded in 
 front, slightly elongated — more in the male than the female. It is, besides, 
 chiefly distinguished from the H. macrocephalus by its oval and very large 
 abdomen, having on each segment a slightly-coloured lateral tubercle. The 
 head and thorax are fawn-coloured, the latter being darkest ; the abdomen 
 is yellow or grayish ; the genital spot is dark. The female is 3 mm. long, and 
 the male 2 mm. 
 
 Haematopinus vituli — (Linn, Fig. 29, H. tenuirostris ). — Rarer than the preced- 
 ing, the head is elongated and somewhat buried in the thorax ; the latter is as 
 broad as it is long, and the abdomen is narrow — scarcely wider at the sixth 
 segment — the largest — than at the first. The general tint is a deep chestnut, 
 brighter on the forehead, legs, and the lateral band of the abdomen. The 
 female is 3 mm., and the male 2*5 mm. long. It is found on sucking calves, 
 and it also infests adults, perhaps as much as calves. 
 
 Trichodectes scalaris (Nitzsch — Fig. 30). — The head, scarcely so broad as it 
 is long, is almost parabolic in shape, and very hairy. It resembles Tr. pilosus, 
 but it has not the hairy cushions on the last abdominal segment, and the median 
 spots are larger. The general colour is white, the spots ferruginous, the bands 
 being darker. The length of the female is 1*5 mm. 
 
 Sheep. — The Pediculince are only represented on the Sheep by 
 
 the Trichodectes sphaerocephalus (Nitzsch — Fig. 31). 
 
 It has the head as broad as long, rounded in 
 front, the antennal band turning round the fore- 
 head, which has long hairs at the sides. The 
 antennae are hairy and slightly longer in the male 
 than in the female ; the median spots on the 
 abdomen are sub-quadrangular. The general 
 colour is white, spots and head ferruginous. The 
 length of the female is 17 mm., and of the male 
 1*4 mm. 
 
 The phthiriasis of the Sheep is usually 
 due to the Melophagus ovinus (Lat.), which 
 belongs to the Pupiparous Diptera (see 
 p. 33), but which, being apterous, does 
 
 b 
 
 ViG.^i.-Tnchodectes Fig. 32.— Melophagus Fig. 33.— Proboscis of the 
 sphcerocephalus , fe- of the Sheep ; magni- Melophagus ; much magni- 
 
 male, of the Sheep ; fled. The line on the fled. — L. Dufour.* 
 
 magnified twenty left indicates the 
 
 diameters. natural length. 
 
 * a. Proboscis ; b, its free extremity ; c, basilar enlargement, with the 
 muscles inserted into it ; d, horny spines, also furnished with muscles. 
 
64 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 not quit its host, and mutiplies in the fleece ; it is nourished on 
 the grease (yolk) of the wool, the debris of hair, and on the blood 
 that it causes to flow by its bites ; consequently, it lives like the 
 Pediculinae. Macquart formulates its characteristics as follows : 
 
 ‘ Head disengaged from the thorax. Palps elongated, fluffy, and inclined 
 downwards. Antennae nude and in the form of tubercles. Eyes small and 
 very close ; no ocelli. Thorax somewhat narrow ; abdomen oval. Feet 
 downy ; tarsal claws bi-dentated. Wings null.’ The general colour is 
 ferruginous; abdomen grayish-brown, and irregularly spotted. Length of 
 body, 3 to 5 mm. 
 
 Goat. — The Haematopinus of the Goat is the H. stenopsis (Burm. 
 —Fig. 34)- 
 
 The head is elongated, narrow, conical, round in front, notched laterally, 
 and widened at the temples, in the form of a gourd, acuminated in the thorax, 
 which is scarcely concave on the abdomen ; the latter is an elongated oval in 
 shape, bearing two terminal appendages .; stigmata nearly marginal. Colour 
 straw-yellow, gray for the abdomen. Length of female 2 mm., male 1*5 mm. 
 
 Several species of Trichodedes have been described as living on 
 the Goat, but only one, the Scaly Trichodectes (TV. dimax Nitzsch 
 — Fig. 35), is well established. 
 
 The head is scarcely as broad as it is long, and is quadrangular, having in 
 front a broad but shallow notch, at which the two antennal bands stop ; the 
 antennae are longer in the male than in the female, the first article being 
 thicker and shorter than the others, and the second longer than the third. 
 The abdomen has median spots, which diminish in breadth as the length 
 
 Fig. 34. — Hcematopinus 
 stenopsis, female, of 
 the Goat ; magnified 
 twenty diameters. 
 
 Fig. 35. — Trichodectes 
 climax, female, of the 
 Goat; magnified 
 twenty diameters. 
 
 Fig. 36. — Hcematopinus 
 urius, female, of the Pig ; 
 magnified about nine 
 diameters. — Delafond. 
 
 increases ; the last segment in the male has two hairy cushions. The head 
 and thorax are reddish-brown, abdomen pale yellow, spots maroon-brown, 
 and the bands dark. The female is i*8 mm., and the male 1*3 mm. long. 
 This species lives on the common as well as the Angora Goat. The species 
 
PHTHIRIA SES 
 
 65 
 
 that Gervais figures and describes as the Tr. limbatus is evidently the TV. 
 climax, though Piaget appears to identify it with his Ty. climax var. mafoY, 
 found also on the Angora Goat, and the female only of which differs slightly 
 from the type, scarcely in dimensions. With regard to the form vaguely 
 described and figured by Gervais as Ty. climax, it appears to us to correspond 
 to none of the known species. According to Taschenberg, Ty. caprcs (Gurlt) 
 and Ty. solidus (Rudow) of the Guinea Goat, and probably Tv. mambYicus 
 (Rudow) of the Levant Goat, are identical with Ty. climax. Taschenberg has 
 also recognised that Ty. crassipes (Rudow) of the Angora Goat is none other 
 than Ty. penicillatus (Piag.), found by Piaget on a Kangaroo ( Macvopus 
 penicillatus). But this might be a case of wandering parasites on an abnormal 
 host. 
 
 Camel. — The Haematopinus of the Camel (H. cameli Redi), which 
 has only been seen by Redi, much resembles that of the Pig. 
 
 Pig. — The Pig nourishes only the Haematopinus urius (Nitzsch, 
 H. suis Linn. — Rig. 36). 
 
 This species is the largest known amongst the Pediculinae. The head is 
 very long and narrow, rounded and conical in front, with five hairs on each 
 side, and towards the sucker three other long hairs. The temple has a very 
 salient sharp horn on the first article of the antennae, and it gradually contracts 
 to the occiput, which is rounded to its thoracic suture. The abdomen is an 
 elongated oval, very developed, with continuous borders ; the stigmata are 
 on a prominent lateral protuberance. The head and abdomen are yellowish- 
 gray in colour, the stigmatic spots and thorax a maroon-brown, and legs 
 fawn-tinted. The female is 5 mm., and male 4 mm. long. 
 
 Dog. — The Dog has one Haematopinus and one Trichodect; 
 
 Fig. 37. — Hcematopinus pili- Fig. 38. — Trichodectes Fig. 39. — Trichodectes 
 ferns, male, of the Dog ; latus, male, of the subro stratus, female, 
 
 magnified twenty dia- Dog; magnified of the Cat; magni- 
 
 meters. twenty diameters. fied twenty-five 
 
 Railliet. diameters. 
 
 Haematopinus piliferus (Burm. — Fig. 37). The head is short and almost 
 as wade as long ; it is salient in the thorax to which it is exactly applied ; the 
 third and fourth articles of the antennae are alike. The abdomen is very 
 developed in the female, and is a long oval in shape ; it has nine rounded 
 segments, which are often salient at the sides ; stigmata distinct and mar- 
 ginal ; the first seven segments have two rows of short bristles. The general 
 tint is yellowish-white, the head and thorax being a little darker. The female 
 is 2 mm. and the male 1*5 mm. long. 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Trichodectes latus (Nitzsch — Fig. 38). — The head is sub-quadrangular, 
 much broader than it is long, truncated in front ; the antennae are hairy, 
 and different in the two sexes, the first article in the male being much thicker, 
 and occupying a moiety of the length of the organ. The abdomen is broad 
 and more rounded in the female, with lateral, but no median spots. The 
 colour is bright yellow, spots darker ; the bands on the head are blackish- 
 brown. Length of the female 1*5 mm., of the male 1-4 mm. 
 
 Cat. — The Cat has only one kind of Louse, the Trichodectes 
 subrostratus (Nitzsch — Fig. 39). 
 
 Head sub-pentagonal, longer than it is wide, acuminated in front, with a 
 small shallow notch ; antennas alike in the two sexes. Abdomen larger in 
 the female and notched behind ; in the male it has rather the shape of a hori- 
 zontal cone, terminating in a very salient, conical, and downy ninth segment. 
 Abdomen whitish ; head and thorax bright-yellow, with the bands and spots 
 darker. Length : female 1*3 mm., male i m 2 mm. 
 
 Ferret. — There is sometimes met with on the Ferret, and in 
 great numbers, the Hcematopinus piliferus, which lives on the Dog. 
 
 Fig. 40. — Hcematopinus Fig. 41. — Gyropus gra- Fig. 42. — Gyro pus ovalis 
 ventricosus, male, of cilis, female, of the male, of the Guinea- 
 
 the Rabbit ; magnified Guinea-pig ; magnified pig ; magnified twenty- 
 
 twenty-five diameters. twenty-five diameters. five diameters. 
 
 Rabbit. — The only Louse found on the Rabbit is the Haema- 
 topinus ventricosus (Denny — Fig. 40). It is rare. 
 
 The head is subuliform, broader than long, constricted behind the antennae, 
 widened at the temples, where it is rounded. The thorax is wider than the 
 head, and is concave on the abdomen ; the latter is oval, as broad as long, 
 bulging, rough, and hairy. The head, thorax, and legs are of a bright chestnut 
 colour ; the abdomen is of a dirty-white. The length of the female is 1 *3 mm., 
 and of the male 1*2 mm. 
 
 Guinea-pig. — The Lice of the Guinea-pig are two species of 
 Gyropus (Figs. 41, 42). 
 
 Gyropus gracilis (Nitzsch). — This is recognised by its long, narrow abdomen, 
 especially in the male ; by its head, made, as it were, trilobate in front of the 
 antennae ; by the notch at the temples ; and by its antennae, the fourth article 
 of which is globular, and rests on the third as an elongated peduncle. The 
 general colour varies from dull white to ochre-yellow. The length of the 
 female is 1*2 mm., and of the male 1 mm. 
 
PHTHIRIASES 
 
 67 
 
 Gyropus ovalis (Giebel). — This differs by its large, oval abdomen, crenulated 
 on the borders, and garnished with two rows of hairs on each segment. The 
 head is shorter and broader. The general colour is white ; the spots, tarsal 
 bands, and claws are dark. It has the same length as Gyropus gracilis. 
 
 To these must be added the Menopon extraneum (Piag.), found once by 
 Piaget, and of which mention has been already made (p. 61). 
 
 Birds maintain a larger number of Lice than the Mammalia, and 
 these parasites all belong to the family of Ricinidae. Each species 
 is not strictly localized on a particular host, but many are common 
 to several kinds of Birds. On the other hand, the promiscuous- 
 ness of the poultry- yards, and, above all, of the markets, may lead 
 to erratic parasites passing to a Fowl from a specifically different 
 host. 
 
 Fowls. — The parasites found on Fowls belong to the four genera 
 Goniodes, Goniocotes, Lipeurus, and Menopon. 
 
 Goniodes dissimilis (Nitzsch — Fig. 43). — The head is broader than it is long 
 and rounded in front ; it is smaller in the male. The antennae of the male — 
 double those of the female — have the first article most developed, and have a long 
 
 Fig. 43. — Goniodes dis- 
 similis, male, of the 
 Fowl; magnified 
 twenty diameters. — 
 Piaget. 
 
 Fig. 44. — Goniocotes 
 hologaster, male, of the 
 Fowl; magnified forty 
 diameters. 
 
 Fig. 45. — Goniocotes gi- 
 gas, female, of the 
 Fowl ; magnified ten 
 diameters. 
 
 hair at the inner side. The temporal angles are salient, especially in the 
 female, but do not form horns. The antennal band is very strong, and wide 
 in front, with a series of distinct fissures for the implantation of hairs. There 
 are five bristles at the posterior border of the metathorax. There are also 
 two median bristles, and three or four at the angles of each abdominal seg- 
 ment, with an arched marginal spot ; at the ventral surface of the abdomen 
 of the female there are two little bands in the form of a T laid sideways. 
 The general colour is a dull white, the spots darker, and the bands fawn- 
 tinted. The length of the female is 2-5 mm., and of the male 2 mm. This 
 is one of the most frequent parasites. 
 
 Packard has observed on the Fowl a Goniode of Burnett (Gd. Burnetti Pk.), 
 which is probably allied to Goniodes dissimilis. 
 
 5—2 
 
68 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Goniocotes hologaster (Nitzsch — Fig. 44). — The head is as wide as it is 
 long, tjie anterior border rounded and slightly convex, the antennal band 
 being wider in front. The abdomen has unicoloured quadrangular lateral 
 bands, curved and broader towards the suture, and wider on the ventral than 
 the dorsal surface ; the transverse patches are faint, but distinct ; the sutures 
 are only visible between the first three segments. The general tint is a dirty- 
 yellow, deeper at the thorax ; the bands are brownish. The female is 1 *3 mm., 
 and the male 0*8 to 0*9 mm. long. Taschenberg has noticed a variety (var. 
 maculata). 
 
 Goniocotes gigas (Tasch. — Fig. 45). — This is recognisable by its round and 
 very large abdomen, marked on each segment by long, transverse, tongue- 
 shaped spots, coloured only on their border. It has, besides, proportions 
 which are quite exceptional in this genus. The general colour is yellow ; the 
 abdomen and metathorax are brighter coloured, and the bands and outline 
 of the spots are dark. The female is 4 mm., and the male 3 mm. long. 
 
 Lipeurus variabilis (Nitzsch — Fig. 46). — The head is round in front, and is 
 broadest at its anterior portion in the male, and at the temples in the female ; it 
 is margined in front by an uninterrupted antennal band. The first article of 
 the male antennae is longer than the other four put together, and has a strong 
 obtuse excrescence. There is a middle spot beneath the thorax ; the female 
 
 has a genital, lance-shaped spot, and 
 the last ring of the abdomen is bilobate. 
 The general colour is a pale yellow, the 
 spots being a deep fawn-tint, and the 
 bands black. The female is 2*2 mm., and 
 the male 1 *9 mm. long. 
 
 Fig. 46. — Lipeurus variabilis, male, 
 of the Fowl ; magnified twenty dia- 
 meters. 
 
 Fig. 47. — Menopon pallidum, female, 
 of the Fowl ; magnified twenty 
 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 Lipeurus heterographus (Nitzsch). — The head is parabolic in front, very 
 wide behind the eye, and limited anteriorly by an uninterrupted antennal 
 band. The metathorax is as long as the prothorax. The abdomen is an 
 elongated oval, slightly larger in the female, with six short bristles implanted 
 in tubercles on each segment in the male, and median spots on each ring and 
 bristles on their borders. The general tint is pale yellow, spots fawn-coloured, 
 bands black. The female is 2 mm. long, the male being i*8 mm. 
 
 Menopon pallidum (Nitzsch — Fig. 47). — The head is slightly angular in 
 front and somewhat crescent-shaped, the temples being bent downwards ; the 
 latter are short and rounded, with four bristles and some hairs ; there is no 
 appendage to the second article of the antennae. The thorax is longer than 
 the head in the female ; they are equal in size in the male. The legs are strong 
 and hairy. The abdomen is an elongated oval in the female, narrower and 
 
PHTH TRIASES 
 
 69 
 
 longer in the male, with a single series of bristles on each segment. The 
 general tint is a dirty-yellow, the spots on the abdomen being a bright fawn- 
 colour. The female is 1 *7 mm. long, and the male 1 *8 mm. 
 
 Menopon biseriatum (Piaget). — This is rendered distinct from the preceding 
 by its head, which is distinctly parabolic in front, by the presence of two 
 series of bristles on each ring of the abdomen, and by the eighth segment, 
 which is in the male elongated and narrow. It has the same tints as the pre- 
 ceding. The female is 27 mm. in length, the male 2*9 mm. This species lives 
 also on the Turkey, Pheasant, and Pigeon. 
 
 Turkey. — The parasites of the Turkey belong to the genera 
 Goniodes, Lipeurus, and Menopon. 
 
 Goniodes stylifer (Nitzsch). — The head is as broad as it is long ; it is quad- 
 rangular, especially in the male ; the temporal angle forms a long horn, 
 acuminated behind and terminated by a bristle. The metathorax has diver- 
 gent sides, acuminated on the abdomen, and bearing five bristles on the pos- 
 terior border. The seven first segments of the abdomen show tongue-shaped 
 spots on the sides, which cover the transverse third of the segment ; in the 
 middle of each there is a bright spot occupied by the stigma ; there are numerous 
 hairs on both surfaces. The general colour is dirty-white, the spots are 
 fawn-coloured, and the bands brown or black. The length of the female is 
 3 mm., that of the male 3*2 mm. 
 
 Lipeurus polytrapezius (Nitzsch). — The head is relatively short — it is 
 stronger in the female — scarcely so wide at the temples, and very rounded 
 in front, where it is bordered by the uninterrupted antennal band. The first 
 article of the male antennae is "thick, fusiform, a little longer than the other 
 four collectively, and is provided with a strong excrescence at its base. Beneath 
 the thorax there are two median spots, the second of which extends for a short 
 distance on the abdomen. The female has an acuminated genital spot pos- 
 teriorly, and the last abdominal segment is deeply notched. The general 
 colour is yellow, spots fawn-tinted, and bands black. The length of the 
 female is 3 mm. to 3*7 mm., and of the male 2'S to 3*7 mm. 
 
 The Menopon of the Turkey is the M. biseriatum, which lives also on the 
 Fowl. It is probably the same as the M. stramineum (Nitzsch). 
 
 Guinea-fowl. — A^Goniode, ajdoniocote, and a Menopon live 
 on the Guinea-fowl. 
 
 Guinea-fowl Goniodes ( Gd . numidianus Denny). — The head is longer than 
 it is broad ; the antennae of the male are somewhat long, and have the third 
 article curved and acute, carrying the succeeding two beyond its axis ; the 
 eye is salient, and occiput a little retreating. The metathorax is wider than 
 the head and acuminated on the abdomen, with a black band at the posterior 
 border ; the legs are strong. The abdomen is oval, with the spots twice 
 interrupted. Its length is 1*7 mm. It has been found by Denny on the 
 Guinea-fowl. 
 
 There has also been found on this Bird the Goniodes stylifer of the 
 Turkey. 
 
 Goniocotes rectangulatus (Nitzsch). — This differs from Gonioc. hologaster of 
 the Fowl chiefly in the lateral bands of the abdomen, which are wide on the 
 ventral surface of this parasite. The segmental sutures are only distinct 
 between the three first. The length of the female is 1 mm., and of the male 
 0*8 mm. This species was found on a Guinea-fowl by Taschenberg, but it is 
 rather a parasite of the Peacock. 
 
 Lipeurus of the Guinea-fowl ( L . numidce Denny). — The head is large, sub- 
 panduriform, rounded in front where it is bordered by the antennal band, 
 and wide behind the eye ; the female antennae have the second article very 
 long. The metathorax is nearly as wide as the prothorax. The abdomen 
 is oval, the first seven segments showing a double series of spots, which form 
 
70 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 two uninterrupted dorsal bands. The colour is livid yellow, and the bands 
 and spots black. The length is 2*1 mm. 
 
 This species was found on the Guinea-fowl by Denny, who considered it a 
 Nirmus ( Nirmus numidcs) — he probably had not seen the female (Railliet). 
 
 Menopon of the Guinea-fowl (M. numidcs Gieb.). — The head is semilunar, 
 and the orbital sinuses distinct. The prothorax is large, with three sharp 
 points at each angle ; the metathorax is large and trapeziform. The abdomen 
 is also large, with festooned borders garnished with bristles and dark spots. 
 The general colour is reddish. Length i mm. 
 
 Peacock. — The parasites of the Peacock, like those of the Guinea- 
 fowl, belong to the genera Goniodes, Goniocotes, and Menopon. 
 
 Goniodes falcicornis (Nitzsch). — The head is nearly square, and curved 
 somewhat downwards in front, especially in the male ; the antennal band is 
 narrow anteriorly and has parallel borders ; the temples are angular, and 
 do not form a horn behind ; the occiput is scarcely depressed ; the first 
 article of the male antennae is very thick, is nearly as long as the other four, 
 and has a strong appendage on the inner side ; the third article has a long 
 curved appendage ; the other two are thin, and rest on a protuberance of the 
 third. The metathorax is not so large as the head in the female, but in the 
 male it is as large, or larger, than the prothorax. The abdomen is very large, 
 and on the sides has very dark-coloured languiform spots. The genital 
 apparatus of the male is very large, and ascends to the third segment. The 
 general colour is yellowish-white, the spots being a d@ep-fawn hue. The 
 female is 3-3 mm., and the male 3 mm. long. This is a common parasite. 
 
 Small-headed Goniodes ( Gd . parviceps Piaget). — This differs from the pre- 
 ceding principally in the head, which is more regularly quadrangular ; in its 
 metathorax, which is larger than the head ; in its abdomen, which is scarcely 
 so large as the metathorax ; and in the dimensions of the male and female, 
 which are 2 mm. long. a - 
 
 Goniocotes rectangulatus (Nitzsch). — This is the same as that “which has 
 been found on the Guinea-fowl. 
 
 Black-mouthed Menopon (M. phceostomum Nitzsch). — The head is elon- 
 gated, contracted and rounded in front, very wide at its posterior border, and 
 the temples narrowed and bent downwards. There is no appendage to the 
 second article of the antennae. The thorax is longer than the head, and the 
 metathorax a little rounded on the abdomen ; the latter is a long oval in the 
 female and larger than in the male, with a single series of bristles on each ring. 
 The general tint is yellow, brightest in the male ; the spots are fawn-coloured. 
 The female is i*6 mm., and the male 1*3 mm. long. 
 
 Pheasant. — The parasites of the common Pheasant are : 
 
 Goniodes Colchicus (Denny). — This differs from the G. dissimilis of the 
 Fowl chiefly in the presence of a small tooth at the inner side of the antennae 
 of the male, of only two bristles at the posterior border of the metathorax, 
 and in numerous median bristles on each segment. The dimensions are 
 about the same. 
 
 Goniodes truncatus (Giebel). — The head is large and parabolically rounded 
 in front ; the temples are not excavated, nor prolonged posteriorly as horns ; 
 the occiput is convex, and the occipital angles are acute. The abdomen is an 
 elongated oval, that of the male is truncated behind ; the lateral bands are 
 arched, and a short appendage on them is pushed into the preceding segment. 
 The colour is white, with dark bands. The female is 3 mm., and the male 
 2*4 mm. long. 
 
 Gonicotes chrysoeephalus (Giebel). — This differs chiefly from Gc. rectangu- 
 latus of the Guinea-fowl and Peacock, in having the sutures between the 
 eight first segments of the abdomen visible. The colour is yellow, particu- 
 larly on the head and thorax. The female is 1-2 mm., and the male o*8 mm. 
 long. 
 
PHTHIRIA SES 
 
 7 1 
 
 Lipeurus variabilis. — This parasite of the Fowl has also been found on the 
 common Pheasant by Taschenberg and by Railliet. 
 
 Long Menopon (M. productum Piaget). — This differs from M. pallidum of 
 the Fowl principally in having the temples less excavated, and the body 
 elliptical and constricted to the sixth segment in the female, and nearly as 
 short as broad in the male, with the ninth segment short and like a reversed 
 ogive. The general tint ochre-yellow, fawn-coloured on the sides of the 
 abdomen. The female is i*8 mm., and the male 1-5 mm. long. 
 
 Menopon Biseriatum. — This is the same as that found on the Fowl and 
 Turkey. 
 
 Among the parasites found on the Silver Pheasant, are placed 
 the Goniocotes chrysocephalus of the common Pheasant, and a 
 variety of the Menopon phceostomum, of which the type lives on 
 the Peacock. 
 
 The Golden Pheasant offers, amongst others, the Lipeurus 
 heterographus of the Fowl, and the Menopon productum of the 
 common Pheasant. 
 
 Pigeon. — On the domestic Pigeon the following Recindiae have 
 been found : 
 
 Dwarf Goniode ( Gd . minor Piaget). — All the species have the abdomen oval 
 and broad, but this one is distinguished by the antennae of the male, the last 
 two articles of which are very reduced and scarcely visible ; and by its meta- 
 thorax, which is rounded on the abdomen. The colour is yellow, and the 
 female is 1 7 mm. long, the male being 1 *4 mm. 
 
 Companion Gonicote ( Gc . compar Nitzsch). — The length of the head is a 
 little less than its width at the posterior border ; the anterior border is convex, 
 and the antennal band linear. The abdomen is oval, and rounded in the 
 female, truncated posteriorly in the male, and has coloured spots only on the 
 border of each segment ; each margin of the abdomen has two parallel bands. 
 Colour, dirty-yellow. The female is 1*4 mm., and the male 1 mm. long. 
 
 Rod-shaped Lipeurus (L. baculus Nitzsch). — The head is elongated and very 
 narrow, the anterior part — clypeus — being round and separated from the 
 other portion by a constriction ; it is not bordered in front by an antennal 
 band, and is garnished by six fine hairs and two claviform appendages. The 
 first article of the male antennae is much thicker than the others, and has an 
 enlargement at its base, but has no appendage ; the third article has a strong 
 lateral appendage. The prothorax is quadrangular, and one-third shorter 
 than the metathorax. The colour is dirty-white, with bright yellow spots 
 and brown bands. The female is 2*1 mm. to 2*3 mm., and the male i*8 mm. 
 to 2.3 mm. long. 
 
 Long-tailed Colpoeephalus (C. longicaudatus Nitzsch). — The occipital bands 
 are not distinct. The abdomen of the female is conical, and bordered by narrow 
 dark bands ; the first segments are the longest, the ninth elongated, constricted 
 at its posterior moiety, rounded and fringed with long fine hairs ; in the male 
 the abdomen is an elongated oval, and the last segment is rounded and gar- 
 nished with numerous long bristles. It is white, with fawn-coloured spots. 
 The female is i*6 mm., and the male 1*3 mm. long. 
 
 Broad Menopon [M. latum Piaget). — The head is parabolic, and nearly 
 angular in front. There is an appendage to the second article of the antennae 
 in the two sexes. The thorax is longer than the head in the female, shorter 
 in the male ; the metathorax is not so broad as the head, and is rounded on 
 the abdomen. The latter is large, oval, and rounded in the female, and oval 
 and elongated in the male, with salient angles. The colour is yellow, with 
 bright, fawn-coloured spots. The female is 8 mm., and the male 1*5 mm. 
 long. 
 
 We have also found on a Pigeon the M. biseriatum, already described (p. 6q). 
 
7 2 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Goose. — The parasites of the domestic Goose belong to the 
 genera Docophorus, Lipeurus, and Trinoton. 
 
 Bilious D.ocophorus ( D . icterodes Nitzsch). — The head is longer than broad ; 
 the clypeus is semicircular, with a triangle on each side, and at the lower 
 surface a constricted elongated spot. The prothorax is 
 not so wide as the metathorax. The abdomen is 
 bordered on each side by a uniformly broad band ; the 
 first segment has an interrupted transverse band on the 
 median line ; the others have a wide lateral band, 
 leaving free the middle third ; the last is simply notched 
 in the female. The colour is brownish-red. Length of 
 female i*8 mm., and male 1*3 mm. It is frequent on 
 Ducks and relatively rare on Geese, on which it con- 
 stitutes, according to Piaget, a mere variety that Nitzsch 
 has named Docophorus adustus. 
 
 Lipeurus jejunus (Nitzsch). — The head is elongated, 
 and the clypeus is colourless, rounded, separated by a 
 constriction and a suture, not bordered in front by an 
 antennal band, and garnished by six fine and two spread- 
 ing hairs at the suture. The prothorax is subtrapezoidal, 
 Fig. 48. Docophorus an d h as a S p Q t a t the posterior angle, which projects 
 tcterodes, male, of laterally ; the metathorax is twice as long, with a large 
 the Duck ; magni- tubercle at the posterior angle, on which are implanted 
 fied twenty -five f our short bristles. The colour is dirty-white, spots 
 diameters. dark fawn, and bands black. The female is 3 mm., 
 
 and the male 2*5 mm. long. 
 
 Lipeurus anseris (Gurlt). — The head is elongated and conical, rounded in 
 front, with the clypeus analogous to that of the preceding species. The meta- 
 thorax is double the size of the prothorax, and is constricted at the sides. The 
 colour is white, -with black spots. The dimensions are the same. 
 
 Trinoton conspurcatum (Nitzsch). — This is a very large species. The head 
 is as long as it is wide, and is exceeded in front by the last two articles of the 
 palps, showing on each side two enlargements, the posterior of which — the 
 temple — has five bristles. The thorax is longer than the head, and rounded 
 on the abdomen. The legs are long, and garnished with hairs and bristles. 
 The abdomen is oval, not so wide at the base as the metathorax, and the 
 angles are salient ; the first eight segments have a series of bristles fixed in 
 colourless tubercles. The colour is white, the spots brown maroon, bands 
 black, thorax dark, head bright-fawn tint. The female is 6*3 mm., and the 
 male 5*8 mm. long. This parasite was found by Denny on the Goose, but it 
 is more frequent on the Swan. 
 
 Trinoton continuum (Piaget). — This species has four bristles at the temples, 
 the abdomen has slightly salient angles, and is more downy on its two surfaces, 
 while there are fewer hairs on the legs. The dimensions are also less, being 
 for the female 6 mm., and for the male 5*6 mm. long. It is, probably, only a 
 variety of the preceding species, and is more common. 
 
 Duck. — A Docophorus, Lipeurus, Trinoton, and a Menopon have 
 been found upon the domestic Duck. 
 
 The Docophorus icterodes, described as infesting the Goose, is very common 
 on the Duck. 
 
 Lipeurus squalidus (Nitzsch). — The head is narrow, elongated in front of 
 the antennae, and suddenly constricted at the suture of the clypeus ; the 
 latter has a spot — signature* — parallel to the border, and rounded posteriorly. 
 There are six hairs on the forehead, two of which are on the clypeus, the 
 second being very flat ; in front of the mandibles there is a round and small 
 fossa ; the temple is round, and has one bristle and a spine ; the antennal 
 bands stop at the suture of the clypeus, and do not go beyond it in front. 
 
PHTHIRIA SES 
 
 73 
 
 The metathorax is not so wide as the head, is slightly longer than it is broad, 
 and is a little concave on the abdomen. The latter has a straight, uniformly 
 ■wide, black band on each side ; and transverse fawn-coloured spots more or 
 less apparent. The general colour is fawn yellow. The female is 2*8 mm., 
 and the male 2*5 mm. long. 
 
 This parasite is very common, and Taschenberg has found it on the Barbary 
 Duck. 
 
 Pale Trinoton (T. luridum Nitzsch). — This more especially differs from the 
 T. conspurcatum of the Goose, by the presence of only four bristles at the 
 temples ; the metathorax is concave on the abdomen, the latter having seg- 
 ments rounded at the sides ; narrow transverse spots, interrupted in the 
 middle on the first two segments, and surrounding a colourless circle on the 
 side ; and the bristles not having a swollen base. The colour is white, with 
 maroon spots and black bands. The length of the female is 5-4 mm., and 
 of the male 47 mm. 
 
 Dark Menopon ( M . obscurum Piaget). — The head is crescent-shaped and 
 strong, with the temples broad and turned downwards, and the lateral borders 
 nearly as long as the thorax. The abdomen has dark, narrow, lateral bands 
 without appendages. The colour is dark fawn. The length is 1*4 mm. /to 
 1*5 mm. Common. 
 
 Swan. — Independently of the Trinoton conspurcatum , which lives 
 on the Goose, the domestic Swan— Cygnus olor -— has an Ornithobius. 
 
 Ornithobius bucephalus (Giebel). — The 
 head is massive, nearly as broad as it 
 is long, irregularly quadrangular, and 
 shaped anteriorly like a pair of closed 
 forceps ; the antennae are strong and 
 carried forward ; the posterior part of 
 the head is divided into three portions by 
 the two occipital bands, which, at first 
 parallel, converge in front towards the 
 root of the mandibles. The thorax is 
 narrower, and a little shorter than the 
 head. The abdomen is oval, and nude 
 except at the angles ; the lateral bands 
 are very narrow. The colour is white, 
 with pearly transparent bands. The 
 length of the two sexes is 3*5 mm. to 
 4*5 mm. 
 
 Symptoms. — Phthiriasis is mani- 
 fested in all animals by signs of 
 itching, the intensity of which is 
 subordinate to the number of para- 
 sites, and the group to which these 
 belong. The Hsematopinus has the 
 rostrum formed for pricking. It 
 attacks the substance of the skin 
 to feast on the blood and humours 
 
 exuded as a result of this pricking, Fig. 4 9 .— Ornithobius bucephalus, 
 and causes a much more intense male, of the Swan ; magnified 
 
 pruritus than that occasioned by fifteen diameters. 
 
 Ricinidse. The locality of the 
 
 pruritus naturally indicates that of the parasites, which are also 
 betrayed by their eggs — these being less' deeply situated among the 
 
74 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 hair or feathers — and likewise by the debris the parasites leave 
 after moulting. 
 
 Horse and Mss. — The hsematopinic phthiriasis of the Horse and 
 Ass has its principal seat at the mane and forelock, but more 
 especially at the root of the tail, or in the neighbourhood of these 
 parts. The animal seeks to rub itself against everything within 
 its reach, gently bites its neighbours, and allows itself to be bitten 
 and rubbed by them. On entering a stable, it is easy to recognise 
 animals so affected, by the erectness and matting of the hairs, 
 especially at the root of the tail ; and a careful examination will 
 readily reveal the presence of the Haematopinus and its eggs, along 
 with numerous epidermic pellicles — constituting a real pityriasis. 
 When grooming has not been carried out for some days, the dried 
 dead bodies of parasites, and the exuviae of their moultings, increase 
 the general aspect of uncleanliness. The papules which some 
 authors have described are rarely observed, but only various 
 excoriations due to rubbing. Railliet has seen an old mare ‘ which 
 showed on the back little tumours caused by elevation of the 
 epidermis, beneath which were numerous masses of Haematopinus/ 
 
 Trichodectic phthiriasis is less common, and not so pruriginous ; 
 but with this exception, it resembles the preceding, from which it is 
 distinguished by examining the parasite. The Trichodectes are 
 not often found on the upper parts of the body, but the two 
 phthiriases may, though rarely, co-exist on the same Horse. 
 
 Ox . — The same symptomatic differences are remarked between the 
 haematopinic and trichodectic phthiriases of the Ox ; but, contrary 
 to what is observed in the Horse, the latter appears to be the more 
 frequent. The Trichodectes are spread over the whole body, while 
 the Haematopinus prefers the ears, back of the head, upper border 
 of the neck, and middle of the back and loins. The pruritus 
 impels the animal to rub itself against trees, posts, or salient parts 
 of its dwelling, and with its rough tongue it licks the skin ; con- 
 sequently, there are large hairless patches, and often an abundant 
 epidermic secretion with — though very exceptionally — thickening 
 of the skin, which may mislead as to the true nature of the malady. 
 
 Sheep . — The Sheep Lice are concealed at the bottom of the 
 fleece. The presence of the Melophagus is indicated by the pupae, 
 which are attached to the individual fibres, and appear as shining 
 oval bodies, not unlike small apple pips in colour and shape. In 
 separating the wool, the parasites are found close to the skin, and 
 when they are numerous the fleece is entangled, and sometimes 
 absent in places. These parasites attract the attention of Starlings 
 and Wagtails, which hover about flocks of Sheep, and perch 
 familiarly on their backs in order to feed on the parasites. 
 
 The Melophagus often emigrates from suckling ewes to the lambs, 
 which it sometimes torments so much as to cause serious emacia- 
 tion. If the fleece is short, in order to avoid the teeth of the 
 animal, the parasite takes refuge in front of the shoulders, on the 
 
PHTHIRIA SES 
 
 7 5 
 
 neck, and particularly about the ears and horns. By their biting 
 they produce great itching, which makes the Sheep gnaw themselves, 
 scratch their bodies with their hind-feet, and rub against anything 
 within reach. At the places where the parasites have been biting, 
 on separating the wool, a 
 red patch the size of a lentil 
 is seen, in the centre of 
 which is a darker red spot. 
 
 The Trichodectes are less 
 frequently observed than the 
 Melophagus, perhaps be- 
 cause of their smaller size. 
 
 They may in certain cases 
 seriously alter the wool ; for 
 its shedding appears to be 
 due to the cutting they effect 
 by their mandibles at the 
 root of the fibres, according 
 to the observations of Rail- 
 liet. 
 
 The Trichodectes induce 
 severe itching, and the wool is more or less altered, broken, and 
 matted in places. There also may be seen bright-red spots from 
 8 mm. to io mm. in diameter, covered by thin furfuraceous scales, 
 formed of epidermic debris and dried serosity. The Trichodectes 
 are easily found, hanging on by means of their claws or jaws to the 
 wool fibres on and around these places. According to Delafond, 
 these parasites are much more common on lean, debilitated, or 
 badly-nourished Sheep than on vigorous and well-fed ones. 
 
 Fig. 50. — Pupa of 
 the Melophagus 
 of the Sheep, 
 attached to the 
 end of a lock of 
 wool. 
 
 Fig. 51. — Magnified 
 pupa of the Sheep 
 Melophagus, seen on 
 its dorsal surface, and 
 
 seven 
 
 points. 
 
 umbilicated 
 
 Pig . — This animal is greatly incommoded when invaded by the 
 Haematopinus. The species infesting it is the largest of the family, 
 and causes a pruritus proportionate to its size. The skin is marked 
 by red papules of various dimensions, and is often excoriated. The 
 itching is most severe at night, and the animal rubs itself eagerly 
 against its sty or trough, rolls in the litter, or even demolishes its 
 habitation. Sequens relates that of 140 sucking-pigs, 40 — aged 
 from one to two weeks — succumbed to an intense phthiriasis affect- 
 ing all the Pigs. The disease lasted four or five days. At the 
 autopsies, besides signs of anaemia, there were found numerous 
 excoriations and ulcerations on various parts of the body, the knees 
 and hocks were inflamed, and even the capsular ligaments were 
 involved — all the result of the intense pruritus which had destroyed 
 these young Pigs. The disease ceased when parasiticide and dis- 
 infecting agents were had recourse to. Viborg was a witness to 
 similar occurrences, which led him to declare that the Haematopinus 
 may pass to beneath the skin, and make its exit by the nose, mouth, 
 and eyes. This, so manifest an exaggeration, shows to what an 
 extent these parasites may crowd on the same animal. 
 
76 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Dog . — Lousy Dogs do not appear to be much inconvenienced by 
 their numerous parasites. Hsematopinus torments them more than 
 the Trichodectes, and sometimes to a high degree. Both are 
 encountered on all parts of the body, but Hsematopinus is more 
 particularly seen about the throat. 
 
 Goat . — According to Delafond, Lice may live in very great num- 
 bers on the Goat, especially in winter. The skin becomes irritated, 
 and the hair falls off, leaving bare places covered with flaky, some- 
 times thick crusts, beneath which the integument is red and fre- 
 quently ulcerated. The Hsematopinus more especially produces 
 these troubles ; but with Angora Goats the Trichodectes cause 
 great depreciation in the value of the hair. 
 
 Camel, Cat, Ferret, Rabbit, and Guinea-pig . — The phthiriases of 
 these animals have scarcely received any attention up to the present 
 time, and their trifling importance or rarity justifies the silence 
 maintained with regard to them. The Trichodectes of the Cat are 
 seen most frequently on young animals debilitated by scabies. The 
 majority of the Guinea-pigs affected have numerous Gyropus species 
 concealed in their fur ; their presence is revealed by a yellowish dust 
 at the ends of the hairs twenty-four hours after the death of their 
 host. The oval Gyropus is much less abundant than the small 
 Gyropus, and prefers to localize itself on the head. 
 
 Birds . — Phthiriasis has a much greater importance for Poultry 
 than for the domesticated Mammalia ; as the first are nearly always 
 attacked in a variable degree, and the multiplication of their para- 
 sites becomes a real nuisance, causing them to lose their rest, 
 become emaciated, and frequently compromises the rearing of their 
 offspring. Their parasites are found all over the body, though less 
 on the thighs, neck, and head than on the trunk, and especially 
 beneath the wings. It is sometimes the reverse, however ; for it 
 at times happens that the head, and chiefly the neck — which can- 
 not be reached by the beak — are particularly frequented by the 
 Lice. Each species of Fowl being capable of nourishing several 
 kinds of parasites, these may be found collectively on the same 
 individual. And as several of the Ricinidse attack very different 
 species, it may be remarked that, by the cohabitation of Fowls, 
 Turkeys, Guinea-fowls, etc., one kind of parasite may be accidentally 
 met with on an illegitimate host. 
 
 Diagnosis. — The diagnosis of the disease is easy, when the size of 
 the parasites is known. It is well, nevertheless, so far as the Mam- 
 malia — and especially the Horse and Sheep — are concerned, to be 
 careful not to attribute to Lice affections of the skin which are 
 sometimes coincident with phthiriasis, but are of quite another 
 nature. Such is scabies, which has otherwise a serious gravity, 
 and which has been occasionally overlooked for some time, because 
 the pruritus — of psoric origin — was ascribed to Lice. 
 
 Prognosis. — This is rarely serious, considering the efficaciousness 
 of the numerous remedies we possess. Nevertheless, in certain 
 
PHTH1RIASES 
 
 77 
 
 cases the malady induced is particularly obstinate to cure, especially 
 when large numbers of young or debilitated animals have to be 
 dealt with. Budelot relates the history of one enzooty of haema- 
 topinic phthiriasis, affecting 119 Horses of a regiment of Artillery, 
 which prevailed for nearly five months, notwithstanding the para- 
 siticide treatment employed. It is true that, in reading this account, 
 and in estimating the gravity of the cutaneous troubles he observed, 
 one is inclined to question whether it was not one of those coinci- 
 dences of scabies and phthiriasis the possibility of which has already 
 been referred to. 
 
 The troublesomeness of phthiriasis is dependent upon the pruritus 
 which accompanies it. It may happen — at least with cattle — that 
 the loss of hair will temporarily depreciate the value of the animals. 
 Such depilation is damaging to Sheep ; the disease has been known 
 to persist for six years in one flock, and the wool to fall off to such 
 an extent that the animals looked as if just clipped. 
 
 Birds, and especially Pigeons, sometimes suffer much from the 
 invasion of parasites. There are poultry- yards and dovecots 
 where these insects are perpetuated, in spite of all the efforts made 
 to destroy them. Young creatures, particularly young Pigeons, 
 at times succumb to phthiriasis, and breeding is then rendered very 
 risky. When the nests are infested with parasites, the Pigeons 
 neglect hatching, and even abandon their young. 
 
 Etiology. — It is clear that contagion is the primary cause of 
 phthiriasis, and that the rapid increase of Lice is due to a succession 
 of prosperous generations, arising from a contagiferous host of the 
 same species as that now dealt with. 
 
 It is always possible that two domesticated animals of different 
 species may infect each other — as when the same kind of parasite 
 may live on one or the other, as is the case with the Trichodectes 
 pilosus of the Horse and Ass, with the Menopon biseriahim of the 
 Fowl, Turkey, and Pheasant, with the Goniocotes rectangulatus of 
 the Guinea-fowl and Peacock, with the Docophorus icterodes of 
 the Goose and Duck, and with the Trinoton conspurcatum of the 
 Goose and Swan. Beyond these exceptions, the parasites which 
 accidentally venture upon a different species to that of their natural 
 host do not become acclimatized or multiply there, but soon 
 emigrate. 
 
 Certain conditions favour the extension of the malady, and give 
 to the contagion an unusual activity. 
 
 Want of cleanliness plays the chief part in this extension. The 
 length of the hair or the abundance of the fleece is one of the pre- 
 disposing circumstances. In addition, debility in the animals gives 
 a more favourable soil for the parasites, whether this weakness be 
 due to age, breed, temperament, work, food, etc. 
 
 For example, the Trichodectes appear somewhat more frequently 
 on young Horses, while the Hsematopinus rather favours old ones. 
 Calves are more exposed to Lice than adult cattle, and these parasites 
 are rarely found on short-haired dogs, while they are frequent on 
 
78 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 those with long frizzly hair. Though two species may live together, 
 the Hcematopinns piliferus is more particularly met with on long- 
 haired sporting Dogs, as Spaniels, etc., and the Trichodedes latus 
 on little Lap-dogs with long or frizzly coats, as small Spaniels, King 
 Charles Spaniels, long-haired Terriers, Havana Dogs, etc. 
 
 Anaemic Sheep are frequently lousy, and in the instance cited 
 by Railliet the nursing ewes were more especially attacked. Accord- 
 ing to Villeroy, ewes suffer most from the Trichodectes, etc., during 
 the winter, and particularly if it be wet. It is stated, so Stephen 
 asserts, that if lean Sheep are bought to feed on turnips, it is when 
 they commence to fatten that the Melophagus multiplies on them 
 in an astonishing manner. Otherwise it appears to prefer lambs, 
 and on shearing they are sometimes found to be literally covered 
 with the parasite in places at the anterior part of the neck. 
 
 The Melophagus species are at times so abundant that they con- 
 stitute a veritable scourge ; this happens in North America and in 
 Iceland. And yet these parasites are not prolific, for the female 
 only lays one larva at a time, and there are but four or five in the 
 course of the year. These larvae are sacciform, non-segmented, have 
 four lateral surfaces, and measure 37 mm. long, 1*9 mm. broad, 
 and 1 *6 mm. high. Their buccal parts are alone movable. They 
 become transformed very rapidly into nymphae, even on the body 
 of their host. 
 
 When the conditions are favourable Lice multiply, on the con- 
 trary, at a wonderful rate, the females being very prolific, and 
 growth very rapid. It has been already stated that the third 
 generation of a Louse of the human head amounts in about twelve 
 weeks to about 125,000 individuals, and these calculations do not 
 take into account the numerous causes of destruction which restrain 
 this multiplication ; they are, nevertheless, instructive in enabling 
 us to understand cases of excessive phthiriasis. 
 
 When phthiriasis occurs among Poultry, it is ascribed to feeble 
 nutrition, due to bad or too uniform food, to the influence of 
 damp, dirty, close, dark, and badly-ventilated premises. There 
 are years which are favourable to this disease, and seasons appear 
 to have an influence on its progress, while temperament and breed 
 are not to be ignored. Bechstein, cited by Rivolta and Delprato, 
 states that of two Capuchin Monkeys living in the same conditions, 
 one was infested with Lice, while they were rare on the other. We 
 have observed the same occurrence in a Bantam Fowl, which was 
 really lousy, while two Gascony Fowls living with it were quite 
 free from parasites. 
 
 Treatment. — The attention required to be given to animals in 
 cases of phthiriasis, will vary according to whether they are Mammals 
 or Birds. 
 
 Mammals . — Perfect cleanliness keeps animals clear of lice. Such 
 cleanliness is easy to realize with short-haired animals, and will 
 rapidly get rid of the few parasites which contagion may convey 
 to them. When phthiriasis is present, a cure will be singularly 
 
PHTHIRIASES 
 
 79 
 
 favoured by removing the hair of the Horse or Ox, as well as of 
 the long-haired Dog, and the wool of the Sheep. With regard to 
 the latter, clipping usually suffices to get rid of Melophagus ; many 
 of the parasites are cut by the shears, and those remaining on the 
 skin are soon knocked off by the animal rubbing itself, so that in 
 about two days none are to be seen. Sometimes, however, for 
 them as for other parasites, it is necessary to have recourse to in- 
 secticide agents, the number of which is considerable. 
 
 A. One of the most efficacious and most employed is the decoc- 
 tion of tobacco (30 to 50 grammes to the litre of water). When 
 near a manufactory of tobacco, the expense is much reduced by 
 obtaining the refuse powder, or the juice, to which ten times the 
 weight of oil is to be added ; though this juice, being rich in am- 
 moniacal matters, has the inconvenience of decomposing rapidly. 
 This treatment answers for all animals. Nevertheless, precautions 
 must be taken ; for the whole body should not be dressed at once, 
 as poisoning may ensue from absorption of the alkaloids of the 
 tobacco. For Sheep the preparation is kept in a bottle, the cork 
 in which is perforated by a quill. As soon as the shepherd observes 
 a Sheep commencing to scratch itself, he gets hold of it, and seizing 
 its head between his legs, he opens out the wool and pours the fluid 
 on to those places that require it. 
 
 B. Frictions with fatty bodies , linseed- oil in particular, kill the 
 Lice by asphyxia. Cooking-oil, in which fish have been fried, has 
 been recommended as especially efficacious. This treatment is 
 more particularly applicable to the Pig. 
 
 C. Mercurial ointment is a certain cure, but its employment is 
 dangerous ; therefore only a small surface should be dressed with 
 it at a time, and it ought not to be used for Dogs, even when they 
 are muzzled, and still less for cattle, which are so sensitive to 
 mercury. Numerous cases of poisoning of animals by means of 
 mercury are recorded. 
 
 D. Frictions with a decoction of stavesacre seeds, 50 grammes 
 to the litre of water, or of colchicum bulb in the same proportions. 
 
 E. Insecticide powder. It is well, beforehand, to damp the skin 
 with soapy water. Then the powder is dusted or blown over the 
 skin ad hoc. The powders of pyrethrum flowers, and stavesacre 
 and cevadilla seeds are most generally used. 
 
 F. Frictions with a mixture of 1 part benzine, 6 parts of green 
 soap, and 20 parts water ; or, better, petroleum 1 part, common 
 oil 10 parts. Employed alone, the benzine, and especially the 
 petroleum, is too active, and may remove the hair. 
 
 G. Schleg’s mixture is recommended in Germany, because of its 
 efficaciousness and harmlessness. It is composed of 16 grammes 
 each of arsenious acid and potash, and ij litres of water, to which 
 ij litres of vinegar are subsequently added. 
 
 H. Cresyl, or creolin — 1 to 5 per cent, aqueous solution — promises 
 to take an important place in the treatment of phthiriasis. It is 
 convenient and effective. 
 
8o 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Whatever may be the remedy adopted, it is well to repeat the 
 dressing at intervals of five to eight days, in order to kill the para- 
 sites hatched from the eggs, which have resisted the first dressing. 
 The majority of the eggs are killed by vinegar, and this is the 
 reason why it is so often added to parasiticide decoctions in the 
 proportion of 500 grammes to the litre. 
 
 For house Dogs, fatty preparations, and in general all those 
 which are likely to soil furniture or the hair, are to be avoided. 
 For them, frequent baths, and washing with creolin solution and 
 carbolized soap, are to be recommended, together with the use of 
 insect-powder and the comb and brush. 
 
 Lastly, when a number of animals are invaded, independently 
 of the curative measures, disinfection of the buildings — stables, 
 sheepfolds, pigsties, kennels, etc. — is necessary. Boiling water at 
 first, afterwards limewash, or merely creolin solution — 5 per cent. 
 — answers very well. All litter should be destroyed, and the 
 animals should be dressed out of doors if possible. 
 
 Birds . — There are many ways of destroying vermin on Fowls. 
 Flowers of sulphur, or one of the insecticide powders mentioned 
 above, may be blown among the feathers by an instrument ad hoc. 
 As the Fowls in flapping their wings, or the Pigeons in their flight, 
 may shake out the powder, it is a good plan to moisten the roots 
 of their feathers with glycerine or soapy water before blowing in 
 the powder of pyrethrum or stavesacre. 
 
 But individual treatment will not suffice. The floors, ceilings, 
 walls, perches, and nests are the haunts of parasites, which will 
 soon take the place of those that have been destroyed ; and some- 
 times great difficulty may be experienced in finally abolishing them. 
 Schneider speaks favourably of fumigations with sulphide of carbon. 
 Small open phials filled with this liquid are placed in the hen-roost 
 or dovecot, at those parts where they are not likely to be upset, 
 and very quickly all the vermin are destroyed or expelled. This 
 can be repeated whenever a new invasion is apprehended. 
 
 Lime-dust is indicated as a means as simple as it is infallible. In 
 the absence of the Birds, two small handfuls of this is thrown 
 against the roof and walls, so as to produce a cloud of dust. A 
 portion falls into the nests and crevices, and the remainder reaches 
 the ground. The vermin are killed, and in about two minutes 
 the place is carefully swept out, and the sweepings placed on 
 a fire. 
 
 The procedure which is the most recommended and employed is 
 the following : All the masonry is lime- washed at least twice a year, 
 and everything in the roost is taken out — spars, perches* nests, etc. 
 — and steeped in water containing 5 grammes of carbolic acid to 
 the litre of water. Then with a hand-pump or any similar instru- 
 ment, throw the solution with force upon every part of the interior 
 of the dwelling; this kills and washes down the insects. After 
 emptying the hen-roost and closing all the apertures, a quantity 
 of sulphur may be burned therein. The place should be kept shut 
 
PHTHIRIA SES 
 
 81 
 
 up for three days, then opened widely for twenty-four hours before 
 allowing the Fowls into it. The Fowls themselves are advantage- 
 ously protected against parasites by lime or sand-baths. To form 
 these there should be made in the run, under some kind of shelter, 
 a shallow square hole, which is to be filled with lime, fine sand, 
 cinders, or light soil, with which powdered sulphur may be mixed. 
 If the Birds are much troubled with vermin, insecticide powder 
 may be added to this bath. 
 
 According to the Hausfrauen Z&itung (1889), instead of spreading 
 straw on the floors of the roost, wood wool should be used, or wood 
 chopped up into fine pieces, such as are used for packing. A layer 
 of this is warmer than straw, drives away the vermin by its aromatic 
 odour, does not rot so quickly, and furnishes an almost odourless 
 manure very suitable for clayey, heavy soil. 
 
 For some time there has been sold an engine named ‘ Lagrange’s 
 Exterminator,’ which serves to kill the parasites on the Birds them- 
 selves. This is a wooden box into which the Bird is introduced 
 
 with its feet tied, its head being kept outside by a special opening. 
 In the box sulphur or a brimstone match is burned, and five minutes 
 of this fumigation suffices to kill all the parasites. 
 
 Lastly, it may be mentioned that there is another means, some- 
 what insufficient, but very often adopted, which consists in putting 
 into the roosts a branch of alder-tree. The 
 Lice, attracted by the odour, gather upon it, 
 and early next morning the branch is care- 
 fully removed and burned outside. This is 
 repeated until there are no parasites. 
 
 Independently of the parasites mentioned, and 
 those to be alluded to hereafter, some Insects may 
 accidentally torment Birds, and form part of their 
 vermin. 
 
 The Fowl, and particularly the Gosling and Duck- 
 ling, are sometimes attacked by small Diptera, 
 which pass into their nostrils and ears. They 
 may be protected by one of the remedies already 
 noticed, or, better, by a decoction of walnut- 
 leaves — 30 grammes to the litre of water con- 
 taining 125 grammes of vinegar ; or of assafoetida — 
 
 60 grammes to the same quantity of water and vinegar 
 as in the preceding. With this the threatened parts 
 should be impregnated. 
 
 In unclean roosts and dovecots there are some- 
 times large numbers of Bugs that belong to a par- 
 ticular species — the Dove-cot Bug ( Acanthia colum- 
 baria Jenyns) — closely allied to the Bed Bug 
 (Acanthia lectularia Linn.), which is well known. 
 
 These Bugs exhaust young animals by sucking their 
 
 blood, and fatigue them by the itching they induce after the bites. According 
 to Railliet, hens hatching are so tormented by these parasites that they some- 
 times abandon their eggs, on which are then seen small specks formed by the 
 excrement of the Bugs. 
 
 Pigeons also suffer from larvae of the Dermestes lardarius (Linn.), the 
 Tenebrio molitor (Linn.), and various Necrophores ( Necrophorus Fabr.) and 
 
 6 
 
 Fig. 52. — Bug of the 
 Fowl. — Railliet. 
 
 A, Natural size. B, 
 Magnified. 
 
82 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Silphes ( Silpha Fabr.). These larvae of the Coleoptera, which are at first 
 developed in old manure of the dovecot, finish by attacking the young Pigeons, 
 gnawing the skin of the neck and abdomen — even the superficial muscles — 
 and producing wounds which are often fatal, and in which burrow the larvae 
 of Muscidae. This evil is closely allied to the uncleanliness of habitations, 
 and should be remedied. Otherwise, these vermin can be made to disappear 
 by the means already indicated : but in this particular case the floor of the 
 dovecot should be covered with pine sawdust mixed with sand, some of this 
 mixture being also put in the nests. 
 
 The attention to individuals consists in removing the larvae from the wounds, 
 and in dressing these with a i per cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 ACARIASES 
 
 By the term Acariasis (Kirby and Spence) is understood every 
 disease caused by Acarina. These form a separate order in the 
 class Arachnida. 
 
 The Acarina — often designated A car ides — which were at one time named 
 Acari, Mites, etc. — are generally creatures of small dimensions, with short, 
 thick, non-articulated bodies, and having the head, thorax, and abdomen all 
 in one mass. In some instances, however, the head and thorax are separated 
 by a groove, and it may happen that the thorax is rendered distinct from the 
 abdomen in the same way. 
 
 The chitinous integument usually shows very fine parallel ridges, and in 
 places varied enlargements with bristles, hairs, prickers, etc., that may be 
 collectively designated trichoma (from dpi £, rpi%ds, hair). 
 
 The anterior portion of the cephalo-thorax has a depression named the 
 camerostoma, because it lodges the buccal parts or rostrum, which is generally 
 formed of distinct pieces arranged for biting or sucking, and comprising from 
 above to below : a pair of chelicercs or mandibles, a pair of jaws or maxillce, 
 each carrying on the sides a maxillary palp or lower lip. This rostrum projects 
 beyond the camerostoma, or remains concealed beneath the epistoma — the 
 upper wall of the camerostoma. 
 
 The four pairs of legs — composed of six, five, or even three articles only — 
 have their base either inserted directly into the non-modified integument, or 
 into its skeletal enlargements, which are designated epimerce. They are 
 terminated by hairs or claws, and have often, besides, a kind of vesicular 
 lobe, or membranous caruncle, which, by its power of adhesion, singularly 
 facilitates the progress of the Insect. In the majority of the parasitic species, 
 these ambulacra are constituted by a small pedicellate sucker. 
 
 A large number of terrestrial or aquatic Acari have one or two pairs of 
 stigmata — the external openings (tracheae) of the respiratory apparatus — 
 pierced in the tegumentary thickenings named peritremes. The stigmata are 
 absent in the majority of permanent parasitic forms, in which the respiration 
 is simply cutaneous. 
 
 The sexes are separate in all the Acarina. The males are less numerous 
 than the females, and are distinguished from them by their smaller size, 
 certain details in conformation, the presence of copulatory organs, etc. They 
 also often lead a different kind of life, and have a different regime. 
 
 Amongst the males and females in the colonies of Acarina, there are found 
 a larger or smaller number of individuals with no definite sexual characters. 
 These are the larvce, which are usually provided with only three pairs of legs 
 (hexapodal larvce). They undergo a succession of metamorphoses, one of 
 which leaves them with a fourth pair of legs, and the creature is then termed 
 a nymph (nympha or pupa). Another metamorphosis brings about the 
 development of the genital organs, and the Acarus is now a pubescent male or 
 female (or imago). Finally, a last transformation, proper to the female and 
 consecutive to copulation, makes her an ovigerous female. 
 
 83 6 — 2 
 
8 4 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The majority of the Acarina are parasitic — either temporarily or 
 permanently. Among the first there are some which are merely 
 commensal, the presence of which is not accompanied by any par- 
 ticular disturbance, and which only require a host as a means of 
 transport. Others live on epidermic debris and natural excretions 
 of the skin ; while others, again, prick the integument in order to 
 suck the blood, or instal themselves in its superficial layers and 
 determine cutaneous affections, which are sometimes very serious. 
 
 The order of Acarina contains a very great number of forms, and 
 has been divided into families. We recognise ten, which we 
 classify as follows : 
 
 Non-ver- 
 
 miform 
 
 Acarina. 
 
 Legs 
 
 inserted di- 
 rectly into 
 the integu- 
 ment, with- 
 out epi- 
 merae. 
 
 
 'Legs with 5 articles - - - - - 
 
 f provided 
 
 C With with 
 
 Legs with tracheae, j hooklets - 
 
 6 articles. Chelicerae. 1 didactylous 
 1 or styli- 
 
 \ form - - 
 
 With no tracheae (marine 
 t Acarina) - 
 
 Oribatidce. 
 
 Ixodidce. 
 
 Gamasidce 
 
 Halacaridce. 
 
 Natatorial legs (aquatic Acarina) - - Hydvachnidce . 
 
 Legs 
 
 articulated 
 on distinct 
 . epimerae. 
 
 Chelicerae styliform ; 
 palps free, antenni- 
 form 
 
 Ambula- Chelicerae styliform or in 
 L tory Legs.] claws ; palps free, 
 
 I ravishers - - - - 
 
 Bdellidce. 
 
 Trombidiidce. 
 
 Chelicerae didactylous ; 
 palps cylindrical or 
 conical, and partially 
 k adherent to the lips - Sarcoptidce. 
 
 { Legs with 5 articles - - - - Phytoptidce. 
 
 . 
 
 Legs with 3 articles Demodecidce. 
 
 Of these ten families, only five concern us : these are the Ixodidce , 
 Gamasidce, Trombidiidce, Sarcoptidce , and Demodecidce. Each of 
 these may have representatives on the domesticated Mammalia 
 or Birds, with the exception of the Demodecidae, which, so far as 
 is at present known, are only found on Mammals. The following 
 are the principal characters of these five families : 
 
 1. Ixodidae. — These are relatively voluminous Acarina, and are more or 
 less flat when fasting, globular when replete. The rostrum (Figs. 53, 54) is 
 composed of : 1, two elongated chelicerae, terminating in a harpoon-like 
 article with three or four teeth ; 2, an undivided hypostome ( maxillolabial 
 dart), formed by fusion of the two maxillae along with the inferior lip and 
 tongue, the dart being furnished beneath, and sometimes on its sides, with 
 several longitudinal rows of teeth, the points being retrograde ; it has, 
 laterally, two quadri-articulated cylindrical or flattened palps, or they may be 
 channelled on their inner surface, so as to form for the dart, when brought 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 85 
 
 together, a bivalve sheath. The legs have six articles terminated by a sucker, 
 formed of a caruncle plaited like a fan — except in tne Argasince — and a pair 
 of hooklets. The respiration is tracheal, the apparatus terminating in a pair 
 of stigmata situated behind the coxae of the fourth or of the fifth pair of legs, 
 and protected by a discoid peritreme pierced like a sieve. Often two eyes. 
 Orifice of the sexual organs — genital pore — in the form of a transverse slit, is 
 situated between the coxae of the two first pairs of legs, sometimes a little more 
 behind. Oviparous. 
 
 2. Gamasidae. — The integument is coriaceous, partially or wholly, and has 
 two chitinous plastrons : a superior, dorsal, and an inferior, ventral, which 
 give attachment to the legs. The rostrum is arranged for pricking or sucking : 
 the chelicerae are generally disposed as didactylous pincers, and are usually 
 dissimilar in the two sexes ; the maxillae are fused into a perfect tube on the 
 upper surface by the labrum, which is festooned ; the maxillary palps are 
 simple, free, antennae-like, composed of five articles, and provided inwardly 
 with galece or secondary palps. The legs have six articles, terminating by 
 two hooklets and a trilobate membranous caruncle. There are two stigmata 
 situated near the posterior legs and protected by a very long tubular peritreme, 
 lying along and above the haunches and opening in front. There are no eyes. 
 
 3. Trombidiidae. — These are nearly always soft Acarina, more or less hairy, 
 generally bright-coloured, their skeleton being composed of epimerae. The 
 rostrum is a conical sucker formed of a pair of hooked or styliform chelicerae, 
 rarely as didactylous pincers, contained in the tube constituted by the joined 
 maxillae and the lower lip ; the palps are more or less voluminous, and the 
 second last article is frequently terminated by a hooklet, the last being fixed 
 either at its base or, more rarely, at the middle part or summit. The legs have 
 five or six articles, usually terminating in two hooks, and often accompanied 
 by a cirrus or a small caruncle. The respiration is tracheal. There are often 
 two eyes (Figs. 58, 59, 60). 
 
 4. Sarcoptidae. — These are the smallest of the Acarina, their size being 
 between o-i mm. and 1 mm. The body is soft, white or reddish, the integu- 
 ment being sustained by epimers. The rostrum is composed of two short 
 didactylous chelicerae, gliding on a middle piece, spoon-shaped, and formed by 
 the junction of the two jaws with the lip and tongue ; the maxillary palps 
 have three cylindrical articles. The legs have five articles disposed in two 
 groups of two pairs each — one near the rostrum, the other near the abdomen. 
 The tarsi are terminated by one or more hooklets, which are often accompanied 
 by a campanulated sucker or a vesiculous caruncle. There is no respiratory 
 apparatus, the respiration being cutaneous. There are no eyes. Oviparous 
 or ovoviviparous. 
 
 5. Demodecidae. — These are very small, vermiform, glabrous Acarina, the 
 skeleton of which has Spimerae for its base. Their bodies are distinctly 
 divided into cephalothorax and abdomen ; the latter being conical and 
 elongated. The legs are short, and have three articles : haunch, thigh and 
 tarsus. Oviparous. There is only one genus — the Demodcx (Owen). 
 
 The numerous species of parasites of the domesticated animals 
 which these five families of Acarina contain, are far from producing 
 the same degree of disturbance on or in the skin they inhabit. There 
 are some which are merely commensals, living on the epidermic 
 scales, and the remains of hairs and feathers. Others prick the 
 skin in order to suck the blood, but their action does not extend 
 beyond the points they attack. And a certain number, by their 
 rapid increase, the multiciplicity of their bites, by the venom they 
 implant, by the galleries they excavate, and by the deep situation 
 in which they locate themselves, give rise to a disease which is 
 generally grave — mange , scabies , or psora. 
 
 It is necessary, therefore, to distinguish between non-psoric 
 
86 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Acariases and psoric Acariases. The latter are produced either 
 by Acarina forming in the Sarcoptidae a special tribe — the psoric 
 Sarcoptidce or Sarcoptince , or by the Demodex. The non-psoric 
 Acariases are due to the Gamasidae, the Trombidiidae, the Ixodidae, 
 and the non-psoric Sarcoptidae. 
 
 On the other hand, it is advantageous for study to consider 
 separately the acariases of domestic Mammalia and those of Birds. 
 
 On these principles are established the following divisions, in 
 which, under the term ‘ acariases ’ are passed in review all the 
 Acarina — pathogenic 01 non-pathogenic — which live on the domesti- 
 cated animals. 
 
 A.— ACARIASES OF THE DOMESTICATED MAMMALIA. 
 
 Article I. — Non-psoric Acariases. 
 
 These acariases will be studied here in the same order as the 
 families which produce them : Ixodidae, Gamasidae, Trombidiidae, 
 and Sarcoptidae. 
 
 I. Ixodidae. — The Ixodidae (see p. 84) are temporary parasites 
 which may attack all the terrestrial vertebrata — Mammalia, Aves, 
 Reptilia and Amphibia — but there is no constant correspondence 
 between the species of host and that of the parasite ; the female, 
 nearly alone, shows a sort of specific preference, but the larvae, 
 the nymphae and the males are often found on the most diverse 
 animals, differing in orders, and even in classes. P. J. Beneden 
 has included them in his group of * free parasites in early age.’ 
 Most abundant in warm countries, the Ixodidae are rare in polar 
 climates, where the temperature is unfavourable to the require- 
 ments of hatching and of the young tick in early age. 
 
 As the parasitism of a species is not strictly limited to the presence 
 of a definite vertebrate — the same species of Tick being found on 
 various hosts — this indifference as to the host greatly increases 
 the chances of dispersion of the parasite. Those which live by 
 preference on Mammals or domestic birds are, owing mainly to the 
 passive cosmopolitanism of the latter, frequently spread far from 
 their country of origin. In this way certain species, as Ixodes 
 ricinus, I. hexagonus, Hyalomma JEgyptium , Rhipicephalus san- 
 guineus, Rh. annulatus, etc., are found in very different and distant 
 countries. 
 
 The genus Ixodes, relatively poor in species, thrives well in 
 temperate climates, and has representatives all over Europe, in 
 North Africa, Asia, Australia, and America — even in the most 
 northern parts of that continent. Amblyomma does not live in 
 Europe. It is a genus of warm countries, and figures largely in 
 South America and Africa, much less in Asia, and still less in 
 Oceania. Hyalomma appears to be an African genus, though one 
 species, H. JEgyptium, has been found in Asia Minor, Syria, India, 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 8 7 
 
 and in China at Pekin. Other species of Hyalomma have found 
 their way to England, Mexico, Trinidad, and Brazil. Hcema- 
 physcdis comprises few species, and these are found chiefly in Asia, 
 Europe and in Africa, where H. Leachi, the carrier of the parasite 
 of Canine Piroplasmoris, has a wide distribution. Rhipicephalus 
 is especially African. In Europe it is only found in the south, and 
 it is rare in Asia. In America and Australia it is represented, 
 nearly exclusively, by Rh. annulatus and its varieties ; but probably 
 other species have been imported. Aponomma belongs to hot 
 countries (Africa, Oceania, Asia), and one species has been found 
 in Patagonia. Dermacentor has representatives in Europe, Asia, 
 Africa, and America — North and South. Ornithodoros is only 
 represented in Europe by 0 . talaje , variety coniceps, in Italy and 
 Russia. One African species, 0 . Savignyi, is also found in India. 
 The Asiatic species is 0 . Tholozani ; and four distinct species are 
 harboured by the hot countries of America. 
 
 Our knowledge of the habits of the Ixodidae has been greatly 
 extended since 1893, when Smith and Kilborne published the 
 results of their investigation of the nature and causes of Texas 
 Fever in American Cattle. These pioneers in the pathology of 
 tick-borne diseases cleared the way for later workers, with the result 
 that the various Piroplasmoses — bovine, ovine, equine, and canine, 
 including Rhodesian Fever (Cattle), ‘ Heart- water ’ (Sheep and 
 Goat), ‘ Rocky Mountain Fever ’ (Man), Carceag (Sheep), and 
 Spirochaete disease of Poultry — are now well understood, and their 
 treatment can be conducted on a rational basis. 
 
 The family of the Ixodidae has been divided into two sub-families : 
 Ixodince and Argasince, the first comprising seven genera and the 
 second two, as under : 
 
 Ixodidce 
 
 Ixodince 
 
 Argasince 
 
 f Ixodes 
 
 Rhipicephalus 
 Hyalomma 
 A mblyomma 
 A ponomma 
 Dermacentor 
 l. Hcemaphysalis 
 
 f A rgas 
 \ Ornithodoros 
 
 Ixodinae.— Rostrum terminal — i.e., inserted in an anterior de- 
 pression of the cephalo thorax. Palps valvate (the second and third 
 articles forming a sort of gutter which can ensheath the hypostome 
 and the chelicerae, the fourth short — in the form of an appendix 
 at the inferior face of the third). Dorsal shield, small and anterior 
 in the female, covering all the superior surface of the body in the 
 male. 
 
 The Ixodince comprise seven genera as follows : 
 
 1. Ixodes (Latr.). — Has long palps ; no eyes ; an anal groove surrounding 
 the anus in front. Plates on all the ventral surface of the male, which has the 
 hypostome less denticulated and different from that of the female. 
 
88 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 2. Rhipicephalus (Koch). — Palps short. Base of rostrum has salient 
 lateral angles. Two eyes — prominent, glossy, situated on each side at the 
 border of the dorsal shield on a level with the emergence of the second pair 
 of legs. Anal groove surrounding the anus behind. Two elongated adanal 
 plates in the male. 
 
 3. Hyalomma (Koch). — Palps long. Base of rostrum not salient laterally. 
 In other features this genus resembles Rhipicephalus. 
 
 4. Amblyomma (Koch). — Palps long. Two eyes. Anal groove surrounding 
 the anus behind. No ventral plates. 
 
 5. Aponomma (Neumann). — Palps long. No eyes. Anal groove surround- 
 ing the anus behind. No ventral plates. Body large. 
 
 6. Dermacentor (Koch). — Palps short. Eyes present. Anal groove sur- 
 rounding the anus behind. No ventral plates ; but the coxae of the fourth 
 pair of legs are very large in the male. 
 
 7. Haemaphysalis (Koch). — Palps short, with the second article usually 
 salient externally. No eyes. Anal groove surrounding the anus behind. 
 No ventral plates. 
 
 The Ixodinae are popularly known as Ticks and Wood-mites. 
 They have been recognised for a very long time, as Aristotle 
 speaks of them as Kwo/ocuo-ttjs, from which Hermann has derived 
 
 the generic name Cynorhcestes , 
 signifying ‘ the Dog tormentor.’ 
 For it is on Dogs — and particu- 
 larly sporting Dogs — that these 
 creatures are most frequently 
 found, as they frequent woody 
 
 Fig. 53. — Rostrum of Ixodes ricinus, 
 seen from below ; magnified about 
 fifty diameters. — Delafond. 
 
 m, chelicerae ; p, ? maxillary palps ; 
 d, maxillo-labial dart. 
 
 Fig. 54. — Transverse section of the 
 rostrum of Hyalomma JEgyptium, 
 magnified fifty diameters. 
 
 c, chelicerae enveloped in the sheath ; 
 p, maxillary palps ; d, maxillo-labial 
 dart. 
 
 places and go amongst underwood and low plants which the Ixodinae 
 prefer, and where they live in a vagabond condition. According 
 to Latreille, the Ixodinae maintain themselves suspended to plants 
 by their anterior legs, ready to fall upon any animals which pass 
 within their reach. 
 
 Propagated more or less distant from their host, they thus attach 
 themselves to him, either to be transported by him, as in the case 
 of the larvae and the males ; to be nourished on the small quantity 
 of pus produced at that point in the skin where their barbed 
 rostrum is implanted, as happens with certain nymphae and also 
 
ACARIASES 89 
 
 males ; or to feed upon blood only, as occurs with the fecundated 
 females. 
 
 In order to obtain this living nourishment, the Tick fastens itself 
 firmly on the host with its legs, directs its rostrum perpendicularly 
 towards the skin, and on the selected point thrusts in the terminal 
 hooks of its chelicerae. In proportion as these penetrate, the dart 
 follows, and the retrograde teeth on the under surface of this organ 
 ensures the stability of the apparatus in the wound. In this way 
 the dart is driven in as far as its base, while the maxillary palps 
 remain external, and are applied to the skin on each side of the 
 wound. The adherence of the rostrum in the derma is so intimate, 
 that by violent traction on the tick there is risk of obtaining only 
 its body, the buccal pieces being left in the wound. Otherwise, 
 methodical removal of the parasite nearly always results in tearing 
 away a small shred of skin fixed on the teeth of the dart, and held 
 between the palps. The apparatus of aspiration consists of a thin 
 membrane, expanded like a bell around the rostrum and the salient 
 borders of the buccal cavity. 
 
 In gorging themselves with blood, the fecundated females acquire 
 a considerable size — sometimes ten times their original volume ; 
 but some of this increase is due to the development of the enormous 
 quantity of eggs which fill the uterus, and which render this intense 
 alimentation necessary. When satiated, and having attained the 
 size of an olive — and even of a nutmeg — the female withdraws her 
 rostrum from the skin of the host, falls to the ground, and — con- 
 cealed beneath some object, stones, leaves, or bark of trees — lays 
 an immense number of eggs agglomerated in a heap, with which 
 she remains for some time in contact. Hatching lasts from fifteen 
 to twenty days. The female tick, now empty and shrivelled, and 
 having resumed nearly her primitive volume, soon dies. 
 
 The hexapod larvae that issue from the eggs are very small. 
 They sally out on every side, and are often observed in the fur of 
 wild rodents ; they do not attach themselves by the rostrum, and 
 they preserve their primary clear colour. They may live for 
 months without nourishment, and it is probable that, with few 
 exceptions, they effect their transformation into nymphae on the 
 ground. The nymphae are distinguished from the larvae by their 
 somewhat larger size, by the presence of the fourth pair of legs, and 
 of respiratory stigmata. They are distinguished from the females 
 by the absence of the genital pore and of two depressions (areae 
 porosae) excavated on the dorsal face of the base of the rostrum. 
 They live like the females, having the rostrum implanted in the 
 skin of their host, penetrating sometimes beneath it, and causing 
 the formation of purulent swellings. Their size increases and their 
 colour becomes darker. Finally, they leave their host for the 
 ground, where they undergo the change which gives them sexual 
 organs. 
 
 The males, always flat or little distended, find the females, either 
 on the ground or on an animal — which they have joined before or 
 
90 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 after the females — and they both prefer those parts of the body 
 where the skin is fine and where they are not easily reached by the 
 tongue, teeth, limbs, or tail of their host. 
 
 The Ixodinae are found in every country, and especially in warm 
 climates. They have been discovered on the most diverse species 
 of vertebrata ; but the specific determination of the different forms 
 is rendered difficult by the great confusion that prevails. The 
 male and female of the same species have often been mistaken for 
 different species, and the same species has received distinct specific 
 names because individuals belonging to it were observed on different 
 hosts. We will mention only the more important species. 
 
 Ixodes ricinus (Linn.). — This Tick is very often seen on sporting 
 Dogs. It is the best known species, and that of which Aristotle 
 
 Fig. 55. — The Ixodes ricinus of the Dog, a fecundated female after feeding. — 
 
 Railliet. 
 
 A, Natural size. B, Enlarged ventral surface. C, Enlarged dorsal surface. 
 
 speaks. It is named the Common Tick or Dog Tick , and is remark- 
 able for the dissimilarity existing between the two sexes, with 
 regard to the rostrum. 
 
 When fasting, the body of the female is oval, orange-coloured, 
 not festooned on the posterior border, and measures 4 mm. long 
 and 3 mm. broad. Replete and fecundated, it resembles a castor- 
 oil bean, is of a leaden colour, and is 10 mm. to 11 mm. long, and 
 6 mm. to 7 mm. broad. The rostrum is long, with a hypostome 
 furnished inferiorly with six longitudinal rows of teeth. The male, 
 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad, has the body covered by a shield 
 of a dull brown colour. The rostrum is shorter than that of the 
 female. The legs, in both sexes, are terminated by long, slender 
 tarsi, without a dorsal prominence. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 9i 
 
 Ixodes hexagonus (Leach). — This Tick may be distinguished, 
 especially from the preceding species, by the tarsi, which are short 
 and enlarged by a dorsal prominence near their extremity. 
 
 These two species appear to be spread all over Europe, whence 
 they have passed into Africa, Asia, and America. They are 
 encountered more particularly on the Dog, Sheep, Ox, and Horse: 
 Man himself is sometimes attacked by them. In the larval, and 
 even in the nymphal state, they often inhabit the skin of small wild 
 Mammals — such as the Mole, Dormouse, Squirrel, Hare, Rabbit, 
 etc. They are common all over France, and are found in the 
 majority of European countries. The duration of their life extends, 
 on the average, from the month of May to October. Towards the 
 end of September, few are observed which have not attained adult 
 age ; and from the commencement of October they are rarely found, 
 males or females, even at that age. 
 
 Megnin reports having often met with these Ticks on Cattle and 
 Horses in Avergne, and on Sheep in the North of France ; but he 
 has never seen them on cattle coming from Normandy, or from 
 the West or East of France. It is, naturally, the females which 
 live as parasites ; they prefer to attach themselves about the 
 flanks, where the skin is thin and favourable for their implantation. 
 When the parasites have filled themselves, they fall to the ground, 
 and all traces of their having been on the skin soon disappear. 
 The nymphae, according to Megnin, sometimes attack hunting 
 Horses that pass over land covered with underwood and broom, 
 and cause a more serious condition than do the punctures of the 
 adults. These nymphae, which are only 1 mm. to 2 mm. long, have 
 singular habits ; not content with planting their beak in the skin 
 : . . they lodge entirely beneath the integument, and by their 
 presence there soon produce large pustules, which are really small 
 boils, and are accompanied by intense itching. Megnin gives an 
 instance of a Horse which had the extremities of all its limbs 
 studded with pustules, and beneath the crusts on these were found 
 the bloated parasites in question. The Horse was cured by their 
 successive extraction. 
 
 Megnin has found similar pustules on the ears of Dogs and Hares, 
 which were due, doubtless, to the same species of Ixodes that 
 Trillibert obtained in a serous cyst of six months’ duration, which 
 was situated at the end of a Dog’s ear. 
 
 Animals do not appear to notice the presence of these parasites ; 
 the quantity of blood they extract is not sufficient to injure their 
 health, and the wound they leave after they fall off heals quickly 
 and spontaneously. Nevertheless, it is advisable to immediately 
 remove all the Ticks from Dogs which have brought them in from 
 hunting, as the fecundated female, falling on the floor of the kennel, 
 there brings forth a population of parasites which may be very 
 troublesome to get rid of. The Ticks may be removed by gentle, 
 gradually-increasing traction, the pain caused to the Dog being 
 insignificant. When the Tick has been too forcibly withdrawn, 
 
92 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 it is often ruptured, and the rostrum remains in the wound, but 
 is eliminated therefrom in a few days by a process of suppuration. 
 It is therefore the best plan to compel the parasite to drop off, 
 by touching it with a drop of benzine, petroleum, or oil of tur- 
 pentine. 
 
 When the kennel is infested by Ticks, it may be freed from them 
 by washing it with boiling water, which should be applied to every 
 corner, and especially the ceiling, which these parasites prefer. 
 
 The I. hexagonus does not appear to cause any particular in- 
 convenience to the Sheep. It fixes itself on parts destitute of 
 wool — such as inside the arms and on the flanks. Nevertheless, 
 serious losses have been reported among Lambs in Kent, by the 
 debility resulting from Ticks, which had multiplied in an extra- 
 ordinary manner. The species, however, was not well determined 
 ( Veterinarian , 1869). 
 
 Fig. 56. — Ventral View of Male Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) annulatus of the 
 United States, enlarged. — After Salmon and Stiles. 
 
 Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latr.) may 4 be recognised by the 
 characters of the genus. The male, 3.5 mm. long, is covered by 
 a dark-brown shield. The latter, of the same colour, is longer 
 than broad in the female, which, according to her state of reple- 
 tion, measures 3 to 11 mm. in length. In both sexes the coxae 
 of the first pair of legs are divided by two long and strong spines ; 
 the stigmata are comma- shaped. This species is common in the 
 South of France, and it is also found in Italy, Algeria, and Morocco. 
 It attacks cattle, Sheep, and Dogs. There is nothing particular 
 in its action. 
 
 Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say) ( Boophilus boms , Riley — Figs. 56, 
 57) is distinguished by its shorter rostrum, with angular palps ; 
 the coxae of the first pair of legs divided by two short spines ; the 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 93 
 
 hypostome with eight rows of teeth ; and circular stigmata. Well 
 known as the Texas fever Tick, this species (or varieties) is widely 
 distributed in Africa, North and South America, Oceania, Asia, 
 and Europe. Its life-habits may be gathered from the following 
 observations by Mr. Lounsbury, Government entomologist, Cape 
 Town, on the * Blue Tick * ( Rh . annulatus var. decoloratus) of South 
 Africa : 
 
 * The eggs, to the number of several thousands, are laid on or near the 
 surface in grass stubble or similar shelter, and the larvae on hatching ascend 
 the grass or bush, as in other species. Two thousand two hundred and fifty 
 larvae have been counted at the top of a single blade of grass. By day and 
 by night, through wind, rain, and light frost they remain at their posts. Grass 
 found infested and protected by a barrier of cut thorns was found to be still 
 infested three months later, which shows that the young Ticks may live at 
 least this length of time on the veldt. The female, after dropping from the 
 
 Fig. 57. — Dorsal View of Male Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) annulatus of the 
 United States, enlarged. — After Salmon and Stiles. 
 
 host, starts laying in from five days to two weeks in summer, while in winter at 
 Cape Town, at a temperature of 65° to 70°, she delays until the third or fourth 
 week has passed. Similarly the incubation period of the egg varies from 
 three weeks to three months. At a temperature of 85 0 to 90° in the incubator 
 hatched eggs have been obtained in four weeks from the dropping of the 
 mother Tick, which shows how heat hastens the development. Some moisture 
 appears necessary during the incubation perod, as several batches of eggs 
 kept in dry boxes have shrivelled and failed to hatch. 
 
 ‘ The Blue Tick moults twice, but remains on its host through both changes 
 thus differing materially in habit from the Bont, Red, and other South African 
 species ; it, however, becomes motionless, and appears as if devoid of life 
 before both moults. The larva begins to distend by the end of the second 
 day of its attachment, and seems to cease enlarging in from three to three and 
 a half days. Two days later, under a magnifying glass, the body contents 
 may be seen to have shrunk away from the skin back to the mouth organs. 
 Finally this larval skin ruptures across the top in front, and the Tick, now 
 in the second, or nymph stage, crawls out. This change has been observed 
 
94 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 to take place as early as six days from the attachment of the larva, and as 
 late as the tenth. The nymph settles down near by, and after a few days 
 distends, just as did the larva. In appearance it resembles the adult female, 
 but its sides, in place of being parallel, converge slightly towards the rear. 
 After the fifth day from the moult no further enlargement is perceptible, and 
 doubtless feeding has ceased. In another day or two the outlines' of the adult 
 are dimly distinguishable through the translucent skin, particularly across the 
 front, and shortly thereafter there is a rupture as before, and the Tick makes 
 its appearance as the adult. The nymphic stage has about the same duration 
 as the larval ; in instances observed it has varied from seven to ten days. 
 The two stages together in numerous cases occupied from fifteen to twenty 
 days. The male is very similar to the female in size, colour, and general 
 appearance just after the moult, and, being small, one might be easily mis- 
 taken for the other when viewed by the unaided eyes. The female settles 
 down almost at once, and so, apparently, does the male ; but the latter wanders 
 much farther, and is therefore not easily traced. After a day or two males are 
 seen crawling about in the hair evidently searching for mates. I am not 
 certain how soon mating takes place after moulting, but my observations lead 
 me to conjecture that both sexes feed for a short time, and that the male then 
 lets go his hold, and looks for a companion. However that may be, the females 
 nearly all have mates by the fourth day. Distention has begun by that time, 
 and seems to proceed whether or not a male has come up ; this is another 
 point that needs confirmative observation. A few females observed have 
 fallen in seven days, but the great majority have not fallen until after the 
 ninth day, and some have remained until the eleventh. The male remains 
 on the skin when his mate drops, but what becomes of him afterwards I have 
 not observed. 
 
 ‘ The life period on the host for the female is thus from three to four and a 
 half weeks. No individual Ticks that I have observed have, however, dropped 
 in less than twenty-three days, and most remained for twenty-six. The entire 
 life cycle may be passed in two summer months, but, in fact, probably seldom 
 takes less than two and a half or three. There is a possibility of three broods 
 a year in our Cape climate, and a probability of at least two broods. The life 
 period on the animal during the winter months is not likely to be more than a 
 day or two longer than in summer, at least when dry weather is the rule in 
 winter, as it is in our eastern sections. Being hidden in the hair when young, 
 and pressed against the warm body of the animal, the Tick is kept warm 
 throughout its stay. Numerous nymphs and some larvae, which I scraped off 
 after they had ceased to feed, moulted when kept in glass tubes ; but the 
 change in some cases took over a week in place of the two or three days as it 
 would on the warm skin. Some of the adults obtained in this way were kept 
 alive for twelve days in the tubes, and were then placed in spirit, as they can 
 thus do without food, it cannot be necessary for them to settle down at once 
 after moulting on an animal.’ 
 
 The Rhipicephalus annulatus attacks cattle and sometimes Deer, 
 Goats, and Horses. The change from larva to nympha, and, 
 according to Lounsbury, the further change from nymph to adult, 
 may be effected on the host, and both adult and larval Ticks may 
 carry the parasite of Texas fever, Red water, or bovine Piroplas- 
 mosis, which exists more or less extensively in the United States, 
 Australia, South Africa, Argentine Republic, Mexico, Roumania, 
 Italy, West Indies, Russia, Germany, Southern France, Finland, 
 England, Ireland, etc. 
 
 It is probable that more than one species of Tick transmits the 
 parasite of Piroplasmosis to cattle, as Red water occurs in places 
 where no species of Rhipicephalus has been found. In some 
 isolated outbreaks of Red water the part played by Ticks has not 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 95 
 
 been ascertained, and it has been suggested that other agents than 
 Ticks may carry the parasite from diseased to healthy cattle. 
 
 The connection of infected Ticks with the production of Texas 
 fever was firmly established (1889-1893) by Smith and Kilborne’ s 
 investigations, which have been summarized by Dr. G. H. F. 
 Nuttall, F.R.S., Cambridge University, as follows : 
 
 ‘ To find out if the disease could be communicated from Southern to Northern 
 cattle in the same enclosure without the intervention of Ticks, Smith and 
 Kilborne carefully removed Ticks from the Southern infected cattle. In this 
 way no ticks could mature and infect the ground. The Northern cattle all 
 remained healthy, proving that ticks were necessary to cause the disease. To 
 determine if Texas fever could be produced without the presence of Southern 
 cattle, and only by Ticks, fields were infected with mature Ticks, and susceptible 
 cattle placed there acquired Texas fever. This proved that the Ticks alone 
 could produce infection. Finally Smith and Kilborne demonstrated that 
 young Ticks hatched artificially and kept in glass dishes in the laboratory 
 (they were the young of infected Ticks dropped from Southern cattle), were 
 capable of communicating the disease at any time of the year when placed 
 on susceptible animals. 
 
 ‘At first it was thought that the gorged Ticks falling off, laying their eggs, 
 dying and disintegrating, infected the fields, so that cattle feeding on the 
 latter contracted the disease. This, however, was disproved by the negative 
 result of feeding experiments with adult Ticks, Tick eggs, and grass from 
 infected fields. That the excreta of infected cattle do not communicate the 
 disease was proved in the experiments where infected cattle free from Ticks 
 were allowed to pasture in the same field with susceptible animals. A field in 
 which blood and crushed organs of infected cattle had been spread also did 
 not cause infection.’ 
 
 The destruction of Ticks in cattle can be effected by the applica- 
 tion of Acaricides in the form of a smear or a dip. Hand-picking 
 may be tried when only a few animals are infested, the Ticks being 
 touched with benzine, petroleum, turpentine, or tobacco juice, then 
 removed by forceps or by hand, and destroyed by burning. But 
 hand-picking is both tedious and uncertain, as the larvae and 
 nymphae are small enough to be overlooked. To be effective this 
 method should be followed by smearing with a mixture like that 
 recommended by Cooper Curtice : kerosene, 1 gallon ; lard, 10 
 pounds ; sulphur, 1 pound ; pine-tar, 2 pounds. This smear is 
 applied with a brush. 
 
 When large numbers of cattle are infested dipping must be 
 resorted to, the animals being made to swim through a tank con- 
 taining from 400 gallons to 2,500 gallons of a reliable parasiticide. 
 Norgaard was successful with chloronaphthol, 50 pounds, dissolved 
 in 2,500 gallons of water containing 40 pounds of soap. Gray and 
 Robertson (Rhodesia), employ a dip composed of arsenic, 6 pounds ; 
 soap, 24 pounds ; washing soda, 24 pounds ; wood-tar, 5 gallons ; 
 and water, 400 gallons. 
 
 With the object of bringing about the destruction of Ticks on 
 pastures various measures have been advocated. Morgan, after 
 experience of Texas fever, advises keeping cattle off infested pas- 
 tures for eighteen months, or until the Ticks, in the absence of 
 their hosts, have perished. Others, including Lignieres, suggest 
 
96 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 sowing the land with lucerne, better drainage, ploughing up, top 
 dressing with gas lime, burning off the grass, fencing off infested 
 parts, etc. 
 
 The Egyptian Tick ( Hyalomma Mgyptium L.) is a very widespread 
 species which infests cattle in Northern Africa, and which is found 
 on those brought into European markets from that country, and 
 particularly to the French markets. It has a brown dorsal 
 shield, without spots, brilliant hemispherical eyes, lodged in a 
 fossette. The coxae of the first pair of legs have two long and 
 strong spines ; the other articles, except the tarsi, are brown at 
 their base, and yellowish at the other extremity. The male 
 measures 6 to 7 mm. in length. The replete female may attain 
 enormous dimensions — 20 mm. in length, 18 mm. in breadth, and 
 nearly as much in thickness. 
 
 This Tick — the largest known species — is very common in 
 Egypt, in Algeria, and in most parts of Africa. We believe it 
 to be related to a species we received from Guadeloupe, through 
 Couzin, where it is known as the Tique stnegalaise. It has been 
 considered, in fact, as derived from Senegal, whence it must have 
 been imported with Cattle into the countries in which it is now 
 seen. It is stated to be a stranger in Martinique, which, not- 
 withstanding its proximity to Gaudeloupe, will doubtless remain 
 exempt from it, as that island does not receive African Cattle. 
 
 We have the opportunity of meeting with this Tick in the abattoirs 
 of France, on Algerian Oxen ; and Megnin even affirms that it will 
 eventually become acclimatized in the South of France, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Marseilles, by the temporary sojourn of African Cattle 
 in that town and its environs, before their departure for the different 
 markets. He bases this assertion on what he has observed with 
 regard to the Green Lizard of Provence, on which he found a male 
 Tick that he believes is the Egyptian one. It has been known for 
 a long time that the male of this species often fixes itself upon 
 reptiles — such as the Greek and Mauritanian Tortoise — and on 
 Lizards. 
 
 The Cattle that Megnin has seen carrying swarms of these Ixodinae 
 about their flanks, and the other parts of the abdomen, did not 
 appear to suffer, nor did they try to remove them ; they arrived 
 at Paris in good condition. Nevertheless, in Africa the Algerian 
 Ixodinae are not always inoffensive, for Lucas relates having seen, 
 in 1845, in the district of Calle, Algeria, Oxen die from exhaustion 
 through the attacks of the parasites, which were incessantly renewed 
 on the surface of their bodies. Each female, in fact, attaining in 
 its full plenitude the size of a hazel nut, it can easily be understood 
 how this great subtraction of blood, repeated so very many times, 
 should operate prejudicially on nutrition, to say nothing of the 
 irritation set up on the skin. And the same effects have been 
 witnessed by Couzin on the Horses, Cattle, and Mules in Guade- 
 loupe. In addition, the wounds resulting from the punctures of 
 these parasites become ulcers under the influence of the torrid 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 97 
 
 climate. According to the opinion of Megnin, it is possible that 
 this ulceration is primarily due to the custom of removing the 
 Ticks by means of hot knives ; the rostrum remaining in the 
 skin causes eliminating suppuration, which leads to obstinate 
 sores. 
 
 In Guadeloupe, the Ixodinae of Senegal are supposed to play an 
 important part in the development of a serious affection known 
 there as farcy , which is witnessed in Horses, Cattle, and Mules ; 
 the ulcerous wounds just referred to are the starting-point of the 
 disease. Nocard has demonstrated that this ‘ farcy of the Ox ’ 
 is a malady of microbic origin ; but it can be conceived that the 
 Ixodinae may be the agents of inoculation of the micro-organism 
 that determines the disease. It may be mentioned that this 
 ‘ farcy * is not known at Martinique, where there are no Senegal 
 Ticks. Rhipicephalus annulatus, which is also frequent in Guade- 
 loupe, where it is named the ‘ creole Tick,’ is not implicated in this 
 etiology of farcy, as its puncture does not leave any trace because 
 of the rostrum being so slender. 
 
 Dermacentor reticulatus. — This Tick has the dorsal shield marbled with 
 milky spots on a brown ground. Length 5 mm. ; the replete female may 
 attain a length of 16 mm. by 10 mm. in breadth. 
 
 This species is widely distributed in Europe, where it is found on the Sheep 
 and Ox, sometimes On the Goat and Horse. 
 
 Haemaphysalis punctata (Can. and Fanz.). — Has a light brown shield, 
 longer than broad in the female. Length 4 mm. ; the replete female may be 
 12 mm. long. 
 
 Haemaphysalis concinna (Koch). — Is distinguished from the preceding species 
 by the discoid shield in the female, by the palps which are curved in front in 
 the form of pincers in the male. Both live on the Sheep, sometimes on the 
 Ox, Goat, Horse, and Dog. The first is more extensively distributed than 
 the second. 
 
 Haemaphysalis Leachi (Adouin). — Is characterized by the palps, of which 
 the second article is very acute at its posterior border, and carries two retro- 
 grade spines — one dorsal, the other ventral. 
 
 Various regions of Central and South America are much infested by 
 numerous species of Ixodidie, which rapidly increase there, and attack nearly 
 indifferently all the domesticated animals, sometimes even Man. They are 
 known locally as Ticks, Prickevs, Garapattes, and Cavapatos — names which 
 are applied indifferently to species of Ixodinae and Argasinae. The Ixodinae 
 belong chiefly to the A mblyomma. The species that appears to be most prevalent 
 is A. cajennense (Fab), which is common on the Horse, Ox, and Dog. In this 
 tick the dorsal shield is marked by yellowish-white spots ; it is triangular in 
 the female, and in the male it is relieved by smooth radiant prominences. 
 The coxae of the first pair of legs have two widely- separated conical spines, 
 the external longer than the internal. 
 
 The Horse, owing to his mode of living on the prairie, is often 
 covered with these Ticks. They may be seen on all parts of the 
 body, but they seem to prefer those regions which the Horse cannot 
 easily reach — as the sides of the neck and inner surface of the 
 thighs. Animals do not appear to suffer from the presence of these 
 parasites ; though Kalm, cited by de Geer, relates having seen 
 horses ‘ which had the under part of the belly and other regions of 
 the body so covered with these Ticks that it was hardly possible to 
 
 7 
 
98 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 introduce between them the point of a knife. They were so deeply 
 buried in the flesh of one animal that it finally succumbed.’ 
 
 Two other species, also well known, are Amblyomma Amerizanum 
 (L.) or Acarus nigua (de Geer) (which may be recognised by the 
 long spine carried by the coxae of the fourth pair of legs in the male), 
 and Amblyomma maculatum (Koch), which is furnished with a 
 single and very long spine on the coxae of the first pair of legs. In 
 the United States, where it is widely distributed, A. Americanum 
 is known as the ‘ Lone Star Tick.’ It is quite common on Cattle, 
 and sometimes is found on Man. 
 
 Africa, and particularly South Africa, is also richly provided with 
 the Ixodidae. It appears to be the native country of the genus 
 Rhipicephalus , which is represented there by most of its species, 
 all very closely related to one another and very similar to the type 
 Rh. sanguineus , which also abounds there. The principal species 
 are Rh. appendiculatus (Neumann), (Cape Colony, Transvaal, 
 Rhodesia, etc.), which transmits the parasite of Rhodesian fever ; 
 Rh. simus (Koch) in nearly all Africa ; Rh. bursa (Can. and Fanz.), 
 of the North and South ; and also of Southern Europe, where it 
 transmits the parasite of, ‘ Carceag ,’ or Ovine piroplasmosis ; Rh. 
 capensis (Koch), of the South and East ; and Rh. Evertsi (Neumann) 
 of the South. All these may attack the different domestic animals. 
 The African species of Amblyomma are also very numerous. The 
 principal one is A. variegatum (Fabr.), which may be recognised 
 by its prominent hemispherical eyes, and by the yellowish-red 
 spots of its shield. It is common on the Ox, Sheep, and Horse, 
 and it does not spare Man. 
 
 Argasinae. — The argasincB are distinguished from the Ixodince by the follow- 
 ing characters : The rostrum, instead of being terminal, occupies the inferior 
 face of the cephalothorax. The maxillary palps are antenniform — that is, 
 formed of cylindrical, subequal articles, very movable on each other. There 
 is no scutellum. 
 
 We recognise two genera : Argas and Ornithodoros. 
 
 Argas (Latr.). — Body, usually flat, has thin borders, without deep ventral 
 grooves. There are no eyes. 
 
 Ornithodoros (Koch). — Body has thick borders, more or less distended ; 
 deep ventral grooves always present, and sometimes eyes. 
 
 In Europe only one species is at all common. It is Argas reflexus, which 
 lives on birds. In hot countries, such as Asia, Africa, and America, there 
 are several species that attack man and the domestic animals. 
 
 1. The Persian Argas (A. persicus — Fischer). — Known under the name of 
 the Miana Bug, by reason of the locality which it more particularly infests ; 
 is common in Persia. It constitutes a scourge for travellers and for the poultry- 
 yards in that country. 
 
 2. The Ornithodoros of Tholozan {O. Tholozam — Lab. and Meg.) has the 
 body relatively narrow, with parallel lateral borders, the anterior extremity 
 terminating in a blunt point, the posterior rounded, and the integument very 
 finely gauffered. The adult females are 8 to io mm. long, and 4 to 5 mm. 
 broad. In a state of repletion their colour is a deep violet. 
 
 In Persia this species is reputed very dangerous to Man. It is known as the 
 KSne, or Sheep Bug ; it lives, in reality, on the Sheep, on the Camel, and on 
 the Fowl. 
 
 3. The Ornithodoros of Savigny ( 0 . Savignyi — Adouin) may be recognised 
 by its legs, which have the articles notched on their dorsal border, and by its 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 99 
 
 thick body. The length varies between 5 and 12 mm. It lives in various 
 parts of South Africa, where it attacks the Horse, Ox, Goat, and even Man — 
 sometimes with very serious results. 
 
 4. Turicata (O. turicata — Duges). — The ‘ turicata,’ as it is called in Mexico, 
 has a subrectangular body, nearly square, the anterior border angular and, 
 obtuse ; it measures 5 to 6 mm. long. The Turicatas infest the Pigs of 
 Ganajuato, Mexico, fixing themselves on the inside of the forearm, and running 
 somewhat rapidly. Their punctures sometimes cause very serious accidents 
 to Man, and the Pig cannot always sustain them with impunity. ‘ It often 
 happens,’ says Duges, quoted by Megnin, ‘ that newly-purchased Pigs are put 
 into pigsties where, owing to the carelessness of the owners, the Turicatas 
 abound ; some of the Pigs die during the night, and others are found incapable 
 of getting up ; if compelled to rise, they stagger and tumble about, and 
 cannot maintain themselves. In the dead Pigs, the connective tissue is 
 distended around each puncture with an ecchymotic effusion to an extent of 
 5 centimetres in diameter. I have never examined further to ascertain if 
 there were any other disorders. Fowls which feed on the parasites, if only 
 for a day, die in about three days, after becoming dull and ceasing to eat.’ 
 The Ox, Horse, Llama, and Man are often attacked by the Turicatas. 
 
 5. Ornithodoros talaje (Guer.). — Is distinguished from the preceding by its 
 rostrum, which can be concealed under two lateral wings. It is found in 
 Central America, where it attacks Man, the Llama, and probably the domestic 
 animals. 
 
 6. Ornithodoros Megnini (Duges). — This species has a lyriform body — the 
 wide end being anterior — slightly angular in front and rounded behind. The 
 female measures 5 to 6 mm. in length, and 3 to 3*5 mm. in breadth. The 
 nymphae, which are relatively large, have the body covered with spines. 
 According to Duges this species is very abundant in the State of Guanajuato. 
 It is met with on the Horse, Ass, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, and principally in the 
 ears ; it often fixes itself on other animals, and sometimes on Man. Megnin 
 supposes that the numerous Ixodidae, which attack animals in Mexico, and 
 with which the horses of the French Military Expedition to that country were 
 so much afflicted, ought to be included with this species. In the Western 
 United States, where it is known as the Spinose Ear Tick, 0 . Mignini is very 
 troublesome. To dislodge the parasites Salmon and Stiles advise pouring a 
 little olive or other bland oil into the ear. This causes the ticks to move, 
 when they can be picked off and crushed. 
 
 II. Gamasidae (see p. 85). — Two of the genera of this family 
 have species living as parasites on the domesticated animals. These 
 are Gamasus and Dermanyssus. 
 
 Gamasus (Latr.). — The species have the integument partially or wholly 
 coriaceous ; the mandibles are cheliform, and are similar or but little different 
 in the two sexes. The larvae are hexapodal. 
 
 One species only merits mention here — the Gamasus pteroptoides 
 (Megnin), so named because of its resemblance to the Gamasidae 
 of the genus Pter optus. It lives in complete and permanent 
 
 colonies at the bottom of the fur of Field-mice, Moles, and Rabbits, 
 as well as on some Bats. 
 
 The whole rostrum is salient and uncovered ; the inferior plastron is very 
 small in the two sexes, and united by a membraneous integument to the 
 superior plastron, which covers all the dorsal surface. The legs are nearly 
 altogether of the same size, and similar in the two sexes ; the hooklets and 
 caruncle which terminate them are very developed. The nymphae have a 
 short peritreme. The body is squat, oval, and brown-coloured. The length 
 of the female is *55 mm., and the male *45 mm., the breadth of both being 
 *30 mm. 
 
 7—2 
 
IOO 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 This parasite subsists on the natural exudations of the skin of 
 its host, and perhaps, also, on that which it produces by the bites 
 of its mandibles ; but up to the present time it has not been observed 
 to do any particular harm. It has only been mentioned expressly 
 as related to the Rabbit. Turnbull has found in the ear of an 
 Ox an Acarus that Leidy considered belonged to the genus 
 Gasmasus. It will be referred to when treating of the ‘ Parasites of 
 the Ear.’ 
 
 The species of Dermanyssus (Duges) may be found on the domes- 
 ticated Mammals — such as the Horse, Ox, Dog, and Cat. But 
 they are always accidental, and come from Fowls, which are their 
 natural hosts. They will therefore be considered when dealing 
 with the acariases of Birds. 
 
 III. Trombidiidae (see p. 85). — This family is divided into 
 numerous sub-families, only two of which interest us. These are 
 Trombidince and Cheyletince. In the sub-family of Tetranycidce 
 is placed the Bicho Colorado , of the Argentine Republic and Uruguay, 
 which, according to G. Haller, is only a Tetranychus ( Tetranychus 
 molestissimus — Weyenbergh). This small Acarus, which is of a red 
 colour, lives on the inferior surface of the leaves of Xanthium 
 macrocarpum , in a web that it spins ; but from December to the end 
 of February it throws itself on warm-blooded animals, Man himself 
 not escaping its visitations. The Bicho Colorado buries its rostrum 
 in the skin, and causes insupportable itching (Railliet). 
 
 The Trombidinae are Trombidiidae with soft integuments, chelicerae ter- 
 minating in hooklets, palps composed of five articles, the fifth being club- 
 shaped and articulated at the base of the fourth, which is prolonged beyond 
 the fifth by a sharp hook. The legs have six articles, each leg ending in two 
 hooks and a hairy cirrus. They have two eyes. 
 
 In this sub-family is found the genus Trombidium (Latr.), of 
 which a species — the Trombidium holosericeum (Linn.) — lives as 
 a parasite during its larval condition. 
 
 Like all the species of Trombidium, the latter has pedunculated eyes and a 
 skin covered with bristly hairs. Specifically, it is recognised by its scarlet 
 colour, its nearly square body — a little broader in front than behind, where 
 the terminal border is notched on the middle line ; hairs and cylindrical 
 papillae cover the body : these are round or obtuse at the summit on the 
 dorsal surface, bristly on the ventral surface and the legs. The length is 
 1 ‘35 mm., and maximum breadth i*8 mm. 
 
 This is a very widespread species — especially in the centre and 
 West of France — abounding from the end of spring on grass-lands 
 and sandy slopes, and in woods, but rarely in gardens. It is 
 phytophagous, and is often designated — as well as the neighbouring 
 species — the Red Mite. 
 
 According to Megnin — whose opinion, however, has been dis- 
 puted — the larval hexapod of the Trombidium holosericeum is the 
 parasite long known as the Rouget, Red Flea , Harvest Bug, etc., 
 which the older naturalists described as a species by the name of 
 Leptus autumnalis. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 IOI 
 
 The various designations given to it recall the period when it is 
 most abundant. The female lays her eggs in July. The larvae 
 are orbicular in shape and orange-red in colour, the body being 
 sprinkled with short, sparse hairs ; they have the eyes and stigmata 
 of the adult, and six long cylindrical legs, each with six articles. 
 It attaches itself to any animal that comes in its way, implant- 
 ing its mandibles in the skin. 
 
 Its abdomen gradually becomes 
 distended, and assumes com- 
 paratively considerable dimen- 
 sions ; it is then that it attracts 
 attention, and is recognised by 
 the various names given to it. 
 
 It measures *40 mm. long and 
 •25 mm. broad. 
 
 The Harvest Bugs attack the 
 small Mammalia by preference, 
 such as Moles and Hares, which 
 are sometimes literally covered 
 with them ; and Man is often 
 invaded by them in the autumn, 
 the Acari creeping rapidly along 
 the limbs and fixing themselves 
 on any part of the body, especi- 
 ally those parts which are 
 clothed. Their punctures are pjg. 58 . — Trombidium holoseviceum, 
 accompanied by insupportable female, seen on the dorsal surface ; 
 itching. magnified twenty diameters. — Rail- 
 
 Among the domesticated ani- liet * 
 mals, sporting Dogs are most 
 
 exposed to trombidian acariasis. The first mention of the exist- 
 ence of this parasite on the Dog is due to Defrance ; it has since been 
 confirmed by Delafond, Mathieu, Megnin, Friedberger, and other 
 authors. 
 
 On returning from the field, Dogs often exhibit symptoms of 
 great itching around the eyes and nose, and on the paws and 
 belly. A close examination will discover the cause to be the 
 Harvest Bugs, wandering or fixed by their rostrum either in the 
 sudoriparous gland-ducts, or, according to Gruby, at the root of 
 the hair. They are sometimes in groups of ten or a dozen around 
 one hair. 
 
 Cats which frequent gardens may be affected in the same way, 
 Delafond states. 
 
 According to an observation of Moreau, and confirmed by 
 Railliet, what is known in France as the rafte or feu d’herbe of 
 bovines, and described by Chabert, Fromage de Feugre, Lafore, 
 Cruzel, etc., is nothing more than a case of trombidian acariasis. 
 This affection, which appears towards the end of summer, has been 
 ascribed by the older writers to feeding the cows on the grape- 
 
102 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 stalks or newly-gathered forage. It occupies the inner surface of 
 the limbs, and extends beneath the belly and on the shoulders, neck, 
 and head, and consists of an eruption of pustules or hard pimples, 
 from which exudes a serous or purulent matter that dries into crusts, 
 and finally disappears as dust. In this way the malady disappears 
 of itself. On cows so affected, Moreau has found colonies of this 
 parasite, forming small disseminated patches of one or two square 
 centimetres in extent. 
 
 On cavalry Horses returning from manoeuvres after harvest, 
 Blaise has observed an erythematous affection which did not 
 extend above the knees or hocks, and which had been mistaken for 
 chorioptic scabies, but was due simply to the Harvest Bug. 
 
 Fig. 59. — Harvest Bug, or larva of the Trombidium holosericeum, seen from 
 the ventral surface ; magnified one hundred diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 Csokor and Eloire have made a similar observation with regard 
 to Poultry. 
 
 Otherwise, this affection is not serious. To free animals from 
 the parasites, some frictions with a cloth sprinkled with benzine, 
 with benzinated glycerine, or with sulphur ointment, are sufficient. 
 A very dilute solution of carbolic acid (1 or 2 per cent.) is a good 
 preventive, and also a curative agent. 
 
 Certain warm countries of America are infested by a Leptus of 
 undetermined species, which torments Man or animals, and is 
 named Tlalsahuate in Mexico, Bete rouge in Guiana, the Antilles, 
 and Honduras, Colorado in Cuba, Niaibi in New Granada, Mouqui 
 at Para, etc. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 103 
 
 The sub-family of Cheyletinae contains the soft-skinned Trombidiidae, with 
 styliform chelicerae, and palps composed of three articles, the second carrying 
 one or three hookletsthat extend beyond the last article. The legs have five 
 articles, usually terminating in two hooklets and a cirrus. They have no 
 eyes. 
 
 The species of Cheyletinae are recognised by their enormous maxillary 
 palps, the second article of which has a single, large, falciform hooklet ex- 
 tending beyond the last article. 
 
 There is a vagabond species that may be accidentally met with on the 
 bodies of animals ; this is the Cheyletiella eruditus (Schrank), so named 
 because it is sometimes found in old books, as well as among rags, mouldy 
 forage, etc. Picaglia has attributed to it a dermatosis observed on a Horse, 
 resembling that produced by Dermanyssus gallince ; but this opinion rests 
 only on the fact that hay with which the Horse was fed contained numerous 
 Cheyletinae. 
 
 The Cheyletiella parasitivorax (Megn.) lives normally on the Rabbit. It 
 is commensal, or, rather, a useful mutualist, if it is true, as Megnin affirms, 
 that it pursues the soft parasites 
 on its host, principally the Listro- 
 phorinae. The bodyis an elongated 
 hexagon in shape, and of a pale- 
 yellow colour. The rostrum is 
 large and pentagonal, and equal 
 to a fourth or third of the size of 
 the body, while the palps are 
 about one-third the volume of the 
 rostrum. The anterior legs are 
 shorter than the posterior. The 
 female is ‘45 mm., and the male 
 •32 mm. long. 
 
 IV. Sarcoptidae (see p. 85). 
 
 — The Acarina comprised in 
 this vast family live in very 
 diverse conditions, which are 
 nearly fixed for each type, 
 and to which their conforma- 
 tion is subordinate. Their 
 division into five tribes or 
 sub-families, as proposed by Fig. 6q . — Cheyletiella parasitivorax, ovi- 
 Megnin, is generally adopted ; gerous female, ventral surface ; magni- 
 these are : 1. Sarcoptidcz fied one hundred diameters. 
 
 detriticoles or Tyroglyphincz ; 
 
 2. 5 . gliricoles or Listrophorincz ,*3. S. cysticoles or Cytoditincz ; 
 4. S. plumicoles or Analgesincz ; 5. S. psorica or Sarcoptincz. To 
 these may be added a somewhat, as yet, limited tribe, the 
 Sarcoptidcz epidermicoles. 
 
 The last four of these tribes will not be alluded to here. The 
 Sarcoptidcz cysticoles , or Cytoditince , the Sarcoptidcz plumicoles , or 
 Analgesincz, and the Sarcoptidcz epidermicoles, are exclusively 
 peculiar to Birds, the first living in the connective tissue and air- 
 sacs ; the second among the feathers, being nourished by the 
 greasy matters excreted by the skin ; the Sarcoptidae epidermi- 
 coles conceal themselves among the epidermic cells, the formation 
 of which they expedite, and in this way constitute a transition to 
 
104 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 the psoric Sarcoptidae or Sarcoptinae. The latter are the agents 
 causing mange, or scabies, which will be dealt with in the following 
 article, when treating of the psoric acariases of Birds. 
 
 The Sarcoptidae detriticoles, or Tyroglyphinae, are Acarina which 
 subsist on decomposing animal or vegetable matters. Troussart 
 and Megnin have provisionally attached them to the Sarcoptidce 
 insedicoles , which have been studied by Berlese, and which 
 resemble that tribe more than any other. The Tyroglyphinae 
 are only exceptionally met with on the domesticated animals, 
 and then as foreign bodies. They correspond to the following 
 description : 
 
 Body covered with a smooth, even, sometimes nodular integument, having 
 silky, plumose, or palmate hairs. Legs alike, similar in each anterior and 
 posterior group, and in the two sexes. The abdominal extremity also rounded 
 in the two sexes (Megnin). 
 
 These characters, compared with those of the other Sarcoptidae, 
 always permit the Tyroglyphinae to be eliminated as simply acci- 
 dental errant parasites when 
 they are found on a domesti- 
 cated animal. We shall, there- 
 fore, limit ourselves to an 
 enumeration of the five genera 
 in this tribe : Tyroglyphus, Car- 
 poglyphus , Glyciphagus, Ccepo - 
 phagus, and Senator. 
 
 It is probably the Glyciphagus 
 domesticus (Geer) that Hering 
 discovered on a Horse’s foot 
 affected with ‘ canker the 
 horse had recently died. He 
 regarded it as special to the 
 disease, and consequently 
 designated it Sarcoptes hippo- 
 podos. 
 
 The Listrophorinae have been 
 designated Sarcoptidce gliricoles , 
 foi the reason that they have 
 been considered as peculiar to 
 Rodents (Glires) ; they are also found, however, on other Mammals. 
 They live at the bottom of the fur, and cause not the slightest 
 irritation, the greasy matter of the skin sufficing for their nourish- 
 ment. They are divided into two genera — Listrophorus and 
 Myocoptes — only the first of which will be noticed. 
 
 The Listrophorus species (Pagenst.) have the body ovoid, compressed 
 laterally, a large cephalo-thoracic plastron, the lip transformed into a kind of 
 elongated pincers adapted to seize the hair. The male is provided with two 
 copulatory suckers, and its posterior extremity is more or less notched. The 
 female has the vulva between two groups of legs, and the posterior extremity 
 is not notched. 
 
 / 
 
 Fig. 6i. — Tyroglyphus longior. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 105 
 
 Listrophorus gibbus (Pagenst.). — The cephalothoracic plastron is simply 
 notched above. The posterior extremity of the male has a flat, bifid pro- 
 longation. The length of both sexes is 
 about *50 mm. It abounds in the fur 
 of wild and domesticated Rabbits and 
 Hares, on which it is seen twenty-four 
 to forty-eight hours after the death of 
 its host. 
 
 Listrophorus mustelse (Megnin). — The 
 cephalo-thoracic plastron is divided 
 into two pieces, which are movable on 
 each other. The posterior extremity of 
 the body of the male is simply notched. 
 The length of the male is -40 mm. to 
 •44 mm. ; of the female, *45... mm. to 
 •54 mm. It fives among the hair of 
 the muzzle and anterior part of the 
 body of the Ferret and Pole-cat. 
 
 Fig. 62. — Listrophorus gibbus, male 
 of the Rabbit, ventral surface ; 
 magnified one hundred diameters. 
 
 Fig. 63. — Listrophorus gibbus, fe- 
 male, of the Rabbit, seen in pro- 
 file ; magnified one hundred dia- 
 meters. 
 
 Article II. — Psoric Acariases. 
 
 Psoric Acariases are caused by Acarina of the tribe of sarcoptinae 
 or by those of the family of Demodecidae. Their common features 
 are their gravity, their greater or less difficulty to cure, the rapid 
 increase of the parasites, and the more or less serious alterations 
 in the skin. They differ by the zoological nature of the acarina 
 producing them, and by the location of these : the psoric sarcop- 
 tidae living at various depths in the epidermis, the Demodecidae 
 locating themselves nearly exclusively in the sebaceous glands. 
 It is advantageous to study separately the scabies due to the sar- 
 coptinae (sarcoptinic scabies) and that caused by the Demodex 
 ( Demodecic scabies). 
 
io6 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 i. Sarcoptinic Scabies . 
 
 Sarcoptinic scabies possess a high degree of interest, as they 
 comprise nearly all the itches of Man and animals. 
 
 The scabies or psora was designated by the Greeks pupa (from pu, 
 
 I rub), and by the Romans as scabies (from scabere, to scratch). 
 
 It is known as scabbia , rogna, rasp a, in Italy ; sarna, roha, in 
 Spain ; itch , scald, yuck, mange , in England ; gale in France ; and 
 Kratze , Krdtzausschlag, in Germany. 
 
 History. — The history of scabies in animals is closely allied to that of the 
 same disease in Man. It was nevertheless in the former that it was first men- 
 tioned in the Bible (Lev. xxii. 22). Moses excluded mangy animals from 
 being offered at sacrifices. 
 
 Polybius speaks of an epidemic itch ( limopsoron ) which affected the whole 
 of the people and horses of Cisalpine Gaul, and which Hannibal attributed to 
 privations (‘ History,’ Book III., 87). 
 
 The Greeks, and particularly the Roman agriculturists, were aware of the 
 contagiousness of scabies, and the disasters that turpis scabies produced in 
 the flocks. The Romans applied the word scabies to various affections of the 
 skin, so that we cannot conclude from what they have written that they were 
 really acquainted with the parasitic disease ; but what proves that there was 
 no confusion in the mind of Celsus, at least, with regard to it, is that he 
 extends to Sheep-scabies several of his remarks on contagion, and indicates 
 the course and treatment of the malady. 
 
 It is not until we arrive at the time of the Arab physicians that we find the 
 first precise notions on itch, and learn that there was then an idea of its 
 parasitic nature. Avenzoar (Ibn-Zohr), who lived in the twelfth century 
 (1072 — 1161), makes the first mention of it, and indicates the existence of 
 a disease caused by the presence of a little creature, popularly known as soab. 
 He says : ‘ Oriuntur aliqui in corpore sub cuti exterius pediculi parvunculi 
 qui, cum excoriatur cutis, exeunt animalia viva tam parvuncula quod vix possunt 
 videri.' Although the term pediculi is employed, there can be no doubt, 
 from the mention of the seat of disease and the minuteness of the animalcules, 
 that he had seen the Sarcoptes. But he was content with alluding to the fact, 
 and did not seek to realize its great importance ; for, like his contemporaries, 
 he only saw in scabies the result of an alteration in the humours. 
 
 According to Furstenberg, we find in the Physica Sancti Hildigardis 
 ( A.D. 1 1 50) — the writer of which was the abbess of a convent on the Rupperts- 
 berg, near Bingen — an indication of the remedies against the animalcule of 
 the itch. This is named suren — a term popularly in use, which shows that 
 a knowledge of the parasite of psora had become vulgarized in the North as 
 well as in the South ; the denomination was retained until the end of the 
 seventeenth century. 
 
 After the time of Abenzoar, the notion as to the animalcule of itch was per- 
 petuated in traditions, in teachings, and in publications, but with alternations 
 of iclat and obscurity which allowed it to remain somewhat of a doubtful 
 matter. A number of authorities of the thirteenth and following centuries 
 speak of it. In Ambrose Pare (1664) is to be found this passage : ‘ The flesh- 
 worms ( cirons ) are little animals concealed in the skin, in which they burrow, 
 crawl, and gnaw bit by bit, causing a troublesome and scratching itchiness. 
 . . . These flesh- worms should be extracted by means of pins and needles.’ 
 
 The year 1634 is an important date in this history, because of the appear- 
 ance of the book of Thomas Moufet ( Insectorum seu minimorum animalium 
 theatrum, London). For the first time, it clearly indicates the precise point 
 where the sarcopt of human itch was to be found ; for he expressly mentions 
 that it was not to be sought for in the vesicles, but at the side of them : 
 ‘ Hoc hobiter observandum, syrones istos non in ipsis pustulis, sed prope habi- 
 tare .’ 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 107 
 
 About the same period, Hauptmann consecrated one of the first applica- 
 tions which had been made of the microscope — discovered in 1619 — to an 
 examination of the acarus, though he only gave a very imperfect drawing of 
 it (1657). A book on Horses (Pferdeschatz) appeared at Frankfort nearly 
 at this time, and in it mention is made of the Acari as Moiben, which live 
 among the hairs of the tail, mane, and forelock of the Horse ; but according 
 to Gerlach, the writer mistook epidermic scales for animalcules. Wedel, in 
 1672, pointed out that acari were the cause of itch in the Cat. The attempts 
 of Hauptmann were subsequently repeated by other observers, and notably 
 by Michael Ettmiiller, who published a more exact representation of the 
 Insect. 
 
 In 1687, Cosimo Bonomo, in a letter addressed to Redi, gives a remarkably 
 exact description of itch and the acari, after the investigations he had per- 
 sonally made, in common with the pharmacist, Diacinto Cestoni, of Livorna. 
 He speaks of the form of the acari, and even mentions that he saw one of these 
 animalcules lay an egg at the moment when he placed it under the magnifying 
 glass, so that he was able to make a drawing of it. Along with Cestoni, he 
 arrived at the conclusion that the acarus is alone the cause of itch ; that the 
 disease is not engendered by perverted humours ; that the contagiousness of 
 the malady is perfectly explained by the passage of the creature from one 
 person to another ; and that internal remedies are useless in the cure of the 
 disease, treatment being limited to external applications that would kill the 
 parasite. 
 
 These exact notions, however, did not penetrate the mass of medical men. 
 But in 1734, Linnaeus recognised the parasite of itch ( Acarus humanus sub- 
 cutaneus), though he committed the grave error of considering it as belonging 
 to the same species as the cheese-mite, of which he thought it was only a 
 variety. The dissertation of Nyander, a pupil of Linnaeus ( Exanthemata 
 viva), which appeared in 1757, raised a hot discussion ; Nyander clearly 
 proving that the acarus should be sought for in the furrows and not in the 
 pustules ; while Avelin — another pupil of Linnaeus — attributed the itch of 
 the Sheep, as well as that of Man, to the presence of an acarus, which he had 
 perhaps not seen. So that the physicians remained divided between the 
 humoral and the parasitic theories of psora. 
 
 In 1763, Sauvages wrote ( Nosologie ) : ‘ The illustrious Linnaeus has observed 
 an itch on Cattle, which has much resemblance to leprosy in the thickness and 
 hardness of its tubercles ; it was caused and maintained by insects that were 
 found located in these tubercles.’ 
 
 In 1778, De Geer personally observed the Sarcopt, and gave the first exact 
 figure of it, indicating, at the same time, the characters that serve to dis- 
 tinguish it from the cheese-mite. In 1786, a great observer — the Hanoverian 
 physician, Wichmann — published an important memoir ( TEtiologie dev 
 Kratze), in which, by new facts, he decisively established the parasitic doc- 
 trine of scabies almost as it is known to-day ; and in a second edition of his 
 work (1791), he successfully combated the objections raised against his views, 
 with regard to metastases, repercussions, etc. He also published the hypo- 
 thesis that the scabies of Sheep is likewise due to an acarus, and that the wool 
 plays an important part in its propagation. Abilgaard, professor at the 
 Copenhagen Veterinary School, wrote to him in 1787, to the effect that the 
 treatment justified his theory, as by the exclusive employment of local applica- 
 tions he had cured a large number of mangy animals. 
 
 Unfortunately, Wichmann had left a loophole for the old prejudice in favour 
 of psoric repercussions, as he admitted that these might be the possible con- 
 sequence of the absorption of the excrementitial matters of the acarus ; so 
 that doubts and denials persisted. Kersting, the first director of the Hanover 
 Veterinary School, had plainly seen the animalcules on mangy Horses ; but 
 he did not consider them the cause of the disease, as he could not succeed in 
 producing it on a healthy Horse, by sprinkling the dust from the skin of an 
 affected animal on it for fourteen consecutive days. 
 
 To Walz belongs the honour of the real discovery of the Sheep acarus in 
 1809. Soon after (1812), Gohier collected the parasites on mangy Horses, 
 
io8 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 and Saint-Didier gave an illustrated description of them. Gohier mentions 
 Dorfeuille, sen., as the veterinary surgeon who, in 1813, discovered the acarus 
 of the Ox ; and he himself observed it during the following year on Hungarian 
 cattle which had accompanied the Austrian army to Lyons. He adds that, 
 by means of a magnifying-glass, he had seen the acarus of the Sheep, Dog, and 
 Rabbit. 
 
 Notwithstanding the observations of Wichmann, Walz, Gohier, and numer- 
 ous naturalists, the existence and action of the psoric acarus were generally 
 unknown or disregarded in medicine ; for, forgetful of the past recommenda- 
 tions, it was sought for in the vesicle, but could not be found, and therefore 
 the conclusion was arrived at that it did not exist. Discussions on the 
 opinions of the Ancients with regard to the animalcule continued until 1812, 
 when Gales, pharmacist to the Saint-Louis Hospital at Paris, published a 
 dissertation on the itch, and announced that he had constantly found in the 
 pustules the creature so much sought after, and of which he gave a sketch. 
 This work attracted considerable attention, and according to Alibert, Gales 
 appeared to have established the reign of the Sarcopt. But nobody else 
 could discover the mysterious flesh-worm, and it was still sought for in the 
 vesicles, on the indications of Pinel, who had assigned it that location. During 
 more than fifteen years, the figure published by Gales was reproduced in every 
 book on the subject, as an exact representation of the itch parasite. He had 
 communicated the disease to himself by the transfer of an acarus, and he had 
 experimentally transmitted it to children. Nevertheless, it was asserted 
 that his pretended discovery was a gross error, if not an imposture. Raspail, 
 who, like so many others, acting on the directions of Gales, had unsuccessfully 
 attempted to find the parasite in the vesicles, in 1829 demonstrated that the 
 animalcule represented by Gales was only the cheese-mite. 
 
 After these unfortunate attempts, incredulity resumed its sway, and was 
 extended even to the writings of the older observers. The inscrutable ani- 
 malcule was all but renounced when, in 1834, a Corsican — Francis Renucci, 
 studying medicine at Paris — hearing the existence of the acarus denied at the 
 Saint-Louis Hospital, proposed to show it forthwith ; he imitated the pro- 
 cedure of the poor women in his country, in extirpating the Sarcopt at the 
 point of a needle carried to the extremity of the irregular furrow leaving each 
 vesicle. From that moment the nature of scabies was definitely recognised, 
 and the correctness of the observations of Moufet, Nyander, Wichmann, and 
 many other previous observers, was fully acknowledged. 
 
 The most recent investigations have had for their principal object the 
 anatomy and physiology of the acarus, as well as the scientific treatment of 
 scabies based on the teachings of natural history. The excellent thesis of 
 Renucci (1835) is evidence of this ; also the work of Albin Gras (1834), who, 
 from a therapeutical point of view, studied the action of certain agents on 
 the Sarcopt ; that of Aube (1836), in which the parasite is represented as a 
 noctambulist creature ; and the memoirs of Raspail, Eichstedt, Lanquetin, 
 Robin, etc. 
 
 With regard to scabies in animals, we have already mentioned the first 
 allusion made to the acarus of the Cat by Wedel in 1672, then to its real 
 discovery on the Sheep and Fox by Walz in 1809, and on the Horse, Ox, Dog, 
 and Rabbit by Gohier in 1812 and 1814. It should also be mentioned that 
 at the commencement of this century, Havemann, quoted by Zurn, already 
 knew the mange acarus of the Horse, and gave a passable drawing of it. The 
 itch parasite of the Pig and Wild Boar was found by Spinola in 1846. But 
 our knowledge of the various species of Acarina of scabies has been more 
 especially extended by the classical works of Gurlt and Hertwig ( V ergleichendc 
 Untersuchungen iiber die Haut des Menschen und iiber Kratz und Raudemilben, 
 Berlin, 1844), of Gerlach (Kratze und Rdude, Berlin, 1857), of Furstenberg 
 {Die Kratzmilben dev Menschen und Thieve, Leipzig, 1861), of Ch. Robin 
 ( Mdmoires sur diver ses especes d' A car iens de la famille des Sarcoptides, Moscow, 
 1869), and of Delafond and Bourguignon ( Traite pratique d' entomologie et 
 de pathologie compares de la psore, Paris, 1862). The name of Megnin should 
 also be honourably associated with these, because of the numerous memoirs 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 109 
 
 he has contributed on the various groups of Acarina, and especially those 
 of psora. 
 
 General Characters of the Psoric Sareoptidae. — The body of these is oval or 
 orbicular, obtuse at both ends, convex above, flat below, marked by fine, 
 symmetrical, and sinuous streaks, except at those parts where there are 
 thickenings named plastrons. It has, besides, at different points, pricking 
 bristles or hairs. 
 
 There is a conical, mobile rostrum in front ; the maxillo-labial spoon, 
 situated at the inferior surface, comprises two laternl pieces or maxillae joined 
 to a posterior middle piece or chin, and is united, in the opening of the angle 
 thus formed, by a thin membrane or lip. The floor of the mouth is con- 
 stituted by the languette, a single 
 lancet-shaped piece. The chelicerae 
 are placed longitudinally on the upper 
 surface of the lip and languette, but do 
 not adhere to them ; they are flat on 
 their inner surface, by which they come 
 into contact, and so limit the supero- 
 lateral walls of the mouth, which is a 
 prismatic cavity with three surfaces. 
 
 Each of them is formed of two articles, 
 one of which, the shorter, is articulated 
 on the other, which is the entire length 
 of the organ ; from this results a kind 
 of pincer, with dentated branches. The 
 maxillary palps are cylindrical or 
 conical, and situated on nearly the 
 same plane as the chelicerae ; they 
 curve round these, their convexity 
 being external ; of their three articles, 
 the basilar, which is very large, articu- 
 lates with the corresponding maxilla, 
 or with the latter and the chin. Finally, 
 outside the palps there are sometimes 
 transparent, cariniform, membranous 
 expansions which Ch. Robin terms 
 cheeks, and which, leaving the margin 
 of the anterior part of the cephalo- 
 thorax (camero stoma), are applied to 
 the palps, the curvature of which they 
 follow. 
 
 The legs have for base the epimeres, 
 skeletal pieces that strengthen the in- 
 tegument. Each of the five articles 
 (or joints) composing them — which are, 
 passing from the base to the distal 
 extremity, the haunch {coxa), trochanter , 
 
 thigh (or femora), shank (or tibia), and tarsus — comprises a solid piece and 
 varied appendages, hairs, or bristles. The tarsus is terminated by a long 
 bristle, or by an ambulacrum composed of a transparent pedicle of one or 
 three pieces, and a campanulated expansion or sucker, which ensures adhesion 
 to the smoothest surface. 
 
 The digestive apparatus, with rare exceptions, is only observable at its 
 two orifices. The anus is a longitudinal, median slit, usually situated at the 
 posterior border, but sometimes on the upper surface, and only at a tangent 
 to the posterior border. 
 
 The sexes are distinguished by peculiarities in the legs and the general 
 shape of the body, by details in the organization of the external parts of the 
 genital apparatus, and by the size — the male being always smaller than the 
 female. 
 
 The male organ is situated between the two last legs, on the middle line. 
 
 Fig. 64. — Rostrum and leg of the 
 first pair of the Sarcoptes scabiei, 
 var. equi ; magnified 300 dia- 
 meters. — Railliet. J 
 
 c, chelicerae or mandibles ; mx, 
 maxillae ; la, languette ; li, lower lip ; 
 j, cheeks ; p, maxillary palps ; s, 
 sternum ; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, articles of 
 the leg ; a, sucker. 
 
1 IO 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 It comprises a small number of strong chitinous pieces that form a complex 
 genital armour, which protects or directs the penis. Behind this arrange- 
 ment there are often two circular suckers, placed symmetrically on each side 
 of the middle line, which serve to fix the male to the female. The posterior 
 border, in regard to these two copulatory suckers, has usually two prolonga- 
 tions or lobes furnished with several bristles, which may have a share in 
 copulation. 
 
 Fig. 65. — Psoroptes communis, var. equi : adult male and female, coupled ; 
 seen from the dorsal surface ; magnified one hundred diameters. — 
 Delafond. 
 
 In the female the anus serves also as vulva ; and for this purpose, at a 
 certain period, it assumes large dimensions, being then designated the vulvo- 
 anal slit. When the young female has become fecundated, and is therefore 
 an ovigerous female, it has acquired a greater size, and a special organ for 
 ovulation. This ovulating vulva (the tocostoma of Railliet) is seen on the 
 inferior surface of the cephalothorax, at or behind the second pair of legs, 
 appearing as a transverse slit with wrinkled lips, and sometimes provided 
 with accessory chitinous pieces. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 The psoric Sarcoptidae attack the epidermis of the animals upon 
 which they live, and their punctures are followed by the formation 
 of more or less thick crusts, probably because they deposit a veno- 
 mous saliva in the small wounds. 
 
 They are oviparous, sometimes ovoviviparous. The eggs are 
 ovoid, their contents granular, and the shell transparent. When 
 they are advanced in hatching, the embryo can be distinguished 
 with its three pairs of well- developed legs bent beneath the body, 
 and converging towards the centre, the hairs lying along them. 
 
 Incubation only lasts for a few days, as has been ascertained by 
 Eichstedt, Bourguignon and Delafond, Gerlach and Burchart, 
 Gudden and Fiirstenberg. Bourguignon, like Eichstedt, fixes the 
 period at ten days, he having seen the eggs of the Sarcoptes scabiei 
 which had been kept in a small stove at the temperature of the 
 body, hatched in about that time. Fiirstenberg states that the 
 period is from six to seven days. Gerlach has hatched them in 
 about three days ; after assuring himself of the limpidity of the 
 contents of the eggs, he placed them between two glass plates which 
 he carried upon himself day and night, from time to time allowing 
 a drop of water or saliva to pass between the plates. Burchart, 
 who experimented at the same time, placed the glass plates in a 
 pocket in his underclothing, which he left off at night ; the eggs 
 were two days later in being hatched, or five days’ incubation 
 (S. Verheyen). These different results are conformable with the 
 varied physiognomies the course of scabies may assume. The 
 disease seems to sleep in winter, to waken up into activity on the 
 return of warm weather. It is therefore established that the 
 duration of incubation varies according to more or less favourable 
 conditions, dependent upon the season, the activity of the local 
 circulation of the mangy animal, the thickness of its coat, etc. 
 Considering the rapidity with which the disease is developed in 
 certain cases, Megnin is inclined to diminish this duration ; and he 
 estimates that when all the conditions are favourable, from twenty- 
 four to forty-eight hours may suffice for incubation. 
 
 The duration of the germinative faculty of the eggs — the maxi- 
 mum time about which, when removed from the body of the host, 
 they can yet give origin to the embryos — has not been determined. 
 Gerlach has, however, seen the eggs of the Sarcopt of the Horse 
 hatch after four weeks. It is certainly an interesting question to 
 solve, as it is the one upon which the duration of activity of the 
 contagion of scabies depends. 
 
 When the larvae issue from the eggs, they undergo those meta- 
 morphoses which have been more especially made known by the 
 researches of Delafond and Bourguginon, and Fiirstenberg and 
 Megnin. 
 
 ist Age. Larva . — The small acarus just hatched differs chiefly from the 
 adult of the same species, by the absence of the fourth pair of legs and the 
 genital organs, and by its smaller size. At the back part of the abdomen 
 are two more or less long bristles. In this state it is named a larva 
 
12 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 (De Geer), and before passing to the second age it has to submit to two or 
 three moultings, in order to allow it to grow. At each of these crises it 
 becomes inert, and all its parts are reduced to a cellular mass, at the expense 
 of which the organs are formed anew — the change taking place within the 
 integument, this playing the part of a shell ; according to the expression of 
 Claparede, the animal again becomes an ovum. 
 
 2nd Age. Nympha. — The last moulting of the larva brings it to the second 
 age — that of nympha (Duges). It is characterized by the presence of the 
 fourth pair of legs, which are a little smaller and are less complete than those 
 of the female, which the nympha most resembles. There are as yet no sexual 
 organs. With the nymphse there is not so much variation in size as is the 
 case with the larvae, proving that there is little or no moulting during this 
 age, which is otherwise very brief. It may be remarked, however, that there 
 are two different sizes among the nymphae, but both in moulting arrive 
 at puberty, the smaller being the males, the larger the females (Megnin). 
 
 3 rd Age. Male and Female at Puberty. — The metamorphosis of the nymphae 
 brings the Sarcoptidae to the age of coupling ; it is the last for the males, which 
 are now recognised by their sexual characteristics, the females having only 
 the vulvo-anal slit and are named pubescent females. The pubescent male and 
 female have the various parts of the integument more accentuated and 
 deeper coloured than in the preceding states. Copulation is accomplished in 
 varied conditions. The termination of existence in the male is principally 
 devoted to the accomplishment of that act ; but the female undergoes another 
 moulting and then arrives at the fourth age. 
 
 4 th Age. Ovigerous Female. — This fourth age — the egg-laying age — is recog- 
 nisable by the presence of the sub-thoracic vulva, and the ovigerous female, 
 as she is now termed, also undergoes modifications in the third and fourth 
 pair of legs, or in the latter only, varying according to the genus. In the 
 abdomen — the walls of which are transparent — can often be perceived one 
 or more eggs, which will be extruded according to circumstances connected 
 with the habitat and genus of the creatures. 
 
 ‘ Judging from the number of ova Gerlach found in a gallery of 
 the Sarcopt, he certainly did not exaggerate in attributing to each 
 female an average production of fifteen individuals — five males and 
 ten females. The generative faculty being reached when fifteen 
 days old, he fixed a progressive rate of increase which had no pre- 
 tension to mathematical exactitude, but which gives an idea of the 
 multiplication of these parasites, and the rapidity with which 
 scabies is propagated among agglomerations of Men or animals. 
 
 ist generation after 15 days 10 females 5 males. 
 
 2nd 
 
 > 30 » 
 
 100 
 
 ,, 
 
 50 „ 
 
 3rd 
 
 45 » 
 
 1,000 
 
 ,, 
 
 500 
 
 4th 
 
 , 60 ,, 
 
 10,000 
 
 ,, 
 
 5,000 
 
 5 th 
 
 75 » 
 
 100,000 
 
 ,, 
 
 50,000 
 
 6th 
 
 , 90 „ 
 
 1 ,000,000 
 
 „ 
 
 500,000 
 
 So that from two individuals, male and female, there are one 
 million five hundred thousand descendants in about three months. 
 The reproduction of an animal species is on a par with its chances of 
 destruction ; when mangy animals are left to themselves, these 
 chances are less than for a multitude of other invertebrates, and 
 if we might judge from the extent of the crusts and the number of 
 animalcules, necessary to cause the formation of these and to main- 
 tain them, the enormous multiplication established by this com- 
 putation does not appear to be exaggerated ’ (S. Verheyen). 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 ”3 
 
 The habits of psoric Sarcoptidse vary with the genera and species. 
 All the Acarina are divided into three very distinct genera : Sar - 
 coptes , Psoroptes, and Chorioptes. 
 
 The Sareoptes (Latr.) (<rd/>£, flesh ; kottcIv, to cut) are recognised by their 
 rounded or slightly oval body ; short rostrum, margined by two cheeks ; 
 short, thick, conical legs, the two posterior being quite or nearly concealed 
 beneath the abdominal surface ; the tarsus has often a sucker, with a simple 
 and somewhat long pedicle ; the male is usually destitute of copulatory 
 suckers, and never has abdominal lobes. 
 
 Fig. 66. — Chorioptes auricularum : a 'pubescent female being transformed 
 into an ovigerous female during copulation ; magnified one hundred 
 diameters. The male has been slightly separated by compression of 
 the preparation. — Railliet. 
 
 The Psoroptes ( Psoroptes P. Gerv., Dermatodectes Gerlach, Dermatokoptes 
 Fiirst.) {\pupa, psora ; VT^aaeiv, to conceal) have the body oval ; rostrum 
 conical, elongated, and destitute of cheeks ; the legs are thick, especially the 
 anterior ones, and are all visible outside the lateral margins of the body ; the 
 ambulatory suckers are carried on a long tri-articulated pedicle ; the male 
 has copulatory suckers and abdominal prolongations. 
 
 The Chorioptes (Gerv. and Bened., 1859) (Syn. : Symbiotes Gerlach, 1857 ; 
 Dermatophagus Fiirst., 1861) have an oval body; rostrum slightly conical, 
 as broad as it is long, and destitute of cheeks ; the legs long, thick, and visible 
 beyond the sides of the body ; the ambulatory suckers are very wide and 
 carried at the end of a simple and short pedicle ; the male has copulatory 
 suckers, and more or less developed abdominal prolongations. 
 
 8 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 114 
 
 Sarcoptes. — This genus comprises a small number of species 
 forming three sections or sub-genera — Sarcoptes, Notcedres, proper 
 to the Mammalia, and Knemidokoptes, special to Birds. 
 
 The Sarcoptes properly so called have the body orbicular or ovoid, pro- 
 vided with squamiform prominences, and spinules on the notogastrum. 
 The males have no ambulatory suckers on the third pair of legs, and never 
 have any copulatory suckers. The pubescent and ovigerous females have on 
 the first two pairs of legs ambulatory suckers, and on the other two pairs only 
 hairs. They are oviparous. 
 
 Fig. 67. — Sarcoptes scabiei, var. equi : Fig. 68. — Sarcoptes scabiei, var. equi : 
 
 ovigerous female, seen on the dorsal ovigerous female, seen on the ven- 
 
 surface ; magnified one hundred tral surface ; magnified one hun- 
 
 diameters. dred diameters. 
 
 This section contains only one species — the Sarcopt of scabies. 
 
 The Sarcopt of Scabies ( 5 . scabiei De Geer, S. communis Del. and Bourg.^ 
 has the body slightly oval, marked by parallel ridges, which are interrupted 
 on the dorsal surface, as far as the sides, by acute conical projections. This 
 surface has, besides, two long needles or spinules on the border of the epis- 
 tome ; three short and thick spinules, in triangle, on each side, behind the 
 origin of the second pair of legs ; seven spinules disposed in four rows — two- 
 on each side of the middle line — on the posterior quarter of the body ; and a 
 chitinous, granular plastron on the cephalothorax, in front of the groups 
 of three spinules. There are two long bristles on each side of the anus, which, 
 is retrodorsal. The first two pairs of legs are provided with ambulatory 
 suckers ; the fourth pair have them in the male. In the latter the third pair, 
 and in the female the third and fourth pairs of legs, carry a long bristle, 
 instead of a sucker. 
 
 The Sarcoptes live on Man and a large number of Mammals 
 and by their presence cause the development of ordinary itch or 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 US 
 
 mange. One peculiarity in their habits consists in the female 
 depositing her eggs at the bottom of furrows or sub-epidermic 
 galleries, a circumstance that renders the cure of scabies some- 
 what difficult. 
 
 The Sarcoptes scabiei varies in its dimensions and in secondary 
 anatomical details, according to the species of Mammal it lives 
 upon ; hence it happens that there are somewhat numerous varieties, 
 which many authorities have described as so many species. Ac- 
 cording to Megnin, it is more particularly the dimensions that may 
 serve to characterize varieties ; and these dimensions ‘ are closely 
 related to the thickness of the skin of the animal which affords 
 them a habitat. So it is that the Pachydermata maintain the 
 largest variety ; then come the Carnivora, next the Ruminants, 
 the Rodents, etc.’ These varieties — which we distinguish after the 
 name of their host — are nine in number, and may be classed in the 
 
 Fig. 69. — Sarcoptes sca- 
 biei, var. equi : hexa- 
 pod larva, seen on the 
 ventral surface ; mag- 
 nified one hundred 
 diameters. 
 
 Fig. 70. — Sarcoptes sca- 
 biei, var. equi : octo- 
 pod nympha, seen on 
 the ventral surface ; 
 magnified one hun- 
 dred diameters. 
 
 Fig. 71. — Sarcoptes sca- 
 biei, var. equi : male, 
 seen on the ventral 
 surface ; magnified 
 one hundred dia- 
 meters. 
 
 order of their decreasing dimensions : suis , equi , vulpis, lupi , caprce , 
 cameli, ovis, hydrochceri, hominis. We will only notice here those 
 which live on the domesticated animals. 
 
 The Sarcopt of the Horse ( 5 . scabiei, var. equi ; S. equi Gerlach) has the 
 body of an elongated oval shape, measuring *43 mm. to *47 mm. in length in 
 the ovigerous female, and *25 mm. to *28 mm. in the male ; the breadth being 
 in the former from *32 mm. to *35 mm., and in the latter *18 mm. to *20 mm. 
 It lives on Solipeds. 
 
 The Sarcopt of the Sheep ( 5 . scabiei, var. ovis ; S. squamiferus ovis Gerl.) 
 has the six anterior spinules on the back short, in the form of an acorn ; the 
 fourteen posterior spinules are longer and fusiform. In the Sheep it causes 
 scabies of the head. Megnin has also found it on Moufflons and Gazelles. 
 The length of the ovigerous female is *35 mm. to ’49 mm., of the male *22 mm. 
 to ’25 mm. ; the breadth of the former is *20 mm. to *36 mm., and of the latter 
 •16 mm. to *19 mm. 
 
 The Sarcopt of the Goat ( 5 . scabiei, var. caprce ; S. caprce Roloff) is 
 identical with the preceding, and its dimensions are nearly the same. The 
 
 8 — 2 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 1 16 
 
 length of the ovigerous female is *35 mm. to *44 mm., of the male • 21 mm. to 
 •25 mm. ; the breadth of the former being from *27 mm. to *34 mm., and of 
 the latter *17 mm. to *22 mm. 
 
 The Sarcopt of the Pig (5. scabiei, var. suis ; 5. squamiferus Fiirst.) 
 resembles the preceding two. The ovigerous female measures *40 mm. to 
 •50 mm. long, and the male *25 mm. to -35 mm., the former being *32 mm. to 
 •39 mm. broad, and the latter *19 mm. to *30 mm. This variety has also 
 been observed on the Dog. 
 
 Another variety found on the Pig by Guzzoni is much smaller in size, the 
 female being *29 mm. long, and *21 mm. broad ; the male *17 mm. long, and 
 •13 mm. broad. 
 
 The Sarcopt of the Wolf (5. scabiei, var. lupi ; S. sc. crustosce Fiirst.) 
 has been found by Megnin on Wolves affected with mange, and he has identi- 
 fied it with that which, according to Furstenberg, causes in Man the crusty 
 form of scabies known as the Norwegian itch — from the country in which it 
 most frequently appears — and that form of mange which affects Deer kept in 
 menageries. Railliet and Cadiot have also seen this parasite on a Dog affected 
 with crusted mange. 
 
 an ovigerous female, seen from be- 
 low ; magnified one hundred dia- 
 meters. 
 
 Fig. 73. — Sarcoptes minor, var. cati : 
 an ovigerous female, seen from 
 above ; magnified one hundred 
 diameters. 
 
 The Sarcopt of the Camel (5. scabiei, var. cameli) has the integumentary 
 markings less marked than they are in the other varieties. The length of 
 the ovigerous female is *44 mm., and that of the male *24 mm., while the 
 former is *33 mm. broad, and the latter - i6 mm. (?). It causes the mange 
 of the Dromedary, Llama (P. Gervais), Giraffe (Megnin), and the Bubahs 
 Antelope (Railliet). 
 
 The Sarcopt of the Dog (S. scabiei, var. canis) has been found on several 
 occasions by Railliet and Cadiot, as well as by ourselves, on mangy dogs. 
 It is distinct from the varieties suis and lupi, which are also sometimes met 
 with on the Dog. Its dimensions are slightly greater than the following, 
 which are those of the Sarcopt of Man (S. scabiei, var. hominis) : Length of 
 ovigerous female *30 mm., male ‘20 mm. ; breadth of former *26 mm., of 
 latter *16 mm. Sarcoptes of exactly these dimensions have been seen on the 
 Dog by Delafond and by Megnin. 
 
 The Sarcopt of the Capybara (S. scabiei, var. hydrochceri), which Megnin 
 allies with that of the Ferret, has nearly the same dimensions as that of the 
 Dog. The ovigerous female measures *36 mm. long, and the male *22 mm., 
 while the breadth of the former is '30 mm., and that of the male *16 mm. It 
 causes the sarcoptic mange of the Ferret. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 ii 7 
 
 The diverse varieties of Sarcoptes are not localized on a deter- 
 minate species of Mammalia, for several may pass from one to the 
 other, as will be shown hereafter when studying the scabies they 
 determine. 
 
 The sub-genus Notcedres (Railliet) may be distinguished by its 
 dorsal surface, which is garnished with spines, and sometimes with 
 soft scales, and more particularly by the position of the anus, 
 which is situated on the dorsal surface, near the posterior border 
 in the male, and on the posterior quarter in the female. 
 
 Only one species lives on the domestic mammals. It is the Dwarf Sarcopt 
 (5. minor Fiirst. ; 5. cati Hering ; 5. notcedra Delafond and Bourguignon). 
 The body is nearly spherical ; the dorsal folds of the integument are disposed 
 in a circular manner, become confounded with each other, form large blunt 
 ridges, and encircle the anus. There are two hairs 
 longer than the rostrum on the epistome, instead 
 of the prickles. The six anterior spinules are 
 arranged in a curved transverse row, the convexity 
 turned forward. There are twelve spinules instead 
 of fourteen, eight being arranged symmetrically in a 
 transverse curved line, parallel to the preceding, in 
 proximity to the anus, and four in two pairs near the 
 borders of the anal slit. There is a pair of short anal 
 bristles. The arrangement of the ambulatory suckers 
 is the same as in Sarcoptes scabiei. 
 
 The dwarf Sarcopt lives on the head of the 
 Rabbit and Cat. It is very variable in dimen- Fig. 74. — Sarcoptes 
 sions ; that found in mange of the Cat and minor > va J. cati : 
 
 Rabbit is, for the ovigerous female, -i6 mm. low . magnified one 
 
 to *25 mm. long, and for the male *12 mm. to hundred diameters. 
 •18 mm., the width being for the former ’13 mm. 
 to *20 mm., and for the latter ’09 mm. to *14 mm. According 
 to Megnin, the fecundated female does not burrow in a linear 
 channel, but excavates for itself a veritable sub-epidermic nest. 
 
 Psoroptes: — The genus Psoroptes only contains a single species 
 — the Ps. communis (Fiirst. ; Psoroptes longirostris Meg.). It is 
 recognised by the characters given for the genus (p. 113). In 
 addition, the following should be noted : 
 
 The presence of bristles relatively constant in length, five placed sym- 
 metrically on each side of the dorsal surface ; some similar bristles, though 
 few in number, on the ventral surface and on several segments of the legs. 
 The male has triangular abdominal lobes furnished with five bristles, the three 
 terminal ones being the largest ; the first three pairs of legs are complete, but 
 the fourth pair are very short, and have no suckers. In the ovigerous female, 
 the lips of the vulva are much plicated, and the commissures rest on two 
 arched pieces, which are divergent and directed backwards. There is a 
 sucker on all the legs except the third pair, which are terminated by two long 
 bristles. The pubescent female is recognised by her smaller size, the large 
 vulvo-anal slit, the absence of a sub-thoracic vulva and of the sucker on the 
 fourth pair of legs ; in addition, beneath the dorsal surface, and on each side 
 of the posterior commissure of the cloacal slit, are two hemispherical pro- 
 minences (copulatory tubercles) which assist in copulation by being received 
 into the copulatory suckers of the male. The nympha has not these tubercles. 
 In the larva the legs of the third (last) pair terminate by two bristles. 
 
1 1 8 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The common Psoropt does not make sub-epidermic galleries like 
 the Sarcopt ; it lives, in society, among the crusts which it forms 
 by pricking the skin of its host. It produces special dermatoses 
 on the Horse, Ox, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, and Rabbit. Here, again, 
 the difference of habitat coincides with the existence of varieties, 
 which are scarcely distinguishable from one another by their size 
 and unimportant details, but which, according to their hosts, are 
 designated by the names of Psoroptes communis equi , Ps. c. bovis , 
 
 Fig. 75. — Psoroptes communis, var. equi : male, seen on the ventral surface ; 
 magnified one hundred diameters. 
 
 Ps. c. ovis , and Ps. c. caprce. and Ps. c. cuniculi. Their average 
 dimensions are : for the ovigerous female *65 mm., and male 
 •48 mm. long ; and for the former '40 mm., and latter *30 mm. 
 broad. Otherwise, in the absence of information as to their source, 
 there are no special features which will allow one variety to be 
 certainly distinguished from another. 
 
 Chorioptes. — This genus contains two species, both parasites of the 
 domestic animals : the Choriopt Symbiot and the Auricular Choriopt. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 119 
 
 Choriopt Symbiot ( Chorioptes symbiotes Verheyen). — This has on the middle 
 •of the back a wide, granular, chitinous band, twice as broad behind as in 
 front, with its borders concave outwardly, and extending from the margin 
 of the epistome to the point of origin of the second pair of legs. Behind each 
 of the two posterior angles of this band is a short hair, and behind, but near 
 it, are two long bristles ; there are several other hairs which, though constant, 
 vary in number, length, and situation according to the sexes. The male has 
 rectangular abdominal lobes, carrying four bristles at their extremity — one 
 ordinary, external, round, and free ; three grouped at their base, one of them 
 being similar to the preceding, the two others lie on each other and are 
 widened to form a thin foliaceous membrane. The four pairs of legs are pro- 
 
 Fig. 76. — Psoroptes communis, var. equi : an ovigerous female, seen on the 
 ventral surface ; magnified one hundred diameters. 
 
 vided with suckers ; the fourth pair are thin and short. The ovigerous 
 female has the lips of the ovulating vulva very much plicated, and in contact, 
 by their commissures, with two pieces similar to those of the ovigerous female 
 of the Psoroptes communis. It has a sucker on all its legs, except the third 
 pair, which are terminated by two long bristles. The pubescent female differs 
 from the preceding by the same peculiarities as in the Psoroptes communis ; 
 and the same observations apply to the nympha and the larval hexapod. The 
 length of the ovigerous female is *36 mm. to *40 mm., and the male *28 mm. to 
 •32 mm., while the breadth of the former is *23 mm. to *26 mm., and the latter 
 •21 mm. to *24 mm. 
 
 The Choriopt Symbiot lives in the same manner as the common 
 Psoropt — in colonies, and without excavating sub-epidermic 
 
120 
 
 [TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 galleries. It causes a localized scabies, the extension of which is 
 slow, and which is more particularly observed on the Horse and Ox ; 
 but it has also been witnessed on the Goat, Sheep, and Rabbit (?). 
 The varieties equi, bovis , caprce , ovis, and cuniculi (?) might again 
 be distinguished here. 
 
 The Auricular Choriopt ( Ch . cynotis Hering ; Sarcoptes auricularum Lucas 
 and Nicolet) differs from the preceding species principally by the absence of 
 the abdominal lobes in the male, which are represented by two small round 
 projections separated by a notch, each of them having three bristles, the 
 middle one of which is very long. The ovigerous female has no suckers on the 
 
 Fig. 77. — Psoroptes communis, var. equi : Fig. 78. — Psoroptes communis, 
 
 pubescent female, seen on the ventral var. equi : hexapod larva, seen 
 surface ; magnified one hundred dia- on the ventral surface ; magni- 
 meters. fied one hundred diameters. 
 
 two last pairs of legs, and the fourth pair of legs are rudimentary ; while the 
 pubescent female has the fourth pair of legs reduced to simple knobs carrying 
 one hair each. The length of the ovigerous female is *42 mm. to *49 mm., 
 and the male *30 mm. to *34 mm. ; the breadth of the former being *29 mm. 
 to *31 mm., and of the latter *23 mm. to *28 mm. 
 
 This species lives in the auricular concha of the Dog, Cat, and 
 Ferret, and gives rise to a disease which is very remarkable because 
 of the nervous disturbance accompanying it. 
 
 The foregoing zoological remarks will suffice to determine the 
 genus and species of the Sarcoptinae that are likely to be met 
 with. For this purpose great assistance will be afforded by a 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 121 
 
 knowledge of the host which furnished the parasites, and the 
 character of the lesions they have produced — that is, by the study 
 of the different forms of scabies. 
 
 General Nosography. — The various domesticated animals may 
 serve as hosts to the Acarina of one, two, or three genera of Sar- 
 coptinae. By their pricking, and, no doubt, also by the irritant 
 
 Fig. 79. — Ch. symbiotes, var. equi : 
 male, seen on the ventral surface ; 
 magnified one hundred diameters. 
 
 Fig. 80. — Ch. symbiotes, var. equi : 
 an ovigerous female, seen on the 
 ventral surface ; magnified one 
 hundred diameters. 
 
 saliva they discharge, these parasites excite an alteration in the 
 skin which is manifested by redness, loss of hair, thickening, 
 effusion, crusts, and an intense pruritus. 
 
 The redness can only be perceived on skin destitute of pigment, 
 and then it is one of the most marked signs of the disease. The 
 thickening is little observable at the commencement, but it gradu- 
 ally increases because of the continued irritation of the parasite 
 
122 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 and the energetic friction which the animals apply to it under the 
 influence of the pruritus. In some parts — as the extremities, where 
 the skin is thick and covers only a small amount of connective 
 tissue — it becomes augmented in thickness ; but where the skin 
 is thin, movable, and only slightly adherent — as on the face, neck 
 and shoulders, sides, etc. — it forms thick folds and deep ridges, 
 which give the animal an altogether peculiar physiognomy. The 
 
 Fig. 8i. — Ch. symbiotes, var. equi : Fig. 82. — Auricular Choriopt of the 
 
 pubescent female, seen on the ven- Dog : male, seen on the ventral 
 
 tral surface ; magnified one hun- surface ; magnified one hundred 
 
 dred diameters. diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 bottom of the ridges is moist and often excoriated ; the majority 
 of the hairs, if not all, are removed by the rubbings and the morbid 
 process ; and at the same time the secretions of the superactive 
 and altered skin lead to the formation of crusts which are irregular 
 in shape, thickness, and distribution, and are composed of serum, 
 dried blood, epidermic debris, hairs, etc. 
 
 The pruritus, which contributes so much, by the frictions it pro- 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 23 
 
 yokes, to produce this alteration in the skin, is of variable intensity, 
 according to the temperament of the affected animals, the seat and 
 extent of the disease, and the time of day. It is particularly 
 intense during the night, causing loss of sleep and rest, which, added 
 to the restlessness during the day and the disturbed cutaneous 
 functions, induces debility and emaciation, and leads to marasmus 
 when the malady has been widely extended. 
 
 The characters of scabies are more particularly subordinate to 
 the kind of parasite producing it. In this respect it is difficult to 
 
 Fig. 83. — Auricular Choriopt of the Dog: an ovigerous female, seen on the 
 ventral surface ; magnified one hundred diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 establish any general rules, as we do not find between the Psoroptes 
 and the Chorioptes differences in habits analogous to those which 
 separate the three sub-genera of Sarcoptes. That which especially 
 characterizes the latter is the fact that the ovigerous female, imme- 
 diately after fecundation, excavates in the substance of the epidermis 
 a gallery or furrow ( cuniculus ), in which it deposits its eggs ; con- 
 sequently, it happens that sarcoptic scabies offers a greater resist- 
 ance to the action of curative agents. 
 
 Other differences belong to the seat preferred by the parasite. 
 
124 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 There are scabies which may appear on all parts of the body ; 
 others that always commence at the same points and extend to 
 other regions ; and others, again, which are very localized. All 
 these differences will be indicated in their place. 
 
 An essential element in diagnosis being the detection of the 
 parasite, care should be devoted to this. But sarcoptic scabies 
 offers the greatest difficulties in this respect. The following 
 recommendations, given by Megnin for the scabies of the Horse, are 
 equally applicable for all the other domestic animals. 
 
 When the weather is cold or windy, it is difficult to find the 
 Sarcoptes, and to be successful in the search it is best to have calm 
 weather and sunshine, to which the mangy Horse should be exposed. 
 After about an hour of this exposure, the crusts and debris are 
 collected from the diseased parts ; but one must not be satisfied 
 with the crusts that are most easily removed, for on them may be 
 found nothing more than some larval hexapods which have a more 
 superficial habitat than the adults. To obtain the latter, it is 
 necessary to scrape the surface to the blood, through the entire 
 thickness of the epidermis, with a sharp or slightly blunt instru- 
 ment. Amongst Horses equally mangy in appearance, some will 
 be found which do not nourish nearly so many Sarcoptes as others ; 
 and the inverse is equally true, for lymphatic Horses which have 
 the thickest and most abundant crusts have fewest parasites, 
 while Horses of a nervous, wiry temperament have them in largest 
 numbers. It is, of course, understood that it is only on mangy 
 Horses which have not been submitted to any treatment that a 
 search for the parasites is likely to be successful ; for it often happens 
 that with those which have been treated, the scabies has disap- 
 peared, and in its place is a chronic or artificial lichen if the treat- 
 ment has been too energetic. 
 
 When a good quantity of crusts has been collected, these are put 
 in a well -heated box, and if possible at a window exposed to the 
 sun — for without this precaution the Sarcoptes will remain motion- 
 less, and can only be distinguished with difficulty from the dust 
 in which they lie. A small quantity of this dust is spread on a 
 glass plate, and examined under the microscope by a power of 
 40 or 50 diameters — direct, and not reflected light being employed. 
 Under the influence of sunlight, the Sarcoptes can be seen disen- 
 gaging themselves gradually from the masses of dust or crusts 
 covering them ; then with the point of a needle they are carefully 
 isolated from the foreign matter surrounding them, and lifted by 
 the needle or a fine brush on to a drop of glycerin on another glass. 
 After placing over them a cover-glass, but without compressing 
 them, they may be studied alive, in their true form, and mag- 
 nified to any size — that of 150 to 300 diameters to examine the 
 general conformation, and from 400 to 500 diameters for details of 
 structure. 
 
 A procedure that avoids loss of time and patience, as well as 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 125 
 
 error, consists in immersing the crusts for an hour or two in a 
 10 per cent, solution of potash, and then examining them ; when 
 it will be found that they have become diffluent and colourless, are 
 easily spread out under the cover-glass, and the Sarcoptes, whose 
 skin resists the alkaline solution, can then be very readily seen. 
 We have many times succeeded in this way, after failing in every 
 other, notwithstanding all our perseverance. 
 
 By reason of their relatively greater dimensions, the Psoroptes 
 and Chorioptes are readily found, even by a hand-glass, among the 
 crusts, where they can be seen moving. 
 
 With regard to the etiology of scabies, it is needless to refer to the 
 hypotheses found in ancient medicine to explain its genesis. It 
 is to-day beyond dispute that for an animal to have the mange, it 
 must have received the contagium — the acarus — from another 
 mangy animal with which it has been in immediate or mediate 
 contact. 
 
 Numerous experiments have established that fact, so far as 
 animals are concerned ; on every occasion on which an outbreak of 
 mange has been traced to its source, it has been ascertained that 
 it was introduced by a mangy subject ; in every case a psoric 
 Sarcoptid can be found ; the means which cure the mange also 
 destroy the parasite ; lastly, direct experiment confirms the doc- 
 trine. Hertwig has inoculated animals — by friction and by punc- 
 ture — with serum from the vesicles, with pus, and with dry and 
 dissolved crusts, and yet failed to produce mange. On one occasion, 
 when he neglected to assure himself that the products with which 
 he inoculated did not contain ova or acari, a psoric eruption resulted. 
 Hering tested these experiments, and came to the same conclusions 
 as Hertwig ; and Delafond and Bourguignon, as well as Gerlach, 
 arrived at identical results. The constant correlation between the 
 Acarina and the psoric eruption cannot therefore be disputed. 
 
 It is not the movement of the parasites which causes the irritation 
 and the pruritus. The Sarcopt is not felt when it wanders on the 
 surface of the skin, nor yet when it is burrowing into that mem- 
 brane. What induces the itching is an irritant principle deposited 
 by the parasite in the living portion of the integument. Bour- 
 guignon has obtained a vesicular eruption by inoculating crushed 
 acari, or the fluid derived from them ; and he therefore justly 
 concluded that the animalcule secretes an acrid matter which it 
 insinuates into the skin. But he erroneously believed that this 
 matter, when absorbed, would produce a general eruption. It is 
 a long time since Hertwig practised transfusion of blood from a 
 mangy to a healthy animal of the same species, without result ; 
 and it is well known that when a Sarcopt is placed on the skin of 
 Man, the papule and vesicle appearing soon after always cor- 
 respond to the precise point of the integument pierced by the 
 animalcule. 
 
 Gerlach has given a complete demonstration of the purely local 
 
126 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 effects of the matter secreted by the acarus. With a very fine 
 needle he traced a groove in the epidermis, and then moistening 
 the point of the instrument with fluid from the crushed parasite, 
 he reintroduced it into the epidermis, but only experienced a vague 
 sensation ; but when the point of the needle reached the derma, 
 there was instantaneous pain, succeeded by a papule and a vesicle, 
 with pruritus. By this mode of procedure, Gerlach satisfied him- 
 self that the Psoroptes secrete the most acrid fluid, then the Sar- 
 coptes, and, lastly, the Chorioptes. 
 
 All these facts thoroughly establish the predominating, essential, 
 and exclusive part the parasite plays, locally and specifically. 
 
 Ought there to be admitted, besides this, a predisposition — if 
 not necessary, at least favourable — to the development of the 
 disease ? Delafond and Bourguignon, in particular, have replied 
 to this question in the affirmative ; their observations were in rela- 
 tion to the scabies of Sheep. With regard to the Horse and other 
 domesticated animals, it is true that weak, badly nourished, dirty, 
 and neglected creatures are more frequently attacked than those 
 in the opposite conditions. But this is only owing to the unclean 
 state of the animals themselves — to the filthy litter, coverings, 
 harness, and insufficient grooming. The parasites, being left in 
 almost absolute tranquillity, can multiply at leisure, and the mange 
 extends gradually on the same animal, or from an affected to a 
 healthy one — not because of its constitutional weakness, but rather 
 because of its unsanitary condition and the natural course of con- 
 tagion ; and to these circumstances must be attributed those 
 epizootics of mange which usually occur during wars among great 
 agglomerations of Horses. 
 
 The treatment of scabies consists in the employment of acaricides , 
 which act by reason of their toxic properties on the Sarcoptinae. 
 They are extremely numerous and varied. 
 
 In choosing them we are guided by the kind of scabies which is 
 to be treated, the nature of the affected animal, its species, age, 
 size, and susceptibility ; as well as the resources at our disposal, 
 and especially the particular activity of the remedies. 
 
 In the following table, Verheyen has given interesting indications 
 with regard to the principal agents tried and their acaricide powers. 
 They are principally the result of the researches of Walz, Hertwig, 
 Reynal, Mathieu, and Gerlach, which consisted in putting the 
 animalcules in contact with the various substances, and noting, by 
 means of the microscope, the moment when death occurred. 
 
 DURATION OF LIFE. 
 
 Hours. Minutes. 
 
 Creosote, benzine, and naphtha - - - . . f to | 
 
 Preparations of these materials - - - . . 2 ,, 51 - 
 
 Juice of tobacco from the manufactories - - . . £ ,, 1 
 
 Solution of caustic potash (1 to 24) - - - . . 2 ,, 2\ 
 
 Empyreumatic oil - - - - . . 3 ,, 4 
 
 Oil of turpentine and petroleum - - - . . 5 ,, 9 
 
ACARIASES 12 7 
 
 DURATION OF LIFE. 
 
 Hours. Minutes. 
 
 Diluted sulphuric acid (1 to 24) 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 „ 8 
 
 Tar - - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 Ferro-arsenical solution of Tessier 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 - 25 
 
 Decoction of tobacco ( 1 to 5 ) - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 ,, 20 
 
 Solution of chloride of lime (1 to 30) - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 „ 30 
 
 ,, of sulphide of potassium (1 to 10) - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 „ 30 
 
 ,, of corrosive sublimate (1 to 46) 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 ,, 45 
 
 ,, alumino-arsenical of Mathieu 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 „ 65 
 
 Soft soap - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 „ 60 
 
 Phosphuretted oil - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Saturated arsenical solution (1 to 6) - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Double mercurial ointment 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Decoction of black and white hellebore ( 1 
 
 to 16) 
 
 - 6 
 
 to 36 
 
 
 
 Walz's wash - 
 
 - 
 
 - 6 
 
 , , 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 Liniment of sulphide of potassium ( 1 to 
 
 10) 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Infusion of henbane and belladonna - 
 
 
 - 12 
 
 ,, 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 „ of digitalis purpurea 
 
 
 - 24 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 An absolute signification cannot be accorded to these figures, the 
 experimental resistance of the Acarina being, in fact, subordinate 
 to their vitality at the moment of testing. Von Schroder, by analo- 
 gous researches, obtained somewhat different results from the 
 above. 
 
 As a general rule, treatment should be preceded by complete 
 removal of the coat from the whole of the body, unless the disease 
 is strictly localized, in which case partial clipping may suffice. 
 Then there should be general washing, by means of a coarse brush, 
 with alkaline or soapy water. Then the selected remedy is applied. 
 In four or five days afterwards the washing and dressing are to be 
 repeated, in order to destroy the Acarina recently from the eggs, 
 which the first treatment may not have reached. If there is 
 emaciation and tendency to cachexia, the food should be substantial 
 and abundant. 
 
 The following sketch, which is conformable with the conditions 
 of practice, deals successively with the different kinds of mange in 
 all the domesticated Mammalia ; but for the present no reference 
 is made to the auricular acariases due to the Psoroptes or Chorioptes, 
 as owing to their very localized seat, their symptoms, and their 
 lesions, they are distinct from the psoric acariases, properly so 
 called, and also because, from the plan of this work, their place is 
 indicated among the parasitic diseases of the sensory organs. 
 
 A. — Scabies of the Equidse. 
 
 The Horse, Ass, and Mule are affected with three kinds of scabies : 
 
 1. Sar Coptic scabies, due to the Sar copies scabiei (variety equi ) ; 
 
 2. Psoroptic scabies, due to the Psoroptes communis (variety equi ) ; 
 
 3. Chorioptic scabies, due to the Ch. symbiotes (variety equi). These- 
 different forms have been chiefly observed on the Horse. 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 128 
 
 i. Say Coptic Scabies. 
 
 This form of scabies is probably that which authorities have described as 
 the dry mange ( gale seche La Gueriniere), symptomatic mange (gale sympto- 
 matique Huzard, jun.), epizootic mange, etc. Our knowledge of its nature 
 — that is, of the discovery of the Sarcopt which causes it — is due to Delafond 
 and to Gerlach, who, about the same time — 1856 — found it upon the Horse, 
 and gave a description of it. The epizooty that prevailed among the Horses 
 of the French army during the war in the Crimea may certainly be ascribed 
 to this parasite, though it was then attributed to misery, privations, bad 
 forage, etc. The same observation has been made after the war (Franco- 
 German) of 1870 and 1871. The Horses and transport animals — Mules and 
 Camels — of the British army in the Crimea equally suffered from ‘ mange,’ 
 which was recognised as such by the veterinary officers (Fleming). 
 
 Symptoms. — The first sign of the disease is pruritus. The animal 
 seeks to rub itself everywhere ; it bites itself wherever it can reach, 
 and appears to enjoy, and even seeks, the contact of the currycomb 
 during grooming, leaning towards the groom as if to accentuate its 
 desire. If scratched by the fingers, it manifests its pleasure by very 
 characteristic movement of the nose and upper lip, and this is a 
 provisional means of assuring one’s self of the existence of the disease, 
 as well as of the reality of its being cured. This pruritus is greater 
 at night than during the day, in warm than in cold weather, in the 
 stable than out of it, when clothed than unclothed. 
 
 An attentive examination of the skin will reveal the presence of 
 the mange papules at the pruriginous parts. When the hand is 
 passed over the surface of the skin, slight prominences or granules 
 are felt, which are formed of a little crust around one, two, or three 
 hairs ; this is easily removed by the finger-nail, and then there is 
 left in its place a red, moist, denuded surface about 2 mm., or 
 sometimes 4 or 5 mm. in diameter. At other points, mixed with 
 the crusted patches, are slightly salient papules which are scarcely 
 visible — this is the first degree of the preceding lesion, the papule 
 raising its epidermis by a serous effusion that gradually dries and 
 forms a crust. In the earlier stage these small lesions are dis- 
 seminated ; they bring about the fall of the hairs in small, nearly 
 circular patches, which are multiplied and extended, and finally 
 become confluent, forming large dry patches covered with epidermic 
 debris and sparse thin crusts. It is very rare that any vesicles are 
 seen, as their duration is very ephemeral, the friction caused by the 
 pruritus quickly replacing them by crusts. 
 
 The depilated patches extend and, by a rapid generalization, 
 finish by invading the entire surface of the body except the limbs. 
 The animal then presents a particularly miserable appearance. 
 The brilliancy of the coat has vanished ; large patches with sinuous 
 borders, dusty and greyish in colour, uneven and crusted — often 
 bleeding — on the surface, impinge on the yet hairy portions. A 
 particular feature is the limit of the patches, which is always un- 
 decided ; and in the adjoining parts, which at first sight appear 
 to be healthy, the initial lesions of the malady are recognised. 
 
 The skin becomes considerably thickened, and in the regions 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 129 
 
 where it is attached to the subjacent parts by a loose connective 
 tissue, it is raised into hard, 
 thick folds ; these are more 
 especially observed about the 
 neck and shoulders. Friction 
 is a very important agent in 
 bringing about the altera- 
 tions in the skin ; it excoriates 
 the papules, accelerates the 
 formation of the crusts, pro- 
 duces subcutaneous infiltra- 
 tions, haemorrhagic exuda- 
 tions, pustules, fissures, and 
 ulcers. 
 
 Besides the pr uri tus and the 
 eruption, a third symptom — 
 and the most important, as 
 it is the only pathognomonic 
 one — is the presence of the 
 Sarcoptes. The nymphae, 
 and the adult males and 
 females, are met with among 
 the crusts on every part 
 attacked. The young larvae 
 and the ovigerous females 
 live in the intra-epidermic 
 galleries or grooves which, in 
 Man, are indicated by a fine 
 red line, from 10 mm. to 20 
 mm. long. These galleries 
 are not visible in the Horse, 
 because of the pigmentation 
 of the skin and the thickness 
 of the epidermis. They are 
 excavated by the female im- 
 mediately after copulation ; 
 and they are rapidly formed, 
 for in from 15 to 30 minutes 
 the work is completed, and 
 all the more promptly if the 
 temperature be elevated. It 
 is for this reason that these 
 parasites have been con- 
 sidered as noctambulant ; if 
 they torment animals more 
 by night than by day, it is 
 because then the conditions 
 
 of temperature — warm stable, litter, and probably clothing — are 
 more favourable. At the point where the Sarcopt penetrates, an 
 
 9 
 
 P 
 
 mm 
 
 Fig. 84. — Sarcopt of Man. 
 
 A fecundated female (s) forming its gal- 
 lery or burrow. A semi-diagrammatic 
 figure, partly after Gerlach. From before 
 to behind are seen the eggs increasingly 
 older, os, os', ce " , then some empty egg- cases, 
 c ; o, opening for the escape of the larva ; 
 e, excrements. 
 
130 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 inflammatory papule forms, but the parasite is not to be found 
 beneath it, but at the other extremity of its gallery. 
 
 The female lays its eggs in this gallery, one after the other, and 
 here they are seen mixed with excrements. The larvae which issue 
 from them are nourished in the gallery for some time, and may 
 even undergo moultings before making their exit by the small 
 orifices which are seen along the course of the passage, and which 
 were believed to be air-holes. 
 
 It is not certain whether the nymphae and pubescent females 
 also live in the galleries. In any case, copulation takes place 
 beneath the crusts and the epidermic scales ; it is of short duration, 
 and the males are relatively few, their proportion being estimated 
 at only 5 or 6 per cent, of the total number. 
 
 The habits of the Sarcoptes explain the greater tenacity of this 
 form of scabies, as well as its more rapid extension — from the fact 
 that the parasites escape ordinary causes of destruction — and the 
 difficulty in finding them. The latter object can be achieved by 
 the procedure indicated at p. 124. It is rarely necessary to resort 
 to that recommended by Gerlach — transferring the acari to a Man, 
 and then searching for them on him. To do this, the experimentalist 
 places on his arm some of the crust from the suspected animal, 
 fixing it by means of a piece of tissue paper covered by oiled silk 
 or a silk ribbon. In about twelve hours the Sarcoptes have pene- 
 
 the crusts they can be seen 
 as white points beneath the 
 slightly congested membrane, 
 or on a papule, and they may 
 be seized by means of a fine 
 needle. If we wait until the 
 papule becomes a vesicle, the 
 acarus is no longer there, as 
 it has traced its gallery. This 
 diagnostic procedure does not 
 cause any inconvenience, as a 
 little oil of turpentine or any 
 other acaricide will avert con- 
 tagion. 
 
 Course, Duration, and Termination. — Sarcoptic scabies is some- 
 what slow at its commencement ; so that it may remain unper- 
 ceived for some time. A small number of acari do not give rise to 
 anything very marked during the first fifteen days of their installa- 
 tion, and it is only during the succeeding fifteen days that the 
 phenomena of invasion are manifested, although they are still 
 sufficiently vague to make diagnosis doubtful. The affection is 
 more clearly revealed in the course of the third fortnight, and 
 during the fourth it has made more progress than in the previous 
 six weeks (Gerlach). Nevertheless, when circumstances are favour- 
 able, the extension of the disease may be at least twice as rapid, 
 and the incubative period be reduced to fifteen days. It would 
 
 trated the skin, and on removing 
 
 B C 
 
 Fig. 85. — Egg of the Sarcoptes scabiei, in 
 various stages of development ; mag- 
 nified 150 diameters. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 3i 
 
 seem, therefore, that the prosperity of the colony is absolutely 
 conformable to the geometrical progression of the multiplication 
 of the parasites, as given by Gerlach. When the disease is well 
 established on an animal, it may within eight days have reached 
 parts of the body the most distant from where it commenced. 
 
 Sarcoptic scabies begins most frequently at the withers, and 
 extends to the sides of the neck, shoulders, back, and sides. It 
 does not easily invade the extremity of the limbs, and it respects 
 the parts covered with strong hairs — crest, tail, legs — which remain 
 with their hairy covering in the midst of neighbouring denuded 
 regions. The Psoropt, on the contrary, appears to seek those 
 parts avoided by the Sarcopt. Sometimes, though rarely, sar- 
 coptic scabies commences at the head, flanks, croup, etc., this 
 depending upon the initial point of contamination. 
 
 When the disease is not interfered with, by the disturbance in 
 the functions of the skin and the restlessness due to the pruritus, 
 it occasions a serious alteration in nutrition and marked marasmus 
 that may, though slowly, lead to a fatal termination. Such a 
 result, however, is only witnessed among animals which have not 
 received sufficient attention ; and as diseased animals are not the 
 objects of careful observation, and as nearly always the malady is 
 interfered with in its course by more or less judicious treatment, 
 there is no reliable information with regard to the minimum, 
 average, or maximum duration of this kind of scabies. 
 
 On a Horse which has been recently cured of mange, the hairs 
 grow unusually fast, owing to the greater activity of the capillary 
 circulation of the skin ; they are longer than the neighbouring hairs 
 that remained healthy and were clipped in treatment, while their 
 colour is generally darker ; this difference persists until the next 
 shedding of the coat. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — Experiments and observations demon- 
 strate the contagiousness of sarcoptic scabies from the Horse to 
 other Horses, Asses, or Mules, and reciprocally. This transmission 
 takes place in every way by which the parasite can be transported, 
 and principally by litter, rugs, grooming, utensils, walls of stables 
 and partitions of stalls. It also occurs, though less frequently, by 
 direct contact of diseased with healthy Horses. The mange which 
 prevailed among the French army Horses in the Crimea made 
 startling progress during the voyage, owing to their being so closely 
 packed in the transports ; and here we have a proof of the direct 
 transmission of the Sarcoptes, all the Horses having been attacked 
 with the malady on the parts where they came into contact with 
 each other (Delafond and Bourguignon). 
 
 The danger of contagion is related to the phase and intensity of 
 the disease. At the period of their installation, the Sarcoptes have 
 little tendency to emigrate, and cohabitation of healthy Horses 
 with one which is just infected is often followed by no bad results ; 
 but after the formation of scales and crusts, the parasites pass 
 quickly from one Horse to another, a slight and fugitive contact 
 
 9—2 
 
1 3 2 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 between them being sufficient to ensure infection. Gerlach asserts 
 that he has seen Horses in good health, placed alongside mangy 
 horses covered with crusts, contract the disease in a quarter of an hour. 
 
 The larvae and nymphae, and the young males and fecundated 
 females, are more especially the active agents in transmitting the 
 malady. The egg-laying females, concealed in the galleries, scarcely 
 concur in this transmission, unless they are violently exposed by 
 energetic scratching which reaches the blood. 
 
 With regard to the persistency of contagion by articles from 
 mangy animals, which harbour the Sarcoptes, Gerlach on the one 
 side, and Delafond and Bourguignon on the other, have made 
 interesting experiments as to the vital tenacity of the parasites. 
 
 According to Gerlach, no variety of the Sarcopt exposed to a dry 
 heat of 6o° (Cent.) can live beyond an hour. Kept in a watch-glass, 
 the Sarcopt of the Horse died on the fifth or sixth day ; with the 
 crusts, it lived eight or ten days ; and in an inhabited stable, death 
 only took place on the twelfth to the fourteenth day. On a frag- 
 ment of skin covered with crusts, and exposed to heat, the Sarcopt 
 perished when the piece was completely dried, which was on the 
 ninth day ; when the skin preserved its humidity, the animalcule 
 gave feeble signs of life on the twenty-fourth day, but these had 
 entirely ceased on the twenty-eighth day. 
 
 Delafond and Bourguignon have obtained similar results. 
 
 The Sarcopt of the Horse being only a variety of the Sarcoptes 
 scabiei, it is well to know if the Horse can contract sarcoptic mange 
 by mediate or immediate contact with any other of the Mammalian 
 species susceptible of being affected with a similar form of the disease. 
 
 So far as the scabies of Man is concerned, Delafond and Bour- 
 guignon have, on different occasions and in the space of forty days, 
 deposited on the skin of an old and feeble Horse 176 Sarcoptes 
 obtained from persons affected with itch. These parasites attacked 
 the skin, buried themselves in the epidermis, and produced a papulo- 
 vesicular eruption on the shoulders and neck. The Horse died on 
 the fourteenth day, and at the autopsy it was impossible to find 
 any of the parasites on the skin. In another experiment, 187 Sar- 
 coptes, collected from affected Men, were deposited at several times 
 within twenty-six days on the side of the neck of an old lean Horse. 
 They traced numerous galleries and occasioned a vesicular erup- 
 tion ; but this disappeared, and on the animal being clipped on 
 the seventy-ninth day, there was no evidence of scabies or para- 
 sites. These experiments demonstrate that the Sarcopt of Man will 
 only temporarily implant itself on the skin of the Horse, and that 
 there is nothing to fear from Men suffering from itch attending Horses. 
 
 We cannot be so certain with regard to the transmission of the 
 Sarcopt of the Dog to the Horse. In three experiments made by 
 Delafond and Bourguignon, great numbers of the Sarcoptes of the 
 Dog — no, 58, and 220 — were placed on the skin of two Horses ; 
 they attacked the integument, raised the epidermis, and made 
 galleries ; living for twenty to twenty-four days, they occasioned a 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 133 
 
 secondary eruption, accompanied by the majority of the symptoms 
 of mange ; but they eventually died, and the symptoms spon- 
 taneously subsided. 
 
 Gerlach has also made some attempts at transmission, which 
 have likewise yielded undecisive results. He believed, however, 
 that an emigration en masse of the Sarcopt of the Dog might give 
 rise to a transient eruption on the skin of the Horse ; and he thought 
 that to this cause might be attributed the mange contracted by 
 horses — according to the statements of hunting-men — when mangy 
 Foxes, killed in the chase, are thrown over the backs of their steeds. 
 
 It is also interesting to note the fact of the transmission of mange 
 from the Lion to the Horse, as observed by Delafond and Bour- 
 guignon. Five Lions in a menagerie were affected with sarcoptic 
 scabies. The brush and sponge employed to clean their skin were 
 used for some days in grooming six Horses ; in about seven to nine 
 days afterwards, the latter had a very pruriginous papular eruption 
 on the croup, back, shoulders and chest, and in the crusts collected 
 from them were found the Sarcoptes of the Lion. This mange 
 was readily cured by the application of benzine, but it is probable 
 that it would have disappeared spontaneously. Lastly, the sar- 
 coptic scabies of Goats has been transmitted to Horses, in an 
 epizooty reported by Wallraff. 
 
 Communication of the Sarcoptic Scabies of the Horse to other Species 
 of Mammalia. — A. Man. — The sarcoptic scabies of the Horse may be 
 transmitted to Man, although this occurrence is comparatively rare. 
 For a long time instances have been recorded — long before the three 
 kinds of Horse mange had been distinguished. The greater portion of 
 the following resume is taken from Delafond and Bourguignon’s work. 
 
 Enaux and Chaussier have recorded cases of contagion of mange of the 
 Horse to Man. Chabert asserts that he, as well as several other veterinary- 
 surgeons, had caught mange from Horses ; and Delabere-Blaine also gives an 
 instance. Chavassieu d’Audebert advanced the opinion that mange may be 
 communicated from the Horse to Man. Barat reported to the Lyons 
 Veterinary School, an instance of several persons having received mange from 
 a Horse. Grognier relates that a mangy Horse had communicated its disease 
 to a number of people who had dressed it before it was sent to the Lyons 
 Veterinary School. Robert Fauvet, an Italian veterinary surgeon, states 
 that a farmer having bought a mangy horse, rode it home, and the day after 
 his arrival he felt a great itching all over his body ; the same was the case 
 with his son and a friend who had accompanied him on the journey. The 
 groom to whom he had entrusted the horse, scratched himself very much the 
 second day after he had been grooming the animal. These persons afterwards 
 conveyed the disease to others on the farm, and more than thirty persons 
 were successively attacked. The farmer sold the mangy horse to a miller, 
 who, with his sons, who had touched the animal, were soon after suffering 
 from the itch. The psoric nature of the affection was recognised by dis- 
 tinguished physicians. 
 
 Montaut-Laforest reports a case of contagion to Man from a mangy Mule. 
 Lavergne, Carrdre, Girou, Soule, Gr&ve, Pachur, Hertwig, and Stiitz, have 
 published very circumstantial facts in relation to this conveyance of Horse 
 scabies to Man. 
 
 Sick mentions an epizooty of mange in a regiment of Hussars, more 
 than one hundred of the soldiers being infected. 
 
134 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Marrel, a veterinary surgeon at Valreas, Vaucluse (France), was attacked 
 by the disease when treating mangy horses, and saw the same accident 
 happen to a farmer, who communicated the malady to his wife, and she to a 
 child she was suckling ; four other children who were attended to by the 
 mother were also infected. 
 
 Dupont, veterinary surgeon at Bordeaux, sent on an official mission, 
 reported cases of people being infected with mange from old Horses kept to 
 feed the leeches in the marshy districts of the Gironde. 
 
 Ritter reports having been himself, as well as a servant, infected while 
 attending on a mangy Horse. 
 
 In 1856, several pupils of the Alfort Veterinary School contracted the itch 
 through operating upon a mangy Horse. This was the occasion on which 
 Delafond discovered that this form of scabies was due to a Sarcopt, which 
 he considered was identical with that of Man. The discovery raised the 
 number of species of psoric Acarina of the Horse to three. 
 
 Gerlach, in the experiments on himself and several pupils of the Berlin 
 Veterinary School, has seen the Sarcopt of the Horse fix itself on the human 
 skin, like the Sarcopt special to Man, and cause an itch that was generally 
 fugaceous. 
 
 Megnin has also observed instances of contagion to Man, during the 
 epizooty of mange prevailing among the Horses of the French army in 1871. 
 
 Fleming, in the Crimea, saw a large number of Turks suffering severely 
 from itch, due to their sleeping on the saddles and blankets worn by their 
 Horses, whose skins were covered with mange. 
 
 Longchamps informs us that, in 1794, the Horses and Mules of the French 
 army in the South of France were affected with mange to a very serious extent, 
 and that the disease was transmitted to, and propagated among, the soldiers. 
 
 Geraud has also published instances, and a great number of others will be 
 found in the thesis of Neree Got. 
 
 All these facts prove that the sarcoptic scabies of the Horse can 
 be transmitted to Man, and also that the parasite does not find a 
 favourable soil for its multiplication, as the itch it produces gene- 
 rally disappears spontaneously in from fifteen days to six weeks ; 
 but in any case it readily yields to simple treatment, such as 
 alkaline and sulphur lotions. 
 
 A proof of the difficulty of this transmission is also to be found 
 in its rarity, when compared with the frequency of ^sarcoptic scabies 
 in the Horse. In the epizootics of mange occurring among the 
 Horses of the French army during great wars, very few cases of 
 the conveyance of the disease to Man have been noted and if 
 the itch caused serious disability among the soldiers during the 
 Crimean War, it is not clearly established that its origin was due 
 to mange among the Horses, which was the opinion widely preva- 
 lent ; and though many cases were adduced as being derived from 
 this source, yet the evidence is not so satisfactory as could be desired. 
 
 But an exaggerated significance should not be given to this 
 rarity of contagion, for the transmission from Man to Man is not 
 as subtle as is generally believed. ‘ The itch,’ says Besnier and 
 Doyon, ‘ is not usually contracted except by cohabitation — intimate 
 contact prolonged and repeated, and particularly at night ; it 
 must not be affirmed that this never happens accidentally , but it 
 is sufficient to know that it is exceptional.’ 
 
 B. Domesticated Animals . — Sarcoptic scabies of the Horse appears 
 to be capable of transmission to the bovine species, although up to 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 135 
 
 the present time no one in practice has observed this form of mange 
 on Cattle. The possibility of this transmission rests on facts 
 published by Robert Fauvet and Grognier, of which mention has 
 already been made. The Horse of Fauvet communicated mange 
 to a Cow which had rubbed its neck against the manger of that 
 animal. The Horse of which Grognier speaks, transmitted its 
 disease to two Cows placed alongside it in the stable. 
 
 Beyond these facts, where the sarcoptic nature of mange of the 
 Horse was established by its transmission to Man, but where the 
 equine origin of bovine mange was not sufficiently demonstrated, 
 there are doubts as to the possibility of this transmission. 
 
 Neither is there any more authority for stating that Horse mange 
 may be communicated to the Sheep, Goat, Dog, etc. 
 
 Diagnosis. — An important element in diagnosis is the discovery 
 of the Sarcopt, with all its characteristics. Sarcoptic scabies differs 
 from psoroptic scabies , as we shall see hereafter, by its more rapid 
 generalization, by its more subtle contagion, and by its seat — 
 psoroptic scabies commencing and localizing itself nearly always 
 at the upper part of the neck, towards the forelock and the tail, 
 which become denuded of hair, tumified and wrinkled. Psoroptic 
 scabies also assumes a form in which the patches are better defined, 
 they being tumified at the base, crusted, and more humid. 
 
 Sarcoptic scabies differs from chorioptic scabies in the latter being 
 confined to the limbs at first, commencing at their most inferior 
 parts, and slowly extending upwards ; it is also only feebly contagious. 
 
 Otherwise, the three forms of scabies may co-exist, and the remem- 
 brance of this important fact may avert grave errors in diagnosis. 
 
 At its commencement, sarcoptic scabies is difficult to diagnose 
 from dermanyssic acariasis — due to the transference of the Der- 
 manyssus of the Fowl to the body of the Horse. But it is dis- 
 tinguished from it, nevertheless, in the latter disease appearing on 
 Horses which live in the vicinity of poultry- yards and pigeon-houses, 
 in its becoming very quickly generalized all over the body, and in 
 its obduracy to all treatment until the Horses quit the locality, 
 when it is readily cured. Besides the absence of the Sarcoptes, 
 dermanyssic acariasis is also recognised by the small depilations 
 it produces, which, though similar at first to those of sarcoptic 
 scabies, become multiplied, but do not extend by a centrifugal 
 development, like those of mange. 
 
 It is difficult to mistake mange for ph'Mriasis , as this only causes 
 slight depilations, while the parasites are very visible ; and by the 
 uncleanliness which has permitted their multiplication, mange 
 would have assumed quite another development than the slight 
 lesions produced by the Lice. 
 
 When fully developed, sarcoptic scabies looks like strangles eczema 
 ( eczema gourmeuse) and humid eczema ( eczema dartreuse ), but in the 
 former there is no pruritus and it runs on rapidly to recovery ; 
 while the latter, which is accompanied by the same kind of pruritus 
 as mange, extends only slightly less rapid, becomes chronic, and 
 
136 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 assumes a lichenoid form ; though there is great difficulty in dis- 
 tinguishing it from sarcoptic scabies when microscopical investiga- 
 tions are without result. But the humid eczema is not contagious, 
 and yields only to internal treatment, while external treatment 
 alone will succeed with mange. 
 
 Prognosis. — Sarcoptic scabies is the most serious of the three 
 forms affecting the Horse. It owes its gravity to its great con- 
 tagiousness — which allows it to assume an epizootic form — and also 
 to its possible transmission to Man. In itself, it does not cause 
 irreparable injury to the health of animals ; but by the debility and 
 anaemia that ensue when it is of long duration, it predisposes to 
 serious diseases which may terminate in death. It also causes 
 great economic inconvenience and loss, as animals affected with it 
 cannot be worked. With regard to its resistance to treatment, 
 this varies according to the condition of the animals suffering from 
 it and the duration of the disease. Young and vigorous Horses 
 in good condition are less rapidly invaded by sarcoptic psoriasis, 
 and are more easily cured, than are old, feeble, and worn-out 
 animals. The disease is also more quickly combated when it is 
 recent ; and it is rare that well-directed treatment does not succeed 
 in curing it. 
 
 Fleming, from experience derived from army horses during war, 
 found it a most formidable malady to contend with, and one causing 
 somewhat heavy loss, death often ensuing in a wonderfully short 
 time. And even during peace, it not unfrequently leads to a fatal 
 termination when it has been allowed to go on unchecked for a 
 certain period, and especially if the horses are old and weak, or 
 overworked and badly cared for. German authorities also con- 
 sider it a grave malady. For instance, Friedberger and Frohner 
 in their classical work — Lehrbuch der Speciellen Pathologie und 
 Therapie der Hausthiere — state that the prognosis is more grave 
 than is generally admitted, and that at an advanced stage it is 
 inveterate to all medication, even the most energetic ; that nearly 
 always, after months of treatment, relapses occur ; and that in 
 chronic cases more or less generalized, the animals become 
 emaciated, fall into a state of marasmus, and may perish from 
 exhaustion. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — Besides the cutaneous alterations de- 
 scribed under symptoms, dissection affords a more exact idea of 
 the lesions accompanying the malady. Delafond and Bour- 
 guignon state that, if a fragment of the skin of a mangy horse be 
 exposed to moist heat for 24 to 48 hours, the epidermis can then 
 be removed by means of a fine scalpel and forceps. By a slight 
 magnifying power and direct light, in the parts recently attacked 
 can be seen the furrows or galleries, straight or sinuous, narrow and 
 shallow, more or less near each other, and 2 mm. to 4 mm. in 
 length. At various points they show widenings which are some- 
 what deeper than the other parts, where two or three eggs are 
 deposited ; and at the end of a gallery is an ovigerous female. On 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 - 57 
 
 the sides of the furrows the dermal papillae are red and hyper- 
 trophied, and the superficial layer of the derma is infiltrated with 
 a yellow serosity ; while in the vicinity of the galleries — and even 
 some distance from them — are vesicles, each formed by an eleva- 
 tion of the epidermis containing a little serum ; the papillae beneath 
 being exposed, are red and infiltrated. Vertical sections will also 
 show these lesions. 
 
 At the points where the changes are not so recent, the galleries 
 are distorted and disseminated, and the derma and papillae are 
 altered to a very high degree ; there are numerous elevations and 
 depressions — for the Sarcoptes no longer live in the tunnels, but 
 in depressions beneath the elevated and detached epidermis. The 
 derma is thickened by a sero-sanguinolent infiltration ; the lesions 
 extend to the glands of the skin and the hair- follicles, and this 
 explains the shedding of the hair, the dryness of the crusts, and the 
 thickness of the epidermis, the formation of which is irregular. 
 
 Lastly, in the parts where the disease is oldest, the skin is in- 
 durated and thickened, and the secondary lesions are observed, 
 depending on the cracks, erosions, etc., consecutive to the friction 
 during life. There is nothing particular to note, either with regard 
 to the engorgement of which the limbs may be particularly the seat 
 or of the internal complications which may occur in the disease 
 (Delafond and Bourguignon). 
 
 Treatment. — On the first suspicion of mange, the suspected animal 
 should be isolated. When there are several Horses affected, it 
 is well to divide them into groups, according to the period of treat- 
 ment they have undergone. 
 
 In the treatment — in addition to the destruction of the parasites 
 — when the malady is of some duration, the general debility, the con- 
 sequences of which are especially to be feared, has to be overcome. 
 
 a. Treatment is to be commenced by clipping the patients, out 
 of and at some distance from the stable. This clipping always 
 shows that the malady is more extensive than was supposed, and 
 is the only way of reaching all the parasites. The hair should be 
 carefully collected and burned. 
 
 b. The body is then subjected to a general lathering with soap 
 and water in the following manner : Two to four pounds of soft 
 soap are smeared over the surface of the body, and rubbed well into 
 the skin, so as to cause it to soften and penetrate the crusts. In an 
 hour afterwards, the skin is scrubbed by means of a brush and tepid 
 water (soft water if possible), and then tepid water is thrown over 
 the body to remove all the soap ; the skin is dried by a scraper, 
 followed by straw or hay wisps, which should, when done with, 
 be burned. One lathering generally suffices, but another may be 
 applied if crusts still remain. 
 
 c. When the skin is dried, antipsoric remedies are had recourse 
 to. Those which have fatty or oleaginous matters in their compo- 
 sition should not be applied over the whole surface of the body at 
 one time, in order to avoid sudden suppression of the cutaneous 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 138 
 
 functions. When the scabies is generalized, the dressing should 
 be applied over one half of the body at a time — right or left side, 
 or anterior or posterior moiety — an interval of forty-eight hours 
 being allowed to elapse between the two applications, and then 
 another general lathering after the same period. 
 
 Petroleum and benzine are often used, and they are excellent 
 acaricides ; but they have the inconvenience of producing irritation 
 of the skin, which continues for a long time, prevents the prac- 
 titioner easily ascertaining if the disease is cured, and hinders the 
 employment of the animals immediately after recovery. So that 
 there is reason to reject them in practice. 
 
 In Germany creosote is very much employed, the experiments of 
 Gerlach having demonstrated that it is at the head of all the acari- 
 cides, as it causes the death of the Sarcoptes in 15 to 45 seconds. 
 It is used mixed with alcohol and water (creosote and alcohol 
 10 parts, water 25 parts), or with oil (creosote 1 part, oil 25 to 40 
 parts), or lard (same proportions). The liquid form is the best. 
 One to three'energetic applications, at intervals of three to five days, 
 suffice to effect a cure. 
 
 In France, the agents which succeed most rapidly are found to 
 be tobacco , sulphurated potash , and sulphur. 
 
 The liquid refuse of tobacco manufactories, in the proportion of 
 100 grammes to 1 kilogramme of oil, constitutes an efficacious and 
 economical preparation. When a manufactory is not near, and 
 this refuse cannot be procured, tobacco itself must be dispensed 
 with, as it is too costly. 
 
 Sulphurated potash in concentrated solution, 250 grammes to the 
 litre of water, acts efficaciously, and is very frequently employed. 
 
 The Codex gives the following formula, under the heading ‘ Sul- 
 phurous Pomade for the Cure of Mange (Trasbot) * : 
 
 Solid trisulphuret of potassium - - - 10 parts. 
 
 Carbonate of potass. - - - - 2 
 
 Lard ------- 300 „ 
 
 Mix thoroughly. 
 
 This is destined to replace the pomade of Helmerich. 
 
 Sulphur is used in the form of a sulphur pomade (sublimed 
 sulphur 10, lard 30 parts), or Helmerich’ s pomade (sublimed 
 sulphur 200, potassium carbonate 100, lard 800 parts). Numerous 
 formulae have been given for the antipsoric employment of sulphur ; 
 but the two preceding, and especially the pomade of Helmerich, 
 are those which merit the preference. 
 
 The Codex gives the following formula for a mange-dressing : 
 
 Benzine - 
 Oil of cade 
 Coal-tar - 
 Soft soap 
 Oil of turpentine 
 
 300 parts. 
 100 „ 
 
 100 ,, 
 
 100 ,, 
 
 100 
 
 Triturate the soft soap and coal-tar in a mortar, and add the oil of cade ; 
 the mixture being perfectly homogeneous, gradually incorporate the oil of 
 turpentine, then the benzine. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 139 
 
 In employing these different remedies, the entire surface of the 
 bcdy should be dressed at one time ; nevertheless, in using the 
 tobacco there is danger of poisoning, and it is safer to dress only 
 one-half of the body at a time. The preparations of sulphurated 
 potash or sulphur have not this inconvenience, and they are cheap. 
 The medicament is allowed to remain on the skin for three or four 
 days ; and then a last washing with soap is made in the same 
 manner as the first. When the medicinal rubbing has been well 
 done, and no part of the body has been overlooked, it is rare to 
 see the itching persist. A most careful repetition of the treatment 
 will most certainly triumph over the disease. 
 
 At the Toulouse Veterinary School, the treatment successfully 
 employed consists in the use of a pomade prepared according to the 
 following formula, which is almost that of Pujol and Bonnet : 
 
 Powder of cevadilla - - - - - 100 grammes. 
 
 Calcined alum - - - - 40 ,, 
 
 Sublimed sulphur - - - - 60 ,, 
 
 Olive-oil ------ j litre. 
 
 Digest for two hours in a water-bath. 
 
 In the case of localized mange, the oil of tar is sometimes em- 
 ployed. 
 
 For some time, creolin or cresyl has been successfully used in 
 solution, 3 to 5 per cent. ; and it is as simple as it is inexpensive. 
 
 To prevent the reappearance of the disease, it is obvious that 
 disinfection of the harness, clothing, grooming utensils, and stable 
 is necessary. The best disinfectant is boiling water, the Acarina 
 and their eggs being destroyed at a temperature of 70° to 8o° (Cent.). 
 If there is apprehension that this may spoil the harness, it can be 
 disinfected by plunging it into an antipsoric solution of sulphurated 
 potash or creolin. 
 
 Internal treatment, which played so large a part in the older 
 medicine, should only have for its object remedying the constitu- 
 tional debility. Abundance of food, tonics, and good general 
 hygiene are the simple means to be resorted to. 
 
 This treatment of sarcoptic scabies does not differ much from 
 that resorted to in England (Fleming). When the skin has been 
 thoroughly washed with soap and water as recommended above, 
 it is soaked for some time with a solution of pot. carbonate and oil, 
 and the parasiticide is then rubbed in, a second dressing being 
 made in about a week. Washing with lead acetate solution relieves 
 the eczema that frequently accompanies mange, while diluted 
 alkaline solutions and oil of eucalyptus abate psoriasis. Chronic 
 inflammatory sequelae are treated by weak solutions of lead acetate, 
 glycerin and water ; with salines, arsenic, and iron salts internally. 
 
140 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 2. P sor optic Scabies. 
 
 Synonyms. — The Rouvieux of the hippiatrists ; the Gale humide of Le 
 Gueriniere ; the Gale par acare of Huzard, jun. ; the Gale dermatodectique of 
 Delafond ; Psoropiic acariasis. 
 
 This form of scabies has been the longest known, and is the most 
 common. It affects the Horse, Ass, and Mule, and sometimes 
 prevails epizootically. 
 
 According to Delafond and Bourguignon — who have thrown much light 
 on the history of this malady — like the majority of the forms of psora, the 
 parasite of this form ( Psoroptes communis, var. equi) was observed about the 
 middle of the last century by Lonting ; but the first illustration of it was by 
 Gohier and Saint-Didier, and was presented to the Agricultural Society of 
 Lyons in 1813 ; then came the drawings of it by Bose in 1816, in the Diction- 
 naive des Sciences Medicales ; afterwards those of Raspail in 1833, of Hertwig 
 and Hering in 1835, of Gervais in 1841, of Dujardin in 1843, an <i °f Gerlach 
 in 1857. 
 
 Symptoms. — Psoroptic scabies of the Horse may appear on any 
 part of the body except the extremity of the limbs ; but it more 
 especially affects the upper part of the neck — at the root of the 
 mane — the poll, and the tail ; and as it immediately gives rise to 
 pruritus, attention is often directed at first to the state of the long 
 hairs, which are matted and rubbed. The pruritus has the same 
 characters as that of sarcoptic scabies. 
 
 The first alteration noticed is in the form of small papules — which 
 are red on the non-pigmented parts of the skin — from 7 mm. to 
 8 mm. in diameter, and 2 mm. to 3 mm. high. At their summit 
 the epidermis on these papules is raised by an accumulation of 
 serosity, which quickly causes it to be broken, and from this results 
 a crust, owing to the desiccation of the fluid ; but as this continues 
 to exude, the crust becomes thicker in mixing with the epithelial 
 debris, and remains moist and viscid — a feature that distinguishes 
 it from the always dry and furfuraceous crust of sarcoptic scabies. 
 
 As each vesico-pustule is the result of the puncture of a Psoropt, 
 and as the parasites live in agglomerated colonies on the surface of 
 the epidermis, these punctures are made near each other and become 
 multiplied as the Psoroptes increase in numbers, until at last they 
 are confluent, and form veritable plates of crusts. 
 
 The rubbings that the patient energetically practises against 
 everything within reach contribute to the inflammation of the skin, 
 to the abundance of crusts, and to the formation of sores and ulcers. 
 The crusts themselves — which are naturally of a light-yellow tint 
 — are often red or dark-coloured, from the blood impregnating 
 them. The hairs become uprooted, and fall off during the rubbing 
 or grooming, leaving a smooth, shining, greasy patch. The skin 
 is infiltrated, thickened, and hard, as well as wrinkled where the 
 subjacent connective tissue will permit it to be so. The crusts are 
 agglutinated together, and become more and more abundant, 
 adhering more or less closely to the surface of the derma. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 141 
 
 Contrary to the habit of the Sarcopt, the Psoropt seeks the parts 
 sheltered by the long hairs, notwithstanding the thickness of the 
 skin at these points. The progress of the trouble that it excites is 
 important — more by the increasing gravity of the local alterations 
 than by the rapidity of extension of the disease. A large super- 
 ficies of skin may still remain intact, while serious changes are 
 accumulating in a short time around the primary point of invasion. 
 The regions in which the disease remains at first for a long time 
 localized are the forelock, mane, and base of the tail ; then it 
 extends to the submaxillary space, the breast, and the internal 
 surface of the thighs and neighbourhood of the prepuce. It in- 
 creases by^a regular extension, the limits of the patches incessantly 
 growing, l)ut not in the diffuse manner seen in sarcoptic scabies. 
 It may be transplanted by grooming to any part of the body, but 
 its extension is always centrifugal. 
 
 The upper part (or ridge) of the neck affected with psoroptic 
 scabies is thickened, infiltrated, marked by large transverse folds, 
 partially depilated, or covered by very short hairs mixed with some 
 long ones ; while crusts are extended over them, and in the deep 
 furrows between these folds exudes an abundance of viscid, often 
 foetid serosity, that, in summer, may contain the larvae of Muscidae. 
 This localization of the disease has received the name (in France) 
 of Rouvieux. 
 
 The presence of the Psoroptes gives to all the symptoms their 
 precise significance. They are always in great numbers at the 
 points invaded, and are readily found beneath the crusts, especially 
 towards the limits of the patches. In examining scrapings from 
 these parts on black paper, by means of a magnifying-glass, or even 
 with the unaided eye, numerous Psoroptes will be seen moving 
 about actively, in all phases of development, and often in a state 
 of copulation (Figs. 65, 75, 76, 77, 78). 
 
 Course, Duration, and Termination. — Psoroptic scabies progresses 
 slowly, and very rarely invades the whole surface of the body. 
 While at the end of a month the Sarcoptes will have spread to the 
 most distant parts of the skin, the Psoroptes at this time will be 
 still located at the upper part of the neck or base of the tail, where 
 they had established their first colony. No fixed duration can be 
 assigned to this form of scabies, even approximately ; but in any 
 case it has no tendency towards a spontaneous cure. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — It has been already mentioned that of the 
 three kinds of psoric Acarina, the Psoroptes secrete the most acrid 
 fluid, and this explains the intensity of their morbid effects. Psor- 
 optic scabies, like the other forms, can only be developed by con- 
 tagion ; so that there is no occasion to take predisposition into 
 account ; and uncleanliness, from whatever cause, can alone play 
 a preparatory part. 
 
 Contagion is effected in the same extrinsic conditions as in sar- 
 coptic scabies : it is as much more active as the contagiferous animal 
 is seriously affected. 
 
142 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 With regard to the persistency of contagion in articles coming 
 from mangy Horses, the experiments of Gerlach have shown that 
 the vital resistance of the Psoropt exceeds that of the Sarcopt. 
 Removed from its host, it lived from ten to fourteen days in a dry 
 atmosphere, and from twenty to thirty in a stable. Plunged into 
 a state of apparent death, it may yet at the end of six to eight weeks 
 be revived by means of heat and humidity, though it will not re- 
 cover so much as to be able to puncture the skin. Fecundated 
 females have a greater vital resistance than the males, and the 
 latter than non-fecundated females. 
 
 Observation and experiment appear to demonstrate that it is 
 always from the Horse that the Horse receives the original Psoropt 
 that invades it. Gohier vainly endeavoured to transmit # the scabies 
 of the Ox to Horses and Asses, and Delafond also failed with the 
 Psoroptes of the Sheep conveyed to the Horse. Nevertheless, if 
 Hosaeus has unsuccessfully attempted to transmit the Psoroptes 
 from the ear of the Rabbit to Horses, Mathieu has, in the same 
 conditions, obtained a positive result. On the other hand, facts 
 given by Cagny and by Cadeac would lead to the belief that, in 
 some circumstances, the psoroptic scabies of the Horse may have 
 its origin in the auricular acariasis of the Rabbit (see Parasitic 
 Diseases of the Ear). 
 
 When placed on the skin of Man, the Psoroptes cause a violent 
 pruritus ; but they never give rise to a psoric eruption, and soon 
 disappear. Gerlach could not succeed in transmitting the psoroptic 
 scabies of the Horse to the Sheep and Ox ; and Delafond also failed 
 with the latter animal, notwithstanding the apparent identity of 
 the Psoroptes that the Horse and Sheep may harbour. Experi- 
 ments of transmission made with the Pig, Dog, and Cat have always 
 given a negative result. 
 
 Diagnosis. — What has been said with respect to the symptoms of 
 sarcoptic and psoroptic scabies, and the resemblance that has been 
 spoken of when alluding to the differential diagnosis of the former, 
 will enable us to dispense with further reference to this point. The 
 difference between this form and chorioptic scabies has also been 
 sufficiently indicated. 
 
 The usual readiness with which the parasite can be found renders 
 diagnosis easy. At the commencement of the affection, its presence 
 may be demonstrated by fixing the crust on the arm of a Man ; in 
 one or two hours afterwards a pricking sensation will be experienced 
 in the part, due to the punctures of the parasite. 
 
 It should always be remembered that the three forms of scabies 
 may co-exist on a Horse, although simultaneousness of two of the 
 types is absolutely rare. Psoroptic scabies may also be mistaken 
 for pityriasis — the principal form of the Rouvieux of the hippiatrists 
 — which often affects the upper border of the neck and root of the 
 tail of dirty horses ; it also often coincides with phthiriasis, of 
 which it is then only a manifestation. And, besides, it may be 
 distinguished from psoroptic scabies by its chronicity, its slight 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 143 
 
 tendency to extend, the trifling pruritus, and, above all, by the 
 absence of the Psoroptes. 
 
 Prognosis. — Psoroptic scabies is a much less serious affection 
 than sarcoptic scabies. Its extension is less rapid, it is much longer 
 localized, is not so frequently epizootic, is much more easily com- 
 bated, and rapidly yields to proper treatment. The skin often 
 retains, for an indefinite time after the disease has been cured, the 
 morbid thickness it had acquired, and many of the hairs are not 
 reproduced. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — There is nothing particular in the de- 
 scription given by Delafond and Bourguignon of the morbid lesions 
 of the psoroptic scabies of the Horse ; it applies to all the irritations 
 of the skin, and is subordinate to the intensity of these. 
 
 Treatment. — The same prophylactic, hygienic, and therapeutic 
 measures are necessary for this form of scabies as for the sarcoptic 
 form. Failure is rare, and the treatment may even be more simple, 
 as it can be limited to the affected parts, or be only extended for a 
 little distance on the healthy skin surrounding these ; while, in 
 order not to disfigure the animal, portions of the hair of the mane 
 and tail can be allowed to remain. On the neck, only the hair in 
 the furrows of the skin is removed with scissors, that on the summit 
 of the ridges may remain. At the tail, transverse cuts are made 
 through the hairs, so as to leave wide lines on the most affected 
 places ; these will allow the air to circulate more readily among 
 the hairs, and so to dry the crusts, rendering cleansing and the 
 application of remedies more easy. 
 
 With respect to remedies, these, from motives of economy and 
 in view of limited employment, should have wood-tar as their base ; 
 though this does not answer for sarcoptic scabies, in which, the 
 application being of necessity general, the animal would be ex- 
 posed to the danger of cutaneous asphyxia. This tar is generally 
 mixed warm with soft soap (2 parts of tar to 1 of soap), and it is 
 rubbed into the patches on the skin by means of a brush, without 
 making the application general. This remedy is only used for 
 common Horses, and, in general, recourse is had to one or another 
 of the remedies indicated for sarcoptic scabies. 
 
 3. Chorioptic Scabies. 
 
 This form of scabies — the Gale du pied (of the French), the Fuss- 
 raude of Gerlach — was first described by Gerlach in 1857, an d was 
 subsequently studied by Delafond and Bourguignon. It is due to 
 the common choriopt (Figs. 79, 80, 81, 82, 83). 
 
 Symptoms. — The disease commences at the fetlocks and pasterns 
 — chiefly those of the posterior limbs. It afterwards reaches the 
 shanks, hocks, and knees, rarely extending to the body or croup. 
 It is indicated by signs of itching, which are much less active than 
 in the two preceding forms, and are more particularly noticeable 
 during the night, and while resting after work. The Horse stamps, 
 
144 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 rubs one leg against the other, endeavours to bite the limbs, and 
 kicks. Such horses are often very troublesome to shoe, as they 
 try to rub the affected leg while the shoer is holding it up, and 
 therefore he is much pulled about. 
 
 In a variable time — sometimes several months — the region 
 affected is covered by an abundant epidermic desquamation, in 
 the midst of which the Chorioptes are readily discovered ; the hairs 
 are shed, and in the parts limiting the depilations they can easily 
 be pulled out in tufts, leaving the subjacent skin bare and smooth. 
 At a later period, the skin becomes thickened and exudes ; crusts 
 of variable thickness form, and cracks appear in the hollow of the 
 pastern, which may granulate and become somewhat serious. 
 Coarse-bred, heavy Horses are generally those most liable to 
 become affected, the thick hairy legs affording good shelter for 
 the parasite. The skin is scurfy and the hair much broken and 
 woolly. 
 
 Chorioptic scabies follows an extremely slow course, and a Horse 
 must be greatly neglected by its owner, even for several years, 
 before the disease invades the upper part of the limbs and the 
 trunk. It shows itself almost exclusively during the winter — not 
 that the chorioptes abandon their host during the summer, but 
 probably because, during this season, the natural excretions of the 
 skin dispense with the necessity for actively pricking it, in order to 
 excite the exudation of nutritive fluid. 
 
 The disease may persist for several years if the Horses are badly 
 groomed. The skin then becomes infiltrated, and cracks more or 
 less deeply in the hollow of the pastern and above the fetlock ; in 
 the course of time the papillae of the derma become hypertrophied, 
 and appear as round or conical prominences close together, and 
 covered by a smooth and shining epidermic layer. These increase 
 in volume ; and in the furrows between them appears a foetid, sero- 
 purulent matter, chiefly composed of serosity and a mass of epi- 
 dermic cells. In this product, the Chorioptes of all ages — males 
 and females — are found in considerable numbers, as well as their 
 eggs, the debris of their moultings, and their excrements. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — Chorioptic scabies is never seen in well- 
 bred Horses, because of the orderly way in which they are kept, 
 and the fineness of the hair on their legs. It is the appanage of 
 common Horses, which have coarse long hairs on their limbs, and 
 in which the skin is habitually dirty. This is the reason why it is 
 most frequently seen on young Horses which, not yet at work, are 
 not regularly groomed ; as well as on old worn-out animals which 
 have fallen into careless hands, and which are near their final stage 
 —the knacker’s establishment. 
 
 Contagion is effected by grooming articles, but more especially 
 by litter, in which the Chorioptes may live for a long time. Gerlach 
 has kept them with crusts in a warm place, and at the end of ten 
 to twelve days they appeared to be dead ; but heat and moisture 
 rendered them active in fourteen days. In the spring, or in a 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 45 
 
 place not warm, they have succumbed in fourteen days, and in 
 fifteen in a stable. Delafond and Bourguignon have kept them 
 alive from sixty to sixty-five days, in boxes placed in a stable, with 
 a temperature of 14 0 to 15 0 Cent. (57'2° to 59 0 Fahr.), care being 
 taken to renew the air in the box and to maintain a proper amount 
 of humidity. 
 
 The disease owes its extension to transmission from diseased to 
 healthy Horses. The Choriopt of the Ox conveyed to the Horse, 
 disappears without attacking the skin ; while that of the Horse 
 transplanted to Man, and other creatures than the equine species, 
 has produced no results. 
 
 Chorioptic scabies is the least contagious of the three forms of 
 equine scabies, as the Choriopt has little tendency to emigrate, 
 often remaining localized on one limb, or on two anterior or pos- 
 terior limbs. Gerard and Railliet completely failed in their well- 
 conducted attempts to develop the disease on Horses, by depositing 
 the parasites in the hollow of the pasterns. It is true that they 
 experimented with old Horses ; and Railliet is inclined to believe 
 that the disease is proper to young Horses, the cases recorded as 
 occurring among old Horses being due to the persistence of the 
 malady from their earlier years. 
 
 Diagnosis. — With regard to this, there is nothing to be added to 
 what has been already said concerning sarcoptic and psoroptic 
 scabies. The markedly special seat of chorioptic scabies, its symp- 
 toms, and the facility with which the parasites are always found, 
 should prevent mistakes, and particularly if it be remembered that 
 the simultaneousness of the two forms of scabies is possible. 
 
 Prognosis. — This disease — the most benignant of the manges of 
 the Horse — only persists when the horse- owner allows it to do so ; 
 as it is most easily got rid of, and is only serious when complicated 
 with cracks in the skin and papillary growths, which, after they 
 have been cured, often leave thick cicatrices. 
 
 Treatment. — To prevent the somewhat inactive contagion of 
 chorioptic scabies, it is well to isolate the affected Horse, or, at 
 least, to often renew its litter and look well to grooming, for cleanli- 
 ness is always one of the most efficacious of the curative agents. 
 
 The hair should be removed as close as possible from the invaded 
 regions, and even a little beyond them ; then the brush or wisp 
 will remove, along with the crusts and scurf, quantities of parasites 
 and ova. The whole of the affected parts are then to be well rubbed 
 with soft soap, which should be allowed to remain on for about 
 twenty minutes, when it is to be washed off with warm water, and 
 the skin treated with the scraper and well dried. 
 
 The antipsoric medication properly prescribed by Delafond and 
 Bourguignon, consists of friction either with a concentrated decoc- 
 tion of tobacco, the pomade of Helmerich, or — which is more ex- 
 peditious — benzine or oil of turpentine. One, two, or at most 
 three, rubbings with one or other of these agents suffices to com- 
 pletely cure the disease. At the Toulouse Veterinary School, a 
 
 10 
 
46 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 mixture of equal parts of petroleum and linseed-oil is employed. 
 A mixture of Stockholm tar or cade-oil with an equal part of soft 
 soap, applied warm over the whole of the affected surface, gives 
 excellent results when the disease is chronic ; but when it is accom- 
 panied by hypertrophy of the papillae, then there should be applied, 
 and more than once, the mixture of tar and soft soap, to which 
 should be added 2 to 5 grammes of finely-powdered arsenious acid 
 to 500 grammes of the mixture. 
 
 B. — Scabies of Bovine Animals. 
 
 It had been known for a long time that bovines might be affected 
 with psora, as Delafond and Bourguignon state that it is mentioned 
 in the writings of Columella, who lived in the first century of our 
 era, and also in those of Vegetius. Since the establishment of 
 veterinary schools, bovine scabies has been frequently observed, 
 and its parasitic nature has been clearly recognised. It might 
 appear at first sight that the Ox, like the Horse, should be affected 
 with the three forms of scabies, of which the pathogenic agent is a 
 Sarcopt, a Psoropt, and a Choriopt. 
 
 1. Sar coptic Scabies. 
 
 Sarcoptic scabies of the Ox is only incidentally mentioned here, as its 
 history is limited to the possibility of its existence. Grognier, indeed, men- 
 tions that the mangy Horse alluded to at p. 133 communicated its disease 
 not only to several people, but also to two Cows placed alongside it in the 
 stable. The transmission to Man demonstrated the sarcoptic nature of the 
 affection. It was the same with the case recorded by Robert Fauvet : the 
 mangy horse sold to a miller infected a Cow that had rubbed its neck against 
 the manger. 
 
 Wallraff has reported the history of an epizooty of mange that prevailed 
 among Goats in the valley of Prattigau, Canton of Grisons. The disease was 
 communicated to Man, and was therefore sarcoptic ; it was transmitted to 
 cattle and Horses. Delafond produced a fugaceous form of mange that 
 disappeared spontaneously, in depositing some Sarcoptes from a diseased 
 Dog on the skin of a Bull and a Calf. McFadyean reported a case of sarcoptic 
 mange of the Ox in 1900. 
 
 These are all the facts that are known of the sarcoptic scabies of the Ox. 
 Rademacher relates that a mangy Cat, which was in the habit of resting on 
 the back of a Cow, infected the latter ; the Cow gave the disease to a servant, 
 and she, in her turn, gave it to all the family. It will be shown hereafter 
 that the scabies of the Cat can be conveyed to Man ; but as it is due to the 
 Sarcoptes minor, and not to 5 . scabiei, the instance given by Rademacher 
 cannot be accepted as of equal value — so far as the history of bovine sarcoptic 
 scabies is concerned — with that of equine scabies, due to the S. scabiei. For 
 the same reason, the incomplete, and even inexact, observation of Thudichum, 
 relative to the development of scabies in people who had been in contact 
 with a mangy Cow, cannot be utilized. 
 
 2. Psoroptic Scabies . 
 
 Synonyms. — Dermatocoptic scabies Roll ; Gale dermatodectique Delafond. 
 
 History. — According to Sauvages, Linnaeus observed on cattle a mange that 
 was caused and maintained by insects, which were found located in the 
 tubercles of the skin ; but, in reality, the first mention of a parasite — in 1813. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 147 
 
 — is due to Dorfeuille, a veterinary surgeon at Port-Sainte-Marie (Lot-et- 
 Garonne, France), who reported his discovery to Gohier, who, in the following 
 year, found this acarus on the Hungarian cattle which the Austrians brought 
 in large numbers with their army to Lyons. Gohier did not remark any 
 difference between this animalcule and that which he had seen — the Psoroptes 
 communis — in a form of mange of the Horse. After long search, Delafond 
 in 1856 discovered this parasite on English and Limousin cattle, at the same 
 time that Gerlach found it on mangy cattle at Bromberg. This form of 
 scabies was again seen by Muller in i860, and since that time it has been 
 observed at intervals on French cattle. The disease is not uncommon in the 
 United Kingdom (Fleming). 
 
 Symptoms. — The psoroptic scabies of the Ox has great analogies 
 with the same form in the Horse. It commences at the root of the 
 tail or — though less frequently — at the neck or withers, and gradu- 
 ally extends to the head, back, shoulders, sides of the chest, and 
 finally invades the entire surface of the body, except the limbs. 
 
 There is violent pruritus : the animal scratches and rubs itself 
 in every possible way, and often causes blood to flow from the 
 affected parts. An attentive examination discovers — at the place 
 where the disease commences — small, miliary, epidermic elevations, 
 discrete or confluent, filled with serosity. This escapes, agglutin- 
 ates the hairs, dries, and gives rise to very adherent crusts, which 
 increase in number and extent. There are soon seen on the skin 
 numerous patches of mange — depilated, borders irregularly fes- 
 tooned, covered with thick, greyish, scaly or lamellar crusts. Be- 
 neath and between these crusts the Psorptes multiply. They can 
 be readily seen by the naked eye, or by means of a lens, in spreading 
 skin-scrapings on black paper in a warm place. The skin itself, 
 when freed from crusts, is seen to be depilated, thickened, hard, 
 dry, and cracked, with thick folds on the sides of the neck, shoulders, 
 and chest. 
 
 In serious and neglected cases ulceration may ensue, due more 
 especially to the continual rubbing. The animals then fall into a 
 state of extreme cachexia ; the superficial lymphatic glands in the 
 adjacent regions are hard and prominent, but not painful ; and 
 death is the sequel to this miserable condition. 
 
 Gerlach and Muller have remarked on the modifications occurring 
 in this form of scabies by change of season. On a farm in the circle 
 of Inowraclaw, the disease prevailed among the cattle every year, 
 commencing towards the end of autumn when the animals began to 
 be housed, reaching its maximiyn in February, and diminishing in 
 spring, when the oxen were employed at labour ; the crusts then 
 became detached, the hairs grew, and there only remained a few 
 bare patches at the root of the tail and on the neck, while around the 
 horns and on the neck epidermic scales were abundant. The train 
 of symptoms reappeared each autumn. Gerlach and Muller recog- 
 nised that the Psoroptes persisted in summer, although the Oxen 
 appeared to be cured ; the parasites were in great numbers on the 
 neck and around the horns, and Chorioptes were mixed with them. 
 
 It would appear from these facts, that the residence of the Oxen 
 
 10 — 2 
 
48 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 in warm stables during the winter favours the development of the 
 parasites. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — The immediate cause of this scabies is 
 the Psoroptes communis , var. bGvis. Conveyed to healthy animals, 
 it develops the same disease on them. It may, nevertheless, be 
 admitted that poverty and uncleanliness are predisposing causes ; 
 and it has been shown that dwelling in a stable during winter favours 
 the development of this malady, while living in the open air during 
 the summer does not. 
 
 May the Ox contract psoroptic scabies from other domesticated 
 animals with which it comes in contact ? Gohier and Carrere 
 have reported affirmative facts, in which Cows have acquired the 
 disease after being — for a variable period — beside a mangy horse. 
 But they have not given details as to the characters of this psora, 
 either on the Horse or the Cow ; so that it is impossible to give an 
 opinion as to whether it was this, or one of the other forms of 
 scabies. The experiments with regard to the transmission of 
 psoroptic scabies from the Horse to the Ox, made by Gerlach, and 
 more especially by Delafond, carried out under the most satisfactory 
 conditions, have always yielded negative results — Delafond only 
 once having observed a fugitive pruritus that was not followed by 
 scabies. And it is also the fact, as demonstrated by the experi- 
 ments of Delafond, that the Psoropt of the Sheep cannot be acclima- 
 tized on the Ox. Only on two occasions in five did the transplanted 
 parasites attack the skin of the calves experimented upon — thin 
 crusts were formed, but the Psoroptes died or disappeared in from 
 three to six days. Inversely, attempts at transmission of the 
 psoroptic scabies of the Ox to the Horse were without result in 
 the hands of Gohier and of Muller. 
 
 Diagnosis. — The psoroptic scabies of the Ox might, in one of its 
 phases, be mistaken for certain cutaneous affections which some- 
 what resemble it. But the error may be averted by a careful 
 examination, which will decide whether or not the Psoroptes — so 
 easily found and distinguished from every other parasite — are 
 present. 
 
 The Phthiriasis due to the Hcematopinus eurysternus and H. 
 vituli — which are very pruriginous, cause depilations, and locate 
 themselves on the upper part of the neck and withers — is easily 
 recognised by the presence of the Lice ; but as it may coincide with 
 scabies, something more than a superficial examination is necessary. 
 However, the treatment usually employed against lice will destroy 
 the parasites of Mange. 
 
 The prurigo that results from heating food, or the sudden tran- 
 sition from a poor regime to an abundant ration — and sometimes 
 appears without any appreciable cause — may extend to various 
 parts of the body or be limited to some. It is characterized by 
 discrete papules — which may be small and soft, or voluminous and 
 hard — that cause a violent pruritus, particularly when the body 
 is heated. In consequence of rubbing, the excoriated papules are 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 149 
 
 covered with blood- tinted crusts, and the skin is thickened, chafed, 
 moist, and depilated in patches. This disease may quickly subside 
 spontaneously, but it may also continue for months. It has a 
 great resemblance to scabies, and especially when it manifests 
 itself on several animals at the same time in one place ; then con- 
 tagion might be suspected. The diagnosis will be decided by the 
 absence of acari, and by the utility of internal treatment — alter- 
 atives, purgative salines, arsenious acid, etc. 
 
 In ringworm — which is contagious, like scabies — the patches 
 invaded by the Trichophyton are always circular, and have limited 
 dimensions — from 3 cm. to 5 cm. in diameter ; while those of 
 scabies are irregular, and have a disposition to extend along the 
 body. Besides, each of these two affections has its own proper 
 parasite, the presence of which fixes the diagnosis. 
 
 Prognosis. — Psoroptic scabies in the Ox can only become serious 
 when it has been absolutely neglected, and the cachexia accompany- 
 ing it has become chronic ; for it readily yields to various antipsoric 
 remedies. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — G. P. Piana has given the following 
 resume of his researches into the lesions of the psoroptic scabies of 
 the Ox. 
 
 The Psoroptes induce very limited exudative inflammation in the 
 regions of the derma corresponding to the points where they have 
 inserted their mandibles in the epidermis ; the exudate resulting 
 from each of these inflammations is infiltrated between the cells 
 of the rete mucosum, and also collects in the substance of the 
 epidermis itself. This exudation is very rich in leucocytes, which, 
 owing to their movements, become insinuated — along with the fluid 
 portion — between the deeper epidermic cells. 
 
 Consecutive to these changes, and according to the intensity of 
 the dermal inflammation, the alterations may assume two different 
 aspects. In the first, the formation of the exudate ceases, and new 
 epidermic layers are established beneath the already developed 
 exudative masses, which fall off afterwards with the epidermic 
 scales. In the other case, the exudation continues, and the pro- 
 duct already accumulated in the substance of the epidermis con- 
 tinues, until it causes rupture of the horny layer, and complete 
 destruction of the rete mucosum — hence more marked irritation 
 and the possible formation of a veritable ulcer. 
 
 When the punctures of the Psoroptes are confluent, instead of 
 small and distinct inflammatory points, a very extensive exudate 
 is thrown out, which, in drying, forms a crust. 
 
 Treatment. — The curative measures indicated for the psoroptic 
 scabies of the Horse are in every way applicable to the same form 
 in the Ox. Mercurial preparations should on no account be 
 employed, as they may be absorbed and cause more or less serious 
 poisoning ; for cattle are particularly liable to hydrargyrism, and 
 numerous instances are recorded to prove the danger incurred from 
 the use of these preparations. These dangers are due, for the most 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 150 
 
 part, to the great tendency of the larger ruminants to lick them- 
 selves, and especially whenever they experience any itching sensa- 
 tion. In addition to the mercurial preparations, all toxic sub- 
 stances — such as cantharides, arsenic, etc. — likely to create another 
 disease than that to be combated, should be absolutely proscribed. 
 
 3. Chorioptic Scabies. 
 
 Synonyms, History. — Dermatophagic scabies Roll, Chorioptic scabies Megnin. 
 This form of scabies is very rare in France, but it has been particluarly studied 
 in Germany. According to Gerlach, the first mention of the acarus which 
 produces it is due to Kegelaar in 1835. But it was Hering, of Stuttgart, who 
 was the first to make known in a positive manner, in 1 845 , this form of psora, 
 and who described, distinguished, and exactly figured the Choriopt that lives 
 on the Ox. This study was undertaken and happily developed by Gerlach 
 in his treatise on scabies. Delafond and Megnin have also, though rarely, 
 met with the Choriopt of the Ox. 
 
 Symptoms.— This form of scabies has its seat almost exculsively 
 at the base of the tail. The pruritus is moderate. An abundance 
 of scurf covers the affected part ; the hair gradually falls off ; then 
 crusts and cracks form, which are inhabited by numerous acari. 
 It is only when cleanliness of the skin is altogether neglected, that 
 the disease goes beyond the root of the tail, and extends to the back 
 and neck in one direction, and to the perinseum, mammae, and inner 
 surface of the thighs in the other direction. In general, it remains 
 localized for years at the base of the tail and in the anal fossa. In 
 some cases observed by Muller, during the summer the parasite 
 was located along with Psoroptes at the nape of the neck. 
 
 It is not a serious malady that injures the health of the affected 
 animals to any sensible extent, unless, by negligence — prolonged 
 for months, or even years — it is allowed to spread to other parts 
 of the body. Then, owing to the general disturbance in the 
 cutaneous functions, it may bring on anaemia and the unthriftiness 
 observed among such animals. 
 
 According to Johne, bovine animals often have the Chorioptes 
 on their posterior pasterns without manifesting the slightest 
 pruritus. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — Chorioptic scabies of the Ox is little con- 
 tagious. Diseased cattle have been known to cohabit with healthy 
 ones for four years without transmitting the disease. It is not 
 contagious for Man, nor for the other domesticated animals. De- 
 posited on the human skin, the Choriopt of the Ox may produce a 
 few red points and a slight itching, but these phenomena do not 
 persist beyond twelve to sixteen hours. Scurf applied in the 
 pasterns of the Horse causes papules and pruritus that disappear 
 in a few days. 
 
 Inversely, Delafond and Bourguignon have, on two occasions, 
 deposited a large number of Chorioptes of the Horse — males and 
 females of all ages — on the tail and around the anus of four 
 emaciated and weakly Cows ; the parasites attacked the epidermis 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 caused scurf, and produced the disease ; but in fifteen days after- 
 wards they had all disappeared, and the scabies was cured spon- 
 taneously in twenty days. 
 
 Diagnosis. — The Chorioptic and the psoroptic scabies are difficult 
 to distinguish from each other at their commencement. To arrive 
 at a sure diagnosis, prepared by the differential characters of the 
 lesions, it is indispensable to discover the parasite by means of the 
 microscope. 
 
 A superficial examination might lead to the supposition that 
 Chorioptic scabies was the plithiriasis due to the Trichodectes 
 scalar is, when this has its seat on the posterior parts of the body 
 and root of the tail ; as it is accompanied by a furfuraceous eruption, 
 depilation, and slight pruritus. The distinction between the two 
 diseases is very easy, inasmuch as the dimensions of the Trichodect 
 are at least four times greater than those of the Choriopt, and their 
 specific characters are widely different. 
 
 The ringworm of the calf can scarcely be mistaken for this scabies, 
 as that dermatomycosis has always a more or less regularly circular 
 form. 
 
 In the same way, prurigo is distinguished by the character 
 indicated above, cl propos of the psoroptic scabies of the Ox. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment of this form of scabies does not 
 require any special recommendation. To cure it, the same pro- 
 cedure as for psoroptic scabies of the Ox will suffice. 
 
 C. — Scabies of the Sheep. 
 
 The Sheep, like the Horse and Ox, may present three forms of 
 scabies — sarcoptic, psoroptic, and chorioptic. Living in flocks — 
 which is the rule with ovine animals — gives to their acariases a 
 particularly serious character, as it considerably facilitates contagion. 
 And this is also increased by the long time the litter is allowed to 
 lie in the sheepffilds, only a small number of parasites being at wide 
 intervals carried to the manure-pit. Besides, the development of 
 the wool furnishes an efficacious shelter to the Acarina, and offers 
 great opposition to the action of antipsoric agents — difficulties 
 which are augmented by the fact of the large number of animals 
 that the shepherd has to look after, and consequently gives rise to 
 irregularity in the effects of treatment. All these causes explain 
 the tendency of scabies to be perpetuated in flocks which these 
 diseases have invaded. And what adds still further to their gravity, 
 is the circumstance that not only do they injure the health of the 
 animals, but they also at times greatly depreciate the value of the 
 wool. 
 
 These various reasons account for the large amount of attention 
 that the scabies of the Sheep has received, and the careful studies 
 of which they have been the object, and principally with regard to 
 treatment. 
 
 They will also justify the somewhat detailed allusion we will 
 make to them in the following pages. 
 
152 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 i. Sarcoptic Scabies. 
 
 This form of scabies has been for a long time designated (in France) Gale 
 de la tete, Dartre de la tete, Teigne, Vidragne, Lezard, and more especially 
 Noir-museau — a name also given to an ulcerous affection of lambs, attacking 
 the lips and around them. Jehan de Brie, in the fourteenth century, named it 
 Poacre. ‘ Et est le poacre une maladie et maniere de rongne, qui prent et 
 tient es museaux des brebis.’ But until the time of Delafond no one knew 
 that this disease was a real psora, caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei, var. ovis. 
 It was in 1858 that he observed it in Neapolitan Sheep brought to Paris ; and 
 it has since been described by Gerlach. We have observed it in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Toulouse, where the shepherds call it Musarail. In Beauce its 
 ordinary name is Becqueriau. 
 
 Symptoms. — This scabies has its seat almost exclusively on the 
 head. It appears first on the upper lip and around the nostrils, 
 much more rarely on the eyelids and ears. Later it extends to the 
 face, forehead, cheeks and eyelids, and exceptionally to the inter- 
 maxillary space. According to Chabert, ‘ it is only when the 
 disease is of long standing that it shows itself between the forelegs, 
 beneath the belly, around the joints, and especially behind the 
 knees, the hocks, and the pasterns. In this way it differs,’ he adds, 
 ‘ from ordinary scabies, for it appears to avoid the parts covered 
 with wool.’ Gerlach, in fact, could not succeed in developing it 
 on the woolly parts of Merino Sheep ; and this was probably due 
 to the abundance of yolk in these regions, for with dry-wooled 
 Sheep — Zackel Sheep, Fat- tailed Sheep, and the Neapolitan Sheep 
 — the malady may gradually extend all over the body. 
 
 It commences by an eruption of small vesicular papules, accom- 
 panied by violent pruritus, which compels the animal to rub itself 
 against everything about it, and less frequently to scratch itself 
 with its hind-feet. The papules, being chafed by this friction, 
 exude a serosity that, in drying, forms small, hard nodosities 
 adhering to the skin, which the finger-nail discovers among the hair. 
 Cracks may be seen on the ears when the disease begins there. 
 The multiplication of the parasites and their extension, generalize 
 the disease over large surfaces. The anterior surface of the head 
 is covered with crusts, at first thin, but becoming afterwards thick, 
 light-coloured or greyish, hard and adherent. At a more advanced 
 stage, all the diseased places merge into one, and the lips, nostrils, 
 face, cheeks, forehead and ears are a vast crusted surface — dry, 
 thick, and made even by repeated rubbings. 
 
 The skin is thickened and raised in folds, at the bottom of which 
 are fissures and cracks that bleed at first and then cicatrize. Delafond 
 says the ears may have sero-sanguinolent cysts, due to the irritation 
 induced by the friction. 
 
 The animals may have some difficulty in taking their food ; and 
 the conjunctivae may be injected and the eyes muco-purulent. 
 
 The acari are found beneath the adherent layer of the crusts, 
 which is moist when removed by forceps. 
 
 The duration of this scabies is subordinate to the care taken in 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 153 
 
 its treatment. If not perseveringly attended to it may be in- 
 definitely perpetuated. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — The older (French) authors and shepherds 
 believed the noir museau to be due to wounds and scratches, pro- 
 duced on the nose and around the lips of the Sheep, when these 
 animals were grazing among stubble, briars, thorns and stones, or 
 in rubbing these parts against the bars of the rack when taking 
 forage. The lambs are seldom affected, the noir museau seen on 
 them being quite different, and of an ulcerative nature. The true 
 cause of the disease is contagion, and this is why it is perpetuated 
 in sheepfolds, by immediate and mediate contact ; and especially 
 by the fact of the racks against which the Sheep rub themselves — 
 either in taking their food or to allay the itching — being soiled by 
 crusts charged with the Sarcoptes. 
 
 Can the sarcoptic scabies of the Sheep be derived from the 
 sarcoptic scabies of any other domesticated species ? Viborg 
 admits that the scabies of the Pig may be transmitted to the 
 Sheep, though Am-Pach is of the contrary opinion ; but there are 
 no facts in support of either view, and the same may be said with 
 regard to Chabert’s assertion, that the scabies of the Dog may be 
 conveyed to Sheep. Only for the sarcoptic scabies of the Goat has 
 transmission to Sheep been demonstrated, as Wallraff and Roloff 
 have shown ; the communicated disease bore the closest resemblance 
 to the psora just described. 
 
 The sarcoptic scabies of the Sheep may be conveyed to Man. 
 Delafond has seen a breeder contract the disease through attending 
 Sheep affected with it ; while Gerlach succeeded on several occa- 
 sions in effecting transmission to a student, and each time treat- 
 ment had to be resorted to for the arrest of this experimental 
 malady. Nevertheless, the contagion of Man should be extremely 
 rare, as no other instance has been observed in practice. 
 
 Gerlach has stated that if sarcoptic crusts from the Sheep are 
 placed on the skin of the Horse, Ox, or Dog, there is developed at 
 the places a local scabies that has not extended at the end of four 
 weeks. With the Goat — contrary to what had been observed by 
 Roloff and Railliet — at the expiry of three weeks it was still doubtful 
 if transmission had occurred, as there was not a trace of scabies. 
 
 Diagnosis, Prognosis. — The sarcoptic scabies of the Sheep cannot 
 be mistaken for any other disease. Its seat distinguishes it from 
 psoroptic scabies, and the presence of the special parasite found 
 in the moist portion of the crusts is sufficient to remove any doubts. 
 
 It is not a serious disease, and readily yields to treatment. But 
 if left to itself it may cause conjunctivitis and painful otitis ; while 
 it may prevent fattening by the pruritus it occasions, and the 
 changes it may induce in the skin of the lips. Its gravity consists 
 more especially in the difficulty experienced in purifying the sheep- 
 folds, without an operation that seems out of proportion to the 
 object to be attained. 
 
 Treatment. — The prophylactic measures for preventing the in- 
 
154 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 vasion of the disease — the contagion — are those mentioned with 
 reference to psoroptic scabies. 
 
 With regard to curative treatment, this always yields good results 
 if the application is rational ; the rapidity of cure is subordinate to 
 the age of the disease. If at its commencement, antipsoric remedies 
 may be applied at once ; but if it is of long standing, and the skin 
 is covered with thick crusts, then these should be softened by re- 
 peatedly rubbing them with some greasy matter for several days, 
 when they may be removed by soap washing and picking. 
 
 Then, over the entire diseased surface and the adjacent parts, 
 there should be well rubbed in the oil of turpentine, or — what is 
 better, being less irritating — the essence of spike lavender. Ac- 
 cording to Gasparin, a cure may be obtained by a single application 
 of cade-oil over the affected surface. Two or three rubbings with 
 a mixture of equal quantities of pine tar and soft soap, or with the 
 pomade of Helmerich, will also promptly cure this scabies (Dela- 
 fond). 
 
 The same treatment is applicable to exceptional cases, in which 
 the scabies has extended to between the fore-limbs, belly, mammae, 
 knees, hocks, and pasterns. 
 
 The local complications — cracks, fissures, cysts, conjunctivitis — 
 are to be treated according to the general principles of therapeutics 
 applicable to them. 
 
 2. Psoroptic Scabies. 
 
 Synonyms, History. — The Rogne, Tac, and Gale epizootique of the older 
 (French) writers ; the Dermatodectic scabies of Gerlach, Delafond and 
 Bourguignon (the Scab, Shab, Ray, Rubbers of the English shepherd ; the 
 fpeb or tetep — Sceb, Sceal, or Tetter — in the early Anglo-Saxon manuscripts ; 
 the Rdude, Kratze, Schabe, and Grind of the Germans ; the Rogna and Scabbia 
 of the Italians ; the Sarna of the Spanish ; the Tschesotka of the Russians ; the 
 Ruh of the Hungarians ; the Skab of the Danes ; and the Scabb of the Swedish). 
 Delafond and Bourguignon, in their Traite pratique de la Psore, have given 
 extensive details in the history of our knowledge relative to this malady. 
 From this it is seen that the first mention of it extends as far back as Cato 
 the censor, about 160 b.c. Then it is spoken of in Virgil’s Georgies and 
 Juvenal’s Satires, and in the works of Celsus, Columella, Pliny, and Vegetius. 
 In the Middle Ages, Belon mentions it, and indicates its treatment with cade- 
 oil, which he called tac. 
 
 In England, ‘ sheep-scab ’ has been known from the earliest times, and it 
 is frequently mentioned in ancient Anglo-Saxon manuscripts ; it is also alluded 
 to by Chaucer and other writers of a later period ; while evidence of its 
 destructiveness is found in the record of such an epizooty as that described 
 by Thomas of Walsingham and Stow, which persisted among the Sheep 
 throughout this country for more than twenty-eight years. 
 
 Laws were made in Britain with regard to it as early as the reign of Howel 
 the Good of Wales — when it was known as ar clauri or clauery — at the com- 
 mencement of the eleventh century ; and at a later period it frequently 
 received legislative notice (Fleming). 
 
 Although in the twelfth century Avenzoar had made known the existence 
 of the Sarcopt of human scabies, it took a very long time for this knowledge 
 to be extended to the important psora of the ovine species. It is doubtful 
 if Linnaeus in 1735, Ettmuller in 1754, Morgagni in 1760, or Werlhof in 1765, 
 ventured on the hypothesis as to the existence of a parasite in Sheep scabies. 
 
ACARIAbES 
 
 155 
 
 Many subsequent writers on the disease are absolutely silent on this special 
 point. It has been shown (at p. 107) that Wichmann, in 1786, was the first 
 to think that scabies of Sheep was of the same nature as that of Man, and 
 that both diseases are produced by the same acarus. He even goes so far as 
 to say, that if the persons who handle wool are often affected with itch, the 
 cause must be sought for in the transmission of the acarus of the Sheep . 
 Abilgaard, director of the Copenhagen Veterinary School, accepted this idea, 
 for he said, in 1787, that ‘ the Sheep itch was cured by simple external 
 remedies, without having recourse to internal ones.’ 
 
 But Walz, a veterinary surgeon of Wurtemberg, should be placed in the 
 front rank of those who have made known the causes, nature, seat, and 
 rational treatment of Sheep psora. In his memoir, published in 1809, and 
 translated into French in 1811, he had, by varied experiments, given a 
 positive basis to ulterior researches. From that time, the notions of the 
 parasitic nature of scabies and its contagiousness, are seen to be more clearly 
 understood in the writings of Tessier in 1810, of Bose in 1811, of Gohier in 
 1814, of Gasparin in 1821, etc. 
 
 Lastly, the precise researches on the entomology of the Psoroptes of the 
 Sheep, and the nosography of the scabies it causes, have been pursued with 
 science and method by Hering (1835), Hertwig (1835), Delafond and Bour- 
 guignon (1854), and Gerlach (1857). 
 
 Symptoms. — Attention is at first attracted by slight alterations 
 in the fleece, which is fluffy and matted in places. If the suspected 
 Sheep is carefully watched, it will be observed rubbing, scratching, 
 or . gnawing itself, and tearing out the wool. These phenomena 
 become all the more apparent when the flock is heated by travelling. 
 Rubbing with the hand on the parts where the wool is matted or 
 thin, still further excites the sensations of pruritus ; the animals 
 move their lips in a tremulous manner, shake the head, seek to bite 
 the skin with their teeth, and scratch it with their feet. When the 
 latter are dirty they soil the fleece at the itching part. 
 
 On examining the skin, papules will be found the size of a lentil 
 or larger, of a whitish or yellow colour, which contrasts with the 
 faint rosy tint of the integument — this is the result of the puncture 
 of the Psoropt. The punctures becoming more numerous, the 
 papules are closer together and become confluent, while the skin 
 is thickened to a generally limited extent. At the summit of the 
 papules serum accumulates, which transforms them into vesicles 
 and pustules, and in drying forms crusts. In a few days the mangy 
 surfaces are covered with a yellowish, scaly layer, greasy to the 
 touch, beneath which the parasites are concealed. The repeated 
 and multiplied action of the Psoroptes extends the inflammation 
 of the derma, increases the exudation, and gradually changes what 
 were at first scales, into crusts of average thickness. These are 
 loosened, particularly by the continual rubbing, tearing the fibres 
 of wool from their follicles ; so that the depilation increases. The 
 crusts fall off, and are replaced by others, which are thicker, and 
 more compact and adherent. The psoric patches extend at their 
 periphery, as the acari forsake the centre, the crusts of which are 
 replaced by an abundant desquamation of the epidermis ; but little 
 by little this part recovers its integrity, while the morbid process 
 is continued beyond, though for a long time it remains thickened 
 
156 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 and wrinkled. With animals which are clipped, there usually 
 forms at the diseased points a thick, dry crust, like parchment, 
 that covers the greatly tumefied skin. 
 
 The fleece of the mangy Sheep has a quite characteristic neglected 
 appearance — the wool being agglutinated in certain parts, absent 
 in others, and is easily pulled out in the regions which appear to be 
 yet intact. The rubbings in which the Sheep indulge accelerate 
 the depilation and augment the irritation of the skin, which be- 
 comes inflamed from contusion, and even by superficial necrosis. 
 
 Contrary to what happens with the Sarcopt, the Psoropt seeks 
 the regions covered with wool. Therefore the ordinary mange 
 usually begins at the upper and middle part of the body — the 
 withers and back — and thence extends to the neck, flanks, and 
 croup. The Psoroptes are rarely found in the sternal and sub- 
 abdominal regions ; they agglomerate on circumscribed surfaces, 
 and the scabies they produce is manifested in the form of patches 
 always increasing at their periphery ; the number of these patches 
 is that of the points of invasion. But as incessant contact facili- 
 tates the mutual passage of the Psoroptes from one individual to 
 another, the process becomes more confused, as the patches become 
 multiplied and are of various dimensions, until at last they become 
 confluent. 
 
 The parasites abandon the regions where their presence has 
 caused the formation of dry compact crusts, or where the derma 
 is thickened and indurated ; so that very few can be found there. 
 On the contrary, however, they are found in abundance at the parts 
 more recently attacked — the margin of the mangy places, where 
 they are visible to the naked eye as small white points, brownish 
 at one extremity, and may be lifted up by means of a pin or small 
 brush. If they are then put on a sheet of black paper in a mild 
 temperature, they can be seen moving about, and the males may 
 even be distinguished from the females — especially by means of 
 a hand lens — and pairs seen in copulation, are relatively very 
 numerous. 
 
 The Psorptes multiply abundantly on lambs and tegs, the skin 
 of which, being tender and delicate, offers them a more favourable 
 habitat. They prefer parts where the wool is close, and after the 
 Sheep are shorn they emigrate in a body to others which have not 
 yet undergone that operation. 
 
 Course, Duration, Termination. — The seasons and the con- 
 ditions in which the animals live exercise an influence on the course 
 of scabies. In autumn and winter (in France), when they are 
 collected in the hot and damp atmosphere of the sheepfolds, and 
 covered by their fleece, the disease makes rapid progress. In 
 summer, when at pasture, and after shearing and washing, it is 
 often checked, and sometimes even suspended. 
 
 The age and temperament of animals, the length, fineness, and 
 abundance of their fleece, their condition and energy, their 
 breed, and the hygienic conditions to which they are subjected, 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 57 
 
 all have much influence on the course and terminations of this 
 malady. 
 
 Animals debilitated from any cause offer little resistance to it. 
 Those of the pure or mixed merino breed, sooner give way to it 
 than the indigenous breeds. 
 
 Left to its natural course, this scabies has a fatal result, because 
 of the cutaneous disturbance, the fatigue, and want of rest and sleep 
 from the pruritus. Marasmus and cachexia precede death, which, 
 in emaciated and debilitated subjects, may take place in two or 
 three months. An abundant and substantial nourishment pro- 
 longs life ; but if even then an incomplete external treatment is 
 applied now and again, the disease may last for years, and remain 
 stationary in a country or on a farm. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — All the experiments made, as well as 
 all the observations from the earliest times, have demonstrated 
 the predominant part played by contagion in the etiology of Sheep 
 scabies. The intimate contact of animals in the sheepfolds renders 
 this contagion very easy, and it often suffices for one mangy Sheep 
 to be introduced into a flock to infect the whole. The experiments 
 of Delafond have demonstrated — what to-day appears super- 
 fluous — that, as Walz and Hering had already stated, the morbid 
 humours of Sheep scabies contained neither Psoroptes nor their 
 eggs, and therefore, could not transmit the psora ; and that con- 
 tagion could only occur by means of the eggs or the fecundated 
 females. 
 
 Transmission of the scabies is produced by the mediate or imme- 
 diate contact of the diseased with healthy animals in the sheepfolds, 
 parks or pastures, and by the collection of flocks at fairs, markets, 
 and watering-places. It also occurs when healthy Sheep come in 
 immediate contact with objects on which the mangy ones have 
 rubbed themselves a short time previously, and on which they have 
 left crusts and shreds of wool with their parasites. 
 
 From the experiments of Hertwig and Gerlach, and particularly 
 of Delafond, it results : i. That the Psoroptes of the Sheep infesting 
 crusts, portions of wool, or pieces of fresh skin, kept at a medium 
 temperature/ can live in these for ten to twenty days ; 2. That 
 they will remain torpid in these matters if they are subjected 
 to a slight degree of cold, but become re-animated by a mild 
 damp heat ; 3. That they die quickly when remaining in contact 
 with animal matters kept at a temperature of zero ; 4. That they 
 soon perish if exposed either to a high or a low temperature. 
 
 These diverse experiments demonstrate that the Psoroptes may 
 persist in living in sheepfolds, though exiled from the bodies of animals 
 for at least twelve to fifteen days ; and they also demonstrate 
 the necessity there is for removing from these places all litter, 
 remains of wool, and the skins of Sheep which have died or been 
 killed, as well as disinfecting the localities inhabited by mangy sheep. 
 
 The experiments and observations of Delafond have placed 
 beyond doubt, the influence of the health of animals on their power 
 
58 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 of resistance. Good condition, energy, and a succulent and 
 abundant alimentation, are all antagonistic to the multiplication 
 and existence of the acari ; while emaciation and poverty of the 
 secretions are favourable to the nutrition of these animalcules, the 
 incubation of their ova, the alimentation of the larvae, and multipli- 
 cation of the colonies, and, consequently, contribute to the extension, 
 persistence, and aggravation of the disease. With robust and 
 well-fed animals, mange will disappear spontaneously, or be readily 
 cured by cleanliness and some antipsoric remedies ; while with 
 poor, weakly, and chlorotic Sheep it will persist and become 
 tenacious, and most difficult to cure if the organism is not restored 
 by good food, by attention to cleanliness, and by an energetic 
 parasiticide medication. 
 
 It has been stated that, although of the same species as that of 
 the Sheep, the Psoropt of the Horse does not become acclimatized 
 on ovine animals, according to the experiments of Delafond. If 
 similar attempts have not been made with the Psoropt of the Ox 
 or that of the Rabbit, yet it may be provisionally admitted that 
 it is always from Sheep to Sheep that psoroptic scabies is conveyed. 
 
 With regard to the possibility of transmission of this scabies to 
 other species of animals, as already mentioned, Delafond obtained 
 negative results on the Horse and Ox ; and he also failed with the 
 Goat. The influence of seasons on the extension of Sheep scabies 
 has also been indicated ; the effects of cold and damp are also 
 shown by the geographical distribution of the disease — for it is 
 more frequent in Germany than France, and in the latter country 
 it is more common in the north and west than in the east, and par- 
 ticularly in the south. 
 
 Diagnosis. — Psoroptic scabies cannot be mistaken for sarcoptic 
 scabies : their localization is altogether different, and they never 
 interfere with each other ; the first only affects parts destitute of 
 wool, the second only the woolly parts of the body ; and when they 
 chance to co-exist on the same animal, they are easily recognised 
 by their distinctive characters. 
 
 Confusion is more likely to occur with inflammation of the sebaceous 
 glands , described by Delafond, which appears most frequently in 
 the autumn, when the Sheep have suffered from lying on the cold 
 ground, and have lost condition. It is marked by somewhat severe 
 pruritus, followed by the shedding of tufts of wool ; the skin is 
 also red, sensitive, painful, and — an important feature — it is 
 covered with a large quantity of yellow, rancid, and viscid yolk, 
 which smells very strongly. This latter symptom, the absence of 
 the Psoroptes, and the facility of cure by the employment — after 
 shearing — of any amylaceous lotion on the diseased parts, serves 
 as a differential diagnostic indication. 
 
 The pruritus due to the Melophagus, the Trichodectes, and the 
 Ixodince , is readily attributable to its cause by the discovery of 
 these large and distinctive parasites. 
 
 The Germans designate by the name of ‘ Rain-rot * ( Regen faule ) 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 159 
 
 an eczema due to humidity, which may manifest itself on the whole 
 flock. Its rapid cure on the advent of dry weather or residence in 
 the sheepfold, the benignity of the cutaneous alterations, and the 
 absence of pruritus, render diagnosis easy. 
 
 It may also happen that an exaggerated secretion of the yolk 
 agglutinates the locks of wool, and might for a moment lead to the 
 suspicion of scabies ; but the absence of pruritus, and the complete 
 integrity of the skin, will dispel this error. 
 
 Prognosis. — Psoroptic scabies of the Sheep is not serious, if only 
 the dangers individual animals incur from it are considered. It 
 is always easy, in fact, to cure a mangy Sheep by isolation, an 
 abundance of substantial food, and good antipsoric treatment. 
 But what gives the disease a character of exceptional gravity, is the 
 circumstance that Sheep always live in flocks, so that the malady 
 is quickly propagated by this mode of existence and the close 
 promiscuity that it entails ; and also that the fleece constitutes a 
 special difficulty in the application and action of medicaments ; 
 while it is necessary to treat the whole flock at the same time, and 
 under expensive and troublesome conditions. 
 
 Besides, when the animals are, by their feeble temperament, in 
 conditions favourable to the development of scabies, the mortality 
 by cachexia or other intercurrent affection exacts its tribute from 
 the revenues of the flock. It is often disastrous in the autumn, 
 and during the winter and spring, by the seasonable recrudescence 
 of the disease. ‘ The annual losses, under ordinary circumstances, 
 may rise to 10 and 20 per cent. ; in the case of inveterate scabies 
 the mortality may increase to 40 and 50 per cent. ; and in instances 
 in which the disease is complicated by any other serious affection, 
 and especially by dropsy, it may reach 70 to 80 per cent.’ (Delafond). 
 
 In addition, the torment experienced by the animals hinders 
 their growth and fattening ; a large number of ewes remain un- 
 fruitful, abort, or only produce small and feeble lambs, the majority 
 of which die. Lastly, the wool undergoes a notable depreciation, 
 which will be alluded to presently. 
 
 In 1862, Delafond, after what he considered moderate calcula- 
 tions, estimated that the psora every year attacked one thirty-fifth 
 portion — or about one million — of the Sheep in France, and that 
 through the mortality or otherwise the damage was five francs per 
 head, or an annual loss of five million francs to French agriculture. 
 If at the present day the number of Sheep has diminished, yet their 
 value has increased in proportion. Otherwise, the improved 
 methods of breeding and rearing Sheep, the greater care bestowed 
 on them, and the application — though incomplete — of sanitary 
 police measures, have much reduced the prevalence of Sheep 
 scabies. In fact, according to the official report on the epizootics 
 (of France) in 1887, this disease had only attacked 10,591 Sheep, 
 of which 10 per cent. died. It is, nevertheless, a serious affection, 
 against which all the accumulated resources of experience should 
 be brought to bear. 
 
i6o 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The loss occasioned by this form of Sheep scabies appears to be 
 very heavy in Bavaria and some other parts of Germany ; for 
 Haubner has estimated it as high as two thalers — six shillings per 
 head. Zundel reports a loss of 5,000 francs in a flock of 200 sheep 
 in three years. Jacoby calculated the annual loss in wool from this 
 disease, in the Erfurt district of Prussia, at 30,000 thalers ; and 
 Fiirstenberg estimated that, in the Griefswalder district, where the 
 malady had not long been known, the loss every year was from 
 35,000 to 40,000 thalers. 
 
 In 1859, according to Straub, the number of Sheep affected in 
 the Wurtemberg districts was 683,842 — 497 flocks being infected 
 in that and the two succeeding years. Reckoning the loss 
 at three or four thalers per head, it will be seen that a very 
 large sum of money was lost during that period. The deaths 
 from marasmus and other complications were very numerous 
 in 1862. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — On a portion of the skin where the 
 disease is recent, the epidermis is raised by purulent serosity ; 
 and on a surface of 2 cm. to 3 cm. in diameter, there is a sero- 
 sanguinolent infiltration, and, later, induration. The extent of 
 these lesions may be from 4 cm. to 5 cm. When the disease is 
 very advanced, the skin, which has been for a long time depilated 
 is often double or treble its normal thickness, and is hard, ridged, 
 and cracked in certain places, while its papillae are hypertrophied. 
 The subcutaneous connective tissue is infiltrated by serum, which 
 is already organized in the deeper parts of the derma. The lym- 
 phatic glands adjacent to these greatly altered surfaces are enlarged, 
 infiltrated, and rich in lymph. The lesions of the skin may extend 
 to the formation in its substance of little purulent foci, which are, 
 red in colour, and vary in size from that of a hemp-seed to a pea ; 
 while others, as large as a nut, are situated in the skin and sub- 
 cutaneous connective tissue. The nearest glands are then inflamed, 
 enlarged, and very salient beneath the skin ; and, lastly, there may 
 be found in the different digestive and respiratory organs the 
 lesions of concomitant cachectic affections. 
 
 The alterations in the wool are serious, from an economical point 
 of view. It is matted, soiled, and yellow, mixed with foreign 
 matters, diminished in quantity from the shedding of numerous 
 locks, and has lost much of its value. The fibres are unequal, and 
 this is particularly noticeable in the following conditions described 
 by Delafond : 
 
 ‘ With many animals, and after the depilation, beneath the 
 portions of the fleece remaining adherent on the surface of the 
 diseased skin is developed a new secretion of wool, and soon these 
 fibres become mixed in the detached ones and form a mass com- 
 posed of old and new wool. This alteration, which the farmers, 
 shepherds, and wool- dealers call wool with two ends — because each 
 lock is composed of two layers of unequal length — may be observed 
 not only in the wool covering the mangy surfaces, but also on the 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 161 
 
 healthy parts when the Sheep have suffered for a long time fron 
 repeated attacks of the parasites. 
 
 ‘ This alteration is recognised when, holding the locks between 
 the eye and the light, there is a clear zone at the part where the new 
 fibres become interwoven with the old ones ; and when, in pulling 
 the lock by both ends, the two growths become disunited and con- 
 stitute two separate locks. If, otherwise, the fibres are examined 
 microscopically, it will be found that the older the growth is than 
 the new, the diameter of each fibre is alternately constricted and 
 enlarged, a condition that gives an inequality of resistance to the 
 wool, and diminishes its value. 
 
 ‘ Such an alteration in the wool is very detrimental to its employ- 
 ment in manufacture, as it is shorter, and the thread made from it 
 is disunited or breaks when spun, while the material which it makes 
 has no lustre, and is dry and of poor quality. It is also probable 
 that wool so damaged, and impregnated with a yolk that has also 
 undergone changes, cannot dye so well as that from Sheep in good 
 health. We have some authority for expressing this opinion, after 
 the experiments made by Roard, director of the dyeing department 
 of the Gobelins manufactory in 1803, on wools from diseased and 
 healthy Sheep.’ 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment of Sheep scabies consists in the 
 employment of antipsoric remedies. But it is, above all, neces- 
 sary to protect the flocks from contagion. As this is very subtle, 
 we ought not to lose sight of the information given by Delafond 
 with regard to the influence of previous health on the development 
 of mange. Animals should, therefore, be placed in the best hygienic 
 conditions, and kept as much as possible from humidity ; while the 
 sheepfolds ought to be maintained in a proper manner, so far as 
 ventilation and light are concerned. The qualities of the shepherd 
 are of the first importance in this respect — the vigilance, zeal, 
 intelligence, and practical knowledge of this helper will detect the 
 disease at its commencement, and hinder its extension. 
 
 Alimentation occupies the chief place among the reliable prophy- 
 lactic measures. Reuss, Hering, Daubenton, and Lullin — cited by 
 Delafond — have published facts that demonstrate the happy in- 
 fluence of an abundant and substantial nourishment on the resist- 
 ance of Sheep to scabies, and the readiness with which they can be 
 cured. According to Gerlach, adult animals resist the malady all 
 the better if they are well fed, and so may have it among them for 
 years. * The Spanish shepherds,’ says Delafond, ‘ know very well 
 that the flocks which contract the disease during the winter in the 
 warm provinces of Estramadura, are easily cured by the most 
 simple remedies in the succulent pastures on the mountains of the 
 Sierra Morena, of Old Castile, of Navarre, and of the Asturias. The 
 shepherds who have charge of the wandering flocks which, from the 
 southern provinces of France, are driven to the pastures on the 
 mountains of Cevennes, Dauphiny, and the Alps, every year make 
 similar observations. In Switzerland these facts are common, and 
 
 11 
 
62 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 are well known to all the farmers and sheep-dealers.’ Delafond 
 strongly and justly insists on the importance of the regime and good 
 health of the Sheep, in getting rid of the disease. 
 
 To cure scabies necessitates the employment of antipsoric 
 remedies. The treatment is complicated when a large number of 
 animals have to be dealt with at the same time. At the commence- 
 ment, when one, two or three Sheep are only slightly attacked, the 
 shepherd — if he is careful — may arrest and destroy the disease by 
 simple means : such as tobacco juice, oil of turpentine, cade-oil, etc. 
 But when the malady is installed in the flock, and all the Sheep are 
 suspected of being more or less affected — so that it is impossible 
 to determine the diseased places with certainty — recourse must 
 be had to medicated baths, into which the animals are plunged one 
 after the other. 
 
 Many substances have been for a long time tried and recom- 
 mended for the treatment of Sheep scabies. Sea-salt and the 
 various fatty bodies are abandoned as insufficient. Mercurial 
 ointment, employed alone or mixed with other agents, ought not 
 to be used, because of the danger of poisoning : for the facts re- 
 ported by Gasparin, Jauze, Tessier, Numan, etc., as cited by 
 Delafond, demonstrate the possibility of grave, even fatal, acci- 
 dents following the absorption of this remedy either by the skin, or 
 by the digestive mucous membrane when the mangy animal licks 
 itself, when the Sheep lick each other, or when the lambs lick the 
 ewes. Empyreumatic oil and cade-oil are very active ; but they 
 have the inconvenience of giving off a bad odour, and particularly 
 of staining the wool, and therefore much diminishing its selling 
 price. The solution of sulphurated potash is only efficacious when 
 concentrated, and then it makes the wool yellow, as well as hard 
 and brittle. 
 
 In many countries, and especially in mountainous regions where 
 the black hellebore is common, recourse is had to the rhizome of 
 that plant, which is employed in decoction after reducing the 
 fluid to two-thirds : — water, i litre ; fresh rhizome, 125 grammes ; 
 or dry rhizome, 62 grammes. 
 
 We may, according to the local resources, substitute for the black 
 hellebore either the green, foetid, or white hellebore. In Germany, 
 owing to the cheapness of tobacco, a good antipsoric decoction is 
 made by boiling the prepared leaves of that plant in water, in the 
 proportion of 200 grammes of tobacco to the litre of water. 
 
 These preparations are efficacious, but are scarcely suitable for 
 a numerous flock. And the proper treatment of Sheep scabies 
 really consists in the employment of antipsoric baths, the compo- 
 sition of which is somewhat varied. 
 
 To obtain all the results desirable from this treatment, the re- 
 invasion of the parasites must be avoided. When the disease has 
 existed in the flock for some time, it is well to disinfect the sheep- 
 fold. All the manure should be carried to the dung-pit, as well as 
 the soil, to a depth of four to five inches. All the woodwork — 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 163 
 
 doors, windows, hurdles and racks — should be dressed with boiling 
 lye, then whitewashed to the height of a man. Brick or stonework 
 parts should be scraped. Then the soil is to be replaced by new, 
 which is to be well beaten down. Lastly, for two weeks the cleansed 
 sheepfold is to be left vacant ; after which, if scabies reappears, it 
 will not be because of the sheepfold, but rather because the animals 
 have been insufficiently treated. During this time the Sheep must 
 be kept in another locality or park, and after being treated can be 
 returned to their sheepfold. If the temporary locality is to be 
 uninhabited for two or three weeks, it will be well to disinfect it ; 
 but if before that time there is occasion to put other Sheep in it, 
 it will be necessary to submit it to the same operation as the sheep- 
 fold. 
 
 Before employing any remedies, the old writers prescribed 
 scraping the diseased parts, and Delafond insists on the importance 
 of this preliminary operation. It is done either with the grater 
 of Daubenton, or with the onglee of Chabert and Fromage de Feugre. 
 The first is a kind of knife, the blade of which is made of bone, and 
 1 mm. to 2 mm. thick. The onglee is an iron blade, bent at a right 
 angle at one of the ends, which has a series of small teeth that are 
 passed gently over the skin where it is covered with crusts ; it has 
 the inconvenience of causing bleeding. Many shepherds use their 
 finger-nail in place of these instruments. But it is best to employ 
 a simple blade of hard and flexible wood. The diseased part is 
 scraped with the blunt edge, then rubbed with the side of the blade. 
 This operation has the advantage of removing all the crusts, and 
 with them a large proportion of the Psoroptes and their ova, crushing 
 many of them, and rendering the action of the remedy more effica- 
 cious. The scraping and rubbing should be practised outside the 
 sheepfold. But it may be noted that they are useless if the crusts 
 are thin and few in number. 
 
 The Sheep should always be shorn before remedies are applied. 
 But when scabies prevails at a time not favourable for this operation, 
 Sheep-owners hesitate to cut the fleece which has only been growing 
 for six or eight months, as its commercial value is then not so great. 
 So most frequently the fleece is allowed to remain on until the proper 
 time arrives ; consequently, the effects of the treatment are incom- 
 plete. But it has at least the advantage of keeping the disease 
 within certain limits, and allows of the usual shearing time being 
 waited for without incurring much more damage. 
 
 Whichever may be the bath employed, it should not be given until 
 four or five hours after feeding. 
 
 Exceptionally, animals whose skins are thickened like parchment 
 ought to have a soap bath (soft soap, 1 kilogramme ; soft water, 
 100 litres). This bath is given at a temperature of 30° to 35 0 (C.), 
 in a tub large enough to plunge a Sheep into. The animal is 
 immersed for about two minutes, then rubbed for another two 
 minutes with a brush. This bath cleans the skin, softens the 
 crusts, and frees the animal from a great number of parasites. 
 
 11 — 2 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 164 
 
 Next day the antipsoric bath may be given. If washing on the 
 back has preceded the shearing, then the soap bath is useless. 
 
 Antipsoric Baths . — In France, the antisporic baths have arsenious 
 acid for their base. Tessier' s bath , which was proposed by that 
 agriculturist in 1810, and which has been the most employed for a 
 long time, has the following composition for 100 Sheep : 
 
 Arsenious acid ----- 1*500 kilos. 
 
 Sulphate of iron - - - - - 10 
 
 Water - - - - - 100 litres. 
 
 Boil for ten minutes. 
 
 The reactions which take place during boiling reduce the quantity 
 of arsenious acid in solution to about 8*2 grammes to the litre of 
 water (Rossignol). But the sulphate of iron is more especially a 
 corrective, for it acts as an astringent, prevents the absorption of 
 the toxic agent by the skin, and also hinders the Sheep licking. 
 Numerous facts, published by Godine, jun., Gohier, Youatt, etc., 
 show that arsenical baths, containing no astringent substance, may 
 cause serious poisoning. Nevertheless, the result of experiments 
 made at Melun in 1879, go to prove that cutaneous absorption is 
 not to be apprehended in arsenical baths which do not contain 
 more than 10 grammes to the litre of water, especially if immersion 
 is not longer than five minutes ; and that pure arsenical solutions, 
 free from any astringent salt, may be employed if they do not con- 
 tain more than 8 grammes to the litre of water. 
 
 The ferro-arsenical bath of Tessier has the inconvenience of giving 
 a rusty colour to the wool, from its containing the sulphate of iron. 
 Clement, in 1846, proposed replacing the iron by the sulphate of 
 zinc in half the quantity — so that after boiling the proportion of 
 arsenious acid fell to 9*504 grammes per litre (Rossignol). It is there- 
 fore more toxic than Tessier’s bath. Mathieu, in 1856, substi- 
 tuted alum for the sulphate of iron to the same amount. The 
 baths of Clement and Mathieu have given as good results as that of 
 Tessier, and without staining the wool, as Delafond has stated ; 
 but they have not been employed so extensively. Besides, they 
 are more expensive than the sulphate of iron, and increase the cost 
 of the bath for 100 Sheep from fifteen pence — Clement’s bath — to 
 thirty pence — Mathieu’ s bath. 
 
 Tessier’ s bath has been blamed for serving in criminal attempts 
 at poisoning, or giving rise to fatal mistakes on farms. Conse- 
 quently, on the proposition of a committee of professors at the 
 Alfort Veterinary School, a Ministerial Order decided that this 
 bath should be coloured by the peroxide of iron, and made bitter 
 by the addition of gentian powder, according to the following 
 formula : 
 
 Arsenious acid - 
 
 Protosulphate of iron 
 Anhydrous protoxide of iron (colcothar) 
 Powder of gentian-root 
 
 1.000 grammes. 
 
 5.000 ,, 
 
 400 
 
 200 ,, 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 165 
 
 This was the only preparation druggists were authorized to sell, and 
 represents the quantity for 100 Sheep, when boiled in 100 litres of 
 water. But the formula has become obsolete, and is replaced by 
 that of the Codex of 1844, given under the name of ‘ Trasbot’s 
 Arsenical Bath,’ in which the astringent is represented by the 
 sulphate of zinc and the bitter substance by aloes, which, as Dela- 
 fond has well demonstrated, may advantageously take the place 
 of gentian. The following is the formula of the Codex , the quantity 
 being sufficient for 100 Sheep : 
 
 Arsenious acid 
 
 Sulphate of zinc of commerce 
 Aloes - 
 
 Water - 
 
 1.000 grammes. 
 
 5.000 
 500 
 
 100 litres. 
 
 Dissolve the arsenious acid in 20 litres of boiling water, also dissolve the 
 aloes and sulphate of zinc in 10 litres of cold water ; then mix the two 
 solutions, and add the remainder of the water. 
 
 The price of this bath amounts to about fifty pence per 100 
 Sheep, and though a little dearer than Tessier’s bath, it has the 
 advantage of not staining the fleece, while it is as effective in curing 
 the disease ; as it is Clement’s bath, only rendered bitter and 
 coloured by aloes — the good effects of this bath being testified to 
 by Delafond and numerous practitioners. According to the statistics 
 collected by Delafond, dealing with 36,000 Sheep, treated from 
 1816 to 1852, 35,963 were cured by Tessier’s bath, the remaining 
 37 having succumbed from anaemia and marasmus before treat- 
 ment ; only 60 Sheep required a second immersion to make the 
 cure a radical one. 
 
 Beucler has made known an interesting case, in which, of fifty- 
 one Sheep dipped in Clement’s arsenical bath, forty-nine died in 
 less than twenty-four hours. The expert showed that the sulphate 
 of zinc had been replaced by the sulphate of soda — a mistake of 
 the druggist. Consecutive experiments made by Nocard appeared 
 to establish that, in animals, the absorption of the poison had 
 taken place by the surface of the skin. 
 
 The following recommendations have regard to the manner of 
 employing arsenical baths : 
 
 As has been already said, the animals should be shorn as much 
 as is possible. This precaution — which is always useful, in order 
 to ensure the effects of the bath — is necessary if the primitive bath 
 of Tessier is had recourse to, as it depreciates the fleece by the 
 coloration it gives. 
 
 The bath is kept always tepid — 30° to 35 0 (C.). The temporary 
 locality in which the Sheep are kept should be divided into two 
 spaces by hurdles — the animals passing from one to the other as 
 they are dipped. At least four men are employed in the operation 
 — one to bring the Sheep, and three to dip it, two of these having a 
 coarse brush. 
 
 Tessier expressly recommends that the hands of the dippers be 
 provided with leather gloves ; but experience has shown that this 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 1 66 
 
 precaution is needless, as men may be employed in this work for 
 twenty- four hours, and even for several consecutive days, without 
 any harm occurring — the epidermis of the hands and arms merely 
 becoming dry, as if tanned, and rust-coloured in the Tessier bath, 
 this tint disappearing promptly if the parts are washed with a 
 weak solution of hydrochloric acid, which may also be employed 
 to remove the iron stains on the clothes made during the dipping. 
 But notwithstanding the numerous favourable experiments, men 
 who have wounds on their hands should abstain from taking part 
 in the operation. 
 
 The udder — and more especially the teats of the milch ewes, 
 should have been previously smeared with grease, to prevent the 
 astringent action of the fluid, which otherwise would diminish the 
 secretion of milk for some days. The other animals of the flock 
 do not require any preparation. 
 
 Each Sheep is kept in the bath for two minutes, the entire body 
 being immersed, except the head ; though in the case of very mangy 
 animals particular care should be taken that the fluid penetrates 
 all the folds of skin on the head, in the arms, flanks, and between 
 the claws. After one or two minutes, the animal is placed standing 
 in the bath, and brushed and rubbed over every part, and especially 
 the mangy places — but without causing them to bleed — for from 
 two to five minutes at most. The same procedure is carried out on 
 the limbs and nude parts of the head, where the Psoroptes often 
 take refuge. The dippers then pass their hands over the body to 
 press out the fluid, the Sheep is set free in the place set apart for 
 the dipped animals, and the operation is terminated. 
 
 Four men can dip from 12 to 14 Sheep in an hour, or 120 to 130 
 in a day. 
 
 Tessier recommends putting the ears over the eyes of the Sheep 
 while in the bath, to prevent the fluid entering the ears and injuring 
 the eyes ; but Delafond considers this precaution useless, as the 
 bath does not cause any irritation to these organs. 
 
 What remains in the bath is kept for local application, in cases 
 that require a second dressing ; and when the disease has com- 
 pletely disappeared, the surplus fluid is buried in the ground. 
 
 The caldron in which the fluid has been heated should be care- 
 fully washed out, as well as the bath-tub, buckets, brushes, and 
 other articles used in treatment. 
 
 Tessier recommends leaving the Sheep for twenty-four hours in 
 a place without litter, straw, or forage, so as to avoid impregnation 
 of these with the fluid that drips from the animals, and to prevent 
 accidents by poisoning ; but Delafond assures us that they rarely 
 show any tendency to take food which is made bitter, and that when 
 fed for three to eight days on food containing every day from one 
 to three centilitres of Tessier’s bath, they did not suffer any harm. 
 He also found that animals which were dipped in this bath, and 
 whose wool and skin were moist with it, did not lick themselves ; 
 or if they did so, they did not swallow sufficient poison to do them 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 1 67 
 
 any injury ; for in his experiments Sheep have taken from two to 
 ten centilitres of this fluid without being indisposed, and it required 
 a dose of five decilitres to induce fatal poisoning. 
 
 When taken out of the bath, it is observed that the parts denuded . 
 of epidermis, and the cracks and ulcers, are cauterized. In three 
 to four hours afterwards there is general febrile excitement — often 
 scarcely perceptible — which persists in a more or less marked 
 manner for ten or twelve hours. 
 
 From the third to the fifth day the skin is hard, difficult to fold, 
 and covered — especially at the mangy parts — by a sedimentary 
 adherent crust, which is rust-tinted if Tessier’s bath has been used. 
 The animals no longer rub or scratch themselves, and have an 
 excellent appetite. In the crust, the microscope only reveals dead 
 Psoroptes, and dried and withered eggs. 
 
 From the eighth to the twentieth day, numerous crusts become 
 detached, showing the cicatrized, rosy skin, which is thin and 
 supple. In the parts which were badly affected, the latter result 
 is only attained towards the thirtieth, and even the fiftieth day. 
 The wool grows soft and shiny, and the reddish tint at the end of 
 the locks disappears from day to day, while the animals quickly 
 regain their liveliness and condition. 
 
 Sometimes, though rarely, the disease reappears in some animals 
 at certain points ; but scraping, and the application of one or two 
 dressings with the bath fluid, will suffice to effect a complete 
 cure. 
 
 The process of cicatrization in the affected parts often produces 
 intense pruritus, which must not be taken as an indication of per- 
 sistence of the malady ; it is well, nevertheless, to watch the Sheep 
 carefully during this period, and to be assured that the diseased 
 places are really recovering. 
 
 The cure of scabies is all the more rapid the less constitutional 
 disturbance there is. It is realized in about eight days, when the 
 skin is not greatly altered. In other instances the cure is sub- 
 ordinate to the reactional power of the animals ; and it may be 
 remarked that, according to the observations of Cagnat, the 
 antipsoric baths are injurious to cachectic Sheep, and may cause 
 their death. 
 
 Scheuerle and Kehm employ an arsenical bath which they con- 
 sider the best, with regard to efficacy and rapidity of cure ; it leaves 
 the wool of a fine white colour, and never causes poisoning if the 
 precautions they give are adopted. It is composed of : 
 
 Arsenious acid ----- 500 grammes. 
 
 Alum ------ 6,000 
 
 Water - - - - - -100 litres. 
 
 The Sheep are dipped in the open air. There are two iron 
 caldrons of 20 to 24 litres capacity, which are filled with water and 
 placed on a fire ; two other caldrons of about 30 litres capacity, 
 not quite full of water, are also heated. In the two first caldrons is 
 
i68 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 put the arsenic, which, by reason of its density, sinks to the bottom ; 
 but after boiling and stirring for fifteen to thirty minutes, it is 
 completely dissolved, and the fluid has the limpidity of water. At 
 the same time the alum, broken, is thrown into the boiling water 
 in the larger caldrons, and is concurrently dissolved. The two 
 solutions are then poured into a tub or bath, and cold water is 
 added sufficient to make up the amount stated in the formula. To 
 dip 200 Sheep recently shorn will require 2*500 kilos of arsenic, 25 
 to 30 kilos of alum, and a corresponding quantity of water. 
 
 A quantity of the solution sufficient to cover a Sheep is placed in 
 the bath ; a man takes the Sheep by the fore-legs and crosses them 
 on the neck, while a second man seizes the hind-legs and turns the 
 animal over on its back ; the creature is then immersed for two 
 minutes, the eyes and mouth being kept out of the fluid. On 
 removal, it is put into an empty tub, and three men rub and brush 
 it vigorously, squeezing out the fluid remaining in the fleece. To 
 protect themselves from the corrosive action of the fluid, if long 
 employed at this dipping, the men frequently soak their hands in 
 linseed-oil. One of them is occupied with the head of the Sheep, 
 which had not been moistened ; he holds in one hand a basin con- 
 taining a quantity of the solution, while with the other hand he 
 applies this all round the head, taking care not to allow it to get 
 into the eyes. The very mangy parts are scraped, so as to remove 
 the crusts. When all the Sheep have been dipped, they are set at 
 liberty in an enclosed place for some hours, in order to facilitate 
 evaporation, but without exposing them to a hot sun or a dry 
 wind. 
 
 There is a tendency to replace the various antipsoric baths by 
 creolin baths, and this preference is justified by their efficacy, their 
 innocuousness with regard to health and the quality of the wool, 
 the facility with which they can be employed, and their cheapness. 
 Trials of them have been more particularly made in Germany, and 
 their use is officially prescribed in Prussia. Shearing having been 
 carried out as much as possible, the crusts are softened by rubbing 
 the most diseased places — neck, back, and croup — with a liniment 
 composed of soft soap, 8 parts ; creolin, 1 ; alcohol, 1. The bath 
 is afterwards prepared for 100 Sheep, as follows : water, 250 litres ; 
 creolin, 6*500 litres. Every Sheep undergoes two dippings at an 
 interval of seven days, each dip consisting in an immersion in the 
 bath for three minutes, followed by a good brushing for the same 
 time, and a second but brief immersion. Each Sheep requires 
 about 2 litres of the solution. It is, of course, understood that the 
 general rules applicable to antipsoric baths are as important in 
 regard to this one. The value of the creolin bath has been many 
 times recognised, and Hohenleitner and Gsell have quite recently 
 confirmed the reports as to its utility. 
 
 Walz's Bath . — The oldest bath employed is that of Walz. Hering 
 and Hertwig have particularly recommended it, and it is still in 
 frequent use in Germany. It is composed of .* 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 169 
 
 Slaked lime - - - - - 4 parts. 
 
 Carbonate of potash - - - - 5 
 
 Cow’s urine ------ q.s. 
 
 Dissolve by boiling, and then add : 
 
 Empyreumatic oil - - - - 6 parts. 
 
 Vegetable tar (or coal tar) - - - 3 
 
 Mix perfectly, and dilute the whole with : 
 
 Cow’s urine - - - - - 20 ,, 
 
 Water ------- 800 „ 
 
 One hundred litres are sufficient for 100 Sheep. The dipping 
 requires to be repeated three times at least, sometimes four and five, 
 at intervals of eight days, in order to ensure a complete cure. This 
 bath is therefore inferior to the preceding preparations. The three 
 parts of tar are usually replaced by two parts of the carbolic acid of 
 commerce. 
 
 ZundeV s Bath . — Zundel has devised a special bath, the formula 
 for which has been inspired by the energetic acaricide action of 
 pyrogenous substances, such as were employed in the comparative 
 experiments of Hertwig, Gerlach, etc. ‘ Our system,’ he says, 4 is 
 really economical, as it does not cost more than twopence per head, 
 and is a certain cure, often after only one bath. This is composed 
 of crude carbolic acid, 1,500 grammes ; quicklime, 1,000 grammes ; 
 carbonate of soda, 3,000 grammes ; soft soap, 3,000 grammes. 
 These substances, on being mixed, form a thick paste ; this is 
 diluted, when required for use, in 260 litres of hot water — which 
 makes a sufficient quantity for 100 previously shorn Sheep. With 
 this rational imitation of Walz’s bath, in which there is formed 
 a caustic soda that dissolves the carbolic acid, the Sheep are washed 
 by means of a strong brush — of dog-grass, and by plunging them in 
 the solution, which is placed in a large tub. Two men and two 
 assistants are sufficient for the operation. Sheep which are badly 
 affected should be washed again in four to six days.’ The caustic 
 soda which is formed in this preparation dissolves the crusts and 
 the Psoroptes they conceal, and also dissolves the shell of the 
 parasites’ eggs ; but it slightly irritates the hands of the operators. 
 Zundel asserts that, with the degree of concentration of this bath, 
 there is no fear that the soda will saponify the yolk, and, corroding 
 the wool, render it dry and brittle. He prefers the crude carbolic 
 acid to the pure article, as the essential empyreumatic oils in it 
 are also useful. 
 
 Tobacco . — In Germany, the relatively low price of tobacco and 
 its certain acaricidic action causes it to be often employed for the 
 treatment of Sheep scabies. It was strongly recommended by 
 Gerlach, and the following is the manner of applying it, as indicated 
 by Ziirn. 
 
 An alkaline bath is first given, composed of 4 kilos of 
 potash, 2 kilos of lime, and 100 litres of water. The next day the 
 antipsoric bath is given ; this is made of 15 kilos of ordinary tobacco 
 to no litres of water. One to two litres are required for each 
 clipped Sheep, and double the quantity in winter when the wool is 
 
170 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 long. Each animal is kept in the bath for three or four minutes, 
 the head being plunged in it several times, and the creature’s eyes 
 protected by the hands. The Sheep is then placed on its feet 
 in an empty tub, where all the superfluous fluid is squeezed out 
 of the wool. This fluid is returned to the dipping-tub. The 
 manipulations are otherwise the same as for the arsenical baths. 
 
 These tobacco baths are limited in their action to the living 
 Psoroptes. The eggs remain intact, and are hatched ; so that the 
 parasites from them should be destroyed before attaining the age 
 of reproduction. This is why a second antipsoric bath is required 
 in five, six, or eight days after the first. If there are many crusts, 
 it is advisable to give a second alkaline bath ; and in some cases, 
 in which the pruritus continues, it is requisite to administer a third, 
 and even a fourth, tobacco bath. 
 
 Ostertag has modified this treatment in the following manner : 
 Employing by preference the juice of tobacco, because of its low 
 price, he makes a decoction of 5 kilos of tobacco in 250 litres of 
 water, adding — after he has dissolved them separately — 3 kilos 
 of common soda, the same quantity of soft soap, and 1,500 grammes 
 of quicklime, and the same quantity of crude carbolic acid. Ostertag 
 has also successfully employed a bath composed of water, 250 litres ; 
 pure carbolic acid, 1 kilo ; potash, 1 kilo ; and tobacco, 7*500 kilos. 
 
 Because of its originality, we may here mention the manner of treating 
 the disease in the Pampas of the Argentine Republic, in flocks of 2,000 to 
 2,500 Sheep. 
 
 The shepherd, a gaucho on horseback, drives the Sheep towards a palisaded 
 enclosure ending in a narrow passage, through which they are obliged to 
 defile, one after the other, the space being too small to allow two to go through 
 at a time. This passage is continuous with a kind of trench in wood or 
 masonry, with a sloping entrance and exit, which is filled with the antipsoric 
 bath. The Sheep, not being able to turn round to escape, has to pass through 
 this wet ditch, and so is gradually immersed deeper and deeper until up to 
 the neck in the fluid. The animal finds its way out by the opposite slope, 
 with its fleece impregnated by the fluid. The operation is very simple, and 
 scarcely occupies more than an hour for the whole flock. The curative agent 
 is tobacco or its refuse. 
 
 It is recognised in Britain, that the treatment of Sheep scabies, to 
 be satisfactory, must be cheap, simple, and readily and quickly 
 practicable ; while it must neither hurt the Sheep nor their wool, 
 or the men who apply the remedy. It may beneficially continue in 
 the fleece for some time after application, so that it can destroy the 
 young acari as they are hatched from the eggs, which have escaped 
 destruction or removal ; as most applications require repeating after 
 a few days, and sometimes even a second or third dressing is neces- 
 sary. The methods which have been found practicable are dipping , 
 smearing or salving , and pouring. ‘ Dipping ’ consists in the 
 thorough immersion of the Sheep in the acaricide fluid contained 
 in a bath — or a dipping-well in some cases ; and its proper perform- 
 ance depends on the adoption of a number of precautions, and 
 exercise of the greatest care. The liquid used varies much in 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 171 
 
 different cases and countries ; every chemist has his formula for 
 a ’ Sheep-dip/ ranging from McDougall’s compound and Tuson’s 
 equally valuable soluble mixture, to the empirical preparations of 
 local country chemists, and the ancient recipes in possession of 
 shepherds and farmers. 
 
 In Australia, ‘ Sheep-dipping ’ is carried out on a very extensive 
 scale. There are generally two yards — the receiving and forcing 
 yards — usually of a circular form, which turns to advantage the 
 habit which Sheep have of ‘ ringing ’ when disturbed in a yard, and 
 saves labour of men and dogs ; as the Sheep cannot ‘ pack ’ or stop, 
 however much they may try. It is recognised as advisable to have 
 the exit of the yard near to the entrance, as the instinct of the 
 Sheep impels it to escape by the opening through which it entered. 
 If the Sheep are tardy in moving on, a man jumps over the fence 
 and runs through the flock in a direction opposite to that in which 
 they are required to pass ; this will start them at once. There 
 must be several yards in series, so that too many Sheep are not in 
 any one of them at a time ; from the last yard to the dip there must 
 be a path or race, 2 feet 3 inches wide, and 20 feet long ; the last 
 5 feet being smooth, and at an incline of 25 0 to 30°, in order that the 
 Sheep may slide along it into the dip. These yards can be used for 
 drafting purposes, after being disinfected, by simple modifications. 
 The race and commencement of the dip should have high fences, to 
 prevent the Sheep jumping out. Around the dip should be a stage 
 from which the Sheep can be thrown into the dip, either by men or 
 by means of a tilt. The Sheep on the race and stage should not be 
 allowed to see the dip, nor those in the yards be able to see the 
 stage and dip. Decoy pens may be placed in such a position that 
 the Sheep coming up see those in these pens and suspect nothing ; 
 this economizes much time. A slide gate separates the race from 
 the dip, and is better than simple hurdles for the purpose. 
 
 Three kinds of dipping apparatus are used in Victoria and South 
 Australia : 
 
 1. Round, 9 feet in diameter, and 8 feet deep in the clear, having 
 a drawgate feet wide at the commencement of the race from the 
 dip into the draining yard, which race is 10 to 15 feet long by 4J feet 
 wide, commencing at 2 feet from the bottom of the dip, and gradu- 
 ally rising to the level of the draining yard. 
 
 2. Oblong, 20 to 25 feet long, by 4 feet long at the stage end, 
 gradually narrowing to 2 feet 3 inches at 12 feet from the end of the 
 stage, remaining that width to the race to the draining yard, which 
 is 2 feet 3 inches wide and 10 to 15 feet long. 
 
 3. This is employed with circular yards, and is similar to No. 2, 
 but is 2 feet 3 inches wide throughout. The dip is made of pine, 
 tongued and grooved, or of colonial timber, sawn or in slabs. 
 Around the race and dip should be puddled to a thickness of 2 feet 
 if colonial timber be used, and the slabs should be secured with 
 stays attached to posts in the ground behind the dip. The depth 
 and contents in gallons should be indicated by a plainly-marked 
 
172 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 scale on the sides. There should be a depression on the side next 
 to the boilers to collect the mixture. Both dip and draining race 
 should have watertight covers. The draining yards — which may 
 be two in number, each for 200 to 300 Sheep — and the gangway 
 which leads to them, should have battens so arranged as to allow 
 the drippings to flow back into the dip. 
 
 The tobacco and sulphur dip is used. Infusion boilers with air- 
 tight covers must have one pound of tobacco to five gallons of 
 water, and the infusion is made as if making tea — it is allowed to 
 stand for eight to ten hours — then fresh water may be boiled with 
 the tobacco for two hours, and this may be drawn off and a second 
 boiling tried, after which the tobacco is exhausted. A measure, 
 consisting of a cask gauged and marked, lies on the tube running 
 from boiler to dip, and serves to measure the quantity of water 
 passing in. The sulphur water must be thoroughly mixed with 
 the tobacco infusion. 
 
 Six men and the overseer are required for the operation — one 
 to the yard, two to throw in the Sheep, one to the boilers, and two 
 men armed with crutches, consisting of a 7- foot handle attached to 
 the middle of a head 12 inches long, made of -J-inch round iron, 
 bent so as to either pull or push. 
 
 The dip is filled to within 12 inches of the top, and each Sheep is 
 made to swim round the No. 1 dip at least twice, but with Nos. 2 
 and 3 swimming the whole length is sufficient. By means of the 
 crutches each Sheep is made to pass at least twice completely into 
 the solution. 
 
 The overseer at the drawgate of the draining gangway passes 
 each Sheep as sufficiently dipped. Care has to be taken to keep 
 up the strength and temperature of the bath ; it should not be 
 allowed to fall lower than 2 feet 3 inches from the top, lest the 
 Sheep’s legs be broken against the bottom when they are thrown 
 m With a short fleece the bath should be at no° Fahr. in winter, 
 ioo° in summer, and the Sheep ought to remain in it for about a 
 minute. If the bath is colder they must be kept in longer, but the 
 temperature of it should never be less than 85° Fahr. ; with a long 
 fleece, 90° to 95 0 in summer, and 95 0 to ioo° in winter, will suffice, 
 and each may be kept in a little shorter time, as it will take longer 
 to drain. 
 
 Another method of Sheep-dipping, given in a Scotch newspaper, 
 is of interest : The dipping apparatus may be in the form of a pond 
 or trough, and may be fixed or movable. It should be narrow and 
 deep to economize the liquid, and narrower at the bottom than the 
 top. It should not hold more than 80 to 100 gallons of fluid ; 
 if for flocks of thirty to forty score a movable dip capable of con- 
 taining 50 to 60 gallons will be sufficient. One end of the trough 
 should slant, to facilitate lifting of the Sheep on to the drainer, and 
 should be fitted with battens to enable the animal to walk up when 
 turned on to its legs by the shepherd, who lifts the head, while his 
 assistants leave the hind-legs free and lift the fore-quarters. The 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 73 
 
 trough should be freely washable and have a ready outlet, and 
 water ought to be constantly kept in it to maintain it water-tight. 
 The drainer is a wooden or metal grating on a wooden channel 
 inclined towards the trough, sufficiently large to accommodate 
 forty or fifty Sheep at once, surrounded by a railing, and divided 
 into halves, each with a gate of entry and one of exit, the latter 
 being furnished with a sliding - board to prevent injury when the 
 Sheep are lifted off the drainer. The dipper should have beside 
 him a stool or inverted pail, on which to turn the Sheep, to pre- 
 vent rough and hurried handling. Not fewer than six men are 
 required for the movable apparatus, and four for the fixed. One 
 catches the Sheep, the shepherd holds the head, two men seize the 
 legs and turn the animal into the bath ; two more men hold it on 
 the drainer. Two enclosures should be to hand, one near the 
 apparatus for three or four Sheep, and a larger for fifty Sheep. 
 The fixed dipping apparatus may be paved, and roofed to keep out 
 the rain. 
 
 The bath fluid should be of extra strength rather than weak, and 
 it ought to be at a temperature of 8o° to 95 0 Fahr. Not more than 
 fifty Sheep per hour should be dipped ; six men can dip 500 animals 
 in a day, giving two or three minutes’ immersion for each. A good 
 dip is composed of : Sulphur, 20 parts ; quicklime, 10 parts ; water, 
 100 gallons. Boil for two hours in a fourth of the water, and add 
 more water as required. Finally, dilute the product to 100 gallons, 
 and use after precipitation of the sediment. 
 
 3. Chorioptic Scabies. 
 
 This form has been observed by Ziirn and by Schleg. The Choriopt is 
 similar to that of the Horse, of which it is a variety — Ch. symbiotes, var. ovis — 
 though of smaller dimensions than the type. 
 
 Like the symbiotic scabies of the Horse, this is principally located on the 
 limbs — in the hollow of the pasterns of fine-bred but neglected Sheep, especi- 
 ally the Negretti breed. And like the Horse Chorioptes, those of the Sheep 
 emigrate with difficulty from the region they have invaded, and only slowly 
 ascend towards the upper part of the limbs. The scabies they produce is 
 very slightly contagious, and in a flock there is only a small number of Animals 
 attacked — sometimes no more than one per cent. Ziirn is inclined to ascribe 
 an important share to predisposition and immunity in the etiology of the 
 disease. 
 
 At its commencement, this scabies is characterized by the redness of the 
 skin and an abundant epidermic desquamation ; later, there appear pale- 
 yellow crusts. The pruritus is somewhat severe — the animals stamping, 
 rubbing and gnawing the affected parts, and so giving rise to an exudation, 
 and the formation of crusts varying in thickness ; while cracks, more or less 
 deep, appear about the pastern. Numerous Chorioptes — among which the 
 males are nearly as abundant as the females — burrow beneath the crusts. 
 The shepherds considered this eruption was due to food too rich in salt, 
 because they observed it when the Sheep were stabled in winter. The hind 
 limbs are first affected, then the fore ones, and the scrotum in the ram, the 
 mammary region in the ewe. The body, neck and head always remain free 
 from it. 
 
 This form of scabies is not serious, and always disappears with simple 
 cleanliness. In any case, it readily yields to antipsoric treatment. 
 
174 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Goodall, Christchurch, Hants, has recently discovered this parasite on the 
 feet of Sheep, and he believes it occasions one of the forms of foot-rot, as he 
 has discovered it where that disease was prevalent. He has found it in 
 abundance — the males being very few — around the upper part of the claws, 
 in the sebaceous follicles, and more especially on the interdigital skin and in 
 the sinus there. He states that, in his experience, glycerin kills the Acari 
 immediately they come in contact with it. To observe them and watch their 
 movements, he makes a thin circle of Canada balsam on a slide, places the 
 parasites within it, and puts a covering glass over them. They may then be 
 observed alive for hours, and it will be noticed that the animalcules always 
 spread out their legs in good positions as the cover-glass gradually falls on 
 them. 
 
 D. — Scabies of the Goat. 
 
 On the Goat are found Sarcoptes, Psoroptes and Chorioptes. 
 But up to the present time only two forms of scabies have been 
 observed — the sarcoptic and chorioptic. The Psoroptes have only 
 been seen in the pavilion of the ear, producing a benign acariasis, 
 which will be studied when the diseases of the sensory organs are 
 dealt with. The Goat, to judge by the experiments of Delafond, 
 cannot contract psoroptic scabies ; as he vainly tried to transmit 
 the ordinary scabies of Sheep to that animal, by placing on its 
 skin numerous Psoroptes taken from scabied Sheep. 
 
 i. Sarcoptic Scabies. 
 
 Among Thibetan Goats imported into France in 1818, through the instru- 
 mentality of Huzard, and in 1819 through the action of Joubert and Ternaux, 
 a large number were affected with scabies, and many of these died. It is 
 difficult to say if the disease was due to the sarcoptic or the chorioptic form ; 
 but there can be no doubt as to this with regard to the scabies of a Perisan 
 Goat, the history of which was published by Henderson, for its disease was 
 communicated to men and horses in the form of sarcoptic mange. And so 
 it was with the epizootic scabies that affected the Goats in the valley of 
 Prattigau, canton of Grisons, Switzerland, in 1851, 1852, 1853. Though 
 Wallraff, who observed it, did find the acarus, the contagiousness of the 
 malady with regard to Man, Horse, and Sheep, and its clinical characters in 
 these, well demonstrated its sarcoptic nature. But it was Franz Muller, of 
 Vienna, who first — in 1853 — found Sarcoptes on the dwarf Goats of Africa, 
 and Hebra considered them identical with those of Man. Fiirstenberg 
 studied them, and concluded that they were a distinct species — Sarcoptes 
 caprce ; and Roloff, who also undertook their study, regarded them as the 
 Sarcoptes squamiferus of Fiirstenberg. But it is more just to name the 
 parasite S. scabiei, var. caprce. 
 
 Symptoms. — From its commencement to its termination, the 
 disease is characterized by great itching. It begins at the head 
 and ears, reaches the trunk and abdomen, the mammae, and finally 
 the limbs — appearing at first in the form of small pimples, from 
 which a viscid fluid exudes, and soon produces dry, scaly crusts, 
 sometimes furfuraceous, sometimes great thick plates of a shining 
 bluish-grey tint. The hair falls off ; the skin becomes thickened, 
 dry, ridged, cracked, and adherent ; and the nose and lips are 
 tumefied. Numerous Sarcoptes are found under the crusts. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 1 75 
 
 At first limited to a few restricted patches, the malady, if left 
 to itself or insufficiently treated, becomes generalized, and causes 
 rapid emaciation, which may terminate in death. 
 
 It is capable of assuming an epizootic character. Wallraff re- 
 marked that, after the disease had shown itself in some communes 
 of Prattigau during the summer of 1851, it extended in such a 
 manner that in the spring of 1853, in ten communes, containing 
 2,596 Goats, 1,015 were affected and about 250 died. When the 
 epizooty had subsided, the total loss amounted to about 500 
 animals. Klingau reported 100 deaths in a year in one commune. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — The relatively few observations published 
 with regard to sarcoptic scabies of the Goat show that it attacks, 
 by preference, breeds of Asiatic or African origin. The only 
 exceptions to this are the outbreaks recorded by Wallraff and 
 Klingau, in which the diseased animals belonged to the local moun- 
 tain breeds. In the instance recorded in the Comptes rendus of 
 the Lyons Veterinary School, they were Thibetan Goats ; in that 
 reported by Henderson, it was a Persian Goat ; in that mentioned 
 by Muller, they were dwarf Goats from Khartoum ; and it was in 
 a fat-tailed ram from Africa that Roloff first saw it. 
 
 The scabies of that ram was transmitted to a male Goat, which 
 died from it. And it is not impossible that the sarcoptic scabies of 
 the Goat had its origin in the psoric form of noir-museau of the 
 Sheep. An experiment made by Railliet would tend to demon- 
 strate this, as he was able to communicate a generalized and fatal 
 scabies to a Goat by means of the Sheep sarcopt. 
 
 Inversely, this scabies of the Goat is transmissible to the Sheep, 
 on which it is localized on the head, as in the natural form of 
 sarcoptic scabies of that animal. It is only in breeds with dry 
 wool, poor in yolk — like the Zackel breed and the Somali Sheep — 
 that it may extend to the other parts of the body, where the wool 
 is scanty and coarse. 
 
 In Henderson’s case, the Goat disease was conveyed to men, who 
 were considered as suffering from itch by the doctors attending 
 them. It was the same in the epizooty at Prattigau, where the 
 itch, transferred to the people, assumed a particularly severe 
 character. Horses were also infected in these two instances, and 
 in that alluded to by Wallraff the malady extended also to the 
 Cattle and Pigs. A herd guarding the Goats observed by Muller, 
 was attacked on the hands by an eruption of itch, which was cured 
 by sulphur ointment. Roloff has also collected a number of 
 instances of pure itch occurring in people who had been in contact 
 with his scabied Goats. On the other hand, in his experiments 
 he could not succeed in implanting this Goat mange on other animals 
 except short-woolled Sheep — Somalis — or Sheep with scanty wool — 
 fat-tailed Sheep. With Merino Sheep, the Pig, Dog, Ass and 
 Rabbit, he only obtained a very ephemeral scabies, or absolutely 
 negative results. 
 
 Treatment. — In cases in which flocks of Goats are affected, the 
 
176 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 treatment by antipsoric baths — as in the psora of the Sheep — is 
 applicable ; but it is attended by greater difficulties, owing to the 
 greater vivacity of the Caprine species. Wallraff was completely 
 successful with Walz’s bath, which was followed by an ointment 
 having sulphur and soft soap for its base. But some of the Goats 
 plunged their head in the liquid, swallowed some of it, and died 
 from poisoning. 
 
 For isolated cases, after clipping off the hair, recourse may be 
 had to one of the antipsoric applications already mentioned for 
 the sarcoptic scabies of the Horse. 
 
 2. Chorioptic Scabies. 
 
 This scabies was studied by Delafond in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 
 on Angora Goats in 1854. He recognised the parasite as belonging to the 
 genus he named Sarco-dermatodecte — the Choriopt. 
 
 Railliet observed — even on Delafond’ s preparations — that the male of 
 this variety had many of the foliaceous bristles indicated by Megnin as char- 
 acteristic of the Choriopt. Mollereau has recently witnessed an altogether 
 peculiar instance of this psora. 
 
 The Chorioptic scabies studied by Delafond began on the sides of the neck, 
 behind the ears, on the withers, the back and loins, and sometimes at the root 
 of the tail — more rarely on the sides of the chest and at the flanks. It pro- 
 duced more or less extensive, though at first incomplete, depilations, attended 
 by shedding of the wool alone and persistence of the long hard hair. Yellow, 
 hard, thick and coarse crusts form, which are very adherent ; and beneath 
 them the skin is hypertrophied, dry, wrinkled, cracked and adherent. The 
 Chorioptes are always beneath the crusts, and especially those of recent for- 
 mation. The lesions of the skin induce tumefaction of the neighbouring 
 lymphatic glands. 
 
 The wool of the Angora Goats becomes matted and falls off in locks, the 
 hairs of which are dirty at the roots, and have lost their elasticity, softness 
 and lustre ; so that combing is difficult, and there is much waste. At those 
 points where the disease is very old, the fibres of the wool are short, thin, and 
 atrophied, very fine at the end, and much intermixed with the hairs proper. 
 
 This scabies has a slow course, and may remain for two or three months con- 
 fined to the sacro-lumbar region ; it is only after that period that it has de- 
 scended to the chest and flanks, and on the limbs to the knees and hocks. 
 It does not affect the face, ears, testicles, mammae, tail, or lower part of the 
 legs. 
 
 In the instance recorded by Mollereau, the scabies was localized on a hind- 
 pastern, and was manifested by a hard ring which had compressed the neigh- 
 bouring parts, producing an cedematous swelling, and even commencing 
 necrosis of the skin. This thick crust was formed by shreds of straw agglu- 
 tinated by serosity ; its inner surface covered a multitude of the Chorioptes. 
 
 The treatment followed by Delafond consisted in clipping off the wool, 
 then employing alkaline baths — about 5 to 10 pounds of carbonate of potash 
 or soda to 22 gallons of water. The concentration of the fluid is subordinate 
 to the thickness of the crusts, and the immersion is for a quarter of an hour, 
 being accompanied by vigorous rubbing. ‘ Two or three baths, and four or 
 five rough rubbings, at four or five days’ interval, are sufficient to effect a 
 cure.’ Delafond advises, in addition, local applications of Helmerich’s 
 pomade, oil of turpentine, tar, etc. ; but every kind of convenient antipsoric 
 treatment, judiciously applied, will yield good results. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 1 77 
 
 E. — Scabies of the Pig. 
 
 The Pig has only one kind of scabies — the sarcoptic form — due 
 to the Sarcoptes scabiei , var. suis ; the 5. squamiferus Fiirstenberg. 
 We cannot admit that there are two kinds of sarcoptic scabies, due 
 to two different varieties of Sarcoptes scabiei. This distinction 
 has been made by Megnin after an incomplete examination of 
 Delafond’s description, and of too brief notes supplied by Guzzoni. 
 One of these forms was scabies of the trunk, the other that of the 
 ears, and the sarcoptes which caused them differed in size ; the one 
 must have been the S. sc. suis , and the other was mistaken for the 
 5. sc. hominis. Our notice of Pig scabies will show our reasons — 
 until better informed — for rejecting this distinction. 
 
 It was a long time ago described by Viborg, but search for the acarus pro- 
 ducing it was unsuccessful. In 1847, Gurlt and Spinola had certainly found a 
 Sarcopt in the scabies of a wild Boar, and some years afterwards the same 
 experience occurred to Hertwig and Gerlach ; but all failed to find the para- 
 site on the domestic Pig. It was Delafond who, in 1857, discovered it at 
 Alfort on two young Pigs of the Anglo-French breed, and intended for surgical 
 operations. Subsequently, Miiller, of Vienna, in 1864, and Kocourek, in 
 1865, found this Sarcopt on Chinese Pigs. We have also seen this scabies at 
 Toulouse, affecting a Yorkshire sow and her progeny. 
 
 Symptoms. — This scabies begins with a violent pruritus. It 
 appears to be at first localized on the head — chiefly on the ears and 
 around the eyes, then at the withers, croup, and inner surface of the 
 thighs ; later it invades the entire surface of the body. In recent 
 cases, no galleries are observed, but only some red, closely-set 
 papules. * The morbid secretions and the abundance of epidermic 
 cells cause the formation of dry, whitish-grey, lustrous crusts, which 
 are adherent while yet thin, but easily detached when not so, and 
 sometimes attaining a thickness of 5 mm. to 10 mm. The skin is 
 wrinkled, and the bristles are either shed or pushed from their 
 follicles : they lie on the surface of the integument, agglutinated into 
 small tufts, to fall off afterwards. The crusts are more or less 
 extensive, according to the age of the disease. Frequently the 
 whole head is invaded, and even the greater part of the trunk, when 
 the animals look as if powdered with dry guano, according to the 
 remark of Muller. Beneath the crusts the skin is excoriated and 
 cracked, especially at the bottom of the wrinkles ; and on the chest 
 and abdomen it may become 3 cm. or 4 cm. thick. In the other 
 regions — and particularly at the base of the ears — the hyper- 
 trophied papillae form tubercles from the size of a pea to that of a 
 bean, which may be compared, for shape and dimensions, to the 
 papillae on the Ox’s tongue, or the warts on a Cow’s teats or lips of 
 the Dog. These hypertrophied cutaneous papillae are embedded 
 in the crusts, beneath which the Sarcoptes are found. 
 
 In order to discover the parasites, it is sometimes necessary to 
 scrape the skin to the quick, and even then the search will often 
 be without result ; this explains the non-success of the earlier 
 
 12 
 
i;8 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 investigations. The size of the parasites renders them perceptible 
 to the naked eye, and especially if a pocket lens is used. They are 
 the largest variety of the Sarcoptes scabiei, the ovigerous female 
 measuring from -40 mm. to -50 mm. long, and *32 mm. to ‘39 mm. 
 broad ; while the male is *25 mm. to -35 mm. long, and ’19 mm. to 
 •30 mm. broad. Guzzoni found some, in scabies of the ears, the 
 dimensions of which were about those of 5 . scabiei , var. hominis, 
 the ovigerous female being -30 mm. long, and *26 mm. broad ; 
 and the male -20 mm. long, and ’i6 mm. broad. 
 
 Swine scabies progresses slowly. When it has invaded a large 
 surface of the body, it hinders fattening and gradually causes 
 marasmus. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — This scabies appears to be rare, although 
 it is stated to be relatively frequent in Holland, and more prevalent 
 in the centre and west of France than in the other parts of the 
 country. It is possible that, as Viborg asserts, excessive misery 
 and uncleanliness are the predisposing causes. 
 
 Contagion is evidently the only efficient cause, though it does not 
 appear to be alike for all animals ; for it has been already shown 
 that the disease has been more particularly studied on Pigs of 
 improved breeds ; and it has been observed that young Pigs of 
 common breed have been in daily contact with those of English 
 breed — which contracted the disease from their parents — without 
 becoming infested. There is nothing in the accounts of this scabies 
 which allows of the disease being traced to its source. ‘ It is not 
 rare/ says Viborg, ‘ for Pigs to take the mange from burrowing in 
 the manure of mangy Sheep, Cattle and Horses.’ This is a bold 
 assertion which experiments do not justify, as Gerlach has inocu- 
 lated Pigs with Sarcoptes from the Horse and Cat, with a negative 
 result ; and according to Spinola, the Sarcopt of the wild Boar only 
 will, when transferred to the domestic Pig, cause mange. 
 
 The scabies of the Pig is contagious for Man, as the clinical 
 observations of Bateman, von Gemmern, Bontekoe, and Heck- 
 meyer — quoted by Delafond and Bourguignon — prove ; but 
 the eruption disappears spontaneously in about five days. De- 
 positing the Sarcoptes of the wild Boar on the arm of Man induces 
 an ex anthem which disappears in eight to ten days (Gerlach). 
 Delafond contracted the disease in studying and dissecting the 
 skin of an affected Pig ; the malady progressed slowly, and it was 
 only towards the thirtieth day that it threatened to become gener- 
 alized, when Delafond cured himself with Helmerich’s pomade. 
 At the Dresden Veterinary School, two students, by means of a 
 bandage, fastened on their arm a piece of diseased skin from a 
 mangy Sow, and there resulted a very pruriginous itch that, in one 
 of them, subsided of itself in about forty-eight hours, but in the 
 other had to be treated by creosote ointment. 
 
 Scabies of the Pig is transmissible, according to Viborg, to all the 
 domesticated animals ; but Am-Pach — quoted by Gerlach — states 
 that it is only communicated to the Dog. At Dresden, a fragment 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 179 
 
 of the skin of a mangy Pig was fixed on the neck of a Dog ; this 
 gave rise to a violent pruritus that reached its maximum in about 
 forty-eight hours ; then it gradually subsided, and on the eighth 
 day had disappeared. The same experiment made on the back 
 of a Sheep was absolutely negative ; but the proof would have been 
 more convincing if the attempt had been made on the face of the 
 Sheep, which is the seat of the sarcoptic scabies special to the ovine 
 species. 
 
 Treatment. — The disinfection of the pigsties is a necessary 
 prophylactic measure. Treatment consists at first of alkaline 
 baths accompanied by vigorous friction, so as to remove as many 
 of the crusts as possible. As an antipsoric remedy, Viborg has 
 recommended a decoction of 30 grammes of tobacco in 2 litres of 
 water, to be reduced to 1 litre. In the case of chronic and extensive 
 disease, Delafond counsels several hard rubbings with Helmerich’s 
 pomade, or with a mixture of oil of turpentine 8 parts and flowers 
 of sulphur 1 part. The use of Helmerich’s pomade has given us 
 an easy and complete success in the case of a Sow and her litter. 
 
 F. — Sarcoptic Scabies of the Rabbit. 
 
 We have already seen that, in the fur of the Rabbit, we may 
 find three kinds of microscopical Acarina not belonging to the 
 psoric Sarcoptidae, and, rarely causing cutaneous lesions. These 
 are the Gamasus pteroptoides (p. 99), the Cheyletiella para- 
 sitivorax (p. 103), and the Listrophorus gibbus (p. 105). Inde- 
 pendently of these Acarina, a Sarcopt and a Psoropt live on the 
 head of the Rabbit and produce two diseases — a sarcoptic scabies, 
 and a psoroptic acariasis having its seat in the ear. The latter 
 will be studied hereafter, when the parasitic maladies of the sensory 
 organs are considered. 
 
 Gohier asserted that he had seen this scabies on the domestic Rabbit, and 
 discovered the parasite. Huzard has given a description of the affection ; 
 and Gerlach also describes it, and gives a figure of the parasite, which he names 
 the Sarcoptes cuniculi. We have already said that it belongs to the Sarcoptes 
 minor, var. cuniculi — it being so placed by Fiirstenberg. Railliet has had 
 occasion to study this scabies. 
 
 Symptoms. — Sarcoptic scabies at first affects the nose, then the 
 lips and the forehead. Gerlach has never seen it extend beyond 
 this ; but in a Rabbit which died from it, Railliet noted that, after 
 the malady had attained the margin of the eyes, the face, forehead, 
 and lips, it reached the lower jaw to the root of the neck, the lower 
 half of the outer surface of the auricular concha, the fore-legs as 
 far as the elbows, and the hind ones to the hocks. It produces an 
 acute pruritus, which compels the rabbits to rub against anything 
 near them, -and to scratch themselves with their hind- feet. The 
 fur falls off, and white or greyish crusts appear ; these are at first 
 thin, but later become more than a centimetre thick, and are very 
 
 12 — 2 
 
i8o 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 adherent. When they are removed, the skin is red and bleeding, 
 and on their lower surface are found the Sarcoptes, which are 
 imbedded in them like the Sarcoptes mutans of the scabies of the 
 feet of birds. 
 
 According to Huzard, this disease is very contagious. It arrests 
 the growth of young Rabbits, sometimes renders the prehension 
 of food impossible, and may result in fatal marasmus. 
 
 Diagnosis is easy in presence of the Sarcoptes, as these cannot 
 be mistaken for any other of the three non-psoric Acarina which 
 live in the fur of Rabbits ; neither can it be mistaken for the favus 
 that sometimes attacks these animals — the tinea favosa, which is 
 not necessarily localized on the head, and which manifests itself 
 by limited, circular, cupped, and thick crusts of a yellowish-grey 
 or sulphur hue, formed by a fungus, which requires a higher 
 magnifying power to distinguish it than is needed to discover the 
 Sarcopt. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — It is not established that the sarcoptic 
 scabies of the Rabbit may be derived from that of the Rat or Cat, 
 which are both due to the same kind of Sarcopt. Gerlach was 
 certain that the Sarcopt of the Rabbit could neither live nor pro- 
 duce scabies on any of the domesticated animals — not even the 
 Cat — when a large number are deposited on their skin. On the 
 skin of Man they cause a trifling disturbance — scarcely pruriginous 
 — that disappears in two or three days ; though Ziirn asserts that 
 the Rabbit scabies is transmissible to Man. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the hair over the diseased part, and even 
 beyond it ; rub the skin with soft soap, allowing it to remain on 
 for a short time before washing off ; repeat this a second time, if 
 need be, and at five hours’ interval ; apply twice or thrice to all the 
 mangy and adjoining healthy parts the pomade of Helmerich. 
 Five hours after the last dressing wash these parts (Delafond). 
 
 G. — Scabies of the Dromedary and Camel. 
 
 The Dromedary and Camel are very often affected with scabies, 
 and the prophylaxis of this malady occupies an important place 
 in their hygiene. 
 
 This is a sarcoptic scabies, the parasite of which was seen in 1827, according 
 to the report of Biett, by an anatomical assistant in the King’s Garden, who 
 thought it was a Sarcopt. In 1841, P. Gervais found it on a Dromedary 
 recently sent from Africa to the Museum of Natural History, Paris. The 
 Sarcopt of the Dromedary and Camel belongs to the species Sarcoptes scabiei, 
 of which it forms the variety cameli — common also to the Llama, Giraffe, and 
 the Antilope bubalis. 
 
 The scabies of the Dromedary, which the Arabs have doubtless known 
 from time immemorial, has been particularly studied by the veterinarians 
 of the French army of Africa — Flaubert, Gourdon and Naudin, Chevalier, 
 Imbert, and especially Vallon. Haslam and other veterinarians of the 
 English army in India have also given much information with regard to this 
 disease in the Camel. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 181 
 
 Symptoms. — The scabies of the Dromedary and Camel is accom- 
 panied by a violent pruritus, which keeps the animal in a state of 
 continual agitation, and causes it to rub itself against everything 
 within its reach — trees, ground, its companions, etc. The malady 
 commences where the skin is thin — inside the flanks, and inferior 
 parts of the abdomen ; then it invades the trunk, withers, tail, 
 legs, and interdigital region. It is manifested at first by pimples, 
 which attain a centimetre in diameter, and soon become hairless 
 and excoriated by rubbing. Crusts form ; the hairs are detached 
 in places and fall in tufts. The skin is thickened, wrinkled, and 
 covered by dark, thick, and very adherent crusts. The disease 
 makes rapid progress ; the crusts increase in thickness and extent ; 
 the skin is wrinkled, ridged, cracked, and fissured ; from ulcerations 
 flows a scanty, but very foetid discharge, and the animal presents 
 a repulsive appearance. 
 
 The rapid progress of the disease, the complications accompany- 
 ing it, and the living in herds, contribute to give a particular 
 gravity to the prognosis. Isolated cases are easily cured at the 
 commencement, but when the disease has become generalized, 
 recovery from it is doubtful. What justifies the redoubtable 
 reputation that is attached to Camel mange, is the employment of 
 this animal in caravans travelling far from places where the 
 necessary medicaments can be procured. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — Predisposing causes have been, from the 
 earliest times, more invoked for this scabies than for any other. 
 Debility, physiological misery, and uncleanliness no doubt play an 
 important part. Young and old animals are more often mangy than 
 adults ; and it is in the springtime that the malady prevails among 
 Dromedaries, and invades the greater part of the cutaneous surface. 
 
 But it is clear that contagion is the efficient cause, favoured by 
 the promiscuousness in which the Camels and Dromedaries employed 
 with caravans live — carrying baggage, food and munitions of war. 
 Vallon states that when a mangy animal is introduced into a healthy 
 troop, fifteen or twenty days afterwards cases of the disease appear 
 among the latter, and soon all are infested. 
 
 The scabies of the Camel and Dromedary is transmissible to 
 Man. Louis Franck, Straus-Durckheim, and Hamon have given 
 instances. The best-known case is that which Biett has reported. 
 Six Dromedaries sent from Egypt to the Museum of Natural History 
 (Paris), in 1827, were attacked by scabies, which was communi- 
 cated to the men who cleaned them. 
 
 According to Palgrave, the itch that frequently affects mankind 
 in Arabia appears to be derived from the Camel, on which it is very 
 common. Berenger-Feraud has observed a psoric disease in Senegal, 
 named larbisch by the Oulofs and Toucolors, which is characterized 
 by the presence, on the fingers and other parts of the body, of 
 furrows like those of scabies. The parasite has not yet been seen, 
 but Carpot thinks that it is the Sarcopt of mange of the Dromedary 
 (R. Blanchard). 
 
82 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Treatment. — The development of scabies in the Dromedary, as 
 well as its transmission, can be prevented by keeping the skin always 
 clean, in properly sheltering the animals, in sparing them from 
 long fatigue and privations, and more especially in preventing them 
 from coming in contact with mangy animals. 
 
 During treatment, they should have alible nourishment, with 
 exercise every day, and their hygiene should be ameliorated in 
 every way possible. 
 
 The treatment is begun by general clipping, if the malady has 
 not yet caused vast depilation. On the shores of the Red Sea, the 
 mangy Camels are often treated by simply bathing them in the sea 
 for half an hour every day, and when they come out of the water 
 an experienced native rubs the skin with a polished stone, while 
 another throws water over the parts that are rubbed — the opera- 
 tion being terminated by thorough washing. The rubbing with the 
 stone has to be carefully carried out, so as not to produce new 
 excoriations or cause the old ones to bleed. 
 
 Lotions of sulphurated potash completely failed at Alfort in 
 1827. In Africa, from time immemorial, tar has been considered 
 a panacea against scabies. The Prophet said: ‘ For mange of the 
 Camel, tar is the remedy ’ (Vallon). And when the Dromedary 
 is two years old, the Arabs are in the habit of rubbing it with tar 
 three times a year after clipping, in order to protect it from mange 
 and the attacks of flies. This tar is obtained from the wood of 
 the Juniperus phoenicea and Thuya articulata. They make a 
 mixture of two parts of tar to one of water, rubbing it on the skin 
 moderately warm, when it appears homogeneous. This tarring 
 requires particular care ; for when the mixture is too strong, the 
 animals succumb to a kind of cutaneous asphyxia — instances of 
 which occur every year. Such accidents are averted by employing 
 a mixture of sulphur, tar and soft soap, applied rather warm. The 
 Arabs in Egypt dilute the tar with fish-oil. 
 
 H. — Sarcoptic Scabies of the Dog. 
 
 Independently of the demodecic scabies, the Dog may have an 
 ordinary scabies — the sarcoptic — due to the Sarcoptes scabiei, and 
 an auricular acariasis — chorioptic — caused by the Chorioptes 
 cynotis (Hering). The latter will be noticed in the chapter on 
 parasitic affections of the ear. 
 
 In practice, the sarcoptic scabies of the Dog is considered a 
 common disease ; but many of those who have assiduously sought 
 for the Sarcopt regard it as rare. Fiirstenberg and Delafond, in 
 their numerous investigations, have met with it — the first in one 
 instance, the second in two ; and Megnin has only found it in two 
 or three cases among the hundreds of Dogs he examined, and which 
 were considered mangy. Our own researches remained fruitless 
 
ACARIASES 183 
 
 until we began to employ the solution of potash to soften the crusts ; 
 since then the parasite has not been rare. 
 
 Observers — such as Bose, Gohier, Bonnes, Hertwig and Hering — 
 have for a long time noticed the occurrence of psoric Sarcoptidae 
 on the Dog ; but the descriptions they give are too brief or too 
 incomplete, and it is not at all certain that they had to do with the 
 Sarcoptes. Gerlach has described the Sarcoptes of the Dog and 
 the scabies it determines ; but his description of the Sarcopt is, 
 unfortunately, incomplete and inexact in many points. 
 
 Gurlt and Furstenberg found on a mangy Dog a variety of Sarcopt 
 of large dimensions, which might be the same kind met with by 
 Railliet and Cadiot on a Dog affected with crusted mange ; the 
 same was also observed by Megnin on Wolves, which also had this 
 crusted form of scabies — this was the 5. scabiei, var. lup-i ; and it 
 was also the same as that found by Furstenberg in the scabies of 
 Man known as Norwegian itch — so named from the country in which 
 it is most frequently seen — a variety of the parasite that he desig- 
 nated 5. scabiei crusiosce. According to Hebra, the Norwegian 
 itch is not due to a particular kind of Sarcopt, as was at first believed, 
 but to the 5. scabiei , var. hominis , of ordinary scabies, from which 
 it only differs in the greater number of the Sarcoptes and the 
 accumulation of their debris. The Sarcopt of ordinary sarcoptic 
 mange of the Dog — which was certainly seen first by Delafond, 
 then by Megnin, Railliet and Cadiot, etc. — is a little larger than that 
 of Man ; it is the 5. scabiei , var. canis. 
 
 Symptoms. — Sarcoptic scabies may appear on any part of the 
 body, but it usually begins on the head, muzzle, around the eyes, 
 and on the ears. It then reaches the belly, the under surface of 
 the chest, the sides, root of the tail, legs, etc., and this so rapidly, 
 that at the end of a month the invasion is general. 
 
 It first manifests itself by red punctiform spots, resembling Flea- 
 bites, which can only be seen where the skin is thin and not pig- 
 mented — as on the abdomen, in the arm-pits and flanks — though 
 rubbing often renders them diffuse. On these surfaces the early 
 red points are soon converted into papules, from the size of a lentil 
 to that of a pea, the summit of which becomes vesiculous, ruptures, 
 and allows much serosity to escape. This effect is most frequently 
 due to the repeated scratchings under the influence of the pruritus, 
 which lead to the production of more 01 less extensive moist patches. 
 There may also be seen — and particularly on the fine skin of the 
 belly and flanks — vesicles which are being transformed into pustules 
 — a dark point in their centre communicating with the gallery of 
 the Sarcopt. Sometimes the mange remains dry, and is marked 
 by an abundant formation of scurf and by depilations. As a rule, 
 the surfaces first invaded become dry, and are covered by greyish- 
 yellow crusts, which gradually scale off. The depilated and 
 thickened skin becomes ridged, wrinkled, and excoriated ; and in 
 cases of generalized scabies the Dog exhales an offensive odour, and 
 presents a repulsive appearance. 
 
184 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The pruritus is always intense, particularly if the patient is kept 
 in a warm place, and after running. The disease induces a grave 
 state of cachexia and marasmus by the insomnia, continual agita- 
 tion, deprivation of rest, and interference with the cutaneous 
 functions ; and death ensues in two or three months if treatment 
 is not adopted. 
 
 Diagnosis . — Follicular or demodecic scabies is often mistaken for 
 sarcoptic scabies, and this confusion entails an erroneous prognosis ; 
 for while the first is very difficult to cure, the latter is comparatively 
 easy to get rid of. Follicular scabies commences like sarcoptic 
 scabies, but the surface it affects is dry ; in the latter form it is 
 covered with small yellow crusts, and the papules rarely become 
 pustules — while the acne pimples are, on the contrary, an almost 
 constant sign of follicular scabies, which is also less pruriginous and 
 slower in its course. But discovery of the parasite confirms the 
 diagnosis. 
 
 Sarcoptic scabies may also be confounded with what has been 
 termed red mange ( rouge or rouget) — a frequent, but non-parasitic, 
 skin affection of young Dogs, which commences beneath the chest 
 and abdomen and inner surface of the limbs, and is characterized 
 by the red colour of the skin, much itching, and the almost total 
 absence of humidity. 
 
 Another skin disease is the roux-vieux, dartre seche, rogue (dry 
 mange), which is frequent on old or fat Dogs, and is located on the 
 back, more especially on the loins, where it is recognised by the 
 erect hairs — which are reddish at their base — and by the induration 
 of the skin, which is thickened, wrinkled and cracked, brownish- 
 red, slightly pruriginous, and from its cracks there may exude a 
 sero-sanguineous fluid that, on drying, forms brown irregular 
 crusts. These different signs, as well as the absence of the parasite, 
 lead to a diagnosis. 
 
 The humid mange or tetter has a varied seat, and consists in 
 more or less depilated, irregular patches, showing numerous small 
 vesicles, the contents of which escape and keep the diseased surface 
 always moist. There is no parasite, and the malady extends slowly. 
 
 The dry or scaly eczema , or pityriasis , is very tenacious in old 
 Dogs, and is situated on the head, neck, and back, causing moderate 
 pruritus, and having little tendency to spread ; it is also recognised 
 by the abundance of epidermic pellicles that cover the diseased 
 surface. 
 
 Lastly, trombidian acariasis, due to the hexapod larva of the 
 Trombidium holosericeum , has its principal seat around the eyes, and 
 on the paws and belly. A careful examination will discover the 
 parasite, and thus eliminate scabies from the diagnosis. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — Youth, debility, or a sickly condition may 
 be considered as predisposing, but not necessary causes ; for the 
 Sarcoptes will live on animals of all ages and in all conditions. The 
 existence of follicular scabies also predisposes to the invasion of 
 sarcoptic scabies ; but it is evident that contagion is the essential 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 85 
 
 cause. The admitted rarity of this malady has led to the suppo- 
 sition that Dogs suffering from it have been in contact with itchy 
 people, or have contracted it while hunting animals (Wolf, Wild 
 Boar) affected with psora. But it has been seen in an epizootic form ; 
 for in Germany, in 1890, it attacked 10 per cent, of the Dogs, 
 especially in such cities as Berlin, Munich, Stuttgart, and Cologne. 
 
 ‘ During the year 1886-87, of 8,399 animals attending the canine 
 clinic of the Berlin school, 639 were affected with sarcoptic mange. 
 The asylums for Dogs contributed largely to its dissemination * 
 (Friedberger and Frohner). 
 
 Facts of contagion from Dog to Dog — to-day a matter of current 
 observation — have been published by Rayer, Littre, Leblanc, 
 Sabatier, and have been well established by Delafond, who also 
 observed that the sarcoptic scabies of the Cat may be transmitted 
 to the Dog, although due to the Sarcoptes minor , and not to the 
 Sarcoptes scabiei. He deposited on the skin of a bitch in perfect 
 health 125 Sarcoptes taken from a mangy Cat ; and in about a 
 month she was covered with a generalized scabies. In another 
 experiment, four mangy kittens were put to a bitch, which suckled 
 them along with three puppies that she was already nursing. She 
 became mangy, as well as her own progeny, which died of the 
 disease in about two months. 
 
 Delafond did not succeed in developing mange of the Dog by 
 Sarcoptes taken from psoric people. On the contrary, however, 
 numerous examples show that Dog scabies can be transmitted to 
 Man. 
 
 Chabert says that Dog mange is communicated to Man in a very obstinate 
 form. Grognier has seen a student whose hands were covered with itch after 
 having rubbed a mangy Dog. Viborg gives an instance of a Man and Woman 
 who became psoric from a Dog they possessed. Mouronval furnishes a similar 
 instance. Chavassieu d’Audebert assures us that the Dog and Cat may 
 transmit a very troublesome itch to Man. Biett has seen a child which 
 became infected through caressing a mangy Dog. Hertwig, Heckmeyer, 
 Stiitz, and Marrel have published observations of the same kind. Delafond 
 saw a student contract the itch on attending a diseased Dog ; and he himself 
 became infected by depositing the Sarcoptes of the Dog on his skin, the itch 
 resulting continuing for about forty-five days, and only ceasing on the adop- 
 tion of antipsoric treatment. The same experimental result was produced 
 on a student ; on two others there was only a fugaceous eruption. Lastly, 
 Gerlach was likewise able to transmit the mange of the Dog to Man, and states 
 that he on two occasions witnessed spontaneous transmission. More recently, 
 Friedberger has seen such transmission from Dogs to women and children ; 
 in the latter there was a very pruriginous eruption between the fingers, and 
 on the arms and abdomen. Leonhard reports an analogous case. We have 
 also known of another ; and in the epizooty that occurred in Germany in 
 1890, hundreds of people who had been in contact with mangy Dogs in Berlin 
 were contaminated. Frohner in one month reported twenty-one cases of this 
 contagion. 
 
 According to Ziirn, the Sarcopt of the Dog can be conveyed to the 
 Pig and Horse. 
 
 Treatment. — Contagion must be prevented by isolating diseased 
 from healthy dogs, burning litter, washing kennels — the wooden 
 
1 86 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 portions with boiling water kept so in the place to be cleansed, or 
 with creolinated water, 5 to 100 — the parts in masonry being lime- 
 washed ; in a word, carrying out the various measures already 
 repeatedly indicated. 
 
 To combat the debilitating effects of the mange, an abundance of 
 animal and vegetable food — varied and substantial — should be 
 given, combined with tonics. Exercise, and living in the open air 
 as much as possible, should also be allowed. 
 
 With regard to medical treatment, the first operation to be 
 carried out is general clipping for long-haired Dogs, no matter 
 how limited the diseased parts may appear. Cleanliness is indis- 
 pensable. The litter must be frequently renewed, and the patient 
 must be well washed with soft soap and water ; a vigorous brushing 
 in the bath at the same time will remove the crusts and diminish 
 the number of parasites. Care must be taken that the animal 
 does not lick off the remedy — especially if it is toxic — by employing 
 a muzzle or a leather covering. 
 
 The antipsoric remedies that may be employed are numerous. 
 Friedberger and Frohner much recommend creolin in the form of 
 a wash, composed of creolin and soft soap, 1 part of each, alcohol 
 J to 10 parts, according to the extent and degree of the malady. 
 In generalized scabies, one-third of the body is dressed each day, 
 and a cure is effected in from eight to twenty days. 
 
 At the Toulouse Veterinary School, cevadilla oil is usually 
 employed, sometimes cade-oil, or a mixture of equal parts of 
 petroleum and linseed-oil. 
 
 Gerlach approved of Peruvian balsam dissolved in alcohol, 1 to 
 30 ; its vanilla-like odour renders it suitable for house Dogs. Styrax 
 may be used in the same way. These medicaments give ex- 
 cellent results. Many practitioners employ simple carbolized soap 
 • — that is, carbolic acid incorporated with soap in the proportion 
 of 1 to 20. 
 
 The pomade of Helmerich — about 100 grammes for a medium- 
 sized Dog — is a simple and frequently-employed remedy. When 
 the Dog has been well dried after its soap bath, it receives a first 
 dressing, which is left on for twenty-four hours. Next day this is 
 washed off with soap and water, and a second dressing is applied. 
 If it has acted well, there is rarely any necessity for applying a 
 third dressing. 
 
 Tar cannot be recommended, as it is dangerous to cover all the 
 surface of the skin with it. Ellenberger and Hofmeister have 
 reported a case of fatal poisoning of a Dog which was affected with 
 mange, and had the whole body covered with tar. If this substance 
 is employed, it should be mixed with an equal quantity of soft 
 soap, and alcohol added to give the mixture the consistence of a 
 liniment. The dressing should be extended over three days, only 
 one- third of the body being dressed each day, and a bath given on 
 the fourth day. This series of operations ought to be repeated 
 three or four times. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 1 87 
 
 The oil of lavender and oil of turpentine have often been used for 
 mange of the Dog ; but the first is uncertain in its effects, and the 
 second is too irritating, although it forms the most active ingredient 
 in the following application, which is much appreciated by sports- 
 men and veterinary surgeons : 
 
 Sea salt - - - - - - 150 grammes. 
 
 Gunpowder - - - - - 10 ,, 
 
 Sulphur ------ 140 ,, 
 
 Vinegar ------ 1 litre. 
 
 The mixture is made at a boiling temperature, and continually stirred. 
 ■When it is homogeneous, it is allowed to cool until tepid, and then there is 
 carefully mixed with it : 
 
 Oil of turpentine - - - - - 90 grammes. 
 
 This remedy is employed tepid. It causes an irritation of the 
 skin that does not disappear for some days, and it is therefore not 
 to be recommended. 
 
 Benzine and creosote are recommended by Gerlach and Ziirn, 
 when mixed with oil or alcohol — 1 to 30 to 60 ; but it has been 
 reported that they are too irritating, and even toxic. 
 
 Naphthalin, lauded by Fiirbringer, Fischer, etc., has been suc- 
 cessfully employed by Siedamgrotzky, in the following form : 
 
 Naphthalin 
 Vaseline 
 Oil of thyme 
 Oil of lavender 
 
 - 1 5 grammes. 
 
 - 75 
 
 |aa 8 drops. 
 
 The cure is complete in twelve to fourteen days. This is a cheap 
 remedy and soothing to the skin ; it acts well when the disease is 
 commencing, and for house Dogs. 
 
 I. — Sarcoptic Scabies of the Cat. 
 
 The Cat may be affected with a sacroptic scabies, due to the 
 Sarcoptes minor , var. cati , and a chorioptic acariasis due — like that 
 of the Dog — to the Ch. cynotis. (See Parasitic Diseases of the Ear.) 
 
 The earliest mention of Scabies of the Cat is due to Wedelius. In 1672, 
 he described an epizooty which, in two years, and for an extent of some miles, 
 prevailed in Westphalia with such violence that nearly all the Cats perished. 
 Notwithstanding the manifest exaggeration in his account — and particularly 
 with regard to the changes occurring in the eyes — it seems very probable that 
 it was scabies he saw. Girtanner has also published some positive documents 
 on this affection. Rigot, in 1811, reported an outbreak of scabies among 
 Cats which prevailed for nearly four years ; and, in 1827, Sajous presented a 
 memoir to the Central Society of Agriculture, on an epizooty of scabies which 
 had existed for some years, and had killed all the Cats in entire villages. 
 Analogous observations, of which mention will be made hereafter, have also 
 been published ; and altogether they prove that the malady has been known 
 for a long time. 
 
 If Gohier was the first writer who speaks of having seen the Sarcopt of the 
 Cat in 1813, Hering has given the first description of it ; but he only saw the 
 male, and is inexact in several details. 
 
1 88 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Sarcopt is now well known, owing to the works of Rayer, Gerlach, 
 Fiirstenberg, and Delafond and Bourguignon. The latter considered it to 
 be a distinct species, and named it the ‘ Sarcopte notoedre,’ a designation 
 given because of the dorsal position of the anus. Fiirstenberg named it the 
 Sarcoptes minor, and in this species it forms the variety cati. 
 
 Symptoms. — Scabies of the Cat usually commences on the neck, 
 reaches the ears and forehead, then all the head, and rarely goes 
 beyond the anterior part of the neck. A pruritus of variable 
 intensity is one of the early symptoms. 
 
 The initial lesion is a vesicle or papule the size of a pin’s head ; 
 this is promptly ruptured and transformed into a crust. The 
 multiplication of the vesicles, and their replacement by crusts, 
 brings about the invasion of larger surfaces, which are covered by 
 greyish, hard crusts that agglutinate the hairs, the greater portion 
 of which are rapidly shed. The skin becomes thickened, hard 
 and wrinkled ; the eyelids are inverted, the eyes are buried in their 
 orbits, and there is more or less intense conjunctivitis. The 
 swollen tissues obstruct the nostrils, embarrassing the respiration ; 
 the animal is feeble and languishing, has a melancholy and repulsive 
 physiognomy, and finally succumbs to the disease, if it is not 
 opportunely sacrificed. Death usually ensues in four to six months, 
 though it is earlier in young animals, or when the malady is epi- 
 zootic. 
 
 According to Megnin, the dwarf Sarcopt does not excavate a 
 subcutaneous gallery like the common Sarcopt, but makes a simple 
 nest that appears as a miliary eminence ; this, when raised on the 
 point of a scalpel, is found to be composed of a layer of epidermis 
 surrounding ova in all stages of incubation, as well as an ovigerous 
 female and her excrements, in the form of brown, cylindrical 
 corpuscles. The larvse, nymphae and males wander in the midst 
 of the crusts. 
 
 Diagnosis. — The diagnosis of this disease is not difficult. Its 
 commencement on the head and persistency in that region, its rare 
 extension to other parts, the ready discovery of the Sarcoptes, and 
 the special characters of this psora, suffice to remove any doubts as 
 to its nature. It should not be mistaken for a non-parasitic, very 
 tenacious prurigo that sometimes attacks emasculated Cats, and 
 is located on the belly, flanks, back, legs and tail — rarely the head ; 
 it consists of small, dry papules, and is very pruriginous and 
 obstinate. 
 
 An analogous, but ephemeral eruption is at times seen on nursing 
 Cats which are suddenly deprived of their young. 
 
 It is not possible to mistake this scabies for the prurigo of the 
 * rouget,’ due to the larvae of the Trombidium holosericeum, nor with 
 the punctures of Fleas, or the skin affections of old house Cats, 
 which affections have not an invariable localization, and consist 
 of pustular surfaces with thick isolated crusts, and a moderate 
 degree of itching. 
 
 Lastly, favus is recognised by the form of its parasitic cup- 
 
ACARIASES 189 
 
 shaped crusts, which are usually sulphur-coloured, and by the 
 presence of the fungus. 
 
 Prognosis. — Scabies of the Cat is only serious when it is chronic, 
 and when the animals affected have habits of independence which 
 prevent their being submitted to regular treatment ; then it follows 
 its natural course and terminates in death. It is more especially 
 serious when it assumes an epizootic form, and when its gravity 
 cannot be ascribed to any plausible cause. When it is taken at 
 the commencement it is easily cured. Its serious character is 
 increased by the fact of its contagiousness for Man and the domesti- 
 cated animals. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — Of 45 scabied Cats, Delafond found 26 
 aged from 4 to 7 years, 15 from 2 to 3 years, and 5 of six months 
 to a year. The largest proportion of Cats being aged, is probably 
 vdue to the circumstance that they are less attractive and useful 
 than young ones, and are therefore often driven from their homes 
 and exposed to misery and uncleanliness — that is, to all the pre- 
 disposing conditions of psoric affections. Delwart mentions having 
 seen the disease in large farms, where many Cats are kept, com- 
 municated with such rapidity that in four or five weeks all these 
 animals had perished. Although the dwarf Sarcopt also causes 
 scabies in Rats, it is not established that it is in hunting these that 
 the Cat contracts the malady. 
 
 Delafond has succeeded in developing scabies on a Cat, by de- 
 positing on it Sarcoptes from a Lion, and on another by cohabitation 
 with a mangy Dog ; but these two Cats recovered spontaneously, 
 for their scabies remained artificial, being due to the Sarcoptes 
 scabiei, and not to the 5 . minor. 
 
 Scabies of the Cat may be transmitted to Man. Hertwig relates 
 the case of a servant who contracted the disease through allowing 
 a mangy Cat to lie in her bed. Berthold cites that of a child who 
 was infected by a diseased Cat, which she permitted to rest on her 
 breast. Marrel mentions having seen Cat scabies transmitted to 
 two adult people and a child. Hering has observed the malady 
 transferred from the Cat to the back, chest and arms of two young 
 people. Gerlach has experimentally effected the transmission of 
 the disease, by depositing some crusts taken from Cats on the arms 
 of students ; a local scabies followed, that disappeared spontaneously 
 in about ten days in the first, fifteen days in the second, and three 
 weeks in the fourth student ; but in a blonde and very hairy student 
 it continued for six weeks, and at the end of that time terminated 
 only after a sulphur bath had been administered. Perroncito 
 reports a case of contagion from a Cat to a woman, and we have 
 knowledge of a similar fact. 
 
 Scabies of the Cat may also be transmitted to the Horse. Hertwig 
 cites the case of a Cat which gave its mange to a Horse on whose 
 back it was accustomed to rest ; and Megnin developed an extensive 
 outbreak on a Horse, by fixing on its withers a piece of skin from a 
 mangy Cat ; the disease was cured by a single rubbing with Hel- 
 
190 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 merich’s pomade. On another occasion he has seen a mangy Cat 
 convey its disease to two Horses, on whose backs it usually lay. 
 
 With regard to the Ox, we have already related the case of 
 Rademacher, in which a mangy Cat was in the habit of lying on the 
 back of a Cow and transmitted the disease to it ; from this it passed 
 on to a servant and to all the family. We have also mentioned 
 how Delafond succeeded in transmitting the Scabies of the Cat to 
 the Dog. 
 
 Treatment. — The treatment of Cat scabies cannot include baths, 
 in view of the repugnance of this species to water, and the danger 
 of affections of the air-passages to which these animals would be 
 exposed by bathing them. So at most, after carefully clipping 
 away the hair from the diseased parts, these can only be washed 
 with soap and water ; but it would be even better to dispense with 
 this, and have direct recourse to topical acaricides, which may be 
 repeated. 
 
 The pomade of Helmerich is particularly convenient and suc- 
 cessful. ‘ If the balsam of Peru is more efficacious, it is also more 
 dangerous. We have several times seen a single rubbing on the 
 head with this substance produce a very acute cerebral excitement, 
 followed by torpor, and even by death. We have also witnessed 
 the same accidents arise from the application of rancid cod-liver 
 oil, which is recommended by Schwarz. Styrax appears to be less 
 dangerous ’ (Friedberger and Frohner). 
 
 In the epizootic outbreak in the environs of Offenbourg, Bell 
 successfully employed a lotion composed of chloride of zinc and 
 water — 4 to 500. 
 
 J. — Sarcoptic Scabies of the Ferret. 
 
 Independently of a Listrophorus which lives in the fur without causing the 
 slightest injury, the Ferret may be attacked by two species of psoric Acarina : 
 a Sarcopt — Save, scabiei, var. hydrochcBri, and a Choriopt — Ch. cynotis. We 
 shall only notice sarcoptic scabies here, as the auricular acariasis will be 
 described with the parasitic affections of the ear. 
 
 Sarcoptic scabies was described for the first time, in i860, by F. Peuch, 
 who pronounced it to be due to a Sarcopt, and his remarks were confirmed 
 by Megnin. 
 
 The disease is chiefly confined to the head and feet, but it may invade all 
 the trunk. The affected parts are covered with brown or yellow crusts, 
 beneath which the Sarcoptes are concealed ; they are the seat of an almost 
 continual pruritus, the little animal frequently biting itself, and especially 
 the feet, in a kind of fury. When the malady is not much advanced, and 
 not localized on the limbs or ears, the body is moist from a gelatinous, almost 
 viscid, sweat that strongly exhales the odour of the ferret. 
 
 On the feet, the crusts are attached to the plantar surface and the root of 
 the claws, which may grow to an extreme length, and straighten out or bend 
 upwards. Progression is then slow and difficult, the weight being thrown 
 on the posterior part of the foot. 
 
 It is scarcely admissible that the Ferret contracts the disease in Rabbit- 
 warrens, the sarcoptic scabies of these creatures being due to the Sarcoptes 
 minor, and not to the 5 . scabiei. It is more likely, as Railliet remarks, that 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 191 
 
 the origin of the malady is scabied pole-cats, which are frequent in Rabbit- 
 warrens. 
 
 Peuch could not succeed in transmitting the Ferret scabies to the Dog, 
 nor yet to Man. But his experiments were so few that they do not justify 
 a definite conclusion. 
 
 The disease sometimes appears in an epizootic form. 
 
 Its treatment is reduced to the following prescriptions : ‘ Frequent dressing 
 of the crusts with glycerin, so as to soften them and render their removal 
 easy ; then vigorous rubbing with simple sulphur ointment, or Helmerich’s 
 pomade, on the parts freed from crusts. Frequent and complete removal of 
 the litter, and disinfection or, better, change of residence in box, chest, or 
 barrel ’ (Peuch). 
 
 2.— DEMODECIC SCABIES. 
 
 This form of scabies is produced by a parasite — Demodex follicu- 
 lorum (Owen) — of the family of Demodecidse (p. 85). The acarina 
 live in the hair-follicles and sebaceous glands of several species of 
 mammalia. 
 
 History. — In 1842, G. Simon, of Berlin, in examining the contents of pustules 
 of A cnea sebacea of Man, recognised in the fatty matter expressed by squeezing, 
 in the form of small masses with their 
 external extremity dark — Comedones — c 
 
 the presence of animalcules, of which he 
 gave a remarkable description. By 
 the advice of the learned entomologist, 
 
 Erichson, he considered them to be Acari, 
 and named them A cams folliculorum. 
 
 He made known his discovery to the 
 Berlin Society of Naturalists, when Pro- 
 fessor Henle, of Zurich, informed him 
 that in the preceding autumn he had 
 observed the same parasite in the hair- 
 follicles of the external auditory canal — 
 so that the discovery was made almost 
 simultaneously ; though Henle appeared 
 to entertain doubts as to the nature of 
 what he had seen. From that time 
 a number of observers sought for, and 
 found, the new parasite. Owen was the 
 first to name it the Demodex folliculorum ; 
 but Miescher called it Macrogasler platy- 
 pus ; Erasmus Wilson, Entozoon follicu- 
 lorum, then Steatozoon ; and Paul Gervais, 
 
 Simonea folliculorum. The latter desig- 
 nation — Frenchified into Simonie, 
 
 Simonide — has often been employed 
 in France. The natural history of the 
 Demodex has been well established by the 
 labours of Wedl, Gruby, Leydig, Kiichen- 
 
 meister, Barensprung, Valentin, Von Siebold, Remak, Megnin, etc. 
 
 Shortly after the discovery of the Demodex of Man, Topping found that of 
 the Dog, of which Tulk gave a description on December 20, 1843, to the Micro- 
 scopical Society of London. The disease to which it gives rise was afterwards 
 the object of numerous investigations ; it is, in fact, on the Dog that the derma- 
 tosis caused by the Demodex has been most frequently studied. 
 
 Description. — The rostrum, which is a little narrower than the thorax, 
 is salient in front, covered at its base by the epistoma, which is itself prolonged 
 
 Fig. 86. — Anterior extremity of 
 the Demodex folliculorum of the 
 Dog, highly magnified. 
 
 c, chelicerae; mx, maxillae; p, 
 maxillary palps ; /, cheeks ; ep, 
 epistoma ; ja, leg ; t, tarsus. 
 
192 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 by two cheeks united on the middle line, and advanced to near the anterior 
 extremity of the rostrum. The latter comprises : i . A pair of chelicerae, or 
 mandibles, in the form of flattened and lamellar stylets, larger behind — 
 where they are joined on the middle line — than in front, where they are a 
 little divergent ; they are related, above, to the epistoma and cheeks. 2. A 
 pair of maxillae or jaws, separated at their base, lying together in front, where 
 they are continued by the maxillary palpi obscurely articulated. 3. A narrow 
 tongue situated between the maxillae and their upper surface, and completing 
 the floor of the mouth. 
 
 The cephalothorax is convex superiorly, and finely striated in various 
 directions ; it is flat on its lower surface, where it shows the four pairs of legs 
 salient on the sides. Each leg is composed of three parts or articles : the 
 haunch, basilar, antero-posterior, triangular, summit posterior, nearly at 
 a tangent outwardly to the margin of the thorax ; the leg of the same length 
 as the haunch, and forming with it an angle open in front ; the tarsus, a discoid 
 piece crowning the extremity of the leg, and furnished with two claws. These 
 legs rest by the base of their haunch on the transverse arched epimeres, united 
 by a middle longitudinal piece — the sternum. 
 
 The abdomen is elongated and conical, striated transversely, and shows 
 at the anterior portion of its ventral face a longitudinal slit, which is the anus. 
 
 This slit is larger in the female than the male, and prob- 
 ably serves for copulation and ovulation. The males 
 have the abdomen less developed than the females, and 
 possess a genital armature situated immediately in front 
 of the anus. 
 
 The length of the female Demodex does not exceed 
 400 jx in the largest varieties ; that of the males is not 
 less than 220 \x ; while the width at the thorax varies 
 between 40 fi and 5 5 /x. 
 
 The Demodex is oviparous. The eggs are 60 fx to 
 90 ix long, and 20 fx to 50 fx broad, and are cordiform or 
 fusiform in shape. From the egg issues a larval hexa- 
 pod, the legs of which are only represented by three 
 pairs of tubercles, while the buccal organs are yet in a 
 rudimentary condition. After a moulting, the larva 
 becomes an octopod, the fourth pair of legs being still 
 tubercles, like the three other pairs. A second moulting 
 transforms this larval octopod into a nympha, which 
 possesses the legs and buccal organs of the perfect state, 
 from which it only differs in the absence of sexual 
 organs in the male, the acquisition of these being the result of a last 
 transformation. 
 
 The Demodex has been found on Man, and the Dog, Cat, Goat, 
 Pig, Sheep, Ox, Horse, Aristotelian Deer (Prietsch), Fox (Gros), 
 Rat (Hahn), Field-Mouse (Zschokke), and the Surinam Bat (Leydig). 
 In general, the difference in habitat of the parasite coincides with 
 differences in its dimensions, and these at least authorize the dis- 
 tinction of varieties. We have to mention : 
 
 1. Demodex of Man ( D . folliculorum, var. hominis). — The female measures 
 380 n long and 45 fx wide at the thorax ; the male is 300 ju long and 40 /x wide. 
 The rostrum is a little longer than it is broad. The length of the rostrum and 
 cephalothorax combined forms nearly one-third the total length of the body. 
 The ova are cordiform or fusiform, from 60 fx to 80 fx long, and 40 fx to 50 /t 
 broad. 
 
 The Demodex of Man lives in the sebaceous glands of the face, 
 where it often remains without its presence causing the slightest 
 trouble. , When there are more than a dozen in a follicle, this 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 Fig. 87. — Evolution 
 of the Demodex 
 folliculorum of the 
 Dog ; magnified 
 one hundred dia- 
 meters. — Railliet. 
 
 1, ovum ; 2, lar- 
 val hexapod ; 3, 
 
 larval octopod. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 *93 
 
 becomes dilated and prominent, and forms a comedo. It is rare 
 that acne of the face can be attributed to it. Gruby assures us 
 that forty people out of sixty are infested with it ; but this pro- 
 portion has generally appeared to be exaggerated. 
 
 2. Demodex of the Dog ( D . folliculorum, var. cams ; D. caninus Tulk). — 
 The female measures 250 /z to 300 n long, and 45 /z broad ; the male 220 n to 
 250 j iz long, and the same width. The rostrum is nearly as long as it is broad ; 
 and its length and that of the cephalothorax combined is a 
 little less than half the total length. The ova are fusiform, 
 and from 70 /z to 90 /z long, and 25 /z broad. 
 
 This Demodex causes follicular mange in the Dog. 
 
 3. Demodex of the Cat (D. folliculorum, var. cati). — 
 
 Similar to that of the Dog, but one-fourth smaller in all its 
 dimensions. 
 
 It was found by Leydig, in 1859, on the nose of a Cat 
 affected with Sarcoptic scabies ; and by Megnin in the external 
 auditory canal of two Cats. It appears to be inoffensive. 
 
 4. Demodex of the Goat ( D . folliculorum, var. capra ). — 
 
 The female is 230 /x to 250 /z long, and 60 /z to 65 /z broad ; 
 while the male is 220 \x to 230 /z long, and 50 /z to 55 /z broad. 
 
 The rostrum and cephalothorax combined are nearly equal to 
 half the total length. The ova are ellipsoid, and from 68 /z to 
 80 /z long, and 32 /x to 45 /x broad. 
 
 It has been found by Niederhoeusern, Railliet and Nocard, 
 and causes a pustular dermatosis which will be referred to 
 hereafter. 
 
 5. Demodex of the Pig (D. folliculorum, var. suis ; D. 
 phylloides Csokor). — The female measures 240 /z to 260 /z long, 
 and 60 /z to 66 /z broad ; and the male 220 /z long, and 50 /z to 
 
 57 n broad. The rostrum is very developed, and a little longer than it is 
 wide ; its length with that of the cephalothorax is nearly equal to that of 
 the abdomen. The eggs are ovoid, and a little contracted and elongated at 
 the ends ; they are from 100 /z to 1 10 /x long and 30 \x wide (Fig. 91). 
 
 This form determines a pustular affection in the Pig. 
 
 6. Demodex of the Sheep (D. folliculorum, var. ovis ). — Found by Oschatz 
 in the Meibomian glands of the Sheep ; it differs from that of Man chiefly 
 by the greater breadth of its rostrum and cephalothorax. It has not been 
 seen since Oschatz found it. 
 
 7. Demodex of the Ox ( D . folliculorum, var. bovis). — The average length 
 is 200 /X. The rostrum and cephalothorax form about two-fifths of the total 
 length. Eggs ovoid in shape. Causes a pustular affection in the Ox. 
 
 8. Demodex of the Horse ( D . folliculorum, var. equi). — Found by E. 
 Wilson in the secretion of the Meibomian glands of a Horse. He described 
 it as identical with the Demodex of Man. In 1 845, Gros also indicated the pre- 
 sence of the Demodex in the muzzle of the Horse. 
 
 Fig. 88 . — De- 
 modex fol- 
 liculorum, 
 male, of the 
 Dog ; mag- 
 nified one 
 hundred 
 diameters. 
 — Railliet. 
 
 A. — Demodecic Scabies of the Dog. 
 
 Synonyms. — Follicular Mange, Red Mange, Black Mange of the older 
 veterinarians. 
 
 History. — As has been stated, the parasitic nature of this disease was first 
 recognised by Topping ; and Roll separated the affection from the other 
 exanthemata of the Dog. Delafond and Bourguignon pointed out its gravity, 
 and described it under the name of Acne Simonea. Verheyen proposed for 
 it the designation of follicular mange, by which name it is now almost ex- 
 clusively known. It has been more especially studied by Gruby, Haubner, 
 Gerlach, Sparks, Simonds, Oreste, Weiss, Friedberger, Lafosse, Saint-Cyr, 
 Cornevin, Pennetier, Megnin, Laulanie, etc. 
 
 13 
 
194 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Symptoms. — Follicular scabies presents itself under different 
 aspects, according to its duration ; and to such an extent, that one 
 might imagine them to be different diseases, if not informed as to 
 this polymorphism. 
 
 At the commencement, there are merely somewhat red depila- 
 tions about the elbows, hocks, around the eyes, and at the toes ; 
 and in the place of the hairs are seen small papules, with a pityriasic 
 powder covering the parasitic patches. 
 
 Gradually these depilations extend, become redder, and reach the 
 inner surface of the paws and the cheeks ; the eyelids are swollen, 
 inverted — entropion — and their borders are covered with an abun- 
 dant purulent discharge. The skin of the cheeks is thickened, 
 depilated, wrinkled, and covered with papules and pustules more 
 or less irritated. The pruritus, still intermittent, is more marked. 
 
 The disease at last becomes generalized, occupying the entire 
 surface of the body. The skin everywhere presents, in different 
 degrees, the characters that it at first showed on the head. Acne 
 pimples are scattered everywhere — sometimes confluent, sometimes 
 discrete ; some yet in the papular stage, others pustular. Among 
 the latter, a great number are dark-blue at their summit, and a 
 sanguinolent serosity can be squeezed from them, in which the 
 Demodex can be found on microscopical examination. The 
 parasites are more numerous in the small pustules with apparently 
 purulent contents than in those which merely yield a kind of 
 cylinder of sebaceous fat on pressure. The number of Acarina 
 is often prodigious, and constitutes the greater portion of the pro- 
 duct under observation. More or less abundant crusts are noticed 
 at various points, due to the rupture of the pustules and drying 
 of their contents. At the parts most severely affected the skin is. 
 moist and cracked, and in the folds there is a yellow viscid matter ,- 
 the greater portion is depilated, and the animal exhales a foetid, 
 sour odour that is absolutely nauseating. When the malady has 
 arrived at this stage, it has produced a profound effect upon the 
 whole organism ; the appetite — which was for a long time unim- 
 paired, and even increased — now diminishes, emaciation begins,, 
 and this gradually goes on to marasmus. 
 
 In certain cases, as Saint-Cyr has shown, the disease is generalized, 
 but it does not cause depilation except at some rather circumscribed 
 points ; the pustules are rare, but they are irregularly disseminated 
 everywhere, and the condition might be* taken for one of gener- 
 alized acne. In addition, the whole of the skin is covered with a 
 fine dust, as if the animal had been powdered with maize flour. At 
 the hairless places — which are more or less circular — there is much 
 irritation, a serous exudation, excoriations, and even small sores. 
 
 An interesting form is that which Saint-Cyr has named ‘ the 
 circinated form of follicular mange.’ It consists of circular patches 
 from 2 cm. to 6 cm. in diameter, red and inflamed — more par- 
 ticularly towards their slightly salient borders, depilated, and 
 often — but not always — showing chiefly at their periphery small,. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 19 5 
 
 red, pustular, acne-like pimples. In enlarging, these patches may 
 join each other, and form others more extensive, with largely 
 festooned borders. Often the centre becomes pale and covered 
 with yellow dust. This circinated form is seen in the early stages, 
 and it may be accompanied by the acneic form ; it is not very 
 pruriginous, and the general health does not appear to be affected. 
 
 This form is related to that which Friedberger and Frohner have 
 designated the ‘ squamous form,’ and which they give as of fre- 
 quent occurrence. It is scarcely indicated by any other sign than 
 shedding of the hairs and the abundance of epidermic pellicles. 
 
 Fig. 89. — A Dog affected with advanced Demodecic Scabies. 
 
 There is no humidity, and little, if any, trace of inflammation. 
 The disease commences principally around the eyelids, and the 
 eyes are surrounded by a depilated circle, which is somewhat red 
 and scaly. This scabies may extend all over the body, and is often 
 characterized by the deep tint of the patches, which are some- 
 times circular, as in the circinated form. There is usually no 
 pruritus, and the diagnosis is difficult — often necessitating a 
 microscopical examination of the sebaceous matter. 
 
 Course, Duration, Termination. — Follicular scabies pursues a 
 very slow course, especially at the commencement. It frequently 
 
 13—2 
 
196 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 terminates in death, owing to its resistance to parasiticides. Weiss, 
 however, gives an instance of spontaneous recovery from this 
 scabies of a pregnant bitch which aborted ; the pustules gradually 
 disappeared, an abundant desquamation followed, the skin became 
 smooth, and the Demodex could not be found. The animal, 
 nevertheless, succumbed to the cachectic condition into which it 
 had fallen. 
 
 Diagnosis, Prognosis. — The circinated form may easily be mis- 
 taken for ringworm. However, in follicular scabies the hairs are 
 not altogether absent ; while in tinea they are broken close to the 
 skin, which appears as if shaved. The microscope shows on the 
 surface of the epidermis the fungus if the malady be ringworm ; 
 but in scabies, scraping the skin to the blood and examining the pro- 
 ducts obtained will reveal the presence of the Demodex folliculorum. 
 
 A mistake may also occur with regard to sarcoptic scabies ; but 
 the chief points in the diagnosis of this have been already shown, 
 and the microscope must decide in doubtful cases. 
 
 The most frequent errors arise with respect to an erythematous 
 skin affection of young Dogs, named red mange ( rouge ), which is 
 distinguished from follicular scabies by its being non-parasitic ; 
 instead of commencing, like the latter, on the paws and head, it 
 appears on the limbs, on the inner surface of the thighs and fore- 
 arms, underneath the belly, and on those parts where the skin is 
 fine and almost hairless. It is very pruriginous, and this increases 
 the redness of the skin and induces artificial lesions, as a consequence 
 of the rubbing and scratching. 
 
 It must be remembered that demodecic scabies may co-exist 
 with various cutaneous affections of youth, and with sarcoptic 
 scabies and ringworm. 
 
 The prognosis of follicular scabies is always very grave, para- 
 siticide treatment rarely succeeding in destroying the Demodex. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — The prominent feature in the patho- 
 logical anatomy of this affection is the presence of the Demodex 
 folliculorum in the hair-follicles and sebaceous glands ; but par- 
 ticularly in the former, where it is seen sometimes in considerable 
 numbers. 
 
 Gruby, with Delafond, has counted as many as 200 in one hair- 
 follicle. They are seen to be pressed upon one another, the 
 rostrum being directed towards the bottom of the follicle (Fig. 90), 
 and the ventral surface ordinarily on the side of the hair or the 
 space it should occupy. Here they are observed in all stages of 
 development — from the eggs to the sexualized individuals and 
 fecundated females. By their presence they cause an irritation 
 which is manifested by signs of variable intensity, according to 
 their number and activity. When the inflammation is acute, it 
 extends around the hair-follicle or sebaceous gland, invades the 
 tissue of the derma, and terminates in the formation of pustules. 
 At other times, there is merely hypersecretion of sebaceous matter, 
 which dilates the canal of the follicle. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 197 
 
 According to Krulikowski, 
 some time in their first loca- 
 tion, pass through its walls 
 into the derma and subcu- 
 taneous connective tissue, 
 causing — in the first instance 
 — inflammation of the skin 
 and the eruption of pustules 
 on its surface ; and in the 
 second, a small abscess and 
 haemorrhage. The shedding 
 of the hairs is due to the pro- 
 liferation of cells on the in- 
 ternal surface of their follicle, 
 and softening of their base. 
 Relapses are brought about 
 by some of these parasites 
 which were encysted, and 
 which have again destroyed 
 the new walls of the hair- 
 follicles. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — Is 
 
 follicular scabies due to the 
 presence of the Demodex in 
 the follicles of the skin ; or is 
 not the accumulation of these 
 parasites a consequence of the 
 state of irritation existing in 
 the integument ? It has been 
 imagined by some persons that 
 the Demodex is present in all 
 Dogs — even those in the best 
 condition — and that there is 
 no disease until their number 
 becomes excessive. Marte- 
 mucci, accepting these views, 
 regards the affection as a 
 dermatitis situated more par- 
 ticularly in the derma and 
 sebaceous follicles, which — 
 then receiving a larger quan- 
 tity of blood — have a greater 
 vitality, and can therefore 
 furnish a more abundant 
 nourishment to the pre-exist- 
 ing Demodex ; hence their 
 extraordinary multiplication. 
 This authority also proposes 
 to give it the name of folli- 
 
 parasites, when they have been 
 
 Fig. 90. — Section of the skin of a Dog 
 affected with Follicular Scabies ; magni- 
 fied forty diameters. — After Laulanie. 
 
 e. Epidermis continued to form the sheath of the hair- 
 follicle which — sinuous, and bifid at the bottom — con- 
 tains two hairs p, the bulbs of which are seen at bb\ 
 At a , a, a ", a"\ a"'\ this follicle shows dilatations, due 
 to the accumulation of the Demodex d ; sb, sebaceous 
 glands, one of which, sb' contains the Demodex ; sd, 
 sudoriparous glands. 
 
198 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 cular dermatitis , which — in his opinion — is more in accord with its 
 inflammatory character. But these ideas are not well founded. 
 No investigations have been made to establish the constant — or 
 at least very frequent — presence of the Demodex in the skin 
 of Dogs in good condition, as has been observed in Man ; and 
 it would seem that Martemucci’s notions are only a hazardous 
 generalization of facts appertaining to human dermatology, the 
 only support they receive being the difficulty in transmitting the 
 disease ; though this can be explained by the deep, intra-cutaneous 
 habitat of the parasites, and the necessity for a predisposition. 
 
 The latter is to be found more especially in the youthfulness of 
 the animals, for it rarely happens that adult creatures are attacked. 
 Breed also plays an important part. L. Lafosse mentions that 
 lap-dogs, before or after having paid their tribute to the disease of 
 youth (distemper), are more frequently affected with follicular 
 mange, although no breed is exempt. The observations of Cornevin 
 are — so far as breed is concerned — more in accord with what is 
 usually remarked, that the disease is more frequent in short-haired 
 than in long-haired Dogs. 
 
 Accepting these predisposing causes, the efficient cause is con- 
 tagion. But this is much less easy to produce than in the other 
 kinds of scabies, owing to the deep situation of the parasite. 
 Delabere-Blaine and Clater — quoted by Verheyen — assert that 
 Dogs which cohabit for a long time with mangy ones, do not contract 
 the malady, and that at other times the slightest contact will suffice to 
 convey it. These differences may be explained by errors in diagnosis, 
 the demodecic cause of follicular scabies not being known when the 
 statements were made. Since that time instances have been re- 
 ported in which contagion has not been effected, notwithstanding 
 every facility for its taking place. Weiss’s patient lived from eight 
 to fifteen days among other Dogs, without these contracting the 
 affection. Rivolta has transferred the Demodex from a diseased 
 to a healthy Dog without result. Martemucci has inoculated the 
 healthy parts of the skin of a Dog with the fluid rich in parasites 
 from pustules on diseased regions, and yet the result was negative. 
 It has been the same with the experiments of Friedberger, who, 
 besides, has not observed contagion occurring by making diseased 
 Dogs associate with those which were healthy ; and the observa- 
 tions of Siedamgrotzky, made at the Dresden Veterinary School, 
 and those of Csokor, carried out at the clinic of the Vienna Veteri- 
 nary School, are to the same effect. 
 
 On the other hand, Haubner has succeeded in producing the 
 disease by depositing demodecic pus directly on the skin of a healthy 
 Dog ; for at the point where he placed the animalcules, in about 
 twenty-four hours there was slight tumefaction of the skin ; in 
 forty-eight hours the follicles already contained a purulent fluid, in 
 which young and adult acari, as well as ova, could be distinguished 
 by means of the microscope. The exanthem extended, but the 
 Demodex disappeared, and a spontaneous recovery took place. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 199 
 
 Cornevin made four inoculation experiments, and succeeded in 
 one ; but here, also, in about eight days the malady vanished of 
 itself. This authority mentions a somewhat striking instance of 
 contagion from a nursing bitch to two of her puppies ; a third 
 puppy remained free from the disease. Of four Dogs — three of 
 which were adults and the other smooth-haired, five months old — 
 inoculated by Guinard, only one, the last-mentioned, contracted 
 the disease. 
 
 In fine, experiments and clinical observations demonstrate that 
 the transmission of follicular scabies from Dog to Dog is very 
 difficult. 
 
 Martemucci and Friedberger have in vain attempted to pass the 
 Demodex of Man to the Dog. 
 
 With regard to transmission of the follicular scabies of the Dog 
 to Man, this has only been reported by Ziirn, who has seen a 
 veterinary surgeon, a coachman, and a woman, who attended on 
 Dogs so affected, suffer from a very pruriginous eruption on the 
 hands and feet, the pustules which formed containing the Demodex. 
 But these persons must have had a marked predisposition for the 
 malady ; as for years, and daily, persons have attended, and now 
 attend, upon diseased Dogs without taking any precautions, and 
 yet no cases of contagion are recorded. And Martemucci has un- 
 successfully inoculated demodecic pus from a Dog on Man ; while 
 Cornevin has failed to implant the disease on himself. 
 
 Treatment. — Every known parasiticide substance has been tried 
 for the cure of follicular scabies of the Dog, but generally in vain ; 
 as the parasites are deeply situated, and beyond the reach of the 
 remedies employed. There is no need to enumerate all the attempts 
 which have been made to combat the malady ; so we shall only 
 indicate those which sometimes have had a good result. 
 
 Balsam of Peru has been particularly recommended by Siedam- 
 grotzky. It has been used diluted with four parts of alcohol, and 
 rubbed into the skin every day, after the pustules have been 
 squeezed, so as to remove their contents. By this means he says 
 he has obtained a cure in a case of generalized scabies. Zundel 
 also states that he has derived excellent results from this medica- 
 ment, though it was more diluted. But the treatment is very 
 expensive, owing to the long time it has to be continued and the 
 care required ; for in simple cases, Friedberger and Frohner have 
 only been able to effect a cure after fifty-eight days’ rubbings. 
 On one occasion, after sixteen weeks’ treatment of a Dog that was 
 seriously affected, it was supposed to be cured ; but the disease 
 soon reappeared when the remedy ceased to be applied. 
 
 Brusasco’s method consists in the employment of sulphur et of 
 potash and cantharides ointment. Friedberger and Frohner assert 
 that they have completely cured very advanced cases. The Dog 
 being clipped, a sulphur bath is administered, 500 grammes liver 
 of sulphur (calcium sulphide) to 100 litres of water. Then, for three 
 days in succession, one-third of the body is dressed with an ointment 
 
200 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 composed of cantharides ointment i part, lard 6 parts. On the 
 fifth or sixth day, the entire body is washed, and a few days after- 
 wards the sulphur bath is again given, followed by the ointment as 
 before, and so on until a cure is effected. But such a result is far 
 from being constant ; for Friedberger and Frohner have failed in 
 one case, after sixty-eight days’ treatment, during which 12 sulphur 
 baths were administered, and 9 total applications of the ointment, 
 plus 9 partial applications. In any case, there is reason to appre- 
 hend dangerous irritation of the eyes ; so that it is advisable to 
 employ the balsam of Peru for the parts surrounding them. 
 
 Creolin should be tried. In strong solution — 30 to 100 — Reul 
 has had a cure in a case of partial disease ; and the results of the 
 trials of Guinard, with an ointment composed of creolin 5 parts and 
 lanolin 100 parts, are encouraging. But it must be noted that 
 this treatment has not been successful in the hands of Watkins. 
 
 Unterberger has succeeded with the essence of juniper applied 
 with friction ; four applications were sufficient. Weiss recommends 
 the same remedy. W. Hunting advises : creosote, 16 grammes ; 
 olive-oil, 300 grammes ; solution of potash, 30 grammes. Mix the 
 creosote and oil, then add the caustic potash. One or two applica- 
 tions a week are to be made, according to the chronicity of the 
 disease, and the treatment continued for several months. 
 
 Saint-Cyr has recommended corrosive sublimate , and Cornevin 
 has employed it in the form of bath, 1 or 2 grammes to the litre of 
 water. But mercurial intoxication is frequent, either from the 
 animal drinking some of the fluid or licking itself, or the poison is 
 absorbed through the skin. The duration of the bath, which is 
 at first for three-quarters of an hour, is gradually reduced to half 
 an hour. 
 
 In simple cases, Zurn says he has sometimes succeeded with 
 benzine ointment — 1 to 4 of lard ; and he quotes Hofer as being also 
 successful with an ointment of carbolic acid — 1 to 30 ; while Vogel 
 advises a solution of caustic potash. 
 
 Herbet has cured, in fifteen days, a case of follicular mange that 
 had lasted six months, with DippeVs animal oil (obtained from 
 bones and horns), applying it in partial frictions, alternately with 
 soft-soap washings. 
 
 Megnin’s treatment consists in giving every day — for at least a 
 month — Bareges baths of a quarter to half an hour’s duration, the 
 skin being kneaded in such a manner that the sulphurous solution 
 may penetrate every part of it. In the second month the bath is 
 only given every second or third day. Megnin has cured obstinate 
 cases by this treatment, and, of course, all the more easily as the 
 affection is recent. Recently he has recommended the sulphuret 
 of lime , prepared by boiling 100 grammes of sublimed sulphur and 
 200 grammes of quicklime in a litre of water. After cooling, the 
 clear portion is decanted and kept in a well-corked bottle. To use 
 it, it is diluted with four or five times its weight of tepid water, and 
 applied by means of a sponge every day until the disease is cured. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 201 
 
 Whatever may be the topical treatment employed, it would be 
 advantageous to combine with it the internal administration of 
 sulphur, in as frequent and large doses as the Dog can bear without 
 injury to health ; the sulphur being excreted to some extent by 
 the skin (Fleming). 
 
 B. — Demodecic Scabies of the Pig. 
 
 This disease was observed for the first time, and well described 
 by J. Csokor, who considered the parasite as a kind special to the 
 Pig, and named it the Demodex 
 fthylloides. It is the form just 
 described under the designation 
 of D. folliculorum, var. suis. More 
 recently we have met with it in 
 some portions of the skin of a 
 Pig received from Barcelona. It 
 has since been seen by Wright 
 and Lindqvist. 
 
 The disease greatly resembles 
 the follicular scabies of the Dog, 
 and appears as pustules of vari- 
 able size, the largest usually re- 
 sulting from the confluence of the 
 smallest. They may or may not 
 be pigmented, are more often 
 deep than superficial, and may 
 be surrounded by an inflamma- 
 tory zone. The pustules gradu- 
 ally increase in size, and, in 
 rupturing, leave large ulcers. 
 
 They occupy more especially the 
 finer parts of the skin — the snout, 
 neck, underpart of the chest and 
 abdomen, flanks, and inner sur- 
 face of the thighs. The top of the head, back, and external surface 
 of the limbs remain free from the disease. In the smaller pustules, 
 Csokor has found 50 to 60 parasites ; while others contained 500 to 
 1,000. They were mixed up in the inflammatory products, pus 
 corpuscles, and fat in the form of granules and drops. They were 
 lodged, and appeared to multiply, not in the hair follicles, but in 
 the sebaceous glands. 
 
 The malady ought to be contagious, for in the instance recorded 
 by Csokor it was observed in 22 Pigs forming a single drove 
 belonging to one owner. But Lindqvist, of Stockholm, has only 
 seen one animal affected in a lot of 800 Pigs. 
 
 The disease should not prevent the flesh being consumed as food. 
 
 Fig. 91. — Demodex of the Pig, seen 
 on the ventral surface ; magnified 
 250 diameters. — Csokor. 
 
 A, male ; B, female, with an ovum 
 visible in the abdomen. 
 
202 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 C. — Demodecic Scabies of the Goat. 
 
 This was observed for the first time by Von Niederhoeusern, at 
 the Veterinary School of Berne, Switzerland. A Goat showed on 
 different parts of its body, but especially about the middle of 
 the trunk, nodosities the size of a pea to that of a nut. They were 
 hard, and it was only by strong pressure that a semi-solid, yellowish 
 grey matter could be extruded from them ; this was almost entirely 
 composed of the Demodex. But all the parasites were in the form 
 of larvae, similar to those of the Demodex of the Dog. 
 
 In May, 1885, Nocard and Railliet * found the same parasite on 
 a two-years-old Goat, born and bred at the Alfort School. The 
 Demodex were in abundance in a kind of pustules of variable size, 
 occupying especially the sides and flanks ; and the parasites were 
 imbedded in a considerable mass of cerumen.’ 
 
 D. — Demodecic Scabies of the Ox. 
 
 The Demodex, already noted by Gros (1845), in the muzzle of the 
 horse, was found by W. Faxon, in 1878, in the hides of cattle pre- 
 pared for tanning, and sent from Illinois and Minnesota to Boston. 
 More especially in the region of the neck and the shoulders, these 
 skins showed numerous pustules formed by dilated hair-follicles ; 
 they were filled with a soft, whitish matter, which escaped by pres- 
 sure, and was composed of fat globules and a multitude of the 
 Demodex. After being tanned, the skins exhibited small cavities, 
 many of them extending through the substance of the hide. 
 
 A case of the disease was observed by Grimm in a fifteen months’ 
 old heifer, badly developed and in poor condition, notwithstanding 
 good food. With the exception of the head and limbs, the skin 
 elsewhere — especially at the shoulders — was studded with nodules 
 the size of a pea. The surface of these small tumours was hairless 
 and smooth, and when squeezed yielded a thick, viscid pus con- 
 taining an enormous quantity of the Demodex. The other animals 
 in the herd were quite healthy in every respect. 
 
 B. — ACARIASES OF DOMESTICATED BIRDS. 
 
 Birds are for the Acarina, as they are for the Pediculinse, hosts of 
 predilection. There is scarcely an individual on which a variable 
 number of Acarina cannot be found, the majority of which can be 
 supported with indifference ; for, living on the matters composing 
 the feathers, they do not affect the health of their host. They 
 belong to one or another of the following four families : Ixodidce , 
 Gamasidcz, TrombidiidcB, and Sarcoptidce. 
 
 As for the Mammalia, we distinguish non-psoric and psoric 
 acariases ; the first are caused by the non-psoric Ixodidae, Gamasidae, 
 Trombidiidae, and Sarcoptidae ; the others exclusively by the 
 Sarcoptinae. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 203 
 
 Article I. — Non-Psoric Acariases. 
 
 I. Ixodidae.— The Ticks found on domesticated birds are : Argas 
 reflexus , A. miniatus, A. ftersicus, and Ornithodoros tholozani. The 
 reflexus or bordered Argas infests pigeons, the Persian Argas attacks 
 Poultry and sometimes Man, and the Miniatus , or chicken tick, 
 infests poultry, particularly in the Southern United States, where 
 it has also been found on Cattle. 
 
 Argas Reflexus (A. reflexus Fabr.). — Rostrum similar in both sexes and 
 1 *9 mm. long, the dart being 1 mm. long, and having on its inferior surface 
 two rows of teeth on each side, with the 
 commencement of a third row near the 
 point, which is rounded ; the chelicerae are 
 terminated by a three-toothed harpoon. 
 
 The four pieces of the palps are cylindri- 
 cal and somewhat hairy. There are no 
 eyes. The fecundated and replete female 
 — one-fourth larger than when fasting — 
 measures 6 mm. long and 4 mm. broad. 
 
 The body is ovoid, and somewhat broader 
 behind than before. The central portion 
 is of a dark hue, and corresponds to the 
 digestive apparatus, which sends its digita- 
 tions towards the periphery. The vulva 
 is situated at the base of the rostrum, 
 between the first pair of legs. The male 
 — uniformly brown, and a little smaller 
 than the fasting female — has its sexual 
 orifice at the third pair of legs. The Fig. 92. 
 nympha — of the same size as the male — 
 is distinguished by the absence of the 
 genital pore. The larva, hexapod, has the 
 rostrum terminal. Eggs ovoid and reddish 
 in colour. 
 
 Rostrum of the Argas 
 reflexus, seen from above ; 
 magnified fifty diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 c, Chelicerae ; p, maxillary 
 palps ; d, maxillo-labial dart, the 
 
 This Argas lives in dove-cots, and *f th °? * he h low f f su 5 £ace bein ? 
 
 , . b . ...... ’ seen through the transparent 
 
 sometimes in considerable numbers organ. 
 
 infests the Pigeons and sucks their 
 
 blood. It is frequent in Italy and some parts of France, but 
 somewhat rare in Germany and England. 
 
 This species, of all ages and both sexes, lives on blood, the larvae 
 even appearing to be fixed for a longer time than the adult on the 
 bodies of the Pigeons. It avoids the light, and during the day — 
 like the bed Bugs — it remains hidden in the interstices of the locality 
 — fissures in boards, holes and cracks in the walls, etc., commencing 
 its mischief at night. When these parasites have invaded a dove- 
 cot, the rearing of pigeons is compromised. They attack by 
 preference the young Birds, which they cause to die from exhaustion 
 in from eight to fifteen days. They are more particularly found 
 on the neck and beneath the breast, but no region of the body is 
 free from their attacks. The exhaustion is due not only to the 
 quantity of blood extracted, but to the restlessness caused by the 
 pricking ; sleep is disturbed and interrupted, and the incubation 
 of eggs is irregular, if not altogether suspended. 
 
204 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 They are readily propagated from one place to another, availing 
 themselves of every passage and crevice, and particularly of the 
 beams and joists. It is not absolutely rare to find them in hen- 
 roosts situated beneath dove-cots ; though they do not annoy 
 Poultry. 
 
 What contributes to make them more redoubtable, is their great 
 vitality, and the faculty they possess of reproduction in the absence 
 of everything capable of nourishing them. Successive generations 
 have to content themselves with the organic matters furnished by the 
 place in which they are located. Once satiated, this species can 
 live for a very long time without another repast. Railliet has kept 
 three very emaciated ones in a bottle for four months ; and Perron- 
 
 Fig. 93 . — Argas reflexus, a fecundated and replete Female. — Railliet. 
 
 1, natural size; 2. magnified, and seen on the dorsal surface; 3, the same, 
 seen on the ventral surface. 
 
 cito mentions that Ghiliani has seen one exist, fasting, for twenty- 
 two months. 
 
 The Argas reflexus feeds also, on occasion, on the blood of Man. 
 Latreille has found the parasite wandering in houses, and Blanchard 
 states that Megnin received from Strasburg some specimens that 
 had been gathered from the clothes of a Man. In 1858 and 1859, 
 Boschulte, at Camen, Westphalia, remarked the presence of a large 
 number of the parasites in a bedroom inhabited by children, and 
 communicating with an old pigeon-house. They are only seen in 
 the evening, and as soon as a light appears they remain motionless, 
 giving no sign of life even when they are touched. 
 
 Children are bitten during sleep, and chiefly on the feet and 
 hands, the bites being marked by a red point but no areola. There 
 is great itching, rather along the course of the nerves than at the 
 seat of the lesion. On a girl of fourteen or fifteen years old there 
 were real vesicles similar to those produced by burns, and on an 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 205 
 
 old Man there was a small ulcer. The pruritus sometimes persists 
 for eight days. Chatelin, of Charleville, states that a child and a 
 Man had most painful punctures and persistent oedema, caused by 
 the Argas from a house dove-cot which had been unoccupied for six 
 months. 
 
 It is necessary to destroy these parasites by every possible 
 means. When they are seen on the body of a Pigeon, they ought 
 to be removed by gradual traction — so as not to leave the rostrum 
 in the wound — and then crushed. 
 
 But, above all, the infested dove-cot should be puiified ; the 
 walls scraped and whitewashed, chloride of lime being applied to 
 the woodwork, scalding everything with boiling water, and putting 
 petroleum into the crevices. In addition, some insecticide powder 
 should be blown in among the feathers of the Pigeons, as has been 
 already recommended for phthiriasis, taking care to damp the 
 plumage previously with glycerin and water. Lastly, it has been 
 recommended to wash the legs and feet of the Pigeons with an 
 alcoholic solution of the balsam of Peru (Ziirn). 
 
 II. Gamasidae. — The Dermanysses ( Dermanyssus Duges) are the 
 only Gamasides which live on Birds ; they may also infest Mammals. 
 
 They are distinguished from Gamasidae (p. 85) by their integuments being 
 soft and finely striated throughout, with the exception of two small trans- 
 parent, lyriform plastrons ; and by their chelicerae, which are different in the 
 two sexes — being in the shape of a long thin stylet in the female, and sub- 
 didactylous in the male. Oviparous. 
 
 The species only interest us by their parasitism on Poultry, and 
 by their possible extension to various Mammals. 
 
 Dermanyssus of the Fowl ( Dermanyssus gallincs Redi). — Body ovopyriform, 
 posterior end largest, slightly flattened from above to below ; abdomen 
 margined by short, well-separated bristles ; colour varying from yellowish- 
 white to blood-red, according as the parasite is fasting or more or less full ; 
 the intestinal tube, gorged with blood, can be seen as a variously-shaped 
 figure. The ovigerous female is 70 mm. long and ’40 mm. broad ; the male, 
 •60 mm. and *32 mm. broad. 
 
 A Dermanyssus of Swallows ( D . hirundinis De Geer), and a D. of 
 Birds ( D . avium De Geer) have been described ; but their specific 
 value has not been well established, and many authorities are of 
 opinion that those found on Poultry, Swallows, and house Birds 
 aie only varieties of the same species. The Dermanyssus of the 
 Turkey ( D . gallop avonis Gerv.) is certainly identical with that of 
 the Fowl. 
 
 The Dermanysses of the Fowl live in the poultry- yards and 
 dove-cots. Essentially noctambulatory, during the day they are 
 concealed in fissures in the floors, walls, perches, nests, and in all 
 the corners and angles of the locality — the straw nests of the 
 Pigeons being often infested. There are to be found numerous 
 colonies of males and females — free or coupled — with nymphae 
 and ova. At night they scatter themselves over the Birds within 
 
206 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 their reach — Fowls and Pigeons — and by pricking with their keen 
 rostrum, they extract a notable quantity of blood. They readily 
 become hurtful to the chickens and young Pigeons, and produce 
 wasting or death ; while their pricking prevents the creatures 
 resting, causes them to become emaciated, and hinders Fowls from 
 hatching steadily. 
 
 When the Birds they torment are examined during the day, 
 the parasites are not found, and it rarely happens that there are 
 
 any traces of their punctures. 
 Sometimes, however, inter- 
 mittent as are their habits, 
 they become permanent para- 
 sites, and may then be found 
 by day, sometimes in great 
 numbers on Fowls, and — 
 more frequently — on Pigeons, 
 running about with great 
 rapidity. They are extremely 
 prolific, multiply very quickly, 
 and — which assures their pre- 
 servation — they can remain 
 for months without a host 
 capable of satisfying their 
 sanguinary appetite. 
 
 It is asserted that they 
 sometimes enter the nasal 
 cavities of Birds, and occasion 
 a catarrhal inflammation. Ziirn 
 has observed them in young 
 Pigeons, and Weber in Poultry 
 (Ziirn) ; Lax, of Hildesheim, 
 Fig. 94. — Dermanyssus gallince. has found them in the external 
 
 A, rostrum of the female, seen from auditory meatus, on making 
 
 above ; B, seen in profile ; C, ovum ; the autopsy of several chickens 
 
 D, tarsus. — Delafond. (Ziirn). But these instances 
 
 are altogether exceptional. 
 
 The treatment of dermanyssic acariasis consists in the employment 
 of the parasiticide measures described with respect to phthiriasis — 
 insecticide powders, boiling water, lime- wash, sulphuret of carbon, 
 and creolin are the principal agents to which recourse must be had, 
 according to the indications and modes of employment previously 
 given. 
 
 In cases of rhinitis, olive-oil — to which a little ethereal essence of 
 aniseed may be added — should be introduced into the nasal cavities 
 by means of a thin feather. 
 
 Transmission to Man. — The Dermanysses are not limited in their 
 attacks to Birds, but may transfer themselves to Man and other 
 Mammals. 
 
 So far as the human species is concerned, it is the country people 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 207 
 
 of the poultry-yards, and the towns-people who handle and pluck 
 the fowls, who are exposed to the incursions of the Dermanysses. 
 They do not produce a true dermatosis, for the parasites do not find 
 conditions favourable to their multiplication on the skin of Man, 
 nor do they become acclimatized there. The disease is rather 
 limited to an ephemeral pruriginous affection, resembling certain, 
 forms of the papular eczema of ordinary scabies. It is chiefly 
 observed on the back of the hands, and so much of the fore-arms as 
 
 Fig. 95 . — Dermanyssus gallince. 
 
 An ovigerous female, seen on the dorsal surface ; magnified about eighty 
 diameters. — Delafond. 
 
 is uncovered during work ; but it may also exist on all exposed parts 
 and even on the body generally. 
 
 Alt has found Dermanysses on the neck and arms of an, old 
 cachectic woman ; they were lodged in small excavations. Bory 
 de Saint-Vincent has described and figured an Acarian that caused 
 great itching on the body of a woman forty years old, on whom 
 the parasites were found in large numbers ; as far as can be judged 
 from the figure — which is rather insufficient — it certainly appears 
 to be a Dermanyssus closely related to D. gallince. F.-V. Raspail 
 states that he has witnessed the action on Man of the Dermanyssus 
 of Pigeons, which he named Tique , but which is readily known by 
 the figures he gives. Children and adults were invaded — not only 
 
208 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 after having touched the Pigeons, but also in frequenting gardens 
 manured with the dung of these birds. This small calamity dis- 
 appeared when the Pigeons were removed and the excrement was 
 buried. Goldsmith attended a woman to whom the Dermanyssus 
 was conveyed by Pigeons ; the parasite only appeared when she 
 was perspiring, afterwards concealing itself in the cutaneous glands. 
 In a case observed by Geber, the Dermanyssus of the Fowl had 
 caused a diffused eczema on a woman ; it lasted four weeks, and 
 then disappeared spontaneously. 
 
 The affection generally subsides of itself after the parasites are 
 got rid of, the itching being allayed by some soothing application. 
 According to Fuchs, the best means of getting rid of the Der- 
 manyssus — which may be got by handling Fowls — is to place the 
 person for some time in a haystack. 
 
 Transmission to the Domestic Mammalia. — It is to the Horse that the 
 Dermanyssus is most readily transferred, and it may excite a pruriginous 
 affection which has often been mistaken for scabies. 
 
 The first mention of transmission of this acariasis to the Horse is as long 
 ago as 1843, an d is due to Gurlt. But it was Demilly, in 1846, who clearly 
 defined the affection produced in the Horse by the Dermanyssus. Some 
 years afterwards — in 1850 — H. Bouley gave an excellent description of the 
 disease ; and since then other observers — Henderson, Causse, Woodger, 
 Delwart, Moon, and Taylor, etc., have published instances of it. In all the 
 cases, the cutaneous malady of the Horse coincided with the presence of 
 Fowls or Pigeons in the stable or its vicinity ; and it ceased — with or without 
 treatment — when the animal was placed in a healthy stable, but only to 
 reappear when it was returned to its former dwelling. It also ceased when 
 the latter was cleared of the Fowls, and was disinfected. It was at first 
 attributed to the Lice of the Pigeons, or Poultry, the parasites found on several 
 occasions on the diseased Horses being recognised as such ; for this reason 
 the parasite was named the Poultry Louse, and the malady designated 
 Phthiriasis of Birds. Reynal and Lanquetin believed they had found the 
 origin of the disorder in the scabies of Poultry, due to the Sarcoptes mutans ; 
 and some experiments — certainly badly conducted — led them to imagine 
 that this sarcopt, so slow in movement, was capable of developing in a single 
 night all the disturbance that characterizes this dermatosis of the Horse. 
 Megnin observed that this Sarcopt, when deposited on the Horse, induced 
 some itching, but that it died on the spot where it was placed, without multi- 
 plying — it had not become acclimatized. He concluded, therefore, that 
 Poultry scabies was not contagious for the Horse. What rendered the 
 recognition of the part played by the Dermanyssus in the disease was its 
 noctambular habits, which impelled it to fly from the light and conceal itself 
 at the bottom of the hairs. On one occasion, however, at the clinic of the 
 Alfort Veterinary School, there was seen a colony of the parasites in broad 
 daylight, on a light-coloured Horse, the clothing on which had not been 
 removed for a week — hence the parasites were living in obscurity. These Acari, 
 in fact, do not gather in any great numbers on the Horse except during the 
 night ; in the daytime they hide themselves in the walls, manger, litter, etc. 
 In consequence of the true cause of the disease, the improper name of phthi- 
 riasis given to it should be abandoned, and that of Dermanyssic Acariasis 
 adopted. 
 
 The malady is sudden in its commencement, and is characterized 
 by general, intense, and continuous pruritus — at least during the 
 night ; at the same time, the skin is the seat of an eruption of very 
 small vesicles — some isolated, but the greater number agminated 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 209 
 
 on a variable extent of surface. The epidermis is removed by the 
 friction, and there is exposed a raw circular patch from 5 mm. 
 to 10 mm. in diameter, which is soon covered with a new layer of 
 epithelium. But usually the Horse is not observed until after this 
 period, when the depilation succeeding the desiccation of the 
 vesicles has commenced. This depilation is, it may be said, 
 pathognomonic — as it gives the skin a flea-bitten aspect, in conse- 
 quence of the multiplicity of smooth circular surfaces it occasions. 
 
 A general invasion of the integument may take place in three or 
 four days, and it might be imagined, from its appearance, that one 
 had to deal with a herpetic malady of much older date. To the 
 lesions caused by the Dermanyssus are to be added excoriations, 
 crusts, ulcerations, etc., consequent on the rubbing. 
 
 From confluence of the depilations may result large denuded 
 patches, on which may be seen lenticular spots, which are smoother, 
 because of the desiccation of the vesicles. 
 
 If the malady continues for a long time, it may, by the torment 
 it induces, lead the animals to a state of marasmus. 
 
 Dermanyssic acariasis is distinguished : 
 
 1. From ringworm, in the latter having larger depilations, these 
 being margined by broken, brush-like hairs. 
 
 2. From phthiriasis due to the Hcematopinus macro cephalus, in 
 that this has only depilations on limited points, and its seat is 
 more especially the root of the mane and tail. 
 
 3. From sar Coptic scabies , which it most resembles, but which has 
 not its sudden invasion, its rapid generalization, nor its pruritus so 
 continuous ; besides, we inquire whether the malady had its 
 origin in the neighbourhood of Poultry or Pigeons ; and if grooming 
 is suspended and the clothing left on the body, there is a probability 
 of finding the Dermanyssus. 
 
 The treatment consists more especially in moving away the 
 habitation of the Birds. Poultry ought to be banished from the 
 stable and its immediate vicinity. The affection will then dis- 
 appear of itself in a few days, and it may be assisted te do so by 
 some emollient or sulphurous lotion. 
 
 Gurlt states that the parasites may also pass to the Rabbit ; 
 Farez has found them on the Goat, and Ziirn affirms that Dogs and 
 Cats have a vesicular eruption from their attacks. Mobius has 
 observed a peculiar dermatosis on eight Cows, consisting of rounded 
 depilations which had been unsuccessfully treated for two years, 
 but disappeared when some Swallows’ nests had been cleared away 
 from the cowshed ; these nests contained the Dermanyssus. 
 Lastly, Gassner, Stadler, and Schumacher have reported cases of 
 auricular acariasis due to the same parasite. (See Parasites of the 
 Ear.) 
 
 III. Trombidiidae.— Like those of the domesticated Mammals, the Trombi- 
 diidae of Poultry belong to the Tronibidince and the Cheyletince. 
 
 In the Tronibidince, it is the Harvest-bug, or Leptus autumnalis — the larva of 
 the Trombidium holosericeum — observed by Csokor, Eloire, and by Railliet 
 
 14 
 
210 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 and Lucet on Fowls and chickens. According to the last two authorities, 
 the presence of the Leptus on chickens hatched at the end of summer and 
 during the autumn is somewhat common, and sometimes causes considerable 
 mortality. The parasites fix themselves by their rostrum to the skin at the 
 
 base of the feathers, and cause such an 
 intense degree of irritation as to give rise 
 to an epileptiform affection that leads to a 
 fatal termination in a few days. Insuffla- 
 tions of flowers of sulphur among the feathers 
 appear to have given good results. 
 
 The Cheyletince parasites of Birds com- 
 prise the genera Cheyletiella, Sarcopterus, and 
 Syringophilus. 
 
 The Ch. heteropalpa (Megnin) lives at the 
 base of the feathers of Pigeons and other 
 Columbae, as well as Sparrows, which do not 
 appear to suffer any inconvenience from its 
 presence. Its body is rhomboidal in shape, 
 elongated from before to behind ; the ros- 
 trum is conical, narrow, elongated in front, 
 bordered on each side by the palps, which 
 are much smaller than in the Cheyletiella 
 parasitivorax, and do not exceed the rostrum 
 in the female, in which the hooklet on the 
 second-last article is small and much bent ; 
 in the male, on the contrary, they exceed 
 the rostrum by one- third, and their hooklet 
 is curved. The anterior and posterior legs 
 are almost alike. The length of the male 
 and female is *35 mm., the breadth of the 
 female being *25 mm., and the male *16 mm. 
 (Megnin). 
 
 The Sarcopterus (Nitzsch) has, like the 
 Cheyletiella, powerful palps, the third article 
 of which is exceeded by the second ; but 
 the latter has at its extremity, not one, 
 but three hooks curved upwards and back- 
 wards. ‘The Sarcopterus nidulans (Nitzsch) 
 lives in numerous colonies in the dilated 
 feather follicles, forming a sort of cutaneous 
 tumour, especially in the Passeres. Megnin 
 states that he has often found the pubescent 
 nymph wandering amongst the feathers of 
 pigeons and some other birds’ (Railliet). 
 
 Ziirn, who has found the nodules of the 
 Sarcopterus on the Pigeon, says that if these 
 parasites are in small number in the cysts, 
 they may at most disturb, locally, the forma- 
 tion of the feathers ; but if they are 
 abundant they bring about deranged nutri- 
 tion, and then a fatal wasting. 
 
 The Syringophiles ( Syringophilus A. 
 Heller) constitute, in the sub-family of the 
 Cheyletinae, a small degraded group, re- 
 markable for the elongated vermicular shape 
 of the body, the very marked reduction of 
 the palps, and are more particularly charac- 
 terized by the presence of two yellow chitinous organs like combs, placed 
 at the base of the hooks which terminate the tarsus of each leg. 
 
 The Syringophiles are represented in the domestic birds by two species — 
 the S. bipectinatus (Heller) and the 5 . uncinatus (Heller). 
 
 Fig. 96. — Syringophilus bipecti- 
 natus, female, of the Fowl, 
 seen on the ventral surface ; 
 magnified one hundred dia- 
 meters. 
 
 a, tarsus of the fourth pair of 
 legs, seen laterally ; magnified 
 375 diameters. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 21 1 
 
 The S. bipectinatus shows very distinctly the two combs on the tarsi. The 
 male measures 7 mm. and the female *9 mm. long, and *14 mm. to *15 mm. 
 broad. It lives on Poultry, Guinea-fowl, and Pigeons. Heller found it 
 on 90 per cent, of the Fowls he examined at Kiel, but it is much less frequent 
 in France. 
 
 The S. uneinatus (Heller), met with on the Peacock, is distinguished from 
 the preceding species by its squat shape, smaller combs, and the presence of 
 strong hooklets on the palps. 
 
 * The Syringophiles are found within the quills of the wing-feathers and in 
 those of the tail, and often also in those of the wing-coverts. In the affected 
 feathers, the quill has lost its transparency, and instead of regular cones 
 formed inside by the retraction of the pulp — as seen in the normal state — 
 there is only an opaque or powdery 
 matter. If the feather is split, and this 
 matter is examined microscopically, it 
 will be found to consist of living, but 
 almost inert, Syringophiles of all ages, 
 surrounded by the skins they have 
 shed, their dark-coloured excreta, and 
 the debris of the cones they have de- 
 stroyed by feeding upon them. Isolated 
 individuals are met with accidentally 
 outside the feathers. It is probable 
 that all leave the interior of the feathers 
 in the autumn — when these become 
 dry and are about to be shed — and 
 seek a new habitation in the young 
 plumage ’ (Trouessart). 
 
 According to our own observations, 
 however, it is not uncommon to find 
 only the dead bodies of the parasites 
 in the feathers which are plucked during 
 the winter. 
 
 Trouessart admits that they find their 
 way into the feather by its upper 
 umbilicus, which remains widely open 
 during the whole period of development, 
 and is not closed until the quill is fused 
 to the shaft, which springs from it as 
 from a sheath ; on the contrary, it is Fig. 97.- 
 by the inferior umbilicus that they 
 should make their exit, but only after 
 the desiccation and death of the feather 
 in the autumn moulting, when this 
 orifice becomes free. In support of this 
 opinion, Trouessart cites what he has 
 observed in the Sarcoptidae plumicoles, 
 
 which also penetrate more or less accidentally into the quills of the feathers. 
 The alteration in the pith of the feather has no influence on the healthjM 
 the bird. 
 
 -Megninia asternalis, of the 
 Pigeon. 
 
 Male and pubescent female 
 coupled, seen on the ventral 
 surface ; magnified one hundred 
 diameters. 
 
 IV. Sarcoptidae. — The nonpsoric Sarcoptidae of Birds belong to 
 three of the six families or tribes into which this family is divided 
 (see p. 103). These are the Sarcoptidce plumicoles or Analgesince, 
 the Sarcoptidce epidermicoles or Epidermoptince, and the Sarcoptidce 
 cysticoles or Cytcditince. 
 
 a. Sub-family of Analgesinae. — The Sarcoptidae plumicoles are 
 found in nearly every species of Bird — each harbouring one or more 
 forms which are special to it, or which may be found on others. 
 
 14 — 2 
 
212 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Often the same species is met with on all the Birds of the same family, 
 and there may be a species of Bird which will carry as many as four 
 distinct species of Acari belonging to three different genera. These 
 Acari live between the barbules of the feathers, principally those of 
 the wings, where, during life, they are found on the quill feathers, 
 sometimes on the retrices or coverts. They are entirely inoffensive. 
 
 According to Trouessart — whose labours have thrown great light 
 on the subject — the drying of the feather, by arresting the afflux 
 of fatty matter upon which the insects are nourished, compels them 
 to emigrate towards the root. This drying may be produced 
 either by the death of the bird, by moulting, or by cold. Thus, in 
 winter — as Ch. Robin has noted — very few Acari are found between 
 the barbules of the wing feathers, but numerous nymphae, and even 
 adults, are observed agglomerated towards the upper umbilicus ; 
 sometimes, even at the time of moulting, they seek to reach the 
 subcutaneous connective tissue by the lower umbilicus. Certain 
 species seem to be able to hibernate in the quill. When the bird 
 dies, they often leave the feathers and get on the surface of the 
 skin, or spread themselves into places different to those they 
 occupied during the life of their host. 
 
 The Analgesinae are distinguished by their integuments, which are always 
 symmetrically striated, and in general hardened by the plastrons that are 
 remarked more particularly on the dorsal surface. The legs are rarely all 
 alike, especially in the male, which often has the third pair very thick. The 
 posterior extremity, instead of being simply rounded, is usually more or less 
 deeply lobulated, particularly in the males — although sometimes also in the 
 females — and ornamented with various appendages ; the copulatory suckers 
 are nearly constantly present in the males. 
 
 The Analgesinae may be divided into three sub -tribes in the 
 following manner : 
 
 Adult female having al- /Males slightly different from the 
 ways the abdomen en- females by the development of 
 tire or scarcely bilo-J the posterior legs . . . . Pterolichce. 
 
 bate, without any | Males having the posterior legs 
 other appendages than much more developed than 
 hairs. \ the females . . . . Analgesce. 
 
 Adult female having the abdomen bilobate, each lobe being 
 
 terminated by glandiform or setiform appendages . . Proctophyllodce. 
 
 The Sarcoptidae plumicoles met with on the domesticated Birds 
 belong to the genera Freyana Haller, Pterolichus Robin, Falciger 
 Trouessart, Dermoglyphus , Megnin, Megninia Berlese, and Procto- 
 phyllodes Robin — ( Pterophagus Megnin). The characters of these 
 genera are indicated in the following table : 
 
 . / A dorsal cuirass /The two pairs of posterior legs sub- 
 ^ ' abdominal . . . . . . Freyana. 
 
 ! The two pairs f Males alike . . . . Pterolichus. 
 
 of posterior-! 
 
 \ legs lateral [Males dimorphous . . Falciger. 
 
 No dorsal cuirass . . . . . . . . Dermoglyphus. 
 
 A nalgesce. Anterior legs spinous . . . . . . Megninia. 
 
 Proctophyllodce. Female with bulging abdominal lobes, Proctophyllodes 
 setiferous . . . . . . . . . . ( Pterophagus ). 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 213 
 
 On the Fowl are found the Pterolichus obtusus Robin ; the Dermo - 
 glyphus minor — Analges minor — Norner, found by Norner in the 
 quill of the feathers ; 
 the Dermoglyphus elon- 
 gatus Meg., which we 
 have seen in abundance 
 in the quill feathers ; 
 the Megninia cubitalis 
 Megnin, and the Meg- 
 ninia asternalis Megnin. 
 
 The two last - named 
 species are principally 
 distinguished by the 
 first being a little longer 
 — the female *40 mm., 
 and the male *45 mm. 
 
 — having the abdominal 
 lobes of the male artic- 
 ulated, and furnished 
 with two unequal 
 bristles and three hairs; 
 while in the Megninia 
 asternalis, the two 
 bristles are equal and 
 very long, and the ab- 
 dominal lobes, which 
 are not articulated, are 
 bordered internally by 
 a notched membrane. 
 
 In the Turkey has 
 been found the Frey ana 
 Chanayi Trouessart ; 
 in the Pheasant, the 
 Pterolichus obtusus 
 Robin — which lives 
 also on the Fowl — the 
 Pterolichus uncinatus 
 Megnin, and the Meg- 
 ninia ginglymur a 
 Megnin. The two 
 species of Pterolichus 
 are distinguished by 
 the extremity of the 
 male abdomen, which 
 is simply bilobate, each 
 lobe having two bristles, 
 in the Pt. obtusus ; while 
 in the Pt. uncinatus 
 triangular lobes. 
 
 Fig. 98 . — Falciger rostratus of the Pigeon, male, 
 seen on the ventral surface ; magnified one 
 hundred diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 it is deeply notched into two prismatic 
 
214 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The only Analgesinse observed on the Guinea-fowl are the 
 Dermoglyphus varians Trouessart, and the Derm, minor — Analges 
 minor — Norner, var. similis. The first — which is perhaps only a 
 variety of the Derm, elongatus found on the Fowl — is distinguished 
 by the presence of a transparent, conical prolongation at the 
 posterior commissure of the anus. 
 
 The Duck harbours the Freyana anatina Koch, and the Megninia 
 velata Megnin. 
 
 The Analgesinae of the Pigeon are the Falciger rostratus Bucholz, 
 the Megninia asternalis — which also infests the Fowl — and the 
 Pterophagus strictis Megnin. Ziirn has described, under the name 
 of ‘ Federmilbe der Tauben,’ an Acarian which appears to us to be 
 only the Megninia asternalis. The Pigeons on which he found it 
 had incredible quantities of it, and died in a state of profound 
 marasmus, which he attributed to this acariasis. 
 
 The Falciger rostratus offers a special peculiarity. According to Megnin, 
 it may undergo deviations in its metamorphoses when there occur any changes 
 in the normal conditions of its existence. If, for example, the moulting of 
 the Bird — and consequent dryness of the skin — happens to deprive the parasite 
 of aliment or of necessary warmth, the colony will perish without the inter- 
 vention of the interesting phenomenon described by Megnin. The normal 
 nympha, instead of being transformed into a young pubescent male or female, 
 becomes a hypopous nympha — that is, it is dilated, and from its envelopes 
 issue an acarian form quite different from the normal shape, the conformation 
 of which is appropriate to a new kind of life. This acarian form is elongated, 
 vermicular, and destitute of rostrum and internal organs. It introduces itself, 
 by the feather-follicles, into the subdermic connective tissue, and contrives 
 to live there for some time by cutaneous absorption. Then, when the normal 
 conditions of its existence are re-established, it finds its way to the exterior 
 by the same channel, assumes its primitive form, and subsequently resumes 
 its regular evolution. 
 
 This transitory and accidental form has been named by Megnin an 
 adventive or hypopial nympha. It was allotted, before him, to a particular 
 genus, the Hypodectes Philippi, in which several species — found on different 
 Birds — were described ; they are also probably different hypopial forms 
 of the Sarcoptidae plumicoles. 
 
 These Hypodectes had already been found on several Birds when they 
 were met with, for the first time, on the Pigeon by Ch. Robertson, in 1866. 
 They were chiefly found in the subcutaneous connective tissue around the 
 large veins of the neck, and on the surface of the pericardium ; when they 
 were few in number, it was only in these two regions they were located. 
 Robertson examined a considerable number of Pigeons, wild and tame, and 
 rarely found them free from these Acari. 
 
 Slosarski — quoted by Megnin — studied them in 1872, and made a new 
 species of Hypodect, which he designated H. columbce. 
 
 The presence of these hypopial nymphae in the subcutaneous connective 
 tissue does not cause any appreciable disturbance, and appears to have no 
 influence on the health. 
 
 b. Sub-family of the Epidermoptinae. — Rivolta, Caparini, Fried- 
 berger, and Railliet and Lucet, have observed a cutaneous acariasis 
 of Fowls which they considered of a psoric character. It was due 
 to two allied species, for which Rivolta created the genus Epi- 
 dermoptes. One is the E. bilobatus, and it has been regarded by 
 Caparini and Friedberger as a Symbiot — Symbiotes avium Caparini. 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 215 
 
 The other species — first seen by Rivolta — is the Epidermoptes 
 bijurcatus 
 
 The Epidermoptinae are very small, and present the facies of the 
 Sarcoptidae plumicoles, especially the genera Pterolichus and 
 Pteronyssu s. But their integuments and epimeres are always 
 colourless, or very faintly tinged. 
 
 These Acari usually live on the surface of the skin, at the bottom 
 of the plumage among the down. In certain circumstances, they 
 multiply to excess, and their presence coincides with an intense 
 pityriasis, which they may occasion. 
 
 From published observations, the Epidermoptes have been found 
 in considerable numbers on diseased Fowls. In the parts which were 
 
 Fig. 99. — Epidermoptes bilobatus of 
 the Fowl ; male, seen on the ven- 
 tral surface; magnified 150 dia- 
 meters. 
 
 Fig. ioo. — Epidermoptes bilobatus of 
 the Fowl ; female, seen on the ven- 
 tral surface ; magnified 150 dia- 
 meters. 
 
 affected, the skin was covered with large, thin, pale-yellow, stratified 
 scales, which formed a sort of embedded horn inside the tube of 
 the feathers, at the points where these were implanted (Caparini). 
 The skin was also covered with dry, dirty, greyish- yellow crusts, 
 from 1 mm. to 1*5 mm. thick, similar to bread-paste. These were 
 on the bare places, and especially on those which are quilled, and at 
 the base of the erect feathers (Friedberger). The Epidermoptes 
 bilobatus and bijurcatus cause a ‘ furfuraceous scabies,’ characterized 
 by the production of dirty yellow scales, which are especially 
 accumulated at the base of the feathers (Rivolta). Over the entire 
 surface of the body, with the exception of the head, there are 
 crusted patches which may be of the dimensions of a four-shilling 
 piece and a thickness of 5 mm. or 6 mm. ; these contain the Epi - 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 216 
 
 dermoptes bilobatus, associated with the Sarcoptes Icevis, var. gallince 
 (Railliet and Lucet). The malady may occupy various points of 
 the surface of the skin, and exceptionally the head (Caparini) ; 
 the head and neck (Friedberger) ; the head, neck, region of the 
 crop, armpits, wings, and chest (Rivolta). 
 
 In at least several instances, the Epidermoptes were inoffensive, 
 and did not produce the lesions that have been described. Thus, 
 on some pieces, preserved in alcohol and obtained from a fowl, 
 Caparini has remarked the presence of the fungus of favus, which 
 was evidently the cause of the dermatosis. Trouessart has found 
 the Epid. bif meatus on a Fowl, the skin of which was healthy. 
 But we have met with the Epid. bilobatus in considerable numbers 
 on a cachectic Fowl, the skin on the trunk of which was covered by a 
 
 whitish squamous layer resem- 
 bling the crumb of dried bread. 
 
 In cases of dermatosis sup- 
 posed to be caused by the Epi- 
 dermoptes, it will be well to 
 make certain if the disease is 
 not rather due to favus. 
 
 c. Sub-family of the Cytodi- 
 tinae. — The Sarcoptidae cysti- 
 coles, or Cytoditinae, live exclu- 
 sively on Birds — in the sub-cuta- 
 neous or intermuscular connec- 
 tive tissue, in that surrounding 
 the respiratory organs, or in the 
 air-sacs. Notwithstanding their 
 deep habitat, we think it useful 
 to study them here, when de- 
 scribing the ether acariases. 
 They are distinct from the hypo- 
 
 Fig. ”101* — Cytodiies nudus of the Fowl, P‘ al nymph* of the Sarcoptidae 
 seen on the ventral surface ; magnified phimicoles mentioned above, 
 one hundred diameters. — Railliet. and are divided into two genera 
 
 — Cytodites and Laminosioptes. 
 The first were seen in 1859, by Gerlach, who considered them to 
 be Sarcoptes. They were again found in 1864, by Zundel, and in 
 1868 by Vizioli, who described them, as well as the second. They 
 have since been met with by a number of observers. 
 
 The genus Cytodites (x^ros, a cavity) was established in 1877 by 
 Megnin, who justly separated it from the genus Sarcoptes, to which 
 this form had been allotted by Gerlach and Vizioli. But there was 
 no sufficient taxonomic reason for his proposing, at a later period, 
 to exchange this name for that of Cytoleichus. Only one species is 
 known — the Cytodites nudus (Vizioli, Cytoleichus sarcoptoides 
 Megnin, Sarcoptes Gerlachi Rivolta). 
 
 This^Acarian has a rounded, whitish, and nearly glabrous body without 
 visible striae, prolonged in front by a conical rostrum, without cheeks, which 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 21 7 
 
 forms a tubular sucker. The legs are strong, conical, elongated, composed 
 of five articles, which are disposed as in the Sarcoptes, and all are terminated 
 by a sucker with a simple pedicle. The male is about '45 mm* long and *30 mm. 
 broad, and has a conical penis in front of the anus. The ovigerous female 
 is -56 mm. long, and about ‘40 mm. broad ; she shows a vulva — tocostome — 
 in the form of a longitudinal slit between the two posterior pairs of legs ; it 
 is ovoviviparous or oviparous, and may produce larvae or eggs, according 
 as the latter remain for a long or short period in the oviduct. 
 
 The Cytodites species inhabit the air-sacs of the Gallinacei, and 
 especially Fowls and Pheasants, and by reason of their relatively 
 greater size and their white tint, they are readily seen by the 
 naked eye. They 
 enter the bronchi, 
 and even reach the 
 air-canals in the 
 bones. Gerlach has 
 attributed to them 
 the enteritis he 
 witnessed among 
 Poultry, in which 
 he found them ; and 
 Zundel believed 
 they caused enter- 
 itis and peritonitis. 
 
 Zschokke has seen 
 them in the lungs, 
 trachea, and an- 
 terior air-sacs, in 
 the midst of yellow 
 gelatinous masses, 
 deposits of false 
 membranes, and 
 abundant quanti- 
 ties of mucus ; but 
 he was not certain 
 whether there was 
 not a mere simple 
 
 coincidence between this diphtheria and the internal acariasis. The 
 disease ran the course of a contagious affection, and was rapidly fatal. 
 
 At the autopsy of several Fowls from the same poultry- yard, 
 which had been ill for a long time, Holzendorff found in the lungs, 
 liver, kidneys, etc., a great number of yellow, miliary nodules, and 
 in the thorax innumerable parasites (Cytodites), which were also 
 recognised in the nodules. 
 
 But the Cytodites species often exist in large numbers in the air- 
 sacs, without betraying their presence during the life of their host ; 
 and it is only when they are extremely numerous, and crowding in 
 the bronchi, that they may cause fits of coughing by irritating the 
 mucous membrane. Megnin has seen them on one occasion cause 
 death by congestion, obstruction of the bronchi, and asphyxia. 
 
 Fig. 102. — Cytodites nudus of the Fowl ; an ovigerous 
 female, seen on the ventral surface ; magnified one 
 hundred diameters. — Railliet. 
 
2l8 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The genus Laminosioptes (Megnin) contains only one species — the L. cysti- 
 cola (Vizioli). It is an Acarian with an oblong body more than twice as long 
 as it is broad, having several pairs of bristles on the upper surface and a long 
 pair at the posterior extremity. It is divided by a circular transverse furrow 
 into two portions ; the anterior carries the rostrum and the two first pairs of 
 legs ; the posterior has the two other pairs, the anus, and the orifice of the 
 genital organs. The integument is finely striated transversely, and the colour 
 is greyish. The legs are short, glabrous, and provided with suckers having 
 a simple pedicle ; the suckers are temporary on the two anterior parts, per- 
 sistent on the posterior pairs. The rostrum is analogous to that of the 
 Sarcoptes ; the anus is sub-abdominal. The male is *22 mm. long and *io mm. 
 broad ; it has the penis between the anus and the base of the posterior legs. 
 The ovigerous female is *25 mm. long and *n mm. broad ; it has its tocostome 
 between the bases of the two pairs of posterior legs. 
 
 Fig. 103. — Laminosioptes cysiicola of Fig. 104. — Laminosioptes cysticola of 
 the Fowl ; male, seen on the ven- the Fowl ; ovigerous female, seen 
 
 tral surface ; magnified 200 dia- on the ventral surface ; magnified 
 
 meters. — Railliet. 200 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 The Laminosioptes cysticola is special to the Gallinacei ; it lives 
 in the connective tissue, and does not appear to produce any lesions 
 capable of affecting the health of the Birds. Nevertheless, when 
 many exist on a host, they cause irritation of the subcutaneous 
 connective tissue with the formation of nodules, in which may be 
 found the dead parasites. These nodules — first noticed by Voigt- 
 lander, then by Vizioli, and other observers — are yellow, oval 
 bodies from *25 mm. to ’50 mm. and 1 mm. long, and are sometimes 
 so abundant that as many as a hundred will be found on two and 
 a half, square centimetres of surface (Vizioli). The contents are 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 219 
 
 soft, granular, and adipose or calcareous — in fact, much like those 
 of tubercle. They may be found on the abdominal viscera, and in 
 the peritoneum, as also in the muscles and beneath the skin ; in 
 the latter instance; they can be seen through the integument, and 
 may even be discovered among the epidermic scurf (Rivolta). 
 They have been seen in Fowls, Pheasants, and Turkeys. Heller, of 
 Kiel, states that he has met with them in 70 per cent, of the Fowls, 
 he has examined. They are especially frequent in old and cachectic 
 birds. 
 
 Article II. — Psoric Acariases. 
 
 The psoric Sarcoptidae that live on Birds belong to the genus 
 Sarcoptes ; but they offer external characters and a kind of life 
 that justifies their union into one section or sub-genus — the 
 Knemidokoptes of Fiirstenberg ( Dermatoryktes Ehlers). 
 
 These parasites have the body orbicular, destitute of squamiform promi- 
 nences and of spinules on the notogastrum. Each of the epimeres of the first 
 pair of legs sends over the back a prolongation, which joins its congener in 
 such a manner as to limit a rectangular plastron. The anus is situated at 
 
 Fig. 105. — Sarcoptes mutans of the Fig. 106. — Sarcoptes mutans of the 
 Fowl ; male, seen on the dorsal Fowl ; ovigerous female, seen on 
 
 surface ; magnified one hundred the dorsal surface ; magnified one 
 
 diameters. hundred diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 the posterior part of the notogastrum. The males, nymphae and larvae, are 
 provided on all the legs with the suckers that characterize the other Sarcoptes, 
 which they much resemble in their general form. The pubescent and ovi- 
 gerous females are globular in shape, and almost glabrous ; their legs — which 
 are very short and conical — are destitute of suckers, and terminate in two 
 unequal hooklets. They are ovoviviparous. 
 
 The Sarcoptidae avicoles actually known have been divided into 
 three species, only two of which live on the domestic Birds — these 
 are Sarcoptes mutans and Sarcoptes Icevis. 
 
220 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Sarcoptes mutans (Rob., Knemidokoptes viviparus Fiirst.) has — in the 
 female — the dorsal surface covered with mammiliform integumentary pro- 
 minences ; the length of the parasite is *40 mm. to ’45 mm., and breadth 
 •35 mm. to *38 mm., while the male is *20 mm. long and ‘15 mm. broad, and 
 is destitute of copulatory suckers, like all the other Sarcoptes with the excep- 
 tion of the following species. 
 
 This Sarcopt lives on the Fowl, and causes the leg scabies. 
 
 The Sarcoptes laevis (Railliet) has no dorsal integumentary prominences in 
 the female, but very fine parallel, regular ridges ; the male has two small 
 copulatory suckers. The dimensions are less than in the preceding species 
 (Figs. 108, 109, no). 
 
 This species comprises two varieties : 
 
 5 . Icevis, var. columbce. — The epimeres of the first pair of legs are joined in 
 a Y shape in the male, and are united in the female by a transverse piece in 
 the form of a circumflex accent. Male from 140 /x to 170 /x long, and no /x to 
 120 fi broad. Ovigerons female from 270 /z to 310 /x long, and 230 /z to 270 /x 
 broad. Discovered by Railliet and Cadiot, in 1855, at the base of the feathers 
 of a messenger Pigeon. 
 
 5 . Icevis, var. gallince. — The epimeres of the first pair of legs remain free in 
 the female. Male from 170 fx to 180 /z long, and from 120 /x to 130 /z broad. 
 Ovigerous female from 310 /z to 350 [x long, and 270 /x to 300 /z broad. Dis- 
 covered by Railliet in 1886 on a Fowl. 
 
 § i. — S cabies of the Legs. 
 
 Known for a long time as a dermatosis, the scabies of Fowls (gale des pattes, 
 grappe, blanc ) has only been considered as an acariasis since 1859, when 
 Ch. Robin and Lanquetin discovered the parasite — the Sarcoptes mutans — 
 and when Reynal and Lanquetin gave a description of the disease. It has 
 since been studied by numerous authorities, who have witnessed it on Turkeys, 
 Pheasants, Partridges, and small birds in aviaries — such as Bullfinches, 
 Goldfinches, Paroquets, etc. (Megnin). 
 
 Symptoms. — Reynal and Lanquetin state that the malady may 
 be seated on the head or the legs, or both regions at the same time. 
 But those who have followed them — Unterberger, Furstenburg, 
 Megnin, etc. — have only seen it on the legs. We have shown that 
 in the observations of Reynal and Lanquetin a serious mistake was 
 made through the co-existence of favus — seated on the head — and 
 scabies — located on the feet. The result of all the reliable observa- 
 tions goes to prove that this psoric affection is exclusively confined 
 to the legs. 
 
 The Sarcoptes mutans lives under the epidermic scales covering 
 the anterior surface of the tarsi and the upper part of the toes, and 
 by its presence it soon sets up an irritation that is manifested in the 
 elevation of these scales, owing to the formation of a white powdery 
 matter that remains agglutinated by the exuded serum. There are 
 gradually formed rough crusts, which are greyish externally, white 
 internally, irregular in shape and mammillated, and which finish by 
 invading the whole of the digital region. They are few on the 
 inferior face of the toes and behind the tarsi ; they are very adherent, 
 and when detached, the irritated and bleeding skin, somewhat 
 honey-combed, is exposed. In examining these crusts by means of 
 a hand-lens or microscope, the inferior surface is seen to be excavated 
 by an infinite number of alveoli, each of which is moulded, as^it 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 221 
 
 were, on the body of the female Sarcopt lodged therein. For they 
 are nearly always ovigerous when they occupy these depressions, in 
 which they lie squat and immovable, the ventral surface being 
 turned towards the crust ; they are recognised by their regular 
 form and the rusty colour of their epimeres. Larvae, nymphae, 
 pubescent females, and a very small number of males, wander 
 beneath the crusts ; no eggs are found except by chance, and these 
 have escaped from the ovigerous 
 females which have been accidentally 
 crushed. 
 
 The entire substance of the crust is 
 so excavated by cavities that it is 
 quite spongy, and greatly resembles 
 the crumb of dried bread The alveoli 
 become smaller as they are more 
 superficial, owing to drying of the 
 crust, or external pressure on it ; but 
 the deeper ones alone contain the 
 Sarcoptes, which abandon the cavities 
 as these become old, and therefore 
 farther removed from the moist surface 
 of the derma There are no furrows, 
 as in the other forms of sarcoptic 
 scabies ; but an epidermic proliferation 
 takes place around the motionless 
 ovigerous female, which has penetrated 
 beneath the epidermis after copula- 
 tion. 
 
 The prominence of the crusts exposes 
 them to cold, and to damage that 
 breaks them, and causes a sanguinolent 
 effusion into the fissures at their base ; 
 the movements of the joints — other- 
 wise much compressed and restrained 
 — also bring this about. Progression 
 and standing are difficult ; the Bird is 
 lame, arthritis appears, and it is not 
 rare to see a phalanx, or even an entire 
 toe, fall off. Fig. 107. — The foot of a Fowl 
 
 The disease is accompanied by a affected with scabies, 
 moderate degree of pruritus, which 
 
 is more intense at night or during warm weather, and which 
 the Fowl manifests by scratching, and often attacking the affected 
 parts with its beak. 
 
 This scabies runs a very slow course, and may continue for six 
 or eight months, or even a year Gradually the general health is 
 affected ; the Fowls become emaciated, cease to lay, lose their 
 appetite, and succumb to marasmus or to an intercurrent affection. 
 
 The most usual complications are favus, diphtheria, and psoro- 
 
222 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 spermosis ; but it is to the two last-named diseases, and to tubercu- 
 losis, that the hepatic, and sometimes the pulmonary tubercles 
 mentioned by Reynal and Lanquetin as lesions of the scabies, 
 really belong. 
 
 In a cock affected with sarcoptic scabies, Csokor found the 
 conjunctive swollen and red, and discharging much purulent 
 mucus ; though the ocular globe was bright and the vision intact. 
 The use of an appropriate collyrium cured this condition. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — Contagion — the real cause of the malady — 
 occurs through the cohabitation of healthy with diseased Fowls ; 
 the agent being the Sarcoptes mutans in its various stages, save that 
 of the ovigerous female, of which the immobility is nearly absolute. 
 When the Poultry do not get much exercise, and are confined in small 
 places, they run much risk of being infested by wandering acari 
 from the manure. However, the contagion is not subtle, for Fowls 
 remain a long time healthy in the midst of diseased ones ; and 
 according to the observation of Friedberger, some very severely 
 affected ones may be seen in poultry-yards where all the others 
 are free from the malady. 
 
 Breed appears to us to have a real influence in the etiology of the 
 disease. Common-bred Fowls resist contagion much longer than 
 exotic breeds. Reynal and Lanquetin observed that the malady is 
 more frequent in the Cochin-China breeds and its varieties than in 
 the Dorking and Brahmapootra breed. Perhaps this predisposition 
 is related to the thinner skin in these breeds. 
 
 The disease is contagious for the Gallinacei, Passeres, and Climbers ; 
 it has not been observed on Palmipedes. Reynal and Lanquetin 
 represent it as transmissible to Man, Equines, and Ruminants ; but 
 the evidence they furnish in support of their statement refers rather 
 to the Dermanyssus, and not to the Sarcoptes mutans. 
 
 Treatment. — To prevent the infection of healthy Fowls, it is 
 necessary that the diseased be separated from them, and the locality 
 these occupied be thoroughly (Jisinfected by washing with medicated 
 boiling water, such washings to be extended to the perches, beams, 
 etc., of the roost. 
 
 The medical treatment should have for its object the removal 
 of the crusts, and the prevention of their reappearance. They may 
 be removed by means of the finger-nail, or a small brush dipped in 
 tepid water ; but this is painful for the Bird. It is preferable to 
 soften them in a tepid alkaline bath for a few minutes, then remove 
 them without causing bleeding ; then, when the parts are dry, a 
 layer of Helmerich’s pomade is to be applied to them. Generally, 
 two days afterwards this ointment may be washed off by means of 
 soap, when a cure will be found to have been effected. 
 
 Carbolic acid ointment — i part of carbolic acid to io or 20 of 
 lard ; creosote ointment — 1 of creosote to 20 of lard ; benzinated 
 oil— -1 of benzine to 10 of sweet oil ; iodine, and petroleum ointment 
 have also been recommended. But these means, though more active 
 than Helmerich’s pomade, may have a bad effect on the general 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 223 
 
 health of the Fowls, especially if they are young. The balsam of 
 Peru is not inconvenient ; its odour is agreeable and its effect 
 certain ; it is to be applied once a day for two or three days. When 
 the disease is cured, it may be advisable, in order to calm the 
 irritation which sometimes persists in the skin, to smear over the 
 parts with sweet oil, cream, vaseline, glycerin, butter, etc. 
 
 § 2. — Scabies of the Body, Depluming Scabies. 
 
 This form of scabies was first observed by Railliet and Cadiot, on 
 a carrier-Pigeon from Brussels. This bird had been affected for more 
 than a year with a disease of the skin characterized by somewhat acute 
 irritation, and accompanied by an abundant production of epidermic 
 scurf and shedding of the 
 feathers, which broke off at 
 the surface of the epidermis, 
 the remaining part becoming 
 a powdery mass which the 
 slightest pressure extruded. 
 
 The Sarcoptes were found 
 at the base of the feathers. 
 
 The affection yielded to the 
 daily application of sulphur 
 lotion, continued for a cer- 
 tain time. Friedberger has 
 published a similar observa- 
 tion. 
 
 Railliet for the first time 
 observed scabies of the body 
 of Fowls in 1868, in a 
 poultry- yard in Normandy. 
 
 He has since found it in the 
 environs of Paris, and is 
 informed that it is very 
 common. We have seen it 
 affecting Poultry in the 
 neighbourhood of Carcas- 
 sonne. 
 
 ‘ The disease appears in 
 
 poultry-yards in consequence of the introduction of one or more 
 affected Fowls, and is transmitted with such remarkable rapidity 
 that in a few days the whole run is invaded. It usually 
 begins on the rump, then spreads to the neighbouring parts — 
 thighs, back, and belly ; and often the head and upper part 
 of the neck are early affected. The feathers fall off at all these 
 points, and finally the skin is left denuded over a vast extent 
 of surface ; though the larger feathers of the tail and wings, 
 as well as those of the wing-coverts, are generally retained. The 
 
 Fig. 108. — Sarcoptes Icevis, var. gallince ; 
 male, seen on the ventral surface ; mag- 
 nified 200 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
224 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 denuded skin always presents a normal appearance — remaining 
 supple, smooth, and not perceptibly thickened. In pulling out the 
 feathers that remain in the vicinity of the invaded parts, it is easy 
 to find — in Pigeons — a mass of whitish epidermic layers, occupying 
 the limit of the quill and the shaft, and containing a variable 
 number of Sarcoptes * (Railliet). 
 
 As a rule, the health is not impaired, though sometimes the Fowls 
 become emaciated, the skin around the croup becomes of a bright- 
 red colour, egg-laying is diminished, and the flesh is insipid to 
 
 eat. The malady is usually 
 more intense in cocks, which 
 sometimes die in a cachectic 
 state. 
 
 This body scabies prevails 
 most in the spring and 
 
 Fig. 109. — Sarcoptes Icevis, var. 
 gallince ; ovigerous female, seen 
 on the dorsal surface ; magni- 
 fied one hundred diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 Fig. no. — Sarcoptes Icevis, var. gallince 
 larva, seen on the ventral surface ; 
 magnified 200 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 summer, and disappears more or less completely at the commence- 
 ment of autumn, usuallyreturning in March or April. It appears to 
 us that contagion is more particularly effected during copulation 
 of the Poultry, the region of the rump being that which is nearly 
 always the first to be invaded. A cock affected with the malady 
 will rapidly infect all the Fowls in the poultry-yard. 
 
 This somewhat common disease has often been mistaken for an 
 abnormal moulting, early or late ; and at least the majority of 
 cases of piquage ought probably to be ascribed to it. This piquage 
 
ACARIASES 
 
 225 
 
 is an affection which prevails in poultry-yards, and is recognised by 
 the scanty and miserable condition of the plumage. The Fowls 
 naturally peck out their feathers, being impelled thereto, not, as is 
 generally believed, by mischief or imitative habit, but by a sensation 
 of pruritus or malaise , which causes them to render each other this 
 reciprocal service. 
 
 The treatment of this ‘ body scabies,’ or ‘ depluming scabies ’ — as 
 Railliet has termed it — is simple, and somewhat the same as that 
 recommended for dermanyssic scabies and phthiriasis. 
 
 15 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 CUTANEOUS HELMINTHIASES 
 
 Among the domesticated animals, the Horse, Dog, Ox, and Sheep 
 are alone mentioned as being attacked with affections due to 
 Nematodes living on the surface of the skin, in its substance, or in 
 the subcutaneous connective tissue. 
 
 These Nematodes have all been placed in the genus Filaria 
 (Muller), thus characterized : 
 
 Body slender, very elongated, and 80 to too times longer than it is thick. 
 Mouth of variable form, sometimes encircled by lips, and often furnished 
 with papillae. (Esophagus thin, and not forming a distinct ventriculus. 
 Male, tail curved or spiral, sometimes provided with lateral membranous 
 wings ; nearly always furnished with four pre-anal papillae and a variable 
 number of post-anal ones ; one or two unequal spicules. Female provided 
 with a double ovary, and a vulva situated very near the mouth ; most fre- 
 quently ovo viviparous. 
 
 The Filariae are more particularly parasites of the serous mem- 
 branes and the subcutaneous connective tissue. They are also 
 included among the worms very rarely met with in the intestines of 
 the Horse and Dog. 
 
 Article I. — Parasitic Dermatorrhagia. 
 
 It has been known for a long time that the Horse is liable to small 
 local haemorrhages on various parts of the surface of the body. 
 According to the bibliographic researches of Leymacher, the Chinese 
 were aware, from the remotest antiquity, of a breed of Horses in 
 Khodang which perspired blood. Ercolani has collected a number 
 of observations by different practitioners, of similar haemorrhages 
 occurring on the Horse and Ox, to which he has given the name 
 of Hczmathydrosis (blood-sweat) ; but the disease has been only 
 well known since Drouilly and Condamine discovered in the 
 haemorrhagic points a particular Nematode, which they have placed 
 in the genus Filaria. We cannot deal, therefore, with the observa- 
 tions made with regard to the Ox, to which animal this discovery 
 has not been carried ; nor yet with those haemorrhages on the limbs, 
 of which Rossignol has furnished an interesting example. 
 
 226 
 
CUT A NEO US HELMINTHIA SES 
 
 22 7 
 
 Symptoms. — Parasitic cutaneous haemorrhage begins with hemi- 
 spherical, hard, painless elevations, slightly oedematous around 
 their margin, and of the size of a pea to that of a hazel-nut, on 
 which the hairs are erect. They are formed by an accumulation of 
 blood in the superficial layers of the skin, which become ruptured 
 by the pressure, and the blood then passes in streaks along the 
 hairs, and coagulates, the opening by which it escapes being gene- 
 rally at the summit of the tumour, though it is scarcely visible. 
 The haemorrhage takes place soon after the appearance of the 
 tumefaction — in an hour or two — which then disappears, and every- 
 thing again becomes normal, though sometimes there is suppuration. 
 
 The eruption is especially localized upon the shoulders, the sides 
 of the body, the back, and the sides of the neck and withers. It is 
 very ephemeral, and when the blood has escaped there remains 
 scarcely a trace of the primitive lesion. There are always several 
 nodules at one time, the eruption going on for several days, and 
 gradually subsiding as the elevations become fewer and smaller. 
 Such eruptions happen in starts, at intervals varying from three 
 weeks to a month, during the three or four months of spring ; there 
 are none in winter, and in France the affection recovers of itself, 
 and finally disappears in about three or four years. 
 
 No general disturbance of the health accompanies or precedes 
 the haemorrhages ; indeed, in some cases, according to Salle, they 
 seem to have exercised a favourable influence on the course of 
 climatic affections to which army remount horses are liable. Lamy, 
 however, who has on several occasions observed termination by 
 suppuration, has seen marked debility occur in these cases. 
 Brunswig has reported a fatal case — a horse commenced to sweat 
 blood over the entire skin, and in such great quantity that on the 
 second day it was dead ; while, in 1845, at Mustapha (Algeria), 
 Liautard — quoted by Salle — observed cutaneous haemorrhages on 
 Mules from Spain, several of which died of splenic haemorrhage. 
 
 We cannot decide whether these exceptional cases were really 
 those of parasitic dermatorrhagia, as its nature is only known since 
 the discovery of Drouilly and Condamine ; and before that time 
 it was confounded with all the diseases, otherwise rare, which are 
 accompanied by cutaneous haemorrhage. 
 
 To discover the presence of the Filaria, Drouilly recommends that 
 the hair be shaved off that part of the skin where an elevation is 
 felt. Some hours afterwards, its summit will show an ecchymotic 
 point, which will rupture to allow the blood to escape. Shortly 
 before this occurs, a slight opening should be made in it, when the 
 Worm will be perceived 5 but it contracts, to bury itself in the 
 connective tissue. Sometimes it has to be sought for as deep as 
 the muscles. ‘ If it be desired to hasten and to view this migration, 
 a drop of oil of turpentine or a small portion of mercurial ointment 
 should be placed on one of these swellings, which has been previously 
 shaved over its whole surface and beyond ; then it will be possible 
 to follow the Worm, either by observing the small ecchymotic streaks 
 
 15—2 
 
228 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 on the skin when it is fine, or in feeling a small cord form under the 
 finger. In twenty-four to twenty-eight hours, a new elevation is 
 certain to appear at 3 cm. to 5 cm. from the first.’ 
 
 The Filaria of the haemorrhagic tumours ( Filaria hemorrhagica 
 Railliet, F. multipapillosa Condamine and Drouilly) was discovered 
 and described by Condamine and Drouilly, and has also been seen 
 by Megnin and Trasbot. The female alone is known. 
 
 It is white, filiform, 6 cm. to 7 cm. long, and *355 mm. broad, gradually 
 tapering in its posterior third. The mouth is nude ; the anterior extremity 
 of the body is covered by a large number of small conical warts, among which 
 
 the vulva opens. The embryos — which 
 are extremely numerous — are all formed 
 in the body of the female, which is, there- 
 fore, ovoviviparous. 
 
 Etiology. — In France the malady 
 has only been observed on Hungarian 
 Horses, distributed as remounts in 
 regiments of cavalry, and the docu- 
 ments we possess show that it is special 
 to Horses of Eastern origin. ‘ Thus,’ 
 says Trasbot, ‘ Spinola considered it 
 as peculiar to Horses of the Steppe 
 breed ; Ercolani states that Sibald, 
 in his Histoire Naturelle du Cheval , 
 affirms that he has often observed 
 it on the white Horses of Tartary. 
 Leblanc, sen., declared at the Veter- 
 inary Society, in the short discussion 
 that followed the reading of the 
 interesting paper of Salle, that he 
 had observed it on one of the Russian 
 Horses brought to the Paris Universal 
 Exhibition in 1867 ; and on that 
 occasion the man who accompanied 
 these animals informed him that it 
 was frequent in that country. Leblanc also remembered that 
 Barthelemy, sen., had often seen it in Germany, during the 
 campaigns of the First Empire, among Horses from the Steppes. 
 And observations recently made in Austria by Leymacher, when 
 he was detached at Laybach in Illyria, to receive the Hungarian 
 Horses purchased by the French Government, and those collected 
 by Salle and Naudin shortly afterwards, when these horses had 
 been sent to regiments, all testify that the cutaneous haemorrhage 
 is a malady special to Eastern breeds. Bernard states that he has 
 seen the disease among Spanish horses. 
 
 Fleming has seen this cutaneous haemorrhage in North China, 
 affecting Horses from India, and among Arab Horses in Syria. In 
 some cases the bleeding was somewhat profuse, and sufficient to 
 stain the ground upon which the animals stood ; but it did not 
 
 Fig. hi. — Filaria of the Haemor- 
 rhagic Tumours. 
 
 A, adult female, natural size ; 
 B, cephalic extremity with its 
 warts ; b, mouth ; vu, vulva ; 
 magnified one hundred diameters. 
 — After Condamine. 
 
CUTANEOUS HELMINTHIASES 
 
 229 
 
 apparently injure them, the only inconvenience experienced being 
 when the tumours formed on the back where the saddle rests. The 
 affection has been witnessed in England in foreign Horses. 
 
 Now that we can attribute this affection to a parasite, it must be 
 admitted that its geographical localization is related to the distri- 
 bution of this Nematode. But we know nothing of its migrations, 
 but only of its last habitat — the subcutaneous connective tissue. 
 It is possible that the embryos have to undergo evolution external 
 to the body ; for it may be mentioned that Railliet unsuccessfully 
 injected a somewhat large number of these embryos — extracted 
 from the body of a Filaria — into the subcutaneous connective tissue 
 of an old Mare. 
 
 Diagnosis, Prognosis, Treatment. — The peculiar physiognomy of 
 this affection should not allow it to be mistaken for any other. 
 
 The different authorities are nearly unanimous as to its benignity. 
 There is, therefore, little need for resorting to special treatment, all 
 that is required being merely to wash off the blood and keep the skin 
 clean. In the exceptional instances in which debility is induced, a 
 tonic and fortifying regime must be adopted. The only measure 
 to be recommended, is abstention from work that necessitates the 
 application of harness to parts on which the eruption is seated. 
 
 Article II. — Summer Sores of Horses. 
 
 Synonyms, History. — Estival Sores, Granular Sores, Granular 
 Dermatitis. We owe to H. Bouley the first description of this 
 affection, in 1850. He considered it to be a particular complication 
 of cutaneous wounds, under the influence of the heat of summer ; 
 and this opinion was for a long time current. In 1868 Rivolta 
 clearly indicated the parasitic nature of these wounds ; but his 
 observations remained unsupported until a few years later, when 
 Laulanie confirmed them ; and now it seems to be well established 
 that the ‘ summer sores ’ ought to be ascribed — at least, in a great 
 number of cases — to the presence of a larval Nematode in the 
 substance of the skin. 
 
 Symptoms. — The ‘ summer sores ’ have been considered, up to the 
 present time, as a complication of ordinary wounds, due to the hot 
 weather of summer. Therefore at their commencement — such as 
 we know it — they do not offer anything special in their character. 
 When they begin to attract attention, they show a tendency to 
 spread, and are covered with a soft, pulpy layer ; the granulations 
 are of a reddish-brown colour, and separated by furrows full of 
 thin pus, or of the pulpy matter that covers the whole. The centre 
 of the sore is soft, and easily penetrated by the finger. In the 
 middle are formed granulations of a yellow colour, composed of 
 fibrous and calcareous matter. The volume of these granulations 
 varies between that of a grain of millet and a pea. Some are 
 superficial, and easily lifted out by simple scratching ; while others 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 230 
 
 are deeper, and are, as it were, encrusted in the indurated tissue of 
 the sore. 
 
 At first irregular in their form, the sores, in extending, gradually 
 assume a circular contour ; their diameter is variable, but is 
 generally limited to three or four centimetres, though some may be 
 a decimetre. 
 
 They have no particular seat, but may be found on any part of 
 the body, and especially on those regions which are most exposed 
 
 to wounds — as has long 
 been observed — such as 
 those on which harness 
 rests, and the extremities 
 of the limbs. 
 
 One of their constant 
 characters ‘ is the ardent, 
 insupportable pruritus 
 which never allows the 
 animal a moment’s res + , 
 but compels it to rub, 
 tear, and gnaw with its 
 teeth, to the complete 
 destruction of the sore in 
 which the itching is ex- 
 perienced ’ (H. Bouley). 
 
 Duration, Complica- 
 tion, Prognosis. — These 
 sores are remarkable for 
 their tenacity, as it is 
 quite exceptional to see 
 a spontaneous recovery 
 with the termination of 
 the summer heat. The 
 _ 0 ,. , , ^ , , 1 . , duration is always long, 
 
 Fig. 1 12. — Section of a fragment of the skm of , A • 0 
 
 a Horse, showing the lesions of granular der- appears to be m- 
 
 matitis ; after a preparation by Laulanie ; mag- creased by the rubbing 
 nified twenty diameters. — Railliet (inedited). to which the animal sub- 
 jects them ; and it often 
 requires two, three, or more months to control them, or, at least, 
 to effect their disappearance. And sometimes their cure is only 
 momentary, as they break out again the following summer, on the 
 return of hot weather. 
 
 Their resistance and their duration constitute their gravity ; 
 while the damage they receive from the patient itself may seriously 
 complicate them, according to their anatomical situation. We 
 have seen open synovial sheath and exfoliation of tendon brought 
 about in this way. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — The particular tissue implicated in the 
 sore is not so superficial as its appearance might indicate ; for it 
 often extends beyond the thickness of the skin, and involves the 
 
CUTANEOUS HELMINTHIASES 
 
 231 
 
 subcutaneous connective tissue ; in this way it forms a slightly 
 diffused tumour, greater in extent — sub-epidermically — than the 
 cutaneous denudation. 
 
 In the pathological tissue, there must be distinguished the special 
 granulations and the neoplasy englobing them. The latter is the 
 result of an inflammatory process, the intensity of which — according 
 to Laulanie — appears to depend upon the period of the year in 
 which the sore is examined. In winter, this observer has found the 
 derma very much thickened, and in a manner sclerous ; but in 
 summer the alterations may have a sub-acute character — the derma 
 being infiltrated with embryonic, and more particularly fibro- 
 plastic, elements, . abundantly interposed between the connective 
 or fibrous tissue fasciculi ; in both conditions the smaller arteries 
 are in process of obliteration. The caseous masses of the granula- 
 tions are surrounded by a disjunctive zone — the elements of which 
 are more or less altered by the caseification changes, and by a fibrous 
 circle undergoing fibrous evolution. 
 
 The granulations are composed of a caseous or calcareous mass, 
 and are especially interesting from the presence in their centre of a 
 Nematode, or its debris ; or merely the spiroid space it occupied, 
 which is now only an irregular cavity with broken outlines. 
 Rivolta — who has been able to study these granules at the 
 commencement of their formation — has succeeded in isolating a 
 Nematode, which had also probably been seen by Ercolani and 
 Semmer. 
 
 Ercolani has met with the embryos of the Nematode in a Horse 
 on which were umbilicated crusts about a centimetre broad, and 
 very adherent by their deep surface, which was attenuated to a 
 kind of pedicle fixed in the derma. These crusts — which implicated 
 the entire thickness of the skin — were localized on the lower surface 
 of the body along the linea alba , where were also seen many bare 
 patches, and others on which the hair had grown again, but was 
 white. The deep portion of each crust looked like a white matted 
 tissue, and was composed of a loose connective tissue, in the midst 
 of which were the very minute Nematodes. Ercolani characterized 
 them as keeping the caudal extremity doubled under the body, 
 and making frequent movements of abduction. Semmer reports 
 having found numerous Nematodes between the derma and epi- 
 dermis in a horse affected with a dermatosis which was considered 
 to be a psoriasis. 
 
 It is a very fine Worm, which may attain a length of 3 mm., and the head 
 of which is sometimes a little distinct from the body ; the tail is attenuated, 
 terminated in a point, and margined by fine notches. The mouth is orbicular, 
 and appears to be provided with lips. A short distance from the head is seen 
 an opening. The anus is placed at the point where the body becomes attenu- 
 ated to form the tail. The skin is delicately striated transversely. 
 
 This is evidently a larval Nematode. Rivolta has recently 
 proposed to name it the Dermofilaria irritans, but Railliet has rightly 
 reduced this designation to that of Filaria irritans Riv. 
 
232 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Etiology. — Investigations are not yet sufficiently numerous to 
 allow it to be affirmed that every granular or summer sore must be 
 due to this Nematode. But the discovery of this element perfectly 
 accounts for the physiognomy of the affection — its periodicity, 
 disappearance in winter, recrudescence in summer — related to ‘ the 
 natural congestion resulting from the increase in temperature ; so 
 that the parasitic granulations, placed in the centre of the tissue 
 which has become more irritable, develop the first movement in the 
 chronic inflammation that is accompanied by pruritus, which 
 induces the animal to scratch itself. Hence the excoriations and 
 the sores, which are all the more obstinate as the denuded derma is 
 more impressionable, and the more readily submits to the irritating 
 effects of the granulations ’ (Laulanie). 
 
 With regard to the inefficacy of treatment, this is owing to the 
 deep situation of the parasite, which is protected by the caseous 
 mass surrounding it. 
 
 Its mcde of introduction is still unknown. Rivolta admits that 
 it penetrates the integument from without to within, and he ascribes, 
 as a predisposing influence, the uncleanliness of the animals and 
 the stables. Megnin has even affirmed — though without proof to 
 support the statement — that the Nematodes of the sores are only 
 the embryos of the Oxyuris curvula Rud., an intestinal parasite of 
 the Horse. This assertion of Megnin may have been inspired by 
 an observation of Pflug, relative to a Horse that had numerous thick 
 crusts at the base of its tail, which were very pruriginous. These 
 crusts contained the ova of the Oxyuris curvula at different stages 
 of development, the parasite itself being found in the faeces. Pflug 
 thought that the Oxyuris of the rectum induced acute pruritus of 
 the anus, which caused the Horse to rub itself, and so to lead 
 to the deposition of the ova on the walls of the stable, whence they 
 would be taken up by the hairs of the tail ; they would then produce 
 embryos which would, continue to live under the protection of the 
 crusts, and with the help of the warmth of the skin. But, as 
 Railliet has remarked, the parasites of the ‘ summer sores ’ occupy 
 the centre of the granulations, and it is consequently difficult to 
 admit that they are only an epiphenomenon, the granulations 
 themselves constituting the essential element in these wounds. It 
 is probable that, according to Laulanie, the parasite is introduced — 
 in the form of ovum — into the digestive tract, and subsequently 
 penetrates into the blood circulation. 
 
 Besides the parasitism, a preponderant influence has been 
 attributed to the summer heat ; and it has been admitted that it 
 causes the drying-up of the pus, and the union of its corpuscles in 
 the form of concretions. Friction has also been considered as very 
 important in this etiology. The malady is more frequent in hot 
 countries — Algeria and Italy, for instance — and the Ass appears 
 to be more exposed to it than the Horse, the extremities of the limbs 
 being chiefly attacked in that animal. 
 
 Treatment. — An essential indication in the treatment is to 
 
CUTANEOUS HELMINTHIASES 
 
 233 
 
 prevent the animal yielding to the pruritus that maddens it ; and 
 with this object in view, means of restraint are employed, the 
 nature of which is subordinate to the situation of the sore. 
 
 Many agents have been tried in the treatment of the sores, but 
 the majority of them have proved of no value. Among those 
 which have less frequently failed is continuous irrigation with cold 
 water, recommended by Quin when the seat of disease permitted. 
 The same authority has counselled frictions of glycerin, but these 
 two methods of treatment ought to be employed for a long time — 
 fifteen days, at least. Caustics constantly fail, though Rey obtained 
 excellent results from the yellow sulphide of arsenic, or orpiment, in 
 powder. He took up some of this on the moistened end of his finger, 
 and spread ‘ an imperceptible layer ’ over the sore. One application 
 was sufficient ; the pruritus completely ceased, the wound dried, 
 and a scab formed that became detached in eight or ten days, 
 leaving a simple wound, which rapidly cicatrized. 
 
 Blaise has had equal success with ether, chloroform, and iodoform, 
 with which he dressed the surface of the sore for about ten minutes 
 every twenty-four or forty-eight hours — applying a protective layer 
 of collodion over it. The cure was complete in about fifteen days. 
 
 Following this affection, may be placed the filariasis observed by Baru- 
 chello among a large number of horses belonging to a cavalry regiment. It 
 was seated almost exclusively beneath the hairs on the withers, on the neck, 
 beneath the forelock, and at the base of the tail ; and it was manifested 
 during the spring and summer. It consisted of small dark-grey tumours — 
 isolated or confluent — varying in size from that of a millet-seed to a pigeon’s 
 egg. These tumours soon softened in their centre, which became yellow, 
 ruptured, and allowed pus to escape. This suppuration was followed by 
 sloughing of a portion of the skin. There was no pruritus, and only a certain 
 amount of sensibility on pressure. In the pus, Baruchello discovered a 
 number of extremely slender agamous Nematodes, from 5 mm. to 1 5 mm. in 
 length, and the most developed of which were enlarged at their cephalic 
 extremity, or terminated in a blunt point, in the centre of which there was 
 an orbicular mouth, apparently provided with lips. The body gradually 
 became attenuated to the tail, which had the anus at its base. Some of them, 
 shorter and thicker, had the cephalic extremity less distinct, had no caudal 
 point, and the anus was terminal ; these continued their development in 
 water, and realized the preceding form. 
 
 A cure was effected, principally by the application of an ointment com- 
 posed of vaseline, 2,000 grammes ; sulphur, 400 grammes ; saturated alcoholic 
 solution of carbolic acid, 120 grammes ; corrosive sublimate in solution in 
 q.s. of glycerin, 12 to 25 grammes. 
 
 Three horses attacked with this filariasis fortuitously died during the 
 course of the disease, and in their peritoneal cavity a very large number of 
 Filayia pupillosa Rud. were found. For this reason, Baruchello was in- 
 clined to believe that this cutaneous Helminthiasis is due to the embryos of 
 this Filaria. 
 
 The veterinary surgeons of the English army in India are very often troubled 
 by a skin disease of Horses which is extremely refractory to treatment. Very 
 pruriginous, it causes much irritation, shedding of the hairs, wrinkling and 
 thickening of the skin, and an abundant formation of scurf ; while the rubbing 
 and gnawing induced by the itching tends still more to increase the alteration 
 in the skin. The disease is usually manifested on the sides of the neck and 
 shoulders, on the chest, and at the base of the tail. Its nature is not well 
 known, and numerous hypotheses have been formed on the subject. In 1884, 
 
234 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Gunn reported that he' had found a parasitic Worm every time he examined 
 the crusts which appear in the course of the affection, but the description he 
 gave of the parasite is absolutely obscure. 
 
 It may be added that ‘ Cobbold has described, under the designation of 
 Pelodera Axei, a Worm found by Axe in the hoofs of horses affected with 
 “seedy toe”; but we are of opinion that this is a thread- worm found in 
 manure, and has no connection with the disease ’ (Railliet). 
 
 Article III. — Dracontiasis (Filaria of Medina). 
 
 The Filaria of Medina ( Filaria Medinensis Linn., Dracunculus 
 Persarum Kaempfer) is chiefly known as a parasite of Man. It 
 has, nevertheless, been sometimes found in other animals, among 
 which are the Dog, Horse, and perhaps the Ox. It has been very 
 often named the Dragonneau ( Dracunculus ), and hence the designa- 
 tion Dracontiasis given to the disease it determines. In the adult 
 state, the female only is known. 
 
 It is a white Worm, on the average from 50 to 80 centimetres long, and, 
 according to certain authorities, it may attain a length of 4 metres (more 
 than 12 feet). Its diameter — uniform throughout — varies between *5 mm. 
 and 1 7 mm. The anterior extremity is blunt, and shows a cephalic shield — 
 an irregular surface, elongated transversely, which has the mouth in its centre 
 in the form of a triangular slit, having at its margin two papillae — one dorsal, 
 the other ventral — and behind the latter, on the border of the shield, are six 
 other papillae, nearly equidistant. The posterior extremity terminates in 
 a blunt point, at most 1 mm. in length, curved like a hook on the ventral 
 surface. The digestive apparatus is well developed in young individuals, but 
 is atrophied in adults, being empty and reduced to a slender tube that gradu- 
 ally disappears behind, without opening into an anus. The cavity of the 
 body is almost completely occupied by a uterus gorged with ova and embryos 
 The latter — hatched in myriads in the body of the female — can only escape 
 by rupture of the Worm ; the vagina and vulva, which were doubtless present 
 in early age, having completely disappeared. These embryos measure 
 •50 mm. to *75 mm. long, and 15 fi to 25 ji in diameter; they are cylindrical, 
 scarcely attenuated in front, but in the posterior third of their length they 
 taper to a very fine tail. 
 
 The Filaria of Medina is special to hot countries. In Asia it is 
 observed not only at Medina, but throughout nearly the whole of 
 Arabia and in India. In Africa it is common on the coast of 
 Guinea, hence the name Guinea Worm given to it by the English ; 
 it has also been observed in Upper Senegal, and more especially in 
 East Africa — Abyssinia, Nubia, Egypt, Kordofan, Darfour, and 
 Senaar. It was introduced into South America by the negroes 
 at the time of the treaty, and it has become endemic in Guiana and 
 some localities in Brazil. 
 
 This Worm is found in the subcutaneous connective tissue, and 
 in Man is met with chiefly in the legs and feet ; though sometimes 
 it is also seen on the head, neck, trunk, hands, and even in deep- 
 seated organs. Usually rolled up in a spiral manner, it causes the 
 formation of superficial tumours, which are occasionally very 
 painful, and most frequently become abscesses. A certain number 
 of observations have established the fact that it can also develop 
 in the Dog, Horse, and Ox, among the domesticated animals. 
 
CUT A NEO US HELM IN THIA SES 
 
 235 
 
 Dog. — The Filaria of Medina has been observed in the Dog 
 by Doerssel at Buenos-Ayres and Curacao. Smyttan, Forbes, and 
 Griffith have seen it in India, and Clot-Bey, Pruner-Bey, and Innes 
 and Piot in Egypt. We borrow from Railliet the following sympto- 
 matology : 
 
 ‘ The Filaria Medinensis is most frequently met with in the 
 limbs ; it is located in the subcutaneous connective tissue, parallel 
 with the long bones, and more rarely in the superficial portions of 
 the intermuscular connective tissue. 
 
 ‘ The Worm first manifests its presence by the development of 
 an oblong, flattened tumour, feeling to the touch like a skein of 
 thick twisted cord. This tumour is indolent at the beginning, and 
 sometimes forms a very apparent prominence ; it gradually becomes 
 painful, often to such a degree that the Dog threatens to bite when 
 an attempt is made to explore the diseased region. The animal 
 becomes restless and agitated, lying down and getting up every 
 instant, licking the tumour, and, indeed, manifesting all the signs 
 of a most intense local pain. 
 
 ‘ Then there occur — at a variable point of the tumour — one or 
 more small abscesses, which soon open, and give issue to a small 
 quantity of purulent serosity. The wound becomes fistulous, and 
 in time gives exit to the Worm, one of the extremities of which 
 protrudes from the opening. Sometimes an abscess forms some dis- 
 tance from the tumour, and then the inflexions of the Filaria can 
 easily be followed beneath the skin, as it has passed through the 
 connective tissue without producing any marked degree of inflam- 
 mation on its course. The pain — no doubt caused by the move- 
 ments of the Worm — does not seem to be constant ; for varying 
 periods the Dog remains quiet, but at other times it howls, and 
 furiously licks the wound, sometimes seizing the worm by its teeth 
 and trying to extract it, though the suffering this entails compels 
 it to desist. However, one of the Dogs that Piot attended suc- 
 ceeded in freeing itself from one of the parasites by gradual traction, 
 the inflammation assisting the operation. 
 
 * In Man, rupture of the Filaria — which at times happens during 
 extraction — is a very grave, often a fatal, accident. It does not 
 appear to be so with the Dog, as the Worm simply retracts within 
 the wound without the pain or inflammation being increased, the 
 parasite ultimately appearing at the same fistulous opening, or it 
 makes a new passage for itself through the integument.’ 
 
 The number of Filarke found in the same individual varies from 
 one to five. 
 
 Horse. — The Filaria Medinensis has been observed in the Horse 
 by Clarkson (1837), Fleming (1861), and Burke (1882). In each of 
 these instances the Worm was situated in one of the limbs — at the 
 lower part of the posterior pastern in Clarkson’s case, at the ex- 
 ternal aspect of the hock in Fleming’s, and below the carpus in 
 Burke’s. The presence of the parasite was at first shown by lame- 
 ness, then by an abscess, recovery following extraction of the Worm. 
 
236 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 In Fleming’s case the Horse was ridden during the campaign in 
 North China in i860. It was an Australian Horse, and had been 
 for som£ time in India before accompanying the expedition to 
 China ; and as the symptoms did not appear until the summer of 
 1861, infestation might have occurred in China, the Horse having 
 left India a year previously. A swelling formed outside the left 
 hock, at the head of the metatarsal bone, and there was consider- 
 able pain and swelling. As it was supposed to be a contusion, 
 fomentations were applied for some days, when one morning a 
 Filaria, about eighteen inches long, was discovered on the litter 
 behind the animal, and it was then found that the swelling had 
 burst. The Horse experienced immediate relief, and was fit for 
 duty in a day or two, the wound healing rapidly. The Worm is 
 now in the museum of the Dick Veterinary College. 
 
 Ox. — According to Avenzoar and De Marchais, the Filaria of 
 Medina often attacks the Ox, and the Arab physician even desig- 
 nates dracontiasis as the disease of Oxen. This is the only informa- 
 tion we possess relative to the presence of this Nematode in the 
 bovine species. 
 
 Etiology. — Numerous hypotheses have been framed to explain 
 the entrance of this Filaria into the body of Man and animals. We 
 now know, from the investigations of Fedchenko, that the embryos 
 of this Worm find their way into the system of small soft-water 
 Crustaceans (Copepoda), and there undergo their larval stage of 
 existence ; there may be as many as a dozen parasites in the body 
 of a single Cyclops, without its appearing to suffer any inconveni- 
 ence. It is very probable, therefore, that in drinking non-filter ed 
 water containing these Crustaceans, Man and animals become 
 infested. 
 
 The Cyclops, by reason of its small size, may easily pass un- 
 perceived, and on arriving in the digestive canal, it would be 
 destroyed, and the Filarise set at liberty. 
 
 We are reduced to suppositions in following their development. 
 Fedchenko has failed in his attempts to infest young Dogs and a 
 Cat, by giving them milk and water containing Cyclops, in which 
 were the larvae of the Filaria. It may be admitted that the Worm 
 is at first a hermaphrodite, and only becomes exclusively female in 
 consequence of the extreme development of its uterus — full of 
 ova and embryos ; but it is very likely that the larvae arrive at 
 sexual maturity in the intestine of Man, the Dog, and the Horse, 
 and copulate there. Then the male dies and is evacuated with the 
 faeces, while the female passes through the intestinal wall, to find 
 lodgment in some congenial situation. In a period varying from 
 eight months to two years, it reaches its full growth, and makes 
 its appearance under the skin. 
 
 Treatment. — The sole object of treatment is the extraction of the 
 Filaria. With regard to Man, the method generally followed from 
 the earliest times consists in getting hold of the Worm, either by 
 incision or through the opening it makes, and rolling it gradually 
 
CUTANEOUS HELMINTHIASES 
 
 237 
 
 round a bit of wood, or on a roll of diachylon. If extraction cannot 
 be effected at once, without risk of breaking the Worm, then 
 several days may be necessary, the wood being attached to the part 
 by means of a bandage. Clarkson and Burke have in this way 
 operated on Horses that came under their notice. In India the 
 bruised leaves of the plant Amarpattee , or Radpana, are applied 
 as a specific. 
 
 But these methods are not always practicable with the Dog. 
 It is easier and more convenient to incise the skin for the entire 
 length of the swelling, and at once enucleate the coiled-up parasitic 
 mass. If the Worm happens to be extended in the form of a sub- 
 cutaneous knotted cord, it can be removed at different times by 
 repeated incisions. 
 
 Article IV. — Indigenous Cutaneous Filariasis of the Dog. 
 
 Rivolta has published an instance of herpetic disease in a Dog, due to the 
 embryos of a Filaria. This Dog had at the upper part of its neck, on one side 
 only, a moist ulcero-pustular patch, about 4 cm. in diameter, and of a dark-red 
 colour. The few hairs remaining were erect, and matted together by crusts. 
 Pressure caused a purulent matter, mixed with blood, to exude from this 
 surface ; this fluid, on microscopical examination, was found to contain the 
 embryos of Nematodes, the tail of which executed very energetic movements. 
 These embryos were also very numerous under the crusts and in the pustules. 
 The hairs had been partly detached from their follicles. 
 
 The embryos had an orbicular mouth ; the body was a little attenuated in 
 front and very tapering behind, where it formed an exceedingly slender tail. 
 They resembled those Ercolani found in the Horse, but were smaller. Rivolta 
 considered them, without plausible reason, to be the embryos of Filaria 
 Medinensis. This affection, which did not affect the general health of the 
 Dog, yielded to four or five applications of mercurial ointment. 
 
 Siedamgrotzky has also published a case of dermatosis in the Dog, caused 
 by Nematodes. The animal had, on the outer surface of all its legs, small 
 discrete pustules surrounded by a red circle, and also small red papules, 
 between which the hairs had been partly removed by rubbing. The pruritus 
 was intense. In the pus from each pustule were found one, two, or three 
 Nematodes, measuring *4 mm. to 7 mm. long and 10 fx to 25 /x maximum 
 breadth. The anterior end of the body was slightly attenuated ; the posterior 
 •extremity tapered into an acuminated tail, 50 fx to 80 fx long. The skin was 
 very delicately striated. The mouth was surrounded by six indistinct lips, 
 and was succeeded by a cylindrical oesophagus ; stomach muscular and 
 rounded ; intestine simple ; anus a little in front of the caudal point. The 
 absence of genital organs was evidence that these were embryos. 
 
 The Dog did not pass any worms, either before or after the administration 
 of the anthelmintic. In the dust of the kennel, parasites similar to the pre- 
 ceding, but smaller and dried up, were found, as well as some females, also 
 desiccated. The latter differed from the embryos in their dimensions — length 
 *8 mm. to 1 ’2 mm., maximum breadth 70 n — by their short acuminated tail, 
 by the presence of a vulva situated a little behind the middle of the body, and 
 about 15 oval eggs 37 fx long and 25 fx broad, containing undivided protoplasm. 
 
 By simple cleanliness, the affection disappeared in about three weeks. The 
 kennel was thoroughly cleansed and provided with new litter. 
 
 Siedamgrotzky, in classing these Worms with Anguillulce (Strongyloides) 
 cites the observations of Moller of Berlin, who met with the latter on the skin 
 .of different mangy Dogs, and on one occasion when there were no acari. 
 The skin was thickened, depilated, and the seat of an abundant desquama- 
 
238 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 tion. Moller could not assure himself whether the eruption was caused by 
 the Anguillulae or whether the worms were merely commensals living on the 
 pathological secretions of the skin. Observations analogous to the pre- 
 ceding have been published by Zurn, Schneider, Rosso, and Mazzanti. 
 
 Article V. — Verminous Foot-rot of Sheep. 
 
 Priimers has described a contagious disease which prevailed among Sheep 
 in the circles of Wetzlar, Coblentz, Simern, and Wissenheim, and which 
 several veterinary surgeons mistook for ‘ foot-rot * (piStin). According to 
 him, it differed from that affection in being seated on the plantar surface, 
 less frequently on the inner surface of the claws ; while foot-rot occupies the 
 interungual cleft and the coronet, and is accompanied by a serous discharge. 
 Besides, this ‘ contagious foot-rot ’ ( anstekende Klauenfaule) is manifested 
 by dark-brown spots, 2 mm. to 3 mm. in diameter at the commencement, but 
 in about ten or twelve days are the size of a 50-centime piece ; the superficial 
 horny layers are destroyed, and decomposition continues its perforating pro- 
 gress. It usually remains localized on the sole, but it sometimes extends to 
 the fleshy parts and produces ulcerations. 
 
 A microscopical examination of the diseased horn discovered Nematodes, 
 the mouth of which was horseshoe-shaped, and the caudal extremity was very 
 acute ; the males were smaller than the females. These details, however, 
 are too summary to allow the genus of this parasite to be determined. 
 
 This affection is more frequent with Sheep kept in sheepfolds. than on 
 pasture. It is contagious, probably by means of the fitter. Lambs two or 
 three days old may be attacked, when they remain with the ewes in the folds. 
 
 It has yet to be decided whether these Worms are merely commensals 
 attracted from the fitter by the horn already softened under the influence of 
 a pathological condition of different origin. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 DERMATOMYCOSES 
 
 The Dermatomy coses (from Seppa, skin ; /xux*??, fungus), Dermo- 
 phytes (from Sep/xa, skin, and <J>vtov, vegetable), or, better, Epi- 
 dermophytes , are more often designated by the name of Tineae. 
 They are due to inferior Fungi called Epiphytes , Ectophytes, or 
 Dermatophytes , which many mycologists group into one family — 
 the Trichophyta. 
 
 The Trichophyta are generally included in the order Hyphomy- 
 cetes or Mucedince — commonly known as moulds. These lower 
 fungi, consisting of simple filaments, are reproduced by means of 
 bud-like growths, called conidia, which are developed on the 
 filaments. Careful researches have, however, proved that certain 
 of the Mucedinae are only lower or conic! ian forms of more highly 
 organized fungi, and it is possible this may be the case with all the 
 Hyphomycetes. 
 
 In the case of the Dermatophytes a comparative study of the 
 genera which are typical of the family Gymnoascea (of the order 
 Ascomycetes) has caused Matruchot and Dassonville to include the 
 ectophytic fungi of animals in this family. It must be stated, 
 however, against this view that the formation of asci (character- 
 istic of the Ascomycetes) has only been observed in one species of 
 Dermatophyte — the Eidamella spinosa of the Dog. 
 
 The Ascomycetes are distinguished from the other orders of 
 fungi, first, by the possession of a segmented thallus or mycelium ; 
 second, by the formation of spores in the interior of a specialized 
 cell called an Ascus. 
 
 Of this order, the family Gymnoascea is characterized (i) by the 
 situation of the asci which are enclosed in a cavity (the perithecium) ; 
 (2) by the shape and structure of the perithecium, which is more 
 or less spherical and made up of entwined filaments, and never a 
 true membrane. 
 
 The Dermatophytes are reproduced by the vegetation of their 
 mycelium, and by spores. The characteristic mode of growth of 
 the thallus causes it to form circles more or less regular on the sur- 
 face of the skin, and sometimes crusts in the form of cups. 
 
 In the parasitic state a Dermatophyte is made up of the filaments 
 
 239 
 
240 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 of the mycelium, a series of tubes each limited by an amorphous 
 envelope and containing protoplasm, more or less granular. Some- 
 times the protoplasm is undivided and the whole of the tubes form 
 the vegetative part or thallus of the fungus ; the cells are much 
 longer than they are broad. In other cases the cells are as long as 
 they are broad, and represent the so-called mycelian spores. These 
 spores, separated from one another, become rounder, and in ger- 
 minating, contribute to the multiplication of the parasite. 
 
 In cultures spores are formed by lateral budding ; these are 
 more characteristic of the species, and are called Conidia. Conidia 
 are also sometimes found in the parasitic state. 
 
 But when the development of the parasite is followed, it is recog- 
 nised that the distinction between these elements depends upon the 
 phase in evolution at which they are observed. In fact, as F. Balzer 
 has said, ‘ All are derived from the spore ; in becoming elongated 
 and developed, it forms a tube or filament of mycelium , in the interior 
 of which the substance of the nucleus or protoplasm buds, sending 
 out lateral prolongations and segments in such a manner as to con- 
 stitute the sporiferous tube ; and when at last the segmentation of 
 the sheath takes place, in enclosing the segments of the central 
 substance, new spores are formed and evolved in their turn, in the 
 same manner. In fine, evolution begins and ends with the spore.’ 
 This is clearly indicated in the following illustration : 
 
 Fig. i i 3. — Diagram of the Vegetation of the Dermatophytes. — F. Balzer. 
 
 It should not be concluded, from what has been stated, that each 
 tube must undergo sporular segmentation throughout its whole 
 extent ; for this only occurs at the extremities, and many of the 
 tubes remain sterile and wither, whether or not their segmentation 
 has been commenced. 
 
 The discovery of the parasitic nature of Ringworm was made in 
 1839, when Schonlein observed that tinea favosa or favus of Man 
 was caused by a fungus — of which Gruby published a good descrip- 
 tion in 1841, and to which Leber te in 1845 gave the name Oidium 
 Schonleinii. Shortly afterwards Gruby discovered a Trichophyton 
 in mentagra (1842), then a Microsporum in ‘ la tondante rebelle ’ 
 
 (1843). 
 
 The Dermatomycoses of the domesticated animals have for a 
 long time been known under the common name of dartres. In 1852 
 the parasitic nature of the dartres of the Horse was first suspected 
 as a result of the occurrence of contagion to Man. The following 
 year Bazin demonstrated the existence of Trichophyton tonsurans 
 in ‘ la dartre tondante ’ of a Horse which had infected the gendarme 
 
DERMA TOM Y COSES 
 
 241 
 
 in charge of it. A few years later (1857) Gerlach published an 
 important work, in which he clearly showed the parasitic nature of 
 dartre of the Ox. About the same time Reynal read before the 
 Academie de Medicine of Paris a memoir containing evidance of 
 the transmission to Man of the dartres of the Horse and Ox, and 
 of the identity of these conditions with Herpes tonsurans of Man. 
 From that time the study of the Dermatomycoses became more 
 exact. Gradually the field became wider and the number of 
 parasitic species increased. Reaction, however, was not long in 
 coming. In 1850 Lowe sought to establish that all the vegetable 
 parasites which grow on man are identical, more especially the 
 Achorion of favus and the Trichophyton of Tinea tonsurans , and that 
 they are only lower forms of the same mould ( Aspergillus glaucus). 
 Hogg, in 1859, expressed the same opinion, and was supported by 
 Tilbury Fox and by Hebra. Hebra based his opinion on the 
 phenomena produced on the skin of Man by the application of 
 compresses covered with moulds. At the time Tulasne had dis- 
 covered the pleimorphism — or polymorphism — of certain Fungi ; 
 the observations of De Bary, Hoffmann, and Kuhn had confirmed 
 this fact, and it was natural that it should be sought to apply the 
 knowledge thus acquired to the Dermatophytes. Hallier was the 
 most ardent promoter of this generalization of the facts of poly- 
 morphism ; but the experiments invoked in support of his theory 
 have been considered by the most distinguished botanists as 
 stained with errors. 
 
 Later, and with momentary success, Grawitz held analogous 
 views, and considered the Fungi of Tinea tonsurans , favus, pity- 
 riasis versicolor , and thrush as identical with Oidium lactis. All 
 culture experiments, however, and especially those of Duclaux 
 (1886), have proved the impossibility of transforming any derma- 
 tophyte into Oidium lactis or reciprocally. The mistake of Grawitz, 
 which he acknowledged later, can be explained by the variations in 
 shape that the dermatophytes may undergo according to the 
 conditions of cultivation. Now, clinical experience and mycology 
 agree in denying any identity of action or nature between a 
 dermatophyte and a mould. 
 
 This does not mean that the parasitic life is absolutely necessary 
 to the dermatophytes. It is possible that some of them have a 
 saprophytic origin — that is, they may exist naturally , on vegetable 
 or inert matter, where they are developed and reproduced, and 
 that animals become contaminated by contact with such inert or 
 vegetable matter. This has been proved for internal mycoses such 
 as actinomycosis and aspergillosis, and there is no reason to con- 
 sider it impossible for the dermatomycoses. 
 
 With regard to the question of the specific autonomy of the 
 Dermatophytes, dermatologists, in the last ten or fifteen years, 
 have shown a tendency just the reverse of that caused at first by 
 the discovery of the parasitic Fungi of Ringworm. The application 
 of culture methods has led many experimenters to subdivide the 
 
242 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 old species, and to recognise nearly as many clinical varieties. These 
 efforts have chiefly been applied to Trichophyton and A chorion, and 
 they seem justified by the results of cultures. But many of the 
 new species have already been recognised as illegitimate, and it may 
 be that several of the others represent only varieties of the type 
 species, to which they may return after a sufficient series of cul- 
 tures. The formation of different pigments, on which current 
 classification is mainly based, does not appear to be sufficiently 
 settled to serve as a criterion, and we shall only retain here the 
 species whose legitimacy has not yet been seriously contested. 
 
 It should be noted, also, that certain genera, such as A chorion, 
 Microsporum , and Trichophyton , are connected by intermediate 
 forms which indicate their relationship. 
 
 The Dermatophytes of the domesticated animals belong to six 
 distinct genera — Trichophyton , Eidamella, Microsporum, A chorion, 
 Lophophyton and Oospora. The essential characteristics of these 
 genera are furnished by their cultures, but notwithstanding the 
 necessity of cultures for the scientific determination of a derma- 
 phytic Fungus, we shall limit our remarks to those characters of 
 the genera that may be traced by microscopic observation in situ, 
 in the lesions, in the parasitic life of the dermatophyte. 
 
 1 . Trichophyton (Malmsten, 1 848). — Mycelium, with simple or dichotomously 
 branching filaments, much segmented, and producing spores in their interior 
 (mycelial spores) ; diameter 4 to 9 /u,. 
 
 A special characteristic of the Trichophytons consists, according to Sabour- 
 aud, in the position of the Fungus with regard to the invaded hair. The 
 Tr. endothrix lives inside the hair ; the Tr. ectothrix lives outside the hair, 
 which it surrounds like a sheath ; and the Tr. endo-ectothrix develops both 
 inside and around the hair. The faviform Trichophytons of Bodin belong to 
 the third group. 
 
 The division of the Trichophytons of animals into endothrix and ectothrix 
 types does not appear to have any real value. The same Trichophyton 
 inoculated on animals of different species, on individuals of the same species, 
 and also at different places on the same individual may have, according to 
 the case, the appearance of an endothrix or an ectothrix. Besides, in well- 
 prepared sections of the lesions, very often we see that the hair is invaded 
 through and through by the parasite, even when an examination of hairs 
 pulled from the lesion appears to warrant the conclusion that the parasite 
 is of the ectothrix type (Dassonville). 
 
 2. Eidamella (Matruchot and Dassonville, 1901). — Mycelium much 
 branched, 1*5 /t in diameter, divided into short segments, and splitting into 
 sub-square or oval elements. Only one species, on the Dog. 
 
 3. Microsporum (Gruby, 1843). — Mycelium producing lateral branches 
 bearing conidia (conidian spores), from 2 to 3 n in diameter. 
 
 4. Lophophyton (Matruchot and Dassonville, 1899). — (Epidermophyton 
 Megnin, 1881 ; not E. Bazin, 1862 ; nor E. Lang, 1879). — Mycelium with 
 filaments, some tortuous with thin walls, usually sterile (without protoplasm) ; 
 others short, curved, with thick walls and granular protoplasm (mycelium of 
 conservation) ; no spores. Only one species, on the Fowl. 
 
 5. Achorion (Remak, 1845). — Mycelium, with straight or flexuous filaments, 
 from 2 to 3 jit in diameter, formed of cells from 12 to 15 n long, branch- 
 ing by dicho-, tricho-, or tetra-tomy, with a thick membrane, finally breaking 
 up into isolated polyhedral bodies (mycelian spores). 
 
 6. Oospora (Wallroth, 1833). — Mycelium with filaments from 2 to 3 /t 
 in diameter, intermingled with round or oval elements 5 to 6 /*. in diameter, 
 
DERMA TOM Y COSES 
 
 243 
 
 and arranged in long irregular chains. Affecting the Dog. (The parasite of 
 the Dog, 0 . canina, certainly does not belong to the Gymnoascea, nor does 
 any other species of Oospora.) 
 
 The Dermatophytes localize themselves on the epidermic tissue 
 and even penetrate into the hairs and between the cells of the epi- 
 dermis — separating them from .each other, decomposing them, 
 living on them ; and consequently determining by this action, and 
 the shedding of the hair, a more or less acute degree of irritation, 
 characterized by pruritus of varying intensity, redness of the naked 
 skin, and also, sometimes, exudation. 
 
 Subordinate to the growth of the Fungus, the tineae have usually 
 a chronic course ; but the prognosis they elicit is always favourable 
 in regard to animals, on which it is always easy to destroy, with 
 impunity, the parasite that occasions them. They are due solely 
 to contagion, and beyond age— for young animals appear to be 
 most liable to them — no general conditions are known that influence 
 their manifestation. 
 
 Contagion may be direct , produced by actual contact of the 
 animals ; or mediate by means of grooming tools, litter, etc., and it 
 is even possible that spores may be carried some distance in the 
 air. According to the nature of the Fungus, contagion takes place 
 more or less easily between animals of the same species, often 
 between those of different species, and even from animals to Man. 
 
 The diagnosis is based on the most apparent clinical symptoms ; 
 but however marked these may be, it is always useful, if not neces- 
 sary, to have recourse to a microscopical examination of the altered 
 epidermic products. This investigation should be made on the 
 most recent — the youngest or deepest part — of the crusts that 
 cover the circular patches of the disease, and on the hairs grown 
 at the periphery of these parts. » j 
 
 On scraping the skin with a spatula, or small curette with margins a little 
 sharp, epidermic pellicles and hairs are collected. The products that abun- 
 dantly cover the patches are very poor in parasitic elements, and it is advisable 
 to concentrate attention on the deeper parts in direct contact with the skin. 
 To examine the hairs easily, they should be removed from the periphery of 
 the patches by means of a pair of forceps. A direct examination can be made 
 at once, for it is sufficient to soften the crusts and scales in water. But it is 
 better to employ a 40 per cent, solution of caustic potash, and on warming 
 the preparation slowly nearly to boiling the alkaline solution breaks down 
 the epidermal cells and clears the preparation. The particle to be examined 
 is disassociated in itself by pressure on the cover glass, which reveals the 
 presence of the elements of the parasitic Fungus. In general, there is scarcely 
 any need to previously remove fatty matters by treating the substance with 
 ether or absolute alcohol. For durable preparations, there must be sub- 
 stituted for the alkaline solution in which the elements were first examined 
 glycerin, or, better, carbolized water, which has not the disadvantage of 
 rendering the preparation too transparent. Sabouraud does not advise the 
 use of aniline stains, as they produce opaque preparations, not easily 
 interpreted ; lactic blue has not this disadvantage, and may be used like the 
 potash, solution. A magnification of from 200 to 500 diameters is most 
 convenient. 
 
 By the naked eye or hand lens, there can often be seen at the base of the 
 hairs which have been pulled out, a whitish mass surrounding their root, 
 
 16 — 2 
 
244 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 which is formed of the parasitic elements. If the examination be 
 extended to the hairs that are much altered and broken, their ends will be 
 found split up and frayed like a brush. At times there are found here and 
 there, between the crusts and the skin, small, yellowish, earthy-looking 
 masses, readily broken up, which are nearly exclusively formed of the Fungus 
 in the state of spores, or more especially of filaments. But it is only by the 
 study of all the products of the morbid process, that a complete idea can be 
 derived as to the nature of the parasite. 
 
 Vitality of the Parasite. — Gerlach undertook some experiments 
 to * determine the duration of the germinative faculty of the spores. 
 Crusts were collected in autumn, kept in paper capsules in his 
 laboratory until the following spring, and experimented with at 
 intervals. Those which were more than three months old had lost 
 their potency when placed on an unprepared skin, but spores six 
 months old — inoculation being effected by scarification — still ger- 
 minated and produced perfectly developed ringworm. It was 
 noted that, the longer the incubation period, the thinner were the 
 crusts and more rapid the recovery. Spores more than six months 
 old were not experimented with.’ Siedamgrotzky has in vain tried 
 to transmit tinea tonsurans from the Horse to the Goat, by means 
 of crusts kept for five years and eight months. But he succeeded, 
 on the caprine species, with crusts from a Bull, which had been kept 
 eighteen months. Megnin says he has successfully inoculated a 
 Dog with crusts eighteen months old. In Duclaux’s cultures, the 
 Fungi which had been kept for two years would not germinate. 
 
 By a long series of experiments made with cultures of the Tri- 
 chophyton in Koch’s nutrient gelatin, Thin has obtained in- 
 teresting results. He has found that in about two years and a half 
 the spores seem to have lost all their aptitude to germinate, but he 
 has been able to grow those which were eleven months old. The 
 spores from trichophytic hairs were dead after being immersed 
 eight days in water, but survived two days’ steeping ; they also pre- 
 served their germinative power after being kept forty-eight hours 
 in olive-oil, lard, or vaseline. An hour’s contact with soft soap, 
 or a one per cent, solution of acetic acid, appeared to be sufficient 
 to kill them ; but a one per cent, solution of carbonate of soda was 
 less efficacious, germination taking place even after three days. 
 Sulphur ointments had a slow action upon them, and required 
 several hours to sterilize spores. Citrine ointment was a very active 
 destroyer, for after an hour’s contact with it spores could no longer 
 germinate ; on the other hand, croton-oil was absolutely ineffi- 
 cacious, as after eight hours’ immersion in it the Trichophyton 
 preserved its vitality. 
 
 Cultures. — The Dermatophytes usually grow well on media 
 with a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction and containing glucose. 
 Sabouraud recommends the following formula : 
 
 Pure glycerin, glucose, lactose, or better maltose - 4 grammes. 
 
 Granulated peptone - - - 1 ,, 
 
 Distilled water - - - - - 100 
 
 Gelose - - - - - 1.50 „ 
 
DERMA TOMY COSES 
 
 245 
 
 Agar, beer-must, potato, coagulated serum, peptonized bouillon, 
 gelatin, or agar peptone may be used, but liquid media are less 
 favourable than solid ones for differentiating the species. Growth 
 takes place even at 15 0 , is very active at 30°, but above 36° the 
 culture may be spoiled. 
 
 The cultures are grown in inclined tubes or in flat dishes. These 
 cultures in dishes at the ordinary temperature are often necessary 
 in order to observe closely certain conidian formations, since these 
 easily break up. Air must have free access to the cultures through 
 a cotton-wool plug, as the Fungi require much oxygen. 
 
 Article I. — Ringworm of the Horse and Ass. 
 
 Four species of Trichophyton and one of Microsporum have been 
 given as causing the various forms of ringworm in the Horse. To 
 these must be added the Verrucous Trichophyton of the Ass. The 
 various species are : 
 
 1. Microsporum Audouini (Gruby). — Mycelium forming in the hair an axial 
 bunch of parallel filaments, from 2 to 2*5 /j. in diameter, divided into fairly 
 long segments, and giving off thin branches at 
 
 right angles to the filament, directed towards 
 the surface, where they produce conidia 
 (conidian spores). These are rounded or 
 polyhedral by mutual pressure, smooth, shiny, 
 from 2 to 3 /t in diameter, and crowded 
 round the hair, which they ensheafh from its 
 root up to 3 mm. above the follicle, causing 
 it to become greyish and brittle. 
 
 M. Audouini var. equinum (Delacroix 
 and Bodin). — This variety represents the 
 form under which the species is met 
 with in the Horse. It is distinguished 
 from the type by its polymorphism in 
 cultures, in which it may take three 
 different forms. 
 
 2. Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Ch. Robin ; 
 
 Tr. depilans, Megnin). — Pyogenic Trichophyton 
 with white cultures (Sabouraud). The Myce- 
 lium breaks up into chaplets of spores 
 measuring 5 to 6 /x in diameter, but of 
 very unequal size, especially about the peri- 
 phery of the hair (from 2 to 3 /x up to 
 10 or 11 n). Endo-ectothrix. 
 
 3. Trichophyton flavum (Bodin). — Cultures yellow — friable — wormlike 
 (Sabouraud). The Mycelium breaks up into ovoid or irregular elements, 
 which average from 5 to 6 /x, some up to 1 1 /x. Endo-ectothrix. 
 
 4. Trichophyton equinum (Gedoelst). — The intrapilar mycelium separates 
 into oval spores from 4 to 6 ix by 2 to 4 /x broad. Around the hair 
 segmented branching mycelial filaments break up to some extent into spores. 
 Endo-ectothrix. • - 1 4 - 41 M -4 
 
 5. Trichophyton verrucosum (Bodin, var. equi). — Faviform trichophyton 
 with brown cultures, the growths irregular and prominent. Mycelium rapidly 
 breaking up into spherical spores with a double outline. Endo-ectothrix. 
 
 Fig. 114.- 
 Horse ; 
 meters. 
 
 ■Trichophyton of the 
 magnified 500 dia- 
 
246 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 6. Trichophyton verrucosum (Bodin, var. asini). Faviform trichophyton 
 -with grey cultures. Mycelium breaking up into regular chainlets of round 
 elements. Ectothrix. 
 
 Symptoms. — In the Horse it is 
 necessary to distinguish two differ- 
 ent kinds of Ringworm — Micro- 
 sporosis and the Trichophytoses. 
 
 1. Microsporosis. — This affection 
 corresponds to the disease known 
 under the name of ‘ Contagious 
 Herpes of Foals,’ and it almost 
 exclusively attacks young Horses. 
 It appears in patches which are 
 more especially seated on the upper 
 part of the body — on the shoulders, 
 back, loins, croup, sides, and flanks 
 
 — where, in fact, the grooming 
 instruments most readily carry the 
 parasites, in the dissemination of 
 which they are the most active 
 agents. These patches may, how- 
 ever, be met with on any part of 
 the body, though they are rare on 
 the lower parts of the legs. 
 
 However much care may be taken 
 
 — even in experiments closely 
 watched from the evolution of the 
 malady — the abundance of hair and 
 the pigmentation of the skin are 
 most frequently opposed in an 
 absolute manner to observation of 
 the primary phenomena of the 
 eruption. What are first noticed are 
 the circular patches, the diameter 
 of which is generally about that of 
 a shilling ; they are distinguished 
 from the healthy skin by the dulness 
 and erectness of the hairs covering 
 them. Some time before the circular 
 patches appear, a very small tuft 
 of hairs — probably from half a 
 dozen to a dozen — may be seen 
 slightly but markedly raised in the 
 form of a fine pencil, and feeling as 
 if they had a somewhat hard base, 
 or were matted together at the 
 bottom, when the finger is passed 
 
 over them These tufts may be several in number, and are 
 usually best seen on the hind quarters at the very commencement 
 
 Fig. 1 1 5. — Horse’s tail invaded 
 by the Trichophyton ; magnified 
 350 diameters. 
 
 a, mass of exterior spores ; s, 
 split summit of the hair ; c, cells 
 of the epidermis of the hair. 
 
DERMA TOM Y COSES 
 
 247 
 
 of the disease, or in the vicinity of the patches, of which they are 
 the initial symptom. 
 
 The hairs fall off in a few days, and this is often the first symptom 
 that attracts attention. Megnin remarks that this phenomenon 
 is precipitated by grooming, and that, as the hairs at the periphery 
 are the first to fall, this is the cause of the formation of rings in tinea 
 tonsurans — an aspect that must not be confounded with the herpes 
 circinatus of Man, which is due to another phenomenon. But this 
 feature soon passes away, and it is not long before the whole surface 
 of the patch is depilated ; and if the malady extends, the coat of 
 the animal acquires, through these nummulary spots, a quite 
 peculiar appearance The hairs do not fall by avulsion, but by 
 breaking across, almost on the surface of the skin, and it is readily 
 noticed that the broken end is irregular, and as if frayed, like a 
 brush. 
 
 The epidermis of the patch falls off at the same time as the hairs ; 
 it appears to be softened, and the surface of the skin has then a 
 dark-grey tint and is slightly moist, which might be attributed to 
 the rupture of vesicles, though their presence has never been demon- 
 strated. It cannot, therefore, be said, as Railliet remarks, that the 
 disease presents itself in the form of herpes , as what is so called in 
 human pathology includes a phase marked by the appearance of 
 vesicles. 
 
 The humidity of the patch is ephemeral. Its surface generally 
 soon dries, and is covered with epidermic scales of varying thick- 
 ness, which are agglutinated into flat crusts that are shed and 
 renewed incessantly These crusts have — more frequently than 
 in the Ox — a shining appearance and a grey or yellowish colour 
 like flax. At the same time, the lesion progresses by peripheral 
 extension until it attains the diameter of a five-shilling piece or 
 more, and on each zone invaded, the following successive symptoms 
 are observed. On gaining these dimensions, the patch ceases to 
 extend and the crusts to form, and there remains a dry, glabrous, 
 harsh surface of a greyish slate colour, throwing off some fur- 
 furaceous scales, from which the hairs grow slowly, and are of a 
 darker colour than the other hairs, except in light-grey horses. 
 
 This is only a local recovery, as patches are formed more or less 
 near the preceding, to run through the same phases ; and it is 
 possible that confluent patches may unite to constitute a vast 
 ringworm surface, the cure of which is more difficult to effect 
 (RaiJliet). 
 
 We have remarked on the extreme abundance of the Fungus, in 
 powder and crusts collected by Couzin on a mule from Gaudeloupe, 
 the skin of which — and especially that of the legs — was almost 
 completely hairless. The commencement of this kind of alopecia 
 did not date for more than two months. 
 
 Fleming has met with a circinated variety, which might be 
 allied to the circinated trichophyton of Man, by its form and mode 
 of growth ; it being simply due to the cure of the central portion 
 
248 TEE A TISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 of the, patch while the disease extended at the periphery. The 
 lesion thus appeared as a more or less complete ring. 
 
 Pruritus is nearly absent in Microsporosis, and is scarcely even 
 shown to exist, except by movements indicating satisfaction on 
 the part of the animal when the patches are gently scratched. 
 
 A variety of Tinea quite different from the preceding in its 
 clinical characters has been observed by Le Calve and Malherbe. 
 From it they obtained a parasite which Bodin has recognised as 
 specifically identical with the Microsporon of the Herpes of Foals, 
 but differing from it by the property of giving directly in cultures 
 the form Oospora. 
 
 This form of Microsporosis was manifested by hairless patches, 
 which during several years had made their reappearance in the 
 spring and readily disappeared in the interval under the influence 
 of simple treatment. The patches were numerous, round, with a 
 well-defined contour, regular, measuring 7 to 20 mm. in diameter, 
 glabrous, without epidermal proliferation and not pruriginous. 
 They were found all over the body, but especially on the limbs. 
 On some parts the surface was covered by slightly adherent greyish, 
 crusts carrying broken hairs. On the patches the hairs were 
 broken away close to the skin, whilst at the margin they were 
 whole, but tapered and twisted or bent, and still rather adherent. 
 Along the hairs, and particularly on the fragments, were yellowish 
 masses which, under the microscope, proved to be spores of Micro- 
 sporon. They were still more distinct on the scales. 
 
 2. Trichophytoses. A. — Trichophyton flavum. — The lesions consist 
 of large patches, at least 8 to 10 cm. broad, of a more or less regular 
 forn\ greyish, and quite smooth. The hairs, raised and matted at 
 their base by a greyish yellow crust, fall away very rapidly with 
 the crust. The naked surface is not prominent, and shows no trace 
 of suppurative folliculitis (Bodin). 
 
 B. Trichophyton equinum occurs usually in numerous patches, 
 some isolated, scattered over the croup and shoulders, and attaining 
 at the most 3 cm. in diameter ; others confluent, generally crowded 
 on the back, and from 4 to 5 cm. in diameter. At first they can be 
 detected only by touch, but later they become visible by the flatten- 
 ing of the hair. The least traction or slight friction carries off a 
 scaly crust which brings away the diseased hairs. The skin then 
 appears smooth, moist, pinkish, or light grey. Very soon the patch 
 becomes dry, scaly, or powdery, and its base a slaty grey. The 
 lesions spread by the falling out of the marginal hairs (Matruchot 
 and Dassonville). 
 
 C. Trichophyton verrucosum , var. equi , occurs in numerous patches 
 which average 5 to 6 cm. in diameter, and are localized on the 
 shoulders, neck, withers, flanks, in fact, everywhere where the 
 harness touches. By their confluence these patches may produce 
 large, irregular lesions. At first the hairs are raised, not broken, 
 and are matted together at the base by a soft grey crust. This 
 crust falls off in less than a week, carrying away the hairs, and 
 
DERMA TO MY COSES 
 
 249 
 
 leaving an absolutely bald, grey surface covered more or less with 
 dry, greyish scales, and without follicular suppuration. In young 
 Horses, however, the shedding of the crust leaves a vesicle or pus- 
 tule, then the surface of the patch is slightly raised, red and in- 
 durated (Bodin). 
 
 D. Trichophyton verrucosum , var. asini . — The lesions are the same 
 as in the preceding Trichophytosis of the Horse, but are generally 
 confined to the neck, head and ears (Bodin). 
 
 E. Trichophyton mentagrophytes . — This Trichophytosis occurs 
 usually on the nostrils or head. It forms patches up to 5 or 6 cm. 
 in diameter, which may be mistaken for pustules of horse-pox 
 undergoing regression. Over the whole of these patches the 
 hairs are matted together at their base by a soft, brownish crust of 
 unequal thickness. Slight traction on the hair brings away the 
 crust, exposing a bare, slightly raised surface, which is red, in- 
 flamed, and pitted with small depressions, grey at their base. 
 These result from the opening of fine pustules, of which some may 
 be found at the margin of the patch. The hairs are not broken, 
 but shed, and the condition is, in fact, a suppurating folliculitis. 
 
 The course of the disease is rapid, and four to five weeks are 
 generally sufficient for its cure. This is the form mentioned by 
 Megnin. It has been studied by Viseux, by Delamotte and Bogenez 
 and by Everard. It may, in certain cases, be developed with 
 remarkable rapidity. A Horse which appeared to have nothing 
 amiss with it at night, was found next day to have five hundred 
 patches on its body (Everard). Megnin has reported a contagious 
 dermatosis met with by Weber, which consisted of papules about a 
 centimetre in diameter, covered by a crust that was easily detached 
 by scratching it, leaving a dark-grey denuded surface, somewhat 
 granulating, which at a distance looked like the cicatrix of a 
 small-pox pustule. 
 
 Course, Duration, Termination, Prognosis. — In general, the 
 affected patch is limited by a maximum of diameter which it only 
 exceptionally exceeds. When it attains this maximum it spon- 
 taneously disappears, the fungus having expended its local activity. 
 But the animal is not cured, as the various rubbings have carried 
 the spores to other points, where they form patches that run the 
 same course. If these are near each other they may join, and it 
 is this junction which constitutes the large diseased surfaces that 
 are sometimes seen. Nevertheless, this extension of the disease 
 is not indefinite. It gradually diminishes, and the malady may in 
 the end vanish without medical interference. 
 
 The average duration of Ringworm is from forty to fifty 
 days ; though circumstances which favour the appearance of the 
 malady may also prolong its existence, and this is the reason why 
 it is more tenacious in young animals. Absence of cleanliness is 
 also more efficacious in this direction, as it facilitates the multipli- 
 cation of ringworm patches ; and indefinitely prolongs the duration 
 of the affection. Recovery takes place sooner in animals which 
 
250 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 have a fine coat or are clipped, and are well fed and cleaned, than 
 on those which have a long thick coat, and which are also badly 
 attended to. Shedding the coat expedites recovery, and this 
 explains the influence of spring-time on animals at pasture. 
 
 It is scarcely probable that ‘ issues ’ have the salutary effect on 
 this affection that Reynal attributed to them, as he did also to 
 ‘ strangles ’ ; though with regard to the latter it is not so improbable, 
 but it needs verification. In any case, the malady is generally 
 easily cured, and in this respect it is very different from the tinea 
 tonsurans of Man. 
 
 When recovery has been effected, the hair grows again, and at 
 once the diseased patches can be distinguished from those which are 
 cured, and which have no crusts or scales, nor broken, brush-like 
 hairs. Afterwards, and for some time, the formerly affected parts 
 can be recognised in the coat, by the hairs covering them being 
 very fine and darker in colour. 
 
 The Tineae of the Horse are benign affections which do not 
 disturb the general health, nor resist curative measures ; indeed, 
 they may disappear of themselves. The general symptoms which 
 several authors have described, were only a coincidence, and 
 belonged to an antecedent pathological state — languor, inappetence, 
 debility, and marasmus — that prepared the soil for the evolution 
 of the parasite. 
 
 The contagious properties of Ringworm are its most serious 
 feature. It may extend to all the animals on a farm, in a stable, 
 or in a regiment, and — what is very important, because of the more 
 malignant character it assumes — also to the people who attend to 
 these ; this circumstance renders prompt treatment necessary. 
 
 Diagnosis. — The various tinese of the horse are very difficult if 
 not impossible to distinguish from one another by a clinical exami- 
 nation. The form due to Trichophyton mentagrophyt&s is easily 
 recognised by the symptoms of follicular suppuration which it 
 causes. For the rest they all produce bare circular patches from 
 which the hairs have fallen along with the crusts which hold them 
 together at their base, and diagnosis of the parasite can only be 
 established by means of cultures entrusted to a competent 
 mycologist. .Still it is possible that later studies may destroy the 
 autonomy of several species of the Trichophytons of the Horse. 
 
 The parasitic nature of tinea tonsurans should always differentiate 
 it, after a microscopical examination, from all other cutaneous 
 affections exhibiting clinical signs that might at first sight cause a 
 mistake to be made. Besides, the circular form of the patches and 
 the appearance of their surface, and especially that of the hairs, as 
 well as the contagious properties of the malady and the other points 
 insisted on above, should prevent any error being committed. 
 
 Megnin has described a circinated psoriasis in the Horse, of a 
 herpetic nature, which might be mistaken for tinea tonsurans. But 
 it is distinguished by the absence of any parasite, by the hairs not 
 being altered — they being shed entire — and by the resistance of 
 
DERMA TOM Y COSES 
 
 251 
 
 this affection to all anti-parasitic treatment, but quickly yielding 
 to the internal administration of iodide of potassium. 
 
 The strangles herpes , which is accompanied by a viscid secretion 
 that agglutinates the hairs on round or oval surfaces, in three or 
 four days brings about the depilation of these, though they are not 
 long before they are re-covered by fine and abundant hairs. This 
 entirely different course, with the absence of the parasite, constitutes 
 a sufficient criterion. 
 
 Etiology. — The efficient cause of Ringworm is the parasite, from 
 which it is inseparable, though certain conditions favour its develop- 
 ment and transmission. 
 
 Predisposing Causes. — This malady, as with so many others, 
 was attributed to various debilitating causes before its true nature 
 was discovered. It was imagined that weakly, worn-out animals 
 were more liable to it than others ; but it can now be only admitted 
 that, at the most, they afford a more favourable medium for the 
 parasite. The influence of uncleanliness and want of attention is 
 better defined. Animals badly cleaned and attended to are most 
 frequently attacked, and it is usually to negligence that must be 
 attributed the greater frequency of the affection in certain countries. 
 Early age is a predisposing factor. Foals still sucking are not 
 exempt, and young Horses collected for army purposes are specially 
 liable. (Normandy has a reputation for sending many horses with 
 Ringworm to the French remount depots.) Ringworm in Horses is 
 rare in Australia, although the reverse is true for Cattle (Fleming). 
 Ringworm appears sometimes as an epizootic ; in 1840 it was seen 
 on several hundred Horses in the Borne Valley in Savoy. Cavalry 
 regiments sometimes show similar examples. 
 
 Contagion. — I. From Horse to Horse . — The first example of this 
 method of infection appears to have been observed by Bouley the 
 younger, in 1852. The case was that of a young Horse belonging 
 to the gendarmerie, which arrived at the remount depot at Caen 
 with a tonsurans patch on its body, and communicated its cutaneous 
 affection first to its neighbour, then successively to seven Horses 
 in the same stable. Two of these, sent to the Alfort Veterinary 
 School, conveyed the malady to other two Horses, their neighbours. 
 The agents in this contagion were the curry-combs, brushes, wisps, 
 and clothing which had been used on the affected animals. This 
 mode of contagion is often witnessed in regiments. It may also 
 take place by means of the working harness, and especially by the 
 saddle. Megnin, in 1882, published an instance in which the part 
 played by the saddle was remarkable. About two hundred horses 
 of his regiment had been successively affected with tinea, and in 
 the first cases the patches occupied the seat of the saddle on the left 
 side of the back. This was owing to the lesion on the first Horse 
 attacked being located there, and the saddle having been suc- 
 cessively worn on several other Horses, so that each of these had 
 the spores of the Trichophyton sown on their skins at the same 
 point. We possess other instances of similar epizootics observed in 
 
252 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 regiments of cavalry. Lastly, the clippers, scissors, and grooming 
 tools may be important factors in spreading the disease. 
 
 II. From other Animals to the Horse , and Inversely. — Gerlach 
 succeeded in transmitting tinea from the Ox to the Horse. ‘ In 
 about eight or ten days the traces of the contagion were undoubted, 
 and a circular patch, with sharp outline, was established in the 
 course of the third week ; but towards the fourth or fifth week it 
 had disappeared, leaving behind it a smooth, denuded surface. 
 The crust was not so thick as in the bovine animal, and only con- 
 tained a few Fungi between the scales ; the hairs did not break. 
 In 1878, Megnin also obtained transmission of tinea from a calf to 
 a Horse. 
 
 In 1852 Reynal experimentally transmitted tinea tonsurans from 
 the Horse to two calves , in cleaning them by means of the curry- 
 combs, brushes, and wisps used on the two Horses already men- 
 tioned ; and Nettleship has remarked on analogous instances. 
 
 Siedamgrotzky has successfully inoculated the tinea of the Horse 
 cn a Dog , two Sheep , and two Pigs. 
 
 The ease with which one is able to transmit Ringworm from the 
 Horse to the Ox, and reciprocally, is due to the fact that one of the 
 most frequent dermatophytes of the Horse — Trichophyton menta- 
 grophytes • — is also the common form in the Ox. The Microsporum 
 of the Horse is easily inoculated on the Guinea-pig (Bodin), and on 
 the Dog (Le Calve and Malherbe). It is, besides, met with in one 
 of the tinese of the carnivora. 
 
 III. Frcm the Horse to Man. — Ziirn states that transmission of 
 the malady from the Horse to Man was first, and on several occasions, 
 observed by Papa in 1848, during an epizooty of tinea tonsurans 
 that prevailed among Horses in the valley of Borne, Savoy. But 
 the first detailed observation dates no further back than 1852 ; it is 
 due to Bouley the younger and Reynal, and the occasion was that 
 already mentioned. The gendarmes who groomed the Horses 
 alluded to contracted the disease with which they were affected, 
 and one of these men communicated it to his wife and daughter. 
 The two Horses sent to Alfort also infected a student and the man 
 who looked after them. Bazin recognised in the malady the animal 
 origin of herpes circinatus. Some years afterwards, Galligo pub- 
 lished the case of a ccachman who contracted the disease from his 
 Horse. 
 
 These facts remained for a long time isolated. But frcm 1871 
 they became multiplied. In that year Tilbury Fox communicated 
 to the Clinical Society of London a case of transmission of herpes 
 circinatus or ‘ ringworm * from a pony to seven people. Then 
 G. Fleming, T. Fox, and Horand made known new instances. In 
 1876, Dr. Dieu published an account of an epidemic of herpes 
 circinatus, communicated frcm the Horse to Man in his regiment ; 
 in eight months, twenty-two soldiers were' successively contami- 
 nated by young Horses which had recently arrived from the remount 
 depot at Caen. Larger saw about one-fifth of the effective men in 
 
DERMA TO MY COSES 
 
 253 
 
 a regiment of dragoons attacked by herpes circinatus of equine 
 origin. Similar facts are indicated by Megnin, Aureggio, and 
 Touve, Gerlier, and Longuet, who has given an excellent tableau 
 of this question. 
 
 The infection of Man, however, is exceptional, when the frequency 
 of tinea tonsurans in the Horse is considered, as there is scarcely a 
 regiment in which it is not present always, on some young Horses. 
 
 Grooming is the usual means by which the disease is conveyed, 
 and it is to this that nearly all the cases of transmission are 
 attributed. Sometimes it is the horse-clothing, borrowed from 
 the Horses by the men, that conveys the Fungus (Megnin). The 
 trichophytic epidemic at Ferney-Voltaire, described by Gerlier, 
 began among the children of a horse-clipper, who had cut their 
 hair with his clipping-machine. 
 
 The rubbings that accompany grooming facilitate inoculation. The 
 principal seat of the eruption is the fore-arm and the wrist — that is, the two 
 parts of the arm usually uncovered during this operation. In Megnin’ s 
 report, it was on the face and neck that the eruption appeared on the men 
 who had made use of the rugs worn by Horses affected with trichophytosis. 
 The period of incubation varied from five to ten days. 
 
 Trichophytosis here attacks by preference the smooth parts, and presents 
 itself — as in that of bovine origin — in the form of tinea circinatus, which is 
 also remarkable for the particular intensity of the symptoms. Often, in fact, it 
 is quite equal in this respect to the disease conveyed from the Ox. Gerlier 
 has, however, established distinct differential characteristics between the 
 human trichophytosis of bovine origin, and that derived from equines, which 
 he was able to study comparatively — the first being very frequent in the 
 valley of Gex, where he practised. The Trichophyton of the Cow causes a 
 true, inflammatory sycosis, passing into a furuncle, and even to a carbuncle ; 
 a spontaneous recovery is frequent, but it is followed by a cicatrix ; and this 
 parasite appears to be incapable of producing trichophytosis of the scalp. It 
 is the opposite with the Trichophyton of the Horse, which has a greater 
 tendency to acclimatize itself on Man, is more epidermic, and more intractable 
 to treatment. 
 
 These facts preceded the discovery of the plurality of the 
 Dermatophytes of the Horse. We now know that the various 
 species are not equally contagious to man, and that they produce 
 very different lesions. The Microspormn of the Horse causes, on 
 the smooth skin, small transient erythematous lesions resembling 
 circinate trichophytosis at its acme, and disappearing spontaneously 
 or under very simple treatment (Bodin). A lesion of a peladoid 
 type of the scalp in children has, however, been referred to this 
 equine parasite (Bosellini). 
 
 In an epidemic of Ringworm due to the Trichophyton equinum 
 several men in charge of the Horses showed lesions in the form of 
 patches chiefly on the neck. Experimental inoculation produced a 
 similar patch on a man’s arm (Matruchot and Dassonville). As in 
 the Horse, the Tr. mentagrophytes produces in man an expulsive 
 suppurating folliculitis. On the smooth skin it is an agminated 
 folliculitis, on the chin a sycosis, and on the scalp a Kerion of 
 Celsus. These affections readily yield to treatment. 
 
 Trichophyton flavum is very contagious to Man, producing lesions 
 
254 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 analagous to those it causes in the Horse ; it is a simple dermatitis, 
 in more or less extensive patches slightly moist, and not intractable 
 (Sabouraud). 
 
 Trichophyton verrucosum, var. equi, also very contagious to Man, 
 induces expulsive follicular suppuration which occupies a surface 
 raised like a cupola (Bodin). 
 
 Trichophyton verrucosum . var. asini, is also capable of affecting 
 Man. The follicular suppuration which it causes is not manifested 
 by raised patches as in Kerion, but as red, scarcely salient surfaces 
 with some whitish vesico-pustules. W. Williams has recorded the 
 transmission of Tinea favosa to three Horses and twenty cattle in 
 the same stable from affected Cats which were accustomed to sit on 
 the animals’ backs. This was doubtless trichophytosis of the Cat 
 caused by Trichophyton felineum. 
 
 Treatment. — The prophylaxis of Ringworm consists in attending 
 to the cleanliness of the animals, and in careful and regular grooming. 
 It requires the disinfection of stables inhabited by affected Horses, • 
 of grooming tools and harness, if these are likely to be employed on 
 others. 
 
 With regard to curative treatment, should the malady be very 
 limited, its extension is to be prevented by keeping the currycomb, 
 brush, and wisp off the diseased patches, as these articles carry the 
 spores to other parts of the body. Megnin reports having radically 
 cured many young Horses, by merely having the crust gently 
 scraped off entire, along with the broken hairs, these being 
 immediately burned. 
 
 In some cases it is advisable to resort to general clipping, as a 
 preliminary to treatment ; and it may be again suggested that all 
 grooming should be done out-of-doors. 
 
 With regard to the medicaments to be employed, nearly all give 
 favourable results, the growth of the parasite on the domesticated 
 animals being readily disturbed or suspended by medicamentous 
 applications. The simplest are to be preferred, and those which 
 cause much irritation are to be avoided as they may leave durable, 
 if not indelible, traces on the skin. Tabourin has given a fastidious 
 enumeration of a very large number of agents that may be used for 
 Ringworm on animals. The most popular remedies are : a solution 
 of corrosive sublimate, i to 500, and slightly alcoholized ; carbolized 
 glycerin, tincture of balsam of Peru ; pure alcohol ; petroleum ; 
 cade-oil ; white precipitate ointment ; red precipitate ; segyptiac ; 
 an ointment composed of carbolic acid 1 part, and lard and soft 
 soap, of each 20 parts ; Helmerich’s pomade ; and tincture of iodine. 
 
 Pure soft soap, applied as an ointment, is, according to Thin’s 
 experiments, to be recommended. 
 
 The applications are to be repeated once or twice a day, or every 
 second day, the frequency depending upon the agent selected, and 
 its local irritant action. Fleming found one application of a liniment 
 composed of one part Stockholm tar, and two parts common oil, a 
 cheap and effective remedy for ringworm on Horses. 
 
DERMA TOM Y COSES 
 
 255 
 
 Fourie and Le Calve recommend Cutler’s prescription which 
 consists of pure carbolic acid, tincture of iodine, and chloral hydrate 
 in equal parts. The hair is clipped, the affected part washed with 
 soap and water, and then painted with the preparation. A cure is 
 obtained when the surface of the patch is covered by a new growth 
 of fine, close-set hairs. 
 
 Article II. — Ringworm of the Ox. 
 
 The Tinea of the Ox has long been known, at least in its clinical aspect, if 
 not more exactly. The peasantry of Auvergne name it cinders or inderes 
 (Grognier), those of Limousin anders or endai (Lemaistre), those of Poitou 
 anderses (Gelle), and those of the South of France teigne (Carrere), brillants 
 (Rigal), or sous-brillants (Houles). 
 
 Its parasitic nature was proved in 1857 by Gerlach and by 
 Reynal. It is always a Trichophytosis, and the common form 
 is due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Ch. Robin ; see p. 245). 
 
 On two calves affected with Tinea tonsurans of a distinctly Tricho- 
 phytic character Bodin found an endo-ectothrix Trichophyton, with 
 large irregular spores forming flexuous chaplets, which, by cultures, 
 came nearer the favus group than that of Trichophytosis. It is a 
 variety of Trichophyton verrucosum analogous to those of the Horse 
 and Ass, and produces a ‘ favus withTrichophytoid lesions ’ (Bodin). 
 
 Galli-Vabrio has connected with Trichophyton Sabouraudi (R. 
 Blanchard), which is responsible for 30 per cent, of the cases of 
 ‘ tondante ’ in children, an endothrix Trichophyton which he found 
 on a Calf attacked by tinea with dry white lesions. 
 
 It is not impossible that these three parasitic forms may yet be 
 found to belong to one and the same species. 
 
 Symptoms. — In the Bovine species, in which the disease appears 
 more frequently than in any other, it is rarely disseminated over 
 the whole surface of the skin, but prefers locating itself on the lips 
 of Calves, on the head, neck, upper parts of the body, and altogether 
 exceptionally on the inferior regions of the limbs. 
 
 The commencement is manifested by a slightly salient ring, on 
 the surface of which the hairs are erect. An active proliferation of 
 the epidermis causes the rapid formation of scales more or less 
 adherent to each other, and crusts of 2 mm. to 7 mm. thick 
 — hence the name dartre crouteuse given to the affection by the 
 older (French) veterinarians. According to Gerlach, the crusts 
 are thicker on dark skins, on which they have a greyish-white, 
 fibrous appearance, resembling the amianthus ( porrigo asbestinea) ; 
 on white skins, which are usually finer, the crust is thinner and a 
 little yellow in colour. 
 
 The lesion progresses by a regular centrifugal radiation ; other 
 patches form, those which are nearest to each other becoming fused 
 into a larger one, and their diameter varies in this way from the size 
 of a florin to that of a five- shilling piece. Gerlach states that they 
 may even be as large as a plate. The dark hairs break off at the 
 
256 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 surface of the crust, and the patches then become more apparent ; 
 but the white hairs rarely do so, for a certain number of them always 
 persist, and they surmount the crust in such a manner that white 
 skins never appear to be tonsured. 
 
 At the commencement the crust is very adherent to the skin, and 
 if torn off, the derma appears tumefied and bleeding. Gradually 
 it is detached from its centre, while the peripheral portion, which 
 is more recent, is still fixed. There is then found beneath the crust 
 a thin layer of pus, which, when removed, shows the derma still 
 inflamed, and marked by numerous little openings left by the torn- 
 out hairs. The pus raises the crust that covers it, gradually dries 
 in superposed layers — which may or may not be adherent to the 
 parasitic production — and constitutes a new crust that remains 
 after the first one has fallen off, and, contrary to what is the case 
 with that one, this no longer exhibits, especially in its deeper 
 la3?ers, the cryptogamic elements. 
 
 This second crust dries in its turn, and falls off in the form of 
 scurf or scales ( dartre furfuracee), leaving a glabrous surface on 
 which the hair grows in a regular manner immediately, or after 
 a brief epidermic desquamation. 
 
 The malady is accompanied by a certain amount of pruritus, 
 which is more pronounced at the beginning and end than in the 
 intermediate period ; but it is far from having the same acuteness 
 as in scabies. 
 
 The Ringworm may disappear spontaneously after a certain 
 time, varying from six weeks to three months, but in Calves (the 
 animals not being groomed at all) it is more intractable than in 
 adult animals. If it extends over a large part of the body the 
 Calves may lose condition, and the cases recorded by Macorps 
 prove that when there is extreme pruritus it hinders fattening. 
 
 What has been said with regard to the course and prognosis 
 of Ringworm in the Horse applies to that of the Ox. 
 
 Etiology. — The information, already given regarding the etiology 
 of ringworm in the Horse is fundamentally true of the same disease 
 in the Ox. Evidently want of cleanliness, so favourable to con- 
 tagion, alone permitted, in 1871, the spread of Ringworm among 
 the Calves collected at Lyons in anticipation of a siege. 
 
 The coincidence of the malady with certain seasons, which has 
 been on several occasions alluded to, may be explained in the 
 same way. Thus, Fleming has observed that after having per- 
 sisted during the winter among Cows, it has disappeared in the 
 spring ; but this was because in winter the animals were kept in 
 dark and dirty stables, in which the parasite could thrive indefinitely, 
 while in the spring-time they were turned out to pasture, and con- 
 sequently placed in conditions opposed to contagion. 
 
 Spinola attributed to light some influence on the evolution of 
 the trichophytic patches. It appeared to him that, in the stable, 
 they developed on those parts of the body which received the direct 
 action of the light, and that they were quickly cured when these 
 
DERMA TO MY COSES 
 
 257 
 
 parts were removed from it, but reappeared on another region exposed 
 to it. Gerlach, however, formally contested this statement : ‘ Either 
 chance has intervened,’ he said, ‘ or the exanthem has not been tinea.’ 
 
 It has already been stated that Calves are much more likely to 
 contract trichophytosis than adult animals. Ringworm affecting 
 the Ox appears to have been observed in every country, but it is 
 most frequent in certain great breeding countries — as in Normandy, 
 La Vendee, Brittany, Holland, Oldenburg, Bavaria — principally 
 in Franconia, England, and Switzerland. It is common also in 
 Australia (G. Fleming). It takes sometimes an epizootic form. 
 Thus, in the neighbourhood of Adelfingen, and especially in the 
 Commune of Dorlikon — Canton of Zurich — Fehr, in 1838, reported 
 an epizooty of trichophytosis that prevailed for four years, and was 
 communicated to a number of people ; indeed, the majority of the 
 inhabitants of Dorolikon were attacked. But according to the 
 details given by him, it is more probable — as Gerlach suggested — 
 that it was sarcoptic scabies. 
 
 In the space of three months Macorps saw ringworm spread to 
 more than 100 cattle in the Canton of Huy (Belgium), and Gigard 
 has witnessed a similar occurrence in the neighbourhood of Lyons, 
 while Pflug mentions that in certain stables the malady reigns per- 
 manently. It is the same on certain pastures. 
 
 Contagion. — I. From Ox to Ox. — Long ago the older veterin- 
 arians — Chabert, Grognier, Carrere, etc. — had observed the 
 contagion of dartres from one animal to another of the bovine 
 species. ‘ The virus dartreux ,’ says Carrere, * may be preserved 
 for a long time in parts of stables where Calves affected with the 
 disease have been, if the precaution is not taken of burning the 
 articles which have served to tie them up, and cleaning the different 
 objects against which they may have rubbed.’ This observation 
 has been many times confirmed, and Pflug cites an instance in 
 which a Calf, the subject of tinea tonsurans, transmitted the disease 
 — mediately — to all those which were put in the place it had 
 occupied. But it is to Gerlach that we owe precise and definite 
 information on this point, derived, as it was, from experiments 
 as numerous as they were varied. ‘In all these experiments, the 
 crusts taken from diseased animals were divided by the fingers and 
 deposited, after some slight rubbings, beneath the hair of those of 
 various ages. The older animals were refractory to contagion, but 
 animals one to two years old, and particularly Calves, took the 
 disease with the greatest readiness. Contagion was more certain 
 if care was taken to previously damp the skin, or to slightly scratch 
 or scarify it. It was noted as something remarkable, that, no 
 matter what may have been the disposition of the inoculated surface 
 even if it were longitudinal, the resulting lesion constantly mani- 
 fested a tendency to assume a circular form, and to constitute a 
 veritable circle if the inoculation scratch was not too extensive. 
 
 ‘ Gerlach even attempted the re-inoculation of parts denuded by 
 the first eruption, but the results were always negative ; while a 
 
 17 
 
2 5 8 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 new eruption was produced, though relatively feeble in intensity, 
 on those parts where the hairs had partially or wholly been restored. 
 
 ‘ In order to demonstrate that the contagion was exclusively due 
 to the Fungr.s, Gerlach inoculated blood obtained by scarification 
 from a diseased patch, as well as sanguinolent serosity derived 
 frcm beneath a well-formed crust, but not containing any Fungi. 
 In no instance was the inoculation followed by the development 
 of the malady’ (Railliet). 
 
 II. From other Animals to the Ox and inversely. — Reynal 
 has transmitted tinea tonsurans of the Horse to two Calves by 
 grooming them with tools which had been used for two affected 
 Horses. Nettleship has observed similar cases. Ringworm has 
 also been observed to spread from a Goat to an Ox, and mention 
 has already been made of the transmission of ringwoim from a Cat 
 to both the Horse and Ox (Williams) (see also p. 254). 
 
 Communication of the disease from the Ox to the Deg succeeded 
 in the hands of Gerlach, when the inoculation was preceded by slight 
 scarifications and the destruction of the epidermis. The Fungus 
 was seen in about six to eight days. ‘ A young Dog experienced 
 most acute itching ; the skin was tumefied, and covered with a 
 somewhat friable crust, which left, after its removal, a circular 
 •haii less patch, the size of a sixpence ; the hair was not long in grow- 
 ing again. The thin crust was composed of epidermic cells, slightly 
 adherent to one another, and between which no Fungi could be dis- 
 covered.’ Fenger has likewise reported the conveyance of tinea 
 tonsurans from the Ox to the Dog. 
 
 Gerlach failed to inoculate the Sheep and Pig with the tinea of 
 the Ox ; and Railliet was no more successful with the Rabbit. 
 
 ‘ Nevertheless,’ he states, ‘ in some otherwise very rare instances, 
 communication of the disease to the Sheep and Pig has been 
 observed.’ Such was the instance recorded by Perroncito of a 
 lamb infected from an Ox. 
 
 III. From the Ox to Man. — As early as 1820 Ernst furnished 
 an instance of transmission of the disease from a Cow to a 
 young girl ; and Grognier, Kollreuter, Lavergne, Carrere, and Fehr 
 have made known similar cases. The number of such recorded 
 observations at the present day is considerable. 
 
 Such are those of Hintermuller, Epple, in 1839 — quoted by 
 Verheyen, Rademacher in 1844, Houles in 1845, Horing, Hafner 
 in 1846, of the commission appointed for the study of bovine con- 
 tagious pleuro-pneumonia in 1849, Cazenave, Malherbe and Leten- 
 neur in 1851, Kowack in 1853, Chandeley and Sautlus in 1856. 
 These facts, the most important of which relate to Calves, bring us 
 to the important work of Gerlach, in which the majority of them are 
 analyzed, but in which there is found more particularly the experi- 
 mental demonstration of the malady from bovines to Man. Gerlach 
 made frequent inoculations on himself and a certain number of 
 students, and had always successful results from them ; though he 
 never made these on the scalp, for fear of producing a troublesome 
 
DERMA TOMYCOSES 
 
 259 
 
 disease, preferring to inoculate the skin of the arm, where he never 
 failed to develop a more or less regular herpes circinatus , showing 
 itself from the seventh to the fourteenth day after inoculation. 
 Borensprung, Gerlach mentions, had also inoculated himself with 
 the bovine tinea, and produced a herpes circinatus. 
 
 Since Gerlach’s experiments, Riiffert, Lemaistre, Macorps, 
 Lafosse, Fiinfstiick, Bergemann, Nettleship, Pflug, Kretschmar, 
 Besnier, Chaboux, Gerlier, Boucher, etc., have reported other 
 instances of transmission to Man of the ringworm of the Ox, and 
 especially of the Calf. 
 
 Contagion may occur in various ways. Most frequently it is 
 caught in attending upon affected animals, and then the patches 
 have a preference for the wrists and fore-arms, and particularly 
 the palmar surface, although they may be found on any part of the 
 body. Calves which are affected around the lips infect the Cows 
 which suckle them, about the teats and flank ; and this is why 
 persons in the habit of milking Cows contract tinea tonsurans on 
 the hands — particularly the dorsal surface — wrists and fore-arms, 
 and also on the forehead and scalp in leaning their head against 
 the animal’s flank while milking. Horand has seen a tricho- 
 phytic patch on the posterior surface of the neck of a butcher who 
 had carried a diseased Calf on his shoulders, and a similar occur- 
 rence had been previously noted by Cazenave ; and according to 
 E. Besnier, herpes circinatus is often seen on the back of the hands 
 and the fore-arms of butchers who skin Calves. It is evident that 
 the parasite may afterwards be transported to any other part of 
 the body, by touching the parts primarily inoculated. 
 
 The form which the malady assumes in Man is that of herpes 
 circinatus — vesicular herpes, vesicular trichophytic erythema — for 
 it is the hairless parts which are most frequently attacked. On 
 the scalp it is tinea tonsurans, and on the lip it is a sycosis or men- 
 tagra. There is sometimes trichophytosis of the eyelashes, according 
 to Gailleton. 
 
 Trichophytosis derived from animals is generally much more acute 
 than it usually is in Man. The vesicles are more numerous, and 
 sometimes suppurate, the pruritus is more intense, and the patches 
 are larger and more intractable to cure. 
 
 Treatment. — What has been said with regard to the Horse applies 
 also to cattle. Mercurial preparations are to be used with care, 
 since the animals may by licking the dressings show more or less 
 serious toxic symptoms. 
 
 Article III. — Ringworm of the Sheep, Goat and Pig. 
 
 Little is known about the dermatomycoses of the Sheep, Goat 
 and Pig. From what has been written on the subject, it may be 
 concluded that there are close resemblances in the symptoms to 
 those exhibited in the preceding species, if an account be taken 
 of the differences in their coat. 
 
 17 — 2 
 
260 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 According to Brauer, in Sheep affected with trichophytosis it is 
 observed at the beginning that the wool is collected in small irregular 
 tufts, which increase in number and volume ; the fleece is matted in 
 various places. On the neck, chest, shoulders, and along the back, 
 appear furfuraceous and crusted patches, accompanied by marked 
 pruritus, which assists in giving the wool its bad appearance. 
 
 Tinea is not very intractable in the Goat. 
 
 Ringworm of the Pig is found on the croup, sides, flanks and 
 sides of the abdomen ; but most often on the back and outside the 
 thighs. It forms isolated, red patches from 2 cm. to 5 cm. in diameter, 
 covered with miliary vesicles which are soon replaced by brown 
 crusts. The bristles, unaltered, still remain adherent and un- 
 broken. Pruritus is absent. Contagion from Pig to Pig is easy. 
 
 The disease may have originated from the Ringworm of the Ox by 
 means of litter brought from the cowshed to the piggery (Schindelka). 
 
 Gerlach has not succeeded in transmitting Ringworm from the 
 Ox to either the Sheep or Pig. Perroncito cites a case, however, 
 of contagion from an Ox to a Lamb. Siedamgrotzky has suc- 
 cessfully inoculated two Sheep and two Pigs with Ringworm from 
 a Horse and also a Goat with Ringworm from an Ox. The two pigs 
 further transmitted the disease to two others which were brought 
 in contact with them. Infection from the Goat to the Ox has 
 been observed in the Canton of Zurich (1852). 
 
 In 1876, Lailler communicated to the Societe Medicale des 
 Hopitaux a letter from Lespiau, relative to an endemic of tricho- 
 phytosis observed in the cantons of C£ret and Arles-sur-Tech, 
 Pyrenees-Oriental. In this outbreak, 34 persons — of whom 28 
 were children — were attacked ; the malady appeared to have been 
 propagated from a Dog — the first affected — to a Pig, which in 
 these parts lives with the family, and from this animal it was 
 conveyed to Man. The humidity of the season favoured the 
 development of the parasite, which localized itself more particu- 
 larly about the head — eyebrows and cheeks — and around the genital 
 organs, and caused itching. 
 
 Article IV. — Ringworm of the Dog. 
 
 Four Dermatophytes are known to affect the Dog : (1) Tricho- 
 phyton caninum (Matruchot and Dassonville) ; (2) Micro sporum 
 audouini var. caninum (Bodin and Almy) ; (3) Eidamella spinosa 
 (Matruchot and Dassonville) ; (4) Ocspora canina (Constantin and 
 Sabrazes). Moreover, from a multiple Ringworm of a Dog, and 
 from Ringworm patches (small-celled suppurative folliculitis) on a 
 child living in the same house, Sabouraud isolated a Trichophyton, 
 which in cultures was identical with Tr. menlagrophytes of the Horse 
 except that it had always a light cafe-au-lait tint. It is possible, 
 that this may be the common parasite of Ringworm in the Dog, and 
 also that it has been confounded with Tr. caninum. 
 
 Symptoms. — I. Trichophytic Ringworm. — This variety, rare in 
 
DERMA TO MY COSES 
 
 261 
 
 France, is very common in Germany, at any rate in the form of 
 suppurative folliculitis, which may be attributed to Trichophyton 
 mentagrophytes and to Tr. caninum. According to Gerlach and 
 Friedberger they show great symptomatic analogy with the ordinary 
 Tineae of the Horse and Ox. The disease is most frequently situated 
 on the head and legs, and usually commences around the lips and 
 eyes ; but patches may be found on any part of the body, when 
 the malady has been present for some time. 
 
 At the commencement the patches are depilated, circular, and 
 well defined ; by increasing in number and extent, they may unite 
 and form irregular surfaces. They are soon covered with crusts, 
 which are at first thin and of a dirty- grey or amianthine hue. The 
 pruritus may be insignificant or very intense. When the latter, 
 in consequence of the rubbing, the crusts are impregnated with 
 blood and serum, and have a colour varying from yellow to brown. 
 The hairs which have not broken are agglutinated, and sores form, 
 which alter the physiognomy of the affection. Beneath the crust 
 there is often observed a reddish-brown or copper tint, with a large 
 number of small nodules the size of a millet seed, formed by swollen 
 hair-follicles. It sometimes happens that the patches project as 
 much as 3 mm. above the level of the skin, their surface being really 
 papulous. Spontaneous recovery is rare. 
 
 Inoculation of the Dog, however, with Trichophyton caninum has 
 caused the formation of patches, which disappeared spontaneously 
 after a few weeks (Matruchot and Dassonville). 
 
 II. Microsporous Ringworm. — Patches, oval or round, from 
 2 cm. to 5 cm. in diameter, may form, by confluence, much more 
 extensive areas with irregular borders. On these dry, greyish, 
 scaly patches there are broken hairs which are easily extracted as 
 they readily break near the root. The part pulled out is seen to be 
 surrounded with a sheath of small spores from 2 p to 3 /jl in diameter, 
 irregularly disposed and without any mycelial filaments ; the latter are 
 inside the hair. Pruritus is absent or insignificant (Bodin and Almy). 
 
 III. Eidamellian Ringworm.— Found only once in the form of 
 lesions like those of Tinea. The parasite produced in the follicle 
 a mycelial close network, with intercalate chlamydospores from 
 1 [x to 5 p in diameter. Inoculation with cultures failed to reproduce 
 the original lesion, and only caused complete depilation on a patch 
 j cm. to 2 cm. in diameter (Matruchot and Dassonville). 
 
 IV. Favus . — Favus of the Dog, long attributed to the same species 
 as that causing favus in Man ( Achcrion Schonleinii ) is due to a special 
 parasite, Oospora canina. The first clinical observations of this 
 dermatosis are due to Saint-Cyr, Trasbot, Siedamgrotzky, and 
 Cadiot. They show that, with young Dogs which are being suckled, 
 tinea favosa often begins at the umbilical region, and that it readily 
 invades a large extent of skin. In the instance given by Trasbot, 
 the head was so covered with favi that there were only a few narrow, 
 sinuous lines still covered with hairs. With a nursing bitch, the 
 abundance of the crusts was revealed by a peculiar odour, which 
 
262 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Trasbot compared to that of mouldy cheese, and which resembled 
 that of similar cases in Man — ‘ a mawkish, repulsive odour, 
 says Bazin, ‘ which has some resemblance to that of Mice, Cat’s 
 urine, moulds, or macerating animal matters.’ 
 
 In the case related by Cadiot, the Dog was eight years old, and 
 had four favi — two on one shoulder, one on the neck, and the other 
 at the root of the ear. Each of these was formed of a circular crust, 
 which was white on the surface, sulphur- yellow internally, and 
 around it the skin was slightly swollen. On the left flank, the croup, 
 and at the root of the tail, were other favic patches in process of 
 recovery ; they were in the form of hairless red spots, partly covered 
 with slate- tinted crusts rich in spores. 
 
 The fungus is found in the lesions in the form of fine filaments 
 from 2 [x to 3 /x in diameter, and of larger filaments which break up 
 into long chains of round or oval elements 5 /* to 6 /a. 
 
 Favus can only be confounded with chronic Trichophytosis. 
 Generally in favus the lesions are cupped or hollowed, whilst usually 
 Trichophytic crusts are raised in the centre by moisture which collects 
 beneath them. Further, Favic crusts are almost entirely formed of 
 parasitic elements, whereas Trichophytic crusts show comparatively 
 few of them, and consist of epidermic products, sometimes dried 
 blood, or pus cells. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — Early age has not for Trichophytosis in the 
 Dog the same predisposing influence as in other species of animals. 
 Inoculation, however, is only successful in young dogs (Horand), 
 although, according to St. Cyr, this hardly applies to Favus. 
 
 The bitch that Trasbot exhibited before the central society of 
 Paris, was, it is true, aged nine years ; but then it was enfeebled by 
 gestation, parturition, and nursing puppies to such a degree that it 
 realized the condition of physiological misery necessary for the 
 reception of the disease. It must also be remarked, that the 
 Oospora first attacked the offspring — aged from ten to twenty days 
 — and it was from them the parent received the malady, although 
 she was placed in somewhat the same conditions as to contagion. 
 Nevertheless, in Cadiot’s case the patient was eight years old, and 
 there was nothing about it to constitute a predisposition. 
 
 The Oospora canina inoculated on a Dog produces the characteristic 
 lesions of primary favus. These usually spread beyond the point of 
 inoculation, and may even inoculate other parts of the body. They 
 do not disappear spontaneously. 
 
 Gerlach (1859) observed the spontaneous transmission of Tricho- 
 phytosis from one Dog to another, and Friedberger (1876) produced 
 it experimentally. 
 
 The Dog may probably contract a form of favus due not to the 
 Oospora but to the Achorion quinckeanum (Zopf), the parasite of 
 Mouse favus. Trasbot’ s favic bitch was a terrier, which brought 
 to its puppies the Rats it caught. Anderson has observed — as 
 also has Buchanan — a Dog with a favic cup on one of its forepaws ; 
 this animal was in the habit of killing the Mice which swarmed in the 
 
DERMA TO MYCOSES 
 
 263 
 
 house, and several of these creatures, on being caught and examined, 
 were found to be favic. The primary localization of the malady on 
 the paws and nose of the domesticated carnivora is easily explained. 
 
 Contagion to Man . — Friedberger reported, in 1876, a case of 
 contagion of tinea tonsurans from a Dog to a child and servant, 
 with whom the animal was in the habit of playing. The seat of 
 eruption was the face in the child and the neck in the servant ; and 
 here also it was the circinated form that it exhibited. Experiments 
 made by the author on himself and three students, with crusts from 
 the Dog and the child, had no result. Horand had already reported 
 a similar fact, and Haas has published another. Transmission from 
 the Dog to Man is rendered easy by the handling and caressing the 
 animal receives ; and Frohner has observed numerous instances of 
 infection which had occurred in this way. 
 
 The Microsporum of the Dog is transmissable to Man, causing a 
 Ringworm very like that set up by Microsporum audouini, according 
 to the observations of Mitelli and Bunch. The same is true of 
 Favus. St. Cyr contracted it by manipulating affected Dogs used 
 for experiments. 
 
 Treatment. — The Trichophytoses of the Dog are not very obstinate. 
 Any of the methods of treatment advised in the case of the Horse 
 may be used with success. 
 
 Microsporosis, even when extensive, disappears after painting with 
 pure tincture of iodine, followed by the application of carbolized 
 vaseline. 
 
 For Favus Saint-Cyr gives the following treatment : Remove the 
 crusts with a spatula or the blunt end of curved scissors, taking 
 care not to make the skin bleed. Then daily dress the exposed skin 
 with a more or less concentrated solution of corrosive sublimate — 
 2 to. 10 per cent. 
 
 Sometimes the Favus re-forms, and it is then necessary, at the 
 second application of the lotion, to remove the crust as before. 
 Usually, five or six applications of the lotion are sufficient to effect 
 a cure ; though when the disease is situated at the root of the claws, 
 more are needed ; but the malady is always overcome in a short 
 time. 
 
 Corrosive sublimate may occasion poisoning, and it is perhaps 
 preferable — as Saint-Cyr advises, and as Trasbot, following his 
 advice, has successfully employed — to apply an ointment of 1 or 
 even 5 per cent, nitrate of silver. This ought to be carefully rubbed 
 in to assure its penetration. 
 
 Article V. — Ringworm of the Cat. 
 
 The dermatomycoses of the Cat comprise a Trichophytosis, a 
 Microsporosis, and a Favus. 
 
 Trichophytosis. — Fenger, who has seen tinea tonsurans in the Cat, 
 says that it consists of circular depilations covered with abundant 
 scales, the patches attaining a diameter of 15 mm. to 35 mm. in 
 
264 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 three weeks. This ringw r orm is due to a particular species — the 
 Trichophyton jelineum (R. Blanchard), well studied by Sabouraud, 
 who has not found it on any of the other animals in which he has 
 observed spontaneous Trichophytosis. It appears to be especially 
 ectothrix, and the lesion is quite temporary. The fungus gives 
 white cultures very similar to those of Tr. mentagrophytes of the 
 Horse. 
 
 The case recorded by Williams seems to prove that this Ringworm 
 of the Cat is transmissible to the Horse and Ox. Fenger states that 
 it may pass from the Cat to the Dog, and according to Ziirn the Cat 
 may contract it from the Dog. 
 
 It is contagious also for the human subject, in whom it is nearly 
 confined to women and children. Fenger states that he has inocu- 
 lated the Cat with the Trichophyton tonsurans of Man. Horand and 
 Vincens have succeeded equally in inoculating young animals. 
 
 Microsporosis. — This tinea, observed once by Marotel, on a Cat 
 several months old, was manifested by three hairless patches, of the 
 size of a shilling, covered with abundant dry, greyish scales. The 
 fungus formed round the hair, within the hair follicle, a sheath made 
 up of small spores about 2 polygonal in shape, and crowded 
 without order one against another. 
 
 Favus. — The Favus of the Cat was mentioned for the first time in 
 1847, in a thesis by Jacquetant of Lyons. Zander observed it 
 again in 1858. Ten years later Saint-Cyr published his important 
 work on Tinea favosa of the domesticated animals, and gave a good 
 description of this disease. 
 
 The dermatophyte of Favus of the Cat has not yet been studied in 
 cultures, but its etiological conditions suggest that it is caused by 
 the agent of Mouse favus — the A chorion quinckeanum (Zopf). It 
 is possible also that certain cases are due to A chorion Schonleinii 
 (Lebert), the parasite of Favus of Man. 
 
 Symptoms. — In the Cat Tinea favosa attacks the extremity of the 
 toes or base of the claws, by preference ; but it may commence at 
 the umbilicus, or on the sides of the chest. Gradually it extends — 
 by first invading the head — especially the forehead, root of the ears, 
 and dorsal line of the nose, then the external surface of the thighs 
 and various parts of the body. The malady is characterized by 
 crusts more or less thick — from about 1 mm. to 4 mm. — rather 
 viscid in consistence, of a sulphur -yellow colour when recent, 
 becoming grey or yellowish- grey as they are older ; they are 
 arranged quite like those of the Favus of Man. ‘ Their contour,’ 
 says Saint-Cyr, ‘ sometimes very regularly circular, at other times 
 rather notched, forms a rim slightly raised above the level of the 
 surrounding skin ; their centre is, on the contrary, more or less 
 markedly depressed, which gives to the whole of the crust a cupu- 
 lated or cup-shape.’ The favic cup or favus has a varied diameter, 
 there being those which are no larger than the head of a pin, while 
 others attain the dimensions of a franc-piece — many intermediate 
 sizes being found. Their prominence is not subordinate to their size, 
 
DERMA TOMYCOSES 
 
 265 
 
 as some form patches which are scarcely raised above the level of 
 the epidermis. The cupulated arrangement is much less marked 
 when the crust is seated at the root of the claw. ‘ There is then 
 most frequently only a heap of yellow, viscid, split-up crusts, 
 which the microscope shows are evidently formed by the same 
 elements as those above described ’ (Saint-Cyr). The deformation 
 of the crusts may also be the result of their confluence ; when they 
 become multiplied on a limited surface, they are pressed together, 
 so that their primary characters are more or less masked. From 
 their free surface there are often seen projecting erect, rigid, and 
 lustreless hairs, which appear to pass through them, and which the 
 slightest traction pulls out. Later these hairs are shed, thrown 
 out of their follicles by the parasite. 
 
 ‘ If the crusts are carefully removed, the skin beneath them is 
 observed to be thinner, depressed, and looking as if atrophied by 
 compression ; but smooth, not ulcerated, quite dry or slightly 
 moist from serum, and sometimes pale and anaemic-looking, but 
 more frequently red and irritated, and showing, in its transparency, 
 some very fine bloodvessels. At the margin of the crust the skin 
 is sensibly inflamed^red, tumefied, and forming a somewhat 
 salient ring ’ (Saint-Cyr). 
 
 The malady is accompanied by only a very slight pruritus, and 
 does not appear to have an injurious influence on the general health. 
 
 The Achorion quinckeanum appears in the lesions in the form of 
 numerous rectangular or ovoid elements 2*5 /a to 3 broad, 
 and 3 (Jj to 5 il long, united into mycelial filaments of varying 
 length, which split up into short rectangular spores. 
 
 Favus of the Cat is not usually serious. Saint-Cyr has seen a Cat 
 recover without any treatment in about three months. 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — Early age seems to be almost an essential 
 condition to the implantation of Achorion on the Cat. Saint-Cyr 
 twice tried to transmit Favus to adult Cats and failed, whereas 
 inoculations of seven or eight Cats, from six weeks to two months old, 
 were all successful. Whenever it has been possible to recognise the 
 origin of Favus in a Cat, it has always been traced to the Mouse or 
 the Rat. These rodents are, in fact, often affected with tinea, and, 
 since the time of Bennett, corroborative testimony has been fur- 
 nished by Draper, Friedreich, R. Tripier, Molliere, etc. Favic Mice 
 appear to be particularly frequent at Lyons, and the disease — which 
 usually begins at the ear with them — often causes death. It is 
 difficult to arrive at a definite conclusion as to whether the Favus 
 of Mice is derived from that of Man, in consequence of the peregri- 
 nations of these little rodents among the clothing and head apparel 
 of the diseased ; but it is certain that they can convey the malady 
 to mankind. 
 
 Anderson has reported a case of Favus on a little girl who had 
 touched Mice caught in a trap, and who conveyed the disease to 
 the majority of the members of her family. A few days after this 
 occurrence five Mice were captured, and Anderson found a favic cup 
 
266 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 on the back of one of them, near the tail, while another had the sides 
 of the head and the ears ulcerated by the malady. Dr. Tripier, 
 of Lyons, successfully inoculated himself from a Mouse ; and 
 Horand, of Lyons, has given the case of a woman who had contracted 
 Favus by introducing her hand into a rat-trap containing a favic Rat. 
 
 In general, the transmission of Favus from the Mouse or Rat to 
 Man is effected through the medium of the domesticated animals. 
 It is, in fact, from the Mouse that the Dog and Cat acquire the 
 malady in cases the origin of which can be ascertained. Such was 
 the case of the Cat mentioned by Draper, and probably also in all 
 those in which the disease was observed. 
 
 Like the Mouse, the Cat affected with Favus may transmit the 
 disease to Man. In Draper’s case a Cat gave Favus to two children 
 who were in the habit of playing with it. Saint-Cyr, Horand, 
 Anderson, W. G. Smith have all cited similar cases. 
 
 Treatment. — The same as that indicated for Favus of the Dog. 
 
 Article VI. — Favus of the Rabbit. 
 
 The only tinea recognised in the Rabbit is a Favus It is not 
 known to what Dermatophyte it belongs, or whether it is really an 
 Achorion. It is certain, however, that the Achorion Schonleinii of 
 human Favus can be inoculated on the Rabbit (Sabrazes). 
 
 Favus of the Rabbit has been seen by Mourrand of Lyons, by 
 Recordon of Corbeil, and by Megnin. Mourrand’ s observation 
 relates to some young Russian Rabbits on which the disease was 
 disseminated on the paws, head, and body, but was more particu- 
 larly localized on the first two regions. On one animal there were 
 from 25 to 30 favi on each ear, and their dimensions were between 
 that of a pin’s head and a twenty-centime piece. Some, which were 
 of the volume of a small lentil, had a small tuft of hairs in their 
 centre. Otherwise, by their characters they were absolutely the 
 same as those of the Cat. In Recordon’s observation, there is 
 mention made of a litter of twelve silver Rabbits, and the localiza- 
 tion of the disease was the same as in the preceding instance. In 
 fur Rabbits, Megnin has seen the malady in the form of isolated 
 crusts, somewhat globular, circular, and flattened ; they were 
 from 1 cm. to i| cm. in diameter, and coriaceous only on the surface, 
 which was easily torn, and then there escaped a powdery white 
 matter, that was formed exclusively of Achorion spores. By its 
 resemblance to the Lycoperdon or Puff-ball, Megnin has given to this 
 variety the name of ly coper doid Favus. It only affects Rabbits of 
 two or three months old — sparing those of greater age, and disap- 
 pearing altogether from the diseased ones when they attain their 
 fourth month. 
 
 Favus of the Rabbit has a tendency to disappear spontaneously. 
 Here again early age seems to be an important predisposing factor. 
 The rabbits observed by Moprrand were two to three months old, 
 and those noted by Recordon did not appear to have passed that age. 
 
DERMA TOM Y COSES 
 
 2 67 
 
 Article VII. — Tinea of the Fowl. 
 
 The Fowl is the subject of a cutaneous mycosis which is known 
 under the names of Favus, white comb , and comb disease, but which has 
 nothing in common with Favus of Man, nor with that of the small 
 mammals. It is caused by a special fungus, allied to Trichophyton , 
 and named Lophophyton gallince (Megnin), Trichophyton MSgnini 
 (R. Blanchard). 
 
 This Ringworm or Lophophytosis, observed in the Fowl in 1858 
 by Gerlach, by Muller, and by Leisering, was again described by 
 Megnin in 1881. The parasite, at first erroneously connected with 
 A chorion Schonleinii, has been re- 
 cognised as quite distinct, since it 
 was cultivated by Duclaux (1890), 
 then by Constantin and Sabrazes 
 (1893), and lastly studied with 
 great care by Matruchot and 
 Dassonville (1899). 
 
 Symptoms. — The Tinea of 
 Poultry generally commences on 
 the comb or crest, and the barbs 
 and wattles. It manifests itself 
 in the form of small, white or 
 light - grey, round or irregular, 
 spots that extend, multiply, and 
 become confluent, constituting an 
 almost continuous thin covering or 
 coating, of the same colour as the 
 original patches. This gradually 
 grows thicker, and in about 
 twenty to thirty days it may be 
 8 mm. It is then a dry, squamous Fig - II6 - — The fungus of the Favus 
 crust, of a dirty-white colour, ir- ^ et e r °" Ury : magmfied 800 d,a - 
 
 regular on the surface, sometimes . * , , . , , ... . 
 
 „ 1'4-xi , j r, tv, empty tubes; tp, tubes filled 
 
 a little amiantaceous, and often w jth protoplasm and containing 
 formed of concentric deposits, spores ; 5, isolated spores. 
 
 When this covering is removed, the 
 
 skin beneath is seen to be slightly excoriated. From the nude parts 
 of the head, the malady extends to the surfaces cohered with 
 feathers — the neck and body, and more especially the cloaca and 
 adjoining parts. On the points attacked, the feathers become 
 erect, dry, and friable ; their cavity is filled with discoid super- 
 posed crusts, or — if these are cylindrical — they are contained one 
 within the other ; and exceptionally there are met with here — 
 as well as on the barbs — the amiantaceous deposits observed on 
 the surface of the nude skin. Lastly, the feathers fall off, leaving 
 the skin denuded and covered with crusts that often compose 
 discoid masses, having in their centre an infundibulum left by 
 the shedding of the feather. 
 
268 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The disease gradually brings on debility, wasting, and may 
 terminate in death. 
 
 The affected Fowls exhale a mouldy odour, analogous to that 
 noticed from people who suffer from the malady. 
 
 Fig. i 17. — Head and neck of a Fowl affected with Generalized Favus. 
 
 When the scales from the comb of a diseased Fowl are examined 
 under the microscope, the parasite is seen to be made up of two 
 kinds of elements : (1) Twisted mycelial filaments, often rather 
 
DERMA TO MYCOSES 
 
 269 
 
 long, contour irregular, measuring 2 ft to 5 , /x broad, with thin walls 
 and unequal segments, and presenting articular facets which corre- 
 spond to detached lateral branches ; these pieces are generally 
 devoid of protoplasm, and are as a consequence sterile. (2) Short 
 mycelial fragments, straight or curved, sometimes bifurcated, 
 made up of three or four cells with a thick membrane with refringent 
 protoplasm, and measuring about 15 /x to 20 /x long, and 4 [x to 6 /x 
 broad ; these fragments represent a broken-up mycelium. They 
 are of service only in the preservation of the lophophyton, and in 
 the propagation of the disease They have no spores (Matruchot 
 and Dassonville). 
 
 Favus may be confined to the comb, and may disappear spon- 
 taneously, of which we have seen one example. Heim has observed 
 a case of extensive Favus which recovered without treatment, the 
 recovery coinciding with the autumn moult. But, in general, when 
 it extends beyond this part and the barbs and wattles, and has 
 invaded the parts covered with feathers, the prognosis is more 
 serious because of the loss of condition, and consequent depreciation 
 in value of the animals ; while it is all the more onerous from the 
 expense and trouble of treatment. 
 
 Contagion. — Transmission from Fowl to Fowl is by simple 
 contact, or lophophytosis may be produced by simply rubbing a 
 Fowl’s comb with matter collected from the comb of a diseased Fowl. 
 
 The lophophyton cannot be inoculated on the Rat or Dog. On 
 the Mouse it forms cups analogous to those of Favus. It takes almost 
 infallibly on the Rabbit, and develops after the manner of an 
 ectothrix Trichophyton. Man may be very easily inoculated with 
 lophophyton, which produces large scaly erythematous patches, 
 and numerous filaments which spread over the surface in the 
 interstices of the superficial horny cells (Constantin and Sabrazes). 
 
 Sabouraud has met with it three times in Man, in lesions of the 
 beard resembling those of icthyosis pilaris ; its origin from the Fowl 
 was probable. 
 
 Treatment. — When the tinea of Poultry is still confined to the 
 nude parts of the head, it should be treated with either benzine or 
 carbolic acid incorporated with soft soap, in the proportion of 1 to 
 20, one application being made every day ; or calomel ointment — 
 1 to 8 ; the corrosive sublimate solution ; Fowler’s solution of 
 arsenic ; or an ointment of red oxide of mercury — 1 to 8 of lard 
 (Ziirn). 
 
 Article VIII. — Onychomycosis of Equidse. 
 
 In 1855, Virchow described, under the name of Onychomycosis, certain 
 affections of the nails of Man which produce alterations in these parts, and are 
 accompanied by the presence of varied parasitic organisms. From the 
 studies subsequently made, it appears that the Fungus of onychomycosis of 
 Man is very analogous to, if not identical with, either the Achorion Schonleinii 
 or the Trichophyton ; in fact, this somewhat rare malady coincides most 
 frequently with favus or tinea. 
 
270 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 In 1876, Ercolani applied the same designation to the affection of the 
 hoof of Equidse — more frequent in the Ass and Mule than in the Horse — 
 known for a long time as fourmiliere (English vulgo, ‘ seedy- toe ’), which 
 usually appears as a complication of laminitis, and consists in a cavity at 
 the front (toe), of the hoof between the wall and keraphyllae. In the powdery 
 horn occupying this space, Ercolani always found a Fungus constituted by a 
 mycelium, receptacles, and spores, which he considered the cause of this 
 disease, and which he regarded as different from that of favus or tinea, 
 because he could not produce any manifestation of tinea favosa or tricho- 
 phytosis on the skin of two Asses which had been sprinkled with conidia and 
 filaments obtained from the diseased foot of another Ass — the skin having 
 been previously prepared by a blister. This Fungus should be a particular 
 kind, and Ercolani has given it the name of A chorion keratophagus. 
 
 He was dealing, without doubt, with an inferior vegetable organism allied 
 to the moulds — such as are found in quantities on dead animal matter, like 
 the powdery horn of this condition. What supports this view is that, in one 
 of his cases, Ercolani found — along with the Fungus — a certain number of 
 living Acarina which he has figured, and which appear to us to be at least 
 related to Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fum and Robin) — a species that lives on 
 dead organic substances. On the other hand, it is necessary to ascertain if 
 the A chorion keratophagus is not met with in other affections — such as the 
 so-called ‘ canker ’ and ‘ thrush ’ of the foot, in the dust of the lateral lacunae, 
 or even in the hoofs from dead animals placed in conditions favourable to 
 mouldiness. 
 
 Baldoni has attempted to prove the role of the A chorion keratophagus in 
 the etiology of ‘ seedy- toe.’ He claims to have found it in all the feet affected 
 with this lesion which he has examined. He has made cultures, but has tried 
 in vain to inoculate the various domesticated animals and man. Neither 
 has he been able to transmit it to the fore-feet of four Donkeys. But he has 
 seen it grow on dead feet and on pieces of horn, on which it reproduced 
 cultures of the fungus. This last result, with other evidence, proves, contrary 
 to the conclusion of Baldoni, that the Achorion keratophagus is not the active 
 agent of ‘ seedy-toe,’ but that it lives in a diseased foot as a simple saprophyte. 
 
BOOK II 
 
 PARASITES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS 
 
 The digestive apparatus affords an asylum for the largest number 
 of parasites, and it is predisposed to their invasion by its relations 
 with the external world. An infinity of germs enter it along with 
 the food and drink — either as ova or larvae, or in a special and some- 
 what advanced phase of development. The drink plays, in this 
 respect, the most important part ; as water is, in fact, the vehicle 
 for a multitude of microscopic organisms, which it more or less 
 preserves. In dry food, on the contrary, the germs have generally 
 lost their vital properties, along with the water that was inherent in 
 them. The special study that we shall make of each parasite in its 
 pathogenic role, will show distinctly the part nearly always played 
 by water in the etiology of parasitic diseases. 
 
 Of the germs introduced into the digestive apparatus, a large 
 number perish there, either because — having arrived too early or 
 too late — they have not yet attained, or have exceeded, the phase 
 of development that would permit their profiting from this con- 
 juncture ; because they cannot find there the conditions required 
 for their evolution ; or because some individual and indeterminable 
 circumstance places them in this condition of inferiority. They are 
 then dissolved by the digestive juices. Those which ingestion 
 by one of the higher vertebrates has not destroyed, and for 
 which it realizes a condition necessary — in some way provided 
 for and ready — to their development, experience a modification 
 that enables them to make the most of their good fortune. 
 Each is arrested in the section or compartment that suits it, by 
 the action of natural laws ; this may be the mouth or pharynx, or 
 the oesophagus, stomach, intestine, etc. If the germs are introduced 
 therein in small quantity, most frequently they do not occasion 
 any appreciable trouble ; but this is not so when they are numerous, 
 and in this respect also distinctions must be made according to the 
 species of parasite — for many can multiply in the digestive canal, 
 without betraying their presence by any derangement in the health 
 of their host. 
 
 In general, the number of the parasites is exactly that of the 
 germs introduced, which have profited by their congenial situation ; 
 
 271 
 
2 72 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 they are rarely more than this, for the species capable of multiplying 
 in such a place are very few in number — at least among the 
 Helminthes. 
 
 The vegetable parasites of the digestive apparatus which do not 
 belong to the Schizomycetes, are little varied, and with the excep- 
 tion of the Saccharomyces albicans — the parasitic element of thrush 
 (of children and young animals) — they are of little importance. 
 There is, therefore, no need to include them in these general con- 
 siderations. 
 
 It is not the same with regard to the animal parasites. Very 
 numerous and very diverse, these belong to the Sporozoa, Infusoria, 
 Cestoda, Trematoda, Acanthocephala, Nematoda, Annelida, and 
 Insecta. 
 
 Of these diverse groups, there are some representatives which are 
 localized almost absolutely in a particular compartment of the 
 digestive apparatus. These are the Cestodes, which — as parasites 
 of this apparatus — only develop in the intestine ; the Acanthoce- 
 phala are also intestinal parasites ; the Annelida — represented 
 by the Hsemopis, which lives in the mouth, pharynx, and nasal 
 cavities ; and the Insecta — represented by the larvae of the 
 (Estridae — which more particularly fix themselves in the stomach. 
 The special study of these four groups will more appropriately find 
 its place in the chapters devoted to the parasitism of their particular 
 habitat. 
 
 A. The SPOROZOA that may be found in the digestive organs belong to 
 the Coccidia or Psorospermice. The majority are parasites in the interior of 
 the epithelial cells of the liver, intestine, etc. The evolution of these parasites 
 is complex. In their most characteristic form they are ovoid cysts filled 
 with granular protoplasm, and limited by a transparent membrane or shell. 
 The protoplasm contracts into a nucleated central sphere. At this stage 
 {oocyst), the coccidium ruptures the cell into which it had penetrated, falls 
 into the cavity of the biliary canals, the intestine, etc., and is passed out with 
 the excreta. If the conditions are favourable its central mass divides into 
 four spherules or sporoblasts. Each sporoblast elongates, surrounds itself 
 with a double membrane, and becomes a sporocyst. Each sporocyst in its turn 
 divides into two or several sporozoites, accompanied usually by a reliquat of 
 differentiation. 
 
 The cyst in which the sporozoites are formed, being introduced afresh into 
 the intestine, ruptures under the influence of the digestive juices, and the 
 sporozoites are set free. Being motile and provided with a nucleus they fix 
 themselves to the surface of the epithelial cells, and finally penetrate their 
 interior. The sporozoite grows at the expense of the invaded cell, becomes 
 very nearly globular {schizont), and divides ( schizogony ) into a large number 
 of club-shaped corpuscles ( merozoites ), which separate from one another. 
 The invaded cell ruptures and liberates the merozoites. Some of the latter 
 perish, while others individually penetrate into other cells of the host, becom- 
 ing schizonts, and, by repeated schizogony, produce new merozoites. The 
 latter may behave like the first formed merozoites, or, like them also, some 
 may become female elements {macrogametes) , the others male elements {micro- 
 gametocytes) after their penetration into a cell. The macrogamete, without 
 undergoing division, but after certain modifications, is fecundated within 
 the invaded cell or after leaving it. By division of its nucleus the micro- 
 gametocyte breaks up into a large number of falciform elements furnished 
 with two very mobile flagella ; these are the microgametes . A microgamete 
 
PARASITES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS 
 
 273 
 
 unites with a macrogamete, which is thus fecundated, and gradually attains 
 the state of oocyst to recommence the cycle. The infested host therefore 
 harbours a number of parasites far in excess of that of the germs which have 
 been introduced by ingestion. 
 
 B. The INFUSORIA are included in the two sub-classes of Flagellata and 
 Ciliata. 
 
 The flagellate Infusoria, having representatives in the digestive organs of 
 the domesticated animals, belong to the genera Monocercomonas, Trichomonas, 
 and Lamblia. 
 
 a. Monocercomonas (Grassi). — Four anterior flagella, three of which are 
 directed forward, and a long one thrown backward, beyond the posterior 
 extremity of the body ; no posterior flagellum. 
 
 b. Trichomonas (Donne). — Four or five anterior flagella directed forward, 
 with the exception of one, which extends backward, and is longer than the 
 body, to which it is fixed for the greater part of its length by a very thin 
 membrane ; no posterior flagellum ; a single longitudinal rod in the interior 
 of the body. 
 
 c. Lamblia (R. Blanchard). — A large anterior depression in the form of a 
 sucker ; two flagella at the posterior extremity. 
 
 The Giliate Infusoria, are usually divided into four orders, according to 
 Stein’s classification : 
 
 Cilia covering the en- ( All the cilia alike and short 
 
 tire surface of the < A row of long and strong cilia 
 body. ( around the mouth 
 
 Cilia occupying only the ventral surface 
 Cilia arranged in a crown around the mouth, and often also 
 fe, in the form of a girdle . 
 
 Holotricha. 
 
 Heterotricha. 
 
 Hypotricha. 
 
 Peritricha. 
 
 The Holotriches, Heterotriches, and Peritriches are met with in the 
 digestive canal of the domesticated Mammalia. 
 
 C. The TREMATODE parasites of the digestive tube are the Distomata. 
 Their suckers — which are always situated on the ventral surface — are almost 
 hemispherical, salient cupules, comprising a complex system of muscular 
 fibres, the contraction of which tends to produce a vacuum in the cavity of 
 the apparatus, whence results a close adhesion between the parasite and the 
 mucous membrane of the host. 
 
 The nervous system — which, up to the present time, has only been examined 
 in a small number of species — comprises two sub-cesophageal ganglia united 
 by a transverse commissure, and sometimes a single sub-oesophageal ganglion 
 joined to the others by two lateral commissures, and some nerve filaments. 
 The digestive tube is represented by a nearly always bifurcated cavity, with 
 simple or ramifying branches, and constantly terminates in a cul-de-sac ; 
 there is, therefore, only one opening — the mouth — situated usually at one 
 of the poles of the body, at the bottom of a sucker, which is, for this reason, 
 named the oral sucker ; this mouth acts as an anus. The circulation is 
 lacunary. The excretory apparatus consists of a network of fine canaliculi, 
 which converge into canals that become gradually larger, and finally end in 
 one or several longitudinal vessels that, in their turn, unite near their termina- 
 tion at the posterior extremity of the body, and are sometimes dilated into 
 a single pulsatile vesicle — the vesicle of Laurer ; the entire system opens 
 externally by an excretory pore — the caudal foramen. 
 
 With rare exceptions, the Trematodes are hermaphrodite. The male organs 
 usually consist of two tubular or mammillated testicles, the different canals 
 of which unite into a cirrus or penis, which is enveloped in a sheath ( pouch of 
 the cirrus ) opening externally by an orifice that has a variable situation. The 
 female organs comprise an ovary, or germigen, the ova from which are evacu- 
 ated by the germiduct. To the ovary are added the albuminiferous or vitello- 
 genous glands — very numerous glandular culs-de-sac secreting a granular 
 fluid, and joining to form two longitudinal canals — the albuminiferous canals 
 or vitelloducts, which are in their turn joined by a transverse canal into which 
 
274 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 opens the germiduct, and from this reunion results the oviduct. This con- 
 fluence of vessels is enveloped by the shell gland. The oviduct is continued 
 by a flexuous irregular tube (the uterus), the terminal portion of which (the 
 vagina) opens at a short distance from the male orifice. 
 
 The Distomea are oviparous, their 
 development being related to their meta- 
 morphoses and migrations, which have 
 been well studied in some species, and to 
 which we shall have to refer when making a 
 particular examination of these creatures. 
 
 In the uterus the ova undergo seg- 
 mentation, and not unfrequently the 
 embryo is even formed there. When they 
 are laid, or have arrived in a moist medium 
 — which is generally water — they continue 
 their development, and at the end of a 
 certain time there issue from them em- 
 bryos, which are sometimes nude, some- 
 times ciliated ( infusoriform embryos). 
 After a sojourn more or less prolonged 
 in water, these embryos have to enter the 
 body of an aquatic creature — usually a 
 mollusc — and there they lose their cilia, 
 and are transformed into a more or less 
 complex organism — a kind of sac generally 
 furnished with a sucker (the germinative 
 sac), which may be destitute of mouth 
 and digestive tube (the Sporocyst of Van 
 Beneden), or may possess one or other 
 of these (the Redia of Filippi). These 
 germinative sacs may engender others, by 
 fission or by budding. They represent the 
 second phase of external development. 
 
 Each Sporocyst, or Redia, produces new 
 organisms in its interior named Cercarice, 
 which in their organization resemble the 
 adult Distomea ; they have suckers like 
 them, but they differ from them in having 
 no genital organs, and in the presence — 
 at the posterior end of their oval bodies — 
 of a very movable simple or bifid tail. 
 
 At the end of a certain time they escape 
 from the germinative sac, leave the body 
 of their host, swim or crawl in the water, 
 waiting for the advent of another aquatic 
 animal — mollusc, worm, larva of an insect, 
 more rarely a fish or batrachian. Ercolani 
 has found them in terrestrial molluscs ; 
 and they may sometimes fix themselves 
 on certain plants or inorganic bodies, in 
 the vicinity of their liquid medium. 
 Arrived in their new abode, they lose their 
 caudal appendage, become encysted, show 
 traces sometimes of their sexual organs, 
 and — as agamous Distomata — they now 
 await the chance of being carried into 
 the stomach of a third host, which swallows the second. The latter is 
 digested, the cyst is dissolved, and the parasite being set free, reaches the 
 organ which is to be its definite abcde — intestine, biliary canals, urinary 
 bladder, respiratory apparatus, sub-orbital sinus of birds, etc. There the 
 Trematode, acquiring its genital organs, attains the adult state. 
 
 Fig. i i 8. — Diagram of the organi- 
 zation of a Trematode. — After 
 
 P. J. van Beneden. 
 
 vo, oral sucker ; b, mouth ; ph, 
 pharyngeal bulb ; i, one of the in- 
 testines terminating in a cul-de-sac 
 at c, the other intestine being re- 
 moved ; v v' , excretory vessels and 
 their divisions ; vp, vesicle of 
 Laurer ; tt, testicles ; sp, deferent 
 canals or spermiducts ; pp, scro- 
 tum of the penis ; vs, seminal 
 vesicle ; p, penis ; ov, germigen or 
 ovary ; sv, vitellogens ; dv, vitello- 
 ducts ; sv, vitellosac, or dilated 
 confluent of the vitellcducts ; rs, 
 seminal reservoir ; do, oviduct ; 
 mt, uterus ; vg, vagina, showing its 
 orifice or vulva, vu, beneath the 
 penis. 
 
PARASITES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS 
 
 275 
 
 Such is a general description of the 
 evolution of the Distomata. Accord- 
 ing to the species, it is more or less 
 complex, and varies also according to 
 the media in which development 
 occurs (Ercolani), as well as climatic 
 conditions (Pagenstecher). Thus it 
 is that, in the Monostomum mutabile, 
 the embryos already carry the germi- 
 native sac in their body, and that in 
 certain cases these sacs are seen pro- 
 ducing cercariae without tails — that is, 
 agamous Distomata, etc. 
 
 The important part water plays in 
 the succession of the various phases of 
 development, explains why the Tre- 
 matodes are more particularly met 
 with in the aquatic vertebrata, and 
 — amongst the terrestrial animals — 
 those which frequent humid places. 
 
 The parasitic species infesting the 
 domestic animals may be divided 
 into two families : Monostomidce and 
 Distomidce. 
 
 1. Monostomid^;. — These have 
 only one sucker, which is situated at 
 the anterior part of the body. The 
 genera are Monostomum, Holostomum, 
 Hemistomum. 
 
 a. Monostome ( Monostomum Rud.). 
 
 — The sucker is only slightly de- 
 veloped, and the mouth is situated at 
 the bottom of it. This genus has 
 representatives in the intestine of 
 Poultry. 
 
 b. Holostome {Holostomum Nitzsch). 
 
 — The anterior part of the body — 
 which is separated from the other 
 part by a constriction — is dilated into 
 a large cupule that plays the part of 
 a sucker, and opens directly in front. 
 The posterior part is narrow and more 
 or less rounded. One species has been 
 found in the intestine of the Duck. 
 
 c. Hemistome ( Hemistomum Dies). 
 — This differs from the preceding more 
 particularly in its anterior cupule, 
 which is truncated in such a manner 
 as to open obliquely in front, and has 
 the mouth at the summit. One species 
 is sometimes met with in the Dog. 
 
 2. Distomidce. — These have two 
 suckers — an anterior, oral ; a second, 
 ventral, with variable situation ac- 
 cording to the genera. These are 
 Distomum, Mesogonimus, Amphisto- 
 mum, Gastrodiscus, and Bilharzia. 
 The latter is not a parasite of the 
 digestive system, but of the circula- 
 tory apparatus. 
 
 a. Distome ( Distomum Retzius). — 
 This genus is characterized by its 
 anterior sucker, which is destitute of 
 
 Fig. 1 19. — Anatomy of the Ascarid of 
 the Pig.— Delafond. 
 
 A, male ; F, female ; c, lateral border ; ce, oeso- 
 phagus ; i, intestine ; vs, seminal vesicle ; ce, 
 ejaculatory duct ; ov, ovaries ; do, dilated portion, 
 of the oviduct or uterus ; vg, vagina. 
 
 18—2 
 
276 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 protractile tentacula ; by two porl 
 separated throughout their length ; 
 front of the posterior sucker. In 
 consequence of the large number of 
 species it contains, this genus has 
 been divided into nine sections, or 
 sub-genera : Kaellikeria, Apoblema, 
 Cladoccelium, Brachylaimus, Brachy- 
 ccelium, Dicroccelium, Podocotyle, 
 E chino stomum, and Crossodera. The 
 parasitic species of the domesticated 
 animals belong to the sub-genera 
 Cladoccelium and Dicroccelium, both 
 of which are hermaphrodites, with 
 their anterior sucker destitute of 
 
 Pig. 120. — Digestive tube of a 
 female of the Sclerostomum equi- 
 num. — Delafond. 
 
 c, buccal capsule ; ce, oesophagus ; 
 4 , intestine ; a, anus ; g, g', so-called 
 .salivary glands. 
 
 or arms of the intestine that are 
 by its genital openings situated in 
 
 A 
 
 Fig. i 2i. — Sexual apparatus of the 
 female Ascaris Megalocephala (A. 
 equorum ). — Delafond. 
 
 A, one of the sexual tubes, the other 
 having been divided a short distance 
 from the vagina : ov, ovary ; do, ovi- 
 duct ; u, uterus ; v, vagina ; B, ova 
 magnified about 130 diameters. 
 
 prickers, and the body non-appendiculated posteriorly. The Cladoccelium 
 has the intestine bifid and branching. The Dicroccelium has the intestine 
 also bifid, but not branched, and with very long arms ; the'mouth is succeeded 
 
PARASITES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS 
 
 2 77 
 
 by an oesophagus, and the posterior sucker is sessile. A species of Distomum. 
 has been found in the intestine of the Dog ; others live in that of poultry. 
 But the most interesting species are met with in the biliary canals of various 
 animals. 
 
 b. Mesogonim ( Mesogonimus Monticelli). — This genus is the result of division 
 of the genus Distomum, and is distinguished by its genital openings being 
 situated behind the posterior sucker which is sessile, and larger or smaller 
 than the anterior, which is orbicular. A species lives in the intestine of the 
 Fowl. 
 
 c. Cephalogonim ( Cephalogonimus Poirier). — The species of this genus have 
 also been separated from the Distomum, by reason of the genital openings 
 being situated above and to the side of the oral sucker. One species has been 
 found in the oesophagus of the Fowl. 
 
 d. Amphistome ( Amphistomum Rud). — The body is thick, muscular ; 
 somewhat dense ; ovoid, cylindroid, or conoid ; often curved, and two or three 
 times longer than it is broad. The anterior sucker is small, and has the 
 mouth at the bottom. The second sucker — relatively very large — is placed 
 at the posterior extremity, which is truncated obliquely on the ventral surface. 
 The branches of the intestine are not ramified. Several species live in the 
 paunch of the Ruminants ; one is found in the intestine of the Ox, and another 
 in that of the Horse. 
 
 e. Gastrodisc ( Gastrodiscus Leuck). — The ventral sucker is situated at the 
 posterior border of the body, as in the Amphistomes ; but the ventral surface 
 is studded with numerous papillse-suckers. An exotic species lives in the 
 digestive tube of the Horse and Mule. 
 
 D. The NEMATODES (Figs. 119 to 121) may be white, yellow, brown, red 
 or marbled. The surface of the body is smooth or transversely striated 
 though sometimes it is longitudinally so ; it is formed of a chitinous cuticle, 
 which is transparent, firm, and elastic, divisible into several layers, and some- 
 times showing tubercles, spines, hairs, etc., or forming expansions or wings. 
 Beneath the cuticle is the hypodermis or sub-cuticular layer, which is soft, 
 granular, and nucleated, and in relation — by its inferior surface — to the 
 musculo-cutaneous or muscular layer, formed of contractile cells, the majority 
 of which are longitudinal and often grouped in series. It is nearly always 
 interrupted by four longitudinal lines — two situated on the right and left are 
 the lateral regions — which sometimes acquire the same breadth as the muscular 
 regions. The latter are thickenings of the hypodermis traversed by one, some- 
 times two or three excretory canals — aquiferous vessels — which unite into a 
 single, short canal that opens externally by a ventral excretory pore, at the 
 termination of the oesophagus. The two other lines are intermediate to the 
 preceding, and are narrower ; they are the middle or dorsal, and ventral lines. 
 
 The cephalic extremity — which may or may not be distinct from the rest 
 of the body, and armed or not armed, winged or not winged — has at its summit 
 the orbicular or elliptical mouth, ordinarily provided with three or six soft 
 or horny lips, which are nearly always garnished with papillae. The digestive 
 canal extends from one extremity of the body to the other. The mouth 
 sometimes opens in an infundibulum — buccal capsule — which is continued 
 by the oesophagus. The latter is often the first digestive compartment ; 
 it is a narrow tube, with thick, muscular walls that are at times constricted 
 posteriorly to form a dilatation — the ventricle. The intestine — that succeeds 
 the oesophagus — is simple, has thin walls, and is scarcely, if at all, flexuous ; 
 it terminates in the rectum, which is narrower and slightly muscular, and this, 
 again, ends in the anus, which is always ventral, and terminal or nearly so. 
 To this digestive tube, and principally in its anterior part, are often annexed 
 glandular organs. 
 
 The respiration is exclusively cutaneous. The circulation is lacunary — a 
 plasmatic fluid that fills the visceral cavity, and bathes the viscera, is thrown 
 into irregular oscillations by the contractions of the musculo-cutaneous 
 envelope. There is usually a nervous system constituted by an oesophageal 
 collar, from which arise a ventral, a dorsal, and lateral nerves. There are 
 tactile papillae, and sometimes ocular spots. 
 
2 7 B 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The sexes are always separate — at least, in the species that interest us. The 
 male — which is habitually smaller than the female — is usually recognised by 
 its tail, this being more curved. Its genital apparatus is generally composed 
 of a single testicle — a flexuous tube continued by a deferent canal that ends 
 along with the digestive canal, in a cloaca. The latter generally contains, 
 in its posterior part, one or two elongated chitinous pieces (spicules) which 
 serve to fix the female during copulation. In certain cases, copulation is 
 aided by the presence of a caudal pouch — a campanuliform expansion that 
 keeps the male closely united to the female. The females have one or two 
 filiform ovarian tubes arranged in more or less numerous convolutions, and 
 continued by a wider portion — the uterus — that opens into a vagina ter- 
 minating in a vulva, the situation of which is always ventral, and near one 
 or other extremity of the body. The Nematodes are oviparous or ovovivi- 
 parous. Those which are parasites 
 
 pass through various phases to ac- 
 complish their development — some- 
 times the ova may become evolved 
 in the definite host ; at other times, 
 the embryos — and even the indi- 
 vidual adults — pass a portion of their 
 life in the external world ; and, again, 
 at other times they require an inter- 
 mediate host before reaching the one 
 in which they assume their adult 
 form. Each of these modes includes 
 several types, an examination of 
 which will be made when dealing 
 with each parasite. 
 
 Fig. 122. — Caudal extremity of the 
 male of the Ascarid of the Pig, 
 lateral view; the spicules are a 
 little too thick. — Delafond. 
 
 Fig. 123. — Spicules of Ascaris Mega- 
 locephala (A. equorum), with their 
 retractor muscles, m. — Delafond. 
 
 The Nematodes have been divided into a great number of families, seven of 
 which furnish the parasites of the digestive apparatus in the domesticated 
 animals. These are : Ascaridce, Oxyuridce, Strongylidce, Trichotrachelidce , 
 Filariidce, Gnathostomidce, Angiostomidce. 
 
 1. Ascarid.*. — The Ascarides have the body cylindroid. The mouth is 
 usually surrounded by three lips which are often papilliferous — cephalic or 
 buccal valves, one of which is dorsal and the other two are ventral. These 
 lips have powerful muscular masses, which can be distinguished by their 
 dark tint seen through the cuticle. The oesophagus is long, muscular, and 
 bulging in its posterior part. The males are provided with two spicules. 
 The females have a double ovary, and the vulva is situated in front of the 
 middle of the body (Railliet). The genera are Ascaris and Heterakis. All 
 the Ascarides live in the intestines — and especially in the small intestine — of 
 various vertebrata. 
 
PARASITES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS 
 
 279 
 
 2. Oxyurid.e. — ‘ The body is cylindroid. The mouth is nude, or surrounded 
 by three slightly salient lips. The oesophagus is long, with a very distinct bulb 
 or ventricle. The males have one spicule, and two pairs of pre-anal papillae, 
 one of which generally occupies the side of the anus. The females, the 
 caudal extremity of which is elongated and subulated, have always two 
 ovaries, and the vulva ordinarily opens towards the anterior part of the body. 
 Oviparous. Ova ovoid, with a very resisting shell ’ (Railliet). Genus 
 Oxyuris, a parasite of the intestines — and especially of the large intestine — 
 of the domesticated Mammalia. 
 
 3. Strongvlid^e. — ‘ The body is cylindroid, and rarely filiform. The 
 mouth is sometimes nude, sometimes furnished with papillcs, and at times pro- 
 vided wtih a chitinous armature. The oesophagus is more or less enlarged 
 posteriorly. The males possess an entire or divided caudal pouch, with one 
 or two spicules of equal length. The females have one or two ovaries ; 
 the vulva is situated sometimes anterior to, at other times behind, the 
 middle of the body. The Strongylides are oviparous or ovoviviparous * 
 (Railliet). 
 
 This family comprises numerous genera that Railliet has divided into three 
 tribes, basing the division chiefly on the presence or absence of the buccal 
 armature, and on the form of the caudal pouch of the male. These are : 
 1. Eustrongylines, with mouth destitute of chitinous armature, and caudal 
 pouch without ribs or bands — genus Eustrongylus ; 2. Strongylines, the mouth 
 likewise unarmed, and the caudal pouch sustained by ribs or bands — Stron- 
 gylus ; 3. Sclerostomines, the mouth furnished with a more or less 
 complex chitinous armature, and the caudal pouch provided with ribs — 
 CEsophagostomum, Syngamus, Globocephalus, Sclerostomum, Stephanurus, 
 Anehylostomum, Ollulanus, Hystrichis, Physaloptera. Only the genera 
 Eustrongylus, Stephanurus, and Syngamus are not parasites of the digestive 
 canal. 
 
 4. Trichotrachelid/E. — Worms of medium size, body very slender, 
 tapering at great length in the anterior portion, which only contains the 
 oesophagus — the posterior part lodging the intestine and genital organs. The 
 mouth is rounded and nude ; the oesophagus is very long. The males have a 
 single spicule, which is envaginated, or presents two caudal papillae. The 
 females have a single ovary ; the vulva is carried to the anterior quarter of 
 the body, or to the origin of the enlarged part. These Worms are oviparous — - 
 Trichocephalus and Trichosomum — or ovoviviparous — Trichina. All the 
 species of Trichocephalus live in the intestine ; the majority of the species 
 of Trichosomum are met with in the digestive tube ; the Trichina is an 
 intestinal parasite in the adult state. 
 
 5. Filariides. — ‘ The body is long and filiform. The mouth is of variable 
 shape, sometimes encircled by lips, and even succeeded by a buccal capsule ; 
 it is often provided with papillae. The oesophagus is small, and does not form 
 a distinct ventricle. The males — the tail of which is generally rolled up — ■ 
 have a single spicule or two unequal spicules. The females have a double 
 ovary ; the vulva is usually situated towards the anterior part of the body. A 
 great number of these Helminthes are ovoviviparous ’ (Railliet). Genera 
 Filaria, Spiroptera, Dispharagus, and Tropisurus. The first two alone 
 furnish intestinal parasites. The two others are met with among the Hel- 
 minthes of the oesophagus or stomach of Birds. 
 
 6. Gnathostomid^e. — This family is established by the only genus Gna- 
 thostomum (Owen), or Cheiracanthus (Dies), represented by polymyarian 
 Nematodes, the cylindroid body of which is covered in front by chitinous 
 leaves or plates that have their posterior border notched into spinules ; in 
 the middle region, the leaves are simple and conical ; the posterior part of 
 the body is unarmed. 4 Head distinct, globular, and studded with simple 
 spines. Mouth with two lips — one dorsal, the other ventral. Males have 
 a spiral tail garnished with papillae below. Females have a straight 
 tail ; ovary double ; vulva posterior. Oviparous ’ (Railliet). The Gnatho- 
 stomes are parasites of the stomach, either of the Pig, or of the Dog and 
 wild Cat. 
 
280 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 7. Angiostomid^e. — ‘ This family — not well characterized — comprises the 
 Nematodes with filiform bodies, their mouth being small, and succeeded by 
 an oesophagus that nearly always shoivs a double enlargement. The males have 
 two equal spicules’ (Railliet). Genus Strongyloides, of which the species 
 live as parasites in the intestine of Man, the Sheep, Pig, and Rabbit. 
 
 In the following chapters, we shall take advantage of the tendency 
 to localization, which is general in these parasites, and study them 
 by passing in successive review each part of the digestive apparatus 
 and its annexes. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 PARASITES OF THE MOUTH AND PHARYNX 
 
 The parasites which may be met with at the entrance to the 
 digestive passages are somewhat numerous. There are usually 
 found in the fluids of the mouth and pharynx various Fungi and 
 Schizomycetes. But we cannot recognise their pathogenic role 
 as they are nearly always present in these fluids ; and when they 
 appear to be abnormally abundant, this would seem to be due to 
 inherent pathological conditions in their host. We have no occasion 
 therefore, to notice them. The only vegetable parasite of the 
 mouth that induces morbid phenomena is the Saccharomyces 
 ( Oidium ) albicans , which causes thrush ( muguet ). 
 
 With regard to the animal parasites, we can scarcely cite more 
 than the Sporozoa, the larvae of the Gastrophilus, the Haemopis, 
 and the Spiroptera scutatum, which is found in the lingual and 
 pharyngeal mucous membrane of the Pig, and will be alluded to 
 when dealing with the parasites of the stomach of Ruminants. 
 The Haemopis usually has its abode in the mouth and pharynx, and 
 its study should naturally be made here. The little that has to 
 be said about the larvae of the Gastrophilus will be more advan- 
 tageously treated a propos of the parasites of the stomach of Equidae. 
 
 Article I. — Haemopis. 
 
 The Haemopis or Horse-leech ( Hcemopis sanguisuga Bergmann) — 
 also named Vorax — is an Annelid belonging to the family Gna- 
 thobdellid^e of the sub-class Hirudinea, in which are also found 
 the Leeches proper (Hirudines). 
 
 The Leeches have an elongated body, gradually contracted in front, widest 
 in the middle, obtuse behind, flat on the inferior surface, semi-depressed on 
 the upper surface, somewhat soft and viscid, very retractile and extensible, 
 and composed of 95 to 97 rings (or segments). Each of the extremities is 
 terminated by a sucker turned towards the ventral surface. The anterior, 
 or oral sucker is slightly concave, and shaped like the beak of a flute. At its 
 centre is the mouth, an opening in the form of a three-rayed star, an anterior 
 median, and two lateral. Each of these slits permits the passage of a jaw — a 
 semi-lenticular body with an adherent rectilinear border, which is continued 
 by a kind of handle fixed in the musculo-cutaneous envelope, and a free convex 
 border that carries a series of denticules in the form of transverse chevrons, 
 
 281 
 
282 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Fig. 124. — A, oral 
 sucker of the Leech ; 
 B, some denticules 
 of a jaw. — Carlet. 
 
 by means of which the Leeches perforate the integument. The eyes are ten 
 in number, and are scarcely visible ; they form a curved line at the anterior 
 border of the dorsal surface. The posterior, or anal sucker, is twice as large 
 as the oral one, and on its upper surface is a small opening — the anus. 
 
 A 13 The Leeches are androgynous. The sexual organs 
 
 appear towards the anterior third of the ventral 
 surface. The vulva is a transverse slit, situated 
 five rings behind the male orifice, or between the 
 twenty-ninth and thirtieth rings of the Haemopis. 
 The Leeches are reproduced by reciprocal fecunda- 
 tion ; two individuals approach each other by their 
 ventral surfaces and in opposite directions, each 
 playing at once the part of male and female. After 
 fecundation — and during the twenty-five to forty 
 days that precede ovulation — there is formed around 
 the part of the body where the sexual organs are 
 situated, an olivary enlargement that has received 
 the name of girdle. At the moment of ovulation, 
 the Leeches leave the water and bury themselves in damp ground. The 
 glands in the girdle secrete a viscid substance, that soon becomes a mem- 
 braneous capsule in the form of a funnel. The Leech crawls backwards out 
 ■of this covering, after having laid an average of ten to eighteen eggs. The 
 two openings in the capsule then close, and this, in drying, 
 becomes brown, and assumes the appearance of a spongy 
 cocoon. Each Leech produces one or two cocoons, rarely 
 three ; incubation occupies from twenty-five to twenty- 
 eight days, and at the end of this period the young 
 filiform leeches traverse the cocoon, leaving it at different 
 points, though taking refuge in it again when any danger 
 threatens them. 
 
 With the Hcemopis sanguisuga, ‘ the back appears of a 
 greenish-brown tint, inclining sometimes towards reddish 
 or Sienna earth, at other times to olive or green ; and 
 generally there are longitudinal rows of dark, close-set, 
 small points, more or less effaced — the rows being six in 
 number, sometimes four, more rarely two. In some 
 specimens these rows are replaced by one or two bands 
 of a bright-red colour, darker on the borders ; and in 
 other individuals — much rarer — the back is altogether 
 unicoloured. The borders are slightly prominent, and 
 have a narrow band — orange, yellow, or reddish-brown 
 in colour, rarely that of the back. The ventral surface 
 is smooth, of a dark-slate colour, usually deeper than the 
 back, sometimes slightly red or olive-tinted, and at other 
 times dead-black ; and in some specimens it is marked 
 by faint, isolated, irregularly-shaped points ’ (Moquin- 
 Tandon). 
 
 The variations of colour that the body may present, 
 have been utilized by Moquin-Tandon to establish twelve 
 varieties of the Leech. 
 
 e 
 
 Fig. 125. — Genital 
 apparatus of the 
 Leech. — Carlet. 
 
 t, testicle ; c, de- 
 ferent canal ; e, epi- 
 didymis ; G, pyri- 
 form vesicle ; o, 
 ovaries ; g, albumi- 
 nigenous glands ; 
 u, uterus. 
 
 The Horse-]eech has often been mistaken for 
 the medicinal Leech ( Hirudo medicinalis Linn.) ; 
 but it is easy, nevertheless, to distinguish them 
 from each other. 
 
 While the medicinal Leech has well-marked rings, somewhat salient 
 cutaneous glands, and possesses a certain rigidity — especially during its 
 contractions, when it takes the shape of an olive — the Horse-leech is a little 
 larger, is always very] soft, and especially when the creature is elongated ; its 
 
PARASITES OF THE MOUTH AND PHARYNX 
 
 283 
 
 skin-rings are also less marked, less coriaceous, and during contraction form 
 less apparent ridges ; while its cutaneous glands are smaller and less 
 prominent. Besides, the medicinal Leech has the dorsal surface darker than 
 the ventral, and is generally marked by six longitudinal, reddish bands, 
 regularly or irregularly speckled with dark-brown spots ; the ventral surface 
 is yellow or olive-green, unicoloured or dark-spotted, with a wide black band 
 on each side. 
 
 A very important characteristic is deduced from the form of the jaws. In 
 the ordinary Leeches they are large — 2 mm. or 3 mm. in diameter — and their 
 denticules are very sharp, and about sixty in number. Those of the Haemopis 
 
 Fig. 126. — Hcemopis sanguisuga ; 
 
 natural size. — Railliet. 
 
 To the right of the figure is shown a 
 young Leech found on the conjunctiva 
 of a Horse. 
 
 Fig. 127. — Medicinal Leech. 
 
 A, seen on the dorsal surface ; B, seen 
 on the ventral surface. 
 
 are scarcely 1 mm. in diameter, and are furnished with only about thirty not 
 very sharp teeth. This difference in the jaws and teeth explains what 
 Huzard the younger had already remarked — why the Horse-leech attacks 
 only the mucous membrane, and not the skin, as the medicinal Leech does. 
 
 The Hcemopis smguisuga has also been confounded with the 
 black Leech, or Aulas toma vorax (Aulastomx gulo Braun). 
 
 The latter — which is often wrongly designated the Horse-leech in the 
 neighbourhood of Paris — is smaller and less flattened than the Haemopis. It 
 is generally of a deep olive hue, almost black above, unicoloured, velvety, 
 very rarely marked here and there with some small, irregular, and scarcely 
 appreciable points ; and sometimes shows on the margins of the body small 
 
284 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 black, close-set points, but not a yellow or orange hem. The jaws are scarcely 
 more than half a millimetre in diameter, and have only about fourteen very 
 blunt teeth. 
 
 The Hsemopis lives in ponds, ditches, and small springs, and the 
 adult usually lies at the bottom in mud. The young seem to prefer 
 running water, keeping near the surface, and ready to throw them- 
 selves into the slightest current. 
 
 The Hcemo'pis sanguisuga is met with in nearly every part of 
 Europe ; it has been found in Sweden, but more especially in the 
 South of Europe, in Portugal, and in Turkey. It is very common 
 in North Africa — principally on the littoral, from Tunis to Syria. In 
 Algeria, it has been seen by the French troops at every place they 
 have reached — even in their most advanced marches into the 
 desert ; and is observed at all seasons, though it abounds most in 
 water during the summer. 
 
 In consequence of the feebleness of its jaws, the Haemopis — not 
 being able to seize the skin — seeks to penetrate the natural openings, 
 and fix itself on the mucous membrane. Man and the domesticated 
 animals are exposed to its attacks. 
 
 It is found in Mankind in the mouth, pharynx, nasal fossae, 
 larynx, trachea, vagina, and on the conjunctive. 
 
 The domesticated animals it most frequently attacks are the 
 Horse, Mule, Ox, and Camel ; but there can be no doubt that all 
 warm-blooded vertebrata are liable to its visitations, if they drink 
 in places infested by it. Blaise has seen a Dog die from the action 
 of eight Leeches, which fixed themselves in its pharynx ; four of 
 them belonged to the Himdino troctina. Dr. Guyon — cited by 
 A. Moquin-Tandon — introduced Leeches into the oesophagus and 
 oviduct of several Fowls, and into the nasal fossae and rectum of 
 some Rabbits. The Fowls died from exhaustion in about thirty 
 days, and the Rabbits in about forty days. Moquin-Tandon placed 
 two large Horse-leeches in the pharynx of two young Rabbits ; 
 they entered the trachea, and caused death from asphyxia — one in 
 three-quarters of an hour, the other in an hour and a half. 
 
 If the Haemopis occupies a very extensive geographical area, the 
 information relative to its action on the domesticated animals has 
 been almost exclusively gathered in Spain and Algeria, and has 
 been furnished by Fernando, Calvo, Blavette, Rodet, Forthomme, 
 Lemichel, and Blaise. 
 
 The Horse-Leeches enter the mouth along with the drinking water , 
 and they are usually young ones which are so taken by the domesti- 
 cated animals — being filiform, and rarely longer than 2 mm. to 
 3 mm. They fix themselves inside the cheeks and lips, on the 
 frsenum of the tongue, on the palate, soft palate, and pharynx, and 
 thence may reach the posterior nares, or enter the nasal cavities 
 direct by the nostrils when the animals are drinking. They lacerate 
 the mucous membrane by the denticules of their jaws, holding 
 firmly to it by means of their oral and caudal suckers, become 
 gorged with blood, and in doing so acquire a considerable size. 
 
PARASITES OF THE MOUTH AND PHARYNX 
 
 285 
 
 Their presence is easily recognised when once experience has 
 shown the accidents they occasion ; but to the inexperienced, 
 these may remain for some time unobserved. 
 
 The signs of the action of the Leeches on some selected point of 
 their habitat , are those of anaemia and slow internal haemorrhage. 
 The Horses become emaciated, gradually lose their appetite, and 
 are soft, weak, and incapable of working ; their hair is erect, the 
 visible mucous membranes are pale, the limbs vacillate, and, not- 
 withstanding every care, death supervenes if the cause of the 
 trouble is not recognised. But this is often perceived by a more 
 or less abundant flow of blood from the mouth or nostrils, and more 
 especially during work. The Leeches, in fact, disgorge a portion 
 of the blood they imbibe, and the wound they have produced also 
 bleeds considerably when they quit it to fix themselves on another 
 spot. When the Horse, Mule, or Ox is at rest it swallows the blood ; 
 but when at work, the bit in the mouth of the Horse hinders 
 deglutition and often keeps that aperture open, allowing the blood 
 to appear at the commissures, and to escape in a somewhat abundant 
 stream at times. 
 
 The mouth is then explored, and the Leeches, if fixed in that 
 cavity, can be seen. They are sometimes concealed behind the soft 
 palate. If they are in the nasal cavities, blood will be noticed 
 trickling from these, and the animal occasionally snorts, as if to 
 expel the Leeches. Exploring the cavities by sunlight or a lamp 
 will generally discover them. But as such accidents are rarely 
 isolated, diagnosis is rendered easy by the analogy of the symptoms. 
 
 When the Leeches are in the pharynx or at the entrance of the 
 larynx, they induce such intense dyspnoea that death may ensue 
 from asphyxia. 
 
 The number of Haemopis that may be found in one animal — 
 during life or on post-mortem inspection — is extremely variable, 
 and to it their obnoxious action is subordinate. Androvande states 
 that nine of these Leeches are sufficient to kill a Horse ; but observa- 
 tion proves this to be an exaggeration. Blaise reports that when he 
 was at Constantine, Algeria, in the Bardo quarter, there was not 
 a Horse or Mule which had less than nine adult Leeches hidden away 
 in its nostrils, mouth, or pharynx, and he mentions two instances 
 in which, at autopsies, he found 185 and 192 in two animals. 
 
 They are extremely tenacious, for Guyon has seen 27 still attached 
 to the mucous membrane twelve hours after the death of an Ox 
 which they had made their host ; and Megnin found, at V incennes, 
 some' in an Ox from Algeria, which consequently must have har- 
 boured them for about eight days. 
 
 At the autopsy, in addition to the Leeches, there are usually 
 remarked all the evidences of profound anaemia or asphyxia. The 
 mucous membranes are oedematous, and more or less congested, as 
 well as showing ecchymoses, which are traces of the bites. 
 
 It will be seen, then, that in certain countries — and particularly 
 in Algeria — the Haemopis is a veritable scourge. It causes serious 
 
286 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 loss among Cattle, produces much debility among Dromedaries, 
 and by its multiplication in the springs that supply the watering- 
 places of several garrisons, it causes much trouble to the military 
 authorities — rendering inefficient at the same time a number of 
 Horses and Mules, and probably terminating the existence of some 
 of them. 
 
 According to the observations of Blaise, the Hczmofiis sanguisuga 
 is not the only species that is to be dreaded as a parasite. In 
 Algeria are to be found, under the same conditions, various species 
 of Leeches that live in watering-places — such as the grey Leech 
 ( Himdo medicinalis Linn.), the green Leech ( H . officinalis Sav.), the 
 trout or dragon Leech ( H . troctina Johnson), etc. 
 
 In addition to the parasitic Water-leeches alluded to, there are 
 numerous Land-leeches which attack the Horse, Ox, and other 
 animals, besides Man. Among these, one of the most troublesome, 
 perhaps, is the Hcemadipsa Ceylonica ( Hirudu tagalla), which, as 
 its name implies, is found in the island of Ceylon. It is only about 
 an inch long, and is as thin as a knitting-needle ; but it is very 
 active and bloodthirsty, pursuing its victim with rapidity, fastening 
 itself on man or beast, and attaining a large size when satiated. It 
 is entirely terrestrial, living amongst damp leaves and in the jungles 
 during the dry season, and remaining more or less quiescent ; in 
 the rainy season, however, it resumes its activity, attacking Men, 
 Horses, Dogs, and other animals when they are passing through 
 the woods and jungles, and even venturing out into the open 
 ground, issuing from the grass and the dead leaves in troops. These 
 cause much irritation and debility, from the numerous bites they 
 inflict and the blood they extract, as well as the subsequent 
 hsemorrhage. ‘ Horses are driven wild by them, and stamp the 
 ground in fury to shake them from their fetlocks, to which they 
 hang in bloody tassels. The bare legs of the palanquin-bearers 
 and coolies are a favourite resort. As their hands are too much 
 engaged to be spared to pull them off, the Leeches hang like bunches 
 of grapes round their ankles ; and I have seen the blood literally 
 flowing over the edge of a European’s shoe, from their innumerable 
 bites’ (Tennent). 
 
 A similar form, and with like propensities, occurs at an elevation 
 of 4,000 feet in the Philippine Islands, and others in Java and 
 Sumatra ; and they have been met with at a height of n,ooo feet 
 in the Himalayas. Land-leeches, with similar attributes, exist in 
 Australia, Japan, and Chili (Fleming). 
 
 To detach Leeches from the mucous membranes, several measures 
 are employed. When the creatures are accessible, they may be 
 removed by means of forceps, or with the hand wrapped in a towel 
 (Abou Bekr) to prevent them slipping through the fingers. Some 
 people recommend their being clipped in two with scissors. Another 
 way is to make repeated applications of vinegar or salts — common 
 salt, sulphate of soda, alum, etc. — or merely to give fresh water to 
 their victims ; but, unfortunately, it is not always easy to throw 
 
PARASITES OF THE MOUTH AND PHARYNX 
 
 23 7 
 
 these liquids into the pharynx, where the Leeches so often domicile 
 themselves. Blaise has successfully employed fumigations of tar, 
 tobacco, or juniper berries — repeated twice a day ; the fits of 
 coughing these provoke dislodge the Leeches, which are only 
 slightly attached to. the mucous membrane. Souvigny — cited by 
 Blaise — employed an indiarubber sound, having on one end a piece 
 of sponge ; the latter was impregnated with ether, and pushed into 
 the pharynx. Wine or brandy will suffice ; but a solution of salt 
 is the readiest, perhaps, at all times, and may be used for the 
 pharynx, nasal fossae, or any other parts with safety. For Land- 
 leeches, the same applications may be employed for their removal 
 from the skin ; while their attacks on the limbs may be prevented 
 by bandaging these with cotton, calico or any other cheap and 
 convenient material. 
 
 When asphyxia is imminent, tracheotomy must be resorted to. 
 
 Animals should not be allowed to drink at places infested by 
 Leeches ; and when watered at a river or stream, in addition to being 
 safe from their attack, if already invaded by them they are soon 
 relieved, as the parasites when gorged with blood relinquish their 
 hold of the mucous membrane as soon as they can resume their 
 aquatic life. The Arab hippiatrist, Abou Bekr, recommends 
 attaching a bag to the Horse’s head, through which the water will 
 be filtered when the animal is drinking, and through which the 
 Leeches cannot pass. A piece of thick muslin or fine calico made 
 into a nose-bag, and placed over the nostrils and mouth when the 
 horse is about to drink, should answer the purpose. But the best 
 course is to clear the watering-places of these pests, and to prevent 
 their reintroduction. 
 
 Lemichel destroyed all the Leeches in the garrison reservoirs of 
 Mustapha, by turning eels into them. Many other species of fish 
 would fulfil the same office. 
 
 Perforated metal filters placed where the water enters, can only 
 keep away the larger Leeches, as the smaller ones — owing to their 
 tenuity — may pass through the openings. Blaise has obtained 
 encouraging results with a filter made of powdered charcoal, packed 
 and compressed, which arrested the Leeches ; but the expense of 
 this method has to be considered. Cauvet advises the use of a 
 syphon- tube filled with fine sand, through which the water should 
 be made to pass before it enters the troughs. This appears to be 
 the most practical method of any. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 In the stomach of the different domesticated animals, Worms may 
 be found which come into it from the intestine — their ordinary 
 habitat , and where they are agglomerated. These are more par- 
 ticularly the Ascarides and the Taeniae. 
 
 Various Infusoria are more especially located in the oesophagus 
 and stomach, as well as Trematodes. — Distomum, Cephalogonimus, 
 and Amphistomum, Nematodes, and the larvae of the (Estridae ; the 
 latter are special to the Equidae. The Nematodes — the majority of 
 which are lodged in sub-mucous tumours in the oesophagus, stomach, 
 or intestine — belong to four families only : Strongylidae, Trichotra- 
 chelidae, Filariidae, and Gnathostomidae (see p. 279). There are 
 1. In the Strongylidae various species of Strongylus , Ollulanus , 
 Hystrichis, Physaloptera. 2. In the Trichotrachelidae, the Tricho- 
 somum. 3. In the Filariidae, the Spiroptera , Dispharagus , and 
 Tropisurus. 4. In the Gnathostomidae, the Gnathostomum. 
 
 Of these diverse genera, only two — Strongylus and Spiroptera — 
 have representatives in the oesophagus of a large number of Mam- 
 malia and Birds ; the diagnosis of them may advantageously be 
 dealt with here. The others being found in limited groups, it will 
 be preferable to examine them when treating of the hosts in which 
 they are found. 
 
 w The Strongyles ( Strongylus Muller) have the mouth nude or encircled by- 
 papillae, and the oesophagus more or less abruptly dilated in its posterior part. 
 The males have a caudal pouch usually bi-, tri-, or multi-lobular, and sus- 
 tained by the ribs ; there are two equal-sized spicules, The vulva is situated 
 in the posterior moiety of the body. 
 
 The Spiropteres ( Spiroptera Rud.) have an elongated body, though it is 
 much less so than that of the Filariae, from which, otherwise, they differ but 
 little except in their habitat ; the tail of the males is rolled up in a spiral 
 manner, and furnished with membranous wings ; there are two straight 
 spicules ; and the vulva is more or less distant from the mouth. 
 
 Article I. — Parasites of the (Esophagus and Stomach of Equidae. 
 
 The only parasites which belong almost exclusively to the stomach 
 of the Equidae are the Nematodes and the larvae of the (Estridae. 
 
 288 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 289 
 
 A. Nematodes. — Four have been described : two species of 
 Strongylus and two of Spiroptera. 
 
 1. Strongyle of Axe ( Strongylus Axei Cobbold). — A small filiform worm, 
 gradually enlarging posteriorly, mouth nude ; the male is furnished with 
 three (?) unequal spicules, and is 6 mm. long, the female being 8 mm. The 
 tail of the latter is abruptly contracted to a narrow point, and is conical. 
 This Worm was found at the Royal Veterinary College, London, in tumours 
 of the gastric mucous membrane of an Ass. Its presence does not give rise 
 to any appreciable symptom. It is evidently the same species as that which 
 Mazzanti found at Pisa in the mucosa of the right sac of the stomach 
 of an old horse, and which he described under the name of Strongylus 
 tenuissimus. 
 
 2. Spiroptera megastoma (Rud.). — Body whitish, and equally attenuated 
 at both extremities. The cephalic portion is separated from the remainder 
 of the body by a constriction, and is provided with four thick, horny lips, the 
 
 Fig. 128. — Spiroptera Megastoma. — Railliet. 
 
 A, male^and female, natural size ; B, cephalic extremity, lateral view, 
 magnified 100 diameters ; C, caudal extremity of the male, lateral view, 
 ma[ nified 50 diameters. 
 
 twc lateral of which are small, one dorsal and another ventral being broader, 
 the two latter bearing a papilla on each of their lateral borders. The mouth 
 is continued by an infundibuliform pharynx. Male : 7 mm. to 9 mm. long ; 
 tail obtuse, rolled in a spiral manner, and bearing two lateral wings, each 
 sustained by four pre-anal and one post-anal papillae ; two unequal spicules. 
 Female : 1 1 mm. or 1 2 mm. long ; tail straight and obtuse ; vulva situated 
 towards the anterior third of the body. Ova oblong, almost linear, and 
 hatched in the body of the female. 
 
 The Spiropteral tumours are usually found in the right sac of 
 the stomach of the Horse. They form round prominences, the 
 volume of which varies from that of a small nut to a fowl’s egg. 
 Their colour does not differ from that of the adjacent parts, 
 and they are firm in consistence. They have on their summit 
 one or more perforations that communicate with the irregular 
 cavities into which they are hollowed. By pressure on these 
 tumours, a greyish matter, as well as the worms they contain, is 
 extruded. 
 
 19 
 
290 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 These tumours are situated between the mucous and muscular 
 layers of the stomach, and are the product of the irritation set up in 
 the submucous connective tissue by the worms. Andral considered 
 them as due to a pathological dilatation of the glands of the stomach, 
 the orifices of which correspond to their perforations, and have 
 served for the entrance of the Spiropteres ; while Ercolani more 
 correctly imagined that these perforate the mucous membrane, in 
 order to introduce themselves beneath it. 
 
 When the tumours are old their contents are concrete, their 
 walls have become fibrous, and they have the consistence of carti- 
 
 S P 
 
 Fig. 129. — Spiropteres and larvae of the CEstrus in the Stomach of a Horse. — 
 
 Railliet. 
 
 Sp, Tumours of the Spiroptera megastoma developed in the right sac ; O, 
 orifices of these tumours ; L, larvae of the Gastrophilus equi fixed on the 
 mucous membrane of the left sac ; A, alveoli of insertion of the larvae of the 
 Gastrophilus hcemorrhoidalis, which have left the stomach (one-half the 
 natural size). fcV 
 
 lage. In them are found dead worms or their debris, or purulent 
 matter if the worms have evacuated them for a long time. 
 
 Valenciennes found these verminous tumours in 11 Horses out 
 of 25. They were most frequent in the month of June ; and 
 Ercolani made the same remark. The mode of introduction of 
 these Spiropteres is not known, nor yet whether they multiply in 
 the tumours or submit to migrations. 
 
 The presence of these tumours does not seem to cause any 
 disturbance in the functions of the stomach, but they might hinder 
 the passage of the alimentary matters if they were in large numbers 
 in the vicinity of the pylorus (Railliet). 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 291 
 
 3. Spiroptera microstoma (Schn.). — This differs from the preceding species 
 by its greater size — male, 10 mm. to 12 mm. ; female, 12 mm. to 17 mm. — 
 by the absence of the constriction behind the cephalic extremity ; only two 
 lateral lips in the form of a hatchet ; two unsymmetrical post-anal papillae 
 on each side of the male. The ova are hatched in the uterus of the female. 
 
 C. Baillet has often B 
 
 found these Worms, in 
 somewhat large numbers, 
 in the stomach of the 
 Equidae. When that 
 organ is examined im- 
 mediately after death, 
 its contents appear to be 
 affected by a very pro- 
 nounced undulatory 
 movement, due to the 
 action of these entozoa 
 in every direction. They 
 sometimes have the head 
 engaged in the glands of 
 the mucous membrane 
 in the right sac. Railliet 
 has on several occasions, 
 in summer, observed ex- 
 tensive ulcers on the 
 gastric mucous mem- 
 brane of Asses killed at 
 the Alfort Veterinary 
 School, which were the 
 hosts of large numbers 
 of these parasites. 
 
 Muller has found in an 
 old Horse the Gongy- 
 lonema scutatum lodged in the epithelium of the oesophagus. This 
 parasite will be noticed when dealing with those of the oesophagus 
 of the Ox and Pig. 
 
 B. Larvae of the (Estrid.e. — The most common parasites of the 
 stomach of the Horse 
 are the larvae of the 
 (Estridae. By reason of 
 their habitat , they consti- 
 tute the gastricolae, and 
 all belong to the genus 
 Gastrophilus (Leach), the 
 result of doubling the 
 genus GEstrusoi Latreille. 
 
 Brauer has described 
 eight species of Gastrophilus, the majority of which have been 
 found in the larval condition in the stomach of the Equidae. 
 
 19 — 2 
 
 Fig. 130. — Spiroptera microstoma. — Neumann 
 and Railliet. 
 
 A, male and female, natural size ; B, cephalic 
 extremity, magnified 100 diameters ; C, caudal 
 extremity of the male, lateral view, magnified 
 50 diameters. 
 
 Fig. 1 3 1. — Wing of the Gastrophilus equi, 
 magnified 5 diameters. — Railliet (inedited). 
 
292 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 1. Gastrophilus equi Fabr., a common species in Europe and North 
 America. 
 
 2. G. hcemorrhoidalis Linn., spread throughout Europe and 
 North America. 
 
 3. G. pecorum Fabr., common to Europe. 
 
 4. G. nasalis Linn., found also in Europe and in Nova Scotia. 
 
 5. G. flavipes Oliv., the larvae of which inhabit the stomach of 
 the Ass in Southern Europe and North Africa. 
 
 6. G. inermis Brauer, an Austrian species, the larva of which is 
 unknown. 
 
 7. G. lativentris Low, found in Russia ; its larval life has not 
 been ascertained. 
 
 8. G. nigricornis Low, inhabits Bessarabia. 
 
 We have only to consider the first five species. 
 
 1. Gastrophilus of the Horse (G. equi Fabr., Gastvus or (Estrus equi, the 
 Breeze or Horse-bee of Britain). — A woolly insect with a fawn-coloured face, 
 covered with a white silky down ; forehead fawn-coloured, the posterior part 
 having black hairs ; antennae rust-coloured ; thorax sometimes entirely 
 covered with reddish hairs, and most frequently having a black transversal 
 
 Fig. 132. — Gastrophilus equi, natural size. 
 
 A, female, dorsal view ; B, the same in profile ; C, male, dorsal view. 
 
 band. The abdomen is of a yellowish-brown or ferruginous tint, with irregular 
 denticulated, brownish-grey, and more or less dark spots. The wings are 
 transparent, and have in their middle a transverse smoky band, their posterior 
 extremities having two points of the same tint. The posterior extremity 
 of the male is obtuse ; but the abdomen of the female is, on the contrary, 
 extended as a long oviscapt, which is doubled under that region when at rest. 
 Length — not including the oviscapt of the female — 12 mm. to 14 mm. 
 
 This species is the most important of those we have to describe. 
 It is found throughout Europe, and also in Africa — Egypt, Nubia, 
 Cape of Good Hope — in Asia, and in North America. Macquart 
 states that it is likewise found in the Canary Islands. It is less 
 common in Britain than on the Continent of Europe. 
 
 It exists in the perfect state from June until October, but par- 
 ticularly in August. During the warmest hours of the day, the 
 female flies buzzing about Hor.es, Asses, and Mules, balancing itself 
 with the oviscapt directed downwards and forwards ; it hovers for 
 a few seconds over the place where it seeks to deposit its eggs, 
 drops an egg upon it, and immediately flies away ; but it soon 
 returns, lays a second egg, and repeats the operation so often that 
 hundreds of eggs may be found on the same Horse, which does not 
 appear to be disturbed by the performance. The ova are observed 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 293 
 
 on various regions, but the insect prefers the anterior limbs — par- 
 ticularly the fore-arms — and the knees and shanks, parts most 
 accessible to the Horse’s tongue. 
 
 The ova of the Gastrophilus of the Horse are yellowish-white in 
 colour and conical in shape, being 1*25 mm. long ; they are trans- 
 versely striated, and provided at the larger extremity with an 
 operculum, which is obliquely truncated. They adhere to the hairs 
 by their narrow end, in the same manner as the ‘ nits ’ of the Louse, 
 by means of a viscid matter that is deposited with them ; their 
 wide end remains pendent. They are hatched in a few days — 4 or 
 5 according to Bracy-Clark, 20 to 25 according to the observations 
 of Joly ; the operculum becomes detached, being pushed up by the 
 larva, which is very vivacious, and begins to crawl on the skin, 
 causing a slight itching, which impels 
 the Horse to lick the place. The larvae 
 in this way are introduced into the 
 digestive apparatus, and the majority 
 fix themselves on the mucous membrane 
 of the stomach by means of their buccal 
 hooks, the head plunged deeper and 
 deeper into an alveolus that is formed 
 under the influence of the irritation 
 due to their presence. They subsist 
 on the inflammatory products resulting 
 from this small wound in the mucous 
 membrane. 
 
 On its exit from the egg, the larva (or 
 ‘ bot ’) is very long and fusiform, and has 
 thirteen rings or segments, the first of which 
 are difficult to distinguish. The cephalic Fig. 133. — Eggs of the Gastro- 
 segment has two antennae, two buccal hooks, philus equi, fixed on hairs, 
 
 a circle, and a fasciculus of movable spines On the hair B is seen a lar- 
 
 — directed backwards like the hooks — and vule which has just been 
 
 situated immediately in front of the second hatched, 
 
 ring. Similar spines are present on the 
 
 posterior border of the nine segments succeeding the first ; but the last three 
 segments are destitute of spines. The thirteenth segment has at its free 
 extremity two lips, between which are projected — from time to time — two 
 retractile tracheae. 
 
 After the second moulting — the third stage — the larvae are not so thick at 
 their anterior extremity as behind, where the body is perpendicularly trun- 
 cated. The integument is smooth and rigid, and does not readily wrinkle. 
 There are only eleven segments, which are more convex on the dorsal than 
 the ventral surface. The cephalic ring has — behind the antennae and the 
 buccal organs — several series of spinous prominences which are very small and 
 curved. From the second to the eighth inclusively, each ring has — towards 
 the anterior border — a double row of spines, also directed backwards, those 
 of the first row being much stronger than those of the second. The ninth 
 has some smaller ones, but only on the sides, and the tenth has none at ali, 
 or only one or two. The inferior surface of each ring, from the second to 
 the tenth included, presents at its anterior border a double row of spinescent 
 tubercles. A short longitudinal ridge runs along each side of the body. 
 The eleventh ring, posteriorly, has the respiratory slit, which is limited by two 
 narrow but salient lips, the bottom being formed by the stigmatic plates, 
 
294 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 which are united into one by a common chitinous frame. Each plate is 
 reniform, and constituted by three concentric arches, each having a longi- 
 tudinal groove on which open small apertures arranged in pairs, which are 
 the means of communication between the respiratory apparatus and the 
 atmosphere. When the larva has reached maturity, these stigmatic plates 
 are black ; the spines are brown at the base and black at the points ; the 
 colour of the body — which was originally red — passes gradually to yellow ; 
 and the total length is from 1 8 mm. to 20 mm. 
 
 Maturity is attained after a sojourn of about ten months in the 
 stomach of the Horse. From May to August the larvae become 
 
 Fig. 134. — Larva and pupa of the Gastrophilus equi. 
 
 A, larva in the third stage, magnified two and a half diameters ; B, its 
 buccal apparatus ; C, its posterior stigmatas ; D, pupa, with its operculum ; 
 magnified 3 diameters. — Delafond. 
 
 detached voluntarily, and pass along with the alimentary matters 
 to be finally expelled from the body of their host along with the 
 faeces. According to the remark of Numan, although the larvae 
 are expelled at all hours of the day, yet the majority are evacuated 
 during the night or towards the morning.. At first very lively, 
 they penetrate the ground or remain concealed in the excrements ; 
 then their movements cease, and they soon become rigid and 
 motionless. After twenty-four to forty-eight hours they assume 
 a bright-brown tint, then a dark-brown, almost black colour ; the 
 skin becomes hardened, and forms a shining shell (pupa-case) in 
 
PARASITES OF THE OESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 295 
 
 which the nympha is enclosed. This case or shell has a slight 
 curvature from before to behind, the concavity of which is 
 ventral. 
 
 The duration of the nymphosis is — as for the other (Estridae — 
 from about thirty to forty days, and the perfect insect (or imago) 
 emerges according to the mode already indicated for all the forms 
 of the family. Copulation takes place, and the females, in their 
 turn, deposit their ova on the bodies of Horses. 
 
 2. Gastrophilus haemorrhoidalis (Linn.). — Dark-brown colour ; face covered 
 with light-yellow hairs, forehead with fawn-tinted hairs ; antennae ferruginous. 
 Thorax covered with olive-grey hairs in front of the suture, and showing a 
 transverse black band behind it. Abdomen woolly, the hairs being white 
 in front, black in the middle, and of an orange hue behind. Wings hyaline* 
 without spots. Oviscapt as in the G. equi. Length, 9 mm. to 11 mm., 
 without the oviscapt. 
 
 Fig. 135, female, natural size. Fig. 136, ovum ; magnified 10 diameters. 
 Fig. 137, larva in the third stage; magnified 2 diameters. Fig. 138, pupa, 
 with its operculum ; magnified 2 diameters. a 
 
 This species is, with the G. equi , the most widespread in France. 
 It is found throughout the whole of Europe and in North America ; 
 its habits are analogous to those of G. equi, though the female 
 prefers to lay its eggs on the lips of the Horse, and the long hairs 
 covering them. This gives rise to a kind of irritating tickling, 
 which induces the Horse to rub its lips against the ground, the fore- 
 limbs, or trees ; or it seeks to evade attack by galloping away, and 
 even plunging into water to escape from its enemy (Bracy-Clark). 
 
 The ova of the G. hcemorrhoidalis differ from those of G. equi , 
 chiefly by their dark colour. The larvae, at their exit, cause titilla- 
 tions, which compel the Horse to pass its tongue around its lips, 
 and so the parasite is carried into the mouth, and thence into the 
 digestive canal. 
 
 At the third stage, these larvae, known in Britain as the red-tailed Horse-bot 
 —mixed with those of G. equi — are distinguished by their slightly smaller 
 size, their deeper-red colour, the spines of the first row of each anterior ring 
 being scarcely so strong as those of the second, the presence of a denuded 
 dorsal spot in the middle of the ninth ring, and the entire absence of dorsal 
 spines on the tenth, as also on the eleventh ring. 
 
 Fig. 135. Fig. 136. Fig. 137. Fig. 138. 
 
 Figs. 135 to 138 . — Gastrophilus hcemorrhoidalis. 
 
296 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 They are also distinguished by their habitat, the sojourn they make 
 in the rectum before returning to the external world, the greenish 
 colour they assume, and certain other peculiarities in their parasitic 
 existence which will be alluded to hereafter. 
 
 3. Gastrophilus pecorum (Fabr.). — The male is brown, and covered with 
 tufted coppery-yellow hair, which is black in places. The segments of the 
 body are short and spheroidal ; the thorax has, behind, a transverse band of 
 black hairs, often interrupted in the middle by yellow hairs. The wings are 
 small, of a fuliginous, greyish-yellow hue, and frequently showing a large 
 smoky band in the middle, and a spot at the point. Length, 12-5 mm. The 
 female is black or dark-brown, and covered with black or dirty-yellow hairs. 
 The wings are shorter than the body, and are similar to those of the male or 
 entirely fuliginous. Length, 15 mm. 
 
 The eggs differ little from those of G. hcemorrhoidalis . The larva, when 
 mature, is 13 mm. or 14 mm. long, and is of a dark-red, blood tint ; the spines 
 are brown — bright at the base, and dark at the point. Their arrangement 
 on the dorsal surface constitutes a distinctive character, being disposed in two 
 rows on the anterior border of each ring, from the second to the fifth ; at the 
 sixth there is an interruption in the middle, which is still more marked in 
 the seventh, and greater in the eighth, where it occupies the middle third of 
 the ring. The succeeding rings are nearly always completely unarmed. 
 
 This species exists throughout Europe, and is very frequent — in 
 the larval condition — among Hungarian Horses ; it is very rare 
 in Sweden, according to Boheman. Megnin has seen perfect insects 
 hatched from larvae procured from Russian ponies sent to Paris. 
 
 Like those of the preceding species, the larvae are fixed for some 
 time to the rectum before being evacuated. 
 
 4. Gastrophilus nasalis (Linn.). — Insect covered with fine down. Upper 
 surface of the thorax covered with dark hairs, intermixed with others of a 
 golden hue. Dorsal scutellum shining, of a dark-brown, often of a fine, 
 bright-brown, or golden chestnut colour. The abdomen is variable in colour, 
 always garnished with long, fine, and close-set hairs, which are usually white 
 on the second ring, black on the third, and orange on the succeeding ones ; 
 in others the latter are greyish, and in others, again, they are orange from 
 the second ring. The wings are somewhat small, broad, and hyaline. Length, 
 12 mm. or 13 mm. 
 
 The ova are white, elliptical, truncated in front, and have on one side two 
 longitudinal lines. An altogether distinctive feature of the larvae is their 
 having only one row of spines at the anterior border of their rings. On the 
 upper surface the median interruption commences at the eighth ring ; the 
 tenth is unarmed. In a state of maturity, these larvae are 13 mm. to 15 mm. 
 in length, and are of a light-yellow colour ; the spines are white at the base, 
 and dark-brown at the point. 
 
 This species appears to be spread throughout Europe, but is 
 most common in Austria and Prussia. It owes its name to the 
 circumstance that the female deposits its eggs on the alse of the 
 nostrils and lips of the Horse. It has also been described by the 
 name of G. salutaris Meig., G. salutiferus B. Clark, in order to 
 signify the beneficial influence the larvae are supposed to exert on 
 the digestive functions. 
 
 They exclusively inhabit the pyloric region of the duodenum, 
 and do not fix themselves to the margin of the anus while they are 
 being evacuated. 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 297 
 
 5. Gastrophilus flavipes (Oliv.).— This is 11 mm. long, with pale-yellow 
 legs and hyaline wings ; the dorsal scutellum is black, with yellow lateral 
 patches ; abdomen of a shining brownish-yellow colour, with a darker longi- 
 tudinal line ; when pubescent, it is white. The larvae are more especially 
 parasitic in the Ass. The species is wide-spread in Dalmatia, 
 
 Spain, Northern Africa, and Asia Minor ; it is also found in the 
 Pyrenees. Its history is still incomplete. 
 
 The larvae of the Gastrophilus elephantis are found in the 
 stomach of both the African and Asiatic Elephant, and are stated 
 to be specifically different from those of the Horse, being some- 
 times one inch in length. Steel found that when these bots 
 were removed from the membrane of the stomach they struggled 
 violently, and several grasped his finger firmly with their hooklets. 
 
 Cobbold thinks it not improbable that these larvae are derived 
 from the ova that have been deposited by the mature Gastrophilus 
 elephantis, on the tusks of the Elephant. Another ' bot ’ — the 
 Pharyngobolus Africanus — has been found in the pharynx of the 
 African Elephant. No clinical importance has been attached to 
 these larvae. 
 
 The larvae of Gastrophilus are found in Horses which 
 frequent pastures or live much in the open air, and 
 which do not receive much grooming. The age, state 
 of health or disease, and mode of feeding, have no 
 influence upon them. According to the observations of 
 Numan, these larvae are much more abundant after dry, 
 hot summers than after rainy seasons. 
 
 When taken into the mouth of the Horse by licking, 
 the young larvae do not all pass directly into the stomach ; for it some- 
 times happens that some of them are arrested at the soft palate, on 
 the epiglottis, and in the pharynx. This more especially, if not exclu- 
 sively, occurs with those of the G. hcemorrhoidalis. Their presence 
 is not altogether without danger. Vitry reports the case of a Horse 
 which succumbed in two months to an affection characterized by a 
 violent dry cough, and increasing dyspnoea that terminated in 
 asphyxia. At the necropsy nothing could be discovered, except 
 five larvae of the Gastrophilus, attached to the margin of the 
 epiglottis, their bodies floating in the larynx. Crepin has seen a 
 Horse that presented analogous symptoms to the preceding, attended 
 by a farrier, who, thinking a feather had got fixed about the larynx, 
 introduced a rod with a piece of cloth at the end into the oesophagus. 
 On withdrawing it he found several larvae, a~d repeating the 
 manoeuvre several times, the Horse was cured. Gunther relates a 
 similar case to the first, but there was more ‘ roaring ’ ; and Renner 
 states that the Russian empirics employ a brush with which to 
 detach the larvae that are fixed in the ‘ gullet.’ Pigeaire has often 
 witnessed similar instances among the Camargue Horses, several 
 dying from asphyxia. The treatment adopted also consistedjpn 
 introducing into the pharynx a stick enveloped in a towel impreg- 
 nated with olive-oil, or, better, empyreumatic oil. 
 
 In general, the larvae of the Gastrophilus equi fix themselves on 
 the gastric mucous membrane, and almost exclusively in the left 
 sac — occupying, by preference, the region adjoining the velvety 
 
 Fig. 139. — 
 Larva of 
 the Gas- 
 trophilus 
 nasalis, 
 3rd stage; 
 magni- 
 fied 2 dia- 
 meters. 
 — R a il- 
 liet (in- 
 edited). 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 298 
 
 mucous membrane in the right sac— and some stop in the oeso- 
 phagus, above the cardiac opening, where the membrane offers the 
 same characters as in the left sac of the stomach. When the 
 stomach of a Horse is opened, the larvae are found in variable 
 numbers — 10, 15, 20, or more, sometimes even hundreds ; 
 
 Daubenton has counted more than 600, Vallisnieri 700, and Numan 
 more than 1,000, in one stomach. They are collected in one or 
 more groups, one of which is always larger than the other. There 
 may be a mixture of several kinds of larvae, though in our country 
 those of the G. equi predominate They are more especially 
 located in the left sac of the stomach, but those of G. hcemorrhoidalis 
 — besides their possible arrest in the pharyngeal region — may also 
 be found in the right sac and in the duodenum. They remain some 
 time in the latter portions of the rectum before leaving the body, 
 and there they assume a characteristic green tint. They can be 
 seen at the time of defecation, when the rectum is everted ; and it 
 is this which gave rise to the error — pointed out by Bracy-Clark — 
 that the larvae of the G. hcemorrhoidalis are developed in this 
 region : the eggs having been deposited there in the springtime by 
 the female, which took advantage of the protrusion of the mucous 
 membrane when the faeces were being expelled. The larvae of the 
 G. ftecorum have also the same temporary lodgment in the rectum 
 before emerging to undergo their nymphosis ; but this does not occur 
 with the G. equi or G. nasalis , the larvae of the latter having the 
 duodenum for the principal habitat. 
 
 With regard to the effects that these larvae may have on the health, 
 very divergent opinions have been given. Certain authorities have 
 attributed the most serious consequences to them, and Numan 
 cites a number who have asserted that the larvae erode the tissues 
 of the stomach, perforate it, and in this way cause death ; or they 
 bring on emaciation, or induce cough, colic, ce;ebral symptoms; 
 or inflammation of different viscera, and especially the lungs. 
 Chabert lays the most varied maladies to their account ; while 
 Vallisnie i ascribes an epizooty, which killed a great number of 
 Horses in 1713, at Verona and Mantua, to the enormous quantities 
 of larvae generally found in the stomach (Numan). From a careful 
 examination of the majority of the cases reported, Numan concludes 
 that the perforations observed were produced after death, and that 
 they were easily effected because of the ante- and post-mortem 
 softening of the tissues of the stomach. 
 
 It is true that, when we reflect on the extreme frequency of the 
 gastric larvae, the numbers of Horses which are infested with them, 
 and the impossibility of even suspecting their presence during life, 
 owing to the absence of any apparent disturbance, we might be 
 led to consider these parasites as altogether inoffensive. Some 
 authorities have ascribed a stimulant action to them, which is of 
 advantage to the digestive functions ; but in this there is manifest 
 exaggeration. We cannot admit that the numerous ulcers produced 
 on the surface of the oesophageal and gastric mucous membrane 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 299 
 
 are a matter of absolute indifference, and, indeed, they must have 
 some effect on the function of these organs, which ought to be 
 revealed when other pathological conditions intervene. In any 
 case, a considerable number of observations are recorded of fatal 
 troubles having been due to these larvae ; and we have quoted 
 some of a relatively recent date, and altogether independent of any 
 preconceived ideas which Numan’s observers may have entertained. 
 
 Numan reports having once found the duodenum pierced by four or five 
 holes, evidently due to the larvae of the CEstrus, one of which had passed 
 through a hole and was attached to the peritoneum ; another was firmly 
 fixed in a second perforation, and several had bored through the mucous and 
 muscular tunics, leaving the serous membrane intact. There was inflamma- 
 tion and manifest softening of this portion of the intestine. The Horse had 
 suffered for a long time from a disease of the foot, and died from exhaustion. 
 The larvae were those of the Gast/ophilus nasalis. Numan also states that the 
 Royal Veterinary College of London has the stomach of a two-year-old colt, 
 which presents at its larger curvature and inferior surface a considerable 
 thickening, in the centre of which are six perforations through all the gastric 
 tunics, and in which are many larvae of the CEstrus ; while three or four per- 
 forations have no larvae, and about fifty of the parasites are still adherent to 
 the internal surface of the stomach. 
 
 At the autopsy of an aged Mule, which had shown all the symptoms of 
 chronic gastro-enteritis, Delamotte discovered four perforations of the stomach 
 — which were attributed to these larvae — that led to a large diverticulum 
 formed by the peritoneum, which was separated from the organ, and in which 
 alimentary matters had accumulated. 
 
 The presence of larvae of the G. hcemorrhoidalis and G. pecorum in 
 the folds of the rectal mucous membrane has sometimes occasioned 
 troubles that have not always been without gravity. 
 
 Hertwig reports having observed a Horse which, in consequence 
 of the presence of some thirty larvae in the rectum and anus, made 
 such violent efforts at defecation that there occurred an eversion 
 of the rectum, which required a surgical operation to reduce it. 
 
 The lesions caused by the larvae of the Gastrophilus equi — other 
 than the perforations just discussed — are those of a gastritis, 
 ordinarily very slight, and even inappreciable. The more constant 
 are ulcerations involving the mucous membrane of the left sac, and 
 distributed as are the larvae themselves, of which they in reality 
 indicate the points of fixation. They are in the form of circular 
 sores, from 4 mm. to 5 mm. in diameter, rose-coloured in the centre, 
 borders salient, and several of them sometimes running into each 
 other. In a two-years-old colt, Lafosse found a larva lodged in the 
 connective tissue beneath the parietal layer of the peritoneum. 
 We need not now speak of those sometimes observed in the cranium, 
 as they will be referred to when treating of the parasites of the 
 brain. 
 
 The prophylaxis consists in preventing animals being reached by 
 the winged Insect, by adopting the measures already indicated, 
 p. 34, and more especially having them frequently and attentively 
 groomed. 
 
 In the treatment , the object must be to kill the larvae in the 
 
300 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 stomach, without injuring the health of the host. Lessona says 
 he has obtained the greatest success with bryonia-root — 15 to 
 25 grammes — powdered and given in half a litre of water. Cambron 
 gives the preference to tar — in doses of 8 to 40 grammes — in an 
 aromatic infusion ; it may be useful to repeat it. Iodine tincture 
 and benzine may also be recommended. 
 
 But an easy cure must not be relied upon, as the majority of 
 authorities confess to having failed in the employment of diverse 
 agents. From all the serious attempts made before him and by him, 
 and numerous experiments — which consisted in plunging the larvae 
 in toxic fluids or in irrespirable gases — Numan arrived at the 
 conclusion ‘ that agents endowed with great energy, which arrive 
 in the stomach without undergoing any modification, act upon that 
 viscus, but scarcely produce any effect on the larvae. No medication 
 can therefore be recommended for their destruction or expulsion.’ 
 It is fortunate that their sojourn is only temporary, and that they 
 are eliminated spontaneously when the summer returns. Therefore, 
 as a cure should occur spontaneously, without any medication, 
 there is no necessity to intervene unless the health is seriously 
 compromised. Should this happen, then mucilaginous fluids may 
 be given to allay the irritation in the stomach ; a substantial 
 alimentation ought also to be enjoined, to compensate the loss of 
 nutriment incurred by the presence of the ‘ bots.’ 
 
 It is, nevertheless, advantageous to remove by the hand the larvae 
 of the G. hcemorrhoidalis and G. pecorum which appear on the rectal 
 mucous membrane and at the margin of the anus, and so relieve the 
 Horse from an annoyance that is sometimes dangerous. It may 
 also be advisable, in certain cases, to introduce the hand and arm 
 into the rectum in order to ascertain whether any have arrived there, 
 or to administer enemas of salt or soap and water, a weak emulsion 
 of petroleum or of benzine, or a dilute solution of creosote. We 
 have seen above how the larvae fixed in the pha r ynx and larynx 
 should be removed. 
 
 Article II. — Parasites of the (Esophagus and Stomach of 
 Ruminants. 
 
 There may be found in the oesophagus and stomach of Ruminants 
 Infusoria, Coccidia, Trematodes, and Nematodes. 
 
 Infusoria. — The rumen and reticulum of Ruminants contain — 
 suspended, and swimming in the midst of the semi-fluid mass of 
 food — inferior vegetable or animal organisms. The first do not 
 offer anything particular for comment, as they are found in all 
 liquids in which vegetable matter is macerating, and the majority 
 of them belong to the great group of Schizomycetes. The second 
 are the Ciliate Infusoria, Holotricha and the Peritricha. 
 
 The Infusoria met with in the first two gastric compartments of 
 Ruminants only live a short time in their host, because of the 
 chilling and the alterations taking place in their liquid medium. 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 301 
 
 Fiorentini says they only appear after suckling, when the Ruminants 
 are fed exclusively on vegetable matters. They are digested, and 
 pass into the true stomach and intestines. Their number is so great 
 that Gruby and Delafond estimated the total weight of those found 
 in the first two compartments of the stomach of a Sheep at 600 to 
 1,000 grammes. They are certainly not parasites, but only com- 
 mensals ; and it is possible that they have a share in the digestive 
 process of Ruminants, as Certes has noticed the presence of glycogen 
 in the protoplasm of these animalcules. 
 
 Coccidia. — In 70 per cent, of the Sheep examined at the Abbatoir 
 of Lubeck, Maske found in the mucosa of the abomasum some pro- 
 minent grey nodules of the size of a pin's head situated in the 
 depth of the mucous folds, which sometimes were strewn with 
 them, and sometimes presented only a 
 few. Lodged directly under the epi- 
 thelium between the gastric glands they 
 were limited by a vitreous zone formed 
 by the mucosa. The internal part 
 of the nodules was constituted by 
 nucleated coccidia in various stages 
 of development. 
 
 This coccidium very probably is the 
 same ( Coccidium Fauvei) as that which 
 has been found several times in the 
 smal] intestine of the sheep. 
 
 Fig. 140. — Fragment of the 
 rumen of a Cow, showing the 
 conical x\mphistomum fixed 
 between the papillae by the 
 large posterior sucker. The 
 insertion tubercles of several 
 which have been removed 
 can be seen. Natural size. 
 — Railliet. 
 
 Trematodes. — Two species of Amphisto- 
 mum have been described as living in the 
 rumen of the domestic Ruminants. One is 
 the Amphistomum crumeniferum (Creplin), 
 found in the Zebu ( Bos Indicus ) ; the other 
 is the Amphistomum conicum (Zeder), which 
 lives in the Ox, Sheep, and Goat, and possesses 
 some interest. 
 
 Amphistomum conicum is ovoid, thin in 
 front, gradually thickening to the posterior 
 
 part, which is obtuse and a little curved on the ventral surface. The colour 
 of the body is rosy, irregular, and more or less dark. Length, 10 mm. to 
 1 3 mm. ; breadth posteriorly, 2 mm. to 3 mm. 
 
 Daubenton was the first to find this worm in the rumen and reticulum of 
 the Ox. It has since been met with in the Sheep (Treutler), Goat (Creplin). 
 and a considerable number of wild Ruminants. It fixes itself — by means of 
 its posterior sucker — between the papillae of the rumen, and more especially 
 to the borders of the oesophageal furrow. It appears to be most frequently 
 present in the month of April, and has been considered inoffensive ; but Ziirn 
 states that a deadly disease of cattle has been attributed to it in Australia, 
 though doubtless tins is only a coincidence. 
 
 This parasite is very common in Egypt. To this species may belong the 
 cercaria of the Amphistome found at Cairo, by Sonsino, on a Gasteropod 
 (Physa Alexandrina). This is a cercaria which forms cysts and fixes itself 
 everywhere — on aquatic plants, stones, shells of Molluscs, etc. 
 
 Nematodes. — Several species of strongylus and one of Spiroptera are, in 
 different degrees, parasites of the stomach or oesophagus of Ruminants. 
 
 Strongylus cervicornis (McFadyean). — This nematode was found by 
 McFadyean when investigating the cause of an alarming number of deaths 
 
302 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 — 5 to 20 per cent. — among lambs in Lincolnshire and other parts of 
 England in the autumn of 1896. From his report to the Royal Agricultural 
 Society on these outbreaks of parasitic gastro-enteritis in lambs we take the 
 following : 
 
 ‘ As is the rule with parasites of this kind, the males are less numerous and 
 smaller than the females. The common length of the latter is about two-fifths 
 of an inch, and of the males about three-tenths of an inch. The largest 
 females met with were half an inch long. The mouth is unarmed, and behind 
 it the body gradually increases in thickness as far as the vulva in the female, 
 and to the posterior extremity in the male. On each side of the fore part of 
 the body or neck there is a barb-like papilla. The skin has fine transverse 
 rings, and it is also provided with longitudinal ridges, of which there are 
 eight to ten on each aspect of the body (upper and lower). The vulva is 
 distant about one-sixth of the total length of the body from the tail, and it 
 is covered by a cutaneous flap-like appendage. The degree of development 
 of this appendage varies a good deal in individuals of the same size, and it is 
 sometimes rudimentary or absent. The tail is pointed and slightly curved. 
 The alimentary tube takes a nearly straight course through the body, and is 
 not intertwined with the uterus. The uteri, which are directed forwards and 
 
 backwards from the vulva, 
 contain a large number of 
 obliquely placed oval eggs of 
 relatively large size. Those 
 nearest the vulva are in 
 the morula stage of division 
 or already show the form 
 of the embryo. The eggs 
 nearest the vulva measure 
 about *09 mm. in their long 
 diameter, and their greatest 
 transverse diameter is about 
 •05 mm. 
 
 ‘ The male worms have a 
 bursa which is somewhat 
 difficult to spread. When 
 expanded it has the outline 
 shown in Fig. 141. The 
 posterior rays spring from 
 a long common median 
 stem, and each is itself 
 branched, the whole bearing some resemblance to a stag’s horn. The spicules 
 are about 0*24 mm. long in a worm 8 mm. in length, and they are longitudinally 
 divided at their posterior extremities. On the assumption that the worm 
 belongs to a species not previously described, the name Strongylus cervicornis 
 (from the shape of the posterior rays of the bursa of the male) is suggested 
 for it. 
 
 ‘ With the adult worms numerous eggs were sometimes found in the stomach 
 contents, but neither free embryos nor larger sexually immature worms were 
 found in the stomach. What is the precise stage of development at which the 
 worms are taken in is therefore unknown, but the fact that intermediate 
 forms between the embryo and the adult were not met with would seem to 
 indicate that adult size and sexual maturity are very soon attained after the 
 parasite has entered the stomach. The eggs or liberated embryos are doubt- 
 less passed out with the faeces, to undergo a phase of development in soil or 
 water. 
 
 ‘ These worms are so small that they may easily be overlooked if the person 
 making the post-mortem examination relies upon naked-eye inspection of 
 the fourth stomach and its contents. Even when present in thousands in 
 the muddy contents of the stomach it is impossible to detect them with the 
 naked eye unless a very thin stratum of liquid is examined, but they may 
 easily be made out when a little of the contents or a scraping from the lining 
 
 Fig. 1 41. — Caudal extremity of male Strongylus 
 cervicornis magnified. — McFadyean. 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 303 
 
 membrane of the stomach is suspended in water and examined in a flat- 
 bottomed glass dish. When taken from the stomach of an animal recently 
 dead they display active movements, but when putrefaction of the carcass 
 sets in they soon die and shrivel up. In the perfectly fresh stomach they are 
 generally most numerous on the lining membrane, but even then they may 
 be present in hundreds in the liquid contents. If some time has elapsed since 
 the animal’s death the worms are generally in greatest numbers in the stomach 
 
 contents. 
 
 ‘ A knowledge of the symptoms was gathered from the reports furnished 
 by veterinary surgeons who forwarded animals or viscera for examination, 
 and from personal inspection of diseased lambs in three different flocks. The 
 most constant symptom was scouring, and this was seldom or never absent 
 in animals in which the illness lasted for a few days. The diarrhoea was 
 accompanied by rapid wasting, and by loss of appetite. Abnormal thirst 
 was frequently noted, and in some cases the lambs displayed an inclination 
 to lick sand or earth. This morbid propensity appeared to have been present 
 much more frequently than it was noticed during life, for the presence of 
 sand and earth in the stomachs was very generally found at the post-mortem, 
 
 although in most cases the 
 lambs had been on grass. 
 
 ‘ The temperature was 
 generally above the normal, 
 varying from io5°toio8°F. 
 Cough, as a rule, was not a 
 symptom that had attracted 
 the notice of owner or shep- 
 herd. In some cases the 
 course of the illness was 
 very acute, the animals 
 dying within twenty-four 
 hours ; but, as a rule, the 
 lambs were more or less ill, 
 with the symptoms above 
 described, for several days 
 or weeks.’ 
 
 Strongylus contortus 
 
 (Rud.). — Body red or white 
 — according as its intestine 
 is or is not full of blood 
 sucked from the mucous 
 membrane — filiform or at- 
 tenuated at the extremities. At a short distance from the anterior extremity 
 are two small lateral papillae, in the form of teeth directed backwards. Integu- 
 ment finely striated transversely, and showing, besides, from 40 to 50 longi- 
 tudinal ridges. Mouth nude. Male, 10 mm. to 20 mm. long ; caudal pouch 
 bilobate, each lobe being sustained by four ribs, the middle and anterior 
 being doubled ; the right lobe has an accessory lobe supported by the two 
 posterior ribs, which are short and slightly divided at their extremity. Female, 
 20 mm. to 30 mm. long, the body terminating in a pointed tail ; vulva situated 
 towards the posterior fifth of the body, at the bottom of a depression sur- 
 mounted by a powerful linguiform appendage directed backwards. Eggs 
 ovoid, from 70 fi to 97 /* long, and 43 /x to 54 n broad. 
 
 Fig. 142. — Caudal extremity of male Strongylus 
 contortus magnified. (After McFadyean). 
 
 The Strongylus contortus lives in the abomasum of the Sheep, 
 Goat, Argali, and Chamois. Railliet and Lucet have found it in 
 the abomasum of a heifer, and ourselves in that of a Cow. It subsists 
 on the blood, it abstracts from the mucous membrane, and to this 
 it owes its brown colour. Its name is justified by the arrangement 
 of its ovarian tubes, which are rolled around the intestine to form 
 
304 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 regular loops, the white colour of which contrasts with the dark 
 tint of the digestive tube. 
 
 According to the investigations of C. Baillet, the Strongylus con- 
 tortus is ovoviviparous, and the rhabditiform embryos it produces 
 will not develop in pure water, but die in the course of a few weeks. 
 Leuckart has seen them grow rapidly in muddy water, however, 
 and after several moultings reach a state of development in which 
 they were capable of being completely perfected in Ruminants. It 
 is therefore probable, that Sheep are infested by drinking water 
 soiled by the excrements of animals which are bearers of the 
 Strongyles. 
 
 This worm has only once been reported in France as a dangerous 
 parasite ; but in Germany, on the contrary, it has been considered 
 by Gurlt, Gerlach, Roll, Ziirn, etc., as causing an epizootic disease — 
 Magenwurmseuche — that often attacks more especially lambs and 
 year-old Sheep, is often complicated with verminous bronchitis, and 
 generally appears during the spring and summer, in certain countries 
 with sandy soils where there is stagnant water. Similar observa- 
 tions have been made in England and Scotland. In the United 
 States of America it also causes serious damage, to lambs and 
 yearling sheep more especially. Stiles mentions an epizooty in 
 Pennsylvania, in which the parasites were so numerous that they 
 concealed the mucous membrane of the abomasum. 
 
 It is a kind of pernicious ancemia , the symptoms of which are not 
 very characteristic, and scarcely permit a precise diagnosis to be 
 established ; there are dulness, languor, inappetence, pica, intense 
 thirst, emaciation, hydraemia, sub-acute colic, and black diarrhoea. 
 The d’sease usually terminates in death Wernicke indicates — as 
 an ante mortem sign — a peculiar alteration in the blood ( poikilot ■ 
 cytosis), which shows, mixed with the red corpuscles, reddish- 
 yellow, isolated cells, larger than the normal globules, of which 
 some are spherical, and others foliaceous, scutiform, pyriform, or 
 claviform. 
 
 At the autopsy of animals which have been killed or have died, 
 there are found in the abomasum hundreds, even thousands, of the 
 Strongylus contortus lying close together on the mucous membrane, 
 which is paler than usual, and may be also somewhat thickened ; 
 though in some instances it may be sanguinolent, and show numerous 
 ulcerations where the worms are yet attached. The abomasum is 
 more or less dilated, and contains reddish matters, also tinted by 
 effused blood. 
 
 This strongylosis of the abomasum is only serious because of its 
 epizootic form, or if it has reached an advanced stage, or the animals 
 have not been submitted to suitable treatment. 
 
 Tonics and strengthening food are recommended. The medicines 
 employed are Chabert’s empyreumatic oil — a teaspoonful per head 
 every day ; or a mixture of equal parts of empyreumatic oil and 
 oil of turpentine, diluted with treble its weight of brandy — the dose 
 being two teaspoonfuls a day ; or even kamala — 3 to 4 grammes per 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 305 
 
 day. Ziirn, after Rabe, prefers, as less irritant and as active for 
 the patients, the picrate of potash given daily in doses of *15 to 
 •30 gramme to lambs, and 1*25 grammes to adults ; a cure is effected 
 in about three days. 
 
 In the treatment of lambs infested with S. cervicornis, McFadyean 
 recommends f pint of a 1 per cent, aqueous solution of lysol, and 
 in similar cases Law has had abundant success with a powder 
 composed of arsenious acid 1 drachm, ferrous sulphate 5 drachms, 
 nux vomica 2 drachms, areca nut 2 ounces, common salt 4 ounces, 
 mixed and divided into thirty parts, of which one is given daily. 
 
 Prevention. — Referring to the prevention of parasitic gastro- 
 enteritis in lambs, McFadyean states : ‘ The strictly contagious 
 and infectious diseases are spread by the transmission of their 
 germs from the diseased to the healthy animals, and strongylosis 
 of the abomasum is spread by the parasites which are produced in 
 the stomach and intestines of an affected lamb being passed out 
 with the faeces, and afterwards taken in with food or water by a 
 healthy lamb. But between the two cases there is a very important 
 difference, owing to the fact that the vegetable parasites or bacteria, 
 which cause the contagious or infectious diseases — have unlimited 
 powers of multiplication within the animal body, from which it 
 follows that a single germ may suffice to infect an animal, and be 
 the starting-point of a fatal attack. On the other hand, a single 
 nematode worm, or even several, would have no appreciable effect 
 on the general health of a lamb, because indefinite multiplication 
 of the species does not go on within the body. A single impregnated 
 female worm may produce thousands of eggs or embryos, but these 
 do not develop into mature individuals within the body, or serve 
 there as the starting-point of a new generation. They are passed 
 out with the excrement, and afterwards at an unascertained stage 
 of development they may find their way into the stomach of 
 another lamb. From this it will be obvious that the parasites 
 might be present in a flock for years without causing any deaths, 
 and without setting up any symptoms of illness. Such might be 
 the case if the flock had a wide range of pasture, as that would reduce 
 the chances of the parasites voided by the infested animals finding 
 their way in large numbers into the alimentary canal of animals 
 then or at a later period grazing on the same land. But in pro- 
 portion as the number of Sheep kept on a given area increased the 
 chances of the re-entrance of the parasites with food or water would 
 be multiplied, and a point might thus be reached at which the 
 majority of the flock would come to harbour what may be called 
 the pathogenic number of worms. Overstocking plays a most 
 important part in causing the disease. 
 
 ‘ It will be gathered, from what has been said regarding the life- 
 history of the parasite, that fields on which a large number of lambs 
 affected with the disease have been grazed are certain to be highly 
 contaminated, and that lambs put to graze on such fields during 
 the following season run great risk of infection. 
 
 20 
 
3 o6 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 ‘ It has already been stated that the power of multiplication within 
 the body is limited, as the eggs or young worms produced there are 
 voided with the excrement. It is equally important to know that 
 no reproduction at all takes place external to the body. The stages 
 of development of this particular parasite in the outer world have 
 not yet been followed, but from what is known of the life history 
 of other nearly related species there need be little hesitation in 
 accepting the statement just made. The eggs or liberated embryos 
 become dispersed in the soil or find their way into water, and 
 although they no doubt undergo a certain stage of development, 
 they do not attain adult size or sexual maturity until they are taken 
 into the stomach. Their powers of resistance must be sufficient 
 to enable them to withstand considerable vicissitudes in respect of 
 weather, but it is highly probable that they have a comparatively 
 limited duration of life outside the body. It must be confessed 
 that on this point we have no certain knowledge, but it appears 
 unlikely that these sexually immature parasites can maintain their 
 existence for years in soil or water, and hence even badly contami- 
 nated soil would probably become safe again if Sheep were kept off 
 it for two or three years. 
 
 ‘ In the absence of direct observations on the point, one can only 
 speculate regarding the efficacy of such agents as lime or salt when 
 applied to the land with the object of killing the worms, but if the 
 parasites are anything like so resistant in their earlier stages of 
 development as they are when full grown, it is difficult to believe 
 that any chemical not absolutely destructive to the herbage could 
 be relied upon to kill the worms in the soil. 
 
 * It is at present uncertain to what extent water is the vehicle by 
 which the worms are taken into the stomach, but it would appear 
 to be a wise precaution to keep lambs off land that has been flooded, 
 to prevent access to stagnant ponds or ditches, and to provide 
 well-water where a clear running stream is not available.’ 
 
 Strongylus filicollis (Rud.). — This Strongyle may be found in the 
 abomasum of the Sheep and Goat, alone or in company with the 
 preceding. It is capable of causing grave damage ; but as it 
 usually inhabits more particularly the small intestine, it will be 
 noticed when speaking of the parasites of that organ. 
 
 Strongylus vicarius. — This nematode was found by Stiles in the 
 abomasum of Sheep in the Gulf States (U.S.A.). According to 
 Law, this worm resembles S. convolutus from which it may be 
 distinguished by its smaller size, and by the absence in the female 
 of the bell-shaped tegumental fold or covering of the vulva. Its 
 effects on the Sheep are similar to those produced by Ostertag’s 
 strongylus in the abomasum of cattle. 
 
 Strongylus convolutus (Ostertag) (St. Ostertagi Stiles). — Body yellowish- 
 brown — darker in the female — filiform, and tapering at the extremities. 
 Mouth nude ; oesophagus separated from the intestine by a small bulb. The 
 male is 7 mm. to 9 mm. long, and has the caudal pouch bilobate, each lobe 
 being sustained by four ribs, the middle and anterior of which are doubled 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 307 
 
 the posterior ribs are short, a little divided at their extremity, and fused at 
 their base, and join the two lobes of the pouch. The female is 10 mm. to 
 13 mm. long, and terminates in a short tail ; the vulva is situated towards 
 the posterior tenth of the body — that is, near the anus, and occupies the 
 bottom of a depression above which is a kind of membranous bell. 
 
 Os ter tag’s description of this parasite may be given : 
 
 It is small, cylindrical-shaped, and provided with a strong chitinous 
 envelope which is regularly transversely ringed. The colour is yellowish - 
 brown, and the females are somewhat darker than the males. The colour is 
 due to small pigment granules in the intestine. 
 
 The mouth is terminal, very small, and unarmed, being merely provided 
 with a capsule-like thickening of chitinous envelope. The oesophagus is 
 short, and its musculature strong ; at the end of the oesophagus there is a 
 slightly developed bulb. The intestinal canal is only slightly coiled. On 
 either side of the commencement of the intestinal tract there is a peculiar 
 glandular structure. 
 
 Length of the male, 7 to 9 mm. ; of the female, 10 to 13 mm. Thickness, 
 0*12 mm. The caudal end of the male shows a beautifully formed membranous 
 bursa, the diameter of which is 0*22 mm., while from the end of the body to 
 the point of attachment of the bursa measures o'i6 mm. The bursa is 
 supported by somewhat slender ribs with a facetted structure. Ribs 3 and 6 
 reach as far as the point of attachment of the bursa, while 1 and 2 and 4 and 5 
 are fused superiorly. The posterior ribs, at their hinder extremity, run out 
 into two small points, and are provided with a lateral process. 
 
 The spicules are double, dark yellow in colour, and have a length of o'2 mm. 
 and a breadth of 0*02 mm. They lie in a sheath, and show at their anterior 
 extremity a small knob-like swelling, while towards the bursa they divide 
 like the claws of a fowl. At the latter place one observes also short spiny 
 outgrowths. 
 
 The females are on an average larger, darker in colour, and more numerously 
 present than the males. The ovarium is unpaired, and contains a single row 
 of eggs or rudiments of ova. The ripe eggs have an oval shape ; in the uterus 
 they lie obliquely, the one behind the other, and they show commencing 
 division of their protoplasm. No further stage of development than this 
 was observed within the body of the worm. From the vagina a uterus 
 branches off forwards and backwards ; the length of the uterus is on an average 
 o' 1 6 mm. The uterus shows repeated sacculations, and is provided with a 
 funnel-shaped termination towards the ovary. The length of the vagina is 
 0'04 mm. ; the vulva has a breadth of 0*04 mm., and opens outwardly with 
 a funnel-shaped mouth. 
 
 The vulva is covered with a bell-shaped fold of integument (and this is re- 
 garded as one of the most characteristic features of the parasite). This fold 
 has a length of about o'2 mm., and its transverse measurement is the same. 
 The anus is 0*16 mm. in front of the posterior end of the body. The tail ends 
 in a slightly curved sharp point. 
 
 This worm was found in 1890 by Ostertag in the abomasum of 
 the Ox, in variable quantity, in 90 per cent, of the cattle slaughtered 
 in the Berlin abbatoirs. It was only in limited number in animals 
 in good condition, but was abundant in those which were emaciated 
 or otherwise in a low state. The mucous membrane of the abo- 
 masum was swollen throughout, and closely beset with small, 
 circular, flat elevations of the epithelium, each of which showed a 
 small pinhole opening at its centre. Microscopic examination of 
 these elevations discovered the presence in each of a small round 
 worm. Some of the parasites were not fully developed, but the 
 majority were sexually mature, and both sexes were represented 
 
 20 — 2 
 
303 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Some time after slaughter, the worms left these nodules, and 
 many were found on the surface of the epithelium, a large number 
 projecting in various lengths from the orifices of the small tumours. 
 Stiles has found this worm in Cattle and Sheep, in the United States 
 and particularly in Texas, where every bovine animal — old or 
 young — submitted to his examination contained representatives of 
 Oster tag’s strongyle in the mucosa of the abomasum (Law). 
 
 This parasite appears to be the cause of a pernicious anaemia, 
 accompanied by catarrh of the abomasum and profuse diarrhoea, 
 young animals being more particularly its victims. Affected 
 animals rapidly lose flesh, and eventually succumb — when not 
 slaughtered. 
 
 There is no satisfactory curative treatment, though in cases 
 still in the incipient stage the disease may be checked and recovery 
 promoted — if only for a time — by a varied course of anthelmintics 
 and gastric antiseptics, conjoined with tonics, free access to salt, 
 and attention to the condition of the food (or pasture) and drinking 
 water. 
 
 The Gongylonema scutatum (Muller) is yellow ; the mouth is round and 
 nude ; the cephalic extremity is truncated, and surrounded for the length of 
 a millimetre by chitinous plates of various thicknesses, in the form of a shield. 
 The male is 4 cm. to 5 cm. long, has the tail rolled up, and is furnished with 
 two wings and two spicules. The female is 8 cm. to 10 cm. long, and has the 
 vulva situated in front of the anus ; it is ovoviviparous. 
 
 This species has been found by Muller, of Vienna, in the epithelium 
 of the oesophagus — and more especially in its thoracic portion — in 
 five Polish and Hungarian Oxen ; he described it under the name of 
 Spiroptera scutata cesophagea bovis. There were only a few in each 
 Ox. Harms has seen the same worms in the oesophagus of Sheep ; 
 they were parallel to the longitudinal axis of the organ, and rolled 
 up in a spiral manner like the wool-fibre of merino Sheep. Ziirn 
 found them to be identical with the Gongylonema scutatum of the 
 Ox. Muller has also observed them in the epithelium of the 
 oesophagus of an old Horse. Lastly, Korzil has seen them in the 
 mouth and pharynx of Pigs, as will be mentioned immediately. 
 Stiles has found them in abundance in American Cattle and Sheep. 
 
 Curtice says he has found in the walls of the oesophagus of the 
 Ox, larvae which he considers as those of the Hypoderma bovis in 
 the first stage. 
 
 Strongylus Species? (McFadyean). — This strongyle was found in 
 1896 by McFadyean in the fourth stomach of two Cows, and sub- 
 sequently in other Cattle, which were slaughtered in consequence of 
 emaciation and persistent diarrhoea. On post-mortem examination 
 the internal organs were found to be healthy save the fourth 
 stomach and the intestines. The main seat of the disease was the 
 abomasum, the mucous membrane of which was inflamed. Micro- 
 scopic examination of the stomach wall and contents discovered 
 the presence of numerous small round worms, of which the 
 following is a description : 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 309 
 
 ‘ The females are in excess of the males. There is also the usual disparity 
 between the two sexes, the males being considerably smaller than the females. 
 To the naked eye the colour of the worms is a dull white. The length of the 
 females varies, but the average adult may be set down at 9 mm. The diameter 
 of the body measured a little in front of the vulva is from o # o8 to 0*09 mm., 
 and from the region of the vulva the body gradually tapers to the anterior 
 extremity, while from the vulva backwards to near the tail it is almost 
 uniform in thickness. The tail is slightly curved and terminated by a sharp 
 point. The mouth is terminal, unarmed, and surrounded by a narrow, blunt 
 collar. The wall of the gullet is very thick in its posterior part, where it 
 terminates in an intestine that runs straight through the body. The anus is 
 distant about 0*14 mm. from the point of the tail. Two small spine-like 
 papillae with a backward direction are present on opposite sides of the body ; 
 about 0’3 mm. behind the anterior extremtity. 
 
 ‘ The orifice of the vulva is covered by a flap-like appendage of the integu- 
 ment. The integument is crossed by fine transverse ridges, and it also shows 
 on either side (upper or 
 lower) of the body ten to 
 fourteen equidistant longi- 
 tudinal ridges. The uteri 
 are directed backwards and 
 forwards from the vagina, 
 and contain a large number 
 of eggs somewhat obliquely 
 placed, the one behind the 
 other. The eggs measure 
 o - 07 mm. in length by o'oq 
 mm. in breadth. Those near 
 the vagina show the morula 
 state of division. 
 
 ‘ The adult male worms are 
 about 7 mm. long, and the 
 body is thickest at its pos- 
 terior end, and gradually 
 tapers towards the head. 
 
 The spicules are dark yellow 
 in colour, and o‘2 mm. long. 
 
 The bursa, which is difficult 
 to spread, measures about 
 0’3 mm. across at its widest 
 part. The accompanying 
 figure shows its appearance 
 when fully expanded. The 
 posterior ribs spring from 
 a median stem, and each 
 divides into two very short, 
 
 thin branches. At its attached end the median stem of the posterior ribs 
 sometimes appears cleft longitudinally, and it is flanked on either side by a 
 delicate outward curved rod. The remaining ribs are all comparatively stout, 
 and the postero- external and the anterior are double on each side. The 
 bursal membrane shows five striae running at right angles to its free edge.’ 
 
 This worm resembles Ostertag’s S. convolutus ; the most notable differences 
 are the barb-like hooks on the neck and longitudinal ridges on the integu- 
 ment of McFadyean’s nematode. 
 
 Strongylus gracilis (McFadyean). — Colour dull white. The adult female 
 measures from 3 to 4 mm. long, and o’o6 mm. broad in front of the vulva. 
 From the vulva backwards the breadth is maintained to near the tail, which 
 runs out into a sharp point, and is almost straight. In front of the vulva 
 the body tapers gradually to the anterior extremity, which has no collar or 
 expansion. The integument shows very fine transverse but no longitudinal 
 ridges. No neck papillae are present. The anus opens 0*07 mm. from the 
 
 Fig. 143. — Caudal extremity of male worm 
 from the fourth stomach of a cow ; Strongylus 
 Species ? magnified (McFadyean). 
 
3 io 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 tip of the tail. The vulva is distant 075 mm. from the posterior extremity, 
 and it is unguarded. The uteri pass backwards and forwards from the 
 vagina, and contain eggs of relatively large size. These are arranged length- 
 
 of the median, and the anterior is represented by two distinct ribs, the 
 anterior of which is slender, and the posterior thick. Thus, omitting the 
 posterior ribs, the bursa is supported on each side by six rays, of which the 
 central four are nearly equal in thickness, while the outermost ones are shorter 
 and more slender (McFadyean). 
 
 This strongyle was discovered in 1894 by McFadyean in cases 
 of verminous gastro-enteritis of Cattle. Since then McFadyean 
 has found the same species in the mucous membrane of the stomach 
 of Sheep, Horses, and Pigs. 
 
 Article III. — Parasites of the Stomach of the Fig. 
 
 The parasites met with in the stomach of the Pig are Nematodes. 
 
 1. Spiroptera strongylina (Rud.). — Body white, thin, and often curved in 
 a semicircle. Head not distinct from the rest of the body. Mouth without 
 lips and papillae, and continued by a pharynx. A very narrow lateral wing 
 on one side. Male 10 mm. to 13 mm. long ; tail furnished with two broad, 
 unequal wings ; six papillae on each side asymmetrically arranged, two of 
 them being post-anal ; spicules long and thin. Female 12 mm. to 20 mm., 
 vulva situated immediately in front of the anus. 
 
 The Spiroptera strongylina — which appears to be rare — has been found in 
 Germany in the cavity of the stomach. No trouble has been ascribed to it. 
 It has been observed most frequently in the wild Boar. 
 
 2. Gongylonema scutatum (Muller). — This worm has been mentioned (p. 308) 
 as being found in the Horse, Ox, and Sheep. Korzil has also often seen it in the 
 
 ways, the one behind the 
 other, and measure 0*07 mm. 
 long by 0*04 mm. broad. 
 
 Fig. 144. — Bursa of male Strongylus gracilis 
 (McFadyean). 
 
 The largest males are a 
 little over 3 mm. long, and 
 at their posterior extremity 
 they are about 0*06 mm. 
 broad. The bod}' gradually 
 tapers from the posterior 
 extremity to the head. The 
 spicules are o’i mm. long, 
 and the bursa measures 
 0*125 to 0*18 mm. across at 
 its widest part. The pos- 
 terior ribs spring from a long 
 (0*06 mm.) tapering median 
 stem, and are themselves 
 extremely short, as each 
 almost immediately divides 
 into two short branches. 
 The median stem thus ap- 
 pears under a low magnifica- 
 tion to divide into four 
 prong-like branches at its 
 free end. The postero- 
 external rib is short, and 
 the median is represented by 
 two large branches separate 
 down to their bases. The 
 antero-external is of about 
 the same size as the branches 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 3i 
 
 mouth and pharynx of the Pig, implanted in the epithelium, and more or less 
 free on the surface of the mucous membrane. It does not seem to have pro- 
 duced any appreciable pathological effect. 
 
 3. Gnathostomum hispidum(Fedsch.). — ‘The anterior extremity is provided 
 with twelve rows of chitinous plates, the summits of which are garnished 
 with sharp hooks directed backwards. The male is 25 mm. long ; its tail forms 
 a kind of rounded pouch. The female measures 31 mm. ; its body gradually 
 tapers towards the end, where it terminates in a conical point ' (Railliet). \ 
 
 This Nematode was found by the Russian traveller, Fedschenko, in the. 
 walls of the stomach of a Pig. Csokor has seen it in Vienna, where it is known 
 to the pork-butchers as the 
 tricoloured worm. It fixes itself 
 in the mucous membrane by 
 means of its hooks, and lives 
 on the blood it extracts. The 
 points it occupies are marked 
 on the exterior of the stomach 
 by distinct injection, involving 
 the peritoneal serous mem- 
 brane, and dark spots the size 
 of a poppy-seed. Internally, 
 the mucous membrane is 
 inflamed, particularly at the 
 fundus of the organ ; while 
 between the rugae more especi- 
 ally, it is mammillated, 
 reddened and thickened, and 
 there the worms are observed 
 to be implanted in it by 
 their cephalic extremity. The 
 stomach is more or less dis- 
 tended and disturbed in its 
 functions, and there is often 
 marked cachexia. 
 
 4. Cobbold has described, 
 as the type of a new genus, 
 a singular parasite, the 
 Simondsia paradoxa. ‘ The 
 genus Simondsia (Cobbold) 
 is, in fact, represented by 
 endo-parasitic Nematodes, the 
 females of which have a very 
 developed external uterus, 
 from which spring several 
 branches that end in a cul- 
 de-sac. These females are en- 
 cysted ; the males are free. 
 
 ‘ The Simondsia paradoxa (Cobbold) has a cylindroid body, attenuated 
 towards the anterior extremity, which has two narrow lateral wings. The 
 mouth has two prominent papillae. The male measures 12 mm., it has a 
 spiral tail, and two long, thin spicules. The female is 15 mm. long, and 
 towards the posterior part of the body has a considerably-developed, rosette- 
 shaped organ, formed by the everted uterus ; the tail is twice as thick as the 
 body, is conical, and has three spinules, with a long base, immediately above 
 the anus. It is probable that the vulva opens at the base of the rosette. 
 
 ‘ This remarkable parasite was discovered in 1852 by Simonds, in the walls 
 of the stomach of a German Pig belonging to the Zoological Society of London. 
 The males were free, and the females were enclosed in small tumours or cysts, 
 from which they protruded their head by a narrow opening in the cavity of 
 the stomach. In the first description Cobbold gave of this worm, he mistook 
 its head for its tail ’ (Railliet). 
 
 Fig. 145. — Simondsia paradoxa, after Cobbold. 
 
 A, female extracted from its cyst, magni- 
 fied five diameters ; a, cephalic extremity ; 
 b b, lateral wings ; c, posterior end of the 
 oesophagus ; d d, intestine ; e e e, caeca of the 
 uterine rosette ; /, tail. B, male, magnified 
 five diameters ; a, cephalic extremity ; /, caudal 
 extremity. C, group of ova extracted from 
 the uterine cornua ; magnified 250 diameters. 
 
312 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Article IV. — Parasites of the (Esophagus and Stomach of the Dog. 
 
 Independently of the Infusoria, the parasite most frequently 
 found in the stomach of the Dog is the Spiroptera sanguinolenta. 
 We have also on two occasions seen the larvae of the Gastrophilus 
 of the Horse in it, and also wandering Ascarides from the intestine. 
 Taeniae may likewise find their way into the stomach, and Wolpert 
 has even found them in the oesophagus. 
 
 Spiroptera sanguinolenta (Rud.). — This Nematode is readily recognised by 
 its blood-red colour. The male is from 3 cm. to 5 cm. long, the tail spiral 
 and provided with two lateral wings, each of these being sustained by six 
 papillae, of which two are post-anal ; two unequal spicules. The female is 
 6 cm. to 8 cm. long ; the tail is slightly curved, and the vulva is 4 mm. or 
 5 mm. behind the mouth. 
 
 This worm has been met with in the Wolf and Fox, and more 
 particularly in the Dog. It is sometimes found in the aorta, lungs, 
 
 A * 
 
 Fig. 146 . — Spiroptera sanguinolenta. 
 
 A, male and female, natural size ; B, cephalic extremity, showing the 
 interior of the buccal capsule, magnified fifty diameters ; C, caudal extremity 
 of the male, lateral view ; magnified twenty-five diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 and lymphatic glands ; but it is lodged almost exclusively in 
 tumours in the stomach and oesophagus. These tumours are never 
 numerous ; their volume varies in size from that of a hazel-nut to 
 a pigeon's egg ; their shape being ovoid and their consistence hard. 
 The mucous membrane covering them offers no other alteration 
 than a regular circular opening on their summit, but which may — 
 in very exceptional instances — be absent. They are limited, 
 outwardly, by the muscular coat of the oesophagus and stomach, 
 and are composed of indurated tissue chambered into cavities, in 
 
PARASITES OF THE OESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 3 13 
 
 which the rolled-up worms are imbedded in a purulent fluid that 
 under pressure issues from the opening, and also follows extrusion 
 of the parasites. This orifice is in communication with all the 
 cavities in the tumour. The number of worms in each tumour is 
 very variable, generally from 2 to 20. 
 
 Silva Aranjo has found five Spiroptera sanguinolenta free in the 
 oesophageal cavity of a Dog. 
 
 Morgagni and Ercolani have imagined that these parasites — 
 being introduced into the stomach in the larval condition — perforate 
 the mucous membrane 
 and develop in the sub- 
 mucous connective tissue. 
 
 Davaine is of the contrary 
 opinion, and thinks that 
 — owing to their tenuity 
 in the first stage — they 
 find their way into the 
 duct of an oesophageal or 
 gastric gland, causing its 
 dilatation and inflamma- 
 tion, and ultimate con- 
 version into a verminous 
 tumour. He bases his 
 opinion on the form of the 
 opening, which does not 
 appear to be eroded or 
 ulcerated. In the larger 
 proportion of cases, the 
 duct of the gland remains 
 permeable ; but in others 
 it becomes obliterated, 
 perhaps by the compres- 
 sion of the tumour itself 
 upon it, even when it is 
 permeable ; so that there Fig. 14 7 
 goes on a transformation 
 analogous to that so fre- 
 quently observed in the 
 
 Tumours of the Spiroptera san- 
 guinolenta in the stomach of the Dog ; 
 natural size. — Railliet. 
 
 One of these tumours has been incised to 
 
 -1 r it 1 • show the internal cavity and the worms con- 
 
 sebaceous follicles, in the tained therein . 
 
 glands of the lips, etc. 
 
 But the histological study of these tumours can alone solve this 
 undecided question. 
 
 The Spiroptera sanguinolenta — which is common in China and 
 Brazil — appears to be more frequent in Italy than in France, where 
 it is somewhat exceptional. We need only refer to its most 
 characteristic symptoms. According to Manson, its presence in 
 the oesophagus is manifested by repeated vomitings, which may 
 terminate in death from inanition ; the tumours may open into 
 the peritoneum, and — as a consequence of their rupture — occasion 
 
314 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 a fatal pleurisy. Littlewood has also remarked frequent vomiting 
 in a Dog, the stomach of which contained numerous nests of 
 Spiroptera. The Spiroptera of the stomach has been sometimes 
 considered as the cause of a voracious appetite with which several 
 of the animals attacked appeared to be affected. A relatively large 
 proportion of the observations with regard to this parasite have 
 been of Dogs dead from rabies ; but this may be explained by the 
 circumstance that the autopsy of rabid Dogs demands a careful 
 examination of their stomach. And it may also be the case that 
 this Nematode at times induces rabiform symptoms, which have led 
 to mistakes, and caused Dogs exhibiting them to be sacrificed as 
 rabid. 
 
 Recent investigations by Grassi have made known the evolutive 
 cycle of the Spiroptera sanguinolenta. This worm has for its 
 intermediate host the Eastern Cockroach ( Periplaneta orientalis 
 Linn.), one of the insects commonly known in France as Cafard 
 and Cancrelat (American Cockroach). In the abdominal cavity of 
 this creature, Grassi, at Catania, has often found relatively large 
 cysts containing young Nematodes, the colour of which resembled 
 that of the Spiroptera in question ; and Dogs to which he had 
 administered a large quantity of these cysts have — at their autopsies 
 — shown young parasites which, at the end of fifteen days, had 
 already embedded themselves in the oesophageal mucous membrane. 
 It is probable that this Cockroach finds its parasite in the excrements 
 of Dogs which are bearers of the Spiroptera, and that the Dogs 
 in their turn are infested in eating these Insects ; for Grassi affirms 
 that many Dogs like chasing Cockroaches. 
 
 Seeing the relative rarity of the helminthiasis caused by the 
 Spiroptera, and the absence of precise symptoms indicative of its 
 existence, nothing can be said with regard to the treatment of the 
 affection. 
 
 Larvae of the (Estridse. — Larvae of the Gastrophilns equi have been found in 
 the stomach of carnivorous animals, such as the striped Hyaena and the 
 Badger. G. Colin has met with one once in a four or five months’ old New- 
 foundland Dog, ‘ pupped at the beginning of winter, and on which no CEstrus 
 could have deposited its eggs. But as it had been fed upon the debris of 
 Horses, a larva, no doubt, had been swallowed with that food, and had been 
 arrested in the stomach, where it had hooked itself on to the mucous mem- 
 brane, in which it had made a depression to lodge the posterior extremity 
 (sic) of its body.’ Schliepe, at the autopsy of a rabid Dog, found in the cardiac 
 diverticulum of the stomach ‘ three larvae of the CEstrus equi firmly implanted 
 in the mucous membrane, and as well developed as those found at this time, 
 December, in the stomach of the Horse.’ 
 
 Article V. — Parasites of the Stomach of the Cat. 
 
 Ascarides and Taeniae may be found in the stomach of the Cat, 
 and particularly the Tcenia crassicollis ; but the only parasite 
 proper to that organ is a Nematode of the family of Strongylidae — 
 the three-pointed Ollulan (Ollulanus tricuspis Leuckart). To 
 Leuckart we owe its discovery and description. 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 3i5 
 
 The genus Ollulanus is characterized by the presence of an urn-shaped 
 buccal capsule, a slightly muscular oesophagus, and — with the males — a 
 caudal bilobate pouch, containing two short spicules. In the Ollulanus 
 tricuspis, the adult female measures at most 1 mm. long, and has three points 
 at the caudal extremity. 
 
 In the adult state, the worm resides in the substance of the gastric mucous 
 membrane of the Cat, where it is often found in such quantity that this 
 membrane is softened, reddened, and ecchymosed. The female is ovovivi- 
 parous. The embryos are of colossal dimensions, compared with those 
 of the parent — measuring, in fact, 320 /* long, and 15 /i broad ; the body of 
 the female can scarcely contain more than three of them. Nevertheless, they 
 are found in large numbers not only in the stomach, but also in the intestine 
 as far as the large colon, whence they soon wander — like the Trichinae — to 
 various parts of the body of their host — invading more particularly the pleurae, 
 diaphragm, liver and lungs, where they form cysts measuring *15 mm. to 
 •20 mm., in each of which are found one or several embryos rolled up on 
 themselves. The wall of the cysts is very thick, and the cavity relatively 
 restricted. In the lung they simulate miliary tubercles, each being sur- 
 rounded by a zone of hepatization ; and the inflammatory process may be so 
 extensive as to cause the death of the animal. In serious cases, the embryos 
 are met with in the more or less sanguinolent bronchial mucus. 
 
 The embryos of the Ollulanus tricuspis cannot continue their course of 
 development in the Cat. The majority of them are expelled along with the 
 faeces, or, exceptionally, with the bronchial mucus. They may then be 
 ingested by the smaller Rodents, and — as Leuckart has experimentally 
 demonstrated — they pass from the intestine of these into the muscles, where 
 they become encysted, after the manner of the Trichinae. There development 
 becomes more advanced than it can be in the pulmonary or other cysts in 
 the Cat ; but it is probable that it is completed in the digestive canal of the 
 Cat that feeds upon infested Rodents. Nevertheless, Leuckart, having fed 
 a Cat with mice experimentally infested, on killing it eight days afterwards, 
 found the worms — not in the stomach, but in the caecum and large intestine, 
 and they had undergone no change. So that uncertainty still prevails with 
 respect to the evolution of the Ollulan. We think it should be mentioned 
 that in our numerous autopsies of Cats, we have never met with this parasite. 
 
 Lutz says that, in Brazil, he saw in the stomach of a Cat a great number of 
 worms — male and female — which he believed belonged to the genus Physa - 
 loptera, of which we shall speak hereafter when dealing with the Brazilian 
 species found in the stomach of the Fowl. These parasites are very closely 
 related to the Ph. digitata Schneider, that lives in the stomach of the Cougar 
 or Puma ( Felis concolor). 
 
 It is possible that these worms were only Physalopteres of the Fowl, and 
 had been ingested with the entrails of that Bird. We have found in the 
 intestines of a Cat, intact Heterakis papillosa, which had evidently been 
 derived from this source. 
 
 Article VI. — Parasites of the Stomach of the Rabbit. 
 
 The Striped Strongyle ( Strongylus strigosus Dujardin) chiefly infests warren 
 Rabbits, being found in the caecum and colon. Railliet has found it in 
 thousands in the stomach of these animals, in which it gives rise to a fatal 
 anaemia, by abstracting blood from the gastric mucous membrane. The 
 same worm has been found by Railliet, in small numbers, in the stomach of 
 domesticated Rabbits at Alfort ; and Perroncito has made a similar observa- 
 tion at Turin. But up to the present time, a real pathogenic action in 
 domesticated Rabbits has not been attributed to this Strongyle. 
 
 It is recognised by the following characters : 
 
 Body blood-red, filiform, cuticle striated transversely, and having about 
 50 salient longitudinal lines. Male, 8 mm. to 16 mm. in length, and provided 
 with two long spicules with a brush-like termination ; a campaniliform caudal 
 
3 i6 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 pouch, deeply excised in front, slightly bilobate behind, its posterior ribs 
 fused into one for the greater portion of their length, and divided into two 
 branches at their posterior extremity ; the posterior and anterior external 
 
 are single ; the middle and anterior are double. 
 Female, 1 1 mm. to 20 mm. long ; vulva distant 
 from the caudal extremity 2 *14 mm. to 3*28 mm. 
 
 Moniez has found beneath the gastric mucous 
 membrane of the Rabbit and Hare, a particular 
 Spiroptera which he has named the Spiroptera 
 leporum. 
 
 Article VII. — Parasites of the (Eso- 
 phagus and Stomach of Birds. 
 
 The Fowl, Goose, Duck, and Swan 
 are the only ones that harbour Helmin- 
 thes in the pre-intestinal portion of 
 that canal. With the exception of one 
 species of Trematode found in the Fowl, 
 these are all Nematodes belonging to six 
 different genera. Three — Strongylus 
 Muller, Hystrichis Duj ., and Physaloptera 
 Rud. — belong to the family of Strongy- 
 lidae ; one — Trichosomum Rud. — belongs 
 to the Trichotrachelidse ; and the two 
 others — Dispharagus Duj. and Tropi- 
 surus Dies. — belong to the Filariidae. 
 
 Fowl. — In the oesophagus of a Fowl, Von 
 Linstow found five specimens of a Trematode, 
 which he named Distomum pellucidum, and 
 which — because of the situation, altogether in 
 front, of the genital openings — should be in- 
 cluded in the genus Mesogonimus — Mes. 
 pellucidus. It is transparent, reddish, foli- 
 aceous, attenuated in front, has two large and 
 equal-sized suckers, is covered with spines on 
 its posterior moiety, and measures 9 mm. 
 long, 5 mm. broad. 
 
 Zurn indicates as having been found by 
 Mollin, beneath the oesophageal epithelium of 
 the fowl, the Trichosomum annulatum, which 
 will be described with the parasites of the 
 intestine. 
 
 Another parasite of the oesophagus is the 
 Dispharagus spiralis (Molin) — a name given to 
 the genus by Dujardin, because its oesophagus 
 is formed of two distinct portions, and, besides, 
 succeeds a cylindrical ventriculus. The spiral 
 Dispharagus has three papillae around the 
 mouth ; and the anterior part of the body has a flexuous cord on each side. 
 The male has a spiral tail with wings, a single spicule, and is 7 mm. long. 
 The female is 9 mm. long. 
 
 K- They are probably embryos of this species that Rivolta and Delprato 
 described under the name of Trichina papillosa. They found them in the 
 Fowl, encysted in the connective tissue around the oesophagus, crop, and 
 proventriculus, as well as in the wall of the intestine, and in the mesentery 
 
 Fig. 148. — Strongylus stri- 
 gosus : caudal extremity of 
 the male, seen on the ven- 
 tral surface ; magnified 
 forty diameters. — Railliet 
 (inedited). 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 317 
 
 near its visceral insertion. To the same species may also belong the worms 
 previously found in nodules in the wall of the Fowl’s gizzard, which were con- 
 sidered as belonging to the genus Spiroptera. 
 
 Another species of Dispharagus — D. nasutus Rud., Filar ia nasuta Rud. — ■ 
 has been found in the wall of the gizzard of the Fowl and Sparrow. The 
 male was closely rolled up in a spiral manner, and measured 5 mm. long ; the 
 female was from 5 mm. to 7 mm. long. It received the name of nasutus, from 
 the two long terminal papillae on each side of the mouth, from which start 
 two double, flexuous folds of integument that pass to a distance of *6 mm., 
 then curve forward without joining. 
 
 Legros has reported an epizooty due to this species, among the poultry in 
 a yard where several breeds of Fowls were kept, and of which the Crevecoeur 
 breed suffered most severely. The Birds became emaciated, were dejected, 
 and died exhausted without having lost their appetite ; on the contrary, 
 during their last few days they were unusually voracious. The gizzard was 
 studded with the Dispharagus nasutus — some being entirely hidden in the 
 substance of the mucous membrane, and others fixed in it by one extremity, 
 the other floating freely in the cavity of the organ. They were packed so 
 close together in certain places, that they appeared to form a kind of tissue. 
 
 The Dispharagus hamulosus Dies, was discovered by Natterer in small 
 tumours on the surface of the gizzard of a Brazilian Fowl. The male is 10 mm. 
 to 1 2 mm. long ; the female, 24 mm. to 26 mm. 
 
 The genus Physaloptera is characterized by its mouth, which has two greatly 
 developed lips, each provided with three papillae externally, and having teeth 
 internally and at the extremity. The caudal pouch of the male is closed, and 
 embraces the base of the tail. The female is oviparous. The truncated 
 Physaloptera ( Phys . truncata Schn.) measures : male, 25 mm., and female 
 33 mm. long. It has also been found in Brazil, in the proventriculus of the 
 Fowl. 
 
 Bakody believed he had found Trichinae encysted in the walls of the ventri- 
 culus and intestine of Fowls which had succumbed to a small outbreak of 
 disease. But, as Leuckart has observed, they were evidently not Trichinae, 
 but the larvae of some Filariae capable of encystment, which is not rare in 
 various animals. 
 
 Duck. — Railliet and Lucet have attributed to a Nematode — the 
 Trichosomum contortum — a most serious disease affecting a lot of 
 young Ducks of Pekin breed. 
 
 The Trichosomes ( Trichosomum Rud.) belong to the family of Tricho- 
 trachelidae. The body is filiform, very attenuated in its anterior part, 
 moderately and progressively expanded in its posterior part. The male has 
 the caudal extremity rolled up, and terminated by a small caudal copulatory 
 pouch that forms around the genital orifice a kind of ring ; the sheath of the 
 spicule is transversely striated or ridged. This genus has its chief repre- 
 sentatives in Birds. 
 
 The Trichosomum contortum (Creplin) is slightly attenuated near the 
 posterior extremity. The anterior has a terminal projection like a button. 
 The male is 12 mm. to 17 mm. long, and 7 n to 9 /x broad near the head, and 
 75 ft to 80 n in the posterior region ; it has a very slender spicule, the sheath 
 of which is covered with very small spines directed forwards. The female is 
 31 mm. to 38 mm. long, and 9 /x or 10 /x broad at the head, 120 /x to 150 ^ 
 posteriorly ; it has the vulva opening about the anterior sixth of the body. 
 Ova from 48 /x to 56 /x long, and 21 p to 24 fi broad. 
 
 This Nematode has been found in various species of Passeres, 
 Grallatores, Palmipedes, and Raptores. According to the observa- 
 tions of Railliet and Lucet, it causes in Pekin Ducks an engorge- 
 ment — by food — of the cervical dilatation of the oesophagus, 
 altogether analogous to dilatation of the crop in the Gallinae and 
 
3 1 8 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Pigeons. This ingluvial indigestion — so named by Dupont of 
 Plazac — has been attributed to various causes — such as the food 
 being too dry, too abundant, swallowed too hurriedly, or undigested. 
 But the above authorities have shown that perhaps the chief 
 factor is parasitism by the Trichosomum contortum ; for at the 
 autopsy of Birds that have died from this affection, they have only 
 found alterations in the oesophagus, which was enormously dis- 
 tended in its cervical portion, and full of food ; while its walls were 
 extremely thin and very congested. To the naked eye, or through 
 a hand-lens, the mucous membrane at that part shows white or 
 light-yellow lines, sometimes slightly in relief. The microscope 
 proves that these streaks are submucous galleries partly occupied 
 by the parasites and their ova, and have been formed by them in 
 their movements and turnings around the oesophageal glands. 
 One oesophagus may contain more than thirty worms. 
 
 These Nematodes act, no doubt, mechanically in causing obstruc- 
 tion of the oesophagus ; this first leads to inertia, then to its 
 engorgement and extreme dilatation, with compression of the 
 pneumogastric nerve, whence result the phenomena of asphyxia. 
 
 The symptoms of this affection consist at first in an arrest of 
 growth, and emaciation and weakness, with sometimes epileptiform 
 crises. In about five to ten days engorgement of the oesophagus 
 commences, and it rapidly increases until death ensues in one or 
 two days. 
 
 The conditions prevailing at the appearance of this affection are 
 not known. It is only recognised that youth and breed predispose 
 to it ; for ordinary young Ducks reared in the same conditions as 
 those of the Pekin breed, pay but an insignificant tribute to this 
 ingluvial indigestion. From what is known of the evolution of the 
 Trichocephalus and hepatic Trichosomum of the Muridae (Railliet), 
 it is probable that the Trichosomum contortum has a direct develop- 
 ment. Otherwise, its sub-mucous sojourn — notwithstanding its 
 frequency — is, doubtless, only accidental ; for in the other Birds 
 in which it has been observed, it is nearly always found free in the 
 oesophagus. 
 
 With regard to treatment, all that can be advised is the employ- 
 ment of anthelmintics best suited for destroying entozoa in the 
 intestinal canal. 
 
 The hooked Dispharagus ( D . uncinatus Rud.) is another parasite of the 
 Duck’s oesophagus, where it has been found by Ziirn. The mouth is furnished 
 with six papillae and two teeth ; from each of the latter arises a flexuous 
 cord that descends to 2 mm. from the anterior extremity. On each side of the 
 body is a double longitudinal series of small spines, with their points inclining 
 backwards — a series that extends nearly to the caudal extremity. In front, 
 the two series are on the dorsal surface, between the two cords, and approach 
 the mouth. The male is 9 mm. long, has eight papillae on each side — four of 
 which are post-anal — a salient caudal pouch on each side, and a long and thin 
 spicule. The female measures 15 mm. ; the vulva is 1 mm. from the caudal 
 point. Ziirn has met with these worms in large numbers in the oesophagus, 
 the crop, and the small intestine of Ducks that had died somewhat suddenly. 
 They had produced severe inflammation of these parts. The precursory 
 
PARASITES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 
 
 3i9 
 
 symptoms of death had nothing characteristic — dulness, upright feathers, 
 dysphagia, and a great appetite being nearly all the signs that were observed. 
 
 The genus Tropisurus (Dies.) is represented by two species in the domesti- 
 cated Duck. It is remarkable for sexual dimorphism. The female has a 
 thick ovoid body ; the male is filiform, and 15 to 18 times longer than it is 
 broad, with its tail careened downwards ( rpoirig , keel). The species found 
 in the tame Duck are the Tropisurus inflatus Mehlis, and the Tr. fissispinus 
 Dies. They inhabit sub-mucous cysts in the proventriculus and the oeso- 
 phagus, and sometimes set up fatal inflammation of these parts (Zurn). 
 
 The genus Hystrichis (Duj.) is composed of filiform worms, the anterior 
 portion of their body being studded with prickles. They are lodged between 
 the mucous and the muscular coats of the digestive canal of Birds. Two 
 species are sometimes found in the tame Duck : 1. Hystrichis tricolor Duj. — 
 so named because the female, which is 27 mm. long, is white externally, black 
 in the centre or intestine, and bright-red in the intermediate layer and the 
 whole of the oesophageal region. It has been found in the proventriculus of 
 the tame Duck, and so firmly implanted in the mucous membrane that it 
 has been found very difficult to remove it therefrom without breaking it. 
 2. H. elegans (Olfers), found at Geneva by Jurine, in nodules from the oeso- 
 phagus of the tame Duck. Body white, thick, filiform, and 9 cm. long. 
 
 Goose. — The Dispharagus uncinatus, which Zurn found in the Duck, has 
 been met with several times in the domesticated Goose, in nodules in the 
 oesophageal mucous membrane. 
 
 The Strongylus nodularis (Rud.) is sometimes found in the tame Goose, in 
 the substance of the mucous and muscular coats of the proventriculus and 
 duodenum. It is tapering in front ; the mouth has, laterally, two vesiculous 
 wings in the form of nodules, and at the posterior part the pharyngeal bulb 
 carries three teeth which can be projected externally. The male is 10 mm. to 
 12 mm. long, and has a well-developed caudal pouch with radiating sides. 
 The female is 10 mm. to 18 mm. long, and has the vulva situated 1 *5 mm. from 
 the caudal point. 
 
 Swan. — In the succentric ventricle of the Cygnus olor — domesticated or 
 wild — there has been found on several occasions a species of Hystrichis — the 
 H. cygni Molin — implanted in nodules in the mucous membrane. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 Of the several portions of the digestive canal, the intestine is that 
 in which nearly the greatest number of parasites are found. Their 
 rapid passage in the mouth, pharynx, and oesophagus scarcely 
 allows them time to fix themselves there ; besides, they do not find 
 there the abundant liquid medium the intestine affords, and they 
 would be continually disturbed by the energetic contractions of 
 these organs. The stomach is scarcely more favourable for their 
 lodgment, as the acidity of the gastric juice drives them out of it, 
 those which remain being generally refugees beneath the mucous 
 membrane. By its alimentary contents, its extent, and the 
 slowness and smoothness of its movements, the intestine is the 
 place most suitable for the development and sojourn of the numerous 
 parasites, the germs of which are carried therein by the food and 
 water. The majority of these parasites infest the small intestine, 
 others the caecum, the minority the colon ; and each species has 
 generally its particular sojourn, and its exclusive location in the 
 same compartment. 
 
 With the exception of some inferior Fungi, the parasites of the 
 intestine belong to the animal kingdom. They are the Coccidia, 
 Infusoria, Cestoda, Trematoda, Acanthocephala, and Nematoda. 
 
 CESTODES. — The Cestoda, or Tape-worms, are Platyhelminthes, the body 
 of which is in the form of a narrow band divided into more or less distinct 
 segments. One of the extremities — termed the head, and generally expanded 
 — has a fixation apparatus formed of suckers, and also frequently of hooks. 
 The head is often succeeded by a thin, non-annulated constriction, named the 
 neck. The mass of the body is constituted by a connective network of cells, 
 with anastomosing prolongations. From these cells all the organs are derived ; 
 they may be covered with carbonate of lime, and form calcareous concretions, 
 which are frequently present in the body of these worms. The integument 
 comprises — from without to within — an apparently homogeneous cuticle, 
 lying on a sub-cuticular layer formed of large contractile cells, beneath which 
 is found the muscular layer ; this layer is double, the superficial portion being 
 composed of longitudinal, and the deep of transverse, fibres. 
 
 The nervous system consists of two longitudinal cords united by a transverse 
 commissure at the head. There is no digestive apparatus, the nutritive 
 materials in the intestinal canal of the host of the Cestode passing into its 
 body by fine canaliculi that traverse the cuticle. There is neither circulatory 
 nor respiratory apparatus — the integument serving for the exchange of gases. 
 
 320 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 321 
 
 The excretory apparatus is represented by what are termed aquiferous vessels — 
 longitudinal canals, generally four in number, two on each side — a dorsal and 
 a ventral — which intercommunicate by transversal anastomoses. They open 
 on the posterior surface of the body by an orifice — the caudal foramen — which 
 is formed in the last segment, after shedding of the one behind it. 
 
 Each segment is hermaphrodite ; but the male organs appear before the 
 female ones — the younger rings or segments, situated near the head, being 
 at first exclusively masculine. The male apparatus is formed of numerous 
 testicular, pyriform vesicles situated at the extremity of the deferent, canals, 
 which open into a common excretory v 
 
 canal — the spermiduct. The sinuous 
 extremity of the latter ends in a 
 muscular pouch — the cirrus-pouch, that 
 opens at the summit of a more or less 
 salient mamelon, situated on the lateral 
 border or the ventral surface of the 
 segment, and is named the genital pore. 
 
 The extremity of the spermiduct may, 
 on becoming everted, protrude beyond 
 the sexual orifice to constitute a copu- 
 latory organ — the cirrus or penis. 
 
 The female apparatus comprises one 
 or more ovaries. The ova — gathered 
 together in a pavilion — pass into the 
 oviduct, and thence into the uterus, 
 which is an irregular tube that becomes 
 distended by the accumulation of ova, 
 and develops into numerous lateral 
 caecal pouches in gradually effacing the 
 other organs ; sometimes the distended 
 walls rupture, and the ova are then 
 dispersed in the central zone. The 
 integuments of the segment may even 
 give way under the internal pressure, 
 and the ova escape externally. In 
 Bothriocephalus, the uterus has a 
 natural opening on the external surface. 
 
 The vulva — situated near the male 
 orifice — is continued by a vagina that 
 terminates in the oviduct, near its 
 origin, to convey the spermatozoa that 
 the cirrus throws into it. In one part 
 of its course, the vagina has often a 
 dilatation that serves to retain the 
 semen ; this is the seminal receptacle. 
 
 There is also, besides, a vitellogen (; yolk- 
 gland) — a mass of glands that secrete 
 the vitellus, which is conveyed into the 
 oviduct by a vitelloduct. 
 
 When the ova are laid, they usually 
 contain an embryo provided with hooks, 
 generally six in number. This embryo 
 does not become an adult Cestode until after a series of migrations. It exists 
 in a larval, agamous form, in the tissues of a transitory host ; then, with it, it 
 passes into the intestine of a second animal, in which it fixes itself and 
 acquires — along with the sexual organs — its adult form. 
 
 Fig. 149. — Diagram of the structure 
 of a CestO' 
 
 Beneden. 
 
 it, testicles ; sp, vas deferens or 
 spermiduct ; pp, sac of the cirrus 
 or penial pouch ; p, cirrus or 
 penis ; ov, germigen or ovary ; do, 
 germiduct or oviduct ; vt, vitel- 
 logen ; dv, vitelloduct ; mt, uterus, 
 showing the mode of formation of 
 the lateral caeca ; rs, seminal reser- 
 voirs ; vg, vagina ; vu, vulva ; v, 
 excretory vessels ; c, integumentary 
 envelope. 
 
 Of the small number of families in the Cestodes, only two furnish 
 parasites to Mammalia and Birds. These are the Tczniadcz and 
 Bothriocephalidce. 
 
 21 
 
MHWliiil 
 
 322 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 1. T^niad^e. — T his family is almost reduced to the genus Tania Linn., 
 which comprises more than four hundred species. 
 
 Fig. 150. — Tania solium; natural 
 size. — Railliet. 
 
 The Taeniae — typical of the Tape- 
 worms — are characterized by their 
 head, which is always furnished with 
 four suckers — the structure of which is 
 analogous to that of the suckers of the 
 Trematoda (p. 273) — between which 
 is sometimes found a more or less 
 marked depression, at other times a 
 prominence named the proboscis or 
 rostellum, which may or may not be 
 contractile, nude, or armed with hooks.. 
 Besides, the segments or joints have 
 nearly always their genital openings 
 on their margin. 
 
 The phases of development are 
 known for only a small number of 
 species, which undergo a series of 
 complex metamorphoses. At its exit 
 from the ovum into a suitable 
 medium, the embryo — always pro- 
 vided with six hooks {hex acanthus ) — 
 receives the name of protoscolex or pro - 
 scolex. It is the first larval form, which 
 penetrates the organism of a primary 
 host — a vertebrate or invertebrate 
 there it looses its hooks, often be- 
 comes enveloped in a cyst produced 
 in the body of the host, and is trans- 
 formed into a vesicle — caudal vesicle 
 (or bladder ) — which has fluid contents 
 and a contractile wall (cystic form, 
 finn or bladder parasite). This Cystic 
 or bladder worm develops by budding, 
 at one or more points, a second larval 
 form — deutoscolex, or simply scolex — 
 which has the same conformation as 
 the anterior extremity of the Taenia, 
 except that the head is invaginated. 
 
 Fig. 15 1. — Head of the Tania solium h 
 seen in front, with its salient suckers. 
 — Leuckart. 
 
 The tissues which contain it being introduced into the digestive canal of a 
 suitable host — a Vertebrate — the scolex separates from the vesicle, the head 
 is evaginated andJ3ec0m.es fixed on the intestinal mucous membrane, and by 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 323 
 
 proliferation produces a linear series of rings (segments or joints) — thus 
 constituting a Tape-worm. In the adopted nomenclature, the chain takes the 
 name of strobila, and each sexually mature segment that of proglottis. 
 
 The numerous species of Taeniae are distinguished from one another 
 by their dimensions, the form of their segments, the arrangement of 
 the genital organs, and the presence or absence of the cephalic 
 armature. The number, size, shape, and arrangement of the 
 hooks are very important characters, but they are, nevertheless, 
 liable to limited variation in each species. A useful distinction, 
 from a practical point of view, is that of dividing the Taeniae into 
 armed and unarmed — according as the head has hooks or no hooks ; 
 though this distinction is not really scientific, and does not take 
 into account the true affinities indicated by the mode of develop- 
 ment, on which alone the classification should rest. Unfortunately, 
 only a very small number of species are so identified, and the 
 classification of these has been established principally by the 
 researches of Abilgaard, Von Siebold, Van Beneden, Kiichenmeister, 
 Haubner, Baillet, Redon, Moniez, Villot, etc. 
 
 We shall have occasion to refer to several in detail, in dealing 
 with some of those which are parasitic in the domesticated Mam- 
 malia. For the present, we will give a summary description of the 
 classification of the Taeniae of the domesticated animals, such as 
 has been made by Railliet, according to the memoirs of Villot. 
 
 The Taeniae referred to are divided into three groups : Cystotcenice, Cystoido- 
 tcenice, and Anoplocephalince. 
 
 A. Cystotaenians ( Cystotcenice ). — ‘ They are characterized by Cystic larvae, 
 which have the caudal vesicle proceeding from the proscolex by simple 
 increase and modification of structure, without the 
 
 production — properly speaking — of a new part ’ 
 
 (Villot). 
 
 The head is nearly always armed with hooks like 
 small daggers, arranged in a double crown, and the 
 genital pores of the strobila — single in each segment 
 — are irregularly alternate. The Cystotcenice form 
 three secondary groups, Cysticercus, Ccenurus, and 
 Echinococcus, which are found in the tissues or closed 
 cavities of the Herbivora, Omnivora, and exception- 
 ally in the Carnivora ; while the strobilae live in the 
 digestive canal of the latter. The larva, finn or 
 bladder - worm is always enveloped in a cystic 
 membrane, furnished by the organism of the host. 
 
 The Cysticerci ( Cysticercus Zed.) are monosomatic 
 and monocephalic — that is, their caudal vesicle gives 
 rise to a single body having only one head. 
 
 The Ccenuri ( Ccenurus Rud.) are polysomatic and monocephalic, their 
 caudal vesicle giving origin to multiple bodies, each of which only possesses a 
 single head (Fig. 153). 
 
 The Echinococci ( Echinococcus Rud.) are polysomatic and polycephalic ; 
 their highly cuticularized caudal vesicle produces numerous bodies ( proligerous 
 vesicles), each of which bears several heads. 
 
 These diverse Cystic forms will be specially studied with regard to the 
 organs in which they are found. The strobilae derived from them are the 
 jcause of intestinal helminthiasis in the domesticated Carnivora. 
 
 B. Cystoidotaenians. — In the Cystoidotcenice ‘ the caudal vesicle is formed by 
 budding of the proscolex — that is, by the addition of a new part ’ (Villot). 
 
 21 — 2 
 
 Fig. 152. — Diagram- 
 matic section of the 
 Cysticercus. 
 
324 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Cystic larvae of Taeniae of this group have — like those of the preceding 
 group — a caudal vesicle, a body, and a head ; but they also have a fourth 
 part which Villot named the blastogene. The head, in itself, represents the 
 future scolex. The body and caudal vesicle are the parts proper to the Cyst. 
 With regard to the blastogene, it represents the proscolex, which here 
 preserves its autonomy and all its embryonic characteristics. The caudal 
 vesicle is very small, and contains no fluid ; hence the name of Cysticercoids 
 given by Leuckart to this group of Cystic larvae. They are all parasites of 
 Invertebrata, and are lodged in the tissues or cavities in the body of their 
 host ; they are not surrounded by a cystic membrane, like the preceding 
 group. 
 
 Villot divides this group into two sections, according as the formation of the 
 caudal vesicle takes place by endogenous or exogenous budding. The second 
 section alone contains a cystic form related to the parasitic Taeniae of Mam- 
 malia. This is the subgenus Cryptocystis (Villot), which differs from the other 
 Cysticercoids by its relative simplicity of organization, by its separation from 
 
 Fig. 153. — Diagrammatic section of the Coenurus. — Railliet. 
 
 a, scolex in its normal arrangement ; b, c, d, e, increasingly diagrammatic, in 
 order to show the conformity of the Coenuri and Cysticerci. 
 
 the blastogene at maturity, and by the fact that it is not proliferous. The 
 only representative of this subgenus is the cystic form of an armed Taenia of 
 the Dog, Dipylidium caninum or T. cucumsrina. 
 
 C. Anoplocephaliens. — The Anoplocephalinae (A noplot cenice) are true un- 
 armed Taeniae, the evolution of which is absolutely unknown ; their head 
 has neither rostellum nor hooks, the segments are much wider than they are 
 long, and the embryos are surrounded by a pyriform apparatus (Railliet). 
 
 All the Taeniae of this very artificial group belong to the Herbivora, and 
 their history — still very incomplete — scarcely embraces more than generalities. 
 The majority are species of Dipylidium, or taeniae, which have two genital 
 pores on each border of each segment. The pyriform apparatus surrounding 
 the embryo — which is given as a characteristic of the group — has not been 
 seen in all the forms enumerated. Nothing is known as to their migrations. 
 
 Lastly, an unarmed Taenia is found in the Dog — T. litterata — which, in all 
 its characters, is absolutely outside the preceding groups, and remains isolated 
 in a crowd of numerous species of Taeniae. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 325 
 
 With regard to the Tseniae of Birds, their diversity, and the absence of 
 information as to their migrations, permits their being assigned to a distinct 
 group to which the preceding taxonomic considerations do not apply. 
 
 2. Bothriocephalid^e. — This family has for its type the genus Bothrioce- 
 phalus (Brems). They are Tape-worms, the head of which is destitute of 
 hooks, and provided with only two suckers in the form of elongated fossae. 
 The genital orifices are situated on the ventral surface of the segments. The 
 majority of the numerous species of Bothriocephalus live in fishes, though 
 some are found in the Carnivora and domesticated Birds, as well as in Man. 
 
 ACANTHOCEPHALA. — The Acanthocephales ( Echinorhynchus O. F. 
 Muller) have a proboscis armed with curved hooks, by which they fix them- 
 selves to the intestinal wall of their host. This proboscis may be doubled up 
 in a special sheath, fixed — by its posterior extremity — to the side of the body 
 by a ligament and retractor muscles. The nervous system consists of a 
 ganglion, at the bottom of the sheath, which sends off some filaments. There 
 are no sensory organs ; neither is there a digestive apparatus, the absorption 
 of nutrient fluids being effected by endosmosis through the integuments. 
 
 Fig. 156. 
 
 Figs. 154 to 156. — Bothriocephalus latus. 
 
 Fig. 154, head, showing the two longitudinal fossae or suckers ; Fig. 155, 
 vertical section through the middle of the head, after Moniez : n, nerve cords ; 
 vs, vessels of the central zone ; vs', sub-cuticular vessels ; ml, longitudinal 
 muscular fibres. Fig. 156, three ripe segments, magnified and seen on the 
 ventral surface, after Eschricht : a, male orifice, opening of the vagina ; c, 
 orifice of the uterus, from which the eggs are deposited. The cirrus is salient 
 at the third segment ; it is retracted in the other segments. 
 
 The sexes are separate. The males have two ovoid testicles, the excretory 
 canals of which unite in a common vas deferens, which is often furnished with 
 accessory glandular sacs. At the posterior extremity of the body, this 
 common canal opens into a -conical penis situated at the bottom of a campanu- 
 liform pouch, which can become everted and serve as a copulatory organ. 
 The female organs comprise an ovary, the produce of which falls into the 
 visceral cavity ; the ova are collected in a belt-shaped uterus, continued by a 
 short vagina that opens at the posterior end of the body. The embryos 
 developed in these ova have to undergo somewhat complex metamorphoses 
 and migrations, before reaching their adult state. In the larval condition, 
 the species inhabit the visceral cavity of various Crustacea or Insects, where 
 they become encysted. The sexual and adult condition is only realized when 
 this primary host is introduced into the digestive tube of a Vertebrate — Fish, 
 Bird, or Mammal. 
 
326 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 NEMATODES. — The intestinal Nematodes belong to the following 
 families and genera : 
 
 1. Ascaridse : genera Ascaris and Heterakis ; 
 
 2. Oxyuridae : genus Oxyuris ; 
 
 3. Strongylidae : genera Strongylus , QSscphagostomuni, Globo- 
 cephalus , Sclerostomum, Anchylostomum, and Ollulanus ; 
 
 4. Trichotrachelidae : genera Trichocephalus , Trichosomum, Tri- 
 china ( Trichinella ) ; 
 
 5. Filariidae : genera Filaria and Spiroptera ; 
 
 6. Angiostomidae : genus Strongyloides. 
 
 These various genera, besides the characteristics of families or 
 tribes, are also recognised as follows : 
 
 Ascaris (Linn.). — The borders of the lips are generally denticulated. The 
 males have two equal spicules, and about the anus numerous papillae, which 
 — according to Schneider — constitute one of the best specific characters. 
 The ova are globular or ellipsoid. 
 
 This genus contains numerous species, commonly — but wrongly — named 
 tumbrici, which inhabit the small intestine. Almost every species of the 
 
 domesticated Mammalia has a 
 A B corresponding species of Ascaris, 
 
 subordinate — with regard to 
 dimensions — to the size of the 
 host. The vitellus does not 
 become segmented in the intes- 
 tinal canal of the host in which 
 the eggs are deposited, but after 
 their expulsion from its body, if 
 they find the necessary condi- 
 tions of warmth and moisture. 
 However, if their development 
 does not occur in a moist situa- 
 Fig. 157. — Anterior extremity of Ascaris tion, the ova of the Ascarides— 
 lumbricoides of Man. according to the observations of 
 
 Leuckart — may resist complete 
 A, front view ; B, dorsal view. desiccation for weeks, or even 
 
 months, and also alternations of 
 damp and drought. The embryo, when once formed, is set at liberty in the 
 intestine of another host of the same species as the first, on its shell being 
 dissolved by the digestive fluids (Davaine, Baillet). It may, nevertheless, be 
 hatched externally on grass or damp soil, but not in water (P. Hallez). 
 
 Leuckart and Von Linstow had supposed that the passage of the ova of the 
 Ascarides through an intermediate host — an Invertebrate — was necessary ; 
 but the experiments of Grassi demonstrate that the embryos may directly 
 undergo their ulterior development in the definitive host ; and Laboulbene 
 confirms these observations. 
 
 Heterakis (Duj.). — This genus is distinguished from the preceding by the 
 presence, in the male, of a pre-anal sucker and of two unequal spicules, as 
 well as by at least three pre-anal papillae on each side, larger than the others. 
 
 Among the domesticated animals, Poultry alone harbour species of 
 Heterakis. 
 
 Oxyuris (Rud.). — This offers the characters of the family (see p. 279). 
 
 Strongylus (Muller — see p. 279). The more interesting species of this genus 
 infest the air-passages. Some are found in the intestines of Ruminants and 
 the Rabbit. All have, probably, a direct development. 
 
 (Esophagostomum (Mol.). — The mouth is not succeeded by a buccal cavity 
 or capsule, but opens directly into the oesophagus. The species are parasitic 
 in the intestine of Ruminants and the Pig. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 3*7 
 
 Globocephalus (Mol.). — Head spher- 
 oidal and diaphanous ; buccal capsule 
 sustained by two horny rings parallel 
 to each other — one at the opening, the 
 other at its depth — both united by 
 four horny intermediate cornua ; buccal 
 orifice terminal and orbicular, the an- 
 nular limb being entire and not dentated 
 (Railliet). One species in the intestine 
 of the Pig. 
 
 Sclerostomum (Blainv.). — Head trun- 
 cated and straight, or slightly curved 
 towards the ventral surface ; mouth 
 surrounded by sharp teeth — which are 
 often numerous — and succeeded by a 
 buccal capsule of variable shape. Males 
 provided with two spicules, and a caudal 
 pouch, which is frequently trilobate. 
 Females have a double ovary, and the 
 vulva is situated in the posterior part of 
 the body (Railliet). The species are 
 parasitic in the intestine of the Horse, 
 and of small Ruminants. 
 
 Anchylostomum ( Anchylostomum 
 Dubini, Dochmius Duj., Uncinaria 
 Frolich). — Head curved towards the 
 dorsal surface. Buccal capsule horny ; 
 the dorsal wall being shorter than the 
 ventral, is sustained by a conical line 
 or rib, which sometimes projects by its 
 point into the interior of the cavity. At 
 the bottom of the capsule — on the ventral 
 wall — are two sharp teeth or lancets ; 
 and towards its free border, on each side 
 of the middle line, are chitinous plates or 
 teeth, which are often curved in a hook- 
 like fashion at their extremity ; the 
 dorsal border may be also dentated 
 (Railliet). Several species infest the 
 domesticated Ruminants and Carnivora. 
 
 Ollulanus (Leuck.). — One species in 
 the Cat. 
 
 Triehoeephalus (Goeze). — Anterior 
 portion of the body capillary and very 
 thin ; posterior portion suddenly ex- 
 panded, and somewhat thick and cylin- 
 drold. In the males the caudal extremity 
 is coiled up. There are no lateral 
 regions, only the middle lines ; and there 
 is a longitudinal papillary band on the 
 ventral surface of the anterior region 
 (Railliet). There are several species found 
 in Ruminants, the Pig, Dog, and Rabbit. 
 
 Trichosomum (Rud. — see p. 279). — 
 One species infests the intestine of the 
 Sheep, and several others are found in 
 domesticated Birds. 
 
 Trichina (Owen ; Trichinella Railliet). 
 —This genus only offers one interesting 
 species — the Trichina spiralis Owen — 
 which will be studied when the parasitic 
 affections of the muscles are considered 
 (see Trichinosis). 
 
 Fig. 158. — Lumbri- Fig. 159.— Lumbricoid 
 coid Ascarid, male, Ascarid, female, ven- 
 
 lateral view ; natu- tral surface ; natural 
 ral size. — Railliet. size. — Railliet. 
 
328 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Filaria (Muller). — The Filariae are more particularly parasites of the serous 
 membranes and the subcutaneous connective tissue. They belong to the 
 Worms that are very rarely met with in the intestine of the Horse and Dog. 
 
 Spiroptera (Rud. — see p. 279). — The 
 
 Fig. 160. — Cephalic extremity Fig. 16 i. — Caudal pouch of the duodenal 
 of a duodenal Anchylostome, Anchylostome ; magnified fifty diameters, 
 viewed on the dorsal surface ; (Semi-diagrammatic.) 
 highly magnified. — E. Per- 
 roncito. 
 
 Angiostomidse. — Grassi and Leuckart have allotted to the genus Strongy- 
 loides (Grassi) very small Nematodes which occur in the intestine of Man, the 
 Sheep, Pig, and Rabbit, and which constitute so many different species. 
 They are particularly interesting because of their metamorphoses, which have 
 been more particularly studied on the species that is parasitic in Man. 
 
 Bavay has described — by the name of Anguillula intestinalis and A. ster- 
 
 the free state of the first, which represents the veritable parasitic generation. 
 Leuckart expressed the same opinion about the same time, and Golgi and 
 Monti have confirmed it. In a recent work, Grassi and Calandruccio have 
 made known new peculiarities relative to these Nematodes. 
 
 The intestine of the living Man harbours only the form named Anguillula 
 intestinalis — a Worm of female habits — and its embryos come from it, probably 
 by parthenogenesis. It is oviparous or ovoviviparous, the ova promptly 
 
 Spiroptera sanguinolenta — the natural habitat 
 of which is in the oesophagus of the Dog, 
 Fox, and Wolf — has been on one occasion 
 
 coralis — two forms of Nematoda, 
 the first in the small intestine, the 
 second in the faeces of individuals 
 affected with ‘ Cochin China diar- 
 rhoea.’ Perroncito, Grassi, Parona, 
 Leuckart, etc., have more recently 
 met with them in other forms of 
 pernicious diarrhoea. The intes- 
 tinal Anguillula (or Thread-worm) 
 is 2 ‘2 mm. long and 34 /j. thick ; the 
 female alone is known. The faecal 
 Anguillula is smaller, the male 
 measuring 7 mm. long and 35 fi 
 thick ; and the female 1 mm. long 
 and 50 n thick. 
 
 Fig. 162. — The Trichocephalus of Man, 
 male ; natural size, and posterior part 
 magnified. 
 
 Grassi was one of the first to 
 maintain that these two forms were 
 one and the same species — the 
 Strongyloides intestinalis (Bavay) 
 — and that the second was merely 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 3 2 9 
 
 yielding the young larvae, which are expelled from the intestine of man along 
 with the faeces. These larvae — which are non-sexual, and very different 
 from their mother parent — may have two widely diverse destinations ; they 
 
 assume the characters of the intestinal 
 Anguillula, or even those of the faecal 
 Anguillula — a more advanced stage. 
 In the latter case, after copulation, the 
 females bring forth a new generation 
 of larvae which are free, and being 
 
 Fig. 163. — Intestinal Anguillula, Fig. 164. — Faecal Anguillula. 
 
 adult female. — Grassi and Parona. cito. 
 
 -Perron- 
 
 produced by sexualized parents, external to the human intestine, do not 
 attain maturity. They exactly resemble those mentioned above, comport 
 themselves in the same manner, and after being ingested by Man are trans- 
 formed into Anguillula intestinalis. Grassi has demonstrated that the larvae 
 produced by the latter also undergo this transformation, which brings them 
 
330 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 into the condition of the individuals from which they have issued. But they 
 only acquire maturity when they are placed in a favourable temperature. 
 This is what has been observed in employing a stove, for instance, and not 
 relying on the ordinary — even the summer — temperature. 
 
 Etiology of Intestinal Helminthiasis. — The presence of Hel- 
 minthes in the intestine of various domesticated animals is of 
 extreme frequency, and, in fact, may be said to be almost a normal 
 condition in the Dog, Cat, Sheep, Horse, and Pig. The Ass and 
 Mule are less infested, and less still are the Ox and Goat. Hel- 
 minthes are very often found in Poultry. 
 
 The ancients, who did not suspect the origin of these Worms, 
 formed the strangest hypotheses as to their formation. An exami- 
 nation of these ideas is full of teaching for the philosophy of science, 
 but we do not propose to discuss this, and refer our readers to the 
 works in which this information is to be found. It is now well 
 established, by observation and experiment, that the Helminthes — 
 or intestinal Worms — are always produced from ova, embryos, or 
 larval forms, which have been derived by the host from without, 
 and especially by means of the animal’s food and water. It is 
 entirely a chance meeting, but it becomes frequent and easy from 
 the multitudes of germs that these Worms can furnish. The eggs 
 are, in fact, often produced in millions by only one of these parasites. 
 Von Siebold estimated at a million, at least, those of a single Tania 
 solium ; Dujardin, at 25 millions those of a Tania serrata ; 
 Eschricht, those of the Ascaris himbricoides at several millions. 
 This is a compensation for the innumerable chances of destruction 
 that threaten these germs. Besides, the shell of the eggs ‘ is so 
 impermeable and resisting, that it can only be affected by very 
 energetic chemical agents ; and in the majority of cases this shell 
 is sufficient to protect the contents of the egg against everything 
 that, in ordinary circumstances, might alter them ’ (Baillet). To 
 this may be added the remarkable vitality with which the embryos 
 are endowed. Verloren — cited by Baillet — kept, for more than a 
 year, ova of the Ascaris marginata , in which the embryos — formed 
 from the fifteenth day — remained alive, although they had been 
 exposed to all the variations of temperature during summer and 
 winter. Baillet has made similar observations on the eggs of another 
 species of Ascarides ; and he has also remarked that in these species 
 the transformation of the vitellus into an embryo has sometimes 
 not been perfected until after six, seven, and eleven months. He 
 has seen embryos of the Taenia remain full of life in the eggs, when 
 the segments containing them had been twenty-four hours in a thick 
 layer of ice. 
 
 Independently of the conditions essential to the penetration of 
 the germ into the organism, there may be others of a secondary 
 kind which predispose individuals to intestinal helminthiasis. In 
 general, everything that causes debility contributes to facilitate 
 the installation of the parasites in the intestinal canal ; and perhaps 
 this may be due to the feebler peristaltic and antiperistaltic con- 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 33 1 
 
 tractions of the intestine. In any case, the Helminthes are met 
 with much more frequently, and in greater numbers, in anaemic 
 animals than in those which are vigorous, in young or very aged 
 subjects than in those of middle life, and in those which are turned 
 out to pasture rather than in those permanently kept in their 
 habitations. Humidity has also, at all times, been considered 
 as one of the most predisposing causes to the invasion of the 
 economy by Worms. Rainy years are marked by the extension 
 of various forms of helminthiasis in animals which graze ; and 
 these affections are also more marked among animals that frequent 
 inundated pastures and swampy places, and the borders of lakes 
 and ponds. This is explained by the ova being preserved in water, 
 and by their destruction under the influence of prolonged drought, 
 as well as by the necessity for a damp medium for the succession 
 of evolutive phases of certain species. With regard to heredity, 
 to which the ancients attributed so important a share in this 
 etiology, all that can be accepted is that there may be transmitted 
 — along with the lymphatic temperament — a certain predisposition 
 to helminthiasis. 
 
 Contagion is rarely evident. It often takes place through the 
 medium of a host specifically different from that in which the 
 adult parasitic form is found. At other times it is masked by the 
 more or less unknown phases which the worm must pass through 
 externally, in order to pass from the embryonic condition to the 
 definitive form. In dealing with each species, we shall give the 
 details that are known with regard to this evolution. 
 
 Symptoms. — The intestinal Worms generally are nourished by 
 the chymous matters contained in the digestive canal. But there 
 are also those that attack the mucous membrane and abstract its 
 blood, while others are lodged in its substance and there cause 
 inflammation with exudation, and sometimes the formation of 
 pus. Nevertheless, accidents attributable to these Worms are 
 somewhat rare ; and it is only when they have accumulated in 
 great quantity that they excite morbid phenomena of various 
 kinds. It is necessary, also, to take into serious consideration 
 the zoological species and habits of the parasite, rather than its 
 size. 
 
 Sometimes the course of the food is hindered and obstructed ; at 
 other times the digestion is disturbed and the appetite altered ; 
 intestinal catarrh of varied gravity may supervene ; in some cases 
 there is a pernicious anaemia by haemorrhagic exhaustion, mal- 
 nutrition, or there may be — though rarely — perforation of the 
 intestinal membranes. Certain invaginations found at the autopsies 
 of animals which have died, apparently from colic, may be attributed 
 to Worms. 
 
 Chabert gave a singularly exaggerated picture of the symptoms 
 by which helminthiasis of the intestine is manifested ; but, generally, 
 they have no precise signification. Those which seem to really 
 pertain to it are an irregular appetite — sometimes voracious, some- 
 
332 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 times indolent — depraved taste, dulness, and emaciation, notwith- 
 standing an abundant alimentation ; the skin is dry and adherent, 
 and the hair erect ; the flanks are sometimes tympanitic, sometimes 
 retracted, or the abdomen is enlarged though there is general 
 wasting ; there may be constipation or diarrhoea ; yawning, 
 nausea, or vomiting ; the breath foetid, tongue furred and foul ; 
 sub-acute colic ; spasmodic movements of the upper lip ; nasal 
 pruritus in the Dog, and anal pruritus in this animal and the Pig, 
 manifested by their rubbing that part against hard bodies, or 
 drawing it along the ground ; sudden cries without any apparent 
 motive, convulsions, rabiform symptoms, etc. With regard to 
 epilepsy and vertigo — sometimes attributed to intestinal helmin- 
 thiasis — there is nothing to prove that they are other than mere 
 coincidences ; and this remark applies to the singular theory of 
 Stanley, who ascribes to worms the existence of ‘ stringhalt ’ 
 among Australian Horses. 
 
 The numerous symptoms described as indicating enterohelmin- 
 thiasis are scarcely ever seen altogether in one individual, and the 
 diagnosis of this affection is generally difficult. But the presence 
 of parasites in the excrements often renders this certain, and for 
 several species of Helminthes a microscopical examination of the 
 evacuations may lead to the recognition of the somewhat character- 
 istic ova and embryos. Finally, there are symptomatic manifesta- 
 tions that properly belong to each kind of domesticated animal and 
 to each species of parasite ; these will be described a prop os of the 
 particular forms of helminthiases. 
 
 Treatment. — The prophylaxis of intestinal helminthiasis is 
 necessarily vague, as we do not know the conditions upon which the 
 development of the intestinal entozoa depend. The purity of food 
 and of drink, the use of dry pastures, and the exhibition of a tonic 
 nourishment, are almost the only general measures that can be 
 recommended here. 
 
 Treatment consists in the employment of those medicaments 
 named vermifuges , vermicides , and anthelmintics. Their action may 
 be assisted by a special regimen. ‘ We advise giving to the Herbi- 
 vora green food — in winter, carrots — frequently seasoned with salt ; 
 to Horses, roasted oats ; to Dogs, as much flesh as possible, and a 
 decoction of milk or of onions ; to Pigs, clotted milk, skimmed milk, 
 green fruit, and acorns ’ (Roll). 
 
 When debility is pronounced, it is well to add a regimen of tonic 
 substances, such as bitters and common salt. 
 
 When there is colic or convulsions, we commence by giving 
 appropriate medicines to allay them — bland oils, ether, opium, 
 assafoetida, and extract of hyoscyamus. 
 
 The anthelmintic treatment should be preceded by half-diet for 
 some days, and sometimes by slight purgation. A purgative may 
 be added to the vermifuge, in order to expel the Worms which are 
 dead or stupefied by the special drug ; but it is preferable not to 
 exhibit an evacuant until some hours after the administration of 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 333 
 
 the anthelmintic. Recourse is generally had to drastics, especially 
 to aloes, and sometimes also to calomel or castor-oil. 
 
 Very many substances have been recommended for freeing the 
 intestinal canal from its parasites ; but some of them have 
 an unwarrantable reputation, and it is best to employ those 
 the efficacy of which has been well established. Those most 
 frequently used are arsenious acid, tartar emetic, ferrous sulphate, 
 sodium chloride, thymol, areca, santonin, the root of male fern — 
 especially in the form of ethereal extract — tansy, benzine, empy- 
 reumatic oil, oil of turpentine, kousso, kamala, and various 
 antiseptics. 
 
 Their indications, doses, and modes of employment will be given 
 in the following articles, in which intestinal helminthiasis is studied 
 successively in the various species of domesticated animals. 
 
 A.— DOMESTICATED MAMMALIA. 
 
 Article I. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Equidse. 
 
 Globidium of Leuckart. — In the wall of the small intestine of a Horse killed 
 for dissection, Max Flesch found, in considerable number, a microscopic 
 parasite, which he named Globidium Leucka/ti. Its presence had caused 
 
 Fig. 165. — Tania perfo- Fig. 166. — Cephalic extremity of the 
 liata ; natural size, but in- Tania perfoliata ; magnified twelve dia- 
 complete. — Railliet:. meters. — Railliet. 
 
 slight and irregular inflammation of the organ. Its special location was the 
 sustaining connective tissue of the intestinal villi, generally towards their 
 middle portion, and immediately beneath the epithelium. A villus some- 
 times contained two or three of them. 
 
 The Globidium had the appearance of an elliptical or spherical capsule, 
 with a well-marked outline, and 80 /u. long and 70 u broad In it were very 
 refrangent spherical globules, averaging 13 /x in diameter; sometimes these 
 were numerous and occupied the whole of its cavity, at other times they were 
 exclusively parietal, and margined a central space filled with a mass of proto- 
 plasm. In the majority of the organisms, the wall was thickest at this point, 
 and had a special cavity — fusiform or semilunar — filled with granular bodies. 
 
334 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 and separated from the shining spheres just mentioned by a thin septum. 
 Sometimes the internal cavity of the Globidium was exclusively occupied by 
 another pyriform capsule, provided at its thin pole with a micropyle opening 
 into the general enveloping cavity. 
 
 Max Flesch could not determine the course followed by the Globidium in 
 reaching its seat of election, nor yet the zoological group to which it should 
 be allotted. It appeared, nevertheless, to have analogies with the Sar- 
 cosporidia. Moniez considers the bodies found by Flesch as the embryos of a 
 
 Fig. 167. — Tania mam- 
 illana ; natural size. 
 — Rail let. 
 
 Fig. 168. — Cephalic ex- 
 tremity of the Tania 
 mamillana ; magnified 
 twenty-five diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 Fig. 169. — Cephalic extremity of Tania Fig. 170. — Tania pli- 
 
 plicata ; magnified ten diameters. — cata ; natural size. — 
 
 Railliet. Railliet. 
 
 Tsenia of the Horse, encysted in the papillae, like those of the Tania murina of 
 the brown Rat. This is the only analogy in support of the hypothesis, which 
 would require, in addition — in order to be acceptable — the presence of hooks on 
 some at least of these bodies, and several other peculiarities of organization. 
 
 Cestodes. — Three species of Taeniae have been found in the 
 digestive canal of the Equidae ; all three are unarmed, and belong 
 to the group of Anoplocephalinae. Nothing whatever is known 
 of their cystic form. The three species have in common — besides 
 the absence of hooks and neck — a single genital pore in each segment, 
 situated on the same side in all of the segments. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 335 
 
 1. Taenia perfoliata ( Anoplocephala perfoliata Goeze). — The length generally 
 is 26 mm. to 28 mm. ; but according to Rudolphi, it may reach 80 mm. ; 
 breadth 3 mm. to 15 mm. Head somewhat large — 2 mm. — tetragonous and 
 rounded, and also prolonged behind by four rounded lobes ; suckers cupuli- 
 form and directed forwards. Segments thick, but very short, and becoming 
 wider to about the middle of the length of the body ; they succeed each other 
 like leaves, one overlapping the succeeding one, to which it only adheres at 
 a middle transverse line"; the last segments are always sterile. Ova poly- 
 hedral by reciprocal pressure ; they measure about 80 /i broad ; the embryo' 
 — which is 20 fx in diameter — has its shell prolonged by an elongated blunt 
 point, that represents the pyriform apparatus of the other Anoplocephaliens. 
 
 2. Taenia mamillana ( Anoplocephala mamillana Mehlis). — Length 1 cm. to 
 3 cm., breadth 4 mm. to 6 mm. Head tetragonous, obtuse, *5 mm. long, and 
 *8 mm. broad ; suckers lateral, elongated, opening in a longitudinal slit. The 
 segments are 30 to 40, sometimes 50 in number ; the first are curved in half- 
 circles, and embrace the base of the head ; those which succeed these widen 
 rapidly, and soon acquire their maximum breadth ; their length increases, on 
 the contrary, to the posterior extremity, where — in the last segments — they 
 may exceed the half of their breadth. Ova oblong, and 88 \i in length, 50 
 to 66 n in breadth ; the embryo has the same dimensions and appearance as 
 that of the preceding species. 
 
 3. Taenia plicata (Anoplocephala plicata Rud.). — Length ij cm. to 8 cm., 
 breadth 8 mm. to 18 mm. Head very thick, short and broad — 4 mm. — slightly 
 depressed from one face to the other of the Worm ; suckers cupuliform and. 
 directed forward. Segments regularly increasing in length and breadth to 
 the last, which may be 1 *5 mm. long. Ova round or polyhedral. 
 
 The Tcenia or Anoplocephala perfoliata more especially infests 
 the caecum, and is but rarely found in the colon or small intestine. 
 The T. mamillana is met with in the small intestine, less 
 often in the duodenum than in the ileum and jejunum. The 
 T. plicata lives in the small intestine, and is sometimes seen in 
 the stomach. 
 
 None of these three species is common in France, and the last 
 two — and particularly the Tcenia plicata — are altogether rare. 
 We have only once met with Taeniae in the Horse. They belonged 
 to T. perfoliata , and were found — to the number of 104 — in the last 
 portion of the small intestine of a Horse that came from the moun- 
 tainous parts of the Hautes-Pyrenees. The Taeniae of the Horse 
 are more common in Germany, and still more in Russia. In the 
 latter country, according to Blumberg, they are encountered — on 
 the average — in one of every ten Horses. Greve says he has seen 
 thousands of Tcenice in the small intestine of the Horse. In about 
 100 Horses, Krabbe, of Copenhagen, has f und Tcenia perfoliata in 
 28, and T. mamillana in 8 ; but in none of them did he see T. plicata. 
 The T. perfoliata averaged 25 in number ; in two animals they were 
 between 200 and 300, and in one 400. The T. mamillana numbered, 
 on the average, 25 ; 72 was the maximum. The observations of 
 Hering, made at Stuttgart, fairly agree with those of Krabbe, except 
 that the Taeniae in the Horse are much less frequent, and the 
 T. plicata is less rare. Sarciron has found hundreds of T. plicata in 
 an Ass’s foal in Senegal ; Beugnot — quoted by Railliet — has also 
 met with them in a Mule at Gabes, Tunis. Krabbe, in his descrip- 
 tion of the Cestodes collected by Fedschenko during his travels in 
 
336 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Central Asia, remarked that T. mamillana of the Horse was more 
 rare than T. perfoliata (Zschokke). 
 
 The existence of Taeniae in the Horse generally remains unper- 
 ceived during life, though sometimes it coincides with the general 
 symptoms of intestinal helminthiasis, or rather with anaemia. At 
 the autopsy of a Mare which had died suddenly, Poulton found 
 numerous Taeniae in the duodenum, and in large pouches formed 
 in the wall of other parts of the small intestine. Megnin also 
 reports two observations relating to Horses which died of peritonitis 
 caused by the rupture of intestinal dilatations, in the interior of 
 which were found T. perfoliata. Perroncito gives an analogous 
 instance. At the autopsy of a Horse that was killed because of 
 anaemia after paralysis, Hiirlimann found such a quantity of 
 T. perfoliata (?) that they filled a large basket. 
 
 Trematodes. — Two species of Trematoda — strangers to our country — 
 have been met with in the Equidae — the Ampbistome of Collins, and the 
 Egyptian Gastrodiscus. 
 
 Amphistome of Collins ( Amphistomum Collinsi, Cobbold). — Worms of a 
 brick-red colour, known for a long time to the natives of India by the name 
 of Masuri, which live in thousands in the large intestine of the Horse, where 
 they are capable of producing serious intestinal irritation. Besides this form, 
 Cobbold has described another — A. Collinsi, var. Stanley 'i. — Railliet. 
 
 Gastrodiscus of Egypt ( Gastrodiscus AEgyptiacus Sonsino and Cobbold). — 
 Body flattened into an elliptical disc, the dorsal surface being convex and 
 smooth, and the ventral surface concave and covered 
 with about 200 papillary suckers. The buccal sucker 
 • — smaller than the posterior sucker — is situated at 
 the end of a cylindro-conical neck, and is salient on 
 the dorsal surface, with which it forms a wide obtuse 
 angle behind. This neck is about 2 mm. or 3 mm. 
 long. The body is discoidal, about 10 mm. to 12 mm. 
 in transverse diameter. Most frequently the antero- 
 posterior diameter is about 1 mm. more than the 
 other. The colour is rosy in the fresh state, and pure 
 white after immersion in alcohol. Like the Amphis- 
 tomes, this parasite fixes itself on the mucous mem- 
 brane by its posterior sucker. 
 
 It was discovered in Egypt, in 1876, by Sonsino, 
 at Zagazig, near Suez, in two Horses of fifteen which 
 had succumbed to an enzootic affection. In one Horse 
 he found six specimens in the small intestine ; in the other, about 100 
 in the large intestine. The study of these worms was made by Cobbold and 
 by Lejtenyi — a pupil of Leuckart. The Gastrodiscus has since been found 
 several times in Egypt, notably by Burlazzi and Zuchinetti ; and in Senegal 
 by Sarciron. Another country afflicted with this parasite is Guadeloupe, 
 where it has been discovered on three occasions by Guyot — at Pointe-a-Pitre, 
 in 1880 ; and twice by Veterinary Surgeon Couzin, who has sent us numerous 
 specimens from Moule. 
 
 Egypt, Senegal, and Guadeloupe are, then, the only countries in which the 
 Gastrodiscus is at present known. In Egypt it is found in Horses ; in Senegal 
 it is met with in Ass foals ; and at Guadeloupe it is observed in Mules. In the 
 first cases the autopsies did not reveal any lesion which could be attributed 
 to it. At Guadeloupe, death occurred suddenly (Guyot), or after a long 
 period of anaemia (Couzin). A remarkable feature in the history of this 
 parasite is that its habitat is not particularly localized. In the Mules at 
 Guadeloupe it was found in thousands, from the pharynx to the anus, and 
 even in the nasal fossae (Guyot) ; or in the stomach, caecum, or second section 
 
 B A 
 
 Fig. 1 7 1. — Castro 
 discus JEgyptiacus ; 
 natural size. — Rail- 
 liet. 
 
 A, ventral surface ; B, 
 dorsal surface 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 337 
 
 of the large colon (Couzin). The Mules had been fed on green forage and 
 treacle, and it is probable that they had taken the larvae of the Gastrodiscus 
 along with this aliment, in the form of germinal sacs or cercariae. 
 
 Nematodes. — The Ascaris megalocephala (Cloq.), As. equovum 
 Go eze, is special to the Equidse. It is the largest species in the 
 genus. 
 
 Its body is yellowish-white and rigid. The head is distinct, and has three 
 lips, which are constricted in their middle, and have comparatively large 
 teeth on their free margin. The male is 15 cm. to 28 cm. long ; its tail is 
 bordered by two small membraneous wings, and has on each side 79 to 105 
 papillae, 7 of which are post-anal ; the fourth and fifth of these, as well as the 
 sixth and seventh, are joined to form one ; there is a single papilla in front 
 of the anus, the other pre-anal papillae are arranged in a single, then in several 
 rows. The female is 18 cm. to 37 cm. long ; the vulva is situated towards the 
 anterior quarter of the body. The ova are nearly globular, and have a dia- 
 meter of 90 n to IOO fl. 
 
 The Ascaris megalocephala or equovum is common in the small 
 intestine of the Horse, Ass, and Mule ; but its presence does not 
 usually affect the health of the host, though in young animals 
 it may give rise to various troubles in digestion. Beyond the 
 symptoms common to the various intestinal helminthiases, there 
 is often remarked a chronic catarrh of the intestine — a slight but 
 obstinate diarrhoea — the expulsion of the faeces being immediately 
 preceded by a discharge of fluid from the intestine. In France, 
 Horses so affected are called ‘ vidards,’ and sometimes they pass 
 these worms along with the excrements. Colic is often a consequence 
 of an obstruction of the intestine, which may persist and eventually 
 cause death. Symptoms of vertigo and epilepsy have also been 
 observed. Dieckerhoff relates the case of a Horse that gave indica- 
 tions of attacks of intermittent tetanus, which were repeated 
 several times a day, and lasted for about a minute each time. It 
 was a kind of emprosthotonos, involving the head — jaws, lips, 
 eyes — neck, and the upper parts of the anterior limbs, while the 
 head was strongly flexed downwards. These symptoms disappeared 
 after the administration of a suitable dose of tartar emetic and 
 aloes, and the consequent evacuation of 21 Ascarides. Damitz 
 had observed a kind of paraplegia that yielded to the administration 
 of anthelmintics. 
 
 Ascarides are found in the small intestine of Horses which, during 
 life, gave no indication of their presence. Krabbe, of Copenhagen, 
 has met with them 16 times in 100 Horses he examined. The 
 number of individuals living in the same host is very variable — 
 there may be only a few, but often they are counted by hundreds. 
 At the Brussels Veterinary School, in one Horse there were more 
 than 1,800 ; and Delamotte has found 1,215 — weighing collectively 
 3*250 kilogrammes — at the autopsy of a Mare which died of sclerosis 
 of the heart. They are often massed in bundles, and rarely rolled 
 up on themselves. They infest various parts of the small intestine, 
 and particularly the duodenum ; but when they are numerous 
 
 22 
 
333 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 they may also pass into the stomach — Roll has even, on one occasion, 
 found them in the bi] e-duct. In a Horse which had died from 
 pneumonia, Generali came upon an Ascarid that had found its way 
 into the anterior part of the pancreatic duct, which was very dilated 
 and its walls thickened — proving that the worm must have been 
 there a considerable time before death. 
 
 At the autopsy of animals which have died of verminous colic, 
 there are often observed all the signs of anaemia, and always those 
 of more or less seve:e intestinal congestion in various parts of the 
 small intestine infested by the Worms ; it is not even rare to meet 
 with ruptures of the intestine, undoubtedly due to obstruction and 
 softening brought about by its congested condition, and the violent 
 struggles of the animal when suffering from the colicky pains. 
 The contents of the viscus escape into the peritoneal cavity, and 
 among them are seen floating some Ascarides which have passed 
 through the rent ; peritonitis has precipitated the fatal issue. 
 
 Gavard was probably mistaken when he asserted he had found 
 numerous Ascarides in the peritoneal cavity, without any rupture 
 of the intestine. The consequences of such a rupture are sometimes 
 delayed, and the Ascarides pass through it to between the two 
 layers of the mesentery, where they form a large pouch that becomes 
 inflamed, and finally opens into the peritoneal sac. Wira has 
 reported an instance of this ; and Zorn has described two analogous 
 cases, in which the communication of the intestine with the mesen- 
 teric pouch took place through small openings with callous, thickened 
 borders. But it cannot be affirmed that in these two instances the 
 perforations were directly produced by the Ascarides. Generally 
 it is only a question of old or recent rupture ; but in some published 
 observations the characters of the accidental opening — its circular 
 shape, small diameter, and an Ascarid sometimes fixed in it — are 
 so many circumstances which ought to lead to the belief that it is 
 in reality a perforation. It is possible that the Ascarides attack 
 the mucous membrane with their dentated lips, and induce a local 
 inflammation in it, which ends in ulceration. 
 
 The conditions under which animals receive the germs of their 
 Ascarides are not known. The persistency of the latent vitality of 
 the ova, the resistance of the embryos to causes of destruction, and 
 the influence of humidity in the development of these embryos, 
 render it very probable that the Worms are introduced in the form 
 of ova or embryos into the digestive canal with the food or water. 
 It is therefore indicated, as a preventive measure, to allow only 
 water as pure as possible to be taken, and to destroy by fire the 
 Worms which are evacuated. If they are permitted to find their 
 way to the manure-pit, of the millions of eggs they contain some 
 may meet with the conditions favourable to their evolution, and 
 so infest other Horses, Asses, or Mules. In any case, helminthiasis 
 by Ascarides ought never to be neglected, but should always be 
 combated by an appropriate vermifuge. 
 
 Arsenious acid answers well. It is given in the food in increasing 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 339 
 
 doses of i to 3 grammes a day, for ten days. Tartar emetic has also 
 been highly recommended, in doses of 15 to 20 grammes per day, in 
 four doses at three or four hours’ interval, either in bolus or electuary 
 along with gentian powder, or mixed with assafcetida and empy- 
 reumatic oil. On the following day an aloetic purge is given. 
 Zundel has been very successful with juniper berries and cream of 
 tartar — given in a little damp bran — for fifteen days, after which a 
 dose of aloes is administered. Oil of turpentine may also be 
 employed — 80 to 150 grammes made into an emulsion with linseed 
 oil ; powdered santonica 100 to 150 grammes, empyreumatic oil 
 20 to 30 grammes ; or benzine 50 to 100 grammes. Ferrous sulphate 
 and sulphate of copper are often successfully employed. 
 
 It ought to be stated that, in many cases, all these remedies are 
 insufficient, and that a specific against the Ascarides of the Horse 
 has yet to be found. 
 
 Curved Oxyuris ( Oxyuris curvula Rud.) ( 0 . equi Schrank.). — The female of 
 this Worm (commonly known in England as the ‘ maw worm ’) is almost 
 exclusively met with. It is 40 mm. to 50 mm. 
 long, is arched in its anterior portion, more 
 or less subulated behind. The vulva is situ- 
 ated about 10 mm. from the mouth. The eggs 
 are ovoid, from 88 n to 95 t u long, and 41 n 
 to 45 fi broad, asymmetrical, and carrying at 
 one of their ends — which is truncated — a kind 
 of operculum. In this species, the head has 
 
 Fig. 172. — Oxyuris of the Horse. 
 
 A, anterior extremity, seen in front. 
 B, eggs ; magnified about 200 diameters. 
 
 Fig. 173. — Oxyuris of the Horse, 
 female ; natural size. 
 
 vu, vulva ; a, anus. 
 
 no lateral wings ; the mouth presents three great rounded lips, each of which 
 envelops two mamelons ; there are six papillae in two opposite groups. The 
 male, very rare, has been described by Railliet. It is 9 mm. to 12 mm. long ; 
 the posterior end is obtuse and has several papillae, the longest of which 
 sustains a kind of caudal pouch, which is well developed ; the spicule is 
 straight, thin, and very sharp. 
 
 The curved Oxyuris is met with throughout the length of the 
 large intestine of the Equidae ; but, according to Colin, its usual 
 habitat is the diaphragmatic flexure of the large colon. It is 
 
 22 — 2 
 
340 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 sometimes seen partly projecting 
 from the anus, to the margin of 
 which it is fixed ; or it may be 
 observed in the faeces. Effects 
 analogous to those of the Oxyuris 
 vermicularis of Man have been attri- 
 buted to this worm — burning sensa- 
 tion, anal pruritus, and tenesmus ; 
 the margin of the anus is red and 
 swollen, and the animal’s tail often 
 agitated. But, on the whole, the 
 worm appears to be very inoffensive'; 
 though we have mentioned that 
 Pflug attributed a very pruriginous 
 eruption observed on a Horse to em- 
 bryos of the curved Oxyuris. Nothing 
 is known of its migrations, nor yet 
 whether it has to undergo any. 
 
 Fig. 174. — Oxyuris of the Horse, 
 female. — Delafond. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 175. — Oxyuris of the 
 male. — Railliet. 
 
 A, anterior extremity, with the point laid open A, natural size ; B, magnified : ( 
 longitudinally ; B, caudal extremity : b , mouth bulb ; v, posterior bulb or ventricl 
 
 with the lips spread out; ce, anterior part of the so-called salivary glands ; z, intestine ; 
 
 oesophagus or anterior bulb ; v, ventricle or posterior cd, deferent canal, 
 bulb ; i, intestine ; a, anus ; u, uterus ; vu, vulva. 
 
 Horse 
 
 anterior 
 ; ; £•.. the 
 f, testicle ; 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 341 
 
 Long-tailed Oxyuris ( O . mastigodes Nitzsch). — This form — which had been 
 already seen by Delafond — was first described by Nitzsch, then by Fried- 
 berger, each of whom found it in the faeces of a Horse. Blaise in Algeria 
 and Condamine in France have also observed it in the same conditions. The 
 description is applicable to the females, which are distinguished from those 
 of the Oxyuris curvula by their length — 13 cm. to 15 cm. The tail is long, 
 thin, and smooth, and from three to four times longer than the body. The 
 mouth is round and nude. The integument is finely striated transversely ; 
 the colour is brownish, due to the ova which fill the dilated anterior part! 
 The vulva is situated in front of the middle of this part of the body. The 
 eggs are ovoid and elongated, and sometimes contain embryos already de- 
 
 B 
 
 Fig. 176. — Caudal extremity of the male Oxyuris of the Horse. — Railliet. 
 
 A, ventral surface ; B, left side : i, intestine ; g, rectal glands ; cd, deferent 
 canal ; s, spicule ; pa, anterior papilla ; pp, posterior papilla ; pi, intermediate 
 or cloacal papillae. 
 
 veloped. According to Railliet, the long-tailed Oxyuris is only an abnormal 
 form of the O. curvula — a simple case of dimorphism of the females. Inter- 
 mediate forms are found (Figs. 177, 178). 
 
 In Friedberger’s case, a mare which, for two years, showed obscure symp- 
 toms of helminthiasis. Every morning during the nine days of treatment, 
 it passed bundles of 10 to 25 worms, all held together by a very viscid sub- 
 stance to the surface of the pellets — never in their interior — and always 
 empty of their eggs. 
 
 Viviparous Oxyuris [ 0 . vivipara Probstm.). — This worm should belong to 
 the genus Strongyloides. 
 
 Selerostomes. — Two species of Sclerostomum inhabit the large 
 intestine of the Horse — the Sclerostomum equinum and the Sclero- 
 stomum tetracanthum. 
 
342 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Armed Sclerostome ( Sclerostomum equinum Muller, Scl. armata Dujardin, 
 Slrongylus armatus Rud.).— Body grey, or brown shaded with red ; straight, 
 rigid, the anterior part being broader than that which immediately follows. 
 Mouth orbicular, widely open, and 
 rendered tense by several chitinous 
 concentric rings, the innermost of 
 which are garnished with fine teeth, 
 while the outermost carry six papillae 
 symmetrically divided. The buccal 
 capsule is sustained by a dorsal 
 longitudinal line or rib, and has at 
 the bottom two round sharp plates. 
 
 The caudal pouch of the male is 
 almost trilobate, the posterior ribs 
 being trifurcated, the middle double, 
 and the anterior cleft. The tail of 
 the female is obtuse, and the vulva 
 is situated in the posterior moiety 
 of the body. Eggs ovoid, and 92 fx 
 long, 54 n broad. The dimensions 
 are variable ; sometimes the males 
 are 18 mm. to 20 mm. long, and the 
 females 20 mm. to 26 mm. , and at other 
 times they are respectively 26 mm. 
 to 35 mm. and 35 mm. to 55 mm. 
 
 Fig. 177. — Oxyuridae of the Horse ; 
 females with comparatively short 
 tails, corresponding to the curvula 
 form of the authorities ; natural 
 size. — Railliet (inedited). 
 
 Fig. 178. — Oxyuridae of the Horse ; 
 females with gradually longer 
 tails, corresponding to the masii- 
 godes form of Nitzsch ; natural 
 size. — Railliet (inedited). 
 
 The Sc. equinum — which is also often named the armed 
 Strongyle and palisade worm — infests the caecum and first part of 
 the large colon, and — with the A scans megalocephala — is the worm 
 most commonly found in the Equidae. 1 They are easily procured 
 in Paris/ says Dujardin, ‘ and I have seen them at Toulouse and 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 343 
 
 at Rennes in the intestines of all the Horses I examined ; neverthe- 
 less, at the Vienna Museum only 17 Horses of 92 had them. 
 Rudolphi found them very plentifully at all seasons.’ At Copen- 
 hagen, of 100 Horses examined by Krabbe, 86 had this worm, and 
 in some of these the large intestine was 
 studded with them. Chabert counted 
 more than 1,000 on a surface of two 
 inches, and he estimated the total in 
 one Horse at more than a million. 
 
 Blumberg, at Kazan (Russia), only found 
 them four times in 93 Horses ; and 
 Duncan, at Toronto (Canada), met with 
 them only once in 50 Horses. 
 
 The armed Scleros tomes hold firmly 
 by their buccal armature to the mucous 
 membrane, which forms at the point of 
 adherence a small dark prominence. They 
 
 Fig. 179. — Anterior ex- Fig. 180. — Dorsal Fig. 181 
 
 tremity of the Sclero- 
 stomum equinum . — 
 Delafond. 
 
 c, buccal capsule ; ce, 
 oesophagus ; g, one of 
 the so-called salivary 
 glands ; i, intestine. 
 
 moiety of the buc- 
 cal capsule of the 
 Sclerostomum equi- 
 num ; internal 
 surface. — Dela- 
 fond. 
 
 Sclerostomum 
 equinum, agamous in- 
 dividuals from the pan- 
 creas ; magnified three 
 diameters. — Delafond. 
 
 A, male ; B, female ; b, 
 mouth ; a, anus ; vu, vulva ; 
 be, caudal pouch. 
 
 are frequently met with coupled — the two individuals forming an 
 almost right angle, and adhering so intimately that they may be 
 preserved in this condition in alcohol. Notwithstanding their 
 considerable numbers, and the irritation they should produce 
 
344 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 in the mucous membrane, their presence in the Horse is rarely 
 betrayed by any appreciable symptom. They have sometimes 
 been accused of causing death by anaemia, diarrhoea, colic, etc. 
 (See Parasites of the Circulatory Apparatus.) 
 
 It is not only on the internal surface of the large intestine that 
 they are met with, for they are found in aneurism of the mesenteric 
 artery, and in the hepatic, renal, spermatic, occipital, and other 
 arteries ; in the muscles, pancreas (Goubaux, Montane), ligaments 
 of the liver, and in submucous cysts of the caecum, and sometimes 
 of the duodenum. In all these instances they are in an agamous 
 state, and represent a phase of the development of the species. In 
 
 connection with the para- 
 sitism of these various 
 organs, and especially of 
 the circulatory apparatus, 
 this feature will be more 
 particularly examined ; so 
 that we shall only refer 
 here to what is necessary 
 to be known with regard 
 to the migrations of these 
 Helminthes. 
 
 With regard to the 
 intestinal tumours, their 
 volume varies from that 
 of the head of a pin to 
 that of a hazel or small 
 almond-nut, according to 
 the development attained 
 by the worm inside each 
 tumour. The latter also 
 contains altered blood or 
 pus, and there is more or 
 Fig. 182. — Caudal extremity of the male ^ ess hyperaemia around 
 Sclerostomum equinum ; magnified thirty the circumference. The 
 diameters. — Radliet (inedited). worm within is rolled 
 
 upon itself, and is, of 
 course, of variable dimensions — sometimes extremely fine, and 
 never so large as in the adult state ; it is always destitute of 
 reproductive organs. Occasionally there is no worm in the tumour, 
 and then there is seen a small opening at the summit, by which 
 it has escaped. The worms found in the organs mentioned above 
 are also agamous ; they represent the primary phase of develop- 
 ment, as they do not become sexualized except in the caecum 
 and colon. 
 
 f Colin states that the armed Sclerostomes are worms which migrate 
 internally, and that their development is effected almost in one 
 place. The ova are deposited in the substance of the intestinal 
 mucous membrane — perhaps in the punctures produced by the 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 345 
 
 mouth of the female, or perhaps merely in the orifices of the glands — 
 and they are hatched there, the embryos becoming encysted at the 
 points where they are hatched, in the cysts developed by their 
 presence. 
 
 After being developed and having undergone several moultings, 
 they leave their cysts, and fix themselves on the surface of the 
 mucous membrane ; though a certain number continuing in their 
 cysts, grow there, have the genital organs partly formed, but 
 nevertheless always remain agamous. Those found in aneurisms 
 and in the peri-intestinal organs must, on leaving their cysts, have 
 
 Fig. 183. — Fragment of the Caecum of a Horse, showing the tumours of 
 different sizes due to the Sclerostom.es, as well as the parasites fixed on the 
 mucous membrane. To the right are the two varieties of the Scl. equinum, 
 to the left those of the Scl. tetvacanthum ; natural size. — Railliet. 
 
 entered the bloodvessels, and been carried — by a centrifugal 
 migration — to the parts where they are found. 
 
 Baillet has shown that this is not the ordinary mode of repro- 
 duction and development of the Scleros tomes. The ova are 
 expelled along with the faeces, and become hatched in a few days 
 if they are in a damp place. The embryos that issue from them 
 are cylindroid, a third to a fourth of a millimetre long, somewhat 
 obtuse in front, and have a filiform tail. If the conditions of 
 humidity continue to be favourable, they gradually grow, their 
 integument becomes folded and forms a kind of sheath in which the 
 worm moults in an evident manner. Baillet has been able to keep 
 
346 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 them several months in this state, or after complete moulting. It 
 is at this period that they enter the body of the Horse in the 
 drinking water, or perhaps on green forage, undergo moulting if 
 they have not already done so, and penetrate the substance of the 
 mucous membrane. Leuckart asserts that the embryos should 
 pass through an intermediate host before entering the intestine of 
 the Horse. But however this may be, it is possible that after they 
 have lodged themselves in the mucous membrane, a small number 
 of embryos stay to fix themselves in cysts which they cause to be 
 formed. The majority reach the circulatory system, and install 
 themselves in the abdominal arteries — principally at the origin of 
 the great mesenteric ; there they form aneurismal dilatations, 
 filled with a ragged clot that adheres to the inner surface of the 
 vessel, and in this the Helminthes are located. There they acquire 
 a length of 3 cm. or 4 cm., and commence to be sexually differenti- 
 ated, but remain agamous. These verminous aneurisms play an 
 important part in the etiology of colic. 
 
 After a more or less prolonged sojourn in the aneurism, the worms 
 leave it, and carried by the blood, in the course of time reach the 
 caecum, where they form the majority, if not the whole, of the 
 submucous cysts. Their last migration is, therefore, in reality, 
 centripetal. 
 
 Finally, after having rested more or less long in the tumour, and 
 having grown, the parasites forsake it, attach themselves to the 
 mucous membrane, become sexualized, and copulate. 
 
 An interesting observation of Railliet gives support to this theory 
 of the development of the Sclerostomes. He found in a Horse a 
 considerable quantity of these worms in the caecum, and some 
 verminous cysts, numerous in the walls of that viscus, and a smaller 
 number in the duodenum and other parts of the small intestine. 
 
 The cysts in the duodenum — which are rare — were all grouped 
 on the small curvature of the intestine, and some were even observed 
 disseminated in the mesentery. All the latter contained Scleros- 
 tomes still agamous ; but several of those in the small intestine — 
 like those of the caecum — had an opening in their centre and were 
 vacant, the Helminthes having left them. This would seem to 
 prove that the worms had reached the intestine by way of the 
 arteries. 
 
 We ought at least to mention the opinion given by Willach, on the phases 
 of development of the Sclerostomes. He found in the intestine of the Horse — 
 independently of armed Sclerostomes having the usual dimensions — small 
 worms 7 mm. to 12 mm. long, which he believed were of the same species, by 
 reason of the shape of their cephalic extremity. Some were manifestly 
 females, and contained numerous eggs having a thin shell, and measuring 
 80 n long and 40 fi broad. Others had a caudal pouch similar to that of the 
 adult armed Sclerostcme, and had, in addition, eggs like those of the females 
 just described, but less numerous. Therefore these worms were hermaphro- 
 dites ; one even showed, alongside the mature eggs, embryos *5 mm. long. 
 Willach consequently admits that the armed Sclerostome has an intermediate 
 phase of development — a rhabditiform generation, issuing on the spot in the 
 intestine of the Horse, from the well-known normal worms. The female 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 347 
 
 rhabditiform Sclerostomes also deposit their eggs on the same place ; but 
 with the hermaphrodites — which have no vulva — the embryos are hatched 
 in the body of the parent, and they only escape therefrom by the destruction 
 of the internal organs, caused by their movements. These embryos, expelled 
 outwards or continuing their development in their first host, become eventu- 
 ally normal Sclerostomes. This theory of Willach requires new observations 
 before it can be adopted. 
 
 Sclerostomum tetracanthum (Dies.) ( Strongylus tetracanthns Mehlis). — -This 
 worm is distinguished from the preceding species by its smaller dimensions — - 
 the males being sometimes 8 mm. to io mm., and at others 12 mm. to 15 mm. 
 long ; while the females are 10 mm. to 12 mm. or 14 mm. to 17 mm. in length. 
 Their colour is whitish, and the body is slightly taper- 
 ing anteriorly. Mouth circular, with a salient rim that 
 has a crown of triangular teeth, and outwardly six 
 papillae — two lateral, small, and on each side of them 
 two others, conical and very prominent. Buccal 
 capsule cylindrical ; two long lateral papillae a little 
 in front of the termination of the oesophagus. The 
 caudal pouch of the male is simply excised on the 
 ventral surface, the posterior lines or ribs are trifur- 
 cated, the middle doubled, and the anterior cleft. The 
 female has the tail terminating in a point, and the vulva 
 very near the anus. The eggs are ovoid, and 100 n long 
 by 48 fi broad. 
 
 The Sclerostomum tetracanthum also inhabits 
 the caecum and colon of the Equidae, often in 
 company with the preceding species, with which 
 it is often confounded. It is usually free among 
 the intestinal contents, and is frequently found 
 coupled. The ova — like those of all the Scleros- 
 tomes — are segmented in the uterus ; they are 
 laid in the intestine of the host. The external 
 phases in their development are, according to 
 Baillet, analogous to those of the armed Scleros- 
 tome. The embryos are thicker, the tail is 
 longer, and their movements less active. They 
 are introduced into the intestine with the water 
 the host drinks, and it is probable that they 
 encyst themselves directly in the mucous mem- 
 brane, without penetrating the circulatory 
 apparatus — at least, no wandering parasites of 
 this species have ever been observed. The 
 tumours they form beneath the mucous mem- 
 brane are of the same character as those of the other species. 
 Probstmayer, Leuckart, and Cobbold have exclusively allotted to 
 the Sclerostomum tetracanthum the agamous worms found beneath 
 the mucous membrane of the caecum. They are generally con- 
 sidered inoffensive, but some observations show that, by their large 
 number, the verminous tumours of the intestine may induce a 
 serious, even fatal, anaemia ; and that this species of Sclerostomum 
 when free and numbering several thousands in the intestine, 
 may be capable of producing a haemorrhagic enteritis and fatal 
 colic. 
 
 Fig. 184. — Anterior 
 extremity of the 
 Sclerostomum te- 
 tracanthum ; mag- 
 nifi e d ninety- 
 three diameters. — 
 Schneider. 
 
 A, dorsal view ; 
 B, front view. 
 
348 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Other Nematodes. — We here and there find mention made of other 
 Nematodes that have been met with in the intestine of the Equidae. Thus, 
 Rudolphi speaks of having seen there, in the Horse, the Filaria papillosa 
 Rud., which is almost exclusively a parasite of the splanchnic serous cavities. 
 
 Cobbold mentions a Trichonema arcuata as being found in the large 
 intestine of the Horse ; but at a later period he recognised it as the larval 
 form of the Sclerostomum tetracanthum, and considered it as identical with 
 the N ematoideum equi caballi Diesing, which has the same habitat. 
 
 Probstmayer and Perroncito have described, under the name of Oxyuris 
 vivipara, worms found in abundance — by millions, Perroncito says — in the 
 caecum and large colon of the Horse ; but according to Railliet, these are only 
 species of strongyloides. They are small female worms, much resembling 
 Oxyuris, 2*5 mm. long, and *40 mm. to - 8o mm. broad, the uterus showing 
 only a few ova containing embryos in various stages of development. 
 
 Lastly, Schlotthauber has designated by the name of Piguris (?) reticulata 
 a worm he found in the caecum of the Horse and Mule. 
 
 We have no further information concerning these worms, the authenticity 
 of which is at least doubtful, and the importance of which is surely small. 
 
 Larvae of the Dipterje. — A ccording to Cobbold, on several occasions 
 larvae of the hanging Helophilus ( Helophilus pendulinus Meg.) have been 
 discovered in the digestive canal of the Horse. They are harmless. 
 
 The larvae of the Gastrophilus, in process of evacuation, have also been 
 observed in the intestine of the Equidae. It has been stated, that those 
 of the haemorrhoidal Gastrophilus stay in the last portions of the large 
 intestine, attaching themselves to the mucous membrane ; while those of the 
 nasal Gastrophilus prefer to develop in the pyloric region of the duodenum, 
 and are, therefore, likely to hinder the passage of the alimentary matters and 
 give rise to colic. 
 
 Observation. — The various parasites which have been passed in 
 review may be combined in more or less large numbers, and occasion 
 a complex helminthiasis. The most remarkable instance of this 
 kind is that which Krause has reported. In a horse were found 
 519 A scans megalocephala or equorum, 191 Oxyuris curvula , 214 
 Sclerostomum equinum, several thousands of Sclerostomum tetra- 
 canthum , 69 Tcenia ( anoplocephala ) perfoliata , 287 Filaria papillosa , 
 and 6 Cysticercus fistularis. 
 
 Article II. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Ox. 
 
 Fungi. — T he Ox is one of the number of Herbivora in which Remak — and 
 after him Purkinje, Boehm, and Mitscherlich — found, in the normal intestinal 
 mucus, the Saccharomyces ( Cryptococcus ) guttulatus Robin. It is a very simple 
 fungus in the form of ellipsoid or ovoid elongated cells, from 15 /t to 24 /1 
 long, and 5 jti to 8 ju broad, dark brown and opaque, and containing two to 
 four bright, transparent droplets. These cells are sometimes united in a con- 
 fused mass by mucus ; but they are usually isolated, arranged in twos — end 
 to end — or one of the largest has at one of its poles two or three smaller cells 
 which have been derived from it by gemmation. This fungus appears to 
 have no action on the animals in which it is found. 
 
 The Aspergillus fumigatus — a mould which is developed more frequently 
 in the respiratory passages of Birds — has been found several times by Franck 
 in the wall of the small intestine, and in the mesenteric glands of cattle killed 
 for food. It had caused the formation of caseous or calcified centres, which 
 attained the volume of a pea, and were filled with pus containing the filaments 
 of a mycelium that inoculation experiments and cultures demonstrated to 
 belong to the Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius. 
 
 Coccidia. — T he Ox may be affected with an intestinal Coccidiosis caused 
 by the Coccidium Zurni (Rivolta). Recognised for the first time by Zurn in 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 349 
 
 Calves, it has been described by Zschokke and by Hess in Switzerland 
 under the name of ‘ Dysenterie rouge,' and since studied by McFadyean and 
 by Degoix. 
 
 The principal symptoms consist in more or less high fever, inappetence, 
 cessation of rumination, emaciation, diminished secretion of milk, weakness 
 of the hind quarters, swelling of the eyelids, redness of the conjunctivae, and 
 later pallor of the visible mucous membranes. The essential sign is furnished 
 by diarrhoea, which is sanguinolent at the outset, or becomes so in a few 
 days. There is often straining, with sometimes prolapse of the rectum. 
 
 This disease occurs at all periods of the year, but more particularly in the 
 warm season in animals at pasture. It never attacks sucking Calves, and 
 rarely animals less than a year or more than two years old. 
 
 The course of the disease is usually acute, rarely subacute. Recovery may 
 take place in about eight days, but more often not before two or three weeks. 
 Sometimes the attack is sudden and severe, and the affected animals die in 
 twenty-four hours in convulsions. In certain districts of Switzerland it 
 attacks 5 per cent, of bovines and kills 2 to 4 per cent, of those affected. In 
 Burgundy the mortality has reached 25 per cent, of the animals attacked. 
 
 The inflammation may involve the whole length of the bowel, and even 
 include the abomasum, but the parasitic lesions are localized more particularly 
 in the large intestine from the caecum to the anus. 
 
 The mucosa is brownish-red, oedematous, covered by a sanguinolent 
 mucus, and studded with yellowish or greyish resistant patches, which may 
 attain several centimetres in diameter. These lesions become more numerous 
 and more serious as they approach the rectum. The patches formed by 
 various pathological elements always enclose abundant coccidia, which may 
 be found even before death in the mucus and faecal matters. The coccidia 
 are developed exclusively in the epithelial cells of Lieberkuhn’s glands, where 
 they may be found in various stages more or less advanced. 
 
 Coccidium Zurni in the state of oocyst is ovoid, measuring 18 to 25 fi long 
 by 13 to 18 n broad, and sometimes more. It develops according to the 
 generic type ; and no doubt multiplication of the parasite takes place in the 
 intestine of the host by Schizogenesis. 
 
 The Prophylaxis consists in the exclusive use of dry fodder and of pure 
 drinking water. The Treatment is chiefly dietetic : mashes, gruels, milk, 
 and a little good hay. 
 
 Sodium hyposulphite, sublimed sulphur, cresyl and lysol are the agents 
 recommended (Hess). 
 
 Cestodes. — Like the Equidae, Cattle harbour three species of 
 unarmed Taeniae. These are typical Anoplocephaliens, the genital 
 pores of which are double on each segment, and the ova are 
 irregularly polyhedral or cuboid, showing the embryo surrounded 
 by a pyriform apparatus (Fig. 185). These three Taeniae are alto- 
 gether unknown in their cystic form. 
 
 1. Taenia expansa ( Moniezia expansa Rud.). — Length variable — from some 
 decimetres to 4, 5, and 6 metres, and even more than 100 feet, according to 
 Rudolphi. Head generally small — from *5 mm. to ‘8 mm. — slightly ex- 
 panded ; suckers a little salient, oval, opening elongated and turned outwards. 
 Neck very short or nul. Anterior part of the strobila filiform. First seg- 
 ments very short ; the others, longer, are always broader than they are long, 
 their breadth attaining 16 mm. in the last segments, which are very thick. 
 The ova, cuboid or globular, from 50 to 90 in diameter. 
 
 2. Taenia alba ( Moniezia alba Perr.). — This species was distinguished from 
 the preceding by Perroncito. It is - 6o metre to 2 -50 metres long. Head larger, 
 measuring 1*15 mm. to 1*40 mm. broad ; suckers hemispherical, and opening 
 obliquely forwards and outwards. Neck short, but distinct. Segments 
 thicker, longer, and narrower than in T. expansa, and sometimes longer than 
 
350 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 they are broad, though rarely attaining more than io mm. to 12 mm. in 
 breadth. The ova are 48 n to 58 n broad. 
 
 3. Taenia planissima ( Moniezia pianissimo, Stiles and Hassall). — Length 
 1 to 2 metres ; tint yellowish. Head nearly square, from o'8 mm. to o'9 mm. 
 
 Fig. 185. Ovum of the Tcenia ex- 
 
 pansa, completely developed ; mag- 
 nified about 550 diameters. — 
 Moniez. 
 
 eb, hexacanthus embryo ; ed" , pyri- 
 form apparatus formed by the in- 
 ternal delaminated layer ; cd, ex- 
 ternal delaminated layer ; ry, granu- 
 lar mass arising from cd, and carried 
 by the horns of the apparatus ; vt, 
 vitelline vesicles ; mvt, vitelline mem- 
 brane. 
 
 in which T. expansa appears to 
 Sheep are reported to have suffer 
 
 broad ; suckers with slightly elongated 
 openings. Segments always broader 
 than long, longer than thick ; the ripe 
 segments measure from 12 to 26 mm. 
 broad by 1 mm. to 175 mm. long, 
 generally very thin and translucid. 
 Eggs 63 n in diameter. 
 
 These three species are easily dis- 
 tinguished from one another : M. 
 
 planissima by the thinness of its ripe 
 segments ; M. expansa by its very 
 short, broad and thick segments ; and 
 M. alba by its relatively narrow and 
 long segments. These taeniae are not 
 confined to cattle. M. expansa appears 
 to be more frequent in Sheep than in 
 bovines, and it is also found in the 
 Goat and in some wild ruminants. 
 M. alba is common in the Ox in Italy, 
 where it has also been found in the 
 Sheep by Perroncito ; Moniez has ob- 
 served it at Lille, and Railliet at 
 Alfort, in the Ox ; while Blaize has 
 sent us several specimens from an Ox 
 in Algeria. M. planissima is a para- 
 site of Sheep and cattle. 
 
 These Taeniae inhabit the small 
 intestine, and no trouble in the 
 digestive functions of cattle has 
 been ascribed to them ; but Villar 
 has mentioned the case of a Cow 
 have induced serious colic ; and 
 ;d from the presence of this worm. 
 
 Trematodes. — Only a single species of Trematode has been found in the 
 intestine of the Ox. This is the Amphistomum tuberculatum Cobb., met with 
 in cattle in India along with the Amphistomes of the rumen. There is no 
 occasion to allude to the Bilharzia, the ova of which may be found in the sub- 
 stance of the more or less altered intestinal mucous membrane (see Hcema- 
 tozoa). 
 
 Nematodes. — The Calf Ascarid (A scans vitulorum Goeze) is of a reddish- 
 white colour, and has a transparent integument when in the fresh state. The 
 head is small and distinct, and has the lips enlarged at the base, constricted 
 in their anterior two-thirds, their free margin being markedly denticulated. 
 The posterior extremity is terminated by a kind of conical point. The male 
 is 1 5 cm. to 20 cm. long, exceptionally 26 cm. The caudal papillae form two 
 irregular rows — very lateral — of 10 to 15 each, all pre-anal. The female 
 is 22 cm. to 30 cm. long ; the vulva is situated towards the anterior sixth of 
 the body. The ova are 75 /jl to 80 //. in diameter. 
 
 The Ascaris vitulorum , rare in adult animals, is somewhat common 
 in the calf — especially in the South of France. In 1712, Vallisnieri 
 ascribed to this worm an epizooty among calves in the neighbour- 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 35i 
 
 hood of Padua, to which animals sometimes succumbed ; their 
 flesh, it appears, acquired a very bad odour. The parasite is very 
 frequently seen in calves killed for veal in Toulouse, and sometimes 
 
 it is counted by hundreds and 
 even thousands, in the intes- 
 tine, being also met with 
 occasionally in the abomasum. 
 Local inflammations of the 
 intestinal mucous membrane 
 are noted in these cases, and 
 they may give rise during life 
 to colic, and exceptionally 
 to rupture of the organ. 
 Descomps has reported an 
 
 Fig. 
 
 186. — Tcenia expansa 
 size. — Railliet. 
 
 [Fig. 187. — Cephalic extremity of 
 L'> Tania expansa ; magnified forty 
 diameters. 
 
 natural 
 
 Fig. 188. — Lateral third of a seg- 
 ment of Moniezia planissima, 
 showing the arrangement of a 
 genital spot ; magnified fifteen 
 diameters. 
 
352 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 instance of this accident, in which the intestine contained 15 litres 
 of Ascarides. 
 
 To expel the Ascarides of the calf, Guittard recommends the 
 administration in the evening after feeding, 
 of 8 to 12 grammes of rectified empyreu- 
 matic oil in a mucilaginous emulsion, and 
 next morning a purgative of sulphate of 
 soda. The worms will be expelled in bundles 
 in the course of the day. 
 
 Strongylus ventricosus (Rud.). — Body filiform. 
 Head small and slightly winged ; no buccal papillae. 
 Integument streaked by 14 longitudinal ridges, 
 five of the largest being on each of the surfaces 
 dorsal and ventral, and two smaller on each side. 
 Male 6 mm. to 8 mm. long ; caudal pouch broad, 
 and obscurely trilobate. Female 11 mm. to 12 mm. 
 long ; vulva situated behind the middle of the 
 body, and surrounded by a cutaneous enlargement, 
 from which is derived the specific name. This 
 worm inhabits the small intestine of Cattle and 
 the European Deer. No morbid influence is attri- 
 buted to it. In consequence of its smallness, it often escapes notice. 
 
 (Esophagostomum inflatum (Sch.). — Mouth circular, with a prominent 
 rim having six papillae. Anterior extremity provided with an ample trans- 
 
 Fig. 189. — Cephalic ex- 
 tremity of T cenia alba ; 
 magnified twenty dia- 
 meters. 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 Fig. 190. — Anterior extremity of 
 the Ascarid of the Calf. 
 
 A, seen in front ; magnified 
 twenty diameters. B, dorsal view, 
 and C, lateral view ; magnified thir- 
 teen diameters. 
 
 Fig. 1 91. — Caudal extremity of 
 the male Strongylus ventricosus ; 
 magnified 150 diameters. — 
 Railliet (inedited). 
 
 parent cutaneous enlargement, immediately followed by two lateral mem- 
 braneous wings, which are traversed by two papillae. Male, 14 mm. to 15 mm. 
 long, with caudal pouch faintly trilobate. Female, 16 mm. to 20 mm. long ; 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 353 
 
 vulva situated a little in front of the anus, and surrounded by a ring (Railliet) . 
 This species, which inhabits the large intestine of the Ox, has been removed 
 from the genus Strongylus, and placed in the genus ( Esophagostomum by Railliet. 
 
 Anchylostomum radiatum (Rud.). — Was found by Rudolphi in the duo- 
 denum of a calf. The male measures about 1 5 mm., and the female 25 mm. 
 
 Trichocephalus affinis (Rud.). — So called by reason of its resemblance to 
 the Trichocephalus of Man (Tr. dispar Rud. — Fig. 162), this species has the 
 head sometimes furnished with two transparent vesicular enlargements in 
 the form of wings. The marginal papillae of the longitudinal band are larger 
 than the others. The male and female measure, each, 6 cm. to 8 cm. long. 
 The spicule of the male is very long, and its sheath, which is very long also, 
 is studded with triangular spines, the points of which are posterior (Fig. 193). 
 
 The Trichocephalus affinis inhabits the large intestine — and par- 
 ticularly the caecum — of bovines ; but it is more rare in the Ox 
 than in the Goat, and especially the Sheep. In general, it attaches 
 itself very firmly to the mucous membrane ; but it causes no trouble. 
 Leuckart has remarked that the ova of this species, when kept in 
 a damp place, develop their embryos in a variable period, according 
 to the season ; but it may be several months in cold weather. 
 
 23 
 
354 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 When these ova are swallowed by Sheep, they are transformed 
 into young parasites, which are adults in about sixteen days. The 
 investigations of Grassi have placed beyond doubt the fact, that 
 this development does not require an intermediate host. 
 
 Fig. 193. — Trichocephalas afjinis ; largely magnified specimens. — Delafond. 
 
 lb A, male ; B, female : c, cephalic extremity ; i, intestine ; a, anus ; t, testicle ; 
 vs, seminal vesicle ; g, sheath of the spicule ; ov, ovary ; v, vulva ; C, ovum ; 
 magnified 200 diameters. 
 
 Other Nematodes. — Von Linstow again mentions — no doubt following Leidy 
 — the Filarici papillosa Rud., and Trichina spiralis Owen, as being found in 
 the intestine of Bovines ; but there is certainly an error with regard to the 
 first parasite, and the second could only be found after infestation experiments 
 on cattle with trichinous flesh. 
 
 Dreschler has found beneath the intact mucous membrane of the intestine 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 355 
 
 of aa Ox — the other organs of which were healthy — about 450 nodules the 
 size of a pin’s head to that of a pea, the majority of which had undergone 
 caseous degeneration. Spherical in shape and well defined, they were com- 
 posed of strong fibrous tissue, and each contained an undetermined Nematode 
 or, rather, a larva — about 1 mm. long, which had two conical cephalic papillae. 
 These were probably the larvae of a Strongylus. 
 
 Article III. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Sheep. 
 
 Fungi. — The Sacchavomyces guttulatus Robin has been found by Remak in 
 the intestinal mucus of the Sheep, as in the Ox. 
 
 Infusoria. — Grassi has discovered in the intestine of the Sheep the Lamblia 
 intestinalis (Blanchard) which has been very often seen in Man, and which is 
 very common in the Muridae — Rats, Mice, Meadow-Mice. 
 
 Coccidia. — First noted by Rivolta (1874), by Leuckart, then by C. Curtice 
 and by McFadyean, intestinal Coccidiosis of the Sheep has been well studied 
 by Moussu and Marotel, and it would appear that 
 these various observations refer to the same para- 
 site Coccidium Faurei (Moussu and Marotel). The 
 lesions are variable. Sometimes they take the 
 form of scarcely prominent whitish spots formed 
 by enlarged villi of which the epithelial cells are 
 hypertrophied, and contain one or several coccidia 
 from 18 to 21 /x long by 15 to 16 fi broad (Curtice, 
 
 Stiles). 
 
 Sometimes there are found pear-shaped, reddish, 
 tumour-like bodies, two or three times larger than 
 an oat grain, and produced by an irregular hyper- 
 plasia of the mucous membrane including both 
 the villi and the glandular stratum ; the epi- 
 thelial cells enclose coccidia of various ages, 
 which, when mature, measure 20 /x long by 14 /x 
 broad (McFadyean). 
 
 In the contents of the inflamed intestine 
 Mazzanti has found coccidia from 30 to 50 /x long 
 by 14 to 28 n broad. 
 
 In the observations of Moussu and Marotel the 
 largest coccidia of the intestinal contents were 
 42 [x long by 30 fx broad. In an ovine cocci- Fig. 194. — Cephalic ex- 
 diosis. Nocard found on the surface of the tremity of Moniezia 
 
 mucosa of the small intestine some nodules from Benedeni, magnified 
 
 the size of a pea to that of a nut due to an forty-five diameters, 
 hypertrophy of the mucosa ; the epithelial cells 
 
 of the villi and of the glandular culs-de-sac contained coccidia from 10 to 12 /x 
 long by 7 to 9 ju broad, probably different from Coccidium Faurei, notwith- 
 standing the analogy between the lesions of this coccidiosis and that which 
 McFadyean has observed. 
 
 Cestodes. — The Sheep is — after the Dog — the domesticated animal which 
 most frequently harbours cestodes. Twelve distinct species, all unknown 
 in their cystic form, have been described. Of these one, Tcenia Vogti (Moniez), 
 which is only known by a headless fragment, need not be further mentioned. 
 The eleven other species belong to the anoplocephaliens sub-family of the 
 Tseniadae, and are characterized by the head being destitute of rostrum and 
 hooks, segments compact, broader than long, a transverse uterus and an 
 -embryo furnished with a pyriform apparatus. The anoplocephalinae of the 
 Sheep belong to three genera : Moniezia R. Bl., Thysanosomum Dies., and 
 Stilesia Raill. 
 
 A. Moniezia. — Genital pores double, uterus double. 1. M. ( Tcenia ) ex- 
 pansa. 2. M. ( Tcenia ) planissima, and 3. M. ( Tcenia ) alba are the same 
 species as those met with in the intestine of the Ox. 4. M. trigonophora 
 
 23—2 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 35<5 
 
 (Stiles and Hassall) is allied to the preceding species. 5. M. Benedeni (Moniez) 
 is difficult to distinguish from other species of Moniezia. 6. M. Neumanni 
 (Moniez) does not exceed 50 to 70 cm. ; the anterior extremity of the chain 
 is very slender, filiform ; the broadest segments are only 8 mm. by 1*5 mm. 
 
 Fig. 195. — Segments of the anterior 
 region of the Thysanosomum actini- 
 oides ; magnified ten diameters. 
 Railliet (inedited). 
 
 Fig. 196. — Lateral portion of the last 
 segments of the Th. actinioides ; 
 magnified ten diameters. — Railliet 
 (inedited). 
 
 long. 7. M. Nullicollis (Moniez) is about 40 cm. long, has segments immedi- 
 ately behind the suckers ; the broadest segments are 8 mm. by 1 mm. long. 
 
 B. Thysanosomum. — Genital pores double or irregularly alternate ; uterus 
 single, transverse, with oviferous sacs in the form of asci. 
 
 8. Th. actinioides (Diesing) genital pores double, segments cut into long 
 
 Fig. 197. — Two segments of Thysanosomum Giardi ; magni- 
 fied twenty diameters. — Rivolta. 
 
 t, testicles ; pc, pouch of the cirrus ; c, cirrus ; v, vagina ; 
 rs, seminal reservoir ; u, trace of the uterus ; vit, vitel- 
 logens. 
 
 Fig. 198. — Trans- 
 verse section of^a 
 segment of the Th. 
 Giardi, showing 
 the arrangement of 
 the ovigerous cap- 
 sules ; magnified 
 forty diameters. 
 
 fringes at their posterior border. 9. Th. Giardi (Moniez) Genital pores irregu- 
 larly alternate, some times double ; segments not fringed ; length 2 metres 
 and more. 
 
 C. Stilesia. — Body narrow (2 to 4 mm. broad) ; genital pores irregularly 
 alternate ; transverse uterus, without oviferous sacs. 
 
 10. St. globipunctata (Rivolta). — A very delicate diaphanous worm, 45 cm. 
 to 60 cm. long. Head '5 mm. to 1 mm. broad ; suckers directed forward. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 357 
 
 No neck. The mature segments are 2 mm. broad, and £ to f millimetre 
 long. Testicles lateral, and external to the longitudinal canals. Genital 
 pores single in each segment, and irregularly alternated. Each segment has 
 a double uterus, which appears to the naked eye or hand-lens as two longi- 
 tudinal series of opaque points, doubled outwardly — an the anterior part of 
 the strobila — by the spermiducts, the middle line of the strobila remaining 
 transparent. Ova globular, from 15 n to 21 // in diameter, and a pyriform 
 apparatus without horns. 
 
 11. St. centri punctata (Rivolta). — Head from 1*5 mm. to 2 mm. broad. 
 Length of strobila 275 to 2-85 metres. The head is succeeded by a narrower 
 portion, in which the segments are faintly marked by fine transverse stria- 
 tions. At a decimetre from the head — where their width varies from 2 mm. 
 to 4 mm. — the segments are remarkable for their relative dimensions, being 
 the more narrow and thick as they are posterior — the last are scarcely more 
 than 1 mm. broad, but they are very thick. Their length is always incon- 
 siderable, but increases from before to behind — varying from to £ of a 
 millimetre. The genital pores are single in each segment and irregularly 
 alternated ; they are little apparent, and open in the middle of one of the 
 sides. The testicles are symmetrical, and situated within the longitudinal 
 canals. In the centre of each segment in the posterior moiety of the strobila, 
 the naked eye can detect a slightly prominent white spot formed by the 
 uterus. Ova few in number in each segment, globular, from 21 n to 24 /x 
 in diameter, and a pyriform apparatus destitute of horns. 
 
 The twelve species of tseniadae of the Sheep are easily distinguished 
 by referring to the following table : 
 
 M. expansa. 
 
 M. planissima. 
 
 M. trigonophora. 
 
 M. alba. 
 
 M. Benedeni. 
 
 M. Neumanni. 
 M. nullicollis. 
 T. Vogti. 
 
 Th. Giardi. 
 
 St. globipunctata. 
 
 St. centripunctata. 
 Th. actinioides. 
 
 <L> 
 
 s 
 
 QO, 
 
 a ( 
 
 Two 
 genital 
 pores in 
 each 
 segment. 
 
 Suckers 
 in the 
 form of 
 a slit. 
 
 ('Last segments very 
 thick, all broader 
 than long, may 
 attain 16 mm. in 
 breadth - - - - 
 
 Last segments short, 
 ^ thin, translucent, 
 
 from 16 to 22 mm. 
 broad - - - - 
 
 Last segments very 
 thick, nearly as 
 
 A neck. I long as broad 16 
 
 mm. in breadth - 
 Neck short, segments 
 thick, 10 to 12 
 mm. broad - - - 
 
 Suckers Neck nearly as broad 
 globular as the head, last 
 
 with a -v segments 12 mm. 
 
 round broad - - - - 
 
 opening. Anterior part of the 
 
 chain filiform, ripe 
 segments 16 mm. 
 broad - - - - 
 
 No neck 
 
 One 
 genital 
 pore in 
 each 
 segment. 
 
 segments 
 
 always 
 
 broader 
 
 than 
 
 long. 
 
 Ripe segments longer than broad 
 'Ripe segments 5 to 10 mm. 
 broad -------- 
 
 ^Transparent in 
 
 \ 
 
 Posterior border of segments fringed 
 
 Ripe segments J 
 1 to 2 mm 
 broad. 
 
 the middle 
 line - 
 
 Opaque in the 
 middle line - 
 
358 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 These various Taeniae are far from having the same importance. 
 Thus, Moniez has only seen one T. Vogti; and Rivolta has only 
 once met with his T. ovilla ( Th . Giardi), of which Perroncito has 
 received two examples ( T . aculeata). It is true that, according to 
 Moniez, this species ( T . Giardi ) is somewhat common at Lille, but 
 it is not believed to cause any harm to the Sheep. 
 
 Four St. centripunctata were found by Rivolta in the small intes- 
 tine of an anaemic Sheep. At the point they occupied, the mucous 
 membrane was partly red in consequence of the hyperaemia of the 
 villi, and partly pale or greyish, because of their pigmentary 
 degeneration. Matozzi has met with the same species, but he only 
 noted catarrh of the mucous membrane. Blaise, who has sent us 
 several examples from Algeria, does not make any remark as to 
 lesions. 
 
 With regard to the St. globipunctata , those which Rivolta has 
 described under the name of T. ovipunctata had their head deeply 
 buried in the intestinal mucous membrane. 
 Their presence had brought about degeneration in 
 a large number of villi, irritation of Lieberkuhn’s 
 glands, and the formation of isolated or confluent 
 inflammatory nodules, from the size of a pea to 
 that of a lentil. 
 
 The other species are broader and more 
 voluminous, and have a more important patho- 
 logical role. 
 
 The Th. actinioides — first found by Natterer in 
 various kinds of South American Deer — is very 
 abundant in sheep in the western plains of the 
 United States. Its presence induces a taeniasis 
 little characteristic — being simply a pernicious 
 anaemia, the same as is so often observed in 
 It has great analogies with that attributed, in 
 Europe, to M. expansa, and in the etiology of which other species — 
 at least M. alba , and doubtless also M. Benedeni (which appears to 
 us to be very frequent) — may have a large share. 
 
 When these taeniae ( expansa ) are not numerous, they do not 
 produce any appreciable disorder in the digestive functions. But 
 it is otherwise in some instances — rare in France, but more frequent 
 in Germany — in which, by their number and by their length, these 
 worms cause a serious epizootic among the lambs and year-old Sheep 
 — the disease being known to the Germans as the Bandwurmseuche. 
 
 The disease at first is obscure. There is paleness of the skin and 
 visible mucous membranes, the fleece is brittle and poor in fine 
 wool ; then follow emaciation and arrested development, although 
 the animals eat and drink more than usual. Soon various dis- 
 turbances in the digestive functions are manifested, rumination is 
 irregular, breath unpleasant and nauseous, colic, constipation, and 
 distension of the abdomen — either because of the retention of the 
 accumulated faecal matters, which can be felt on pressing the 
 
 Fig. 199. — Cephalic 
 extremity of the 
 Stilesia centri- 
 punctata ; mag- 
 nified ten dia- 
 meters. 
 
 flocks of Sheep. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 359 
 
 abdominal walls, or by the gas that inflates the intestine. 
 When the defecatory efforts are successful, the faeces are noticed 
 to be soft, mixed with a yellowish mucus, and there are often some 
 segments of M. expansa. The Sheep become more and more 
 emaciated and feeble ; they can scarcely move, and follow the flock 
 with great di Acuity. They are at times seized with convulsions, 
 and at last colliquative diarrhoea brings them to the final stage of 
 debility and cachexia, in which — unable to rise — they lie stretched 
 on the ground, and quickly perish from exhaustion. 
 
 Many outbreaks of fatal diarrhoea due to M. expansa are on 
 record. In 1855, Cox described one ; in 1877, an enzooty occurred 
 in Central Park, New York, in which the intestines of lambs were 
 filled with Taeniae fifteen feet long, which would fill a twelve-ounce 
 glass measure. The animals were for two or three days unwell ; 
 they then became affected with convulsions, would turn round 
 in a circle, and drop dead. Cross, of Shrewsbury, in 18 77, dealt 
 with ‘ scouring ’ in lambs, in the semi-fluid faeces of which were 
 innumerable segments with double sexual organs and unarmed heads. 
 Cobbold mentions being consulted concerning loss from worms of 
 1,200 out of 8,000 Sheep, on a farm to the north-west of Sydney, 
 New South Wales. Taeniae several fathoms in length were said to 
 have been discovered in the intestines, together with certain 
 Nematodes. And Gamgee mentions that in Australia, especially 
 on overstocked land, Taeniae infest lambs, and give rise to an enzooty 
 that kills many. The tapeworm segments may often be seen on 
 the washed soil, after a heavy fall of rain. The parasites cause 
 pain and emaciation, and predispose the animals to other disorders. 
 They cause loss not only by fatalities, but by reduction in value 
 and amount of fat. Curtice observed young and adult Tapeworms 
 in immense numbers, in 87 per cent, of Western Sheep and lambs 
 examined in Colorado, United States of America, in 1887. The 
 Sheep were diseased in direct relation to the prevalence of the 
 parasites, which he thought were new, and similar in species to that 
 found in the Brazilian Deer ; but which were probably M. expansa. 
 The outbreak prevailed from Oregon and Wyoming to Nebraska 
 and Kansas, the parasites being present from May to January 
 chiefly in the duodenum. 
 
 The diagnosis, embarrassing at first, is decided by the appearance, 
 of the proglottides thrown out along with the faeces. In any case, 
 if there is difficulty in deciding as to the nature of the malady, the 
 doubt can be dispelled by killing a sick lamb and examining it, when 
 numerous Taeniae will be found obstructing the intestine. The other 
 animals can then be treated with certainty. 
 
 Although this taeniasis may manifest itself among Sheep kept in 
 the fold, yet it is most prevalent among the young animals grazing, 
 and it is quite probable that they take up the M. expansa in its 
 cystic or larval form, with the grass when at pasture. The disease, 
 in fact, shows itself in wet years, and in damp, marshy regions, 
 conditions favourable to the preservation of the germs of Taeniae. 
 
360 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Although lambs with the ewe are often affected — and in those of 
 four weeks Spinola has found worms io metres long — yet it cannot 
 be admitted that the germs of the Tseniae reach them during foetal 
 life, or through the milk of the ewe, as has been suggested. It is 
 more likely that the young animals infest themselves in picking up, 
 here and there, some stalks of herbage in the pastures, or directly 
 in some other way not yet ascertained. 
 
 It is obvious that flocks should be kept away from suspected 
 pastures. When practicable, infested pastures should be ploughed 
 up, or top-dressed with sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, lime, gas 
 lime, or any other substance likely to destroy the germs at a period 
 when these are on the ground, and the faeces, with ova and worms, 
 should be destroyed by burning or other means. 
 
 Treatment is only likely to be of avail before cachexia has set in. 
 Each animal should receive a teaspoonful of Chabert’s empy- 
 reumatic oil (oil i part, oil of turpentine 3 parts), with 25 to 35 
 centigrammes of tartar emetic ; later, every day there should be 
 given 15 grammes of tansy-root for six or seven days. Ziirn 
 recommends picrate of potash in doses of *6 to 1*25 grammes in pill 
 every day, a purgative being given afterwards. 
 
 The comparative experiments of Hartmann show that kamala is 
 an excellent taenifuge for the Sheep. He prescribes a dose of 
 3*50 grammes, suspended in water, and repeated once at four hours’ 
 interval. Philippi has made trial of picrate of potash, areca-nut, 
 the ethereal extract of male shield-fern, and kamala, and gives 
 preference to the two latter remedies. He administered the first 
 (male fern) in 3 and 4 gramme doses, and the second (kamala) in 
 5 and 6 gramme doses, giving a dose of castor-oil three hours after- 
 wards. Mojkowski considers naphthalin superior to kamala as a 
 taenifuge ; he gives it in 1 gramme doses twice a day for a week, 
 terminating the treatment with a sulphate of soda purge. 
 
 Nematodes. — Ascarid of the Sheep {A scans ovis M. C. V.).* This is 
 yellowish-white in colour, and somewhat attenuated at both extremities. 
 The head is small ; each lip has finely denticulated borders, the superior lip 
 having two papillae, and each of the others only one. The male measures 
 7 cm. to 10 cm. long, and 2 mm. thick ; its caudal extremity has — on the 
 ventral surface — two rows of 45 to 50 papillae each, three of which are post- 
 anal, and one single at the very end of the body. The female is 7 cm. to 
 12 cm. long, and of the same thickness as the male ; the vulva opens towards 
 the anterior third of the body. 
 
 This species was only known by one female specimen seen in the Vienna 
 Museum by Diesing, and already mentioned by Rudolphi in 1819, until we 
 gave a description of it. It is therefore very rare. R. von Drasche con- 
 siders as belonging to a different species two females found in a Sheep by 
 Kobl, but in a bad state of preservation. 
 
 Strongylus filicollis (Rud.). — A white or rose-white filiform worm. The 
 integument is marked by eighteen longitudinal ridges. Head very small, 
 and margined by two little membraneous wings. Male, 8 mm. to 15 mm. 
 long, with bilobate caudal pouch. Female, 16 mm. to 24 mm. long, with the 
 anterior portion very thin, and its posterior part short and somewhat ex- 
 panded (hence the specific name) ; vulva situated behind the middle of the 
 body. 
 
 * Museum Caesareum Vindebonense — Imperial Museum of Vienna. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 361 
 
 The Strongylus flicollis inhabits the small intestine, particularly the duo- 
 denum of the Sheep and Goat. Railliet has found it in the abomasum of the 
 
 Sheep, in company with the Strongylus 
 contortus, with which it appeared to play 
 the same part. The small intestine may 
 contain myriads of this parasite, as 
 Railliet, and probably Chedhomme, has 
 remarked. By its presence it may set 
 up irritation in the mucous membrane, 
 and by the blood it abstracts will induce 
 pernicious anaemia. Curtice says it is 
 frequent in autumn and winter in the 
 United States of America ; but it does 
 not appear to be blamed for any serious 
 damage. 
 
 Wedl has described, under the name 
 of Trichosomum papillosum, a Nematode 
 that he has found in considerable 
 numbers in the intestine of a Sheep ; 
 but Curtice remarks that it was prob- 
 ably a young Strongylus plicollis. 
 
 Strongylus ventricosus (Rud.). — This 
 parasite of the Ox’s intestine has also 
 been found in that of the Sheep by 
 Curtice. 
 
 A 
 
 Fig. 200. — Anterior extremity of 
 the Ascarid of the Sheep ; magni- 
 fied thirty diameters. 
 
 A, anterior surface ; B, dorsal sur- 
 face ; C, ventral surface. 
 
 (Esophagostomum venulosum (Rud.). 
 
 — Mouth circular, and surrounded by a raised ring that has six papillae. The 
 neck is marked by an ovoid enlargement ; and a little behind this are two 
 lateral papillae, and behind these, again, is the commencement of two mem- 
 braneous wings. Male, 
 
 ± j ujxii. lv a w mm. mug , 
 
 caudal pouch slightly trilo- 
 bate, and broader than it is 
 long. Female, 23 mm. to 
 24 mm., vulva situated a 
 little in front of the anus. 
 
 This Nematode has been 
 more especially found in the 
 Goat, in which it is rare. 
 
 Railliet discovered it in the 
 Sheep, Chabin (long-woolled 
 Sheep of Berry, France), 
 and Roe-deer, and he con- 
 siders as belonging to the 
 same species two female 
 Nematodes which Carita 
 found in the intestine of 
 a Sheep, along with Scler- 
 ostomum hypostomum and 
 Anchylostomum cernuum. 
 
 CEsophagosto me of 
 Columbia ( (Es . Columbianum 
 Curtice). — Body a little 
 attenuated from before to 
 behind. Mouth circular, 
 sustained by a horny ring, 
 armed with two crowns of 
 teeth — of which the internal 
 
 are the smallest — and surrounded by a cutaneous ring on which are six 
 pointed papillae. This ring is succeeded by a slight elongated constriction. 
 
 Fig. 201. — Caudal extremity of the male Stron- 
 gylus filicollis ; magnified 150 diameters. 
 
362 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 terminated by another ring at the ventral transverse slit. Towards the 
 anterior fourth of the oesophagus are two opposed papillae, and at the anterior 
 quarter of the body are two narrow wings on each side. Male, 12 mm. to 
 15 mm. long; caudal pouch slightly sinuous and shallow, with its ribs 
 arranged as in (Esophagostomum dentatum (Fig. 210). Female, 14 mm. to 
 
 Fig. 202. — Cephalic extremity of Fig. 203. — Caudal extremity of the 
 the Strongylus contortus ; mag- male (Esophagostomum venulosum ; 
 
 nified forty diameters. — Railliet magnified one hundred diameters. — 
 
 (inedited). Railliet (inedited). 
 
 18 mm. long ; vulva situated a little in front of the anus. Eggs ovoid, and 
 90 n long by 50 fx broad. 
 
 ■ This species — which is closely related to the CEs. dentatum of the Pig — is, 
 according to Curtice, frequent in adult Sheep in the Southern United States, 
 and is more particularly observed in the autumn and winter ; it does not cause 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 363 
 
 any trouble except when in great numbers. The symptoms have nothing 
 characteristic, and are those of insidious anaemia slowly leading to marasmus. 
 This CEsophagostome is found in the adult state in the caecum and first portions 
 of the large colon. But it appears more frequently in the larval condition — ■ 
 3 mm. to 4 mm. long, and lodged beneath the mucous membrane in tumours 
 varying in size from that of the head of a pin to that of a hazel-nut, each of 
 them containing only one worm. The mucous membrane is sometimes so 
 studded with these tumours that great inconvenience is experienced in pre- 
 paring the intestine for sausage-making. 
 
 Sclerostomum hypostomum (Duj.). — Body white, filiform, cylindrical, and 
 rigid. Head globular, slightly curved and obliquely truncated towards the 
 ventral surface ; mouth furnished with a double row of narrow, sharp^teeth, 
 and surrounded by six papillae. Male, 10 mm. 
 to 20 mm. long ; caudal pouch short, obliquely 
 cut, and campanuliform. Female, 13 mm. to 
 23 mm. long ; tail often encrusted with a dark 
 yellow substance, and terminating in a sharp 
 point curving upwards ; vulva situated a little 
 in front of the anus. This worm is common 
 in the large intestine of the Sheep and Goat. 
 
 Carita accuses it — as well as the next species 
 — of causing fatal anaemia in a Sheep, the intes- 
 tinal mucous membrane of which was covered 
 with red punctures. Friedberger and Frohner 
 also state that the Sclerostomum hypostomum 
 may induce slight colic, and that at the autopsy 
 they have seen the small intestine strewn with 
 minute punctiform haemorrhages, the intestinal 
 contents being the colour of chocolate. Accord- 
 ing to the observations of Railliet, the ova 
 undergo, externally, modifications very similar 
 to those which have been indicated for the 
 Sclerostomes of the Equidae. There is, there- 
 fore, reason to believe that the Scl. hypostomum 
 is also ingested as an embryo, in the water 
 drunk by Sheep and Goats. 
 
 Anchylostomum cernuum (Crep.). — Body 
 yellowish or reddish, rigid, and attenuated at 
 the extremities. Head thin and raised behind. 
 
 Mouth circular and opening into an ovoid buccal 
 capsule armed with four teeth — two on each 
 side, the base of which is imbedded in the 
 capsule, and the free extremity is curved hook- 
 like towards the interior of the cavity ; the two 
 ventral teeth are strong, the dorsal ones narrow ; 
 the dorsal rib also buries its conical point in 
 the capsule ; lastly, the armature is completed 
 by the two deep ventral lancets. Male, 15 mm. 
 to 18 mm. long; caudal pouch deep and infundibuliform. Female, 20 mm. 
 to 28 mm. long ; vulva placed a little in front of the middle of the body 
 (Railliet). This species fives in the small intestine, and sometimes in the 
 large intestine, of the Sheep and Goat. 
 
 Trichocephalus affinis. — This parasite has been already described (p. 353) 
 among the entozoa of the Ox, in which it is more rare than in the Sheep. Its 
 pathological effects are unknown, and probably they are insignificant ; though 
 Simonds states that when a number of Sheep suffer at the same time from 
 diarrhoea with much mucus, and their appetite is increased, the disease is 
 generally due to this worm. 
 
 Strongyloides longus (Grassi and Segre). — Grassi has discovered in the 
 intestine of a Sheep, a species of Angiostome nearly identical with the in- 
 
 Fig. 204. — Sclerostomum 
 hypostomum. , 
 
 A, male and 'female ; 
 natural size. B, ^cephalic 
 extremity, lateral 1 view ; 
 magnified fifty diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
364 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 testinal Angiostome of Man (see p. 328), but of larger size. The female measures 
 6 mm. long. The body is a little attenuated in front, and terminates behind 
 by a round conical tail, which may be even a little dilated at its extremity. 
 The triangular mouth has three small lips, and opens into an almost cylindrical, 
 long oesophagus, which is continued by the intestine without marked tran- 
 sition. The vulva is situated in the posterior third of the body. 
 
 This species may have — like that of Man — a free generation, if the larvae 
 are kept at a temperature above 25 0 (Cent.). But while among the worms 
 which have reached maturity there are — with the strongyloides mtestinalis — 
 about one male to eight females, nearly all here are females, which rarely 
 show ova in process of segmentation, and larvae resulting from free generation 
 have not yet been seen. In addition, the mature strongyloid of the Sheep is 
 much smaller than that of Man. The chief difference between the two species 
 
 Fig. 205. — Anterior extremity of 
 Anchylostomum cernuum, lateral 
 view; magnified 150 diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 Fig. 206. — Anterior extremity of 
 A nchylostomum cernuum, dorsal 
 view; magnified 150 diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 is that, in the strongyloides intestinalis, the intestinal form is derived in- 
 differently either from the larvae of the Angiostome transformed external to 
 the human body, or from larvae emanating from a free generation ; while in 
 the Strongyloides longus this second mode of reproduction is doubtful, or at 
 least very rare. This latter species causes no particular trouble in Sheep. 
 
 Article IV. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Goat. 
 
 Cestodes. — Rudolphi gave the provisional name of Tcenia caprce to frag- 
 ments of tape-worms without a head which had been found in the ileum of a 
 Goat. It is probably one of the species of Moniezia which live in the intestine 
 of the Sheep. Apart from this exceptional instance, all the Taeniae met with 
 in the Goat have been classed with M. expansa, which has already been 
 described among those of the Ox and Sheep. In some exceptional cases, this 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 3^5 
 
 worm may, by its accumulation, cause accidents similar to those we have 
 seen it produce in the Sheep. The same remarks and treatment will therefore 
 apply to it. 
 
 Nematodes. — Five species of Nematoda have been noted in the intestine 
 of the Goat ; they have also been seen in the Sheep, and are : Strongylus 
 filicollis, (Esophagostomum venulosum, Sclerostomum hypostomum, Anchylosto- 
 mum cernuum, and Trichocephalus affinis. There is nothing to add to what 
 has been said about these parasites in the Sheep. 
 
 Article V. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Pig. 
 
 The Pig affords asylum to a large number of intestinal parasites — 
 a circumstance readily explained by the diversity and frequent 
 impurity of its food. But it offers the remarkable and inexplicable 
 peculiarity that, up to the present time, no adult form of Cestode 
 has been discovered in it. 
 
 Tardieu has, however, observed in a Pig symptoms of epilepsy 
 which disappeared on the adoption of anthelmintic treatment. 
 The animal passed ‘ a considerable quantity of worms, which 
 appeared in pellets at the anus, and amongst them/ says that 
 authority, ‘ I recognised portions of the solitary worm (taenia), 
 which I suspected to be the principal cause of the disease.’ 
 
 The majority of the intestinal parasites of the Pig are Nematodes, 
 though it is possible there may also be present Distomes — Distomum 
 hepaticnm and D. lanceolatum — which have escaped from the bile 
 ducts into the digestive canal. 
 
 Protozoa. — Independently of a Trichomonas that Kunstler has 
 met with in the intestine of the Pig, there is very often found in the 
 rectum of this animal a ciliated Infusorian of the order of Hetero- 
 tricha — the Balantidium coli (Stein). 
 
 Coccidia. — Rivolta attaches to Coccidium Zurni the coccidia 
 found by Zurn in the intestine of a young Pig which had succumbed 
 to an enteritis, and which had come from a farm where many other 
 pigs had died at short intervals (Rabbet). 
 
 Acanthocephala. — The Pig and wild Boar are the natural hosts 
 of the best known species of this order — the Echinorhynchus gigas 
 (Goeze) — which is also found in the collared Pecari ( Dicotyles 
 torquatus or Tajayu) and striped Hyaena. 
 
 The giant Echinorhynchus is a cylindro'id worm, often expanded at several 
 points in its length, of a milky-white tint, sometimes shaded with green or 
 violet, irregularly wrinkled transversely, and attenuated behind. The 
 anterior extremity consists of an almost globular proboscis, garnished with 
 five or six transverse rows of hooks curved backwards, and irregularly arranged 
 in quincunx (like a chess-board). The male is 6 cm. to 9 cm. long, and 3 mm. 
 to 5 mm. broad ; it has a campanuliform caudal pouch. The female is 20 cm. 
 to 35 cm. long, and the posterior part of the body is obtuse. The ova are 
 oblong, almost cylindrical, and provided with three envelopes, in which the 
 embryo appears several days after the eggs have been -laid. It has the shape 
 of a truncated cone, and being longer than the egg, its tapering extremity is 
 folded up in the shell ; the anterior part has four hooks similar to those of 
 the armed Taeniae, and several other smaller ones. 
 
366 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 In the adult state, this worm infests the small intestine, and par- 
 ticularly the duodenum — rarely the large intestine. It is found 
 floating in the fluid contents of the canal, or more frequently it is 
 fixed to the mucous membrane by its proboscis, the anterior part 
 being turned towards the stomach. 
 
 Its presence causes a variable degree of irritation at the points 
 where it attaches itself. It may bury itself more or less deeply in 
 the mucous membrane, penetrating as far as the muscular, and even 
 the serous, coat, or entirely perforating the wall of the intestine 
 and opening the peritoneal sac, thereby setting up fatal peritonitis. 
 Most frequently, however, the lesions are limited to a number of 
 small tumefied wounds, the size of a pin’s head ; or there are salient 
 cicatrices, which would indicate that the worm often changes its hold. 
 
 According to Kocoureck, the intestine which harbours the 
 Echinorhynchus looks pearly white externally, but its walls contain 
 
 Fig. 20 7. — Cephalic extremity of Fig. 208. — Giant Echinorhynchus, 
 the Giant Echinorhynchus ; magni- male, fixed to the intestine of the 
 fied ten diameters. — Railliet. Pig ; natural size. — Railliet. 
 
 abscesses the size of a hempseed, encircled by a red areola, in the 
 centre of which is the proboscis of the Worm. At other points the 
 mucous membrane is of a slate-grey colour, thickened, and covered 
 with exudate. The more or less complete perforations in the wall 
 of the intestine are often so numerous as to render them useless 
 in the manufacture of sausages. 
 
 When the worms are numerous in the intestine, they cause 
 marked disturbance in nutrition. Friedberger and Frohner give 
 the following symptoms : ‘ Loss of appetite, constipation, restless- 
 ness ; the animals paw and burrow, and apply the snout or teeth 
 against the abdomen ; emaciation increases ; there are convulsions 
 and epileptiform spasms ; with young Pigs death may ensue in 
 three or four days. Frequently the malady assumes an epizootic 
 form. A diagnostic element might be found in a microscopical 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 367 
 
 examination of the faeces, which should show the ova of the worm, 
 in which the embryo is not yet present. 
 
 The giant Echinorhynchus is common in France and Germany ; 
 according to Dujardin, it has been found in Vienna in about one of 
 every four Pigs. Cloquet says that the Limousin Pigs killed in 
 Paris are more affected 
 than those of the other 
 provinces Koehler asserts 
 that these worms are now 
 much more rare than 
 formerly. W yman and 
 
 Leidy have found them 
 in Hogs ii the United 
 States of America. Ac- 
 cording to Cloquet, they 
 are more fre }uent towards 
 the end of winter than at 
 any other time. We have 
 never met with them at 
 Toulouse. Cobbold says 
 that, fortunately, they are 
 not of frequent occurrence 
 in England. 
 
 Schneider states that 
 the development of the 
 worm requires an inter- 
 mediate host, and that 
 this is the White Worm — 
 the larva of the ordinary 
 May-bug ( Melolontha vul- 
 garis). The ova of the 
 intestinal Echinorhynchus 
 are eliminated with the 
 faeces, spread over the 
 ground or carried into the 
 dung - pit, and in these 
 conditions are eaten by 
 the White Worms, and 
 hatched in their intestines ; 
 the embryos bore through 
 the walls of these by means p IGi 209. — Echinorhynchus gigas, female; 
 of their hooked proboscis, natural size.— Railliet. 
 
 and making their way into 
 
 the abdominal cavity, become encysted there. In this state they 
 remain during the existence of the larva, and even after its meta- 
 morphosis into the perfect insect. If the Pig devours these White 
 Worms, or the May-beetles, the cyst-membrane is dissolved in its 
 intestines, the young Echinorhynchus is set free, attaches itself to 
 the mucous membrane, and gradually acquires its complete develop- 
 
3 68 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 ment. The researches of Lespes had long before revealed the 
 necessity of an intermediate host ; he had caused the ova of Ech. 
 gigas to be hatched in the intestine of several species of gasteropod 
 molluscs — Helix pomatia , H. hortensis, Limax maximus, Avion rufus ; 
 and had found a larva in the liver of a helix. What militates against 
 Schneider’s opinion, is the fact that the larva of the May-beetle is 
 essentially phytophagous — it lives only on roots, and is not found in 
 manure-pits. Perhaps Kaiser has indicated the real intermediate 
 host ; for, according to him, the ovum of the Ech. gigas thrown out 
 on the ground with the excrement of the Pig, is swallowed by the 
 larva of the common rose-chafer ( Cetonia aurata) ; the embryo then 
 bores through the shell, which has been softened by the gastric juice, 
 passes through the cuticle, and stops at the subjacent muscular 
 layer, where it pursues its evolution (Blanchard). 
 
 As there is little information with regard to the pathological 
 effects of the Echinorhynchus, we are still less advanced as to the 
 medicaments to be employed against it ; but it would be useful 
 to try experiments with those drugs prescribed for the other entozoa. 
 
 It may be mentioned that Leuckart states that Echinorhynchus 
 gigas only appears in those swine which have been fed in the open 
 air. 
 
 Nematodes. — The Ascarid of the Pig ( Ascaris suis Go eze — Figs. 
 1 19, 122) bears such a close resemblance to the Ascarid of Man 
 (A. lumbricoides Linn. — Figs. 157 to 159) that several authorities — 
 Leuckart, Schneider — consider they both belong to the same species, 
 the first being, at most, only a variety. 
 
 Like the other, this has a milky-white, or reddish, firm, elastic body ; the 
 head is small ; the three lips denticulated, the upper having a papilla at 
 each of its inferior angles, the two others only one at the middle of their base. 
 The male is 15 cm. to 17 cm. long, and about 3 mm. thick ; the caudal end has 
 68 to 75 papillae, 7 of which are post-anal. The female is 20 cm. to 25 cm. long, 
 and about 5 mm. in diameter ; the vulva is situated towards the anterior 
 third, in the middle of an annular constriction. The ova are 66 /x long, with a 
 foveolated shell. According to Dujardin, Walter, and Baillet, this species is 
 distinguished from A. lumbricoides by being thinner, the longitudinal striae 
 closer, spicules less sharp and flatter, longer uterus more doubled, and smaller 
 ova. 
 
 This worm infests the small intestine of the Pig, and is not very 
 common ; though it is sometimes in sufficiently large number to 
 cause obstruction and colic. 
 
 (Esophagostomum dentatum (Rud., (Es . subulatum Molin). — Body white or 
 greyish-brown, straight, and attenuated at both extremities. Mouth circular, 
 placed in the centre of a horny ring furnished with a crown of bristles, and 
 surrounded by a transparent cutaneous ridge on which are six sharp papillae. 
 This circular ridge is succeeded by a constriction, which is followed by an 
 ovoid cutaneous enlargement — well defined posteriorly — at a slit that occupies 
 the whole breadth of the ventral surface. Two papillae opposite each other 
 are seen in the posterior quarter of the oesophagus. Male, 8 mm. to 12 mm. 
 long ; caudal pouch campaniform and rounded, with a small, faintly marked 
 middle lobe. Female, 12 mm. to 15 mm. long ; caudal extremity subulated ; 
 vulva situated a little in front of the anus, and surrounded by a raised ring. 
 This species inhabits the intestine of the Pig, Wild Boar, and white-lipped 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 369 
 
 Pecari. In the Pig it is most frequently found in the caecum and colon ; 
 Baillet has met with it several times in the small intestine. Little is known 
 of its pathogenic action. 
 
 Globoeephalus longemucronatus (Mol.). — ‘ Male, 7 mm. long ; caudal pouch 
 slightly trilobate ; posterior ribs tridigitated, middle and anterior ones 
 doubled. Two spicules. Female, 8 mm. long ; caudal extremity has a 
 conical point ending in an elongated mucrone. Found by Wedl in the small 
 intestine of the Pig ’ (Railliet). 
 
 Trichocephalus crenatus (Rud.). — This species has often been confounded 
 with the Trichocephalus of Man — Tv. dispar Rud. But it is more especially 
 distinguished from it by the special features in the sheath of the spicule, which 
 is garnished with short blunt spines, thinly scattered, especially behind, where 
 they disappear ; the point of the spicule is rounded. The male is 40 mm., and 
 the female 45 mm. long. This worm inhabits the large intestine of the Pig. 
 An experiment made by Leuckart shows that — as with the Tr. affinis — if the 
 ova of the Tr. crenatus containing well-formed embryos are introduced into 
 the digestive canal of the Pig, they are developed directly, and become 
 individuals which have acquired the 
 adult form in about four weeks. It 
 is probable that infestation usually 
 takes place through drinking water. 
 
 The Tr. crenatus does not induce any 
 appreciable derangement in digestion. 
 
 Trichina spiralis (Owen). — To 
 attain the adult state, this 
 species has to pass through the 
 digestive canal of warm-blooded 
 animals, and of these the Pig 
 is the most important. This 
 parasite will be dealt with in 
 detail when we come to treat of 
 trichinosis, in studying para- 
 sitism of the muscles. 
 
 Fig. 2 10. — Caudal pouch of the CEsopha- 
 gostomum dentatum ; magnified 
 ninety-three diameters. — After 
 Schneider. 
 
 p, posterior ribs ; pe, external ribs ; 
 m, middle ribs ; ae, antero-external 
 ribs ; a, anterior ribs. 
 
 Strongyloid of the Pig ( Strongyloides 
 suis Lutz). — This representative of 
 the family of Angiostomidae — already 
 observed by Leuckart and Grassi — 
 has been more recently studied — 
 though still in a very incomplete 
 
 manner — by Lutz. According to him, the Strongyloid of the Pig is a distinct 
 species to that of Man and the Sheep. While the size is different, the ova of the 
 intestinal generation of the Strongyloid of the Pig cannot be hatched except 
 outside — a considerable difference, which should be verified. Otherwise, in 
 localities where the Strongyloid of Man is very common — as in Brazil — Lutz 
 has remarked that this of the Hog is very rare, notwithstanding the chances 
 of infestation to which that animal is exposed, from the absence of latrines, 
 its free life, etc. 
 
 Independently of the few details given above with regard to each 
 of the species of intestinal Nematodes of the Pig, it may here be 
 stated, in a general manner, that they have been accused of keeping 
 their host in a state of great emaciation, inducing a violent cough, 
 and a vague restlessness, that betrays itself by the Pig wandering 
 here and there without any apparent motive, as well as by cries, 
 convulsions, etc., symptoms of the colicky pains it experiences. 
 
 24 
 
370 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Ascarides have been more especially blamed for provoking 
 this morbid condition. 
 
 Pigs affected with intestinal helminthiasis are treated with the 
 various medicaments already indicated for the other species, and 
 particularly with decorticated castor-oil seeds. The dose of this 
 for the adult Pig is 8 grammes, mixed with the food, and is most 
 suitable for the Ascarides. Benzine, io to 20 grammes, mixed in 
 the food or in pills ; or picrate of potash, 20 to 50 centigrammes, 
 given in a mucilaginous decoction or meal and water, are recom- 
 mended by Ziirn against the (Esophagostomum dentatum. To expel 
 the giant Echinorhynchus, Kocoureck has obtained good results 
 from the administration of the oil of turpentine — a teaspoonful for 
 a dose ; then a purgative of sulphate of magnesia 10 grammes, 
 aloes 5 grammes 
 
 B 
 
 Article VI. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Dog. 
 
 Infusoria. — The Lamblia intestinalis Blanch., a Flagellate found by Grassi 
 in the intestine of the Sheep, has also been discovered by him in the intestine 
 of the Dog. 
 
 Coccidia. — The intestinal Coccidium of the Dog ( Coccidium bigeminum 
 Stiles) first seen by Virchow and rediscovered by Railliet and Lucet is common 
 
 in the Dogs of Europe, but it appears to 
 have only an insignificant influence on 
 their health and is met with in healthy 
 dogs, and in those which have died from 
 various diseases. 
 
 The C. bigeminum has an ellipsoid shell, 
 slightly asymmetrical, very thin, with a 
 double contour and contents varying 
 according to the phase of development. 
 It is also met with under identical condi- 
 tions in the Cat (C. bigeminum var. cati) 
 and in the Polecat (C. bigeminum var. 
 putorii). The C. bigeminum var . canis 
 measures 12 // to 15 n long by 7 /x to 10 /x 
 broad. 
 
 It lives in the interior of the intestinal 
 villi, and not in the epithelial cells. These 
 coccidia are generally arranged two by 
 two, indicating a longitudinal division 
 (Stiles). 
 
 Fig. 21 1. — Coccidium bigeminum, 
 from the intestinal villi of the 
 Dog ; magnified 650 diameters. 
 — Railliet. 
 
 A, B, C, D, E, the coccidia, show- 
 ing progressive division of the 
 central nucleus ; F, G, H, I, iso- 
 lated coccidia ; G, with granular 
 protoplasm ; I, seen at one of the 
 poles ; H, with four fusiform 
 spores ; J, two coccidia in the same 
 envelope. 
 
 Helminthes in the Dog. He 
 
 CE3TODE3. — Of all the domesti- 
 cated animals, the Dog is by far 
 the most frequently infested with 
 intestinal parasites. Of 500 Dogs 
 examined by Krabbe at Copenhagen, 
 336 — or 67 per cent. — had intestinal 
 entozoa. Schone has also published 
 interesting information as to the 
 frequency and the distribution of 
 has found them in 53 per cent, of 
 sporting Dogs ; in 67 per cent, of butchers’ Dogs ; in 40 per cent. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 3 7i 
 
 of watch Dogs ; in 72 per cent, of harness Dogs ; in 57 per cent, 
 of Sheep Dogs ; and in 70 per cent, of pet Dogs. The number of 
 them is sometimes considerable, and they may belong to extremely 
 varied species ; but the most frequent are the Taeniae. 
 
 The Dog is, in fact, the favourite host of Tape-worms ; for in 
 two-thirds of those which we have examined after death, we found 
 these parasites in more or less considerable numbers — sometimes, 
 indeed, in such quantities as to excite wonder at the persistent good 
 health of the animals. Ziirn relates having found 137 Tape- worms 
 in the intestines of a Dog ; they belonged to three distinct species, 
 and weighed altogether 375 grammes. The researches of Krabbe 
 prove how frequent these entozoa are in this creature. What is of 
 most interest, is the fact that these 
 Cestodes require an intermediate host 
 in order to effect their evolution, and 
 that for the majority of them this 
 host is one of the domesticated 
 herbivora — Sheep,- Ox, Goat, Horse, 
 
 Fig. 212. — Head of Tcz.iia serrata, seen Fig. 213. — Hooks of Tcenia serrcita ; 
 three-quarters face, and magnified. magnified 250 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 A, large hook. B, small hook. 
 
 and Rabbit, or the Pig, or even Man. In their cystic form, and 
 when developing in organs, they sometimes cause very grave 
 maladies, such as ‘ gid ’ in Sheep, echinococcosis in the other 
 species or in Man — only to mention the most important. It is this 
 which makes the Dog an obnoxious animal, and one that yields us 
 troublesome compensation for his services. Therefore it is that those 
 administrative measures which are directed towards pleasure Dogs, 
 with a view to limit their number, should be favourably received. 
 
 Eight species of Taeniae, and five or six species of Bothriocephalus 
 of the Dog, have been described. But they are far from having 
 the same frequency and importance, and they may all be found 
 in the intestines of the same animal. 
 
 Taeniae. — Of the eight species of Taeniae, six belong to the group of 
 Cystotaenians (see p. 323) ; they are : Tcenia serrata Goeze, T. mar- 
 
 2 \ — 2 
 
37 2 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 ginata Batsch, T. Krabbei Moniez, T. ccenurus Kiich., T. serialis 
 Baillet, and T. echinococcus Siebold. One — Dipylidium caninum 
 (L.), T. cucumerina Bloch — represents the Dipylidinae ; and another 
 — the Mescocestoides lineatus (Goeze) — is separated from all the other 
 species of the genus by very special characters, with reference to the 
 arrangement of its sexual organs. 
 
 The Cystotaenians which infest the Dog always have the head provided with 
 a proboscis or rostellum, which is itself armed with hooks. The latter comprise 
 
 Fig. 214. — Tcenia serrata ; natural 
 size. 
 
 Fig. 215. — A mature segment or joint of 
 Tcenia serrata ; magnified ^three dia- 
 meters. — Railliet. 
 
 c, vas deferens or coiled spermiduct ; 
 v, vagina ; m, body of the uterusj bm, 
 branches of the uterus. 
 
 Fig. 216. — Ova of Tcenia serrata . — 
 Railliet.* 
 
 * A, ovum surrounded by the vitelline' membrane, and still containing the 
 vitelline masses ; B, ovum freed from its accessory parts. 
 
 a free portion or blade in the form of a sickle, the convexity being antero- 
 external and the point turned outwards and backwards ; so that when im- 
 planted in the intestinal mucous membrane it concurs in fixing the Taenia. 
 This blade is prolonged by a handle directed forwards and inwards, and to 
 which are attached the contractile fibres of the rostellum. The point of union 
 of blade and handle is marked on the concave side by an apophysis — guard, 
 tooth, heel or hypomochlion — that also serves for the insertion of muscular 
 fibres. These hooks are arranged in two crowns or concentric rows, the 
 central area of which is occupied by the summit of the rostellum. They are 
 unequal in size, and are distinguished as large and small ; these are alternate. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 373 
 
 and in this manner form two rows, disposed in such a fashion that the small 
 hooks stand slightly higher than the large ones — the points of both being 
 pretty well on the same circular level. The cephalic expansion is always suc- 
 ceeded by a constricted portion or neck, the first rings — joints or segments — 
 of which only appear at some millimetres from the head. 
 
 1. Taenia serrata (Goeze). — From "50 m. to 2 m., but generally 1 metre long. 
 Head a little broader than the neck ; 34 to 38 hooks, the largest of which are 
 from 230 /x to 260 n, with the handle cylindrical, thick, and longer than the 
 blade — which is short and wide — while the small hooks are 125 ft to 160 ft, 
 and have a short handle with bifid guard. Segments at first narrow and much 
 shorter than they are broad, becoming square or somewhat longer than 
 broad, and showing their genital organs well developed about the 175th 
 segment, or 25 cm. to 30 cm. from the head. Genital pore very prominent, 
 causing the border in which it is placed to be convex, and the proglottis to 
 be wider in its middle than at its ends ; posterior border straight and angles 
 salient, which gives the strobila its saw-like appearance ; mature segments 
 from 10 mm. to 17 mm. long, and 4 mm. to 6 mm. broad ; uterus formed by a 
 longitudinal, median, lengthy trunk, having on each side eight to ten branches, 
 each furnished with numerous irregular ramifications. Eggs ovoid, 36 /x to 
 40 ft long, and 31 ft to 36 ft broad. 
 
 The cystic form of this worm is the Cysticercus pisiformis Zeder, 
 which is frequent in the peritoneal cavity of Hares and domesticated 
 or wild Rabbits. It was with it that Kiichenmeister made his first 
 experiments, in which he demonstrated the migrations and metamor- 
 phoses of the Taeniae. The Dog becomes infested with Tcenia 
 serrata in eating the viscera of Rabbits or Hares containing these 
 Cysticerci. When these have reached the intestine of the Dog, 
 their caudal vesicle contracts and becomes detached ; the same 
 occurs with the body. The scolex fixes itself on the mucous mem- 
 brane, and its posterior part produces — by incessant germination — 
 new segments. Twelve days after their introduction into the 
 digestive canal of the Dog, the Taeniae are one to three centimetres 
 long, and in about two months their development is so advanced 
 that the last segments are mature and commence to be detached. 
 The ripe ova given to Rabbits become Cysticerci. It is, therefore, 
 by the proglottides that are expelled with the faeces, and the ova 
 which escape from them and are scattered over the grass or carried 
 by water, that the Dog is the cause of the introduction of this 
 parasite into the organism of the Leporidae. 
 
 The Cysticercus pisiformis , which becomes the Tcenia serrata , 
 maintains its vitality for a long time. In the omentum and 
 mesentery of the Rabbit, which have been exposed to the open air — 
 along with the intestine — for more than eight days, there are found 
 Cysticerci that a e apparently dead and withered, but which will 
 promptly become reanimated if plunged for a few minutes into 
 water at a temperature of 40° or 50° C. (Baillet). 
 
 2. Taenia marginata (Batsch., T. cysticerci tenuicollis Leuck.). — This is the 
 largest Taenia found in the Dog. It is 1*50 m. to 2 m. long. The head is 
 scarcely wider than the neck. There are 30 to 44 hooks, the larger of which 
 are 180 /x to 220 /x, the handle having undulated, thin borders, and being 
 longer than the blade, which is narrow ; the smaller are 1 10 /x to 160 /x, with 
 an elongated handle curved in the contrary direction to the blade, and have 
 the guard entire. The segments are broader, and relatively shorter, than in 
 
3/4 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 the preceding species, becoming nearly square, and having the genital organs 
 well developed at the 275 th to the 300th, or about 50 cm. from the head ; 
 genital pore slightly salient ; posterior border wavy, or a little crenellated, 
 and received into the succeeding segment. Mature segments 14 mm. to 
 1 6 mm. long, and 5 mm. to 7 mm. broad ; uterus formed by a short median 
 trunk, having on each side five or six — sometimes eight — branches deeply 
 divided and ramified. Ova almost spherical, and from 31 /x to 36 /x in diameter. 
 
 Fig. 217. — Tcenia marginata ; natural 
 size. 
 
 This worm — which is less 
 common than Tcenia serrata, 
 comes from the Cysticercus tenui- 
 collis Rud., which is found in the 
 peritoneal, more rarely in the 
 pleural sac, and even in the 
 pericardium of various animals, 
 and especially in the domesticated 
 Ruminants. The experiments of 
 Baillet show that the develop- 
 ment of this Taenia is slower 
 than that of T. serrata. Two 
 months after the ingestion of 
 
 Fig. 218. — Hooks of the Tcenia mar- 
 ginata ; magnified 250 diameters. 
 
 Cysticercus ienuicollis by a Dog, the parasite is no more than 55 cm. 
 to 85 cm. long, and does not yet show well-formed genital organs ; 
 it is only towards the fourth or fifth month that the last segments 
 contain mature ova, and begin to be detached. Ingested by Lambs, 
 they develop into the Cysticercus ienuicollis, which, again, may 
 become transformed into the Tape-worm in the intestine of the Dog 
 more than twenty-four hours after the death of its host (Baillet). 
 
 3. Krabbe’s Taenia (T. Krabbei Moniez).-r-This species does not belong to 
 our country. It was obtained experimentally by Moniez, in Dogs which had 
 received Cysticerci found abundantly in the muscles of several Reindeer that 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 375 
 
 had died in the Lille Zoological Gardens. The head is larger than that of 
 T. marginata ; it has 26 to 34 hooks. Neck thin and short ; segments 
 broader than those of T. marginata, and all — except the last — much wider 
 than long. Genital pore very developed, and occupying the entire length of 
 the border of the segment ; the latter is short, and is sometimes 1 mm. in 
 diameter. 
 
 4. Taeniae coenurus (Kiich.). — This is a worm attaining, and sometimes 
 exceeding — though rarely — 1 m. in length. Head small, and sensibly broader 
 than the neck ; 22 to 32 hooks, the largest of which are 1 50 fi to 170 [z long, with 
 the handle a little wavy on its borders and slender, and as long as the blade, 
 
 which is short and wide, and the 
 guard cordiform ; the small hooks 
 are 90 n to 130 /x, with the handle 
 attenuated behind and the guard 
 entire. Segments narrower than 
 in the preceding species, becoming 
 square, or a little longer than they 
 are wide, with the genital organs 
 well developed towards the 125th, 
 or from 1 5 cm. to 20 cm. from the 
 head ; posterior border straight, 
 angles salient. Mature segments 
 10 mm. to 12 mm. long, and 
 3 mm. to 4 mm. broad ; uterus 
 formed by a median trunk of 
 average length, having 18 to 26 
 slightly ramifying branches. Ova 
 nearly spherical, and 31 /x to 36 /i 
 in diameter. 
 
 Fig. 220. — Hooks of the Tania 
 coenurus ; magnified 250 dia- 
 meters. 
 
 The cystic form of this Taenia is the Coenurus cerebralis Rud., which 
 is developed in the cerebro-spinal cavity of the Sheep — more rarely 
 in other domesticated herbivora — and causes the disease popularly 
 known as * gid,’ * turnsick/ etc. (Fr. tournis). The experiments of 
 Kiichenmeister first, and those of Haubner, Leuckhart, Bailie t, etc., 
 afterwards, demonstrated this relationship. ‘ Gid ’ appears in 
 Lambs which have ingested the ripe segments of the Tcznia coenurus . 
 Inversely, the Taeniae are Lund in Dogs which have swallowed the 
 Coenurus cerebralis , and they are always numerous, the cystic 
 
376 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 being provided with multiple heads. The ‘ gid ’ has, there- 
 fore, for its immediate cause, the ova 
 disseminated by the proglottides expelled 
 along with the excrement on pasture on 
 which Sheep are grazed. The Dog becomes 
 infested with the Taenia in eating the heads 
 of Sheep affected with ( gid.’ The scolex 
 appears to require two or two and a half 
 months’ sojourn in the intestine of the 
 Dog, before the posterior segments of the 
 taenia have attained complete maturity. 
 
 5. Taenia serialis (Baillet). — A worm 45 cm. to 
 75 cm. long. Head a little wider than the neck, 
 and having 26 to 32 hooks, the larger of which 
 are 135/4 to 157 ju long, with the handle wavy on 
 its borders, and of the same length — or a little 
 longer — than the blade ; the smaller hooks are 
 85 fito 112 n long, with the handle short and 
 the guard bilobate. Segments similar to those 
 of the T. ccenurus, as well in their form as in 
 that of the uterus ; the last of them are 8 mm. 
 to 16 mm. long, and 3 mm. to 4 mm. broad, the posterior border being 
 straight. Eggs ovoid, and 34/4 long, by 27 n wide. 
 
 Fig. 221. — Hooks of the 
 Tcenici serialis ; magnified 
 250 diameters. 
 
 A, large hook ; B, small 
 hook. 
 
 This Taenia — which is closely related 
 to T. ccenurus , has been obtained by 
 Baillet, who caused Dogs to ingest the 
 Ccenurus serialis , which he found in 
 the connective tissue of various parts 
 of the bodies of some Rodents, and 
 especially of warren Rabbits. The 
 same authority and ourselves have 
 met with it several times in Dogs 
 which had not been experimented 
 upon. The Ccenurus is developed into 
 a Taenia in eighteen to twenty-four 
 hours after the death of his host. 
 
 6. Taenia echinococcus (Sieb.). — This 
 species is distinctly separated from all the 
 others, more particularly by its small size. 
 The entire chain does not exceed 4 mm. or 
 
 Fig. 222. — Tcenia echinococcus ; Fig. 223. — Hooks of the Tcenia echino- 
 magnified. — Perroncito. coccus ; magnified 500 diameters. 
 
 A, large hook. B, small hook. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 377 
 
 5 mm. in length, and only comprises 3 or 4 segments, the last of which 
 contains the mature ova. The head has a double crown of 28 to 50 hooks, 
 which differ but little in size in the two rows, and are all remarkable 
 for the great development of the guard ; the larger hooks are 22 fi to 30 \i 
 long, according to Leuckart they are 40 /x to 45 /x ; while the small ones are — 
 after the same authority — 30 n to 38 /x, though they are given by others as 
 18 /x to 2 2 fi. Eggs ovoid, 32 /x to 36 ft long, by 25 /x to 26 ft broad. 
 
 This worm often escapes observation, in consequence of its small 
 dimensions ; but by close attention it can be distinguished in the 
 
 form of small yellowish filaments ex- 
 panded at one end, floating in the fluid 
 contents of the intestines, and readily 
 made visible by opening the viscus and 
 immersing it in water. Its hydatid 
 form is the Echinococcus veterinorum , 
 which is found in most of the organs of 
 Herbivora, and even of Man ; but it is 
 
 Fig. 224. — D. caninum of the 
 Dog, small specimen ; natural 
 size. — Railliet. 
 
 Fig. 225. — D. caninum. — Railliet. 
 
 A, head magnified, with the proboscis 
 partially protruded. B, one of the hooks 
 of the proboscis ; highly magnified. 
 
 more particularly met with in the liver and lungs of Ruminants and 
 the Pig. The experiments of Von Siebold, Leuckart, Kiichenmeister, 
 and others, have proved that the mature protoglottides, ingested 
 by a herbivorous animal, cause it to become infested with Echino- 
 cocci in various organs, and that numbers of T . echinococcus are 
 found in the intestines of Dogs that have eaten viscera infested 
 with the hydatid. In two or three weeks these Taeniae have already 
 two segments ; in about a month the Taeniae are fully formed — the 
 last segment containing ripe ova ; though Baillet has not been able 
 to find mature eggs in worms 54 days old. 
 
378 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 7. Dipylidium caninum (Linn.), T. cucumerina Bloch. — A worm 10 cm. to 
 40 cm. long, and 3 mm. at its greatest breadth. The head is provided with a 
 club-shaped, very protractile rostellum, which may be retracted into a pouch 
 in the centre of the head, between four suckers, and is furnished with four 
 rows of very small hooks in the form of thorns of a rose-bush. Neck long and 
 narrow. The first segments are narrow and trapezoidal in shape, the others 
 longer than they are wide, and like melon-seeds in form ( cucumis ). Genital 
 orifices double, and opening towards the middle of each side of the segments 
 on a slight prominence. Ova globular, from 37 fi to 46 ft in diameter, and 
 massed in small groups, in round, special, and contiguous capsules. 
 
 For a long time the host of the D. caninum in the larval state was 
 unknown, until one of Leuckart’s pupils — Melnikow, in 1869, 
 discovered this larva — Crypto cystis trichodectis Villot — in a cavity 
 in the body of the Trichodect — Trichodectes canis — of the Dog. It 
 appears as a pyriform body, *3 mm. long, dark-grey colour, en- 
 veloped in a thin membrane, and almost entirely destitute of a caudal 
 
 Fig. 226. — Completely developed ovum of Fig. 227. — Cysticercoid ( Crypto - 
 the D. caninum. — Moniez. cystis trichodectis ) of the D. 
 
 mvt, vitelline membrane ; cd, delaminated caninum. Leuckart. 
 layer ; eb, embryo. 
 
 vesicle. In its middle is seen the retracted rostellum, and on each 
 side the invaginated suckers. Melnikow has succeeded in infesting 
 the Trichodectes by sprinkling on the skin of a Dog — at a part 
 invaded by these insects — the paste obtained by crushing ripe 
 proglottides. In hunting for these parasites the Dog swallows the 
 Cryptocysts which the trichodectes harbour, and? which are trans- 
 formed into Taeniae in its intestine, They are rapidly developed 
 there ; for in puppies ten days old they are found already measuring 
 25 mm. long, and in those four or five weeks old the last segments of 
 the worm are filled with ripe ova. The Trichodectes are infested by 
 gnawing the debris of the Taeniae attached to the hair of the Dog. 
 
 But the Trichodect is certainly not the ordinary intermediate 
 host of the D. caninum , which is infinitely more frequent in the 
 Dog than the skin parasite ; and this fact has led Grassi to the dis- 
 covery of the first normal host of this Cestode. It is the Dog Flea 
 (Pulex scrraticeps) which plays this part ; for the Cryptocysts are 
 found in a free state in the abdominal cavity of this insect, which 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 379 
 
 may contain fifty of them. In giving Dogs infested Fleas, the 
 development of the D. caninum constantly follows, its dimensions 
 being related to the time that has elapsed since ingestion of the 
 Fleas. The experimental precautions adopted by Grassi give every 
 guarantee for the soundness of his conclusions. The number of 
 
 infested Fleas is not always proportionate to that of the D. caninum 
 in the Dog, as the insects pass very readily from one host to another, 
 and in this way contagion comes into operation. 
 /57^v The Flea that lives on Man ( Pulex irritans) may 
 \ / also serve as the intermediary of the same Taenia. 
 
 It may be mentioned that the discovery of Grassi 
 has been confirmed by Sonsino. 
 
 ( 
 
 Mesocestoides lineatus, Goeze ( Tcenia litterata Batsch). — 
 This Cestode has a certain resemblance to D. caninum by 
 the form of its segments, which are wider in the middle 
 than at the ends. It is slightly more transparent, and has 
 a faint reddish tint along the middle line. But it is entirely 
 different in its organization from the D. caninum. Its 
 average length is *30 m. to '50 m., though it may exceed 
 2-50 m. The head is -9 mm. broad, and is destitute of 
 rostellum and hooks ; its four suckers are large, with a very 
 open longitudinal slit. The genital pores are not lateral, 
 and are represented by two small openings, situated nearly 
 at the middle of the ventral surface, and the vulva is a 
 
 Fig. 228. — Cephalic ex- 
 tremity and series of 
 segments of M. line- 
 atus ; magnified six 
 diameters. — Krabbe. 
 
 Fig. 229. — Cephalic ex- 
 tremity of M. lineatus, 
 anterior aspect ; magni- 
 fied fifty-five diameters. 
 
 Fig. 23Q. — M. lineatus. 
 
 — Railliet. 
 
 A, mature segment, 
 magnified six diame- 
 ters. B, ova ; magni- 
 fied 300 diameters. 
 
 little in front of the male orifice. The genital organs appear on the middle 
 line as a small opaque spot, very visible to the naked eye, and — in the mature 
 segments, measuring 3 mm. long, and 2 mm. broad — is constituted by a pyri- 
 form vesicle, situated near the posterior border ; this is the uterus, filled with 
 ovoid eggs having a very thin double envelope, and 40 fi to 60 /x long, by 
 35 fi to 43 fi broad. 
 
 Rudolph! gave the designation of T. canis lagopodis to a closely allied form, 
 found by Abilgaard in the Isatis — Canis lagopus. Krabbe has attributed to 
 this Arctic Fox the Taeniae found in Dogs in Iceland. Baillet — who was the 
 first to report this Tape-worm in the Dog — named it T. pseudo-cucumerina, 
 
380 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 because of its resemblance to T. cucumerina. Hamann classes with T. lineata 
 Goeze, of the Wild Cat, a very closely related species expelled by a domesti- 
 cated Dog. The presence of four suckers brings these worms towards the 
 Taeniae ; but the situation of the genital openings allies them, on the 
 contrary, to Bothriocephalus. It is quite natural to associate them in one 
 special group, and Batsch has done so, naming them Tcenice margaritiferi, in 
 consequence of the uterus being flask- or pearl- shaped. They constitute, 
 however, the subfamily of Mesocestoidince. All are unknown in their cystic 
 form. 
 
 The eight species of Taeniae, a summary description of which has 
 just been given, are sometimes difficult to distinguish from one 
 another — the first five especially. If T. Krabbei be excepted — 
 because it is not likely to be observed in our country, as it has its 
 origin in the Reindeer — an exact distinction may easily be arrived 
 at by referring to the following table : 
 
 / 
 
 'single < 
 
 Numerous 
 
 proglottides. 
 
 Strobila 
 
 several 
 
 centimetres 
 
 long. 
 
 Small 
 
 hooks 
 
 with 
 
 guard 
 
 Head 
 armed. 
 Genital - 
 pore 
 
 marginal, 
 
 bifid ; 
 hooks. 
 
 '230 /a to 260 fl 
 long ; genital 
 pore very sa- 
 lient - - - 
 
 136 /A tO I57 /A 
 
 long ; genital 
 pore not very 
 w salient - - 
 
 entire ; 
 large 
 hooks. 
 
 T80 j u to 220 ju, ; 
 length of the 
 mature seg- 
 ments double 
 that of their 
 width - - 
 
 150 ju to 170 /* ; 
 length of the 
 mature seg- 
 ments treble 
 k their width - 
 
 T. serrata. 
 
 T. serialis. 
 
 T. marginata. 
 
 T. ccenurus. 
 
 3 or 4 segments ; some millimetres long T. echinococcus. 
 
 ^double and bilateral 
 
 D. caninum. 
 
 Head unarmed; sexual orifices on the ventral surface - - M. lineatus. 
 
 The Taeniae are extremely frequent in Dogs, and autopsies which 
 do not furnish some are almost rare. Of 84 Dogs examined by 
 Bertholus and Chauveau, with the object of ascertaining this fre- 
 quency, only two had no traces of Tape-worm. 
 
 But the various species are far from being equally distributed, 
 and the variation seems to pertain to countries. 
 
 At Lyons, of 84 Dogs examined by the two authorities we have 
 cited, 23 furnished Tania serrata , 11 T. marginata , only one the 
 T. ccenurus , 6 T. echinococcus, 75 D. caninum, and 7 M, lineatus. 
 
 Zschokke, at Zurich, examined the bodies of 177 Dogs, and he 
 found 61 of them — or 34 per cent. — bearers of Taeniae ; of these, 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 381 
 
 38 had D. caninum, 9 T. marginata, 7 T. echinococcus , 4 T. serrata, 
 and 3 T. ccenurus . 
 
 In Schone’s examination of an average of 100 Dogs, he noted that 
 43 harboured T. marginata ; 40 D. caninum ; 24, T. serrata ; 1, 6, 
 T. ccenurus. Tcenia serrata was most frequent in sporting Dogs ; 
 T. marginata in butchers’ and harness Dogs ; D. caninum in watch 
 Dogs ; and Sheep Dogs were the hosts of T. ccenurus — 7 per cent. — 
 T. marginata , T. serrata , and D. caninum ; while 36 per cent, of 
 pleasure Dogs had T. marginata and D. caninum, and 16 per cent. 
 T. serrata. 
 
 At Copenhagen, of 500 Dogs of all sizes and ages which were 
 killed or had died of disease, Krabbe found T. serrata in only 1, 
 T. marginata in 71, T. ccenurus in 5, T. echinococcus in 2, and 
 D. caninum in 240. 
 
 These figures show the generally greater frequency of D. caninum, 
 which we have also found to be the case at Toulouse ; then comes — 
 as at Lyons — T. serrata ; T. marginata is more rare there, and 
 T. ccenurus is still rarer. The rarity of T. serrata is also remarked 
 at Copenhagen, which may be explained by the fact that few 
 Rabbits are bred there. 
 
 The frequency of Taeniae is also related to that of the Cystic or 
 bladder worms infesting Ruminants and Rabbits. According to 
 Bertholus and Chauveau, the ‘ gid ’ of Sheep is altogether excep- 
 tional at Lyons. The M. lineatus is common at Toulouse, and in 
 certain years one-third of the Dogs examined post-mortem have it. 
 
 In Iceland, in 93 Dogs, Krabbe met with T. marginata in 75, 
 T. ccenurus in 18, T. echinococcus in 28, D. caninum in 57, and 
 M. lineatus in 21. The abundance of the first three species in that 
 island is owing to the large number of Sheep owned by the inhabi- 
 tants. The frequency of M. lineatus should also be remarked ; but 
 that of T. echinococcus is the most important circumstance in con- 
 nection with this question. The number of Dogs in Iceland is very 
 considerable, *and as they live in the most promiscuous manner with 
 Man, he is also frequently affected with echinococcosis. It is 
 estimated that one-fortieth to one-fiftieth of the human population 
 is the proportion of those who pay tribute to the disease ; and 
 certainly this proportion must be much greater for live stock. 
 
 Thomas has also remarked on the frequency of T. echinococcus in 
 Australia, he having found it in nearly one moiety of forty Dogs he 
 examined ; these animals had been fed on offal from slaughter- 
 houses, or on refuse flesh. This prevalence of Tape-worm in Dogs 
 is related to the great frequency of Echinococci in Man and the 
 domesticated animals in that country. 
 
 Several species of Taeniae may be found together in the intestine 
 of the same Dog ; for it is sufficient that the animal should have 
 eaten flesh containing the various Cystic forms from which these 
 Tape- worms are derived. 
 
 The number of individuals by which each of these Taeniae may 
 be represented in the same Dog is extremely variable. Bertholus 
 
382 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 and Chauveau have found i to 64 for T. serrata , 1 to 7 for T. margi- 
 nata, 1 for T. ccenurus, 1 to several thousands for T. echinococcus , 
 1 to more than 360 for D. caninum, and 1 to more than 300 for 
 M. lineatus. Krabbe has also often met with T. marginata alone, 
 or rarely more than 2 or 3 specimens of it, or as many as 20, and 
 in one instance 24 ; the number of T. ccenurus was usually below 
 10, often above it, and as high as 30 — in two instances it was from 
 150 to 180 ; that of T. echinococcus was always considerable — some- 
 times enormous ; while D. caninum was often under 10, but in the 
 majority of instances it was much more— as high as 100, sometimes 
 several hundreds, and once 2,000 ; and there were also, ordinarily, 
 fewer than 10 of M. lineatus , though in some cases there were more — 
 sometimes 300 to 400. 
 
 These numbers, in general, quite agree with the conditions per- 
 tianing to the origin of these Taeniae ; for T. serrata is in variable, 
 and usually in small number, as is also the Cysticercus pisiformis 
 of the Rabbit’s peritoneum, and somewhat in the same proportions ; 
 while T. marginata can scarcely be otherwise than in small number, 
 as but few examples of Cysticercus tenuicollis are found in the 
 peritoneum of one Ruminant. The Ccenurus cerebralis having 
 numerous scolices on the inner surface of its vesicle, T. ccenurus 
 should therefore always be found in troops ; and the divergence 
 between the induction and the reality may be explained by the 
 circumstance, that the majority of the scolices are already dead 
 when the heads of the Sheep which had been affected with * gid ’ 
 are given to Dogs to eat. The large number of T. echinococcus is 
 accounted for by the multitude of scolices that contain the Echino- 
 cocci. With regard to D. caninum , its numbers should be as large 
 as the intestinal colonies are old ; because then the chances of 
 infestation of the fur by the parasites are increased, and, conse- 
 quently, that of the Dog itself. Lastly, nothing can be said as to 
 the M . lineatus, for nothing is known as to its larval condition. 
 
 Notwithstanding their extreme frequency, the Taeniae most 
 frequently have no influence on the health of the Dog. Sometimes, 
 nevertheless, by their accumulation, and by the intestinal obstruc- 
 tion or invagination they cause, colic ensues, or symptoms of chronic 
 intestinal catarrh are manifested. The appetite is very capricious, 
 and passes from extreme voraciousness to absolute inappetence. 
 Growth is checked and emaciation becomes marked ; young Dogs 
 are often uneasy, the tail is agitated, they change their resting- 
 place very frequently, and appear to be desirous of biting the skin 
 of the abdomen. Sometimes they drag the abdomen along the 
 ground, cry or howl, are restless, run here and there, and even have 
 epileptiform seizures. After these attacks, they remain dull and 
 taciturn, or they resume their liveliness and normal state until the 
 appearance of another crisis ; and when these attacks are very 
 frequent, convulsions set in, with cataleptic symptoms, followed by 
 gradual sinking and death. 
 
 The existence of Tape- worm is readily recognised, in nearly every 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 383 
 
 case, by the presence of segments or joints on the surface of the 
 faeces ; and often the only symptom accompanying this indication 
 is pruritus, due to the presence of fragments of strobila arrested 
 near the anus, which compels the animal to rub this region against 
 the ground in moving along in an attitude altogether peculiar and 
 characteristic. 
 
 The nervous symptoms that a Dog affected with t^eniasis may 
 exhibit have sometimes a certain resemblance to those of rabies. 
 In 1862, Pillwax considered the T. echinococcus as capable of 
 inducing rabiform fits, by the intestinal pain it caused. He had 
 only met with that parasite on three occasions, and then in Dogs 
 which had been killed as rabid, and which, at their autopsy, showed 
 the same lesions as those observed in Dogs really rabid. In the 
 same Dog he found millions of these worms entirely covering the 
 mucous membrane of the small intestine, into which they were 
 implanted by their hooks, and so firmly that in attempting to pull 
 them off the strobila was usually removed, but the head remained. 
 Bollinger has published a similar observation ; and one of Leisering’s 
 experiments appears to confirm Pill wax’s opinion. He gave a Dog 
 a large quantity of Echinococci taken from the liver of an Ox. 
 Six weeks afterwards this animal exhibited symptoms of rabies, 
 tendency to bite, harsh and husky voice, refusal of food and water, 
 dulness, debility, and wasting ; death occurred on the fifth day. 
 At the autopsy, the small intestine was observed to be much 
 congested, and every part of the mucous membrane was covered 
 with an immense number of Tape-worms. But this experiment is 
 not reliable, as nothing is said with regard to the antecedents of 
 the Dog, and proof-tests by inoculation were not made — no more 
 than in Pillwax’ s cases — in order to ascertain whether there was 
 merely a coincidence between the worms and true rabies ; because 
 similar symptoms were not noted in the numerous and varied 
 experiments made on the development of T. echinococcus by the 
 ingestion of the hydatids. 
 
 The facts collected by Cagny and Benjamin are more conclusive, 
 and do not concern T. echinococcus , but the large Tape- worms 
 without distinction of species. The physiognomy, and the agitated 
 condition of the Dogs, certainly resembled rabies, as well as the 
 desire to bite either people, straw, or other matters ; but one was 
 cured by the administration of a vermifuge, and at the autopsies of 
 two others the intestines were obstructed by bundles of Tape- 
 worms. Besides it is well known in human medicine, as well as 
 that of animals, that lesions of the stomach or intestine may be 
 betrayed by different kinds of vertigo ; but investigations are 
 required in this direction to establish the reality of the relations 
 between rabies and tseniasis. An observation by Cadeac — men- 
 tioned below — is very demonstrative in this respect. 
 
 Waldteufel has also published an interesting case of a Dog 
 affected with a serious helminthiasic cachexia — due to Ascarides 
 and T tenia ccenurus — the animal also showing a circling movement 
 
3«4 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 (mouvement de manege) and rabiform vertigo. The disappearance 
 of these symptoms coincided with the evacuation of a mass of 
 intestinal parasites. 
 
 The autopsies of Dogs attacked with taeniasis, generally only 
 show the parasites lodged in the small intestine. According to the 
 time that has elapsed since death, they may have wandered more 
 or less beyond this, and in small numbers, into the stomach or large 
 intestine. Krabbe has always met with the T . ccenurus , caninum, 
 and lineatus in the posterior moiety of the small intestine, and 
 T. echinococcus in the anterior moiety. We have made the same 
 observation. 
 
 Inflammation of the mucous membrane, croupal enteritis 
 (Eberth), invagination, and obstruction by coils of Tape-worms, 
 may be discovered ; but it is altogether exceptional to find perfora- 
 tion of the intestinal wall, though cases reported by Schieffer decker, 
 Cadeac, and Lahogue demonstrate the possibility of this lesion 
 taking place. 
 
 The first of these authorities found a prodigious quantity of D. caninum 
 in the small intestine of a Dog. There was considerable hypertrophy of the 
 papillae of the small intestine — which was very hyperaemic — and more than 
 four or five times the size of normal papillae. In the layer of Lieberkiihn’s 
 glands were excavations or tunnels running parallel to the axis of the intestine, 
 which contained segments of Taeniae 3 mm. to 6 mm. long, and 2 mm. to 3 mm. 
 broad ; each gallery held two or three parasites, but most frequently only one. 
 The walls of these tunnels were formed by the normal glands of Lieberkiihn, 
 their floor by widened and curved glands, and their roof by hypertrophied 
 papillae fused together as a consequence of shedding of their epithelium. 
 
 At the autopsy of a Dog which had been killed after exhibiting the physi- 
 ognomy of rabies, Cadeac found two Taeniae ( serrata ) placed, one in the non- 
 inflamed peritoneum, the other fixed in a perforation of the small intestine, 
 its anterior extremity floating in the abdominal cavity — the worm being 
 retained in the intestine by the proglottis, which could not pass through the 
 opening. The fistulous perforation was infundibuliform at its intestinal 
 orifice, and salient at its peritoneal opening, its walls being formed of embry- 
 onic tissue at least some days old. Inoculation of a Rabbit with the medulla 
 oblongata of the Dog had no result, showing that it had not been a case of true 
 rabies. 
 
 An anaemic Dog having been killed under suspicion of rabies, Lahogue 
 found in its small intestine a considerable quantity of T. serrata, and in the 
 duodenum three small perforations surrounded by an inflammatory ring, in 
 each of which was fixed a Tape-worm, floating by its free portion in the peri- 
 toneal cavity. 
 
 Caparini attributed to the presence of numerous D. caninum, a violent 
 attack of enteritis in a Dog which had previously ingested cystic Echino- 
 cocci ; but there is nothing here to prove the noxious influence of the Taeniae. 
 
 The Tape-worms are not, therefore, absolutely free from incon- 
 venience to the Dog, and it is advisable to free that animal from 
 them, in order to prevent accidents which they might occasion ; 
 and this is the more to be urged in view of the possible infestation 
 of Man and the domesticated herbivora by the Cystic or bladder 
 worms resulting from these Taeniae. This recommendation is 
 particularly applicable to Sheep Dogs that go among grazing flocks, 
 and to those which — -rare in our country— live in such close com- 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 385 
 
 panionship with Man, that the proglottides expelled along with 
 their excrements may contaminate the water he consumes. 
 
 The administration of a tseniafuge should be preceded by a fast 
 for twenty- four hours ; enemas may also be useful. 
 
 Many taeniafuges have been proposed and employed. 
 
 The ethereal extract of male fern is certainly one of the best, 
 and 2 to 8 grammes in capsule or pill produce a prompt result. 
 Trasbot states that remarkable effects are obtained by mixing the 
 extract and the tincture — 2 to 8 grammes and 18 to 40 grammes. 
 But this preparation has the inconvenience of being very irritating 
 to the intestine, and to require the addition of a large proportion 
 of some excipient. An excellent mode of administration is that 
 practised at the Toulouse clinic ; the dose varies according to the 
 weight of the animal — about 15 grammes for a Setter — and is mixed 
 with a dose of castor-oil, which is also proportionate to the weight 
 of the Dog. The evacuation of the Tape- worms is almost certain, 
 and often takes place within an hour after the remedy has been 
 administered. 
 
 Trasbot also recommends birch-seeds ( graine de bouleau ), given 
 in milk for four or five days, in doses of 10 to 50 grammes, as an 
 excellent and perfectly safe agent. Delabere-Blaine recommends 
 oil of turpentine, 2 to 4 grammes, given in yolk of egg for some days. 
 
 Kousso is particularly serviceable. It is given in doses of 10 to 
 30 grammes, the flowers being pulverized, and mixed with 
 35 grammes of sugar in some spoonsful of infusion of t lleul ; or 
 the flowers are infused for a quarter of an hour in one-fourth of a 
 litre of warm water, and the whole is administered when the animal 
 is fasting. An effect is produced in about two or three hours. 
 
 Pomegranate-root bark is also efficacious, employed in doses of 
 . 50 to 150 grammes in decoction with 750 grammes of water, reduced 
 to 500 grammes. Three doses of this are given at intervals of an 
 hour. The fresh bark is to be preferred, as being more certain. 
 Treatment is completed by the administration of a purgative — 
 30 grammes of castor-oil — three hours after the last dose. 
 
 For twenty years kamala has held an important place among 
 taeniafuges, and it is also a purgative. It is given in 3 to 10 grammes 
 in pill, and it may be useful to repeat the dose two or three days later. 
 Areca-nut in powder is a good taeniafuge for the Dog. The nut 
 should not be more than a year old. The powder is given in doses 
 of 2 to 10 grammes, mixed with butter in the form of pills. The 
 Taeniae are ejected in a few hours afterwards — rarely longer than 
 18 hours ; but if no effect is produced in about 2 hours, the action 
 of the drug may be expedited by a dose of castor-oil. Areca-nut has 
 the inconvenience of being often vomited by the Dog. 
 
 Delamotte has constantly obtained expulsion of Tape- worms by 
 the employment of sulphuret of calcium, in doses of 1 to 5 grammes 
 for young Dogs, 3 to 5 for adults. A purge of castor-oil is given an 
 hour afterwards. 
 
 Powdered areca-nut or ‘ taenaline ’ is perhaps the most employed, 
 
 25 
 
386 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 in doses of 15 grains to 2 drachms — about 2 grains for every pound 
 of the Dog’s weight — mixed in linseed oil, soup, mucilage, the 
 ordinary food, or, best of all, milk. Previous to the administration, 
 the bowels should be emptied by giving a simple laxative, and then 
 the animal should be kept without food for several hours. Some- 
 times the areca-nut powder 
 is combined with 10 to 15 
 minims of male fern extract, 
 and this mixture is said to 
 be the most effectual remedy 
 for Tape-worm in Dogs. If 
 the parasites are not removed, 
 a second dose is advisable 
 several days later, when, 
 should the results be still un- 
 satisfactory, and the bowels 
 not much relaxed, a moderate 
 dose of castor-oil and buck- 
 thorn will sometimes bring 
 away worms that were pre- 
 viously immovable. 
 
 Bothriocephalus. — The best- 
 known species is the Bothrio- 
 cephalus latus (Bremser — Figs. 
 154 to 156, 231 to 235). It is a 
 worm usually 2 m. to 7 m. long, 
 but it may reach 20 m. It is of a 
 greyish tint. The head is oblong, 
 lanceolated, and unarmed, and is 
 furrowed for nearly its entire 
 length by two lateral slits — or 
 fossae — that play the part of 
 suckers. The neck is scarcely 
 marked, and the first segments 
 are barely visible, but those that 
 follow are soon distinguished by 
 their length, which goes on in- 
 creasing — though it is always less 
 than their breadth, which gradu- 
 ally attains 2 cm., while the length 
 never exceeds 4 mm. to 5 mm. 
 
 When they have reached com- 
 plete maturity, they lose their 
 breadth, and the strobila with 
 them ; at the same time, they 
 diminish in length — a modifica- 
 tion which is due to atrophy of 
 the genital organs, and their depletion by ovulation. In fact, the segments 
 of the Bothriocephalus do not separate from the chain like those of the 
 Taeniae, to throw off their eggs by rupture of the tissues. There is a real 
 ovulation through an opening situated near the middle of the ventral surface.. 
 In front of this is seen a small tubercle, on the summit of which is pierced the 
 male opening, and, immediately behind it, the female opening. The eggs are 
 ovc'id, operculated, and 68 n to 71 /j. long, by 44 /jl to 45 fi broad. The 
 embryo is only developed after the egg is laid ; it is hatched in water during 
 
 Fig. 231. — Portion of a Bothriocephalus 
 latus. After Leuckart. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 3 87 
 
 several months. It is globular, covered with a ciliated envelope, from which 
 it issues by a rupture it makes, and then appears with all the characters of a 
 six-hooked embryo of the Taeniae. 
 
 During its intestinal existence, the Bothriocephalus throws off, from time 
 
 Fig. 232. — Diagram of a segment of the Bothriocephalus latus, seen on the 
 
 ventral surface. 
 
 v, vessel ; n, nerve ; tt, testicles ; sp, spermiduct or vas deferens ; op, orifice 
 of the penis ; vo, ovary ; pv, pavilion ; mt, uterus ; om, opening of the uterus ; 
 vt, vitellogenous follicles ; do, vitelloduct ; vg, vagina ; ovg, opening of the vagina. 
 
 to time, fragments of various lengths, which are nearly empty of eggs, and 
 are more or less shrivelled and twisted. 
 
 This species more particularly infests Man, chiefly in the lake districts of 
 French Switzerland, in the North of Italy ; on the shores of the Baltic, Finland, 
 
 and Sweden ; in a small portion of 
 Poland ; in Denmark ; and in Green- 
 land ; and it has also been observed 
 here and there in every European 
 country. Switzerland and the Baltic 
 provinces of Russia appear to be the 
 countries in which this worm is most 
 frequently observed in Man ; and in these 
 much fish, caught in the great freshwater 
 lakes, is eaten. It seems to be extremely 
 
 A B 
 
 Fig. 233. — Ova of the Bothrioce- Fig. 234. — Ciliated embryo of the 
 phalus latus. — Laboulbene.* Bothriocephalus latus. — Leuckart. 
 
 * A, seen in glycerin ; B, seen after being acted upon by sulphuric acid, 
 which renders the operculum apparent. 
 
 rare in the United Kingdom, and in countries beyond Europe where there are 
 similar lakes — as on the American continent. Dr. Drivon, of Lyons, who 
 has recently written on intestinal worms, observes that the spread of the 
 
 25—2 
 
388 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 parasite beyond its two favourite localities has been noted by several recent 
 authorities. In 1883 and in 1890, Dr. Drivon himself observed a case in 
 Lyons. In the first case, the patient had never been to Switzerland, and had 
 not gone further from Lyons than Macon for years. A specimen of Tania 
 saginata was passed by the same patient. In Dr. Drivon’s second case, 
 the patient had never been further than Vienne on the Rhone. The Bothrio- 
 cephalus has been observed within the last twenty years in Paris, Vincennes, 
 St. Malo, Utrecht, Piedmont, Milan, and Bavaria. The Lake of Starnberg, 
 which supplies fish to Munich, seems to have become infected about 1879, by 
 tourists who had resided for some time near the Lake of Geneva. On the 
 other hand, the parasite is becoming rarer in Switzerland. Not many years 
 ago it used to be said, that no good citizen of Geneva was without his Tape- 
 worm ; and a distinguished authority was the ‘ host ’ of several samples of 
 the Bothriocephalus, very shortly after he became the guest of that city. 
 The same authority, revisiting Geneva a few years ago, had great difficulty 
 in procuring a single specimen of the Bothriocephalus for purposes of experi- 
 ment. The explanation of the welcome disappearance of the parasite from 
 Geneva is by no means clear. The larva appears to choose by preference the 
 Pike, Turbot, and Perch, but it has been found in Tench, Grayling, and other 
 fishes. 
 
 The history of its development is still incomplete. For a long time, the 
 opinion most general was that the Bothriocephalus must pass through an 
 intermediate host, which was a fish. The persevering 
 researches of Braun confirmed this opinion ; for he 
 found the Pike and Burbot to have their intestines, 
 muscles, and different tissues infested with the agamous 
 Worms — Plerocercdides — always destitute of an adven- 
 titious capsule, with an invaginated head, and without 
 a posterior appendage. In feeding Dogs and Cats 
 with these larvae, and keeping them away entirely 
 from any other cause of infection, Braun has always 
 found the Bothriocephalus latus in these animals. 
 Parona and Zschokke have, in their turn, remarked 
 the presence of these larvae in the Pike, Burbot, Char, 
 Grayling, common Trout, and the Fera. Parona, 
 Ferrara, Grassi and Rovalli have experimentally 
 demonstrated the transformation of these larvae into 
 Bothriocephalus species, in the intestine of the Dog 
 and Man. 
 
 The Bothriocephalus latus has also been found in the Dog, exclusive of 
 experimental conditions. Linne and Pallas had already noted this, and their 
 observation was confirmed by Von Siebold, Krabbe, Perroncito, Braun and 
 others. 
 
 Bothriocephalus cordatus (Leuck.). — The maximum length of this worm 
 is 1*15 m. ; but it usually has not more than about 400 segments. The head 
 is short, broad, flattened laterally, and has a deep pit on each surface, dorsal 
 and ventral. No neck. Segments rapidly widening, the mature ones being 
 3 cm. from the head, and 3 cm. beyond this they attain their greatest width, 
 which is from 7 mm. to 8 mm. The calcareous corpuscles are very numerous. 
 
 This species is special to Greenland, and has been only once found in Man ; 
 but in that country it is frequent in the Dog, one animal sometimes being the 
 host of several specimens. Olrik has collected twenty from six Dogs, and 
 Pfaff twenty-four in three others. Pfaff has also found the worm in a Seal 
 ( Phoca barhata), and Zimmer has met with it in a Walrus. The presence of 
 this Cestode in Mammalia which are essentially ichthyophagous, demon- 
 strates that its larval stage is passed in a fish. 
 
 Bothriocephalus fuscus (Krabbe). — A worm measuring 1 cm. to 80 cm. 
 long. Head compressed and lanceolated. First segments scarcely visible, 
 and appearing at some distance from the head or immediately behind it. 
 Their breadth increases regularly from *5 mm. to 5 mm., then it diminishes, 
 the segments becoming longer — often longer than broad. The uterus appears 
 
 Fig. 235. — Head of 
 the Bothriocephalus 
 cordatus, seen in 
 front and in profile. 
 — Leuckart. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 389 
 
 in their centre as a dark-blue spot, the colour being due to the eggs it contains. 
 There are no calcareous corpuscles. 
 
 Krabbe has found this worm in the intestine of two Dogs in Iceland. In 
 one Dog there were 22 worms of different sizes. 
 
 The same authority has given the names of Bothr. reticulatus and Bothr. 
 dubius to two forms that he discovered also in Dogs, and as both appeared to 
 be closely related to B. fuscus, he hesitated to separate them from it. 
 
 Trematodes. — Two species of Trematodes — a Hemistomum and an 
 Echinostomum, both very rare — have been found in the intestine of the Dog. 
 
 Hemistomum alatum (Goeze). — The length of this worm is 3 mm. to 6 mm., 
 the colour is dirty- white ; the anterior part is dilated in a heart-shaped manner, 
 and formed as if it had a kind of horn on each side. It is common in the Fox 
 and Wolf, and has been found in the Dog by Creplin and Schone. The latter 
 has only met with it in draught Dogs — 5*5 per cent. 
 
 Echinostomum echinatum (Zeder). — Body red or rosy in colour, 4 mm. to 
 15 mm. long, and seven times less broad, lanceolated, flat, prolonged in front 
 by a narrow and very short neck, terminated by a head or reniform dilatation, 
 notched below, and surrounded by straight spines over all the remainder 
 of its contour. Integument studded by small spines or sharp lamellae on the 
 anterior part, and by obtuse lamellae on the posterior 
 part. Ventral sucker three or four times larger than the 
 oral one. Ova of a brownish-yellow hue, 94 /x to no /x 
 long, and 7 5 broad (Dujardin). 
 
 This species, which is somewhat common in the intestine 
 of domestic Ducks and other aquatic Birds, has been 
 found by Generali in the duodenum of a Dog ; the intes- 
 tine was very inflamed, and dotted by a great number of 
 yellowish-grey spots. This species is interesting, because 
 of the complete researches of which it has been the 
 object on the part of several experimentalists, especially 
 Pagenstecher, and more especially Ercolani. Railliet has 
 given a r&sumi of these investigations, from which we 
 learn the following history : 
 
 The larval forms of the Ech. echinatum are those most 
 commonly observed in aquatic molluscs, and especially 
 in the Limnaea, planorbis, and paludina. They are met 
 with in very diverse organs, and in these conditions their 
 characters are so variable as to lead to the belief that 
 there are several specifically distinct forms. Such is the 
 origin of the Cercaria echinatoides Fil. — identical with 
 C. echinifera La Val — and of C. spinifera La Val. The 
 germinal sacs of this species are the rediae (Fig. 237, No. 1), which develop by 
 gemmation in their interior from other rediae or cercariae, and are even some- 
 times reproduced by external budding or by fission (No. 2). Leuckart, however, 
 rather suspects the correctness of this observation of Ercolani relative to the 
 multiplication of the redia by budding or by division. The rediae vary much 
 in their shape, as do also the cercariae that they have formed — at least, those 
 that are free, though they resemble them as soon as they are encysted. In 
 certain cases these cercariae quit the body of the Mollusc which harboured the 
 redia, to become encysted in the skin or around the heart of paludines, while 
 in other instances they encyst themselves as soon as they leave the redia, or 
 even in its interior (No. 1). In administering these encysted cercariae to 
 cold-blooded animals — Frogs, Toads, or Snakes — no result is obtained ; on 
 the contrary, they are transformed into Distomes when they are ingested by 
 warm-blooded animals. The experiments of Ercolani were more particularly 
 made on Ducks, and in these creatures the later forms of the cercariae above 
 indicated all yielded the Ech. echinatum. With Sparrows, Mice, Rats, Moles 
 and Dogs, the same species has been obtained ; but with very remarkable 
 morphological variations (Nos. 7, 8). Van Beneden was probably in error in 
 classing Cercaria Brunnea Dies, with the cercariae by which he had obtained 
 the transformation into Ech. echinatum in the intestine of the Duck. 
 
 Fig. 236. — Hemi- 
 stomum alatum ; 
 natural size and 
 magnified. — 
 Gurlt. 
 
390 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Fig. 237. — Phases of evolution of the Echinostomum echinatum in the intestine 
 
 of the Duck. 
 
 1, redia containing free and encysted cercariae ; 2, multiplication of the 
 redia’by fission; 3, Cercaria echinata encysted, from the heart of the vivi- 
 parous Paludine ; 4, the same liberated from its cyst ; 5, one of the small- 
 tailed forms of the same cercaria ; 6, one of its large forms ; 7, Ech. echinatum, 
 developed in the intestine of the brown Rat ; 8, the same developed in the 
 intestine of the Duck. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 391 
 
 Nematodes. — Ascaris mystax (Zeder), A. marginata (Rud.). — 
 This species is considered at present, by the majority of helmin- 
 thologists, as a mere variety of the ascarid of the Cat, var. canis , 
 from which it is scarcely different except in being a little larger. 
 
 The body is white or reddish ; head usually curved, and provided with two 
 membranous lateral wings, broader behind than in front, which cause it to 
 look like an arrow-head. Each of the three lips has a salient papilla. Male, 
 5 cm. to 10 cm. long ; tail curved, having two small membranous lateral 
 wings, and 26 papillae on each side, five of which are post-anal. Female, 
 9 cm. to 12 cm. long ; obtuse tail, vulva situated towards the anterior quarter 
 of the body. Ova almost globular, and 7 5 /a to 80 /j. in diameter. 
 
 These worms are more especially frequent in young Dogs, which 
 may be infested with them at three or- four weeks old, and even 
 
 Fig. 238 . — Ascaris mystax of the Cat. — Railliet. 
 
 A, male, and B, female ; natural size, lateral view. C, anterior extremity, 
 magnified, and seen in front, to show the lateral wings ; D, seen in profile. 
 
 earlier, according to Hering ; but it is towards two or three months 
 that they are most abundant. In 500 Dogs examined by Krabbe 
 at Copenhagen, 122 — or 24 per cent. — had them ; Schone carried 
 this proportion to 37 per cent. They inhabit the small intestine, 
 and frequently the stomach, causing the vomition of glairy matter, 
 in which they are found. Their presence is indicated by the same 
 signs as those of the Taeniae — emaciation, unthrifty coat, enlarged 
 abdomen, irregular appetite, sometimes symptoms of epilepsy or 
 rabiform trouble, colics, and constipation or diarrhoea. In collect- 
 ing in masses in the intestine, they may cause complete obstruction, 
 arrest the course of the alimentary matters, and induce invagination 
 and fatal coiic. 
 
 At the autopsy of Dogs which have succumbed to the disorders 
 caused by the Ascarides, the intestinal mucous membrane is 
 tumefied and catarrhal, and shows numerous small, round, bl^ick 
 
392 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 points, in the centre of which is an ulcerous depression surrounded 
 by a salient zone ; and an intense haemorrhagic enteritis, with 
 fissures and excavations having ulcerated borders — the process 
 involving all the coats of the intestine — has also been observed 
 (Friedberger and Frohner). 
 
 The observations and experiments of Hering and Megnin lead to 
 the belief that — contrary to the hypothesis of Linstow — the 
 Ascarides, and particularly those of the Dog and Cat, have no 
 intermediate host, and are directly developed. This conclusion is 
 strongly fortified by the experiments of Grassi. 
 
 Against the Ascarides of the Dog, the various remedies recom- 
 mended for Taeniae may be employed. Areca-nut is particularly 
 useful, though santonin is most frequently employed in 2 to 3 
 centigramme doses, given in milk. Z\ irn also recommends benzine 
 — I to 7 grammes — in pills or in oil. Santonin, conjoined with 
 extract of male fern, repeated twice a week, and followed by a 
 laxative, is the treatment generally advised in England. 
 
 Oxyuris vermicularis (L.). — Ziirn states that this parasite of the human 
 intestine may be exceptionally found in the Dog. The male is 2 mm. to 3 mm. 
 long, the female 9 mm. to 10 mm., the colour being white, and the body 
 expanded anteriorly. Ziirn’s affirmation is not corroborated, and Railliet thinks 
 that perhaps he refers to the Oxyuris compar, which is a parasite of the Cat. 
 
 Anchylostomum trigonocephalum Rud. ( Dochmius trigonocephalus Rud.). — 
 Body white ; buccal capsule slightly expanded, the ventral wall having on 
 each side of the middle line a complex chitinous layer or ‘ jaw,’ the free 
 extremity of which terminates in three hook-shaped teeth in the interior of 
 the mouth, which decreases in size from the dorsal to the ventral surface. 
 On the dorsal border there are, in addition, two small straight teeth, separated 
 by a median rounded depression. Two opposite lateral papillae at the posterior 
 third of the oesophagus. Male, 9 mm. to 12 mm. long ; caudal pouch trilo- 
 bate, the middle lobe being slight. Female, 9 mm. to 21 mm., most frequently 
 1 5 mm. to 20 mm. long ; tail obtuse, and prolonged by an acute mucron ; 
 vulva towards the posterior third of the body. Eggs ovoid, and 74 /a to 84 /a 
 long, by 48 ^ to 54 /a broad. 
 
 This species inhabits the small intestine of the Dog and Fox, in 
 company with the worm next to be described. They fix themselves 
 on the mucous membrane, and live on the blood they extract. In 
 certain cases they are very numerous, and induce an affection 
 analogous to that produced in Man by the ‘ Ankylostomum duode- 
 nale ’ (Dubini), and designated — according to the countries in which 
 it appears — as Egyptian chlorosis , intertropical ancemia (America), 
 and miner's ancemia — a condition which has been particularly well 
 studied by Perroncito, whose writings so inspired Railliet and 
 Trasbot that, from 1879, they attributed to the presence of the 
 Anch. trigonocephalum that form of anaemia with which packs of 
 hounds are often attacked. Megnin has especially drawn attention 
 to this Pernicious Ancemia of Hounds , Uncinariosis, or Ankylo- 
 stomiasis, which has also been designated — because of one of its 
 most ordinary symptoms — Bleeding at the nose of packs of Dogs. 
 
 Symptoms. — The symptoms are those of grave anaemia. In the 
 first period there are only debility and wasting, always increasing, 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 393 
 
 although the appetite remains unimpaired. The Dogs are less 
 ardent in hunting, and are even dull and indifferent ; the coat is 
 staring, the skin scaly or reddened with erythematous patches — 
 especially at the stifles and nose ; the latter is tumefied, cracked, 
 rough, and excoriated, with a muco-purulent or sanguinolent 
 discharge from the nostrils. Later, veritable epistaxis supervenes— 
 the blood being foamy and bright red, or merely rosy — the Dog at 
 each bleeding losing perhaps two or three ounces. These attacks of 
 nasal haemorrhage are separated by intervals of some days to several 
 weeks, during which the discharge is again muco-purulent or 
 
 Fig. 240. — Cephalic extremity Fig. 241. — Caudal pouch of the Anchy- 
 of the Anchylostomum trigono- lostomumtrigonocephalum ; magnified 
 
 cephalum, dorsal surface ; magni- fifty diameters ; semi-diagrammatic, 
 
 fied 150 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 sanguinolent. There is a diminution of the red corpuscles, and 
 leucocytosis is marked. When the anaemia is rapidly developed, it 
 is sometimes accompanied by convulsions. 
 
 Another important symptom is the oedematous and indolent 
 engorgement of the limbs ; this is at first intermittent, then it becomes 
 permanent and increases in extent. In the last stage there are 
 ulcerations, sweatings, and gangrenous patches. A diarrhoea — 
 which has perhaps already become confirmed — gradually grows 
 persistent, and gives place to dysentery ; the appetite, after having 
 been capricious, disappears. The animals — feeble, emaciated, and 
 miserable, covered with red patches and excoriations — remain 
 
394 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 constantly lying, and finish by dying in a comatose condition or in 
 convulsions. Death takes place in a few months, or even in a year. 
 The malady is perpetuated in kennels which have once been invaded, 
 if energetic measures are not adopted. 
 
 Lesions. — At the autopsy of Dogs which have died from Anchylo- 
 stomiasis, or have been sacrificed in the last stage, all the alterations 
 of cachexia are observed, and particularly hypertrophy of the 
 mesenteric glands. There are, besides, the lesions special to the 
 malady, localized in the mucous membrane of the small intestine 
 and caecum. This membrane is very much thickened, and marbled 
 by large reddish patches ; its villi, quintuple their normal size and 
 highly injected, are closely packed together. These alterations 
 begin in the duodenum, and thence extend to the other portions 
 of the small intestine. In the relatively healthy parts are seen a 
 multitude of small haemorrhagic points, and in their vicinity or 
 centre are noticed one or more of the parasites — often coupled ; 
 their number is all the greater the larger the extent of healthy 
 membrane, and it is consequently larger in Dogs which have been 
 ill for only a short time, than in those in which the malady is chronic. 
 In the latter there may be merely a few parasites in the ileum — a 
 circumstance which may raise a doubt as to the anaemia being due 
 to helminthes. 
 
 The Anchylostomum stenocephalum is mixed with the Anch. 
 trigonocephalum ; and the caecum often contains, in addition, a 
 great number of species of Trichocephalus. 
 
 Diagnosis. — This affection is easily mistaken for essential, non- 
 parasitic anaemia, which also attacks packs of Dogs ; so that the 
 diagnosis really depends upon the discovery of ova of the Anchylo- 
 stomes — which should be abundant in Anchylostomiasis after the 
 exhibition of anthelmintics. These drugs, of course, would be 
 inefficacious in ordinary anaemia ; but in that due to parasitism 
 they should cause numerous worms to be expelled, and these are 
 readily seen in the faeces, while a beneficial change will be observed 
 in the affected Dogs. The autopsy of one of these will often 
 remove all doubt as to the nature of the malady. The Linguatula 
 in the nasal cavities may — although rarely — cause epistaxis ; but 
 then the blood is bright-red, there are frequent fits of sneezing, and 
 the general health is scarcely disturbed. 
 
 Etiology. — Pernicious anaemia scarcely ever attacks any but 
 sporting Dogs, and more especially those which live in packs. It 
 does not appear to affect any one breed more than another, but 
 seems to attack, almost exclusively, it is said, cross-bred Dogs — 
 French and English crosses. Dampness is one of the conditions 
 that favour the extension of the disease, and causes it to assume 
 an epizootic form, when it often destroys or gravely compromises 
 the welfare of valuable packs. Leuckart has studied the evolution 
 of the Anch. trigonocephalum , and it appears that this parasite is 
 analogous in its general characters to the Anchylostome of Man, as 
 established by the researches of Perroncito. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 395 
 
 The vitellus of the ova of Anch. trigcnocephalum segments in the 
 oviduct of the female until it reaches the morula stage ; their 
 evolution is not continued in the intestine of the Dog, but after their 
 expulsion with the faeces. But on incubating in water at a suitable 
 temperature, an embryo soon becomes visible in their interior, and 
 hatching is completed in two or three days. The rhabditiform 
 larvae that issue from the ova are 300 p long and 95 p broad ; their 
 posterior extremity is elongated into a tapering tail ; in growing 
 they moult two or three times, and they attain the adult condition 
 in passing — with the water — into the intestine of the Dog, without 
 requiring an intermediate host. Eight days after this passive 
 migration they are -5 mm. to 1 mm. long, and in certain details of 
 
 organization they resemble the 
 definitive form, but in all proba- 
 bility without having undergone 
 another moulting. On the ninth 
 or tenth day, the old chitinous 
 integument is shed, the buccal 
 
 Fig. 242.— -Cephalic extremity of the 
 Anch. stenocephalum, viewed on the 
 dorsal surface ; magnified 1 50 dia- 
 meters. — Railliet. 
 
 Fig. 243. — Caudal pouch of the Anch. 
 stenocephalum ; magnified fifty 
 diameters ; semi diagrammatic — 
 Railliet. 
 
 capsule appears, and it is only now that the group to which the 
 parasite belongs can be recognised. It retains this form for three 
 or four days, during which it acquires its final dimensions, and a 
 second moulting results in the parasite acquiring its sexual indi- 
 viduality. These details, and particularly the part water plays in 
 the evolution of the Anch. trigonocephalum , show that infestation 
 probably takes place through the medium of the drinking water, 
 and that Dogs contaminate each other by scattering the ova of 
 their parasites in the water-troughs of their kennels. 
 
 Treatment. — When pernicious anaemia appears in a pack, extreme 
 care should be exercised with regard to cleanliness of the kennel — 
 flushing it out thoroughly with water to wash away the ova, and 
 watching the animals so that they only drink pure water, and that 
 which has not been soiled by the diseased Dogs, feeding them in 
 buckets or troughs washed after each meal, and isolating the sick 
 as much as possible. 
 
 Medical treatment consists in the employment of anthelmintics. 
 Megnin recommends kamala in doses of 3 to 4 grammes, with the 
 
396 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 addition of *5 gramme of calomel, and arsenic 5 to 6 milligrammes. 
 Perroncito has obtained remarkable success in the parasitic anaemia 
 of miners, with the ethereal extract of male fern in doses of 15 to 
 30 grammes — which also answers perfectly well in Anchylostomiasis 
 of the Dog, in doses and conditions as indicated for taeniasis. The 
 strength of the animals should be most sedulously maintained by 
 good and easily-digested food; such as milk, and especially raw 
 horse-flesh, with cod-liver oil, tonics — iron, gentian, etc. 
 
 Anchylostomum stenocephalum (Raill.). — ‘ Body thinner than that of the pre- 
 ceding species. Head narrow ; buccal capsule having on each side of its 
 ventral wall a chitinous layer with a sharp border, beneath which is a hook- 
 shaped tooth. The dorsal border has a middle depression, but no salient 
 teeth. Male, 6 mm. to 8 mm. long, caudal pouch trilobate, the middle lobe 
 
 being slight. Female, 8 mm. to 10 mm. long ; 
 tail prolonged by an acute mucron ; vulva 
 placed towards the posterior third of the body. 
 Eggs ovoid, and 63 jm to 67 /x long, by 32 /x. to 
 38/4 broad.’ — Railliet. 
 
 This species has been found by Railliet, 
 in company with the Anch. trigonoce- 
 phalum ; and it appears to play as active 
 a part as its congener in the development 
 of anaemia in packs of sporting Dogs, so 
 that it has its share in the preceding- 
 considerations. 
 
 Trichocephalus depressiusculus (Rud.).— This 
 species has a great resemblance to the Tr. 
 ajjinis of Ruminants and the Tr. dispar of Man. 
 The male and female are each 45 mm. to 75 mm. 
 long. The spicule of the male is longer than 
 in Tr. affinis, and its tubular sheath has blunt 
 spines only in the moiety nearest the cloaca, 
 the remainder being smooth. The ova are 
 70 /x. to 80 /x long, and 32 /x to 35 fx broad. 
 
 Fig. 244. — Fragment of the 
 caecum of a Dog in which 
 are fixed a number of 
 Trichocephalus depressius- 
 culus ; natural size. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 The Trichocephalus depressiusculus 
 lives in the caecum of the Dog, in which 
 it is not rare. It is often found in animals affected with the 
 
 pernicious anaemia just described, but it does not appear to have 
 any other than a secondary part in the development of the disease. 
 We have always found it in essential anaemia. Megnin states that, 
 when in considerable number on the surface of the mucous membrane 
 of the caecum, it causes an inflammatory tumefaction of that organ- 
 a veritable typhlitis or appendicitis — sometimes accompanied by its 
 invagination. 
 
 Railliet has succeeded in obtaining experimental development of 
 the Trichocephalus of the Dog. The ova of this species, when 
 collected in February and placed in water, took five months to 
 produce complete embryos ; and when ingested by a Dog, these 
 became species of Trichocephalus, and attained complete develop- 
 ment in about three months. This experiment confirms those of 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 397 
 
 Leuckart on the Trichocephalus affinis of Ruminants, and the 
 TV. crenatus of the Pig ; and it shows that the Trichocephalus 
 species are directly developed without any intermediate host, that 
 their embryonic development takes place entirely outside the 
 body of an animal, and that they must pass into the digestive tube 
 of their host while still enveloped in their shell. It also establishes 
 the fact that embryonic evolution is altogether suspended by 
 desiccation, and explains the facility with which spontaneous 
 infestation can occur. Railliet has found in the jejunum of a Ferret 
 a female Trichocephalus that appeared to belong to the same species 
 as that of the Dog. 
 
 ‘ Filaria hepatica (Cobbold). — Cobbold gave this name to worms found by- 
 Mather, encysted in the intestinal wall and biliary ducts of a Dog, which had 
 died in consequence of gastritis and duodenal invagination. It was probably 
 only a larval form.’ — Railliet. 
 
 Article VII. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Cat. 
 
 Coccidia. — C. bigeminum var. cati, like the C. bigeminum of the Dog, 
 lives in the interior of the intestinal villi ; it is much smaller (8 n to io n long 
 by 7 ix. to 9 ix broad) than the Coccidium of the Dog, and appears to have no 
 greater influence on the health of its host. It was first seen by Finck, who 
 attributed to it a role in the absorption of fatty matters. Labbe doubtfully 
 attached to this species the C. Rivoltcs (Grassi), which differs from it inasmuch 
 as it develops in the epithelial cells, measures 27 /jl to 30 n long by 22 /j. to 24 /x. 
 broad, and falls into the intestine after the rupture of the invaded cell. 
 
 Infusoria. — There is found in the Cat — though rarely — a flagellated 
 Infusorian — the Lamblia intestinalis R. Bl., which has been already mentioned 
 among the intestinal parasites of the Sheep and Dog. It prefers the duo- 
 denum and jejunum, and often attaches itself by its sucker to the intestinal 
 epithelial cells. It does net appear to cause any inconvenience to its host. 
 
 Cestodes. — Three species of Taeniadae and a Bothriocephalus 
 live in the intestine of the Cat. Of the three Taeniadae, one is a 
 true taenia, the second is a Dipylidian, and the third is a species of 
 mesocestoides. 
 
 1. Taenia crassicollis (Rud.). — This is a worm 15 cm. to 60 cm. long, and 
 offering the general characters of the Cystotsenians of the Dog. The head is 
 hemispherical, 1*7 mm. broad, with a powerful rostellum ; the neck is as wide 
 as, or wider than, the head, and ther e is no constriction between them. There 
 is a double crown of 29 to 52 hooks — most frequently 34 — the larger of which 
 are 380 /t to 420 n long, and the smaller from 250 n to 270 The last segments 
 are 8 mm. to 10 mm. long, and 5 mm. to 6 mm. wide. Ova globular, and 
 31 n to 37 fi in diameter. 
 
 This Taenia is represented in the vesicular or bladder form by the 
 Cysticercus fasciolaris Rud., which inhabits the liver of Rats, Mice, 
 Norway Rats, Voles, and Water-Rats. This Cysticercus — which is 
 always coiled up in a cyst it has itself produced — is remarkable for 
 its elongated form and the smallness of its vesicle. Its length varies 
 between 3 cm. to 20 cm., and even more. The vesicle or bladder 
 is globular or ovoid, and is frequently no larger than a pea ; it 
 
398 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 terminates a distinctly- formed chain of segments, which are short 
 and wide, and have not a trace of genital organs. At the anterior 
 extremity — which is 4 mm. to 5 mm. broad — is a slit, at the bottom 
 of which the head is invaginated. In 1844, Von Siebold saw this 
 Cysticercus become transformed into Tcenia crassicollis in the 
 intestine of the Cat. According to Leuckart, all the segments 
 disappear during this process, and the scolex is formed anew ; 
 while Baillet has demonstrated that Rats will become the hosts of 
 Cyst, fasciolaris, by feeding them with the mature segments of 
 T. crassicollis. 
 
 This Taenia is common in the small intestine of the Cat, and it 
 may, when numerous, occasion serious disease. Romano has pub- 
 lished the account of 
 an epizooty among Cats 
 caused by this Tape- 
 worm. The animals 
 died after showing the 
 following symptoms : 
 gradual diminution, 
 then complete loss of 
 appetite ; abdomen re- 
 
 Fig. 245. — Head of the Fig. 246. — Hooks of the Fig. 247. — Cysticer- 
 Tcema crassicollis ; mag- T cenia crassicollis ; mag- cus fasciolaris. — 
 
 fied fifteen diameters. nified 12s diameters. Leuckart. 
 
 tracted ; slight diarrhoea at the commencement, then constipa- 
 tion ; abundant salivation ; sometimes spasmodic contraction of 
 the muscles of the upper lip ; great prostration, and loss of sight. 
 Some of the animals could not hear, or appeared not to hear, the 
 voice of a person to which they were accustomed ; certain of them 
 vomited, and this seemed to give them slight but temporary relief. 
 Nervous phenomena, epileptiform convulsions, and more frequently 
 attacks of colic, were also remarked. A similar epizooty prevailed 
 among Cats in the Black Forest in 1874. 
 
 At the autopsy of the animals which had succumbed, there were 
 found — along with Taeniae extending from the stomach to the 
 middle of the small intestine — evidence of chronic enteritis and a 
 violent gastric catarrh. The hooks of the worm were deeply 
 implanted in the mucous membrane. 
 
 Perroncito was inclined to attribute a rupture of the intestinal wall 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 399 
 
 he found in a Cat, to the action of T. crassicollis ; and Grassi and 
 Parona have witnessed an analogous case ; while Zschokke also 
 considered this taenia as a frequent cause of death among Cats. 
 
 The Cat contracts the T. crassicollis in eating Rats or Mice 
 which harbour the Cysticercus fasciolaris in their liver. In Romano’s 
 observation, the Cats he alludes to had to encounter swarms of 
 Rats, which were unusually numerous that year ; and it was 
 those which were the best ‘ ratters ’ that succumbed to the 
 epizooty. 
 
 Baird has described a Tania semiteres from the intestine of the 
 Cat, but it appears to be only a monstrous form of T . crassicollis. 
 
 2. Dip.ylidium caninura (L.), Tania elliptica (Batsch). — This is a variety 
 {var. cati) of the species of the Dog. It is usually smaller — io cm. to 32 cm. 
 long, and 3 mm. at its greatest breadth. The ova, larger than those of the 
 vay. cams, are 49 ix to 54 /i in breadth. 
 
 Krabbe states that, in Iceland, he has never found D. caninum 
 in Cats, although it is very common in Dogs. On the other 
 hand, in Copenhagen, Krabbe discovered D. caninum in a moiety 
 of the Cats he examined, the parasite being lodged in the 
 posterior two-thirds of the small intestine. In general, there were 
 not more than 50, though it was not rare to count them by hun- 
 dreds ; on one occasion there were 500, and on another 600. 
 
 3. Mesocestoides lineatus (Goeze). — Baillet, who was the first to 
 observe this Tape-worm in the Cat, gave it the name of T. pseudo- 
 elliptica , just as he had designated that which he met with in the 
 Dog as T. pseudo-cucumerina. These two have usually been 
 regarded as identical, although, according to Baillet, the ova are 
 smaller in this worm — 31 /x to 36 /x. It is not rare at Toulouse ; 
 and Krabbe has seen it in more than a third of the Cats he examined 
 in Iceland, but he never saw it in Dogs or Cats in Copenhagen. In 
 the Cat, it sometimes measures 65 cm., and there are always several, 
 though never more than 20. 
 
 Of these three species of Taeniae, the only one possessing much 
 interest — from a pathological point of view — is the T. crassicollis . 
 
 Bothriocephalus Felis ( Creplm ). — In 1825 Creplin found two young species 
 of Bothriocephalus in the intestine of a Cat at Griefswald. One measured 
 4 mm., the other 7 mm. long. He named them Bothriocephalus Felis ; but 
 Diesing — without sufficient reason — classed them with B. decipiens, which 
 lives in the intestine of several wild Felidae. Ercolani described a Bothrio- 
 cephalus that measured 65 mm., and Krabbe collected at Copenhagen, from 
 the small intestine of two Cats, five specimens which measured from 1 5 cm. 
 to 22 cm., and which he looked on as different from the Bothriocephalus 
 latus of Man. Bruckmiiller, Alessandrini, Zschokke, and Perroncito, have 
 also collected Bothriocephalus species from the Cat ; but the last of these 
 authorities recognised a great analogy between his specimens and those found 
 in Man. These various worms, which — for lack of sufficient studying — have 
 all been grouped under the name of B. Felis, much resemble the B. latus 
 in their general features, if not in their dimensions. Their ova are smaller, 
 being no more than 50 n to 60 u long. No disturbance to the Cat has been 
 ascribed to the presence of B. Felis. 
 
400 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Nematodes. — Ascaris mystax (Zeder — Fig. 238). — This species 
 presents all the characters of the Ascarid of the Dog, which is only 
 a larger variety. This of the Cat measures 4 cm. to 6 cm. long 
 (male), or 4 cm. to 10 cm. (female). 
 
 The A scans mystax is more especially found in young Cats, and 
 is present in the small intestine, sometimes also in the stomach, 
 when it may cause vomiting, though it rarely disturbs the health 
 of its host. Krabbe has met with it in more than 50 per cent., of 
 the Cats he examined ; in those under three years o]d, 17 of 19 were 
 affected, above that age 8 of 24 ; the number of worms was usually 
 under 10, sometimes 20 to 30, and once it was 80. 
 
 Oxyuris compar (Leidy). — The female only of this is known ; it is 8 mm. to 
 15 mm. long. It was found in 1856 at Philadelphia, by Leidy, in the small 
 intestine of a Cat, along with Tania crassicollis. 
 
 Anchylostomum trigonocephalum (Rud.). — Parona and Grassi 
 have made known a pernicious anaemia which prevails among Cats 
 in Italy, and which they attributed to a Worm they have named 
 Dochmius Balsami. It plays the same part in this affection that the 
 ‘ Ankylostomum duodenale ’ does in miners’ anaemia, and that which 
 is ascribed to the Anchy. trigonocephalum in the pernicious anaemia 
 of packs of sporting Dogs. But Railliet has been able to assure 
 himself de visu, thanks to Professor Parona, that the Dochmius 
 Balsami does not sensibly differ from the Anch. trigonocephalum. 
 It is also probably confounded with the Strongylus tubceformis Zeder. 
 It is, therefore, under the name of Anchylostomum trigonocephalum 
 that the parasite which causes the pernicious anaemia of Cats should 
 be described. 
 
 This disease is marked by slowly progressive debility ; the Cat is 
 often ill for four months before emaciation is very noticeable. A 
 dark-coloured diarrhoea sets in with intensity at first, then gradually 
 diminishes ; the animal’s tail is constantly soiled in consequence. 
 Inappetence is manifested, with retching or vomiting, and death is 
 brought about by exhaustion. In very serious cases, a fatal 
 termination occurs after a month of diarrhoea. In others, there are 
 alternations of aggravation and amelioration ; and frequentlv the 
 existence of the malady is only recognised some months after its 
 commencement. At times, recovery takes place after grave 
 exacerbations. 
 
 The diagnosis is based on recognition of the preceding symptoms, 
 and the presence in the diarrhoeic products of the ova of the Anch. 
 trigonocephalum ; the adult worms may also be found in these, 
 especially if an anthelminitic has been previously administered. 
 
 With regard to prognosis, this will greatly depend on the relative 
 quantity of ova and worms observed in the faeces. 
 
 The autopsy shows all the lesions of anaemia, and the Helminthes 
 localized in the small intestine for a distance of 20 cm. to 60 cm. 
 from the stomach ; they may be grouped in four or five zones, or, 
 if they are numerous, be spread over one-half the length of the 
 intestine. Sometimes as many as 200 or more are found. They 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 401 
 
 are floating in the intestinal fluid, or adhering to the mucous 
 membrane, often very tenaciously. They are white, black or red, 
 according as they are empty or full of blood ; the mucous membrane 
 is speckled with haemorrhagic points, and the food in the colon is 
 impregnated with blood. 
 
 The treatment should be the same as for the pernicious anaemia 
 of Dogs, the doses of medicine being reduced to one-fourth. 
 
 Other Nematodes. — Leidy has described a Trichosomum lineare, seven 
 specimens of which he met with in the small intestine of a Cat. Body filiform, 
 and almost equally attenuated at both ends. Caudal extremity of the female 
 coiled up in a spiral manner ; tail curved, obtuse, and having two conical 
 points on the ventral surface. Caudal extremity of the male spiral ; tail 
 long, conical, and acute ; genital opening at a great distance from the end 
 of the tail. Length of the female 7*6 mm., and male 3-8 mm. ; the breadth 
 of the female is *3 5 mm., and the male *21 mm. 
 
 Railliet states that the museum of the Alfort Veterinary School contains 
 specimens of the Spiroptera sanguinolenta, labelled as from the intestine of 
 the Cat. 
 
 In the intestine of this animal may also be found embryos of Oil planus 
 tricuspis, when the adults occupy the substance of the gastric mucous mem- 
 brane. 
 
 Article VIII. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Rabbit. 
 
 Coccidia. — First noticed by Remak, the intestinal coccidium of 
 the Rabbit has been refound and studied by numerous observers 
 (Kolliker, Lieberkiihn, Klebs, Vulpian, E. Neumann, Stieda, 
 Reincke, Rivolta, Riecks, etc.). Until recently it has been regarded 
 as a distinct species, Coccidium perforans (Leuckart) ; but the 
 careful researches of Metzner have demonstrated its identity with 
 Coccidium cunicxli (Rivolta), which is found in the Rabbit’s 
 liver. 
 
 Coccidium cuniculi, in the state of oocyst, is usually a little 
 smaller (25 p to 35 u, long by 15 p to 20 p broad) in its intesti- 
 nal habitat than in the biliary canals. It infests the epithelial 
 cells of the villi and of Lieberkuhn’s glands. One cell may be 
 invaded by one, two, or even six coccidia, in various stages of 
 development, from the naked protoplasmic form to that of a mass 
 surrounded by a thick shell (oocyst). These different stages of 
 the coccidia indicate successive auto-infestation rather than fresh 
 invasion by germs introduced from without. After a certain time 
 the coccidia perforate the epithelial cells and fall into the cavity of 
 the intestine, where, according to Stieda, some of the parasites 
 undergo certain modifications. But ulterior development takes 
 place normally outside the intestine, in a liquid medium or in 
 damp soil. 
 
 Intestinal coccidiosis is usually shown by chronic anaemia, 
 wasting, and more or less diarrhoea. In grave cases with 
 extensive infestation there is inappetence, rapid emaciation, profuse 
 diarrhoea, and death from cachexia. The coccidia are more 
 abundant in the intestinal than in the hepatic form, and diagnosis 
 
 26 
 
402 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 can be assured by microscopical examination of the feces, in which 
 the coccidia are very numerous. 
 
 At the autopsy there is found catarrhal inflammation of a portion 
 or the whole of the intestinal canal. In the large intestine, the 
 mucous membrane is covered by a thick croupous layer, and shows 
 
 Fig. 248. — Recently hatched larva of 
 the Strongylus strigosus ; magnified 
 200 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 some greyish, necrosed spots sur- 
 rounded by a dark-red inflam- 
 matory zone. In the products of 
 necrosis, and in the croupous 
 layer — in the midst of particles of 
 food, epithelial cells and pus 
 globules — are seen numerous 
 coccidia. Sometimes, in benign 
 cases, there are whitish spots, 
 punctiform or from 2 mm. to 
 6 mm. in diameter, which corre- 
 spond to masses of coccidia. The 
 glands of Lieberkiihn are some- 
 times stuffed with them. Klebs and 
 Vinogradoff have found coccidia in 
 the submucous connective tissue, 
 and Riencke some young forms in 
 the mesenteric glands. Treatment 
 to be successful must be preven- 
 
 Fig. 249. — Caudal extremity of the 
 male Strongylus retortceformis ; mag- 
 nified 150 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 tive. Diagnosis being established, it is advisable to sacrifice 
 without delay the affected animals, and to carefully disinfect the 
 hutches which they have occupied. The healthy Rabbits should 
 be placed in clean hutches, and supplied with dry food and pure 
 water. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 403 
 
 Infusoria. — Davaine has described an infusorian — Lamblia intestinalis 
 (R. Bl.) — which he found in abundance in mucus from the duodenum of a 
 rabbit recently killed and still quite warm. 
 
 Cestodes. — Cestodes in the small intestine of the domesticated 
 Rabbit are rare. Those which are sometimes found appear to belong 
 to the same species — Cittotania denoides (Raill.). The Cittotaeniae 
 are anoplocephalines which live in rodents, and have, like the 
 Moniezia of ruminants, two genital pores in each segment. 
 
 Cittotcenia denoides may attain 80 cm. in length. Its head is small (500 ^ 
 broad), with flat suckers ; the neck, as broad as the head, becomes con- 
 stricted where it continues the chain. The segments — always broader than 
 long — may attain 1 cm. in breadth. The genital pores are in the posterior 
 fourth of the border of the segment. 
 
 At present nothing is known as to the origin or the possible pathological 
 effects of this cestode. 
 
 Acanthocephala. — Bellingham has noticed an Echinorhynchus ( Echinor - 
 hynchus cuniculis, Bell.) — but without giving a description of it — which he 
 found in the small intestine of the domesticated Rabbit. 
 
 Nematodes. — Oxyuris ambigua (Rud., Passalurus ambiguus Duj.). — A 
 white fusiform worm, the male of which is 3 mm. to 5 mm. long, and the 
 female 8 mm. to 1 1 mm. ; the body in both sexes terminates in a subulated 
 or suddenly tapering tail *20 mm. in length. It infests the large intestine 
 and caecum of the Rabbit and Hare. At Vienne, according to Dujardin, it is 
 found in 12 of every 125 animals. 
 
 Strongylus strigosus (Duj.). — This strongyle has only been noted as inhabiting 
 the caecum and colon of the wild Rabbit. Railliet has found it at Alfort in 
 the stomach of the domesticated Rabbit, and Perroncito has observed the 
 same at Turin. It must not be mistaken for Sir. retortceformis Zeder, which 
 has thick, short and twisted spicules, and infests the small intestine of the 
 Hare and wild Rabbit. Railliet has, however, also found this species in the 
 small intestine of the domesticated Rabbit. 
 
 Trichocephalus unguiculatus (Rud.). — This species is particularly charac- 
 terized by the tenuity of the spicule and its sheath, which is smooth. The 
 male and female are 3 cm. to 4 cm. long. It is met with in the large intestine, 
 and more especially in the caecum, of both the wild and domesticated Rabbit, 
 and the Hare (Schneider). 
 
 Long Strongyloid of the Rabbit ( Strongyloides longus, Grassi and Segri). — 
 This is a species observed by Grassi and Perroncito, in the posterior moiety 
 of the duedonum, in the jejunum, and sometimes in the first portion of the 
 ileum. The female only appears to be known. It is *37 mm. long on the 
 average, the oesophagus occupying nearly one-fifth. This oesophagus is 
 triquetrous, and gradually expands posteriorly ; it has no chitinous armature. 
 Ovary double ; vulva situated towards the posterior third of the body, and 
 surrounded by papillae. Eggs ovoid, 40 /n long, and 20 wide. 
 
 The four species of Nematodes we have mentioned have not, up to the 
 present time, been considered as playing any pathogenic part in the domes- 
 ticated Rabbit. 
 
 Article IX. — Parasites of the Stomach and Intestines of the 
 
 Elephant. 
 
 Steel mentions that ' round worms ’ are found burrowing in the coats of 
 the stomach of the Elephant, and there form for themselves ‘ abodes,’ which 
 occur as tumours, having burrowing channels in the mucous membrane, the 
 larger and smaller of these being formed by different species. No practical 
 
 26 — 2 
 
404 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 importance can yet be attributed to these parasites. One round worm occurs 
 in both stomach and intestine, and three others have been found in the latter ; 
 they vary in length from 9 lines to 3 inches, and an even larger form is said 
 to be found occasionally in the bile-ducts. There is no evidence that they 
 cause inconvenience. 
 
 Three species of Amphistomum are found in the intestines, but only one 
 — Amphistomum Hawkesii Cobbold — is of any importance. They give rise 
 to a diarrhoea, known in India as 1 Lungen,’ which is the most frequent 
 disease of Government Elephants — proving fatal in some cases, as when the 
 animals are young, or are improperly fed and tended. Death results from 
 exhaustion, which is caused by the drain on the system effected by these 
 animal parasites in two ways ; firstly, by irritation causing profuse diarrhoea ; 
 and secondly, in all probability, by direct removal of blood from the mucous 
 membrane of the intestine, to which they adhere with the greatest tenacity, 
 by means of their suckers. Of course, they must be present in very large 
 numbers to produce such serious effects, which are all the more easily and 
 quickly induced if the Elephant they invade is already weakened. Almost 
 every Government Elephant in India is infested with some of these Amphis- 
 tomes, which in some instances become so numerous, and cause so much 
 irritation, that purging sets in, and they are got rid of if the animal is suffi- 
 ciently strong to withstand their attacks. As parasites of a closely allied 
 species occasionally cause the death of Horses in India, Cobbold was inclined 
 to believe that the Elephant Amphistome is derived from the Horse. The 
 symptoms are those of ordinary diarrhoea of a severe and persistent char- 
 acter, preceded by a depraved appetite and a tendency to eat earth, which 
 renders the faeces muddy ; while the dejections contain — generally in enormous 
 numbers — small translucent bodies of a pink colour, resembling soaked barley- 
 grains, measuring three-eighths of an inch long, by one-fourth of an inch 
 broad. Careful examination of these will lead to their being identified as 
 Amphistomes — and especially the presence of a circular sucker at each 
 extremity of their elongated bodies. After a time, oedematous swellings 
 appear about the head and shoulders, and the animal dies from exhaustion. 
 
 If an autopsy is made immediately after death, the Amphistomes are often 
 found in myriads, adhering by means of their suckers to the mucous membrane 
 of the large intestine, some being also free in the intestinal canal. The intes- 
 tine exhibits indications of irritation, especially in the form of gelatinous 
 effusion between the tunics ; and there are generally other parasites associated 
 with these. The other organs of the body are anaemic, and more or less 
 dropsical, while the blood is very deficient in colour. Infestation probably 
 takes place by means of green forage. 
 
 An outbreak of this parasitism occurred among the Elephants of a London 
 circus in 1878, and caused much loss (G. Fleming). 
 
 B.— DOMESTICATED BIRDS. 
 
 Article I. — Parasites of the Intestine of Poultry. 
 
 Infusoria. — Eberth has remarked in the intestines *cf several Birds, and 
 notably in the Fowl, an Infusorian in the glands of Lieberkiihn that Kunstler 
 places in the genus Trichomonas — Tr. Eberthi Sav. Kent. It is remarkable 
 for the presence of a very salient, plicated, undulating membrane placed along 
 the body. 
 
 Coccidia. — The intestinal coccidium of the Fowl, Coccidium 
 avium (Silvestrini and Rivolta), C. tenellum (Raill. and Lucet), first 
 seen by Silvestrini and Rivolta, then by Perroncito, and connected 
 provisionally with C. perforans , represents a distinct species which 
 Railliet and Lucet have carefully studied. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 405 
 
 In very young subjects 
 
 This coccidium is usually ellipsoidal (the two poles having the 
 same breadth), with a thin shell, and, in the state of oocyst, measures 
 from 24 [x to 36 fx long by 12 [x to 22 [x broad. It develops 
 after the manner of Coccidium cuniculi. 
 
 Intestinal coccidiosis of the Fowl often occurs as an epizootic, 
 and attacks nearly as many adults as young chickens. The affected 
 birds are unthrifty, lose appetite, and become emaciated. Consti- 
 pation is followed by profuse diarrhoea, which is sometimes sanguino- 
 lent or brick-red, more often whitish, then greenish. Those attacked 
 become apathetic and isolate themselves, the comb assumes a bluish 
 tint, and there is free salivation. Death takes place in two or 
 three days, though sometimes, particularly in adults, the disease 
 may continue for a fortnight, and it may even pass to the chronic 
 state ; the birds are then transformed into veritable skeletons, 
 and eventually succumb to marasmus, 
 the course of the malady is 
 very rapid. The mortality a 
 reaches 60 to 70 per cent, of 
 the affected. Diagnosis can 
 be assured by the discovery 
 of coccidia in the faecal 
 matters. 
 
 The lesions are usually 
 localized in the small intes- 
 tine, and particularly in the 
 duodenum ; the mucosa is 
 
 dark red, swollen, and Strewn a> bi Coccidia extracted from the epi- 
 With spots or irregular whitish thelial cells of the intestine, and repre- 
 streaks formed by masses of senting the first phases of development ; 
 coccidia. The alimentary " 
 matters, not very abundant, 
 contain a large quantity of cell, 
 encysted coccidia, free or 
 
 still enclosed in the epithelial cells ; the jvdlli are injected, and 
 more or less denuded of their epithelium. 
 
 In certain cases the lesions are exclusively limited to the caeca. 
 The contents of the caeca, very fluid, offensive, and brick-red, 
 include a few coccidia, some altered epithelial cells, blood corpuscles, 
 and many globules of fat. 
 
 In the state of oocyst more or less advanced, the coccidia of the 
 Fowl may exist from one year to another in the damp soil of the 
 poultry- yard. They are ingested by the birds with their food and 
 water. The most severe epizootics occur in summer in artificial 
 yards, and particularly where air and light are insufficient. It is 
 possible that the disease may be introduced by eggs used in breeding, 
 for Eckhardt has found coccidia on the shell and in the white of the 
 eggs from Fowls attacked with coccidiosis. 
 
 Cestodes.— Nine species of Cestodes — eight Taeniae and one 
 Bothriocephalus — are found in the intestine of the Fowl. But the 
 
 F-g. 250 . — Coccidium avium of the Fowl’s 
 intestine. — After Perroncito. 
 
 c, encysted adult coccidium, found free in 
 the intestine ; d, adult coccidium encysted 
 in an enlarged and deformed epithelial 
 
406 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 numerous forms of Tape- worms mentioned as infesting this Bird 
 are difficult to distinguish from one another, while the majority 
 have been incompletely described ; besides, the hooks with which 
 the head is armed are usually very temporary, and after they are 
 shed the physiognomy of the scolex is so modified that the species 
 can scarcely be distinguished ; and, finally, many Taeniae are so 
 seldom met with, that there is little opportunity for establishing 
 their natural history on a solid basis. In certain cases the intestine 
 contains them in such numbers, and so many Fowls are infested, 
 that there prevails a kind of epizootic taeniasis. 
 
 1. Choantcenia infundibuliformis Goeze. — Length 20 mm. to 130 mm., 
 exceptionally 230 mm. ; breadth 1 mm. to 2 mm. Head oval, slightly 
 flattened, and *50 mm. long ; long rostellum, retractile or protractile, 
 cylindrical or hemispherical, and bearing a single crown of 16 to 20 hooks, 
 according to Krabbe — 30 according to other authorities, which are 20 /x to 
 27 ix long ; suckers small and neck very short. First segments very short, 
 and the succeeding ones infundibuliform, the anterior border being narrower 
 than the posterior. Genital pores single, and irregularly alternated. These 
 worms are often present in hundreds in the intestine of the Fowl. Grassi and 
 Rovelli state that the Cysticercus of this Taenia has, for its intermediate host, 
 the house-fly. 
 
 2. Dicranotcenia sphenoides (Raill. ). — Length 2 mm., breadth 1 mm. Ros- 
 tellum provided with 12 hooks, 32 ix long. Suckers oval and elongated. 
 Strobila cuneiform, comprising 12 segments, which increase in breadth from 
 the first to the last. Grassi and Rovelli assert that this Taenia has for its inter- 
 mediate host an Earthworm, the Alloboph ro fcetida (Eisen). 
 
 3. Davainea proglottina (Dav.). — Length *5 mm. to 1*55 mm., breadth 
 from *2 mm. to *5 mm. Head quadrangular, slightly rounded in front, 
 from *15 mm. to *20 mm., furnished with a convex rostrum, retractile, 
 carrying at its base a crown of about eighty hooks 7 /x long ; suckers small, 
 armed with spines 6 /x long. The chain, composed of 2 to 5 segments, gradually 
 increases in length and breadth ; genital pores alternate, situated at one of 
 the anterior angles of the segments. Ova very large — 50 \x — and each con- 
 tains a very active embryo. The segments separate as soon as they are formed ; 
 they live and are developed when free, acquiring double the total length of 
 the Taenia. When fully extended they are i*8 mm. long, and only one-half 
 this measurement in the state of retraction. They move about in a very 
 lively manner. Davaine found these proglottides — which had been already 
 seen by Dujardin — in considerable numbers in the duodenum of all the 
 Fowls he examined at Saint- Amand, Nord, in 1885. He obtained a very 
 small number of heads by scraping the mucous membrane of the duodenum. 
 According to Grassi and Rovelli, this Taenia lives as a Cysticercus in several 
 species of Limax — L. cinerus, L. agrestis, L. variegatus. In less than twenty 
 days, the ova are transformed into cystic larvae in the organs of these molluscs. 
 Fowls readily eat the molluscs, and become infested with this tapeworm, 
 which attains the adult stage in about eight days. 
 
 4. Davainea cesticillus Molin (T. infundibuliformis Duj.). — Length 9 mm. 
 to 45 mm. (Molin), or no mm. (Krabbe) ; breadth 1 mm. to 2 mm. Head 
 pyriform ; rostrum scarcely salient, depressed, discoid, and surrounded at 
 its base by a ring (which is unarmed according to Molin), provided with a 
 double crown of 208 hooks, 7 ix to 9 // long and very temporary. Neck null. 
 First segments very short, and broader than the head ; the last are nearly 
 as long as they are broad. Genital pores single, and irregularly alternate. 
 A common species. 
 
 5. Davainea echinobothrida Megnin. — Length 50 mm. to 100 mm., breadth 
 2 mm. Rostrum replaced by an infundibulum armed with a double crown of 
 about 100 hooks. Suckers armed with crowns of rose-like thorns, those of the 
 middle rows being the largest. No neck. Genital orifices irregularly alternate. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 407 
 
 6. Davainea tetragona (Molin). — Length 12 mm. to 90 mm. (Molin), 200 mm. 
 (Piana), 250 mm. (Krabbe) ; breadth i*6 mm. to 3 mm. Head small, tetragonal ; 
 rostrum armed with a double crown of about 200 hooks 6 u long ; suckers 
 furnished with seven to eight rows of unequal hooks. Neck long, first seg- 
 ments very short, the following segments subquadrangular and imbricated, 
 genital pores unilateral on the middle of the border of each segment. 
 
 7. T. (?) exilis Duj. — Length 100 mm., 
 breadth 1 mm. to 2 mm. Head tetrago 
 nous and ’6o mm. broad. Rostellum 
 short, depressed, and armed with a single 
 crown of 60 hooks, 8 \x long. Suckers 
 orbicular ; neck distinct and 5 mm. long. 
 
 Segments wider than they are long, and 
 the anterior border narrower than the pos- 
 terior, giving the strobila a saw-like appear 
 ance. Genital pores unilateral. 
 
 8. T. (?) malleus Goeze. — Length 40 mm. 
 to 200 mm., breadth 4 mm. to 5 mm. 
 
 Head very small and ‘12 mm. broad. 
 
 Rostellum short, slender, and armed with 
 12 hooks, 17 fj. long. Suckers *05 broad. 
 
 Neck short, 80 fx broad, followed by a 
 transverse dilatation, formed of very 
 numerous but little distinct articles. Ova 
 collected in files or series (Dujardin). 
 
 Found by Creplin in the Cock ; more 
 frequent in the Duck. 
 
 9. Bothnotcenia longicollis Molin. — 
 
 Length 18 mm. to 27 mm., breadth 4 mm. 
 
 Head small and claviform. Suckers in 
 the form of oval, lateral slits. Neck long 
 and slender ; body taenioid, and furrowed 
 by two longitudinal grooves. First seg- 
 ments very short, the succeeding ones 
 being almost quadrangular, and the last 
 elliptical, transversely elongated, and 
 having rounded borders. Genital pores 
 unilateral, situated at the middle of the 
 border of each segment. 
 
 This species was found in Paris by 
 Molin, in the small intestine of a Fowl. 
 
 According to Ness! and Lucet, the 
 young F owls which harbour numerous 
 Taeniae lose their appetite, become 
 emaciated, dull and feeble, isolate 
 themselves, and hold their head F.g. 
 under the wing. Other authorities 
 have observed diarrhoea, sometimes 
 epileptiform attacks, stiffness in 
 movement, and the legs straddling. 
 
 The only indubitable sign is the presence of proglottides in the faeces. 
 With regard to the treatment of taeniasis in Fowls, the best 
 method is to mix powder of the bark of pomegranate-root — a 
 teaspoonful for every fifty head — in their food. 
 
 Trematodes. — 1. Notocotyle verrucosum Frolich. — Body white or reddish, 
 2 mm. to 6 mm. long, and 7 mm. to 1*5 mm. broad ; oblong-oval, very 
 
 1. — A, Notocotyle verruco- 
 sum, young specimen; magnified 
 forty diameters. B, three ova 
 from the same ; magnified 215 
 diameters. — Duj ardin. 
 
408 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 depressed, narrow in front, rounded behind ; 36 to 47 round, reddish papillae, 
 arranged in three rows on the ventral surface — sometimes absent, according 
 to Dujardin — and constituted, as stated by Wedl, by the groups of the ter- 
 minal vesicles of the vitelline sacs, which become prominent. Penis studded 
 with small spines. Vulva situated behind, and at the base of the receptacle 
 for the penis. Ova of special form, somewhat reddish, elliptical, 23 /4 long 
 and 11 n broad, and furnished at each end with a filiform appendage 160 n 
 long. Found by Von Siebold in the caecal intestine of the Fowl ; though 
 it is more frequent in the Duck. 
 
 2. Distomum oxycephalum Rud. — Body oval and depressed, 6 mm. to 
 8 mm. long, and *3 mm. to 2 mm. broad. Oral sucker unarmed ; ventral 
 sucker very large. Anterior part attenuated, and provided with small spines. 
 Dujardin and Von Linstow consider this species as a mere variety of the 
 D. echinatum, of which the hooks are little visible or are detached. Rare 
 in the Fowl ; more frequent in the Duck. 
 
 3. Distomum dilatatum Fischer de Waldheim. — Body elongated, flattened, 
 rounded behind, from 4 mm. to 8 mm. long, and 2 mm. broad. The anterior 
 part is attenuated into a kind of neck, which presents in its middle a dilata* 
 tion 1*2 mm. long. Found in the intestine. Rare. It is probably the 
 D. echinatum (Zeder). 
 
 4. Distomum lineare Rud. — Body reddish, linear, flat, obtuse behind, 
 10 mm. to 15 mm. long, and 1*5 mm. broad. Oral sucker surrounded by 
 six small papilhe. Found in the rectum. Rare. 
 
 5. Distomum armatum Molin. — Body linear, flat, rounded behind, inferior 
 surface a little concave, and covered with small, closely-set spines which are 
 absent behind ; prolonged in front by a conical neck carrying semi-lunar 
 head furnished with two rows of spines ; oral sucker oval ; the ventral 
 sucker much larger, and situated at the base of the neck. Total length 
 8 mm., width 1 mm. Found by Molin in Italy, in the caeca and rectum of 
 a Fowl. Probably it is the D. echinatum. 
 
 6. Cephalogonimus ovatus Rud. — Body flattened, oval, narrower in front, 
 whitish, speckled with black, 4 mm. to 7 mm. long, and from 2*25 mm. to 
 4 mm. broad behind. Oral sucker terminal, orbicular, prominent, and from 
 •4 mm. to '6 mm. wide ; the ventral sucker is double this in size. The 
 integument is studded with hooks pointing backwards, very close together 
 in the anterior region, deciduous, and only visible in very young specimens. 
 
 It is found in the sac of Fabricius of numerous Birds, among which is the 
 Fowl, but only when it is young, as this bursa disappears with age and the 
 advent of the generative functions (Retterer). 
 
 7. Mesogonimus dimorphus Wagener. — Body flat, about 7*5 mm. long, 
 and 1 -5 mm. broad in front, 2 mm. behind ; white except on the middle 
 third, at the posterior sucker, where it has a dark tint from the presence of 
 eggs in the oviduct. Orbicular suckers larger, the anterior a little more so 
 than the posterior. Testicles rounded, and situated in the posterior part 
 of the body, one behind the other. The genital openings are situated on 
 the ventral surface, behind the posterior sucker and in front of the anterior 
 testicle. The vitellogenes are lateral, occupying the anterior two-thirds. 
 Ovary a little to the right, between the two testicles. Eggs ovoid, 27 
 long, and 14 //. broad. Found for the first time by Wagener, then by Sonsino, 
 who has given a good description of it. It inhabits the caeca of the Fowl. 
 
 All these species of Trematodes are without importance from a pathological 
 point of view. 
 
 Nematodes. — 1. Heterakis papillosa Bloch. — Mouth surrounded by 
 three lips. Pharyngeal bulb not distinct. Male 8 mm. to 9 mm. long ; 
 two unequal spicules ; pre-anal sucker encircled by a salient vesicular ring ; 
 posterior part fine and subulated. Female 11 mm. to 15 mm., and gradually 
 attenuated towards the posterior part. A common species : of 190 Fowls 
 or pullets, Dujardin at Rennes found it in 107, and exclusively in the caeca 
 — sometimes in prodigious quantity during various seasons. At Vienne it 
 has been met with in 41 of 127 Fowls. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 409 
 
 2. Heterakis differens Sonsino. — A slightly larger species than the pre- 
 ceding. The mouth has no apparent lips. Pharyngeal bulb distinct. Two 
 equal spicules, accompanied by an accessory piece ; sucker neither salient nor 
 winged. Posterior extremity of the female sharply acuminated. Found 
 by Sonsino in the posterior portions of the Fowl’s 
 intestine. 
 
 3. Heterakis perspicillum Rud. — Body of a dirty- 
 yellow colour, 3 cm. to 8 cm. long in the male, and 
 7 cm. to 12 cm. in the female. The tail ends in a 
 sharp mucron. Infests the small intestine. At Rennes, 
 
 Dujardin found it in only thirty of 195 Fowls and 
 pullets. It was not met with at Vienne in' 127 Fowls 
 examined. 
 
 4. Heterakis compressa Schn. — Male 5 cm. long; 
 female 9 cm. long. A species found by Schomburg in 
 the intestine of the Fowl in Scuth Australia. Finally, 
 we have already mentioned the larval Nematodes 
 found by Badoky, encysted in the walls of the stomach 
 and intestine. 
 
 Baronio has described an epizootic malady 
 which prevailed among Fowls and other domesti- 
 cated Birds in Lombardy, during the summer 
 of 1789, and which he attributed to worms in 
 the intestines. From the dimensions he gives, 
 these worms might be the Heterakis 'perspi- 
 cillum ; but notwithstanding their considerable 
 numbers in the intestines and the some- 
 times salutary effects of vermifuges, judging 
 from the symptoms and the lesions it might 
 be affirmed that the helminthiasis was acces- 
 sory, and that the cause of the mortality was 
 probably nothing else than Fowl-cholera. 
 
 This is not the case, however, with the 
 observations of Blavette and Rossignol. Death 
 here appeared to be due to the accumulation 
 of the Heterakis perspicillum in the intestine. 
 
 In the first case, there were about thirty in 
 each Fowl that had died ; and in the second 
 they formed one or two pellets the size of a 
 pigeon’s egg, situated in the duodenum, which 
 they obstructed. Some of the worms were Fig. 252. — Caudal 
 isolated, and extended throughout the length extremity of the 
 
 of the small intestine. But what still leaves ^pillosa oFthl 
 
 doubts — especially in Rossignol’ s case — is the Fowl, 
 sudden appearance of the disease, its rapid , Left short 
 progress, and the mortality attending the spicule ; s', right long 
 epizooty, which had neither the physiognomy spicule ; v, sucker ; 
 nor the symptoms of a verminous affection. PP> papillae. 
 
 Megnin asserts that helminthiasis due to the 
 Heterakis perspicillum is manifested by diminution of appetite, 
 emaciation, indifference, somnolency, with sudden starts of wake- 
 fulness, and diarrhoea. He recommends mixing santonica with the 
 
4io 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 food given to the Fowls, or incorporating it in powder in a cake, the 
 dose being 4 to 5 grammes for ten Birds. 
 
 In Blavette’s observation, the good effects of anthelmintic treat- 
 ment are demonstrative. Following Baronio’s example, he 
 employed a mixture of equal parts of the root of male fern, tansy 
 and savory, of which he made a decoction — about 300 grammes to 
 ij litres of water ; the resulting fluid was mixed with flour, and of 
 this pills were made, which were forcibly administered to the diseased 
 Birds. 
 
 5. Trichosomum retusum Raill. — Male, 13 mm., female, 19 mm. long. Pos- 
 terior extremity of the body rounded, and blunt in the female. The sheath 
 of the spicule in the male is smooth. 
 
 6. Trichosomum annulatum Molin. — Length of the male, 15 mm., of the 
 female 80 mm. Body white, capillary, very attenuated at its anterior ex- 
 tremity, and elegantly marked with close annular stripes. 
 
 7. Trichosomum collare Linstow. — Length of the male, 8 mm. to 10 mm., 
 of the female, 9 mm. to 12 mm. Cephalic extremity in the form of a trun- 
 cated cone. The sheath of the spicule of the male is covered with fine bristles. 
 Found by Von Linstow in great quantities in the intestine of a Fowl. 
 
 The Trichosomes are not frequent in the Fowls’ intestine. In more than 
 180 Birds, Dujardin only found them in eight. So far as pathology is con- 
 cerned, these parasites possess no interest. They occupy various portions 
 of the intestines, but more especially the caeca and colon ; though Ziirn 
 indicates the Tr. annulatum as having been found by Molin beneath the 
 oesophageal epithelium of the Fowl. 
 
 8. Dispharagus spiralis Mclin. — Ihis has been already noted as parasitic 
 in the oesophagus of the Fowl. It has been met with in the intestine of this 
 bird by Fedschenko, in Turkestan (Von Linstow). 
 
 Lucet has observed a verminous enteritis in poultry-yards, due 
 to the association of various species of Helminthes. The affection 
 made slow progress, and the Fowls attacked preserved their appetite, 
 but lost condition, and became dull and indifferent ; later, the 
 feathers lost their lustre and became erect ; while the wings were 
 drooping and the movements languid. A foetid diarrhoea set in, 
 wasting became more marked, and the appetite was diminished ; 
 soon the creatures remained immovable and huddled up, with their 
 eyes half closed ; the comb and mucous membrane lost their colour, 
 the temperature was below normal, the appetite disappeared, and 
 the feet were swollen. These Fowls often yawned, and their torpor 
 and ansemia were extreme ; death ensued in a tranquil manner in 
 about one or two months. At the autopsy, in addition to the 
 emaciation, there were observed the lesions of a chronic diarrhoeic 
 enteritis, and the following Helminthes — Davainea proglottina, 
 Ch. infundibuliformis, D. cesticillus, Heterakis papillosa , H. inflexd , 
 and Trichosomum collare. The D. proglottina was the principal 
 cause of the malady, and in each case was found in thousands. 
 The Heterakis species were less constant, though they had taken a 
 good share in the development of the affection. The successful 
 treatment consisted in the intermittent employment of calomel in 
 doses of 1 to 2 centigrammes, and the heads of santonica, artemisia 
 vulgaris, and wormwood, mixed with the ordinary grain on which 
 they were fed. The hen-rocsts were scrupulously cleansed. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 411 
 
 Article II. — Parasites of the Intestines of the Turkey, Guinea 
 fowl, Peacock, and Pheasant. 
 
 Turkey. — The intestinal parasites of the Turkey are Protozoa 
 and Worms. 
 
 Protozoa. — The Coccidium avium , which determines the epizootic 
 Coccidiosis of Fowls has been observed by Eckhardt in similar 
 conditions in Turkeys. The disease almost exclusively attacks 
 young Turkeys, and its symptoms and effects are very little different 
 from those seen in Coccidiosis of Poultry. It is perhaps the same 
 affection of young Turkeys as that studied and described, in the 
 United States, under the name of ‘ Infectious entero-hepatitis,’ by 
 H. Smith, who attributed the malady to an amoeba ( A . meleagridis). 
 
 Lucet, who studied the same disease in France, named it ‘ Peri- 
 typhlo-hepatitis.’ He states that it affects nearly exclusively 
 Turkeys of two to three months old. It pursues a rapid course, 
 and proves fatal in from 80 to 90 per cent, of the cases. 
 
 Helminthes. — Intestinal worms are not common in the Turkey. They are 
 a Taenia, a Mesogonimus, and two species of Heterakis. 
 
 The Tape-worm (T. cantaniana Pol.) was found by Poloni. It is 14 mm. 
 long. Its globular head, furnished with very large suckers, is described as 
 unarmed, perhaps because of the deciduousness of the hooks. There is no 
 neck, and the first segments are campaniform, the succeeding ones being 
 trapezoid. 
 
 Mesogonimus dimorphus Wagener. — This parasite of the Fowl has been 
 found once in a young Turkey by Sonsino. The two species of Heterakis 
 (H. papillosa and H. perspicillum) are also found in the Fowl. They are 
 seldom met with. 
 
 The only intestinal parasite of the Guinea-fowl is the Heterakis papillosa, 
 found in the Vienne Museum in 6 of 12 Birds. 
 
 It is the same with regard to the Peacock, in which this parasite has been 
 found in 9 of 17 Birds at the Vienne Museum. 
 
 Common Pheasant. — The intestinal parasitism of the Pheasant 
 comprises a Coccidiosis and Helminthiases. 
 
 Coccidiosis. — McFadyean in England and Sjobring in Sweden nave each 
 observed in young Pheasants an epizootic of intestinal Coccidiosis which 
 appears to be connected with Coccidium avium. The symptoms are 
 analogous to these of intestinal Coccidiosis of the Fowl ; yet the enteritis 
 is not haemorrhagic. The coccidia mostly are in the swarming stage (Mero- 
 zoites) ; the oocysts measure 28 /jl by 16 /*. The parasites are found in the 
 epithelial cells, and more particularly in those of Lieberkiihn’s glands. Re- 
 ferring to an outbreak of intestinal coccidiosis in young Pheasants in 1893, 
 McFadyean states : 
 
 In all the cases the coccidia had penetrated in great numbers into the 
 secretory glands of the intestine, and had in large measure destroyed the 
 epithelial cells which line these glands and the inner surface of the bowel. 
 The chief symptom of the disease is- diarrhoea, and since the parasites are 
 passed out with the faeces, the ground soon becomes most seriously con- 
 taminated, and the disease increases at an alarming rate. Apart from the 
 inherent difficulty of applying medicinal treatment to young pheasants, 
 there is but small hope of effecting a cure in this condition, because the 
 bowel is already largely invaded by the parasites before any symptoms are 
 exhibited. More trust must be placed in preventive measures, which should 
 be based on the fact that the disease is spread by the faeces of affected birds. 
 The providing of fresh clean ground is, therefore, essential. 
 
412 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Helminthiases. — The common Pheasant harbours in its intestine the 
 Heterakis papillosa, the Trichosomum retusum, the Choantcenia infundi- 
 buliformis, and the T. cantaniana. Of these, the first three have been 
 already met with in the Fowl, the last in the Turkey. In addition to these. 
 Von Linstow has described another species ( Davainea Friedbergeri), probably 
 the same that Megnin has named T. cesticillus — var. Phasianorum. The 
 genital pores are unilateral. 
 
 The Taeniadae are sometimes so numerous in the intestine of the 
 Pheasant, that they cause a real verminous enteritis, which is often 
 fatal. Friedberger and Megnin have drawn attention to this 
 malady, which may prevail in an epizootic form, more especially 
 attacking young Birds. There is nothing particular in the 
 symptoms, which are chiefly those of digestive or reflex disturbance 
 common to all the intestinal Helminthiases. In several Pheasants, 
 Megnin has found portions of the intestine literally crammed with 
 masses of Taeniae, each usually composed of 15 to 20 complete 
 individuals. 
 
 This authority has recommended treating the diseased Pheasants 
 with kamala, mixed into a paste with hard-boiled eggs and bread, 
 which should be given concurrently with ants’ eggs. Ziirn advises 
 the employment of freshly powdered areca-nut, in doses of 2 to 
 3 grammes, and pumpkin-seeds. 
 
 Megnin relates that he has witnessed an outbreak of verminous 
 enteritis caused by the Heterakis vesicularis. It manifested itself 
 by the same symptoms as that of Fowls — due to the Heterakis 
 per spirillum, and should be submitted to the same treatment. 
 
 Article III. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Pigeon. 
 
 Infusoria. — At the autopsy of four Pigeons, Rivolta found in the small 
 intestine a considerable number of very mobile Infusoria — the Trichomonas 
 columbce Rail!. They were 6 n to y /j. long, and nearly 3 ^ broad ; were 
 pale, oval, semilunar or constricted in their middle, more obtuse at one end 
 than the other, and furnished with four flagella, one or two of the longest 
 of these being situated at one end of the body. There were, besides, numerous 
 yellow Psorospermiae. The mucous membrane was inflamed. Rivolta 
 attributed the death of the Pigeons to the action of these parasites. 
 
 Coccidia. — Intestinal Coccidiosis of the Pigeon has been observed 
 in Italy by Rivolta and Delprato, and at Weimar by L. Pfeiffer. 
 It attacks more particularly young Pigeons, which contract the 
 disease in the nest from their parents. The coccidium of the 
 Pigeon measures 18 /x long by 15 /x broad. Labbe has named 
 it Coccidium Pfeifjeri ; probably it is only a variety of Coccidium 
 avium. 
 
 Cestodes. — Davainea crassula Rud. Length 300 mm. to 400 mm., 
 breadth 4 mm. Head oval ; rostellum obtuse, rounded at the summit, and 
 armed with a double crown of about 60 hooks from 10 /x to 11 fx long. Neck 
 long and slender. First segments very short, the succeeding ones being 
 always short, but with expanded borders ; the last nearly infundibuliform. 
 Genital pores unilateral. Ova very large, ovoid, 28 /x long, and arranged 
 in groups. A rare species, found first in Brazil by Olfers, in a Pigeon brought 
 from the coast of Africa ; seen at Rouen by Clouet. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 413 
 
 Trematodes. — At the autopsy of a six weeks’ old Pigeon, Mazzanti 
 found in its small intestine a certain number of Distomes in the midst of a 
 sanguinolent fluid, and at this spot the mucous membrane was congested 
 and of a dark-red tint. He named this parasite Distomum columbce. From 
 the description of it, it appears to be identical with Mesogonimus dimorphus 
 of the Fowl’s intestine. 
 
 Nematodes. — Heterakis maculosa Rud. ( H . columbce Gmelin). — Body 
 white, somewhat translucid, cylindrical, and attenuated at both ends. Head 
 with three almost equal-sized lips. Male 16 mm. to 25 mm. long ; tail 
 straight, conical, somewhat acute and mucronated ; sucker round ; ten 
 papillae on each side ; two long spicules. Female 20 mm. to 35 mm. long ; 
 straight, conical or conoid mucronated tail ; vulva placed in the middle of 
 the length of the body, which is often distended by eggs. Internal vesicles, 
 the nature of which is not well understood, are seen through the transparent 
 walls like so many spots. Ova 80 ^ to 90 fj. long, and 40 /jl to 50 /a broad. 
 
 This worm is often met with in enormous quantities in the 
 intestine of Pigeons, sometimes to such a degree as to prevent their 
 being reared. It is not rare to find 400 to 
 500 in the intestine of one Bird ; so that it is 
 easy to understand the amount of digestive 
 derangement that may result. Unterberger 
 was one of the first to direct attention to the 
 noxiousness of this parasite. Independently 
 of the ova of the Heterakis — which the micro- 
 scope reveals in innumerable masses in the 
 faeces — the malady is characterized by a group 
 of symptoms, of which the principal are tor- 
 pidity, loss of appetite, periodic diarrhoea, and 
 at last marked wasting, particularly of the 
 pectoral muscles. Death usually occurs at this 
 period, after general exhaustion and convulsions. 
 
 At the autopsy, the worms are found closely 
 packed together, and lying in the long axis of 
 the intestine ; the mucous membrane is dis- 
 tended in patches more or less large and numerous, gorged with 
 blood, softened or ulcerated, and covered with thick mucus. 
 
 In about 7 grammes of faeces passed in twenty-four hours by a 
 diseased Pigeon, there were on the average — according to Unter- 
 berger — 12,000 eggs of the Heterakis. This authority placed some 
 of these eggs on damp blotting-paper in a flask, and watched their 
 evolution ; the embryos were well formed in about 17 days. These 
 ova were then given to perfectly healthy Pigeons, and in about three 
 weeks the ova were transformed into adult species of H. maculosa , 
 the eggs of which were discovered in the faeces. When, on the 
 other hand, healthy Pigeons were given the ova immediately after 
 their expulsion with the faeces, or their discharge from the oviducts, 
 they did not develop, and were passed with the excrements intact 
 or slightly digested. The evolution of the parasite, therefore, can 
 only take place beyond the intestine, without the necessity, however, 
 of an intermediate host. Infestation takes place from Pigeon to 
 
 F*g. 253. — Heterakis 
 maculosa of the 
 Pigeon ; natural 
 size. 
 
 A, Male ; B, female. 
 
414 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Pigeon, through the medium of the food soiled by the excrements 
 of the diseased. 
 
 In order to prevent the extension of this helminthiasis, the 
 healthy should be rigorously separated from the diseased Pigeons ; 
 the faeces should be frequently examined by means of the microscope, 
 so as to ascertain the condition of the Birds with regard to infesta- 
 tion ; the places occupied by them ought to be kept scrupulously 
 clean, the walls, floors, ceilings, perches, nests, etc., being frequently 
 disinfected. The grain upon which they are fed should not be 
 scattered over the ground, but placed in proper receptacles into 
 which the faeces are not likely to be dropped. It is well to mix 
 aniseed, salt, and other substances appetizing for Pigeons, and 
 also coarsely powdered areca-nut, with this grain. 
 
 With regard to treatment, in benignant cases each diseased 
 Pigeon should receive 6 centigrammes of calomel worked up with 
 soft bread, or made into pills with butter. In more serious cases, 
 recourse may be had to powdered areca-nut in i gramme doses, 
 administered in the same manner (Ziirn). Pelletan recommends 
 the vermifuge biscuits given to children, the Birds being very fond 
 of them ; two days of this treatment are said to kill the worms. 
 A more practical course which he advises, is to distribute among 
 them peas which have been macerated for some hours in a cold 
 decoction of wormwood. The treatment employed by Blavette 
 for the helminthiasis of Fowls may also be adopted, the dose being 
 reduced to one-half. 
 
 Strongylus quadriradiatus (Stevenson). — Body filiform, red (from the 
 blood which fills the intestine), male 9 mm. to 12 mm. long, female 18 mm. 
 to 24 mm. long. Cephalic extremity enveloped by a vesicular swelling of 
 the cuticle. The male has a bilobate caudal pouch ; spicules terminate by 
 three branches accompanied by a single piece in the form of a four-rayed 
 star, which furnishes a ring of support. 
 
 Found by Stevenson at Washington. This strongyle, when present in 
 large numbers in the intestine of the Pigeon, produces grave disorders : 
 bacterial infection, catarrh, and profuse diarrhoea. 
 
 Trichosomum tenuissimum Dies. (Tr. columbce Rud., Calodium tenue Duj.). 
 — Male 10 mm. long, the slender part being 47 mm. ; tail obliquely truncated ; 
 sheath of the spicule regularly ridged transversely. Female 1 8 mm. long, the 
 anterior portion being 7 mm. ; vulva provided with a salient membranous 
 appendix. A frequent and abundant species in the small intestine. Pauly 
 and Ziirn state that it often determines an intense intestinal catarrh, which 
 leads to anaemia and consumption. 
 
 Filaria clava Weld. — This is stated by Von Linstow to inhabit the intestine 
 of the Pigeon. We only know it as a parasite of the connective tissue. 
 
 Article IV. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Duck. 
 
 Infusoria. — Davaine has found in the caecum of a Duck examined im- 
 mediately after death, flagellated Infusoria which he named Monas (Mono- 
 cermonas) anatis. The body is oval, oblong, transparent, 8 /a long, and 4 n 
 broad, and has an anterior flagellum which is flexible throughout its length, 
 and is longer than the body. This is perhaps only the Trichomonas Eberthi, 
 found by Eberth in the Fowl, and also in the glands of Lieberkiihn of the 
 Duck. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 4i5 
 
 Cocci di a. — Z iirn has described a Coccidian enteritis of Ducks. 
 It is characterized by marked feebleness and wasting, followed by 
 profuse diarrhoea which soon causes death. Railliet and Lucet 
 have found in Ducks, which during life had never shown any 
 symptoms of disease, intestinal nodules containing coccidia identical 
 in appearance with those of the Fowl (C. avium). 
 
 CE5TODE3. — The domestic Duck harbours in its intestine eight 
 species of Taeniadae. They are much more frequent in it than in 
 the Fowl, and their larval phase is probably passed in aquatic 
 Invertebrata — no doubt Molluscs, the Duck being more than any 
 of the other domesticated Birds exposed to infestation. 
 
 1. Choantcsnia infundibuliformis Goeze. — Rudolphi and Bellingham found 
 this parasite in the domestic Duck in December. This was probably an error 
 of identification. 
 
 2. Tcenia malleus Goeze. — This is more frequent in the Duck than the 
 Fowl. 
 
 3. Drepanidotcenia anatina Krabbe. — This is 300 mm. long, and 3 mm. 
 broad. The rostellum has a single crown of 10 hooks, 65 /x to 72 /a long, the 
 handle of which is long. Genital pores unilateral. Eggs ovoid, and con- 
 taining a very long embryo. 
 
 4. Drepanidotcenia sinuosa Zeder. — Length 50 mm. to 160 mm. — to 330 mm. 
 according to Rudolphi. Capillary anteriorly, and 1 mm. to 2*25 mm. broad 
 behind. Head nearly globular ; rostellum carrying, like the preceding worm, 
 a single crown of 10 hooks from 40 /a to 60 /a in length, the handle being long. 
 Genital pores unilateral. Scolex marked by a line of black points — one on 
 each segment ; it is the pouch of the cirrus (?), which is globular. Dujardin 
 found this to be a rather common species in the Duck. 
 
 5. Drepanidotcenia gracilis Zeder. — Length 27 cm., breadth 1 *5 mm. to 2 mm. 
 Head globular. Rostellum slender, armed with a simple crown of 8 hooks 67 /a 
 to 80 /a long, and having a long handle like the two preceding species. Neck 
 very short. Anterior part of the body very slender for most of its length ; 
 first segments infundibuliform, the succeeding ones being nearly square. 
 Genital pores unilateral. Th. Scott has found in an ostracode crustacean 
 — Candona rostrata — a cysticercoid 200 /a long and 180 /a broad, which Blan- 
 chard has remarked to have a crown of hooks the same in number, shape, 
 and dimensions as those of the D. gracilis ; and he considers it to be the 
 larval condition of this Cestode. It is the same as Von Linstow has seen 
 in the intestine of a Perch which had, no doubt, swallowed an ostracode that 
 harboured the cysticercold. It remains to demonstrate, experimentally, the 
 reciprocal filiation of the larval and the tape forms. 
 
 6. Dicranotcenia coronula Duj. — Length 40 mm. to 190 mm., breadth 2 mm. 
 to 4 mm. Head nearly rhomboidal. Rostellum thick, and armed with 
 a simple crown of 18 to 26 hooks 14 n to 15 n long, their guard being larger 
 than the handle. Genital pores unilateral. Found by Dujardin at Rennes, 
 and by Krabbe in Denmark. 
 
 7. T. megalops Nitzsch. — Length 5 cm., breadth 1 mm. to 2 mm. Head 
 large and nearly quadrangular, with large suckers ; no hooks (?). First 
 segments very short ; the succeeding ones short and cuneiform in shape, 
 with acute angles. Rare. 
 
 8. Mesocestoides imbutiformis Polonio. — Length 10 mm. to 12 mm. Scolex 
 very small, unarmed, sucker discoid. No neck. First segments linear, the 
 middle ones campaniform, and the last ones quadrangular. Genital pores 
 elliptical. Found in Italy by Polonio. 
 
 Trematodes. — Though the species of Trematodes found in the 
 intestine of the domesticated Duck are less numerous than those of 
 the Fowl, yet they are more frequent — a circumstance connected 
 
TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 416 
 
 with the habits of the Palmipedes, which 
 cause them to frequent so much those 
 damp places where the Trematodes find 
 the host necessary to the first phases of 
 their development. 
 
 f 1. Notocotyle verrucosum Frolich. — This has 
 been already described among the intestinal 
 parasites of the Fowl (Fig. 251), in which it is 
 rare ; it is more frequent in the Duck, but yet 
 not common. 
 
 2. Monostomum caryophyllinum Rud. — Body 
 40 mm. long, 1*12 mm. broad, and depressed, 
 the borders being slightly crenellated in front, 
 a little narrow behind, and obtuse at the pos- 
 terior extremity, widened in front like a head, 
 with a great rhomboidal mouth placed beneath 
 (Rudolphi). Inhabits the intestine of the 
 Stickleback, and has been found by Gurlt, at 
 Berlin, in the intestine of a domesticated 
 Duck, into which it had doubtless been intro- 
 duced with the Fish upon which the bird fed. 
 
 3. Distomum echinatum Zeder. — This is the 
 species we have described amongst the intes- 
 tinal Trematodes of the Dog. It is much more 
 frequent in the domesticated Duck, Dujardin 
 having met with it in 3 of 2 5 he examined ; and 
 at the Vienne Museum it was found in 4 of 1 1 
 Ducks. 
 
 4. Distomum oxycephalum Rud. — Already 
 described in alluding to intestinal helminthiasis 
 of the Fowl. It is more frequent in the Duck. 
 
 Acanthocephala. — Three species of Echi- 
 norhynchus live in the intestine of the Duck, 
 without causing any perceptible disturbance in 
 its health. 
 
 1. Echinorhynchus polymorphus Bremser. — 
 So named because of the shapes it assumes, 
 according to its age. Its length varies between 
 4-12 mm. and 25 mm. The body is orange- 
 red in colour, cylindrical, and in early age 
 studded with thorns which are gradually shed 
 as the worm grows ; but they persist longer on 
 the anterior than the posterior part, and are 
 altogether absent on the adult. It has a con- 
 striction like a neck in front supporting an 
 ovoid proboscis capable of being retracted into 
 a sheath that contains it ; it is armed on its 
 surface with 8 — sometimes 9 — rows of 8 hooks 
 each. Ova fusiform, 10 /x. long and 20 /x. broad, 
 covered by a triple envelope. 
 
 We owe to Greeff precise information as to 
 the development of this species. When mature, 
 the ova contain an orange-red embryo, 61 n long 
 and 14 ix. broad. The whole of its surface is covered with thorns, which are 
 strongest on the anterior part, at the end of which is a depression or cephalic 
 pore. At each of the two poles of the body is a pair of large hooks. The anterior 
 extremity is indicated by the constriction in the form of an unarmed neck, 
 by which it is followed. Greeff has recognised the larval form of this para- 
 
 Fig. 254. — Male Echinorhyn- 
 chus polymorphus ; mag- 
 nified 20 diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 i, proboscis ; gt, nerve 
 ganglion ; l, lemnisca ; r, re- 
 tractor or retinacular muscles ; 
 Is, suspensory ligament ; te, 
 te'y testicles ; cd, cd ' , deferent 
 canals ; gl, prostate glands ; 
 rs, seminal reservoir ; p, penis ; 
 b, caudal pouch. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 
 
 4i 7 
 
 site in the fresh- water Shrimp — Gammarus pulex ; in which it has been 
 named Echinorhynchus miliaris Zenker. Von Siebold has also seen it very 
 often encysted in the intestinal walls of the Crayfish — Astacus fliiviatilis. 
 After giving Ducks fresh-water Shrimps containing these larval Echinorhynchi , 
 Greeff found the Echinorhynchus polymorphus in their intestine. 
 
 2. Ech. filicollis Rud. — The female measures 13 mm. to 30 mm. long, the 
 male 7 mm. to 8 mm. The female is yellowish-white, the male white. Ros- 
 tellum provided with 216 hooks arranged in 18 radiating series of 12 hooks 
 each. The body is similar to that of Ech. polymorphus. Ova elliptical, 
 rounded at their poles, and 62 /x to 70 ix long by 19 fx to 23 broad. 
 
 3. Ech. sphcerocephalus Bremser. — From 6 mm. to 17 mm. long, and 1 mm. 
 to 3 mm. broad. Proboscis globular, and entirely studded or only partially 
 armed with hooks, or quite smooth, and supported by a neck 1*5 mm. to 
 4*5 mm., which is nude and filiform. 
 
 Nematodes. — 1. Ascaris crassa Desl. — Body a dirty reddish- white colour, 
 and attenuated at the extremities. Male, 12 mm. long, and 0’5 mm. broad ; 
 tail thin, conical, and acute ; two long, cylindrical spicules, expanded at 
 their base, and provided with two accessory layers or sheaths. Female, 
 49 mm. long, and 2*2 mm. broad; tail thin, conical, acute, and straight; 
 vulva a little behind the middle. Often found at Caen by Deslongchamps, 
 in the domesticated Duck, and in 3 of 27 by Dujardin at Rennes. 
 
 2. Heterahis papillosa Bloch. — This parasite of the Fowl has been recog- 
 nised in the domesticated Duck of Turkestan by Von Linstow. 
 
 3. Heterahis lineata Schneider. — Body yellow, and 6 cm. to 7 cm. long in 
 the male, 9 cm. to 10 cm. in the female. Pre-anal sucker little developed, 
 with 1 1 papillae on each side. This species, which was observed in a Brazilian 
 Cock by Schneider, has been seen in the Turkestan Duck by Von Linstow. 
 
 Article V. — Parasites of the Intestine of the Goose* 
 
 Infusoria. — The Trichomonas Eberthi lives in the intestine of the 
 domesticated. Goose, as in that of the Fowl and Duck. 
 
 Coccidia. — Ziirn has described, as occurring in Geese, a coccidian 
 enteritis very similar to that of Ducks. Biernacki has observed 
 an intestinal coccidiosis which in four days killed 100 in a flock 
 of 320 Geese. The symptoms were languor, inappetence, great 
 thirst, and profuse diarrhoea, the faecal matters sometimes con- 
 taining blood. The intestinal contents were fluid, offensive, of a 
 dirty greyish- white, and held in suspension dry greyish nodules 
 of the size of a hemp-seed. The mucosa was studded with similar 
 nodules, and was ulcerated in places. In the intestinal contents 
 and mucous membrane were numerous coccidia which have been 
 connected with Coccidium avium. The addition of ferrous sulphate 
 and glycerin to the drinking water gave good results. 
 
 Cestodes. — All the Taeniadae of the domesticated Goose belong 
 to the genus Drepanidotccnia Raill., and have a single crown of 
 eight to ten hooks with long shafts. Genital pores unilateral. 
 
 1. Drep. sinuosa Zeder. — Already described among the Taeniae of the Duck. 
 Dujardin, according to Rudolphi, is said to have found it commonly in the 
 Goose. 
 
 2. Drep. lanceolata Bloch. — From 30 mm. to 90 mm. long, and 5 mm. to 
 8 mm. broad ; exceptionally, 130 mm. long by 12 mm. broad. Head small 
 
 27 
 
418 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 and oval, with a crown of 8 (Krabbe) or io (Dujardin) hooks, 31 n to 38 fi 
 long. Neck null, or very thin, short and retractile, like the head. Strobila 
 lanceolated, the segments being short and gradually increasing in breadth. 
 This is the Tape-worm most frequently met with in the Goose. Frisch — 
 who discovered it in 1727 — found it so often that he believed it to have been 
 the cause of a veritable epizooty. 
 
 3. Drep. fascia 1 a Rud. — Length 60 mm. to 100 mm., breadth o*6 mm. to 
 1 mm. and 2 mm. Head hemispherical or subtetragonal, and often absent 
 in well-developed individuals. Rostellum long, thick and cylindrical ; crown 
 
 Fig. 255. — Drep. lanceolata of the 
 domesticated Goose ; natural size 
 and moderately extended. — Rad- 
 ii et. 
 
 single, with 8 or 10 hooks 40 fi to 60 yu, 
 long. Neck twice as long as the head. 
 Segments short and wide, and all 
 traversed by a median, longitudinal 
 and obscure band. 
 
 4. Drep. setigera Frolich. — Length 
 200 mm., breadth 2 mm. to 3 mm. 
 Head globular ; rostellum long and 
 retractile, and armed with 10 hooks 
 from 35 ix to 40 yu long. Neck short 
 and distinct. First segments very 
 short, and the succeeding ones infundi- 
 buliform, with very salient posterior 
 angles ; genital pores situated near the 
 anterior angle of the segment. Penis 
 rather thick, bristling with spines. 
 
 5. Drep. tenuirostris Rud. — Length 
 10 cm. to 25 cm., breadth 1 mm. to 
 3 mm. Head subglobular, with thin 
 rostrum, armed with 10 long hooks 
 (20 /x to 23 /x). Segments prominent 
 and serrated at their posterior angles. 
 
 Fig. 256. — Drep. lanceolata. 
 
 A, cephalic extremity ; magnified 
 100 diameters. B, ovum ; magnified 
 300 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 Found in the domesticated Duck by Railliet ; has probably for larva a cysti- 
 cercoid ( Cercocystis Drep. tenuirostris) found in fresh-water Shrimps ( Gam - 
 marus pulex), in Cyclops agilis and C. pulchellus. 
 
 Trematodes. — 1. Notocotyle verrucosum Frolich. — Found in the large 
 intestine and caeca of the Goose, and less frequently than in the Duck, though 
 not so rarely as in the Fowl. 
 
 2. Distomum echinatum Zeder. — Less frequent than in the Duck. In 
 the Vienne Museum it was only met with in 2 of 1 39 Geese. 
 
PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE 419 
 
 3. Distomum oxycephalum Rud. — Less frequent than in the Duck, though 
 not so rare as in the Fowl. 
 
 4. Cephalogonimus ovatus Rud. — Already described for the Fowl. It is 
 sometimes found in the intestine and in the sac of Fabricius. 
 
 Acanthocephala. — The Echinorhynchus polymorphus has been met in 
 the intestine of the Goose, but less often than in that of the Duck. 
 
 Nematodes. — 1. Heterakis dispar Schrank. — Mouth with three very small 
 lobes. Two lateral wings on the neck, becoming narrower as they proceed 
 to the tail. Male 12 mm. to 18 mm. long, the tail terminating in a fine long 
 point; pre-anal sucker salient; ten papillae. Female 16 mm. to 23 mm. long 
 vulva situated at the middle of its length (Fig. 256). 
 
 This species — which is very closely related to Heterakis papillosa of the 
 Gallinacei — has been seen in the intestine of fat Geese by Frolich, Schrank, 
 and Zeder ; it does not appear to be common. Railliet has recognised as 
 H. papillosa, the Heterakis found by Lucet in the caecum of the Goose. 
 
 2. Strongylus tenuis Eberth. — Body dentated on the borders, in conse- 
 quence of the cuticular projection of the segments. Three small buccal 
 
 Fig. 257. — Heterakis dispar: caudal Fig. 258. — Strongylus tenuis : caudal 
 extremity of the male, seen on the extremity of the male ; magnified 
 
 ventral surface ; magnified 50 dia- 150 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 meters. — Railliet. 
 
 papillae. Male 6*5 mm. long ; two equal spicules ; pouch ample, bilobate, 
 with numerous ribs, one of which on each side is curved like a hoo'c in front. 
 Female 7*3 mm. long, tail acute ; vulva situated a short distance from the 
 posterior extremity of the body. Rare. 
 
 Lucet has observed an epizootic treniasis which, on one farm, 
 had killed 30 of a flock of 36 Geese. These birds had come from 
 different parts, were about two months old, and had probably 
 acquired the germs of their taeniasis in a pool where they drank. 
 The disease was at first obscure, and was manifested by arrest of 
 growth, emaciation, difficult and stumbling progression, a yellow 
 and foetid diarrhoea, and plaintive cries emitted from time to time. 
 The appetite remained normal until nearly the last — death ensuing 
 in five to seven days after the appearance of the first symptoms. 
 The malady was due to Drepanidotcenia setigera, the number in 
 each Goose being always high — as many as 93. With these worms 
 were also found 3 or 4 Drep. lanceolata. 
 
 27 — 2 
 
420 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The treatment consisted in giving cakes in broth or crumb of 
 bread, containing santonica, wormwood, absinthe, crushed garlic, 
 and powdered male fern. 
 
 3. Trichosomum brevicolle Rud. — Anterior part relatively, short. Male 
 10 mm. to 12 mm. long ; female 20 mm. to 24 mm. long. Of 139 geese dis- 
 sected at the Vienne Museum, only 18 had this parasite in their intestine. 
 
 Parasites of the Intestine of the Swan. 
 
 Acanthocephala. — Echinorhynchus polymorphus Bremser. — This worm — 
 which is more frequent in the Duck — is noted by Bellingham as found in 
 the Swan. It has also been met with in great numbers by Walley, in the 
 small intestine of a Bird of this species. 
 
 Nematodes. — Filaria cygni Rud. — A species found by Redi, to the 
 number of more than 200, in the abdominal cavity, and even in the intestine 
 of a very emaciated Swan. These worms were very slender, and measured 
 from *20 mm. to '24 mm. long. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 The liver is one of the organs in which parasites are most frequently 
 found. The species are not very numerous, and only a few among 
 them play an important pathogenic role ; but these are very 
 common in the liver of certain of the domesticated animals, and 
 are present in such quantities as to occasion serious epizootics. 
 
 If the liver is one of the seats preferred by parasites, this is 
 probably because of its proximity to the intestine ; the germs 
 introduced into the latter — with the food and water — can, after 
 undergoing a primary evolution in the digestive canal, reach that 
 organ in ascending from the duodenum, along the ductus communis 
 choledochus. And it is not impossible for some to penetrate the 
 intestinal walls, and so reach the hepatic parenchyma. But the 
 normal route, by which the majority certainly reach the gland, is 
 the vena portse ; in traversing the wall of the intestine, they pass 
 into some capillary that brings them to the great mesenteric vein, 
 or into one of the radicles of the right gastro-omental vein, and 
 thence, into the portal vein — that open door to all ills, as Stahl said 
 in a paradoxical exaggeration. The comparative slowness of the 
 circulation in this vessel, ought also to favour the arrest of the 
 parasites in the hepatic organ. 
 
 Many of these parasites have no influence on the health of their 
 host ; but when they are in great numbers they retard the flow 
 of bile, and so bring about grave alterations which react upon the 
 circulation and general nutrition, and anaemia is the consequence. 
 
 The gravity of certain parasitic affections of the liver, is owing to 
 the fact that — with only rare exceptions — medicaments cannot reach 
 the parasites in the depths of the organ in which they are lodged. 
 
 Among those worms which may be met with in the liver of the 
 domesticated animals, there are some that need not be referred to 
 at present. These are : 
 
 i. Linguatula denticulatum — a larval form of Linguatula tcenioides 
 of the Dog’s nasal cavities, is found in its first stage in the mesenteric 
 glands, and the liver and lungs of the Ox, Goat, Camel, Horse, 
 Cat, Rabbit, Hare, Guinea-pig, and even of Man. It will be 
 described when dealing with Linguatula tcenioides. 
 
 421 
 
422 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 2. Coccidia, and particularly Coccidium cuniculi, which will be 
 studied with regard to its effects. 
 
 3. Echinococci, which are found in very diverse organs of the 
 several domesticated species — particularly in the liver — and which 
 will be studied after the preceding. 
 
 4. Distomea, the two principal species of which — Distomum 
 hcpaticum and D. lancedatum — by their accumulation in the biliary 
 ducts, give rise to a particular malady — Distomiasis — which will be 
 described at the end of this chapter. 
 
 The others are of less importance, and we will, therefore, only 
 briefly notice them. They belong to the same classes or orders 
 which have so many representatives in the intestine. 
 
 Fungi. — Saccharomyces guttulatus Ch. Rob. — This is found in the intes- 
 tine of the Rabbit, Ox, Sheep, and Pig ; and Remak has met with it in the 
 biliary ducts of the Rabbit. 
 
 Infusoria. — Monocerc-omonas hepatica Rivolta. — A round, oval, or angular 
 body, very mobile or non-mobile, 6 //. to 8*5 /x in diameter, provided with one 
 or two flagella, and containing a granular, contractile protoplasm, with 
 vacuoles, and two nuclei ; it shows also a transverse internal line. Found 
 by Rivolta in a young Pigeon, the liver of which — larger and firmer than in 
 the normal state — was studded with yellowish nodules varying in size, from 
 a mere point to a pea or small nut — caseous hepatitis. They were found in 
 every part of the organ ; but were confluent at its borders. The adjoining 
 air-sacs were hyperaemic, and covered with a yellow gelatinous exudate. 
 
 Cestodes. — Various cystic forms of the Taeniae of the Dog may 
 be found in the liver of the Herbivora. A great number, in the 
 embryo stage, must pass through that organ in order to reach the 
 location that suits their larval condition ; but there are among 
 them those which remain in the liver, having attained their definitive 
 form — such are the Echinococci, which will be dealt with separately ; 
 while others stay there by accident or only temporarily, and produce 
 marked or scarcely appreciable alterations. Those which may be 
 encountered in this way — besides the Echinococci — are the 
 following : 
 
 1. Cysticercus tenuicollis Rud. — This is the cystic form of the 
 Tcenia marginata of the Dog. It is met with in the peritoneum — 
 more rarely in the pleurae and pericardium — of various animals, 
 more especially Ruminants, and sometimes the Pig. The experi- 
 ments of Bailie t have shown that this Cysticercus reaches the 
 peritoneal cavity through the liver. In a Lamb and Kid which 
 died ten days after ingesting segments of T. marginata that authority 
 found the liver traversed by numerous very sinuous channels, each 
 of which was partially blocked by a small blood-clot, and was 
 occupied by one, two, or three transparent, globular vesicles. 
 Before death, the animals exhibited all the symptoms of internal 
 haemorrhage ; the abdominal viscera were bathed in blood, which 
 the slightest pressure caused to transude from every part of the 
 liver. Another Kid succumbed on the twenty-fifth day ; it showed 
 signs of a violent peritonitis and complete ‘ disorganization of the 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 423 
 
 liver.’ But these lesions have scarcely been observed except in 
 experimental cases ; for in natural infestation the Cysticerci are 
 always few, and pass through the liver without producing any 
 apparent disturbance to health — forming, in the peritoneum, 
 those large vesicles that the French butchers call boules d'eau. 
 
 Nevertheless, Leuckart has pointed out the possibility of grave — 
 even fatal — accidents to the Pig, when Cysticerci are in large number. 
 The lungs, and more especially the liver, show numerous inflam- 
 matory centres, each occupied by a Cysticercus ; they are also 
 excavated by galleries, at the end of which is lodged one of these 
 parasites ; while there may be evidences of haemorrhage and fatal 
 peritonitis. Boudeaud has reported such a result occurring in a 
 young Pig, which died after showing symptoms that might have 
 led to the supposition that the animal was 
 suffering from pneumo-enteritis. Semmer 
 found the liver of a Pig invaded by a great 
 number of cysts, varying in size from that 
 of a small nut to a hen’s egg, each of them 
 being occupied by Cysticercus tenuicollis ; 
 the internal appearance of the organ re- 
 sembled that observed in Echinococcosis. 
 
 Putz reports the death of a Cow from hepa- 
 titis and peritonitis, due to the presence of an 
 enormous quantity of Cysticercus tenuicollis. 
 
 2. Cysticercus pisiformis Zeder. — This is Fig. 259. — Portion of the 
 the cystic form of another Tape- worm of 
 the Dog — the Tcenia serrata ; it lives in the 
 Rabbit, and only attains its final develop- 
 ment in the peritoneal cavity. But in order 
 to arrive there it must pass through the 
 liver, and in doing so it produces very 
 interesting alterations in that organ, which 
 have been particularly studied by Kiichen- 
 meister, Baillet, Leuckart, Moniez, and 
 Laulanie. 
 
 When a Rabbit ingests the ova of T. serrata , there are seen in the 
 liver — after the second day — very small white nodules and fine 
 rudimentary streaks. The tubercles or nodules rapidly increase 
 in volume, and on the fifth day they are as large as a hemp-seed, 
 and are somewhat hard ; they cannot be enucleated without tearing 
 away fragments of hepatic tissue. These nodules — which are 
 little, if at all, transparent — are formed of a very thick envelope 
 containing a refrangent ovoid body ; this envelope passes insensibly 
 into the tissue of the liver, and is produced merely by the trans- 
 formation of the hepatic cells ; while the central portion recalls 
 nothing of the embryo, but is only more advanced in degeneration. 
 Often this nodule contains very characteristic pus, and from this 
 it might be concluded that these productions are evidence of a 
 local inflammation of the liver, which has been set up around 
 
 surface of the liver of 
 an artificially - infested 
 Rabbit, showing the 
 vascular tracks of the 
 Cysticercus pisiformis, 
 as well as numbers of 
 that parasite at the 
 second day of their de- 
 velopment; slightly 
 magnified. — G. P. 
 Piana. 
 
424 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 a dead embryo, or one incapable of resisting an eliminatory 
 process. 
 
 Independently of these nodules, and distributed — like them — on 
 the surface, as well as in the substance of the liver, are observed 
 numerous sinuous streaks running in every direction, of a trans- 
 parent grey tint in the centre, and bordered by a yellow line. 
 
 Laulanie has recognised these as 
 always branches of vessels from 
 the sub-lobular vein ; and it is 
 here that is found the already more 
 or less advanced embryo. It occu- 
 pies the centre of a mass of coagu- 
 lated blood, that adheres at some 
 points to the wall of the vessel, 
 which is the seat of a very abundant 
 proliferation of embryonic cells. 
 From this there arises within the 
 sphere of action of the obliterated 
 interlobular vessel, a venous cir- 
 
 SpK — 
 
 Fig. 260. — Development cf the 
 Cysticercus pisiformis. — After 
 Moniez. 
 
 A month-old larva, taken from a 
 superficial gallery in the liver of the 
 Rabbit. It is already marked by 
 numerous folds or papillae, p, and 
 does not yet show any signs of dropsy ; 
 
 a, central portion, finely granular, 
 which marks the point where the 
 tissues rupture. The point marked 
 
 b, to the rudiment of the head, rc, 
 represents the future receptaculum 
 capitis. Magnified 15 diameters. 
 
 Fig. 261. — Cysticercus pisiformis in 
 process of division at the twenty- 
 second day. 
 
 A cord sph unites the two parts of 
 a larva that was originally whole, and 
 marks a sphacelated portion of the 
 Cvsticercus. At the superior end of 
 the segment A is seen the rudiment 
 of the head of thereceptaculum {rc, x) ; 
 there is something analogous to it in 
 part B ; ct, layer of cuticle which is 
 detached ; oi, orifice of invagination. 
 Part A forms the future animal, part 
 B being destroyed. — Moniez. 
 
 rhosis — mono- or multi-lobular — which assumes two exceptional 
 characters. The connective-tissue productions which fill the spaces 
 and liver-fissures are remarkable for : 1. the multiplicity of their 
 capillary vessels and the ectasia of which they are the seat ; 2. the 
 presence of a variable number of giant-cells, which sometimes attain 
 an enormous volume, and in their distribution do not appear to 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 425 
 
 submit to any recognised law. Piana had already recognised the 
 presence of giant-cells in the vessels containing young Cysticerci 
 pisiformes ; and he also observed that these giant-cells are often 
 invaded by Bacteria, which he supposed had been brought from the 
 intestine by the embryos. 
 
 The latter measured scarcely more than 1 mm. long and much 
 less in breadth, and were composed of a very delicate reticulum 
 enveloped in a thin cuticle. At the end of twelve days they were 
 already 3 mm. long, and manifested obscure contractile movements. 
 In developing, they become elongated, and their galleries are 
 widened. At the twenty-second day they are about 1 cm. long 
 and less than 1 mm. broad ; and at this period they offer a curious 
 phenomenon, discovered by Moniez. The Cysticercus is strangu- 
 lated in the middle (Fig. 261), and divides into two portions which, 
 attached to each other by a more or less constricted and twisted 
 funicle that in time becomes atrophied and absorbed, leaving the 
 moieties completely separated. One of these is probably destroyed, 
 and the other soon forms a rudimentary Tape-worm head, by 
 budding ; consequently, it alone constitutes the definitive Cysti- 
 cercus. 
 
 It is in about a month after infestation — often less — that the 
 Cysticerci quit the liver and spread over the peritoneal cavity ; 
 they are sometimes found protruding from the surface of the liver. 
 Soon they are free, slightly dropsical, and of various degrees of 
 development, being then most frequently lodged between the two 
 serous surfaces, when they form their cyst and establish themselves. 
 The galleries they have quitted disappear after a time, and leave 
 more or less marked cicatrices on the surface of the gland. 
 
 Hepatic Cysticercosis may manifest itself beyond experimental 
 conditions, and produce a morbid state of a cachectic nature that 
 sometimes terminates in death. We have observed such instances. 
 
 Trematodes. — Creplin has given the name of Amphistomum explanatum 
 to a species found by Gurlt at Berlin, in the biliary duct and gall-bladder 
 of a Zebu. It is a lanceolated oval, 9 mm. long and 4 mm. broad ; the pos- 
 terior sucker is sub-elliptical, and spread out at the sides. 
 
 The other Trematodes of the liver are Distomes — Distomum hepcdicum, 
 D. lanceolatum, D. truncatum, and D. sinense, the effects of which will be 
 indicated hereafter (Art. Distomiasis of the liver). 
 
 Nematodes. — Ascaris megalocephala Cloq., and Ascaris suis Dujar. — 
 Ascarides may enter the biliary duct and give rise to serious colic, as Roll 
 has remarked with regard to the Ascarid of the Horse. Camberoque has 
 observed epileptiform seizures in a Pig, at the autopsy of which he found no 
 other lesion than congestion of the duodenum and the adjoining peritoneum, 
 and the presence of a bundle of Ascarides at the opening of the ductus chole- 
 dochus ; one of these bundles was entirely engaged in the duct, and another 
 fixed there by its anterior part. 
 
 ( Esophagostomum dentatum Rud. — Reported by Von Linstow as found, 
 not only in the intestine, but also in the liver of the Pig. 
 
 Sclerostomum equinum Rud. — Megnin has found the middle lobe of the 
 liver of a horse transformed into a real fibro-plastic tumour, dense at some 
 points, soft in others, and studded with small blood -cysts, each of which 
 contained a Sclerostomum equinum — male or female — from 2 cm. to 4 cm. 
 
426 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 long, and doubled up on itself. The females contained non-fecundated ova 
 only. In the left lobe of the liver of a Horse, at the border of its posterior 
 surface, Colucci discovered an inflammatory tumour to be occupied by a 
 Sclerostome which he considered had come from the intestine and pene- 
 trated the gland by a foramen i mm. wide, visible on the anterior surface of 
 this left lobe. 
 
 Ollulanus tricuspis Leuck. — We have seen that the embryos of this species 
 — a parasite of the stomach of the Cat — may wander into the liver. 
 
 Filaria hepatica Cobb. — These are worms found by Mather, encysted in 
 the intestinal tunic and biliary canals of a Dog. 
 
 Embryos of Filarice. — Colin and Reynal were the first to make mention 
 of the presence, in the liver of the Horse, of white or yellow, calcified, and 
 irregularly spherical nodules, formed of numerous concentric layers. Their 
 volume varied from the size of a millet-seed to that of a pea, though there 
 were some which were scarcely visible. Oreste and Ercolani were of opinion 
 that these nodules had the ovum of a Distome for a nucleus ; but according 
 to Mazzanti, they are produced by the embryos of Nematodes carried by the 
 blood, as a capillary was in the centre of each nodule. He sometimes found 
 4 to 6 in the same tubercle. They insinuated themselves into the paren- 
 chyma, through the walls of the bloodvessels, and gave rise to irritation — 
 either in the lobules or the interlobular connective-tissue — that ended in the 
 formation of these pseudo-tubercles. They measured 40 n to 180 /x long and 
 3 ij. to 6 n in diameter, and differed from those of Filaria papillosa, but 
 belonged, no doubt, to an undetermined species of Filaria. 
 
 Eustrongylus gigas Rud. — This parasite of the kidneys has been found in 
 the liver of a Dog by Lissizin (see Parasites of the Urinary Organs). 
 
 Before passing to the description of psorospermosis of the liver, 
 echinococcosis, and distom asis, we here give a list of the hepatic 
 parasites of the domesticated animals. 
 
 Equidae. — Ascaris megalocephala, Sclerostomum equinum, Filaria sp. ?, 
 Distomum hepaticum, Linguatula denticulatum. 
 
 Ox. — Amphistomum explanatum, Distomum hepaticum, D. lanceolaium, 
 Cysticercus tenuicollis , Linguatula denticulatum. 
 
 Sheep and Goat. — Distomum hepaticum, D. lanceolatum, Cysticercus tenui- 
 collis, Linguatula denticulatum. 
 
 Pig. — CEsophagostomum dentatum, Distomum hepaticum, D. lanceolatum, 
 Cysticercus tenuicollis, Cyst, celluloses (see Measles of the Pig). 
 
 Dog. — Filaria hepatica, Eustrongylus gigas, Distomum truncatum, Cystu 
 cercus celluloses (see Measles of the Dog). 
 
 Cat. — Ollulanus tricuspis, Distomum truncatum, D. lanceolatum, D. sinense, 
 Canurus sp. ? 
 
 Rabbit. — Saccharomyces guttulatus , Eimcria falciformis, Coccidium oviforme, 
 Cysticercus pisiformis. 
 
 Pigeon. — Monocercomonas hepatica. 
 
 Article I. — Coccidiosis of the Liver. 
 
 Coccidiosis, or Psorospermosis, of the liver is a frequent parasitic 
 affection in the domesticated Rabbit, and is caused by a Sporozoon 
 — the Coccidium cuniculi (Rivolta), Coccidium oviforme (Leuck). 
 
 History. — This parasite appears to have been first seen in the Rabbit by 
 Carswell, then by Hake in 1839. Nasse in 1843, Handheld Jones in 1846, 
 etc. ; but its nature was for a long time unknown. Hake mistook the 
 Coccidia for pus corpuscles, and Lang considered them to be neeformations ; 
 while a number of observers believed them to be the ova of Nematodes, 
 Distomea, Taeniae, or Linguatulae ; or they were mistaken for the Utricules 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 427 
 
 of Miescher — Sarcosporidia. Davaine — in consequence of their great re- 
 semblance to the ova of Helminthes — named them Corps oviformes, by which 
 designation they were for a long time known. However, in 1845, Remak, 
 recognising them as parasites, proposed to class them with the Psorospermise, 
 a group created by F. Muller, in 1841, for certain parasites of Fishes (the 
 Myxosporidia). From their aspect they were named Psorospermice oviformes. 
 In 1879, Leuckart instituted the class of Sporozoa in which he placed the 
 Psorospermice oviformes, and named them Coccidia. 
 
 The study of the Coccidia, based at first on the work of A. Schneider and 
 of Balbiani, since 1892 has made considerable progress, and the researches of 
 R. Pfeiffer, Simond, Leger, Labbe, Siedlecki, etc, have demonstrated that 
 the Coccidia are reproduced in two ways : sexually (sporogenesis) and 
 
 asexually (schizogenesis). 
 
 Coccidium oviforme . — In the encysted state, as it may be found in the 
 biliary canals of infested Rabbits, the parasite is an ovoid body — 30 fx to 
 
 Fig. 262. — Evolution of the Coccidium oviforme of the Rabbit’s liver. — After 
 
 Balbiani. 
 
 a, b, c, young Coccidia contained in the epithelium of the hepatic canali- 
 culi ; a, nucleus of the epithelial cell ; d, e, f, encysted adult Coccidia ; 
 g, h, i, k, l, development of the sporoblasts ; m, mature sporoblast, much 
 magnified, showing the two falciform corpuscles or sporozoites in their natural 
 position, with the remains of the granular mass ( nucleus de reliquat) ; n, com- 
 pressed sporoblast, with the two corpuscles separated from each other ; 0, a 
 spore ; y, its nucleus. 
 
 50 fx long by 14 n to 28 /x broad — enclosed in a double contoured shell (cyst), 
 with a depression (micropyle) at one of its poles. At first the cyst is filled 
 with protoplasm ; very soon the latter separates from the wall and contracts 
 into a nucleated spherical mass (Fig. 262, /). It is the last phase of parasitic 
 development observed in the liver ; the Coccidia pass with the bile from the 
 liver into the intestine, and are carried out with the excreta. Their ulterior 
 evolution takes place in water or in moist earth. If some of the ripe cysts 
 from an infested liver are placed under a thin layer of water, on damp sand, or 
 on a piece of charcoal in a moist chamber, their development may be followed. 
 The rapidity of their evolution depends upon the conditions of temperature 
 and oxygenation in which they are placed. The process may be completed 
 in from ten to fifteen days (Balbiani), or in four or five days according to 
 R. Pfeiffer. Segmentation divides the protoplasmic sphere into two, then into 
 
428 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 four smaller spheres or sporoblasts ; each of these elongates, surrounds itself with 
 a double membrane, and becomes a sporocyst. The division of the contents 
 of each sporocyst results in the formation of two nucleated comma-shaped 
 protoplasmic bodies ( sporozoites ) placed in inverse direction — the rounded 
 extremity of one being in contact with the pointed extremity of the other — 
 and between them may be seen the remains of the granular mass. In this 
 state the cysts may exist without alteration for a very long time in external 
 media. Introduced into the intestine with the food or water, the ripe cysts 
 are dissolved by the pancreatic juice ; the sporocysts, set free, open and 
 liberate the sporozoites which more or less rapidly gain the biliary canals 
 and invade their epithelial cells. 
 
 The multiplication of Coccidium oviforme, within the epithelial cells, is 
 accomplished by fecundation and by schizogenesis after the manner already 
 indicated (p. 272). Fecundation has not been observed in Coccidium cuniculi, 
 but probably it is identical with that which has been seen in allied species. 
 Influenced by chemotactic attraction, several microgametes come in contact 
 with the macrogamete ; one of them penetrates by the micropyle, which is then 
 
 closed. The male nucleus blends with the 
 female nucleus, and together they constitute 
 the oocyst : it is the encysted coccidium or 
 sporont, which by sporogenesis, will produce 
 sporoblasts, then sporozoites. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — At the 
 
 autopsy of a rabbit affected with 
 Coccidiosis, the liver may present its 
 normal volume and weight if infesta- 
 tion is not very marked ; but generally 
 it is much larger in size and heavier — 
 sometimes treble its normal condition, 
 and all the lesions of cachexia and 
 abdominal dropsy are observed. The 
 hepatic parenchyma is studded or 
 crammed with whitish - yellow cysts, 
 from the size of a millet-seed to that of a pea, or even a nut ; and 
 globular, elongated, or lobulated, giving the surface of the liver 
 a mammillated appearance. Their number is at times so great that 
 the intervening parenchyma is completely atrophied. These cysts 
 contain a thick, yellow, creamy, grumous or caseous matter, chiefly 
 composed of the encysted Coccidia, epithelial cells undergoing fatty 
 degeneration, free nuclei, and fat-drops. The membrane limiting 
 these nodules is only the altered wall of a hepatic canal, which, 
 under the influence of irritation, has formed a thick capsule of con- 
 nective tissue, constituted by concentric fibres and numerous nuclei. 
 
 These altered and transformed hepatic tubes have generally 
 maintained their communication with the neighbouring canaliculi ; 
 though it may happen that a connective- tissue formation has isolated 
 and encysted them, in a manner analogous to the encystment that 
 takes place around foreign bodies or old tubercles. The gall-bladder 
 contains products very similar to those in the hepatic nodules, which 
 indicates a communication, more or less direct, between the nodules 
 and the biliary canals. 
 
 The hepatic lobules have undergone various changes. Sometimes 
 they are replaced by connective tissue, as in biliary cirrhosis ; at 
 
 Fig. 263. — Coccidium oviforme 
 in the epithelial cells of the 
 hepatic ducts, displacing the 
 nuclei of the cells. — Balbiani. 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 429 
 
 other times they are atrophied by the peripheral compression of the 
 parasitic cysts, or by hypertrophy of the interlobular connective 
 tissue. 
 
 The Coccidia show themselves in two principal forms — free or 
 encysted. The free Coccidia (schizonts, merozoites, or young 
 macrogametes) are most frequently spherical or slightly elongated, 
 and measure 11 /x to 14 /x broad, and 17 /x to 22 /x long. Some are 
 almost homogeneous and very refrangent, with a darker central point ; 
 the others are altogether granular, without a central point, 
 and resemble cells undergoing fatty degeneration ; their volume 
 varies from 6 /x or 8 /x to 30 /x. They are often included in epithelial 
 cells, and solitary or grouped in small masses in the same cell. The 
 encysted Coccidia ( oocyst ) may also exist in the interior of a cell ; 
 and, like the preceding, they are sometimes lodged in large giant- 
 cells. 
 
 Fig. 264. — Section from the liver of a Rabbit invaded by the Coccidium 
 oviforme. The hepatic ducts are dilated by the parasitic productions. 
 — Balbiani. 
 
 It is not rare to find white particles floating in the bile, similar to 
 the contents of the tumours, and almost exclusively formed of 
 Coccidia. Rivolta once found numerous encysted Coccidia in the 
 epithelium of a dilated gall-bladder. 
 
 Symptoms. — Interference with the biliary secretion, alteration of 
 its product, destruction of hepatic tissue, and vascular compression 
 explain the symptoms by which C-occidiosis of the liver is manifested 
 when the disease involves a large part of the organ. 
 
 The Rabbits lose flesh, the appetite disappears, and the fur loses 
 its lustre and becomes matted ; they are also less lively and alert. 
 Notwithstanding good food, they continue to waste, their mucous 
 membranes become pale or assume an icteric tint, the hair is erect, 
 the weight rapidly diminishes, and marasmus is accentuated by 
 tympanites ; there is ascites, an exhausting diarrhoea, uncertain or 
 
430 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 staggering movements, etc. ; in fine, all the symptoms of pernicious 
 anaemia. Death takes place in convulsions in two or three months. 
 Often, however, a very large number of Coccidia will be found in the 
 liver, and yet the animals during life do not show any evidence of 
 their presence. Claude Bernard found that puncture of the floor of 
 the fourth ventricle in Rabbits affected with advanced Coccidiosis, 
 does not produce diabetes. 
 
 Diagnosis can only be established by examination of the faeces, 
 which ought to contain encysted Coccidia. Unfortunately, the 
 hepatic form cannot positively be distinguished from the intestinal 
 form ; but the first is much more frequent than the second, which 
 is always accompanied by diarrhoea, and its flux contains many more 
 parasites than that arising from infestation of the liver. 
 
 Frequency. — Coccidiosis of the liver is common in Italy, in France, 
 and in England ; very rare in America. It is prevalent in the en- 
 virons of Paris, where rabbits are often crowded in small, badly-kept 
 hutches. Delepine estimates at 92 per cent, the proportion of 
 rabbits affected with Coccidiosis in England. Breeders attribute 
 the development of the disease to an exclusive diet of green food — 
 an opinion supported by the conditions of sporogenesis. But the 
 nature of the food is not the sole cause ; dampness of the litter also 
 assists in the propagation of the parasite. Hepatic Coccidiosis and 
 Coccidiosis of the intestine may co-exist. Both are met with con- 
 currently in the wild rabbit, and sometimes in the epizootic form. 
 Ch. Robin appears to have seen Coccidium oviforme in the liver 
 of the Guinea-pig. The liver of Man may be invaded by the same 
 parasite (Giibler, Dressier, Leuckart, Silcock, Podwyssozki). Lastly, 
 Johne connects with Coccidium cuniculi numerous Coccidia (?) 
 which he found in the liquid contents of irregular-shaped cysts 
 situated at the upper border of the liver of a Pig ; but they were 
 three or four times larger than those of the Rabbit, as they measured 
 120 fx long by 70 /Jj broa 1. 
 
 Treatment. — Hepatic Coccidiosis may occasion serious loss in 
 rabbit-hutches, and gravely compromise the rearing of Rabbits. 
 
 When it is present, it is easy to arrest its ravages by separating the 
 healthy from the diseased animals, and by carefully carrying out 
 disinfection by means of boiling water, in the places where the sick 
 creatures have deposited their excrements, along with the encysted 
 Coccidia. It is more advantageous to sacrifice the diseased or 
 suspected Rabbits, than to undertake their medical treatment. 
 Their viscera should not be thrown on dung-heaps, nor in yards, as 
 is usually done, but burned, or purified by prolonged boiling. 
 
 The indications are to have the hutches in dry, and sufficiently 
 well-aired and lighted situations. The Rabbits should be given 
 fortifying healthy food, with hay and corn from time to time, and 
 pure water should always be accessible to them. 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 43i 
 
 Article II. — Echinosoccosis of the Liver. 
 
 Echinococci. — The Echinococci (Echinococcus veterinorum Rud., 
 Ech. polymorphus Diesing) represent the cystic phase of the Tcenia 
 echinococcus of Von Siebold, which lives principally in the intestine 
 of the Dog. The carnivorous bearer of that Tape-worm expels, 
 with its faeces, the mature proglottides gorged with ova ; and the 
 latter, protected by the resistance of their shell from external 
 causes of destruction, are many of them carried into drinking water, 
 or into the alimentary matters of Man and animals, and with them 
 gain access to the digestive canal. The experiments of Von Siebold, 
 Kuchenmeister, Van Beneden, Leuckart, etc., have placed beyond 
 doubt the relationship between the Echinococci and the Tcenia 
 echinococcus. 
 
 The Echinococci — also called Hydatids — are met with in very 
 varied hosts. They have been found in Man, various species of 
 Monkeys, the Dog and Cat, Ichneumon, Rabbit, Squirrel, Pig, Wild 
 Boar, Ox, Argali, Sheep, Goat, Deer, Giraffe, Camel, Dromedary, 
 Elan, Antelope, Horse, Zebra, Elephant, American Tapir, and Giant 
 Kangaroo. They have also been observed in the Turkey. But 
 they are most frequent in Ruminants and the Pig. 
 
 They are met with in the most varied organs, but the liver is the 
 favourite seat ; then the lungs, and after them the kidneys, spleen, 
 intestinal walls, serous membranes, heart, muscles, and even the 
 bones. The same animal may be invaded in several of these organs, 
 and instances are on record in which there was general infestation 
 that induced pronounced cachexia. Such was the case of a sow two 
 years old, reported by Dupuy, which had been affected with para- 
 plegia, and was found on examination after death to have hydatids 
 in several muscles of the loins, back and thighs, and in the liver, 
 lungs and kidneys. Megnin and Lemke have made known similar 
 cases. 
 
 The development of the hydatid is very slow. The embryos of the 
 Tcenia echinococcus probably enter the liver by the portal system. 
 Leuckart, having succeeded in infesting sucking Pigs with ripe 
 segments of this Tape- worm, has noticed beneath the serous covering 
 of the liver, at the end of four weeks, small white nodules scarcely a 
 millimetre in diameter. Each of these consisted of a cyst of connec- 
 tive tissue, formed at the expense of the hepatic tissue, and containing 
 a globular body of a similar structure, which was a young Echino- 
 coccus. Two months after infestation, the Echinococci were nearly 
 double that size, and were already dropsical ; and towards the end of 
 the fifth month the cysts were the size of a nut — raising the serous 
 membrane more or less, and each contained a hydatid. This was 
 constituted by a spheroid tremulous vesicle with thick walls, whitish 
 in colour, and translucent (the mother -vesicle). The wall comprises 
 two quite distinct membranes — an external ( hydatic membrane), 
 which is a cuticle about *2 mm. thick, formed of a large number of 
 
432 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 concentric layers ; and an internal one (germinal membrane ), which 
 is thin and scarcely *12 mm. thick. The fluid that distends the 
 hydatid is colourless or slightly yellow, of a neutral or slightly acid 
 reaction. It may contain very diverse substances, the majority of 
 which are foreign to it, and enter it — by endosmosis — from the blood 
 or adjacent organs. 
 
 Besides these accidental substances, the hydatids contain variable 
 proportions of a leucomain — discovered by Mourson and Schlagden- 
 hauffen — which is nutritive waste. Its abundance is in proportion 
 to the activity of nutrition, which is very great when the heads of 
 the Taenia are growing, and small at the resting period of the 
 Echinococcus. To the presence of this alkaloid are attributed the 
 urticaria and peritonitis observed in Man, in cases in which the 
 hydatid opens into the large serous cavities. 
 
 Exceptionally, the Echinococcus does not get beyond this stage, 
 
 Fig. 265. — A proligerous vesicle; Fig. 266. — Diagram of a proligerous 
 highly magnified. — Railliet. vesicle, to show the manner in 
 
 which the heads of the Taenia are 
 formed in its interior. — Railliet. 
 
 and it is then — since the days of Laennec — named an Acephalocyst. 
 But it usually happens that, when the mother-vesicle has sufficiently 
 enlarged, there appear on the internal surface of the germinal 
 membrane, small papillae arranged in more or less closely-set groups. 
 Each of these has a cavity that gradually enlarges, and the inner 
 surface of which soon becomes differentiated into a thin cuticle. 
 The vesicles thus formed are attached to the germinal membrane by a 
 short pedicle, and are designated proligerous vesicles. Their internal 
 face will form the heads of Taeniae, or scolices ; there are usually 5 to 
 10, or 20, or even 34, in the interior of the same proligerous vesicle, 
 and they are not always of the same age or size. When completely 
 developed, they are small round bodies, measuring on the average 
 ■19 mm. by 'i6 mm. ; the pole opposite to the pedicle shows a 
 depression formed by the invagination of the head itself, and on the 
 sides are the suckers, at the bottom of a double crown of hooks. The 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 433 
 
 latter are similar to those of the adult Taenia, though slightly longer, 
 and at the periphery of the head are distributed a considerable 
 number of calcareous particles or corpuscles. Evaginated, it 
 appears as in Figure 267, B. The vesicles burst, and the heads 
 separate from them and float at liberty in the fluid for a long time 
 after the hydatid is dead, or when it is placed in water, which enters 
 it by osmosis. 
 
 The proligerous vesicles are not the only mode of multiplication of 
 the Echinococcus ; for there may form what are called secondary 
 vesicles or daughter -bladders, which have all the characters of the 
 mother -vesicle. Originating in the substance of the cuticle or hydatic 
 membrane, they gradually distend, then rupture it, and fall external 
 to or inside the mother- vesicle, according to the conditions in which 
 development is effected. In the first case, there are secondary 
 
 Fig. 267 . — Echinococcus polymorphus. 
 
 A, young Taenia detached from the 
 proligerous vesicle, to which it was 
 fixed by its inferior pedicle ; the head 
 is retracted inside the neck. B, the 
 same, with the head evaginated. — After 
 Perroncito. 
 
 A 
 
 F lg. 268 . — Echinococcus polymorphus. 
 A, side and front view of hooks ; B, 
 isolated suckers. 
 
 external or exogenous vesicles, and the Echinococcus has been called 
 Echinococcus scolecipariens (Kiichenmeister) and E. simplex or 
 E. granulosus (Leuckart). In the second case, there are secondary 
 internil or eniogenous vesicles, and the Echinococcus has received 
 the names E. altricipariens (Kiichenmeister) and E. hydatidosus 
 (Leuckart). 
 
 The mode of formation of these two sorts of Echinococci remains 
 the same, and there is nothing fundamental in the distinction ; it 
 may be remarked, however, that the two kinds of secondary vesicles 
 are not generally found in the same Echinococcus, nor yet in the 
 same host. 
 
 The secondary exogenous vesicles are more especially common in 
 Ruminants and the Pig, and they are not rare in Man. They 
 usually remain small, and may pass unperceived ; they most 
 frequently belong to medium-sized Echinococci. 
 
 28 
 
434 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The secondary endogenous vesicles are most frequent in Man, the 
 Pig, and the Horse — though they have been seen by Railliet also in 
 the Ox ; they are generally much larger than the external ones. 
 
 The secondary vesicles are also capable of throwing out — by 
 intracuticular budding — other vesicles of a tertiary order, external 
 or internal like them, and called grand- daughter vesicles. 
 
 The secondary vesicles , daughter, and grand- daughter — external or 
 internal — are capable of developing proligerous vesicles, and, con- 
 sequently, the heads of Taeniae, at least as well as the mother- 
 vesicle ; like it, also, they may remain sterile and form acephalocysts. 
 
 There is also a special form of Echinococcus that receives the name 
 
 VI 
 
 Fig. 269. — Echinococcus polymorphus : diagram of the formation of pro- 
 ligerous and secondary vesicles. — Railliet. 
 
 ct, cuticle or hydatic membrane ; m, germinal vesicle ; vf, secondary or 
 daughter- vesicle commencing its formation ; vf, daughter-vesicles passing 
 internally ; vf" , daughter-vesicle passing externally ; vfe, external or exo- 
 genous daughter-vesicles ; vfi, internal grand-daughter or endogenous vesicle ; 
 vpfi, internal grand-daughter vesicle ; vpfe, external grand-daughter vesicle, 
 which appears to be produced in the multilocular Echinococcus. 
 
 of Echinococcus multilocular is or E. alveolaris , which is distinguished 
 from the preceding by the size of the vesicles — these remaining very 
 small, from the size of a millet-seed to that of a pea at most. These 
 vesicles remain agglomerated in masses, which may grow as big as 
 the head of an infant, and are attached to each other by a common 
 connective-tissue stroma, resulting from the fusion of their adven- 
 titious capsules. The masses they form have the appearance of 
 well-defined tumours easy to enucleate, and a section of them shows 
 a number of alveoli, each filled with what looks like colloid matter, 
 but which is nothing more than a vesicle with its wall collapsed and 
 doubled-up on itself. The multilocular Echinococci are less fre- 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 435 
 
 quently fertile than the ordinary hydatids, and the number of the 
 heads more particularly always remains limited, their discovery 
 sometimes requiring long and diligent search. Little is known as 
 yet with regard to the development of these Echinococci ; perhaps 
 they result, as Meyer has said, from exogenous budding of the 
 daughter and grand-daughter vesicles, arising from a small number 
 of the mother- vesicles. They have been more especially observed in 
 Man ; but we possess at present 36 recorded instances in which they 
 have been found in animals, 23 of these being due to Ostertag. Only 
 four of them were furnished by the Pig, all the others by the Ox, and 
 nearly all the Echinococci were found in the liver. 
 
 The multilocular Echinococcus is distinguished not only by its 
 appearance from the other Echinococci, but it has a particular 
 geographical distribution — at least in Man. Thus it is never seen in 
 Iceland nor Australia, where the hydatic cysts are endemic ; and of 
 182 cases of hydatids observed in Mecklenburg, only one had this 
 form. It is in Wurtemburg, Bavaria, and Switzerland — where the 
 hydatic cysts are relatively rare — that the alveolar Echinococcus has 
 been most frequently encountered. The hydatids of this form 
 observed in Oxen and Pigs were chiefly in the abbatoirs of Munich 
 (Bollinger, Brinsteiner) and of Berlin (Ostertag). 
 
 Man alone furnishes important information as to the longevity of 
 the hydatids, and it appears that this may be very great. Courty 
 has observed a case of hydatid in the iliac region, that dated for 
 thirty-five years. Raynal operated on a woman, in whom the 
 swelling had gradually spread during forty- three years over a con- 
 siderable portion of the face, and attained the size of a child’s head. 
 Raymond has seen an Echinococcus persist for seven years in a 
 Horse. 
 
 In growing older, the hydatid undergoes modifications. These are 
 sometimes limited to increase in volume and thickening of the 
 cuticle, which may attain 1 mm. By remaining simple, the hydatid 
 is capable of acquiring a diameter of 15 cm. ; though this is excep- 
 tional, and most frequently it remains no larger than the fist. In 
 general, the increase in size is due to the formation of secondary 
 vesicles, which — if they are internal — cause the mother-vesicle to 
 undergo a dilatation that is rarely regular, and is usually subordinate 
 to the resistance that the organs of the host offer to its extension. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — Echinococcosis of the liver is more par- 
 ticularly prevalent in Ruminants and the Pig ; a few instances have 
 been observed in the Horse and Ass. 
 
 It is often difficult to ascertain the number of Echinococci by 
 which the liver is invaded, in consequence of the impossibility of 
 distinguishing the secondary external vesicles from the mother- 
 vesicles. 
 
 The hydatids sometimes cause considerable alterations in the liver 
 of their host. There is formed, at first, a cyst for each mother - 
 vesicle, and the external vesicles may remain in this cyst — which is 
 amplified in proportion to their growth ; or it may throw out ampul- 
 
 28 — 2 
 
436 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 lary ramifications, each having one or several secondary vesicles. 
 These ramifications remain in communication with the primary cyst, 
 or separate from it by the constriction of the intermediate canal, 
 causing obstruction, and sometimes its atrophy. The walls of the 
 cyst have a variable thickness, which may be from 5 mm. to iamm. ; 
 they are coriaceous, resisting, have not many vessels, are smooth on 
 their inner surface, and in general free from adhesions with the 
 surface of the hydatids. The latter can be extracted by careful 
 incisions made with the scalpel guided by a director. 
 
 A liver invaded by the Echinococci is considerably modified in its 
 aspect. Its volume and weight are augmented — sometimes tenfold. 
 The liver of the Ox, which, in the normal state, weighs about 5 kilo- 
 
 Fig. 270. — Liver of the Pig invaded by an enormous quantity of Echinococci. 
 This liver measured *56 m. broad and *41 m. high, and weighed 12-500 
 kilogrammes (about 27 pounds). — Railliet. 
 
 grammes, may when affected with hydatids amount to 50 kilo- 
 grammes. East has found it weigh 130 pounds, Roberts and 
 Gregory 145 to 146 pounds, and Ringk 158 pounds. It is the same 
 in the Pig ; in health the average weight of this organ is about 
 2 kilogrammes, but it may acquire an enormous volume — Cartwright 
 has found it to be 50 pounds, and Girard no pounds. 
 
 The increase in volume entails modifications in the neighbouring 
 organs, which are displaced, compressed, deranged, and hindered in 
 their functions. The curvature of the diaphragm is increased, and 
 the lungs are diminished in size ; while the intestine sometimes 
 shows constrictions, and the peritoneum contracts adhesions. 
 
 The liver is lumpy on its surface, and instead of a uniform tint, it 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 437 
 
 shows round white patches corresponding to the hydatids. The 
 visceral peritoneum and Glisson’s capsule are notably thickened, 
 and may form adhesions with the diaphragm, intestine, etc. The 
 hepatic tissue is compressed, discoloured, and atrophied, and has 
 become fibrous at points in the vicinity of the hydatids, and par- 
 ticularly at those which are intermediate to two or more voluminous 
 vesicles, where it only appears as an eyot or band. A deep section 
 of the organ lays open round, irregular, and unequal cavities, lined 
 by the cystic membrane, from which the hydatic fluid spurts out, 
 with the intact vesicles. 
 
 As they become older, the hydatids are modified, and are often 
 destroyed. The walls of the cyst become more thickened ; between 
 its internal surface and that of the hydatid are deposited layers of 
 a material which appears tuberculous or sebaceous, semi-fluid, some- 
 times thick and consistent ; sometimes, also, there is pus or blood ; 
 these concrete in concentric strata (Briickmuller). This deposited 
 matter compresses the hydatic vesicle on all sides, or pushes it 
 against the side of the cyst ; its liquid contents diminish, its walls 
 become shrivelled and approach each other, and the cavity finally 
 disappears. Gradually the secreted matter becomes thicker, 
 concretes, assumes the consistency of mastic, then that of chalk, and 
 is at last a calcareous mass. An attentive examination may discover 
 in it membranous shreds of the Echinococcus ; but most frequently 
 only the hooks, the chitinous nature of which preserves them from 
 destruction. According to Bremser, Ruysch and several others 
 have made the following observation : * Finally, the vesicle disap- 
 pears, and the hydatid is transformed entirely into a calcareous mas=, 
 which may sometimes be detached as readily as the healthy hydatid, 
 from the organ in which it is found.’ 
 
 The multilocular Echinococcus is characterized by the restricted 
 dimensions of its vesicles, by the frequent sterility of these, and by 
 their agglomeration into colloid tumours, which have been compared 
 by Guillebeau to a head of cauliflower. The stroma forming the 
 framework and the envelope of the tumour does not undergo trans- 
 formation by softening, which is usual in the multilocular Echino- 
 coccus of Man, and the connective matrix has not acquired the same 
 importance. The hydatid is surrounded by a layer of irregularly 
 cubical giant-cells, from 50 //. to 60 n in diameter, with numerous 
 peripheral nuclei ; and external to these are several rows of round 
 epithelioid cells. These pseudo-tubercles are united into one con- 
 glomerate tubercle by a layer of connective fibrous tissue. At some 
 points the giant-cells are replaced by radiating fusiform cells. 
 Sometimes there can be seen a single giant-cell, which envelops a 
 hydatid (Guillebeau). 
 
 Symptoms. — The signs that indicate the presence of Echinococci 
 in the liver of the Ox are varied and obscure. They are more per- 
 ceptible if the lungs are also invaded by the same parasites, and their 
 existence in the liver may then be suspected by some symptoms 
 which now manifest themselves (see Echinococcosis of the Lungs). 
 
438 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 If the liver alone is invaded, there may be some indications of fever 
 in the respiration, circulation and digestion ; but in general these 
 pass unperceived. When the malady is well advanced, appetite and 
 rumination become irregular, and all the more so as the case is 
 serious. The animal wastes, the skin is dry, and the coat dull and 
 staring. Pressure and percussion on the last four ribs of the right 
 side cause pain, and produce a dull sound. Sometimes there is an 
 icteric tint of the conjunctive, and obstinate diarrhoea. Rectal 
 exploration sometimes discovers the liver enormously enlarged, and 
 this gives rise to suspicion of the cause. 
 
 In the Sheep , the same vague symptoms accompany hydatids of 
 the liver ; there is feebleness, dulness and indifference, though these 
 may not be very marked, except at the last stages of the malady, 
 when the animal is altogether cachectic. Other symptoms are 
 recurrent tympanites, and pruritus at various points ; the wool is 
 dry and brittle, and easily pulled out ; and, in general, the symptoms 
 are confounded with those of distomiasis, which may coexist with 
 hydatid disease. 
 
 No particular symptoms have been mentioned as betraying the 
 existence of echinococcosis of the Liver in the Pig ; they should be 
 somewhat the same, however, as those observed in the Ox and 
 Sheep. 
 
 There is no need to notice the symptoms that result from rupture 
 of the hydatids of the liver, and discharge of their contents into the 
 peritoneal cavity, as this eventuality, which is not exceptional in 
 Man, does not appear to have been observed in animals. 
 
 The disease rarely terminates in death, and most frequently is only 
 discovered after the animal has been slaughtered at the abbatoir. 
 
 Etiology. — The essential cause of Echinococcosis is evidently 
 related to the proximity of Dogs, which harbour the Tania echino- 
 coccus in their intestine ; but it may be aided in its effects by 
 secondary circumstances. 
 
 Geographical Distribution . — Echinococcosis appears to be cosmo- 
 politan in the Dog itself, according to the statistics relative to Man. 
 Similar investigations have not been made with respect to animals, 
 but we may conclude that hydatids are much more frequent in them 
 than in our own species. Of the whole of Continental Europe, 
 Mecklenburg appears to be most infested by Echinococci — in some 
 districts they are found in 26 to 50 per cent, of the Oxen, 75 per cent, 
 of the Sheep, and 5 to 8 per cent, of the Pigs, while Man pays a 
 larger tribute to them than elsewhere. 
 
 Bollinger states that in Southern Germany echinococcosis is the 
 most common endoparasitic malady of Ruminants, after tubercu- 
 losis and distomiasis ; and Schmidt estimates the annual money 
 loss it causes in Prussia at 200,000 francs (Friedberger and Frohner). 
 
 But Iceland is beyond all other countries in this respect — a cir- 
 cumstance due to the considerable proportion of Dogs and Rumi- 
 nants there. Krabbe estimates the number of Dogs at 15,000 to 
 20,000 to a human population of about 70,000 ; and we have seen 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 439 
 
 that these dogs are infested with Tsenia echinococcus in the propor- 
 tion of 30 per cent. Sheep are in the proportion of 488 and Cattle 
 36 to every 100 people. Men, Dogs and Cattle live in close pro- 
 miscuity — at least, in winter — and reciprocal infestation is therefore 
 assured. Echinococci are very frequent in the human species, and 
 still more so in the domesticated herbivora. Ewes and Cows are 
 more often infested than the males, and to such a degree does this 
 occur that it is quite exceptional not to find them in Ewes four years 
 old, or in Cows which have reached ten years. Finsen attributes 
 this greater frequency to the fact that Ewes and Cows graze about 
 the houses during summer, and are in this way continually in contact 
 with the Dogs ; while the Sheep and Oxen are driven to the moun- 
 tains in the spring, and remain there until the autumn. Hjaltelin 
 states that hydatids occur in more than every fifth Sheep in Iceland ; 
 that they have been seen there in every third Sheep over three years 
 old ; and that in one district they are found in every adult Sheep. 
 He also states that one-sixth to one-seventh of the population suffer 
 from Echinococcus. When the animals are killed to put their flesh 
 in salt, the viscera are thrown away and not buried ; on these the 
 Dogs feed, and so become infested with the parasite. 
 
 In India, where Dogs are very numerous, 70 per cent, of the Cattle 
 are affected with echinococcosis of the liver. In other parts of Asia, 
 the disease is probably as prevalent in animals, and proportionately 
 so in Man. In Eastern Siberia it would appear to prevail even to a 
 larger extent than in Iceland ; for Kaschin asserts that in nearly all 
 the 'post-mortem examinations he had made of Buratis — a Mongolian 
 people who live there — he found hydatids in the liver and heart. 
 The accounts which are given of the mode of life and customs of this 
 nomadic race give a clue to this grave infestation. In unfavour- 
 able weather, for example, and particularly in winter, they live in 
 the same tents or ‘ yourts ’ as the Cattle and Dogs, and in the most 
 loathsome state of filth and uncleanliness ; since they wash neither 
 their dishes nor their own bodies, and wear their clothing until it 
 falls to pieces. Like the Icelanders, they allow the Dogs to clean 
 their wooden dishes by licking them. Australia is infested with 
 echinococci to nearly as serious an extent as Iceland, according to 
 the reports of J. D. Thomas. 
 
 Treatment. — Owing to the difficulties attending diagnosis, and the 
 slight disturbance to health caused by the hepatic Echinococci, this 
 disease has not received much attention hitherto, so far as curative 
 treatment is concerned. But prophylaxis is very important. It 
 would be absolute if the Tsenia echinococcus could be destroyed ; and 
 this would be effected if Dogs were not allowed to eat viscera con- 
 taining, or suspected to contain, hydatids, and were submitted to 
 periodic anthelmintic treatment — this is a matter for shepherds and 
 butchers to attend to. 
 
 With regard to the prevention of the introduction of the ova of 
 the Tsenia into the digestive canal of Oxen, Sheep or Pigs, this can 
 be effected by not permitting them to graze on pastures where Dogs 
 
440 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 have deposited their faeces, nor to give them forage suspected of 
 having been soiled by these animals ; but this is in practice almost 
 impossible. 
 
 Article III. — Distomiasis (or Fascioliasis) of the Liver. 
 
 The term Distomiasis (Wiame) or Distomatosis (Zundel) designates 
 any affection due to Distomata. Fascioliasis has also been em- 
 ployed in England, the parasite being named by some authorities 
 the Fasciola hepatica. 
 
 The principal species of Distomes of the domesticated animals 
 live in the liver, and the hepatic form is therefore the most important 
 of the Distomiases. In the first line is placed that which is produced 
 in the herbivora, and especially in the Sheep, by the Distomum 
 hepaticum and the Distomum lanceolatum. 
 
 i. The Distomiasis of the Herbivora. 
 
 The distomiasis of herbivora has been known for a very long time 
 under numerous designations, which have been applied almost 
 exclusively to the ovine species. Chabert enumerates not less than 
 75. The principal of these are : Cachexie aqueuse , Pourriture , Bete 
 pourrie, Mai he foie , Foie douve, Douve, Douvette , Jaunisse, Bouteille, 
 Boule, Gamadure, Gouloumon , Ganache , Phthisie vermineuse du foie 
 (Fromage de Feugre), Cachexie ictero-vermineuse (Roll), etc. ; in 
 Germany, Leberfdule , Egelfdule , Leber egelkrankeit , Leber egelseuche, 
 Anbrihhigkeit ; in England, Ret, Rot-dropsy ( Fascioliasis , Liver rot , 
 Fluke disease , Cachexia aquosa verminosa) ; in Italy, Bisciuola, 
 Marciaja ; in Holland, Hot ongans. 
 
 The Distomes of the liver have been reeognised for a long time, but the 
 first mention of them is due to Jean de Brie — 1379 ; they were known in 
 France by the name of douves — a designation still applied to them every 
 day. A long time afterwards — 1547 — Gabucinus spoke of worms resembling 
 pumpkin-seeds, as inhabiting the liver of Sheep and Goats, and in course 
 of time other observers made the same remark. Davaine has given an 
 excellent resume of the history of these worms. From an early period, the 
 disease caused by Dis'.omata was known in England as ‘ Rot,’ while the 
 parasites themselves were and are alluded to as Flukes, from their resemblance 
 to a flounder. 
 
 Etiology. — The essential agents in the production of Distomiasis 
 are the Distomum hepaticum and, secondarily, the Distomum 
 lanceolatum. 
 
 DISTOMUM HEPATICUM (Linn.). — Body flattened, foliaceous, of an 
 irregular, pale-brown colour, and 18 mm. to 31 mm. long, by 10 mm. to 
 13 mm. broad, in the adult ; oblong oval or lanceolated in shape, broader 
 and rounder in front, where it suddenly contracts to form a kind of conical 
 neck ; attenuated and obtuse behind. Cuticle studded with numerous small 
 prickles directed backwards. Oral sucker terminal, small, and round ; 
 ventral sucker large and salient, with a triangular opening, and situated 
 3 mm. behind the first. Intestine with two ramifying branches — sub-genus 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 441 
 
 Cladoccelium — visible through the integuments, and of a dark hue. Penis 
 salient, in front of the abdominal sucker, and always curved. Vulva very 
 small, and situated beside the male opening or a little behind it. Ova brown 
 or greenish-yellow, and ovoid in shape, measuring 130 /a to 145 n long, and 
 70 n to 90 /a broad. 
 
 DISTOMCJM LANCEOLATUM (Mehlis).— Body semi-transparent, speckled 
 brown by the ova, and 4 mm. to 9 mm. long and 2*5 mm. broad ; lancet- 
 shaped, obtuse behind, attenuated in front, where it is terminated by the 
 oral sucker, which is nearly as large as the ventral. Integument smooth. 
 Intestine has two non-ramified branches — sub-genus Dicroccelium. Penis 
 long, and generally straight. Genital openings very near each other. Eggs 
 ovoid, and 37 /a to 40 /a long. 
 
 Hosts. — The Distomum hepa- 
 ticum is, above all others, a 
 parasite of Ruminants, in the 
 liver of which it is very often 
 met with — such are the Sheep, 
 
 B 
 
 Fig. 271. — Distomum hepaticum ; 
 natural size. — Railliet. 
 
 A, young specimen ; B, adult. 
 
 vo 
 
 Fig. 272. — Digestive apparatus and 
 nervous system of the hepatic Fluke; 
 th nervous system is diagrammatic.* 
 
 * vo, buccal sucker ; vv, ventral sucker ; ph, pharynx ; oe, oesophagus ; b, 
 branches of the intestine; r, their ramifications ; g, nerve ganglia ; n," ventral 
 nerve. 
 
 Goat, Camel, and a certain number of wild species. It is found, 
 besides, in several other domestic and wild animals — the Horse, Ass 
 (Buffalo), Pig, Elephant, Rabbit, and even in Man. 
 
 With regard to the Distomum lanceolatum , it is generally observed, 
 with the preceding, in the bile-ducts of Ruminants ; and it has also 
 been noted in the Rabbit, Hare, Pig, Ass (Sonsino), Dog, Cat, and 
 Man. 
 
 Geographical Distribution. — According to Leuckart, Distomum 
 lanceolatum is found more often in the South of Europe than in the 
 North, which may be due to differences in the mode of keeping 
 stock, and to the nature of the pastures. 
 
 D, hepaticum prevails in the eastern provinces of Prussia (Gerlach), 
 and the D. lanceolatum is universally and almost exclusively spread 
 
442 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 throughout Thuringia (Ziirn), 
 Guillebeau). 
 
 The hepatic Fluke is found all 
 
 Fig. 273. — Genital apparatus of the 
 Hepatic Fluke. — Railliet. 
 
 d, digestive tube ; vv, ventral 
 sucker ; t, anterior testicle ; cd, its vas 
 deferens ; t', posterior testicle ; cd’, its 
 vas deferens ; vs, seminal vesicle ; sg, 
 genital sinus ; pg, genital pore ; pc, 
 cirrus pouch ; 0, ovary ; do, oviducts ; 
 gc, glands of the shell ; ga, albumini- 
 genous glands ; cl, longitudinal albu- 
 miniferous canal ; ct, transverse albu- 
 miniferous canal ; u, uterus ; v, vagina. 
 
 and at Berne (Siedamgrotzky, 
 
 over Europe, with the exception of 
 Iceland. It is very frequent in 
 the Shetland Islands, and it is not 
 rare in the Faroe Islands. It does 
 not appear to have been observed 
 in Asia, has scarcely been seen in 
 Africa, except in Egypt and Algeria, 
 
 Fig. 274. — Distomum lanceolatum ; 
 natural size and magnified 10 
 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 ph, pharynx ; oe, oesophagus ; i, 
 branches of the intestine non- 
 ramified and terminated in a cul-de- 
 sac ; vv, ventral sucker ; //', testicles ; 
 cd, cd', deferent canals ; pc, pouch of 
 the cirrus ; 0, ovary ; ga, albumini- 
 genous glands ; u, uterus ; v, vagina. 
 
 and it is common in South America, less so in North America ; while 
 it is often witnessed in Australia and Tasmania. It causes most 
 serious losses in Australia, into which country it was supposed to 
 have been introduced in 1855, by imported Rams sent from Germany 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 443 
 
 to Victoria. It is known in India, and has been found in the Buffalo 
 in that country ; while a different species has been met with in the 
 Elephant. According to Hamont, the annual fall of the Nile causes 
 the loss, from ‘ Rot,’ of 160,000 Sheep. In Burmah, Sheep hus- 
 bandry has been found impracticable because of its ravages. 
 
 D. lanceolatum has almost the same distribution. It appears to 
 be absent from England, but is found in the other parts of Europe, 
 in Siberia, and in the region of the Amoor (Manchuria), as well as in 
 Algeria and North America. 
 
 Influence of Species. — Notwithstanding the dissemination of 
 these two species of parasites, distomiasis scarcely exists as a special 
 disease except in the domesticated Ruminants. Cadeac has, how- 
 ever, published a very remarkable case in a she- Ass. It is frequent 
 in the Sheep, less so in the Ox and Pig, and still less so in the Horse. 
 
 Hertwig’s statistics of animals slaughtered at the Berlin abbatoir 
 during the year 1889-90 — 154,218 adult Bovines, 116,005 Calves, 
 430,362 Sheep, and 442,115 Pigs — demonstrate the great frequency 
 of distomiasis in Cattle ; as 75 to 80 per cent, of the livers of adult 
 Bovines were slightly affected, but the organ itself was condemned 
 as unfit for food — in consequence of the ravages of the parasite — in 
 31 per 1,000 ; while it was 9 per 1,000 in Sheep, -6 per 1,000 in 
 Calves, and ’12 per 1,000 in Pigs. These differences are explained by 
 the larger quantity of food — and consequently of germs — which the 
 Ox ingests in proportion to the Sheep ; while Calves rarely go on 
 any but dry pastures, and Pigs rarely graze at all. If Sheep are more 
 frequently affected than Oxen, it is because their lymphatic tempera- 
 ment offers less resistance to the effects of liver invasion by the 
 parasite. 
 
 Influence of Age. — Like most of the parasitic maladies, dis- 
 tomiasis finds a more favourable soil in young than in old animals — 
 Lambs, and year or two-year old Sheep paying a heavier tribute to 
 it than adults ; and in several of the epizootics affecting the bovine 
 species, Calves were the first attacked, Cattle two or two and a half 
 years old dying in greater proportion than those of a more advanced 
 age. 
 
 Influence of Humidity. — The disease generally appears most 
 frequently in an enzootic or epizootic form, and is — because of its 
 frequency and the mortality it occasions — a real scourge to agri- 
 culture. 
 
 A study of these epizootics shows that they always follow abun- 
 dant and prolonged rains, the influence of humidity constantly 
 holding a predominant position in their etiology, as might have been 
 anticipated from what has been said with regard to the migrations 
 of the Distomes. We will borrow from Delafond, Reynal, and 
 Davaine a resume of the principal of these epizootics. 
 
 ‘ The first epizooty mentioned in history is that which appeared in Holland 
 in 1552, and which Gemma named lues infanda pecovis. ^ 
 
 ‘ Fromann, in 1663, 1664, and 1665, observed in the Duchy of Coburg an 
 epizooty that attacked Sheep of all ages, Calves and Heifers up to two years 
 
444 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 old, but no Oxen or Cows. The Hares and Deer in the woods and pastures 
 died of this malady, and Horses, Goats, and Pigs were not exempt. Worms 
 were found in the liver of the diseased animals ; in four sheepfolds containing 
 altogether more than 3,000 Sheep, there scarcely remained 40. 
 
 ‘ In 1674, an affection also characterized by the presence of the Distome 
 in the liver was observed by Willins in Seeland ; it attacked nearly all the 
 animals ’ (Davaine). 
 
 In 1743 and 1744, the Rot carried off nearly all the Sheep in the territory 
 of Arles, and in 1761 all the flocks in Aveyron. 
 
 In 1761 and 1762, this disease decimated the Sheep in the North of France, 
 and especially in Bas Boulonnais. These two years were remarkable for the 
 heavy rainfall, particularly in summer, all the valleys being inundated. 
 
 In 1809, the greater part of France was ravaged by this disease, especially 
 the Beaujolais and Lyonnais. The Sheep constantly fed in the sheepfolds 
 were generally preserved. 
 
 ‘In 1812, the disease prevailed in the Midi, and principally in the depart- 
 ments of the Rhone, Herault, and Gard ; 300,000 Sheep perished in the Arles 
 territory, and 90,000 in the arrondissements of Nimes and Montpellier. 
 
 ‘ In 1816 and 1817, it again caused great destruction in many departments 
 of France. 
 
 ‘ In 1820, it reigned with intensity in the environs of Beziers. 
 
 ‘ In 1829 and 1830, it caused destruction in the majority of the localities in 
 the department of the Meuse and the neighbouring departments, and not only 
 the Sheep, but also the Oxen, perished in large numbers. In the arrondisse- 
 ment of Montmedy, of 24,000 or 25,000 Cattle about 5,000 were lost ; of the 
 Sheep, scarcely a moiety remained. Certain communes lost 200 Cattle and 
 1,500 to 1,800 Sheep’ (Davaine). Tn the arrondissement of Verdun, of 
 
 20,000 to 21,000 Cattle, 2,200 succumbed, and of about 50,000 Sheep, nearly 
 
 20.000 were carried off by the Rot. 
 
 ‘ In 1853 and 1854, the disease again prevailed in the greater part of France, 
 and principally in the departments of the centre ; in Berry, Gatinais, and 
 Sologne, the farmers lost a fourth, a third, and three-fourths of their flocks. 
 
 ‘ In England, according to Simonds, great outbreaks occurred in the years 
 1809, 1816, 1824, and 1830 ’ (Davaine.) 
 
 In 1830, the disease carried off in England about two millions of Sheep ; 
 the following year there were 5,000 less, weekly, in the Metropolitan markets. 
 
 In 1862, it prevailed so violently in Ireland that 60 per cent, of the Sheep 
 were destroyed. 
 
 During 1876, Slavonia lost 40 per cent, of its Cattle from distomatosis. 
 
 According to Zundel, the disease killed one-third of the Sheep in Alsace- 
 Lorraine, representing a value of 1,500,000 francs. 
 
 Wernicke reports that in 1882, in the southerly provinces of Buenos Ayres, 
 this malady killed not less than a million of Sheep. In the one district of 
 Tandil, more than 100,000 succumbed during the first eight months of 1886, 
 some breeders having lost nearly all of their flocks of 6,000 to 8,000 head each. 
 
 Youatt estimated that, in Great Britain, more than 1,000,000 Sheep 
 annually die of distomatosis. In 1879, England is supposed to have lost 
 about 3,000,000 Sheep, although ten counties did not record any fatality, 
 either because they were free from the malady or did not suffer more than 
 usual. And the loss was put down at the same number in 1880. It has been 
 remarked that epizootics of unusual magnitude occur about once in every 
 ten years. 
 
 Australia would appear to be as severely, and is certainly more constantly, 
 visited by this scourge than Great Britain, the losses being often enormous. 
 I11 1891 the destruction was very great, one owner alone having lost more than 
 
 10.000 Sheep. . , 
 
 Other considerations also demonstrate the influence of humidity 
 in the development of distomiasis. Thus, it is rare in summer, but 
 prevails with intensity in autumn, at the end of winter, and more 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 445 
 
 especially in the springtime — during the months of March, April, 
 and May. 
 
 It is most severely experienced in low-lying, damp, marshy 
 localities, in valleys liable to be inundated, in the neighbourhood of 
 ponds and stagnant water, at the estuaries of rivers, in wooded 
 localities, and on lands the soil or subsoil of which is clay and im- 
 permeable. It is present in an almost enzootic form in Sologne, 
 Berry, Gatinais, in the argillaceous zone of the landes of Gascony, 
 and in numerous parts of England, where it kills off a million of 
 Sheep every year. It would appear that no country is free from its 
 invasions. 
 
 Inundations naturally play an important part in this etiology. 
 The epizooty observed in 1761 and 1762 in the Bas Boulonnais was 
 due to this accident ; and that which ravaged the South of France 
 in 1810, 1811, and 1812 followed the overflowings of the Rhone and 
 its affluents. According to Hamont and Fischer, the disease appears 
 every year in Egypt after the overflowing of the Nile, and declares 
 itself successively in the places first freed from the floods ; they 
 estimate that 16,000 Sheep die every year from it. The illustrious 
 Bakewell, having remarked that, at the commencement of the 
 malady, fattening occurred more rapidly, purposely gave it to sheep 
 intended for slaughter, by placing them for some days during the 
 autumn on pastures which had been flooded during summer. 
 
 Certain very remarkable facts, in which humidity was only 
 noticeable, markedly indicate the intervention of the parasitic 
 cause. 
 
 Dupuy has seen 500 Sheep die of Rot, which had grazed on damp land, 
 where there were ponds full of stagnant water ; but fifteen, which could not 
 accompany them to this place because of lameness, remained healthy. 
 
 * A farmer in the neighbourhood of Wragby, Lincolnshire, brought twenty 
 Sheep to the fair, and left six at home. The twenty, not having been sold, 
 were brought back and pastured along with the six, and in the course of the 
 following winter the former died of Rot ; but those which had not left the 
 farm continued well. There could be no doubt as to the correctness of the 
 fact, as the Sheep sent to the fair were marked, but the others were not ; and 
 the loss of the twenty could only be ascribed to the supposition that they had 
 passed through some district or pasture-land where they acquired the germs 
 of the malady. 
 
 ‘ A Sheep belonging to a lot of twenty having broken its leg on leaving the 
 fair of Burgh, Lincolnshire, the remaining nineteen were parked in a pasture 
 at the end of the town until a conveyance could be procured to carry the 
 injured one. These nineteen Sheep died of Rot, but the damaged one escaped ’ 
 (Davaine). 
 
 Development and Metamorphoses of the Distomes. — For a long 
 time our knowledge of the etiology of distomiasis was confined almost 
 entirely to what has just been stated. Several observers — Creplin, 
 Ercolani, Baillet, and Leuckart, among others — were successful in 
 hatching ova of the Distomum hepaticum, but could not effect 
 the transformation of the embryo in its cercarigerous sac after 
 encystment in a mollusc. So that they were reduced to the most 
 plausible supposition, among others, that for this species the 
 
446 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 migrations and metamorphoses are analogous to those of the other 
 Distomes. It is to be remembered that Spinola asserted he had 
 developed distomiasis in a healthy (?) Sheep, in causing it to ingest 
 
 undetermined molluscs col- 
 lected on infected pastures. 
 The researches of Leuckart 
 and Thomas have, however, 
 dispelled very much of what 
 was obscure. 
 
 According to Ercolani* 
 neither ovulation nor hatch- 
 ing takes place in winter ; 
 but Leuckart asserts that he 
 has seen ova at all seasons 
 of the year in the gall-bladder 
 of infested animals. It was 
 only exceptionally that he found — particularly in win ter — Flukes in 
 which the uterus was nearly free from ova. The ova pass into the 
 intestine like the bile — some directly, others after remaining for a 
 
 variable period in the gall-bladder. 
 They are produced in enormous 
 quantities in animals which are 
 much infested, Thomas estimating 
 that 200 Flukes will yield 7,500,000 
 ova. These ova do not undergo 
 
 A, ovum from the bile-ducts of a Sheep 
 
 B, ovum containing a developed embryo 
 
 C, an ovum after being hatched. 
 
 Fig. 276. — Free and ciliated embryo Fig. 277. — The same contracted, 
 of Distomum hepaticum. — Leuck- with the trace of the digestive 
 
 art. canal and a mass of germinative 
 
 cells. — Leuckart. * 
 
 * a, perforating apparatus ; o, ocular spot ; i, digestive canal ; e, ciliated 
 funnel ; eg, germinative cells. 
 
 segmentation, and only develop their embryo when they have arrived 
 in the bile-ducts, in the intestine of their host, or — which is most 
 frequent — when they have found their way into water after being 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 447 
 
 expelled along with the faeces. In summer, the embryo is com- 
 pletely formed in about three to six weeks (Leuckart, Baillet, 
 Ercolani) ; according to Thomas, it does not arrive at this state 
 unless the surrounding temperature is from 23 0 to 36° Cent. It 
 then makes its escape by raising an operculum at one end of the 
 shell (Fig. 275, C). 
 
 This embryo is not unlike certain Infusoria — infusoriform embryo. 
 It is elongated, attenuated behind, and broader in front. Capable of 
 modifying its dimensions, it has an average length of 130 /x, and is 
 27 /x broad at its anterior part, at the summit of which is a small 
 papilliform eminence — a kind of rostrum that acts as a perforating, 
 retractile, and protractile apparatus, according to Baillet. All the 
 body is limited by an ectoderm of polygonal cells, and covered by 
 long vibratile cilia, except on the rostrum. A short distance from 
 the latter is seen an opaque pigmentary spot, formed of two lobes 
 that make an x in shape, which Leuckart regards as an ocular spot, 
 and which Baillet has seen to effect movements of expansion. 
 Immediately behind the rostrum is a granular mass which Thomas 
 and Leuckart regard as a rudimentary digestive apparatus. The 
 remainder of the cavity of the body is filled by very granular cells. 
 This embryo moves about in water with great agility ; but if it does 
 not meet with a suitable host it soon dies. Thomas states that its 
 free phase rarely exceeds an entire day, although he has seen it live 
 for three days in an alkaline fluid. 
 
 For a long time the intermediate host, into which the embryo of 
 the Distomum hepaticum must pass, was unknown, and only some 
 species of terrestrial or aquatic molluscs were suspected. Weinland 
 was the first to discover the species so vainly sought for, in the 
 Limncea truncatula Mull. ( L . minuta Draper). 
 
 This is a pulmonary Gasteropod, with a thin, spiral, shining shell, of a pale, 
 horny, ash-grey tint, dextral, acutely spiral, composed of five or six convex 
 turns, the last of them being large, a little expanded, and alone forming two- 
 thirds of the entire shell ; summit pointed ; opening wide, being nearly one- 
 half the height, obliquely oval and slightly angular superiorly ; the margin 
 of the opening — peristome — thin, sharp, the external border straight and 
 reflected outwards ; height 6 mm. to 10 mm. ; diameter 3 mm. to 5 mm. 
 
 This species is found over almost the whole of France, and in 
 nearly all the countries of Europe. * It lives in basins, ponds, 
 ditches, rivulets, drains of pastures, and loves to leave the water.’ 
 It is one of the species that lives on the highest mountains. Pluton 
 has met with it on the Vosges at an altitude of 1,150 metres. ‘ I 
 have seen it in the Pyrenees at nearly 1,200 metres,’ says Moquin- 
 Tandon. It is, in fine, a very cosmopolitan species. It inhabits 
 the whole of Europe, Russia, Lapland, Siberia, Afghanistan, Thibet, 
 the territory of the Amoor, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Abyssinia, 
 the Canary and Faroe Islands, and Iceland. It has not been found 
 in Australia, nor in America, nor yet in the Shetland Islands, where, 
 nevertheless, the Fluke exists. Its area of distribution does not 
 quite agree with that of Distomum hepaticum, so we must conclude 
 
448 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 that^this parasite can complete the primary phases of its development 
 in several species of Molluscs, only one of which is actually known ; 
 or that, because of its minuteness, the Limncea minuta has escaped 
 notice in several countries. Perhaps the Limncea kumilis Say, plays 
 the part of intermediate host, for this Trematode in North America, 
 and the L. viator d’Orb, in the Argentine Republic — these being 
 species which are scarcely distinct from it. 
 
 Weinland has found the liver of the Limncea truncatula full of the 
 Rediae which contain the Cercariae covered with spines, as is the 
 cuticle of Distomum hepaticum. Acting on the indications of this 
 authority, Leuckart succeeded in obtaining the encystment of the 
 
 embryo in individuals of this species. 
 He also succeeded with young speci- 
 mens of the Limncea peregra Gm. ; but 
 in these the development stopped in its 
 first phases. In the L. truncatula , on 
 the contrary, it may be followed to the 
 formation of the Cercariae, as has been 
 done by Weinland and Thomas. Ex- 
 periments made with other species of 
 Limnaea, Planorbis, Paludina, Limacina, 
 Ariona, etc., have failed. 
 
 As soon as the embryo of the Fluke 
 meets the mollusc suitable to it, it 
 attacks it by means of its rostrum, 
 which is provided in its axis with a 
 kind of semi-rigid rod. It prefers to 
 lodge itself at the bottom of the pul- 
 monary chamber, into which it easily 
 obtains entrance because of its small- 
 ness ; if it penetrate into the foot of 
 the Mollusc it seldom can pursue its 
 development there, and usually dies in 
 Fig. 278. — Limncea truncatula ; ^- w0 Qr three davs 
 
 natural size and magnified. T t • j ’• , 
 
 Kailliet. Having arrived in a convenient organ, 
 
 the embryo loses its layer of ciliated 
 cells, and finishes by contracting into an ovoid mass that grows 
 rapidly. The two lobes of the ocular spot separate from each 
 other, and lose their semilunar aspect ; the rudiment of the digestive 
 tube finishes by disappearing ; a cuticle replaces the ciliated cells, 
 and the embryo is transformed into a Sporocyst (see p. 274). The 
 latter acquires its definitive size — *5 mm. to 7 mm. — in less than 
 fifteen days during the summer, and in about a month in the autumn. 
 The cavity of the body was filled with round transparent cells, 
 named germinative cells ; these are now disposed as a muriform mass. 
 The very young Sporocysts may sometimes become multiplied by 
 transverse division. The cellular masses are ordinarily five to eight 
 in number, though they may only form one. 
 
 These muriform masses ( morula ) are transformed into so many 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 449 
 
 Redice, provided with a simple digestive apparatus. They are 
 cylindrical, and have at their posterior extremity two short, obtuse 
 appendages. The Rediae in the same Sporocyst appear in several 
 stages of development. When they have attained an average length 
 of *260 mm. they begin to move energetically, and finally rupture 
 the maternal sac, from which they issue one by one. 
 
 On obtaining its liberty, the Redia quits the pulmonary cavity of 
 
 Fig. 279. — Redia of the Distomum hepa- 
 ticum. — Leuckart. 
 
 b, mouth ; ph, pharynx ; i, digestive 
 tube ; eg, germinative cells for the pro- 
 duction of the cercariae. 
 
 Fig. 280. — Redia containing Cer- 
 cariae. — Leuckart. 
 
 b, mouth ; ph, pharynx ; i, di- 
 gestive tube ; 0, cercariae. 
 
 the mollusc, passes through the tissues, and fixes itself in another 
 organ, usually in the liver. There it gradually grows to a length of 
 1*3 mm. to i-6 mm. The mouth appears at the anterior extremity, 
 and the digestive tube, as a single cul-de-sac , is more distinct ; a 
 circular collar is formed behind the pharynx by a thickening of the 
 cuticle, and represents the oral sucker ; and the secretory apparatus 
 is more markedly developed than in the Sporocyst. The cavity of 
 the body of the Redia forms germinative cells, whence is derived the 
 
 29 
 
450 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 TV 
 
 morula or cellular mass that becomes transformed into daughter- 
 Redise — ten at most — or into Cercariae, the number of which may be 
 as high as twenty-three. 
 
 According to Thomas, the Rediae engender the daughter- Rediae 
 during warm weather ; in winter they produce Cercariae. He has 
 seen in the autumn, in the same Redia, a single daughter -Redia 
 developed in the midst of a great number of Cercariae. In favour- 
 able circumstances, a single ovum of the Fluke may in this way 
 produce a thousand Cercariae. 
 
 The daughter- Rediae or the Cercariae leave the Redia by a single 
 opening at the side, a little behind the collar. Each daughter- Redia 
 forms from fifteen to twenty Cercariae, which 
 are evacuated in the same manner. 
 
 The Cercaria is provided with a digestive 
 apparatus, the intestine of which is divided 
 into two branches. The mouth opens at the 
 bottom of the oral sucker ; the ventral sucker 
 — of the same size — is seen on the middle of 
 the inferior surface. The excretory apparatus 
 is recognisable. Particular cells — named cysto- 
 genous cells — are distributed in large numbers 
 in the lateral part of the body. The latter is 
 oval, flattened, covered with very fine spines, 
 and measures on the average *28 mm. long by 
 •23 mm. broad, though it may attain -30 mm. 
 in length. It is prolonged by a very contractile 
 tail, which is twice as long as the body. 
 
 When the Cercaria escapes from the body of 
 the Redia by the hatching orifice, it leaves its 
 host — creeping and writhing among the tissues 
 by means of i s suckers and its tail ; and on 
 gaining its freedom it swims in the water, 
 moving about energetically, and incessantly 
 modifying its shape and dimensions, eventu- 
 tine "terminating " Tn ally fixing itself on some submerged body — 
 the caecum. such as an aquatic plant, or on leaves of weeds 
 
 or blades of grass, of damp pastures. The 
 cystogenous cells, expelled from the body, are employed to form a 
 cyst in which the cercaria is enclosed ; and its tail disappears either 
 immediately before or after this encystment. The presence of 
 cysts on the leaves of plants is denoted by w'hite points, formed 
 by a kind of mucus accompanied by special granules. The pere- 
 grinations of Limncea truncatula facilitate the dissemination of the 
 Cercariae. 
 
 It is, therefore, in consuming the herbage of damp pastures that 
 animals become infested ; and this explains why Leuckart was un- 
 successful, when he caused Rabbits to ingest Cercariae which had 
 not undergone encystment. On the other hand, Thomas affirms 
 that the Cercariae are more especially found on the lower leaves of 
 
 Fig. 281. — Cercaria 
 extracted from its 
 } cyst. — Leuckart. 
 
 va, anterior sucker ; 
 vv, ventral sucker ; 
 ph, pharynx ; bi, 
 branches of the intes 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 45i 
 
 plants — those nearest the ground ; and it is because of this that 
 Sheep — which cut the herbage close to the ground — are more often 
 infested than Cattle, which do not graze so close. It has long been 
 remarked in England, that Sheep which have the deformity of the 
 mouth known as ‘ hog-jaw,’ or the other deformity called ‘ parrot 
 mouth ’ or ‘ shuttle-gob ’ — which prevent them cropping the herbage 
 so dose as normal-mouthed Sheep — are seldom affected with ‘ rot.’ 
 
 The molluscs, with their Rediae, may also — because of their small 
 size — be swallowed by the herbivora ; but this mode of infestation 
 is not very probable — at least, with 
 Sheep, which, when drinking, keep 
 the lips close together, leaving only 
 a narrow slit for the passage of the 
 water. Otherwise, they drink but 
 little when they have access to 
 moist herbage. 
 
 The encysted Cercariae can remain 
 alive on pastures so long as these 
 remain moist ; drought throws it 
 into a kind of latent existence for 
 an undetermined period, during 
 which it lies huddled up in its ^ 
 envelope. 
 
 When it arrives in the stomach, 
 
 Fig. 282. — Embryo of the Distomum Fig. 283. — Development of the Dis 
 lanceolatuni . — After Leuckart. tomum lanceolatum in biliary ducts 
 
 of the Sheep. — After Ercolani.* 
 
 * 1, first phase, no digestive apparatus ; 2, ulterior phase, some groups of 
 cells represent the future testicles ; 3, more advanced phase, testicles more 
 distinct, and above the ventral sucker is a group of cells marking the future 
 cirrhus pouch. 
 
 the cyst is dissolved, and the parasite is set at liberty and penetrates 
 the liver, probably by the ductus choledochus. 
 
 The telluric conditions that influence invasion of the liver of Sheep 
 by Distomum lanceolatum , do not differ from those that rule in the 
 case of Distomum hepaticum ; but the evolution of the first of these 
 two species is still unknown. Contrary to what occurs with Dis- 
 tomum hepaticum , the ova of D. lanceolatum undergo segmentation 
 and develop their embryo in the maternal intestine ; but the latter 
 is not hatched until after a sojourn of three weeks in the water. 
 
 29 — 2 
 
452 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 When set free it is globular or pyriform in shape, and ciliated only on 
 the anterior third of the body ; it is therefore less active than that 
 of the D. hepaticum. It is armed with a sharp protractile and 
 retractile cephalic needle. Willemoes-Suhm believes he obtained 
 its encystment in the Planorbis marginatus. Representatives 
 of this mollusc having been placed in an aquarium, the water 
 of which had been sown some months previously with the ova 
 of Distomum lanceolatum , were found afterwards to be bearers of 
 Cercariae [Cercaria cystophora). This Cercaria — previously described 
 by G. Wagener — derived from a Redia coming itself from a Sporo- 
 cyst, is remarkable for possessing two unequal tails. Leuckart 
 believed he had deve]oped the D. lanceolatum in a Sheep to which he 
 had given the Cercaria cystophora ; but he has since repeated the 
 experiment without success. Ercolani asserts that the young 
 D. lanceolatum shows no traces of digestive apparatus, and cannot 
 therefore be derived from the Cercaria cystophora , which has one. 
 Lastly, Creutzburg — a pupil of Leuckart — has demonstrated that 
 this Cercaria is that of the Distomum ovocaudatum , which is not rare 
 beneath the tongue of the green Frog. 
 
 Piana, having discovered in the Helix carthusiana sporocysts con- 
 taining the Cercaria longicaudata — which has no intestinal tube — * 
 has for this reason admitted that it represents the larval state of 
 Distomum lanceolatum. But, as Blanchard remarks, the embryo 
 of this Distome — considering its ciliated covering — is necessarily 
 aquatic, and cannot reach terrestrial molluscs. 
 
 The question of the migrations and the development of the 
 D. lanceolatum belongs to the problems yet to be solved with regard 
 to it. 
 
 Migrations of the Bistomes. — -The infestation of flocks by the 
 larvae of Distomum may occur at any period of the year (Bollinger, 
 Schaper), as the night frosts do not destroy all the Cercariae (Fried- 
 berger). Nevertheless, heat being very favourable to the develop- 
 ment of the ova, it is more especially during the summer and 
 autumn, up to the first frost, that infestation takes place. It may 
 occur very rapidly ; for instances are recorded in which sojourn for 
 less than half an hour on an infected pasture has been sufficient. In 
 general, however, it occurs in an insidious and progressive manner, 
 though successive invasions may be manifested on the same animals, 
 or a flock may submit to repeated invasions in distinct groups. 
 
 No observer has been able to note the precise moment when 
 immigration of the Flukes occurs. Joseph says he has found, on 
 several occasions, small Cercariae without tails in the duodenum of 
 the Sheep. But there is nothing to prove that these were young 
 Distomes in process of being prematurely evacuated. 
 
 The majority of the Distomes remain in the bile-ducts ; but some 
 pass through their walls, into the hepatic parenchyma, excavate 
 and destroy it, and perforate Glisson’s capsule and the peritoneum, 
 and so give rise to perihepatitis or peritonitis. Others reach the 
 roots of the vena portae and there set up endophlebitis, thrombosis, 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 453 
 
 and embolism ; while a small number may enter the sub-lobular 
 veins and thence travel into the most distant parts of the body. In 
 consequence of its proximity, the lung is the organ in which these 
 wandering Flukes are more frequently met with ; but they have also 
 been seen in the muscles and connective tissue. Leuckart admits 
 that they arrive there in leaving the venae cavae ; while Friedberger 
 entertains the more plausible opinion that these are distomes of the 
 lungs which have passed into the pulmonary veins, when the blood- 
 stream carries and disperses them. Gerlach attributes the fatal 
 apoplexies sometimes observed in the first stage of distomiasis, to 
 cerebral embolism produced by the young Flukes. 
 
 The Flukes commence to quit the bile-ducts to pass into the 
 intestine as soon as their reproductive organs are completely formed 
 — which, according to Leuckart, takes place in about three weeks. 
 As it is in May and J une that there are sometimes found in the feces 
 Distomes generally very much altered by the intestinal juices, 
 Gerlach allows that their emigration always takes place about this 
 time, and that these worms never exceed the age of nine to twelve 
 months. Pech and Friedberger have found numerous Flukes in the 
 gall-bladder and duodenum in the autumn and winter. Thomas 
 has observed these parasites in two Sheep fifteen months after the 
 period of infestation. The statistics of cases of distomiasis noted by 
 Hertwig in the Berlin abattoir, show that it prevails at all seasons 
 of the year, but more frequently in October and in the springtime— 
 a circumstance that corresponds exactly with its etiological condi- 
 tions. 
 
 Symptoms. — By its symptomatic physiognomy, distomiasis of the 
 Sheep is a pernicious anaemia, and justifies the name of ‘ cachexia * 
 so often given to it. Otherwise, the signs of the malady have 
 nothing pathognomonic in them, and might be mistaken by many 
 for those of the various helminthiases of this animal. In the course 
 of the distomiasis, Gerlach recognised four periods or stages, based on 
 the varied relations that the Flukes contract with the liver of their 
 host. Very often these periods are not distinct from one another, 
 owing to the repeated infestations obscuring them ; but they, 
 nevertheless, give a good idea of the progress of the malady. 
 
 1. Period of Immigration . — This period corresponds to the fall of 
 the year, and generally passes unperceived, as the lesions the young 
 Flukes have produced in the liver have scarcely had time to affect 
 the general health of the animals. The cases of death from cerebral 
 apoplexy, remarked upon by Gerlach, occur at this period, the dura- 
 tion of which varies from four to thirteen weeks and more. 
 
 2. Period of Ancemia . — This coincides usually with the months of 
 September and November. The Sheep are less lively, and the 
 visible mucous membranes, the inner surface of the ears, and the 
 skin generally, are paler than in their normal state. But the appe- 
 tite is still good, and the animals have a tendency to fatten more 
 readily, as Bakewell had remarked ; and this may be due — according 
 to Simonds — to the stimulus the young Flukes impart at first to the 
 
454 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 liver, and consequently there is a more abundant biliary secretion 
 and better assimilation. But soon the appetite diminishes, the 
 thirst increases, and rumination becomes irregular ; the mucous 
 membranes and the nude skin are of a dull white, slightly yellowish 
 hue. There is slight oedema ; the skin is more supple and in parts 
 doughy, the fat regions being soft ; the conjunctivae are infiltrated 
 and puffy, no longer show their vascular network, and form a circular, 
 salient, whitish-yellow ring when the eyes are explored by separating 
 the eyelids and gently pressing between the thumb and index-finger ; 
 this appearance causes the shepherds and butchers to say the animal 
 has a fat eye. The w^ool becomes dry, brittle, easily pulled out, and 
 falls off spontaneously in places ; debility gradually becomes more 
 marked ; the Sheep allow themselves to be easily caught, and 
 scarcely struggle when seized by the hock ; this muscular weakness 
 is perhaps most manifest in Sheep still fat, and it is sufficient to 
 enable the butchers to recognise the malady. There is sometimes 
 fever and quickened respiration. Palpation and percussion indicate 
 ascites. The faeces are normal, but at the end of this period they 
 contain numerous Fluke ova. 
 
 3. Period of Wasting. — Its commencement corresponds to about 
 the end of the third month after the immigration of the larvae — * 
 that is, generally towards the beginning of January. The disease 
 then reaches its maximum. 
 
 Emaciation — at first not very marked — makes considerable 
 progress. The mucous membranes and skin are blanched, but have 
 no icteric tint, though Trasbot says he has often seen icterus lead to 
 the speedy death of fat Sheep ready for slaughter. The temperature 
 is variable, and is marked by a very irregular curve, its maxi- 
 mum being sometimes shown in the morning, sometimes in the 
 evening. The respiration is laboured and quick ; the appetite is 
 still maintained, and defecation offers nothing unusual except in the 
 numerous ova of the parasites in the faeces ; the urine is about 
 normal. The animals are languid and dejected, with their head 
 carried low, and pressure on the back causes them to fall. With 
 pregnant ewes abortion is frequent, and those which are suckling 
 have watery milk, while their lambs are puny, and generally die 
 if they do not have another nurse. The oedema remarked 
 in the preceding period is localized, and is most perceptible at the 
 dependent parts of the body ; it disappears with exercise and 
 reappears with rest. (Edema is noticed in the submaxillary space, 
 and it extends gradually below the larynx, and over the cheeks and 
 parotids. The shepherds in France call it bouteille, bourse , boule 
 (bottle, purse, ball ; in England the Sheep is said by shepherds to 
 have the ‘ watery-poke ’ or to be ‘ chockered ’), and they rightly 
 consider it one of the most characteristic symptoms of the malady. 
 The ‘ bottle ’ disappears at night while the animal is resting in the 
 sheepfold, and re-forms again while it is grazing, owing to the de- 
 pendent position of the head and neck ; it is often absent in adults, 
 and during warm weather. In the three following weeks, emaciation 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 455 
 
 is still more noticeable, notwithstanding an abundance of food ; but, 
 as a rule, there is neither oedema, icterus, nor indication of pain on 
 pressure in the region of the liver. Death often occurs at this period, 
 though animals are rarely allowed to live so long. In other instances 
 amelioration takes place, and the Sheep reach the next phase. 
 
 4. Period of Emigration of the Flukes . — This is the period of conva- 
 lescence and spontaneous recovery, shown by progressive abate- 
 ment of all the symptoms, and it corresponds, according to Gerlach, 
 to the months of May and June, though it may occur earlier. 
 But recovery is never complete, the lesions in the liver being irre- 
 parable. 
 
 The duration of the malady is very variable, and depends upon the 
 degree of infestation, the temperament of the animals, and the con- 
 ditions of hygiene to which they are submitted. Most frequently 
 the duration does not exceed six months, and exceptionally it may 
 be very rapid. Bonvicini has seen two Sheep, in which the parasites 
 had induced acute hepatitis, die, one on the seventh, the other on the 
 ninth day after the appearance of the first symptoms. 
 
 Complications frequently occur in distomiasis. The enfeebled 
 economy is predisposed to numerous affections, and especially to 
 those of a parasitic nature — such as scabies, * gid,’ verminous 
 bronchitis, and intestinal helminthiasis. These of themselves pre- 
 pare the soil for distomiasis, and the coincidence of these various 
 parasitic disorders accounts for the opinion of those who do not 
 recognise the autonomy of distomiasis, but include it in a general 
 helminthiasis. 
 
 Diagnosis. — The diagnosis of individual cases may present some 
 difficulty. But it is assured when a microscopical examination of 
 the faeces results in the discovery of the Fluke ova in them. It is a 
 long time since Davaine pointed out the value of this element in 
 diagnosis, and Bunck was the first to have recourse to it ; he esti- 
 mated the number of ova in 500 grammes of faeces at from 1,000 to 
 3,000. According to Perroncito, there is found on the average an 
 ovum in each microscopical preparation when the liver contains 85 
 Flukes, and 10 ova for 800 Flukes ; but Brusaferro’s figures do not 
 accord with these, as his researches showed that if — in infested 
 Sheep — the ova of Flukes are always found in the excrements, 
 their number by preparation is not always in proportion to that of 
 the parasites in the liver, the relation between them varying from 
 1 to 13 for every 100 flukes. In certain grave cases thirty may be 
 found in each preparation. Otherwise, the number of ova may 
 also vary according to the time of day when the faeces are passed, 
 this variation being no doubt due to the differences in activity of 
 the biliary secretion, which will carry into the intestine a more or 
 less large number of ova. On the other hand, the ova of the 
 Distomum lanceolatum are relatively rare, and the search for them 
 may be fruitless, although the number of parasites may be high. 
 
 The ova of the Distomes present the features already indicated ; a 
 magnifying power of 70 to 80 diameters is sufficient for their search ; 
 
456 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 and their presence in the faeces is almost the only sign which permits 
 distomiasis to be distinguished from simple dropsy — though it has 
 been stated that ‘ Flukey ’ Sheep are yellow about the eyes, while 
 the dropsical ones are not so ; that the feebleness of the latter keeps 
 them quiet, and that the ‘ bottle ’ is most frequently observed in the 
 former. But these differences are very inconstant, and when the 
 disease prevails as an epizootic in a flock, the nature of the malady 
 is at once discovered by an autopsy of the animals which have died or 
 been killed. 
 
 Beattie — an experienced observer — notes that if, in spring, when 
 the Ewes are dropping their lambs, the liquor amnii is very white, 
 and like thin watery bubbles, it is a bad sign ; and in September, 
 when drafting the Ewes, he adopts the usual method of feeling the 
 condition. Those in which the lumbar muscles feel soft and flabby, 
 and in which the extremities of the lumbar transverse processes can 
 be readily felt, are considered unsound — they are known as ‘ lean 
 on the back ’ ; and the impression is conveyed to the fingers of 
 crackling, as though there were water and gas below the skin — 
 ‘ rippling,’ as it is termed. Beattie insists that this test is of value 
 only when applied by an experienced man, and that no one can, 
 with absolute certainty, ‘ draw ’ a flock tainted with ‘ rot.’ 
 
 Prognosis. — The symptoms of distomiasis always indicate a 
 serious affection, as they testify to the presence of a large number of 
 Flukes in the liver ; but that which gives a special gravity to the 
 prognosis, is the fact that the disease is rarely confined to a few 
 individuals, but generally affects the whole flock, and greatly 
 harasses rearing operations, as it brings Sheep prematurely to the 
 butcher, and at a heavy depreciation in their value. We have seen 
 above, when dealing with the etiology, how extensive and damaging 
 the epizootics of distomiasis sometimes are. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — The fundamental lesions are found in the 
 liver, the others being only a corollary. The first vary according to 
 the period at which the autopsy takes place, and they have been 
 particularly well studied by Friedberger. 
 
 1. Period of Immigration. — The first effect of the penetration of 
 the Flukes into the bile-ducts is inflammation ( period of traumatic 
 hepatitis , according to Gerlach). The liver is enlarged, and contains 
 more blood than usual ; it is friable in texture, and its surface is 
 smooth, or marked in places by openings the size of a pin’s head to 
 that of a millet-seed, from which exudes a sanious fluid on pressure. 
 There are traces of local peritonitis, or of exudations, which cover 
 the young Flukes ; and small haemorrhagic centres exist in the 
 parenchyma. The bile is slightly reddened, and the peritoneal 
 serosity is more abundant, and often contains small Flukes. The 
 faeces do not yet contain ova. 
 
 2. Period of Ancemia.- — The character of the lesions, which have 
 been more particularly described by Friedberger, may be summed up 
 as follows : 
 
 Considerable emaciation ; localized oedema ; serous effusion into 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 457 
 
 the natural cavities, often associated with recent blood-clots, and 
 fibrinous exudates ; adhesions, especially between the liver and 
 peritoneum ; loss of transparency and thickening of the parietal 
 serous membrane, which is easily detached from the abdominal 
 walls ; tumefaction of the mesenteric, diaphragmatic, bronchial, 
 and intestinal glands ; liver notably increased in volume, particu- 
 larly in thickness. In the majority of cases, the left lobe of the live r 
 is the first to be invaded (Falk, Schaper). The surface of the organ 
 is covered — especially in front — with slightly adherent fibrinous 
 exudate, beneath which are found, in some instances, a number of 
 young Flukes 5 mm. to 8 mm. long ; they are even sometimes met 
 with in the abdominal cavity. The capsule of the liver is velvety, 
 not smooth to the touch, opaque, uneven, lumpy, and at times 
 covered with calcareous concretions ; the parenchyma has a por- 
 phyroid appearance, and has small subserous haemorrhagic centres 
 and channels excavated by the parasites, and containing — as a nucleus 
 — a small Fluke from 3 mm. to 5 mm. long. Flukes are also met 
 with beneath the serous membrane in different parts ; in certain 
 cases there are those which have their oral extremity free in the 
 peritoneal cavity, the capsule being perforated at the corresponding 
 points by openings similar to those observed in the first period. 
 The gall-bladder may or may not contain Flukes, ova not being 
 found in it except when the parasites are adult, and the bile varies 
 in colour between green and deep violet. 
 
 The hepatic parenchyma is soft, and the thickened connective 
 tissue slightly grates on section ; the surface of the latter is of a 
 dirty grey, yellowish-red, or blood colour, and perforated by spaces 
 the size of a pea, which contain one or more young Flukes in a blood- 
 clot, or in a sanious fluid formed of white and red corpuscles, hepatic 
 cells which have undergone fatty degeneration, and a finely granular 
 detritus. The vena portae sometimes contains a stratified thrombus 
 lodging a Fluke in its centre ; or a small vessel may be found occluded 
 by the worm, and a thrombus that extends into the vena portae. 
 The mucous membrane of the bile-ducts is everywhere tumefied, 
 injected, ecchymosed, and sometimes torn ; the epithelium has been 
 removed by catarrhal desquamation, which often assumes a purulent 
 character, and it may have the features of a diffused adenoma ; the 
 hyperplasia of the walls of the ducts may intrude on the surrounding 
 tissues, and act in the manner of a destructive adenoma (Bollinger). 
 Over the entire liver the cells are granular, and infiltrated with fat ; 
 the connective tissue is in process of proliferation. 
 
 3. Period of W asting.— The preceding lesions become accentuated, 
 and assume a chronic character. The emaciation is considerable, 
 the fat having completely disappeared, or if there is any left it is 
 soft, nearly transparent, and yellowish. Beneath the visceral 
 pleurae — above and behind — are nodules the size of a hemp-seed ; 
 erratic Flukes have produced local splenizations and haemorrhagic 
 centres in the pulmonary parenchyma. Petechiae beneath the 
 endocardium. Borders of the liver rounded ; its two lobes, but 
 
458 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 especially the left, are atrophied, and their tissue is firm, hard, and 
 even grates beneath the scalpel. The connective- tissue hyperplasia 
 and the cirrhosis are considerable ; and section of the organ has a 
 spongy appearance, due to cavities more or less close together. 
 Glisson’s capsule is very granular, in consequence of numerous cica- 
 tricial retractions. 
 
 The bile-ducts are the seat of a dilatation that augments from their 
 origin towards the periphery, their diameter being about that of a 
 finger, and they are more or less moniliform. The finest canaliculi 
 are dilated to their end, and have there acquired the calibre of canals 
 of the first order. Compression of the bile-ducts causes the expul- 
 sion of adult Flukes, among a brownish-green mixture. One canal, 
 particularly in the left lobe, may contain as many as ten parasites. 
 
 Thomas remarks that, in some of the small bile-ducts, where 
 the ova have not been floated away by the bile, these may be 
 present in such enormous multitudes as to form a stiff, dark-brown 
 mass, looking like fine, wet sand, and completely occluding the duct. 
 In the earlier stage, when the liver is gorged with blood and bile, 
 and death is frequent from acute congestion of the organ, though no 
 adult Flukes are present, yet careful examination on section will 
 detect myriads of very minute young parasites, which appear on the 
 point of the scalpel as small masses of jelly or inspissated bile. A 
 good observer has stated that young Flukes may sometimes be found 
 in the ducts of the liver as a thick, light-coloured liquor that appears 
 all in motion, and an inspection of this with a pocket-lens confirms 
 the view that the fluid is chiefly composed of immature parasites. 
 
 The gall-bladder contains a mucous bile of a dirty, greenish-brown 
 hue, and adult Flukes and ova in great numbers. There are 
 generally observed on the surface of the bile-ducts punctiform 
 incrustations, which may be more extensive — sometimes are even 
 tubular — formed of phosphate of lime, with traces of phosphate of 
 magnesia. At the same time their walls are thickened, and have 
 become cartilaginous. The liver crepitates if it is compressed or 
 incised. 
 
 The presence of the Flukes has been regarded as the cause of the 
 formation of biliary calculi ; but only two instances in support of 
 this view are furnished by Simonds and Brouisson, who, in such 
 calculi, have found, the one twelve Flukes, the other only one. 
 
 4. Period of Emigration of the Flukes. — At the autopsy of animals 
 sacrificed during this period, the disappearance of the Flukes is 
 remarked, and also the persistence of the irreparable alterations 
 which the liver has undergone in the preceding periods. 
 
 The number of hepatic Distomes the liver may contain is very 
 variable, and is always high when the malady is accentuated. 
 Dupuy has counted more than 1,000 in the liver of one Sheep. 
 
 Distomum lanceolatum never produces such serious symptoms or 
 lesions as Distomum hepaticum , and it alone cannot produce ‘ rot.’ 
 This relative innocuousness is attributed by Leuckart to its smaller 
 size, and to the absence of prickles on the integument. Otherwise, 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 459 
 
 the two species are very often found in the same host ; but by reason 
 of its minuteness D. lanceolatum penetrates the smallest bile-duct, 
 which the other species cannot enter. This is why its number often 
 appears less than it really is, because its presence is sometimes not 
 noticed. Friedberger has obtained thousands from the bile-ducts 
 by compression — these canals were literally swarming with them ; 
 they were also found in multitudes in the gall-bladder and intestine 
 at the time of their spontaneous emigration. 
 
 The effusions into the serous sacs or the connective tissue should 
 be ascribed to the cachectic state, and to the general alteration in 
 the blood — to its deglobulization — which favours passive effusion. 
 The obstruction to the circulation in the portal system has a large 
 share in the production of these effusions, as there results a trans- 
 udation of serum throughout all the accessory venous branches, 
 with consequent ascites. 
 
 Anaemia is also partly due to the blood extracted by the Dis tomes 
 for their nourishment. Some authorities are of opinion that Flukes 
 live on the bile ; but Leuckart and Kuchenmeister are convinced 
 that they subsist on the blood in the mucous membrane of the bile- 
 ducts. An observation made by Railliet confirms this statement. 
 In the liver of a Sheep, the arterial system of which had been in- 
 jected with coloured plaster, he found a great number of Flukes with 
 their digestive canal also injected with the plaster. That substance 
 had evidently been obtained by suction from the small intact blood- 
 vessels of the bile-ducts at the moment of injection. 
 
 Prophylaxis. — Every effort should be made to keep Sheep away 
 from damp pastures, where all the conditions necessary for the 
 existence of the larval forms of Distomata are present. The 
 vigilance of the shepherd is, in this respect, the first element of 
 success. 
 
 Thomas has formulated prophylactic prescriptions which, if 
 adopted, would certainly go a long way in limiting the ravages of 
 distomiasis. 
 
 i. Everything should be done to destroy or render inoffensive the 
 ova of Flukes, and the molluscs which serve as intermediate hosts. 
 This may be effected by the following measures : 
 
 a. Destroy the diseased Sheep, and bury them ; or do not give 
 their carcases to Dogs until they have been cooked, and only then 
 if there is no reason to apprehend that the ova of the Flukes may 
 pass through the intestines of these animals, to be spread by them 
 over pastures along with their excrements. 
 
 b. Only put on dry pastures affected Sheep intended for the 
 butcher, as the Fluke ova they evacuate cannot develop in the 
 absence of humidity. 
 
 c. As Hares and Rabbits — which are sometimes bearers of Dis- 
 tomes — may infest pastures, they should not have access to those on 
 which Sheep graze. But this recommendation cannot well be 
 carried out. 
 
 d. Drain wet pastures, or, if this cannot be accomplished, dress 
 
460 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 them with salt or lime. The latter in solution — *75 per cent. — 
 will destroy Fluke embryos as well as molluscs. With regard to salt, 
 we are indebted to Perroncito for some precise notions as to its 
 action. Ercolani had for a long time observed that water slightly 
 impregnated with salt killed the Cercariae, and in acting on these 
 and on the encysted larvae of the Limncea palustris, Perroncito found 
 that in a 2 per cent, solution these parasites died in less than five 
 minutes ; in a 1 per cent, solution they rolled themselves up at the 
 end of two to seven minutes, and perished after twen ty to thirty- 
 five minutes. The same happened in *64 per cent, solutions ; and in 
 those of *25 per cent, they were still alive after more than twenty 
 hours. The period when salt or lime should be spread on the 
 pastures should coincide with the time when the embryos of the 
 Distomes and the Cercariae abound — that is, June and July for the 
 first, and August for the second. 
 
 2. If Sheep must be placed on infested lands, the ill effects likely 
 to result therefrom may be much reduced by the following precau- 
 tions : 
 
 a. Do not allow the animals to come too near one another while 
 at pasture, as the closer they are the closer they graze the herbage, 
 and it is on the parts of the plants nearest the ground, according to 
 Thomas, that the Cercariae prefer to fix themselves. 
 
 b. Give every day to each Sheep 7 or 8 grammes of salt, and 230 
 to 240 grammes of oats. The sait is fatal to the Cercariae, and 
 favours digestion and assimilation. Perroncito recommends its 
 being put into the drinking water ; -50 per cent, does not render the 
 water undrinkable. 
 
 In England for ages salt has been known as a most valuable pre- 
 ventive remedy ; and long before its modus operandi was understood, 
 the knowledge of its value was probably derived from observation 
 of the fact that Sheep grazed on salt marshes, no matter how humid 
 they were, did not suffer from rot. 
 
 Zundel proposed that there should be two feeding-grounds for 
 Sheep in wet seasons, on marshy localities — one pasture for spring 
 grazing to June, the other for autumn grazing. The first, though 
 much infested, would not have convenient hosts for the final phases 
 of development of the parasites, and the frosts of winter would 
 probably free the pasture of the embryos and intermediary bearers ; 
 while the autumn pasture would not become contaminated with 
 ova, or these would not find suitable conditions for their develop- 
 ment. 
 
 Simonds advises the adoption of the following precautions : 
 
 The animals must be carefully guarded against all vicissitudes 
 of weather by being folded in the best sheltered situations, more 
 especially at night. The food should consist of a liberal supply of 
 materials which are rich in flesh-forming principles, and which also 
 contain a large proportion of sugar, starch, and similar ingredients, 
 that the heat of the body may be kept up equally with nutrition. If 
 placed on meadows or artificial grasses, the Sheep should be often 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 4 6 1 
 
 changed, care being taken to avoid those pastures which are wet and 
 cold or which contain inferior herbage. Manger food must be 
 supplied, and this should consist, at least, in part of crushed corn, of 
 which beans, peas, lentils, etc., are to be preferred. Oats and maize 
 are also good, and to these a moderate allowance of oilcake may be 
 added. Frequent changing of the food will induce the animals to 
 eat more, for which reason, when they are on pastures, no objection 
 is to be taken to an occasional supply of turnips or other roots ; but, 
 unless compelled by the character of the farm and the system of 
 cultivation, continuous folding on turnips should be avoided. 
 Where this has to be done, great care will have to be exercised in 
 regulating the quantity of turnips, according to the condition of the 
 crop, the state of the weather, etc. Under such circumstances, an 
 allowance of good hay, in addition to the other food, will be impera- 
 tively required. 
 
 A good compound of several medicinal agents, with some highly 
 nitrogenized alimentary matters, is contained in the following 
 formula : Take of finely-ground oilcake (linseed), finely-ground pea- 
 meal, each i bushel ; finely-ground salt, finely-ground aniseed, 
 each 4 lb. ; finely-ground sulphate of iron, i lb. Let the salt, 
 aniseed and sulphate of iron be mixed together first, and afterwards 
 well incorporate with the cake and peameal. 
 
 The quantity of the mixture to be given to each Sheep daily 
 should be half a pint to a pint, in addition to an ordinary allowance 
 of corn or cake and hay-chaff. It may be used with advantage for 
 three or four weeks in succession, but should be discontinued occa- 
 sionally for a day or two, especially if the animals become affected 
 with diarrhoea. 
 
 Trasbot states that branches of oak-trees, elm, hornbeam, etc., cut 
 in summer and dried with their leaves, are an excellent preventive 
 if given to the Sheep before they are driven to pasture, as well as 
 those of juniper or any other aromatic trees. 
 
 Treatment. — All the resources of therapeutics have been tried 
 against distomiasis, but no really efficacious agent for every case has 
 yet been discovered ; this is owing to the remote location of the 
 Dis tomes, which can scarcely be reached by any substance given to 
 the affected animals. 
 
 However, if, generally, a cure is not to be expected, it is usually 
 possible to so ameliorate the condition of the Sheep as to enable 
 them to pasture and fatten. This result is obtained by the em- 
 ployment of tonic and astringent preparations, by good feeding, 
 and especially by driving the Sheep away from the infested 
 pastures. 
 
 The leaves of wild chicory, tansy-roots, wormwood, pine-leaves, 
 spruce-leaves, walnut-leaves, juniper-berries, willow-bark, oak-bark, 
 infusion of pepper in alcoholic drinks (Teissier and Huzard), Chabert’s 
 oil, petroleum, limewater, creosote, benzine (Bunck), picrate of 
 potash, liver of antimony, nux vomica (Prinz), tincture of iodine 
 De Romanet), asafoetida and garlic (Vallada), soot (Raynaud), etc., 
 
462 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 are agents which have been apparently successfully employed, but 
 most frequently they are inconvenient. 
 
 Various salts of iron and culinary salt, dissolved in the drinking 
 water or mixed with the provender, have with more reason been 
 recommended by all authorities. 
 
 Trasbot asserts that the young dried buds of maritime pine-trees, 
 mixed with bran, produce really curative effects. 
 
 The experiments of Perroncito show that the ethereal extract of 
 male fern, given with oil of turpentine, or benzine, castor-oil, wine, 
 etc., kills the Distomes ; but it has the inconvenience of causing 
 anaesthesia and serious tympanites, so that before it can be recom- 
 mended as a safe remedy further trials are required. 
 
 Mojkowski has obtained very encouraging results in treating dis- 
 tomiasis and taeniasis in the Sheep, with naphthalin given twice a 
 day for a week, in doses of *70 gramme to 1 gramme, alone or mixed 
 with gentian powder. 
 
 In Germany, recourse is had to lupin forage, then to lupin-seeds, 
 giving about 40 litres per day to 100 Sheep. Crushed barley, 
 roasted malt, linseed-cake, bran, oats, boiled or grilled pods of 
 legumes, hay of good quality, etc., are also given, as regime , because 
 of their nutritive properties. 
 
 As remedies, bitter tonics, mixed with sulphate of iron, are 
 utilized. The following preparations, recommended by Haubner, 
 enjoy a certain degree of credit : 
 
 1. Sulphate of iron . 
 Calamus aromaticus 
 Crushed oats 
 Roasted malt. 
 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 . 60 grammes. 'j 
 
 • S°° grammes. ^ ose f or IOO sheep, 
 each 20 litres. 
 
 2. Sulphate of iron 
 
 Powdered juniper-berries \ 
 Gentian powder . . / 
 
 Crushed wheat 
 
 . . 30 grammes. 'j 
 
 of each 500 grammes. VDose for 50 Sheep. 
 . . 20 litres. J 
 
 In France, on several occasions, Gasparin, Rey, and Roche-Lubin 
 have employed anti-cachectic bread, which was given morning and 
 evening to the diseased Sheep. The simplest formula is that of 
 Delafond : 
 
 Undressed wheatmeal 
 Oatmeal . 
 
 Barleymeal 
 Sulphate of iron 
 Carbonate of soda 
 Culinary salt 
 
 . 1 kilogramme. 
 
 . 2 kilogrammes, 
 
 . 1 kilogramme. 
 
 j of each 30 grammes. 
 
 . 2GO grammes. 
 
 These are made into a paste with water, which is allowed to 
 ferment, and is then baked in an oven. Delafond says that in fifteen 
 days this bread produced a considerable amelioration. 
 
 To sum up, the resources of the pharmacy ought not to be relied 
 upon to any extent, but attention must be specially directed to the 
 regime , which should be as strengthening as possible. 
 
PARASITES OF THE LIVER 
 
 463 
 
 DISTOMIASIS IN CATTLE.— Distomiasis in bovine animals is 
 manifested by symptoms quite analogous to those observed in Sheep. 
 But they often pass unperceived, because of their less intensity and 
 the stronger resisting power of the larger Ruminants. The coat is 
 dull and staring, the skin tight and adherent, the appetite capricious 
 or nil , and rumination is suspended ; constipation alternates with 
 diarrhoea, and the urine becomes acid. 
 
 Serious symptoms only appear later, and 
 the malady rarely terminates in death ; 
 when it does, the animals succumb to 
 profound marasmus, extreme emaciation, 
 continuous diarrhoea, and a complete con- 
 sumption. The duration of the disease is from 
 two to five months. The lesions are those 
 noted in Sheep. The bile-ducts may attain 
 the diameter of an inch, and the liver, 
 consequently, has a vesicular appearance. In 
 the slaughter-house very important hepatic 
 lesions are found in animals which, during 
 life, did not show any sign of such altera- 
 tions. 
 
 Treatment demands the same prophylactic 
 and curative measures as for Sheep suffering 
 from distomiasis. 
 
 Distomiasis of the Guinea-pig. — Del Chiappa 
 has found, in the biliary ducts of a Guinea-pig, 
 two specimens of a species of Distomum that Sonsino 
 has provisionally named Distomum cavice. Its 
 branched intestine places it in the sub - genus 
 Cladocoelium. After being kept a long time in 
 alcohol, one measured 12 mm. long and 9 mm. 
 broad, the other 8 mm. by 6 mm. They resembled 
 the D. hepaticum, of which they were perhaps only 
 young specimens. 
 
 Distomiasis of the Camel and Elephant. — 
 Cobbold states that D. hepaticum is found in the 
 Camel, but distomiasis must be rare in that animal. 
 This authority also asserts, in treating of the Fluke, 
 that the Elephant is often seriously infested. ‘ As 
 causing disease, and zoologically speaking, this 
 entozoon is the most important of the whole group 
 of parasites infesting Elephants.’ Not much 
 appears to be known of the parasite. It is 
 described as closely allied to the D. hepaticum 
 of the Sheep, but rounder in outline and other- 
 wise differing to an extent as, in the opinion of 
 Cobbold, to warrant its being classed as a distinct 
 -Fasciola Jacksoni Cobb. 
 
 Fig. 284. — Distomum Co- 
 nus s. truncatum ; mag- 
 nified 10 diameters. 
 — Railliet. 
 
 va, anterior sucker ; vp, 
 posterior sucker ; ph, 
 
 pharynx ; ce, oesophagus ; 
 i, branches of the intes- 
 tine ; ce, excretory canals; 
 te, their common trunk ; 
 
 t, t' f testicles ; cd, cd' , 
 
 deferent canals ; c, pros- 
 tatic canals ; 0, ovary ; 
 gc, shell-gland ; cl, 
 
 Laurer’s duct ; vg, vitello- 
 genes ; dv, vitelloducts ; 
 
 u, uterus ; pg, genital 
 pore ; /, caudal foramen. 
 
 species- 
 
 It accumulates in the bile-ducts, seriously debilitates the host, profoundly 
 alters the liver — as in the Sheep — and frequently causes death. Much loss 
 among Elephants from Flukes has occurred in our Indian possessions, and 
 especially in Burmah. ‘ There is every likelihood that the mollusc harbouring 
 the Cercarian larva of Fasciola Jacksoni is small, and possessed of amphibious 
 habits. ’ — Cobbold . 
 
464 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 2. Distomiasis in the Carnivora. 
 
 On several occasions, the presence of Distomes in the biliary canals of the 
 Dog and Cat has been recorded. 
 
 Van Tright classed with Distomum lanceolatum those which he discovered 
 in the Dog, and Leuckart cites the Cat among the hosts which harbour that 
 parasite ; but it is possible that these cases should be classed as belonging 
 to one of the two following species, which are included in the sub-genus 
 Dicroccelium. 
 
 1. Distomum truncatum (Rud., D. Conus Creplin, D. conjunctum Cobb., 
 D. felineum Riv., D. campanulatum Ere.). — Sonsino has demonstrated that 
 the Distomes of the Dog and Cat, described under these different names, 
 belong to one species — a fluke, the maximum length of which is 7 mm., and 
 breadth 2 mm. Body reddish in the fresh state, depressed, covered — at 
 least, when very young — with very small spines that are easily shed ; anterior 
 part conical, and distinct from the rest of the body from the ventral sucker, 
 which is a little smaller than the oral one. Intestine divided into two simple 
 caeca, which are prolonged to the posterior extremity. Genital openings in 
 front of the ventral sucker. Testicles more or less lobulated, situated one 
 behind the other at the posterior part of the body. Ovary lobular, situated 
 on the median line, at the posterior third of the body. Vitellogenes short, 
 occupying the middle third of the body, and formed of seven glomerules on 
 the left, and eight on the right side. Ova operculated, with a small, acute 
 prominence at the pole opposite the operculum ; their length is 26 fi to 30 /*, 
 and width from 1 2 to 1 5 fi. 
 
 This Distome was first found in the Greenland Seal (Otto and Rudolphi), 
 then in the Cat (Creplin, Rivolta, Zwaardemaker, Generali), Dog (Ercolani, 
 Rivolta, Zwaardemaker, De Jong, Sonsino), American Fox (Cobbold), Indian 
 Pariah Dogs (Lewis). It is frequent in Holland and in India. It lodges 
 itself in the bile-ducts and gall-bladder, and gives rise to a cirrhosis which 
 has been studied by Zwaardemaker, and which we have also observed in the 
 Cat. 
 
 2. Distomum sinense (Cobb., D. spathulatum Leuckart). — A fluke 10 mm. 
 to 13 mm. long, and 2 mm. tc 3 mm. broad, flat, almost transparent in the 
 fresh state, and with a smooth integument. It differs from the preceding 
 species chiefly by the form of its testicles, which are constituted by a small 
 number of slightly ramifying tubes. Ova elliptical, with brown shell, and 
 measuring 28 ^ to 30 ^ long, and 16 n to 17 /x broad. 
 
 This species is special to China and Japan, and it is also a parasite of the 
 bile-ducts of Man. Ijima has often met with it in the liver of the Cat, and 
 he states that this animal also harbours a smaller species, the skin of which 
 has fine spines ; but it appears to be the D. truncatum. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 PARASITES OF THE PANCREAS AND SPLEEN 
 
 Pancreas. — The pancreas is very rarely invaded by parasites ; but 
 Echinococci, the agamous Sclerostomum equinum, Ascaris suis, and A. Megalo- 
 cephala have been found in it, though the health of the animals had not been 
 affected thereby (Florman, Goubaux, Lienaux, Montane). 
 
 Spleen. — The parasites of the spleen are not common. They are the 
 Linguatulas in the Dog, Cysticerci in the Pig, and Echinococci in animals 
 capable of harbouring them — Ox, Pig, and Sheep. Ostertag has found in the 
 spleen of a Cow an old multilocular Echinococcus, partly calcified, and sur- 
 rounded by a fibrous capsule. In the spleen of a Horse, Dieckerhoff met with 
 a sterile hydatid the size of a Canary’s egg, but there was no other lesion ; 
 while, in the spleen of a Cow, Lucet observed a cyst containing an adult 
 living Distomum hepaticum. CEsophagastomum columbianum has been found 
 under the capsule of the spleen of the Sheep. 
 
 465 
 
 30 
 
BOOK III 
 
 PARASITES OF THE SEROUS MEMBRANES 
 
 This book will only treat of the animal parasites of the peritoneum, 
 pleurae, and pericardium, which are, however, often of the same 
 species ; those of the arachnoid will be dealt with when we consider 
 the diseases of the cerebro-spinal axis ; the synovial serous mem- 
 branes have not yet been recorded as the seat of parasites. 
 
 The three larger serous membranes which we have mentioned, 
 closely adjoin each other, and it is therefore advantageous to examine 
 the parasites they may contain, as the majority of them arrive 
 through the abdominal digestive organs, which they first traverse 
 in order to reach their selected location. 
 
 These parasites are relatively rare, and come from a small number 
 of species belonging to the Cestodes, Trematodes, and Nematodes. 
 
 EQUiDiE. — Erratic Echinococci may be met with in the pleurae 
 and peritoneum of the Horse. Lienaux has published a remarkable 
 case of echinococcosis of the pleurae and lungs of a Horse ; nearly the 
 whole surface of the membrane was covered with Echinococci. 
 
 Railliet has found in the mesentery of a Horse, some cysts con- 
 taining the Sclerostomum equinum in an agamous state, and Kitt has 
 collected adult Sclerostomes in the peritoneal cavity of two horses. 
 
 Cysticercus fistularis Rud.— Rudolphi gave this name to a Cysticercus that 
 Chabert found in the peritoneum of a Horse, and several specimens of which 
 were preserved in the museum of the Alfort Veterinary College, but are not 
 there now. Some years afterwards, a similar parasite was found at the Berlin 
 Veterinary School by Reckleben. 
 
 The entire worm is an elongated oval, broader behind than in front, and 
 7 cm. to 13 cm. long, by 12 mm. to 14 mm. at its widest part. The head is 
 small, tetragonous, suckers little developed, and carries a double crown of 
 hooks. The body, very short, is succeeded by a caudal vesicle, which is 
 slightly enlarged at the posterior part. The mature taenia is unknown. 
 
 Filaria equina (Abildgaard, F . papillosa Rud.). — Body long, filiform, white, 
 attenuated at both ends, and especially behind. Mouth small, and provided 
 with a chitinous infundibuliform ring, the border of which is divided into four 
 rounded and salient papillae ; outside this ring are other four sub-median 
 papillae, in the form of spinules. Male 6 cm. to 8 cm. long ; tail curved in a 
 spiral manner, and having eight papillae on each side, of which there are four 
 pre-anal and four post-anal ; two unequal spicules enveloped in a transparent 
 sheath. Female 9 cm. to 1 5 cm. long ; tail slightly spiral, and terminated by 
 a papilla preceded by two others. Vulva situated near the anterior extremity. 
 Ovoviviparous. 
 
 466 
 
PARASITES OF THE SEROUS MEMBRANES 
 
 467 
 
 This Filaria is frequently met with in the peritoneal cavity, more 
 rarely in that of the pleura of the Horse, the Ass, and Mule, and 
 principally in cachectic animals. Usually only a few are found, at a 
 time, and the females are more numerous than the males ; but 
 occasionally they occur in large numbers, and Menges asserts that 
 he collected as many in the thoracic cavity of a Horse as would fill 
 a small basket. The lungs were transformed into a vast purulent 
 cavity. This observation is quite exceptional, if it is not erroneous ; 
 for the pleural and peritoneal membranes themselves ordinarily 
 appear to be indifferent to the presence of Filariae. 
 
 Macgillivray, of Banff, was castrating a 
 year-old Clydesdale colt, and in opening 
 the right scrotal sac, along with a large 
 quantity of fluid, there escaped thirty- 
 five worms, from 1 inch to ij inch long, 
 all very lively ; and from the left sac 
 there emerged twenty-one worms of the 
 same kind. They had evidently descended 
 from the abdominal cavity. About a 
 fortnight after castration the colt died of 
 hydrops abdominalis, and in the abdominal 
 cavity were found thousands of these 
 worms crawling about on the surface of 
 the viscera. 
 
 This Nematode has been observed also 
 
 Fig. 285. — Filaria papillosa 
 of the Horse ; natural size. 
 
 A, male ; B, female. 
 
 Fig. 286. — Cephalic extremity of the Filaria 
 papillosa of the Horse ; magnified 1 50 
 diameters. 
 
 in the arachnoideal space, in the sub-peritoneal connective tissue, 
 and in the substance of the diaphragm. To this species belong the 
 Filariae found in the interior of the eye. Baruchello has also 
 attributed to it the cutaneous helminthiasis of the Horse already 
 referred to. The course by which the Filariae of the Horse find 
 their way to their final locality is not known. 
 
 Ruminants. — Independently of the Echinococci, there are often 
 found in the peritoneum of various Ruminants — and, in particular, 
 the Ox, Sheep, Goat, Camel, and Reindeer — the Cysticercus of the 
 Tcenice marginata of the Dog — the Cysticercus tenuicollis Rud. It 
 is rarely met with in the pleura or pericardium. 
 
 30—2 
 
468 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Cysticercus tenuicollis has an elliptical caudal vesicle from 15 mm. to 
 50 mm. long, and is often as large as a Pigeon’s egg. The head is similar to 
 that of the Tania mavginata, and is invaginated at the bottom of a slit 
 observed at the free extremity of the scolex, which is from 14 mm. to 30 mm. 
 long, and plicated transversely. 
 
 Known to butchers by the name of Water-ball, this Cysticercus 
 may be found in varying number and size in animals slaughtered in 
 the abbatoirs. It does not appear to cause any disturbance of 
 health — at least, in the majority of cases. Its action is limited to the 
 formation of the cyst that lodges it. Nevertheless, as already 
 stated (p. 422), Baillet in his experiments to establish that the 
 C. tenuicollis is the cystic form of Tcenia marginata of the Dog, pro- 
 duced in Lambs and Kids grave — some- 
 times fatal — lesions. These experi- 
 ments show that the ova of this Taenia 
 reach the intestines with the food and 
 water, and that the majority of the 
 embryos attain the peritoneal cavity 
 in passing through the liver. On the 
 tenth day after infestation, in fact, the 
 liver is found traced on its surface and 
 in its substance by sinuous galleries, 
 each occupied by a small blood-clot, 
 and one, two, or three vesicles (or 
 bladders) of -5 mm. to 3*5 mm. in 
 diameter. The head only begins to 
 appear towards the twenty-fifth day ; 
 it is well formed about the fortieth day, 
 and in about the seventh to the eighth 
 month the Cysticerci are completely de- 
 veloped. Certain experimental animals 
 succumbed to a diffused haemorrhagic 
 hepatitis, or to peritonitis. We have 
 also seen that similar occurrences were 
 observed in Pigs under ordinary conditions — by Leuckart and by 
 Boudeaud, and in the Cow by Piitz. 
 
 On the other hand, Fromage de Feugre has collected the Cyst, 
 tenuicollis in the liver of a Sheep, and we have also met with it in the 
 muscles of this animal (see Pseudo-Measles in Sheep). Fleming found 
 this Cysticercus in the subcutaneous connective tissue and the super- 
 ficial muscles of a Lamb that died from Filar iae in the air-passages. 
 
 As the Cysticercus tenuicollis very rarely produces serious altera- 
 tions, we need only say that it would be useful to suppress the 
 original cause — the Tcenia marginata — by preventing Dogs having 
 access to viscera infested with Cyst, tenuicollis. 
 
 Morot found a cystic tumour containing Distomum hepaticum, on 
 the inner surface of the abdominal wall of a Cow. 
 
 Filaria of the Ox ( Filaria cervina Duj., F. labiato-papillosa Alessandrini, F. 
 terebra Dies.). — Alessandrini was the first to distinguish this Filaria from that 
 
 Fig. 287. — Cysticercus tenui- 
 collis, with the head evagi- 
 nated ; natural size. — 
 
 Railliet. 
 
PARASITES OF THE SEROUS MEMBRANES 
 
 469 
 
 of the Horse, and Baillet has shown that it belongs to the same species as that 
 of the Deer. It much resembles that of the Horse, from which it differs, 
 however, by the absence of the four posterior — submedian — papillae around 
 the mouth, by having no integumentary striae, and by the caudal papillae of 
 the female which terminate in a fasciculus of small blunt points, preceded by 
 two thick conical lateral papillae. The length of the male is 5 cm. to 6 cm., 
 and of the female 6 cm. to 10 cm. It is ovo viviparous. 
 
 This Filaria is sometimes met with in the peritoneum of Cattle, but no 
 pathological effects have been attributed to it. The Filaria described by 
 some veterinary surgeons as found in the eye of the Ox, is considered as 
 belonging to this species. 
 
 Pig. — Beside the Echinococci, the Cysticercus tenuicollis and 
 Stephanurus dentatus have been found in the peritoneal cavity of 
 this animal. 
 
 Cysticercus tenuicollis. — This parasite occupies the same habitat in 
 the Pig as it does in Ruminants — that is, the peritoneal folds ; but 
 it may also localize itself in the liver, a remarkable instance of this 
 occurrence in the Pig having been given by Semmer. In the Pig, 
 this Cysticercus may also exceptionally follow the example of the 
 C. Cellulosce , in occupying the muscular portion of the diaphragm. 
 
 Fig. 288. — Cephalic extremity cf the Fig. 289. — Caudal extremity of the 
 
 Filaria cervina ; magnified 150 female Filaria cervina ; magnified 
 
 diameters. 1 50 diameters. 
 
 Stephanurus dentatus (Dies.). — This is a Nematode belonging to the family 
 of Strongylidae, and related to the Sclerostomes (see p. 279), but differing 
 from them by the body being attenuated in front, the presence of a single 
 spicule, and a multilobular pouch in the males. The only species known is 
 the 5 . dentatus. 
 
 The mouth is terminal and orbicular, with six very small teeth, of which 
 the two opposed are the strongest. The male is 22 mm. to 30 mm. long, the 
 female being 30 mm. to 40 mm. 
 
 Natterer was the first to find this worm in Brazil, in cysts of the mesentery 
 of a Chinese Pig. White found it in the United States, where it appears to 
 be very common, and Verrill has described it under the name of Sclerostomx 
 pinguicola. Cobbold also reported its existence in Australia, and stated that 
 it was met with in the abdominal viscera, especially in the adipose tissue 
 surrounding these organs. No doubt, a more than exaggerated rdle has been 
 attributed to it in the development of the diseases which have destroyed so 
 many Pigs in the United States. However, Lutz has observed peritoneal 
 effusion and fistulous induration around the kidneys where it has been met 
 with. 
 
 Rabbit. — The Cysticercus pisiformis Zeder — the cystic form of the 
 Tcenia serrata of the Dog — is the most common parasite in the peri- 
 
470 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 toneum of the Rabbit. We have already seen the phases through 
 which it passes in traversing the liver, before reaching the peri- 
 oneum, where, when it has arrived, it excites the formation of the 
 cyst that envelops it, and appears as a small bladder full of fluid, 
 and about the size of a pea. It is sometimes found in such numbers 
 
 as to resemble clusters of grapes, 
 is noticed a white spot ; this is the 
 scolex invaginated in the interior 
 of the vesicle, from which it is 
 easy to evaginate it. The head 
 has all the characters of that of 
 T. serrata. 
 
 There ought to be classed with this 
 species, the Cyst, elongatus, described 
 and figured under this name by 
 Leuckart. Its distinctive feature is 
 the great length of its vesicle. It is 
 usually encysted in the pelvic peri- 
 
 Fig. 290. — Fragment of the mesentery 
 of a Rabbit invaded by the Cysti- 
 cercus pisiformis ; natural size. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 On the surface of each bladder 
 
 Fig. 291. — Section of the com- 
 pletely developed Cysticercus pisi- 
 formis ; magnified 1 5 diameters. 
 The head is invaginated, and is 
 succeeded by a long portion that 
 passes nearly entire in the adult 
 state. — Moniez.* 
 
 * d, a constant depression at the posterior part of the Cysticercus, due to 
 atrophy of a portion of the body at the preceding stage (represented in 
 Fig. 261) ; vs, section of vessels in the vesicle or bladder ; vs', section of the 
 vessels where they anastomose ; vsc, vesicle ; p, papillae ; ct, cuticle ; sc, sub- 
 cuticular layer ; cc, calcareous corpuscles ; ml, longitudinal muscular fibres ; 
 mt, transverse muscular fibres ; v, suckers ; bb, cephalic bulb. 
 
 toneum. But whatever Leuckart may say, it does not appear to be different, 
 in the number and character of its hooks, from Cyst, pisiformis. 
 
 It is also probable that — as Diesing remarks — the parasite found by Kuhn 
 in the peritoneum of the Rabbit, and named by him Monostoma leporis, is 
 the Cysticercus pisiformis. 
 
 ‘ There are sometimes found — and especially in wild Rabbits — Cysticerci 
 pisiformes which have left their cysts, and are sometimes even evaginated and 
 have begun to develop their segments. Megnin has imagined that these 
 worms, in passing into the intestine, are transformed into T. pectinata ; but 
 there is no proof in support of this, and our personal experience does not 
 agree with these indications * (Railliet). 
 
PARASITES OF THE SEROUS MEMBRANES 
 
 47 1 
 
 Dog and Cat. — The large serous cavities of the Dog and Cat 
 rarely lodge parasites. Up to the present day there have been found 
 only Cestodes in the larval form — the Dithyridium elongatum and 
 Echinococci, the giant Eustrongylus, the Linguatula , and an un- 
 determined Pentastome. 
 
 Dithyridium elongatum, Blumberg ( Plerocercoides — Cysiicercus — Bailleti ). — 
 Body very extensible and contractile, and narrow ; it may measure 105 mm. 
 long^ but usually does not exceed 1 cm. to 2 cm. The anterior part — which is 
 1 *5 mm. to 3 mm. — is of an opaque white, irregularly plicated, and shows at its 
 summit a longitudinal slit — the invagination opening. The head — very difficult 
 to evaginate — is irregularly globular, and has neither rostellum nor hooks, but 
 is provided with four elliptical and usually dark-coloured suckers, measuring 
 •5 mm. to *6 mm. in diameter. The anterior portion is succeeded by a 
 narrower distended part in the form of a tail scarcely attenuated behind, 
 where it is about 1 mm. broad. In small specimens this tail is very short, 
 and they are cordiform because of the anterior slit. The whole body is full of 
 calcareous corpuscles. This Cystic form maintains its movements for a long 
 
 Fig. 292. — Dith. elongatum Fig. 293. — Evaginated head of the Dith. 
 {Cysticercus Bailleti) ; natural elongatum ( Cysiicercus Bailleti); mag- 
 size. nified 50 diameters. 
 
 time in tepid water — even when the autopsy has been made forty-eight hours 
 after the death of its host, it will be found moving. 
 
 Railliet has named this bladder worm, which had been unnamed, Cysticercus 
 Bailleti, as Baillet was the first to find it in the Cat and Dog. It appears to 
 us to belong to the Plerocercoides of Braun, which includes the larval form 
 of Bothriocephalus. Several of the Piestocystis of Diesing — and particularly 
 P. martis and P. taxi — are probably only examples of the Plerocercoides. 
 
 Baillet has met with these parasites in two cats : in one Case 21 
 were found in the peritoneal cavity, and in the other 80 were dis- 
 covered in the pleural sacs. He also found 12 young specimens in 
 the peritoneum of a Rat. Blumberg described them anew, and 
 figured them ; he met with a small number in the pleura of one Cat, 
 a considerable quantity in the peritoneum of another, and about 100 
 in the pleurae and peritoneum of a Dog. Our colleague, Labat, has 
 had occasion to observe these parasites in a Dog affected with 
 Ascites ; the fluid extracted by paracentesis contained a certain 
 number of great size, and at the autopsy a considerable quantity 
 
47 2 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 were found encysted in the peritoneum, the large omentum, and the 
 lungs. In 19 of 76 Cats, we have found them in the pleurae or 
 peritoneum, or in both together ; in 14 the numbers were one, two 
 or three ; once there were six, once twelve, and in three others they 
 were in very large number in the pleurae and peritoneum. In two 
 of the cases in which they were numerous, many of them — not yet 
 having grown larger, than a millet-seed — were lodged in the texture 
 of the great omentum, in the interior of cysts varying in colour from 
 yellow lo brick-red. These cysts contained from one to seven, and 
 they were nearly all situated on the course of the omental vessels. 
 It might therefore be supposed that, before being set free in the 
 serous cavity, these parasites are at first encysted in the substance 
 of the membrane, and that they are probably brought there from 
 the stomach or intestine by the blood- circulation. At Toulouse 
 the Dithyridium has been found in 25 per cent, of the Cats 
 examined. 
 
 We have found 5 young Plerocercoides in the peritoneal cavity of 
 an Ichneumon ( Herpestes Ichneumon ), 4 in the same cavity of a Pole- 
 cat ; and a great number in the peritoneal and pleural cavities, as 
 well as beneath the visceral serous membrane of the liver and lungs, 
 of a Fox. 
 
 Echinococci. — Six instances are known of Echinococci in the 
 peritoneal cavity of Dogs, and in all the infested animals were 
 considered dropsical. 
 
 The first is due to J. Hartmann, who, in 1694, found in the peritoneum of a 
 Dog such a large number of hydatids, as to fill several plates with them. 
 Their volume varied from that of a pea to a hen’s egg ; some were free, others 
 adhered to the peritoneum and to all the organs it covered ; the liver alone 
 was penetrated by them, but these were generally of small size. Although 
 Hartmann mistook the nature of these hydatids, yet this cannot be doubtful 
 when the two following instances are considered. 
 
 The second published observation belongs to Reimann. The majority of 
 the Echinococci varied in size, from that of a hazel-nut to a small hen*s egg ; 
 the smallest was as big as a pea, the largest as voluminous as a man’s fist. 
 They belonged to simple types — endogenous and exogenous — the latter 
 predominating. The scolices were abundant ; but there were, nevertheless, 
 many acephalocysts. The hydatids were spread over the whole of the 
 peritoneal cavity, even into the pelvic cavity and the vaginal sac around the 
 testicles ; but there were none on the parietal or visceral serous membrane, 
 nor yet in the interior of the abdominal organs. Those which were not free 
 adhered to the mesentery or omentum. Their quantity was considerable, and 
 they weighed about 8,872 grammes, of which 6,672 were made up of free 
 Echinococci from the peritoneal cavity, and these were six litres by measure. 
 The total number was estimated at 3,000. The parietal serous membrane 
 was inflamed in places. 
 
 The other cases occurred in our own experience. In the first, which may 
 serve as a type, with the exception of three vesicles, the size of a nut, all had 
 a volume varying from that of a pin’s head to that of a pea ; in this respect 
 they approached the type of the multilocular Echinococcus. Our persevering 
 search could not enable us to discover a single head, and it is known that 
 they are somewhat rare in the multilocular Echinococci. Nearly all the 
 hydatids belonged to the exogenous type ; and they measured, with the clear 
 fluid in which they were suspended, between 4 and 5 litres. It was not possible 
 to count them, but there were certainly more than 100,000. Besides filling 
 
PARASITES OF THE SEROUS MEMBRANES 
 
 473 
 
 the peritoneal cavity, they adhered here and there on different parts of its 
 surface ; and they were also found in the middle lobe of the liver — which was 
 lull of them — and in the omental fissure of the spleen. There was general 
 chronic peritonitis. 
 
 These observations are remarkable for the enormous quantity of 
 hydatids found in each ; and in this respect they have some analogy 
 with that of Anel, having reference to a dropsical Man. The small 
 size of the vesicles, their great number, and the absence of scolices, 
 class them with the multilocular Echinococci. 
 
 With regard to the origin of these Echinococci of the Dog, this is 
 inexplicable. In the two last observations — and probably in the 
 first — the Dogs did not harbour the Tcsnia echinococcus in their 
 intestine ; but as they might have been bearers of it previously, 
 there is reason to ask if exceptional auto-infestation had not taken 
 place by one or more Taeniae, the embryos of which could pass 
 spontaneously through the intestinal wall, or be favoured by some 
 primary lesion ; for in the spleen of our Dog there was found a 
 sewing needle, that had probably come from the intestine. In order 
 to verify this hypothesis, we have on several occasions introduced 
 living and mature Tcenia echinococcus into the peritoneal cavity of a 
 number of Dogs, but with negative results. This might have been 
 anticipated, as the ova had not previously undergone the erosive 
 action of the gastric juice, which is necessary in order to set the 
 embryos free. 
 
 Linguatula. — In each of two Cats, we have met with a free larval form of 
 Linguatula denticulatum in the peritoneal cavity. 
 
 Pentastoma. — Bochefontaine has found in an experimental Dog, in apparent 
 good condition, thousands of free agamous Pentastomes in the peritoneal 
 cavity, or lodged in cysts on the hepatic peritoneum, or in the mesentery ; each 
 cyst containing only one parasite. These larvae were 16 mm. long and 2 mm. 
 to 3 mm. broad ; they were white, cylindrical, moniliform, the extremities 
 being rounded, about equal, but a little attenuated behind. Megnin con- 
 sidered them — but without sufficient cause — as belonging to the Pentastoma 
 moniliforme Dies., which, in the adult state, is only found in the lung of the 
 striped Python. 
 
 Birds. — Baillet found in the peritoneal cavity of a Fowl, three Cysticerci 
 the size of a millet-seed, each of them being isolated in a cyst. The head had 
 four suckers, but no proboscis or hooks. 
 
 The Filaria cygni Rud., found by Redi, has already been studied in dealing 
 wfith the intestinal worms of the Swan. 
 
BOOK IV 
 
 PARASITES OF THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS 
 
 Parasitism of the respiratory organs is very frequent. Their wide, 
 constant, and necessary communication with the atmosphere, 
 permits the innumerable germs floating about in it to penetrate to 
 their inmost recesses. Parasites, in the larval condition and of very 
 small dimensions, may also find their way into them during the 
 prehension of food and drinking of water — agents which afford these 
 minute creatures shelter, or serve as transitory vehicles. They 
 enter by the nostrils or the mouth, untilizing the communication of 
 the latter cavity with the vestibule of the air-passages. 
 
 Parasites may also arrive at the lungs by travelling from the 
 stomach or intestines, which at certain points they can only do by 
 boring through the walls of these, and passing through the dia- 
 phragm and the serous membranes covering it. Perhaps they may 
 also reach the respiratory organs in being carried passively by the 
 blood, in those vessels which they meet with during their active 
 migrations. The air in the breathing apparatus constitutes one 
 of the conditions that determine the habitat of several of these 
 parasites. 
 
 In consequence of their great sensitiveness, the respiratory organs 
 are not very indifferent to the presence of parasites, which usually 
 betray their existence in them by well-marked symptoms, which 
 are furnished by the semeiology proper to these organs. The 
 disturbances that ensue in the respiration are sometimes so serious 
 as to jeopardize the health of the host ; but they otherwise vary 
 according to whether the parasites are lodged at the commencement 
 or in the depths of this apparatus. 
 
 474 
 
A.— DOMESTICATED MAMMALIA 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 PARASITES OF THE NASAL CAVITIES AND LARYNX 
 
 We have already seen (p. 281) that the Hcemopis, which prefers the 
 hard and soft palate and pharynx of the Horse, may also be found 
 in the nasal cavities and entrance to the larynx. We have also 
 noted that when the larvae of the Gastrophilus become fixed on 
 the margin of the epiglottis, or the vicinity of the larynx, of the 
 Horse, they occasion very frequent fits of coughing that may 
 terminate in asphyxia. 
 
 Beyond the more or less exceptional instances, the special 
 parasites of the nasal cavities are Coccidia in the Rabbit, Lin- 
 guatula in the Dog, and the larva of the F strides in the Sheep, 
 Camel, and Deer. 
 
 Article I. — Nasal Coccidiosis of the Rabbit. 
 
 This affection, described by Ziirn under the names of Rhinitis 
 or Psorospermic Catarrh , and Malignant Catarrhal Fever of Rabbits , 
 appears to be common in Germany. It is due to invasion of the 
 mucous membrane of the nose, pharynx, and middle ear by coccidia, 
 which probably are identical with Coccidium cuniculi (Rivolta). 
 
 The symptoms comprise dulness, loss of appetite, unthrifty 
 coat, profuse nasal discharge, aud excessive salivation — the saliva 
 wetting the muzzle, lips, breast, and fore legs. Frequent sneezing 
 and fits of coughing ; increasing fever, laboured respiration, and 
 aggravation of all the symptoms. Death takes place in con- 
 vulsions. 
 
 The nasal catarrh may be complicated by sore throat, with 
 difficulty in mastication and deglutition, and by laryngeal rattling, 
 which is most marked during feeding. Sometimes there is a 
 purulent conjunctivitis, with non-encysted coccidia in the dis- 
 charge. When the middle ear is attacked the animal inclines the 
 head — at first only when eating, then permanently — to a degree 
 
 475 
 
476 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 that sometimes one eye looks upwards and the other towards the 
 ground. 
 
 This disease is usually accompanied by intestinal coccidiosis, and 
 its progress is very rapid. The principal lesions are intense inflam- 
 mation of the mucous membrane of the nose and pharynx :j the 
 nasal cavities contain a reddish-yellow fluid composed of mucus 
 and blood serum mixed with coccidia and pus cells. 
 
 When the ear is affected, the lining of the middle ear, Eustachian 
 tube, and external auditory canal is inflamed. Purulent mucus 
 fills the cavity of the tympanum, and the membrana tympani may 
 be perforated. Coccidia are found under the epithelium and within 
 the epithelial cells. The inflammatory process sometimes extends 
 to the labyrinth, and the vessels of the cerebral dura mater may be 
 much injected. 
 
 The treatment is the same as that already indicated for Hepatic 
 Coccidiosis. 
 
 Article II. — Linguatulida. 
 
 The Linguatules are the most interesting species of the order 
 Linguatulida, which is thus characterized : 
 
 Endoparasitic Arachnida, with an elongated, vermiform, and annulated 
 body. Mouth destitute of jaws in the adult, and surrounded by two pairs of 
 hooks representing rudimentary legs. No heart. Respiration cutaneous. 
 
 This order only comprises the two genera, Pentastoma and 
 Linguatula, separated by Railliet, and already indicated by 
 Leuckart as sub -genera. Their characters are as follows : 
 
 Pentastoma (Rud.). — Body cylindroid, with continuous cavity. This genus 
 has no representative in the domesticated animals, unless it be a larval form 
 once found in the peritoneum of a Dog. 
 
 Linguatula (Frolich). — Body depressed, dorsal surface rounded, borders 
 crenellated, the cavity of the body forming diverticuli in the lateral parts of 
 the rings or segments. 
 
 The species which the domesticated animals harbour is very 
 often named, in the adult state, Linguatula tcenioides. 
 
 Linguatula tsen'oides ( Linguatula rliinaria Pilger, Pentastoma tcenioides Rud.). 
 — Body white, lanceolated, very elongated, vermiform, flattened from above to 
 below, the ventral surface nearly plane, the dorsal surface rounded ; anterior 
 extremity broad and rounded ; posterior extremity attenuated. Cephalo- 
 thorax short, and joined throughout its breadth to the abdomen, which 
 is scarcely distinct, and which forms by far the greater part of the body. 
 Integuments show about ninety rings or segments, widest in their middle, 
 which causes the margins of the body to be distinctly crenulated. Hooks 
 sharp, curved, bi-articulated, the basilar article attenuated in its deeper 
 portion. These hooks are each retractile in a small sheath or fossette, and 
 are moved by muscular cords arranged in different directions. Mouth sub- 
 quadrangular, and rounded at the angles ; digestive tube simple and recti- 
 linear ; anus terminal. Male white, 18 mm. to 20 mm. long, 3 mm. broad in 
 front, *5 behind, and provided with two sacciform testicles, which occupy the 
 posterior three-fourths of the cavity of the body. Female greyish- white, 
 often rendered brown by the ova placed along the middle line, where the 
 
PARASITES OF THE NASAL CAVITIES AND LARYNX 4 77 
 
 integument is thin and semi-transparent ; from 8 cm. to 10 cm. long, 8 mm. 
 to 10 mm. broad in front, and 2 mm. behind. Eggs ovoid, 90 ju long and 
 70 ju, broad. 
 
 The nervous system is composed of a non- oesophageal ganglion, the two lobes 
 of which are united by a commissure passing above the oesophagus, and 
 completing the oesophageal ring. It gives off three or four filaments that go 
 to the cephalo-thoracic organs, and two long cords 
 parallel to the intestine. There are no sensory 
 organs, though Lecukart has described, as tactile 
 organs, scarcely visible appendages situated at the 
 anterior border of the cephalo-thorax. Organs of 
 circulation and respiration are also absent. 
 
 Fig. 294. — Female Lin- Fig. 295. — Genital appar- 
 guatula tcenioides ; atus of the male Lin- 
 natural size. guatula tcenioides . — 
 
 Leuckart. 
 
 t, testicles ; vs, seminal 
 vesicle ; g, glandular por- 
 tion of the deferent 
 canals ; /, flagellum ; p, 
 penis coiled up. 
 
 Fig. 296. — Anatomy of 
 the female Linguatula 
 tcenioides. — Leuckart. 
 b, mouth ; d, digestive 
 canal ; a, anus ; ov, 
 ovary ; do, do', oviducts ; 
 vc, vc', copulatory 
 pouches ; u, vagina or 
 uterus. 
 
 Evolution. — The female Linguatula tcenioides deposits its ova in 
 the nasal cavities of the Dog which is its bearer. These ova are 
 expelled along with mucus during the fits of sneezing induced by 
 the presence of the parasite. Those which fall on the grass of 
 pastures or on forage are retained there, surrounded by mucus, and 
 may in this state resist atmospheric influences for several weeks. 
 If this soiled grass or forage be eaten by any herbivorous animal — 
 
478 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Sheep, Rabbit, Ox, etc. — the shell of the eggs is dissolved, and the 
 embryos, which had begun to appear immediately after the eggs 
 were laid, are set at liberty in the intestine of the new host. 
 
 Fig. 297. — First phases of the evolution of the Linguatula tcenioides . — 
 
 Leuckart. 
 
 A, egg magnified 200 times, and containing an embryo ; B, acariform, tetra- 
 pod, free embryo ; C, nympha or pupa 9 weeks old ; a , anus ; b, mouth. 
 
 This embryo has a certain resemblance to the Acarina (Fig. 297, B). 
 It is ovoid, flat on the ventral surface, round on the dorsal surface, 
 and constricted and dentated at its posterior 
 extremity. It measures 130 tx long, and 60 /x 
 broad ; it is furnished with two pairs of articu- 
 lated, bi-ungulated legs, and at its anterior 
 part it has a perforating apparatus formed by 
 a median stylet and two curved hooks. By 
 means of this apparatus it bores through the 
 wall of the digestive tube, and reaches the 
 organ in which it is to be encysted — mesenteric 
 glands, liver, lungs, etc. 
 
 Arrived at this first destination, it loses its 
 rostrum and legs, and is transformed into a 
 motionless, rolled-up pupa, showing no trace 
 of segments, hooks, or bristles, and measuring 
 250 fj < to 300 [x long, by 180 fx broad (Fig. 297, 
 C). At the end of eight weeks after infestation, 
 Leuckart observed these encysted nymphae. 
 Some time afterwards they are transformed 
 larva of the Lin- into secondary larva? by a series of successive 
 guatula t&ni- moultings (Fig. 298). The body is elongated, 
 broader in front, and divided into 80 to 90 
 segments, which have a series of fine points on 
 their posterior border. The digestive canal is 
 very wide ; the mouth is elliptical, and encircled by four 
 characteristic hooks, as well as accessory ones. This larva is 
 agamous, for its genital organs are only represented by a small 
 
 Fig. 298. — Lingua- 
 tula denticulatum, 
 
 oides ; magnified 
 10 diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
PARASITES OF THE NASAL CAVITIES AND LARYNX 479 
 
 granular mass situated in the posterior part of the body. Towards 
 the sixth or seventh month, the larva is completely developed, 
 measures 6 mm. to 8 mm., and represents that which has been 
 designated the Linguatula denticulatum. 
 
 After a certain time, these mature larvae begin to move by means 
 of their hooks and the chitinous spicules on their skin, which 
 prevent slipping back. They leave their primary location, fall 
 into the peritoneal or pleural cavity, and the majority of them die. 
 There are some, however, which succeed in encysting themselves 
 on some other point, and Colin has found traces of these internal 
 migrations. It is not impossible — as Gerlach imagined — that they 
 sometimes reach the bronchi, thence to be thrown out of the body 
 of the host ; and then they would be capable of resisting desiccation 
 for a long time, and returning to active life under the influence of 
 humidity. It might also be admitted — according to the same 
 
 Fig. 299. — Head of a Dog opened in the middle, showing three of the Lin- 
 guatula tcenioides (two of which are placed side by side) in the nasal 
 cavities. — Colin. 
 
 authority — that they could, after having attained the bronchi, 
 reach the nasal cavities of their host, and there become perfect. 
 In this way would be explained the presence — quite exceptional, 
 it is true — of the Linguatula tcenioides in the nasal cavities of the 
 herbivora ; and the presence of free larvae found by Gurlt in the 
 trachea of a Hare and a Goat support this hypothesis. 
 
 One thing is certain, that in general, these larvae cannot acquire 
 their complete development except in the respiratory apparatus. 
 They only survive a few days after they leave their original host 
 unless the viscera of this is devoured by a carnivorous animal, 
 a Dog, for example. Then these agamous Lingua tules reach the 
 nasal cavities of their new host, either by the nostrils, the guttural 
 openings, or in ascending from the oesophagus or pharynx. Gerlach 
 admits also that they may arrive in the trachea, after passing 
 through the wall of the stomach, and the peritoneum, pleura, and 
 lungs. Once installed in the nasal cavities, toward the third week 
 
480 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 in one moulting they lose their numerous spicules — which have now 
 become useless — and wear a simple smooth skin. At the same time, 
 the genital organs complete their development — those of the male 
 sooner than those of the female. They may copulate about the 
 end of the sixth or seventh week. 
 
 The area they occupy is somewhat limited. The males are 
 nomadic, and will be found at different points in the nasal cavities 
 — even in the pharynx and larynx, no doubt in search of the non- 
 fecundated females ; but most frequently they are hidden away 
 in corners. The females are more sedentary, but — contrary to the 
 assertion of Chabert — they are never found in the ethmoidal cells, 
 and it is only after the death of their hosts that they wander into 
 the pharnyx, and even into the larynx. Gelle found one in the 
 middle ear of a Dog, where it had penetrated by the Eustachian 
 tube. Exceptionally they pass into the frontal sinus, in which they 
 are sometimes found half engaged. But in general they are only 
 met with at the bottom of the meatuses, between the turbinated 
 bones, and in the interstices between the ethmoidal volutes — their 
 favourite abode being the wide and regular hollow that constitutes 
 the cul-de-sac of the middle meatus. There they are shelteied 
 from the respiratory currents of air, while the secretion of the 
 mucous membrane — rich in glands — provides them with an abun- 
 dant alimentation. 
 
 But little developed at the time of coupling, the females soon 
 after this event assume their definite size, chiefly owing to the 
 accumulation of eggs in their oviduct. The number of these is 
 considerable, Leuckart estimating them at 500,000 in one female. 
 Ovulation begins towards the sixth month of the parasite’s nasal 
 existence, and is continued for an undetermined period. 
 
 Concisely stated, the evolution of the Linguatula may be said to 
 comprise four distinct and successive stages : 1. Acariform embryo ; 
 2. Encysted nympha ; 3. Free or encysted larva — Linguatula 
 denticulatum ; 4. Adult state in the nasal cavities — Linguatula 
 t cento ides. 
 
 Frequency. — The majority of authorities consider the Lingu- 
 atula tcenioides as a rare parasite in the nasal cavities of the Dog ; 
 but Colin, on the contrary, has asserted that it is very common, 
 at least in Central France ; in 630 Dogs which he had opened within 
 two years at Alfort, at all seasons, 64 of them had from 1 to 11 — 
 in all, 146 parasites — a proportion of about 10 per cent. But it 
 would not appear to be the same at Toulouse, for in 60 Dogs ex- 
 amined with this special object, only 5 furnished Linguatules, the 
 number of which varied from 1 to 4. 
 
 A knowledge of the migrations of these parasites allows us to 
 understand their extreme rarity in house Dogs, and their relative 
 fiequency in shepherds’ or butchers’ Dogs, as well as in street 
 Dogs. 
 
 Action of the Adult Parasite. — The Linguatula tcenioides has 
 been met with in the nasal cavities of the Hoise, Mule, Sheep, Goat, 
 
PA RA SITES OF THE NA SA L CA VITIES AND LAR YNX 48 1 
 
 and even of Man. But its natural host being the Dog, it is chiefly 
 in this animal that the symptoms due to its presence are known, 
 and these chiefly through experimentation. 
 
 Chabert had manifestly exaggeiated these symptoms, and this 
 appears to have been suspected by his contemporaries. Colin has 
 been able to note them from day to day, and so to settle the 
 question. 
 
 In wandering into the nasal cavities, the hooks of the parasites 
 produce a slight irritation of the pituitary membrane, and hence 
 some slight sneezings which would not usually attract attention. 
 After some time, when the parasites have become more developed, 
 they hinder the passage of air into the nasal cavities. Then the 
 sneezing is more frequent, sudden, irregular, and sometimes long 
 continued — especially when the respiration has been accelerated 
 by running. Occasionally the animals stop anxiously, take very 
 deep respirations, open the mouth, and attempt to swallow. These 
 periods of agitation are alternated with others of perfect calm. 
 Sleep is often disturbed by difficult inspirations and attacks of 
 sneezing ; some animals ^appear to be even threatened with asphyxia, 
 and in their agony raise their paws to the nose, as if to remove 
 some obstacle to their breathing. They become irritable, but rarely 
 to such a degree as to lead to the belief that they are suffering from 
 epilepsy or rabies. 
 
 We have mentioned that, during these fits of sneezing, the Dog 
 ejects mucus charged with ova ; it may also throw out the parasites, 
 as has often been noticed. 
 
 It is doubtful if the epistaxis remarked in affected Dogs should 
 be attiibuted to the presence of these parasites ; for in the majority 
 of cases the animals are also suffering from intestinal anchylos- 
 tomiasis, or essential anaemia. 
 
 The Lingua tules may, in becoming displaced in the respiratory 
 apparatus, cause fatal asphyxia ; although those that are found 
 in the larynx are generally introduced there after death (Colin). 
 ‘ Professor Dick relates an interesting fact with regard to this. 
 It was the case of a Dog in perfect health, which died suddenly, 
 and at the autopsy there was found nothing that could account for 
 death, except three Linguatules lodged — one in the larynx, another 
 in the trachea, and a third in the left bronchus. Cobbold explains 
 this displacement, by observing that the animal had gone out in 
 the morning — it being winter — and that probably the action of 
 the cold air had caused the parasites to wander in search of warmth ; 
 hence resulted the asphyxia ’ (Railliet). 
 
 The duration of sojourn of these parasites in the nasal cavities 
 may be very long. Colin has known it to exceed fifteen months. 
 Eventually, however, they are expelled or perish sur place , and 
 with them disappear the symptoms. 
 
 According to Colin, the lesions are in reality insignificant. The 
 pituitary membrane retains its normal characters 4 so completely 
 that, without the aid of the hand-lens, the practised eye would have 
 
 31 
 
482 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 great difficulty in discovering the slight imprints of their microsco- 
 pical hooks.’ Leuckart has noted a little injection and softening 
 of the mucous membrane. When, exceptionally, the parasites 
 have located themselves in the frontal sinuses, the mucous mem- 
 brane is slightly inflamed, and there is a small collection of muco-pus. 
 
 The preventive treatment consists in keeping Dogs away from the 
 entrails of Sheep, Rabbits, etc., which may contain agamous 
 Linguatules ; though the slight gravity of this nasal parasitism 
 would scarcely justify this measure if it did not, at least, have its 
 utility with regard to other parasitic affections — such as those due 
 to the bladder-worms and Taeniae. 
 
 There is no need to have recourse, in curative treatment , to tre- 
 phining of the frontal sinuses, as advised by Chabert, as these 
 cavities are not the usual habitat of the parasites. Injections are 
 more indicated, and for these dilute ammonia or benzine, or, better, 
 empyreumatic oil mixed with an infusion of savory — i oz. of the 
 first in 12 oz. of the second (Chabert) — may be employed. These 
 irritating injections should be followed by emollient fumigations. 
 Inhalations of ammonia or chloroform might be tried (as might 
 also tobacco-smoke, or the fumes of chlorine or burning sulphur). 
 The insufflation of errhine powders, and especially snuff, does not 
 give favourable results. 
 
 Action of the Larval Linguatula. — The agamous or denticulated 
 Linguatula is sometimes found encysted and sometimes in the free 
 state, in the abdominal or thoracic viscera of a large number of 
 animals, and it is frequent in the Sheep. The mesenteric glands 
 which are commencing to be filled with Linguatules, at first do not 
 show in their appearance anything that might cause suspicion of 
 the presence of these parasites. But soon they become brown in 
 places, are diminished in consistence, seem shrivelled up, and are 
 hollowed out by little cavities full of larvae. These cavities are at 
 first separate from each other, but often end in communicating as 
 they enlarge, the substance of the gland being destroyed and trans- 
 formed into a brown fluid, in which the Linguatules swim about. 
 Sometimes there are observed certain glands, on the surface of 
 which are openings with regular borders, by which the parasites 
 have made their escape, to wander elsewhere. At other times the 
 surface of these glands has irregular greenish spots, fibrinous 
 deposits and false membranes, which appear to indicate a recent 
 departure or the destruction of the parasites. The glands which 
 are altered in these several ways are scarcely permeable to the 
 chyle, and nutrition must therefore be unfavourably influenced. 
 
 We do not know how long the parasites remain in the glands. 
 We have seen that they die in their habitat or emigrate, wander 
 through the peritoneal cavity, and gain the liver or lungs ; traces 
 of their wanderings can be found in the various organs. 
 
 Ox. — Babes has noticed that the Linguatula denticula'um is very frequent 
 in Roumanian Oxen, especially those in the region of the Danube. Of 
 35 Oxen killed in different localities, not one was free from the parasites. 
 
PARASITES OF THE NASAL CAVITIES AND LARYNX 483 
 
 They were first found in the mesenteric glands, which showed alterations 
 similar to those that occur in Sheep. The parasites left the glands, and 
 crawled on the external surface of the peritoneum, where they were often found 
 between the folds of the mesentery. They reached the intestine in passing 
 through its wall, in which they were often noticed in process of penetration, or 
 haemorrhagic spots or cicatricial traces marked their emigration. 
 
 Horse. — Csokor has found a Linguatula denticulatum in the liver of a 
 Horse. 
 
 Cat. — In 76 Cats we have examined, we only found 5 infested with the 
 Linguatula denticulatum : a Cat had one in the pleural cavity, another had one 
 in the peritoneal cavity, and the others had 1 to 5 on the surface of the lungs ; 
 they were isolated, and coiled up in small subpleural abscesses. 
 
 Dog. — In treating of the parasites of the serous membranes, we mentioned 
 the larval Linguatules found by Bochefontaine in the peritoneal cavity of a 
 Dog. 
 
 Article III. — Larvae of the (Estrus. 
 
 The larvae which live in the sinuses of the head of the Sheep 
 belong to several species of the genus (Estrus (Linn.), as it has been 
 established by Schiner. 
 
 This genus, in Brauer’s classification, enters into the group that has wings 
 with a trans\ erse terminal nervule ; the latter is somewhat oblique with 
 regard to the posterior border of the wing, the first cell of which is closed and 
 lengthily pedicellated. The species of this genus are generally of small 
 size, with short and feeble legs, and short and scanty hairs of a silvery tint. 
 Examined at their third stage, the larvae have a single pair of jaws, two small 
 membranous antennae, each carrying two oculiform points ; the stigmatic 
 plates of the last segment are irregularly pentagonal. 
 
 Fig. 300. — Wing of the (Estrus ovis ; Fig. 301. — (Estrus of the Sheep; 
 
 magnified 5 diameters. — Railliet. natural size. 
 
 Brauer describes four species of (Estrus, only one of which — the 
 Estrus ovis — manifestly lives in the larval state in the sinuses of 
 the Sheep, and probably also the Goat (Railliet). 
 
 (Estrus ovis (Linn., Cephalomyia ovis Latreille). A small species, of a 
 yellowish-grey hue, and slightly hairy. Face yellow ; buccal pieces testaceous. 
 Upper surface of the thorax of a brownish-grey, granular, and streaked by 
 obscure or nebulous lines. Abdomen marbled and spotted with white, 
 yellow, and black, covered with fine hairs behind, having a silky hue. Wings 
 hyaline and transparent, marked at their base by three black points. Length 
 of the body 10 mm. to 12 mm. 
 
 This species is very widespread, being found throughout Europe, 
 in Asia, Africa, and the Canary Islands, as well as in the two 
 Americas. 
 
 Like the other (Estridae, it lives in the perfect state during the 
 warm season — from the middle of May to the month of October — 
 and it only flies in dry and warm weather. It hides in holes and 
 
 31—2 
 
484 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 crevices in the walls of the sheepfolds, which it leaves when coupling 
 time has arrived and the temperature is sufficiently high. It then 
 flies in a lively manner to greater elevations, and rests on rocks 
 warmed by the sun. The fecundated female now goes in search of 
 flocks of Sheep, which are afraid of its approach, and to avoid it 
 lie down, bury their nose in the dust between their fore-feet, or are 
 huddled together with their heads down. According to Bracy- 
 Clark, they raise clouds of dust to deceive their enemy. It is 
 during rumination that the insect finds a particularly favourable 
 time for depositing its progeny. Its small size, grey colour, and 
 the rapidity of its flight, do not allow its ovulation to be observed ; 
 but there can be no doubt that it does take place on the nose of the 
 Sheep. As soon, in fact, as these animals have been touched by 
 the (Estrus, they become excited, run in every direction, hold down 
 their nose and rub it against the ground or against their feet, often 
 look anxiously around them, sneeze and snort, and seek ditches, 
 furrows, and dusty roads. Owing to the repeated rubbings, the 
 nostrils are often abraded and inflamed. 
 
 Evolution. — The non-fecundated ova are reniform. With Dufour and 
 Cockerill, Brauer is inclined to admit that they are hatched in the body of the 
 female. However this may be, the larvae enter the nasal cavities of the Sheep, 
 crawl into the maxillary and frontal sinuses, even into those of the horn-cores, 
 and are developed. 
 
 In the first stage — which appears to be the longest — they are white, trans- 
 parent, measure as much as 2 mm. long, and greatly resemble those of the 
 Gastrophilus of the Horse. During the second stage they are about 6 mm. long, 
 are yellowish-white in colour, have no spines, except a few around the mouth 
 and on the ventral surface of the last segment ; the 
 stigmatic plates differ little from those of the adult 
 larvae. 
 
 The latter, during the third stage, are a little broader 
 behind than in front. Their ventral surface is plane ; 
 the dorsal surface is convex, and on each side has two 
 series of prominences placed one above the other, and 
 separated by a zigzag line. The middle part is smooth, 
 Fig. 302. — Ova of and shows — from the second to the tenth segment — 
 the Sheep (Estrus ; a nude and fusiform ring. At its inferior surface 
 highly magnified, each segment from the third has on its anterior border 
 several series of red-pointed spiniform tubercles. The 
 cephalic segment is furnished with two dark-brown mandibular hooks, the 
 points of which are curved downwards, outwards, and backwards. Between 
 the base of these hooks is the buccal depression, small and nude. Above 
 are two short and thick antennae. The last segment is sharply truncated 
 upwards, and shows a circular margin projecting above the stigmatic 
 cavity and a kind of inferior lip, garnished with small spines between 
 two mamelons. The stigmatic plates are pentagonal, with rounded angles, and 
 the orifice of the stigmates is towards the centre. When they have attained 
 their maturity, the larvae are at first white, and have dark, transverse streaks 
 on their segments ; their total length is then from 20 mm. to 30 mm. long, 
 and 7 mm. to 10 mm. broad. 
 
 The larva remains about ten months in the nasal cavities of the 
 Sheep. Having attained its complete maturity, it detaches itself 
 from the mucous membrane, creeps about, and owing to the large 
 opening between the sinuses and the middle meatus, it leaves its 
 
PARASITES OF THE NASAL CAVITIES AND LARYNX 485 
 
 Fig. 303. — Opened 
 pupa of the Sheep 
 (Estrus ; magni- 
 fied 3 diameters. 
 
 abode, passes into the nose, and is expelled therefrom by the 
 violent snorting it excites in its host. Twenty-four hours after its 
 exit it is transformed into a nympha ; and 
 the shell, which was at first soft and red, 
 with transverse streaks, is now brown, then 
 black, its upper surface being convex, and the 
 lower concave. The duration of nymphosis 
 is from a month to six weeks, and the issue 
 of the perfect insect occurs according to the 
 mode common to the (Estridae. 
 
 Symptoms. — It is usual to find three or four 
 larvae of the (Estrus in the frontal sinuses of 
 Sheep, which, during life, had not given any 
 indication of their presence. They rarely 
 occasion any morbid disturbance, unless they 
 are numerous and advanced in development, at 
 the commencement of spring. The first sign of 
 their presence is a discharge from the nostrils, often unilateral, at first 
 clear and serous, then thick and mucoid. Then there are frequent 
 sneezings and snortings, accompanied by the expulsion of mucus, 
 and sometimes of the larvae. Later, the animals throw the head 
 backwards, often shake it, rub the nose on the ground, against some 
 part of their body within reach, or with the fore-feet. As the malady 
 progresses the Sheep hold their head low, lift their limbs high in 
 movement, as if walking in water — their gait resembling that of 
 horses affected with immobility. Sometimes they suddenly throw 
 up the head, carry the nose high, then move it convulsively. From 
 time to time they stagger and are attacked with vertigo, but they 
 do not turn in a circle. In more serious cases there is dyspnoea, 
 the upper air-passages being obstructed by the larvae or the inflam- 
 mation of the pituitary membrane. Their eyes are red and lachry- 
 mose. The disease may be more complicated, th.e animals losing 
 their appetite and their condition ; they grind their teeth ; foamy 
 saliva flows from the mouth ; the eyes pirouette in the orbits ; and 
 convulsions set in, then death ensues, sometimes in six to eight 
 days after the appearance of the first symptoms. Randall, describ- 
 ing the disease as he saw it in the United States of America, states 
 that the term ‘ grub in the head ’ covers many fatal cases in the spring 
 of the year, but bad effects from it are rare. The symptoms he 
 mentions are : loss of condition, without any assignable cause, in 
 the early spring, bloody mucus from the nostrils, irregular move- 
 ments, and twisting the head occasionally, as if in pain. Observers 
 in Great Britain have noted severe distress when the larvae are 
 numerous, and enumerate, among the other symptoms, occasional 
 cough of a suffocative character, frequent sneezing, impeded 
 respiration, swelling around the anterior nares, effusion into the 
 submaxillary connective tissue, great depression — leading in some 
 instances to semi-coma — loathing of food, and diarrhoea, some- 
 times terminating fatally. 
 
486 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 But it is rare that the malady reaches this paroxysm ; it con- 
 tinues for a long time, and generally — the larvae being ejected one 
 after another — the symptoms gradually subside, until they dis- 
 appear altogether. 
 
 This affection has been sometimes mistaken for 1 gid,’ caused by 
 the Ccenurus cerebralis — whence the names of false gid and CEstral 
 vertigo which have been given to it. But such a mistake would be 
 avoided by remembering that the Sheep does not move in a circle 
 in this affection, which is nearly always accompanied by nasal 
 discharge and snorting, symptoms which are absent in ‘ gid 
 besides, the latter is generally seen in young animals. 
 
 Lesions. — At the autopsy, there are found in the sinuses the still 
 living larvae of the CEstrus, the number of which is very variable. 
 There aie usually from two to about six in one fourth of the Sheep 
 killed from April to July — at least, this is so in the South of France ; 
 
 but frequently there are from ten 
 to fifteen. Greve found great 
 quantities of larvae in the Sheep 
 that graze on the heaths of Lune- 
 burg, Hanover ; but they did not 
 appear to give rise to any manifest 
 symptoms, except an intense nasal 
 catarrh (Roll). Hertwig mentions 
 having counted forty in one 
 animal, and Zfirn says he has 
 found from sixty to eighty. 
 
 In those animals which have 
 manifested symptoms of parasitism 
 in the sinuses, the larvae are found 
 enveloped in mucus and pus, which 
 is often foetid ; they occupy the 
 frontal sinus and dependencies, 
 the horn-cores. According to Hertwig, they may also be met 
 with in the maxillary sinuses. The mucous membrane is very 
 tumefied, thickened, and injected — more rarely sphacelous at 
 some points. The meninges are sometimes hyperaemic, and there 
 is serous effusion into the two cerebral ventricles. When the larvae 
 are very numerous, some are dead, and others may be encountered 
 in the larynx and trachea, where they had probably wandered after 
 the death of their host. 
 
 Bracy-Clark states that young and old larvae are generally 
 present together. Butchers, farmers, and others often state that 
 the larvae have been found in the cranial cavity, and even in the 
 brain-substance, and Cobbold received some carefully-recorded 
 cases in which they had been met with in that organ ; it is possible 
 that, through absorption of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid 
 bone, they may, in rate instances, find their way there. 
 
 Prophylaxis. — With the view of preserving Sheep from the 
 attacks of the CEstrus, it has been recommended to keep them from 
 
 Fig. 304. — Larvse of the CEstrus in 
 the frontal sinuses of the Sheep. 
 — Joly. 
 
PARASITES OF THE NASAL CAVITIES AND LARYNX 487 
 
 grazing — from the end of June to the end of September — on 
 pastures bordered by underwood or trees ; 01 to remove the scrub 
 that harbours the flies ; or to smear the nose of the Sheep with 
 empyreumatic oil or tar — a tedious operation in a large flock, and 
 one which has only an ephemeral advantage. It has also been 
 advised that, as soon as the shepherd sees the fly about the flock, 
 he ought to clean around the nostrils of the Sheep, so as to remove 
 the larvae that may have been deposited there — an onerous pre- 
 scription that stands little chance of being carried out. A more 
 practical measure is to destroy all the larvae found on making 
 autopsies of Sheep, or which have been ejected from them during 
 life, to lime wash the sheepfolds from time to time, and to resort 
 to fumigations during the absence of the Sheep, so as to kill the 
 adult flies which may have taken refuge there. 
 
 In invaded localities, or during seasons of extreme prevalence, 
 it might be advisable to apply non-poisonous dressings — such as 
 fish-oil — around the muzzle of the Sheep. Automatic application 
 of this material, Stockholm tar, or any other similar substance, 
 might be tried by adopting Walker’s plan ; which is to place rock 
 or culinary salt in a long box covered by a lid, perforated with 
 round holes about two inches in diameter, the upper surface and 
 margin of the holes being smeared with the repellent substance ; 
 so that every time the Sheep seek the salt — of which they are very 
 fond — they invoTuntarily receive a dressing on the parts to be 
 protected. 
 
 It may be mentioned that the belief is entertained that flocks fed 
 where ‘ broom ’ — Cytisus scoparius — is in flower, are seldom 
 troubled by the (Estrus. It is known that Sheep are very fond 
 of this plant, the pods of which they eagerly devour, and these 
 produce in them a kind of intoxication. They lie down and appear 
 to be unable to walk ; but this soon passes off, and leaves no incon- 
 venience behind. 
 
 Treatment. — Many kinds of treatment have been made known, 
 but very few have yielded altogether satisfactory results. 
 
 Errhines do not cause more vigorous sneezings than do the larvae, 
 and yet they are ineffectual in expelling the deeply-seated parasites. 
 The best of the sternutatory powders are tobacco snuff and the 
 rhizome of white hellebore. The shepherd introduces the powder 
 several times a day by his fingers into the nostrils of the affected 
 Sheep, or it may be blown into them by means of a quill. Such 
 powders can only be useful when the young larvae are migrating, 
 as they generally remain for several weeks in the nasal cavities 
 before seeking the sinuses. 
 
 Injections are unsatisfactory. These are usually composed of 
 empyreumatic oil suspended in vinegar and water, or salt and 
 water. Benion recommends injections of a mixtuie of ether and 
 oil of turpentine ; the employment of these, however, must excite 
 violent irritation in the nasal cavities. Pyrogenous fumigations 
 are unreliable. 
 
488 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 All these medicaments can only disturb the larvae — they may 
 cause them to be displaced, but will not kill them ; for they have 
 great powers of resistance, as Fischer long ago demonstrated. 
 Injections would perhaps cause the departure of the larvae, if they 
 could be introduced directly into the sinuses by means of trephining, 
 or even resection of the horns. 
 
 Ziirn indicates the following operation : Draw a transverse line, 
 with coloured chalk, in the middle of the two supra-orbital pro- 
 cesses, and divide by another longitudinal median line ; then 
 trephine in each of the two upper angles so obtained, without 
 impinging on the lines — the operation being performed according 
 to the ordinary rules of surgery. The larvae often creep out through 
 these artificial openings, and they should then be carefully destroyed. 
 Those which are accessible ought to be removed by means of 
 forceps, and the others may be killed by an injection of benzine 
 diluted with water, this being an agent the parasites resist badly. 
 The flaps of skin are then well cleansed, replaced, and fixed by two 
 or three sutures, over the whole being laid a piece of leather steeped 
 in oil of turpentine. The Sheep operated upon is separated from 
 the flock for a few days. Robust Sheep seem to suffer as little 
 from this operation as they do from ear-marking, or any other 
 trifling operation (Ziirn). 
 
 When there is reason to believe that the larvae are in the diver - 
 ticuli running from the frontal sinus to the horn-cores, we may 
 amputate the horns close to the forehead, and extract the larvae, 
 or kill them by injection, applying a turpentine bandage over the 
 wounds afterwards. Sometimes it suffices to apply the trephine 
 at the base of each horn, and inject through the openings. 
 
 Surgical intervention is the most efficacious measure for gettiug 
 rid of the larvae, and it can be had recourse to more especially in 
 the ca.se of valuable animals. But a complete result cannot always 
 be reckoned upon, as the larvae are often not collected in the 
 frontal sinus, and those in the maxillary sinuses escape the 
 injections. Ziirn says he has many times opened the frontal sinus, 
 and notwithstanding the extraction of from six to ten larvae, 
 after a transitory amelioration the symptoms have reappeared. 
 Generally, when only a few animals are attacked they are carefully 
 watched, and those which show serious symptoms are sent to the 
 butcher. 
 
 Steel asserts that inhalation of the fumes of burning tar mixed 
 with those of sulphur causes early expulsion, and proves particularly 
 useful when resorted to for animals showing early indications of 
 invasion. Exhibition through the nostrils of a mixture of glycerin 
 and oil of turpentine has been found beneficial. 
 
 CEstrus of the Camel. — (Estrus cameli var. Pharyngobalus . — Besides 
 the (Estrus or Cephalomyia ovis, there are other Bot-flies that 
 attack animals, their larvse invading the upper air-passages of 
 Deer, Goats, and other hoofed Mammals. The ova of one of the 
 species which attacks the Fallow-deer are deposited in the nostrils, 
 
PARASITES OF THE NASAL CAVITIES AND LARYNX 489 
 
 and the larvae make their way in large numbers to a cavity near the 
 pharynx. Reindeer are much tormented by a similar species, the 
 larvae of which infest the cavities of the head, and sometimes cause 
 much destruction. 
 
 The Camel often suffers from the attacks of its (Estrus, and in 
 India — particularly during the campaigns in Afghanistan, and in 
 North Africa — Nile expeditions — the Camels in the British armies 
 have experienced great inconvenience. The continuous irritation 
 produced in the nasal cavities and pharynx — marked by snorting, 
 perpetual shaking of the head, an offensive sanguineous discharge 
 from the nostrils, dulness of the animal, loss of appetite, and 
 exhaustion — led, in association probably with other causes, to much 
 mortality. 
 
 According to Steel, the Camel Bot is half as large again as that of the 
 Horse, is much softer and more tapering towards the hookless extremity, but 
 broader, rounder, and more compressed towards the hooked end ; it is also 
 flattened on its inferior surface, convex on the superior. This authority 
 gives a particular description of the larva, comparing it with that of the 
 Horse-fly. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 
 
 The most remote parts of the respiratory apparatus may be 
 invaded by numerous parasites. For some, they are an accidental 
 and, in a way, a facultative habitat ; for others, they are a necessary 
 lodgment. Among the first, there are those that are only excep- 
 tionally found, and they will be merely mentioned here ; on the 
 contrary, however, there are some which are most important, and 
 which will be the object of special notice so far as their parasitic 
 action is concerned — these are the Echinococci, Distomata, and 
 Nematodes. 
 
 Cysticerci. — The Cysticercus tenuicollis Rud., a parasite of the serous mem- 
 branes, has been observed, in the very young state, in the parenchyma of the 
 lungs of Lambs, Kids, and Pigs which had ingested the mature segments of 
 the Tcenia marginata (Baillet, Leuckart, Railliet). Boudeaud witnessed a 
 similar instance in the Pig, as the result of spontaneous infestation. 
 
 The Cysticercus celluloses Rud., which is a parasite of the connective tissue, 
 has sometimes been met with in the lungs of the Pig and Dog, and the Cysti- 
 cercus bovis Cobb, in those of the Ox (see Measles). 
 
 Linguatula. — The Linguatula tcenioides in the larval condition may be found 
 in the lungs of various herbivora and of the Cat. 
 
 Acarina. — At the autopsy of a Rabbit, Villemin found ‘ the two lungs full 
 of numerous granules, about the size of a hemp-seed ; they were grey, trans- 
 parent, slightly yellow in their centre, and projected from the surface of a 
 section of the lung.’ He thought at first that it was a case of true tubercle ; 
 but on a microscopical examination he found in each granule, which formed a 
 cyst, a dead ‘ acarus.’ ‘ When compared with several individuals of its species, 
 it appeared to us to be the Acarus of the Horse.’ Although Villemin does not 
 mention it, it is probable that this Rabbit was, or had been, affected with 
 auricular acariasis, due to the Psoroptes communis var. cuniculi. These 
 Psoroptes — similar to those of the Horse — must have, after perforation of the 
 membrane of the tympanum, passed from the Eustachian tube into the air- 
 passages, where, in the lungs, their dead bodies played the part of an irritant 
 foreign body. 
 
 Article I. — Pulmonary Echinococcosis. 
 
 The species liable to hepatic echinococcosis (see p. 431) often 
 show also, and generally coincidently, pulmonary echinococcosis. 
 Instances of this condition have been observed in the Horse and 
 
 490 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 491 
 
 Ass. Among cattle slaughtered in Berlin, Echinococci are found 
 more frequently in the lungs than in the liver. 
 
 Steel states that hydatic cysts are of very frequent occurrence in 
 the Camel, and one writer of authority has not hesitated to term 
 them ‘ a very common cause of loss among Camels.’ They are 
 observed in the lungs, liver, and spleen, and are from the size of a 
 pea to that of a cricket-ball. They have also been met with in the 
 lungs of the elephant. 
 
 The study of pulmonary echinococcosis in bovine animals is 
 particularly interesting, because of the importance of establishing 
 a differential diagnosis between it and contagious pleuro-pneumonia 
 and tuberculosis. What follows here more especially concerns the 
 larger ruminants, though it is applicable, with some shades of 
 difference, to the other species. 
 
 Symptoms. — The presence of Echinococci in the lungs is only 
 betrayed by serious functional disturbance, when they are numerous 
 and of large volume in the two pulmonary lobes. 
 
 The first symptoms are a feeble, wheezing cough — at first rare, 
 then becoming more and more frequent, until it is repeated every 
 five or ten minutes. At the same time, the respiration is quickened 
 and interrupted, and there may be slight fever. Pressure on, or 
 percussion of, the chest rarely causes pain ; but percussion elicits 
 a dead sound in places — though it is not so deep or dull as in pleuro- 
 pneumonia. The vesicular murmur is absent in the invaded 
 regions ; but in the others it is stronger, rougher and mingled with 
 sifflements , buzzing, or gurgling sounds, and interrupted bronchial 
 rales corresponding to the inspirations, and also with a particular 
 characteristic sound at the precise moment when inspiration 
 ceases — the doc- doe of Hartenstein. Dyspnoea sometimes occurs 
 suddenly, or it acquires its greatest intensity when the animals 
 have been exposed to heat, are fatigued, or have been running — 
 even for a short time. When the lungs are very much invaded by 
 the Echinococci, there may be also noted those disturbances in 
 nutrition already mentioned as present in echinococcosis of the 
 liver, which generally accompanies that of the lungs. 
 
 Hartenstein says he has only seen the disease develop itself during 
 summer weather, and in animals turned out to graze ; when they 
 returned to their homes, it became less marked, and finally dis- 
 appeared. 
 
 Lesions. — On opening the thorax, the lungs appear as if enlarged 
 in size, though they are slightly collapsed in places, and are here and 
 there lumpy and marbled — presenting, in fact, if allowance be made 
 for difference in structure, the macroscopical lesions and the 
 different kinds of Echinococci observed in the liver. The weight of 
 the lungs may be increased to 40 or 50 pounds (Ringk, Friedberger 
 aud Frohner), and even to 54 pounds, according to Morot, six 
 pounds being the normal weight. The volume of the hydatic 
 cysts varies from that of a pea to the size of a man’s fist ; around 
 them the parenchyma is compressed and atrophied ; but elsewhere 
 
492 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 it is normal. The air-vesicles may open into the bronchi, and their 
 cavity then takes the characters of a pulmonary cavern. Reynaud 
 says he has found acephalocysts developed in the interior of the 
 bronchia] terminations in the lungs of a Cow, Deer and Gazelle ; 
 but his observation is doubtless incomplete, and the instances 
 ought to be looked upon as not primary, but accidental com- 
 munications. 
 
 Hartenstein thinks he has proof that the hydatic cysts are 
 developed during the summer, and are destroyed in the autumn ; 
 but the experiments of Leuckart demonstrate that it requires at 
 least five months for the Echinococci to form heads, so that their 
 destruction requires a longer time than Hartenstein allows. But 
 it takes place sooner or later, as the result of modifications that 
 occur in the adventitious cyst of the Echinococcus ; its inner sur- 
 face — which had for a long time been smooth and transparent — 
 becomes dull and covered with a caseous matter, the layers of which 
 compress the vesicle. The membrane of the hydatid undergoes 
 fatty degeneration ; the interna] fluid gradually exudes through it 
 and mixes with the peripheral caseous matter, which becomes 
 thicker and more concrete. The hydatid contracts, shrivels up, 
 becomes wrinkled, and forms a gelatinous, and finally an amorphous 
 mass. Often the internal surface of the cysts is impregnated with 
 lime salts, especially the carbonate ; and it is the same with the 
 remains of the parasite. Berth old — quoted by Leuckart — has 
 analyzed the calcareous shell of a pulmonary Echinococcus from an 
 old Dromedaiy, and found two concentric layers in it : an external, 
 the hardest, consisting of phosphate of lime, and an internal of 
 carbonate, with here and there crystalline deposits. An Echino- 
 coccus of the largest size may, in this way, be gradually reduced to 
 a simple nodule. 
 
 At first sight, a lung invaded by Echinococci might be mistaken 
 for a tuberculous one. But a close examination will show the 
 absence of true tubercles, the presence of hydatids which still pre- 
 serve all their characters, or the persistence of the hooks in the mass 
 undergoing regressive phenomena. 
 
 Diagnosis. — Echinococcosis of the lungs is distinguished from 
 tuberculosis more particularly by the characteristic gurgling sound, 
 and the more laboured respiration occurring in an animal exhibiting 
 all the indications of good health ; as well as by the enlargement of 
 the liver, which may be ascertained by rectal exploration. 
 
 It might be easily mistaken for pleuro - pneumonia ; but the 
 diagnosis of echinococcosis is based more especially on the absence 
 or slight degree of fever, the plumonary sounds, the duller resonance 
 on percussion, and the less sensibility of the chest. 
 
 The best course to adopt with animals severely affected is to 
 send them to the butcher. l 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 493 
 
 Article II. — Pulmonary Distomiasis. 
 
 The hepatic Fluke, so frequent in the bile- ducts of the Sheep, Ox, 
 and other animals is sometimes found wandering in the lungs. 
 The larger number of facts of this kind pertain to the Ox, and are 
 derived from various countries. 
 
 Morot — to whom we owe the most complete researches on this 
 subject — inspected 2,458 Cattle in six months at the abbatoir of 
 Troyes, France, and found hepatic Distomes in the lungs of 101 — 
 or a little more than 4 per cent. Of these 101, 93 were more than 
 five years old, and in many of them these parasites were also me' 
 with in the liver, in variable number. 
 
 The lung Flukes are contained in cysts that usually occupy the 
 posterior lobe of one of the lungs — more particularly the base and 
 towards the borders ; being near the surface of the organ, they 
 sometimes form a slight projection from it. Most frequently each 
 animal shows only a single cyst, although the number may be as 
 high as ten. 
 
 The volume of these cysts varies in size — being as large as a 
 walnut to an apple — and their shape is globular or ovoid, rarely 
 discoid ; they are limited by a fibrous capsule of a greyish- white 
 colour, more or less rosy, and sometimes encrusted with lime-salts. 
 Their cavity is generally closed, and rarely communicates with the 
 bronchi ; they have at times septa, which divide their interior into 
 angular spaces. The smaller cysts contain a reddish, yellow, or 
 brown syrupy fluid ; the larger have a glutinous, and more or less 
 thick magma, which is sometimes of a uniform, sometimes variable, 
 streaky tint ; or they have a very thick pultaceous, scarcely viscid 
 mass, having the same colour as the magma ; or it may be a cheesy, 
 more or less clotted, yellowish or streaky substance. 
 
 Each cyst contains one Fluke, rarely two, the parasite being 
 usually small — 13 mm. long and 3 mm. to 7 mm. broad ; it is often 
 difficult to discover in the fluid surrounding it, ’which has the same 
 colour. In some instances it cannot be found, and only the ova of 
 the Distomata are met with, as Lindqvist has remarked ; it is 
 probable that the worm has died and been absorbed, or it has 
 emigrated. Friedberger admits, in fact, that the parasites pass 
 into the pulmonary veins, and are carried by the circulation into 
 the most varied organs. 
 
 Pulmonary distomiasis is not betrayed by any appreciable 
 symptom ; but according to Bollinger, Lydtin has witnessed a 
 malady in a large number of Cattle, that began like pleuro-pneu- 
 monia, and at the autopsies he found here and there — in the 
 ectasiated bronchi — numerous hepatic Distomata. 
 
 The cysts of Distomata have also been sometimes found in Sheep, 
 showing the same characters as in the Ox. In three Sheep, Bollinger 
 saw haemorrhagic centres and galleries containing young Flukes, 
 the immigration of which was certainly recent. Burke has met 
 
494 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 with pulmonary distomiasis in a Camel, in India. Distomata have 
 been found in the lungs of Cattle, Dogs, Cats, and Pigs in the United 
 States. 
 
 Article III. — Bronchial and Pulmonary Strongyloses. 
 
 The domesticated animals, and especially the herbivora, are 
 exposed to more or less apparent diseases produced by Nematodes 
 in the bronchi or in the whole pulmonary parenchyma. With 
 some rare exceptions — which will be indicated in their proper 
 place — these Nematodes belong to the genus Strongylus (Muller — 
 see p. 279) ; hence the name Strongylosis — bronchial or pulmonary — 
 now applied to the maladies they determine. 
 
 The Strongyles of the air-passages are distinguished from the other species 
 of the same genus, as Leuckart has remarked, by their embryos, which have a 
 slightly-developed oesophageal bulb, are destitute of teeth, and cannot grow in 
 water by ingesting the matters suspended in it. In the Strongyles of the 
 digestive passages, on the contrary ( Sclerostomum and Anchylostomum), the 
 embryos have a well-developed oesophageal bulb, are provided with three 
 chitinous teeth, and may be nourished and grow at the expense of the organic 
 matter contained in stagnant water. 
 
 There are eight known species of Strongylus which live in the 
 air-passages of various domesticated Mammals. The Strongylus 
 minutissimus Megnin, which causes verminous bronchitis in African 
 Sheep, is only a form of Strongylus rufescens, as Railliet has shown. 
 
 1. Strongylus filaria (Rud. — Figs. 305, 306). — A very long filiform worm, 
 somewhat attenuated at the extremities, and of a white colour. Head obtuse, 
 and having no wings ; mouth circular, and destitute of papillae. Male, 3 cm. 
 to 8 cm. long ; caudal pouch, elongated, notched in front ; the posterior ribs 
 trifid, middle ribs sipiple, and anterior ones bilobate. Spicules short, thick, 
 and winged. Female, 5 cm. to 10 cm. long ; tail straight and conical ; vulva 
 situated behind, towards the third fifth of the length of the body. Ovovivi- 
 parous. Embryos 540 /x long by 20 ,u. in diameter, tapering to a blunt point 
 behind, and having a kind of tubercle at the end of the cephalic extremity. 
 Habitat, the bronchi of the Sheep, Goat, Dromedary, Camel in India, Roe-buck, 
 Fallow-deer, Argali, and Gazelle. 
 
 2. Strongylus rufescens (Leuck., Nematoideum ovis ( pulmonale ) Diesing, 
 Pseudalius ovis pulmonalis A. Koch, Strongylus ovis pulmonalis Curtice — 
 Figs. 307, 308, 309). — A filiform reddish-brown worm ; mouth surrounded by 
 three papilliform lips. Male, 18 mm. to 28 mm. ; caudal pouch excised behind 
 and slightly notched on each side in front ; posterior ribs not very distinct, 
 the middle double, the anterior cleft. Spicules arched and striped trans- 
 versely. Female, 25 mm. to 35 mm. ; tail terminating in a blunt point ; 
 vulva situated at the base of a small pre-anal eminence. Oviparous ; ova 
 ellipsoid, and from 75 n to 120 /x long by 45 /x tu 82 /x broad. Habitat, the 
 bronchi of the Sheep, Goat, and Roe-buck. 
 
 3. Strongylus micrurus (Mehlis — Fig. 310). — Body filiform, very long, and 
 tapering at the extremities. Head rounded and not winged ; mouth round 
 and nude. Male, 4 cm. long ; caudal pouch small, entire, and suspended on 
 each side by five ribs, the posterior of which is tridented, the anterior bipartite, 
 and the others simple ; spicules short and strong. Female, 6 cm. to 8 cm. 
 long, with a short sharp tail ; vulva situated towards the posterior sixth of the 
 body. Ovoviviparous. Habitat, the bronchi of bovine animals, the Horse (?), 
 and the Ass (?). 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA , BRONCHI AND LUNGS 495 
 
 4. Strongylus pulmonaris (Ercolani). — Length 1 cm. to 4 cm. Mouth 
 surrounded by a crown of small subspherical papillae. Male, thicker behind 
 than in front ; the caudal pouch semi-campanulated, and sustained by seven 
 ribs. Female has very thin, oblique, mucronated tail. Ovoviviparous. 
 Habitat, the bronchi of Calves. 
 
 5. Strongylus Arnfieldi (Cobbold— Figs. 311, 312, 313).— Body filiform and 
 white. Mouth nude and orbicular. Male, 28 mm. to 36 mm. long ; caudal 
 pouch short and faintly lobulated, anterior ribs being bifid — the anterior 
 branch a little shorter than the posterior — the middle ones bifid, the branches 
 equally long, and the posterior ribs thick, bilobate at their end, and widely 
 united at the base. Spicules slightly arched, reticulated, from 200 n to 240 ^ 
 
 Fig. 305. — Strongylus flaria ; Fig. 306. — Strongylus filaria. — Delafond. 
 
 natural size. A, anterior extremity, showing the 
 
 A, male ; B, female. oesophagus, so-called salivary glands, and 
 
 the origin of the intestine ; B, caudal 
 pouch of the male ; C, ova at different 
 stages of development ; magnified 1 20 
 diameters. 
 
 long, and accompanied by an accessory short piece of a pale-yellow tint. 
 Female, 45 mm. to 5 5 mm. long — 90 mm. according to Cobbold — with a short, 
 slightly-curved tail terminating in a blunt point. Vulva non-salient, situated 
 at the anterior three-fifths of the body. Ova 80 /x to 100 /x long, and 50 /x to 
 60 /x broad. Ovoviviparous. Embryos 400 /x to 490 /x long by 14 /x to 28 fx 
 broad, and provided with a small, thin, and transparent caudal appendage. 
 Habitat, the bronchi of the Horse and Ass (Railliet). 
 
 6. Strongylus paradoxus (Mehlis, St. elongatus Duj. — Fig. 314). — Body 
 relatively short, and white or brown. Mouth encircled by six lips, the two 
 lateral being the largest. Male, 16 mm. to 25 mm. long ; caudal pouch deeply 
 bilobate, each lobe being sustained by five ribs. Spicules slender and very 
 long. Female, 20 mm. to 40 mm. long, with curved and mucronated tail ; 
 
496 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 vulva situated on a pre-anal eminence. Ovoviviparous. Habitat, the 
 bronchi of the Pig and Wild Boar, and also of the Sheep, according to Koch. 
 
 7. Strongylus commutatus (Diesing). — Head rounded. Mouth with three 
 very small papillae around it. Male, 18 mm. to 30 mm. long ; caudal pouch 
 cordiform, and sustained on each side by five short ribs. Female, 28 mm. to 
 32 mm. long, and having a conical tail ; vulva situated immediately in front 
 of the anus. Habitat, the bronchi of Hares and Wild Rabbits ; rarely seen 
 in the domesticated Rabbit. 
 
 8. Strongylus pusillus (V. Muller). — Body filiform. Mouth nude and 
 without papillae. Male, 4*9 mm. long ; caudal pouch short and slightly 
 festooned, its anterior ribs being bifid, the posterior divided, and the others 
 simple ; spicules long and slender. Female, g’6 mm. to 9^9 mm. long, with 
 a short tail terminating in a blunt point. Vulva non-salient, and situated a 
 little in front of the anus. Ova globular, and from 50 ii to 70 ^ in diameter. 
 Oviparous. Embryos 270 n to 350 //. long by 17 n to 23 n broad, and provided 
 with a small, thin, transparent caudal appendage (Fig. 317). Habitat, the 
 bronchi of the Cat. 
 
 i. Verminous Broncho-pneumonia of the Sheep and Goat. 
 
 Strongylosis of the air-passages is frequent in the smaller Rumin- 
 ants, especially the Sheep, and it is- manifested at one time in the 
 form of bronchitis, another time in that of pneumonia, and at 
 
 Fig. 307 . — Strongylus Fig. 308. — Strongylus rufescens. 
 
 rufescens. A, male and female ; natural size. B, 
 
 Caudal extremity of T the caudal extremity of the female ; magnified 
 male; magnified 100 diameters. 50 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 — Railliet. 
 
 another time again — and that oftenest — as broncho-pneumonia. 
 These forms of disease are subordinate to the zoological species of the 
 worms causing them, and to the more or less superficial or remote 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 497 
 
 habitat of these entozoa. This disease — which appears to have 
 been first observed in 1768 — and then in epizootic form — by 
 Daubenton, in the flocks of Sheep at Bourgogne, has often ravaged 
 the various countries in Europe, and has formed the subject of 
 numerous memoirs. 
 
 Symptoms. — Bronchial strongylosis and verminous pneumonia 
 often co-exist in the same Sheep, so that it is difficult to decide as to 
 the part each plays in the evolution of the symptoms that mark the 
 disease. But pulmonary strongylosis leaves the animals it attacks 
 more indifferent, while the manifestations of parasitic broncho-pneu- 
 monia are usually due to the bronchial strongyle. Otherwise, the 
 symptoms of this malady vary much in their intensity, and not 
 unfrequently lesions are found at the autopsy of animals which 
 during life appeared to be in good health. What often causes the 
 affection to remain unperceived, is the fact of its often coinciding 
 with distomiasis, which alone attracts attention. But, generally, 
 broncho-pneumonia, or at least verminous bronchitis, may be 
 recognised by a distinct group of symptoms. 
 
 Strongylosis of the air-passages of Sheep appears at all seasons ; 
 but it is more particularly observed from the month of March, until 
 September or October. In its bronchial form it attacks young 
 animals — Lambs and year-olds — by preference, while verminous 
 pneumonia is more often developed in adults. 
 
 At the commencement of the attack, the symptoms are slight and 
 fugitive ; but they become more marked as the bronchi are invaded. 
 The affected animal manifests all the signs of a violent bronchial 
 catarrh — painful, difficult dyspnoeic respiration ; a strong, plaintive, 
 painful and convulsive cough, coming on in fits, chiefly during 
 movement, and producing a degree of suffocation that leaves the 
 animal prostrate. There is a thick and abundant discharge from 
 the nostrils, and masses of mucus are often expelled during the 
 attacks of coughing ; in these matters, numerous Strongyles and 
 embryos are usually found. These symptoms become more acute, 
 and notwithstanding that the appetite is preserved, the Sheep lose 
 condition, fall into a state of consumption and anaemia — recognis- 
 able by the pallor of the skin and visible mucous membranes, and 
 dryness of the wool ; diminution of the respiration is the essential 
 cause of this. Death occurs from cachexia or asphyxia at the end of 
 two, three or four months — according to the strength of the animals 
 and the care they receive. When the symptoms are very well 
 marked, recovery can scarcely be looked for unless the worms are 
 in small number, and the animal is sufficiently vigorous to expec- 
 torate. The disease is most intense in the autumn, and if it does 
 not cause death, it becomes attenuated in winter, and usually 
 disappears in the spring, unless there is new infestation. 
 
 Prognosis. — The verminous broncho-pneumonia of Sheep may 
 remain unperceived — so slight are the signs by which it might be 
 manifested — and its existence be only revealed in the abattoir. 
 But when it is betrayed by the array of symptoms just enumerated, 
 
 32 
 
498 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 it is always a serious affection — usually fatal — and one which, in 
 any case, much depreciates animals in value. And what renders 
 it still more serious, is the circumstance that it is often present in 
 an epizootic — and even an enzootic — form, causing great damage 
 to Sheep-rearing. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — At the autopsy, the lesions of asphyxia 
 and cachexia are noted — general emaciation, scanty and watery 
 
 blood, serous effusions into the 
 peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial 
 sacs, and generally numerous 
 Flukes in the liver. But there 
 are always pulmonary lesions 
 directly due to the presence of 
 Strongyles, which may belong to 
 three distinct species — Strongylus 
 filaria, St. rufescens, and St. para- 
 doxus. We ought to mention 
 here the finding by Ebertz of 
 very lively Nematodes in the 
 lungs of a year-old Sheep, and, 
 according to Leuckart, they were 
 the larvae of a Strongyle or Filaria. 
 A little smaller than the muscular 
 Trichinae, and not striped trans- 
 versely, they resembled these 
 before their encystment. The 
 lungs were somewhat more serous 
 than in health, and rough and 
 dull on the surface. The worms 
 were also met with in the muscles 
 and kidneys. The Sheep had 
 presented signs of debility, paresis of the limbs, muscular 
 tremblings, frequent falls, anaemia, and paroxysms of coughing. 
 Leuckart — to whom these parasites were submitted — has declared 
 he had only once before seen such a worm ; it had been obtained 
 from the lymphatic glands of an Ox affected with melanosis. 
 
 The St. filaria and St. rufescens are the most widespread. 
 The St. paradoxus — which is considered as specially belonging to 
 the Pig and Wild Boar — has been found at Vienna, by Koch, in 
 the verminous bronchitis of the Sheep, in which it played the part 
 of the St. filaria ; but as it is only exceptionally encountered, 
 we will limit ourselves to studying the effects of the St. filaria and 
 St. rufescens. These two parasites — which often co-exist in the 
 same individual — do not comport themselves in the same way, 
 the first living in the bronchi and giving rise to bronchitis ; and 
 the second partly operating in the pulmonary vesicles, and causing 
 pneumonia. 
 
 In Verminous bronchitis , the bronchi are sinuous, and offer 
 sacciform dilatations — which are sometimes considerable — in which 
 
 Fig. 309. — Ova and embryos of the 
 Strongylus rufescens ; magnified 
 150 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 A, B, ova in process of segmenta- 
 tion ; C, ovum containing an em- 
 bryo ; D, free embryo. 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 499 
 
 bundles of worms are found interlaced, and mixed with more or less 
 purulent mucus. A microscopical examination of this mucus 
 shows numerous embryos moving about in every direction. The 
 plugs of worms and mucus penetrate the bronchioles, and ascend 
 into the trachea, partially obstructing their lumen. There are 
 often inflammatory streaks on the surface of the bronchial mucous 
 membrane, and in the vicinity of the bronchial dilatations the 
 pulmonary tissue is compressed, obliterated, and pale. The lungs 
 have often contracted local adhesions by their serous covering. 
 
 Verminous 'pneumonia often accompanies parasitic bronchitis, 
 and is due to the St. rufescens, which, in the adult state, is 
 met with in various degrees in the bronchi. It may wander as 
 far as their ultimate ramifications, by stretching itself out, as it 
 were, and fix itself in the pulmonary parenchyma ; then we find 
 one or more individuals in the form of very fine twisted filaments, 
 and it is in this condition that Koch has described it as a 
 distinct species, under the name of Pseudalis ovis pulmonalis . 
 Railliet has demonstrated that it is nothing more than a form of 
 St. ru/escens. 
 
 Verminous pneumonia caused by the St. rufescens — either in the 
 adult condition or as ova or embryos — may present itself in the 
 three forms distinguished by Bugnion : 1. A lobular pneumonia 
 produced by the adult Strongyles arrested in the bronchi ; 2. A 
 diffuse pneumonia, due to ova and embryos disseminated by 
 thousands in the parenchyma, which realizes what Bollinger has 
 termed ‘ exudative pneumonia 3. A nodular or pseudo-tuberculous 
 pneumonia, in which the ova and embryos occupy circumscribed 
 points in the parenchyma — that is the most frequent form. 
 
 This nodular pneumonia is constituted by distinct centres the 
 size of a millet-seed to that of a pea, of a greyish-yellow colour and 
 semi-transparent, or of a more or less intense dark-red hue, according 
 to their age and the acuteness of the inflammatory phenomena. 
 The consistence of the dark-red nodules is not so great as in those 
 of a yellow colour, and in the latter it diminishes from the centre 
 to the periphery. Generally, in all except the oldest they adhere 
 to the surrounding tissue, from which it is impossible to enucleate 
 them. All these centres may assume a caseous character, and even 
 undergo calcareous infiltration. The majority occupy the periphery 
 of the lungs, and particularly the borders, while many lie imme- 
 diately beneath the visceral pleura. 
 
 These nodules owe their production to the ova that the females 
 of St. rufescens deposit in the pulmonary alveoli, where they pass 
 through all the phases of their development. The result of this 
 deposition is a series of special inflammatory phenomena — the 
 walls of the invaded alveoli undergoing an abundant infiltration 
 of embryonic elements, and so acquiring a very great thickness, 
 the infiltration extending some distance beyond the spot. This 
 change appears as a network, each mesh of which contains an 
 ovum in one or another stage of development. The epithelium in 
 
 32—2 
 
500 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 these inflammatory formations is almost null, except in those 
 exceptional instances in which the ovum has not quite filled the 
 alveolus, and the space left free is then filled with epithelioid cells 
 (Laulanie). After the ova are hatched, the embryos set free 
 engender a much greater amount of irritation, which leads to the 
 production of a miliary pneumonia, that may present itself in all 
 its forms, from haemorrhagic to purulent. The scraping of sections 
 gives a foamy fluid, in which are found a large number of ova and 
 embryos — the latter measuring 300 fx to 400 [x long by 16 fx to 20 /x 
 broad ; the caudal extremity being very slender, and terminating in 
 a short, undulated, fine point. Very often in the small nodules 
 there are adult, or nearly adult, worms (Bailie t, Colin, Bewley, etc.). 
 
 Etiology, Evolution. — Verminous bronchitis and pneumonia have 
 analogous conditions of expansion, although the St. filaria and 
 St. rufescens have not the same mode of development. 
 
 The St. filaria is ovoviviparous, but the embryos directly thrown 
 out by the females into the bronchi of their host do not appear to 
 develop there, and it is probable they require to be expelled from 
 the animal in order to pass through the first phases of their existence. 
 Ejected with the bronchial mucus, they may — if they fall into 
 water — remain alive for several months (Baillet, Colin), provided 
 the liquid does not undergo putrefaction because of the organic 
 matters suspended in it (Railliet). In the course of the second 
 week they moult, and this brings about the disappearance of the 
 cephalic knob with which they were provided ; they then appear 
 more attenuated posteriorly, and have a slight greenish tint. It 
 would even appear that they undergo a second moulting, and that 
 the larvae yet retaining their envelope, and in a manner encapsuled, 
 may resist desiccation for a long time (Leuckart, Railliet) ; Ercolani 
 went so far as to say that he had seen them become revivified on 
 coming into contact with water, after being dried for a year. This 
 will explain how it is that the malady may appear in Lambs which 
 have had no direct contact with animals suffering from verminous 
 bronchitis, and also how it may continue, as an enzooty, in a 
 country. It is very probable that the embryos enter the body 
 along with the grass of damp pastures, and the water the Sheep 
 drink ; and this view is in accordance with the older notions as to 
 the etiology of the malady, which testified to the great influence of 
 humidity in the development of verminous bronchitis. It is 
 chiefly in the springtime and summer that the embryos of the 
 St. filaria are disseminated over humid pastures. Leuckart has been 
 quite unsuccessful in infesting Sheep by feeding them with bionchial 
 mucus rich in embryos, and he therefore concludes, from this 
 result, that these embryos — as well as those of all the Strongyles 
 of the air-passages — must pass their first phases in an intermediate 
 host — an insect or mollusc ; but this hypothesis is not based on any 
 element capable of demonstration. Cobbold was of opinion that 
 the young of the Strongyles which occasion ‘ husk,’ undergo their 
 primary changes of development either within soft mud alone, or 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 501 
 
 within the bodies of larval insects and minute entomostracans 
 inhabiting ponds, ditches, and running streams. Nothing is known 
 as to the course followed by the embryos of the Strongyles which 
 have found their way to the digestive organs, in reaching the 
 interior of the bronchi. Ztirn teaches — but without any assignable 
 reason — that they pass from the stomach into the oesophagus, 
 reach the pharynx, and then their intrusion into the respiratory 
 organs is easy. 
 
 With regard to the origin of verminous pneumonia, this occurs 
 in similar telluric conditions, the embryos of the St. rufescens 
 ejected with the mucus being capable of living a long time in a 
 moist medium outside the animal body ; they can be kept alive for 
 months in water — Railliet has even seen them resume their activity 
 after three days’ complete desiccation. 
 
 Prophylaxis. — Our ignorance of the evolution of St. filaria 
 and St. rufescens renders uncertain any prophylactic measures that 
 may be recommended against the verminous bronchitis of Sheep. 
 As young animals are more susceptible to attack than older ones, it 
 is advisable to feed the Lambs and year-olds in the folds in those 
 countries in which the malady prevails ; or, at any rate, they 
 should not be turned out to pasture in the spring and commence- 
 ment of summer, when the embryonal progeniture of the worms 
 is distributed over the meadows. They may be driven on to the 
 stubble-fields until feeding- time in the fold arrives. But if cir- 
 cumstances render it imperative that they must be grazed, care 
 should be taken to break their fast in the morning with a little dry 
 forage ; and some clean water ought to be allowed, so that they 
 will not require to drink from ponds or ditches, by which they might 
 be infested by the larvae these contain. 
 
 In order to combat a surreptitious infestation and destroy the 
 embryos as they arrive in the stomach, substances which are toxic 
 for the larvae are placed within reach of the Sheep during May, 
 June and July — such a substance is culinary salt. Spinola has 
 recommended bread composed as follows : 
 
 Sea-salt .... 500 grammes. 
 
 Stockholm tar . . . ) 
 
 Wormwood . . > of each 1000 ,, 
 
 Tansy. . . . ) 
 
 The substances are pulverized and mixed with flour and water, so as to 
 form a firm paste, which is to be made into flat cakes. These, after being dried 
 in the air, are to be given to the Sheep, along with scorched oats. 
 
 Zurn also recommends the following formula : 
 
 Root of Calamus aromaticus „ j 1000 gimmes of each. 
 
 Tansy . . . . \ 
 
 Calcined bones . . . J 500 „ „ 
 
 Sulphate of iron . . ) 
 
 These substances should be reduced to powder, and given with scorched oats, 
 in the proportion of 12 to 15 grammes to^each Lamb. 
 
5° 2 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Prophylaxis also recognises the utility of drying and draining 
 damp pastures, and the destruction of the lungs of animals killed 
 during the course of the malady. 
 
 For the prevention of this disease in the Calf, it has been recom- 
 mended that infected land should be dressed with gas-lime or soot 
 and crushed rock-salt in the early spring months — 5 or 6 cwt. to 
 the acre ; also that all rough grasses on old-laid grazing pastures 
 should be mown in a&tumn and converted into ensilage. 
 
 In seasons when the malady is prevalent, Lambs should not be 
 allowed on natural pastures, or old grass-lands previously grazed 
 by Sheep, but if possible put on high and dry grazing-grounds. It 
 is advisable also to separate the diseased from those still healthy. 
 Care should be taken, in introducing fresh Sheep among a flock, 
 that they are not infested, as there is evidence to show that con- 
 tamination may take place in this way. An instance is recorded 
 in which a Ram was introduced among Ewes in the autumn, and 
 fed and drank with them ; the animal died from verminous bron- 
 chitis, and the flock subsequently suffered seriously — contamination 
 having taken place, it was supposed, from the water-troughs. Hay 
 from infested meadows may also prove a source of infestation. 
 
 Treatment. Two different procedures in treatment are pursued. 
 In one, substances are passed into the digestive canal, which — 
 being diffused in the blood — are believed to be capable of attacking 
 the worms in the bronchial tubes. With this view, the picrate of 
 potash *20 to *40 gramme per head — is given, dissolved in thin 
 gruel or mucilage ; creosote ; oil of turpentine ; a mixture of equal 
 parts of oil of turpentine and tincture of camphor — a teaspoonful 
 in a mucilaginous fluid every day to each Lamb ; a mixture of 
 creosote 120 grammes — spirits of wine — 500 grammes — and water 
 
 7 00 grammes ; an ordinary spoonful every day to each animal ; 
 or creosote 60 grammes — benzine — 300 grammes — water — 2 litres : 
 an ordinary spoonful given every day for eight days to each Sheep. 
 Hall states he has successfully employed prussic acid in ten -drop 
 doses, morning and evening. 
 
 But experience has shown that, while such treatment is trouble- 
 some to carry out, its efficacy cannot be relied upon. 
 
 Success is more certain with fumigations, as they penetrate 
 directly to the worms, stupefy them, and induce fits of coughing 
 which cause their expulsion. They are practised m well-closed 
 buildings from which all forage has been previously removed. 
 Into these the diseased are introduced, and on a red-hot shovel are 
 placed rags, horns, feathers, hair, old pieces of leather, empyreumatic 
 oil, tar, juniper-berries, asafoetida, etc. The intensity, duration, 
 and number of these fumigations are graduated as the Sheep 
 become accustomed to them ; at first once a day may suffice, and 
 then the intensity should be moderate, and the duration about ten 
 minutes ; afterwards two, and finally three, may be given during 
 the day, each lasting for twenty minutes. Kowalewsky says he 
 has obtained very good results from similar fumigations. Fumiga- 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 503 
 
 tions with chlorine, sulphur, and sulphuret of mercury or cinnabar, 
 have been recommended ; but they are somewhat dangerous. 
 
 Stephen recommends as follows : Put about forty Lambs at a 
 time into an air-tight house, and place tar, sulphur and turpentine 
 in a pot of burning coals, suspended by a chain from the ceiling, 
 and brought as near to the heads of the animals as possible ; the 
 fumes are to be allowed to fill the house, and more ingredients are 
 added as required — the Lambs being kept in the place for 
 twenty-five minutes each time, and the process repeated on three 
 occasions. 
 
 Tracheal injections in the verminous bronchitis of Calves are of 
 great utility ; but for a flock of Sheep they would be troublesome 
 and difficult to administer. However, Nieman has successfully 
 employed them on 384 Sheep belonging to several small owners. 
 He used a solution of 2 parts iodine and xo parts iodide of potassium, 
 in 100 parts of distilled water. This fluid was mixed, in equal 
 parts, with oil of turpentine, and made into an emulsion with olive - 
 oil ; each Sheep received 5 to 8 grammes of the mixture, and the 
 number of injections varied according to the gravity of the disease — 
 from 2 to 3 at two days’ interval. The worms were killed and 
 expelled during the paroxysms of coughing, and the bronchitis 
 was modified. 
 
 The medical treatment should be assisted by very nourishing 
 food, and by bitter, stimulating, and ferruginous tonics, which 
 arouse the digestive functions and allow those animals which are 
 least exhausted to reach the period of elimination of the parasites. 
 
 At the commencement of any kind of treatment, it is well to 
 have an examination of the flock, with the object of sending the 
 worst cases to the butcher. 
 
 2. Verminous Bronchitis of Bovines. 
 
 The verminous bronchitis of Calves is that which was first 
 observed. Ruysch had, so long ago as 1744, noticed worms living 
 in the air-passages of these animals ; but Nicholls was the first — in 
 1756 — to speak of a disease caused by these entozoa, which pre- 
 vailed in an epizootic form in England. Camper also alluded to 
 a similar occurrence in 1803. Since that date it has been often 
 observed and described. 
 
 Symptoms. — When the Strongyles are not numerous, the 
 symptoms are only an infrequent, slight, and sonorous cough 
 occurring in fits ; it becomes gradually stronger, broken and husky, 
 and at last comes on in long paroxysms, accompanied by dyspnoea 
 and suffocation. During these attacks the respiration is hurried, 
 the flanks are agitated, the pulse quickened, and the conjunctivae 
 injected ; the animal stretches its neck, extends the head, opens 
 its mouth — the tongue protruding, and saliva flowing from the 
 commissures of the lips. During the most violent paroxysms, the 
 
504 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 animal — asphyxiated — falls prostrate on its side, with the eyes 
 protruding and haggard, the mouth gaping, and the tongue pendu- 
 lous. These fits occur several times during the day, and sometimes 
 the animal dies in one of them. The coughing causes the expulsion, 
 by the mouth or nasal cavities, of mucus that may be streaked with 
 blood, and contains single worms or masses of them, which are 
 readily recognised, more particularly by their movements when 
 they are put into tepid water. 
 
 When the disease progresses slowly, the symptoms are milder, 
 but there is also a great alteration in nutrition — emaciation, pallor 
 of the mucous membranes, sunken eyes, debility, dull and staring 
 coat, then partial depilations, phthiriasis, gradual loss of appetite, 
 irregular rumination, diarrhoea, haemoptysis, foetid breath, and, 
 finally, fatal marasmus. 
 
 The duration of the malady varies with its intensity. Death — 
 which is generally brought about by asphyxia or extreme cachexia 
 — may also be due to an intercurrent pneumonia or pulmonary 
 haemorrhage ; it may take place in three, four, or five months. 
 Morier has seen some animals live for a year. 
 
 The diagnosis is based on the character of the paroxysms of 
 coughing, and more especially on the presence of Strongyles in the 
 expectorated matters. Adult worms may not be present, but their 
 embryos are always to be found, and a microscopical examination 
 will reveal their existence. It often happens at the commencement 
 of the malady, that the animals swallow their expectorations as 
 soon as these arrive in the pharnyx ; so that an examination cannot 
 be made. When this is the case, the animal should be compelled 
 to cough, then the tongue is seized by one hand, while the other 
 extracts from the back of the mouth some of the mucus thrown up 
 from the bronchi. 
 
 Verminous bronchitis has often been mistaken for contagious 
 pleuro-pneumonia — an error which might have grave consequences, 
 and which an autopsy only could rectify. This mistake might be 
 averted if it is remembered that in verminous bronchitis the res- 
 piratory murmur is heard throughout the chest, amid mucus rattles, 
 and that there never is a blowing sound. Percussion gives a 
 resonant, though diminished, sound over all the thoracic parietes. 
 
 But it must be insisted upon, that the presence of the Strongyles 
 and their embryos in the expectorations is the criterion of the 
 disease. 
 
 The prognosis is usually serious, especially when the malady has 
 not been recognised ; and the gravity will vary, not only with its 
 intensity, but also with the general condition of the animal and the 
 intercurrent complications. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — The lesions are analogous to those of 
 the verminous bronchitis of the Sheep. The inflammation of the 
 bronchial mucous membrane is usually more intense ; there is 
 nearly always general pulmonary emphysema, with secondary 
 lobular pneumonia. Van Tright has described, in the Ox, a form 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA , BRONCHI AND LUNGS 505 
 
 of pseudo- tuberculosis analogous to that observed in the Sheep. 
 The worms, which were found in more or less voluminous bundles 
 from the last divisions of the bronchi to the upper part of the 
 trachea, belonged to the St. micrurus ; the name of St. pulmonaris 
 has been given by Ercolani to different worms he found in large 
 numbers in the bronchi of a Calf. Prange had sent him the 
 identical worm from France, which he had also met with in a 
 Calf. 
 
 Etiology, Evolution. — Like the St. filaria of the Sheep, the 
 St. micrurus is ovoviviparous ; and though its development has not 
 been much investigated, yet 
 we may probably apply to 
 it the knowledge we have 
 obtained with regard to the 
 St. filaria — the embryos can 
 only become developed after 
 they have left their first host, 
 and nothing is known as to 
 the phases they assume before 
 their immigration into a new 
 individual. However this may 
 be, experience has shown — as 
 for the St. filaria of the Sheep 
 — the influence of humidity on 
 the appearance of the disease 
 in the bovine species; and it 
 would appear to establish the 
 fact that affected animals may 
 
 be contagious to those which A . , , , . . ^ 
 
 i 1,? a?' n i c A. male and female; natural size; B, 
 
 are healthy (Vlgney, Delafond, cau( j a i extremity of the male ; magnified 
 Janne)— though this requires 100 diameters.— Railliet. 
 scientific confirmation. It may 
 
 be noted as remarkable, that adult animals are rarely attacked, 
 and that Calves most frequently pay their tribute to the affection, 
 which often appears in an epizootic form. 
 
 Prophylaxis. — This is the same as for the verminous bronchitis 
 of the Sheep (see p. 501). 
 
 Treatment. — The same medicaments have been employed in 
 treating this malady in Calves as in that of Sheep, and no better 
 results have been obtained. Numan and Janne have, however, 
 been successful with asafcetida (30 grammes), Chabert’s empy- 
 reumatic oil (60 grammes), and a mucilaginous decoction (500 
 grammes) — a spoonful of this mixture being given daily in a half- 
 litre of milk, and the treatment continued for about a month. 
 
 The results are less uncertain if the worms lodged in the bronchial 
 tubes are directly acted upon, either by means of fumigations of 
 the same kind as those employed for Sheep, or fluid medicaments 
 introduced directly into the bronchi. 
 
 Read says he has cured Calves reduced almost to skeletons by 
 
 Fig. 310. — Strongylus micrurus. 
 
505 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 verminous bronchitis, by the following procedure : The head of 
 the Calf is slightly elevated, and two teaspoonfuls of a mixture of 
 ether, 60 grammes, and rectified oil of amber, 2 grammes, are 
 poured into each nostril, and allowed to vaporize there. Oil of 
 turpentine may be substituted for the amber oil in this prescription. 
 In some cases it must be repeated two or three times, but one dose 
 has frequently the desired effect. 
 
 The method of treatment by intra- tracheal injection, introduced 
 by Levi of Pisa, has yielded very satisfactory results. Levi has 
 been completely successful with Sheep. Eloire has employed it 
 in 16 Calves affected with the disease, and all were cured. He 
 used the following mixture : 
 
 Black poppy oil . 
 Oil of turpentine . 
 Carbolic acid 
 Purified cade oil . 
 
 100 parts. 
 100 „ 
 
 2 „ 
 
 2 ,, 
 
 Each Calf received 10 grammes of this mixture daily for three 
 days. 
 
 The injection, which should be given slowly, is followed by a fit 
 of coughing, and the expired air has the odour of turpentine. This 
 treatment has also been successful at Milan. Similar favourable 
 results have followed Hutton’s treatment of 8 Calves, some of which 
 were in the last stage of verminous bronchitis. He employed a 
 mixture of oil of turpentine, tincture of opium, pure carbolic acid, 
 and water — the oil of turpentine forming one-half of the mixture. 
 The dose was 15 grammes, and in serious cases this was given every 
 day for three days, and in other cases every second or third day. 
 Kriwonogow has likewise cured 22 Calves, by giving each of them 
 two tracheal injections of 8 grammes of the following mixture : 
 Oil of cloves and oil of turpentine, 360 parts of each ; carbolic acid 
 and olive oil, 30 parts of each. 
 
 Williams speaks highly of the administration of prussic acid. 
 Penhale gives — by intra- tracheal injection, and slowly — oil of 
 turpentine 2 drachms, carbolic acid 20 minims, and chloroform 
 half a drachm. 
 
 3. Verminous Bronchitis of the Camel. 
 
 Helminthologists have for a long time known of the presence of the Stron- 
 gylus filaria in the bronchi of the Camel and Dromedary. Piot has reported 
 that this worm may cause an epizootic verminous bronchitis. 
 
 The first symptom is sneezing, which is repeated in short fits, with sighing 
 in the intervals, and at each sigh the larynx is much projected forward ; at 
 the end of expiration, which is accompanied by a gurgling laryngeal sound, 
 the head and neck are protruded. Respiration is buccal and nasal, air often 
 distending the cheeks and parotid region, and is swallowed with a noise like 
 hiccough. There is at first a serous, then a mucous discharge from the nostrils, 
 which becomes foamy, tinged with blood, and profuse ; it is sometimes accom 
 panied by epistaxis, and contains numerous embryos. There is at first excite- 
 ment, then sluggishness, cachexia, inappetence, constipation, tympanites, 
 feebler thoracic resonance, and rales and blowing sounds. Nearly all those 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 507 
 
 attacked are affected with, labial pruritus, which causes them to rub their upper 
 lip and nose until these are excoriated. 
 
 The disease continues for twelve to fifteen days, sometimes a month, and 
 then terminates by recovery or death. 
 
 At the autopsy, lesions of bronchitis, and even of pneumonia and pleurisy, 
 are found. 
 
 Piot has successfully employed fumigations of tar, and more especially 
 tracheal injections of a preparation composed of oil of turpentine 10 grammes, 
 ether 10 grammes, tincture of opium ‘50 gramme, and 1 per cent, carbolized 
 water 20 grammes. 
 
 4. Verminous Bronchitis of Equines. 
 
 The bronchial Strongylosis of Equines appears to have been seldom seen. 
 Morier has observed it in Horses of all ages in Switzerland, where it prevailed 
 at the same time among Calves from six months 
 to two years old. Eichler collected from the 
 bronchi of a Horse at Berlin, worms which Diesing 
 classed with the Strongylus micrurus ; and Gurlt 
 attached to that species Nematodes from the 
 bronchi of the Horse and Ass. Cobbold 
 demonstrated that the Strongyles of the bronchi 
 of the Ass form a separate species — the St. 
 
 Arnfieldi — and Railliet recognised that those 
 of the Horse belong to the same species, and 
 completed their description. This rare form of 
 Strongylosis appears to manifest itself by symptoms 
 analogous to those of verminous bronchitis in the 
 other species, is accompanied by similar lesions, 
 and is developed in the same etiological conditions. 
 
 Railliet has remarked that the larv<e of the St. 
 
 Arnfieldi do not at all withstand desiccation, and 
 do not live more than eight days in pure water. 
 
 They can, therefore, only pursue their evolution 
 if they arrive quickly into a suitable medium ; 
 and this will explain the rarity of bronchial 
 Strongylosis in the Horse. 
 
 An agamous Sclerostome has been found by 
 Morot in a pulmonary vessel of a Horse (Railliet). 
 
 5. Verminous Bronchitis of the Pig. 
 
 The presence of Strongyles in the bronchi 
 of the Pig was noted towards the end of 
 the eighteenth century by Ebel, Goeze, Mo- Fig. 31 i. 
 deer, Mehlis. etc. They have since then been 
 met with several times by Rayer, Chaussat, 
 
 Du jar din, Bellingham, etc. They do not 
 appear to be frequent, except in certain 
 
 regions, and they do not usually cause such grave functional 
 disorders as those remarked in Sheep and Calves. 
 
 Chaussat stated, in 1850, that it was usual to find the St. para- 
 doxus in the bronchi of Pigs brought to Paris — at least, in 
 certain seasons of the year. Chatin also asserted that this parasite 
 is very common in France. Boudeaud informs us that it is frequent 
 
 —Caudal ex- 
 tremity of the male 
 Strongylus Arnfieldi ; 
 magnified 100 dia- 
 meters. — Railliet. 
 
508 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 in young Pigs in the Indre department ; and Modena observed it 
 very often in Pigs in Sardinia and the Maremmes of Tuscany, where 
 verminous bronchitis appears to be enzootic. 
 
 The bronchial Strongylosis of the Pig often remains unperceived, 
 and in the majority of the animals in which Strongyles are found 
 after death, there was nothing observed during life to raise any 
 suspicions of their presence. Sometimes their existence was 
 betrayed merely by cachexia and resistance to fattening. In other 
 cases theie was a moist, troublesome coughing fit, and a group of 
 
 Fig. 312. — Cephalic and caudal ex- Fig. 313. — Evolution of the Stron- 
 tremities of the female Strongylus gylus Arnfieldi. — Railliet, in- 
 
 Arnfieldi ; magnified 100 diameters. edited.* 
 
 — Railliet. 
 
 * A, ovum undergoing segmentation ; B, ovum in the morula stage ; C, 
 ovum with embryo ; D, the embryo being hatched ; E, the embryo hatched ; 
 magnified 150 diameters. 
 
 serious symptoms analogous to those we have already depicted for 
 the other domesticated animals. Death may result, and especially 
 in young Pigs — a remarkable instance of which is cited by Deguil- 
 leme. 
 
 At the autopsy there are found the lesions — more or less accentu- 
 ated — of verminous bronchitis. They are generally slight, and the 
 worms are lodged in the smaller bronchi ; the lungs are the seat of 
 local congestion. Gratia mentions having on several occasions 
 met with verminous pneumonia in the Pig, in the form of pseudo- 
 tubercles having the closest analogy to those which St. rufescens 
 gives rise to in the Pig. These broncho - pneumonia nodules 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 509 
 
 were * essentially con- 
 stituted by endo-alveolitis 
 and endo-bronchitis in 
 limited foci.’ 
 
 The treatment — which 
 should be based on that 
 prescribed for Sheep 
 affected with the same 
 disease — should only be 
 resorted to in the case of 
 valuable young or adult 
 Pigs, as it is more advan- 
 tageous to kill others for 
 food if their age is suit- 
 able. 
 
 6. Verminous Bronchitis 
 o? the Rabbit. 
 
 This disease is extremely 
 rare in the domesticated 
 Rabbit ; for the Strongylus 
 commutatus almost exclusively 
 infests the bronchi of the 
 wild Rabbit, and especially 
 of the Hare, which it some- 
 times destroys in large num- 
 bers. 
 
 Article IV. — Helmin- 
 thiases of the Trachea, 
 
 Bronchi and Lungs of 
 the Dog. 
 
 The worms observed in the 
 trachea, bronchi, and lungs 
 of the Dog are Nematodes, 
 which make the air-passages 
 of this animal their ordinary, 
 accidental, or transitory 
 habitat. Several of them are 
 little known as yet. 
 
 1. Tracheo-bronchial Filaria 
 of the Dog. — There are five 
 observations on record of 
 verminous nodules of the 
 trachea and bronchi, caused 
 by the Nematodes that Blum- 
 berg and Rabe doubtfully place 
 in the genus Filaria. Of these 
 five observations, one is due to Renault, two to Blumberg, and the other two 
 to Rabe. These nodules are situated in the inferior part of the trachea, at its 
 bifurcation, and in the bronchi towards their origin. Their number is very 
 
 Fig. 314. — The Strongylus paradoxus. 
 
 A, male and female, natural size. B, caudal 
 extremity of the male ; magnified 50 dia- 
 meters. C, fragment of a spicule ; very highly 
 magnified. D, one of the lobes of the caudal 
 pouch ; magnified 100 diameters. E, caudal 
 extremity of the female ; magnified 50 dia- 
 meters. F, free embryo ; magnified 1 50 dia- 
 meters. — Railliet. 
 
5io 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 variable — from four to a hundred ; while their volume may be from that of a 
 millet-seed to that of a pea. Situated beneath the mucous membrane, which 
 is raised over them, they are generally oval in shape, somewhat flattened, hard, 
 reddish in colour, and slightly uneven. Each of them contains a notable 
 quantity of small Nematodes, which, in passing through the wall, protrude on 
 the surface by one or other of their extremities, and in this way they simulate 
 villi. Their description is as follows : 
 
 Body filiform. Mouth surrounded by two or three prominences or con- 
 centric lips of variable height, behind which are three unequal papillae ; 
 pharynx dilated. Male, 5 mm. long, with the posterior extremity rounded ; 
 two unequal, curved spicules. Female, 9 mm. to 1 5 mm. long ; vulva situated 
 immediately in front of the anus. Ovoviviparous. These worms, imbedded 
 as they are in the substance of the nodules, are very difficult to extract, and 
 their study is still incomplete. 
 
 Their presence is usually not betrayed by any particular symptoms ; 
 though in a case remarked by Rabe there was very marked respiratory dis- 
 turbance ; the nodules found at the autopsy were very numerous, and were 
 more particularly concentrated in the thoracic portion of the trachea. The 
 lungs also contained a great number of grey nodules, the size of a grain of 
 sand ; they chiefly abounded beneath the pleura, and the largest of them was 
 inhabited by one or more females. 
 
 The verminous bronchitis described by Osier appears to have been this 
 affection. The parasite to which he attributed it, and which he named Stron- 
 gylus bronchialis canis, was designated Filaria Osleri by Cobbold. The largest 
 males measured scarcely 4 mm., and the females a little more than 6 mm. 
 
 Of 30 Dogs attacked by this disease, 21 succumbed to it ; all of them, 
 except six, were not more than eight months old. The principal symptoms 
 were : Inappetence, indifference, weakness ; sometimes paraplegia, often 
 convulsions ; rarely diarrhoea ; vomiting after food ; sometimes a short, 
 husky cough ; and intense fever. Duration, three to ten days. In eight 
 dogs on which an autopsy was made, there were observed lesions of broncho- 
 pneumonia, but only in six were parasites found ; these were nearly all lodged 
 in nodules in the tracheal mucous membrane, chiefly at the bifurcation of the 
 tube, and in the larger bronchi, the nodules projecting from the surface of the 
 membrane as in the preceding cases. A certain number of adult Nematodes 
 and embryos were concealed in the mucus of the smaller bronchi. The lining 
 membrane of the trachea was highly hypenemic. It might be questioned 
 whether all these cases were of the same kind, and if they did not rather co- 
 incide with the ‘ distemper ’ of young Dogs, localized in the respiratory appar- 
 atus. The details given would support this hypothesis. 
 
 Courtin, of Bordeaux, has also met with Nematodes in the bronchi and 
 pulmonary vesicles of the Dog ; but these were embryos the origin of which 
 could not be determined. The inferior lobes of the lungs showed, posteriorly, 
 patches of white, indurated substance in which were found embryos — some 
 free, others encysted. Megnin reports having observed a similar instance in a 
 Fox-terrier. 
 
 2. Filaria immitis (Leidy). — This worm inhabits the right side of the heart 
 and the pulmonary artery, but it may be met with in making sections of the 
 lungs (see Hcematozoa of the Dog). 
 
 3. Spiroptera sanguinolenta. — This entozoon lives in tumours in the 
 oesophagus and stomach of the Dog ; nevertheless, it may also be found in the 
 walls of the aorta, whence it throws off its embryos into the blood, by means of 
 the pulmonary vessels. Railliet has seen a tumour in a Dog’s lung which 
 contained several of these worms. The lung adhered to the oesophagus, which 
 had a similar tumour at the same level. 
 
 4. Indetermined Nematode. — A white, round, filiform worm, tapering at 
 both ends ; head and tail without wings ; length 4 cm. to 5 cm. Found by 
 Chauvrat in Algeria, at the autopsy of a Dog which had been killed 
 because of rabiform symptoms. The bronchial glands contained 20 to 
 25 specimens — some of them twined round each other in bundles, others 
 separate. Several were found in the bronchi and bronchioles, laced together 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 51 1 
 
 or isolated, but free in the mucus. One worm was met with in the nasal 
 cavities. The Dog had been troubled for a long time with cough and 
 sneezing. 
 
 Strongylus vasorum (Baillet). — In the adult state, this worm lives 
 in the right side of the heart and the larger divisions of the pul- 
 monary artery (see Hcematozoa of the Dog). The ova laid by the 
 female are arrested in the finer arterioles, and there pass through 
 all their phases of development. Their presence gives rise to 
 special granules which are characteristic of this pulmonary Strongy- 
 losis, and which were discovered and well studied by Laulanie. 
 
 Little is known of the symptoms it provokes. Its presence is 
 sometimes betrayed by severe and sudden dyspnoea, which may 
 subside in a few days, or it may terminate in asphyxia. Ausculta- 
 tion and percussion do not furnish any appreciable sign. There 
 is sometimes anaemia, emaciation, fits of dry and feeble coughing, 
 and ascites that disappears after a long rest. The diagnosis may 
 perhaps be assisted by the search for embryos in the mucus or foam 
 ejected during the coughing. Most frequently the affection 
 remains unperceived during life, and is only recognised at the 
 autopsy. It is generally sporadic ; though it may become estab- 
 lished as an enzooty in the same pack of Dogs, and make serious 
 ravages. 
 
 At the autopsy there are found, in the right side of the heart, 
 or in the branches of the pulmonary artery, adult Strongyles. 
 When dealing with the parasites of the circulatory apparatus, we 
 will refer to the characteristics and distribution of these parasites, 
 as well as the alterations they cause in the bloodvessels. 
 
 The pulmonary lobes show a well-defined zone at their base, in 
 which the tissue is grey, compact, incompletely retracted, and 
 heavier than water. This is studded with greyish, semi-trans- 
 parent granules, that rarely attain the size of a pin’s head ; their 
 accumulation gives a pearly roughened aspect to the free surface 
 and to those of sections, and they become more numerous and con- 
 fluent as they approach the exterior of the lungs. Beneath the 
 pleura they sometimes form yellow patches which, to the pocket- 
 lens, resolve themselves into distinct granules. Beyond the 
 affected zone these granules are very rare, and they almost com- 
 pletely disappear at the summit of the lungs. This granular zone 
 may consist of only a few sub-pleural islets, or occupy two-thirds of 
 the height of the lung ; sometimes the islets are voluminous, and 
 disposed irregularly throughout the periphery of the organ. 
 
 In preparations made by teasing out the fresh tissue, there is 
 found — amongst various anatomical elements — a more or less 
 considerable number of elliptical ova, 70 fi to 60 /* long, and 40 
 to 50 fi broad, the shell of which is very thin and often wrinkled, 
 and contains a very granular vitellus, more or less segmented, or 
 already developed into an embryo. There are also a certain 
 number of free living embryos, and when this is the case the bronchi 
 contain masses of them surrounded by mucus. 
 
512 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The granules are the products of nodular vascularities, correspond- 
 ing to the varieties established by Kiener under the name of 
 ‘ tubercles of the endogenous type,’ and ' tubercles of the exo- 
 genous type.’ These two types are rarely associated, but when 
 they are, then one of them is in the minority, and appears to be 
 accidental. 
 
 The pseudo-follicles of the endogenous type may, by their con- 
 fluence, form nodules varying 
 from *25 mm. to i mm. They 
 are developed in the interior 
 of the smaller arterioles, the 
 epithelium of which prolifer- 
 ates ; each comprises : i. A 
 central zone formed by a giant 
 cell, having a cavity in which 
 is an ovum or embryo ; 2. A 
 middle zone, formed by epi- 
 thelioid cells ; 3. A peripheral 
 zone, composed of embryonal 
 elements arranged in a circular 
 manner. 
 
 Fig. 315. — Pseudo-follicle undergoing Fig. 316. — Pseudo-follicle in pul- 
 formation on the course of an arteriole monary strongylosis of the Dog, 
 
 a, between two layers of muscular showing the ovigerous giant cell, 
 
 fibres, the direction of which is indi- The ovum of the Strongylus 
 
 cated at & by a line of epithelial cells ; vasorum, o, contained in this cell 
 
 c, fissure and epithelial lining insuring is segmented. — Laulanie. 
 
 continuity in the circulation ; d, oval 
 cavi ty. — Laulanie. 
 
 The pseudo- follicles of the exogenous type form smaller and more 
 discrete granules. They are developed in the external tunic of the 
 arterioles and surrounding tissue, and have the same structure as 
 the follicles of the endogenous type, except that the central giant 
 cell rarely acquires such large dimensions, that the embryonal 
 cells accompany the epithelioid cells of the middle zone, and that 
 the peripheral zone — less limited externally — encroaches on the 
 alveolar walls, sending out buds that project into the alveoli. 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 513 
 
 Evolution . — Judging by the distribution of the ova and embryos 
 in the granular zone and bronchi, and from a number of experiments 
 with regard to infestation — in which Dogs ate pieces of lungs 
 affected with parasitic granuloma — Laulanie believed he was 
 warranted in arriving at the following conclusions, with respect to 
 the cycle of migrations of the Strongylus vasorum : 
 
 1. The adult Strongyles fix themselves in the right side of the 
 heart, or the large divisions of the pulmonary artery, couple at 
 these various points, where the females lay their eggs, which are 
 arrested in the finest arterioles, and there undergo all the phases 
 of their development : 
 
 2. The hatched embryos leave the inflammatory foci, which have 
 protected them, and wander towards the bronchi, whence they are 
 ejected from the body of the host ; 
 
 3. They are accidentally swallowed by Dogs, and in their digestive 
 apparatus or venous system submit to those modifications which 
 bring them to the adult state in the right side of the heart. 
 
 ‘ By the light of these facts,’ says Laulanie, ‘ it can be very well 
 understood how strongylosis may assume an enzootic form, and 
 affect several Dogs in a pack. The attacks — which are marked 
 by much distress and extremely severe dyspnoea — occur from 
 time to time, and apparently coincide with renewed laying of an 
 abundance of eggs by the females — a generation of ova passing 
 into the arterioles, and causing temporary occlusion of these 
 vessels.’ 
 
 Article V. — Helminthiases of the Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs 
 
 of the Cat. 
 
 Independently of the Linguatula denticulatum which -is met with in the lungs 
 of the Cat, other Nematodes have been noticed, either in the adult state or as 
 embryos. These are the Ollulanus tricuspis, Strongylus pusillus, and Tricho- 
 somum cerophilum. 
 
 1. Ollulanus tricuspis (Leuck). — In the adult state, this worm inhabits the 
 substance of the gastric mucous membrane of the Cat. The embryos laid by 
 the females emigrate in the same manner as Trichina, and the lungs are among 
 the organs they may invade. Each embryo is surrounded by a cyst, in which 
 it remains immovable ; and when the number of these formations is consider- 
 able, they give the membrane the appearance of being affected with miliary 
 tubercule, each of them being encircled by a zone of hepatization. The 
 inflammatory process may be so extensive as to cause death. In serious cases, 
 the bronchial mucus is more or less sanguinolent, and contains embryos. 
 (For the history of the development of the Ollulanus, see Parasites of the Stomach 
 of the Cat.) 
 
 2. Strongylus pusil'us (Muller). — On several occasions there has been 
 reported a verminous affection of the lungs of the Cat, the macroscopical 
 lesions of which resemble those of tuberculosis in Man ; but it is possible that 
 — as Leuckart remarked — some of these were instances of Olliilaniasis 
 (Cobbold). But, with Railliet, we admit that nearly all the cases of pulmonary 
 helminthiasis in the Cat are due to a Strongyle. The simultaneous presence 
 of the ova and the embryo proves, in fact, that both are deposited on the spot. 
 But the worm is very difficult to discover. We once found a non-ovigerous 
 
 33 
 
514 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 female, and Railliet has obtained portions of the body of a female. Muller, 
 however, has succeeded in removing entire specimens — male and female — 
 from certain foci ; he described them by the name of Strongylus pusillus. 
 
 The ova and embryos of this Strongyle cause the formation of verminous 
 pneumonia foci, which usually appear as whitish-yellow granules, from the 
 size of a pin’s head to that of a hemp-seed, slightly projecting beneath the 
 pleura, or on the surface of a section. Sometimes they are grouped as greyish, 
 semi-transparent nodules the size of a pea, or are imbedded in a somewhat ex- 
 tensive mass of grey hepatization. They often form prominent sinuous streaks. 
 
 The pulmonary tissue intermediate to the granules retains its rosy tint and 
 its permeability. By scraping a section of the invaded tissue, a foamy fluid 
 is obtained, in which ova are seen in all degrees of segmentation, and it may 
 contain a well-formed embryo. A large number of embryos move about in 
 this fluid ; they are also observed in the mucus of the bronchi, trachea, and 
 
 upper air-passages — Railliet states that he 
 has seen them likewise in the digestive canal. 
 
 Laulanie has furnished precise details of 
 the histological lesions of this pulmonary 
 strongylosis. 
 
 The ova and embryos are lodged in the 
 pulmonary alveoli. The first are accumulated 
 by hundreds, over a large extent of the field 
 of the microscope — indeed, they are in such 
 compact masses that the network formed by 
 the alveolar walls is broken through, and 
 reduced to thin shreds. They are in all stages 
 and degrees of segmentation and development. 
 They do not produce any other lesion at the 
 points where they are accumulated, than this 
 atrophy by compression of the alveolar walls. 
 On the other hand, the embryos that come 
 from them, by their migration determine a 
 very abundant diapedesis of leucocytes, which 
 fill the pulmonary alveoli, and from this 
 results foci of purulent miliary pneumonia, 
 which, however, have no resemblance to 
 tubercles. 
 
 This strongylosis is very frequent ; we 
 have remarked it in a fourth of the Cats — 
 19 of 76 — we examined. It sometimes co- 
 exists with scabies, and the disease of the 
 lungs probably induces a cachetic condition 
 that favours the installation of the psoric malady, or the reverse. In 
 many cases, this verminous pneumonia of the Cat does not reveal itself by 
 any noticeable sign. In some instances, there is frequent cough, coming on 
 in fits, and often followed by vomiting ; after a variable time the animal loses 
 condition, its hair is erect, diarrhoea sets in, and the cachexia — which becomes 
 more and more pronounced — brings about a fatal result after an illness of two 
 or three months. Tracheal parasiticide inj ections constitute the only treatment 
 that can be recommended. 
 
 Fig. 317. — Ova and embryos of 
 the SUongylus pusillus of 
 the Cat ; magnified 150 dia- 
 meters, — Railliet. 
 
 A, B, ova in process of seg- 
 mentation ; C, ovum contain- 
 ing an embryo ; D, free em- 
 bryo. 
 
 3. Trichosomum (Eucoleus) aerophilum (Creplin). This is a filiform worm, 
 the male of which is 24 mm. long, and the female 32 mm. ; the body becomes 
 gradually thicker behind, where it attains 100 n to 180 fx in diameter, and is 
 attenuated at the posterior extremity. There are two longitudinal bands 
 formed of numerous rods, one of which is ventral, and in width is three- 
 fourths of the total diameter, the other being dorsal and only one-third of 
 this diameter. The tail of the male is truncated, and divided into two lobes, 
 which are united by a thin circular caudal pouch. The sheath of the spicule 
 is covered by very small spines. Eggs ovoid and 72/4 long ; they are held on 
 the surface of the female’s body by a mucilaginous layer. 
 
PARASITES OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS 515 
 
 This worm was known as a parasite in the trachea of the Fox ; A. Muller 
 found it in the lungs of a Marten, and he also met with eight individuals in the 
 trachea of a Cat, affected with strongylosis to a very high degree. We have 
 found three worms of this species in the trachea or larger bronchi of three 
 Cats, two of which were affected with pulmonary strongylosis. These worms 
 were young females, only one of which contained eggs, but they were not yet 
 fully formed. 
 
 B.— DOMESTICATED BIRDS. 
 
 With the exception of species of Cytodites and Syngamus, the 
 majority of the animal parasites found in the respiratory apparatus 
 of Birds are merely accidental, and only met with at autopsies. 
 The vegetable parasites are represented by Aspergillus. We have 
 already said enough with regard to acariasis of the trachea and 
 bronchi, and especially of the air-sacs of the Gallinacei (see p. 216). 
 Syngamus and Aspergillus have an importance which requires a 
 special chapter for each. A brief mention will suffice for the other 
 parasites. 
 
 Echinococcus gallopavonis (Siebold). A fertile Echinococcus found by Von 
 Siebold, in 1837, in the lungs of a Turkey. 
 
 Monastomum mutabile (Zeder). — Body of a dirty-yellow or faint-rose colour, 
 5 mm. to 24 mm. long, foliaceous ; flat beneath, a little convex above ; attenu- 
 ated into a cone anteriorly, broader and rounded behind, where it is 2 mm. to 
 8 mm. wide. Sucker subterminal, very small, and surrounding the mouth. 
 Ova brown, ovoid, 173 /x long and 84 /x broad ; hatched in the uterus, and 
 yielding an embryo that contains a sporocyst. Lives in various parts of the 
 respiratory apparatus of many birds, the majority of which are aquatic. 
 Wiesenthal, Von Siebold, Diesing, and Zurn found it in the sub-orbital sinus 
 of the domesticated Goose ; the first of these authorities had witnessed an 
 epizooty caused by it in 1799 (Diesing). A particular interest attaches to this 
 Monostome, as it was the object of the first observations relative to the de- 
 velopment of the Trematodes. Von Siebold showed, in 1835, that the foreign 
 body contained in the embryo survived it in the form of a sporocyst, from 
 which Cercariae were derived. 
 
 33 — 2 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 VERMINOUS TRACHEO BRONCHITIS (SYNGAMOSIS) 
 
 The Nematodes which live in the air-passages of Poultry, and give 
 rise to symptoms of tracheo-bronchitis, almost exclusively belong 
 to the genus Syngamus, of the tribe Sclerostomince, in the family of 
 Sirongylidce (see p. 279). 
 
 Genus Syngamus (Sieb.). — Head thick ; mouth large, and succeeded by a 
 chitinous capsule that keeps it open. Males relatively small, and provided 
 with two spicules. Females furnished with a double ovary ; vulva situated in 
 the anterior part of the body. Copulation — which is permanent in the principal 
 species — is effected at an acute angle, and in such a manner that two indi- 
 viduals so united might be taken for a worm with two heads. 
 
 Two species have been described in domesticated Birds. 
 
 1. Syngamus trachealis (Siebold, 5 . primitivus xMolin). — A cylindroid worm, 
 coloured red by the fluid between its organs. Head broad and truncated. 
 Mouth orbicular, and sustained by a hemispherical capsule, at the bottom of 
 which are six or seven sharp lanceolated, chitinous eminences arranged around 
 the oesophageal opening, the margin of which is thick and everted, and cut into 
 six festoons divided symmetrically into four lips. Male 2 mm. to 6 mm. long ; 
 caudal pouch obliquely truncated, suspended by about twelve ribs and 
 attached around the vulva. Female 5 mm. to 20 mm., thin in front, irregularly 
 dilated when it is full of eggs ; vulva salient towards the anterior fourth or 
 fifth of the body. Ova ellipsoid, operculated, 85 hi long and 50 //. broad. A 
 remarkable feature of this species is the permanence of copulation, which is 
 so intimate that the males cannot be separated from the females without 
 tearing their integuments. 
 
 This worm — which is known to Pheasant-keepeis as the red 
 worm or forked worm — lives in the trachea and large bronchi of a 
 large number of the domesticated Birds — common Pheasant, 
 golden Pheasant, Fowl, Turkey, Peacock ; and of wild Birds — grey 
 Partridge, Magpie, hooded Crow, Chocard of the Alps, green Wood- 
 pecker, Sparrow, Martin. It is most frequent in the Gallinacei, 
 and especially in Pheasants. 
 
 History. — The disease caused by the Syngamus trachealis was reported for 
 the first time in 1799, by Wiesenthal, who observed it at Baltimore, America, 
 in Fowls and Turkeys. Montagu in 1806, 1807, 1808, saw it prevail as an 
 epizootic among Pullets, Pheasants, and Partridges in England, into 
 which the parasite had probably been imported from America. Since that 
 date, it has been many times observed in America, England, France, Germany, 
 and Italy. Bellingham and Railliet have noticed it in the Peacock. It is 
 scarcely more than twenty years since it began to figure in French publica- 
 tions. Our knowledge of the development of the Syngamus is due to Leuckart, 
 Ehlers, Megnin, and Walker. 
 
 516 
 
VERMINOUS TRACHEO-BRON CHIT I S ( SYNGAMOSIS ) 51 7 
 
 Symptoms. — Birds attacked 
 by Syngamosis are recognised 
 by 1 a kind of sudden, whistling 
 cough, something like a sneeze, 
 which more or less affects young 
 individuals . T hose most seriously 
 affected yawn and open the beak, 
 at the same time stretching the 
 neck by a peculiar movement, 
 indicative of the inconvenience 
 they experience. The worst 
 cases have the mouth filled with 
 foamy saliva, which they cannot 
 get rid of ’ (Megnin). 
 
 The name ‘ gapes ’ given to 
 this disease in England and 
 America, indicates the principal 
 symptom. The general signs 
 consist of a diminution of appe- 
 tite, dulness, feathers erect, and 
 all the characters of a cachexia, 
 which, if asphyxia does not 
 intervene, will terminate in 
 death. According to Renne, 
 there is subcutaneous emphysema 
 of the neck and breast. A 
 German breeder says that, in 
 order to confirm the diagnosis, 
 it is only necessary to hold up 
 a sick Bird — with its neck ex- 
 tended — in the sunlight ; the 
 parasite can then be seen through 
 the skin and trachea. 
 
 A spontaneous recovery is 
 exceptional, especially in young 
 Birds. A gentleman in Somer- 
 setshire wrote to Youatt, stating 
 that Pullets would resist the 
 disease when the feathers of the 
 head and neck began to grow. 
 
 This parasite may be the cause 
 of deadly epizooties. Wiesenthal 
 estimated the losses at four-fifths 
 of the Gallinae in the invaded 
 localities ; Crisp placed at half 
 a million the number of Pullets 
 destroyed by it in England every 
 year : while Megnin alleges that, 
 in a pheasantry at Rambouillet, 
 there were about 1,200 victims 
 daily. 
 
 Fig. 318. — Syngamus trachealis ; 
 natural size, and magnified 10 dia- 
 meters. — Railliet. 
 
5i8 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Lesions. — At the autopsy of Gallinae which have succumbed to 
 this affection, the parasites are found throughout the trachea — 
 chiefly near its division into bronchi, sometimes at their origin ; 
 they are enveloped in foamy mucus. The majority of the parasites 
 adhere so firmly by their buccal capsule, that they will allow them- 
 selves to be torn rather than relax their hold ; the point to 'which 
 they are fixed is often formed into a small tumour full of yellow 
 caseous pus. This abscess may become so developed as to obstruct 
 the trachea, and one alone may induce asphyxia. The number 
 of couples found in one Bird is variable ; but two or three may kill 
 a Pheasant of four to six weeks old, though it requires twenty -five 
 to thirty to asphyxiate an adult Pheasant. Independently of the 
 power of resistance conferred by age, the differences in other 
 respects may be related to the diameter of the trachea (Megnin). 
 
 Etiology. — The disease scarcely attacks any but young Birds, 
 and then more especially during certain years, though there is 
 nothing certain to account for this. Some poultiy- breeders declare 
 that the fattest and best conditioned Birds are the first attacked. 
 
 The ova of the Syngamus are developed to a variable degree ir. 
 the uterus of the female, accoiding to its age and size ; when it is 
 20 mm. to 22 mm. long, the embryo is completely formed (Cobbold, 
 Megnin). These ova are not laid, and they can only escape from 
 the body of the female in case of rupture, which, in ordinary cir- 
 cumstances, results from cadaveric decomposition. The ova — 
 whether embryonated or not — fall on damp ground or in pools of 
 water, and are hatched in from seven to forty days, according to 
 the temperature. Ehlers has shown that the embryo has no need 
 of an intermediate host, in order to become transformed into an 
 adult worm. In Birds which he had caused to ingest ova con- 
 taining embryos, in about twelve days he found coupled individuals, 
 and — after seventeen days — females full of eggs. Walker has 
 observed that the embryos remain alive in the digestive canal of 
 the earth-worms, and that when Birds swallow these they become 
 affected with Syngamosis. Megnin has given the ‘ gapes ’ to a 
 Parrot, by feeding it with a certain number of the worms collected 
 from Pheasants. It has been noted that affected birds often cough 
 up the parasites, and their companions immediately swallow them 
 with avidity. This is evidently the way in which Syngamosis is 
 propagated. 
 
 The way in which the embryos reach the respiratory apparatus 
 is not known. Perhaps they become adherent in the pharynx 
 during deglutition, and afterwards pass directly into the trachea. 
 
 Treatment. — Isolate the affected Birds, and put those yet healthy 
 on clean ground. Bury deeply or burn the bodies of dead Birds ; 
 disinfect the ground of the pheasantry or poultry-yard, by sprinkling 
 over it a i per thousand solution of salicylic or sulphuric acid ; give 
 uncontaminated food and water to the Birds, adding to the water 
 i *3 grammes of salicylate of soda to the litre — such are the pre- 
 ventive measures recommended by Megnin. 
 
VERMINOUS TRA CHEO-BRON CHIT IS ( SYNGAMOSIS ) 519 
 
 In America and also in England a feather from which all the 
 barbules have been removed except those at the point, is intro- 
 duced into the trachea and turned round there, with the object of 
 detaching the worms ; but this is an insufficient and dangerous 
 proceeding, and can only remove a small number of the parasites 
 which are situated at the upper parts of the trachea, and are ex- 
 ceptionally slightly attached to the mucous membrane ; while it 
 may cause suffocation or even sudden death. 
 
 Garlic has been employed with much success, first by Montagu, 
 then by Megnin. Montagu gave an infusion of rue and garlic, 
 instead of water, to drink. Megnin prescribed, as food, a mixture 
 of hard-boiled eggs, ox-heart soup, stale bread, aud salad, all well 
 mixed up with chopped garlic, added in the proportion of one 
 clove of the latter daily to every six Pheasants. He was also fortu- 
 nate in the employment of powdered asafoetida with an equal part 
 of powdered gentian, these being incorporated in a cake, and given 
 in the proportion of *50 gramme per head every day. He also 
 added to every litre of drinking water, a solution of 1 gramme of 
 salicylic acid in 100 grammes of water. 
 
 It is in being eliminated by the air passages, that the volatile 
 principles of garlic and asafoetida act as toxicants on the red worms 
 of the trachea. 
 
 Megnin recommends, besides, fumigation with sulphurous acid ; 
 the fits of coughing to which it gives rise cause the expulsion of 
 the parasites. But this means requires much watchfulness, in order 
 to avert accidents from suffocation. 
 
 The breeder above-mentioned, advises the employment of an 
 8 or 10 pei cent, solution of salicylic acid, a few drops of which are 
 to be carefully injected into the trachea by means of a straw. 
 And ‘ an English farmer says he has rarely lost an affected indi- 
 vidual since he resorted to tobacco smoke. He places the pullets 
 in a box, which he covers with a cloth ; then puts a little tobacco in 
 a pipe, lights it, puts some more tobacco on the top, introduces the 
 pipe into the box and blows gently through the stem, until the 
 Birds fall over almost inanimate. He then restores them to the 
 open air, when they soon recover their health ’ (Railliet). 
 
 Those who have employed it speak highly of paraffin, applied 
 directly to the upper part of the trachea by means of the tip of a 
 feather. Tracheal injections do not yet appear to have been 
 seriously tried. 
 
 2. Syngamus bronchialis (Muhlig). — Body cylindrical, and tapering slightly 
 in front. Mouth arranged as in S. trachealis. Male, 10 mm. long ; caudal 
 pouch spherical, entire, and sustained by ribs, the two posterior of which are 
 tridigitated, and arise from a common trunk that is nearly double their length, 
 the middle and anterior ones cleft — the external anterior lying alongside the 
 middle one ; spicules filiform, curved at the end, and fringed at the inner 
 margin. Female, 25 mm. long, the posterior extremity terminating in a 
 conical point ; vulva slightly salient, and situated at the first third of the 
 length of the body. Ova ellipsoid, non-operculated, and 90 long by 60 
 broad. Copulation is not constant, and the coupled worms may be disengaged 
 without tearing the integuments. 
 
520 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 This worm has been found by Miihlig in some young Japanese Geese. It 
 is at least closely related to the species which lives in the black Stork, and which 
 Diesing named Sclerostomum tracheale — the Syngamus Sclerostomum of Molin. 
 
 Miihlig met with this Syngamus to the number of 20 to 30, forming bundles 
 in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, the ultimate ramifications of which they 
 had reached, and where they were enveloped in a thick mucus. There was 
 sometimes a croupal pneumonia, and an exudate of the same character was 
 thrown out into the air-sacs, which also contained ova that had undergone 
 segmentation to a variable degree, and free embryos. The symptoms were 
 analogous to those noted in the Gallinae, and consisted chiefly in gaping and a 
 characteristic cough. 
 
 Przibylka has several times observed the same affection in Geese. It 
 attacked, by preference, the young ones, and always terminated in death. 
 Besides the above symptoms, he remarked a state of debility that kept the 
 Birds lying for a long time, accompanied with convulsive movements of the 
 head, and efforts to vomit — due to the mucus, mixed with worms, that had 
 accumulated in the trachea and bronchi. 
 
 Hayem found in each of two Ducks — which w^ere at the same time affected 
 with pulmonary mycosis — twenty worms agglomerated in bundles in the 
 trachea, and particularly in the syrinx ; some had even penetrated the lungs. 
 Hayem assigned to them a length of 35 mm. to 40 mm. for the females, and 
 about 1 5 mm. for the males. He classed them with the Sclerostomum armatum 
 Dies, of the Horse — the Scl. equinum Miill. ; but it is more probable that they 
 belong to another species of Sclerostomum or Syngamus — perhaps, even, to 
 the Syngamus bronchialis. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 MYCOSIS OF THE AIR-PASSAGES IN BIRDS 
 
 A large number of observations have established the fact that the 
 Fungi of moulds — Mucedince — belonging to the genus Aspergillus 
 Micheli, may develop and vegetate in the respiratory apparatus 
 of Birds — exceptionally in Mammals — and cause serious alterations 
 in it. According to the seat they occupy, we have broncho-mycoses , 
 pneumomycoses , and cytomycoses or mycoses of the air-sacs. 
 
 Birds. — The first recorded case of pneumomycosis goes back as 
 far as 1815, and is due to Meyer and Emert, who observed it in a 
 Jay. Afterwards, similar occurrences were noted in the Flamingo, 
 Eider-duck, Sea-gull, Stork, Ostrich, Plover, Parrot, Bullfinch, 
 Raven, Owl, Falcon, etc., with regard to wild Birds ; and in such 
 domesticated Birds as the Fowl, Pheasant, Pigeon, Goose, Duck, 
 and Swan. 
 
 Four species of- Aspergillus — Asp. glaucus, Asp. mgrescens, Asp . 
 fumigatus , Asp. Candidus — have been found in the parasitic state, 
 though this is only accidental for them, as, like the other moulds, 
 they develop almost exclusively on dead organic matters. 
 
 Mycoses of the air-passages have been observed in Poultry, by 
 Serrurier and Rousseau in 1841, Bollinger in 1881, and Perroncito 
 in 1883 ; in Pheasants by Robin in 1848, and Rivolta in 1887 ; 
 in Pigeons by Serrurier and Rousseau in 1841, Bonizzi in 1876, 
 Generali in 1879, Bollinger and Kitt in 1881 ; in Geese by Fresenius 
 in 1858, and Schiitz in 1884 ; in Ducks by Hayem in 1873 ; and in 
 Swans by Jager in 1810, and Zschokke in 1887. 
 
 The Symptoms consist at first in an acceleration of the respira- 
 tion, in a more or less serious catarrh of the trachea and bronchi, 
 and a ronchus heard loudest in expiration. Then the respiration 
 becomes more and more difficult and suffocant, and the ronchus 
 louder and rumbling, as in diphtheria. There is fever, the tempera- 
 ture of the body is elevated, the appetite is diminished or has 
 altogether disappeared, but the thirst is, on the contrary, increased. 
 The sick creatures keep aloof, and are feeble and depressed ; the 
 wings droop, the feathers are erect, the eyelids half closed, the head 
 pendulous, and the aspect somnolent. Emaciation sets in more 
 or less rapidly, and a colliquative diarrhoea carries off the Birds in 
 from one to several weeks — or even two months’ illness. In 
 mycosis of the air-sacs, marasmus is sometimes the only sign of 
 the malady. 
 
 521 
 
5 22 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Lesions are seated in the trachea, bronchi and lungs, and 
 various air- sacs — rarely in the nasal cavities, or the air-sinuses of 
 the bones. 
 
 They are nodules, or plane or discoid membranous formations, 
 3 mm. to io mm. thick, of a dirty-yellow or greenish colour, and 
 are at first soft, then more consistent, and in the form of a fibrino- 
 purulent exudate. Sometimes the air-cavities are more or less 
 obstructed by these formations, which are then thicker and firmer. 
 They may undergo caseous or calcareous degeneration. In their 
 substance, but more especially on their surface or superficial layers, 
 are found the mycelium and conidian apparatus of an Aspergillus. 
 The exudate is composed of fibrin in which are many leucocytes — 
 the majority of these being infiltrated with fat — and multitudes of 
 micrococci. In the lungs are agglomerated or disseminated nodules, 
 these organs presenting the appearance of caseous pneumonia. 
 Perroncito on one occasion found the affection localized in the 
 membrane lining the thoracic sacs and the peritoneum, the lesions 
 consisting of nodules, the largest of which were the size of a pin’s 
 head, and in their centre was a mycelium of the Aspergillus. 
 
 It is possible that, in some cases, the Fungi establish themselves 
 only in respiratory organs already enfeebled by some disease ; but 
 generally they are veritably and primarily pathogenic. Spores 
 from forage and litter penetrate with the inspired air, and find in 
 the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages a warm, moist 
 medium that is favourable to them ; there they throw out a 
 mycelium which, in developing, gives rise to inflammatory 
 phenomena. This conclusion results from the interesting researches 
 of Schiitz. Siebenmann had shown that the Asp. fumigatus and 
 Asp. nigrescens vegetate at a somewhat high temperature ; and 
 Schiitz has recognised that the hist of these species — which requires 
 a temperature of 37 0 to 40° Cent., is the most dangerous ; while 
 Asp. nigrescens — which grows at 35 0 only — is less to be feared, for 
 if its spores germinate at the temperature of the body of Birds, it 
 will not produce a true mycelium. With regard to the Asp. 
 glaucus, it does not germinate at the animal temperature, and, 
 according to Schiitz, its spores can only act as a foreign body by 
 mechanical irritation and obstruction of the air-passages. 
 
 The finer and more delicate breeds of Pigeons are, according to 
 Generali, more exposed than the common breeds to the pneumo- 
 mycoses and mycoses of the air-sacs. 
 
 The prophylaxis of this affection — which may appear in an 
 epizootic form — evidently consists in rigorous cleanliness of the 
 fowl-roosts and dove-cots, etc., in their disinfection with boiling 
 water, and in the destruction of everything invaded by the moulds. 
 
 The malady is usually fatal. At its commencement, however, 
 benefit may be derived from the employment of tar vapour, 
 engendered as follows : a spoonful of vegetable tar is poured on a 
 pint of water, and this is then stirred about with a piece of red-hot 
 iron ; but the vapour should not be so dense as to be irritating. 
 
BOOK V 
 
 PARASITES OF THE CIRCULATORY APPARATUS 
 
 Among the embryos of parasites which, when introduced into the 
 digestive apparatus, do not find there the conditions required for 
 their development, a large number pass through the gastric or 
 intestinal wall in search of a habitat better adapted to their needs. 
 Some of them in these migrations enter the bloodvessels, and in 
 them are passively carried on to the place where they will undergo 
 their ulterior development — such are, as an incontestable example, 
 the parasitic Helminthes of the nerve centres. The blood from 
 various parts of the body, in this way often acts as a carrier of 
 the parasites, which, owing to their microscopical dimensions, and 
 their extensibility, can pass through the capillary networks. The 
 majority only pass through the circulation, but there are some 
 which make the blood their habitat — it attracts and retains them ; 
 these, for this reason, are named Hcematozoa , because one of the 
 phases of their existence requires the blood as a medium. 
 
 The majority of Haematozoa are Helminthes, though Protozoa 
 have been observed in the blood of several Mammals and domesti- 
 cated Birds. 
 
 Independently of the Haematozoa, other Helminthes — in develop- 
 ing in the myocardium — are capable of determining grave altera- 
 tions. If the heart could admit all the parasites which have the 
 muscles for their habitat, the Echinococci would alone deserve to 
 be examined here, as they of themselves are a source of danger. 
 They may be met with in the heart of all the animals which harbour 
 them, but their evil effects have only been noted in the Ox and 
 Horse. 
 
 In the following chapters we will examine the various larger 
 parasites which have been found in the circulatory apparatus of 
 the domesticated animals. 
 
 523 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 HiEMATOZOA OF THE HORSE 
 
 The parasites of the blood or of the organs of circulation in the 
 Horse, are the Piroplasma equi, the Trypanosomes of Dourine 
 ( Trypanosoma equiperdum), Surra ( T . Evansi ), Mai de Caderas 
 ( T . equinum), and Nagana or Tsetse Fly disease ( T . Brucei) ; and 
 Nematodes in the embryonic or laival state. Echinococci are 
 sometimes also found in the walls of the heart or arteries ; but 
 only the parasitic Nematodes of the circulatory apparatus will be 
 dealt with here. 
 
 Nematodes. 
 
 The Nematode most frequently met with in the circulatory 
 apparatus of the Horse, is the armed Sclerostome. Sometimes 
 embryos are observed, which may belong to a recognised adult 
 form. 
 
 Embryos of Nematodes. — Sonsino has given the name of Filaria sanguinis 
 equi to microscopical larvae discovered in the blood of a Horse in Egypt. 
 They were similar to those of the Filaria sanguinis hominis, which is found in 
 Man in the hot parts of Asia and America ; but they were smaller, those of 
 Man measuring 120 /x to 125 /x long, and 8 n to 11 /x broad. It must be re- 
 marked that at the autopsy of the Horse in question, a number of the Filaria 
 papillosa were found in the peritoneal cavity, and these may have been the 
 source of the Haematozoa; for Wedl had observed embryos in the blood of a 
 Horse, in the peritoneum of which was a Filaria papillosa. 
 
 Lange, of Kazan, reports that Jakimoff found in the blood from various 
 parts of the body of a Horse affected with haematuria, the embryos of Nema- 
 todes in such quantities that each drop of blood contained one or two. They 
 were about 30 n long and 5 ’4 fi broad. None were met with in the urine of 
 this Horse, which recovered rapidly. Lange was inclined to consider these 
 Nematodes as the cause of haematuria, chiefly in an enzootic form, and he 
 likens their effects to those produced by the Filaria sanguinis hominis. 
 
 Mazzanti found at Pisa, in the hepatic vessels of a Horse, the embryos of 
 Nematodes from 10 /m to 180 n, and 2 '85 /x to 57 /x, with a tail sometimes 
 obtuse, sometimes acuminated. They were different from those of the Filaria 
 papillosa, and Mazzanti regarded them as the cause of the nodules that are 
 at times observed in the hepatic parenchyma. 
 
 Selerostomum equinum ( Strongylus armatus Rud.). — This para- 
 site, in the adult state, inhabits the caecum and commencement of 
 the large colon, but it is often met with in the arteries of the Horse, 
 Ass and Mule, and generally causes the formation of aneurisms. 
 
 524 
 
HJEMATOZOA OF THE HORSE 
 
 525 
 
 A knowledge of parasitic aneurisms goes back to the seventeenth century. 
 In 1665, Ruysch discovered in an aneurism of the mesenteric artery of a Horse 
 an innumerable quantity of small worms, and later he published three or four 
 similar observations. In 1725, Schultze recorded another instance ; as did 
 Chabert in 1782, he quite naturally calling these worms crinons. Since then 
 such observations have been greatly multiplied, principally by Ruldophi, 
 Hodgson, Greve, Rigot, Trousseau, and Leblanc, and Hering. Rayer, and 
 more especially Bollinger, have made an attentive study of this parasitism, 
 and have definitively established its essential points. 
 
 Frequency of the Aneurisms. — These verminous aneurisms 
 have only been seen in the Equidse — Horse, Ass, Mule, and Hemione 
 (Laboulbene). 
 
 According to Numan, they are more frequent in the Ass than in 
 the Horse. Hering asserted that, except in young Foals, it is rare 
 to find a Horse without aneurismal dilatation ; and Bollinger 
 estimated at 90 to 94 per cent, the proportion of adult Horses so 
 affected. According to Semmer, at Dorpat all the Foals, without 
 exception, have verminous aneurisms. Mather has witnessed a 
 kind of epizooty break out among Foals, consisting of verminous 
 aneurisms of the aorta, near the origin of the renal arteries. 
 
 Seat. — These aneurisms are only seen on certain visceral branches 
 of the posterior aorta, and exceptionally on the posterior aorta 
 itself. In 65 Horses, Hering has noted aneurism of the trunk of 
 the great mesenteric artery in 7 cases ; the cceliac artery in 59 cases ; 
 the caecal artery in 18 cases ; th,e artery of the small intestine in 
 16 cases ; the small mesenteric artery in 2 cases ; the coeliac trunk 
 in 2 cases ; the hepatic artery in 3 cases ; and in the renal artery in 
 1 case. It is not uncommon to find more than one aneurism in the 
 same Horse. 
 
 In 35 Horses, Bollinger counted 60 aneurisms ; and in adding 
 these to the 108 seen by Hering in 65 Horses, he reckoned that in 
 100 Horses there were 168 aneurisms, of which 153 were in the 
 large mesenteric artery and its branches, 4 in the coeliac trunk, 
 3 in the hepatic artery, 3 in the small mesenteric artery, 3 in the 
 renal arteries, and 2 in the posterior aorta. In 100 Horses, 90 to 94 
 had one or more verminous aneurisms. Sclerostomes were also 
 several times found in the spermatic artery, and on three occasions 
 in the cerebral arteries (see Parasites of the Genital Organs , and 
 Parasites of the Nerve Centres). Lastly, Roll indicates them as 
 being found in the vena cava, and, according to Valentine, a 
 specimen was discovered in the vena portae, at the Berne veterinary 
 school. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — The verminous aneurism is usually 
 fusiform, sometimes globular or cylindro'id. Its average size is 
 about that of a walnut ; though it may not exceed that of a pea, 
 or it may attain the dimensions of a Man’s head. 
 
 It consists of a dilatation of the affected artery, with hypertrophy 
 of its walls. The dilatation is sometimes absent, notwithstanding 
 grave thrombic lesions in the vessel (Durieux). 
 
 The external tunic is usually thickened, and variably indurated, 
 
5 26 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 according to the age of the tumour. It adheres firmly to the 
 neighbouring parts, and is more or less confounded with the sur- 
 rounding connective tissue. 
 
 The middle tunic is always hypertrophied, and sometimes very 
 much so. Its thickness — which is ordinarily about a millimetre — 
 may attain, and even exceed, two centimetres. At one time this 
 thickening is due to simple hypertrophy of the tunic ; at another 
 time it is owing to inflammatory phenomena, with atrophy of the 
 muscular fibres. 
 
 The internal tunic is nearly always altered. It may present 
 every degree of endarteritis, and of regressive metamorphosis — 
 from partial thickening, and a white milky tint, to ulceration. 
 
 Fig. 519. — Abdominal Aorta of a Horse, with its Ramifications. 
 
 1. Coeliac trunk : a, gastric artery ; a', splenic artery ; a" , hepatic artery. — 
 2. Trunk of the great mesenteric artery, slightly aneurismal : g, left colic 
 artery ; first artery of the floating colon ; c, right colic artery ; o', inferior 
 csecal artery ; 0" , superior caecal artery ; o'" , ileo-caecal artery ; d. arteries of 
 the small intestine ; r, right renal artery ; r’, left renal artery. — 3. Trunk 
 of the small mesenteric artery : t, t', right and left spermatic arteries ; 
 it, internal iliac arteries ; ie, external iliac arteries ; ci, circumflex iliac 
 arteries ; pd, crura of the diaphragm. 
 
 atheromatous transformation, and calcification ; the latter, how- 
 ever, is always rare, and may exceptionally assume an aspect of 
 real ossification. 
 
 In the interior of the aneurism there is usually a fibrinous deposit 
 — a thrombus — always adhering, though to a variable degree, to 
 the internal membrane. It is more or less regular and consistent, 
 and partially blocks the vessel ; but there is always a canal in the 
 middle for the passage of blood. This thrombus is often pro- 
 longed in the artery beyond the aneurism, both before and behind ; 
 and its external layers are capable of becoming organized and 
 undergoing softening. Its formation is essentially connected with 
 the presence of the worms, the inflammatory processes — ulcerative 
 and regressive — in the internal tunic, and the dilatation of the vessel. 
 Decroly has published a remarkable case, in which the alteration 
 in the aorta extended from the heart to the lumbar region. 
 
HJEMATOZOA OF THE HORSE 
 
 52 7 
 
 In the aneurism, worms are found in nine cases out of ten ; their 
 average number is from 9 to 11, and varies between 2 and 121. 
 When they are absent, the lesions have a chronic character ; but 
 when they are present, then these are more or less acute. The 
 
 Fig. 320. — Verminous aneurism of the great Mesenteric Artery ; one half the 
 natural size. — Railliet. 
 
 a, aorta ; c, coeliac trunk ; h, hepatic artery ; g, gastric artery ; s, splenic 
 artery ; m, trunk of the great mesenteric artery ; ta, trunk of the anterior 
 fasciculus, the seat of a small aneurism ; eg, left colic artery ; cf, first artery 
 of the floating colon ; fg, arteries of the left fasciculus or small intestine ; 
 td, trunk of the right fasciculus, the seat of an aneurism : the upper wall of 
 the vessel has been excised, to show the thickening of the middle coat of the 
 artery, the internal clots, and the sclerostomes fixed therein ; cd, right or 
 straight colic artery ; ci, inferior csecal artery ; cs, superior caecal artery ; 
 ie, ileo-csecal artery ; rg, left renal artery, 
 
 parasites are young armed Sclerostomes. They are rose-tinted, 
 and their average length is from 1 to 3 cm. ; their sexual characters 
 are already well defined, but their genital organs remain rudi- 
 mentary. They undergo one moulting in this situation, in which 
 their buccal armature assumes its definitive characters. Some 
 
528 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 are almost free in the cavity of the artery ; but the majority are 
 more or less concealed in the layers of the thrombus — the head 
 or tail usually projecting into the blood-stream. They are also 
 found in the hypertrophied walls of the artery, in either the internal 
 or middle coats, or between these two. Sometimes nothing is 
 found of them except the integuments they left after their final 
 moulting. Generali found in an Ass — besides the aneurism of 
 the mesenteric artery — a tumour situated at the origin of the 
 arteries of the small intestine, which had two abscesses in its 
 interior, each of which contained a male Strongyle. 
 
 The gravity of verminous aneurism is due to the risk of rupture 
 of the vessel, and more especially — as Bollinger has pointed out — 
 to its influence on the frequency and seriousness of colics. 
 
 The clot formed in aneurism of the great mesenteric, or other 
 artery, may throw off one or more fragments, which are carried 
 by the blood, and constitute so many emboli in the arterial ramifica- 
 tions passing into the intestine. According to the size of the embolus, 
 the obliterated artery is itself more or less voluminous, and the 
 disturbance set up more or less serious ; there is sudden anaemia 
 or ischaemia of that portion of the intestine to which the artery 
 is distributed, and consequently paralysis of one or more of the 
 sections of the digestive tube, the secretions and movements of 
 which are suspended. Cohn and Panum have shown experi- 
 mentally, in fact, that such are the results of embolism of the great 
 mesenteric artery. The ischaemic portion of the intestine becomes 
 at first pale, then of a dark-red colour ; the mucous membrane is 
 swollen, there are haemorrhagic infarcts, serous exudates, ecchy- 
 moses, and sometimes a considerable increase in the volume of 
 the organ. 
 
 The circulation disturbances of the intestine cause a local 
 paralysis, with stagnation and consequent fei mentation of its con- 
 tents, and an abundant production of gas. The enteralgia induced 
 in the healthy portions causes energetic contractions, which fre- 
 quently lead to volvulus and invagination. Friedberger and 
 Frohner have often observed the rotation on its axis of the left part 
 of the large colon — that 4s, its free portion — which is, of all the 
 intestinal divisions, the most liable to thrombosis and embolism. 
 Paralysis of the intestine often brings about rupture of it, the 
 stomach, or the diaphragm, owing to fermentation and enormous 
 accumulation of matter and gas. At the autopsy of Horses which 
 have died from colic, it is often difficult to discover the obstructed 
 artery and the seat of the embolus, because of the great development 
 of the intestinal vessels, and more especially on account of their 
 congested condition ; so that much care and patience are needed 
 in this search. 
 
 The effects of the aneurism — the thrombosis, and the embolism — 
 are evidently subordinate to their situation. The presence alone of 
 the aneurism and its clot reduces the calibre of the great mesenteric 
 artery, and consequently diminishes the supply of blood to the 
 
HAEM A TOZOA OF THE HORSE 
 
 5 2 9 
 
 intestine ; this is sufficient to explain the chronic indigestion troubles 
 observed, and these effects are all the more marked if the diminution 
 in the lumen is extended to a ramification, but they are especially 
 so if the vessel becomes completely obstructed by a detached 
 fragment of the thrombus. But as the arteries of the small intestine 
 anastomose freely by inosculation close to the concave curvature 
 of the organ, embolism of one of the vessels is never a fatal 
 accident. It is the same with obliteration of one of the two 
 caecal arteries ; for the other which anastomoses with it near the 
 point of the caecum can assume its function, so that the attacks 
 of colic pass off. But if the trunk of the right fasciculus of the 
 great mesenteric artery is completely obstructed, the caecum does 
 not receive any blood, and death quickly ensues. The large colon 
 receives its blood by the two colic arteries, which have an inde- 
 pendent origin ; so that it seldom happens that both are blocked at 
 the same time. 
 
 The floating colon would be exempt from the danger of aneurismal 
 embolism but for its first artery, which is derived from the great 
 mesenteric ; the other arteries arise from the small mesenteric, in 
 which aneurism is rare. 
 
 In cases of death from aneurism, the alterations described above 
 are most frequently found. There may also be rupture of a ver- 
 minous aneurism, and abdominal haemorrhage. But, as Fried- 
 berger and Frohner have remarked, embolic colic may terminate in 
 death in twelve to twenty-four hours, and before serious intestinal 
 alterations have had time to occur. The intestine is in such cases 
 usually very distended by gas, and obstructed ; and death is then due 
 to one of the following mechanical causes : 
 
 i. Asphyxia and oedema of the lungs, as a consequence of severe 
 and prolonged compression on the diaphragm. 2. Cerebral or 
 pulmonary apoplexy, due to the increased arterial tension from the 
 pressure of the distended abdominal viscera on the larger arteries. 
 3. Carbonic acid intoxication, by diffusion of that gas from the 
 digestive organs into the blood. 4. Intoxication by septic products 
 or infection from particulate elements, derived from the necrosed 
 intestine, and accumulated more particularly in the liver, which is 
 found immediately after death in a state of advanced decompo- 
 sition. 5. Cardiac syncope, induced by the violence of the 
 intestinal pain, or resulting from the poisoning by phenol, which 
 is produced in large quantity in the course of the abnormal intestinal 
 fermentation. Tereg, however, estimates that in colic the pro- 
 duction of phenol is rather diminished than increased. 
 
 Symptoms, Course. — Verminous aneurism rarely gives rise to 
 characteristic symptoms, and its presence is often only recognised 
 when rupture has taken place, which rapidly terminates in death 
 from internal haemorrhage. On the occurrence of this accident — 
 which coincides ordinarily with a severe effort — the animal crouches 
 or sits on its hind-quarters, knuckles over at the fetlock- joints, 
 and falls as if struck with paraplegia ; the pulse is thready, limbs 
 
 34 
 
530 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 cold, visible mucous membranes blanched, etc. ; and, generally, 
 the last moments of life are marked by signs of profound and 
 violent suffering. Aneurism of the aorta appears to be more liable 
 to rupture than that of the great mesenteric artery. As a rule, the 
 blood flows into the peritoneal cavity, but sometimes rupture, takes 
 place directly into the intestinal canal. In 18 cases collected by 
 Bollinger, 15 were of rupture into the abdominal cavity, and 3 into 
 the intestine. The latter result might be recognised sometimes 
 from the presence of blood in the faeces passed before death. 
 
 Rupture of verminous aneurism is attributable to the feeble 
 resistance of its walls — which have lost their elasticity and con- 
 tractility — and to the increased arterial pressure, resulting from 
 diminution in the lumen of the vessel. 
 
 Besides the cases of rapid death, there have been noted — as 
 symptoms of aneurism of the posterior aorta — decrease in vigour 
 of the animal, stiffness in movement of the hind-quarters, difficulty 
 and pain in micturition, arching of the loins, infiltration and inter- 
 mittent lameness of one or both hind-limbs, cramps, and signs of 
 paraplegia ; but these indications are not sufficiently characteristic 
 to afford a sure diagnosis, though they may arouse suspicions, 
 which will sometimes be confirmed by a rectal exploration. 
 
 In some cases the embolic obstruction of the small arteries of 
 the intestine — when often repeated — ends in haemorrhagic enteritis, 
 to which the animal succumbs in several days or weeks. Fried- 
 berger and Frohner attribute to this state the following symptoms : 
 Diminution of appetite or complete inappetence, increased thirst, 
 and rare defecation ; the faecal pellets are small and dry at first, 
 then become soft, pasty, and, later, sanguinolent and foetid ; the 
 urine is acid, and rich in phosphates ; the fever is intense and 
 persistent, and the pulse small and quick ; the general debility 
 increases, the animal becomes emaciated and the abdomen 
 retracted ; and now and again there is coma. Frequently, after 
 feeding there is general aggravation of the symptoms and colic. 
 Death is often ushered in by febrile paroxysms, muscular tremors, 
 shivering, coldness of the limbs, pallor of the mucous membranes, 
 quickened, difficult, and rattling respiration, tumultuous beating of 
 the heart, and considerable elevation of the rectal temperature. 
 
 To sum up, colics which have their origin in disturbance of the 
 circulation, have no particular signs which would allow them to be 
 distinguished with sufficient precision in the complex group of 
 abdominal complaints. 
 
 Treatment. — It is of the highest importance, from the above 
 considerations, to diminish the extension of the Sclerostomes as 
 much as possible. This can only be done by a most careful inspec- 
 tion of the water Horses drink, and filtration alone affords reliable 
 security. But the danger of the aneurismal worms is not suffi- 
 ciently tangible — at least, to owners of Horses — to permit of the 
 hope that a precaution which would be so disturbing to current 
 usages is likely to be adopted. 
 
HJEMA TOZOA OF THE HORSE 
 
 53i 
 
 With regard to treatment, this can only be brought to bear on the 
 principal symptoms. The stasis of intestinal matters should be 
 combated by the employment of saline purgatives or calomel ; 
 drastic purgatives — such as tartar emetic and aloes with anodynes 
 — are prescribed to avert irritation and violent contractions of the 
 intestines. A good regime , frictions, exercise, enemas, or frequent 
 manual evacuation of the rectum, are particularly indicated. 
 
 In the case of Horses subject to colic, or which manifest rigidity 
 or exceptional sensibility in the lumbar region, the prolonged but 
 carefully observed use of oil of turpentine might have a good effect ; 
 for it is not inadmissible that this medicament may act efficaciously 
 against the worms contained in the aneurisms to which they have 
 given rise. 
 
 Observation . — We need only mention here the Spiroptera reticulata Creplin, 
 which has been found sometimes in the collateral artery of the cannon and in 
 the arteries adjoining the cervical ligament. As it is more particularly met 
 with in the ligaments, it will be most appropriately considered when noticing 
 the parasites of the muscles and connective tissue. 
 
 
 34-2 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 HZEMATOZOA OF RUMINANTS 
 
 Only two observations with regard to Nematodes in the blood of Ruminants 
 have been recorded, and both have reference to the Camel. Goubaux men- 
 tions having found in this animal numerous ‘ Filariae ’ in a lachrymal gland, 
 in the lungs, in the blood, and in the lymphatic vessels. Evans has also dis- 
 covered in the blood of a Camel a Filaria, which Lewis has described under 
 the name of Filaria Evansi. 
 
 It was no doubt by an error that Schneider quoted Gurlt as having found 
 in an arterial aneurism of the Cow the Strongylus micrurus, which has the 
 bronchi of Bovines for its normal habitat. 
 
 Excepting the Piroplasmata of Texas Fever, or Red-water ( P . bigeminum) 
 and Rhodesian Fever (P. parvum), the only important Hsematozoon of 
 Ruminants is the Bilharzia crassa ; though mention should also be made 
 of the Cystic worms that may be seen in the walls of the aorta, or in 
 those of the heart, which may also harbour in its tissue the various muscle 
 parasites. 
 
 Bilharzia crassa Sons. — The name of Bilharzia luematobia ( Distomum hcsma - 
 tobium Leuckart) was given by Cobbold to a worm discovered in 1851 by 
 Bilharz, at Cairo, in the portal vein of Man. It has since been frequently 
 found throughout the whole extent of the East African coast, in Arabia, the 
 Mauritius, and in India ; it more especially abounds in the vessels of the 
 portal system and mesentery, and in the haemorrhoidal and vesical veins. 
 The ova are carried into the bladder or intestines, and there occasion hsema- 
 turia or enteritis. An analogous worm was also found in 1876, at Zagazig, 
 Egypt, by Sonsino, in the portal vein of a Bull, and subsequently in the 
 Sheep. He named it the Bilharzia bovis, a name which he rightly changed 
 afterwards to that of Bilharzia crassa. 
 
 The Bilharzia crassa is a Trematode, of the family of Distomidce, which 
 offers the remarkable peculiarity of separate sexes. The male is whitish, 
 cylindrold, and possesses an oral and a buccal sucker quite close to each 
 other. It carries the female in a ventral furrow — the gynaecophoric canal — 
 formed by the two sides of the body, which sire broad and reflected inwards. 
 The female is filiform, longer, and much narrower than the male ; its middle 
 portion only is contained in the gynaecophoric canal, its anterior and pos- 
 terior portions remaining free. The genital apertures of the two individuals 
 correspond — they are situated immediately behind the ventral sucker. 
 
 This species ( crassa ) is a little longer and sensibly thicker than the B. hcema- 
 tobia, the length of which is about 14 mm. in the male and 20 mm. in the 
 female. A more important difference is to be found in the form of the ova, 
 which in B. crassa are *16 mm. to *18 mm., are longer, narrower, and fusiform, 
 and are also prolonged at one of their poles by a pyriform point. These ova 
 contain a ciliated embryo, which is set free in water, and shows traces of a 
 digestive apparatus. 
 
 The B. crassa causes, in animals, similar disorders to those which the 
 
 532 
 
HJEMATOZOA OF RUMINANTS 
 
 533 
 
 B. hcematobia engenders in Man. In an Ox, the blood of which furnished 
 thirty of these parasites, Sonsino observed very pronounced intestinal catarrh, 
 with thickening, exudation, and ecchymoses in the walls of that tube. The 
 vesical mucous membrane was ecchymosed and covered with papilliform 
 elevations, which were yellow at the point, and 
 about the size of a pin’s head. The vessels 
 contained the ova of Bilharzia. It is possible 
 that the hamiaturia which so frequently affects 
 Cattle in East Africa and the Cape of Good 
 Hope is due to this parasite. Like Man, they 
 derive the germs of the disease from the impure 
 water they drink. 
 
 At the autopsy of Oxen which were killed at 
 Calcutta, suspected of being affected with cattle- 
 plague, Bomford found in the substance of the 
 mucous membrane or in the papillary ex- 
 crescences at the margin of the anus, ova of 
 the Bilharzia, which, from their characters, 
 belonged rather to the B. hcematobia than to 
 B. crassa. If these Cattle had never been in 
 Africa — as this authority states — we might 
 conclude that the Bilharzia also lives in India. 
 
 On the other hand, Grassi and Rovelli have 
 announced that 75 per cent, of the Cattle 
 slaughtered at Catania are infested with the 
 Bilharzia crassa. If this is really so, these 
 Ruminants would be dangerous for Mankind, 
 as we must look upon B. crassa as merely a 
 variety of B. hcematobia. 
 
 Hydatids of the Circulatory System. — 
 
 We will hereafter, with regard to Measles, 
 notice the presence of Cysticerci — Cysti- 
 cercus cellulosce and C. bovis — in the 
 muscular tissue of the heart. In the 
 meantime it may be observed that, ac- 
 cording to Davaine, Bremser has on two 
 occasions seen the C. tenuicollis in the 
 walls of the Ox’s heart. The parasites 
 with which we have now chiefly to deal 
 are the Echinococci. 
 
 These Echinococci are more particularly 
 observed in the heart of the Ox ; never- 
 theless, Bollinger records two cases of Echinococci in the Horse 
 — one of these being in the walls of the common aorta near its 
 bifurcation, the other in the posterior aorta. Palat has seen a 
 Horse die suddenly from compression of the aorta, caused by a 
 hydatid situated at the base of the left ventricle ; the cyst contained 
 only a simple vesicle. Goubaux has also witnessed the sudden death 
 of a Horse, from rupture of the aorta at its origin ; the walls of the 
 vessel contained three small acephalocysts. 
 
 Hydatids in the substance of the heart of the Ox have been 
 observed several times in Germany, England, Italy, and France. 
 Alix has found six or seven specimens in Tunisian Oxen killed in 
 the abattoir of Sfax. 
 
 c 
 
 Fig. 321. — Bilharzia hcema- 
 tobia, male and female ; 
 highly magnified. — After 
 Bilharz. 
 
 abc, female partly con- 
 tained in the gynaecophoric 
 canal : a, anterior ex- 
 
 tremity ; c, posterior extre- 
 mity ; d, body seen through 
 the wall of the canal ; ig, 
 male ; ef, gynaecophoric 
 canal half opened in front, 
 and behind is the female, 
 which has been partly ex- 
 tracted ; g, h, limit towards 
 the back of the ventral de- 
 pression which constitutes 
 the canal ; i, buccal sucker ; 
 k, ventral sucker. 
 
534 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 These cysts remain unperceived during the life of their host, and 
 only attract attention when they cause death by rupture of the 
 walls of the heart, or by compression of vessels and obstructed 
 circulation. Generally there is only one Echinococcus cyst ; but 
 the number may occasionally rise to twenty (Morot). Their 
 volume varies between that of a millet-seed and a Turkey’s egg. 
 They may occupy various points, either on the external surface 
 of the oigan or near its inner surface, or in the ventricular septum, 
 near the base or point of the heart, and more frequently in the walls 
 of the ventricles than in those of the auricles. 
 
 Generally the vesicle is simple — that is, it has no secondary 
 vesicles, external or internal ; and it rarely appears as an acephalo- 
 cyst — or sterile. It may undergo caseous or calcareous degenera- 
 tion. Grimm considered what he found in the ventricular septum 
 of a Cow, to be a multilocular (?) cyst. 
 
 No reliable signs have yet been made known by which the 
 presence of these hydatids in the heart may be suspected during 
 life. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 HiEMATOZOA OF THE DOG 
 
 The Dog is the domesticated animal in which Hsematozoa are most 
 frequent, and excepting Piroplasma cams, these are always Nema- 
 todes. They belong to four distinct species : Filaria immitis 
 Leidy ; Strongylus vasorum Baillet, which, in the adult state, lives 
 in the right heart and the pulmonary artery ; Spiroptera sanguino - 
 lenta Rud., which is usually found in tumours of the oesophagus 
 and stomach, but has also been met with in similar tumours in the 
 aorta ; Filaria recondita Grassi, of which only the embryos — 
 Hcematozoa of Lewis — are known, which float in the blood, and 
 which must not be mistaken for those of the Filaria immitis. 
 
 Article I. — Hsematozoa of Lewis. 
 
 Grassi gave the name of Hsematozoa of Lewis {Hcematozoon 
 Lewisi) to embryonic Nematodes, which several observers have 
 often found in the blood of the Dog, and which cannot be classed 
 with the Filaria immitis. They were first noticed by Gruby and 
 Delafond, and afterwards found by Lewis, Manson, Sonsino, 
 Grassi, etc. 
 
 These embryos are about 280 /z long by 5 /z in diameter ; they 
 are slightly attenuated in front, and terminate behind in a very 
 fine tail. They show a rudimentary digestive tube, and much 
 resemble the embryos of the Filaria immitis (Fig. 323) ; they are 
 more especially distinguished from them, however, in being able 
 to attach themselves by their buccal extremity to the cover-glass 
 or slide, and remain a long time fixed, while their body moves 
 about in every direction ; that extremity then appears enlarged, 
 as if it were compressed (Lewis, Grassi). 
 
 The frequency of these embryos varies with the countries in 
 which they are observed. In their examination of 480 Dogs, 
 Gruby and Delafond found 1 affected in 20 to 25. Of 40 Dogs 
 suffering from various diseases, Manson, at Amoy, China, discovered 
 13 with the embryos of Nematodes- in their blood. At Pisa, Son- 
 sino found them in the proportion of 7 in 20 ; and Lewis, at Calcutta, 
 in 1 to 3. Grassi has also found these hsematozoa in a great number 
 of Dogs. 
 
 535 
 
536 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 According to Gruby and Delafond, these worms are very 
 vivacious, and are still movable ten days after the blood has been 
 withdrawn from the vessels and kept in a vase at a temperature 
 of 15 0 C. Their small diameter allows them to pass through the 
 capillaries, so that they are found in venous as well as in arterial 
 blood, though they are not met with in any other of the fluids in 
 the body. Their number is considerable, and Gruby and Delafond 
 were perhaps below the mark in approximately estimating them at 
 from 11,000 to nearly 224,000 ; the average in 30 Dogs has been 
 calculated at more than 52,000. In some instances there are seen 
 3 to 5, and in others as many as 12 or 15, in every drop of blood. 
 
 Although, in general, Dogs do not appear to be affected by these 
 embryonic parasites, yet Gruby and Delafond report epileptiform 
 attacks in three of these animals, two of which succumbed. 
 
 Gruby and Delafond believed they could trace the hereditary 
 transmission of this helminthiasis ; but in all the instances they 
 could only find the Filariae in the blood of the progeny when these 
 were five or six months old ; and as, in addition, these authorities 
 imagined they could distinguish the maternal and the paternal 
 heredity, there is reason to think the appearance was due to infesta- 
 tion of the young animals after birth. 
 
 By injecting defibrinated verminous blood into the bloodvessels 
 of Dogs which were free from the parasites, in nine cases they 
 noticed the disappearance of the microscopic Filariae from the 
 circulation in from eight to forty days ; in two other Dogs they 
 persisted for more than three years or until their death, and at the 
 autopsy the adult worm was not to be found in the heart or 
 vessels. 
 
 In recent years, the origin of the embryonic Nematodes of the 
 blood has been the object of persevering researches by Lewis and 
 Sonsino, but more especially by Grassi. 
 
 The latter, adopting the opinion abandoned by Lewis, at first 
 thought they belonged to the Spiroptera sanguinolenta, as he 
 believed he had found these haematozoa in Dog-Fleas ( Pulex 
 serraticeps) ; but he met with Dogs infested with Fleas, nearly all 
 of which were full of Nematodes, and though these animals them- 
 selves had haematozoa in their blood, yet they did not harbour the 
 Spiroptera. On the other hand, Dogs infested with the latter had 
 neither haematozoa nor Fleas containing Nematodes. Otherwise, 
 there is no concordance — neither in form nor development — 
 between the larvae found in Fleas and the embryos of the Spiroptera. 
 It has been stated elsewhere (p. 314), that Grassi discovered that 
 the real intermediate host of the Spiroptera sanguinolenta is the 
 common Cockroach ( Periplaneta orientalis Linn.). 
 
 The larvae of the Nematodes — more than 50 of which may be 
 counted in a single Flea — live as parasites in the intestine and 
 abdominal cavity of that Insect. They agree exactly with those 
 which Manson observed in Mosquitos, and which he regarded as 
 belonging to the evolutive cycle of the Filar ia sanguinis hominis. 
 
HAEM A TOZOA OF THE DOG 
 
 537 
 
 Sonsino has found these same larvae not only in the Fleas of Dogs, 
 but also in their Lice {Hcematopinus pilijerus ) ; and it is probable 
 that it was this species that Bancroft in his observation relative to 
 the Nematode parasites of a Dog-louse, thought was the Tricho- 
 dectes latus, which he considered to be the intermediate host of the 
 Filaria immitis. 
 
 Neither Grassi nor Calandruccio have confirmed Sonsino’s obser- 
 vation respecting the part played by the Lice in this question. On 
 the contrary, they have found embryonic Nematodes in Cat-Fleas 
 {Pulex serraticeps), in those of Man ( Pulex irritans) — which also live 
 on the Dog — and in a species of Tick, the Rhipicephalus sanguineus 
 (Latr.). 
 
 The embryos of the Nematodes, having reached the digestive 
 passages of the Flea, pass through the walls of its intestine, and 
 become encysted in the adipose tissue of the Insect — though they 
 sometimes remain free in the cavity of its body. These embryos 
 become larvae, which pass through two or three successive phases 
 of development, and acquire a length of 1-5 mm., and 30 /x to 35 //, 
 in diameter, developing two or three papillae around the mouth, and 
 a much larger number at the anal extremity. 
 
 With the exception of Galeb and Pourquier, all those who have 
 recognised the frequency of Nematodes in the blood of the Dog 
 have remarked on the rarity of the Filaria immitis in the same 
 countries. From several Dogs — at the autopsy of which he found 
 the Filaria immitis in the heart — Grassi collected a great number 
 of Fleas, and was unable to discover a single Nematode larva in 
 their abdominal cavity. 
 
 From these considerations, it may be concluded that the Haema- 
 tozoa of Lewis do not represent the embryonic form of a Nematode 
 actually known in the adult state. Grassi and Calandruccio have 
 given the name of Filaria recondita Grassi to the species — yet to 
 be discovered — to which these worms belong ; and they consider 
 as an adult, but non-fecundated female of this mysterious species, 
 a Nematode they once found coiled up in the midst of adipose 
 tissue in the vicinity of the right hilum of the kidney of a Dog. 
 It was 3 cm. long, and *178 mm. in diameter ; there were at least 
 four very small papillae behind the mouth ; three papillae at the 
 posterior extremity — one terminal and two lateral ; anus 228 [x from 
 the caudal extremity ; and vulva about 840 /x behind the mouth. 
 
 Article II. — Haematic Filariasis. 
 
 Filaria immitis (Leidy). — Body white, a little obtuse at the ends, the 
 anterior being somewhat thicker than the posterior. Mouth surrounded 
 by six small and not very distinct papillae. Male, 12 cm. to 18 cm. long, 
 tail tapering and closely spiral, with two lateral wings ; 1 1 papillae on each 
 side, of which 6 are post-anal, and 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, and 11 are marginal, the 
 others being near the middle line ; while 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are very small, 
 and on one side only there is a single pre-anal, marginal papilla. Two 
 unequal spicules. Female, 25 cm. to 30 cm. long, and about 1 mm. in dia- 
 meter ; tail short and obtuse. Ovoviviparous. 
 
538 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Fig. 322. — Male and female Filaria 
 immitis ; natural size. — Railliet. 
 
 Fig. 323. — Caudal extremity of the 
 male Filaria immitis ; magnified 
 50 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 Fig. 324. — Filaria immitis . Embryos 
 collected from the heart of a Dog ; 
 magnified 300 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 This worm appears to have been seen for the first time by Panthot, in 
 1679 ; then a century later by La Peyronnie, in 1778. It has since been found 
 by Peyson, Zeviani, Bobe-Moreau, Jones, and a number of other observers. 
 
HAEM A TOZOA OF THE DOG 
 
 539 
 
 It chiefly inhabits the right heart and the pulmonary artery of 
 the Dog. 
 
 It has been met with in various parts of Europe, from Denmark 
 to Italy. Jones, Leidy, and Schuppert, have found it in the 
 United States, and Silva Araujo at Brazil. It is very frequent in 
 China and Japan ; according to Somerville, it is scarcely possible 
 to open a Dog which has lived for any time in China, without 
 finding Filaria immitis in its bloodvessels or in the right ventricle 
 of the heart. Friedberger, Reuther, and Deffke have observed this 
 worm in Germany in Dogs which had lived for several years in 
 China or Japan. On the other hand, Lewis, at Calcutta, did not 
 find it in a single animal, although one-third of the Dogs there have 
 embryonic haematozoa. 
 
 Symptoms. — The Filaria immitis does not often betray its 
 presence by any appreciable disturbance to health ; though its 
 existence may be predicated by a microscopical examination of the 
 blood, in which will be found embryos that have a very close 
 resemblance to the Haematozoa of Lewis. They are, however, 
 distinguished — according to Grassi — by their number, which is 
 always more considerable, and by their never attaching themselves 
 by^ their oral extremity to the slides or cover-glasses. 
 
 Manson states that the embryos of the F. immitis offer — though 
 in a less degree than those of the F . sanguinis hominis — the curious 
 peculiarity of abandoning the peripheral circulation during the 
 day, and reappearing in it at night — or, rather, showing themselves 
 in much greater number at that time ; and Sonsino has verified this 
 fact. In making the autopsy on Dogs which have been killed by 
 prussic acid or strychnine, Manson has observed that the embryos 
 accumulate in the large vessels of the thorax and abdomen during 
 the day. 
 
 In the majority of instances, the worms are found at the autopsy 
 of Dogs which have died after various morbid manifestations. 
 Sometimes death is sudden, or has only been preceded for an hour 
 or two by dyspnoea and convulsions. But more frequently the 
 animal has exhibited for a variable number of days, dulness, 
 debility, dropsy, and more or less frequent attacks of convulsions 
 or epileptiform seizures ; there are even occasionally rabiform symp- 
 toms (Osborne, Rivolta, Hoys ted). Deffke has noticed symptoms 
 of chronic interstitial nephritis ; and Reuther has remarked pain 
 on the inner surface of the thigh, with lameness — but no local 
 lesion — atrophy of the whole upper part of the limbs, vomiting, 
 paralysis, and death amid convulsions. De Montigny — formerly 
 French Consul at Shanghai — informed Davaine, that, in China, 
 Dogs affected with this filariasis became weak, and died vomiting 
 blood. Leidy has noticed a frequent cough, and, after running, 
 sudden insensibility and chill, though these were of short duration. 
 Among the matters vomited by a Dog, he on two occasions found 
 living Filariae 15 cm. long. 
 
 Death is the usual result of haematic filariasis. In China, it kills 
 
540 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 nearly all the European Dogs, and, as a consequence, these animals 
 are very scarce and dear (Montigny). 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — At the autopsy of Dogs which have 
 succumbed to the disease, there are found in both cavities of the 
 right side of the heart, and in the pulmonary artery for some 
 distance from its commencement, the Filaria immitis in very variable 
 number — perhaps only five or seven in some instances, or hundreds 
 in others, as in the case reported by Megnin. On the average, there 
 is one male to two females ; sometimes there are only males (cases 
 reported by Manson and Silva Araujo), or only females (Manson). 
 
 The worms, especially if numerous, are interlaced in an almost 
 inextricable manner, in one or more bundles, which obstruct the 
 cavities of the heart by winding themselves round the columnce 
 carncb. There is frequently hypertrophy of the heart, and more or 
 less marked endocarditis and endarteritis ; sometimes there is 
 rupture of the myocardium and haemorrhage into the pericardium 
 and pleura. Zeviani and Silvestri have also found the worm in 
 the left side of the heart ; Schuppert met with it in the anterior 
 vena cava, and Labat in the posterior vena cava ; while Leidy 
 observed it not only in the lungs, but also in the liver. 
 
 Ercolani was the first to remark, that when the Filariae are found 
 in the heart, they are also in the subcutaneous tissue of some region 
 of the body ; they are sometimes more frequent there than in the 
 heart, from which they may be absent, and they are seen at various 
 points — males or females — coiled up together, living or dead, or 
 calcified. Rivolta, Vachetta, Lanzilloti-Buonsanti, and Grassi 
 have corroborated this observation. Lanzilloti-Buonsanti has 
 remarked that the Filariae in the subcutaneous connective tissue 
 are smaller than those in the heart ; and he has also found in the 
 intermuscular connective tissue, cysts containing both male and 
 female young Filariae. 
 
 When the worms exist in one of the numerous parts of the body 
 which they may inhabit, their embryos are met with in the blood 
 — provided, of course, that there are fecundated females, which 
 there will not be if the males and females are isolated. 
 
 There may be other lesions subordinate to the presence of these 
 worms. Labat has met with the parasites in the branches of the 
 pulmonary artery of a Dog that died of unilateral pneumonia ; 
 they were more numerous in the affected lung than in the other. 
 Leidy has noted haemorrhage of the kidneys and bladder ; Reuther, 
 some tumours in the spleen ; Lanzilloti-Buonsanti, white sub- 
 pleural pulmonary nodules with a red point in the centre, which 
 was occupied by embryos of the Filariae — the nodules varying in 
 size from that of a millet- seed to a pea ; the same authority has also 
 noted some alterations in the kidneys. Deffke has seen lesions of 
 a gastro-intestinal and vesical catarrh ; the kidneys showed those 
 of chronic interstitial nephritis, more particularly affecting the 
 glomeruli, which were atrophied, while the uriniferous tubes were 
 dilated and varicose. 
 
HAEM A TOZOA OF THE DOG 
 
 S4i 
 
 The pathogenic action of this Filaria commences with chronic 
 endocarditis, embarrassed’ pulmonary circulation, and the develop- 
 ment of embolism and thrombosis in the lungs. The embryos 
 thrown out in the heart and pulmonary artery, are disseminated 
 throughout the whole circulatory apparatus, and can be observed 
 in various organs. The hypertrophy of the heart, and irregularity 
 and insufficiency of the circulation, explain the occurrence of the 
 digestive, respiratory, and urinary catarrhs ; while anaemia of the 
 nerve-centres brings about convulsions, sensory disturbance, para- 
 plegia, and, finally, collapse. It is not very probable that — as 
 Rivolta imagined — the embryos exercise an embolic action which 
 causes hyperaemia of the brain and ’various organs, as the diameter 
 of these embryos — which is not greater than that of the Haematozoa 
 of Lewis — admits of their passing along the capillaries. 
 
 The alterations in the kidneys — which have been many times 
 observed — are due, according to Deffke, to the great number of 
 embryos which tend to be eliminated by the urinary passages — like 
 those of the Filaria sanguinis hominis , which produce the chyluria 
 or haematochyluria that is endemic in hot countries. Grassi 
 formally contests the opinion that the embryos of the Filaria 
 immitis are evacuated with the urine, and relies for proof on observa- 
 tions carried out for a year on one Dog, and for two months on four 
 others, all of which were affected with haematic filariasis. 
 
 Etiology. — The etiology of this helminthiasis is still obscure. It 
 is supposed that infestation takes place by the drinking-water, as 
 is generally admitted it does with regard to the F. sanguinis hominis. 
 Manson, a physician at Hong- Kong, has recognised that the 
 embryos of the latter pass into the digestive tube of a Mosquito 
 {Culex mosquito), when it sucks the blood of people affected with 
 haematic helminthiasis. In this new habitat they undergo changes 
 — the tail becomes shortened, the anterior part of the body is 
 developed, and the sexual organs appear. These alterations are 
 effected in about five days, and the Filaria then measures about 
 i mm. At this period the Mosquitos have resorted to stagnant 
 water to lay their eggs ; there they die, and the Filariae escape from 
 their dead bodies, and live at liberty in the water. It is in drinking 
 this water that Man becomes infested. 
 
 Grassi does not accept this opinion, and bases his objection on 
 the circumstance, that the majority of the embryos of the F. san- 
 guinis hominis which enter the intestine of the Mosquito perish 
 there, and that scarcely 12 per cent, continue their development. 
 He admits, also, that all the embryos of the Filaria immitis ingested 
 by the Fleas and Lice of the Dog die in the intestine of these epizoa, 
 the role of which is limited to relieving the mammal of a portion 
 of its haematozoa. The latter are also eliminated by the various 
 wounds of the skin that the Dog is exposed to — either in hunting, 
 or running through gorse, brushwood, etc. But this elimination 
 is nearly always insignificant, and Grassi’s objections do not affect 
 the question very much. 
 
542 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Filaria immitis appears to belong more particularly to 
 countries rich in marshes and surface-water ; and it might therefore 
 be supposed that the intermediate host — crustacean or mollusc — 
 through which this worm passes is concealed in the water, in an 
 unknown form. 
 
 In pregnant Bitches which harboured the F. immitis, Galeb and 
 Pourquier found its embryos in the blood of the foetus, as in that 
 of the parent. This fact tends to establish hereditary transmission 
 of the parasite, by means of the placenta. 
 
 Article III. — Strongylosis of Blood-Vessels. 
 
 The Strongyle of vessels, the embryos of which give rise to pul- 
 monary strongylosis of the Dog, lives in the right heart and pul- 
 monary artery. It belongs essentially to the fauna of Toulouse, 
 where it has been often met with. Beyond this region, the same (?) 
 worm has been twice seen in Italy by Bossi. 
 
 Strongyius vasorum (Baillet). — Body filiform, a little attenuated at both 
 extremities, white or rose-coloured, some individuals marked with a kind of 
 reddish, spiral, and often interrupted line, which indicates the digestive tube, 
 as seen through the integuments. Head bordered by two small wings — 
 formed perhaps after death — wdiich join in front ; mouth nude. Male, 
 14 mm. to 1 5 mm. long ; caudal pouch with two lobes, each sustained by four 
 ribs, the anterior and middle of these being double. Female, 18 mm. to 21 mm. 
 long ; vulva situated in front of the anus. Ova ellipsoid, and 70 /x to 80 [x 
 long, by 40 ix to 50 fi broad. 
 
 It was probably this worm which, according to Dujardin, was 
 found in 1813, at Paris, ‘ in the heart ’ of a Dog. But the first 
 precise mention of it is due to Serres. At the autopsy of a Dog 
 which died suddenly, after having presented vague symptoms 
 which were thought to be indicative of gastro-enteritis, the right 
 ventricle was hypertrophied, and in its cavity and the right auricle 
 were disseminated ‘ an infinity * of worms. Some of these were 
 collected in small bundles the size of a pea, and the lumen of the 
 pulmonary artery was almost entirely obstructed by them ; they 
 extended as far as the last divisions of that vessel. A description 
 of the case has been given by Baillet. 
 
 In the heart they are more especially located in the furrow 
 separating the columnae carnae at the lateral borders of the ventricle, 
 or beneath the tricuspid valve. They are most frequently met with 
 in the larger divisions of the pulmonary artery, particularly at the 
 origin of the collateral branches. They occasion an endarteritis in 
 the form of granulations, layers, or resisting and anastomosing 
 cords, amongst which they lie. The internal wall of the artery has a 
 reticulated aspect, resembling that of the inner surface of the 
 auricles. The smaller arteries are constantly affected with throm- 
 boses. The lumen of the vessel is filled by a hard and yellow clot, 
 above which the Strongyles are accumulated. Laulanie has 
 observed that the Strongylus vasorum determines — by the depo- 
 
HjEMATOZOA of the dog 
 
 545 
 
 sition and dissemination of its ova— a pulmonary granulosis, the 
 histological study of which is full of interest, and of which we 
 have given a resume (p. 511), as well as indicated the symptoms by 
 which it may be manifested. But, with the exception of that of 
 Serres, no cases in which the termination was fatal have been 
 published ; in that instance the number of hsematozoa was excep- 
 tionally high. Generally, the animals are killed after suffering for 
 a long time. 
 
 Lafosse believed he had found good results in treating infested 
 Dogs with oil of turpentine in 2 to 4 gramme doses made up into 
 four pills, and given daily for a week. He mentions that two Dogs 
 which offered the symptoms of this helminthiasis completely 
 
 B 
 
 Fig. 325. — Sirongylus vasorum. 
 
 A, male and female; natural size. B, cepnalic extremity; magnified 100 
 diameters. C, caudal extremity of the male ; magnified 100 diameters. 
 — Railliet. 
 
 recovered under this treatment. The symptoms consisted of 
 marked oppression, fits of coughing, irregular — sometimes tumul- 
 tuous — beating of the heart, a certain repletion of the jugulars, 
 coinciding with unimpaired appetite and the absence of fever, all 
 which symptoms, he says, were observed many times in animals 
 which died or were killed, and in the heart of which this helminth 
 was found at the autopsy. Labat — who in this strongylosis has 
 noted, as a very distinct symptom, a soft systolic blowing in the 
 femoral artery — has also in two Dogs obtained a recovery with 
 Bordeaux turpentine, given every day in doses of 2 to 4 grammes 
 in the form of pills, along with calcined magnesia, or in emulsion 
 with yolk of egg. 
 
544 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Article IV. — Spiroptera Sanguinolenta. 
 
 The Spiroptera sanguinolenta (Rud.), which has a predilection for 
 submucous tumours in the stomach or oesophagus, was found for 
 the first time in similar tumours in the walls of the aorta by Morgagni 
 and Courten in 1760. In France, it has only been seen on two 
 occasions, by Megnin and Chauvrat. ‘ For myself,’ says Rayer, 
 ‘ I have opened more than 300 Dogs, 127 of them specially with the 
 object of finding these worms in the walls of the aorta, and I have not 
 been able to discover a single instance of verminous nodule of that 
 vessel.’ On the contrary, Lewis at Calcutta, Manson at Amoy, 
 China, and Silva Araujo in Brazil, have frequently seen it ; and 
 Oreste, Perroncito, and Caparini have observed it in Italy. 
 
 These verminous tumours occupy the thoracic aorta, and in size 
 they vary between that of a small shot, a pea, nut, or walnut. 
 They are separate, or joined in two or three. Their number is 
 very variable ; in the Dogs seen by Morgagni, in one case there were 
 3 ; in another 16 ; and in a third, the aorta, from its origin to the 
 diaphragm, was studded with these tumours. They projected 
 from the external surface of the aorta, and at the corresponding 
 point the internal tunic showed a blood extravasation and slight 
 abrasion. Then there occurs an arteritis, characterized by roughen- 
 ing of the lining membrane, and thinning of the walls of the vessel. 
 In the smaller tumours the worms are still embryonic, and at the 
 most 2-5 mm. long. After several moultings, they acquire all their 
 external characteristics, as well as their genital organs. In the 
 larger tumours, there are several well-developed parasites, more 
 or less separated from each other in distinct compartments. The 
 worm sometimes creeps along beneath the tunic of the aorta, and 
 one of its extremities projects through a small opening, and floats 
 in the interior of the vessel. Lewis has, in some instances, found 
 the lumen of the aorta nearly obliterated by a clot formed around 
 the worm. He had never observed the parasites in the abdominal 
 portion of the aorta. Once, however, Morgagni found them in a 
 tumour situated beneath the renal vessels, but it did not adhere 
 to these, nor to any other vessels ; and Megnin has seen one in the 
 posterior aorta, in the vicinity of the kidneys. 
 
 In the observations of Lewis and Manson, the aortic tumours 
 often coincided with similar tumours in the oesophagus. 
 
 The contents of the verminous tumour may pass into the aorta by 
 an easily discovered opening ; but Lewis has never found the adult 
 Spiroptera in the bloodvessels of the Dogs he examined — only the 
 embryos. It is, therefore, the ova which pass from the tumours 
 into the blood-current, and, within a variable time, effect their 
 embryonic evolution. Lewis attempted some experiments in order 
 to discover the migrations of these parasites ; but they were unsuc- 
 cessful, and the problem still awaits solution. 
 
 When they are of large size, the verminous tumours of the aorta 
 
HMMATOZOA OF THE DOG 
 
 545 
 
 must cause serious disturbance in the circulation. Manson asserts 
 that their possible rupture will bring on a fatal pleurisy, and he 
 attributes to them a somewhat common paraplegia, which he thinks 
 is due to the ova which have left the aorta and entered the capillaries 
 of the spinal cord. Megnin, Chauvrat, Perroncito, and Caparini 
 have witnessed Dogs dying suddenly from haemorrhage, owing to 
 rupture of the artery, the walls of which had undergone athero- 
 matous degeneration. 
 
 The Spiroptera sanguinolenta is sometimes also found in the 
 lymphatic glands situated at the entrance to the chest, near the 
 oesophagus or anterior aorta. Lewis, Caparini, Chauvrat, and 
 Jacoulet have published instances of this occurrence ; and Jacoulet 
 has noticed, in one case, great difficulty in swallowing, frequent 
 vomiting, diarrhoea, and finally cachexia. In another case — which 
 was that of a Dog that was killed because of the rabiform symptoms 
 it presented — the worms were lodged in a bronchial gland, close to 
 the oesophagus. The observation of Chauvrat (1890) is very 
 analogous to this. 
 
 35 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 ILEMATOZOA OF BIRDS 
 
 Protozoa. — Danilewsky, Grassi, and Feletti have discovered, in the blood 
 of various birds, parasites closely related to those which cause paludism in 
 Man, and which are known as the ‘ Bodies of Laveran ’ and Plasmodium 
 malaria (Ital.). Of the domesticated Birds, Pigeons are the only ones in 
 which they have been observed (Grassi and Feletti). 
 
 According to Laveran, the haematozoon of paludism is unique, but poly- 
 morphous. Its various forms can be reduced to four : i. Spherical bodies or 
 very small cytozca — i p to 2 n — very difficult to distinguish in the interior 
 of a red corpuscle of the blood — but sometimes larger, containing more or 
 less pigment granules, and found either in the interior of a 'red corpuscle, 
 or external and isolated, or in small groups ; 2. Flagella, globular free bodies, 
 from 5 p to 7 /jl in diameter, with pigment granules, and provided with 1 to 4 
 very mobile flagella ; 3. Crescentic bodies, cylindrical elements from 8 /t to 
 9 p long by 2 /j. broad in their middle, more or less tapering at their ends, 
 usually curved in crescent form, and generally containing in their middle 
 portions grains of pigment, identical with those observed in the globular 
 bodies ; 4. Rosaceous bodies, arising from the segmentation of the endoglobular 
 parasites, and giving origin to 8, 10, and often 20 spores, which become free. 
 
 These diverse forms have been found in the blood of Birds, but the cytozoa 
 and crescentic bodies are the most frequent, the first being nearly always 
 included in the red corpuscles. These blood parasites are only found in 
 Pigeons during six or seven months in the year, infestation appearing to 
 take place in the spring, and it increases by multiplication of the. parasites ; 
 it disappears towards the month of November. But although the hsematozoa 
 of Birds are chiefly observed in marshy regions, they are generally completely 
 innocuous to their hosts — a circumstance which is related perhaps, according 
 to Danielwskv, either to accommodation transmitted by heredity, or to the 
 temperature of the blood, which may be too elevated for the parasites to be 
 set free. 
 
 Danilewsky has met with a Trypanosome ( Trypanosoma sanguinis avium) 
 in the blood of Birds, and a spirochaete ( Sp . Marchouxi), which causes a very 
 fatal disease of fowls in Brazil, has been described by Marchoux and Salembeni. 
 
 Nematodes. — Mazzanti has found, in the venous blood of a carrier* 
 Pigeon, the embryos of Nematodes, some of them 185/1 long, with an acumin- 
 ated caudal extremity ; others 143/1 long, with the caudal extremity obtuse 
 or not very pointed. At the same time he met with, beneath the skin of the 
 neck, a female Filaria — different from the Filaria clava Wedl — which lived 
 in the connective tissue. The uterus of this Filaria contained a number of 
 embryos identical with those in the blood ; some of them were spread around 
 the body of the female. Mazzanti describes this worm as follows : Body 
 filiform, ashy-blue, not striped, 25 mm. long, and *25 mm. wide ; anterior 
 extremity obtuse and rounded ; posterior extremity briefly conical. Mouth 
 nude and orbicular. (Esophagus short and narrow ; stomach little dilated. 
 Anus terminal. Uterus double. Vulva situated a little behind the position 
 of the stomach, or 2 1 3 /1 from the mouth. O voviviparous. 
 
 Rudolphi mentions — but without describing it — a Filaria anatis found by 
 Paulinus rolled around the heart of a Duck. 
 
 546 
 
BOOK VI 
 
 PARASITES OF THE MUSCLES, CONNECTIVE TISSUE 
 AND BONES 
 
 In this division — which is more especially devoted to the parasites 
 of the muscles — we will also study those of the inter- organic con- 
 nective tissue, as well as those of the bones ; for the reason that 
 they are too rare, and altogether of secondary interest to afford 
 material for a distinct section. 
 
 The parasites to be dealt with in this book are varied and very 
 frequent. They are the Sarcosporidia, Cestodes in the cystic state — 
 Cysticercus and Ccenurus — Trematodes — Distomum sp. ? — or Nema- 
 todes, the most important of which is the Trichina. 
 
 They reach their definitive habitat through, as yet, badly defined 
 channels, among which the circulatory system is doubtless the 
 principal. 
 
 Special chapters are given to Muscular Psorospermosis — the 
 Cysticerci — Measles — the Trichinae — T richinosis — and to the 
 parasites of bones. The other parasites will be studied briefly, 
 because of their relatively trifling importance. 
 
 Ccenurus cerebralis. — The Cystic form of the Tcenia ccenurus of the Dog, 
 the Ccenurus cerebralis Rud., the ordinary habitat of which is the brain of 
 Ruminants — principally Sheep — has been found once in the subcutaneous 
 connective tissue of a Calf by Nathusius, and at another time in the Sheep 
 by Eichler. These erratic examples of Coenurus were completely developed 
 (Zurn). 
 
 Ccenurus serialis. — The Cystic form of the Tcenia serialis of the 
 Dog — the Ccenurus serialis P. Gervais — has, on the contrary, its 
 usual habitat in the connective tissue of various regions of the body, 
 and, exceptionally, the spinal cord. It is found in the Rabbit — 
 especially the wild one — the Hare, the Squirrel (Cobbold, Cagny), 
 and the Coypu (Pagenstecher). 
 
 The vesicle (or bladder) of the Coenurus serialis may be as large as a 
 Fowl’s egg, but it has already numerous scolices when it is no bigger than 
 a nut. It is generally a little longer than it is broad, and when it occupies 
 the intermuscular connective tissue its greater axis is parallel with the 
 fasciculi. 1 he perfectly-developed scolices are three or four times larger than 
 those of the Coenurus cerebralis, and their free extremity is often Voluti-shaped. 
 They are sometimes distributed without order, but most frequently they are 
 
 547 35—2 
 
54 « 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 in linear series not parallel with each other — hence the specific name. The 
 heads have all the characters we have indicated as pertaining to that of the 
 Tania serialis (see p. 376). The vesicle offers a peculiarity which is never 
 
 present in the Ccenurus cerebralis — 
 
 Fig. 326. — Coenurus serialis of tha 
 connective tissue of the Rabbit. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 A, regular simple form ; B, daughter- 
 vesicle, irregular exterior form. C, a 
 Coenurus opened, showing — besides 
 the heads of the Tcenia — seven in- 
 ternal daughter-vesicles, and below, 
 to the left, an external daughter- 
 vesicle. Natural size. 
 
 that of sometimes producing by 
 budding, either on its inner or outer 
 surface, other bladders organised 
 like itself, and endowed with the 
 property of originating scolices in 
 every respect similar to those of 
 the mother vesicle. The external 
 vesicles often remain fixed to the 
 mother- vesicle by a pedicle ; but the 
 internal ones, on the contrary, after 
 a certain time float in the fluid of the 
 primary bladder (Baillet). 
 
 The Ccenurus serialis was met 
 with for the first time by De 
 Blainville in 1822 ; then it was 
 re-discovered by Rose in 1833, 
 and some time after by E. Rous- 
 seau, then by Gervais ; but it has 
 been well studied since, princi- 
 pally by Baillet and Perroncito. 
 It has been found — and some- 
 times in great number, in the 
 most varied parts of the connec- 
 tive tissue — head, neck, loins, 
 thorax, limbs, etc. In general, 
 it does not appear to trouble the 
 health of its host. However, 
 when it is very abundant — due 
 to the budding of the mother- 
 vesicle — it may assist in weaken- 
 ing the animal. Bergeon and 
 Railliet have published a re- 
 markable instance of this. 
 
 When Baillet administered 
 the Ccenurus serialis to Dogs, it 
 produced the T cenia serialis ; 
 Perroncito obtained the same 
 result. And the ova of this 
 Taenia, when given to Rabbits, 
 reproduced the same Coenurus ; 
 but when the experiment was 
 repeated on Lambs by Baillet, it 
 did not furnish conclusive re- 
 
 sults, and with Perroncito — who 
 experimented on a Sheep — and ourselves with two Lambs, the 
 results were negative. This confirms the specific distinction 
 established between T. serialis and T. ccenurus . 
 
PARASITES OF THE MUSCLES, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, ETC. 549 
 
 The researches of Baillet show that the embryos of the Taenia are 
 carried to the tissues by the blood- current. They pass through the 
 walls of the capillaries, and excavate in the connective tissue 
 ‘ galleries more or less elongated, and generally very tapering and 
 fine at one end, wider at the other, which are always filled with 
 a pulpy matter, unctuous to the touch, very pale-yellow in colour, 
 and markedly distinct from the red background the small quantity 
 of extravasated blood forms around it, after this has coagulated in 
 the connective tissue.’ In eighteen to twenty-five days after the 
 ingestion of the ova of Tcenia seriahs, the pro-scolices form vesicles 
 measuring -75 mm. to 2*50 mm., and after thirty days they are the 
 size of a pea. At the end of the second month they are larger 
 than a cherry, and commence to bear scolices ; at the third month 
 they are as big as a walnut. 
 
 English gamekeepers designate as ‘ bladdery Rabbits ’ those 
 affected with Coenurus in the connective tissue, and — according to 
 Rose — before they are sent to market, the bladders are punctured 
 through the integuments, and the fluid they contain is in this 
 manner got rid of. 
 
 ‘ It should be remarked,’ Baillet says, ‘ that the largest number 
 of the cysts has been collected from wild Rabbits, and this would 
 appear to indicate that the Taenia which produces them must 
 inhabit the intestine of some carnivorous animal that usually lives 
 in the same locality as these Rabbits ; so that the development of 
 this Taenia in the Dog must be considered purely accidental.’ 
 
 Echinococci. — Echinococci are only exceptionally found outside 
 parenchymatous organs — such as the liver, lungs, pancreas, spleen, 
 etc., but they may be found in any part of the body. Nevertheless, 
 beyond the cases we have quoted, in which they were generalized 
 in the Pig, and that mentioned by Morot, in which hydatids 
 were situated between the pleura and the inner surface of the 
 ribs of a Cow, we know of only a small number of observations 
 regarding their presence in the muscles ; and what is remark- 
 able in these, is the circumstance that they all refer to the Horse, 
 in which Echinococci are rare. 
 
 In one of these cases, a handful of hydatids was lodged in an 
 abscess in the temporal fossa. The temporal, pterygoid, and ocular 
 muscles were softened and pale, and united by inflammatory tissue. 
 The left wall of the cranium was thickened, and the left cerebral 
 hemisphere compressed (Kirkman). In another case, the cyst — 
 which contained a considerable number of hydatids — was situated 
 between the wall of the thorax and the attachments of the diaphragm 
 (Goubaux). In one more instance, a hydatid cyst formed a tumour 
 in the region of the ribs, which persisted for seven years, and finally 
 disappeared, after having thrown out on several occasions Echino- 
 coccus vesicles (Raymond). 
 
 In four other cases, the hydatids were located in the upper 
 parts of the posterior limb. In one of them, they were acephalo- 
 cysts enclosed in a large pouch, that formed a voluminous tumour 
 
550 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 between the anus and ischium ; the animal had experienced 
 frequent attacks of colic. An incision through the wall of the 
 rectum allowed the extraction of the hydatids, and this was followed 
 by recovery (Vi] late). On another occasion the hydatids formed 
 an enormous tumour in the lumbar region, having invaded the 
 muscles there ; this tumour was reproduced after being twice 
 partially removed. It extended towards the ihum, and Echino- 
 cocci were even found in the diploe of that bone (Colin). At the 
 autopsy of a Horse killed because of incurable injury to its foot, 
 Broquet and Megnin found the muscles on the inner aspect of one 
 thigh partly removed, owing to the presence of a large number of 
 hydatid cysts, the vesicles of which varied in size from that of a 
 pea to a pigeon’s egg ; there were about two quarts of them, and 
 they belonged to the exogenous type. In the case reported by 
 Ranvier and Dehors, the horse had been killed because of the low 
 state into which it had fallen, and on examination there was dis- 
 covered a vast purulent tumour, extending from the left kidney to 
 the superior border of the ilium, formed of large irregular cavities, 
 communicating with one another by various-sized openings. In 
 the pus floated hundreds of Echinococci — intact and broken. This 
 
 multilocular pouch was continued by a 
 number of orifices into the deeper layers 
 of the gluteal muscles, and those of the 
 anterior and posterior crural regions. 
 Johne found a vesicle in the psoas 
 muscles of a Horse (Friedberger and 
 Frdhner). 
 
 Distomum hepatieum. — Morot has published 
 several instances of hepatic Flukes encysted 
 beyond their ordinary habitat, in the Cow. On 
 two occasions he found a tumour situated in an 
 intercostal space, either between the internal 
 and external intercostal muscles, or imme- 
 diately beneath the pleura. In another in- 
 stance, the Distomum was contained in a 
 pediculated cyst on the inner surface of the 
 abdominal wall, a short distance from the 
 insertion of the diaphragm at the twelfth rib. 
 The same author has also seen them on various 
 points of the abdominal and pectoral walls. 
 Drosse had already observed the same occur- 
 rence. 
 
 Distomes in the muscles of the Pig. — Leunis 
 discovered particular Distomes in Pig’s flesh, 
 which were studied by Duncker, with the con- 
 currence of Leuckart, Pagenstecher and Hess ; 
 they were found in the fleshy part of the 
 diaphragm. Happen and Muhle have also se e n 
 them in the larygneal muscles. 
 
 These worms occupied ovoid cysts of about 
 the same size as those of Trichinae, and lodged 
 in'the interfascicular connective tissue. Owing to the inflammatory zone 
 surrounding them, they appeared as small, red, punctiform nodules. The 
 Distomes measure about 5 mm. long ; they are grey, transparent, very lively 
 
 Fig. 327. — Distome of the 
 muscles of the Pig ; magni- 
 fied 80 diameters. — Leuc- 
 kart. 
 
PARASITES OF THE MUSCLES, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, ETC. 551 
 
 at the temperature of the body, and show at their anterior extremity an oral 
 sucker, from which arises an acuminated prolongation directed forward, which 
 is probably, according to Leuckrat, a buccal stylet of the Cercaria. 
 
 The abdominal sucker is situated towards the middle of the body. The 
 transparency of the integuments allows the arrangement of the digestive 
 tube, the aquiferous vessels and the rudimentary genital organs, to be seen ; 
 as well as the presence of four large glands in the anterior moiety. Duncker 
 on one occasion found these Distomes still provided with their cercarial tails. 
 It is evident that these parasites are not called upon to continue their course 
 of development in the Pig, for the membranes surrounding them are too 
 strong to allow them to pass through. The Pig is only an intermediate 
 abnormal host for them, and the state in which they are seen does not admit 
 of their being assigned to any particular species. 
 
 Nematodes. — Several Nematodes have been found in the muscles 
 and connective tissue of various domesticated animals. The most 
 important — the Trichina — will form the subject of a special chapter 
 (see Trichinosis) ; so that we will only now deal with those whose 
 presence is exceptional or accidental. 
 
 The Filaria papillosa, which usually lives in the peritoneum of the Horse, 
 is noticed by Rudolphi as also found in the sub-peritoneal and inter-muscular 
 connective tissue of the abdominal walls of the same animal. 
 
 We have seen that the Filaria immitis may be found in the subcutaneous 
 connective tissue of the Dog ; that the embryos of the Ollulanus tricuspis of 
 the Cat may wander from the stomach into the muscles and connective 
 tissue, as well as into diverse organs, and form cysts analogous to those of 
 the Trichinae ; and that lanTal Nematodes have been met with by Eberth in 
 the muscles, kidneys and lungs of the Sheep. 
 
 Filaria clava Wedl. — Female worm found at Vienna in the peritracheal 
 connective tissue of a Pigeon. Mouth unarmed ; body attenuated in front, 
 expanded behind and claviform ; length 28 mm. to 36 mm., and diameter 
 1 mm. to 1 *5 mm. Ovo viviparous. Mazzanti says he possesses a dozen 
 specimens. 
 
 Ziirn found in the flesh of three Pigs, small Nematodes which he believed 
 to belong to the Augiostomidae, and which should not be mistaken for muscle 
 Trichinae. Their maximum length was 1 '4 mm. and breadth 63 ; they were 
 
 not encysted, and their presence was probably accidental ; as it was thought 
 they might have penetrated the specimens examined, by coming in contact 
 with water or instruments containing them. 
 
 In a Horse killed for human consumption, which for at least eighteen 
 months previously, though in excellent condition, had shown a certain 
 stiffness in the hind-quarters and a great tendency to decubitus, Vittu found 
 all the muscles invaded by cysts which were generally the size and appearance 
 of a rye-seed. These cysts had undergone calcareous degeneration, and by 
 their position in the interfibrillar connective tissue, the structure of their 
 walls, and the mass of fat at their ends, they resembled old cysts of the 
 Trichina spiralis. Giard, who studied them, was convinced that he had to 
 do with a parasite related to the Trichinae, though much larger ; but perhaps 
 there was more reason in classing it with the Spiroptera reticulata, of which 
 mention will be made presently. 
 
 An analogous observation to that of Vittu, was made on a Cow by Wolff, 
 at Berlin. He found the muscles of this animal full of nodules — some round 
 and as large as a lentil, others oval and as big as a grain of rice. These 
 nodules were situated between the muscular fasciculi, and were limited by 
 a thick membrane ; in their brown caseous contents Schutz found a coiled-up 
 Nematode, a little larger than a Trichina. 
 
 The Armed Sclerostome ( Sclerostomum equinum), which in the adult state 
 inhabits the caecum and large colon of Equines, is — in the agamous state — 
 very apt to wander. Consequently, it has been on several occasions met with 
 
552 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 in the muscles and connective tissue, where it arrives by means of the circula- 
 tion. Harvey found not less than 200 specimens in the vicinity of the 
 kidneys of a Foal ; Litt, in 1852, met with hundreds in the connective tissue 
 between the peritoneum and abdominal muscles ; Meyrick, in 1859, observed 
 the same in the peritoneal cavity, on the liver, and in the abdominal muscles ; 
 and Miller, at Seville, Ohio, collected considerable quantities in the abdominal 
 muscles, and especially in those of the flank. Lastly, Lienaux on several 
 occasions found them encysted beneath the peritoneum, in various parts of 
 the abdominal walls, underneath the pleura, on the inner surface of the 
 arms, etc. The Sclerostomes of the abdominal walls may cause the forma- 
 tion of small purulent centres around them (Railliet). Although agamous, 
 these worms are sometimes larger than 
 the adults. 
 
 Spiroptera reticulata Crep. ( Sp . cin- 
 cinnata Ercol., Onchocera reticulata Dies, 
 etc.). — Body fdiform, very elongated, 
 and turned in a spiral manner. Head 
 
 Fig. 328. — Spiroptera reticulata ; por- 
 tion of the body of the female, 
 showing the transverse striae and 
 the spiral ridges on the cuticle ; 
 magnified 80 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 Fig. 329. — Spiroptera reticulata ; poi • 
 tion of the body of the female, 
 showing the intestine, and the two 
 genital tubes filled with embryonic 
 ova ; magnified 80 diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 not separated from the body ; mouth orbicular. Male in a wide spiral 
 form ; tail excavated beneath, and margined by two vertical lobes, the base 
 of which has small hooks and the upper border a papilla ; there is a single 
 spicule between the two lobes. Female in a close spiral form ; body attenu- 
 ated behind ; vulva situated at a short distance from the head. Ovovivi- 
 parous. The length of these parasites is not exactly known, as they cannot 
 be extracted entire, in consequence of their being rolled around muscular 
 and tendinous fibres. The female appears to measure from 40 to 50 centimetres 
 long, and from *35 mm. to *40 mm. in diameter, which is ’15 mm. in the male. 
 This worm is special to Equines, and was discovered in 1840, by Hermann 
 and Bleiweiss, at the Vienna Veterinary Institute. It was afterwards found 
 
PARASITES OF THE MUSCLES, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, ETC. 553 
 
 in Germany and Austria, by Gurlt, Baumgarten and Ziirn ; in Italy, by 
 Ercolani, Bassi, Gotti, Baruchello, Berto and Vigezzi ; in Russia, by Tschul* 
 owski and Popow ; and in France, by Railliet and Moussu. 
 
 It has been sometimes observed in the cervical ligament or in 
 the tissue of neighbouring arteries, between muscular fibres, and 
 
 in subcutaneous nodules ; but it has 
 been most frequently met with in the 
 flexor tendons of the foot, the suspen- 
 sory ligament of the fetlock, and in the 
 walls of the collateral artery of the 
 cannon. 
 
 Fig. 331. — Ova of the Spiroptera reticulata ; 
 magnified 200 diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 It is very common at Kazan, as 
 Tschulowski found it in fifty-one of the 
 fifty-three Horses in which he looked 
 for it. 
 
 Fig. 330. — Spiroptera reticulata ; 
 portion of the body of the female, 
 showing the intestine and the two 
 genital tubes filled with embryos ; 
 magnified 8cf diameters. — Railliet. 
 
 Fig. 332. — Embryos of the Spiroptera 
 reticulata ; magnified 200 diameters. 
 — Railliet. 
 
 It has been met with at all seasons of the year — but more par- 
 ticularly in the spring and summer — and in Horses of every age. 
 
 Its most frequent seat — and also the most important, but it is 
 betrayed by significant symptoms — is in the limbs, and almost 
 exclusively in the anterior ones. Its presence causes the formation 
 of isolated tumours — parasitic fibromata — which are seen in the 
 region of the tendon — within, without, or behind the perforatus 
 
554 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 tendon ; at the knee — within or without, or in the neighbourhood 
 of the insertion of the flexor of the metacarpus ; at the external 
 or posterior surface of the fore-arm ; at various points of the 
 shoulder and arm, etc. 
 
 These tumours compress the nerves or tendons ; hence „ there 
 results persistent, acute or sub-acute lameness, the cause of which 
 often remains unknown, so long as the parasitic fibroma has not 
 acquired an appreciable size. 
 
 Treatment consists in extirpation of the tumour ; this leaves 
 only a simple wound that is easily healed. 
 
 The extracted tumour is, in general, irregularly ovoid in shape, 
 and from 3 cm. to 6 cm. long. It is composed of dense fibrous 
 tissue which is often calcified, and surrounds yellowish nuclei, in 
 the centre of which is found the worm, which up to the present 
 time has only been extracted in fragments. 
 
 In Horses which were bearers of the reticulated Spiroptera, 
 Tschulowski has sometimes found an abundance of their embryos 
 in the lymphatic vessels of the limbs, in the perivascular connective 
 tissue, in the synovia of the three inferior articulations, and in 
 bursse of tendons — especially in the bursal distensions popularly 
 known as ‘ wind-galls.’ These embryos were very slender, and 
 measured 300 ^ to 400 /x long by 6 /x to 9 /x broad ; throughout their 
 whole length was remarked a digestive tube filled with a granular 
 matter. This observation tends to establish the fact, that the 
 embryos of the Spiroptera reticulata may effect active migrations, 
 and may even enter the vascular system. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 PSOROSPERMOSIS OF THE MUSCLES AND CONNECTIVE 
 
 TISSUE 
 
 The Sporozoa which inhabit the muscles and connective tissue form 
 the order of Sarcosporidia or Psoros permit utriculiformes. 
 They are divided into three genera, according to the following 
 table : 
 
 Seated in the connective tissue. Enveloping membrane thin 
 
 and without definite structure ...... Balbiania. 
 
 Seated in the striped muscles \ thin and anhistic . . . Miescheria. 
 
 Enveloping membrane ./ thick and traversed by fine canaliculi Sarcocystis. 
 
 The Sporozoa of the domesticated animals belong to the genera 
 Balbiania (Blanch.) and Sarcoeytis (Ray Lank.). 
 
 The Sarcosporidia — which are also frequently named the Utricules of 
 Miescher or Rainey's Corpuscles — were seen for the first time in 1843, by 
 Miescher, of Bale, in the muscles of the Mouse. Herbst afterwards found 
 them in those of the Pig in 1851. Von Hessling, who in 1846 had observed 
 them in the breast-muscles of a Roebuck, discovered them also in the myo- 
 cardium of the Ox, Calf and Sheep ; and Rainey, in 1857, saw them in the 
 muscles of the Pig. They have since been met with in the majority of the 
 domesticated Herbivora — Horse, Ox, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat and Rabbit ; 
 and amongst Birds, in the Fowl. 
 
 We may, at least provisionally, attach these Sarcosporidia to 
 three distinct species : Sarcocystis Miescheri (Ray Lank.), Sarco- 
 cystis tenelia (Raill.), and Balbiania gigantea (Raill.). But with the 
 exception of the Pig, the Sarcosporidia of which are well known, 
 there are too few observations recorded to allow of a rigorous 
 determination of the species of parasite being made. This summary 
 study of Psorospermosis will be divided into Psorospermosis of 
 the muscular tissue and Psorospermosis of the connective tissue. 
 
 Article I. — Muscular Psorospermosis. 
 
 Pig. — The muscular psorosperm of the Pig is the Sarcocystis 
 Miescheri. First observed by Herbst, then by Rainey in the 
 muscles of this animal, it has since been studied by numerous 
 observers, and is now well known, owing more especially to the 
 investigations of Leuckart and Man z. 
 
 555 
 
556 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 It is only at an autopsy that the presence of these parasites can 
 be ascertained. All the striped muscles may be infested by them, 
 and these have then a granular aspect and darker colour ; while a 
 close inspection discovers small white, elongated points in the midst 
 of the muscular tissue, which are sometimes so long as to be readily 
 seen. These are the Sar cocysts. 
 
 They may be as much as 2 mm. to 3 mm. long, and their breadth varies 
 between 80 /jl and 300 /*. They appear in the microscope as elongated bodies, 
 slightly refrangent, granular, and tapering at both ends — though sometimes 
 only at one. They are limited by a somewhat thick enveloping membrane, 
 showing a transversal striation that Leuckart ascribes to the presence of 
 numerous canaliculi ; by compression this wall becomes disaggregated, and 
 then appears as a ciliary covering, which some authorities have regarded as a 
 
 normal arrangement in the Psorospermiae. The 
 interior of the Utricle is divided into a great 
 number of spaces by anastomosing partitions. 
 To wards the extremities, the membrane seems to 
 be slightly separated from its contents, and a 
 . conical space is seen there, containing refrangent 
 granules. For the remainder of its extent, the 
 
 Fig. 333. — Psorospermic Utricles 
 in the intermuscular fibres of 
 the Pig. — Railliet. 
 
 Fig. 334. — Psorospermic Utricles of the 
 Pig ; isolated and highly magnified. — 
 Railliet.* 
 
 * A, extremity of a Utricle, the cuticle of which is intact ; B, another Utricle, 
 the cuticle of which is crushed and appears_ as cilia ; C, reniform corpuscles 
 and separate nuclei. 
 
 Utricle holds in its spaces spores — numerous and closely-packed corpuscles 
 which, when they are set free by the rupture of the membrane, appear semi- 
 lunar, reniform, or fusiform in shape. They have one or — more frequently 
 — two clear points that are generally regarded as nuclei. 
 
 The Sar cocysts are situated even in the axis of the primary 
 fasciculi, surrounded by a layer of the substance of which these are 
 composed, and which has been pushed beneath the sarcolemma by 
 the pressure of the parasite. The majority of authorities do not 
 mention any other alteration than the dilatations and moniliform 
 aspect of the primary fasciculi. According to Perroncito, the 
 Utricles may move in the interior of the sarcolemma and leave 
 
PSOROSPERMOSIS OF THE MUSCLES, ETC. 
 
 557 
 
 evident traces of their passage. When they are old they may 
 undergo calcareous degeneration. 
 
 Laulanie has noticed that, while in certain points the invaded 
 primary fasciculi remain healthy, at others they undergo vitreous 
 degeneration, the parasite acting there as an irritant to the con- 
 nective tissue. The primary fasciculi most distant from the centre 
 are at first atrophied, and there sometimes appear new- formation 
 cells ; so that parenchymatous myositis is added to interstitial 
 myositis. 
 
 Muscular psorospermosis is not betrayed during life by any 
 appreciable signs. Nevertheless, Virchow has observed, in some 
 Pigs which were affected, feebleness or intermittent paralysis of 
 the hind-quarters, ardent thirst, a nodular exanthem, transient 
 
 symptoms of 1 rouget,’ and in 
 one instance lachrymation and 
 a dull appearance of the eyes — 
 
 Fig. 335. — Transverse section of a 
 group of primary fasciculi of the 
 Pig, one of which is occupied by 
 a Sarcocyst. — Laulanie. 
 
 a, section of the parasite ; b, its 
 contractile sheath formed by the 
 substance of the primary fasciculus 
 pushed beneath the sarcolemma ; 
 /, primary facsiculus. 
 
 Fig. 336. — Psorospermic granule of 
 the muscles of the Pig, at its com- 
 mencement. — Laulanie. 
 
 a, transverse section of the Psoro- 
 sperm ; b, purulent corona ; c, c, 
 atrophied primary fasciculus ; d, em- 
 bryonic infiltration. 
 
 which might be due to the presence of the parasites in the ocular 
 muscles. 
 
 The Sarcocysts of Miescher are very frequent — at least, in certain 
 countries and at certain periods. Herbst estimates the number 
 of instances in which he has found them as 50 per cent., and a 
 similar estimate has been made by Rupprecht. Leuckart has found 
 five Pigs affected out of eighteen, and Moule has seen about 40 per 
 cent. 
 
 The attempts at transmission made by Virchow and Manz, in 
 feeding animals with pig-flesh infested with Psorospermiae, were 
 without result. Leuckart appears to have been more fortunate, 
 for to a Pig — the muscles of which were free from these parasites 
 (as was proved on examination of them by means of the harpoon) — 
 
558 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 he gave the flesh of one that was infested. The animal was killed 
 six weeks after receiving the first meal, and its muscles were full 
 of very small-sized Psorospermiae. But it cannot be concluded 
 from this unique instance that the Sporozoa of the muscles can be 
 directly transmitted through the digestive organs, and that the 
 ingestion of infested flesh is dangerous for Man. Lindemann has, 
 however, published a case in which Psorospermiae, developed in 
 the valves of the heart of a Man, caused a fatal dropsy. But in 
 every case in which flesh is much infested, its use for human food 
 should be prohibited, because of its bad appearance and diminished 
 nutritive value — due to alterations which inflammation has pro- 
 
 Fig. 337. — Completely developed psorospermic granule in the Pig’s muscle, 
 the parasite having disappeared in the middle of the degeneration of pro- 
 ducts. — Laulanie. 
 
 a, central zone represented by a small centre of calcareous degeneration ; 
 b, peripheral zone of embryonal proliferation ; c, c, spaces originally occupied 
 by the primary fasciculi, and now filled with cells ; d, d, atrophied primary 
 fasciculi buried in the proliferation ; e, connective tissue septum. 
 
 duced in it. Rabe has published a case of serious intestinal catarrh 
 in a Man, consequent on eating the flesh of a Pig that was intensely 
 affected with muscular psorospermosis. 
 
 Sheep. — Psorospermosis of the muscles of the Sheep is produced 
 by the Sarcocystis tenella. It has often been observed, and is the 
 form best known, thanks to the researches of Huet and Moule. 
 It occupies in the muscles of the Sheep the same situation that the 
 Sarcocystis Miescheri does in those of the Pig — that is, the primary 
 fasciculi ; but it is distinguished from it by the greater thinness of 
 its enveloping membrane, which is otherwise canaliculated and 
 capable of being reduced to pseudo-cilia by compression. 
 
 Moule has often found the parasites in cachectic Sheep — 98 per 
 
PSOROSPERMOSIS OF THE MUSCLES, ETC. 
 
 559 
 
 cent. — and they were usually numerous in proportion as the 
 cachexia was more accentuated. Sometimes there were regularly 
 five, six, and more in the field of the microscope in each prepara- 
 tion ; at other times several preparations would have to be examined 
 in order to find one. In ioo Sheep in good condition, he only met 
 with them in 44, and then always in small number. It was the same 
 with a Sheep which had been affected with anthrax, the few which 
 were observed appearing deformed. 
 
 They may be found in all the muscles, but they seem least 
 numerous in those of the internal crural region. Von Hessling, 
 Cobbold, Moule, and Sticker have seen them in the myocardium ; 
 Brusaferro in the fibres of Purkinje of the heart ; and Krause in 
 the ocular muscles. 
 
 Goat. — Moule classes with the Sarcocystis tenella the Sarcosporidia he 
 found in the Goat, which had been already seen by Pagenstecher. They are 
 less common, and not so abundant as in the Sheep ; for the proportion of 
 cases has only been 46 per cent, in lean animals, and 33 per cent, in those 
 which were fat. They are larger than those of the Sheep, and may be even 
 double their size. 
 
 Ox. — Sarcosporidia have been seen in the Ox, in the muscular fibres of 
 the heart, by Von Hessling, Cobbold and Perroncito ; in the muscles of the 
 eye by Krause ; in the cremaster of a Bull by Manz ; and in various muscles 
 by Beale. Of 100 Oxen condemned for being in extremely bad condition, 
 Moule found 37 of them infested with Sarcosporidia ; he only found them in 
 three instances in Cattle in good condition. These were probably the Sarco- 
 cystis tenella ; they are of the same dimensions as those of the Goat, but may 
 attain a centimetre in length, and have longer cilia — Sarcocystis hirsuta 
 Moule. 
 
 Horse. — The muscle .Sarcosporidia of the Horse are, doubtless, also the 
 Sarcocystis tenella. They have been seen by Siedamgrotzky, Schulze, Putz 
 and Moule. 
 
 Siedamgrotzky found Sarcosporidia in thirteen Horses killed for ana- 
 tomical purposes, or which had died from different diseases. They were 
 principally in the muscular layer of the pharynx and oesophagus, in the 
 inferior cervical muscles, and in the diaphragm. In the limbs, the infested 
 muscles were atrophied, pale, soft, and yet more fibrous than in the normal 
 state. The nuclei of the sarcolemma were multiplied in the primary fasciculi 
 affected, and even in the healthy fasciculi; they formed a kind of chaplet 
 lying alongside the sarcolemma. In addition, the interfascicular connective 
 tissue had undergone proliferation, and by compression had caused simple 
 atrophy of the contractile fibre. These Sarcosporidia were from 3 mm. to 
 4 mm. long, and in some points had submitted to calcareous degeneration. 
 
 Schulze has met with these parasites in the muscles of the forehand of 
 a Horse, killed because of being affected with paralysis of the anterior limbs. 
 These muscles were degenerated, and showed calcareous granules 20 mm. 
 long by 3 broad. Their elements had undergone alterations analogous to 
 those observed by Siedamgrotzky. 
 
 In a Horse observed by Piitz, the majority of the muscles were more or 
 less invaded — sometimes in a high degree — by Psorospermise of various ages. 
 They — the muscles — were more voluminous and more rigid than in the 
 normal state, and were of a yellowish-grey colour ; there was interstitial 
 myositis, proliferation of the interfascicular connective tissue, increase 
 of the perimysium, and atrophy of the primary fasciculi, the striation of 
 which, nevertheless, generally persisted. There was not alwa}^ an exact 
 relationship between the muscular alterations and the topographical distri- 
 bution of the Sarcosporidia ; so that there might have existed doubts as to 
 these parasites being the real cause of this myositis. 
 
560 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Of 65 Horses examined by Houle, 1 3 showed the Sarcosporidia ; but only 
 one had them as large as those of the Ox ; in the others they were invisible 
 
 to the naked eye. 
 
 Other Species. — Sarcosporidia have been 
 noted by Krause in the muscles of the eye of 
 the Dog and Cat ; by Manz in various muscles 
 of the Rabbit ; and by Kiihn in those of the 
 Fowl. 
 
 Article II. — Psorospermosis of the 
 Connective Tissue. 
 
 The Psorospermiae of the connective 
 tissue are the Balbiania gigantea Raill. 
 They were first met with in the Sheep by 
 Winckler andLeisering, then by Dammann. 
 
 Fig. 338. — Transverse section of a Balbiania 
 gigantea, enveloped by muscular fibres of 
 the oesophagus ; magnified 20 diameters. — 
 Railliet. 
 
 Ziirn and Brusaferro, and have been well 
 studied by Morot and Railliet. VonNieder- 
 hoeusern has seen them in the Goat ; and 
 Jongh has often observed them in the Ox, 
 Deer, Goat, Pig, and especially the Buffalo, 
 at Java. According to certain observers, 
 
 Fig. 339. — Falciform corpuscles of the Bal- Fig. 340. — Fragment of the 
 biania gigantea ; magnified 850 diameters. — oesophagus of the Sheep 
 Railliet. invaded by the Balbiania 
 
 gigantea ; natural size. — 
 Railliet. 
 
PSOROSPERMOSIS OF THE MUSCLES, ETC. 561 
 
 it would appear that they may also be met with — like the preceding 
 — in the midst of the primary fasciculi. 
 
 The size of a Balbiania gigantea may vary frorg. that of a barley- 
 grain to that of a small hazel-nut. The enveloping membrane is 
 thin and structureless, and in the centre of the largest specimens 
 is a space as large as a pin-head. The remainder of the cavity 
 — which is partitioned into cells — is filled with very regular cres- 
 centic-shaped corpuscles, which have no nuclei and do not refract 
 the light. Certain of the Balbianiae only show a few corpuscles, 
 but have many round bodies, which have a greater or less diameter 
 in proportion to the maximum thickness of the crescents. 
 
 The German authorities, who were the first to observe these 
 Sarcosporidia, found them in great numbers in the muscular layer 
 of the oesophagus, and, secondarily, at the base of the tongue, in 
 the muscles of the pharynx, cheeks, neck, thorax, abdomen and 
 thighs. The Sheep which were the bearers sometimes died suddenly, 
 at other times after manifesting symptoms of asphyxia or epilepti- 
 form seizures. In some instances the mortality was like that of an 
 epizooty, and the losses were attributed to the action of the Sar- 
 cosporidia, which, by their presence in the vicinity of the larynx, 
 caused oedema of the glottis and, consequently, asphyxia. Von 
 Niederhoeusern, who found them in a Goat, arrived at the same 
 conclusion. 
 
 But the investigations of Morot certainly seem to establish that 
 there is a simple coincidence between the fatal issue and the psoro- 
 spermosis of the oesophagus, as he very often, found these parasites 
 in Sheep killed at Troyes abbatoir. Moule has not met with any 
 in Paris, but Raillet has discovered them there in a Goat. 
 
 In about goo Sheep, Morot found 272 which had the oesophageal 
 cysts of the Sarcosporidia. Neither the condition, age nor sex 
 appeared to have any influence on their presence or number, which 
 latter varied from 1 to 272, and averaged from 10 to 12. The same 
 Sheep might have them of all sizes, these having no relation to their 
 number. 
 
 ‘ Among the 272 Sheep which had the oesophagus nodulated, 
 6 had at the same time psorospermic cysts beneath the pleura, 
 10 beneath the peritoneum, and 27 beneath the pleura and peri- 
 toneum at the same time/ These subserous cysts were ‘ usually 
 in the form of elongated patches, the dimensions of which varied 
 from that of a cabbage-seed to that of a prune-stone, and even 
 that of an average haricot-bean/ They were sometimes more, at 
 other times less numerous, than those of the oesophagus. 
 
 A Sheep of second quality and in good condition had a large 
 number in every part of the body, and especially in the oesophagus, 
 which had 227, and the tongue, which harboured 128. Some were 
 found in the muscles of the subscapular and crural regions. 
 
 36 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 MEASLES 
 
 Definition. — Measles (French ladrerie ) consists in the presence of 
 certain Cysticerci in the muscles and connective tissue, and acces- 
 sorily in other parts of the organism. The Cysticerci which con- 
 stitute the disease are : the Cysticercus cellulosce — the cystic form 
 of the Tcsnia solium of Man ; the C. bovis, of the T. saginata of Man ; 
 the C. tenuicollis, of the T. marginata of the Dog ; the C. tarandi , 
 of the T. Krabbei of the Dog. 
 
 The domesticated animals which may contract the measles are 
 —in the first line — the Pig (C. celluloses), then the Ox (C. bovis), 
 and exceptionally the Sheep (C. tenuicollis), the Reindeer (C. 
 tarandi), and the Dog and Cat ( C . celluloses). Man himself is not 
 exempt from this affection (C. celluloses). 
 
 Article I. — Measles of the Pig. 
 
 The Pig measles is produced by the Cysticercus celluloses Rud., 
 the larval form of the T esnia solium of Man. 
 
 History. — Measles of the Pig has been known from the earliest times, and 
 its influence on human health seems to have inspired the Egyptian priests 
 in the days of the Pharaohs and of Moses — the law-maker of the Jews — when 
 they prohibited the use of the flesh of that animal as food. But the first 
 mention of this disease occurs in the fourth century before our era, and is 
 found in the writings of Aristophanes (b.c. 450-380), where, in his comedy 
 of The Knights, it is spoken of as being well known. Aristotle has described 
 it with remarkable precision, and his description has been almost exactly 
 reproduced by Rufus — quoted by Oribasius ; then it is mentioned by Pliny 
 and Didymseus, and again by Plutarch, Aretaeus, Archigenes and Androsthenes. 
 
 Numerous laws enacted during the Middle Ages prove that it was also well 
 known then, but there was as little idea of its parasitic nature as among the 
 ancients, and we must come to the year 1683 before an indication of this is 
 found in a memoir by Redi. Two years afterwards, Hartmann found a 
 Cysticercus in a Goat, and recognised it as a living animal ; but to Malpighi 
 belongs the credit of giving the first exact description of the measle Cysti- 
 cercus. These observations appear to have been little known, however ; 
 for it was not until 1760 that Pallas attempted to establish a relationship 
 between the parasite of measles and the Tape- worms, and named it the 
 Tcenia hydatigena. About the same time, Fabricius expressed the opinion 
 that the measle Cysticerci were derived from a Tape- worm ; and Gceze, in 
 1780, described the bladder-worm with much precision and exactitude. 
 
 The year 1842 marked an important advance, as Steenstrup then con- 
 
 562 
 
MEASLES 
 
 563 
 
 sidered the cystic worms as the first step in the development of Helminth.es, 
 which, however, he could not determine ; while Von Siebold regarded them as 
 
 Fig. 341. — Cysticercus cellulosce. 
 
 A, an entire vesicle magnified ; B, proboscis with hooks at its base ; C, 
 isolated hooks ; C', fragment of a Cysticercus highly magnified : the vesicle 
 is only represented by a segment, a, corresponding to its invagination 
 orifice, b. — Robin. 
 
 wandering Tsenige — an opinion also adopted bv Dujardin m 1845. But it 
 
 required the experiments of Van E 
 migrations of the Cestodes beyond 
 have been confirmed, extended and 
 completed by numerous experi- 
 menters to whom we shall have to 
 refer hereafter. 
 
 Fig. 342. — Head of the Cysticercus 
 cellulosce, seen in front, the suckers 
 not being salient. — Railliet. 
 
 1 and Kuchenmeister to put the 
 and the facts they established 
 
 Fig. 343. — Hooks of the Tcenia solium; 
 magnified 250 diameters. — Railliet. 
 A, large hook ; B and C, small hook 
 seen laterally and in front. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — It is more especially at an autopsy that 
 the existence of measles is recognised, from the presence of the 
 
 36—2 
 
564 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Cysticercus cellulosce Rud. in different parts of the economy. It 
 appears in the form of an elliptical vesicle from 6 mm. to 20 mm. 
 long and 5 mm. to 10 mm., or even more, broad ; and showing 
 towards the middle of its length a white spot provided with a 
 scarcely visible opening, that corresponds to the invaginated head. 
 The latter has at first the aspect of a white, opaque, and somewhat 
 consistent tubercle, the size of a millet-seed, which adheres to the 
 wall and projects internally. By methodical pressure between the 
 thumb and forefinger, it is easy to extrude the head and body of 
 the Cysticercus from the caudal vesicle, in which they are invagi- 
 nated ; usually the vesicle, is ruptured in this operation. On 
 examining the evaginated head by a low magnifying power, it is 
 observed to be sensibly tetragonal, and to measure *6 mm. to 
 *8 mm. ; it is furnished with four suckers, and a double crown of 
 from 24 to 32 hooks, the larger of which are 160 /x to 180 /x long, and 
 the smaller from no /x to 140 /x. These are absolutely the char- 
 acters of the head of the Tcenia solium of Man. 
 
 Each Cysticercus is enveloped in a cyst, the dimensions of which 
 are scarcely superior to its own ; this cyst is formed at the expense 
 of the tissues of its host, and is composed of a thin, transparent, 
 connective- tissue membrane, slightly vascular, and destitute of 
 epithelium. The cysts are lodged in depressions — cells or alveoli 
 excavated in the substance of the organs. 
 
 The measles Cysticerci are found almost exclusively in the 
 muscular masses, the muscles most frequently invaded being those 
 of the tongue, the neck, and the shoulders ; then come — in the 
 order of frequency — the intercostal and psoas muscles, those of 
 the thigh, and, lastly, those of the posterior vertebral region 
 (Delpech). The measles is sometimes so generalized that Cysti- 
 cerci are met with in all the striped muscles of the body ; their 
 number may be enormous, and equal to almost one-half the total 
 volume of the piece of flesh examined. Kiichenmeister has found 
 133 in a scrap weighing 17 grammes — which would give about 
 8,000 to the kilogramme. 
 
 When the measles is not very pronounced, the vesicles are 
 scattered, but they have always their privileged seat in the muscles 
 of the deeper surface of the shoulder, in those of the neck, the 
 fleshy portion of the diaphragm, the triangularis stemi, and the 
 intercostals. It is necessary, in some of these discrete invasions, 
 to make numerous sections in various directions, in order to find 
 a single vesicle. By squeezing the flesh between the fingers, we 
 may often succeed in rendering some visible, which would other- 
 wise remain unperceived ; and frequently, also, measly flesh may 
 be recognised by the little cavities from which the Cysticerci have 
 been removed. 
 
 Sometimes the parasites are found in the submucous connective 
 tissue on the inferior surface of the tongue, nearly as frequently 
 as in the above-mentioned muscles. Towards the base of that 
 organ and the sides of the fraenum, they are usually seen as opaline, 
 
MEASLES 
 
 565 
 
 semi-transparent, globular or ovoid vesicles, which raise the 
 mucous membrane, and can be felt by the finger. 
 
 The heart is also very often invaded by Cysticerci, and at times 
 in such numbers that there is reason for wonder that the functions 
 of the organ are not seriously interfered with. When there are 
 only a few, they are usually localized towards the point. 
 
 It is rare to find them in the fat, but when the disease is 
 generalized they may be met with in the neighbourhood of 
 muscles, adhering to the muscular fibres that enter the layers 
 of adipose tissue. 
 
 Otherwise, the specks or 
 grains (as they appear to 
 the naked eye) may be 
 found in all the organs — 
 brain, spinal cord, eyes, 
 lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, 
 lymphatic glands, and 
 testicles (Cobbold) : but 
 
 they are rarely in notable 
 quantity, though Brusaferro 
 has observed them in large 
 number in the cerebral 
 hemispheres, but not in any 
 other parts of the organism. 
 
 They are exceptional in the 
 liver, lungs, spleen and 
 kidneys (Hertwig). In the 
 majority of instances in 
 which they were supposed 
 to have been seen, they 
 were really old Echinococci, 
 and not Cysticerci. In the 
 lungs, liver or spleen, they 
 sometimes form grey or red- 
 dish, caseous, purulent or 
 calcareous nodules, which 
 have some resemblance to 
 tubercles, and in which an 
 
 attentive examination will lead to the discovery of hooks, and 
 even of complete heads of the Cysticerci (Gratia). 
 
 The cysts containing the measles Cysticerci are lodged either on 
 the surface or in the substance of muscles, between the secondary 
 fasciculi, and parallel to their direction. 
 
 Occasionally the parasites have lost their usual characters, owing 
 to degeneration, which may occur at any stage of their develop- 
 ment ; their size is then between that of a millet and a hemp seed. 
 They form elliptical nodules of a yellowish-brown colour, filled with 
 yellow purulent matter, in which neither the scolex nor even the 
 hooks are to be found (Munkenbeck). 
 
 Fig. 344. — Fragment of measly muscle 
 from the Pig. — Railliet. 
 
 c, c, Cysticerci ; v, alveolus from which 
 the bladder- worm has been removed. 
 
566 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 It is usually age that brings about degeneration of the Cysticerci, 
 and their transformation into small, round, hard and compact 
 grains, impregnated with calcareous matter and destitute of fluid. 
 The pork-butchers then name the disease dry measles. It is almost 
 certain that, when in this condition, the parasites are dead. This 
 form of measles is rare in Pigs brought to the Paris market, but it 
 is somewhat common at Bordeaux (L. Baillet). 
 
 The degeneration of the Cysticerci is centripetal — that is, it 
 begins with the external membrane and finishes with the scolex ; 
 and this is most evident in the caseous or pseudo-purulent degenera- 
 tion. 
 
 The pressure exercised by the cyst is frequently the beginning of 
 atrophy in the secondary fasciculi. Later, the interfascicular 
 connective tissue becomes thickened, and forms streaks like bright 
 veins in marble, which grow more and more marked (Trasbot). 
 
 The muscles infested by measles are pale and soft, and in cutting 
 into them the Cysticerci are opened, which causes a copious flow 
 of limpid, amber-coloured serum. But if the disease is of long 
 standing and generalized, the anaemia with which it may then be 
 accompanied gives rise to a passive infiltration into dependent parts, 
 while the muscles themselves are impregnated, and often show, 
 in addition, the Sarcocystis Miescheri. 
 
 There is, besides poverty of blood, tumefaction and infiltration 
 of the lymphatic glands, pallor of organs, and the lesions of con- 
 comitant affections which have caused death. 
 
 The Cysticerci will be absent from the surface of the muscles 
 when the pork-butcher has scraped them off with his knife ; they 
 have been, as it were, enucleated, but attentive examination will 
 discover the small cavities they occupied, and all doubts may be 
 removed by cutting into the suspected piece, for it is rare not to 
 find other vesicles in its substance. 
 
 It is very difficult to meet with the Cysticerci in chopped-up 
 pork, because of the small fragments of fat intimately mixed up 
 with it. Schmidt-Mulheim recommends, in such circumstances, 
 a procedure based on the resistance of the Cysticercus to the gastric 
 juice. 
 
 The gastric mucous membrane of a Pig or Dog is chopped into small pieces, 
 and macerated for some hours in a 5 per thousand solution of hydrochloric 
 acid ; then the fluid is filtered, and must be used within a brief period. But 
 if it is desired to have a fluid that will keep for some time, so as to be ready 
 for any emergency, a different course will have to be adopted. The chopped 
 mucous membrane is steeped in glycerin for several days, and then filtered ; 
 this fluid will keep for years at the ordinary temperature. When it is to be 
 used, a few drops are thrown into a 5 per 1 ,000 solution of hydrochloric acid, 
 and a sufficient quantity of the suspected sausage or chopped pork to be 
 examined is digested for several hours at a temperature of 40° Cent., in six 
 to eight times its volume of a mixture of pepsinized glycerin and acidulated 
 water, being shaken from time to time. The flesh and fat are dissolved, the 
 latter appearing as a more or less thick layer on the surface of the liquid. 
 The vesicle of the Cysticercus is slightly attacked, but the head and suckers, 
 and especially the crown of hooks, resist the action of the fluid, fall to the 
 bottom of the vessel, and are easily found in the form of grains resembling rice. 
 
MEASLES 
 
 5 67 
 
 Symptoms. — The symptoms of measles are very vague and 
 difficult to appreciate, while they vary according to the suscepti- 
 bility of the animals and the particular localization of the malady. 
 Most frequently they are null, and especially when infestation is 
 not general. Of all those which have been indicated, the only one 
 that may be accepted as pathognomonic is the presence of the 
 Cysticerci beneath the mucous membranes accessible to explora- 
 tion — such as the inferior surface of the tongue, and more especially 
 on the sides of the fraenum ; sometimes on the conjunctivae, and 
 more rarely in the folds of the rectum. At these points, their 
 presence may be recognised by the unevenness of the surface of 
 the membrane, and the prominences more or less marked which the 
 vesicles form, while their distinctly transparent and opaline aspect 
 contrasts with the rosy tint of the adjacent parts. 
 
 If vesicles are observed about the tongue, the existence of measles 
 is certain, though if they are not found there, the absence of the 
 disease must not be inferred ; for of 41 cases of measles discovered 
 after death during one quarter of the year, L. Baillet noted 10 in 
 which there was no trace of Cysticerci in the lingual region. This 
 practical result shows that in litigation between buyer and seller, 
 the fact that the mouth of the animal had been inspected before 
 purchase would not be a proof in favour of the vendor. 
 
 The vesicles in the mouth, conjunctivae and anus, may be re- 
 moved by a trifling operation named ‘ pricking ’ ( epinglage ), which 
 consists of either a simple puncture that empties the Cysticercus, 
 or an incision that allows of its removal. There remains a small 
 wound which suppurates for a short time, and which might be 
 ascribed to an injury caused by the teeth or some hard body — 
 such as a bone. When these wounds are healed, they leave a 
 small temporary cicatrix, which cannot serve as an aid in ante 
 mortem diagnosis. 
 
 Except for the presence of Cysticerci beneath the visible mucous 
 membranes, there are no other signs that permit the disease to be 
 recognised in the living animal — though a good number have been 
 mentioned as belonging to it ; but they are exceptional or of little 
 value, and are only seen in animals which are very largely infested. 
 Such is hoarseness, accompanied by a small, suppressed husky 
 cough, and a tendency to breathlessness — symptoms very probably 
 due to the presence of numerous Cysticerci beneath the mucous 
 membrane and in the muscles of the larynx. 
 
 Greve says he has remarked in many measly Pigs an increased 
 sensitiveness in the snout which prevents their burrowing, even in 
 soft ground ; and in eating grain off a hard floor they avoid contact 
 with that part as much as possible, by raising the nose and upper 
 lip, and seizing the food with the tongue. Tapped slightly on the 
 end of the nose with a stick, the measly Pig cries out because of the 
 pain, while a healthy Pig would remain indifferent. Very measly 
 Pigs have the snout more or less tumid, soft and flaccid. But these 
 indications have not been confirmed by other observers. It is 
 
568 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 the same with regard to a certain degree of analgesia or anaesthesia 
 of the skin of which some writers have spoken, and also the bristles 
 being easily pulled out and a drop of dark blood at their root — 
 symptoms alluded to by Aristotle. 
 
 Many pig-dealers and butchers assert that measly Pigs have the 
 shoulders high, whence results a cramped appearance of the neck 
 and stiffness in movement of the anterior limbs ; this may be due, 
 as Trasbot remarks, to an abundance of Cysticerci in the large 
 pectoral and great serratus, etc., muscles, which become relaxed, 
 and allow the thorax to descend between the shoulders. 
 
 In a Pig suffering from intense measles, Sobotta observed com- 
 plete paralysis of the tongue, which was invaded by Cysticerci ; 
 the prehension of food was therefore impossible, and the animal 
 perished from inanition. 
 
 When the Cysticerci are located in the nerve-centres, the 
 symptoms often assume a particular physiognomy. Florman has 
 seen very manifest circling movements in such a case ; and Rehrs 
 has witnessed epileptiform convulsions, grinding of the teeth, 
 ptyalism, pleurothotonos and opisthotonos, with rabiform vertigo. 
 At the autopsy, he found in the cerebrum and cerebellum an 
 enormous quantity of Cysticerci, several of which were of excep- 
 tional size. In similar cases, rabiform symptoms have also been 
 noted by Foucher. Neubert has seen vertigo and a kind of blind- 
 ness*; the brain was softened, and contained more than a hundred 
 Cysticerci. In a case observed by Lippold, the Pig died after 
 presenting all the symptoms of encephalitis ; twelve Cysticerci 
 were found in the pia-mater. 
 
 When the affection is chronic, extensive and generalized, the Pigs 
 are feeble and easily put out of breath. They become indifferent, 
 walk slowly, and have much difficulty in following the herd ; later 
 they fall into such a state of prostration that they will not get up. 
 Infiltration occurs in dependent parts of the body and beneath the 
 mucous membranes ; the appetite diminishes ; diarrhoea sets in ; 
 the pulse is feeble and quickened ; the mouth is pasty and foetid ; 
 and the gums are pale, spongy and bleeding. The animals lose 
 condition, and become, as it were, blown out ; they appear para- 
 lyzed, and finish by dying, ‘if, through negligence, they are not 
 killed earlier. 
 
 The progress of the disease is subordinate to the number of 
 parasites lodged in the tissues of the Pig ; it is also related more 
 especially to the possibility of infestation and when the etiological 
 conditions upon which this depends persist, it may be inferred that 
 the symptoms will attain their greatest intensity. 
 
 Diagnosis. — The disease may have to be recognised in the living 
 animal, or after its death. In the first case, the symptoms above 
 enumerated are to be remembered, and especially the evidence 
 furnished by inspection of the tongue. 
 
 The post mortem diagnosis — which is the most usual — often 
 requires great attention. As Morot remarks, the facility of this 
 
MEASLES 
 
 569 
 
 diagnosis is in direct relation to the extent of the muscular surfaces 
 examined. The measly Pig may only show very few ‘ grains ’ — 
 perhaps only one ; and this may not always be recognised, notwith- 
 standing the most minute and complete examination practicable 
 at the abbatoir, and this even on animals passably measly. 
 
 In such a diagnosis, care must be taken to guard against mis- 
 taking other alterations in the flesh for this one, and what we have 
 said with regard to the Distomes and Sarcocysts of Miescher should 
 suffice to prevent errors. It will be seen hereafter that measles 
 should not be confounded with trichinosis or with muscular actino- 
 mycosis. 
 
 The Ecchinococci which have remained small in size have been 
 mistaken for Cysticerci ; but their presence in parenchymatous 
 organs rather than in the muscles, and a microscopical examina- 
 tion, should lead to their recognition. We have spoken of the re- 
 semblances which Cysticerci of the lungs have to the lesions of 
 tuberculosis. 
 
 The Cysticercus tenuicollis — a parasite of the peritoneum — may 
 be found fixed on the muscular portion of the diaphragm, and if 
 it be of small size might suggest the idea of measles. But an error 
 will be avoided if the quite superficial situation of this parasite 
 is noted, as well as its distinct prominence, and sometimes the short 
 pedicle that sustains it ; the measle Cysticercus is always markedly 
 sub-peritoneal, and more or less fixed in the muscular tissue ; 
 large Cysticerci accompanying the small ones (C. tenuicollis) show 
 their real nature ; there are no measle vesicles in the muscles, and, 
 lastly, the characters of their hooks differ from those of C. celluloscc. 
 
 There aie found in Pig flesh, especially — and perhaps exclusively 
 — in that which has been salted or smoked, small white concretions, 
 from the size of a millet-seed to that of a pea, round or irregular, 
 hard, and grating under the scalpel. They are composed of guanine, 
 according to Virchow ; of tyrosine, according to Voit, who is of 
 opinion that they are formed during salting or smoking. They have 
 no trace of parasites — Cysticerci or others — and are dissolved in 
 hydrochloric acid without disengagement of gas, and in sulphuric 
 acid without formation of sulphate of lime ; they are dissolved in 
 caustic potash, and fuming nitric acid also dissolves them into a 
 yellow fluid, which, on the addition of potash solution, assumes 
 a fine red colour over heat. 
 
 They are also found in smoked American hams — whether tri- 
 chinosed or not — very refrangent globular corpuscles, of a radiating 
 structure, and with a dark centre. They are probably formed of 
 lime and a fatty acid, and should consequent^ become transparent 
 by the addition of hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Etiology. — It is now well established that the essential and 
 exclusive cause of measles, consists in the ingestion of the ova of 
 the Tania solium by the Pig. It is also proved by numerous 
 experiments that the Tania solium , or solitary worm of Man, is 
 derived from the measle Cysticercus taken with pig-flesh. 
 
570 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Van Beneden was the first to cause a Pig to swallow the ova of 
 T. solium , and at its autopsy he found a great number of Cysti- 
 cerci in the muscles. Another Pig of the same litter, reared and 
 fed under the same conditions as the preceding, but which had not 
 received any ova of the Taenia, had no Cysticerci. 
 
 Kuchenmeister and Haubner first, Leuckart next, and C. Baillet, 
 Gerlach, Mosler, and others afterwards, repeated and varied these 
 experiments, and always had the same results — thus incontestably 
 establishing the origin of measles in the Pig. 
 
 When the ripe ova of the Tcenia solium arrive in the digestive 
 canal of the Pig, their shell is dissolved by the gastric and intestinal 
 juices, and the embryos they contain are set free. By means of 
 their six hooks, they pass through the walls of the stomach or 
 intestine, and become dispersed — probably through the blood 
 circulation — into every part of the body. They are arrested in 
 the interfascicular connective tissue of the muscles, in the brain, 
 spinal cord, and, in general, in all the organs favourable to their 
 evolution. Their presence causes a slight 
 irritation, and the accumulation of ana- 
 tomical elements destined to form the con- 
 nective tissue of the cyst, as well as to 
 furnish the Cysticercus with the materials 
 necessary for its development. The latter 
 is not completely achieved until about the 
 end of three months, according to the ex- 
 periments of Gerlach. Mosler states that 
 the Cysticerci only measure at the ninth 
 day *033 mm. in diameter ; at the twentieth 
 day they are the size of a pin's head, and 
 have no cystic membrane ; at the fortieth 
 day they are as big as a mustard-seed, their 
 envelope is very thin, the head is apparent, 
 and the suckers and double crown of hooks are recognisable ; at 
 sixty days they are the size of a pea, the suckers and hooks are 
 completely formed, but there is no neck. In about three months, 
 their development is accomplished, but the caudal vesicle is still 
 capable of growth. At no days the neck shows transverse stripes.. 
 
 Gerlach has remarked that the ingestion of too many ova of the 
 Taenia may cause intestinal irritation in the Pig, which will ter- 
 minate in death. 
 
 The innumerable quantity of ova that a single proglottis will 
 furnish, explains the generalization of infestation, which is facili- 
 tated by their resistance to destructive influences ; as they can 
 remain intact for a long time in the ground, manure-pits, pools of 
 water, etc., and it is in the latter that the Pig may find them when 
 they have been washed therein by rain. The habits of that animal 
 and those of the rural population among which it lives, are con- 
 ditions eminently favourable to infestation. In the country, the 
 human ordure is usually deposited out of doors, especially in 
 
 Fig. 345. — Ovum of the 
 Tcenia solium ; mag- 
 nified 350 diameters. 
 
 Laboulbene. 
 
 A, ovum in glycerin ; 
 B, the same after being 
 treated with a concen- 
 centrated solution of 
 potash. 
 
MEASLES 
 
 57 * 
 
 manure-pits, to which the Pigs have free access, and where they can 
 eat the excrements ; so that one person infested by the Tape-worm 
 is in this way capable of infesting a whole herd of Swine. Mosler 
 relates the history of a person who infested 15, Pigs, these having 
 broken through a fence that enclosed the privy. 
 
 All Pigs have not the same aptitude in contracting this disease. 
 Haubner ascertained that measles infestation is very difficult, if 
 not impossible, in aged Pigs ; and Gerlach came to the same con- 
 clusion. They are most liable to be infested when they are under 
 six months old. 
 
 Breed cannot be considered as predisposing to the disease. If 
 the higher-bred Pigs are less subject to it than common-bied ones, 
 this is exclusively due to the different conditions under which they 
 are respectively reared. For this reason, the Pigs of certain 
 countries are more exposed than others. Measles occurs frequently 
 in Ireland, Slavonia, certain parts of North America, France and 
 Germany. 
 
 According to Kniebusch, measles does not exist in the Servian 
 and Roumanian Pigs known as Bakonyer, which are fed on maize ; 
 neither is it seen in Mecklenburg Pigs of English stock, which are 
 reared on beans and peas. On the contrary, it is very common in 
 Polish and Pomeranian Pigs fed on house-slops, scraps from the 
 table, and potatoes (R. Blanchard). 
 
 Of 149,500 Pigs inspected in the district of Cassel, from 1872 
 to 1874, 153 were measly — or 1 in every 946 (Leuckart). From 
 1876 to i88t, of 15,937,000 examined, 48,880 were measly — or 1 in 
 326. Statistics show that the disease is less extensive in South than 
 in North Germany (Zundel). In 1876, it was found in 163 of 10,000 
 Pigs — or 1 in every 307. On the other hand, Mosler’s statistics 
 give 9 well-measled Pigs in 20,000 — or 1 in 2,222 ; but one-eighth 
 of these harboured some Cysticerci. Leuckart — who furnishes these 
 different figures — estimates that in certain parts of Germany 
 there is measles — limited or generalized — in 2 or 3 per cent, of the 
 Pigs. 
 
 In Italy, according to Pellizzari, the number of measly Pigs is 
 generally 1 in 3,000 to 4,000 ; while Perroncito states that, from the 
 information furnished oy the mouth- inspectors, there is at Turin 
 t measly Pig in every 250, and at Milan 1 in 70 (Leuckart). 
 
 All these figures show that measles is not rare, and that it may 
 be found in every country ; though it is much less prevalent now 
 than formerly, as its nature is better known, inspection of meat 
 has been instituted, and the rearing of Pigs receives more attention. 
 
 Prognosis — Noxiousness of the Flesh of Measly Pigs. — The* prog- 
 nosis of measles is always serious, inasmuch as no treatment can 
 be prescribed for its cure. But there is no reason why this should 
 be attempted, as it would not be economical. So that its prophy- 
 laxis is really what ought to occupy attention. Continual con- 
 finement to the sty, and feeding exclusively with materials free 
 from the ova or proglottides of the Taenia — such are the best 
 
572 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 preventive means. But in countries where agricultural necessities 
 require that the Pigs be sent to the pastures, woods, marshes, etc., 
 we must expect the disease to be maintained, unless the rural 
 population is enlightened as to the danger that results from the 
 dissemination of human excrement, and the necessity for well- 
 closed privies. 
 
 The gravity of the prognosis is subordinate to the degree of 
 infestation, and to the power of resistance of the individuals 
 infested. When speaking of the symptoms, it was remarked that 
 all degrees are compatible with an appearance of perfect health to 
 the most pronounced cachexia. 
 
 The real seriousness of the prognosis is allied with economic 
 considerations — measly flesh is dangerous to people who consume 
 it, and its use should therefore be prohibited. 
 
 Kiichenmeister was the first to publish an experiment, tending 
 to prove that the measles Cysticercus of the Pig is transformed into 
 the Tcenia solium in the intestine of Man. 
 
 Fig. 346. — Head of the Tcenia so- 
 lium, seen three-quarters face. — 
 Laboulbene. 
 
 Fig. 347. — Head of the Tcenia so- 
 lium, seen in profile. — Laboul- 
 bene. 
 
 In the three days preceding the execution of a woman condemned to 
 death, she was made to swallow at several times 75 measles Cysticerci. At 
 the autopsy, made forty-eight hours after death, he found 10 young Taeniae, 
 4 mm. to 8 mm. long, some of which already carried several hooks. 
 
 The same authority had afterwards occasion to repeat this experiment 
 under more favourable conditions. Another person condemned to death was, 
 at Kiichenmeister’s request, on two occasions — one four months and the 
 other two and a half months — before execution, given 20 measles Cysticerci. 
 At the autopsy he found 19 Taeniae, 11 of which had already mature pro- 
 glottides. 
 
 On August 10, 1855. a young Man took voluntarily, in tepid milk, four 
 completely developed Cysticerci, divested of their bladder. On October 25, 
 Leuckart, who directed the experiment, discovered the first proglottides in 
 the faeces, and on five different occasions afterwards they were found. On 
 November 26, a double dose of kousso caused the expulsion of two Taeniae 
 about eight feet long. 
 
 Humbert, of Geneva — quoted by Bertolus — swallowed 14 measles Cysti- 
 cerci ; three months afterwards he suffered from Taeniae, and passed con- 
 siderable fragments, which Professor Vogt recognised as belonging to the 
 
 Tcenia solium. 
 
MEASLES 
 
 573 
 
 Hollenbach — quoted by Leuckart — having taken some measles Cysticerci 
 in a spoonful of coffee, in five months passed a portion of Taenia five feet long, 
 with numerous segments, but no head. Although this worm was said to be 
 the Tcenia serrata, there can be no doubt that it was the Tcenia solium. 
 
 Heller relates that a phthisical patient took 25 measles Cysticerci. He died 
 in about eighteen days, and at the autopsy there were found twelve heads 
 of the Tcenia solium, which were still very small, and did not present to the 
 naked eye any traces of segmentation. 
 
 These various experiments, so demonstrative, are in harmony 
 with the observations concerning the frequency of Tcenia solium 
 in Man, this corresponding to the prevalence of measles in the Pig. 
 This Taenia is not observed in Jews, Mussulmans, or other people 
 who abstain from swine’s flesh ; nor is it seen in the torrid zone, 
 where Pigs cannot be reared. This intestinal parasite of Man is 
 otherwise becoming more and more rare, as the custom of properly 
 cooking the flesh of the Pig is becoming generalized, while it is also 
 subjected to a severe surveillance in the abbatoirs and markets. 
 In France, the progressive diminution of cases of T. solium is re- 
 marked upon by numerous observers — Laboulbene, Berenger- 
 Feraud, etc. — and it is the same elsewhere in Europe. There is 
 another Taenia — the T. saginata — which is now nearly everywhere 
 more frequent ; though, according to Leuckart, the first still pre- 
 dominates in some parts of Germany where Pig-breeding flourishes 
 and pork is largely , consumed — such are Thuringia, Saxony, the 
 Duchy of Brunswick, Westphalia, Hesse, and Wurtemberg. 
 
 The T. solium is more especially met with in persons whose 
 business brings them in contact with raw pork — butchers, cooks, 
 sausage-makers, etc. — as they often hold the knife they use in their 
 mouth ; they may in this way receive the Cysticerci, which are 
 reduced to small size by rupture of their caudle vesicle. Their 
 taeniasis is also doubtless owing to their generally pronounced taste 
 for raw pork. 
 
 The largest number of cases of T cenia solium are found in countries 
 where raw pork is eaten. In France, infestation most frequently 
 occurs through insufficient cooking of this flesh. 
 
 Measly pork has characters which should suffice to render its 
 consumption repugnant. When cooked, it is pale, moist, and 
 irregularly tinted. The Cysticercus, reduced to its body, is the 
 size of a hemp-seed ; it cracks between the teeth, and gives a dis- 
 agreeable sensation. In roasting this flesh, it often crackles, from 
 rupture of the measles vesicles. It has a sweetish taste, which 
 renders it acceptable to certain persons. 
 
 The power of resistance of the Cysticercus to an elevated tem- 
 perature is not considerable ; but its deep situation in the flesh 
 protects it during the process of cooking. Numerous experiments 
 have been made, with a view to ascertain the degree of resistance 
 of the Cysticercus. The most recent and precise are those of Per- 
 roncito. By means of Schultze’s heating-plate, he was able to 
 recognise exactly the vitality of the parasite by the movements of 
 the rostellum, and to determine the temperature at which death 
 
574 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 arrives. He was also able to recognise when death occurred, by 
 the facility with which the tissues imbibe the neutral tincture of 
 carmine and the tincture of haematoxylin. Lastly, he acquired 
 proof of death by the voluntary ingestion of these Cysticerci by 
 his assistants. In this way he was able to ascertain that the d.eath 
 of the Cysticercus sometimes takes place at 40° Cent., more fre- 
 quently at 47 0 , and usually at 48° ; though it may live at 49 0 , 
 and quite exceptionally at 50°. But death is certain if it is kept 
 for more than a minute at the latter temperature. 
 
 The practical difficulty is in knowing under what conditions the 
 centre of the piece of flesh will reach this destructive tempera- 
 ture. In cooking large pieces of meat, Kuchenmeister had noticed 
 that after half an hour, when the external temperature was 6o°, 
 the interior had reached 55 0 ; in about three-quarters of an hour 
 the exterior was 77-80°, and the interior 63°. In experiments 
 made at Lille in 1863, a ham cooked by boiling for two hours, 
 was 58° in parts near the surface, and only 33° in the central parts. 
 Another ham cooked in the same way for six hours, was 75° on the 
 surface and 65° in the interior. 
 
 Pellizzari, using measly flesh, put two pieces, weighing 600 
 grammes, and 10 cm. thick, in boiling water, one piece for five 
 minutes, the other for half an hour. When removed, one was 
 45*5° in the centre, the other 8i° ; taking into account the loss of 
 heat by radiation, these two temperatures may be estimated at 
 51° and 83°. 
 
 From these experiments and others made by this authority, as 
 well as those of Cobbold, Lewis and Perroncito — besides those 
 which will be alluded to when dealing with trichinosis — it may be 
 concluded that, in a relatively short period, cooking may act on 
 different points in a piece of meat at a temperature above 50°, and 
 so destroy the vitality of the Cysticerci. 
 
 For roasted flesh, Vallin has found that, while its external tem- 
 perature necessarily exceeds ioo°, beneath this superficial layer 
 it is ‘ touched ’ by cooking, a layer beneath this again oscillates 
 between 52° and 53°, but in the centre it does not exceed 46° to 
 48°. In comparing these figures with those Perroncito gives for 
 the destruction of the Cysticercus cellulosce , we may conclude that 
 flesh, even when conveniently roasted, is still likely to produce 
 tseniasic infestation ; but it is more especially with underdone meat 
 that there is danger. 
 
 With regard to preserved pork, there is no precise information. 
 There is reason to doubt the correctness of the report by Weinland, 
 that English soldiers during the Crimean War contracted Tape- 
 worm from eating salt pork. Perron cito’s investigations show, 
 however, that the Cysticercus may yet be alive in flesh which has 
 not undergone putrefaction, more than twenty days after the 
 Pig has been killed. But it may be generally admitted that proper 
 salting and prolonged smoking will destroy the vitality of the 
 Cysticerci. 
 
MEASLES 
 
 575 
 
 In any case, it is well not to allow measly flesh to be consumed, 
 no matter what its condition may be ; and it is the duty of the 
 authorities to interdict its sale. 
 
 Article II. — Measles of the Dog. 
 
 It is remarkable that the Cysticercus celluloses is capable of living in the 
 Dog, and infesting its various organs. At least a dozen observations have 
 been published with regard to this subject, and there can be no doubt that 
 the number would be considerably increased if the flesh of the Dog were as 
 frequently under inspection as that of the Pig. Except in those instances 
 in which the Cysticerci are lodged in the nerve-centres, they do not appear 
 to disturb the health, and so do not demand post mortem investigation. The 
 majority of the observations were made on young Dogs. 
 
 These Cysticerci have been found in the muscles, liver and lungs (Leisering), 
 the liver and lungs (Roloff), the liver (Caparini), the muscles (Cornevin), and 
 the muscles, lungs, heart, peritoneum, intestine, brain (Rivolta, Trasbot; and 
 Railliet, Dufour and Gacon). In the observation of Trasbot and Railliet, 
 the animal manifested cutaneous hypersesthesia ; it was absolutely immovable, 
 the slightest movement appearing to cause it the most acute pain. At the 
 autopsy, all the muscles were found to be full of Cysticerci. 
 
 It must be noted that, among the published observations, eight refer to 
 localization in the brain (Dupuy, Rivolta, Vogel, Siedamgrotzky, Leblanc, 
 Lesbre, Dufour and Gacon, and Pirl). Dupuy gives no details of his case. 
 Rivolta' s Dog died suddenly from a violent attack of epilepsy, without show- 
 ing any evidence of illness previously. Vogel’s Dog was blind and apathetic. 
 That of Siedamgrotzky was suddenly seized with cramps and convulsions — 
 especially of the jaws ; then it had fever, prostration accompanied by vertigo 
 and delirium, and death occurred during the day ; 23 Cysticerci were found 
 lodged in the superficial part of the two cerebral hemispheres, which were 
 hyperaemic, as were the cranial meninges ; nothing abnormal was observed 
 elsewhere. In Lesbre’ s case, the Dog had been paralyzed for two days, but 
 for a long time previously it had grinding of the teeth, was excited, and had 
 attacks of vertigo. It was killed, when 30 to 40 Cysticerci were found in 
 different parts of the brain, the substance of which was hyperaemic and 
 softened around them. The Dog observed by Leblanc had been unwell for 
 two months, when it was sacrificed. It showed symptoms of epilepsy — con- 
 vulsions, grinding of the teeth with champing of the jaws, foamy saliva at 
 the angles of the mouth, falling on the ground, a tendency to circle to the 
 left, and stupefaction. The liver and pancreas contained some Cysticerci; 
 there were four of these in the lateral and superior part of the right lobe of 
 the brain, and only one in the left. 
 
 The Dog examined by Dufour and Gacon had been liable to fits of suffoca- 
 tion, followed by syncope, after running ; it died suddenly. 
 
 We have observed an instance of intense measles in a Dog that suddenly 
 died, without having ever shown any signs of illness ; the cysts were general- 
 ized, but there was special localization in the brain. 
 
 In these observations, the Cysticerci were reported as the Cysticercus 
 celluloses, the only exception being Lesbre, who believed that the parasite in 
 his case was the Cysticercus pisiformis ; but he was probably in error. Megnin, 
 who had studied the Cysticerci found by Leblanc, and Railliet, who had 
 examined those discovered by Trasbot, have shown that the parasites were 
 identical with the Cysticerci of the Pig. 
 
 The Dog is evidently infested by eating human excrement or food soiled 
 by it ; but there must exist a special predisposition, as Leuckart and Railliet 
 failed in their attempts to produce measles experimentally in Dogs to which 
 they gave the ova of the Tesnia solium. Of four Dogs which we submitted 
 to this experiment, only one showed — at its autopsy — some Cysticerci dis- 
 seminated in the olecranian and crural muscles. 
 
576 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Auto-infection cannot be said to occur in the Dog, as it is admitted it does 
 in Man ; for the reason that this animal never harbours the Tcenia solium, 
 nor has anyone ever succeeded in infesting it with that parasite by feeding it 
 on measly pork. 
 
 Article III. — Measles of the Ox. 
 
 The measles of bovine animals is produced by the Cysticercus 
 bovis, the larval form of the Tcenia saginata Gceze ( Tcenia medio- 
 canellata Kiichenm.), or unarmed Taenia of Man. 
 
 History. — Although the existence of the unarmed Taenia of Man was noted 
 nearly two centuries ago, and its species was distinctly described by Goeze in 
 1782, under the name of Tania saginata, its origin was only recognised at a 
 relatively recent period. Following the somewhat general application of 
 the treatment suggested by Weisse of St. Petersburg, in 1847, °f giving 
 patients raw meat, it was often noticed that these suffered from unarmed 
 Tape-worm, and attention began to be directed to the measles of the Ox. The 
 Cysticercus which caused it appears to have been seen for the first time by 
 Judas, in 1854, in the lungs of an Ox killed at Orleansville, Algeria. It was 
 subsequently found in the flesh of cattle by Knoch at St. Petersburg, by 
 Arnold and Cauvert in Algeria, by Talairach at Beyrout, etc. In 1861, 
 T.euckart gave the first experimental proof that the cystic state of the unarmed 
 Taenia is passed in the body of the Ox. These experiments were repeated by 
 numerous investigators. Inversely, the development of the strobilar con- 
 dition was obtained in Man by the ingestion of the Cysticercus bovis, the 
 significance of which was then distinctly established. But our knowledge 
 of Ox measles is far from being so advanced as that of Pig measles ; for the 
 reason that the first is rarely witnessed over the greater part of Europe, 
 doubtless owing to the small size of its Cysticercus. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — The Cysticercus bovis Cobb. — Cyst, 
 medic can ellatce Davaine — presents itself in the form of a spherical 
 or elliptical, sometimes irregular, vesicle, measuring *4 mm. to 3, 4, or 
 6 mm. long, or even to a maximum of 10 to 15 mm. (Masse, Alix) ; 
 and showing at one point a yellowsh-white spot about the size of a 
 millet-seed, which is formed by the invaginated scolex. If, as in 
 the examination of the Cyst, cellulosce , it be squeezed out of the 
 vesicle, there is seen a markedly tetragonal head, -7 mm. in dia- 
 meter, provided with four large suckers, and a central depression 
 that corresponds to the rostellum of the armed Taenia, and according 
 to Cobbold, is retractile and protractile. The head is succeeded by 
 a transversely striped neck. The characters of this scolex are, 
 in short, those of the head of the Tcenia saginata. Each Cysti- 
 cercus is enveloped in an adventitious cyst, like the Cysticercus of 
 the Pig. 
 
 The Cysticerci of the Ox are found in every organ, but more 
 especially in the striped muscles, and of these they appear, according 
 to Hertwig, to prefer those in the masseteric region— the internal 
 and external pterygoids. In order to discover them, that authority 
 makes a section of these muscles, parallel to the branch of the 
 inferior maxilla, in the direction of the base of the cranium. Since 
 this procedure has been carried out at the Beilin abbatoir, measles 
 has been found in 390 animals during the course of the year. Except 
 
RECEIVltU 
 
 MEASLES NOV ^ 0 194 & 
 
 with 22, in which the Cysticerci infested all the muscte A Q|.|^^ft^yj 
 they were chiefly met with in the muscles of the anleci©^' 
 
 360 times in the pterygoids, exclusively in these in 316 instances ; 
 41 times in the heart, 10 times in the tongue, 3 times in the muscles 
 of the neck, and once in those of the chest. In the measles pro- 
 duced experimentally by several investigators, the muscles most 
 frequently invaded were those of the shoulder, thighs, chest and 
 tongue ; then came the panniculus carnosus and diaphragm. A 3 ix 
 gives the following order of frequency : tongue, entire surface of 
 the heart, muscles of the thigh, of the shoulder — inner surface 
 especially — of the croup, intercostals, pectorals, psoas, etc. Hewlett 
 states that the region named the ‘ rump ’ is generally that which 
 is the most completely invaded by the Cysticerci. 
 
 Fig. 348.— Head of the Fig. 349. — Head of the Fig. 350. — Fragment of 
 Tania saginata , seen Tania saginata, seen muscle from a Heifer, 
 
 three-quarters face. in front. — Laboul- containing the Cysticer - 
 
 — Laboulbene. bene. cus bovis. — Railliet. 
 
 Cobbold asserts that the Cysticerci in the heart remain smaller, 
 being sometimes incompletely developed, owing to the density of 
 the tissue of that organ. Alix, on the contrary, has not found them 
 different from the others. The Cysticerci seated in the inter- 
 fascicular connective tissue of the muscles, have their larger axis 
 nearly always parallel with the fibres, like the Cysticer cus of the 
 Pig. Leuckart has seen them in the adipose capsule of the kidneys, 
 the lymphatic glands, and between the cerebral convolutions ; 
 and Mosler and Saint-Cyr have observed them in the sub-mucous, 
 and even in the sub-peritoneal, connective tissue. They ha^e 
 never been found in the liver, spleen, or kidneys at the Berlin 
 abbatoir. 
 
 37 
 
578 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The Cysticerci of the Ox are generally few in number, and thinly 
 scattered, when compared with those of the Pig, and this, together 
 with their smaller size, contributes to their being passed unper- 
 ceived ; nevertheless, J. Fleming has counted in a pound of psoas 
 muscle 300 living Cysticerci. Mosler has seen the heart of a Calf 
 literally studded with vesicles the size of a pin’s head to that of a 
 lentil ; so that its volume was increased by more than one-fourth. 
 
 At the end of a certain period — more frequently and quickly than 
 with the Pig — the Cysticerci of the Ox undergo caseous degenera- 
 tion, then calcareous infiltration. In one of his ingestion experi- 
 ments with the ova of Tania saginata , Saint-Cyr — at the end of 
 244 days — found only dead Cysticerci, the majority of which were 
 in a state of advanced calcification. In the muscles of a Heifer 
 killed more than a year after the first ingestion of proglottides, 
 Simonds and Cobbold saw numerous yellow points — chalky deposits 
 — which were dead and calcified Cysticerci. 
 
 This frequent degeneration, which has been already observed by 
 Leuckart, sometimes gives measly flesh a certain resemblance to 
 that which is tuberculosed — the Cestoden tuber culose of the Germans. 
 
 When the head is not well preserved, the dead Cysticerci may — 
 because of the absence of hooks — be confounded with various 
 lesions — such as little intermuscular abscesses, small altered lym- 
 phatic glands, etc. Nevertheless, the Cysticerci are generally 
 distinguished by the facility with which they can be enucleated by 
 pressure. 
 
 Ostertag recommends, in order to recognise the degenerated 
 Cysticerci, seeking for the calcareous corpuscles with which they 
 are studded, and which resist degeneration. They appear to be 
 easily distinguished in the midst of the deposit of chalk, which 
 most frequently invades the parasite. 
 
 The Cysticerci are difficult to recognise, by reason of their being 
 often of very small size, and their dissemination. Laboulbene 
 has remarked that they rapidly lose their vesicular aspect, shrink, 
 and change their character when exposed to the air. But if the 
 shrunken vesicle is moistened with water, it soon becomes apparent. 
 
 Symptoms. — The observations of Alix show that the symptoms 
 of bovine measles are most frequently nil. In many cases of 
 ordinary and not exceptional gravity, as J. Fleming says, the 
 Cysticerci may be recognised by examining the tongue, on the 
 lower surface and sides of which they form more or less salient pro- 
 jections, which roll under the finger when pressed upon. Mosler, 
 Masse and Pourquier, Biggs, and Laboulbene have made the same 
 remark, and Fleming states that he found on the side of a tongue 
 the largest Cysticercus he ever saw — nearly 4 cm. long ! Saint - 
 Cyr’s two experimental Calves had on the inferior surface of the 
 tongue, and near the fraenum, three weeks to a month after ingestion 
 of the proglottides, one or two small submucous tumours, in every 
 respect similar to, but smaller than, those found in the same region 
 in the measly pig. 
 
MEASLES 
 
 579 
 
 With the exception of this sign, the little we know of the 
 symptoms of bovine measles has been exclusively derived from 
 experimental animals, several of which have not shown anything 
 appreciable — such were those of Gerlach and Laboulbene. Masse 
 and Pourquier have seen an experimental Calf become greatly 
 emaciated after showing some signs of illness ; and Simonds and 
 Cobbold noted in another, after some days, an intense pruritus, a 
 little depression and dulness, some indications of uneasiness and 
 slight fever, trifling quivering in the muscles of the neck and 
 shoulders, and loss of condition for some days ; then the health 
 became normal. Leuckart, Mosler, Ziirn, and E. van Beneden 
 have seen calves die as a result of infestation. That of Ziirn 
 became unwell on the fourth day of the experiment — the anal 
 temperature was 40°, the pulse quick, with inappetence, tympanites, 
 pain on pressure of the sides, and staring coat. These symptoms 
 at first diminished, but on the ninth day the fever was stronger, the 
 animal becajne rapidly emaciated and feeble, kept the recumbent 
 position, and only got up with difficulty ; there was also apathy 
 and pain. It succumbed on the twenty-third day, with all the 
 signs of slow asphyxia and paralysis of the heart. The measle 
 infestation was generalized, the heart being particularly invaded. 
 
 From what has been stated, it will be seen that bovine measles 
 is difficult to detect in the living animal. But trials might be made 
 of the harpoon, which yields such good results in trichinosis. 
 Leuckart and Cobbold have employed it in their experiments, to 
 remove small shreds of the sterno-maxillaris muscle, in which they 
 readily discovered a certain number of vesicles. 
 
 A diagnosis post mortem is easier. But the opportunity for this 
 is quite exceptional in Europe, although the Tcenia saginata is very 
 common in Man ; and this is only incompletely explained by the 
 usually small size of the Cysticerci, and their discrete dissemination 
 in the muscles. There is need for further persevering and atten- 
 tive research in this direction. 
 
 Etiology. — There cannot remain a doubt 
 that the Ox measles has its origin in the 
 ova of the Tcenia saginata ingested with 
 the food, as experiment and observation 
 have fully proved. 
 
 The first experiment was made by 
 Leuckart in 1861 ; in this he gave two 
 Calves portions of the Tcenia saginata , 
 and one died after twenty-five days, 
 when there were found in it incompletely- 
 Cysticerci in immense numbers 
 muscles, the adipose capsule of 
 the kidneys, the lymphatic glands and the 
 surface of the brain. On the forty-eighth day, a fragment of the 
 sterno-mastoid muscle was removed from the second Calf, and 
 a dozen well-developed Cysticerci were readily discovered in it. 
 
 37—2 
 
 developed 
 in all the 
 
 A B 
 
 Fio. 351. — Ova of the 
 Tcenia saginata ; magni- 
 fied 350 diameters. — 
 Laboulbene. 
 
 A, seen in glycerin ; 
 B after having been treated 
 with a concentrated solu- 
 tion of potash. 
 
580 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 These experiments were repeated a score of times afterwards by 
 Mosler in 1863, Cobbold from 1864 to 1875, Roll in 1865, Gerlach 
 in 1870, Zi irn in 1872, Saint-Cyr in 1873, Jolicoeur in 1873, Masse 
 and Pourquier in 1878, Perroncito in 1876, Put z in 1885, Laboul- 
 bene in 1890, and Hertwig in 1891. All yielded positive xesults, 
 except two by Cobbold and Simonds, which were doubtful. 
 
 The mode of dissemination in the organism is the same as for the 
 Cysticercus celluloses of the Pig, and the migration is probably 
 effected through the blood circulation. The abundance of Cysti- 
 cerci on the course of the vessels belonging to the heart in the 
 case published by Jolicoeur, is a demonstration of the commence- 
 ment of this. According to Hertwig, the Ox Cysticercus develops 
 more slowly than that of the Pig, and the evolution of the scolex 
 is not so rapid as that of the vesicle. Leuckart has noted that, 
 at the end of twenty-five days, the vesicles are already 2 mm. to 
 4 mm. long by 1*5 mm. to 3 mm. broad ; but they are not com- 
 pletely developed before the fortieth day. Their existence is 
 brief. In one of Cobbold’s experiments, the parasites had dis- 
 appeared in about a year ; Saint-Cyr has seen them completely 
 calcified in seven and a half months. It may be concluded that 
 the Cysticerci of the Ox do not live longer than some months ; and 
 in this they differ from the Pig Cysticerci, which exist for a long 
 time. This explains why in India, as Oliver states, the Cysticerci 
 disappear from Cattle a few months after they receive well-water. 
 
 The profusion of ova in a single Taenia also furnishes an explana- 
 tion as to the frequency of Ox measles, and the readiness with which 
 infestation occurs is due to the resistance of these ova to causes 
 of destruction. Davaine says he has kept them for fifteen months 
 in water more or less pure, without their losing their vitality. If 
 we admit, with Cobbold, that a Man affected wdth Tape-worm 
 expels about 400 proglottides per month, and that each of these 
 may contain 30,000 ova, a total is reached of more than 140,000,000 
 expelled by one person in the course of a year. Fortunately, an 
 immense proportion of these germs are destroyed by various causes ; 
 but we can conceive how great are the chances of propagation of 
 the measles. 
 
 People infested with the Tcenia saginata disperse the proglot- 
 tides with their faeces, and the ova which escape from them are 
 disseminated by rain-water, or in other ways on plants, and into 
 pools and ditches. Uncleanliness is, therefore, one of the con- 
 ditions in the transmission of the parasite, and it is in countries 
 where Cattle are reared that this condition is realized. Human 
 faeces are deposited everywhere, and the majority of privies are 
 situated on streams where animals drink, and where everything 
 necessary to the perpetuation of the Taeniae is to be found. This is 
 why Ox measles is particularly observed in Syria and Algeria, and 
 more especially in the Punjab, India, where it is of extreme fre- 
 quency. Oliver examined the water and mud of tanks by means 
 of the microscope, and found ova of the Taenia ; and J. Fleming 
 
MEASLES 
 
 58i 
 
 remarks on the coprophagous habits of the Cattle in India, having 
 seen them devour fresh human excrements with avidity, and his 
 observations have been confirmed by various officers. 
 
 It would appear that for measles, as for various other parasitic 
 affections, the youth of the animals is a condition favourable to 
 infestation ; so that Calves are best adapted for experiment. 
 Nevertheless, J. Fleming has never observed that youth had any 
 influence on the number of Cysticerci disseminated in the tissues ; 
 and at Berlin a very great majority of the cases of measles were 
 furnished by adults. 
 
 We have precise notions as to the geographical distribution of 
 bovine measles by that of the unarmed Taenia itself. This parasite 
 of Man is becoming more and more frequent, and is everywhere 
 supplanting the T cenia solium ; such is the case in France, Ger- 
 many, Austria, Italy, Switzerland and Denmark. It is paiticularly 
 widespread in Asia, where in many regions it is the only Tape- worm 
 observed. Africa is, perhaps, the division of the world in which it 
 is most common — Algeria, Egypt, the Cape of Good Hope, Senegal, 
 and especially Tunisia and Abyssinia. ‘ All the Abyssinians,’ 
 says Rochet d’Hericourt, ‘ are affected with Taenia.’ America is 
 not exempt from it, as it abounds in the Argentine Republic and 
 Brazil, and is propagated in Peru ; but it would seem to be rare in 
 the United States (Blanchard). 
 
 In presence of this cosmopolitanism and of this frequency of the 
 T cenia saginata, we might expect to find Ox measles everywhere. 
 But it is far from being so ; for except at Berlin, where, as has been 
 said, it is no longer rare, it is only exceptionally met with in Europe. 
 Knoch was the first to note it, at St. Petersburg, in 1864 ; Siedam- 
 grotzky saw two cases at Zurich in 1869 ; Guillebeau in 1880, and 
 Eichenberger in 1889, observed two cases in the Canton of Berne ; 
 a measly Ox was found at Frankfort-on-the-Maine by Closs, and 
 three by Hengst at Leipsic. Fuchs — quoted by Zundel — observed 
 measles in Hungarian Cattle from the Danubian provinces. It 
 has also been many times seen in various parts of Italy by Brusa- 
 ferro, Carita, Ferranini, Perrugati, Bertuetti, Trevisan, etc., but 
 it has only as yet been once noted in France, and this by Bascou, 
 in a four-years-old Cow killed in 1888, at the Boulogne-sur-Seine 
 abbatoir. It does not appear that this malady has been often 
 recognised in England. 
 
 In Africa and Asia, on the contrary, bovine measles has been 
 many times observed. Arnould, in 1864, and Cauvet, in 1874, 
 have found it at Constantine ; Jaillard has often seen it in Algiers, 
 and Dupy in Senegal. Leuckart mentions that Schimper, who 
 lived a long time in Abyssinia, recognised the unarmed Cysticerci 
 in the Cattle there ; and, according to Alix, it is very frequent in 
 Tunisia, as ‘ one-fifth at least of the cattle slaughtered for con- 
 sumption by the troops of the garrison in the place where they 
 were detached, were measled more or less extensively.’ In Asia, 
 the disease has been witnessed in Syria by Talairach, and in India 
 
582 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 by various observers. The number of bladder-worms is there 
 something like what it is in Pig measles. In 1869, of 13,818 cattle 
 slaughtered for consumption in the Upper Punjab, 768, or 5-55 per 
 cent., were infested with the Cysticerci. The proportion in 1868 
 was 6*12 per cent., The diminution in 1869 was attributed to the 
 severe regulations enforced (J. Fleming). The extreme filthiness 
 of the natives of India is the cause of this frequent infestation ; 
 and the camel-drivers are most blamed, as they are often affected 
 with taeniasis, and deposit their excerments on the sides of tanks 
 and wells where they halt to water their animals. 
 
 It results from what we have just said, and especially with regard 
 to the frequency of the unarmed Taenia of Man, that bovine measles 
 is certainly much less rare in Europe than would appear from the 
 small number of observations reported. If it escapes the notice of 
 the abbatoir inspectors, this is evidently because they do not look 
 for it with sufficient assiduity in the flesh of Oxen and Calves, and 
 that they are not sufficiently cognisant of the small dimensions of 
 the Cysticerci and the care required to find them. 
 
 Prognosis — Noxiousness of Measly Beef, — It is only in experi- 
 ments that the symptoms, more or less serious, indicating the 
 dissemination of the Cysticerci in the organism of the Ox, have 
 been observed. Consequently, it cannot be said that, in ordinary 
 conditions of infestation, measles has much importance from a 
 sanitary point of view, with regard to the affected animals, and 
 especially if the short life of the parasites is taken into considera- 
 tion. The gravity of the prognosis is related to the noxiousness 
 of the flesh to the people who consume it. 
 
 It has been known for a long time, from the reports of travellers, 
 that the non-Mussulman Abyssinians nearly all suffer from taeniasis ; 
 and their fondness for raw mashed flesh, not only of the Pig, but 
 also of the Ox, is blamed for this. If the Mohammedans are 
 exempt, it is because, from their religion, they look upon raw flesh 
 with horror. In 1819, Knox witnessed at the Cape of Good Hope 
 a real epidemic of taeniasis among the English soldiers, who for the 
 most part were fed on the flesh of over-driven cattle. From 1841, 
 on the initiative of Weisse of St. Petersburg, raw flesh was given as 
 a remedy for infantile diarrhoea throughout Europe. But it was 
 soon discovered — and Weisse himself recognised it — that this 
 treatment, though otherwise of undoubted efficacy, had the incon- 
 venience of inducing the appearance of Taenia among the young 
 patients. In 1861, Karschin reported that the Buratis, in the 
 region of Lake Baikal — and who subsist on the raw flesh of the Ox, 
 Sheep, Camel, and Horse — were very often affected with taeniasis. 
 It was at this time that Leuckart made his first experiment, showing 
 that the cystic phase of the Tcenia saginata is effected in the 
 organism of the Ox. 
 
 The inverse proof — that of the origin of the unarmed Taenia — 
 has been furnished experimentally. In 1869, Oliver, a surgeon in 
 the Indian army, stationed at Jullundur, gave two natives some 
 
MEASLES 
 
 583 
 
 measly flesh of the Ox. One of these was a Mohammedan Syce 
 of the lowest caste, and he developed a Taenia in about three 
 months. The other was a Hindu, who never ate flesh, and who 
 in about three or four months passed fragments of Tape- worm. 
 On his side, Perroncito gave a person, who willingly swallowed it, 
 a living Cysticercus ; in 54 days segments began to be eliminated, 
 and on the sixty-seventh day a dose of kousso and castor-oil caused 
 the evacuation of a Taenia, the total length of which was 4*83 m. 
 
 The Cysticercus bovis is less resistent, than even the Cysticercus 
 celluloses, to a slightly elevated temperature. In repeating on the 
 former the experiments he had made on the latter, Perroncito found 
 that the Cysticercus of the Ox perished sometimes at 44 0 , often 
 at 45 0 or 46°, and that it always occurred between 47 0 and 48°. 
 Three of his assistants voluntarily swallowed each a Cysticercus 
 which had been heated — one to 47 0 , gave no sign of life ; another 
 to 45 0 , did not move ; and the third to 44 0 , moved very slightly. 
 In none of these cases was the Taenia developed. 
 
 It is interesting to know in what conditions this temperature 
 is reached in the centre of pieces of meat cooked in the ordinary 
 way. To solve this question, recourse may be had to the experi- 
 ments made with regard to measles in the Pig. In comparing 
 the figures obtained by Vallin for the various temperatures of 
 roasted meat, with those given by Perroncito for the suppression 
 of the vitality of the Cysticercus bovis, we may conclude that there 
 is no danger to be apprehended from the consumption of properly 
 roasted flesh infested with Cysticerci. It is only through under- 
 done meat that this parasite can be introduced, and its increasing 
 extension is explained by the greater use of flesh amang all classes 
 of people, and by the more general taste for insufficiently cooked 
 meat. There would be little or no danger if the central portions 
 of the cooked flesh showed, instead of a reddish tint, the charac- 
 teristic grey, rosy hue which indicates thorough cooking, and which 
 testifies that it has been submitted to a temperature of about 70° ; 
 for Lewis has shown that at this degree the red colouring matter 
 of flesh disappears in cutlets and beefsteaks. 
 
 The longevity of the Ox Cysticerci in preserved meat, or their 
 resistance to smoking and salting, is less than that of the Cysticercus 
 of the Pig. In dried veal well preserved, Perroncito has found 
 that the Cysticercus died in fourteen days after slaughter of the 
 animal. In a putrefying Calf’s tongue, the number of living 
 Cysticerci diminished with the progress of change ; there were none 
 alive after fourteen days. 
 
 From all that has been stated, the necessity will be perceived 
 for an attentive examination of meat, in so far as cysticercosis is 
 concerned, in the abbatoirs ; and the need for thorough cooking. 
 Not less necessary is it that Cattle should be kept away from human 
 excrement. 
 
5*4 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Article IV.— Various Measles. 
 
 Zenker has produced measles in three Goats by giving them segments of 
 the Tania saginata ; and Heller has also obtained positive results in two 
 Goats and a Sheep. But negative experiments are more numerous ; they 
 have reference to the Goat (Zurn), the Sheep (Zurn, Leuckart, Masse and 
 Pourquier), the Pig ( Kuchenmeister, Zenker, Leuckart, Schmidt, Van 
 Beneden), the Rabbit (Heller, Masse and Fourquier), the Guinea-pig and 
 Monkey (Heller), and the Dog (Probstmayer, Heller, Masse and Pourquier). 
 
 Of six Alpacas which died at Paris soon after their arrival from Peru, 
 four were measly, and contained an extraordinary quantity of Cysticerci, 
 which, unfortunately, were not described. 
 
 Among Reindeer which died at the Lille Zoological Gardens in 1878, 
 Moniez found an abundance of armed Cysticerci in the muscles, and obtained 
 their transformation in the intestine of the Dog into a Taenia which he named 
 T. Krabbei. These parasites were more especially found in the spinal and 
 intercostal muscles, as well as those of the thigh ; they were smaller than the 
 Cysticercus celluloses, the caudal vesicle was very slightly developed, and at 
 first sight they might have been mistaken for the Cysticercus bovis. 
 
 Pseudo-Measles of the Sheep. — Cobbold found on several occasions, in the 
 measles of Sheep, an armed Cysticercus smaller than that of the Pig, the 
 head of which was 7 mm. broad ; it had 26 hooks, the largest of which was 
 157 /u. Cobbold named it the Cysticercus ovis, and considered it as the larva 
 of a Taenia of Man — the Tcenia tenella. But the investigations of Chatin 
 have demonstrated Cobbold’s error, and shown that the pretended T. tenella 
 is only a small-sized T. solium. With regard to the Cysticercus ovis, it was 
 the Cyst, tenuicollis slightly developed. On several occasions, Chatin ingested 
 living Cysticerci — which corresponded as exactly as possible with those of 
 Cobbold — and he never saw the least indication of the presence of Taenia. 
 Similar Cysticerci given to young Dogs produced the Tania marginata. In 
 recent years, some military surgeons have attributed to these Cysticerci of 
 the Sheep various cases of taeniasis observed in Algeria, and Chatin has shown 
 that these were the Tania solium or Tania saginata on the one hand, and, 
 on the other, the Cysticercus tenuicollis . 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 TRICHINOSIS 
 
 Definition. — Trichinosis — or Trichiniasis — is a disease caused by 
 the presence of the Trichina ( Trichinella ) spiralis Owen in the 
 organism of various animals, and particularly of Man and the Pig. 
 
 It is present in two forms — one, the most important, is muscular 
 trichinosis , and is due to the presence of the larvae of the Trichinae 
 in the muscles ; the other is intestinal trichinosis , caused by the 
 ingestion of trichinosed flesh — the larval Trichinae acquire their 
 adult and sexual state in the intestine of their host, couple, and 
 throw off a multitude of embryos which traverse the walls of the 
 digestive tube, to disperse themselves throughout the muscular 
 system. 
 
 Trichina. — The genus Trichina or Trichinella comprises only one 
 well-authenticated species — the Trichina ( Trichinella ) spiralis — a 
 Nematode belonging to the family of Trichotrachelidae. 
 
 In the adult state, the Trichinae are found exclusively in the intestine, and 
 are scarcely visible to the naked eye. Their body is capillary, and gradually 
 tapers in front, commencing at the middle of its length. The integument is 
 smooth, and has no transverse striae. The mouth is terminal, small, orbicular, 
 and destitute of papillae. 
 
 The digestive tube comprises : (i) A buccal intestine, or oesophagus, with 
 thin walls and a little wider behind than in front, its section being triquetral ; 
 (2) a middle intestine succeeding the other, with very apparent nucleated 
 cells ; (3) a terminal intestine or rectum, longer, narrower, with muscular 
 wails, dilated at its origin and near its termination in the cloaca, which is 
 altogether terminal, and into which opens — in the male — the sexual 
 apparatus. 
 
 The male is 1 *4 mm. to 1 *6 mm. long, and 40 /x thick. With regard to form, 
 it is distinguished from the female by the presence, at the posterior extremity, 
 of two digitiform appendages situated on each side of the cloaca ; the latter 
 is everted at the moment of copulation, and plays the part of a copulatorv 
 orgaq. The reproductive system consists of a single testicular tube, doubled 
 once on itself, and terminating in a long deferent canal, which opens into the 
 cloaca along with the intestine. 
 
 The female measures 3 mm. to 4 mm. long, and 60 fx thick. It has only a 
 single ovary, composed of a tube that arises as a caecum in the vicinity of the 
 anus, and extends almost directly to the end of the anterior fifth of the body, 
 where it opens at the vulva. The caecal portion acts as an ovary ; then comes 
 a short constriction — a kind of oviduct ; then a long, wide dilatation, or uterus, 
 which finally contracts into a sort of vagina ending in the vulva. 
 
 The Trichina is ovoviviparous ; the fecundated ova undergo complete 
 
 585 
 
586 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 development in the uterus, and when mature are 20 /x in diameter. When 
 hatched, the embryos find their way into the vagina, and escape through the 
 vulva ; they are then 90 /x to 100 /x long, by 6 /x in diameter at their middle. 
 
 In the larval state, the Trichinae are found in cysts among the primary 
 fasciculi of the muscles, in the intermuscular connective tissue, and excep- 
 tionally in adipose tissue and the intestinal walls. They are coiled up in a 
 spiral or S form, according to whether they are examined in muscles still 
 warm or quite cold, and measure *8 mm. to 1 mm. long, by 40 /x thick. Their 
 body is capillary, tapering at both ends, and particularly so in front. The 
 digestive tube is somewhat the same as in adults. The genital apparatus 
 is rudimentary, and represented by a kind of sac situated in the posterior 
 third of the body. 
 
 History. — The first time the muscular Trichina was certainly observed was 
 in 1828, when Peacock deposited in Guy’s Hospital, London, where it is 
 still to be seen, a fragment of muscle containing cysts of calcified Trichinae. 
 
 Fig 352. — Male intestinal Trichina. Fig. 353. — Female intestinal Tri- 
 — Colin. china. — Colin. 
 
 In 1832, Hilton — demonstrator of anatomy in the same hospital — found in 
 the muscles of a Man 70 years old, and who had died of a cancerous affection, 
 several ovoid bodies about one millimetre long, situated between the muscular 
 fibres and parallel to them. These bodies were regarded by Hilton as small 
 Cysticerci, but were probably Trichinae cysts. 
 
 In 1835, Wormald — demonstrator of anatomy in St. Bartholomew’s 
 Hospital — remarked that the muscles in certain cadavers were studded with 
 small white spots. James Paget soon after made a similar observation, and 
 noticed that these productions contained Nematodes coiled up on them- 
 selves. R. Owen having examined the specimens collected by Wormald 
 and Paget, also recognised the presence of helminthes ; he studied their 
 organization, and gave them their definite name of Trichina spiralis. 
 
 For nearly twenty-five years the knowledge pertaining to this subject 
 remained almost stationary. In 1859, inspired by the alarm caused by the 
 frequency of trichinosis in Germany, Virchow gave a Dog some portions of 
 human muscle invaded by Trichinae, and in three and a half days afterwards 
 he found in its small intestine worms similar to the Trichinae, but larger and 
 
Fig. 354. — Digestive and Sexual Ap- 
 paratus of the male Trichina. — Colin. 
 
 Fig. 3 5 5, — Digestive and Sexual Appa- 
 ratus of the female Trichina. — Colin. 
 
 ib, buccal intestine or oesophagus ; im , middle ib , buccal intestine or oesophagus ; zm, middle 
 intestine ; it, terminal intestine or rectum ; t, tes- intestine ; it, terminal intestine or rectum ; o, 
 tide ; cd, deferent canal cl cloaca ; p, copulatory ovary ; do, oviduct ; u, uterine dilatation ; va , 
 appendages. vagina ; vu, vulva. , 
 
588 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 oviferous. These he considered adult Trichinae, and concluded that the 
 muscle Trichina achieves its development in the intestine of the Carnivora. 
 
 Some months after, Leuckart made the same experiment on a Pig, but the 
 presence of a great number of worms — Trichocephalus crenatus — in the 
 intestine brought the learned observer to an erroneous conclusion, as he mis- 
 took these worms for adult Trichinae, and described them as such. Fortu- 
 nately, however, in the early days of the following year, Professor Zenker of 
 Dresden, in making an autopsy of a young woman who had died from a disease, 
 the symptoms of which led to the supposition that it was typhoid fever, 
 found quantities of Trichinae — encysted or free — in her muscles ; there were 
 none of the classical lesions of typhoid fever, and — what was a most important 
 detail — the intestinal mucus contained a great number of worms similar to 
 the Trichinae, but provided with completely developed genital organs. Zenker 
 made inquiry into the history of the case, and learned that some days before 
 she became ill this young woman had eaten some raw pork, the consumption 
 of which had been followed by morbid symptoms in other people. The flesh 
 of the Pig, which had been salted, was found to be infested with Trichinae 
 similar to those in the human muscles. A portion of this flesh was intro- 
 duced into the food of several mammals, and in each of them trichinosis was 
 distinctly developed. Portions of the muscles of the young woman were sent 
 by Zenker to Virchow, Leuckart, and Luschka, and these served for new 
 investigations, which elucidated a great number of questions relative to the 
 history of the Trichina. The important share Zenker took in the whole of 
 these discoveries, explains why it was proposed by Pietra-Santa to give 
 the name of Zenker’s disease to trichinosis ; but the proposal was not 
 adopted. 
 
 It is well to recall these facts to mind, as, if they had been understood, 
 they would have greatly advanced the solution of the whole subject. In 
 1847, Leidy discovered the Trichina in Pigs in America. In 1850, Herbst, 
 of Gottingen, fed three dogs, six weeks old, with the flesh of a Badger infested 
 ■with Trichinae, and when they were killed some months afterwards, their 
 muscles were discovered to be invaded by encysted Trichinae. 
 
 But it is only since Zenker’s researches that the evolutive cycle of the 
 Trichina has been exactly known ; as it has from that time been the object of 
 continual study with regard to its anatomy, biology, geographical distribu- 
 tion, pathogenic action, and the sanitary police measures necessary for 
 dealing with it. Among these researches must be mentioned those of Virchow, 
 Leuckart, Friederich, Bohler and Konigsdorffer, Delpech, Colin, Chatin, etc. 
 
 Habitat, Location, Migrations. — The adulc Trichinae are only 
 found in the intestines, and especially the small intestine, of 
 Mammals and Birds which have recently eaten trichinous flesh. 
 The Mammals in which muscular Trichinosis has been seen, either 
 by experiment or observation, and which are consequently liable 
 to intestinal trichinosis, are : Man, Pig, Wild Boar, Rat, Norway 
 Rat, Mouse, Hamster, Guinea-pig, Rabbit, Hippopotamus, Calf, 
 Lamb, Horse, Dog, Fox, Cat, Marten, Stoat, Badger, Racoon, Bear, 
 Mole, and Hedgehog. Trichinae have been developed, experiment- 
 ally, in the intestines of several Birds, and especially in the Gallinae 
 and Passeres ; but Birds are not favourable subjects for the encyst- 
 ment of the larval Trichinae. In the cold-blooded Vertebrates, 
 the Trichina cysts pass through the digestive canal without under- 
 going any change ; and the Invertebrates are also unsuitable hosts 
 for the Trichina. In the larvae deposited by Flies on trichinous 
 flesh, the worms certainly penetrate to the digestive canal, but they 
 do not develop there (Probstmayer, Zi irn, Leuckart). Chatin has, 
 however, found that sometimes in Crayfish, fed with infested flesh. 
 
TRICHINOSIS 
 
 58 9 
 
 the worms had reached a somewhat advanced phase of develop- 
 ment in the intestines, but the ovary had never attained to the 
 formation of ovules, nor the testicular tube to that of spermatozoa. 
 
 When trichinous flesh has been ingested by one of the Mammalia 
 or Birds above-mentioned, the cysts enveloping the muscle Trichinae 
 are dissolved by the gastric juice in about eighteen to twenty hours, 
 and the worms are set free. On the second, third, or fourth day — 
 rarely the fifth — these larvae have undergone transformations 
 which bring them to the adult form. In order to observe them, 
 the intestinal matters are examined drop by drop, under a magni- 
 fying power of 150 diameters. The males are generally in smaller 
 proportion than the females. Copulation takes place, and fre- 
 quently on the third day after infestation the ovary already shows 
 ova in process of segmentation. Ovulation commences towards 
 the sixth or seventh day, and it is then that the first symptoms of 
 intestinal trichinosis are remarked. The females live longer than 
 the males, the average duration of their existence being five or 
 six weeks ; though during the epidemic of trichinosis at Heders- 
 leben in 1865, Kraatz and Cohnheim found living Trichinae in the 
 intestines at the twelfth week ; but this long duration is exceptional. 
 Ovulation is particularly active during the first week of adult life ; 
 it begins to abate after this, and only occurs periodically (Cohn- 
 heim). It is difficult to estimate the number of embryos a single 
 female will bring forth. Each may contain at one time as many 
 as 1,200, and the total derived from one individual may amount to 
 10,000 or 15,000 ; the produce of 250 grammes of trichinous flesh 
 may extend to hundreds of thousands. The search for these 
 embryos in the intestinal matters is made by means of a magni- 
 fying power of 200 or 300 diameters. 
 
 The embryos, deposited in crowds in the intestines, only become 
 developed after migrating into the striped muscles and connective 
 tissue in eveiy part of the body. Their tenuity allows them to 
 pass through the intestinal wall, and seek their distant location 
 either by creeping in the connective tissue, or in utilizing the blood 
 or lymph stream, though this is hypothetical ; but it is probable 
 that the three modes of access are made available. Askanazy in 
 1896 suggested that the parasites which perforated the intestinal 
 walls and thus reached the bloodvessels were not embryos, but 
 fertilized female trichinae which entered the terminal chyle vessels 
 and laid their eggs directly within the system of intestinal chyle 
 vessels. The part the blood current plays will explain the rapidity 
 with which the embryos arrive in parts very remote from the 
 intestines, and there is reason to believe that the Trichinae met with 
 in the lymphatic glands have been brought there by the lymphatic 
 vessels ; while the embryos which are found in a free state in the 
 peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities towards the eighth 
 day, have probably got there by burrowing. The duration of 
 these migrations external to the intestines is about eight to ten 
 days. 
 
530 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Trichinous infestation is very easy with the Rat, Pig, and Man ; 
 it is still more easy with Mice, the Guinea-pig, and Rabbit ; less 
 constant with the Cat, and very irregular with the Dog, Horse, 
 Ox, and other Mammals, in which it can scarcely be effected except 
 when they are young. Perroncito has, however, observed it in an 
 Italian dog, and Csokor has succeeded in producing it experimentally 
 in an eight years old Horse. 
 
 The larval and encysted Trichinae have never been observed in 
 Birds ; the muscle Trichinae they ingest acquire complete develop- 
 ment in their intestines, but the embryos these bring forth are 
 expelled with the faeces, and do not seem to have the power to pierce 
 the intestinal walls — a fact brought to notice some time ago by 
 Colin. It has been mentioned that other Nematodes encysted in 
 the walls of the stomach and intestines of the Fowl, have been 
 mistaken for Trichinae. It would seem that the immunity of Birds 
 is partly owing to their having so little intra-muscular connective 
 tissue, and partly — and more especially — to the thickness and 
 resistance of the epithelial lining of their digestive canal. 
 
 We have already spoken of the immunity Reptiles and Bat- 
 rachians enjoy. Experiments made at first by Goujon and Legros, 
 show that this is solely due to the variable temperature of their 
 body. If Salamanders are kept at an artificial temperature of 
 about 30° (C), muscular infestation occurs ; but as soon as this 
 experimental condition is removed, encystment ceases, and the- 
 parasites soon perish — all the more rapidly as the season is cold. 
 
 Muscular trichinosis has never been observed in Fishes, but the 
 Trichinae may develop in their intestines. Colin assured himself, 
 in 1866, that the excreta of Fish fed on trichinous flesh was charged 
 with Trichinae, and caused trichinosis in the Rat, Rabbit, and 
 Guinea-pig. Perhaps this infestation was owing to the parasite- 
 cysts having passed intact through the digestive canal of the 
 Fish. 
 
 It has been stated that all attempts at trichinous infestation of 
 invertebrates have been negative in their results ; and there is 
 nothing to show that spontaneous infestation is possible. 
 
 The parasitic Nematodes of certain vegetables, which have been 
 sometimes supposed to be Trichinae, are entirely different. 
 
 The larval Trichinae are chiefly met with in the muscles of animal 
 life — even in the midst of the primary fasciculi (Virchow, Gerlach, 
 Grancher, Leuckart, Piana), sometimes in the interfascicular con- 
 nective tissue, or in the adipose septa of the connective tissue 
 (perimysium) interposed between the secondary fasciculi (Colin, 
 Chatin). The investigations of Chatin, confirmed by several 
 observers, have demonstrated that they may also be found in the 
 fat (lard), and in the cellular and muscular tunics of the intestine 
 of the Pig ; in these they have the same characters and the same 
 latent existence, or they may preserve their embryonic form. 
 
 When it arrives at its definitive resting-place — which, according 
 
TRICHINOSIS 
 
 59i 
 
 to Piana, may be on the sixth day after ingestion — the larval 
 Trichina is bent into a kind of loop, then it assumes the figure 3 
 shape, and at last coils itself up into a wide spiral — an appearance 
 that it generally maintains during all this stage. Its contact and 
 movements set up an amount of irritation in the elements of the 
 surrounding tissues that ends in the formation of a cyst. 
 
 The fibres of the interfascicular connective tissue, in the midst 
 of which the Nematode sometimes establishes itself, become hyper- 
 trophied and produce embryonic cells, which are irregular and sub- 
 spheroidal, nucleated or non-nucleated, and multiply rapidly ; 
 at first, very fine proteic granules can also be distinguished, then 
 
 other granules of glycogenic matter. 
 Soon after, the neoformation becomes 
 indurated externally, the elements com- 
 posing this soon constituting a parietal 
 layer, which is at first very thin, but is 
 not long in growing to a considerable 
 
 Fig. 356. — Trichinae en- 
 cysted in muscular tissue. 
 The cyst on the right con- 
 contains two Trichinae. — 
 Colin. 
 
 Fig. 357. — Free larval Trichina. — Colin. 
 
 thickness. In this case, the myolemma 
 does not appear to take any part in the 
 formation of the cyst. But under the 
 influence of the inflammatory process 
 induced by the presence of the worm, 
 new vessels are formed ; the connective 
 tissue — which has become greatly altered 
 — may completely disappear, and the 
 cyst then comes in contact with the 
 primary muscular fasciculi, the myolemma of which appears to form 
 an integral part of its wall. The contractile substance of the adjacent 
 fasciculi undergoes granular or granulo-adipose degeneration, and 
 there appear indications of proliferation in the nuclei subjacent to 
 the myolemma ; then arise embryonic cells, which sometimes 
 strengthen the cystic tissue, or become new primary fasciculi. In 
 the latter case, if the irritation is slight,, there is real muscular 
 regeneration (Chatin). 
 
 In the majority of instances, the Trichina passes through the 
 softened myolemma — transforming it into a cellular sheath — as 
 far as the primitive fibre, upon which it subsists. The myolemma 
 is charged with cells, which accumulate at a point of the fibie, and 
 
592 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 assume the appearance of a fusiform cylinder ; the muscular fibre 
 loses its colour and striation, and in contact with picrocarmine 
 absorbs the picric acid by preference, while the healthy fibres are 
 rose-tinted. The external membrane of the cyst is formed at the 
 expense of the outermost layer of cells that infiltrate the myo- 
 lemma ; at first very thin and fasciculated, it becomes thickened, 
 homogeneous and transparent, and its deeper layers are united at 
 the two poles, by which the ends of the cyst are separated from the 
 muscular fibre. Sometimes the latter is altered throughout its 
 entire length, is imprisoned in a sheath of cells, and is gradually 
 atrophied ; at other times, at some millimetres above and below 
 the cyst, it resumes its striation and physiological properties, and 
 the myolemma surrounding it is directly con- 
 tinuous with the most external layer of the 
 cystic membrane. In the immediate vicinity 
 of a cyst, the muscular fasciculi not required 
 by the Trichina are crowded and deformed by 
 compression ; but they retain their striation, 
 and show no traces of waxy or granular de- 
 generation (Grancher). 
 
 In general, the trichinous cyst is ovoid, and 
 more or less drawn out at both of its poles or 
 only at one, which is blunt, and gives the cyst 
 the appearance of a lemon. Its larger axis is 
 parallel with the muscular fibres. The pro- 
 longations may be absent, and the cyst is then 
 spherical. Its average length is -40 mm., and 
 breadth -25 mm., but in consequence, more 
 especially, of variations in the thickness of its 
 wall, its length may vary between *30 mm. and 
 •80 mm., and its breadth between *20 mm. and 
 •40 mm. Sometimes two or three similar cysts 
 join by their coi responding ends, and so give 
 rise to a moniliform cavity, the dilatations of 
 which are occupied by the Trichinae. Most fre- 
 quently each unilocular cyst only contains one 
 worm ; but it is not rare to find 2, 3, 4, 5, 
 and 6, or even 7 Trichinae in one and the same cyst, whether this 
 be unilocular or multilocular (Chatin) ; this is in accordance with 
 the inflammatory process presiding at the formation of the cyst 
 in the perimysium. 
 
 In the definitely constituted cyst, the Trichina is in a dormant 
 condition at first ; but soon regressive changes may be observed. 
 To the proteic and glycogenic corpuscles are added pigment 
 granules, which are first yellow, then brown, and more or less 
 numerous — they may be in such quantity that the whole cyst 
 appears as a reddish-brown spot, while the helminth is dried and 
 shrivelled, sometimes even broken up (Chatin). 
 
 The tissue of the cyst is capable of undergoing two other kinds 
 
 Fig. 358. — Very old 
 trichinous cyst 
 greatly altered. — 
 Colin. 
 
TRICHINOSIS 
 
 593 
 
 of degeneration, more or less important — fatty and calcareous. 
 The first is manifested by the appearance of small fat granules in 
 the interior of the cyst cells ; these granules rapidly increase in 
 number, and may — though rarely — completely fill the cell. Soon 
 this fat is set free, and invades the whole of the cyst. Calcareous 
 degeneration follows. All nutrition has disappeared from the cyst- 
 tissue, and carbonate and phosphate of lime — in relatively variable 
 proportions — are grouped in small granular globules, forming con- 
 centric layers that become multiplied and render the cyst opaque. 
 This deposition occurs in the cyst-membrane and in the tissues of 
 the Trichina, each of which loses all organization, and appears 
 only as a whitish mass. These modifications require a long time 
 for their accomplishment, and are not often seen in Pigs, which 
 are most frequently killed for food soon after the commencement 
 of the malady. In general, calcification does not begin before the 
 seventh month, and it is completed in about fifteen to eighteen 
 months — though Dammann has found it very slight more than 
 eleven years after infestation, and has noted that the Trichinae 
 were yet alive, and could give rise to experimental trichinosis. 
 A similar observation has been made in Man, with regard to Trichinae 
 more than thirteen years old (Tiingel, Virchow), nineteen years 
 (Kolliker, Middeldorpf), and even twenty-four years (Klopsch). 
 But it has not been demonstrated that new infestations did not take 
 place between the first one and the period of observation. 
 
 Piana has recognised bacteria in trichinous muscles, which he 
 thought had been carried into the intestine by the embryos in 
 their migrations. 
 
 Pigmentary, fatty and calcareous degenerations are sometimes 
 met with in the infested muscles. 
 
 The presence of the cyst, after a certain time, usually leads to 
 the formation of abundant adipose deposits, which begin to appear 
 at one of the poles, and finish by enveloping all the new formation. 
 They result, primarily, from the fatty degeneration of the excess 
 of embryonic cells formed under inflammatory influence. When 
 the mass of fat has enveloped all the cyst, this and the Nematode 
 usually undergo great alteration. 
 
 Generally, when the Trichina is arrested in adipose masses — 
 the cells of which have little protoplasm — the cyst formation is only 
 traced out by a granulo-fatty cluster, in which the worm remains 
 in an embryonic state and soon perishes ; though it may happen 
 that embryonic cells appear and constitute a normal cyst. 
 
 Symptoms. — Trichinosis being very much more frequent in the 
 Pig than in any of the other domesticated animals, it is to this 
 creature that the symptomatology — which has been more par- 
 ticularly established by experimentation — will apply. 
 
 Symptoms are only exhibited when the quantity of Trichinae 
 ingested is considerable ; and in the majority of cases they escape 
 observation. Those which are noted evidently vary with the 
 degree of infestation. 
 
 38 
 
594 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEA SES 
 
 The first troubles are those relating to intestinal trichinosis, 
 and they appear from the third to the tenth day after ingestion of 
 the infested flesh. They consist of more or less complete inappe- 
 tence, thirst, grinding of the teeth, dulness and fever ; the head is 
 depressed, the conjunctive infiltrated, and the eye has a peculiar 
 glassy appearance ; the back is arched, abdomen retracted and 
 painful on pressure, and the tail flaccid and uncurled ; diarrhoea 
 supervenes, and persists for a long time. There is nothing charac- 
 teristic in these symptoms, as they are merely those of enteritis 
 or peritonitis ; they continue for about a month. 
 
 From the eighth to the fifteenth day, the symptoms of muscular 
 trichinosis commence ; they are due to dissemination of the worms. 
 The appetite gradually returns, but the limbs are stiff, the move- 
 ments — especially of the hind quarters — are halting and uncertain, 
 and there is an appearance of paraplegia. The articulations and 
 muscular masses are painful ; the Pig lies extended on its side ; 
 sometimes it suffers so much that it cries out ; mastication and 
 deglutition are difficult ; the voice is husky ; and alvine dejections 
 are passed involuntarily. Finally, according to Roll, pruritus may 
 be developed in various parts of the body, if the Trichinae have 
 invaded the panniculus muscle abundantly. 
 
 In the later stages of the malady, oedema appears at different 
 parts of the body, and is usually the precursor of death. 
 
 But the symptoms only attain this gravity when the infestation 
 is extraordinary. Nearly always the Pigs gradually recover ; 
 they remain lazy in consequence of the alterations in the muscular 
 fibres, but the appetite becomes normal, and the animals may fatten 
 to an extreme degree. 
 
 It results from this description that the diagnosis of trichinosis 
 is usually impossible, as the symptoms are equivocal or scarcely 
 appreciable. However, if there is any doubt, much assistance may 
 be derived from harpoonage, and for this purpose Duchenne’s 
 histological punch is used. This is a fine trocar about two milli- 
 metres in diameter, the cannula of which carries — a little behind 
 the point — a notch with sharp borders ; the central stem is cylin- 
 drical ; it is pushed in such a way as to temporarily suppress the 
 notch. In this state it is inserted into a mass of muscle known to 
 be most probably infested ; the stem is withdrawn about a centi- 
 metre, and in withdrawing the instrument there is found a fragment 
 of flesh in the notch of the cannula, the microscopical examination 
 of which should settle the diagnosis. Middledorpf’s trocar has its 
 notch on the stalk, a little behind its point ; this notch being con- 
 cealed, the trocar is pushed into the muscle, the stem is pushed 
 through about a centimetre, then drawn back, when it carries with 
 it a small piece of muscle. 
 
 But harpoonage of the Pig is difficult, owing to the thick layer of 
 fat between the skin and the muscles. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — When the animals die or are killed 
 during the period of intestinal trichinosis, there are observed at 
 
TRICHINOSIS 
 
 595 
 
 their autopsy lesions more or less marked, of acute enteritis and 
 peritonitis. A microscopical examination of the fluid from the 
 intestine reveals the presence of adult or embryonic Trichinae. 
 
 At a later period, when trichinosis has become exclusively 
 muscular, the lesions consist merely of cysts having the characters 
 already indicated, their dimensions rendering them visible to the 
 naked eye. But when the affection is chronic, and calcification 
 is complete and extensive, there will be seen in the muscles — 
 by the naked eye or pocket lens — very minute white points formed 
 by the calcified cysts ; these, on being treated with a two to five 
 per cent, solution of hydrochloric acid, have the lime salts dissolved, 
 and the Trichinae are rendered apparent in their interior. These 
 white points cannot be seen in lard or in the intermuscular connective 
 tissue, where, nevertheless — according to Chatin — the Trichinae 
 may be found. A microscopical examination is therefore neces- 
 sary. 
 
 It ought to be made at those parts where the Trichinae are oftenest met 
 with, as will be mentioned hereafter. A small piece of muscle is cut off 
 parallel to the direction of the fibres, by means of curved scissors. After 
 steeping it in water, it is placed on the object-glass and covered by the cover- 
 glass, which is firmly pressed upon it. The preparation is sufficiently trans- 
 parent to show the trichinous cysts by a magnifying power of ioo to 150 
 diameters. It is better, however, first to tease out the fibres under water by 
 means of needles, and then examine the preparation in a 75 per cent, solution 
 of common salt, or — which is preferable — 'i to 7 per cent, dilution of acetic 
 acid. 
 
 Tikhomiroff has described a method of disassociating the muscular fibres, 
 in order to facilitate the search for Trichina;. The suspected flesh is cut into 
 small fragments, which are digested for half an hour in a mixture of nitric 
 acid — 4 parts, and chlorate of potass — 1 part. They are then put into a glass 
 filled with distilled water, and well shaken. ‘ The muscle then breaks up 
 into very fine fibrillce, some of which readily show — even to the naked eye — • 
 fusiform enlargements in their length, which, as a microscopical inspection 
 will show, are the encysted Trichinae.’ 
 
 The Trichinae ought to be sought for towards the extremities 
 of the muscles ; they are, in fact, more abundant near the liga- 
 mentous or bony insertions, where they appear to be arrested in 
 their migrations. 
 
 Kuhn’s investigations show that, generally, the muscles may be 
 classed — with regard to the frequency of infestation- — in the follow- 
 ing decreasing order : the diaphragm, and especially its pillars ; the 
 muscles of the shoulder ; the psoas muscles ; the muscles of the 
 larynx ; and those of the internal crural region, neck, tongue, 
 cheeks, eye, abdomen, flexors of the thigh, neck, intercostals, and 
 back. Muller asserts that the coccygeal muscles are ordinarily 
 the most infested. Ziirn has several times found Trichinae in the 
 heart. 
 
 The quantity of parasitic cysts one individual may carry is 
 capable of attaining an extraordinary high figure. In a gramme 
 of muscle, Leuckart has counted between 1,200 and 1,500, which 
 would raise the total number to 30 or 40 millions. Colin’s 
 
 38—2 
 
596 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 estimate was 5 millions, in a case of serious invasion ; and Fielder 
 reckoned the number of those found in the body of the young 
 woman examined by Zenker at 94 millions. Cobbold, in one case, 
 carried it as high as 100 millions. These large numbers — though 
 only approximate — afford an idea of the great intensity this infes- 
 tation may reach. 
 
 The Trichinae should not be confounded with rolled-up muscular 
 nerve or tendinous fibres, nor yet with other parasites — Distomes 
 or Sarcocysts — that may be found in muscles. It is also well to 
 be warned of the presence, in the muscles of the Pig, of a Fungus 
 belonging to the Schizomycetes, and closely related in its various 
 characters to the Actinomyces bovis, which is so frequent in many 
 organs of the Ox, and especially in the maxillary bones. 
 
 Actinomycosic flesh is soft and wet, particularly when cold. At the 
 invaded points it has a greyish -yellow tint six to twelve hours after slaughter, 
 and when there is calcification the parasites can be recognised as yellowish- 
 white points. With a magnifying power of 40 to 50 diameters, there may be 
 observed among the normal muscular fibres others more or less altered — 
 irregularly broken-up, undulated, retracted at some points, and dilated at 
 others, which have partly lost their striation, and are darker tinted, being 
 grey or brown. At the interruptions are observed, in irregular spaces, dark 
 and round or oval corpuscles, well defined, their diameter being equal to, or 
 even greater than that of the primitive fasciculus. 
 
 It may be sometimes useful, in doubtful cases of trichinosis, to resort to 
 staining. Sections of the flesh are allowed to steep for ten minutes in a solu- 
 tion of methyl blue — 1 to 30 of distilled water ; they are then carefully washed 
 in water and examined, when the cyst will be of a dark-blue tint, and the 
 intact worm can be seen distinctly through it, while the remainder of the 
 preparation is uncoloured. We may also employ, as Mazzanti did, the 
 acid glycerin-haematoxylin of Ehrlich, leaving the fragments of flesh, cut in 
 the direction of the fibres, in it from six to eighteen hours. They are then 
 washed in distilled water, and afterwards in alcohol acidulated with hydro- 
 chloric acid *5 per cent. The staining only persists in the trichinous cysts. 
 
 Etiology. — Frequency. — Trichinosis always owes its origin — no 
 matter in what species of animal it may appear — to the ingestion 
 of flesh containing encysted Trichinae, or to excrements in which 
 are the sexualized worms or their embryos. The chain of facts 
 establishing this circumstance results from the labours of Virchow, 
 Zenker, Leuckart, Herbst, Delpech, Colin, etc., as stated at the 
 commencement of this article. 
 
 It is in eating the flesh of the Pig that Man contracts trichinosis. 
 The Pig is contaminated by the ingestion of trichinosed meat or 
 animals, such as the Surmulot, Rat, Mouse, etc. ; while its copro- 
 phagus habits also allow it to be infested by devouring excrements 
 containing adult or embryonic Trichinae. 
 
 It is unnecessary to insist on the first source — that of trichinous 
 flesh — or yet on the third. With regard to the second, however — 
 that of the smaller Rodents — it is known that their bodies, when 
 thrown into manure-pits, are readily eaten by wandering Pigs. 
 Mice and Rats are easily trichinosed ; but they often resist the 
 initial period of the disease, and may therefore disseminate the 
 malady. It is rarely seen in other Rats than those living in con- 
 
TRICHINOSIS 
 
 597 
 
 tact with animals’ debris , but these form a relatively considerable 
 proportion. 
 
 In 72 sewer Rats of Paris, Goujon found 5 trichinosed, or about 
 7 per cent. In Germany, the proportion is 2 or 3 per cent, in 
 slaughter-house Rats, and 22 per cent, in those of knackeries. At 
 Bamberg, of 24 Rats obtained from the abbatoir attached to the 
 meat-market, 12 were infested (Fessler). The proportion is greater 
 in the United States of America ; for of 51 Rats caught in the 
 Boston abbatoir, 39 were trichinosed, and 40 captured in a large 
 exportation slaughter-house in the same city were as much infested. 
 Of 60 found in various stables not containing Pigs, only 6 were 
 affected. In epidemics of trichinosis, when the Rats in the in- 
 vaded localities were examined, it has been observed that a very 
 large proportion were trichinous. 
 
 The Rats are infested by eating the debris of trichinosed Pigs 
 which is thrown away, though they may also acquire the disease 
 by devouring the dead bodies of their congeners. It might be 
 asked, Which of the two — Pig or Rat — is the original host of the 
 Trichina ? It is difficult, if not impossible, to solve this question. 
 If, as is very plausible, the Rat, or rather the Surmulot, is the 
 primary host, then trichinosis is a recent importation, and of Asiatic 
 origin. The black Rat is believed to have come into Europe from 
 Asia during the Crusades, but that in a great number of localities 
 it has been driven away or destroyed by the Surmulot (or brown 
 Rat), which has replaced it. The latter did not appear in Europe 
 until 1727, when it arrived in great crowds, which swam across the 
 Volga. It soon spread into every country in this part of the world, 
 and by means of ships it found its way into Transatlantic regions ; 
 no doubt it propagated trichinosis as it extended. Asiatic Pigs 
 might also be incriminated, as they are very liable to the disease, 
 and have been introduced into Europe since the commencement of 
 this century, in order to improve the native breeds. 
 
 Trichinosis has been observed in every European country, though 
 in varying frequency. Although trichinosed Rats are not rare in 
 France, the malady has never been observed in the Pig ; and it 
 was only in the small outbreak at Crespy-en-Valois, Oise, that an 
 animal of this species was believed to be the cause. 
 
 In Italy, the only instance of indigenous trichinosis known, is 
 that of a stray Dog observed by Perroncito, and that of a Man 
 reported by Legge. 
 
 In Spain, Trichinae were found in the Pig, in 1879, Villar del 
 Arzobispo, Seville and Barcelona. 
 
 Trichinosis has also been seen in Algeria, India, South 
 America, etc. 
 
 But it is more especially frequent in Holland, Sweden and Den- 
 mark, Russia (12 trichinous Pigs in 1,000), in Germany, and still 
 more so in the United States of America. At Copenhagen, the 
 trichinous Pigs are 12-15 per 1,000 ; at Stockholm, 3-76 ; and at 
 Linkeping, Sweden, 15*89. 
 
598 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 In Prussia, the average proportion in 1885 was *54 per 1,000, 
 or 1 trichinosed Pig in 1,852 ; the majority of the affected animals 
 came from the duchy of Posen, where there was an average of 
 5* 18 per 1,000. In certain circles — as that of Schroda, for example 
 — it rose to 1471 per 1,000 ; and at Berlin, in 1889-90, there was 
 found 1 infested Pig in 1,514 — or -66 per 1,000. 
 
 These figures are greatly exceeded, however, by those of the Pigs 
 sent to Europe from the United States of America in such immense 
 numbers, chiefly from the markets of Cincinnati and Chicago ; 
 this is demonstrated by the examinations made in different parts 
 of Europe, and even in America. American statistics show that 
 trichinosis has been equally distributed throughout the States of 
 the Union. In Indiana the proportion, which, in 1874, was 16*33 
 per cent., fell afterwards to 6*5 per cent. ; at Chicago, in 1878 it 
 was 8 per cent., in 1883 it was 2*4 per cent. At Boston, from 
 1879 1881, it was 4 per cent. ; at New Orleans, in 1881, it was 
 
 •4 per cent. The Agricultural Department reported i*66 per cent, 
 infested at one time ; at another 2*7 per cent. ; and at another it 
 had fallen to o per cent. One fact results from the figures fur- 
 nished by the Americans — it is that they say much less about 
 Trichinae, since the European countries have taken alarm at their 
 infested importations. The abundance of these worms in American 
 pork caused Roeper to assert, that the abbatoirs in that country 
 were the great breeding centres for Trichinae. 
 
 Prognosis, Treatment, and Prophylaxis of Trichinosis. — As has 
 been stated above, trichinosis is rarely fatal for the Pig ; fre- 
 quently it does not give rise to any appreciable disturbance, but 
 in the majority of cases it coincides with normal fattening. The 
 prognosis is only serious, so far as the health of Man is involved, 
 through eating the flesh of the affected animal. It is, therefore, 
 of importance to discover some means by which the muscular 
 parasites can be destroyed, and it is most desirable, so far as human 
 trichinosis is concerned ; but this discovery has yet to be made. 
 It may be compensated for, however, by prophylactic measures, 
 which have a certain efficacy. 
 
 In order to suppress trichinosis, it suffices to institute and main- 
 tain a rigorous surveillance in the feeding of Pigs — only allowing 
 them vegetable food, preventing their indulging their coprophagous 
 appetites, and to keep the dead bodies of black and brown Rats and 
 Mice away from them. It is always possible to maintain them in 
 such a condition that all chance of infestation will be averted, and 
 particularly if care be taken not to give them raw slops, whatever 
 may be their composition. In places where animal matters must 
 form part of their rations, these should be chopped up into very 
 small pieces before they are cooked, and this process should be 
 complete. 
 
 Vitality of the Trichinae. — The encysted Trichinae possess re- 
 markable vitality, which contributes to increase the chances of 
 infestation. 
 
TRICHINOSIS 
 
 599 
 
 It is often necessary to know if the muscle Trichinae are alive 
 or dead ; and to ascertain this, recourse may be had to two pro- 
 cedures. 
 
 In one, the Trichinae are placed on a platinum plate, which is heated to 
 a temperature of 35 0 to 40° ; in a short time, if they are alive, they will begin 
 to twist about in a manner proportionate to their vitality. These movements 
 are sometimes rather obscure and doubtful, or — if the cyst is torn — there is 
 a sudden extension, which might either be a spontaneous motion or a mere 
 inert elastic one. The second procedure is very simple and sure, and leaves 
 no doubt, if carried out methodically. It consists in giving the suspected 
 flesh to an animal, in the intestines of which the Trichinae are capable of 
 attaining their development. After one, two, three, or four days, if the 
 animal is killed and the contents of the intestines are examined, adult male 
 and female Trichinae and embryos will be found, if the meat contained living 
 Nematodes. If they were dead, then they will be discovered free from their 
 cysts — which have been dissolved — more or less uncoiled, but motionless, 
 and having no developed genital organs ; they are often damaged by the 
 gastric juice. It is advantageous to experiment upon a small animal, as there 
 is less intestinal fluid to examine. In this respect, small birds — which were 
 employed by Colin — are very convenient, and have the additional advantage 
 of not passing the newly-hatched embryos, which may be found in thousands 
 in the intestines. 
 
 These tests may be completed by staining with such colouring matters 
 as methylanilin violet, picrocarminate of ammonia, anilin blue, etc. The 
 living Trichinae do not stain, and therefore contrast strongly with the coloured 
 muscular fibres ; while the dead parasites readily become tinted. 
 
 The Trichinae resist for months (a hundred days, it is said) the 
 putrefaction of the flesh in which they are encysted. 
 
 To appreciate the effects of heat , Perroncito has heated the larval 
 Trichinae on a Schultze’s table, and noted that at 44 0 to 48° all 
 movement had ceased ; hence he concludes that they are killed 
 after at least five minutes’ exposure to the latter temperature. By 
 means of the same table, modified and better adapted to these 
 researches, Piana found that the degree of heat necessary to kill 
 the Trichinae is 55 0 ; and his experiments agree with those which 
 were made with the object of ascertaining the effects of cooking. 
 
 Krabbe, after cutting up trichinous pork into small pieces, 
 plunged it into water at various temperatures, and observed that 
 the Trichinae ceased to move on a plate when put into water at 
 55° Cent, for five minutes, at 54 0 for ten to fifteen minutes, and at 
 52*5° for twenty to thirty minutes. Flesh so exposed did not 
 produce trichinosis when given to Rabbits. In his experiments, 
 Piana obtained similar results. 
 
 The well-conducted experiments of Fjord, of Copenhagen, show 
 that the duration of cooking in water necessary to kill the Trichinae 
 in the centre of a piece of pork, is proportionate to its size ; but it 
 may be estimated that thirty to thirty-six minutes is needed for 
 each kilogramme — according to whether it is summer or winter, 
 deducting from this the half of that required to bring the water up 
 to boiling. A ham weighing 5 kilogrammes, with an initial tem- 
 perature of 7 0 , should therefore be boiled 36'x5 = 3 hours if put 
 into boiling water, and two and a half hours only if put into cold 
 
6 oo 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 water, and if an hour is required to make it boil . In following this 
 rule, during cooking, a temperature of at least 6o° is always obtained, 
 and after half an hour or an hour’s rest that of 70°, the peripheral 
 heat continuing to penetrate towards the centre. 
 
 The experiments of Perroncito and Vallin fully confirm these ; 
 but those of Colin are very much more precise, as the flesh cooked 
 by him was given to animals, at the autopsy of which it was seen 
 whether the Trichinae had been killed. In these experiments, a 
 piece of trichinous flesh weighing 2 kilogrammes was boiled for an 
 hour and a half, and a Dog and brown Rat fed on it showed no 
 traces of living or dead Trichinae when their bodies were examined. 
 For a piece of 3J to 4 kilogrammes weight, the same result required 
 four hours’ continuous boiling. An hour and a quarter sufficed 
 for the ears, lips, cheeks and feet. The ordinary duration of boiling 
 is, therefore, a very sure means of rendering trichinous meat in- 
 offensive, provided it is prolonged in proportion to the size of the 
 piece. 
 
 Piana has also found that, when the Trichinae have been exposed 
 to a temperature of 54 0 , they no longer develop in the intestines 
 of Rats, Rabbits or Guinea-pigs. 
 
 Hurried roasting — such as is usually practised with regard to 
 beef and mutton — leaves in the centre of pieces raw or merely red 
 portions, and consequently does not kill the Trichinae. They are 
 certainly killed if the roasting is complete — which should be the 
 case with pork. A shoulder of pork roasted on the spit before a 
 bright fire for only sixteen minutes was perfectly cooked, and 
 swallows which ate some of the central portion did not have any 
 living Trichinae in their intestine (Colin). 
 
 The experiments instituted at the Imperial Sanitary Office of 
 Germany have yielded like results. 
 
 With regard to the action of cold, which is of less practical 
 importance, Leuckart reports that ‘ a mass of flesh was exposed in 
 the open air for three days to the cold of a very severe winter 
 (—20° to — 25 0 Cent.). Completely frozen, it was given to a 
 Rabbit, when it was found to have a noxious influence.’ This 
 observation does not stand alone, for Rupprecht, Fielder and Kuhn 
 give similar reports. Fielder estimates, however, that the Trichinae 
 die when the temperature descends below — 14 0 Cent. Kuhn 
 states that meat kept for seven weeks in an ice-house still had 
 living Trichinae, and it did not become inoffensive until after two 
 months. 
 
 But these statements are contradicted by the experiments 
 instituted, on the one hand, at the Marseilles School of Medicine 
 by Livon, Bouisson and Caillot, of Poncy ; and, on the other, by 
 H. Bouley and Gibier. The latter used pieces of trichinous meat, 
 which were placed for two and a half hours in refrigerating appa- 
 ratus on the Carre system, and they remarked that exposure to 
 a temperature of - 20° and even of — 15 0 was sufficient to kill the 
 Trichinae. The differences between these two series of experiments 
 
TRICHINOSIS 
 
 601 
 
 are evidently due to the circumstance, that in the second the 
 Trichinae had been submitted to the more or less prolonged action 
 of salt, as Gibier recognised afterwards. 
 
 The influence of salting on the vitality of Trichinae is far from 
 being so marked as is supposed. It requires a long time to bring 
 about the death of the parasites. According to Colin’s experi- 
 ments, ‘ incomplete salting carried out for six, eight or ten days 
 does not kill the Trichinae, nor in any way hinder their power of 
 development in the intestine . . . complete salting promptly kills 
 those in the superficial parts of pieces placed in brine or powdered 
 with salt, but the parasites in the deeper portion, which are slowly 
 reached by the pickle, live for a long time. ... In sausages — even 
 those slightly pickled — the Trichinae are killed in about fifteen days, 
 throughout, and more certainly than in the ham, because of the 
 more rapid and complete diffusion of the salt in all parts. These 
 results prove that pickling rapidly destroys the Trichinae, and 
 that fifteen days suffice for those in the superficial parts, six weeks 
 for the deeper.’ 
 
 In the Emersleben epidemic of 1883, it was reported that the 
 ingestion of salted, trichinous hashed meat, eaten one day after 
 the Pig was slaughtered, caused the death of 33 per cent, of those 
 who consumed it ; but in six days it caused no harm. 
 
 At Paris, Lyons, Rouen, Thionville, Strasburg, Munich, Antwerp, 
 Utrecht, Rotterdam, Bale, and in Italy, a number of experiments 
 have not succeeded in developing trichinosis in animals which 
 have been fed for various periods on salted trichinous flesh from 
 America. 
 
 But the conclusions to be derived from these facts cannot be 
 accepted unreservedly. Girard and Pabst have noticed movements 
 in Trichinae obtained from American salted pork, when they sub- 
 jected them to a temperature of 40° to 45 0 ; and Schmidt has made 
 similar observations with regard to meat which had been in pickle 
 for a long time. Bouley, Andre, Johne, Meissner, Duncker, Neu- 
 mann, and particularly Chatin, have several times succeeded in 
 infesting Guinea-pigs, Rats and Rabbits by feeding them with 
 trichinosed American pork. 
 
 It is therefore proved that salting does not inevitably kill the 
 Trichinae ; though, from what is known of the effects of pickled 
 trichinous flesh, it must be admitted that the persistence of vitality 
 in these parasites is exceptional ; while the epidemics caused by it 
 have been more benignant than those due to fresh meat, and the 
 number of times in which it has been eaten raw without any incon- 
 venience cannot be estimated. 
 
 With regard to smoking , the experiments made by Kuchenmeister, 
 in concert with Haubner and Liesering, show that the hot smoking 
 of sausages continued for twenty-four hours, kills the Trichinae ; 
 though they resist cold smoking for three days, not longer. Leuckart 
 is disposed to attribute to the action of the smoke more destructive 
 power than salting. The effects of smoking are due to the pyro- 
 
602 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 genous principles which impregnate the flesh, and also to the tem- 
 perature — 6o° to 65° — at which hot smoking is conducted. As it 
 is most frequently carried on concurrently with salting, the Trichinae 
 have little chance of escaping destruction in meat so treated. But 
 Benecke found them yet alive in a ham and a sausage which had 
 been in brine for twelve days, then smoked, and which he ex- 
 amined four and nine months afterwards. 
 
 These parasites resist agents which are very toxic for other 
 Helminthes — the action of a decoction of male fern, santonin, 
 pomegranate-root, and oil of turpentine for more than thirty 
 hours ; chloroform five hours ; and benzine and Dippel animal oil 
 three hours (Mosler). 
 
 Danger of Trichinous Flesh — Prophylaxis. — The ingestion of 
 pork containing live Trichinae causes trichinosis in Man, as it does 
 in all animals capable of contracting it. 
 
 The intestinal phase is betrayed by great prostration, fever, 
 thirst and anorexia ; then ensue heavy perspirations, a sensation 
 of malaise and fulness at the epigastrium, sometimes pharyngeal 
 spasm and vomiting, nearly always profuse diarrhoea, and there 
 may be peritonitis. 
 
 The symptoms in the muscular phase are pufflness of the face 
 and oedema of the limbs, accompanied by pruritus and formication, 
 or'lmore or less marked anaesthesia. Soon the muscular regions 
 become painful to the touch, are tumefied, and appear indurated. 
 Contractions supervene, especially in the flexors, whence result 
 abnormal attitudes of the limbs, and even progressive immobility 
 of the trunk. The local invasions give rise to trismus, disturbance 
 of the eyes — and especially of the eyelids — deafness, aphonia, 
 dyspnoea, and — somewhat frequently — broncho-pneumonia, which 
 carries off the patient. 
 
 Trichinosis usually appears in the form of more or less extensive 
 epidemics, and ninety of these occurred between 1858 and 1882. 
 They have been observed principally in Germany, less in Denmark, 
 and still less in America and England. The only cases remarked 
 in France were those in the small epidemic at Crespy-en-Valois, 
 Oise, in 1878, reported by Jolivet and Laboulbene, which was due 
 to the ingestion of the flesh of a French Pig that was afterwards 
 discovered to have been trichinous, and which was probably infested 
 by eating the body of some Rat it had found in its sty. Of twenty 
 people who partook of this flesh only four escaped, and these alone 
 had consumed it well cooked. The other sixteen were more or less 
 ill, and one died. 
 
 After what has been said, trichinosis can only appear after eating 
 raw or insufficiently cooked pork. The frequency of the disease in 
 Germany — and especially in North Germany — is owing to the habit 
 the people have of eating raw pork in various forms ; and in the 
 United States it is the German colonies which have been oftenest 
 attacked, as they retain the customs of their forefathers. On the 
 contrary, if the disease is altogether exceptional in France, this 
 
TRICHINOSIS 
 
 603 
 
 must be mainly attributed to the fact that pork is usually well 
 cooked, which renders it white in the middle. A person must take 
 a notable quantity of Trichinae to be seriously inconvenienced. 
 Belfield, of Chicago, swallowed a dozen without being in any way 
 indisposed, notwithstanding the large number of embryos that each 
 of them must have produced in his intestines. 
 
 The preparations of the pork-butcher, in which the flesh is raw 
 or only slightly cooked, do not form a sufficient portion of the public 
 aliment to produce a dangerous infestation. It is possible that 
 certain illnesses might be attributed to them ; but they are ephe- 
 meral, and cease with the definitive encapsulement of the few 
 Trichinae which gave rise to them. As trichinous Rats are not rare 
 in France, trichinosis of the Pig should be much more frequent 
 than the few cases reported would lead us to suppose. What 
 reduces the danger to narrow limits is the habit of thorough cooking, 
 and we have shown that it is easy to obtain the degree that will 
 render trichinous meat inoffensive. But with regard to American 
 sausages, as these are rarely cooked by the consumers, the danger 
 remains, for they are made en bloc with the flesh of several dozens 
 of Pigs ; and if among these 2 to 8 per cent, are trichinous — as was 
 the case at Chicago — the Trichinae must necessarily be in the sau- 
 sages. All American sausages should therefore be regarded as 
 doubtful, though the parasites may be difficult to discover. In 
 1879, more than 3,600 sausages examined at Hamburg, Trichinae 
 were found in only nine. 
 
 Taking into account all that has been stated, it will be seen that 
 in France, at least, the fears entertained with regard to the use of 
 American pork have been very exaggerated. If it is not innocuous, 
 the danger incurred is exceptional, as the Trichinae in it are most 
 frequently dead, have but little vitality, or only a few are alive. 
 The danger is further diminished by the culinary habits of the 
 people ; and if it is present in sausages, etc., which are little cooked, 
 this does not justify absolute prohibition for all. Create at the 
 port of arrival an inspection service, the cost of which will fall 
 upon the traders themselves ; require that all the pork imported 
 shall correspond to what is designated ‘ fully cured,’ that is, com- 
 pletely salted, grey externally, firm to the touch, healthy, well 
 preserved, gives to the probe a pleasant nutty smell ; and publish 
 instructions for the people with respect to the utility of thorough 
 cooking — such are the measures that would greatly reduce the 
 danger in the use of this flesh, which it would not be wise to make 
 a pretext for absolute prohibition. 
 
 The porcine production of the United States is considerable. In 
 1879, 11,000,000 were slaughtered there ; Chicago alone salted 
 and exported nearly one-half of the number (4,805,000), and in 
 winter from 20,000 to 60,000 Pigs are killed daily — slaughter, 
 salting, smoking, etc., are all carried on by machinery. But these 
 operations are not always conducted with the necessary care ; 
 for the lard has sometimes a bad taste, salting is not uniform, 
 
604 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 and the Trichinae may maintain, though exceptionally, all their 
 vitality. 
 
 In the United States, under the Bureau of Animal Industry, pork 
 is now carefully inspected and classified as follows : 
 
 A. ‘ Samples in which there are no signs of Trichinae, living or dead, calcified 
 cysts, or other bodies or substances having any resemblance to Trichinae or 
 Trichinae cysts.’ According to Law ( Veterinary Medicine, vol. v.), 98 per 
 cent, of all pork passes under this head, and is labelled as sound and certified 
 for exportation. 
 
 B. ‘ Samples in which there are disintegrated Trichinae or Trichinae cysts, 
 calcified Trichinae or Trichinae cysts, or bodies having any resemblance 
 thereto.’ 
 
 C. * Samples in which there are living or dead Trichinae bodies, not dis- 
 integrated.’ 
 
 Together Classes B and C do not exceed 2 per cent. 
 
 ‘ All carcases coming within Class C are removed from the cooling room 
 and disposed of by tanking, or they may be rendered into edible lard at a 
 temperature of 1 50° F. , or made into cooked meat products if the temperature 
 is raised to the boiling point for a sufficient time to cook thoroughly the interior 
 of the pieces. Carcases belonging to Class B are rejected for shipment to 
 countries requiring inspection and certification.’ 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 PARASITES OF THE BONES (ECHINOCOCCI) 
 
 Owing to their compactness, bones oppose an almost insurmountable obstacle 
 to the introduction of parasites. These may, nevertheless, penetrate them 
 accidentally, being carried to them by the blood-stream. This explains the 
 presence of Echinococci in the cavity of long bones, and these are the only 
 zoo-parasites which have been met with in them. 
 
 Only nine instances of hydatid cysts in the bones of domesticated animals 
 have been recorded up to the present time ; two of these concern the Horse, 
 and seven the Ox. 
 
 Horse. — In a case observed by Colin, ‘ the hydatids formed an enormous 
 tumour situated in the sub-lumbar region ; they had invaded the muscles 
 of that region. This tumour was reproduced after two partial ablations ; 
 it extended towards the ilium, and Echinococci were found in the diploe of 
 that bone.’ 
 
 Vachetta found a bony tumour filled with numerous Echinococci vesicles, 
 on the left branch of the inferior maxilla. 
 
 Ox. — The seven cases of hydatid cysts of the bones in bovine animals are 
 arranged according to their seat as follows : one in the humerus (J. Hunter), 
 one in the ilium (J. Hunter), three in the femur (Gurlt, Wulf, and Morot), 
 one in the tibia (Perrin), and one in a dorsal vertebra (Railliet and Morot). 
 
 We have no information with regard to four of these cases, which are 
 limited to necroscopic details, the observations having been made in abattoirs. 
 
 In Gurlt’ s case, the medullary canal of the left femur of a fat Ox contained 
 a great number of hyatids ; there were also very many in the liver. 
 
 In Perrin’s instances of hyatids in the tibia, nothing was observed ex- 
 ternally, but the whole of the medullary canal was invaded by the hydatic 
 tumour, the spongy part of the bone having almost entirely disappeared. 
 The Echinococci belonged to the exogenous variety ; the daughter-vesicles 
 had acquired great development, and the scolex was readily recognisable. 
 
 In Morot’ s case, the femur also did not present anything particular extern- 
 ally. The medulla had only partially disappeared, and the hydatids occupied 
 the lower part of the canal for about 5 or 6 cm. of its length. From the little 
 that is said of it, it appears to have belonged to the endogenous type ; the 
 size of the daughter-vesicles varied between that of a millet-seed and a hemp- 
 seed. No scolex was found. 
 
 In Railliet and Morot’s observation, the body of the seventh dorsal vertebra 
 was hollowed out into an irregular cavity communicating with the adjacent 
 adipose mass by means of an opening formed from within to without. This 
 cavity contained the remains of the Echinococcus. 
 
 605 
 
BOOK VII 
 
 PARASITES OF THE NERVE-CENTRES AND SENSORY ORGANS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 PARASITES OF THE NERVE-CENTRES 
 
 Notwithstanding their being protected in a bony cavity, the 
 brain and spinal cord are not exempt from the invasion of parasites. 
 We are less astonished at this, when we remember that the medullary 
 cavity of the long bones may lodge Echinoccoci. Parasites pene- 
 trate to the cerebrospinal cavity by means of the blood-stream ; 
 only the larvae of Gastrophilus, it may be said, actively introduce 
 themselves into the cranium by one of its openings. All the para- 
 sites generally produce fatal lesions. They belong to a small 
 number of species, and, with the exception of the Ccenurus cerebralis, 
 they are more or less exceptional. They are the larvae of the 
 (Estridae, the armed Sclerostome, and the bladder worms, Cysti- 
 cercus, Echinococcus, and Ccenurus. 
 
 Article I. — Erratic or Wandering Helminthas. 
 
 Cysticercus. — Numerous observations establish the fact that in the brain 
 of the Pig and Dog the Cysticercus cellulosce — the parasitic element in measles — 
 may be found. This will be seen by reference to what has been said on this 
 subject (see pp. 562-584). 
 
 Ccenurus. — In addition to the Ccenurus cerebralis — the normal habitat of 
 which is in the brain of Ruminants, and the study of which will be found in the 
 Article on ‘ Gid ’ — we have to record two observations relative to the Ccenurus 
 serialis — a parasite of the connective tissue of the Rabbit, which has been 
 found on two occasions in the spinal canal of that animal. 
 
 The first observation is relative to a wild Rabbit ; it was made by Rousseau, 
 and reported by Leblond. The second is due to Railliet, and refers to a 
 domesticated Rabbit, affected to a severe degree with conjunctival ccenurosis. 
 It died paraplegic, and in its spinal canal — at the commencement of the 
 lumbar region — was found a very elongated, almost tubular Ccenurus serialis, 
 which was lodged in the arachnoid, and made two turns round the spinal cord, 
 which it had somewhat depressed. 
 
 Echinococcus. — The annals of human medicine record a large number of 
 cases of Echinococci in the nerve-centres ; but it is not so with those relating 
 to the domesticated animals. We do not know whether it was not rather 
 to a Coenurus than an Echinococcus, that the case observed by Woodger and 
 
 606 
 
PARASITES OF THE NERVE-CENTRES 
 
 607 
 
 reported by Varnell was due. This was a Horse affected with a kind of 
 vertigo, which inclined its head strongly to the right, then turned in a circle 
 in the same direction. At the autopsy, there was found in one lateral ven- 
 tricle (which ?) of the brain a vesicle the size of an orange, which had caused 
 atrophy of the cerebral substance, and which was considered an Acephalo- 
 cyst. A similar lesion was described by Battledore in 1830. 
 
 Gerlach mentions that Oeltjen found an Acephalocyst hyadtid in the brain 
 of a Horse that had been affected with vertigo. 
 
 We may here cite another observation made by Kirkman, relative to a Horse 
 which had a sub-orbital swelling on the right side, with damaged vision. At 
 the autopsy there was discovered, beneath the right eye and in the temporal 
 fossa, an abscess, the pus of which contained, in suspension, numerous endo- 
 genous Echinococci, of the size of a pea to that of a cherry. The temporal 
 and ocular muscles were flaccid, pale, and enveloped in fibrous tissue. A tumour 
 occupied the base of the cranium, and the corresponding hemisphere was 
 atrophied, as well as the first, second, third, fifth, and sixth cerebral nerves. 
 
 Boschetti has described a case of cerebral echinococcosis in a cow. 
 
 Nematodes. — The young form of the armed Sclerostome — the aneurismal 
 Sclerostome — is found in various arteries in the Horse, and those of the brain 
 are not exempt. Three observations have been published. 
 
 Albrecht reports the case of a Horse which, during work, suddenly began 
 to stagger ; the eyes were fixed, and the respiration was noisy ; there were 
 remissions and relapses. Three hours after the first symptoms appeared, 
 the head was carried low and inclined to the left, and there were convulsive 
 movements of the neck and limbs. Soon it fell on the left side, became un- 
 conscious, and manifested complete insensibility. In this state it was killed, 
 and at the autopsy there were found diffuse meningitis, haemorrhagic ence- 
 phalitis, and in the middle lobe of the cerebellum a Sclerostome, which had 
 probably arrived there when an embryo. Van Heill saw a three years old 
 Horse which was suddenly attacked with furious vertigo, that lasted about 
 a quarter of an hour. An autopsy revealed congestion of the brain and 
 choroid plexus, while a free Sclerostome was lodged in the cortical substance 
 of the right hemisphere. Le Bihan found another worm of this kind in the 
 occipital artery ; rupture of the aneurism caused the death of the Horse in 
 less than ten minutes. 
 
 Abildgaard discovered the Filaria equina between the dura-mater and 
 cranial arachnoid of a Horse (Rudolphi). 
 
 Article II. — Hydatido-Cephalus or ‘ Gid.’ 
 
 This is a disease due to the presence of the Ccenurus cerebralis in 
 the nerve-centres, and particularly in the brain. It is observed in 
 the Sheep, less frequently in the Goat and Ox, and altogether ex- 
 ceptionally in the Horse. 
 
 ' Gid ’ appears to be less frequent in England than formerly, 
 though in certain seasons it may cause considerable damage, some- 
 times as many as 35 per cent, of a flock being lost. It has been 
 stated by Youatt, that in France a million of Sheep die from it 
 annually ; and Gasparin puts the losses in Germany as 15 per 1,000 
 in the first year of life — from eight to twelve months being the most 
 critical time — 5 in the second year, 2 in the third year, and 1 in the 
 fourth. 
 
 Synonyms. — French : Tournis Avertin, Tournoiement, Etourdisse- 
 ment, Vertigo, Lourd , Hydroc'ephale ; German : Drehen, Drehkrank- 
 heit ; Italian : V ertigine idatiginosa, Vertigine per cenuro ; English : 
 Gid, Turnsick, Turnside, Sturdy, Goggles, Turn, Blobwhirl, Giddiness, 
 Punt, Hydatid on the brain, Hydatido-cephalus. 
 
6o3 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Etiology. — The sole cause of * Gid ’ is the Ccenurus cerebralis Rud., the 
 cystic form of the Tcenia ccenurus Kuch (see p. 375). 
 
 It is a vesicle of variable size, sometimes attaining the volume of a hen’s 
 egg. Its limiting membrane is very thin, translucent and contractile, and 
 
 more or less distended by a very limpid, 
 colourless fluid. On its surface are white, un- 
 equally grouped spots, which are agglomerated 
 and pressed together at certain points and 
 absent at others. These spots correspond to 
 as many invaginations of the membrane and 
 scolices of the Taenia that project into the 
 interior of the vesicle. The proportion of the 
 scolices is very variable, and may, in advanced 
 cases, be as many as 400 and 500. They are 
 not always at the same period of development, 
 some being still rudimentary, and others having 
 all the characters of a scolex of the Tcenia 
 ccenurus. The latter may be 4 mm. to 5 mm. 
 long when evaginated, and presents the head 
 of the Taenia followed by a constriction — the 
 neck — then by a body three or four times as 
 long as the head, and studded with calcareous 
 granules. 
 
 These scolices may voluntarily become 
 evaginated, as Davaine has observed ; and with this author it might be 
 admitted that the symptoms of the disease are not exclusively due to com- 
 pression, but often to direct irritation of the cerebral substance by these 
 heads armed with hooks. 
 
 The Coenurus is almost exclusively a parasite of Ruminants, but 
 it is much more frequent in the Sheep than the Goat or Ox ; it has 
 also been met with in the European MoufLon, the Chamois, Roebucks 
 and Antelope, Reindeer, Dromedary, and even in the Horse (and 
 Man). Eichler has found it in the connective tissue of a Sheep, 
 Nathusius beneath the skin of a Calf, and Engelmeyer has seen in 
 the liver of a Cat a Coenurus of an undetermined species. Rabe 
 says he found vesicles of the Ccenurus cerebralis at the same time 
 in the nerve-centres, thoracic and abdominal lymphatic glands, the 
 thyroid body, and the muscles of a Gazelle. 
 
 The nature of ‘ gid ’ was for a long time unknown. It was supposed to 
 be a serous apoplexy, a dropsy of the lateral ventricles, a serous engorge- 
 ment of the brain, etc. The Coenurus was considered to be a cyst, the result 
 of a metamorphosis of the ova of insects deposited beneath the cranium, etc. 
 The cause was sought for in the regime, cold, heat, damp, precocious obesity, 
 contusions, etc., although it appeared under the most diverse conditions. 
 Leshe was the first, in 1780, to recognise the watery bladder as a cystic worm 
 always found in animals affected with gid, and Gceze soon after made the 
 same observation. But it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century 
 that exact notions began to prevail as to the etiological conditions of this malady. 
 
 The first experiments in this direction are due to Kuchenmeister, in 1853 ; 
 and they have been many times repeated since, particularly by Haubner, 
 May, Gurlt, Gerlach, Leuckart, Van Beneden, Eschricht, C. Baillet, Roll, 
 Fiirstenberg, etc. They have established, in the firmest manner, the etiology 
 of gid, and shown the ontogenic relations of the Ccenurus cerebralis with the 
 Tcenia coenurus. 
 
 When a Lamb receives the mature segments or ova of the Tcenia 
 ccenurus , the shells of the ova are soon dissolved in the gastric 
 
 Fig. 359. — Coenurus cere- 
 
 bralis, after being kept in 
 alcohol. 
 
PARASITES OF THE NERVE-CENTRES 609 
 
 juice, and the embryos are set free. By means of their six hooks, 
 they pass through the walls of the stomach or intestine, wander 
 among the tissues, very probably penetrate some vessel, and are 
 cariied by the blood-current to various parts of the organism. 
 Those which arrive in the nerve-centres are almost the only ones 
 that pursue their development. They then lose their hooks, and 
 are transformed into vesicles that gradually acquire the character 
 of the coenurus. 
 
 If several lodge themselves at one time in the cranial cavity, the 
 first symptoms of gid are usually observed in from the eighth to 
 the twentieth day ; but if there are only one or two, then, as a 
 rule, the signs of the malady are later in appearing. C. Baillet 
 states that he did not notice them in two Lambs until 68 and 114 
 days after these had ingested the proglottides, and although at the 
 autopsies he found in one 33, and in the other 5, cystic worms more 
 or less developed. 
 
 After the eighth day the brain is extremely congested, and from 
 the fourteenth to the thirty-eighth day there are seen on the surface 
 of the cerebrum sinuous, superficial furrows of a pale-yellow tint, 
 at the termination or in the neighbourhood of which the vesicles 
 are met with. At the end of two or three weeks, the diameter of 
 these varies between -6 mm., -8 mm., 1, 2 or 3 mm. ; on the twenty- 
 fourth day they are the size of a pea, but they do not yet give any 
 indication of the formation of scolices. These appear as opaque 
 depressions on vesicles thirty-eight days old, and are about the 
 size of a cherry. Those which are fifty or fifty-five days old, and 
 are a little larger, have on their internal surface numerous charac- 
 teristic scolices, with hooks and suckers ; but they are still incom- 
 pletely developed, and it is not until the end of two months to two 
 and a half months that perfect scolices are seen. The vesicles do 
 not the less continue to grow and to throw out new heads, which 
 are found in all degrees of approaching maturity (C. Baillet). 
 
 It is not rare to meet with, in an early stage of the experiment, 
 sinuous tracks like those on the surface of the brain, beneath the 
 pulmonary pleurae, visceral layer of the pericardium or endocardium, 
 intestinal serous membrane, between the layers of the omentum, 
 and on the diaphragm and walls of the oesophagus. C. Baillet — 
 to whom we owe these details — has even on one occasion found four 
 vesicles twenty days old — two at the apex of the heart and two 
 on the surface of the lungs ; these came from wandering pro- 
 scolices which, later, had become atrophied and formed small 
 fibro-calcareous tumours — such as are sometimes met with in 
 animals that die a long time after the commencement of the experi- 
 ment. 
 
 These diverse researches place beyond doubt the etiology of gid ; 
 it has its origin in the Tcenia ccenurus of the Dog, the mature seg- 
 ments of which — gorged with ova — are expelled with the excre- 
 ments, and fall upon the pastures where this animal wanders along 
 with the ruminants it guards. It has been nowhere demonstrated 
 
 39 
 
6io 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 — as has been suggested — that the Wolf, Fox and Polecat may 
 harbour this Taenia, and so concur in this infestation. 
 
 The proglottides of the Tania ccenurus, dispersed on the ground, 
 decompose there, allow their ova to escape, and the rains disseminate 
 these over the grass or wash them into ditches or ponds from which 
 animals drink. Humidity is essentially favourable to the main- 
 tenance of vitality in these ova ; so it is that gid is more common 
 in flocks that frequent damp pastures, and also when the spring 
 and summer have been rainy. These two seasons constitute the 
 period in which the malady generally appears, and coincide with 
 turning out to graze, and the duration of the kind of incubation 
 that precedes the manifestation of the symptoms. 
 
 In the experiments of Roll and Haubner, the proglottides of the 
 Tania ccenurus, after fourteen days’ desiccation in the air had lost 
 their infesting power. On the other hand, Gerlach was able to 
 communicate the disease to Lambs by means of proglottides kept 
 for three months on damp grass. 
 
 Garcin has remarked that the Merinos and half-bred Merinos of 
 Picardy are more readily infested than the native Sheep ; because, 
 in eating off the grass close to the ground, they are more certain 
 to take the ova and proglottides than the latter, which do not 
 graze so near the neck of the grass-roots. 
 
 The influence of the preceding etiological conditions is subordinate 
 to the age of the animals, for they are nearly all Lambs and Hoggets 
 which pay a large tribute to gid — this disease being exceptional in 
 Sheep more than two years old. Cattle are longer exposed to it, 
 though after their seventh year they certainly escape. It is difficult 
 to explain, by a varied consistency of the tissues, this susceptibility 
 of certain ages and the relative immunity of others. 
 
 As in a large number of other parasitic maladies, so in this — 
 attempts have been made to prove that heredity plays a part in 
 the development of gid. With regard to the cases of the Coenurus 
 in new-born Lambs — as those cited by Riem and Hering, they 
 might be accounted for by intra-uterine infestation by means of 
 the proscolex, which, leaving the intestine of the mother, finds its 
 way into the circulatory system of the foetus. 
 
 The Tania ccenurus — the cause of gid — is itself derived from the 
 Ccenurus cerebralis, as the above-named experimenters have demon- 
 strated. This is because the heads of Sheep which have died of 
 gid, or the bladder-worms removed from the brain, are thrown to 
 the Sheep-dogs, which in this wav a :quire the Taenia — each scolex 
 separates from the mother-vesicle in their intestine, becomes fixed 
 on the mucous membrane, and develops into a Tania ccenurus, the 
 ova of which, dispersed over the ground, become in their turn cystic 
 worms if they find the conditions favourable to their development 
 in a Ruminant. 
 
 Symptoms. — Gid varies in its external signs, according as the 
 Coenurus is lodged in the cranial cavity or in the spinal canal. 
 
 Cephalic Gid. — The malady often begins with signs of congestion 
 
PARASITES OF THE NERVE-CENTRES 611 
 
 or inflammation of the brain or its membranes ; though Moller 
 asserts that these early symptoms of brain invasion are absent in 
 four-fifths of the Sheep which have received the germ of gid. In 
 general, there is at first indifference and weakness, an abnormal 
 attitude of the head — which is held low and to one side, or carried 
 high, with hyperthermia of the cranium and vascular injection of 
 the sclerotica. Sometimes when there is simultaneous immigra- 
 tion of a great number of young worms, these symptoms become 
 exaggerated, and notably the higher temperature of the cranium, 
 pressure on which causes pain ; the pulse is more frequent, and 
 acting under irresistible impulse, the animal performs automatic 
 movements forward to the right or left, in a circle or rotatory on 
 one spot — pivoting round a vertical axis passing between the 
 collected four limbs. In other cases, the animal acts as if intoxi- 
 cated, and often stumbles and falls. At the same time the eyes 
 are deviated inwards or outwards, the neck is contorted, there is 
 grinding of the teeth, the mouth is foamy, and clonic contractions 
 agitate the limbs. 
 
 This kind of vertigo — the precursor of gid — is rarely continuous, 
 but most frequently intermittent ; in about eight or ten days the 
 animals appear to have recovered their health, and it is altogether 
 exceptional for Lambs to succumb in this first stage. There may 
 even be a definitive return to health, in consequence of a regres- 
 sion of the young parasites which have invaded the brain ; but this 
 fortunate termination occurs in scarcely more than 2 per cent, of 
 those attacked. 
 
 Generally, the Cystic worms continue to grow, and during a 
 period of from four to six months the attentive observer recognises 
 from time to time — and especially in stormy weather — certain signs 
 indicating an abnormal condition and permanent compression, 
 though slight, of the brain. At the end of this period — towards 
 the termination of winter, or in the spring — appear the real symptoms 
 of gid. 
 
 There are various disturbances in sensibility, an intermittent 
 automatism, and a special attitude of the head — which is some- 
 times depressed, sometimes more or less elevated ; the animal 
 pushes against walls, its eyes are haggard and fixed, and the pupils 
 are dilated. By an ophthalmoscopic examination, Bouchut noticed 
 a neuro-retinitis, consisting of very marked oedema of the optic 
 nerve and retina, and an exudate that almost entirely masked the 
 papilla of the nerve or one of its sides. The Sheep is feeble and 
 indifferent, gradually loses its appetite, lags behind the flock or 
 does not follow at all. The nature and direction of the automatic 
 movements it exhibits are determined by the situation of the 
 Coenurus scolex. 
 
 When the parasite occupies the surface of one of the cerebral 
 hemispheres, the animal describes circles which become smaller 
 and smaller, until at last, pivoting on itself, and with the straw, 
 hay or grass twisted around its feet in consequence, it falls down. 
 
 39—2 
 
6 12 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 In other instances, the circles become extended. As a rule, the 
 Sheep turns towards the same side as that on which the brain is 
 compressed. If the parasite occupies a ventricle, or if it presses 
 upon one of the optic thalami, the Sheep turns towards the oppo- 
 site side ; but if there are two or more cysts infesting both hemi- 
 spheres, it moves sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left. 
 
 Some Sheep go straight forward, lifting their feet high and holding 
 their head low and close to the chest — these are named trotteurs in 
 France, traberen in Germany. The hydatid is then localized in the 
 anterior part of the brain — either in the olfactory lobes or the 
 corpora striata. If it is seated in the cerebellum, and particularly 
 in the lateral lobes or in the posterior part of the mastoid lobes, the 
 animals are depressed, can scarcely stand, are uncertain in their 
 movements, fall frequently, and usually on the same side, but get 
 up again immediately. If the Coenurus makes pressure on one of 
 the crura cerebri, the Sheep often falls, and then has convulsions, 
 accompanied by grinding of the teeth and the ejection of foamy 
 saliva from the mouth. 
 
 It sometimes happens — though very rarely — that the Sheep 
 executes rapid rolling movements ; then the Coenurus is lodged 
 at the base of the cerebellum, or, because of its large size, it com- 
 presses at the same time the corpus striatum and the posterior 
 lobe of the brain. If the pressure is exercised on the corpora quad- 
 rigemina, the eyes pirouette in the orbits, and the animal moves 
 about as if blind. 
 
 There may be association of several of these movements, when 
 there are several parasites, or when only one has become consider- 
 ably extended. The disturbances are manifested by more or less 
 repeated attacks in the course of the day ; and the disease may 
 last from four to six weeks. The animals gradually become weaker, 
 and succumb either to cerebral paralysis or to debility and exhaus- 
 tion. 
 
 Medullary Gid . — The Coenurus maybe localized in the spinal cord, 
 chiefly in the lumbar region, and its symptomatic manifestation is 
 then designated lumbar gid or hydatic paraplegia (Roll). 
 
 The first signs noticed are paresis of one of the hind-limbs, or a 
 particular weakness of the loins — the hind-quarters sway during 
 walking, and nearly descend to the ground when the animal ascends 
 a slope ; it staggers and rocks from right to left, sometimes con- 
 vulsively jerks up its hind-legs like a Horse with stringhalt, or 
 pushes them under its body as far as the fore-legs, and often ends 
 by tumbling over. It has much difficulty in following the flock, 
 and slight pressure on the loins will cause it to fall. Gradually the 
 lumbar weakness increases, and at last the Sheep sits down, and 
 in order to move it drags its body along bj means of its forefeet. 
 Complete paraplegia at last supervenes. During this evolution of 
 the malady, paralysis. of the rectum and bladder commences, and 
 all the apparent signs of cachexia — paleness of the mucous mem- 
 branes, infiltrations, shedding of the wool, and progressive emacia- 
 
PARASITES OF THE NERVE-CENTRES 
 
 613 
 
 tion, notwithstanding retention of the appetite and the abnormal 
 consumption of forage. The malady may be prolonged for several 
 months if slaughter does not intervene to prevent death by 
 extreme exhaustion. 
 
 Gid in the Ox. — Though much less common in Cattle than in 
 Sheep, gid appears in them more particularly during the course 
 of the first or second year, and may — though less exceptionally 
 than in the ovine species — be observed at adult age, from four to 
 six years. It is marked at first by diminished appetite, sluggish- 
 ness, by the head being carried a little elevated and to the right or 
 left, and executing often-repeated lateral spasmodic movements. 
 In certain Cattle, the head is kept constantly depressed without 
 any convulsive jerkings, and if the animal is at liberty it performs 
 rotatory movements, like Sheep affected with the same malady. 
 Or it pushes irresistibly forward, pressing the head so firmly against 
 the wall of the cow-house that it is difficult to drive it back. The 
 forehead and base of the horns are hot, the pupils are dilated, 
 there is photophobia, and the respirations are quickened. The 
 creature is very impressionable, starts at a sudden noise, tries to 
 run away, and sometimes falls to the ground. The appetite dis- 
 appears altogether, or the animal only munches what is put into 
 its mouth, or holds it between its lips — unconscious that anything 
 is there. Percussion of the cranium on the point corresponding 
 to the situation of the Coenurus causes pain, and elicits a duller 
 sound than on the healthy side. Death is the termination of the 
 disease, and results from the same causes as in the Sheep, though 
 generally in a shorter period — sometimes in a few days (Hering), 
 but ordinarily two or three weeks, and exceptionally two or three 
 months (Maillet), or even eight months (Gieres). 
 
 Gid in the Horse. — We possess three observations with regard to gid in 
 the Horse. Frenzel saw a Horse, two years old, which, for nearly a year, 
 was affected with a kind of intermittent gid, with feebleness, languor, anaemia, 
 and dilatation of the pupils. At the autopsy, there was found between the 
 cerebellum and cerebrum a Coenurus weighing about 16 grammes. The 
 second observation was made by the veterinary surgeons of the Haras at 
 Trakehnen, on a thoroughbred Horse, ten years old. The disease com- 
 menced with double amaurosis, with a greyish reflection — bordering on red — 
 at the fundus of the eye. Three months afterwards, the animal began to 
 be unsteady in its gait during exercise, and sought to support itself against 
 something by always backing, and carrying the head spasmodically to the 
 left. These attacks were repeated about every eight days, and the Horse 
 could not turn to the right. One day, a month later, it fell suddenly on its 
 right side, inert and insensible, and died in the evening. At the autopsy 
 there was discovered, a little below the anterior extremity of the right cerebral 
 hemisphere, a Coenurus (?) containing abont 75 grammes of serum. The 
 adjoining cerebral substance was completely softened, the dura mater and 
 sphenoid bone were also absorbed in this situation — the bone showing an 
 opening with a sharp border, closed only by a thin pellicle. The other 
 observation — too briefly reported — concerns a carriage Horse that died sud- 
 denly of acute vertigo, and on examining it after death Schwanefeldt found 
 a Coenurus containing about 65 grammes of serum ; it was situated on the 
 surface of the brain, and was compressed by the cranial bones. 
 
 Gid in the Goose. — This case was observed by Hering, the Goose presenting 
 
6 14 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 symptoms analogous to those noticed in Sheep affected with gid — head 
 inclined to the left, and one eye looking outwards, the other downwards ; 
 later, the head was so much thrown backwards that the throat was directed 
 upwards and the forehead inclined towards the ground ; finally, the head 
 was brought entirely beneath the left wing, the creature lost its equilibrium, 
 and lay on its back with its feet in the air. At the commencement, it moved 
 in a circle to the left ; later, there was complete immobility, but without loss 
 of consciousness. On making an autopsy, a hard, yellow tumour, the size 
 of a peppercorn, was found on the surface of the left cerebral lobe ; it was 
 non-adherent, had no definite structure, and was considered a dead and 
 atrophied hydatid. The meninges and substance of the brain were greatly 
 injected ; but the cranial bones, as well as the spinal cord, were healthy. 
 
 Diagnosis. — Gid in the Sheep offers symptomatic resemblances 
 to the other affections of the brain or neighbouring parts. 
 
 Vertigo , menin go-cephalitis due to the influence of solar heat or 
 a prolonged sojourn in the fold in summer, is distinguished from 
 gid by the redness of the nasal, buccal and conjunctival mucous 
 membranes, by the heat of the body, and rapid puffing and breath- 
 ing ; the animal rarely circles round, pushes its head against the 
 wall and rack, bleats almost continually, and soon dies. 
 
 Epilepsy is recognised by the perfect state of health, except for 
 the fits, and the absence of turning. 
 
 Blindness, which is sometimes witnessed in Lambs, renders them 
 uncertain in their progression, and causes them to run against sur- 
 rounding objects. An examination of the eyes should dispel all 
 doubts. 
 
 The presence of the larvae of the CEstrus ovis in the frontal sinus 
 has sometimes given rise to mistakes, especially in confounding the 
 symptoms with those of gid. This false gid is, however, rarely 
 accompanied with circular movements, while the symptoms special 
 to it, and particularly the nasal discharge, sneezing, and ejection of 
 the larvae, are very distinctive. 
 
 An inflammation of the sinuses, with purulent collection and 
 alteration in the bony walls, may react on the cranium, and give 
 rise to symptoms analogous to those of gid. But the nasal dis- 
 charge here, again, sometimes the age of the animal, and the rapid 
 manifestation of giddiness, may serve as a differential diagnostic. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy. — At the autopsy of animals which have 
 died of gid, one or more Cysts are found in the cranium, as much 
 more developed as the disease has been prolonged. When speaking 
 of its etiology, and of the experiments which have established this, 
 the developmental phases of the parasitic vesicle were described. 
 In practice, the number of vesicles is generally limited, though 
 Huzard has counted more than thirty in the head of a Lamb. 
 Their size and development are generally in inverse proportion to 
 their number. Huzard has seen some which occupied nearly one- 
 half of the cranial cavity. 
 
 These vesicles are found at various parts of the brain. When 
 they are small and deeply situated, they are surrounded by a 
 pseudo-purulent exudate, which is yellow and creamy in places. 
 If the Coenurus is voluminous, the brain substance in its vicinity 
 
PARASITES OF THE NERVE-CENTRES 
 
 615 
 
 is depressed, atrophied, and forms a more or less regular pouch, 
 the wall of which is formed of flexuous, interrupted, or broken 
 nerve-tubes, that are less numerous than in the normal substance ; 
 by nerve-cells which are no longer in communication with the nerve- 
 tubes ; by a large quantity of amorphous substance and molecular 
 granules ; and, lastly, by calcareous, crystalline particles. Capillary 
 vessels traverse this layer, and are continuous with, those of the 
 cerebral substance (Robin, quoted by Reynal). This pouch con- 
 tains a grumous purulent matter, and the peripheral cerebral sub- 
 stance is inflamed, dense, and granular. 
 
 When the Coenurus is in a ventricle, the roof of this is thinned, 
 and sometimes reduced to its envelopes ; the septum lucidum, 
 posterior pillar of the fornix and the corpus callosum are also 
 thinned, and even perforated, and pushed towards the hemisphere, 
 or into the opposite ventricle, into which the vesicle sometimes 
 protrudes. 
 
 The old and voluminous Coenurus, situated on the surface of 
 the brain, has — by compression — caused absorption and attenua- 
 tion of the roof of the cranium, which sometimes yields to pressure 
 of the fingers. 
 
 In medullary gid, the Coenurus is elongated, fusiform, and from 
 3 cm. to 5 cm., and even a foot, long (Numan). Usually there is 
 only one, and it is lodged in the lumbar region ; it may, however, 
 occupy the cervical region (May), or the posterior part of the medulla 
 oblongata (Storing). In some cases, it has undergone calcareous 
 degeneration, and is only recognisable by its hooks, which have 
 persisted (Roll). It sometimes occupies only one-half of the spinal 
 cord, sometimes the two divisions, or it is intermediate, and com- 
 pletely separates them (Yvart). It may be situated deeply, or 
 only beneath the arachnoid. The medullary substance is atrophied 
 and hyperaemic where it is located, or it is softened. The muscles 
 of the hind-quarters are wasted, and otherwise show the alterations 
 of cachexia. 
 
 In a large number of animals, there are found in various organs — 
 and especially the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, mesentery, and muscles 
 — some round or ovoid greenish corpuscles, from 1 mm. to 4 mm. 
 in diameter ; they are composed of an enveloping membrane and 
 granular contents, rich in fat globules. These are the remains of 
 erratic embryos which have not met with the conditions favourable 
 for their development. Nathusius and Eichler have seen some- 
 what large cysts in the subcutaneous connective tissue of the Calf 
 and Sheep. 
 
 The malady having generally a chronic course, there are observed 
 more or less everywhere the lesions of pronounced cachexia. 
 
 Prophylaxis. — It is superfluous to advise keeping Dogs apart from 
 the flocks, as this promiscuousness is a condition of Sheep and Cattle 
 rearing ; but they ought to be as few as may be practicable. What 
 is possible, is to free the Dogs from their Taeniae by the means already 
 indicated (p. 385). This step should be undertaken at least once a 
 
6 16 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 year, at the return of springtime. Hager — quoted by Ziirn — recom- 
 mends, with this view, the black oxide of calcined copper, in 5 centi- 
 gramme doses three times a day for ten days ; it may be given in 
 bread or meat, or in the form of pills. It is well, during this anthel- 
 mintic treatment, to keep the Dog tied up, in order that the expelled 
 Taeniae may be collected and destroyed by fire. 
 
 The Wolf, Fox, and Pole-cat, which have been accused of also 
 harbouring the Tcznia coenurus, are already actively hunted down ; 
 so it is needless to recommend this treatment for them. 
 
 The heads of Sheep which had been affected with gid should be 
 burned or boiled, and never left for Dogs to devour. If they must 
 be buried, precautions should be taken against Dogs and Foxes, 
 which are likely to disinter them. 
 
 It might be also useful to prohibit the use of certain wet pastures, 
 where the germs of gid are more particularly preserved. 
 
 Lastly, it has been recommended to give young animals of the 
 flock, from time to time during the summer, when the disease is 
 enzootic, tonic or anthelmintic preparations. Those which have 
 been recommended in distomiasis will answer perfectly well for 
 this malady. 
 
 Treatment. — In consequence of the serious nature of the disease 
 and the unsatisfactory results of treatment, often nothing is done 
 to cure the animals, which are generally sent to the butcher. This 
 is the least expensive course to adopt, and it is the only one to follow 
 in lumbar gid. But special reasons — chiefly related to the value 
 of individual animals — may present themselves in favour of attempt- 
 ing curative treatment. 
 
 Many remedies have been recommended, but there are none which 
 — administered internally — can reach the parasite, and with the 
 more energetic drugs there is risk of killing the patient ; so that 
 it is by acting directly on the seat of the disease — on the cranium 
 — that beneficial results may be hoped for. Of the numerous modes 
 of treatment advised, those of trephining and continuous irrigation 
 with cold water have yielded the best results. 
 
 The object of trephining is extraction of the bladder- worm. 
 
 Before operating, it should be ascertained whether the Ccenurus is 
 single, as, if there are several, the operation will have no chance of 
 success, and it is the same if the Coenurus is deep-seated in the brain 
 or medulla oblongata. It must be immediately beneath the 
 meninges, and its site must be ascertained — this is the first difficulty, 
 and it is a serious one ; but it may be frequently solved by a con- 
 sideration of the symptoms, especially the turning. We have seen 
 that, generally, the side towards which the Sheep inclines is that 
 on which the parasite is situated ; but this is not always the case. 
 The inclination of the summit of the head is, according to Lafosse, 
 an infallible guide. ‘ When this summit inclines to one side in 
 such a way that the ear or horn of that side is lower than the 
 opposite one, that is the side on which the worm will be found. 
 This inclined position is always observed when the worm is lodged 
 
PARASITES OF THE NERVE-CENTRES 
 
 617 
 
 in one side of the cranium, or even when it occupies the middle 
 plane, but is rather more prolonged to one side than the other.’ 
 Another sign — which is not constant — is tumefaction of the cranium 
 at the part corresponding to the hydatid. The local thinness of 
 the bone — which may yield to pressure of the finger — as well as 
 the pain caused by this pressure, or percussion after the skin has 
 been clipped, will sometimes serve as a guide. When there is no 
 reason for preferring one side to the other, the operation is performed 
 in the middle — slightly to one side of it, however, to avoid the falx 
 cerebri and its venous sinus. In the Sheep and Goat, the puncture 
 should be made at one or two centimetres in front of the imaginary 
 transverse line drawn between the anterior part of the base of the 
 horns or the sinus that takes its place. 
 
 Perforation of the bone is often made with a drill, a trocar, etc., 
 but it is more speedy and sure if effected by means of a trephine, 
 7 mm. to 8 mm. in diameter, the point of which is as little salient 
 as possible. 
 
 When the opening has been made at the right spot, the Coenurus 
 projects into it, and the vesicle should not be punctured until move- 
 ment has ceased. It is preferable to empty the vesicle at once by 
 means of a syringe, or small pump. When this has been done, the 
 Coenurus is then removed by seizing it with forceps, turning it 
 round and round so as to twist it into a kind of cord, and pulling 
 it gradually outwards ; or a long goose-quill may be employed — 
 the borders being notched on the side next the barbs — and manipu- 
 lated in the same way as the forceps. The vesicle having been 
 extracted, the wound is closed and covered by an antiseptic dressing 
 secured by a bandage or cap. 
 
 Trephining only inspires a moderate degree of confidence. This 
 is due to the difficulty in fixing on the exact situation of the parasite, 
 and the possibility of there being more than one, as well as the fre- 
 quent complications that follow the operation, and — to sum up — 
 the small proportion of recoveries obtained. 
 
 If the hopes entertained with regard to hydrotherapy be realized, 
 then it should soon supplant the procedure just mentioned. Harten- 
 stein, of Charleville, instituted the mode of treatment by refrigera- 
 tion of the cranium, which had been already indicated by Gieres 
 for gid in cattle. It is justified by what is known as to the influ- 
 ence of cold in preventing the development of inferior organisms, 
 or in destroying them. By means of it Hartenstein has cured a foal, 
 a heifer, and five Sheep. Nocard has also been successful with 
 two Lambs, and the successes appear to be more frequent than 
 the failures. What confirms the value of this method is the result 
 of autopsies. In one case in which the treatment was suspended 
 before recovery was complete, and the animal was slaughtered 
 eight days afterwards, the lateral ventricles of the brain were 
 found to be very much dilated, and in the left was a Coenurus the 
 size of a billiard-ball, having ten to twelve scolices still alive. 
 
 The application of the treatment is very simple. A vessel of 
 
6 18 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 any kind is filled with cold water, which an indiarubber tube conveys 
 to the head of the Sheep, the animal being fixed in a narrow box 
 from which the head alone projects, so that while the head is 
 saturated the body is kept dry. At the commencement of irriga- 
 tion the animal struggles violently, but it soon becomes calm, and 
 after fifteen or twenty minutes may be left to itself. This irriga- 
 tion is continued without interruption for three days, except during 
 feeding. Then it may be reduced, but the treatment should be 
 prolonged. Frequently after the first day there is an amelioration, 
 that becomes more and more marked. A cure is complete in about 
 fifteen to twenty days, and sooner if crushed ice in a cloth bag 
 be substituted for the irrigation. 
 
 Article III. — Larvae of the CEstridae. 
 
 Encephalon. — Some observations demonstrate that the larvae of the 
 CEstridae may penetrate to the brain of Equines. 
 
 The presence of these parasites is betrayed by circling movements or 
 difficulty in standing ; an abnormal position of the head, which is carried 
 obliquely ; the pupils are dilated, there is tetanic contraction of one or two 
 limbs, convulsive agitation of one or two others, and all the symptoms of 
 encephalitis. Sometimes the malady runs its course with the rapidity of 
 acute apoplexy (Lourdel), or almost acute (Franchi) ; in other cases, the 
 animal takes three or four days in dying (Sirodot, Siedamgrotzkv). 
 
 The diagnosis of such a disease is always very difficult, and can scarcely 
 be established until after death. It, fortunately, has little importance, as a 
 fatal termination rapidly supervenes. 
 
 At the autopsy, the larvae of the (Estridae are found, not only in the stomach, 
 but also in the pharyngeal opening of the Eustacnian tubes, in the nasal 
 cavities, and in the cranium (Franchi). The brain is lacerated, and is also 
 the seat of active inflammation that extends some distance beyond the point 
 occupied by the parasite ; there is likewise violent meningitis. A single 
 larva has usually entered the cranium ; but Bruckmuller has seen two, and 
 Franchi several, which were at various depths. In all these instances, the 
 lower surface of the medulla oblongata was attacked, with the exception of 
 Franchi’s case, in which the base of the cerebrum and cerebellum were 
 involved ; and in that of Boas, in which the larva was between the left anterior 
 corpus quadrigeminus and the corresponding cerebral hemisphere. It was 
 the left side of the pons Varolii in Bruckmiiller’s case ; the left lateral fasciculus 
 of the medulla oblongata, behind the calamus scriptorius, in that of Sirodot ; 
 the anterior part of the right restiform body in that of Siedamgrotzky ; the 
 crura cerebri in that of Lourdel ; and the medulla oblongata and pons Varolii 
 in that of Dieckerhoff. 
 
 The species of CEstridae, the larva of which may thus penetrate, is still very 
 uncertain. A priori, it is natural to suppose that it is the Gastrophilus 
 hcemorrhoidalis , which, more than any other, sometimes remains fixed in 
 the post-buccal regions. Nevertheless, Bruckmuller thought he had to do 
 with the Gastrophilus nasalis, Boas the Hypoderma bovis ; Megnin states 
 the larva found by Lourdel belonged to the latter species ; while the descrip- 
 tion Siedamgrotzky gives of the one he discovered does not appear to be that 
 of one of the (Estridae. 
 
 The situation occupied by the parasite allows of the course it followed 
 to the interior of the cranium being traced. It is probable that the larva, 
 on arriving in the guttural pouch from the pharynx, passes through the 
 walls of the pouch to pass into the foramen lacerum at the base of the cranium, 
 and so finds itself at the under surface of the brain. 
 
PARASITES OF THE NERVE-CENTRES 619 
 
 The larvae collected by Rose in the brain of a foal in 1828, doubtless 
 belonged to the CEstridae. 
 
 Spinal Cord. — In 1827, Tombs found a larva — belonging to the CEstridae, 
 no doubt — in the spinal cord of a pony. 
 
 In 14 cattle — generally young — of 39 he examined, Hinsrichen saw larvae 
 lodged in the fat between the spinal canal and dura mater. Their number 
 varied from one to twenty, and they were from 8 mm. to 13 mm. long, by 
 1 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter. Their presence was not revealed during life, 
 nor at the autopsy, by any appreciable sign. 
 
 Hinrichsen was inclined to consider them — though without sufficient 
 reason — as larvae of the Hypoderma bovis in the first stage. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 PARASITES OF THE SENSORY ORGANS 
 
 Parasitism of the organs of taste and smell is naturally that of the 
 mouth and nasal cavities. This chapter will, therefore, only com- 
 prise the parasites of the ear and eye. 
 
 Article I. — Parasites of the Ear. 
 
 Parasitism of the ear commences with the external ear. The 
 only exception to this rule that we know of is the observation of 
 Gelle. At the autopsy of a Dog, he found Linguatula tcenioides in 
 the middle ear, the mucous membrane of which was red, thickened, 
 and covered with pus. The parasite was supposed to have pene- 
 trated by the Eustachian tube, as another individual of the same 
 species occupied the corresponding nasal cavity. 
 
 All the parasites of the skin may attack the external ear, as they 
 do the other parts of the integument. Some of them localize 
 themselves voluntarily there — such as Simulium on Horses, the 
 larvae of Sarcophaga magnified on Dogs. Pradal says that when 
 Pigs are exposed to the hot sun, their ears become cracked and the 
 larvae of Flies soon burrow in the wounds thus formed. In the 
 larger Herbivora, Lice often seek the downy interior of the concha. 
 
 Among the Acarina, the Ixodinae, Argasincz , and Harvest Bugs are 
 frequent in the ears of Dogs and Cattle (pp. 98-100). 
 
 They were also probably Harvest Bugs which Zundel states he met with 
 in the ear of a badly-kept Heifer belonging to a wood-keeper, as Acari visible 
 to the naked eye and agglomerated in small yellowish patches. 
 
 Troltsch, reported by Gassner, found in the external auditory canal and 
 near the tympanum of an Ox a great number of Dermanyssus species mixed 
 up with the secretions ; the mucous and tympanic membranes were red and 
 tumefied. A similar case relating to a Cow was published by Schumacher. 
 The symptoms were : violent agitation of the head, pruritus of the right side 
 of the head, and madness. The animal had to be killed. At the autopsy, 
 nothing was found except a great quantity of Acari, which were described 
 as Dermanyssus galling. They covered the external surface of the tympanum 
 of the right ear, and had invaded the neighbouring parts and the mastoid 
 cells. A perforation of about *5 mm. traversed the membrane, and through 
 this the Acari had passed to the internal ear, where they had set up inflamma- 
 tion. The shed in which this Cow was kept was only separated from a hen- 
 
 620 
 
PARASITES OF THE SENSORY ORGANS 
 
 621 
 
 roost by a plank partition. Ostertag made an analogous observation on a 
 Cow, in the two auditory canals of which were Acari — probably species of 
 Dermanyssus. The animal showed no other symptoms than frequent 
 shaking of the head, which would sometimes continue for more than an hour. 
 
 Leidy has described by the name of Gamasus auris, Acari found on several 
 occasions, and in great numbers, by Turnbull, in the external auditory canal 
 of the Ox, and particularly on the tympanum. Their body was white, trans- 
 parent, smooth, shining, and oval ; legs and abdomen brown and provided 
 with bristles; palps with six joints ; mandibles terminating in a didactylous 
 forceps, the movable branch of which was bi-dented at the extremity, the 
 other being small and hooked ; tarsi ending in a pair of claws, and a five- 
 lobed caruncle. They were about 1 mm. long by - 8 mm. wide. According 
 to Pagenstecher, this Acarus is really a species of Gamasidse, and perhaps 
 it was some wanderer of this family derived from forage. 
 
 In those forms of scabies which develop more particularly on the 
 head — as the sarcoptic scabies of the Sheep, Goat, Pig, Rabbit, and 
 Cat, the ears are often invaded. The follicular scabies of the Dog 
 may also extend to the ears, an occurrence witnessed in two Cats 
 by Megnin, in which Demodex folliculorum was found. Favus in 
 the Dog, Cat, and Rabbit often commences at the ears. 
 
 Parasitic otitis caused by various fungi, but especially by the 
 Aspergillus, has often been noticed in Man. 
 
 So long as the parasites of the ear are limited to the concha and 
 auditory canal, they only produce local inflammatory phenomena. 
 But if they come in contact with the membrane of the tympanum, 
 or if the cerumen or the pathological product which they cause to 
 be formed presses on the tympanum, and pushes this inwards, 
 epileptiform symptoms often appear. The pathology of this 
 otopiesis has been particularly studied by Boucheron. ‘ The 
 auricular epilepsies observed in Man and Animals,’ he says, ‘ should 
 be classed with Brown-Sequard’s epilepsy, produced by stimula- 
 tion of a cutaneous sensitive nerve. They are caused by direct 
 or reflex stimulation of the auricular nerves, either at their termina- 
 tion in the ear, along their intra-cranial course, at their bulbar 
 origin, or perhaps in their intra-cerebral track, in predisposed 
 individuals and under certain conditions. Stimulation of the sen- 
 sorial nerves of the ear is transmitted to the mesocephalon, and 
 acts upon the motor centres of this region — thus producing the 
 convulsive epileptifoim crisis.’ 
 
 The parasites special to the ear are Acari. These Otacariases , or 
 auricular acariases, are due to Psoroptes communis (var. cuniculi 
 and caprce), and to Chorioptes auricularum (var. cams, felis and 
 furonis). 
 
 1. — Psoroptic Otacariases. 
 
 These auricular acariases are generally troublesome, but are 
 scarcely manifested by other than local symptoms. They have 
 only been observed in the Rabbit and Goat. 
 
622 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 A. — Psoroptic Otacariasis of the Rabbit. 
 
 This affection was reported for the first time by Delafond, at a meeting 
 of the Societe Centrale de Medecine Veterinaire, on December 9, 1858. On 
 this discovery, he made inquiry among the rabbit-dealers in Paris, who 
 informed him that the affection was frequent, and interfered with the growth 
 of the animals. It is, in fact, very common, and nearly all those who have 
 perseveringly looked for it have found it. 
 
 Symptoms. — The malady is exclusively localized in the interior 
 of the ear. It commences at the bottom of the concha, and first 
 manifests itself by pruritus — the animal vigorously tosses its head, 
 shakes its ears from before to behind, and scratches them with 
 its hind-feet. It betrays pain when the ears are squeezed. In 
 fifteen to thirty days there is seen at the bottom of the concha a 
 yellowish, thick, soft matter, in which Psoroptes can be seen with 
 the naked eye, by means of the pocket-lens, or, better, the micro- 
 scope. Later, the bottom of the ear is full of a morbid, yellow, 
 and foetid product, rich in parasites. At its base the organ is 
 swollen, hard, and painful. The Rabbit keeps its ears back or low, 
 and shakes and often scratches them. 
 
 If the ear is cleared of the morbid matter, the skin lining it is 
 found to be red, painful, thickened, denuded of its epithelium, and 
 slightly ulcerated, while a red, irregular border limits the diseased 
 and the healthy parts. 
 
 When this acariasis goes on for two or three months, it has 
 invaded the inferior third, and even the half of the interior of the 
 ear, which is then occupied by a yellow, foetid, half-dried matter 
 in layers, or a more or less dense mass, which contains very numerous 
 Psoroptes. This matter is, in addition, composed of epidermic 
 cells, fat granules, old and recent pus corpuscles, and various foreign 
 bodies. 
 
 The parasites are never installed elsewhere than in the concha, 
 nor do they cause scabies in the neighbouring parts. 
 
 When the malady is chronic, the Rabbits become emaciated, 
 although they continue to eat ; then the appetite diminishes. The 
 females abort, or do not again come in heat ; the limbs become 
 infiltrated, and a profound cachexia slowly declares itself ; a serous 
 diarrhoea appears, and the Rabbits finally die in a state of emacia- 
 tion bordering on marasmus. 
 
 A possible termination observed by Moller, then by Ziirn, is due 
 to the penetration of the Psoroptes to the internal ear. The 
 auricular muscles are partially paralyzed, and the ears hang pen- 
 dulous on each side ; symptoms of vertigo appear chiefly when the 
 affection extends to the meninges or the brain. Railliet has seen 
 Rabbits in which this form of scabies caused such a degree of 
 torsion of the head on the neck, that the lower jaw was uppermost ; 
 yet the animal lived for some months. We have made a similar 
 observation on a Rabbit, in the mastoid cells of which there were 
 numerous Psoroptes ; the brain and its meninges were intact. 
 
PARASITES OF THE SENSORY ORGANS 
 
 623 
 
 Etiology, Contagion. — The unique cause of this disease is the 
 presence of the Psoroptes communis var. cuniculi. The male is 
 520 p to 620 p long, by 310 p to 400 p broad. The ovigerous female 
 measures 670 p to 780 p long, and 400 p to 480 p broad. 
 
 Among 155 tame Rabbits of different ages, and in very variable 
 degrees of fatness, Delafond found 45 affected with auricular scabies 
 
 Fig. 360 . — Psoroptes communis, var. equi, male and female coupled, dorsal 
 surface ; magnified 100 diameters. — Delafond. 
 
 — or 25 per cent. This high proportion was no doubt due to the 
 animals living in contaminated quarters, like the hutches of dealers, 
 or the cages in which those intended for experiment are kept. 
 
 He always succeeded in transmitting the disease to healthy 
 Rabbits, and so placed its contagiousness beyond doubt. From a 
 fact mentioned by Lucet, it would appear, however, that certain 
 
624 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 individuals or families offer a special resistance to the transmission 
 of this acariasis. 
 
 Hosgeus unsuccessfully attempted to transmit the Psoropt of the 
 Rabbit to Dogs, Cats, Sheep, and Horses. Mathieu, however, saw 
 pimples similar to those observed at the commencement of psoroptic 
 scabies, produced by depositing the Rabbit Psoroptes on a Horse. 
 
 The facts published by Cagny are more demonstrative. A Horse 
 contracted very extensive scabies in a stable where there was a 
 hutch full of Rabbits ; these were removed, and the disease dis- 
 appeared after a few days’ treatment. With another Horse, the 
 affection was localized on the points where the pad and other articles 
 of harness rested on the skin ; there were also some disseminated 
 patches. The harness in question was usually laid on a hutch con- 
 taining Rabbits affected with psoroptic scabies. When the latter 
 were taken away and the stable was disinfected, the malady was 
 speedily cured. Cadeac remarked at the Toulouse Veterinary 
 School, that Rabbits became affected with auricular scabies when 
 Horses suffering from psoroptic scabies were introduced into the 
 stable in which their cage was kept. 
 
 These few facts, notwithstanding the absence of precision in 
 their details, seem to prove that the Psoropt of the Rabbit and 
 that of the Horse are identical, as might have been predicted from 
 their external characters. Ziirn says he has also met with Chorioptes 
 in the otacariasis of the Rabbit ; but he does not give a description 
 of them. 
 
 Treatment. — Clean the ear thoroughly and deeply at several 
 times, with soap and water ; after each washing soften the morbid 
 products by dropping a little olive-oil into the concha. Then 
 scoop out the matter with a small curette, and cleanse the cavity 
 carefully by means of cotton-wool attached to the end of a stick. 
 This cotton-wool will also serve to spread over the diseased part 
 either Helmerich’s ointment, or a liniment composed of benzine 
 and oil in equal parts. 
 
 Andree, of Fleurus, has successfully employed a liniment com- 
 posed of : 
 
 Glycerin . 
 
 Crystallized carbolic acid . 
 Oii of turpentine 
 Laudanum 
 
 ioo grammes. 
 2 
 
 ‘ j of each i gramme. 
 
 B. — Psoroptic Otacariasis of the Goat. 
 
 This acariasis should be more frequent than the published observations 
 would lead us to suppose. These observations were quite fortuitous, so that 
 it might be concluded that the affection is very benign and may pass unper- 
 ceived. The two Goats in which it was seen formed part of a wandering 
 flock from the Western Pyrenees. By chance, Pesas and Morot examined 
 the cerumen from the ears and found the Psoroptes in it. There was no local 
 irritation. 
 
 The Psoroptes communis var. caprce of this acariasis measures — the male 
 470 jit to 640 ju long, by 270 /a to 400 j u broad ; the ovigerous female is 680 fi to 
 850 n, by 390 j^ to 550 jit. 
 
PARASITES OF THE SENSORY ORGANS 
 
 625 
 
 2. — Chorioptic Otacariases. 
 
 These otacariases are special to the Dog, Cat, and Ferret, and are 
 caused by the Chorioptes auricularum. 
 
 They are more serious than the psoroptic otacariases. 
 
 A. — Chorioptic Otacariasis of the Dog. 
 
 Synonyms. — Auricular scabies, Chorioptic scabies, Chorioptic auricular pru- 
 rigo, Parasitic otitis, Epileptiform disease of sporting Dogs. 
 
 History. — Hering, of Stuttgart, was the first — in 1834 — to remark a para- 
 sitic disease in the ear of the 
 Dog ; in an ulcer he found 
 among the pus an Acarus which 
 he named Sarcoptes cynotis. In 
 1849, the same parasite was 
 again found in the ear of a Dog 
 by Salle, and described by 
 Lucas, assistant naturalist to 
 the Paris Museum ; the drawing 
 of the female, made by Nicolet, 
 shows that it was a Choriopt. 
 
 Lucas and Nicolet named 
 it Sarcoptes auricularum. In 
 1862, Bendz, of Copenhagen, 
 described and figured this 
 parasite of the Dog’s ear, and 
 distinctly recognised its zoo- 
 logical place, as he named it 
 Chorioptes canis. In 1874, 
 
 Schirmer, of Potsdam, also 
 observed this parasitic otitis, 
 the Choriopt of which was de- 
 scribed by Ziirn. The malady 
 has been more particularly 
 studied by Guzzoni, then by 
 Megnin and Nocard, who have 
 clearly shown the relation- 
 ship between the presence of 
 the Chorioptes in the ear, and 
 the epileptiform symptoms with 
 which packs of Dogs are often 
 attacked. 
 
 In 1891, A. J. Sewell, of 
 London, described this ota- 
 cariasis, though he attri- 
 buted it to a Psoropt — the 
 Psoroptes auricularis canis. 
 
 He found the same parasite 
 in the ears of Cats. 
 
 Etiology. — The sole cause of this affection is the Chorioptes 
 auricularum var. canis. The male is 350 p to 380 p long by 250 p 
 to 280 p broad ; the ovigerous female is 460 p to 530 p long by 
 280- p to 350 p broad. 
 
 Although this otacariasis has been more particularly observed in 
 
 40 
 
 Fig. 361. — Chorioptes auricularum of the Dog, 
 ventral surface ; magnified 100 diameters. 
 — Railliet. 
 
626 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 packs of Hounds, yet breed does not predispose to it ; for it has 
 also been seen in setters (Weber), pointers (Megnin), terriers, 
 Maltese terriers, and poodles (Guzzoni). 
 
 The experiments of Guzzoni and Nocard demonstrate the part 
 played by contagion, irrespective of age and sex, and explain the fre- 
 quency of the disease in kennels. There is nothing to prove that 
 Chorioptes auricularum can live elsewhere than in the ear of the Dog. 
 
 In 1892 Railliet and Cadiot recorded some important observa- 
 tions on chorioptic otacariasis in carnivora, as the result of experi- 
 ments. They show that epileptic convulsions of auricular origin 
 in the Dog and Cat are manifested independently of a direct stimula- 
 tion of the sensory nerves of the ear, as the internal, and even the 
 middle, ear may remain unaltered. Such cases, they think, are 
 allied to the epilepsy of Brown-Sequard. The results of their 
 experiments, with those of Nocard, tend to show : (1) That ota- 
 cariasis is readily transmissible from an affected animal to healthy 
 animals of the same species ; (2) that transmission is more difficult 
 between the Cat and Dog ; (3) that it does not take place between 
 the]- Ferret and Dog. These results are in conformity with the 
 morphological data pertaining to chorioptic otacariasis, as will be 
 seen by the following table, which gives the respective dimensions 
 of the chorioptes — Cynotis auricularum — of the Dog, Cat, and 
 Ferret, in micro-millimetres. 
 
 
 Var . Canis . 
 
 Var . 
 
 Cati . 
 
 Var . Furonis . 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Male 
 
 350-380 
 
 250-280 
 
 320-350 
 
 230-250 
 
 270-340 
 
 210-250 
 
 Egg-laying Female 
 
 460-530 
 
 280-350 
 
 430-480 
 
 260-290 
 
 380-450 
 
 240-280 
 
 Sexual Female ... 
 
 340-380 
 
 210-260 
 
 310-360 
 
 200-250 
 
 300-330 
 
 180-230 
 
 Egg 
 
 200-210 
 
 90-120 
 
 160-190 
 
 80-120 
 
 160-200 
 
 80-120 
 
 Now, if one compares the parasite of the Dog with that of the 
 Cat, and that of the Cat with that of the Ferret, it will be observed 
 that nearly all these dimensions overlap one another ; so that 
 certain species taken from the Cat may be of the same size as others 
 taken from the Dog, and similarly with the chorioptes of the Ferret 
 and Cat. 
 
 However, the differences in size between the parasite of the 
 Ferret and that of the Dog are always very distinct and well marked. 
 
 According to this distinction, it is very easy to understand that 
 the species proper to the Cat could live on the Dog, whilst that of 
 the Ferret ought only to very slightly accustom itself to its new 
 habitat on that animal. It is probable, also, that transmission is 
 possible from the Ferret to the Cat. 
 
 Symptoms. — Hering found this parasite in an ulcer of the concha 
 of a Dog brought under his observation ; this ulcer coincided, no 
 
PARASITES OF THE SENSORY ORGANS 
 
 627 
 
 doubt, with deep-seated otitis which remained unperceived. Bendz 
 only noticed an abundance of a brownish, flaky matter at the 
 bottom of the aural cavity ; and Schirmer has strongly insisted 
 on the connection that exists between the presence of the Choriopt 
 and auricular catarrh. It is probable that Chorioptic acariasis, 
 by the local irritation with which it is accompanied, facilitates the 
 development and extension of chancre and catarrh of the ear which 
 so often attack sporting Dogs ; but the symptoms of the parasitic 
 affection are of another kind, and to Guzzoni, Megnin, and Nocard 
 we are indebted for the knowledge we possess on this point. 
 
 They have observed the disease chiefly in packs, among which, 
 by reason of its contagiousness, it sometimes prevails as an epi- 
 zooty. According to Nocard, when in the kennel at rest, as well 
 as during the first few minutes in hunting, there is nothing to indi- 
 cate the existence of the disease. Guzzoni and Megnin assert that 
 the animals often flap their ears, and sometimes the only symptom 
 is that of itching. But, as a general rule, attention is attracted 
 by the epileptiform fits that usually occur after a walk, says 
 Megnin — exclusively during hunting, asserts Nocard. ‘ The Hound 
 attacked,’ says the latter, ‘ goes away with as much vigour and 
 eagerness as usual ; then in about half an hour, or sometimes less, 
 all at once it utters a violent cry, most husky and acute ; it bounds 
 across the furrows as if mad, the eyes haggard and mouth full of 
 foam, howling every time it runs against an obstacle ; then, after 
 turning two or three times in a circle, it falls down in a fit of epilepsy. 
 Soon it gets up stupefied and exhausted from fatigue, and if the attack 
 has not been too violent and the disease not too chronic, it may — 
 after fifteen to thirty minutes’ rest — emerge from its apathy, 
 and start off hunting with as much ardour as if nothing had 
 occurred.’ 
 
 For a long time there is nothing to distinguish the diseased from 
 the healthy animals in the kennel ; then, as the disease becomes 
 more chronic, and the epileptiform seizures are more frequent, 
 intense and long, the affected animals grow sullen, cowardly and 
 savage ; later still, the attacks are so grave and so numerous, that 
 the Hounds have scarcely begun to run when they are seized, and 
 when the fit is over they obstinately refuse to resume hunting. 
 They become unfit for service, stupid, and sometimes completely 
 deaf. They may die during an attack, though they have rarely 
 one in the kennel. 
 
 The auditory canal is found to be lined with an abundant cover- 
 ing of soot- or chocolate-coloured, and slightly foetid, cerumen, the 
 consistency of mastic, which obstructs the opening. A micro- 
 scopical examination of it reveals a multitude of Chorioptes auricu - 
 larum. By its abundance, this substance compresses and pushes 
 back the membrane of the tympanum, which projects into the 
 middle ear. 
 
 In some cases, according to Sewell, who has had a large experi- 
 ence among all kinds of Dogs, there is little to be seen, the ear 
 
 40 — 2 
 
628 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 looking merely as if slightly dirty. ‘ If, instead of giving a hurried 
 look into the ear in these cases, the parts are well examined, and 
 the canal leading into the ear is carefully watched, tiny white 
 specks — oval in shape, and about the size of the head of an ordinary 
 small sewing-needle — will be observed. These are parasites, and 
 are in my opinion the cause of that disease called “ canker ” of 
 the ear. . . . These parasites . . . are extremely active in their 
 movements, and if the ear be carefully watched for a few moments, 
 they may be seen running about the skin, and also along the hairs 
 in the ear, at a fairly rapid rate, considering their minute size ; 
 and the irritation they cause is due in a measure, I believe, to the 
 tickling sensation caused by their movements, and partly the result 
 
 Fig. 362. — Chorioptes auricularum ; magnified about 70 diameters. — 
 
 Sewell. 
 
 A, larval forms ; B 3 young Acarus ; C, male ; D, female. 
 
 of their biting. . . . The skin lining the ear is thin and soft, and 
 here, I believe, the mites do bite, and, as a result, there is an exuda- 
 tion which, I consider, accounts for that somewhat dry discharge 
 so often seen in some ordinary cases of canker.’ 
 
 The convulsive epileptiform seizure is caused by the ceruminous 
 plug which * is carried against the tympanic membrane by the 
 pressure and scratching on the cartilage of the ear when the Dog 
 is at rest ; or when the animal is running, by the violent movements,, 
 and the beating and slipping about of the ceruminous mass. For 
 Nocard, the cerebro-spinal excitement of the hunting animal will 
 be a predisposing cause of the convulsive crisis. The stimulation 
 of the filaments of the trigeminal and pneumogastric nerves in the 
 external auditory canal by the Acari, may also be brought into 
 
PARASITES OF THE SENSORY ORGANS 629 
 
 operation, and there will then be established a cutaneous epilepto- 
 genous zone ’ (Boucheron). 
 
 Diagnosis. — Auricular acariasis can only be mistaken for epilepsy ; 
 it is distinguished from it, however, by its disappearance on the 
 adoption of an acaricide treatment, by the deafness that often 
 accompanies it, but which can only be ascertained if it is bilateral. 
 Besides, the acarian crisis is ushered in by some plaintive cries* 
 which are not heard in epilepsy, and it is not accompanied by 
 emission of urine or involuntary defecation, which nearly always 
 occur in real epileptic seizures. The presence of the Choriopt in 
 the cerumen, when this is not deeply lodged, also fixes the diagnosis ; 
 while the contagious properties of the disease contribute to remove 
 all doubts. 
 
 The epileptiform attacks of verminous origin are seldom seen in 
 other than young Dogs, but this disease attacks those of all ages. 
 
 Some sportsmen have mistaken the malady for rabies ; but it is 
 not accompanied by the mental prodroma of the latter, and its 
 attacks are essentially transitory ; while there is not the furious 
 madness and viciousness of rabies. 
 
 Lastly, auricular catarrh and chancre of the ear have nothing 
 more in common with acarian epilepsy than their seat, though they 
 may coincide with it. 
 
 Prognosis. — Parasitic otitis has only serious consequences when 
 it is not properly treated ; it yields readily, in fact, to parasiticide 
 agents, and ignorance as to its nature often leads to aggravation 
 of its effects and death. Its contagiousness gives a serious character 
 to the prognosis ; but here, again, it is sufficient to know this to be 
 able to prevent its propagation. 
 
 Treatment. — Avert contagion by carefully disinfecting the kennels, 
 etc., where the disease has appeared. 
 
 Curative treatment consists in keeping the ears very clean, in 
 removing all visible cerumen, and in using tepid detersive injec- 
 tions. Guzzoni has obtained a good result with the formula of 
 Andree, for auricular acariasis of the Rabbit (see p. 624). Megnin 
 recommends repeated injections of sulphuret of potass, 1 to 20, 
 twice a day for three days ; and Nocard has had numerous suc- 
 cesses — even in very advanced and serious cases — with the following : 
 
 Olive-oil 100 grantmes. 
 
 Naphthol ....... 10 ,, 
 
 Ether ........ 30 ,, 
 
 Keep in a well-stoppered bottle. 
 
 Every day inject some of this liniment into the external auditory canal, 
 which is then closed for ten to fifteen minutes by a pledget of cotton wool 
 to prevent the evaporation of the ether. , 
 
 Of all the acaricides, naphthol is the one which has given Nocard 
 the best results ; it is very soluble in oil, and more efficacious, less 
 irritating, and much less odorous than carbolic acid. Ether added 
 to the oily solution causes the liniment to penetrate the mass 
 
630 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 of cerumen — often thick and consistent — which contains the 
 Chorioptes. 
 
 Sewell remarks that, when the acari are destroyed, the irritation 
 at once ceases. He found the following liniment to answer the 
 purpose admirably both in Dogs and Cats : 
 
 Ointment of the nitrate of mercury . . i drachm. 
 
 Olive-oil ........ i ounce. 
 
 Mix well. 
 
 This should be applied all over the internal surface of the ear daily with 
 a camel’s hair brush, or a few drops may be poured into the ear. After a 
 week the ear should be syringed out with tepid water and methylated spirit, 
 about i to io. 
 
 B. — Chorioptic Otacariasis of the Cat. 
 
 This acariasis — also named auricular scabies — was observed for the first 
 time in i860, by Huber of Memmingen, who recognised the Choriopt as the 
 cause. This was again observed in 1876, by Broquet, and particularly 
 studied by Megnin, who distinguished this Choriopt from the common Choriopt 
 by the name of Chorioptes ecaudatus. It is the Ch. auricularum var. cati. 
 Sewell found the same parasite he described as infesting the ear of the Dog, 
 in that of the Cat. * I have also frequently found these same parasites in 
 Cats’ ears, and in some cases they induce rather extraordinary symptoms, 
 the Cat being almost unable to walk ; in fact, when it attempts to do so it 
 rolls about as if intoxicated, frequently falling over on its side. I have never 
 seen the Acarus cause the same symptoms in the Dog.’ 
 
 The male is 300 n to 320 fx long, by 200 /.i to 250 /x broad ; the ovigerous 
 female is 450 n to 475 (.1 long, and 250 fi to 300 n broad. 
 
 The two Cats Megnin observed were ‘ the victims of such a degree of itching 
 that they could not rest, and had even attacks of frenzy. There were only 
 some superficial excoriations — the result of scratching with the hind-feet 
 on the posterior surface of the concha. On examining the interior of the ear, 
 we could find no wound or ulcer, but the cerumen was very abundant, and 
 showed on its surface small, white, moving spots,’ which were the Chorioptes. 
 
 We have found these Chorioptes in abundance in the ears of a Cat that had 
 been killed as rabid. Two Dogs were inoculated with its medulla oblongata, 
 with a negative result ; thus proving it had not been affected with rabies. 
 
 This otitis is in every respect analogous to the parasitic otitis of the Dog. 
 We therefore refer to what has been already said as to the pathology and 
 treatment of the latter. 
 
 C. — Chorioptic Otacariasis of the Ferret. 
 
 This affection — which is also designated auricular scabies and parasitic 
 otitis — as well as the parasite causing it, has been described by Megnin. It 
 is due to the Chorioptes auricularum var. f uronis. 
 
 The male is 270 /.i to 340 /x long, and 210 /. 1 to 250 n broad ; the ovigerous 
 female is 380 /t to 450 n long, by 240 /i to 280 broad. 
 
 In 1884 this otacariasis prevailed in a serious epizootic form in the North 
 of France, and particularly in the environs of Calais. 
 
 By multiplying in the external auditory canal of the Ferret, the Chorioptes 
 cause the destruction of the tympanic membrane, give rise to violent inflam- 
 mation of the middle ear, then caries of the petrous temporal bone, and death 
 not only from extension of the inflammation to the brain, but also from the 
 pain and abstinence from food. 
 
 The malady is not accompanied by the epileptiform symptoms or fits of 
 
PARASITES OF THE SENSORY ORGANS 
 
 63 f 
 
 frenzy witnessed in the Dog and Cat. The Ferret suffers silently, and there 
 is only observed a stupefaction, interrupted moments of wakening up, during 
 which the animal tries to scratch its ears ; it dies without exhibiting any very 
 characteristic symptoms. 
 
 At the autopsy there is found an abundance of brown cerumen in the ears, 
 which obstructs the auditory canal and encloses the numerous male and 
 female Chorioptes, isolated or coupled. The tympanum is destroyed, the 
 middle ear full of pus, and its essential portions more or less altered. 
 
 This disease is very contagious among Ferrets, and may last three or four 
 weeks before causing death. 
 
 By reason of its tranquil course, it often passes unperceived ; for it i& 
 scarcely discoverable by an examination of the ears, and attention is not 
 attracted to it until it has caused some loss. A cure is then effected by the- 
 same means that are successful in the parasitic otitis of the Dog and Cat- 
 The places in which the Ferrets are kept should also be disinfected, as some' 
 stray Chorioptes may be lingering about them. 
 
 Article II. — Parasites of the Eye. 
 
 All the parasites of the skin which have no strictly limited localiza- 
 tion may lodge in or on, or extend themselves to, the eyelids — 
 such are the Diptera (and especially the Chrysops ccecutiens ), the 
 Pediculidae, Ixodinae, Sarcoptes, and Demodex. We have seen 
 elsewhere that the Demodex jolliculorum has been found by Wilson 
 in the Meibomian glands of the Horse, and by Oschatz exclusively 
 in those of the Sheep. 
 
 Van Setten extracted from the anterior chamber of a Horse — 
 by keratotomy — a parasite which Numan described under the 
 name of Monostomum Setteni, and which Diesing, with doubt, 
 classed among the Pentastomes ( Pentastoma Setteni). The Horse 
 from which this parasite was obtained had the right eye very 
 sensitive to the light, the eyelids were tumefied, conjunctiva in- 
 jected, and the cornea almost opaque. After the operation, the 
 condition of the eye became satisfactory. In interpreting the 
 erroneous and incomplete description given by Numan, Blanchard 
 and Railliet only see in this pretended Monostomum Setteni a larva 
 of the GEstridae, probably of Hypoderma. 
 
 The Hcemopis sanguisuga has been met with by Bizard on the 
 conjunctiva of a Horse in Algiers. 
 
 Trichinae may lodge themselves in the ocular muscles, as in the 
 striped muscles generally ; it is the same with the Sarcosporidia, 
 which have been seen by Krause, in 1863, in the Ox, Dog, and Cat. 
 
 All the other parasites of the eye are Cestodes in the cystic form, 
 or Nematodes of the genus Filaria. Their presence is always more 
 or less exceptional. 
 
 1. — Ocular Cysticercosis. 
 
 The principal, if not the only one of the cystic worms observed in the eye 
 of the domesticated animals, is the Cysticercus celluloses — the parasite of Pig 
 measles, and otherwise the only one met with in the eye of this animal. The 
 first and, perhaps, almost the only observations published are due to Van der 
 
632 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Hoeven, Nordmann, and Gescheidt. ‘ Nordmann,’ says Davaine, * on four 
 occasions met with the Cysticercus in eighteen eyes he examined ; Gescheidt 
 twice in forty-six eyes. In each animal only one eye was invaded. At Paris, 
 Rayer found none in the forty-five eyes he examined. Of the four cases 
 observed by Nordmann, in two the worm was in the anterior chamber, in 
 another it was in the posterior chamber, the crystalline lens being affected 
 with cataract in the fourth case there were six Cysticerci in the vitreous 
 humour, which was marked by irregular brownish bodies formed of coagu- 
 lated blood, while the sclerotic was ossified on its inner surface, which was 
 in contact with six other Cysticerci. * In Gescheidt’s two cases, the Cysti- 
 cercus was in the anterior chamber of one, and in the other between the 
 choroid and retina.’ In the latter, it was surrounded by a trifling exudate, 
 which was slightly vascularized. 
 
 In the Pig, the measles Cysticercus is frequently seen in the muscles of the 
 eye, beneath the conjunctiva, etc. 
 
 Cunier once met with it beneath the conjunctiva of a Dog, at the external 
 angle of the eye. Heincke also found a Cysticercus lodged in the orbit of 
 a foal fourteen days old, the eye being atrophied. 
 
 2. — Intra-Ocular Filariasis. 
 
 This affection, which is most frequently named Verminous 
 ophthalmia , is due to the presence of Filariae in the globe of the eye, 
 and is observed more particularly in Equines and Bovines. Some 
 very exceptional instances have been recorded as occurring in the 
 Sheep, Dog, Fowl, and Goose. 
 
 A. Equim:. — This helminthiasis is somewhat frequent in horses 
 in India, but is exceptionally seen in Europe and America. We 
 are inclined to consider these worms as a young form of Filar ia 
 papillosa Rud., and not as a distinct species — the F. pellucida 
 Kennedy. Davaine, who received specimens from the Madras 
 Presidency, gives them the following characters : 
 
 Body capillary, reddish- white or chestnut in colour, and a little expanded 
 towards the first quarter of its length ; integument smooth ; mouth provided 
 with three (?) salient, triangular lips ; tail acute, with two long and strong 
 papillae at the sides, a little in advance of the end, and directed backwards. 
 Male : 30 mm. to 35 mm. long, tail spiral, and having, between the two 
 caudal papillae, six papillae on each side — three pre-anal and three post-anal ; 
 two short spicules, with an accessory piece. Female : 22 mm. to 32 mm. long, 
 genital tube still destitute of ova. 
 
 The presence of a worm in the interior of the eye of a Horse was reported 
 for the first time in 1622, by Spigel. A century and a half later, in 1773, 
 a letter from a Spanish veterinary surgeon, Domingo Rayo, mentions such 
 an occurrence in a Mule and a Horse. Morgan and Hopkinson state that, 
 in 1782, there was exhibited at Philadelphia a Horse which had, it was 
 reported, ‘ a living serpent ’ in its eye. In 1804, Sick made a similar observa- 
 tion at Vienna ; and since then, intra-ocular helminthiasis has been noted 
 on several occasions in various parts of Europe and North America. 
 
 The first mention of worm in the eyes of Horses in India, is due to Kennedy. 
 It has been very often observed more recently, and details as to the ophthalmia 
 it occasions have been furnished by Atkinson, Breton, Grelies, Twining and 
 Gibb, Percivall, Molyneux, Macnamara, Adams, etc. 
 
 These worms are known in Bengal as sanp , or serpent of the eye. 
 They are common there, as well as in Upper India, at Madras, 
 Ceylon, etc., and up to the borders of Burma. They are observed 
 
PARASITES OF THE SENSORY ORGANS 
 
 633 
 
 mostly during the cold season, and when the r«.ins have been 
 abundant ; they are also more frequent in certain localities than 
 others, and in young than adult Horses. 
 
 Usually only one eye is affected, and there may be one, two, or 
 even three worms in the anterior chamber — swimming about freely 
 in the aqueous humour, where they can be seen through the cornea, 
 moving more or less rapidly. It may happen that the worm will 
 die there, and be absorbed ; but usually its presence produces much 
 irritation — epiphora, photophobia, and conjunctivitis ; the iris is 
 inflamed, the aqueous humour loses its transparency and assumes 
 a milky tint, the cornea becomes thickened and gradually opaque ; 
 then the inflammatory phenomena subside, but vision is destroyed. 
 There has often been remarked in India, in Horses so affected, a 
 peculiar weakness of the loins called kumree and ah-drung by the 
 natives, which appears after the commencement of the ophthalmia ; 
 its nature is not known, and several veterinary surgeons see in it 
 a mere coincidence, having no relation to ocular filariasis. This 
 loin weakness has never been seen anywhere else than in 
 India. 
 
 Nearly all who have had to do with this parasitic ophthalmia 
 of the Horse, have treated it by puncturing the cornea ; and they 
 recommend this operation being performed at the commencement, 
 in order to avert opacity. Some operate upon the Horse in a 
 standing position, and apply a 4 per cent, solution of cocaine to 
 the eye before operation ; others lay the animal down, and employ 
 a local or a general anaesthetic. The keratotomy is made with a 
 cataract-needle or a small lancet, at the inferior part of the cornea. 
 The sudden expulsion of the aqueous humour carries the worm 
 outside or towards the wound, where it is seized the moment it 
 appears. After the operation cold dressings are applied, and, if 
 necessary, a dose of purgative medicine is given. 
 
 An observation by Paszotta proves that the eye Filaria may die 
 sar place , and be absorbed in five or six weeks. Jimenez Alberca 
 has published a case of recovery through the use of an ointment 
 of the red oxide of mercury — eight parts, to lard ten parts. He 
 placed a piece about the size of a pea beneath the eyelid, twice in 
 the course of eight days. 
 
 Ox. — The intra-ocular Filaria of the Ox was observed by Grisoni 
 in 1429 (Ercolani) ; but the affection to which it gives rise was first 
 described by Deguilleme in 1812, then some years afterwards by 
 Santin, of Dorgue, Tarn. In 1827, Chaignaud published an inter- 
 esting work on the subject, based on more than 150 observations, 
 and since that time many practitioners have had to deal with the 
 affection. 
 
 The worm which produces it is capillary, and from 2 cm. to 3 cm. 
 long. It has not yet been studied by a helminthologist, and pro- 
 visionally it might be considered as a larval form of Filaria cervina 
 which, in the adult state, infests the serous membranes of the Ox. 
 
 This verminous ophthalmia may prevail in an epizootic form. 
 
634 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 Chaignaud has only seen it from June to November ; but Durre- 
 chou has observed it in March, and Faure in April. 
 
 Usually only one eye is affected, and it is exceptional for both 
 to be involved at one time. There is one worm, rarely two or 
 three ; but Roche -Lubin has extracted seven, which were inter- 
 twined in a bundle. They are situated in the anterior chamber, 
 and swim about in the aqueous humour. Chaignaud states, that 
 in the three to ten first days they are coiled upon themselves, im- 
 movable, and appear as whitish-red bodies the size of a vetch-seed 
 to that of a pea, lying in the lower part of the anterior chamber. 
 Later, they are seen to move behind the cornea. The signs of 
 inflammation of the eye are the same as in the Horse. 
 
 Keratotomy, which has succeeded in some hands, is rejected by 
 others as dangerous. Bleeding, emollients, and anodynes have not 
 yielded satisfactory results ; Chaignaud employed tincture of aloes 
 diluted with an equal weight of water, and instilled between the 
 eyelids three times a day. After three or four days, and sometimes 
 from the first day, the worm ceases to move about, ‘ falls to the 
 bottom of the anterior chamber of the eye,’ and is absorbed at a 
 period more or less remote. When the alterations in the media 
 are advanced, the progress towards formation of cataract cannot 
 be checked. 
 
 The disease may last from two to four months, with long inter- 
 missions (Durrechou). Anceze has seen it coincide with verminous 
 conjunctivitis, without remarking any differences between the 
 external and internal worms. Claes and Brouwier have seen, in 
 two localities in Belgium, an epizooty of verminous ophthalmia 
 that attacked nearly all the animals on a farm, and was followed 
 soon after by an attack of bronchial strongylosis. 
 
 Sheep. — Haselback has observed, in the eye of a Ram, a filiform worm 
 that gave rise to internal ophthalmia, and disappeared — perhaps under the 
 influence of treatment. 
 
 Dog. — Gescheidt on one occasion found, in the vitreous humour of a Dog, 
 a female worm about 7 mm. long, with an orbicular mouth surrounded with 
 three small round papillae. This was the Filaria trispinulosa Diesing. 
 Cobbold considered it to be a larva. 
 
 Fowl. — Cobbold mentions the existence of a Filaria Mansoni in the eyes 
 of Poultry in China. The Filariae of the blood are otherwise very common 
 in the Ravens and Magpies of Eastern Asia. 
 
 Goose. — Small has witnessed, in a large number of Geese in the neighbour- 
 hood of Dublin, a unilateral ophthalmia, with opacity of the cornea and 
 increase in volume of the eye. Incision of the cornea in one of them allowed 
 the escape of a black filiform worm, resembling a young Leech, which was 
 perhaps a Filaria. 
 
 3. — Extra-Ocular Filariasis. 
 
 Filariae have been seen several times beneath the eyelids of the 
 Horse and Ox, and even in the lachrymal canal of the Horse. They 
 often cause conjunctivitis. 
 
 According to Ercolani, those of the Ox were observed in 1429, as 
 
PARASITES OF THE SENSORY ORGANS 
 
 <535 
 
 well as the intra-ocular Filariae of this species of animal, by Barto- 
 lomeo Grisoni, who, in an unpublished manuscript, speaks of the 
 diseases of the Ox. The first description of them we owe to Gurlt, 
 in 1831, who named them Filaria lachrymalis. C. Baillet has recog- 
 nised that the Filaria of the eyelids of the Horse differs somewhat 
 from that of the Ox. The latter should therefore retain the name 
 of F. lachrymalis , that of the Horse being designated F. palpebralis 
 Wilson. 
 
 A. Horse. — The Filaria of the Horse’s eyelids has rarely been 
 seen, and Gurlt, Kleim, Goubaux, Baillet and Railliet have fur- 
 nished the principal contributions to its history. 
 
 Filaria palpebralis (Wilson). — Body filiform, white, attenuated at both 
 ends. Mouth terminal and nude. Male 8 mm. long, tail turned crossways ; 
 two unequal spicules 120 // to 170 jx long. Female 14 mm. to 16 mm. long ; 
 tail straight ; ovo viviparous. 
 
 Gurlt often saw the worm, either beneath the eyelids, or more 
 especially in the lachrymal canals of Horses which were being dis- 
 sected ; its presence had not been suspected during life. It was 
 also in the dissecting-room that Goubaux met with 54 of these 
 worms in the two eyes of a Horse, though these organs were quite 
 healthy. Kleim, howevei, saw a Horse suffering from epiphora, 
 photophobia, and great tenderness — verminous conjunctivitis — with 
 persistent opacity of the cornea. There were five Filariae beneath 
 the eyelid of the affected eye. In the case observed by Railliet, 
 the conjunctivitis was accompanied by slight decortication of the 
 cornea. Goubaux has noticed a dilatation of the lachrymal canals. 
 
 The origin of these Filariae is unknown. Railliet deposited on 
 the surface of the healthy eye of a Horse, a female full of embryos, 
 but these did not develop into adult worms. 
 
 The treatment of this verminous conjunctivitis evidently consists 
 in removal of the worms. 
 
 B. Ox. — The Filaria lachrymalis of the Ox (Gurlt) appears to 
 have been first seen by Rhodes, of Plaisance, Gers ; it was after- 
 wards referred to by Coulom, Anceze, Serres, C. Baillet, Randanne, 
 etc. It is more common than that of the Horse — at least, in the 
 South of France ; in summer and autumn it is most frequently 
 met with. 
 
 It differs from that of the Horse more especially by its length, 
 which is in the male from 10 mm. to 14 mm., and in the female 
 20 mm. to 24 mm., as well as by the dimensions of the spicules of 
 the male, one of which measures 115 /x long by 10 /x in diameter, 
 the other 750 /x by 4 /x. 
 
 The symptoms of this conjunctivitis are the same as in the Horse. 
 We can see where the worms crawl on the surface of the globe of 
 the eye, and glide between the folds of mucous membrane, nearly 
 always towards the inner angle of the eyelids ; often they interlace 
 with each other into a small bundle, which is usually lodged beneath 
 the membrana nictitans. If the inflammation extend to the cornea, 
 it may result in more or less deep and dangerous ulceration. 
 
636 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 When the worms are numerous — and Guittard says he has seen 
 more than 100 in one case — there is difficulty in extracting them 
 all with the finger. We may then proceed after the manner of 
 Randanne and separate the eyelids by means of flat retractors 
 or a blepharostat, then inject, on the cornea and beneath the 
 membrana nictitans, a watery dilution of tincture of camphor. 
 The worms are in this way washed out of the eye, and a few 
 applications of astringent lotion complete the cure. It may be 
 useful to apply a solution of nitrate of silver to the corneal 
 ulcerations. 
 
BOOK VIII 
 
 PARASITES OF THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 PARASITES OF THE URINARY ORGANS 
 
 The kidneys and bladder are the only organs of the urinary system 
 in which parasitism is manifested. It is furnished by very varied 
 groups. 
 
 COCCI DI A. — Pachinger found on three occasions, in the kidneys of the 
 Horse, Coccidia which he considered identical with the Eimeria falciformis 
 of the intestinal epithelium of the Mouse. In each case the alterations in 
 the kidney were such that death could evidently be attributed to them. 
 
 In the oesophagus, stomach and entire intestinal canal of a Cat, and in the 
 kidneys of a Dog, the same authority observed a new Coccidium, distinct 
 from the Orthospora of the Triton, but, like it, belonging to the monosporean 
 Coccidia, with four falciform corpuscles. 
 
 Railliet and Lucet have described by the name of renal Coccidiosis, a 
 parasitic affection of the Goose, which first shows itself by progressive 
 wasting without any apparent cause. After a somewhat long period, the 
 Geese are almost incapable of walking, stand with difficulty, and generally 
 lie immovable on their abdomen ; some lie on their back with the legs apart, 
 and if put on their feet they make some steps, fall, and resume this singular 
 position. In every case they cease to eat, and soon thereafter die. 
 
 At the autopsy the kidneys are found full of small whitish nodules, about 
 the size of a pin’s head ; more rarely the lesions are diffused. 
 
 These nodules are formed of a considerable mass of Coccidia, Coccidium 
 truncatum (Raill. and Lucet), some of which are free, others encysted, and 
 have much analogy with the oviform Coccidium of the Rabbit’s liver. They 
 are, however, a little rounder and smaller — being 20 n to 22 n in their greatest 
 diameter, and 13 /z to 16 n in their smallest. At the narrowest pole there is 
 a very apparent micropyle. A certain number of these Coccidia contain a 
 uniformly granular mass throughout the cyst ; in others, the contents are 
 gathered into a ball towards the centre. 
 
 Thin sections of the invaded kidneys show that these Coccidia are developed 
 in the uriniferous tubes, and allow of their evolution being followed. They 
 appear at first as round, granular, nucleated bodies, situated in the epithelial 
 cells, the nuclei of which they push towards the base. Sometimes only one 
 of these bodies occupies a cell, but most frequently two or three, or even more, 
 are observed at the same time. In the latter case, it seems that a multiplica- 
 tion of the Coccidium — by schizogenesis — occurs in the same situation ; and 
 these multiple bodies, often rendered polyhedral by reciprocal compression, 
 
 637 
 
633 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 form ray-like series. When accidentally removed, there is left an alveolus 
 limited by a kind of granular matrix, which might be taken for a cell proper ; 
 but a nucleus is never observed. At other points, the epithelium of the 
 uriniferous tube has disappeared, and in its place are Coccidia, which are 
 already surrounded by a double-contoured envelope. Elsewhere also, well- 
 formed Coccidia are observed in the cavity of the tubes, where the epithelium 
 is still intact ; these are evidently parasites which have been developed higher 
 up, and are being thrown out. 
 
 Railliet and Lucet have assured themselves that these Coccidia follow the 
 course of the urine, and are expelled with it, to continue their evolution. By 
 keeping them a certain time in water, they remarked that the protoplasmic 
 mass divides into four round sporoblasts, like the species of the genus Coc - 
 cidium. 
 
 CESTODES. — The Cysticercus celluloses may be found in the 
 kidneys of the measly Pig, or in Dogs suffering from the same 
 malady. It is only met with in small number, and then only when 
 the disease is localized. 
 
 The Echinococci may also develop in the kidneys of the Pig and 
 Ruminants, and especially in the Sheep, though they are less common 
 than in the liver and lungs. The internal surface of the cyst is often 
 corrugated, and its cavity traversed by bands that render it multi- 
 locular. The wall is frequently calcified on its surface or in its 
 substance, and sometimes it appears to be ossified to a variable 
 extent. Atheromatous deposits compress the hydatid, which is 
 flaccid and wrinkled. The cyst may open by fissures on the surface, 
 or into the pelvis of the kidney (Rayer). 
 
 Perroncito has observed a hydatic cyst in the right kidney of a 
 Zebu bull, and Ostertag has found three small multilocular Echino- 
 cocci in the left kidney of a Bull ; while Dupuy has seen them in 
 the kidneys of a sow. Cadeac and Malet have published a remark- 
 able case of Echinococcus in the kidney of a Horse ; they classed 
 it with both the exogenous and endogenous types ; the renal tissue 
 had disappeared at different points, where the cyst was confounded 
 with the enveloping tunic. Perroncito met with an Echinococcus 
 cyst, the size of a large nut, in a Dog’s kidney. 
 
 In a Dog, killed after showing rabiform symptoms, Wolpert 
 found a Taenia in the oesophagus, several in the intestines, another 
 coiled around the left kidney, and adherent to its surface ; and in 
 the pelvis of each kidney a coiled up Taenia io to 12 cm. long. The 
 organs were almost double their normal volume, and nearly all the 
 medullary layer of the renal substance was destroyed and reduced 
 into a magma of blood and pus, in the midst of which was found 
 the parasite and the debris of the mucous membrane of the pelvis. 
 The Taeniae in the kidneys were the T. serrata. 
 
 TREMATODES. — We have seen (p. 532) that the ova of the Bilharzia 
 crassa, found in an Ox and Sheep in Egypt, may be carried by the vessels 
 into the bladder, whence they are expelled along with the urine. 
 
 NEMATODES. — Among the Nematodes of the urinary pas- 
 sages, some have their normal habitat there, while others are only 
 present by accident. Some which are only met with in the larval 
 form are, consequently, undetermined. 
 
PARASITES OF THE URINARY ORGANS 
 
 639 
 
 I. Eustrongylus visceralis (Gmelin, Strongylus gigas Rud.). — The 
 giant Eustrongyle is, in the domesticated animals, the only repre- 
 sentative of the genus Eustrongylus in the family of Strongylidae. 
 Its name is given to it because of its really gigantic dimensions. 
 
 It is generally a blood-red worm, slightly tapering 
 at the extremities, and finely striped transversely ; 
 the mouth is triangular, and surrounded by six 
 small papillae. Male, 13 cm. to 40 cm. long, and 
 4 mm. to 6 mm. broad ; tail obtuse, terminated by 
 a patelliform, membranous, entire pouch without 
 rays, and traversed by a very slender, single spicule. 
 Female, 20 cm. to 1 m. long, and 5 mm. to 12 111m. 
 broad ; tail obtuse and slightly curved ; a single 
 ovary ; vulva very near the mouth. Oviparous. 
 Ova ovoid and brownish, 68 jw to 80 /x long, and 
 40 /x to 43 n broad. 
 
 The giant Eustrongyle, the largest of the 
 Nematodes, is a parasite of the kidneys, 
 and is met with in Man, and in the Horse, Ox, 
 
 Fig.' 363. — Giant Eustron- Fig. 364. — Ova and embryo of a giant Eustron- 
 
 ■ ■ gyle, male ; natural size. gyle* — After Balbiani.* 
 
 * A, mature ovum, from the interior of a fecundated female ; magnified 400 
 diameters. Its surface shows numerous openings of canals that traverse 
 the shell from one part to another. B, ovum containing an embryo still 
 cellular. -C, embryo extracted from the shell ; magnified 250 diameters. 
 
 Dog, Wolf, Mink, Marten, Otter, Seal, etc. It is much more fre- 
 qeunt in the Carnivora, and especially in the Dog ; but it is only 
 exceptionally met with, though Silvestrini observed it very often 
 at Pistoja, Tuscany, and environs, principally in sporting Dogs — 
 setters, retrievers, pointers, spaniels, or mongrels. 
 
640 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 The phases of its existence are not yet known. As it is perhaps 
 not so rare among the ichthyophagous mammals, it is possible that 
 it lives in Fish during the early period of its life. This opinion is 
 rendered more probable by the discovery of Schneider, who has 
 found in exotic fishes the encysted Nematodes already described 
 by Rudolphi by the name of Filaria cystica, which are the larvae 
 of a Eustrongylus. Schneider inclines to class it with E. gigas, 
 though without sufficient reason, according to Leuckart. 
 
 Balbiani has recognised that the development of the ovum com- 
 mences in the uterus of the female, but is soon arrested, and cannot 
 be completed until after the egg has been expelled from the body 
 of the host, and brought in contact with water or damp soil. Be- 
 tween this later period and the appearance of the embryo, there 
 elapse five or six months if winter intervenes, but it is probably 
 shorter if summer is included. The embryo may remain for more 
 than a year without perishing. When put into pure water and 
 hatched artificially, this embryo rapidly undergoes change ; as it 
 does not thrive well except in albuminous fluids, and will not resist 
 more than a few days’ desicca'tion. It is 240 /u long and 14 broad, 
 cylindrical, and gradually tapering posteriorly ; the head is pointed, 
 mouth terminal and having no papillae, but it is provided (?) with 
 a small protractile chitinous dart, which doubtless serves the young 
 worm as an organ of penetration. Balbiani has not succeeded in 
 hatching these ova in the digestive canal of the Dog, various Fishes, 
 Snakes and Tritons, nor in river Prawns. 
 
 The Dog, Horse, and Ox are the only domesticated animals in 
 which the giant Eustrongyle has been found. The majority of 
 observations have reference to the Dog. 
 
 Dog. — It might be supposed that the presence of a giant Eus- 
 trongyle in the urinary passages would cause acute pain, but in 
 many of the observations this parasitism was not revealed by any 
 symptom during the life of the animal, and was a surprise at the 
 autopsy. In other instances, however, the parasite has often 
 caused grave disturbance in the health of its host. Sometimes it 
 has been a continued wasting, terminating in consumption (Caesalpin, 
 De Sillol) ; at other times the suffering has been betrayed by cries 
 and howls uttered night and day (Kerckring, Boirel, Liefmann, 
 Heucher, Van Swieten) ; or the Dog has walked with its body 
 curved to one side — that corresponding to the invaded kidney. 
 It is probable that, at a certain period, the urine is sanguinolent 
 or purulent. When the worm is in the ureter, it causes retention 
 of the urine and distension of the kidney (Redi) ; when in the 
 bladder, it acts as a foreign body, and micturition is effected drop 
 by drop (Fr. Franck) ; and when it has penetrated to the peritoneal 
 cavity, there are indications of peritonitis. In a case reported by 
 Magnie, the only symptoms were vomiting and asphyxia, five 
 minutes before death ; the worm was in the left pleura. 
 
 It is not possible to foretell what may be the result of renal 
 eustrongylosis, but it would appear to be the tendency of the worm 
 
PARASITES OF THE URINARY ORGANS 641 
 
 to quit the kidney when it has destroyed its substance — as with 
 those which have been found in the peritoneal and pleural cavities, 
 or lodged in the ureter or bladder. The worm may pass into the 
 urethra, but there it is stopped by the penial bone ; it then 
 perforates the canal, and locates itself in the connective tissue. 
 U. Leblanc has observed three cases of this kind, in which the worm 
 was not manifested by any other symptom than the rapid forma- 
 tion of a tumour the size of the fist in the perineal region, close 
 to, but behind, the testicle. The obstacle offered by the constric- 
 tion of the urethra is not absolutely insurmountable, as Lacoste 
 
 surface of the kidney has been excised ; natural size. — Railliet. 
 
 has seen a Dog evacuate a giant Eustrongyle by this canal — the 
 expulsion being preceded and accompanied by acute pain, and 
 followed by the discharge of * about two spoonfuls of blood.’ Re- 
 covery ensued almost immediately. 
 
 Megnin has witnessed an exceptional mode of expulsion. A 
 Bitch presented a mammary tumour in the neighbourhood of the 
 umbilicus, which, on being incised, gave exit to a giant Eustrongyle. 
 Recovery in this case was also rapid. 
 
 The giant Eustrongyle is developed in the kidney, and its presence 
 there causes grave disorders. The tissues of the organ are gradually 
 destroyed ; the vessels — which resist for a long time — are damaged, 
 
 4i 
 
642 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 and this leads to frequent haemorrhages, and the worm is usually 
 immersed in a sanguinolent fluid. At last the vessels disappear, 
 and the enveloping tunic of the kidney forms the only wall of the 
 tumour, which has acquired a varied, but always considerable, 
 volume, and contains much blood. This tunic of the kidney, in 
 being distended, becomes thickened, and assumes the appearance 
 of the perinephritic fat. Partial ossification of the internal mem- 
 brane of the renal pouch has been twice noted by Miller, in the 
 Mink of America. The pelvis undergoes the same dilatation as 
 the kidney, as may also the ureter ; though Drel incourt and 
 Sperling have found that canal obliterated. In a case described 
 by Ruysch, besides two Eustron gyles, there was a calculus that 
 completely closed up the pelvis. 
 
 It has never happened, says Davaine, that more than one kidney 
 has been invaded, and the size of the healthy one is usually more 
 considerable than in the normal state. 
 
 Most frequently there is only one Eustrongyle — rarely are there 
 two. Verney, however, has found four in a Dog, and Klein eight 
 — six males and two females — in a Wolf. 
 
 • The Eustrongyle may be met with elsewhere than in the kidney, 
 as has been said when dealing with the symptoms. Redi has found 
 one occupying the kidney and part of the ureter ; Kerckring, 
 another extending the whole length of the ureter ; and Franck, 
 one lodged in the bladder. When met with outside these organs, 
 it has been generally in their vicinity, and it is probable that the 
 worm has primarily developed in the urinary passages. Such was 
 Megnin’s case and the three cases of U. Leblanc already referred 
 to. In one of the latter the verminous tumour had a pedicle, 
 manifestly indicating a previous communication of its cavity with 
 the ureter. Plasse found three giant Eustrongyles which had found 
 their way into the peritoneal cavity, after breaking through the 
 shell of the kidney, which still partly enveloped that organ ; the 
 other two remained in the kidney — or rather in the place of that 
 organ — as it had completely disappeared. Stratton, in Canada, 
 had already observed a similar case ; as had Peuch, Mathis, and 
 Megnin. In the case of the latter, it was remarkable that the 
 kidneys were still healthy. There are also the cases observed by 
 Rivolta (giant Eustrongyles on the surface of the liver), Lissizin 
 (Eustrongyle in the left lobe of the liver), Magnie (Eustrongyle in 
 the pleurae), Grehant, quoted by Balbiani (three Eustrongyles in 
 the peritoneum). In a case reported by Silvestrini, two Eustrongyles 
 were developed in the abdominal cavity, but they had caused in- 
 tense hyperaemia of the kidneys, which they appear to have sucked 
 by fixing themselves on their surface. 
 
 The diagnosis of the giant Eustrongyle in the urinary apparatus 
 offers great difficulties, generally. Suspicion should be aroused, 
 however, by the emission of blood-coloured urine or blood-clots, 
 coincidently with the manifestation of rabiform symptoms ; and 
 the suspicion would be confirmed if, on a microscopical examina- 
 
PARASITES OF THE URINARY ORGANS 643 
 
 tion of the urine, the ova of the Eustrongyle, with all their essential 
 characteristics, were found in it. 
 
 If the diagnosis were established, then perhaps the administra- 
 tion of oil of turpentine would cause the worm to emigrate. Sil- 
 vestrini thought extirpation of the worm might be attempted. 
 If it were decided that the parasite was located in the bladder, 
 then urethrotomy could be practised. Finally, if it caused the 
 formation of perineal or mammary tumours — as in the cases of 
 Leblanc and Megnin — nothing could be simpler than puncturing 
 them and extracting the Eustrongyle. 
 
 Horse and Ox. — Chabert describes having found a giant Eustrongyle in 
 the left kidney of a Mare ; the gland was very voluminous, full of a purulent 
 fluid, and the worm was white. Rudolphi also had a specimen obtained 
 from a Horse ; U. Leblanc met with one in the kidney of a Horse, and Labat 
 discovered another in the kidney of a Mare, which had not shown any symp- 
 toms during life that could lead to a suspicion of its presence. 
 
 Rudolphi says he had a giant Eustrongyle that came from an Ox. Diesing 
 alludes to a specimen in the Museum of the Alfort Veterinary School, which 
 had the same origin. Greve observed a Bull which, for nearly a year, had 
 suffered from dysuria, and later the urine was mixed with flakes of mucus ; 
 the left kidney of this animal was transformed into an enormous cyst filled 
 with a foetid purulent fluid, in which was a giant Eustrongyle. 
 
 II. Armed Sclerostome ( Sclerostomum equinum Mull., Strongylus armatus, 
 Rud.). — The agamous form of this worm, which lives in the branches of the 
 posterior aorta in the Equidae, may be found in the renal arteries. The 
 verminous aneurisms of these arteries or of the aorta may, according to 
 Lustig, be the starting-point of nephritis by embolism. 
 
 Sclerostomes may also be met with even in the kidney. Walters found 
 two in each kidney of a paraplegic Mare, and Bowler has made several observa- 
 tions of the same kind in Mules. These worms may be likewise encountered 
 in the neighbourhood of the kidneys, in the adipose mass surrounding them, 
 where they are sometimes in large quantity (Harvey, Couchman, Meyrick, 
 Lienaux, and Colson, who found them at the same time in the pelvis of the 
 kidney). 
 
 III. Stephanurus dentatus (Dies.). — This worm, already described as a 
 parasite of the peritoneum of the Pig (p. 469), and especially in America, 
 where it infests the adipose tissue around the kidneys, may enter these 
 organs and the supra-renal capsules, and produce purulent cavities in 
 them. 
 
 IV. Trichosomum plica (Rud.). — This lives in the urinary bladder of the 
 Fox and Wolf ; and Bellingham has also found it in the Dog in Ireland. It 
 is probably the same worm that Beorchia-Nigris encountered, to the number 
 of fifty, fixed on the mucous membrane of the bladder of an experi- 
 mental Dog, which during life passed a sedimentous urine that contained 
 numerous ova of the Trichotrachelidae. Besides the characters of the genus, 
 the Trichosomum plica shows the following : the male is 13 mm. to 30 mm. long, 
 scarcely tapers behind, where it terminates in a point, and has a very long 
 spicule in a sheath that is transversely ridged. The female is 30 mm. to 60 mm. 
 long, has an obtuse tail, the anus is terminal, and the vulva is situated in the 
 anterior part of the body. 
 
 V. Trichosomum Felis Cati (Belling). — This Trichosome was discovered 
 by Bellingham in the bladder of a wild Cat. Wedl has met with it in a domesti- 
 cated Cat ; only females were found, and they were from 14 mm. to 16 mm. 
 long, scarcely tapering behind ; the majority of them were coiled in a spiral 
 manner, and were difficult to recognise without the aid of a pocket-lens. 
 
 VI. Larvae of Undetermined Nematodes. — These larvae of Nematodes were 
 observed for the first time by Vulpian in 1856, and again studied by Boche- 
 fontaine. In the kidneys of the Dog they cause the formation of small 
 
 41 — 2 
 
644 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 pearly-white tumours about the size of a tobacco-seed to that of a hemp- 
 seed, which are spherical or flattened. They are situated beneath the proper 
 capsule of the kidney, in the cortical substance, and do not usually project 
 beyond the surface. In Vulpian’s case there were from 80 to ioo of these 
 tumours in each kidney ; and Bochefontaine found them in ten of thirteen 
 Dogs, in numbers varying from 4 to 38. They were formed of a small hollow 
 sphere, the wall of which was made up of concentric layers of connective 
 tissue, and was generally surrounded by the uriniferous tubes and glomeruli ; 
 the latter were dragged away with the small tumours when these were 
 enucleated, which was otherwise easy. In only a small number of the tumours 
 was found a Nematode about *3 mm. long (Vulpian), 140 /x to 210 /x long, 
 by 10 n to 15 fi broad (Bochefontaine). Cylindrical in its anterior moiety, 
 tapering for a long distance posteriorly, and the mouth surrounded by mam- 
 millated prominences, this was twisted in a ring-like form, and was destitute 
 of sexual organs. It had certainly been destroyed in the majority of the 
 nodules, by regressive phenomena. 
 
 Ebstein and Nicolaier have made a more complete study of these granules. 
 The worms extracted from them had very distinct movements, they were 
 363 /i long and 16 // in diameter at their anterior extremity. 
 
 The situation of the nodules in the cortical substance compels us to admit, 
 along with Bochefontaine, that the parasites had been brought there by the 
 blood, as it is not the ordinary seat of small infarcts caused by emboli. The 
 genus to which larvae of these Nematodes belonged could not be determined. 
 
 The other larval Nematodes found by Ebertz in the muscles, kidneys, and 
 lungs of a Sheep may here be recalled to memory (see p. 498). 
 
 ACARI. — Mention has been made of the nodules of Cytodites nudus 
 found by Holzendorff in the kidneys, at the same time as in the lungs, 
 liver, etc., of diseased Fowls. 
 
 LARVA2 OF THE CESTRID./E. — At the autopsy of a Norman Stallion, 
 which died in thirty-two hours from violent colic, Pagliero found nothing 
 abnormal except thickening of the parietes of the bladder near the cervix ; 
 two larvae were deeply implanted in the mucous membrane which was injected 
 in red streaks. These larvae were stated to be those of the Gastrophiliis 
 hcemorrhoidalis Linn., which, in its primary state, is parasitic in the gastro- 
 intestinal canal. To explain the very unusual situation of these two larvae, 
 it would be necessary to admit that they must have crawled from the anus, 
 while the Horse was lying down, to the urethral opening, and, wandering 
 along that tube, have reached the bladder. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 PARASITES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS 
 
 We have here only to notice some cases of accidental parasitism. 
 
 Mammalia. — A. Males. — Sclerostomum armatum Rud. — The agamous form 
 of this worm has been encountered more frequently in the spermatic than 
 in the renal arteries of the Horse. Gurlt had already noticed the presence 
 of these worms in the vaginal sheath. Aitken once saw an armed Sclerostome 
 in the spermatic artery of a Foal, and Baird found one in the testicle of a 
 Horse. Clancy met with thirteen on the surface of the testicle of a three- 
 years-old Horse ; the gland was indurated, and the envelopes infiltrated. 
 Brodie published a similar case. At the London Veterinary College one worm 
 was found in the spermatic artery of an Ass, and another in a funiculitis 
 consecutive to castration. . It is remarkable the frequency with which these 
 worms occur in the abnormal testicles of Horses affected with abdominal 
 cryptorchidism. We met with a case of this kind in May, 1883 ; and Simonin 
 and Jacoulet encountered three in the space of two months, the testicles 
 having undergone fibrous degeneration. On incising the testicle of a crypt- 
 orchid which was normal in structure. Degive met with an armed Sclerostome. 
 It would be interesting to ascertain the relation in frequency between crypt- 
 orchidism and testicular parasitism. What is certain, is that the concealed 
 testicles of Horses affected with abdominal cryptorchidism often exhibit 
 such alterations as fibrous tumours or serous cysts. 
 
 Filaria equina Abild. ( F . papillosa Rud.). — In Stallions affected with 
 hydrocele, Schmidt and Pottinger have remarked one or two specimens of 
 this worm in the vaginal sheath. Their presence is easily explained by the 
 communication that exists between the abdominal cavity and that sheath. 
 
 B. Females. — The Murcorymyces of Rivolta is found in the uterus, kidneys, 
 spleen, and lungs of the Bitch. 
 
 There was probably some mistake or insufficiency in Girard’s observation 
 of a case, in which undetermined Taeniae were found in the uterine cavity of 
 a Mare affected with metritis. 
 
 During the summer we may find in the orifice of the prepuce, or in the 
 labia of the vulva — even without a wound — lavva which have been deposited 
 by species of Diptera capable of developing cutaneous myiosis, which has 
 been already noticed (p. 36). This occurrence is frequent at the Chalons 
 camp in Horses and Mares, but the species which is thus provisionally para- 
 sitic has not been determined. In a pregnant Cow, Awde found in the walls 
 of the vagina, about 8 cm. from the vulva, asperities due to a quantity of 
 larvae which were imbedded as deeply as the muscular layer. 
 
 Birds. — The Distomum cuneatum, Rud., which is a parasite of the intestine 
 of the Bustard, has been found in the oviduct of the Peacock by Gurlt 
 (Diesing). It is a white worm with brown spots, from 3 mm. to 7 mm. long, 
 tapering in front in the form of a cone, and the ventral sucker is nearly twice 
 as wide as the oral one. Rudolphi saw in this worm a great affinity to the 
 Distomum ovatum. 
 
 Parasitism of the oviduct, which is quite accidental, more particularly 
 
 645 
 
646 
 
 TREATISE ON PARASITIC DISEASES 
 
 leads to the presence of vegetable or animal parasites in the interior of the 
 ovum ; but for details on this subject we must refer to the special memoirs 
 which have been published with regard to it, and in which all the facts are 
 enumerated and analyzed. 
 
 Suffice it to say here, that on many occasions there have been found in the 
 air-chamber and even in the albumen of Fowls’ eggs, various of. the low'er 
 Fungi more or less closely related to the Aspergillus glaucus, Penicillum 
 glaucum, Mucor stolonifev, Botrytis, Stysanus, Macrosporium, Leptomitus, 
 Sporotrichum, Dactylinm, Hcetophora, etc. There they form various coloured 
 groups, and produce an alteration in the substance of the egg. They may 
 gain admission to it through the pores of the shell, but more probably they 
 are there before the shell is formed, having passed from the rectum into the 
 oviduct. 
 
 Fragments of Taenia (Noll, quoted by Zurn), the Distomum ovatum (Hanow, 
 Purkinje, Escholtz, Shelling, etc.), and the Heterakis perspicillum (Krabbe, 
 Ziirn, Zeinbelli, Benci, Grosoli, Meloni, etc.), have been found under the 
 same conditions. 
 
 Bonnet has on two occasions remarked on the presence of the ova of a 
 Distome in the albumen of Fowls’ eggs, without the parasite being found in 
 the oviduct. 
 
 Podwyssozki has often seen in the white of the Fowl’s eggs, after being 
 cooked, small grey or black spots, composed of masses of encysted Coccidia, 
 or of their free spores. He has noticed them more in eggs produced in 
 summer, and in certain localities. These parasites may cause eggs which 
 have been kept for a long time to appear as if rotten. It is not known if they 
 are due to a coccidiosis of the oviduct, where they incorporate themselves 
 with the albumen, or if they originate from intestinal Coccidia which have 
 ascended by the cloaca. 
 
 Podwyssozki believes them to be identical with the Coccidia which are found 
 in the hepatic cells of Man, and which he has described under the designation 
 of Kariophagus hominis. Human infestation is due to eating such eggs 
 insufficiently cooked, as the gastric juice only dissolves the capsule of the 
 Coccidia, setting the spores at liberty. But, very probably there is no con- 
 nection between the hepatic coccidia of Man and those which may be found 
 in the eggs of the Fowl ; the latter most often belong, as Eckardt has dis- 
 covered, to Coccidium avium. 
 
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 INTESTINES— pp. 320-333. 
 
 A. Villot : MSm. sur les Cystiques des Tenias. Ann. des Sc. Natur. 
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 Rend. Soc. de Biologie, 1883. — Chabert : Traite des Maladies V ermin- 
 euses dans les Animaux. Paris, 1782, 2nd edition. Paris, 1787. — 
 Stanley, quoted by Adams : Quarterly Journal of Veterinary Science 
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 U.S. Depart, of Agriculture, 1893. — C. W. Stiles : Verminous Diseases of 
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 INTESTINE OF HORSE— pp. 333-348. 
 
 Gruby and Delafond : Rech. sur les Animalcules se developpant dans 
 VEstomac et dans les Intestins. Comp. Rend, de l’Acad. des Sciences, 
 XVII., 1843 I and Recueil de Med. Veterinaire Pratique, 1843. — G. Colin : 
 Traite de Physiol. Comp, des Animaux, 2nd edition, I., 1871. — A. Fioren- 
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 Bull, de la Soc. Zool. de France, 1885 ; and Traite de Zoologie Medicate, 
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 Krabbe : Tidsskrift for Veterinarer, 1880 ; Repertorium der Thierheil- 
 kunde, 1880. — -Hering : Repertorium der Thierheilkunde, 1880. — 
 
 Krabbe, quoted by Zschokke : Recherches sur la Structure des Cestodeus. 
 Mem. delTnst. National Genevois, XVII., 1888. — G. Neumann : A propos 
 d’un Tenia triedre. Revue Veterinaire, 1890. — Poulton : The Veter- 
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 des Tenias des Mammiferes. Soc. Centr. de Med. Veterinaire ; Recueil 
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 Animali Utili. Milano, 1882. — Hiirlimann : Schweizer- Archiv. f. Thier- 
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 Gastrodiscus polymastos Leuckart. Abhandl. d. Seuckenberg. Naturf. 
 Gesellsch., XII., 1880. — Megnin : Sur le Gastrodiscus Sonsinoi {Cobbold), 
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 Sur le Gastrodiscus Sonsinoi Cobb. Ann. Soc. Entomol. de France (5), 
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 Cheval atteint d’une affection V ermineuse. Rec. de Med. Veter. Pratique, 
 1835. — Damitz : Magazin, 1845. — Gerlach : Vertige, Gericht. Thierheil- 
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 Lyons, 1854. — Megnin : Comp. Rend, de la Soc. de Biologie, 1883. — 
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 42 — 2 
 
66o 
 
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 INTESTINE OF THE OX— pp. 348-355. 
 
 Krause : Magazin f. d. Gesammte Thierheilkunde, 1839. — Robin : Hist . 
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 Revue gen. de Med. Veter., 1904. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 66 1 
 
 INTESTINE OF THE SHEEP— 355-364. 
 
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 INTESTINE OF THE PIG— pp. 365-370. 
 
 Tardieu : Correspondance sur les Anim. Domestiques . . . par Fromage 
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 INTESTINE OF THE DO ; G— pp. 370-397. 
 
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662 
 
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 INTESTINE OF THE CAT— pp. 397-401. 
 
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 663 
 
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 INTESTINE OF THE RABBIT— pp. 401-403. 
 
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 INTESTINE OF THE ELEPHANT— pp. 403-404. 
 
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 INTESTINE OF BIRDS— pp. 404-420. 
 
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 Veterinaire, 1873. — Siedamgrotzky : Bericht ii. d. Veterinarwesen in 
 Sachsen f. 1871. — Lesbre : Journ. de Med. Veter, et de Zootechnie. 
 Lyons, 1882. — Trasbot and Railliet: Soc. Centr. de Med. Veterinaire, 
 1882 ; Rec. de Med. Veterinaire, 1887. — Caparini : Revue Veterinaire, 
 
 1887. — Dufour and Gacon : Journ. de Med. Veter, et de Zootechnie. 
 Lyons, 1889. — Pirl : Archiv. f. Wissensch. u. Prakt. Thierheilkunde, 
 XVI., 1890. — Railliet : La Ladrerie des Betes Bovines. Archives Veteri- 
 naire, 1876. — Idem : Le Custicerque du Tenia Inerme. Ibid., 1881. — 
 Trasbot : Art. Ladrerie. Nouv. Diet, de Med., Chir. et d’Hyg. Veterinaire, 
 XI., 1880. — Alix : La Ladrerie des Betes Bovines en Tunisie. Rec. de 
 Mem. et Observ. sur l’Hyg. et la Med. Veter. Militaire (2), 1887. — Kall- 
 mann : Wochenschrift f. Thierheilkunde u. Viehzucht, XXXII., 1888, and 
 Monatsschr. d. Vereines d. Thierarzte in CEsterreich, 1889. — Hertwig : 
 Archiv f. Animalische Nahrungsmittelkunde, 1891. — Guillebeau : Archiv 
 f. Pathol. Anatomie u. Physiologie, CXIX., 1890. — Ostertag : Monat- 
 shefte f. Prakt. Thierheilkunde, I., 1889. — Laboulbene : Bull, de l’Acad. 
 de Medecine (3), XXIV., 1890. — Sappey : Comp. Rend, de la Soc. de 
 Biologie, i860. — Chatin : Bull, de l’Acad. de Medecine (2), XVI., 1886. 
 — Idem : Mem. de la Soc. Nation. d’Agric. de France, CXXX., 1866. 
 
 TRICHINOSIS— pp. 585-604. 
 
 Chatin : La Trichine et la Trichinose. Paris, 1883. — Piana : Studio 
 sulla Trichina Spirale e sulla Trichinosi. La Clinica Veterinaria. Milan, 
 
 1888. — Blanchard : Art. Trichine. Diet. Encyclopedique des Sc. Medi- 
 cales (3), 1887. — For the bibliography, in addition to the works of Chatin 
 and Blanchard just mentioned, see D’Arcy W. Thompson : A Biblio- 
 graphy of Protozoa, Sponges, Ccelenterata and Worms. Cambridge, 1885 ; 
 and Taschenberg: Bibliotheca Zoologica, III., 1887. — Perroncito : Annali. 
 della R. Accad. di Agric. di Torino, 1877. — Csokor : Allgem. Wien. 
 Medic. Zeitung, 1884. — Colin: Bull, de la Soc. Centr. de Med. Veterinaire, 
 1866. — Goujon : Experiences sur la Trichina Spiralis Owen. These de 
 Paris, 1866. — Colin : Bull, de l’Acad. de Medecine (2), 1881. — Grancher : 
 Bull, de l’Acad. de Medecine (2), 1884. — Piana : La Veterinaria, II., 1881. 
 — Tikhomiroff, quoted by Bouley and No card : Memoir lu au Congres 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 675 
 
 National d’Hygiene de Paris, 1878. — Kiihn : Mittheil. des Landwirthsch. 
 Institutes der Univ. Halle, 1865. — Colin : Comp. Rend, de l’Acad. des 
 Sciences, LX., 1868. — Hertwig : Archiv f. Wissensch. u. Prakt. Thierheil- 
 kunde, 1886. — Duncker : Ibid., 1887. — Johne : Deutsche Zeitschr. f. 
 Thiermed. u. Vergl. Pathologie, XIII., 1887. — Laboulbene : Relation de 
 la Premiere ilpidemie de Trichinose constaUe en France. Bull, de l’Acad. 
 de Medecine (2), IX., 1881. — Perroncito : La Trichina Spiralis in Italia. 
 Ann. d. R. Accad. di Agric. di Torino, 1877. — Legge : Relazione di un 
 Caso di Trichinosi nell Uomo. La Clinica Veterinaria, 1887. — Fjord and 
 Krabbe : Bull, de la Soc. Centr. Med. Veterinaire, 1868. — Leuckart : Die 
 Menschlichen Parasiten, II., 1876. — Bouley and Gibier : Comp. Rend, 
 de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1882. — Gibier : Ibid., 1889. — Colin : Bull, de 
 l’Acad. de Medecine (2), 1884. — Fourment : Comp. Rend, de l’Acad. des 
 Sciences, 1882. — Haubner, Kuchenmeister, and Leisering : Helmintho- 
 logische Versuche. Dresden, 1863. — Leuckart : Gutachten d. Konigl. 
 Medicinal-Collegiums d. Provinz Sachsen. Magdeburg, 1864. — Vallin : 
 Revue d’Hygiene et de Police Sanitaire, 1881. — Blanchard : Loc. cit. 
 
 BONES— p. 605. 
 
 J. Hunter, quoted by Davaine : Traite des Entozoaires, 2nd edition, 1877. 
 — Railliet : Echinocoques dans le Tibia d’un Bceuf. Bull. Soc. Centr. de 
 Med. Veterinaire, 1884. — Gurlt : Nachtrage zum ersten Theile des Lehr- 
 buches d. Pathol. Anatomie des Haus-Saugethiere. Berlin, 1849. — 
 Vachetta : Cistomi da Echinococco alia Mandibola Inferiore d’un Cavallo. 
 Clinica Veterinaria, V., 1882. — Morot : Echinocoques dans le Femur droit 
 d’une Vache. Bull. Soc. Centr. de Med. Veterinaire, 1885. — Railliet and 
 Morot : Kyste Hydatique de la Septieme Vertebre Dorsale chez une Vache. 
 Ibid., 1891. — See, in addition, Gangolphe : Kystes Hydatiques des Os. 
 Paris, 1886. 
 
 NERVE-CENTRES AND SENSORY ORGANS— pp. 606-619. 
 
 Bremser : Tr. sur les Vers Intestinaux de V Homme. French translation, 
 1837. Explanatory text in the Nouvel Atlas, by Leblond. — Railliet: 
 Bull. Soc. Centr. de Med. Veterinaire, 1889. — Woodger : The Veterinarian, 
 1863 ; and Annales de Med. Veterinaire, 1864. — Kirkman : Ibid. — 
 Gerlach : Gerichtl. Thierheilkunde , 2nd edition. — -Albrecht : Mazagin f. d. 
 Gesammte Thierheilkunde, 1872. — Van Heill : Thierarzt, XIII., 1874. — 
 Reynal : Essai Monographique sur le Tournis des Betes Ovines. Rec. de 
 Med. Veterinaire, 1857, 1858. — Lafosse : Traite de Pathologie Veterinaire, 
 1867. — Brunet : Relation de Nombreux cas de Tournis sur les Agneux. 
 Rec. de Med. Veterinaire, 1875. — The Veterinarian, 1873. — Steel : The 
 Sheep. — Davaine : De l’ Action du C 6 nure sur le Cerveau. Mem. de la 
 Soc. de Biologie, 1857. — Rabe : Berl. Thierarztl. Wochenschrift, 1889. — 
 Garcin : Memoir sur le Tournis. Saint-Quentin, 1862. — Riem : Feuille 
 de Cultivateur, 1805. — Fromage de Feugre : Corresp. sur la Conserva- 
 tion et V Amelioration des Animaux Domestiques, I., 1810. — Dupuy : De 
 l’ Affection Tuberculeuse vulg. appeUe Morve, 1817. — Girou de Buzare- 
 ingues : Mem. Soc. Roy. d’ Agriculture, Paris, 1824. — Reynal: Loc. cit. 
 Rec. de Med. Veterinaire, 1857. — Letort : Rec. des Trav. de la Soc. 
 Medicate d’lndre-et-Loire, 1863. — Bouchut : Atlas d’ Ophthalmoscopie 
 Medicate et de Cerebroscopie. Paris, 1876. — Yvart : Journ. de Med. 
 
 Vet. et Comparee, 1827. — Dupuy : Journ. Prat, de Med. Veterinaire, 
 1830. — Calmeil : Art. Moelle Epiniere. Diet, de Medecine, 2nd edition, 
 XX., 1839. — Reynal : Rec. de Med. Veterinaire, 1854. — Hokmayer : 
 Archiv f. Thierheilkunde; Journ. de Med. Veterinaire, Lyons, 1854. — 
 Valenciennes and Delafond : Comp. Rend, de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1857. 
 — Roll : Manuel de Pathol, et Therap. des Anim. Domestiques. French 
 edition, 1869. — Forster and Oreste : Ricettario Tascabile ad Uso dei 
 Veterinari. Naples, 1885. — Maillet : Memoire sur le Tournis considere 
 
 43—2 
 
676 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
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 Archiv f. Thierheilkunde, and Repert. d. Thierheilkunde ; Journ. de Med. 
 Veter. Lyon, 1854. — Gieres : Vierteljahresschrift, 1862 ; Journ. de Med. 
 Veter. Lyon, 1863. — Cruzel : Traite Prat, des Mai. de VEspece Bovine, 
 1869. — Rudofsky : Die Drehkrankheit der Rinder. Monatsschr. des 
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 Zeitung, IV., and Gurlt’s Pathol. Anatomie, 1831. — Zundel : Journ. de 
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 Thierheilkunde. Berlin, 1885. — Hering : Repertorium der Thierheil- 
 kunde, 1861 ; Journ. de Med. Veter. Lyon, 1862. — Railliet : Sur nne 
 Affection N on-Par asitaire simulant le Tournis chez le Mouton. Rec. de 
 Med. Veterinaire, 1881. — Hartenstein : V Hydropth6rapie appliqu6e a la 
 Medecine des Animaux. Paris, 1884. — Nocard : Recueil de Med. Veteri- 
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 Fohlen. Vierteljahrssch. f. Wissensch. Veterinarkunde, 1885. — Franchi : 
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 Milan, 1876. — Lourdel, quoted by Megnin : Rec. de Med. Veterinaire, 
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 Soc. Sav. a la Sorbonne ; La Nature, 1880. — Siedamgrotzky : Bericht ii. 
 d. Veterinarwesen im K. Sachsen f. 1884. — Dieckerhoff : Wochenschr. f. 
 Thierheilkunde, 1888. — Boas : Tidsskrift for Veterinaerer, 1889. — Hin- 
 richsen : Ueber einen Neuen Parasiten in Riickenmarkskanal des Rindes. 
 Archiv. f. Wiss. u. Prakt. Thierheilkunde, 1888. 
 
 EAR— pp. 620-631. 
 
 Railliet : Art. Oreille ( Parasites ). Nouv. Diet. Prat, de Med., de Chir., 
 et d’Hyg. Veterinaire, XV., 1888. — Gelle : Comp. Rend, de la Soc. de 
 Biologie, 1877. — Zundel : Recueil de Med. Veterinaire, 1875. — Troeltsch : 
 Archiv f. Ohrenheilkunde, IX., 1875. — Schumacher : Monatsschr. d. 
 Vereines d. Thierarzte in CEsterreich, 1887. — Ostertag : Repertorium 
 der Thierheilkunde, LI., 1890. — Leidy, Turnbull : Proceedings of the 
 Academy of Nat. Sc. of Philadelphia, 1872. — Pagenstecher : Fiihling’s 
 Landwirth. Zeitschrift, 1874. — Gotti : Giorn. di Anat. Fisiol. e Patol. 
 degli Animali, 1871. — Boucheron : iffpilepsie d’Origine Auriculaire ; Con- 
 tribution d V Etude de VOtopiSsis. Comp. Rend. Acad, des Sciences, Cl., 
 1885. — Delafond : Recueil de Med. Veterinaire, 1859. — Moller : Wochen- 
 schr. f. Thierheilk. u. Viehzucht, 1874. — Ziim : Deutsche Zeitschr. f. 
 Thiermed. u. Vergleich. Pathologie, 1875. — Lucet : Recueil de Med. 
 Veterinaire, 1890. — Hosaeus : Bericht uber das Veterinarw. in Sachsen 
 fur 1875. — Mathieu : Soc. Centr. de Med. Veterinaire ; Recueil de Med. 
 Veterinaire, 1876. — Cagny : Soc. Centr. de Med. Veterinaire ; Recueil de 
 Med. Veterinaire, 1878. — Andree : Annales de Med. Veterinaire de 
 Bruxelles, 1872. — Pesas : Note sur une Acariase Auriculaire de la 
 
 Chevre. Revue Veterinaire, 1889. — Morot and Nallet : Bull, de la Soc. 
 Centr. de Med. Veterinaire, 1890. — Hering : Gurlt’s Magazin, 1835, 
 No. 2 ; Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae . . . Naturae curiosorum 
 XVIII. (pars posterior), 1838. — Lucas : Ann. de la Soc. Entomol. de 
 France, 1849. — Bendz : Tidsskrift for Veterinairer, X. ; Hering’s Reper- 
 torium, 1863. — Ziirn : Wochenschr. f. Thierheilk. u. Viehzucht, 1874. — 
 Guzzoni : SulV Acariasi del Condotto Uditivo Esterno. Milan, 1877. — 
 Megnin : Bull, de la Soc. Centr. de Med. Veterinaire, 1878 ; Bulletin de 
 la Societe de Biologie, 1881. — Nocard: Bull, de la Soc. Centr. de Med. 
 Veterinaire ; Rec. de Med. Veterinaire, 1882. — A. J. Sewell : Canker in 
 the Ears of Dogs, due to a Parasite. Veterinary Journal, 1891. — Huber: 
 Comptes Rendus de la Soc. d’Hist. Natur. d’Augsbourg ; Rec. de Med. 
 Veterinaire, 1875. — Broquet : Bull de la Soc. Centr. de Med. Veterinaire ; 
 Rec. de Med. Veterinaire, 1876. — Megnin : Ibid. — Megnin : Rec. de Med. 
 Veterinaire, 1878, and L’l^leveur, 1885. — Railliet : Bull Soc. Centr. de 
 Med. Veterinaire, 1887. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 677 
 
 EYE— pp. 631-636. 
 
 Railliet : Art. Parasites de VCEil. Nouv. Diet. Prat, de Med., de Chir., 
 et d’Hyg. Veterinaire, 1887. This very complete article gives an 
 excellent bibliography of the parasitism of the eye. We have only to 
 add some indications, and at first the following, taken from Gurlt’s 
 Lehrbuch Patholog. Anatomie, I., 1831. — Frenzel : Bemerkungen ii. d. 
 Thierspital in Wien. — Hanyet, in Wolstein : Das Buck v. d. Innerl. 
 Krankheiten d. Fallen. — Leuckart : Versuch einer naturgem. Einth. d. 
 
 Helminthen. — Anonymous : Medic. Jahrb. d. K. K. CEsterreich. Staats., 
 II. Cysticercus. — Heincke : Blasenwurm in dev Augenhohle eines Fallens. 
 Mittheil. a. d. Thierarztl. Praxis im Preuss. Staate, 1880- 1881 ; and Zeit. f. 
 Vergl. Augenheilkunde, 1883. Intra-ocular Filarice of the Horse. — Ken- 
 nedy and Brown : On a Nondescript Worm (Ascaris pellucida) found in 
 the Eyes of Horses in India. Trans, of the Roy. Soc. of Edinburgh, 1821. 
 — Lafon : Mem. de la Soc. de Med. Veter, de l’Herault ; Journ. des Veter, 
 du Midi, 1840. — Smith : The Veterinarian, 1868. — Brennekam : Gurlt 
 and Hertwig’s Magazin ; Journ. de Med. Veter. Militaire, June, 1868. — 
 Kipp : A Filaria in the Eye of a Horse. New York Med. Record, 1879. 
 — Turnbull : Filaria in the Eye. The Veterinarian, 1879. — Brandi : 
 Ein Fadenwurm im Auge eines Pferde. Monatsschr. d. Ver. d. Thier- 
 arzte in CEsterreich, 1879, No. 6. — Adams : Filaria Oculi vel Filaria 
 Papillosa of the Horse. Quarterly Journ. of Veter. Science in India, 
 V., 1886. — Symonds : Veeartsenijkundige Bladen Uitgegeven in Neder- 
 landsch-Indie, V., 1887 ; Annal. de Med. Veterinaire, 1887. — Paszotta : 
 Thiermed. Rundschau, I., 1886-1887 ; Rec. de M6d. Veterinaire, 1888. — 
 Grassi : Filaria inermis {mihi) ein Parasit des Menschen, des Pferdes und 
 des Esels. Centralbl. f. Bakter. u. Parasitenkunde, I., 1887. — Marriott: 
 The Veterinary Journal, 1890. — Jimenez Alberca : La Veter. Espanola, 
 1891. Intra-ocular Filarice of the Ox. — Durrechou : Ophthalmie Parasi- 
 taire du Bceuf. Journ. des Veter, du Midi, 1864. — -Claes and Brouwier : 
 Relation de cas de Pneumonie V ermineuse precedee d’ Ophthalmie de m6me 
 Nature. L’Echo Veter. Liege, XV., 1885. — Guittard : Progres Veteri- 
 naire, 1888. Filaria in the Eye of the Fowl. — Cobbold : Journal of the 
 Quekett Micros. Club, London, 1880. Circum-ocular Filarice of the Ox. 
 — Perdan : Filaria lacrymalis, als Ursache d. Conj onctivitis bei einer Kuh. 
 Monatsschr. d. Ver. d. Thierarzte in CEsterreich, 1880, No. 11. — Piot : 
 Bull, de l’lnstitut Egyptien (2), 1885, No. 6. — Guittard : Progres Veteri- 
 naire, 1888. — Bulletin Soc. Zool. de France, XVI., 1891. 
 
 URINARY APPARATUS— pp. 637-644. 
 
 Railliet : Art. Reins — Parasites des. Nouv. Diet. Prat, de Med., de Chir., 
 et d’Hyg. Veterinaire, XIX., 1891. — Pachinger : Zoolog. Anzeiger, IX., 
 1886. — Railliet and Lucet : Une Nouvelle Maladie Parasitaire de VOie 
 Domestique, determine par des Coccidies. Comp. Rend. Soc. de Biologie 
 (q), II., 1890. — Rayer : Tr. des Maladies des Reins. Paris, 1841. — 
 Trasbot and Railliet : Rec. de Med. Veterinaire, 1887 ; Ladrerie du Chien. 
 — Perroncito : Gli Echinococchi e la Tenia Echinococco. Annali della R. 
 Accad. de Agric. di Torino, XXII.. 1879 (Zebu). — Idem : Trattato Teorico- 
 pratico sulle Malatie pin Communi degli Animali Domestici. Turin, 1886. 
 — Dupuy : Journ. de Med. de Sedillot, 1825. — Ostertag : Ueber den 
 Echinococcus Multilocularis bei Rindern und Schweinen. Deutsche 
 Zeitsch. f. Thiermedicin, XVII., 1890. — Cadeac and Malet : Revue 
 Veterinaire, 1884. — Wolpert : Ibid., 1888. — Balbiani : Rech. sur le 
 D6veloppement et le mode de Propagation du Strongle GSant (Eustrongylus 
 gigas Dies.). Journ. de l’Anat. et de la Physiologie, VII., 1870-1871. — 
 Silvestrini : Dello Eustrongylus gigas nel Cane. Giornale di Anat., 
 Fisiol. e Patologie, XX., 1888. — Davaine : Tr. des Entozoaires, 2nd 
 edition, 1877. — Magnie : Recueil de Med. Veterinaire, 1870. — Mathis: 
 Soc. des Sc. Med. de Lyon ; Lyon Medical, 1881. — Cusa : Giorn. de Med. 
 
678 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Veter. Pratique, 1885. — Lissizin : Rec. de Med. Veterinaire, 1887. — 
 U. Leblanc : Bull, de 1’Acad. de Medecine, 1850. — Lacoste : Mem. de la 
 Soc. Veter, du Calvados et de la Manche, 1842-1843. — Megnin : Comp. 
 Rend, de la Soc. de Biologie, 1880. — Megnin : Soc. Centr. de Med. Veteri- 
 naire ; Recueil de Med. Veterinaire, 1879. — Rivolta : II Medico Veteri- 
 nario, 1867. — Lustig : Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Thiermedicin, I., 1875. — 
 R. G. Walters : The Veterinarian, 1866. — Bowler : American Journ. of 
 Compar. Medicine, II., 1884. — Harvey : Veter. Record, 1845. — Couch- 
 man : The Veterinarian, 1857. — Meyrick : Ibid., 1859. — Lienaux : Ann. 
 de Med. Veterinaire, 1887. — Colson : Etat Sanit. des Anim. Dom. en 
 Belgique en 1884. — Lutz : Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Thiermed. u. Vergl. 
 Pathologie, XII., 1885. — Beorchia-Nigris : Di un Caso di Tricocefalo 
 
 nella Vesica Urinaria di un Cane. Giornale di Med. Veter. Pratica, 
 1888. — Vulpian, quoted by Davaine : Tr. des Entozoaires. Paris, i860. 
 — Bochefontaine : Comp. Rend. Soc. de Biologie (6), I., 1874 ; Ibid. (6), 
 II., 1875. — Ebstein and Nicolaier : Beitrage zur Lehre von der Zoopara- 
 sitaren Tuberculose. Archiv f. Pathol. Anatomie, 1889. — L. Tayler: 
 Our present knowledge of the Kidney worm ( Scl . pinguicola) of Swine. 
 ILS. Depart, of Agricul., 1899. 
 
 GENERATIVE ORGANS— pp. 645-646. 
 
 Aitken : The Veterinarian, 1855. — Baird : Proceedings Zoological Society, 
 1861. — Clancy : The Veterinarian, 1865 ; Rec. de Med. Veterinaire, 1868. 
 — Simonin and Jacoulet, quoted by Railliet : Bull. Soc. Centr. de 
 Med. Veterinaire, 1884. — Brodie : The Veterinary Journal, 1886. — 
 Degive : Annales de Med. Veterinaire, 1887. — Schmidt : Jahresber. d. 
 K. Central-Thierarzneischule in Miinchen, 1884. — Pottinger : The 
 
 Quarterly Journ. of Veter. Science in India, V., 1886. — Girard : Mem. 
 de la Soc. Veter, du Calvados et de la Manche, 1831-1832. — -Awde : 
 The Veterinary Journal, 1878. — Robin: Hist. Nat. des Vegttaux 
 
 Parasites. Paris, 1853. — Panceri : Dei Crittogami che Nascono nelle 
 Uova. Atti de la Soc. Ital. di Sc. Naturali. Milan, II., 1861. — Gayon : 
 Alteration SpontanSe des CEufs. These de la Fac. des Sciences. Paris, 
 1875. — Zimmermann : Ueber die Organismen, welche die V erderbniss der 
 Eier V eranlassen. Ber. der Naturw’. Gesellsch. zu Chemnitz, 1878. — 
 Caruccio : Sur deux Cas d' inclusion de Parasites N ematoides dans les 
 CEufs de Poule. Journ. de Micrographie, 1887 ; Boll, della R. Accad. 
 Medica di Roma. — Taruffi : Monstruositd delle Uova d’Uccelli. Giorn. 
 di Anat., Fisiol. e Patol. degli Animali, 1886 and 1887. — Bonnet : Trema- 
 todeneier in Huhnereiern. Jahresber. d. K. Central Thieraznei-Schule 
 in Miinchen, 1881-1882. — Podwyssozki : Vorkommen der Coccidien in 
 
 Huhnereiern und AEtiologie der Psorospermosis. Centralb. f. Allg. Pathol, 
 u. Pathol. Anatomie, I., 1890, No. 5 ; Gaz. Hebd. de Med. et de Chirurgie, 
 1890. 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 A 
 
 Acanthia columbaria, 81 
 lectularia, 81 
 
 Acanthocephales, 272, 325, 365, 403, 
 416, 419, 420 
 
 Acari, 483, 620, 644 ; psoric, 5 
 Acariases of Domesticated Birds, 202 
 Mammalia, 86 
 Acariases, 21, 83 
 auricular, 621 
 
 dermanyssic, 100, 135, 205, 208, 
 621 
 
 non-psoric, 86, 202, 203 
 psoric, 105, 202, 219 
 trombidian, 100, 101, 102, 184 
 Acaricides, 95, 126 
 Acarina, 5, 20, 83, 105, 202, 478, 
 490 
 
 Acarus folhculorum, 19 1 
 nigua, 98 
 Acephalocyst, 432 
 A chorion, 241, 242 
 keratophagus, 270 
 quinckeanum, 262, 264, 265 
 Schonleinii, 261, 264, 266, 267, 
 269 
 
 Acnea sebacea, 191 
 Simonea, 193 
 Actinomyces bovis, 2, 596 
 Age, influence of, 1 1 
 Ah-dhrung, 632 
 Alakurt, 57 
 
 Albuminiferous canals, 273 
 Allobophora fcetida, 406 
 Alternate generation, 7 
 Amarpattee, 237 
 Amblyomma, 87, 88, 97 
 cajennense, 97 
 americanum, 98^ 
 maculatum, 98 
 variegatum, 98 
 Ambulacra, 83 
 Ambulacrum, 109 
 Amoeba meleagridis, 41 1 
 
 Amphibious leeches, 282 
 Amphistomum, 275, 277, 288, 301, 
 404 
 
 Collinsi, 336 
 var. Stanleyi, 336 
 conicum, 301 
 crumeniferum, 301 
 explanatum, 425, 426 
 Hawkesii, 404 
 tuberculatum, 350 
 Anaemia, essential, of Dogs, 392 
 intertropical, 392 
 miners, 392 
 pernicious, 28 
 of Cats, 400 
 of Dogs, 392 
 of Sheep, 304, 453 
 Analgesce, 21 1, 212 
 Analgesinae, 103, 211, 212, 214 
 Analges minor, 213, 214 
 Anchylostomum, 279, 326, 494 
 cernuum, 361, 363, 365 
 trigonocephalum, 392, 396, 400 
 stenocephalum, 394, 396 
 radiatum, 553 
 Anders, Anderses, 255 
 Aneurisms, verminous, 525 
 Angiostomidae, 278, 280, 326, 328 
 Anguillula, 328, 329, 364 
 intestinalis, 328 
 stercoralis, 328 
 
 Anguillulidae. See Angiostomidae 
 Animal Parasites, 3 
 Annelida, 3, 272 
 Ankylostomiasis, 392 
 Ankylomostomum, 279, 326, 327 
 duodenale, 392, 400 
 Anopheles claviger, 22 
 Anoplocephala mamillana, 335 
 perfoliata, 335, 348 
 plicata, 335 
 
 Anoplocephalince , 323, 324, 334, 349, 
 355 . 403 
 
 Anoplotenians, 324 
 Antagonistic symbiosis, 1 
 
68o 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Antennal sinus, 60 
 bands, 59 
 Anthelmintics, 17 
 Antipsoric charge, 138 
 Antipsorics, 164 
 Aphaniptera, 20, 52 
 Apoblema, 276 
 Aponomma, 87, 88 
 Aptera, 20 
 
 Aqueous cachexia, 440 
 ictero-verminous, 440 
 Aquiferous vessels, 277, 321 
 Arachnida, 4, 83, 476 
 Argas, 87, 98 
 
 miniaius, 203 
 persicus, 98, 203 
 reflexus, 203 
 Argasina, 87, 98 
 Aricia, 31 
 Avion rufus, 368 
 Arthropodes, 4 
 Ascaridce, 278, 326 
 of the Cat, 400 
 Calf, 350 
 Dog, 391 
 Horse, 337 
 Pig, 368 
 Sheep, 360 
 
 Ascarides, 288, 312, 314, 391, 425 
 Ascavis, 278, 326 
 cvassa, 417 
 equovum, 337, 348 
 lumbricoides, 330, 368 
 mavginata, 330, 391 
 megalocephala, 337, 342, 348, 
 
 425, 426, 465 
 mystax, 391, 400 
 ovis, 360 
 
 suis, 368, 425, 465 
 vitulorum, 350 
 Ascomycetes, 239 
 Ascus, 239 
 Asilides, 29 
 Asilus, 29 
 
 Aspergillar pneumomycosis, 521 
 Aspergillus, 515, 521, 621 
 candidus, 521 
 fumigatus, 348, 521 
 glaucus, 241, 521, 645 
 nigrescens, 521 
 Astacus fluviatilis, 417 
 Aulastoma Gulo, 283 
 Auricular scabies, 621, 625, 629 
 Aviarian phthiriasis, 67, 208 
 
 B 
 
 Bacteria, 2 
 Bacteriacece, 2 
 Bakonyer, 571 
 
 1 Balancers, 20 
 Balantidium coli, 365 
 Balbiania, 555 
 
 gigantea, 555, 560 
 Bands of Ricinidae, 59 
 Bandwurmseuche, 358 
 Barrelled pupa, 36 
 Baths, antipsoric, 164 
 arsenical, 165, 167 
 Clement’s, 164 
 codex, 138 
 creolin, 168 
 Matthieu’s, 164 
 Scheuerle’s, 167 
 Tessier’s. 164 
 Trasbot’s, 165 
 Walz’s, 168 
 Zundel’s, 169 
 ! Bdellidce, 84 
 1 Bearer, 2 
 Becqueriau, 152 
 I Be/e rouge, 102 
 pouvne, 440 
 | Bicho Colorado, 100 
 | Bilharzia, 275, 350, 532, 533 
 bovis, 532 
 
 crassa, 532, 533, 637 
 hamatobia, 532, 533 
 | Biliary cirrhosis, 428 
 Birds, scabies of, 219 
 Bisciuola, 440 
 Biseriated Menopon, 71 
 j Black mange, 193 
 Black-mouthed Menopon, 70 
 Bladdery Rabbits, 549 
 ; Blanc, 220 
 I Blastogene, 324 
 j Blinding Chrysops, 2 
 ! Blue-fly, 36 
 Bonnet, 35 
 i BoopJiilus bovis, 92 
 i Bordered Argas, 203 
 Bothriocephalida, 321, 325, 386, 405 
 Bothriocephalus, 325, 371, 386, 397, 
 47i 
 
 cordatus, 388 
 decipiens, 399 
 dubius, 389 
 felis, 399 
 fuscus, 388 
 latus, 386, 388, 399 
 reticulatus, 389 
 Bothriotcenia longicollis, 407 
 Botrytis, 646 
 , Boule, 440, 454 
 Boule d’eau, 423, 454, 468 
 i Bourse, 454 
 Bouteille, 440, 454 
 Bovine hypoderma, 43 
 Brachycera, 20, 22, 26 
 j Brachyccelium, 276 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 68 1 
 
 Breeze-flies, 27 
 
 autumnal, 27 
 black, 27 
 
 blinding, small, 28 
 noisy, 28 
 Ox, 27 
 
 rain, small, 28 
 rustic, 28 
 tawny, 28 
 white-footed, 28 
 Brillants, 255 
 Broad Menopon, 71 
 Bronchial strongylosis, 494 
 Bronchitis, verminous, of bovines, 
 503 
 
 Camel, 506 
 Dog, 509, 510 
 Equidse, 507 
 Goat, 496, 498 
 
 Pig. 507 
 
 Rabbit, 509 
 Sheep, 496, 498 
 Bronchomycoses, 521 
 Broncho-pneumonia, verminous, 496, 
 
 509 
 
 Broom, 487 
 Brulots, 23 
 Bugs, 5, 81 
 bed, 81 
 dove-cot, 81 
 May, 367 
 miana, 98 
 Sheep, 98 
 Buphaga, 51 
 Buratis, 439 
 
 C 
 
 Cachexia aquosa verminosa, 440 
 Ccepophagus, 104 
 Cafard, 314 
 Calf ascarid, 350 
 Calliphora vomitoria, 36 
 Calodium tenue, 414 
 Camel Bot, 489 
 oestrus of, 488 
 scabies of the, 180 
 strongyle, 506 
 Camerostoma, 83, 109 
 Canal gyncecophoric, 532 
 Cancrelat, 314 
 Candona rostrata, 415 
 Cavapa Guianensis, 56 
 Carapatos, 97 
 Carceag, 98 
 Carpoglyphus, 104 
 Cat, ringworm of the, 263 
 scabies of the, 187 
 
 Catarrhal Fever, Malignant, of 
 Rabbits, 475 
 
 Caudal foramen, 273, 321 
 pouch, 278 
 vesicle, 322 
 I Cayor-fly, 39 
 ! Cephalogonimus, 27 7, 288 
 ovatus, 408, 419 
 Cephalomyia ovis, 483, 488 
 • Cere avia brunnea, 389 
 cystophora, 452 
 echinatoides, 389 
 echinifera, 389 
 longicandata, 452 
 spinifera, 389 
 1 Cercarice, 274, 450 
 : Cercarigerous sac, 274, 445 
 germinative, 274 
 
 I Cercocystis Drep. tenuirostris, 418 
 I Cestoda, 4, 272, 320, 334, 349, 355, 
 364. 370, 397. 403. 405. 412, 415, 
 417, 422, 466, 470 
 I Cestoden tuberculosis, 578 
 Cetonia aurata, 368 
 ! Cevadille pomade, 139 
 J Cheeks of sarcoptinaj, 109 
 | Cheese Mite, 107 
 j Cheir acanthus, 279 
 j Chelicerae, 83, 109 
 j Cheyletiella, 103, 210 
 eruditis, 103 
 heteropalp a, 210 
 parasitivorax, 133, 179, 210 
 Cheyletince, 100, 103, 209, 210 
 j Chicken Tick, 203 
 Chigoe, 5, 56 
 Chlorosis, Egyptian, 392 
 Choantcenia, 406 
 
 infundibuliformis, 406, 412, 415 
 j Chorioptes, 113, 118 
 j Chorioptes canis, 625 
 symbiotes, 1 19 
 
 var. bovis, 119, 150 
 var. caprce, 119, 176 
 var. cuniculi, 1 1 9 
 var. eqv.i, 119, 143 
 var. ovis, 119, 173 
 cynotis, 120, 182, 187, 190 
 auricularum, 625 
 var. canis, 625 
 var. cati, 629 
 var. furonis, 629 
 ecaudatus, 629 
 Choriopt Symbiot, 119 
 auricular, 120, 621 
 Chorioptic auricular prurigo, 625 
 Otacariasis, 625 
 of Cat, 629 
 of Dog, 625 
 of Ferret, 629 
 Scabies, Bovine, 150 
 Canine, 182 
 Caprine, 176 
 
682 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Chorioptic Scabies, Equine, 143 
 Feline, 187 
 Ovine, 173 
 Chrysops, 28, 630 
 Chyluria, 541 
 Circinated psoriasis, 250 
 Cirons, 106 
 Cirrus, 273 
 
 pouch, 273, 321 
 Cittotcp.nice , 403 
 Ctenoides, 403 
 Cladoccelium , 276, 441 
 Clypeus, 60 
 
 Coccidia, 3, 272, 301, 348, 335, 363, 
 370, 397, 401, 404, 41 412, 4i7> 
 422, 475, 636, 646 
 Coccidiosis, hepatic, 426, 430 
 intestinal of the Calf, 349 
 Dog, 370 
 Duck, 415 
 Fowl, 404, 646 
 Goose, 417 
 Ox, 349 
 Pheasant, 41 1 
 Pigeon, 412 
 
 Pig. 365 
 
 Rabbit, 401 
 Sheep, 355 
 Turkey, 41 1 
 of eggs, 646 
 nasal of Rabbit, 475 
 renal, 636 
 
 Coccidium bigeminum, 370 
 var. canis, 370, 397 
 var. cati, 370, 397 
 var. putorii, 370 
 avium, 404, 41 1, 412, 415, 417, 
 645 
 
 cuniculi, 401, 405, 426, 428, 
 
 475 
 
 Faurei, 301, 355 
 oviforme, 422, 426, 427, 428 
 perforans, 401, 404 
 Pfeifferi, 412 
 Rivoltce, 397 
 tenellum, 404 
 truncatum, 636 
 Zurni, 348, 365 
 Cochin-China, diarrhoea 328 
 Ccenurus, 323, 426, 547 
 
 cerebralis, 375, 486, 547, 606, 
 607 
 
 serialis, 376, 547, 606 
 undetermined, 426 
 Colpocephalum, 61 
 longicaudatus, 71 
 Columbatczense, 25 
 Comb disease, 267 
 Commensalism, 1 
 Common Fly, 29 
 Tick, 90 
 
 Companion Gonicote, 71 
 Conidia, 239 
 Conjugation, 3 
 
 Conjunctivitis, verminous, 634 
 Constant parasitism, 5 
 Constitution, 11 
 Corps oviformes, 427 
 Corpuscles of Laveran, 546 
 of Rainey, 555 
 Countries, influence of, 1 1 
 Coxae of Acari, 109 
 Creole Tick, 97 
 Creolin, 168 
 Crinons, 525 
 Crustacea, 4 
 
 Cryptococcus guttulatus, 348 
 Cryptocystis, 324 
 trichodectis, 378 
 Culex, 22 
 
 equinus, 23 
 mosquito, 541 
 pipiens, 23 
 Culicidce, 22 
 
 Cultures of dermatophytes, 241 
 Cuniculus, 123 
 Cup of Favus, 262 
 
 Cutaneous Filariasis, Indigenous, of 
 P>o g, 237 
 
 helminthiases, 227 
 myiosis, 36, 645 
 Cuterebra, 41 
 Cyclops agilis, 418 
 pulchellus, 418 
 Cynorhcestes, 88 
 Cysticerci, 323, 465, 473, 490 
 Cysticercoides, 324 
 Cysticercosis, 422, 631 
 Cysticercus, 323, 547, 562 
 Bailleti, 471 
 
 bovis, 490, 533, 562, 576 
 cellulosce, 426, 469, 490, 533, 562, 
 576, 606, 631, 637 
 elongatus, 470 
 fasciolaris, 397 
 fistularis, 348, 466 
 mediocanellata, 576 
 ovis, 584 
 
 pisiformis, 373, 423, 425, 426, 
 469, 470. 575 
 tarandi, 562 
 
 tenuicollis, 373, 422, 423, 426, 
 467, 469, 490. 533. 5 62 ’ 569 
 Cystisus scoparius, 487 
 Cystogeneous cells, 450 
 Cystoidotaenians, 323 
 Cystotaenians, 323, 371 
 Cysts, hydatid, of bones, 605 
 muscles, 549 
 Cytodites, 216 
 
 nudus, 216, 644 
 
 [ Cytoditince, 103, 211, 216, 515 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 683 
 
 Cytoleichus, 216 
 
 sarcoptoides, 21 6 
 Cytomycoses, 521 
 
 D 
 
 Dactylium, 646 
 Dark Menopon, 73 
 Dart, maxillo, -labial, 84 
 Dartres, 240, 257 
 Dartre croCiteuse, 255 
 furfuracee, 256 
 tondante, 240 
 Davainea cesticillus, 406 
 crassula, 412 
 echinobothrida, 406 
 Friedbergeri, 412 
 pyoglottina, 406 
 tetragona, 407 
 Daughter Rediae, 450 
 Bladder, 433 
 Debane, 28 
 Definitive host, 6 
 Degrees of parasitism, 5 
 Demodecic scabies, 105, 184, 191 
 of the Cat, 193 
 Dog, 193 
 Goat, 193, 202 
 Horse, 193 
 Han, 192 
 Ox, 193, 202 
 Pig, 193, 201 
 Sheep, 193 
 
 Demodecidce, 84, 85, 105, 191 
 Demodex, 191 
 
 folliculorum, 19 1, 192, 196, 201, 
 621, 630 
 
 phylloides, 193, 201 
 Dermacentor, 87, 88 
 reticulatus, 97 
 Dermanyssic acariasis, 208 
 Dermanyssus of Birds, 205 
 of the Fowl, 205 
 of Swallows, 205 
 Dermanyssus, 99, 100, 205, 621 
 avium, 205 
 
 gallince, 103, 205, 620 
 gallopavonis, 205 
 hirundinis, 205 
 Dermatitis, follicular, 198 
 Dermatobia, 50 
 Dermatodectes, 113 
 Dermatokoptes, 113 
 Dermatomycoses, 19, 239 
 Dermatophagus , 113 
 Dermatophytes, 21, 239 
 Dermatorrhagia, 226, 227 
 Dermatozoa, 20 
 Dermatozoonoses, 19 
 Dermestes lardarius, 81 
 
 Dermitis, granular, 229 
 Dermofilaria irritans, 231 
 Dermoglyphus, elongatus, 213, 214 
 minor, 212, 213, 214 
 varians, 214 
 Dermophytes, 239 
 Deutoscoles, 322 
 
 Diagnosis of parasitic diseases, 14 
 Diarrhoea, Cochin-China, 328 
 Dicotyles torquatus, 365 
 Dicranotcenia coronula, 415 
 sphenoides, 406 
 Dicroccelium, 276, 441, 464 
 Digenesis, heterogeneous, 7 
 Digestive apparatus, Parasites of, 
 271 
 
 Dipping of Sheep, 170 
 Diptera, 19, 630 
 Dipterous parasites, 22 
 Dipylidians, 372, 397 
 Dipylidinae, 372 
 Dipylidium, 324 
 
 caninum, 324, 372, 378, 379, 399 
 Disease of Oxen, 236 
 Dispharagus, 279, 288, 316 
 hamulosus, 317 
 nasutus, 317 
 spiralis, 316, 410 
 uncinatus, 318, 319 
 Distomata, 273, 422, 440, 490, 493 
 Distomatosis, 440 
 Distomiasis, 422, 440 
 
 hepatic, 422, 425, 440 
 muscular, 550 
 pulmonary, 493 
 of the Carnivora, 441, 464 
 Herbivora, 440 
 Ass, 44 T 
 Camel, 463 
 Cattle, 463 
 Elephant, 463 
 Guinea-pig, 463 
 Horse, 441, 444 
 
 Pig. 550 
 
 Distomea, 4 
 Distomes, 440 
 Distomidce, 275, 532 
 Distomum, 275, 288 
 armatum, 408 
 campanulatum, 464 
 cavice, 463 
 columbce, 413 
 conjunctum, 464 
 conus, 464 
 cuneatum, 645 
 dilatatum, 408 
 echinatum, 408, 416, 418 
 felineum, 464 
 hcematobium, 532 
 hepaticum, 365, 422, 425, 426, 
 440, 441, 463, 465, 468, 550 
 
684 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Distomum lanceolatum, 365, 422, 425, 
 426, 440, 441, 464 
 line are, 408 
 ovatum, 645, 646 
 ovocaudatum, 452 
 oxycephalum, 408, 416, 419 
 pellucidum, 316 
 sinense, 425, 426, 464 
 spathulatum, 464 
 sp- (?). 547 
 
 truncatum, 425, 426, 464 
 Dithyridium elongatum, 471 
 Dochmius. See Anchylostomum 
 Balsami, 400 
 trigonocephalus , 392 
 Docophorus, 60, 72, 77 
 Adustus, 72 
 icterodes, 72, 77 
 Dog, ringworm of the, 260 
 scabies of the, 182, 193 
 Tick, 90 
 
 Douve, douvette, 440 
 Dracontiasis, 234 
 Dracunculus Persarum, 234 
 Drepanidotcenia, 415, 417 
 anatina, 415 
 fasciata, 418 
 gracilis, 415 
 lanceolata, 417, 419 
 setigera, 418, 419 
 sinuosa, 415, 417 
 tenuirostris, 418 
 Dromedary, scabies of the, 180 
 Dry eczema, 184 
 Dry mange, 128 
 Dry measles, 566 
 Duck, acariasis of, 214 
 
 intestinal parasites of, 414, 417 
 Dysenterie rouge, 349 
 
 E 
 
 Echinococci, 323, 422, 431, 440, 
 465, 469, 471, 472, 490, 523, 
 
 524 
 
 in the aorta, 533 
 bones, 605 
 brain, 606 
 Dog, 555 
 heart, 533 
 kidneys, 637 
 liver, 431, 440 
 lungs, 490, 492 
 muscles, 549 
 pancreas, 465 
 
 serous membranes, 4 66, 467, 
 469, 472 
 spleen, 465 
 
 | Echinococci multilocular, 434 
 Echinococcosis of the liver, 431, 440 
 lungs, 490 
 
 Echinococcus, 323, 422, 431, 440 
 altricipariens, 433 
 alveolaris, 434 
 gallopavonis, 515 
 granulosus, 433 
 hydatidosus, 433 
 multilocularis , 434 
 polymorphus, 431 
 scolecipariens, 433 
 simplex, 433 
 veterinorum, 377, 431 
 Echinorhynchus, 4, 325, 417 
 cuniculis, 403 
 filicollis, 417 
 gigas, 365, 368, 370 
 miliar is, 417 
 
 polymorphus, 416, 417, 419, 
 
 420 
 
 sphcerocephalus, 417 
 Echinostomum, 276, 389 
 echinatum, 389 
 Ectoparasites, 5 
 Ectoparasiticides, 17 
 Ectophytes, 239 
 Ectozoa, 5 
 Eczema, dry, 184 
 Egyptian Chlorosis, 392 
 Ixode, 96 
 Eidamella, 242 
 
 Spinosa of Dog, 239, 260, 261 
 Eimeria falciformis, 426, 636 
 Elephant, parasites in stomach and 
 intestines of, 297, 403 
 Endoparasiticides, 17 
 Entero-hepatitis, infectious, 41 1 
 Entozoa, 5 
 
 Entozoon folliculorum, 191 
 Entropion, 194 
 Epidermophytes, 239 
 Epidermoptes, 214 
 bifurcatus, 215 
 bilobatus, 214, 215, 216 
 Epidermoptince , 21 1, 214 
 Epilepsy, pseudo or false, 382, 481, 
 614 
 
 Epileptiform disease of Sporting 
 Dogs, 625 
 Epinglage, 567 
 Epiphytes, 239 
 Epistoma, 83 
 Epizoa, 5 
 
 Epizootic mange, 128 
 Equidae, scabies of the, 127 
 Erratic parasites, 8, 606 
 Estival sores, 229 
 Etiology of parasitic diseases, 8 
 I Eucoleus zErophilum, 514 
 | Eustrongy lines, 279 
 
GENERAL INDEX 685 
 
 Eustrongylus gigas, 426,' 471, 639, 
 . 6 43 
 
 visceralis, 638 
 Exogenous vesicles, 433 
 
 F 
 
 Facultative parasitism, 5 
 Falciger, 212 
 
 ro stratus, 214 
 False ‘ gid,’ 486, 614 
 Farcy of the Ox, 97 
 Fasciola hepatica, 440 
 Jacksoni, 463 
 Fascioliasis, 440, 463 
 Fat eye, 454 
 Favus, 241, 261 
 of the Cat, 264 
 Dog, 261 
 Ear, 621 
 Fowl, 267 
 Horse, 254 
 Mouse, 265 
 Rabbit, 266 
 lycoperdold, 266 
 Ferret, scabies of the, 190 
 Filament of mycelium, 240 
 Filaria, 226, 279, 326, 328, 509, 532, 
 537, 630 
 anatis, 546 
 cervina, 468, 632 
 clava, 414, 546, 551 
 cygni, 420, 473 
 cystica, 639 
 equina, 4 66, 607, 645 
 Evansi, 532 
 
 hcemorrhagica, 228, 229 
 hepatica, 397, 426 
 immitis, 510, 535, 537, 551 
 irritans, 231 
 labiato-papillosa, 468 
 lachrymalis, 634 
 Mansoni, 633 
 Medinensis, 234, 237 
 multipapillosa, 228, 229 
 nasuta, 317 
 Osleri, 510 
 palpebralis, 634 
 
 papillosa, 233, 348, 354, 426, 466, 
 524. 55C 631, 645 
 pellucida, 631 
 recondita, 535, 537 
 sanguinis equi, 524 
 sanguinis hominis, 524, 536, 
 
 539 
 
 terebra, 468 
 tracheo-bronchial, 509 
 trispinulosa, 633 
 undetermined, 426 
 
 Filariasis, cutaneous^ indigenous of 
 Dog, 237 
 Extra-ocular, 634 
 of Horse, 634 
 Ox, 634 
 
 Intra-ocular, 631 
 of Bo vines, 632 
 Dog, 633 
 Equidae, 631 
 Fowl, 633 
 Goose, 633 
 Sheep, 633 
 
 Filariidae, 278, 279, 326 
 Flagellata, 3, 273 
 Flat-fly, 33 
 Fleas, 52 
 
 of Bird, 53 
 Cat, 53, 54 
 Dog, 54 
 Hare, 54 1 
 Leporides, 54 
 Man, 53 
 Red, 100 
 Sand, 56 
 Flies, 22, 27, 36 
 black, 23 
 bovine, 29 
 blue, 36 
 breeze, 26 
 Cayor, 39 
 common, 29 ] 
 cow, 29 
 crow, 29 
 executioner, 29] 
 flat, 33 
 grey, 36 
 Kolumbatz, 25 
 meteoric, 31 
 saw, 31 
 spider, 33 
 stinging, 29 
 tsetse, 31 
 vagabond, 29 
 vitripene, 29 
 warble, 48 
 Fluke, 440 
 Fluke disease, 440 
 Follicular dermatitis, 198 
 mange, 193 
 scabies, 194 
 
 I Foot-rot, Verminous, of Sheep, 238 
 Forked worm, 516 
 1 Founza in ngdmbe, 51 
 . Fowl, entozoa of, 404, 517 
 sarcoptidae of, 213 
 tinea of, 267 j 
 Frey ana, 212 
 anatina, 214 
 Chayana, 213 
 
 [ Fungi, 239, 34 8, 355, 422 , 521, 646 
 ! Fussraude, 143 
 
686 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 G 
 
 Gale, epizootique, 154 
 des pattes, 220 
 du pied, 143 
 
 Gamasidce, 84, 85, 99, 202, 205 
 Gamasus, 99, 100 
 auris, 621 
 
 pteroptoides, 99, 179 
 Gammarus pulex, 417, 418 
 Gapes, 517 
 Garapattes, 97 
 Gastrodiscus, 275, 277, 337 
 TEgyptiacus , 336 
 Gastrophilus, 291, 312, 475, 484 
 elephantis, 297 
 
 292, 295, 297, 298, 314 
 fiavipes, 292, 297 
 hcemorrhoidalis, 292, 295, 296, 
 297, 300, 618, 644 
 inermis, 292 
 lativentris, 292 
 nasalis, 292, 296, 299, 618 
 nigricornis, 292 
 pecovum, 292, 296, 300 
 salutaris, 296 
 salutiferus, 296 
 Generation, alternate, 7 
 spontaneous, 8 
 Germiduct, 273 
 Germigen, 273 
 Germinal membrane, 432 
 Germinative cercarigerous sac, 274 
 Gid, 371, 486, 607 
 false, 486 
 
 encephalic, 607, 610 
 in the Goose, 613 
 Horse, 613 
 Ox, 613 
 Sheep, 607 
 lumbar, 612 
 medullary, 612 
 Globidium Leuckarti, 333 
 Globocephalus, 279, 326, 327 
 longemucronaius , 369 
 Glossina morsitans, 31 
 Glyciphagus, 104 
 domesticus, 104 
 Gnathastomum, 288 
 hispidium, 31 1 
 Gnathobdellidae, 281 
 Gncithostomidce , 278, 279, 288 
 Gnats, 22 
 
 common, 22 
 
 Goat, scabies of the, 174 
 Gongylonema scutatum, 291, 308, 
 
 310 
 
 Goniocotes, 60 
 
 chrysocephalus, 70, 71 
 compar, 71 
 gfgas, 68 
 
 Goniocotes hologaster, 68 
 
 rectangulatus, 69, 70, 77 
 Goniodes, 60 
 
 Burnetti, 6 7 
 colchicus, 70 
 dissimilis, 67, 70 
 falcicornis, 70 
 minor, 71 
 numidianus, 69 
 parviceps, 70 
 stylifer, 69 
 truncatus, 70 
 Granular dermatitis, 229 
 Granular sores, 229 
 Grappe, 220 
 
 Grater of Daubenton, 163 
 Gregarina, 3 
 Grey Simulium, 24 
 Grind, 154 
 
 Grub in the head, 485 
 Guadeloupe farcy, 97 
 Guinea-fowl, Analgesinae of, 214 
 Goniodes, 69 
 Guinea worm, 234 
 
 in the Dog, 234, 235 
 Horse, 235 
 Ox, 236 
 
 Gymnoascea, 239 
 Gy r opus, 61 
 
 gracilis, 66 
 ovalis, 67 
 
 H 
 
 Habitat of the parasites, 5 
 Hcemadipsa Ceylonica, 286 
 Hcemaphysalis, 87, 88 
 punctata, 97, 
 concinna, 97 
 Leachi, 97 
 
 Haemathydrosis, 226 
 Haematic filariasis, 537 
 Hcematobia, 30 
 Haemato-chyluria, 541 
 H&matopinus, 59 
 C.ameli, 65 
 colorata, 62 
 eurysternus, 63 
 macrocephalus, 61, 209 
 piliferus, 65, 78, 537 
 stenopsis, 64 
 suis, 65 
 tenuirostris, 63 
 urius, 65 
 ventricosis, 66 
 vituli, 63 
 
 Haematozoa, 14, 523 
 of Birds, 546 
 Dogs, 535 
 Horses, 524 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 6S7 
 
 Haematozoa of Lewis, 535 
 Ruminants, 532 
 Hamatozoon Lewisi, 535 
 Hcemopis sanguisuga, 3, 281, 282, 
 283, 284, 475, 630 
 Haemorrhagic pimples, 227 
 Halacavidce , 84 
 Hanging Helophilus, 348 
 Harpoonage, 594 
 Harvest Bug, 100 
 Haunch of Sarcoptina-, 109 
 Helix carthusiana, 452 
 hortensis, 368 
 pomatia, 368 
 Helminthes, 3 
 
 Helminthiases, cutaneous, 226 
 intestinal, 321 
 of air-passages of Cat, 5 1 3 
 £>og, 509 
 
 Helophilus pendulinus, 348 
 Hematopota, 28 
 pluvialis, 28 
 Hemiptera, 20 
 Hemistomum, 275, 389 
 alatum, 389 
 
 Hepatic coccidiosis, 426, 430 
 cysticercosis, 422 
 distomatosis, 440 
 echinococcosis, 431 
 Hepatitis, traumatic, 456 
 Herpes circinatus, 259, 247 
 tonsurans, 241 
 of strangles, 251 
 Heterakis, 278, 326 
 columbce, 413 
 compressa, 409 
 differens, 409 
 dispar, 419 
 lineata, 417 
 maculosa, 413 
 
 papillosa, 315, 408, 41 1, 417, 
 419 
 
 per spirillum, 409, 41 1, 
 
 646 
 
 vesicularis, 412 
 Heterogeneous digenesis, 7 
 Heteroptera, 20 
 Heterotricha, 273, 365 
 Heteroxenous, parasites, 6 
 Hexacanthus embryo, 322 
 Hippobosca canina, 34 
 equina , 33 
 taurina, 34 
 Hippoboscidce, 32 
 Hirudinea, 3, 281 
 Hirudo, 281 
 
 Ceylonica, 286 
 medicinalis, 282, 286 
 officinalis, 286 
 tagalla, 286 
 troctina, 284 
 
 Holostomum, 275 
 Holotricha, 273, 300 
 Homopterce, 20 
 Horse hypoderma, 50 
 Horse Leech, 281 
 Host, 2 
 
 accidental, 8 
 definitive, 7 
 foreign, 8 
 intermediate, 7 
 transitory, 7 
 Hyalomma, 87, 88, 96 
 Egyptium, 96 
 Hydatic membrane, 431 
 paraplegia, 612 
 
 Hydatido-cephalus, 607. See Gid 
 Hydatids, 431 
 
 of the circulation, 533 
 Hydrachnidce , 84 
 Hydrocephalus, 607 
 Hydrophoria, 31 
 Hydrotcea, 31 
 Hyphomycetes, 239 
 Hypodectes, 214 
 columbce, 214 
 Hypoderma, 43, 630 
 Actceon, 45 
 
 bovis, 43, 308, 618, 619 
 Diana, 46 
 equi, 50 
 lineata, 43 
 Silenus, 50 
 tarandi, 43 
 Hypomochlion, 372 
 Hvpophus nymph, 214 
 Hypotricha, 273 
 Hystrichis, 279, 288, 316, 319 
 cygni, 319 
 elegans, 319 
 tricolor, 319 
 
 Icthyosis pilaris, 269 
 Imago, 295 
 
 Indigestion, ingluvial, 318 
 Infectious entero-hepatitis, 41 1 
 Infusoria, 272, 273, 288, 300, 355, 
 37°> 397 > 401, 404. 412, 414, 417, 
 422 
 
 Infusoriform embryos, 274 
 I Ingluvial indigestion, 318 
 | Insecta, 4, 5, 272 
 ! Intermediate host, 6 
 Intermittent parasitism, 6 
 Intestinal helminthiasis, 321 
 Ixodes, 5, 86, 87 
 .Egyptium, 86 
 bovis, 92 
 
 412, 
 
688 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Ixodes hexagonus , 86, 91 
 ricinus, 86, 90 
 Ixodidce, 84, 86, 87, 202, 203 
 Ixodince, 87, 88, 90 
 
 K 
 
 Kariophagus hominis, 646 
 Kene, 98 
 
 Knemidokoptes, 114, 219 
 viviparus, 220 
 Kolumbatz-fly, 25 
 Krabbe’s Taenia, 372, 374 
 Kratze, 106, 154 
 Kumree, 633 
 
 L 
 
 Ladrerie, 562 
 Lamblia, 273 
 
 intestinalis , 355, 370, 397, 403 
 Laminosioptes, 216, 218 
 cysticola, 218 
 Land leeches, 286 
 
 Larvae of the Diptera, 36, 348,618,645 
 CEstrida^, 40, 618, 630, 643 
 in the encephalon, 618 
 spinal cord, 619 
 eye, 630 
 
 CEstrus, 291, 314, 348, 475, 483, 
 606, 614 
 Muscidae, 36 
 
 Nematodes (undetermined), 643 
 Laurer, vesicle of, 273 
 Laveran’s corpuscles or bodies, 546 
 Leeches, 281 
 black, 283 
 dragon, 286 
 green, 286 
 grey, 286 
 Horse, 281, 282 
 land, 286 
 medicinal, 282 
 of Ceylon, 286 
 trout, 286 
 
 I, eg of Sarcoptidae, 109 
 Leptus autumnalis, 100, 209 
 Lice, 58 
 
 Limax maximus, 368 
 agrestis, 406 
 cinerus, 406 
 variegatus, 406 
 Limncea Jtumilis, 448 
 nrinuta, 447 
 palustris, 460 
 peregra, 448 
 
 trunculata, 447, 448, 450 
 viator, 448 
 
 Lingnatula, 421, 465, 471, 473, 476, 
 490 
 
 Linguatula denticulatum, 421, 426, 
 473, 479, 483, 513 
 rhinaria, 476 
 
 tcenioides, 421, 476, 483, 490, 620 
 Linguatules in the Cat, 483, 513 
 Dog, 465, 475, 476 
 Goat, 480 
 Horse, 480, 483 
 Man, 481 
 Mule, 480 
 Ox, 482 
 
 Sheep, 482, 480 
 Linguatulida, 476 
 Liotheince, 60 
 Lipeurus, 60 
 anseris, 72 
 baculus, 7 1 
 heteragrophus, 68, 71 
 jejunus, 72 
 numidce, 69 
 poly trapezius, 69 
 squalidus, 72 
 variabilis, 68, 71 
 Listrophorince, 103, 104 
 Listrophorus, 104, 190 
 gibbus, 105, 179 
 mustelce, 105 
 Liver-rot, 440 
 Long Menopon, 71 
 Long-tailed Colpocephalus, 71 
 Oxyuris, 341 
 Lophophyton, 242 
 gallince, 267 
 Lophophytosis, 267 
 Lousiness, 58 
 Lucilia, 38 
 Lumbar gid, 612 
 Lumbrici, 326 
 Lycoperdoid favus, 266 
 Lycoperdon, 2 66 
 
 M 
 
 Macaw Fly, 50 
 Macrogametes, 272, 429 
 ! Macrogaster platypus, 191 
 I Magenwurmseuche, 304 
 I Maggot, 38 
 I Mal-de-foie, 440 
 I Mange, 106 
 
 black, 193 
 epizootic, 128 
 follicular, 193 
 red, 184, 193 
 
 j Margaritiferi, Taeniae, 380 
 Maxillo-labial spoon of Sarcoptid ce , 
 
 ; 109 
 
 ! May Bug, 367 
 1 Measles, 490, 533, 547, 562 
 | Dry, 566 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 689 
 
 Measles of Dog, 562, 575, 584 
 Goat, 584 
 Guinea-pig, 584 
 Ox, 490, 562, 576 
 Pig, 562, 631 
 Sheep, 584 
 
 Pseudo, of Sheep, 584 
 Megninia, 212 
 
 asternalis, 213, 214 
 cubitalis, 213 
 ginglymura, 213 
 velata, 214 
 
 Melolontha vulgaris, 367 
 Melophagus ovinus, 63, 73, 78 
 Menopon, 61 
 
 biseriatum, 69, 71, 77 
 extraneum, 67 
 latum, 71 
 numidce, 70 
 obscurum, 73 
 pallidum, 68 
 phceostomum, 70, 71 
 productum, 71 
 stramineum, 69 
 Merozoites, 272, 429 
 Mesocestoides lineatus, 372, 379, 399 
 imbutif,ormis, 415 
 Mesocestoidince, 380, 397 
 Mesogonimus, 275, 277 
 
 dimorphus, 408, 41 1, 413 
 pellucidus, 316 
 Meteoric Fly, 31 
 Miana Bug, 98 
 Microbes, 2 
 Micrococcus, 2 
 Microgametes, 272 
 Microgametocytes, 272 
 Microsporidia, 3 
 Microsporosis of Ass, 245 
 Cat, 264 
 Dog, 261 
 Horse, 245 
 
 Microsporum, 240, 242, 245, 252, 262, 
 264 
 
 Audouini, 245, 260, 261, 262 
 Miescheria, 555 
 Migration of Distomes, 452 
 Miniatus, 203 
 Mite, 83 
 
 of cheese, 107 
 red, 100 
 
 Modes, of parasitism 5 
 Monas anatis, 414 
 Moniezia, 349, 355, 356, 403 
 alba, 349, 355, 358 
 Benedeni, 356, 358 
 expansa, 349, 355, 358, 364 
 Neumanni, 356 
 nullicollis, 356 
 planissima, 350, 355 
 trigonophora, 355 
 
 Monocercomonas, 273 
 anatis, 41 
 hepatica, 422, 426 
 Monostomidce, 275 
 Monostomum, 275 
 
 caryophyllinum, 416 
 leporis, 470 
 mutabile, 275, 515 
 Setteni, 630 
 
 Monoxenous Parasites, 6 
 Morpion, 59 
 Morula, 448, 450 
 Mosquitoes, 23, 541 
 Mother- vesicle, 431 
 Moulds, 239, 521 
 Moyoquil worm, 50 
 Mucedince, 239, 521 
 Mucorymyces, 645 
 Musarail, 152 
 Musca, 29 
 
 bovina, 29 
 carnifex, 29 
 corvina, 29 
 domestica, 29 
 hortorum, 29 
 stimulans, 29 
 vaccina, 29 
 vagatovia, 29 
 vitripennis, 29 
 Muscidce, 29 
 
 Muscular distomatosis, 550 
 psorospermosis, 547 
 Mutualism, 1 
 Mutualistic symbiosis, r 
 Mycelian spores, 240 
 tubes, 240, 268 
 Mycelium, 239 
 
 Mycosis of the Air-passages, 521 
 in Birds, 521 
 Myiosis, 36, 645 
 Myocoptes, 104 
 Myxosporidia, 3, 427 
 
 N 
 
 Necrophorus, 81 
 Nemathelminthes, 4 
 Nematoda, 4, 272, 277, 288, 289, 310, 
 326, 337, 348, 350 . 3 < 55 > 403, 
 408, 413, 417, 419, 425, 466, 
 490 . 532 
 
 embryos of, 524, 546 
 undetermined, of Dog, 510, 642 
 Nematoideum equi caballi, 348 
 ovis pulmonale, 494 
 Nemocera, 22 
 Nirmus numidce, 70 
 Nits, 58 
 
 Noir-museau, 152, 175 
 I Nomenclature of parasitic diseases, 1 5 
 
 44 
 
690 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Norwegian itch, 116, 183 
 Notcedves, 114, 117 
 Notocotyle verrtwosum, 407, 416, 418 
 Nympha, adventive, 214 
 hypopial, 214 
 of the Sarcoptinae, 112 
 
 O 
 
 Obligatory parasitism, 5 
 Occasional parasitism, 5 
 Occipital bands, 59 
 Ocelli, 58 
 
 Ochromyia anthropophaga, 39 
 Ocular cysticercosis, 631 
 (Edemagena, 43 
 
 CEsophagostomum, 279, 326, 353 
 columbianum, 361, 465 
 dentatum, 362, 368, 370, 425, 426 
 inflatum, 352 
 sublatum, 368 
 venulosum, 361, 365 
 (Estral vertigo, 486 
 (Estridse, 5, 10, 40, 288, 291, 483 
 in the brain, 618 
 bladder, 643 
 nose, 483 
 CEstromyia, 41 
 CEstrus cameli, 488 
 cuticole, 41 
 equi, 292 
 ovis, 483, 488 
 Oidium, 281 
 lactis, 241 
 Schonleinii, 240 
 
 Ointment of Helmerich, 138, 154 
 sulphur, 138 
 Ollulaniasis, 314, 513 
 Ollulanus, 279, 288, 326, 327 
 
 tricuspis, 7, 314, 315. 401, 426, 
 
 5 I 3> S5i 
 
 Onchocer a reticulata, 552 
 Onglee of Chabert, 163 
 Onychomycosis of Equidae, 269 
 Oocyst, 272, 428, 429 
 Oospora, 242 
 
 canina, 243, 260, 261, 262 
 Ophthalmia, verminous, 631 
 OrbatidcB, 84 
 Orbital sinus, 60 
 Ornithobus, 60 
 
 bucephalus, 73 
 Ornithodoros, 87, 98 
 Megnini, 99 
 Savignyi, 87, 98 
 Talaje, 87, 99 
 Tholozani, 98, 203, 87 
 turicata, 99 
 Orthospora, 636 
 Otacariases, 621, 625 
 
 j Otitis, parasitic, of the Dog, 625, 629 
 Otopiesis, 621 
 Oval gyropus, 67 
 Oviform corpuscles, 427 
 Ovine piroplasmosis, 98 
 Oviscapt of CEstrus, 44 
 Ovulating vulva, no 
 Ox hypoderma, 43 
 
 scabies of the, 146 
 Oxyuridce, 278, 326 
 Oxyuris, 279, 326 
 ambigua, 403 
 compar, 392, 400 
 curvula, 232, 339, 348, 
 equi, 339 
 mastigodes, 341 
 vermicularis, 340, 392 
 vivipara, 341, 348 
 
 P 
 
 Pale trinoton, 73 
 Palisade worm, 342 
 Pangonia, 29 
 Paraplegia, hydatic, 612 
 Parasitic otitis, 625 
 Parasites of the bones, 547, 605 
 bronchi, 490 
 
 circulatory apparatus, 523 
 connective tissue, 547 
 digestive apparatus, 271 
 ear, 620 
 eye, 630 
 
 generative organs, 645 
 intestines, 320 
 larynx, 475 
 liver, 421 
 lungs, 490 
 mouth, 281 
 muscles, 547 
 nasal cavities, 475 
 nerve centres, 606 
 oesophagus, 288 
 pancreas, 465 
 pharynx, 281 
 
 respiratory apparatus, 474-522 
 sensory organs, 606, 620 
 serous membranes, 466 
 skin, 19, 36 
 spleen, 465 
 stomach, 288 
 trachea, 490 
 urinary organs, 636 
 Parasiticides, 17 
 Parasitism, 1, 2, 5 
 Parthenogenesis, 328 
 Passalurus ambiguus, 403 
 Pathogenic microbes, 2 
 Pedicular disease, 58 
 Pediculinse, 58 
 Pediculus, 58 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 691 
 
 Pediculus vituli, 63 
 Pelodera Axei, 234 
 Pennivores, 60 
 Pentastoma, 471, 473, 476 
 monoliforme, 473 
 Setteni, 630 
 tcenioides, 476 
 undetermined, 471 
 Periplaneta orientalis, 314, 536 
 Perithecium, 239 
 Peritricha, 273, 300 
 Perityphlo-hepatitis, 41 1 
 Permanent parasitism, 6 
 Pharyngobolus Afvicanus, 297 
 Philopterince , 60 
 
 Phthiriases, 21, 58, 73, 209, 135, 148 
 of the Ass, 62, 74 
 Camel, 65, 76 
 Cat, 66, 76 
 Dog, 65, 76 
 Ferret, 66, 76 
 Goat, 64, 76 
 Guinea-pig, 66, 76 
 Horse, 61, 74 
 Ox, 62, 74 
 Pig. 65, 75 
 Rabbit, 66, 76 
 Sheep, 63, 74 
 of Birds, 67, 76 
 Duck, 72 
 Fowls, 67 
 Goose, 72 
 Guinea-fowl, 69 
 Peacock, 70 
 Pheasant, 70 
 Pigeon, 71 
 Swan, 73 
 Turkey, 69 
 Phthirius, 59 
 
 Physaloptera, 279, 288, 315, 316, 317 
 digit at a, 315 
 truncata, 317 
 Phytoparasites, 2 
 Phytoptidce, 84 
 Piestocystis, 471 
 martis, 471 
 ta;w, 471 
 Pigeon, 214 
 Pig measles, 562, 575 
 
 scabies of the, 177, 201 
 demodecic, 201 
 Piguris reticulata, 348 
 Pilivores, 60 
 Piroplasmata, 524, 532 
 Piro plasma bigeminum, k 32 
 canis, 535 
 equi, 524 
 parvum, 532 
 Pityriases, 142, 184, 241 
 Planorbis marginatus, 452 
 Plasmodium malarice, 546 
 
 Platyhelminth.es, 4 
 Plerocercoides, 388, 471 
 Bailleti, 471 
 Pneumomycoses, 521 
 Pneumonia, verminous, 499 
 Poacre, 152 
 Podocotyle, 276 
 Poikilocytosis, 304 
 Pomade of Helmerich, 138, 154 
 Porrigo asbestinea, 255 
 Poultry Louse, 208 
 Proctophyllodce, 212 
 Prognosis of parasitic diseases, 15 
 Proligerous vesicle, 323, 432 
 Prophylaxis of parasitic diseases, 16 
 Proscolex, 322 
 Protozoa, 3, 365, 41 1, 546 
 Prurigo, auricular, 625 
 of the Ox, 148 
 
 Pseudalius ovis pulmonalis, 494, 499 
 
 Pseudo Measles of Sheep, 468, 584 
 
 Pseudo-follicles, 512 
 
 Psora, 85, 104 
 
 Psoriasis circinata, 250 
 
 Psoric acariases, 219 
 
 Psoroptes, 113, 117 
 
 auricularis canis, 625 
 communis, 117, 621 
 bovis, 1 18 
 
 caprce, 118, 621, 624 
 cuniculi, 118, 490, 621, 623 
 equi, 1 1 8 
 ovis, 1 18 
 longirostris, 117 
 Psoroptic scabies, 140 
 of Bovines, 146 
 Equines, 140 
 Sheep, 154 
 otacariases, 621 
 
 of the Goat, 624 
 Rabbit, 622 
 
 Psoroptinic scabies, 117 
 Psorospermiae, 272, 412, 556 
 of the Arthropodes, 3 
 Fish, 3 
 
 oviformes, 427 
 utriculiformes, 3, 555 
 Psorospermic catarrh, 475 
 Psorospermosis, connective tissue, 
 555 . 56o 
 hepatic, 426 
 muscular, 555 
 
 muscular system of Goat, 559 
 Horse, 559 
 ° x . 559 
 Pig. 555 
 Sheep, 558 
 other species, 560 
 nasal, of Rabbits, 475 
 Pterolichce, 212 
 Pterolichus, 212, 215 
 
 44—2 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 692 
 
 Pterolichus obtusus, 213 
 uncinatus, 213 
 Pterophagus, 212 
 strictis, 214 
 Pteronyssus, 215 
 Pulex, 53 
 
 avium, 54 
 goniocephalus , 54 
 irritans, 53, 379, 537 
 penetrans, 56 
 serraticeps, 54, 378, 536, 537 
 Pulmonary echinococcosis, 490 
 distomatosis, 493 
 strongylosis, 494, 542 
 Pupipara, 32 
 
 R 
 
 Rabbit, ringworm of the, 266 
 scabies of the, 179 
 Rabies, pseudo, 314, 382, 481, 628 
 Rainey’s corpuscles, 555 
 Rain-rot, 158 
 Red flea, 100 
 Red ’mange, 193 
 Red mite, 100 
 Red worm, 516 
 Redia, 449 
 
 of Filippi, 274 
 Reindeer hypoderma., 43 
 Remittent parasitism, 6 
 Rhabditiform generation, 346 
 Rhinitis, 475 
 Rhipiceplialus , 87, 88 
 
 annulatus , 92, 94, 97 
 var. decolor atus, 93 
 appendiculatus , 98 
 bursa, 98 
 capensis, 98 
 Evert si, 98 
 sanguineus, 92, 98 
 siculus, 537 
 simus, 98 
 
 Rhizoglyphus echinopus, 270 
 Rhyncotes, 58 
 Ricinidce, 5, 59, 73 
 Ringworm, 240 
 Ass, 245 
 Cat, 263 
 Dog, 260 
 Goat, 259 
 Horse, 245 
 Ox, 25 q 
 Pig, 259 
 Rabbit, 266 
 Sheep, 259 
 
 Rod-shaped Lipeurus, 71 
 Rot, 440 
 
 ictero-verminous, 440 
 Rouge, rouget, mal, 184, 188 
 Ron get, Acarian, 100, 196 
 
 S 
 
 Saccharomyces albicans, 272, 281 
 guttulatus, 348, 355, 422, 426 
 Saccharomycetes, 272 
 Salving of Sheep, 170 
 Sanp, 632 
 Sarcina, 2 
 Sarcophaga, 36 
 carnaria, 36 
 magnifica, 37, 620 
 Sarcophila, 37 
 
 Wohlfarti, 37 
 Sarcopsylla, 56 
 galUnacea, 56 
 penetrans, 56 
 Sarcopt, 1 1 3 
 
 notcedra, 117 
 of the Camel, 116 
 Capybara, 116 
 Dog, 1 16 
 Goat, 1 15 
 Horse, 1 1 5 
 Pig, 1 16 
 Sheep, 1 15 
 Wolf, 1 16 
 Sarcoptes, 113, 114 
 
 auricular um, 120, 625 
 avicoles, 219 
 cameli, 116, 180 
 canis, 116, 182 
 caprce, 115, 174 
 cati, 11 7, 187 
 communis, 114 
 cuniculi, 179 
 cynotis, 625 
 equi, 1 1 5 
 Gerlachi, 216 
 hippopodos, 104 
 hydrochceri, 1 16, 190 
 Icevis, 216, 219, 220 
 var. columbce, 220 
 var. gallince, 220 
 lupi, 1 16, 183 
 
 minor, 117, 179, 185, 187, 190 
 mutans, 180, 208, 219, 220, 222 
 notcsdra, 117 
 ovis, 1 1 5 
 
 scabiei, in, 1 14, 1 15, 177, 178, 190 
 scabiei crustoses, 183 
 squamiferus, 115, 177. 17 4 
 suis, 1 16 
 Sarcopterus, 210 
 nidulans, 210 
 
 Sarcoptic scabies of Bo vines, 146 
 Camel, 180 
 Cat, 187 
 Dog, 182 
 Dromedary, 180 
 Equines, 127, 128 
 Ferret, 190 
 
GENERAL INDEX 693 
 
 Sarcoptic scabies of the Goat, 174 
 Pig, 177 
 Rabbit, 179 
 Sheep, 152 
 
 Sarcoptidce, 84, 85, 103, 104, 202, 
 211 
 
 avicoles, 219 
 cysticoles, 103, 21 1, 216 
 detriticoles, 103 
 epidevmicoles, 103, 21 1 
 gliricoles, 103, 104 
 insecticoles, 104 
 plumicoles, 103, 21 1, 216 
 psovica, 103, 219 
 Sarcoptince, 103, 104 
 Savcocystis, 555 
 hirsuta, 559 
 
 Miescheri, 555, 558, 566 
 tenella, 555, 558, 559 
 Sarcosporidia, 427, 547, 555, 630 
 Scab, 154 
 Scabbia, 106, 154 
 Scabies, 85, 106, 220 
 
 auricular, of the Cat, 187, 629 
 Dog, 625 
 Ferret, 629 
 Goat, 624 
 Rabbit, 622 
 black, 193 
 of body, 223 
 Bovines, 146 
 Camel, 180 
 by acari, 105 
 
 Chorioptic., of the Cat, 629 
 Dog, 625 
 Equidae, 143 
 Ferret, 62g 
 Goat, 176 
 Ox, 150 
 Sheep, 173 
 Demodecic, 105, 191 
 of the Dog, 193 
 Goat, 202 
 Ox, 202 
 Pig, 201 
 depluming, 223 
 dermatophagic, 150 
 Dog, of the, 182 
 Dromedary, 180 
 dry, 128, 184 
 epizootic, 154 
 Equines, of, 127 
 feet, of the, 143 
 follicular, 193 
 Goat, 174 
 head, of the, 152 
 of the body of Poultry, 223 
 legs of Fowls, 220 
 Norwegian, 183 
 Ox, 146 
 
 Pig. 177 
 
 Scabies, Psoroptic, of Equines, 140 
 of the Goat, 624 
 Ox, 146 
 Rabbit, 622 
 Sheep, 154 
 Rabbit, 179 
 red, 184 
 
 Sarcoptic, of Birds, 209 
 of the Cat, 187 
 Camel, 180 
 Dog, 182 
 Dromedary, 180 
 Equidae, 127, 128 
 Ferret, 190 
 Goat, 174 
 Horse, 127, 128 
 Ox, 146 
 Pig, 1 77 
 Rabbit, 179 
 Sheep, 152 
 of Sheep, 151 
 Symptomatic, 128 
 Scald, 106 
 Schizogenesis, 427 
 Schizogony, 272 
 Schizomycetes, 272 
 Schizont, 272, 429 
 Sclerostomines, 279, 516 
 Sclerostomum, 279, 326, 327-, 341, 494, 
 5°7 
 
 armatum, equmum, 341, 342, 348, 
 425, 426, 465, 466, 507, 520, 
 524, 551, 607, 643, 645 
 hypostomum, 361, 363, 365 
 pinguicola, 469 
 tetracanthum, 341, 347, 348 
 tr ache ale, 520 
 Seolex, 322 
 
 Scouring in Lambs, 358 
 Seasons, influence of, 11 
 Sebaceous glands, inflammation of, 
 158 
 
 Secondary vesicles, 433 
 Seedy toe, 270 
 Seminal receptacle, 321 
 Senegal Tick, 97 
 Serrator, 104 
 Sheep Bug, 98 
 Sheep-dipping, 170 
 Sheep, scabies of the, 151 
 Shell gland, 274 
 Silpha, 81 
 
 Simondsia paradoxa, 31 1 
 Simonea folliculorum, 19 1 
 Simuliidce , 22 
 Simulium, 23, 620 
 boreale, 23 
 cinereum, 24 
 Columbatczense, 25 
 maculatum, 24 
 mevidionale , 23 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Simulium molestum, 23 
 pecuarium, 23 
 Skin, parasites of, 19 
 Small-headed Goniodes, 70 
 Smearing of Sheep, 170 
 Soab, 106 
 Sous-brilliants, 255 
 Spermiduct, 321 
 
 Spirochaete disease of Poultry, 87 
 Spirochcete Marchouxi, 546 
 Spiroptera, 279, 288, 317, 326, 328 
 cincinnata, 552 
 leporum, 316 
 megastoma, 289 
 microstoma, 291 
 reticulata, 531, 551, 552 
 sanguinolenta , 312, 314, 328, 401, 
 5io, 535, 536, 544 
 
 scutata cesophagea bovis, 308 
 strongylina, 310 
 Spontaneous generation, 8 
 Spoon or pinion, 20 
 Spores of Dermatophytes, 240 
 Sporiferous tubes, 240 
 Sporoblast, 272, 427, 428 
 Sporoblasts, 428 
 Sporocyst, 272, 274, 428, 448 
 Sporogenesis, 427 
 Sporont, 428 
 
 Sporozoa, 272, 426, 427, 555 
 vSporozoites, 272, 427, 428 
 Spotted Simulium, 24 
 Steatozoon folliculorum, 191 
 Stephanurus, 279 
 
 dentatus, 469, 643 
 Stickleback, 416 
 Stilesia, 355, 356 
 
 globipunctata, 356 
 centripunctata, 357 
 Stomoxys, 29, 30 
 Strangles herpes, 251 
 Striped Hypoderma, 43 
 Strobila, 323 
 Strongyle, giant, 426 
 Strongyles, 279, 494 
 Strongylidae, 278, 288, 314, 326, 355, 
 
 5i6 
 
 Strongylines, 279 
 Strongyloides, 280, 326, 328, 341 
 internalis, 328, 364 
 longus, 363, 403 
 suis, 369 
 
 Strongylosis, 494 
 
 bronchial, 494, 496 
 of abomasum, 301, 310 
 vessels, 542 
 pulmonary, 494 
 
 Strongylus, 279, 288, 316, 326, 353, 
 494 
 
 armatus, 342, 524, 643 
 Arnfieldi, 495, 507 
 
 Strongylus Axei, 289 
 
 bronchialis canis, 510 
 cervicornis, 301, 303 
 commutatus, 496, 509 
 contortus, 303, 361 
 convolutus, 306, 309 
 elongatus, 495 
 plaria, 494, 498, 505, 506 
 filicollis, 306, 360, 365 
 gigas, 638 
 gracilis, 309 
 
 micrurus, 494, 505, 507, 532 
 minutissimus , 494 
 nodularis, 319 
 Ostertagi, 306 
 ovis pulmonalis, 494 
 paradoxus, 495, 498, 507 
 pulmonaris, 495, 505 
 pusillus, 496, 513 
 quadriradiatus, 414 
 retortceformis, 403 
 rufescens, 494, 498, 499, 508 
 species (?), 308 
 strigosus, 315, 403 
 tenuis, 419 
 tenuissimus, 289 
 tetracanthus, 347 
 tubceformis, 400 
 vasorum, 511, 513, 535, 542 
 ventricosus, 352, 361 
 vicarius, 306 
 Sturdy, 607 
 Suctorians, 52 
 
 Summer-sores of Horses, 229 
 Symptomatic mange, 128 
 Symptoms of parasitism, 12 
 Svngamosis, 516 
 Syngamus, 279, 515, 516 
 bronchialis, 519, 520 
 primitivus, 516 
 Sclerostomum, 520 
 trachealis, 516, 519 
 Syringophilus, 210 
 
 bipectinatus, 210, 21 1 
 uncinatus, 210, 21 1 
 
 T 
 
 T abanidce , 26, 27 
 Tabanus, 28 
 
 albi facies, 28 
 albipes, 28 
 autumnalis, 27 
 bovinus, 27 
 bromius, 28 
 fulvus, 28 
 morio, 27 
 rustic as, 28 
 Tcenia, 288, 314, 349 
 aculeata, 358 
 alba, 349, 355 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 695 
 
 Tcenia anatina, 415 
 Benedeni, 356 
 canina, 378 
 canis lagopodis, 379 
 cantaniana, 41 1, 412 
 caprce, 364 
 centripunctata, 357 
 cesticillus, 406, 412 
 ccenurus, 372, 375, 547, 608 
 coronula, 415 
 
 crassicollis, 314, 397, 399, 400 
 crassula, 412 
 
 cucumerina, 324, 372, 378, 380 
 cysticerci tenuicollis, 373 
 echinobothrida, 406 
 echinococcus , 372, 376, 431, 473 
 elliptica, 399 
 exilis, 407 
 
 expansa, 349, 355, 364 
 fasciata, 418 
 Friedbergeri, 412 
 Giardi, 356 
 globipunctata, 356 
 gracilis, 415 
 hydatigena, 562 
 imbutiformis, 415 
 infundibuliformis, 406 
 Krabbei, 372, 374, 562, 584 
 lanceolata, 417 
 line at a, 380 
 litterata, 324, 379, 399 
 malleus, 407, 415 
 mamillana, 335 
 margaritiferi, 380 
 marginata, 372, 373, 375, 422, 
 467, 490, 562 
 mediocanellata, 576 
 megalops, 415 
 murina, 334 
 Neumanni, 356 
 nullicollis, 356 
 ovilla, 358 
 ovipunctata, 358 
 pectinata, 470 
 perfoliata, 335, 348 
 planissima, 350, 355 
 plicata, 335 
 proglottina, 406 
 pseudo-cucumerina, 379, 399 
 elliptica, 399 
 
 saginata, 388, 562, 576, 584 
 semiteres, 399 
 serialis, 372, 376, 547 
 serrata, 330, 371, 373, 423, 469, 
 637 ' 
 
 setigera, 418 
 sinuosa, 415, 417 
 solium, 330, 562, 584 
 tenella, 584 
 tetragona, 407 
 Vogti, 355, 358 
 
 Taeniadae, 321 
 Tcenice, 321, 322, 370 
 Tape-worms, 320 
 of Cat, 397 
 
 Dog, 370, 380, 389, 422 
 Fowl, 405 
 Horse, 334 
 Ox, 349 
 Rabbit, 403 
 Sheep, 355 
 Tavins, 27 
 Teigne, scabies, 152 
 Tenebrio molitor, 81 
 Tetranychus, 100 
 
 molestissimus, 100 
 Tetranycidce, 100 
 Tetter, 154, 184 
 Texas Fever, 87, 95 
 Thallus, 239 
 Thrush, 241 
 
 Thysanosomum, 355, 356 
 ac-tinioides, 356 
 Giardi, 356 
 Tick, 88, 97 
 
 common, 90 
 Creole, 97 
 Dog, 90 
 Lone Star, 98 
 of Senegal, 97 
 Tineae, 239 
 
 favosa, 240 
 tondante, 255 
 tonsurans, 241 
 
 contagiousness of, 251, 254, 257, 
 259, 262, 265, 269 
 of the Cat, 263 
 Dog, 260 
 Fowl, 267 
 Goat, 259 
 Horse, 245 
 Ox, 255 
 Pig, 259, 260 
 Sheep, 259 
 Tlalsahuate, 102 
 Tocostoma, no 
 Tournis, 607 
 
 Tracheo-bronchitis, verminous, 516 
 Transitory host, 5 
 Transmigration, 7 
 Treatment of parasitic diseases, 17 
 Trematoda, 4, 272, 273, 301, 336, 
 350, 389, 407. 412, 415, 418, 425. 
 4 66 
 
 Trephining, 488, 616 
 Trichina, 279, 317, 326, 547, 585 
 papillosa, 316 
 
 spiralis, 7, 327, 354, 369, 551, 
 
 585 
 
 Trichinosis, 369, 547, 585 
 intestinal, 354, 369, 585 
 muscular, 585 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 696 
 
 Trichocephalus, 279, 318, 326, 327 
 affinis, 353, 363, 365, 369, 397 
 crenatus, 369, 397, 588 
 depressiusculus, 396 
 dispar, 353 369 
 unguiculatus , 403 
 
 Trichodectes, 60, 74 
 cams, 378 
 caprce, 65 
 climax, 64, 65 
 crassipes, 65 
 /a*ws, 66, 78, 378, 537 
 limbatus, 65 
 mambricus, 65 
 parumpilosus, 62 
 penicillatus, 65 
 pilosus, 62, 77 
 pubescens, 62 
 scalaris, 63 
 solidus, 65 
 sphcerocephalus, 63 
 subrostratus, 66 
 
 Trichomonas, 273, 365, 404 
 columbce, 412 
 Eberthi, 404, 414, 417 
 SMW, 365 
 
 Trichonema Arcuata, 348 
 
 Trichophyta, 239 
 
 Trichophyton, 196, 242, 245, 269 
 caninum, 260, 261 
 depilans, 245 
 ectothrix, 242 
 endothrix, 242 
 endoectothrix, 242 
 equinum, 245, 248, 253 
 felineum, 254, 264 
 flavum, 245, 248, 253 
 MSgnini, 267 
 
 mentagrophytes, 245, 249, 250, 
 252, 2 53, 2 55> 260, 264 
 Sabouraudi, 255 
 tonsurans, 240, 264 
 verrucosum, 245, 246, 248, 249, 
 2 54 , 2 55 
 
 Trichosomum, 279, 288, 316, 317, 326, 
 3 2 7 
 
 cerophilum, 513, 514 
 annulatum, 316, *410 
 brevicolle, 420 
 collar e, 410 
 columbce, 414 
 contortum, 317, 318 
 Cati, 643 
 line are, 401 
 papillosum, 361 < 
 
 plica, 643 
 retusum, 410, 412 
 tenuissimum, 414 
 
 Tricho-trachelidce, 278, 279, 288, 316, 
 3 2 6 , 585 
 
 Tricoloured worm, 3 1 1 
 
 Trinoton, 61 
 
 conspurcatum, 72, 73, 77 
 continuum, 72 
 luridum, 73 
 
 Trombidian acariasis, 100, 102, 184 
 Trombidiidce, 84, 85, 100, 202, 209 
 Trombidinae, 100, 209 
 Trombidium, too, 209 
 
 holosericeum, 100, 184, 188, 209 
 Tropisurus, 279, 288, 316, 319 
 flssispinus, 319 
 in flatus, 319 
 Trypanosoma, 524 
 Brucei, 524 
 equinum, 524 
 equiperdum, 524 
 Evansi, 524 
 sanguinis avium, 546 
 Trypanosomes, 524 
 of Birds, 546 
 Dourine, 524 
 Mai de Caderas, 524 
 Nagana, 524 
 Surra, 524 
 Tsetse, 524 
 Tsaltsaya, 31 
 Tsetse Fly, 31 
 
 Tuberculosis, pseudo-hepatic, 437 
 pulmonary, 492, 512 
 Turbellaria, 4 
 Turicatas, 99 
 Turkey, sarcoptidae, 21 1 
 Turnsick, 607 
 Tyroglyphina;, 103, 104 
 Tyroglyphus, 104 
 Tyrosine, 569 
 
 U 
 
 Uncinaria ( anchylostomum ), 327 
 Uncinariosis (anchylostomiasis), 392 
 Utricules of Miescher, 427, 555 
 
 V 
 
 Vegetable parasites, 2 
 Vermicides, 332 
 
 Verminous broncho-pneumonia of 
 Bovines, 503 
 of Camel, 506 
 Cat, 513 
 Dog, 509 
 Equines, 507 
 Goats, 496 
 Pig, 507 
 Rabbit, 509 
 Sheep, 496 
 
 Verminous foot-rot of Sheep, 238 
 conjunctivitis, 634 
 liver, 440 
 ophthalmia, 631 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 697 
 
 Verminous pneumonia, 496, 499 
 trachea-bronchitis, 516 
 Vermipsylla, 57 
 Alakurt, 57 
 Vertigo, 607, 614 
 
 caused by the coenurus, 607 
 oestrus larvae, 618 
 Vesicle, daughter, 433 434 
 endogenous, 433 
 exogenous, 433 
 grand-daughter, 434 
 Laurer, of, 273 
 mother, 433 
 proligerous, 432 
 secondary, 433 
 Vitelloducts, 273, 321 
 Vitellogenous glands, 273, 321 
 Vorax, 281 
 
 Aulastoma, 283 
 Vulva, ovulatory, no 
 Vulvo-anal slit, no 
 
 W 
 
 Walz’s bath, 168 
 Wandering parasites, 8, 606 
 Helminthes, 606 
 Taeniae, 563 
 Warble Fly, 48 
 
 Water-ball, 468 
 Watery poke, 454 
 White comb, 267 
 Wood-mites, 88 
 Wool with two ends, 160 
 Worm aneurisms, 525, 526 
 Worms, 3 
 
 forked, 516 
 intestinal, 4 
 palisade, 342 
 ribbon, 320 
 red, 516 
 round, 4 
 tape, 4, 320 
 tricoloured, 31 1 
 white, 367 
 
 Y 
 
 Yolk-glands, 321 
 Yuck, 106 
 
 Z 
 
 Zenker disease, 588 
 Zimb, 31 
 Zooparasites, 2 
 Z undeT s bath, 169 
 
 THE END 
 
 Bailliere , Tindall and Cox , 3 Henrietta Street , Covent Garden , London 
 
CATALOGUE OF 
 
 WILLIAM R. JENKINS’ 
 
 Works Concerning 
 
 HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, SWINE, Etc. 
 
 1905 
 
 (*) Single asterisk designates New "Books. 
 
 (**) Double asterisk designates Recent Publications 
 
 ANDERSON, “Tice in the Horse” and other papers 
 on Horses and Riding. By E. L. Anderson. Size, 
 6x9, cloth, illustrated 1 75 
 
 ARMSTEAD. “The Artistic Anatomy of the Horse.” 
 
 A brief description of the various Anatomical Struc- 
 tures which may be distinguished during Life through 
 the Skin, By Hugh W. Armstead, M.D., F.R.C.S. 
 With illustrations from drawings by the author. 
 Cloth oblong, 10 x 12£ 3 75 
 
 BACII. “How to Judge a Horse.” A concise treatise 
 as to its Qualities and Soundness ; Including Bits and 
 . Bitting, Saddles and Saddling, Stable Drainage, Driv- 
 ing One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, or Tandem, etc. 
 By Capt. F. W. Bach. Size, 5 x 7^ clo., fully illus . 1 00 
 
 (*)BANHAM. “Anatomical and Physiological Model of 
 • the Cow.” Half life size. Composed of superposed 
 plates, colored to nature, showing internal organs, 
 muscles, skeleton, etc., mounted on strong boards, 
 with explanatory text. Size of Model opened, 
 10 ft. x 3 ft., closed 3 ft. x 1J ft 7 50 
 
 — “Anatomical and Physiological Model of the Horse.” 
 
 Half life size. By George A. Banham, F.R.C.V.S. 
 Size of Model 38 x 41 in 7 50 
 
2 
 
 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 BANHAM (continued) 
 
 — “ Tables of Veterinary Posology and Therapeutics,” with 
 weights, measures, etc. By Geo. A. Banham, 
 F.R.C.V.S. New edition. Cloth, size 4 x 5 1-2, 192 
 pages 1 00 
 
 BAUCHER . “Method of Horsemanship.” Including 
 
 the Breaking and Training of Horses. By 
 F. Baucher 1 00 
 
 (*)BELL. “The Veterinarian’s Call Book (Perpetual).” 
 
 By Boscoe R. Bell, D.V.S., editor of the American 
 Veterinary Review. Revised every year. 
 
 A visiting list, that can be commenced at any time 
 and used until full, containing much useful informa- 
 tion for the student and the busy practitioner. 
 Among contents are items concerning: Veterinary 
 Drugs ; Poisons ; Solubility of Drugs ; Composition of 
 Milk, Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva; Respi- 
 ration; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound in 
 flexible leather, with flap and pocket 1 25 
 
 BITTING . “ Cadiot’s Exercises in Equine Surgery.” 
 
 See “ Cadiot .” 
 
 I 
 
 BRADLEY. “ Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy.” 
 
 By O. Charnock Bradley, Member of the Royal Col- 
 lege of Veterinary Surgeons; Professor of Anatomy 
 in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. 
 
 The author presents the most important facts of 
 veterinary anatomy in as condensed a form as possible, 
 
 consistent with lucidity. 12mo. 
 
 Complete in three parts. 
 
 Part I. : The, Limbs (cloth) 1 25 
 
 Part II. : The Trunk (paper) 1 25 
 
 Part III. : The Head and Neck (paper) 1 25 
 
 The Set complete 3 25 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 48 th St.), New York. 
 
 3 
 
 CADIOT. “ Exercises in Equine Surgery.” By P. J. 
 
 Cadiot. Translated by Prof. A. W. Bitting, D.V.M. 
 Edited by Prof. A. Liautard, M. D.V.M. Size, 6 x 9^, 
 cloth, illustrated 2 50 
 
 — “ Roaring in Horses.” Its Pathology and Treatment. 
 
 This work represents the latest development in oper- 
 . ative methods for the alleviation of roaring. Each 
 
 step is most clearly defined by excellent full-page 
 illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot, Professor at the 
 Veterinary School, Alfort. Translated by Thos. J. 
 Watt Dollar, M.R.C.V.S., etc. Cloth, size 5 1-4x71-8, 
 77 pages, illustrated 75 
 
 — “Studies in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Surgery.” 
 
 By P. J. Cadiot. Translated, edited, and supplemented 
 with 49 new articles and 34 illustrations by Jno. A. W. 
 Dollar, M.R.C.V.S. Cloth, size 7x9 3-4, 619 pages, 
 94 black and white illustrations 5 25 
 
 (*)—“ A Treatise on Surgical Therapeutics of the Domestic 
 Animals.” By P. J. Cadiot and J. Almy. Translated 
 by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D.,V.M. 
 
 Part I. — Restraint of horses, cattle, etc. ; general 
 anaesthesia ; surgical antisepsis and asepsis ; hemo- 
 stasis and cauterization ; firing. 45 illus 1 00 
 
 Part II. — Inflammations, gangrene, foreign bodies, 
 traumatic lesions, chilblains, frost bites, congela- 
 tions!, complications of traumatic lesions, etc. ..1 00 
 Part III,— Granulations, cicatrices, mycosis, virulent 
 diseases, tumors, diseases of skin and cellular 
 
 tissue, tendons, etc 1 00 
 
 Part IV. (completing the volume) nearly ready. 
 
 CHAPMAN. “Manual of the Pathological Treatment 
 of Lameness in the Horse,” treated solely by 
 mechanical means. By George T. Chapman. Cloth, 
 size 6x9, 124 pages with portrait 2 00 
 
 CHAUVEAU. “The Comparative Anatomy of the 
 Domesticated Animals.” By A. Chauveau. Revised 
 by G. Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 585 illus.. 6 25 
 
4 
 
 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 CLARKE. “Chart of the Feet and Teeth of Fossil 
 Horses.” By W. H. Clarke. Card, size 9 1-2 x 12. . 25 
 
 — ‘ 6 Horses’ Teeth. ” Fourth edition, re-revised, with second 
 appendix. Cloth, size 5 1-4 x 7 1-2, 322 pp., illus. .2 50 
 
 CLEAVELANL. “Pronouncing Medical Lexicon.” 
 Pocket edition. By C. H. Cleveland, M.D. Cloth, 
 size 3 1-4 x 4 1-2, 302 pages 75 
 
 CLEMENT. u Veterinary Post Mortem Examina- 
 tions.” By A. W. Clement, V.S. The absence in the 
 English language of any guide in making autopsies 
 upon the lower animals, induced Dr. Clement to 
 write this book, trusting that it would prove of prac- 
 tical value to the profession. Cloth, size 5x7 1-2, 64 
 pages, illustrated 75 
 
 (**) CO URTENA Y. “ Manual of the Practice of Veterinary 
 Medicine.” By Edward Courtenay, V. S. Revised by 
 Frederick T. G. Hobday, FR.C.'V.S. Second edition. 
 
 Cloth, size 5 1-4 x 7 1-2, 573 pages 2 75 
 
 COX. “ Horses : In Accident and Disease.” The 
 
 sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which 
 have been observed, such as in choking ; the disorders 
 and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines ; 
 affection of the brain ; and some special forms of lame- 
 ness, etc. By J. Roalfe Cox, F.R.C.V.S. Cloth, size 
 6 x 9, 28 full page illustrations 1 50 
 
 CURTIS. “Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine.” By 
 Geo. W. Curtis, M.S.A. Cloth, size 7 1-4 x 10, 343 
 pages, 117 illustrations 2 50 
 
 ( **)DALRYMTLE . “Veterinary Obstetrics.” A compen- 
 dium for the use of advanced students and Practi- 
 tioners. By W. H. Dairy mple, M. R. C. V. S., 
 principal of the Department of Veterinary Science in 
 the Louisiana State University and A. & M. College; 
 Veterinarian to the Louisiana State Bureau of 
 Agriculture, and Agricultural Experiment Stations. 
 Cloth, size 6x9 1-4, 162 pages, 51 illustrations. . .2 50 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48 th St.), New York 
 
 5 
 
 DALZIEL. “ Breaking' and Training Dogs.” Part I, by 
 Pathfinder. Part II, by Hugh Dalziel. Cloth, 
 illustrated 2 50 
 
 — “The Collie.” By Hugh Dalziel. Paper, illustrated 40 
 
 — “The Diseases of Dogs.” -Causes, symptoms and treatment. 
 
 By Hugh Dalziel. Cloth, illustrated 1 CO 
 
 — “Diseases of Horses.” Paper 40 
 
 — “ The Fox Terrier.” By Hugh Dalziel. Paper, 40; clo.l 00 
 
 — “The Greyhound.” Cloth, illus 1 00 
 
 — “ The St. Bernard.” Cloth, illustrated 1 00 
 
 DANA . “Tables in Comparative Physiology.” By Prof. 
 
 C. L. Dana, M.D. Chart, 17 x 17 25 
 
 DANCE . “ Veterinary Tablet.” By A. A. Dance. Chart, 
 
 17 x 24, mounted on linen, folded in a cloth case for 
 the pocket, size 3 3-4 x 6 1-2. Shows at a glance the 
 synopsis of the diseases of horses, cattle and dogs ; 
 with their cause, symptoms and cure 75 
 
 (*)DE BRUIN. 66 Bovine Obstetrics.” By M. G. De Bruin 
 Instructor of Obstetrics at the State Veterinary 
 School in Utrecht. Translated by W. E. A. Wyman, 
 formerly Professor of Veterinary Science at Clemson 
 A. & M. College, and Veterinarian to the South 
 Carolina Experiment Station. Cloth, size 6x9, 382 
 pages, 77 illustrations 5 00 
 
 Synopsis of the Essential Features of the Work 
 
 1. Authorized translation. 
 
 2. The only obstetrical work which is up date. 
 
 3. Written by Europe’s leading authority on |the subject. 
 
 4. Written by a man who has practiced the art a lifetime . 
 
 5. Written by a man who, on account of his eminence as 
 bovine practitioner and teacher of obstetrics, was selected 
 by Prof. Dr. Frohner and Prof. Dr. Bayer (Berlin and 
 Vienna), to discuss bovine obstetrics both practically and 
 scientifically. 
 
 6. The only work containing a thorouh differential diag- 
 nosis of ante and post partum diseases. 
 
6 
 
 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 DE BRUIN, “ Bovine Obstetrics ” (continued) 
 
 7. The only work doing justice to modern obstetrical 
 surgery and therapeutics. 
 
 8. Written by a man whose practical suggestions revolu- 
 tionized the teaching of veterinary obstetrics even in the 
 great schools of Europe. 
 
 9. The only work dealing fully with the now no longer 
 obscure contagious and infectious diseases of calves. 
 
 10. Absolutely original and no compilation. 
 
 11. The only work dealing fully with the difficult problem 
 of teaching obstetrics in the colleges. 
 
 12. The only work where the practical part is not over- 
 shadowed by theory. 
 
 ... A veterinarian, particularly if his location brings him in 
 contact with obstetrical practice, who makes any pretence toward 
 being scientific and in possession of modern knowledge upon this 
 subject, will not be without this excellent work, as it is really a very 
 valuable treatise.— Prof. Roscoe R. Bell , in the American Veterinary 
 Review. 
 
 In translating into English Professor De Bruin’s excellent text- 
 book on Bovine Obstetrics, Dr. Wyman has laid British and American 
 veterinary surgeons and students under a debt of gratitude. The 
 works represents the happy medium between the booklets which are 
 adapted for cramming purposes by the student, and the ponderous 
 tomes which, although useful to the teacher, are not exactly suited to 
 the requirements of the everyday practitioner . . . We can strongly 
 recommend the work to veterinary students and practitioners.- -The 
 Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics. 
 
 ( *)DOLLAR . “Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Goats and 
 
 Swine.” By G. Moussu and Jno. A, W. Dollar, 
 M.R.C.V.S. Size 6x9 1-2, 735 pages, 329 illustrations 
 in the text anJ 4 full page plates in colors 8 75 
 
 (**)— “A Hand-book of Horse-Slioeing,” with introductory 
 chapters on the anatomy and physiology of the 
 horse’s foot. By Jno. A. W. Dollar, M.R.C.Y.S., 
 with the collaboration of Albert Wheatley, F.R.C.V.S. 
 Cloth, size 6 x 8 1-2, 433 pages, 406 illustrations . .4 75 
 
 — “ Operative Technique. V Volume 1 of “The Practice of 
 Veterinary Surgery.” Cloth, size 6 3-4 x 10, 264 pages, 
 272 illustrations 3 75 
 
 — “ General S 'rgery.” Volume 2 of “ The Practice of Veter- 
 inary Surgery.” In preparation. 
 
 (*)--“ Regional Veterinary Surgery.” Volume 3 of “The 
 Practice of Veterinary Surgery.” By Drs. Jno. A. 
 W. Dollar and H. Mo mr. Cloth, size 6 1-2 x 10 853 
 and xvi pages, 315 illustrations 6 25 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. ASth St.), New York. 
 
 7 
 
 DOLLAR— (continued) 
 
 — “Caliot’s Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Surgery,” 
 
 See “ Cadiot." 
 
 — “Cadiot’s Roaring in Horses.” 
 
 See.“ Cadiot ." 
 
 DUN. “ Veterinary Medicines, their Actions and Uses.” 
 By Finlay Dun, V.S., late lecturer on Materia 
 Medica and Dietetics at the Edinburgh Veterinary 
 College, and Examiner in Chemistry to the Royal 
 College of Veterinary Surgeons. Edited by James 
 Macqueen, F.R.C. V.S. Tenth revised English edition. 
 Cloth, size 6x9 3 75 
 
 DWYER. ‘‘On Seats and Saddles.” Bits and Bitting, 
 Draught and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of 
 Restiveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Cloth, 
 size 5 x 7, 304 pages, gilt, illustrated 1 50 
 
 FLEMING. “Animal Plagues.” Their History, Nature, 
 and Prevention. By Geo. Fleming, F.R.C.V.S., etc. 
 First Series. Chronological History from B.C. 1490 
 
 to A.D. 1800. Cloth, size 6 x 9, 548 pages 6 00 
 
 Second Series. Chronological History from A.D. 
 1800 to 1844. Cloth, size 6 x 9, 539 pages 3 00 
 
 — “The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals.” 
 
 By A. Chauveau. Translated by Dr. Fleming. 
 
 See “ Chauveau." 
 
 — “ The Contagious Diseases of Animals.” Their influence on 
 
 the wealth and health of nations and how they are to 
 be combated. Paper, size 5x7 1-2, 30 pages 26 
 
 — “Human and Animal Variolae.” A Study in Comparative 
 
 Pathology. Paper, size 5 1-2x8 1-2, 61 pages 25 
 
 — “Parasites and Parasitic Eiseases of the Domesticated 
 
 Animals.” By L. G. Neumann. Translated by 
 Dr. Fleming. 
 
 See “ Neumann" 
 
8 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 FLEMING (continued) 
 
 — “Operative Veterinary Surgery.” Vol. I, by Dr. Geo. 
 
 Fleming, M.R. C.V.S. This valuable work, one of the 
 most practical treatises yet issued on the subject in 
 the English language, is devoted to the common opera- 
 tions of Veterinary Surgery; and the concise descrip- 
 tions and directions of the text are illustrated with 
 numerous wood engravings. Cloth, size 6x9 1-4, 285 
 and xviii pages, 343 illustrations .2 75 
 
 (*)Vol. II, edited and passed through the press by 
 W. Owen Williams, F.R. C.V.S. Cloth, size 6x9 1-4, 
 
 430 and xxxvii pages, 314 illustrations 3 25 
 
 Both volumes bound in one 5 25 
 
 — “ Roaring in Horses.” By Dr. George Fleming, 
 
 F.R C.V.S. Its history, nature, causes, prevention 
 and treatment. Cloth, size 5 1-2 x 8 3-4, 160 pages, 21 
 engravings, 1 coloied plate 1 50 
 
 — “Tuberculosis.” From a Sanitary and Pathological Point 
 
 of View. By Geo. Fleming, F.R. C.V.S. Paper, size 
 5 1-2x8 1-2, 39 pages 25 
 
 — “ Veterinary Obstetrics.” Including the Accidents and Dis- 
 
 eases incident to Pregnancy^ Parturition, and the Early 
 Age in Domesticated Animals. By Geo. Fleming, 
 F.R. C.V.S. Cloth, size 6 x 8 3-4, 758 pages, illus.6 25 
 
 (*)Gr OTTHIEL. “A Manual of General Histology.” 
 
 By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in 
 the American Veterinary College, New York; etc., etc. 
 
 Histology is the basis of the physician’s art, as 
 Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon’s science. 
 Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- 
 stand the changes of disease and the action of 
 remedies ; as the architect must know his building 
 materials, so must the practitioner of medicine know 
 the intimate structure of the body. To present this 
 knowledge in an accessible and simple form has 
 been the author’s task. Second edition revised. 
 Cloth, size 5 i-2 x 8, 152 pages, 68 illustrations. . .1 00 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4 8th St.), New York. 
 
 9 
 
 GRES SWELL. “The Bovine Prescribe!’.” For the use 
 
 of Veterinarians and Veterinary Students. Second 
 * edition revised and enlarged, by James B. and Albert 
 
 Gress well, M.R.C.V.S. Cloth, size, 5x7 1-2, 102 
 pages 75 
 
 — “The Equine Hospital Prescribes ” For the use of Vet ei- 
 
 inary Practitioners and Students. Third edition ie- 
 vised and enlarged, by Drs. James B. and Albert 
 Gresswell, M.It.C.V.S. Cloth, size 5 x 7 1-2, 105 
 pages 75 
 
 — “Diseases and Disorders of the Horse.” A Treatise on 
 
 Equine Medicine and Surgery, being a contribution to 
 the science of comparative pathology. By Albert, 
 Jas. B. and Geo. Gresswell. Cloth, size 5 3-4x 8 3 4, 
 227 pages, illustrated 1 75 
 
 — Manual of “The Theory and Practice of Equine Medicine.” 
 
 By James B. Gresswell, F.R C.V.S., and Albert 
 Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S. Second edition revised. 
 Cloth, size 5 1-1 x 7 1-2, 539 pages 2 75 
 
 — “Veterinary Pharmacopoeia and Manual of Comparative 
 
 Therapy.” By George and Charles Gresswell, with 
 descriptions and physiological actions of medicines, 
 by Albert Gresswell. Second edition revised and 
 enlarged. Cloth, 6 x 8 3-4, 457 pages 3 50 
 
 HASSLOCH. “ A Compend of Veterinary Materia Medica 
 and Therapeutics.” By A. C. Hassloch, V.S., 
 Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and 
 Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at the New York 
 College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa" 
 rative Medicine, N. Y. Cloth, size 5 1-4 x 7 1-2, 225 
 pages 1 50 
 
 HEATLEY. 66 The Stock Owner’s Guide.” A handy Medi- 
 cal Treatise for every man who owns an ox or cow. 
 By George S. Heatley, M.R C.V.S. Cloth, size 
 5 1-1 x 8, 172 pages 1 25 
 
10 
 
 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 “ The Diseases of the Cat.” By J. Woodroffe 
 Hill, F.R.C.V.S. Cloth, size 5 1-4x7 1-2, 123 pages, 
 
 illustrated 1 25 
 
 Written from the experience of many years’ prac- 
 tice and close pathological research into the maladies 
 to which our domesticated feline friends are liable — a 
 subject which it must be admitted has not found the 
 prominence in veterinary literature to which it is 
 undoubtedly entitled. 
 
 — “The Management and Diseases of the Dog.” By J. 
 
 Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. Cloth, size 5x7 1-2, 
 extra fully illustrated 2 00 
 
 HINEBATJCH. “Veterinary Dental Surgery.” By T. D. 
 
 Hinebauch, M.S.V.S. For the use of Students, Prac- 
 titioners and Stockmen. Cloth, size 5 1-4 x 8, 256 
 pages, illustrated 2 00 
 
 HO ARE. “A Manual of Veterinary Therapeutics and 
 Pharmacology.” By E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S. 
 Cloth, size 5 1-4x7 1-4, 560 pages 2 75 
 
 ( *)HOBDAY . u Canine and Feline Surgery.” By Frederick 
 T. G-. Hobday, F.R.C.V.S. Cloth, 5 3-4 x 8 3-4, 152 
 pages, 76 illustrations 2 00 
 
 (*)— “The Castration of Cryptorchid Horses and 
 
 the Ovariotomy of Troublesome Mares.” By 
 Frederick T. G. Hobday, F.R.C.V.S. Cloth, size 
 5 3-4 x 8 3-4, 106 pages, 34 illustrations 1 75 
 
 ( **)HUNTING . The Art of Horse-shoeing. A manual 
 
 for Horseshoers. By William Hunting, F.R.C.V.S., 
 ex-President of the Royal College of Veterinary Sur- 
 geons. One of the most up-to-date, concise books of 
 its kind in the English language. Cloth, size 6x9 1-4, 
 126 pages, 96 illustrations 1 00 
 
 (**) JENKINS. “ Model of the Horse ” and “ Model of the 
 Cow.” 
 
 See “ Banham .” 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48 th St.), New York. 
 
 11 
 
 KEATING . “A New Unabridged Pronouncing Diction- 
 • ary of Medicine.” By John M. Keating, M.D., LL.D., 
 
 Henry Hamilton and others. A voluminous and 
 exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scientific 
 terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu- 
 ation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing 
 important tables of Bacilli, Micrococci, Leucomaines, 
 Ptomaines; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic 
 Surgery; Poisons and their antidotes; Weights and 
 Measures; Themometer Scales; New Officinal and 
 Unofficinal Drugs, etc., etc. Cloth, 818 pages . . .5 00 
 
 (**)KOBERT. 66 Practical Toxicology for Physicians and 
 Students.” By Professor Dr. Kudolph Robert, 
 Medical Director of Dr. Brehmer’s Sanitarium for 
 Pulmonary Diseases at Goerbersdorf in Silesia (Prus- 
 sia), late Director of the Pharmacological Institute, 
 Dorpat, Russia. Translated and edited by L. H. 
 Friedburg, Ph.D. Authorized Edition. Practical 
 knowledge by means of tables which occupy little 
 space, but show at a glance similarities and differ- 
 ences between poisons of the same group. Also rules 
 for the Spelling and Pronunciation of Chemical Terms, 
 as adopted by the American Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science. Cloth, 6 1-2 x 10, 201 pp..2 60 
 
 KOCH. “^Etiology of Tuberculosis.” By Dr. R. Koch. 
 
 Translated by T. Saure. Cloth, size 6x9 1-4, 97 
 pages 1 00 
 
 LAMBERT. “The Germ Theory of Disease.” 
 
 Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and the 
 domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.R.C.V.S. 
 Paper, size 5 1-4x8 1-4, 26 pages, illustrated 25 
 
 LAW. “Farmers’ Veterinary Adviser.” A Guide to the 
 Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domestic 
 Animals. By Prof. James Law. Cloth, size 
 5 1-4x7 1-2, illustrated 3 00 
 
12 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 ( **)LEGGE . “Cattle Tuberculosis.” A Practical Guide 
 to the Farmer, Butcher and Meat Inspector. By T.M. 
 Legge, M.A., M.D., D.P.H., and Harold Sessions, 
 F.E.C.V.S. Cloth, size 5 1-2x8 1-2, 77 pages. . . .1 00 
 
 (**) LIAUTARD, “Animal Castration.” A concise and 
 practical Treatise on the Castration of the Domestic 
 Animals. The only work on the subject in the 
 English language. By Alexander Liautard, M.D.,V.S. 
 Having a fine portrait of the author. Tenth edition 
 revised and enlarged. Cloth, size 5 1-4x7 1-2, 165 
 pages, 45 illustrations 2 00 
 
 . , . The most complete and comprehensive work on the 
 subject in English veterinary literature.— American Agri- 
 culturist. 
 
 — “Cadiot’s Exercises in Equine Surgery.” Translated by 
 
 Prof. Bitting and edited by Dr. Liautard. 
 
 See Cadiot .” 
 
 — “A Treatise on Surgical Therapeutics of the Domestic 
 
 Animals.” By Prof. Dr. P. J. Cadiot and J. Almy. 
 Translated by Prof. Liautard. 
 
 See “ Cadiot .” 
 
 — “ How to Tell the Age of the Domestic Animal.” By 
 
 Dr. A. Liautard, M.D., V.S. Standard work upon 
 this subject, concise, helpful and containing many 
 illustrations. Cloth, size 5x7 1-2, 35 pages, 42 
 illustrations 60 
 
 — “Lameness of Horses and Diseases of the Locomotory 
 
 Apparatus.” By A. Liautard, M.D.,V.S. This work 
 is the result of Dr. Liautard’s many years of experi- 
 ence. Cloth, size 5 1-4x7 1-2, 314 pages . .2 50 
 
 — “Manual of Operative Veterinary Surgery” By A. 
 
 Liautard, M.D., V.M. Engaged for years in the work 
 of teaching this special department of veterinary 
 medicine, and having abundant opportunities of 
 realizing the difficulties which the student who 
 earnestly strives to peifect himself in his calling is 
 obliged to encounter, the author formed the deter- 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 48 th St.), New York. 
 
 13 
 
 LIAUTARD (continued). 
 
 mination to facilitate his acquisition of knowledge, 
 and began the accumulation of material by the com- 
 pilation of data and arrangement of memorandum, 
 with the recorded notes of his own experience, the 
 fruit of a long and extended practice and a careful 
 study of the various'authorities who have illustrated 
 and organized veterinary literature. Cloth, size 
 6 1-4 x 9, 786 pages, 563 illustrations 5 00 
 
 — “Pellerin’s Median Neurotomy in the Treatment of 
 
 Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock.” 
 
 Translated by Dr. A. Liautard. 
 
 See “ Pellerin,” 
 
 — 44 Yade Mecum of Equine Anatomy.” By A. Liautard, 
 
 M.D.V.S. For the use of advanced stu lents and 
 veterinary surgeons. Third edition. Cloth, size 
 5x7 1-2, 30 pages and 10 full page illustrations of 
 the arteries 2 00 
 
 — ZundePs 44 The Horse’s Foot and Its Diseases.” 
 
 See “ Zundel.” 
 
 LONG . “Book of the Pig 1 .” Its selection, Breeding, 
 Feeding and Management. Cloth 4 00 
 
 {**)LOWE. “Breeding Racehorses by the Figure 
 System.” Compiled by the late C. Bruce Lowe. 
 Edited by William Allison, “ The Special Commis- 
 sioner,” London Sportsman , Hon. Secretary Sporting 
 League, and Manager of the International Horse 
 Agency and Exchange. With numerous fine illustra- 
 tions of celebrated horses. Cloth, size 8 x 10, 262 
 pages * 7 50 
 
 LUDLOW. “Science in the Stable”; or How a Horse 
 can be Kept in Perfect Health and be Used Without 
 Shoes, in Harness or under the Saddle. With the 
 Reason Why, Second Edition. By Jacob R. Ludlow, 
 M.D. Late Staff Surgeon, U. S. Army. Paper, size 
 4 1-2 x 5 3-4, 166 pages 50 
 
14 
 
 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 LUPTON. “ Horses : Sound and Unsound,” with 
 
 Law relating to Sales and Warranty. By J. Irvine 
 Lupton, F.lt.C.V.S. Cloth, size 5 3-4 x 7 1-2, 217 
 pages, 23 illustrations 1 25 
 
 MAGNER. “Standard Horse and Stock Book.” By 
 
 D. Magner. Comprising over 1,000 pages, illustrated 
 with 1756 engravings. Leather binding 6 CO 
 
 McBRIDE. “Anatomical Outlines of the Horse.” By 
 
 J. A. McBride, M E C.V.S. Second edition revised 
 and enlarged. Cloth, size 5 1-4x7 1-4, illus 2 50 
 
 (*)M’EAD YEAN. “Anatomy of the Horse.” Second 
 
 edition completely revised. A Dissection Guide. 
 By John M’Fadyean, M.B., B.Sc., F.R.S.E. Cloth, 
 
 size 6 x 8 3 4, 388 pages, illustrated 5 50 
 
 This book is intended for Veterinary students, and 
 offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates, 
 54 illustrations and excellent text, a valuable and 
 practical aid in the study of Veterinary Anatomy, 
 especially in the dissecting room. 
 
 — “ Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals.” 
 
 By J. M’Fadyean. Profusely illustrated, and to be 
 issued in two parts. 
 
 Part I — Osteology, ready. Size 5 1-2x8 1-2, 166 
 
 pages, 132 illustrations. Paper, 2 50; cloth 2 75 
 
 (Part II in preparation;) 
 
 MILLS . “How to Keep a Dog in the City.” By 
 
 Wesley Mills, M.D., D.V.S. It tells howto choose, 
 manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him 
 clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper, size 5x7 1-2, 
 40 pages 25 
 
 (*)MOLLER — DOLLAR. “Regional Veterinary 
 Surgery.” See “ Dollar." 
 
 MOHLER. “ Handbook of Meat Inspection.” By Robert 
 Ostertag, M.D. Translated by Earley Vernon 
 Wilcox, A.M., Ph.D. With an introduction by 
 John R. Mohler, V.M.D., A.M. See “ Ostertag .” 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 48 th St.), New York. 
 
 15 
 
 MOSSEEMAN-L1ENAUX. “ Manual of Veterinary 
 Microbiology.” By Professors Mosselman and 
 Lienaux, Nat. Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. 
 Translated and edited by R. R. Dinwiddie, Professor 
 of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas 
 State University. Cloth, size 5 1 2 x 8, 342 pages, 
 illustrated 2 00 
 
 (' *)MOUSSU . 66 Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Coats and 
 
 Swine.” By G. Moussu and Jno. A. W. Dollar, 
 M.R.C.V.S. 
 
 See “ Dollar .” 
 
 NEUMANN, “A Treatise on Parasites and Parasitic 
 Diseases of the Domesticated Animals.” A work 
 to which the students of human or veterinary medi- 
 cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer 
 of animals, may refer for full information regarding 
 the external and internal Parasites — vegetable and 
 animal — which attack various species of Domestic 
 Animals. A Treatise by L. G. Neumann, Professor 
 at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 
 Translated and edited by George Fleming, C. B., L.L. 
 D..F.R C.V.S. Cloth, size 6 3 4 x 10, 873 pages, 365 
 illustrations 7 60 
 
 NOCARD, “ The Animal Tuberculoses, and their Relation 
 to Human Tuberculosis.” By Ed. Nocard, Prof, of the 
 Alfort Veterinary College. Translated by H. Scurfield, 
 M. D. Ed., Ph. Camb. Cloth, 5x7 1-2, 143 pages . . 1 00 
 Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human 
 medicine in Professor Nocard’s book lies in the 
 demonstration of the small part played by heredity, 
 and the great part played by contagion in the propa- 
 gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason- 
 able to suppose that the same is the case for human 
 tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculous 
 parents were protected from infection by cohabitation 
 or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of 
 the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, would 
 dwindle away into insignificance. 
 
16 
 
 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 ( *)OSTERTAG . “ Handbook of Meat Inspect ion.” By 
 
 Robert Ostertag, M D. Authorized Translation by 
 Earley Vernon Wilcox. A.M., Ph.D. With an intro- 
 duction by John R. Mohler, V.M.D., A.M. The work 
 is exhaustive and authorative and has at once become 
 the standard authority upon the subject Second 
 edition, revised 1905. Cloth, size 6 3-4 x 9 3-4, 920 
 pages, 260 illustrations and 1 colored plate 7 50 
 
 P ALLIN, “A Treatise on Epizootic Lymphangitis. ” By 
 Capt. W. A. Pallin, F.R,C.V.S. In this work the 
 author has endeavored to combine his own experience 
 with that of other writers and so attempts to give a 
 clear and complete account of a subject about which 
 there is little at present in English veterinary litera- 
 ture. Cloth, size 5 3-4 x 8 1-2, 90 pages, with 17 fine 
 full page illustrations 1 25 
 
 PEGLER. “The Book of the Goat.” Third edition re- 
 written and enlarged. Cloth, 223 pages, illus 1 75 
 
 PELEERIN. “Median Neurotomy in the Treatment 
 of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock.” 
 
 By C. Pellerin, late repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to 
 the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi- 
 tional Facts Relating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., 
 V.M. Having rendered good results when performed 
 by himself, the author believes the operation, which 
 consists in dividing the cubito-plantar nerve and in 
 excising a portion of the peripherical end, the means 
 of improving the conditions, and consequently the 
 values. of many apparently doomed animals. Agricul- 
 ture in particular will be benefited. 
 
 The work is divided into two parts. The first covers 
 the study of Median Neurotomy itself; the second, 
 the exact relations of the facts as observed by the 
 author. Boards, 6x9 1-2, 61 pages, illustrated. .1 00 
 
 PETERS. “ A Tuberculous Herd— Test with Tuber- 
 culin.” By Austin Peters, M. R. C. V. S., Chief 
 Inspector of Cattle for the New York State Board of 
 Health during the winter of 1892-93. Pamphlet 25 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York. 
 
 1? 
 
 REYNOLDS. “An Essay on the Breeding and Manage- 
 ment of Draught Horses.” By R. S. Reynolds, 
 M.R.C.V.S. Cloth, size 5 1-2x8 3*4, 1C4 pages. .1 40 
 
 ROBERGE. “The Foot of the Horse,” or Lameness 
 and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbalanced 
 Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the foot. 
 By David Roberge. Cloth, size 6 x 9 1-4, 308 pages, 
 illustrated 6 00 
 
 SEWELL. “ The Examination of Horses as to Sound- 
 ness and Selection as to Purchase.” By Edward 
 Sewell, M.R.C.V.S. Paper, size 51-2x8 1-2, 86 pages, 
 illustrated with 8 plates in color 1 60 
 
 It is a great advantage to the business man to 
 
 know something of the elements of law, and nobody 
 ought either to buy or own a horse who does not know 
 something about the animal. That something this book 
 gives, and gives in a thoroughly excellent way. . . 
 
 —Our Animal Friends. 
 
 SMITH. “ A Manual of Veterinary Physiology.” By 
 Col. F. Smith, C.M.S., F.R.C.V.S., F.I.C., author of 
 “A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene.” 
 
 Throughout this manual the object has been to con- 
 dense the information as much as possible. The 
 broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render 
 them of use to the student and practitioner. In this 
 second edition — rewritten — the whole of the Nervous 
 System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with 
 the Development of the Ovum has been added together 
 with many additional facts and illustrations. About 
 one hundred additional pages are given. Second 
 edition, revised and enlarged. Cloth, size 6x8 3-4, 
 573 pages, 102 illustrations 3 75 
 
 — (*)“ Manual of Veterinary Hygiene.” Third edition revised. 
 
 Cloth, size 5 1-4 x 7 1-2, xx + 1036 pages, with 255 
 
 illustrations 4 75 
 
 Recognizing the rapid advance and extended field 
 of the subject since the previous issue, the author 
 has entirely re-written the work and enlarged its 
 scope, which is brought thoroughly up to date. Con- 
 tains over 500 more pages than the second edition. (**) 
 
 (**) STRANGE WAY. “Veterinary Anatomy.” Edited by 
 I, Vaughan, F.L.S., M.R.C.V.S. New edition revised. 
 Cloth, size 6 1.4 x 9 1-2, 625 pages, 224 illus 5 00 
 
18 
 
 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 SUSSDORF. “Six Large Colored Wall Diagrams.” By 
 
 Prof. Sussdorf, M.D. (of Gottingen). Text translated 
 by Prof. W. Owen Williams, of the New Veterinary 
 College, Edinburgh. Size, 44 inches by 30 inches. 
 
 1. — Horse. 4.— Ox. 
 
 2. —Mare. 5.— Boar and Sow. 
 
 3. — Cow. 6.— Dog and Bitch* 
 
 The above are printed in eight or nine colors. 
 Showing the position of the viscera in the large 
 
 cavities of the body. 
 
 Price, unmounted 1 75 each 
 
 “ mounted on linen, with roller 3 50 “ 
 
 ( **)THOMPSON . “Elementary Lectures on Veterinary 
 Science.” For agricultural students, farmers and 
 stock keepers. By Henry Thompson, M.R.C.V.S., 
 lecturer on Veterinary Science at the Aspatria Agri- 
 cultural College, England. It is complete yet concise 
 and an up-to-date book. Cloth, 397 pp., 51 illus..3 75 
 
 VAN MATER. “A Text Book of Veterinary Oph- 
 thalmology.” By George G. Van Mater, M.D., 
 D.V.S., Professor of Ophthalmology in the American 
 Veterinary College; Oculist and Auristto St. Martha’s 
 Sanitarium and Dispensary; Consulting Eye and Ear 
 Surgeon to the Twenty-sixth Ward Dispensary ; Eye 
 and Ear Surgeon, Brooklyn Eastern District Dispen- 
 sary, etc. Illustrated by one chromo lithograph plate 
 and 71 engravings. Cloth, 6x9 1-4, 151 pages.. .3 00 
 
 ... We intend to adopt this valuable work as a text 
 book.—®. J. Creely , D.F.S., Dean of the San Francisco 
 Veterinary College. 
 
 VETERINARY DIAGRAMS in Tabular Form. 
 
 Size, 28| in. x 22 inches. Price per set of five. . . 4 00 
 
 Mounted and folded in case 7 ®0 
 
 Mounted on roller and varnished 10 00 
 
 No. 1. “The External Form and Elementary Ana- 
 tomy of the Horse.” Eight colored illustrations — 
 1. External regions; 2. Skeleton ; 3. Muscles (Superior 
 Layer) ; 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) ; 5. Respiratory Ap- 
 
851-8"3 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48 th St.), New York. 
 
 19 
 
 VETERINARY DIAGRAMS ('continued). 
 
 paratus; 6. Digestive Apparatus; 7. Circulatory Ap- 
 paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip- 
 
 tion 1 25 
 
 Mounted on roller and varnished 2 25 
 
 No. 2. “The Age of Domestic Animals.” Forty-two 
 figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat- 
 ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with 
 
 full description 75 
 
 Mounted on roller and varnished 2 00 
 
 No. 3. “The Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse.” 
 Fifty figures illustrating — 1. The Defects of Confor- 
 mation ; 2. Defects of Position ; 3. Infirmities or Signs 
 of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses ; 5. Defects of the Foot ; 
 
 with full description 75 
 
 Mounted on roller and varnished 2 00 
 
 No. 4. “jThe Shoeing of the Horse, Mule and Ox.” 
 
 Fifty figures descriptive of the Anatomy and Physio- 
 
 logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing 75 
 
 Mounted on roller and varnished 2 00 
 
 No. 5. “The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But- 
 cher’s Joints of the Ox.” Ten colored illustrations 
 — 1. Skeleton; 2. Nervous System: 3. Digestive 
 System (Right Side); 4. Respiratory System ; 5. Points 
 of a Fat Ox ; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular System; 
 8. Digestive System (Left Side) ; 9. Butcher’s Sections 
 of a Calf ; 10. Butcher’s Sections of an Ox ; with full 
 
 description^ ...1 25 
 
 Mounted on roller and varnished 2 25 
 
 WALLEY. “Four Bovine Scourges.” (Pleuro-Pneumonia, 
 Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and 
 Tubercle). By Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S. With 
 an Appendix on the Inspection of Live Animals and 
 Meat. Quarto, cloth 6 40 
 
20 
 
 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 W ALLEY (continued). 
 
 (*)— “A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection.” By 
 Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., late principal of the 
 Edinburgh Royal (Dick) Veterinary College; Pro- 
 fessor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc. 
 Fourth Edition, thoroughly revised and enlarged 
 by Stewart Stockman, M.R.C.V.S., Professor of 
 Pathology, Lecturer on Hygiene and Meat Inspection 
 at Dick Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Cloth, size 
 
 5 1-2x8 1-4, with 45 colored illus., 295 pages 3 00 
 
 An experience of over 30 years in his profession 
 and a long official connection (some sixteen years) 
 with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to 
 gather a large store of information on the subject, 
 which he has embodied in his book. 
 
 While Dr. Stockman is indeed indebted to the 
 old for much useful information, this up-to- 
 date work will hardly be recognized as the old 
 “ Walley’s Meat Inspection.” 
 
 WILCOX. 6 4 Handbook of Meat Inspection.” By Robert 
 Ostertag, M.D. 
 
 See “ Ostertag.” 
 
 WILLIAMS . “Principles and Practice of Veterinary 
 
 Medicine.” Author’s edition, entirely revised and 
 illustrated with numerous plain and colored plates. 
 By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. Cloth, size 5 3-4 x 8 3-4, 
 865 pages 7 50 
 
 — “ Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery.” 
 
 Author’s edition, entirely revised and illustrated 
 with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. 
 Williams, M.R.C.V.S. Cloth, size 6 1-2x9 1-4, 756 
 pages 7 50 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York 
 
 21 
 
 THE MOST COMPLETE, PROGRESSIVE AND 
 SCIENTIFIC BOOK ON THE SUBJECT IN 
 THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 
 
 (*) WINSLOW, “Veterinary Materia Mediea and Therapeu- 
 tics.” By Kenelm Winslow, B.A.S., M.D.V., M.D., 
 (Haiv.) ; formerly Assistant Professor of Therapeutics 
 in the Veterinary School of Harvard University; 
 Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society ; Surgeon 
 to the Newton Hospital, etc. 
 
 Third Edition, Revised i90s 
 
 Cloth, size 6 1-4x9 1-4, viii + 804 pages 6 00 
 
 Your letter received and I am pleased to know that we are to 
 have an American Materia Mediea.— J. H. Wattles, Sr., M.D., D.V.S., 
 The Western Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 . . . Am delighted with it. It is remarkably correct, complete 
 and up-to-daie and is hound to supersede any other work on the same 
 subject heretofore before the profession. 
 
 No practitioner’s library is complete without it and it will be 
 indispensable for students, as it does away with the necessity of their 
 having a number of collateral books on the subject. 
 
 It will be adopted as the text book in the Chicago Veterinary 
 College.— Dr. E. L. Quitman, Chicago Veterinary College. 
 
 . . . The book is of admirable merit and full of valuable informa- 
 tion from beginning to end, very explicit, rich and interesting, and 
 should be in the hands of every student as well as practitioner of the 
 art of Veterinary Medicine.— Thurston Miller , M.D. , Professor of 
 Materia Mediea, Therapeutics and Chemistry, San Francisco Veteri- 
 nary College. 
 
 I consider it the only work on materia mediea and therapeutics 
 suitable to the American veterinary practitioner. It deserves a wide 
 distribution among veterinarians. I have recommended it to my 
 students.— John J. Repp, V.M.D., Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. 
 
22 
 
 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins. 
 
 If) WYMAN. “ Bovine Obstetrics.” By M. G. De Bruin. 
 Translated by W. E. A. Wyman, MD.V.,V.S. 
 
 See also “ De Bruin.” 
 
 (•) — “Catechism of the Principles of Veterinary Surgery.” 
 By W. E. A. Wyman, M.D.V..V.S. Cloth, size 6x9, 
 321 pages 3 50 
 
 Concerning this new work attention is called to the 
 following points: 
 
 1. — It discusses the subject upon the basis of veterinary investigations. 
 
 2. — It does away with works on human pathology, histology, etc. 
 
 3. — It explains each question thoroughly both from a scientific as well 
 
 as a practical point of view. 
 
 4. — It is writen by one knowing the needs of the student. 
 
 6.— It deals exhaustively with a chapter on tumors, heretofore utterly 
 
 neglected in veterinary pathology. 
 
 6. — The only work in English specializing the subject. 
 
 7. — The only work thoroughly taking into consideration American as 
 
 well as European investigations. 
 
 8. — Offering practical hints which have not appeared in print, the 
 
 result of large city and country practice. 
 
 (••)— “The Clinical Diagnosis of Lameness in the Horse.” 
 By W. E. A. Wyman, D.V.S., formerly Professor of 
 Veterinary Science, Clemson A. & M. College, and 
 Veterinarian to the South Carolina Experiment 
 Station. Cloth, size 6x9 1-2, 182 pp., 32 illus 2 50 
 
 (•)— “ Tibio-peroneal Neurectomy for the Relief of Spavin 
 Lameness.” By W. E. A. Wyman, M.D.V., V.S. 
 
 Boards, size 6 x 9, 30 pages, illustrated ...; 50 
 
 Anyone wanting to perform this operation should procure 
 this little treatise ; he will find it of considerable help.— The 
 Veterinary Journal. 
 
 ZUNDEL. “The Horse’s Foot and Its Diseases.” By 
 A. Zundel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. 
 
 Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. Cloth, size 
 5x7 3-4, 248 pages, illustrated v .2 00 
 
 ZUILL . “Typhoid Fever; or Contagious Influenza 
 in the Horse.” By Prof. W. L. Zuill, M.D.,D.V.S. 
 Pamphlet, size 6x9 1-4, 29 pages 25 
 
 Any boolc sent prepaid for the price 
 
 WILLI Afl R. JENKINS, 
 
 851 and 853 Sixth Avenue, NEW YORK.