c Ok4m Jb ho. 6- 8 St^^wn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. LdteST WO'c r reasons Theft, mutilation, ond unde rtmm. • « ^ |sinIttal from for disciplinary action and may result the University. 333-8400 L161— O-1096 J \ wo. 6 UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA BULLETIN NEW SERIES NO. 109. UNIVERSITY STUDIES SERIES NO. 6 UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA BULLETIN UNIVERSITY STUDIES The Second Person Singular of the Latin Future In dicative as an Imperative. J. W. STURGIS, Ph. D. Professor of Latin, University of Oklahoma August 17, 1909 Norman, Oklahoma June 15, 1916 University of Oklahoma Bulletin, published by the university, is issued semi-monthly. Entered at the postoffice at Norman, as second class matter, under act of congress of August 24, 1912. J UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS L! THE SECOND PERSON SINGULAR of the LATIN FUTURE INDICATIVE an as IMPERATIVE J. W. STURGIS, AUGUST 17, 1909 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Michigan Digitized by the Internet \ Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/secondpersonsingOOstur TABLE OF CONTENTS Bibliography ... Page 5 Introduction " 7 Purpose of the investigation " 7 Methods " 7 Classification of Examples " 7 Previous View on the Question " 10 That the future expresses a milder command " 10 That the future expresses certainty of ful- fillment " 13 That there is no difference in meaning " 14 Resume " 18 Evidence from later Latin " 19 The Future as an Imperative in the Romance Languages 44 21 Examples " 23 Those with a condition expressed or im- plied 44 23 Sentences in which the futurity of the act is made apparent either by some ex- pression of time or by the situation. 44 25 Sentences in which the act is to be per- formed for certain reasons 44 4 9 The act takes place in situations where there is to be observed an arrange- ment of some kind " 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Latin Texts Consulted. C. I. L. Mommsen and others '63 Apuleius J. van der Vliet '97 Aulus Gellius Hertz '83 Avienus Breysig '82 Biblia Sacra Ytilgata Loch '72 Carmina Latina Epi graphica Buechcler '95 Cato Keil '82-581 Catullus Schwabe '86 Calpnrnius Siculus Poet. Min. Lat. , Baehrcns '80 Celsus Darembarg '59 Cicero Baiter et Kayser '67 Columella De Arbr Lundstroem '02 De Agr Schneider 1794 Corpus Scriptorum Eccles. Lat. '65-'08 Curtius Rufus Daemste '97 Fronto Naber '67 Historiae Angustae Peter '84 Horace Odes Keller '09 Other works Hertz '92 Juvenal Buechcler '93 Livy Weissenborn-Mueller '97 Lucan Ho sitis '92 Lucilius Marx '04 Manilius Jacob '46 Martial Lindsay '02 Ovid Merkel '81 Petronius Buechcler '90 Persius Buechcler '93 Phaedrus Mueller '90 Plautus Goetz-Schoell '98 Pliny the Younger Keil '81 Propertius Baehrens '80 Quintilian Decl. Ritter '84 Inst. Or. Meister '87 Seneca the Younger Epist. Hense and Hose '95 6 The University of Oklahoma Other Prose Haase 74-78 Silius Italicus Bauer '90 Statius Silvae Klotz 1900 Thebais Kohlman '84 Suetonius Roth '75 Terence Umphenbach 70 Tibullus Hiller '85 Res Rusticae Keil '82-91 Varro Sat. Menipp. Buecheler '82 ~De. Ling. Lat.Spengel '85 Vergil Ribbeck '95 Velerius Ellis '98 Valerius Maximus Kempf '83 Valerius Flaccus Baehrens 75 Vitruvius Rose '99 Secondary Sources. Blase Historische Syntax Leipsic '03 Ebeling, De imperativi usu Hora- tiano, Progr. Wernigerode 70 Guthmann Nuremborg '91 Kuehner Ausfuehrliche Grammatik der Lat. Sprache, Hanover 78 Lattman and Mueller, Lateinsche Grammatik Goettingen 72 Rieman, Gram. Comparee du Grec et du Latin (Syntax) Paris '97 Madvig, Latin Grammar Boston '80 THE SECOND PERSON SINGULAR OF THE LATIN FUTURE INDICATIVE AS AN IMPERATIVE. The purpose of this investigation is to determine, so far as possible, the thought and feeling present in the mind of the writer when the future indicative is used as an imperative. The examples, numbering 817, have been taken from all the remains of the Latin language down to the early part of the second century A. D. A list of the authors consulted, together with the texts used, may be found in the bibliography, page 5. Many examples are also given which have been taken from the later Latin writers; but no attempt has been made to make this part of the collection complete. Tt will be seen that a va^t amount of ground has been covered and it would be difficult to say how complete the collection is. In the majority of cases the work of examining was done but once, and probably some examples have been overlooked. The examples have been grouped in two general divisions: (1), those in which the act is to be performed under some par- ticular circumstances; e. g. the time, reason, or condition of its occurrence is stated: (2), those found in situations where an arrangement of some kind is clearly indicated, e. g., an assign- ment of tasks to different individuals, agreements between two or more parties (treaties), a plan of action in which different individuals are interested, or laws which arc in the nature of a covenant between the law observer and the law giver. In making this collection no attempt has been made to draw any close distinctions between the various shades of imperative meaning (or meaning closely akin to it) expressed by the future indicative. Any future indicative of the second person, whether expressing a peremptory command, a desire that the act be per- formed, an entreaty, an exhortation, or direction, has been in- cluded in the number of examples. On the contrary, certain sentences have been omitted in which one of these thoughts is only implied, not directly expressed, c. g., such sentences as "Mihi pergratum feceris, si," (Cic. De Sen. 2 (6) ). Omitted also are sentences expressing the determination on the part of the speaker that the one addressed shall do or suffer something, s The University of Oklahoma e. g., "Scies" for "ausculto .... scies" (Cf. Plautus Epid. 27 and Asin. 350). The "scies" here and in many similar passages is used in situation where in English we should say either "listen" or "I will tell you." A similar future is found in "Poenas dabis ; ' (Phiny Epist. 1, 15, 3). Again it has not been thought necessary to include questions which are intended to urge someone to act in a given manner. It is possible however that such expres- sions as "scies" and "poenas dabis" may have led to futures such as are found in example 732, "Priamo narrabis Achillem." On page 23 will be found the examples grouped in two gen- eral divisions according to the statement on page 7. Each o*' these general divisions has been still further subdivided, each subdivision having its description immediately preceding the examples. An examination of the examples will reveal the fact that there were certain situations in which the future indicative, even as a declarative statement, would have associated with it an im- perative force. Consider, for example, such statements as "Fugies si me audies" (Varro, Men. Sat. 84, 2) and "Tu tabellas consignato, hie mihi ministrabit dum ego edam" (PI. Cure. 369). Either one of these sentences so far as its form is concernecT might not be anything more than a declarative statement. They have an imperative force only because of the general situation in which they are found. Such statements might with some de- gree of propriety be called embryo-future-indicative-imperatives. Tn the following sentences observe how the probability for the presence of an imperative force gradually becomes stronger and stronger: (a) "Dices hoc idem Varrioni si forte mutavit." Cic. Ad. Att. 13, 21, 3, 108. (b) "Si sapis, reddes." PI. Aul. 402, 10. (c) "Si sapies, tacebis." PI. Rud. 1391, 13. (d) "Fugies, si me audies." Varro Men. Sat. 514, 18. (e) "Valebis hospes." Carm. Lat. Epig. Buecheler 63, 7, 723 Or "Trascor tibi, gryppa, sed valebis." Statius Sil. 4, 9, 53, 380. Tn (a) one must carefully examine the context in order to ascertain whether the future has an imperative force. Tn (b) the chances for an imperative thought have been increased by a change of meaning in the verb in the protasis. Tn (c) those chances have been still further increased by a change from the University of Oklahoma 9 present to the future tense in the verb found in the protasis. The future indicates that some particular action is desired. Again in (d) the change in meaning of the verb in the protasis (together with the presence of the pronoun me) adds to our certainty, while in (e) there can be little doubt as to the pres- ence of an imperative force in the future, even if we do not examine the context surrounding the statement. If any one of these types came to be used sufficiently often under circumstances where the imperative thought was demand- ed it would become associated with the imperative thought even in the absence of a determining context. This theory as to the genesis of this particular construction has two advantages. In the first place it accounts for the limited use of the future as an imperative. For its use would be confined to certain situations in which the imperative vvas semi declarative, or we may say to those situations in which the imperative meaning was conveyed more by the general context than by the verb form itself. In writings in which the future is freely useel for the im- perative it often happens that the verb is not expressed at all. From this we might infer that the future form contributes something less than the imperative form. The writer knows that the reaelcr has the thought. The general context supplies that, and since there is no feeling to be expressed there is no need of the verbal form. So that here we might say that we have in syntax something roughly analogous to ablaut in morph- ology — the strong form being represented by the imperative conveying both thought and feeling, the future conveying thought alone, while in the absence of the verb, the context sup- plies everything. See M. Ceti Favcntini Libr. de Arch. (Vitr.) 308 "Sed cyprium adiustum (addes). (There is no manuscript authority for "addes" but it must be supplied to complete the thought). Also Cic. Ad. Att. 15, 29, 1. De Planco .... sane velin . . . . De Mundo, si quid scics. Also Cic. Ad. Att. 13, 27, 2. Moreover when we come to inquire into the meaning con- veyed by the future indicative as an imperative we shall find that this explanation of the genesis of the construction also serves a purpose there. For if the construction developed in sentences of a declarative nature the function of expressing a peremptory command would be the last one for it to acquire. 7 The University of Oklahoma It now remains therefore to see how far this encroachment, of the future form on the imperative proceeded and to discover how completely the two constructions came to express the same meanings. The previous views that have been held as to the meaning of the future when used as an imperative are three, (1) It is a mild form of the imperative. See Rieman's Comp. Gram. p. 304 (sec. 293). Neumann, De Futuri In Priscorum Latinorum Vulga.ri Vel Cotidiano Sermone Vi Et Usu. (He says that in comparison with the subjunctive which naturally expresses desire the future implies a greater certainty of fulfillment, in comparison with the imperative the future expresses a milder (urbanus vel modestus) command). (2) It implies certainty of fulfillment or expectation of ful- fillment in the mind of the one giving the command. See Kuhner's Grammar 2. 1 p. Ill (364). Madvig's Lat. Gram. 384 Obs. Lattman and Mueller Lat. Gram. 101 note 4. Schmalz Lat. Gram. Sec. 203. Neumann (Sec reference under (1) and remark). (3) There is no difference in the meaning conveyed by the two instructions. See Ebling de impcrativi usu Horatiano p. 14. Blase Historische Syntax Vol. 3, Hft. 1 p. 116 (who follows the view expressed by Ebling and cites a large number of ex- amples from different periods). The first of these views, if unqualified, would lead one to sup- pose that a writer would use the future in preference to the im- perative in order to relieve the imperative thought of its harsh- ness. Tf the indicative expresses a milder command we should at least expect to find this form in situations requiring a soften- ed form of the command, with a certain degree of uniformity. Not only that; but a single instance of its being used where a harsh form of the command was needed, would either mean that the text should be revised or that the future did not neces- sarily modify the harshness of a command. An examination of the passages cited on the following page makes it rather clear that the future was sometimes used where the situation required a harsh command. As to the uniformity of its use it may be said that all the writings on agriculture, medicine and architecture in which di- University of Oklahoma rections are given, employ the imperative, the future indicative, the peraphrastic and such expressions as "oportet" and "debet*' side by side. We cannot say that the situation changes in such writings so as to justify the different constructions. The situa- tion remains the same throughout so far as concerns the need for a harsh or a mild command. Not only is this true but an examination of any considerable number of the other passages will fail to show in the large ma- jority of cases any situation requiring less harshness than that expressed by the imperative itself. Consider first Vergil Aen. 9. 742 Ex. 732; 2-547 Ex. 756, i, 689, Ex. 733; Valericus Flaccus Argon 4, 314, Ex. 737; Silius Italicus Punica 1, 398, Ex. 738; Juvenal 8, 37, Ex. 760. See also Ter. And. 205, Ex. 729 and Ex. 2-9. The situation in the first five citations is practically the same. The warrior stands before his helpless foe and bids him give a message to the "wandering shades." In such cases it impossible to think that the speaker wished to make the com- mand less harsh. (On Val. Flac. 4, 314 noscere, Langen says "acerbe dictum) " His attitude of mind remains the same toward the foe before him. Such passages, if they were the only ones, would augur well for the certainty of fulfillmeni theory. (And yet even here the imperatives undoubtedly ex- press greater certainty than the futures). It is not only quite possible, however, that this idea is prominently before the mind of the speaker; but the idea of a change in time and field of ac- tion is also an important one in deciding the particular form to be used. In one Ex. 755 notice the position of "referes" and "nunc." This situation is found in several other passages where the "nunc" shows that the change of time is forcibly felt. Cf. examples under A 2 (E) p. 67. In his eighth satire Juvenal fiercely assails those who had noble ancestry but were not living worthily of them. There is no need for a mild command here and earlier in the poem (lines 21 and 22) in a situation which is the same (so far as call- ing for a mild or harsh imperative is concerned) the impera- tives "esto" and "pone" are used. The reason for the use of the future lies rather in the presence of "ergo." The situation is such that the action expressed by the future is felt to be the natural course to pursue after having listened to the previous reasoning. See examples under A. 3 p. 49. In the citation from Terence, And. 205, we have very clear University of Oklahoma evidence that the future does not necessarily express a milder command. The command is addressed to the same individual and there is no chance for a change of feeling on the part of the speaker. The reason for a change here is clearly that of time. The speaker goes forward in his thoughts to a scene which will occur later in the day. In those citations (examples 2-9) where the expression "si sapis" occurs, the future would seem to carry with it a threat sometimes. This would make it a very harsh form of com- mand, something like our "If you know when you are well off, you will keep your hands off me." If the future expressed a milder form of the imperative we should probably find such expression as a "facies amabo" as an equivalent for "fac amabo" Ter. Enn. 534. Such expressions as "si tibi videbitur" and "si me amas" p. 26, stating, as they do, a condition or situation, do not serve the same purpose as "amabo"' which is merely a coaxing locution. Finally if there is this difference in meaning we should noi: expect to find a speaker of superior rank using it when address- ing an inferior. For example, you would not expect the emperor ("tyrannus") of Rome to use it in ordering an abject subject to "offer incense to Jove." See example 671. Here the future cannot possibly be explained as a milder form of the im- perative. It may however easily be accoutned for by sayin« that the emperor thought it sufficient to inform the subject, as to the course he wished him to follow. Again it seems quite probable that it was customary for a master to use the future indicative in asking someone to look after things at home dur- ing his absence. See example 456. Varro's language seems to imply that the expression "tu videbis" was the ordinary way of giving the command, and even if we assume that the person thus enjoined may have been (sometimes) the lady of the house, there would still be no need for a softened expression as the ordinary way of expressing the command. The fact that the master would be away however (looking into the future of the day before him) may easily explain the choice of expression. (See also Ex. 3, 24, 25, 54, 357, 515, 516.) In examples 24 and 25 we exhibit a situation which is clearly unfavorable to the mild form of a command. The future ther^ used is to be accounted for by the declarative nature of the command as shown by the presence of the conditional clause. Examples 54 and 357 have in them futures which are hypo- University of Oklahoma 13 thetical. Compare these two examples with Cic. T. D. 1, L3 (30) "tolle hane opinionem, luctum sustuleris." The only func- tion of the verb in either case is to assume a supposed condi- tion from which a certain result will naturally follow. This forrjj of expression is extremely common in Russian, the imperative frequently serving as a protasis of a conditional sentence. Had the future the special function of making the command less harsh it could not well have been used in such instances with any degree of propriety. Examples 515 and 516 show futures where again there could not possibly have been any cause for a change in the degree of harshness of command. But the perfect participles "emissam" and "dissipatam" changing the time to one relatively future easily account for the change. The following passages make it fairly clear that certainty of fulfillment could not have been present in the mind of the writer, at least in these particular instances. Cic. Ad. Att. 16, 16, 18 Ex. 292a (Letter to Capito enclosed to Att.); Ad. Att. 13, 19, 5, Ex. 268. Statius 4, 9, 53; Ex. 380; Livy 37, 45, 14 Ex. 783. The first two passages cited call for little comment. In both of them the writer uses the expression "etiam atque etiam" which makes it as clear as could be wished that the idea of cer- tainty of fulfillment could not have been present. In the passage from Statius we have these words 'Trascor tibi, Gryppe, sed valebis." The meaning here is very clearly "I am angry with you G. but may you fare well." If we bring in the idea of certainty of fulfillment the sense is completely changed, and we have no imperative force in the future at all. Finally in Livy 37, 45, 14, the future is doubtless typical of many such futures, had they only been preserved for us. It is immediately followed by imperatives; and is found in such a situation as to make certainty of fulfillment not only very im- probable but almost impossible. For the discussion in connec- tion with a similar passage see page 20. If the future expressed greater certainty of fulfillment, it would be rather difficult to explain the frequency with which it is used in letters and works setting forth general directions. As has already been pointed out in giving general directions, the future is used side by side with the imperative. The situation cannot be said to change so as to require now a harsh and now a mild command. The University of Oklahoma The most that can be said in favor of the certainty of fulfill- ment idea is that whenever this thought is present in a greater or less degree the writer was influenced in suchcases to use the future. But there were also other influences equally strong and entirely independent of this one. See example on pages 47, 50, Ex. undr A. 3. The following passages are cited to show, so far as it is pos- sible, the equivalence in meaning of the two forms: Lucilius 9, 12, (6). Examples 465, 471. Cato p. __. Example 464. Columella 3, 2 De Arb. Example 615-)-. Manilius 3, 485. Examples 571, 575. Seneca 2, 6 De Form Hon. Vit. Example 596. M. C. Faventinus 289 (Vitr). Example 518-f. Terence And. 205. Example 729. Plautus Cure. 369. Example 763a. Varro 7, 12. Example 456. Horace Odes 2, 10, 21 and 3, 17, 13. Examples 54 and 730. Epis. 1, 7, 70. Example 356. Virgil Aen. 2, 148; 2, 547, 8, 62. Examples 807, 755, 731. Ovid Ars. Am. 1, 503, 500; 2, 297, 46; 1, 576, 500; Tristia 3, 7, 1, to 11. Example 512. Livy 7, 35, 2. Example 722; 9, 9, 1, example 734; 37, 45, 14, example 783. Rufus 7, 2, 15, example 613; 7, 11, 11, example 715a; 8, 14, 15, example 766. Martial 4, 77, 1-11. Example 745. Tn connection with the passages from Lucilius, Cato, Colu- mella, Manilius, Seneca and Faventinus, it is sufficient to say that these are general directions given under circumstances such that the idea of certainty of fulfillment cannot be present or at least need not be thought of to give complete sense. In all of them observe the easy change from the future to the im- perative. The situation remains the same. Tn the passage from Terence we have the present subjunc- tive coupled with the future indicative which in turn is immedi- ately followed by the imperative. All three commands are given by the same person, to the same person, and under the same circumstances. The thought present in the mind of the speaker is that of anger toward his slave — anger that is still further increased by the thought of the slave's trickery. No one of the three verbs University of Oklahoma is more suggestive of the master's distrust than "dices" and for this reason it seems impossible to account for the change to the future by saying that the master wished to make this command less harsh. So far as certainty of fulfillment is concerned com- pare these two translations: "Do not act rashly," and "You (surely) will not say that you were not forewarned of this Be- ware." Or translate "Do not act rashly, and do not say that you were not forewarned of this. Beware." Translations are very likely to be biased; nevertheless it seems quite clear in this case that the last interpretation is the more correct. There is, how- ever, a noticeable change in time. The "facias" and "cave" represent action or state to begin at once, while "dices" takes us forward to another scene to occur later inth e day. In the passage from Plautus, Curculio, the parasite, bids Phaedromus seal the letters and then orders Palinurus, slave of Phaedromus to wait on himself while he eats. There seems to be no reason here why the speaker should address a milder command to Palinurus (the slave) than to Phaedromus, the friend. The very contrary would be expected. So far as certainty of fulfillment is concerned it cannot possibly be that there was a greater likelihood of one command being obeyed than of the other. The indicative is used here because it must do double duty, viz. that of a declarative so far as concerns Phaedromus and Curculio, that of an imperative as concerns Curculio and the slave. "Ministrabit" carries a command to the slave no less truly than does "consignato" to Phaedromus. In Varro De Ling. Lat. 7, 12 occurs a statement which shows that it must have been a common thing tocharge a slave with the care of the house in these words: "Tu domi videbis." The important word to notice here is "tu," which makes it quite probable that the phrase originated under some such situation as we had in the previous example. To bring out the force of the "tu" the words might be translated: "Your part will be iu care for the house." Varro compares "tu domi videbis" with the "para, cura, vidi" of Plautus. The asyndeton itself sug- gests the difference in the two situations, viz. the relative amount of feeling present. The "tu domi videbis" form of the command represents an arrangement. There is no need here that the slave's mind be energized. He needs only to be in- formed as to his part in the day's work. Horace, Epist. 1, 7, 70. We have here the words of L. i6 University of Oklahoma Marcius Philippus to a client, Volerius Mena. The change in construction is undoubtedly due to the change in time, empha- sized by "nunc," and to an increase in the amount of feeling- present. Here again the increased amount of feeling is indicat- ed by the asyndeton so common with the imperative, but never found with the future indicative. The client's mind needs no energizing for the one command because he has already given his consent. He needs only to be informed of the hour. His mind does need to be energized in the other instances but not informed. Of the two selections from the odes the first one has an im- perative followed by the future. The time of both verbs is fu- ture. In this instance nothing could be clearer than the fact that Horace, with his knowledge of human life and experience, knew that the command given by the future was less likely to be fulfilled than the one contained in the imperative. There is, however, a difference in the amount of feeling present, due to the contrast between "rebus augustis" and "vento minium secundo." For when a man must battle with adversity his will needs arousing and this is just what the function peculiar to the imperative is. But the writer could also be influenced to change to the future because of a change to a later scene. Both verbs relate to the future but the future expresses action subsequent to that of the imperative. In Verg. Aen. 2, 148 we find the future between two impera- tives. The time of each verb is present. "Eris," however, refers not to an act but to a state which is to begin at once and ex- tend into the future. The vital question here is, what verbs are connected by the enclitic que? It seems best to regard "noster eris" as more or less parenthetical or logically subordinate to "obliviscere." In that case the enclitic joins the regular impera- tives. The expression "noster eris" was doubtless a stereotyped form with which deserters were received. See Livy Frag. 61 "Verba sunt, ut habemus in Livio, imperatoris transfugam recipientis " While "eris" is generally regarded as an imperative equival- ent to "esto" we must not forget that it carried not only an im- perative force but a declarative force as well. In this instance it is very clear that the one addressed needed no energizing of the will. To Sinon the words were not only a command; they were still more a promise. (See Donatus on this passage who regards it as a promise to S.) Universi j of Oklahoma 17 The only other pertinent passage in Vergil that has not al- ready been under discussion is Aen. 8, 62. Here the time is al- ready a cause for the change in form, and the situation makes it quite clear that the imperative carries with it a greater de- gree of urgency. The paying of honors to the gods carries greater obligation. In Ovid's Ars Amatoria 1, 503 and 2, 297, there seems to be a complete breaking down of all difference in meaning. Even in the urgency of the command there seems to be no difference intended. And in Ars Amatoria 1, 57 we find not only the im- perative and future indicative but also the present subjunctive joined without the least apparent distinction in the force con- veyed. In Tristia 3, 7, 1-11, also 1, 1, 1-19 the expressions "vade," "dices" and "die" though coming in different sentences show by the situation that the forms are intended to convey the same force. This is more clearly seen in comparing "dices" with "die." The "vade" is intended to give a certain liveliness to the thought and the real verbal idea is contained in "salutatum." Livy 7, 35, 2 shows an imperative side by side with a future indicative where there can be little if any difference in meaning, the change of time alone serving to account for the use of the two different forms. One difficulty in the way of knowing whether the situation is actly the same in these comparisons lies in the fact that the very change of meaning in the two verbs brings about a differ- ent situation, or at least a possibility of some difference. In Livy 9, 9, 1, however, the verb in the imperative is the same verb that is in the future. So that we may feel very certain that the time is the only possible cause for change in construc- tion. The two other passages in Livy, as they add nothing new, and as they have already been under discussion elsewhere, need not detain us any further here. Rufus has three passages illustrating quite satisfactorily how the future and the imperative had come to convey the same ^rcaningJ Tn,' '7, 2, 16 we again have practically the same verb having the same force in the two different forms. Tn this passage the situation (so far as the time is concern- ed) would leave one to look for a future in the place of "exsequi." Many of the futures are found in just such situa- tions. See examples p. 67 A2 (e). A study of the entire situa- tion, however, makes it very clear that the messenger needed a 18 The University of Oklahoma command in the imperative form. His mission was the death of Parmento, a friend. He was journeying under sealed orjdcrs. These orders would be hard for him to carry out. But in "feres" the messenger is merely informed of a portion of his orders. So here again the future has in it as much of the de- clarative as of the imperative, hence the choice of expression. The thought of the passage then is something as follows: ''Carry letters to my officers . . . There is need of quick ac- tion Carry out my orders as you find them written. You will see that I have enclosed letters for Parmenio also." This last sentence gives the declarative side of the thought only. In 7, 11, 11, the time clause and also the division-of-labor idea seemed to influence his choice of construction. In 8, 14, 15, however, we find the imperative coupled directly with the fu- ture. The manuscript reading is in favor of "invehimini" and there is no reason for any change. (Damste, however, prefers invehemini here). The usage is entirely justified by the prac- tice of this period and is the same as the "vade et dices" used by Christian writers of a later time. Thus a close examination of all these instances where the future has an imperative force, fails to show that there is neces- sarily any difference in the meaning, other than that of making a distinction in time or amount of feeling present. Vergil, Seneca, Horace, Ovid, Livy, Curtius, Rufus, and Martial use the two constructions side by side in apparently the same situa- tions. There is a common ground covered by the two forms. But there is not a single instance where the future calls for im- mediate action as does the imperative, and again, there is not a single instance where the future shows any signs of having conveyed the same amount of feeling, liveliness, or urgency of command as does the imperative. In accordance with this con- clusion we should never expect to find such expression as, "parabis, curabis, videbis" for "para, cura, vide" (Ex. 456); nor should we expect to find developing from the future such ex- pressions as "age" the whole function of which seems to be that of enlivening the thought. A person may be moved to action in two different ways. He may be given a peremptory command, in which case the influ- ence is wholly exterior appealing to the will rather than to the intellect. The word from the one giving the order serves as the necessary stimulus to the will. On the other hand, the one giving the order may do so by supplying the one who is to act Uniz'crsity of Oklahoma 19 with certain facts or information which will, as an inner motive, bring' about the desired course of action. Now, it was the func- tion peculiar to the imperative to energize the will. It was the function .of the future, with the aid of the context primarily to give information which would, as an inner motive, bring about the desired course of action. There was a tendency on the part of the imperative to take upon itself the function of giving in- formation (declarative) and there was a certain tendency in the future to pass entirely out of the declartive stage. Such ex- pressions as "valebis" and "ignosces" illustrate the final de- velopment of the future. The verb in the following citation shows the final stage in the imperative. "Hoc. quod dictum est accipite, pro accipietis dicit." C. S. E. L. 83, 73. This conclusion to which we have come after a study of the Latin writers down to the second century A. D. is fully justified by an examination of the Latin that was written later. In the translation of the scriptures from the Greek and Hebrew into Latin by St. Jerome about the fourth century A. D. there is to be observed the greatest uniformity in the use of these two constructions. The imperative is invariably used when the situation demands an arousing of the feelings, and, on the other hand, the Future Indicative is used where the mind is only to be informed as to the desirable course of action. This is nowhere seen more clearly than in the ten command- ments. Such expressions as ''Thou shalt love," "thou shalt not steal," etc., arc in the future indicative, while immediately fol- lowing, an exhortation to remember the law is in the impera- tive. And throughout the scriptures all law written merely to inform the mind, and directions given for the purpose of en- lightening the mind as to some course of procedure are uni- formly in the future indicative. The imperative is uniformly employed in exhortation, in entreaty, prayers and in peremp- tory commands. Tt is to be noted that the imperative had more of a tendency to take the place and function of the future than did the future that of the imperative. See above. But nowhere are the two constructions used with such care as in the Vulgate. One could go through the scriptures written in his native tongue and tell almost for a certainty whether the imperative or the future in- dicative would be used. The greatest doubt would arise it: those situations where two commands are given, the action of the second of which is clearly subsequent to that of the first. 20 JJniversitv of Oklahoma (See statement on p. 21). The future indicative is very com- monly used in such cases, (it invariably comes after the impera- tive, however), if there are some words coming between the two verbs which point out a change in scene for the two ac- tions. See examples on pages 47, A2 (e). The common interpretation for the future in the Mosaic law is that of necessity of fulfillment; "Thou shalt" in the sense of "Thou must." (See Janaris' History of Greek Gram- mar, article 1890). Our conclusion is not in accord with this view. While the giving of the law did carry with it the most solemn obligations for fulfillment, this is not shown necessarily by the particular form in which the thought is cast, but rather by the fact that the law was given in the manner of a covenant of which Jehovah himself was one of the two parties. So that the law was a setting forth of man's part in the agreement, treaty, or covenant. Jehovah's part is stated clearly in the first chapter of Joshua and elsewhere. This view places such expressions on the same footing as the future in treaties. (See passage from Livy, Ex. 783). So here we have at elast one instance when the command was given with the certain knowledge on the part of all-knowing Jehovah that the command would not be kept by man. These passages taken from the later writings serve only to strengthen one's belief that the only difference in the two con- structions lies in the change of time (or scene of action), and the greater amount of feeling present when the imperative is used. There are hundreds of passages which make this per- fectly clear. The few examples here presented call for little explanation. Tn example 743 we have the Latin for Is. 6, 9. Sometimes the words are quoted "vade.et die," sometimes, "vade et dices/' Tn 793 to 805, we have the ten commandments written with the future indicative as would naturally be expected. One of these, however, has the imperative "honora," and another, "memento." It is not entirely clear just why this form, "honora," is used; but a possible explanation lies in the fact that while none of the other commandments called to the writer's mind a specific application, this one does; and that, in a situation where feeling would be likely to be aroused. To illustrate, "Thou shalt not kill" does not bring with it the thought of the death of any particular person. "Thou shalt not steal" that of any particular person being wronged by the theft.. The University of Oklahoma 21 When one says "Honor thy father and thy mother," a particu- lar person is before the mind of the speaker and that very per- son who would be most likely to arouse feeling. The explanation for "memento" is easier. This work is clearly intended for the will rather than for the intellect. It does not add anything to the information of the one who re- ceives the comamnd; it merely serves as an exhortation. In summing up the evidence presented, the following de- ductions seem to be warranted. In the first place this con- struction developed in two or three situations, differing con- siderably from one another but alike, in that there was present in them the imperative idea expressed by a statement which was more or less of the declarative form. The tendency of the future was to become more and more independent of the situa- tion for its meaning. There are very few instances however of its complete independence. On the other hand, the present im- perative is very often found in all these situations to which the future is limited. In the second place it will not do to say that the future ex- presses a milder command, nor one where there exists in the mind of the speaker a greater certainty of fulfillment. It is equally misleading to say that the two forms convey exactly the same meaning. What we should say is that, under certain circumstances, the two forms may convey the same meaning, but that where a distinction in time or emotional content is to be made, the imperative (referring to both present and future time) suggests more feeling and the future refers to future time only. Tn the Romance languages (French, Spanish and Italian), as might be expected, we find very clear traces of this use of the future. See the following references: Aycr, Gram. Comparec (1885) 203, 2a "con sell, souhait oi aussi suivant les circonstances un ordrc energique." He gives two examples: "Vous voudrez bien nr excuscr" and "Dieu en vain tu no iurcras." Bevier's French Grammar art. 226 "Colloquially as a confi- dent prediction, it often has the force of an imperative." Frazier and Square, Fr. Gram. "Common in official style (Edicts, etc.)." Darmestetter Gram'. Historique art. 441. "Limperatif est enfin rcmplace par le futur pour marquer le commandement absolu 'Vendredi chair ne mangeras'." 22 University of Oklahoma Mactzncr, Franz. Gram. art. 96 p. 316 ''Dies Futur erscheifVt als ausdruck einer Bitte, Ermanung, oder eincs Befehles, wenn der Rcdcndc das, was geschehen soil, zu vcrsichtlich als da?, was geschehen wird ausspricht, besonders haufig in der umgangssprache." Wigger, Span. Gram., art. 663 states that it is used in Laws equivalent to German verbs with the auxiliary sollen and illus- trates further with this sentence "no diras de esto nada a nadie" Cerv. D. Q. 2, 36. Manning, Practical Spanish Grammar (art. 233) says that "the future expresses a mild command."' He cites the sentence found above "no diras." In connection with the Romance languages it may be worth while to observe that the future has etymologically the same formation in each language. The English and the German also have practically the same thing. The French, Italian and Span- ish form their futures (apparently) by adding the verb mean- ing "to have" to the infinitive. In German the verb sollen (and in English the verb shall) goes back to one meaning "owe." Thus the meaning (etymologically) becomes in each case L have to do, you have to do, etc. Now if we glance at those fu- tures in the examples classified inthe general division B we shall see that we have a parallel case. The underlying idea is one of obligation. This same tendency is to be observed in the use and meaning of the gerundive. In works setting forth di- rections of a general nature it is very commonly used side by side with the future indicative. When once a form has been thus developed the original (etymological) force is no longer felt but the psychological tendency remains which may give rise to a second similar pro- cess. T shall go' means (etymologically) T have to go.' But in addition to this we have the expressions 'I have to go' or 'I must go.' The same thing more than likely happened in Latin and the Romance Languages. THE EXAMPLES. A. Sentences in which the act is to be performed under certain circumstances. i. Sentences in which some condition is either expressed or implied. (a) Protasis with verb whose meaning suggests imperative. Si sapitis, uxor, vos tamen cenabitis PI. Cas. 780 1 Malo, si sapis, cavebis Cas. 838 2 Ergo, si sapis, mussitabis Mil. 476 3 Tuam rem ages, si sapis Poen. 675 4 Tu temperabis, si sapis Poen. 1036 5 Malocavebis, si sapis : 6 Virum observare desines Men. 121 7 Non me appellabis, si sapis Most. 515 8 Leon. Si tibi percussero Mox caveto ne Lib. Cavebis ne me attingas, si sapis Asin. 373 9 Si sapis, reddes (gallum). Aul. 402 10 Si consilium vis, permittes . . . ex- pendere Juvenal 10 347 1 1 Sec also 148, 94, 119, 63 Non dabis, si sapies Bacch. 1002 12 Si sapies, tacebis Rud. 1391 13 Cautim et paulatim dabis si sapies Heaut. 870 14 Seneca, De Ben. 2, 4, 3 15 Pliny, Panegyr 28 17 18 (b) Protasis with verb not suggesting an imper- ative. 'Quare, si haec ita sunt, sic me colitote/ in- quit, ut deum . . sin una est interiturus animus 24 University of Oklahoma cum corpore, vos tamen, deos verentes, qui banc omnem pulchritudinem tueutur et regunt, memoriam nostri pie inviolateque servabitis.' Cic. De Ben 23 (81) 19 Catullus 68, 31 20 Vergis, Georgics 1, 167 21 Mart. 5, 56, 7 22 PI. Mil. 571 23 Si quid ingenui sanguinis habes, non pluris illam faeies quam scortum . . . Petron. Satur. 113 24 ... si vir fueris non ibis ad spintriam, Petron. Satur. 113 25 Est id quidem rectius, sed post requires, si quid fuerit obscurius, Cic. T. D. 4, 10 26 Martial 3, 4, 2 27 Martial 1, 113, 3 28 3< 5, 9 2 9 7, 26, 4 31 10, 92, 14, 15 32 12, 2, 9 33 13, 6, 2 34 Horace, Sat. 2, 4, 17-19 35 Horace, Sat. 1, 4, 103 36 Horace, Epist. I, 17, 12 37 Ig'nosces igitur, si quid tibi triste libelli Attulerint nostri : Propertius 1,11,19 3& Propertius 1, 6, 35 39 Si volet arma, levi temptabis ludere dextra : 40 Ssepe dabis nudum, vincat ut ille latus. Tibull 1, 4, 51 41 42 43 Horace Epist. I, 7, 25 44 Si quid forte obvenerit commodi, inter accessiones numerabis Sen. De Ben. 4, 1, 3 45 Sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictus University of Oklahoma 25 sive erit in Cois. Coa decere outa. Ovid Ars. Am. 2, 297 46 Ovid, Rem. Amor. 641 47 Heroides 10, 150 48 4 9 Ovid, Tristia 1, 19 50 (c) Implied Conditions. Nosti si bene Caesium, libelle . . . Illi tu dabis haec vel occupato Mart. 7, 97, 1 51 (Ph) Ubi cenabis ? (Di) Ubi tu iusseris. ( Ph) Hie, me lubente facies. PI. True 361 52 Cic. Pro Cluentio 5 (12) 53 Rebus angustis animosus atque fortis appare : sapienter idem contrahes vento nimium secundo turgida vela, Hor. Od. 2, 10, 21 54 C. S. E. L. 34 Epis. 108 55 Merses profundo : pulchrior evenit ; luctere : multa proruet . . . Hor. Odes 4, 4, 65 56 2. (a) Letters. Mancupio neque promittes, neque — quisquam dabit. PL Persa 525 57 Facies enim me certiorem. Cic. Ad Att. 6, 1, 7 58 Quam id rectum sit, tu iudicabis 6, I, 7 59 Tu, si tibi placuerit liber, curabis ut. Ad Att. 2, 1, 2 60 Igitur senatus consultum si erit factum, scribes ad me ; si minus rem 61 tamen confides Ad Att. 5, 4, 2 62 Sin haec leviora sunt, tu in- dicabis Ad Att. 5, 8, 3 63 Summa erit haec : statues, ut ex fide, fama reque mea videbitur Ad Att. 5, 8, 3 64 De aqua, si curae est, si quid Philippus aget, animad- ^6 The University of Oklahoma vertes Ad Att. 5, 13, 3 65 Tu tamen videbis, si erit, quod nolim — arcessendus Ad Att. 8, 18, 3 66 Tu, si tibi videbitur, dabis operam Ad Att. 8, 6, 2 67 Si vera sunt, ignosces ; si 68 falsa, me libente eripete mihi hunc errorem ; quoquo modo 69 vero se res habebit nihil assignatis, Ad Att. 10, 4, 6 70 Id tu, si ille aliter acceperit ac debuit, lenies Ad Att. 10, 11, 5 71 Scribes igitur ac, si quid Ad Att. 6, 9, 5 184 ad spem poteris, ne dimiseris Ad Att. 10, 13, 1 Haec etiam, si videbitur, cum Terentia loquere tu opportune Ad Att. 11, 25, 3 73 74 75 Ad Att. 12, ,i,i 76 Ad Att. 12, 27, 2 77 Ad Att. 12, 27, 2 78 Ad Att. 12, 37, 4 79 Ad Att. 12, 38, 2 80 Ad Att. 12, 41, 3 81 Ad Att. 12, 41, 4 82 Ad Att. 12, 28, 1 83 Ad Att 12, 28, 1 84 Ad Att. \2, 29, 1 85 Ad Att. 12, 31, 1 86 Ad Att. 13, 4, 2 87 Ad Att. 13, 11, 2 89 1 Ad Att. 13, 10, 3 90 Ad Att. 13, 14, 1 91 92 University of Oklahoma 27 Ad Att. 12, 43, 2 93 94 Ad Att. 13, 2, 1 95 Ad Att. 13, 37, 3 96 Ad Att. 13, 50 , 2 97 Ad Att. 14, 1 , 2 98 Ad Att. 13, 31, 4 99 Ad Att. 13, 32, 3 100 Ad Att. 13, 14, 2 101 Ad Att. 15, 15, 4 102 Ad Att. 15, 18, 2 103 Ad Att. 15, 19, 2 104 I0 5 Ad Att. 15, 21, 2 Ad Att. 16, 2, 2 106 Ad Att. 13, 14, 2 107 Ad Att. 13, 21, 3 108 Ad Att. 14, 13, 4 TOO Ad Att. 14, 1313,5 110 Ad Att III 112 Ad Att. 15, 4, 5 113 Ad Att. 16, 16, 2 114 Ad Quint. I, 3, 5 US Ad Fam. 3, 6, 6 in 1 1 A Ad Att. 7, 2, 3 D Il6 Ad Fam. 11, 11, 2 117 Il8 Ad Fam. 12, 21, 1 II 9 I20 Ad Fam. 7, 23, 4 121 « 122 Ad Quin. 3, 8, 1 123 Ad Fam. 16, 22, 2 124 University of Oklahoma Ad Fam. 16, 22, 1 125 Ad Fam. 14, 7, 3 126 Ad Fam. 14, 8, 1 127 Ad Fam. 5, 19, 2 128 Ad Fam. 2, 18, 3 129 130 Ad Fam. 14, 5, 2 131 Ad Fam. 2, 16, 132 Ad Fam. 5, 10a. 3 133 Ad Fam. 7, 20, 1 134 135 Ad Fam. 7, 20, 1 136 137 138 Ad Fam. 9, 9, 1 139 Ad Fam. 13, 29, 7 140 Ad Fam. 9, 3, 2 141 142 Ad Fam. 15, 17, 2 143 Ad Fam. 13, 16, 4 144 Ad Fam. 12, 19, 3 145 Ad Fam. 15, 20, 3 146 Ad Fam. 12, 21, 1 147 Ad Fam. 12, 21, 1 148 Ad Fam. 14, 18, 2 149 Ad Att. 2, 7, 4 150 Ad Att. 2, 16, 4 151 Ad Att. 2, 18, 3 152 Ad Att. 2, 19, 4 153 Ad Att. 3, 15, 4 154 Ad Att. 3, 25, 1 155 Ad Att. 4, 7, 2 156 Ad Att. 4, 7, 3 157 158 159 160 [University of Oklahoma 29 Ad Att. 4, 7, 3 161 Ad Att. 4, II, 2 162 Ad Att. 4, 12, 163 164 Ad Att. 5, 2, 3 Ad Att. 5, 165 Ad Att. 5, 4, 4 166 Ad Att. 5, 6, 2 167 Ad Att. 5, 12, 3 168 Ad Att. 5, 14, i 169 Ad Att. 5, 170 Ad Att. 6, I, 10 171 Ad Att. 6, i, 26 172 Ad Att. 6, 1, 26 173 174 175 Ad Att. 6, 2, 10 176 177 Ad Att. 6, 3, 2 178 Ad Att. 6, 4, 2 179 Ad Att. 6, 4. 3 180 Ad Att. 6, 5, 4 181 182 Ad Att. 6, 8, 5 183 i»5 Ad Att. 7, 1, 7 Ad Att. 7, 2, 7 186 Ad Att. 7, 2, 8 187 Ad Att. 7* 9> 2 188 Ad Att • 7, 13, 3 189 Sed de hoc tu videbis quippecum . . . Loquacitati ignosces, quae et me levat Ad Att. 7, 13, 4 190 Ad Att. 7, 20, 2 191 Ad Att. 7, 22, 2 192 > Ad Att. 8, 15, 1 193 The University of Oklahoma Ad Att. 9, 6A, 1 194 Ad Att. 9* 6A, 1 195 Ad Att. 9, 3, 1 196 Ad Att. 9, 15, 4 197 Ad Att. 10, 2, 2 198 Ad Att. 7, 11, 4 199 Ad Att. 8, 12, 6 200 Ad Att. 10, 7, 3 201 Ad Att. 1 1, 4, 1 202 Ad Att. ii, 7, 5 203 Ad Att. ii, 12, 2 204 Ad Att. ii, 13, 4 205 206 Ad Att. ii, 21, 1 Ad Att. ii, 22, 2 207 Ad Att. 12, 5, 3 208 Ad Att. 12, 6, 1 209 Ad Att. 12, 14, 2 210 Ad Att. 12, 15, 211 Ad Att. 12, 15, 1 212 Ad Att. 12, 17, 1 213 Ad Att. 12, 18 2 214 Ad Att. 12, 18, 3 215 Ad Att. 12, 1 8a, 2 216 Ad Att. 12, 22, 2 217 Ad Att. 12, 24, 3 218 Ad Att. 12, 24, 3 219 Ad Att. 12, 25, 1 220 Ad Att. 12, 25, 1 221 Ad Att. 12, 27, 2 222 Ad Att. 12, 32, 1 223 Ad Att. 12, 33, 1 224 Ad Att. 12, 37, 3 225 Ad Att. 12, 4i, 1 226 227 Ad Att. 12, 41, 2 228 University of Oklahoma 31 Ad Att. 12, 4i, 3 229 Ad Att. 12, 5°, 1 230 Ad Att. 13, 7, 1 231 Ad Att. 10, 3 232 Ad Att. 10, 3 %JkJ Ad Att. 13, 13, 1 234 Add Att. 12, 43, 2 235 Ad Att. 12, 5i, 2 236 Ad Att. 12, 5i, 2 237 Ad Att. 2, 1 238 Ad Att. 13, 3, 1 239 Ad Att. 13, 6, 3 240 Ad Att. 13, 33, 2 241 Ad Att. 13, 33, 2 242 Ad Att. 13, 33, 4 243 Ad Att. 13, 34, 1 244 Ad Att. 13, 37< 4 245 Ad Att. 13, 38, 1 246 Ad Att. 13, 42, 2 247 248 Ad Att. 13, 38, 249 Ad Att. 13, 47b, 2 250 251 Ad Att. 14, 7, 2 252 Ad Att. 14. 8, 1 253 254 Ad Att. ifr 24, 1 255 Ad Att. 13, 25, 1 256 Ad Att. 13, 26, 1 257 Ad Att. 13, 26, 2 258 Ad Att. 13, 33, 2 259 Ad Att. 15, 18, 2 260 Ad Att. 15, 2 26l Ad Att. 15, 21, 2 262 Ad Att. 21, 3 263 Ad Att. 15, 26, 4 264 32 The University of Oklahoma Ad Att. 15, 29, 1 265 Ad Att. 16, 2, 6 266 267 Ad Att. 16, 3, 6 Sed tu, dandosne putes hos libros Varroni etiam atque etiam videbis. Ad Att. 13. 19, 5 268 Ad Att. 13, 21, 3 209 Ad Att. 13, 21, 4 270 Ad Att. 14, 8, 2 271 Ad Att. 14, 14, 1 272 Ad Att. 14, 17, 5 273 Ad Att. 14, 17, 6 274 Ad Att. 14, 19, 6 275 Ad Att. 14, 21, 3 276 Ad Att. 14, 18, 3 277 Ad Att. 15, 3, 1 278 Ad Att. 15, 4, 3 279 Ad Att. 15, 7, 1 200 Ad Att. 15, 9, 1 Ad Att. 15, 13, 2 281 Ad Att. 15, 13, 5 282 283 Ad Att. 16, 6, 3 284 Ad Att. 16, 6, 4 285 Ad Att. 16, 6, 4 286 Ad Att. 16, 11, 1 287 Ad Att. 16, 11, 1 288 Ad Att. 16, 13b, 1 289 Ad Att. 16, 14, 4 290 Ad Att. 16, 15, 3 291 Quod facies, si tiDi videoitur . . . Ad Att. 16, 3, 5 292 'Vdiuvabis igitur, mi Capito ; quod ut facias, te vehementer etiam atque etiam rogo Ad Att, 16, i6f (18) 292a University of Oklahoma 33 Ad Quin. i, 4, 5 2 93 Ad Quin. 1, 1, 31 294 Ad Quin. 1, 1, 45 2 95 Ad Quin. 1, 2, II 206 Ad Quin. 1, 3, 8 2Q7 Ad Quin. Fr. 1, 1, 11 298 Ad Fam. I, 9, 22 300 Ad Quin • 2, 12 (14) 3 'jn r Ad Quin. Fr. 2, 12 (14) 3 ^O? Ad Quin. 3, 1, 9 */ Ad Quin. 3, 1, 23 3°4 Ad Fam.' 1, 9, 17 Ad Quin. Fr. 3, 9, 2 «j Ad Fam. 16, 5, 1 307 Ad Fam. 16, 6, 2 308 Ad Fam. 16, 17, 1 3°9 Ad Fam. 16, 22, 2 310 Ad Fam. 16, 24, 1 3" Ad Fam. 16, 24, 1 312 3 T 3 Ad Fam. 16, 24, 2 Ad Fam. 11, 2, 1 314 Ad Fam. 12, 24, 3 3i5 Ad Fam. 13, 8, 2 316 Ad Fam. 13, 9, 7 3 T 7 Ad Fam. 12, 16, 3 3i8 Ad Fam. 12, 16, 4 3i9 320 321 Ad Fam. 12, 20, 1 322 Ad Fam. 1, 7, 6 323 Ad Fam. 2, 17, 7 324 325 Ad Fam. 3, 9, 4 326 327 328 34 The University of Oklahoma Ad Fam. 7, 20, 2 3 2 9 Ad Fam. 8, 3, 3 330 Ad Fam n, n, 331 332 Ad Fam. 11, 29, 3 333 Ad Fam. 9, 3, 2 334 Ad Fam. 9, 22, 5 335 336 Ad Fam. 10, 27, 2 337 Ad Fam. 4, 10, 2 338 Ad Fam. 4, 13, 4 339 340 Ad Fam. 5, 12, 10 341 342 Ad Fam. 13, 29, 7 343 344 Ad Fam. 14, 13, 1 345 346 Ad Fam. 5, 13, 5 347 Ad Fam. 14, 14, 348 Ad Fam. 15, 17, 1 349 Ad Fam. 15, 18, 2 35° ^1 OD Aa l H am. 10, 4* 2 352 Ad Fam. 5, 20, 6 353 Ad Fam. 14, 7, 1 354 Hor. Epist. 1, 7> 17 355 Krcn nnct iinnnm vrfMiif^Q * niin<'* i-4 1 UUjL llwllcllll V ClllCj , 11LIL1V i, rem strenuus auge. 1, 7, 70 jj w Naturam expelles furca, tamen usque recurret . . . Hor. Epist. 1, 10, 24 357 Hor. Epist. 1, 10, (44, 45) 358 359 Hor. Epist. 1, 13, 2 360 Hor. Epist, 1, 13, 12 361 Hor. Epist. 1, 13, 10 362 University of Oklahoma 35 Sen. Epist. 2 (16) 4, 7 3°3 Sen. Epist. 8, 2 (71) 17 365 366 Sen. Epist 8, 76, 12 367 Sen. Epist. 8, 81, 1 368 Sen. Epist. 15, 3, 66 370 Sen. Epist. 19, 1, 20 371 Sen. Epist. 15, 3, 23 371a Sen. Epist. 17, 105, 4 372 Sen. Epist. 17, 109, 18 373 374 Sen. Epist. 7, 4, (66) 24 375 Stat. Silv. (Preface) 1, 1 376 377 Stat. Silv. 3, 5, no 378 Stat. Silv. 4, (Preface) 379 Irascor tibi, Grype, sed ^alebis ; Stat. Silv. 4, 9, 53 380 Pliny, (p. 204), 18 (29), 381 382 Pliny Epist. 4, 9, 23 383 Pliny Epist. 9, 13, 26 384 Pliny Epist. 9, 29, 2 385 Pliny Epist. 3, 21, 4 386 Pliny Epist. 58, 5, 387 Valebis, mea Agrippina, et dabis operam ut, . . Suet. DeVita Cees. 4, 8 388 389 390 Pliny Epist. 6, 20, 20 391 39 2 Pliny Epist. 9, 25, 3 393 Pliny Epist. 26 (n) 2 394 395 Pliny Epist. 78 (82) 3 396 397 The University of Oklahoma Quid oporteat fieri circa theatrum deliberates et constitutes Pliny Epist. 40, 1 398 Pliny Epist. 41, 5 399 Pliny Epist. 55, (63), I 400 401 C. S. E. L. Just. 35, 1 402 Epist- 73, 5. 6 Cyp. Ad Fort (Preface) 3 C. S. E. L. 3, 1 403 404 Misimus autem sestertia centum milia nummorum . . . quae vos ill ic pro vestra diligentia dispensabitis C. S. E. L. 32, Cyp. Ep. 62, 4 405 C. S. E. L. 35, 2 Epist. 158, 7 406 Quod ipsum tu etaim ad collegas nostros quos potueris transmittes . . . C. S. E. L. 3, 2 Epist. 25, 407 Letters quoted Ut libenter accipiat, tu facies, Hist. Aug. 25, 17, 4 408 Quae omnia . . . prae tua sedulitate con- disces Hist. Aug. 26, 1, 7 409 Hist. Aug. 26, 9, 7 410 Hist. Aug. 26, 12, 1 411 Hist. Aug. 26, 12, 2 412 Hist. Aug. 28, 4, 5 413 Hist. Aug. 28, 4, 7 414 415 Hist. Aug. 29, 15, 7 416 Hist. Aug. 29, 15, 8 417 Hist. Aug. 12, 2, 4 418 Hist. Aug. 15, 6, 8 419 Hist. Aug. 22, 6, 3 420 Hist. Aug. 25, 14, 3 421 Hist. Aug. 25, 14, 14 422 Hist. Aug. 25, 16, 2 423 The University of Oklahoma 37 C. S. E. L. Epis. 6, i 424 C. S. E. L. Epis. 33, 34 425 Aug. C. S. E. L. 6, 2 426 Aug. C. S. E. L. 8 427 Aug. C. S. E. L. 12 428 Aug. C. S. E. L. 14, 4 4 2 9 ' Aug. C. S. E. L. 24, 6 430 Igitur ut populo gratum erit, ita facies atque dices Fronto 1, 8 432 Fronto 1 ,8 434 435 436 Fronto 2, 2 437 436 Fornto 2, 3 438 Fronto 3, 11 439 Fronto 3, 20 440 Fronto 4, 3 442 Fronto 4, 6 443 Fronto 5, 44 444 445 Fronto 2, 5 446 Fronto 2, 9 447 De Eloq. I, 1 448 Semunis alternea advocapit conctos . . . Song of Arval Brothers C. I. L. Vol. 1, p. 9 449 45° 451 45 2 453 Hor. Epist. 1, 18, 37 454 Tu 'ducam' inquies : Ter. And 388 455 Sed tamen hoc ipsum ab cadem est pro- fectum origine, quod quern volumus domum curare dicimus "Tu domi videbis" ut Plautus cum ait : Intus para, cura, vide quod opus fiat. Varro De L. Lat 7, 12 456 38 The University of Oklahoma Hor. Ars. Poet. 133 457 Hor. Ars. Poet 134 458 Hor. Ars. Poet 136 459 460 Hor. Ars. Poet 182 461 Tu nihil invita dices faciesve Minerva. Hor. Ars. Poet 385 462 463 Cum pollucere oportebit, sic facies, Cato, (p. 81, 2) or Sec. 132 464 Tu tamen, ut soles, dices ista . . . Cic T. D. 4, 10 Hoc illi factum est uni, tenue hoc facies i : 465 hsec illei fecere, addes e ut pinguius fiat, Lucil. 9, 369 466 Addes e, cum dare furei iusseris. Lucilius 9, 367 467 Si plura hsec feceris pila, quae iacimus, addes e, "peila" ut plenius fiat. Lucilius 9, 361 468 Summis nitere opibus, at ego contra ut dissimilis siem. Lucilius 26, 630 469 Hoc rnissum facies, illo me utere libente. Lucilius 30, 1059 470 471 Me auctore, mater, abstinebis -. . . Quid nisi? L. Afranius 129 472 Alternis dicetis : Vergil, Eclog 3, 59 473 Ante locum capies oculis alteque inbebis Ver. Georg. 2, 230 474 In solido |puteum dimitti, omnemque Ver. Georg. 2, 31 475 rcpones. Rursus humum . . . a^quabis. Ver. Georg. 2, 32 476 Ergo animos gevomque notabis . . . Ver. Georg. 3, 100 478 Ver. Georg. 3, 154 479 480 University of Oklahoma 39 481 Ver. Georg. 3, 318-321 482 483 Ver. Georg. 3, 323 484 485 486 487 488 Ver. Georg. 3, 409 489 490 491 Ver. Georg. 4, 545 492 493 494 Propertius 2, 13, 27 495 Propertius 3, 23, 15 496 Ovid, Ars. Am. 1, 366, 497 498 499 Ovid, Ars. Am. 1, 503 500 Ovid, Ars. Am. 1, 577 Cum volet, accedes, cum te vitabit, abibis. Ovid, Ars. Am. 2, 529 501 502 Sed ut valeas, multa dolenda feres. Ovid, Rem. Am. 226 503 504 Ovid, Rem. Am. 229-30 505 695 506 Ovid, Met. 6, 443 507 Ovid, Heroides 7, 171 508 Ovid, Amores 1, 4, 49 509 Ovid, Amores 2, 2, 37 5T0 Ovid, Amores 3, 4, 12 511 Ovid, Tristia 3, 7, 1-11 512 40 The University of Oklahoma Ovid, Met 2, 137 513 514 Ovid, Halieut 85 Responso captivi vatis "Romane, aquam Albanam cave lacu contineri, cave in mare manare suo flumine sinas emissam per agros rigabis, dissipatamque rivis extingues turn tu 515 insiste . . . Livy 5, 16, 9 516 'Sed prius in eius locum virum fortem ac strenuum novum senatorem cooptabitis quam 517 de noxio supplicium sumatur.' Livy 23, 3 6 Observabis ergo, M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 289 518 519 Frigorisis ergo . . . facies ordinabis, M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 289 520 Hoc autem malum, . . . hac ratione vitabis lucerna . . . demittatur M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 291 521 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 290 522 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 232 523 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 292 524 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 292 525 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 292 526 527 528 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 292 529 530 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 305 531 532 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 307 533 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 311 534 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 300 535 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 303 536 The University of Oklahoma 41 537 538 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 303 539 540 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 307 541 542 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 304 543 544 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 310 545 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 310 546 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 309 547 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 293 548 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 299 549 M. Ceti Fav. liber art arch (Vitr) 302 550 to 560 and 303 Non mentieris, sed potius excusabis, Seneca, De Form Hon. Vit. 5, 5 561 562 Ergo . . . continentiam excusabis, Seneca, De Form Hon. Vit. 8, 1 563 564 Seneca, De Form Hon Vit. 4, 7 and 8 565 Seneca Dial 9 De Tran An 9, 2, 4 566 Seneca Dial 4 De Ira 2, 10, 1 567 Seneca Dial 4 De Ira 2, 15, 1 568 5^9 Seneca Epist. De Ira 4, 8, 2 570 Nam quota sit lucis, si luce requiritur, hora, Adspicies ; atque hunc numerum revocabis . „ . Manilius, Astronom 3, 485 571 Tunc si forte dies naseentem exceperit alma, A sole ad lunam numerabis in ordine partes 573 Signorum, Ortivo totidem de cardine duces, 574 . . . hoc da fortunae . . junges tunc 575 cetera signis Athla suis . . . 4 J The University of Oklahoma Manilius, Astronom 3, 187 576 577 578 579 580 Seneca De Form Hon Vit 4, 11-17 581 582 583 584 Seneca Epist. 15, 2 (94), 5 Seneca Epist. 15, 2 (94), 50 585 586 Seneca DeBen 5, 1, 5 587 Si fuerit . . sic multiplicabis. Colum. 5, 2, 3 589 Sen. Dial 11, De Con. 11, 18, 2 590 Manil. Astro. 2, 841 591 Manil. Astro 3, 492 592 Manil. Astro 3, 498 593 Sen DeForm Hon. Vit. 5, 3 594 595 Tunc consilia tibi salutaria advoca . . . 596 . . . tunc te velut in lubrico retinebis ac 597 sistes nec tibi dabis inpetus liberos 598 sed circumspicies . . Sen. DeForm Hon Vit 2, 12 599 Sen. DeForm Hon Vit. 2, 2 600 Sen. DeForm Hon Vit. 2, 6 601 Sen. DeForm Hon Vit. 3, 34 602 603 604 Sen. DeForm Hon Vit. 4, 4 605 606 Protinus hiberno pecus omne movebis ovili. Calpur. Siculus, Eclog. 5, 18 607 Cal. Siculus Eclogum 5, 29 and 34 608 University of Oklahoma 43 609 Cal. Siculus Eclog. 5, 44 610 611 Martial Epig. 70, 3-5 612 Profisciscere in Mediam, et ad prsefectos , . . litteras . . . perfer. Velocitate opus est . . . noctu pervenire illue te volo-postero die . . . exequi . . . Ad Parmeniona quoque epistulas feres . . . Rufus, Hist. 7, 2, 15 613 Protinus hunc primse quaeres in limine tectse; 614 Mart. Epig. 3, 5, 5 6i5 Unumquodque genus vitium separatim serito; ita suo quodque tempore putabis et vindemiaveris. Colum. Liber De Arbi 3, 2 616 617 Colum. Liber de Arbi. 5, 2 618 Col. Liber De Arbi. 6, 3 619 620 Col. Liber De Arbi. 6, 3 621 622 623 Col. Liber De Arbi. 7, 4 624 Col. Liber De Arbi 7, 5 625 626 Col. Liber De Arbi 9, 2 627 628 Colum. Liber de Arbi. 16, 3 629 630 Observabis autem . . . ut eosdem decerpas. Col. Liber De Arbi. 20, 1 631 Arborem, quam inserere voles, serra . . . exseeato . . dabisque operam, ne librum, lsedas. Colum. Liber De Arbi. 26, 3 632 Colum. Liber De Arbi 27, 4 633 The University of Oklahoma Columella, De R. Rus 4, 22, 3 634 Columella, De R. Rus. 5, 2, 5 635 Columella, De R. Rus 5, 2, 9 636 Columella, De R. Rus 3, 3, 4, 5 637-644 Columella, De R. Rus 3, 7 645 646 Columella, De R. Rus 5, 11, 5 647 Columella, De R. Rus 9, 9, 7 648 649 Columella, De R. Rus 9, 15, 4 650 651 Columella, De R. Rus 12, 6, 2 652 653 654 Columella, De R. Rus 12, 20, 4 655 Columella, De R. Rus 12, 22, 3 656 657 Columella, De R. Rus 12, 36 658 Quintilian, Decl. 246, (1) 22 659 Quintilian, Decl. 246, (1) 29 660 Quintilian, Decl. 288, (1) 21 663 Quintilian, Decl. 315 p. 241 (1) 12 664 Quintilian, Decl. 4, 2, 8 665 Quintilian, Decl." 321, p. 258 (1) 18 666 Avienus, Aratea line 1,790 667 Avienus, Aratea line 1,867 668 Avienus, Aratea line 1,876 669 C. S. E. L. 32Ep. 74, 2 (josh 1, 8) 670 Fingamus tyrannum ita loqui Christiano "incendes tuo jovi" nihil addentem nec exigentem ut Christum abneget. Cyprian, De Duplici Martyrio 28, C. S. E. L. 3 3 671 Et locutus est Dominus ad Moysen dicens : 672 Accipe Levitas de medio filiorum Israel, et 673 purificabis eos et ita facies . . . circumsparges. 674 The University of Oklahoma 45 C. S. E. L. 32EP. 69, 12 (NUM. 8, 5) 675 L. Apul. Metamor 6, 18 676 L. Apul. Metamor 10, 26 677 C. S. E. L. 32 Ep. 69, 4 (Josh. 2, 18) 678 Fac tibi arcam . . . facies . . . linies 679 680 et sic facies earn . . . facies . . . 681 682 consummabis . . . pones . . . facies Vulgate, Gen. 6, 14, 16 683 684 685 Juvencus 1,388 686 Juvencus 1,557 687 Juvencus 1,585 688 Juvencus 1,663 689 Juvencus 2,23 690 691 Juvencus 3,507 692 Juvencus 3,507 693 Juvencus 4,569 694 Vulgata, Num. 1, 1-3 695 Vulgate, Num. 3, 5-9 696 Vulgata, Num. 3, 44-48 697 698 Vulgata, Num. 3, 40 699 Loquere ad filios Israel . . . Loquere ad filios Israel . . . Loquere ad filios Israel . . . Loquere ad filios Israel . . . Loquere ad filios Israel . . . Loquere ad filios Israel . . . Loquere ad filios Israel . . . Loquere ad filios Israel . . . Loquere ad filios Israel et dices Vulgata, Num. 5, 12 700 to 708 46 The University of Oklahoma et dices Vulgata, Num. 6,2 et dices Vulgata, Num. 8, 2 et dices Vulgata, Num. 15, 2 et dices Vulgata, Num. 15, 38 et dices Vulgata, Num. 35, 10 et dices Vulgata, Lev. 1, 2 et dices Vulgata, Lev. 18, 2 et dices Vulgata, Lev. 19, 2 Locutus est Dominus ad Moysen dicens tolle et purificabis Vulgata, Num. 8, 6 709 Congrega . . . et duces . . . facies que Vulgata, Num. 11, 16 jiq Nole memerare neque pones sed constitute Vulgata, Num. 1, 49 712 Mane consurge et sta coram Pharaone, et dices Vulgata, Ex. 9, 13 713 Loquimini . . et dicite Vulgata, Ex. 12, 3 Loquimini . . . et dicite Vulgata, Lev. 15, 2 Praecipe . . . atque denuntia . . . dicesque Vulgata, Num. 26, 30 714 Praecipe filiis . . . tradetisque Vulgata, Num. 19, 2 7T5 Evadite in cacumen : quod cum ceperitis, candidis velis signum mihi dabitis, . . . ego . . . convertam. Rufus 7, ti, ii 715a Nunc, inquit, mihi operas 11011 est. Cum erit, revises ad me atque disces, 716 Aul Gel. Noc. Att. 6 (7) 17, 17 717 Cum feceris elemosynam noli . . . et cum oratis, non eritis sicut hypocritae. 718 C. S. E. L. 32, 4 St. Ambr. Exp. Evang. Luc. 1, 18. PI. Tri. 781 718 Ter. Adei 226 720 University of Oklahoma 47 Hor. Sat. 2, 468 721 Ubi sententiam meam vobis peregero, turn quibus eadem placebunt in dextram partem taciti transibitis ; 722 quae pars maior erit, eo stabitur consilio nunc, quae mente agitem, audite. Livy 7, 35, 2 In Aventinum ite, . . . ibi felici loco, ubi prima initia inchoastis libertatis vestrae, tribunos plebi creabitis praesto erit pontifex maximus. Livy 3, 54, 8 722a Yalebis hospes opto ut sis felicior. Carm. Lat Epig*. 63, 7 723 Petron, Priapea 86, 15 724 Rationes alias reposcito : nunc auctoritate . . . contentus eris Livy 44, 36 725 Valebis, uxor Mart. Epig. 2, 92, 3 726 Ridens . . . "valebis" inquit. Mart. Epig. 6, 78, 5 727 (e) Change of scene (or time) clearly indicated. Tu miles apud me cenabis : PI. Cure. 728 728 Ne temere facias : neque tu hand dices tibi non praedictum : Cave. Ter. And. 205 729 Dum potes, aridum compone lignum : eras genium mero curabis . . . Hor. Odes 3, 17, 13 730 Junoni fer rite . . . , . . Mihi victor honoren persolves. Verg. Aen. 8, 60, 62 731 Incipe, si qua animo virtus, et consere dex- tram : hie etiam inventum Priamo narrabis Achillem. Verg. Aen. 9, 742 732 Nomen tamen — referes, telo cecidisse Camillae. Verg. Aen. 1 1, 689 733 Turn Postumius "dedite interea" inquit "profanos nos, quos salva religione potestis ; dedetis deinde et istos sacrosanctos, cum primum — " Livy 9, 9, 1 734 The University of Oklahoma Eos, quorum vos modo arma ac dexterae tex- erunt patronos salutabitis, Livy 22, 29, 11 735 Si dimicandum crit — te recipito ; Fugeris etiam honestius tergumque civi dederis quam pugnaveris contra patriam, nunc ad pacifican- dum bene atque honeste inter primos stabis — Livy 7, 40, 13-14 736 'Nomen mirantibus umbris Hoc referes, sic et memori noscere sepulchro.' Velerius Flaccus Argon 4, 313-314 737 Qui ssevum arridens Narrabis Hamilcaris umbris hanc inquit dextram. Silius Italicus Punica 1, 398 738 Redde Altessimo vota tua, invoca me in die tribulationis tua?, et eripiam te, et glorificabis me C. S. E. L. 3, Cypr. Test. 1, 16 (Ps. 49:13) 739 C. S. E. L. 3, 2 Cypr. Ep. 67, 4 Num. 20 125 740 Testim. 3, 15 Gen. 88:1 741 C. S. E. L. 3, Test 3, 3, Matt. 5 :2 3 742 Surge, vade et — dices (cf. Cypr. Test. 1, 3 vade et die) C. S. E. L. 7, 2 ,47 Vict. Vitp. 42, 24 743 (f) Futures with a meaning such as to imply that another action must be performed first. Sum paulo infirmior Ignosces, alias loquar. Hor. Sat. 1, 9, 72 744 Paupertas, Veniam dabis, recede. Mart. Epig. 4, 77, 3 745 Ignoscetis tamen mihi si primum defensionis — potuero — Quin. Decl. 321 746 Haec ego de causa dico ipsius : permittetis mihi in summa parte causae uti etiam persona mea. Quin. Decl. 328, p. 291, 1 4 747 Permittes tamen te non laedi sed admoneri : Sen. Epist. 8 (Paulus to Sen.) 748 See also 20, 36, 38, 154, 154-5-6, 190, *94, 3^2, University of Oklahoma 49 314, 318, 347, 349, 659, 666, 47 1 * 515, 5i6. Ignosces : togulam, Postume, pluris emo. Mart. Epig. 4, 26, 4 749 Permittetis tamen finire lusum. Petron Satur. 33 750 Ignoscetis mihi, quod dixero : ego malo — Petron. Sat. 50 751 3. Sentences in which the act is to be performed for certain given reasons. (a) Casual clauses introduced by cum or quippe cum. (b) Causal clauses introduced by quoniam. (c) Reason or cause idea pointed out by the presence of a conjunction or adverb in the main statement. Accipies igitur hoc parvum opuseulum,.. et degustabis 752 Cic. Paradoxa ( Preface) 5 753 Quare observabis quantum in ea regione consuetudo erit serendi ut tantum facias : Varro Res. Rus. 1, 44, 1 754 Referes ergo haec et nuntius ibis 755 Pelidae genitori — memento — nunc morerc. Verg. Aen. 2,547 756 Ignoscetis autem ; nam Cic. De Sts. 16, 55 757 Proin, viator, hunc deum vere1)eris- — habebis. Petron. Priapia 85, 16 758 Decipics alios verbis — nam Mart. Epgr. 4, 88, 9 759 Ergo cavebis et metues ne Juvenal 8, 37 760 761 Ergo osculta teges, ut Juvenal 9, iot 762 Ovid Ex Ponto 2, 2, 128 763 B. Sentences found in those situations where there is to be observed an arrangement of some kind. 1. Assignment of tasks. Tu tabellas consignato, hie mihi ministrabit, dum ego edam. PI. Cure 369 763a 5° The University of Oklahoma Tu hie eris dictatrix nobis. PI. Persa 770 764 T11 Antigene, et tu, Leonnati, et tu Tauron, invehemini in mediam aciem et urgebitis 765 frontem. Rufus 8, 14, 15 766 "Carebis" inquit prsedae parte, miles, ex eo hoste, cui prope praedse fuisti : et tu, L. Minuci, donee consularem animum incipias habere, le- gatus his legionibus praeeris." Livy 3, 29, 2 767 Dicam quae accidant mihi : tu morbo nomen invenies. Seneca De Tranq. 9, 1, 4 768 See also 22, 120, 187, 198, 468, 449, 473, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 510, 221, 222, 227; 258, 275, 285, 303, 304, 306, 310, 381, 424, 425. 2. Plan of action (partnership). Tu hie nos, dum eximus, interea opperibere : Ter Haut. 833 769 Accusabo: respondebis. Cic. in Verr. 770 Intenti ergo omnes armatique signum ex- pectabitis . . . ego . . . tranam cum signum dedero, indavite (imperatives follow). Livy 24, 38, 6 771 Sic est locutus partibus factis Leo : Ego primam tollo, nominor quoniam Leo ; Secundaria, quia sum fortis, tribuetis mihi Turn, quia plus valeo^, me sequetur tertia ; Phsedrus 1, 5, 6 772 "Afferes primo luci falces duas ; imam ego- met mihi et tu tibi capies alteram . . . et eras metemus. 773 774 775-782 Petron. Sat. 109 Livy 37, 45, *4 7^3 Cic. Pro Tullio 21 (50) 784 Cic Pro A. Caec 27 (76) 785 Cyp. Ep. 13 Cxal 5:14 786 Testim 3, 30 Dent, 23, 22 787 Testim 3, 59 Ex 20, 23' 788 Testim 3, 85 Lev. 19 ; 32 789 Testim 3, 48 Dent. 23 : 20 790 C. S. E. L. 3 (p. 429, 22 791 University of Oklahoma 51 Cyp Ep. 69 4 Ex 12, 46 792 Non dices ; honora patrem — ete deliges proxi- mum. Matt. 19, 17 Principem plebis tuse non maledices. C. S. E. L. 3 2 Ep. 66, 3, Acts 23:4 Non habebis Deos alienos coram me. Vulgate Ex. 20,3-17 793 Non facies tibi sculptile— non adorabis 794 795 neque coles — non assumes — memento ut diem sabbati sanctifices — operaberis et facies — non facies — 796 797 798 799 Honora patrem tuum — non occides non 8ot mcechaberis 800 non furtum facies non loqueris — non concupisces — 802 803 nec desiderabis 804 805 5. Stipulation (compacts). "Ut adeas, tantum dabis" ; Cic. in Verr. 5, 118 (45) 806 Quis quis es, amissos hinc iam obliviscere Graios : Noster eris. Mihi que hgec edissere . . . Verg. Aen. 2,148 807 "Deciens mihi dotis in auro sponsa dabis" 808 dixi, — nec tu prohibebis — mittes . . ad cenam 809 venies — sic recumbes . . . oscula rara dabis ... 81 t et non dabis . . . nec quasi nupta dabis ... 81 t Mart. EPig. 11,23 812 813 814 815 Tu roster iam sponsus eris since fine dierum Dracontius (Hylas) 2,139 816 Huic tu medium dabis Querolus 52, 12 817 m UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 3 0112 100619243