Department of Commerce Herbert Hoover, Secretary 4 BUREAU OF MINES Scott Turner, Director FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE IN 1926 V J :S . i . \ i By HUBERT W. DAVIS Mineral Resources of the United States, 1926—Part II (Pages 17-49) Published August 6, 1927 PRICE 5 CENTS Sold only by the Superintend ent of Documents, Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1927 ii’iC i, • uUAiilf OF THE UhiVEHEITV OF HUSO IQ 4 CONTENTS Page Fluorspar- - 17 Fluorspar produced and shipped- 17 History of production- 19 Shipments, by uses--- 21 Fluorspar industry in 1926, by States- 22 Colorado_ 22 Illinois_•- 22 Kentucky_ 23 New Mexico_ 26 Stocks of fluorspar at mines or shipping points- |27 Imports and exports_ 27 Uses of fluorspar- 30 Metallurgical industries_ 30 Steel_ 30 Ferro-alloys_ 31 Foundry___ 32 Other metallurgical uses_ 32 Ceramic industries___ 32 , Glass_ 32 Enamels_•_ 33 Cement_ 33 Chemical industries__ 34 Hydrofluoric acid_ 34 * Cyanamid and calcium carbide_ 34 Optical fluorspar_ 34 Consumption—stocks at consumers’ plants_ 34 Marketing_ 35 Markets___ 36 Consumers of fluorspar_ 38 Conditions in foreign countries_ 45 Canada_ 45 Spain_ 45 Production, by countries_ 48 Cryolite- 48 ii r SW, V FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE By Hubert W. Davis FLUORSPAR Fluorspar, or fluorite, is a nonmetallic crystalline mineral that usually occurs in glassy transparent isometric crystals, largely cubic, or in cleavable masses. Less commonly it has a granular or fibrous structure, and occasionally it is banded. Fluorspar has a specific gravity of 3.2, is brittle, has a hardness of 4, and can easily be scratched with a knife. Fluorspar is a mineral of many colors, rang¬ ing from clear, colorless, or slightly bluish, and glasslike through various striking hues, of which purple and green are most common; much of it is white and opaque. Chemically it consists of calcium and fluorine in the proportion of 51.1 to 48.9. FLUORSPAR PRODUCED AND SHIPPED The steel industry, the largest user of fluorspar, made a record output; the fluorspar producers did a larger volume of business in 1926 than in 1925. The increase in shipments of fluorspar from do¬ mestic mines, however, did not keep pace with the increase in imports of fluorspar, which were the largest on record. Shipments of domestic fluorspar to steel plants were 15 per cent more than in 1925, and those to manufacturers of glass and enamel showed increases of 11 and 5 per cent, respectively. The exports, though small, were twice as large as in 1925 and are the largest recorded since 1922. The demand for domestic fluorspar by chemical manufacturers was about 23 per cent less than in the preceding year, and the shipments to foundries were about the same as in 1925. In 1926 shipments of fluorspar from domestic mines aggregated 128,657 short tons, valued at $2,341,277, or an increase of 13 "per cent in quantity and of 14 per cent in total value compared with 1925. The general average value per ton f. o. b. mines or shipping points for all grades in 1926 was $18.20, which is 14 cents higher than the average in 1925. The general average value of the fluorspar shipped to steel plants in 1926 from the Illinois-Kentucky district was $16.98 a ton and from the Colorado-New Mexico district $12.69 a ton. This difference in average values does not necessarily represent differences in quality of fluorspar from these two districts, but differences in freight costs from the mines to consuming centers. The table that follows presents £uch details of the shipments of fluorspar for 1923 to 1926, by States, as may be published without revealing, except by permission, the statistics of individual producers. 17 | 56167 Fluorspar shipped from mines in the United States, 1923-1926 18 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926-PART II c 6 o OOOiHiOlOO OOrHOONWO © > © t'- CO CO. 00 rH (M CM © iO 00 00 iO CO rH co co © CM H rH CO cm" iH cm" rH CM" rH rH cf 00 hNNOt^ © © OO © © © T* ^ © © OO © © ^ OO 00 NCMCMCO © CO © 00 Tf< © rH CO © GO © rH © Tt< OO © © Tt* © ^ © rH (M CM CM i CM CO i © i © •' CM CM CM ! 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FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 21 SHIPMENTS, BY USES The table that follows shows the relative dependence of the fluor¬ spar industry on the different industries in which fluorspar is used. The predominance of the steel industry as a purchaser of fluorspar is evident. The high value of fluorspar for hydrofluoric acid, glass, and enamel and sanitary ware is due to the high quality demanded. Fluorspar shipped from mines in the United States, 1925-36, by uses 1925 • 1826 Use Per- Short tons Value Per- Short tons Value cent- age Total Aver¬ age cent- age Total Aver¬ age Steel_ _ 80. 73 91, 760 $1,482, 461 $16.16 82.09 105, 614 $1, 744,085 $16. 51 Foundry..._ ..._ 5. 52 6, 275 121,177 19. 31 4.83 6, 212 121,453 19. 55 Class_ _ _ 5. 95 6, 767 211,331 31.23 5. 83 7, 507 240,288 32. 01 Enamel and sanitary ware. . . . Hydrofluoric acid (including fluor¬ spar used in manufacture of 2. 85 3,237 101,060 31.22 2. 65 3,410 113,445 33. 27 aluminum and refining of lead)... 3. 92 4, 455 114, 059 25.60 2. 65 3,410 79,105 23. 20 Miscellaneous. ... . __ .10 120 4, 680 39.00 .29 372 7, 986 21.47 99. 07 112,614 2, 034, 768 18. 07 98. 34 126, 525 2, 306,362 18.23 Exported___ ... _ .93 1,055 17, 574 16. 66 1.66 2,132 34, 915 16. 38 100. 00 113,669 2, 052,342 18.06 100.00 128, 657 2, 341, 277 18. 20 In 1926 fluorspar was produced in four States—Colorado, Illinois, Kentucky, and New Mexico—of these only Kentucky showed an increase. The production of crude fluorspar in 1926 is estimated at 245,253 short tons, which is equivalent to 133,077 tons of merchantable fluor¬ spar. The quantity of crude fluorspar treated in 1926 was 242,674 short tons, from which was recovered 130,918 tons of merchantable fluorspar. Thus, for each ton of merchantable fluorspar recovered in 1926, 1.85 tons of crude fluorspar was handled. Fluorspar-bearing rock mined in 1926, by States, in short tons State Mines and pros¬ pects worked Fluorspar¬ bearing rock mined Merchant¬ able fluor¬ spar equiva¬ lent Illinois ...- . ... __ _ 9 84, 575 50, 053 70. 585 12, 439 Kentucky ......... . ... _ 36 133; 203 27, 475 Colorado and New Mexico. _____ .. _ 6 51 245, 253 133, 077 Fluorspar-bearing rock treated and merchantable fluorspar recovered in 1926, by States where mined, in short tons Illinois.-.. Kentucky_ Colorado and New Mexico Fluorspar¬ bearing rock treated Merchant¬ able fluorspar recovered Ratio of treated rock to fluorspar recovered 92, 291 55, 088 1.675 123. 467 63, 616 1.941 26, 916 12, 214 2.204 242, 674 130, 918 1.854 > ) MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926-PART II FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY IN 1926, BY STATES COLORADO The shipments of fluorspar from Colorado mines in 1926 amounted to 10,440 short tons, a decrease of 11 per cent from 1925. Of these shipments 10,054 tons was sold for use in steel plants, 385 tons for use in foundries, and 1 ton was sold for unknown use. In 1926, as in 1925, the Wagon Wheel Gap mine, l 1 /^ miles south¬ west of Wagon Wheel Gap, in Mineral County, was the largest pro¬ ducer of fluorspar in Colorado. About 44 per cent of the shipments from this mine in 1926 went to the steel works at Pueblo, Colo., and the remainder, 56 per cent, went to consumers in the mid-west and on the Pacific coast. The only mine in Jackson County from which fluorspar is pro¬ duced is about 3 miles northwest of Northgate. It was worked about two and one-half months in 1926, during which time development work was carried on and an additional stope was opened for produc¬ tion. The fluorspar produced at this mine in 1926 was of fluxing grade and was shipped to mid-west markets. During 1926 some fluorspar of fluxing grade was produced in the Jamestown district, in Boulder County; all of it was treated at the Lehman mill, whence it was shipped to a mid-west consumer. The names and addresses of shippers of fluorspar from Colorado in 1926 are given below: Shippers of fluorspar from Colorado in 1926 Colorado Fluorspar Corporation_Cowdrey, Colo. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co___:_Denver, Colo. E. W. Lehman_Jamestown, Colo. ILLINOIS In 1926 the quantity of crude fluorspar milled in Illinois aggre¬ gated 92,291 short tons, from which was recovered 55,088 tons of merchantable fluorspar, a loss in treating of 37,203 tons and a ratio of 1.675:1. In 1926 shipments of fluorspar from Illinois amounted to 53,734 short tons, or a decrease of about 1 per cent; they were reported distributed among the various industries as follows: Distribution among the various industries of fluorspar from Illinois in 1926 Industry : Short tons Steel_ 45,328 Foundry_ 1, 854 Glass_ 3, 009 Enamel_ 1, 591 Hydrofluoric acid_ 1. 501 Miscellaneous_ 371 Exported_ 80 53, 734 In 1926, as in 1925, the Daisy mine was the largest producer of fluorspar in Illinois. The output of this mine was supplemented by considerable fluorspar from the Empire mine, which is worked under lease by the operators of the Daisy mine. Exploration and develop¬ ment work conducted during the year at the Daisy mine and north FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 23 of it was reported as satisfactory, maintaining ore reserves well ahead of mining. Two hydraulic classifiers, 6 drag dewatering machines, and 6 concentrating tables were added to the Rosiclare mill, at which the ore from the Daisy and Empire mines is treated. This improvement has increased mill efficiency considerably and has given better separation of fluorspar and gangue and a better quality of concentrate. The mill equipment, which was formerly supplied with direct current, is being converted to use alternating current. At the Daisy mine alternating current was substituted for direct during 1926. During 1926 the Franklin Fluorspar Co. did no actual mining of fluorspar at its Illinois mines, although some crude fluorspar was recovered in cleaning up the mines. Its mill, however, was operated during the year, treating stock pile and purchased fluorspar and mill tailings. This company is reported to have done some experimental work on the flotation of fluorspar. In 1926 it sold 6,400 ounces of fluorspar for use in the manufacture of optical instruments. The Hillside mine, on the eastern extension of the Rosiclare vein, was worked on a considerably increased scale during 1926. A new body of fluorspar was reported developed. At the Spar Mountain mine, located about 5 miles northeast of Cave in Rock, Ill., considerable important development work was reported done in 1926, resulting in materially increasing the existing reserves. The mill in which the fluorspar from this mine is treated is situated at Cave in Rock, from which the finished fluorspar is trans¬ ported about 25 miles up the Ohio River to Shawneetown. Ill., whence it is transferred to railroad cars and shipped to consumers. A large quantity of fluorspar was shipped from this mine in 1926. Some fluorspar was mined at the Dimick and Patrick mines, near Rosiclare, Ill., and was sold to the Franklin mill. A deposit of fluorspar on the Knight property in Pope County was being developed during 1926, in the course of which a small quantity of fluorspar was mined but not sold. Some development work was done in 1926 at the Lead Hill mine, about 4 miles northeast of Cave in Rock, and some fluorspar was mined and shipped. A list of producers of fluorspar in Illinois in 1926, with their post- office addresses, follows: Producers of fluorspar in Illinois m 1926 Basic Mineral Co_a-Pittsburgh, Pa. Benzon Fluorspar Co-Cave in Rock, Ill. Dimick, W. E_Rosiclare, Ill. Douglas Fluorspar Mines Co_ Karbers Ridge, Ill. Franklin Fluorspar Co___Paducah, Ky. Hillside Fluor Spar Mines__Chicago, Ill. Knight, E. A. and A. D_Rosiclare, Ill. Rosiclare Lead & Fluorspar Mining Co_Cleveland, Ohio. Troutman, W. E_Rosiclare, Ill. KENTUCKY The quantity of crude fluorspar treated in Kentucky in 1926 was 123,467 short tons, from which was recovered 63,616 tons of mer¬ chantable fluorspar, a loss in milling of 59,851 tons and a ratio of 1.941:1. 52216—27 ■2 24 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926-PART II The shipments of fluorspar from Kentucky in 1926 amounted to 62,494 short tons, an increase of 39 per cent over 1925. They were the second largest ever recorded for that State, and for the second time since 1904 they exceeded those of Illinois. The shipments of fluorspar from Kentucky in 1926 were distributed among the indus¬ tries as follows: Distribution among the various industries of fluorspar from Kentucky in 1926 Industry: Steel_ Foundry- Glass_ Enamel_ Hydrofluoric acid Exported_ Short tons 48,774 3,548 4,498 1,743 1,879 2,052 62, 494 In 1926 much activity in the development of bodies of fluorspar was reported in Caldwell County, Ky. The deposits in this county occur east and southeast of Fredonia and north and northwest of Princeton. At the Marble property, about 4 miles east of Fredonia, where fluor¬ spar is reported to have been first mined in Caldwell County, develop¬ ment work was begun in July, 1926, and continued with satisfactory results until November 1. The present operators have located about 500 feet from the old workings, and report that they have found in virgin ground a shoot of fluorspar which appears to be larger and better than that at the old workings. Some fluorspar was found within 5 feet of the surface. The shaft has been sunk 50 feet and a 135-foot level has been driven in ore 3 to 5 feet wide. This new work has developed a large supply of fluorspar. Development work was reported in progress on an adjoining property, to which the same vein extends. A fluorspar property 2% miles from Crider, in Caldwell County, which was being developed in 1925 by the Princeton Spar Co., was leased on February 12, 1926, to the Pigmy Corporation, which con¬ ducted mining operations on a small scale. A small quantity of fluorspar mined from a deposit near Princeton was shipped to Marion, Ky., where it was treated in the mill of the Kentucky Fluorspar Co. The Watson (or Liberty Bond) mine, 7 miles southwest of Marion, was operated on a much enlarged scale during 1926. About one- fifth of the product from this mine was shipped for use in the manu¬ facture of hydrofluoric acid and the remainder w T as sold to the Franklin and Kentucky mills at Marion. In 1926 the Franklin Fluorspar Co. handled the output of its own mines—the Susie Beeler, Mary Belle, Memphis, Brown, Ada Flor¬ ence, Beard, Loveless, Cross, and Tyner mines, which are 5 to 15 miles from Marion, and the Haffaw mine, situated about 1 mile from Mexico, Ky.—and to meet requirements purchased consid¬ erable fluorspar from the Watson, Butler, Summers, Davenport, Holly, and other mines. This company has well-equipped mills lo¬ cated at Marion and Mexico, where the fluorspar from its own mines and that purchased is prepared for the market. The Loveless and Cross (or Ebbie Hodge) mines were purchased by the Franklin FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 25 Fluorspar Co. in 1926, and the Manley and Tyner mines were leased for 5 and 10 years, respectively. The Lucile mine was one of the important producers of fluorspar in the Kentucky district in 1926. This mine is a short distance south of the railroad station at Marion and is of particular interest because of its remoteness from other productive mines, the nearest being about 5 miles. Operations at the Lucile mine were suspended about 1922 as the vein seemed to be exhausted, but a cave-in in the old workings later showed a little fluorspar, which upon being traced re¬ vealed a large body. From October 15, 1925, to December 31, 1926, this vein has yielded about 5,700 tons of crude fluorspar. The fluor¬ spar from this mine is treated in the Kentucky mill, which is adja- cent to the mine, on a tonnage basis for the producer. During 1926 development work, including the sinking of a shaft from the 170-foot level to the 270-foot level and crosscutting to and drifting on the vein, was done at the Lafayette mines, near Mexico, Ky. Mining operations included both development of virgin fluor¬ spar bodies and recovery of fluorspar remaining in old workings of former operators. During the year the concentrating plant, which is connected with the mines by a narrow-gauge railroad, was enlarged and revised to increase the capacity of fluorspar production and to improve the recovery of lead and zinc. An engine house and a headframe for the new shaft were installed, two employees’ residences and minor surface construction were completed, and the water-supply reservoir for the mill was enlarged. The Blue & Marble mine, about 1 mile south of Mexico, Ky., shipped about one-fourth less fluorspar than in 1925. The Holly mine, about 10 miles west of Marion, Ivy., was worked on an increased scale in 1926. The Independent mine, about 8 miles from Marion, Ky., produced about five times as much fluorspar as in 1925, all of which was sold to the local mills. . The Kentucky Fluorspar Co., which has a mill a short distance south of the station of Marion, did a larger volume of business than in 1925; its sales consisted of about 59 per cent of ground fluorspar and 41 per cent of fluxing grades. This company does not operate any mines, but buys part or all of the output of many local mines and prospects. In 1926 it obtained its supply mainly from the Pogue, Lucile, Holly, Summers, Nancy Hanks, and Hodge mines. Considerable custom milling on a contract or tonnage basis is done at this mill. During 1926 about 17,000 short tons of fluorspar was sold to the Kentucky and Franklin mills in Kentucky. By buying fluorspar outright or by treating it on contract or on a tonnage basis these mills thus enable many producers to work deposits that are too small to warrant the expense of installing the necessary equipment for preparing fluorspar that will meet the requirements of consumers. Moreover, they provide a market for producers who do not have direct market connections and for those who have mines with a capacity to produce in excess of the demand of their customers. In Livingston County the largest producing mine is the Bonanza, situated about iy 2 miles southwest of Lola and about 18 miles west of Marion, the shipping point. This mine, which is equipped with a 26 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926-—PART II mill of 50-ton capacity, was operated on a much reduced scale in 1926, producing about half as much fluorspar as in 1925. The Nancy Hanks mine, about 1% miles southeast of Salem and about 13 miles southwest of Marion, produced some fluorspar which was sold to the Kentucky mill at Marion. The mining activities at the Hudson mine, about 2 y 2 miles south¬ west of Salem, are directed mainly toward the production of zinc carbonate, although fluorspar occurs and some was produced in 1926. The Butler and Cullens mines, near Salem, Livingston Countjq reported a small production of fluorspar in 1926. The list that follows contains the names and office addresses of operators of fluorspar mines or mills in Kentucky that sold 300 tons or more each in 1926. Operators of chief fluorspar mines or mills in Kentucky in 1926 Conger, Wring & Co-Mexico, Ky. Eagle Fluor Spar Co-Wheeling, W. Va. Franklin Fluorspar Co_Paducah, Ky. Gugenheim Mining Co_Marion, Ky. Haynes, W. V-Marion, Ivy. Henry & Frazer_Mariori, Ky. Holly Fluorspar Co_Marion, Ky. Independent Fluorspar Co_Marion, Ky. Kentucky Fluorspar Co_Marion, Ky. Keystone Fluorspar & Lead Co___Hopkinsville, Ky. Lafayette Fluorspar Co_Duluth, Minn. Pigmy Corporation (Oglebay Norton & Co.)_Cleveland, Ohio. Stewart Spar Co_Marion, Ky. United Mining Co__Lola, Ky. NEW MEXICO Shipments of fluorspar from New Mexico in 1926 aggregated 1,989 short tons, a decrease of 25 per cent from 1925. The Tortugas mine, near Mesilla Park, Dona Ana County, was the main producer and shipper of fluorspar in New Mexico in 1926. The main shaft at this mine is sunk 286 feet. The fluorspar is re¬ ported to be blocked out from the 150-foot level to the 286-foot level, with the best showing on the lower level. In 1926 the operators of the Tortugas mine also worked a property near Deming, Luna County. Sierra County reported considerable activity in the development of bodies of fluorspar and in installing equipment to treat the ore. At a property near Derry and 23 miles from Hatch, the shipping point, two claims have been reported leased to an operator who is said to be installing a mill that would produce 50 tons of finished product a day. The mill will consist of a decrepitator and tables. Development work was reported carried on during 1926 at a prop¬ erty 4 y 2 miles south of Hot Springs and about 25 miles from Engle, the shipping point. A mill that will handle 2 tons of crude ore an hour and make high-grade ground fluorspar has been completed. A small quantity of 100-mesh ground fluorspar averaging 96.5 per cent of calcium fluoride and 1.6 per cent of silica was shipped to a manu¬ facturer of hydrofluoric acid. Equipment for concentrating the fluorspar to 98 per cent of calcium fluoride and 1 per cent of silica is said to be under construction. FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 27 The Lava Gap mine, in Socorro County, 28 miles from Oseuro, the shipping point, was nonproductive in 1926, but a small quantity of lump fluorspar from stock was shipped to a foundry. Producers and shippers of fluorspar from New Mexico in 1926 were as follows: Producers and shippers of fluorspar from New Mexico in 1926 Fluor Spar Mines of America_Hot Springs, N. Mex. Hayner & Manasse__Las Cruces, N. Mex. STOCKS OF FLUORSPAR AT MINES OR SHIPPING POINTS According to the reports of producers the total quantity of fluor¬ spar in stock at the mines or at shipping points at the close of 1926 amounted to 68,997 short tons, an increase of 3 per cent over 1925. These stocks consisted of 20,731 tons of ready-to-ship fluorspar and of 48,266 tons of crude fluorspar still to be milled, calculated to be equivalent to about 27,000 tons of ready-to-ship fluorspar. As the quantity of fluorspar in stock piles must be partly estimated, the mine reports vary from year to year, preventing an absolute balance between the quantity mined and the quantity shipped and in stock. Stocks of fluorspar at mines or shipping points in the United States , 1925-26, t)y States, in short tons State 1925 1926 Crude > Ready- to-ship Total Crude 1 Ready- to-ship Total Arizona. ... . . ... _ Colorado . . . ___ . Illinois.- . .... ..... .. 175 1,048 12,266 30,318 250 230 48 225 250 12,530 9,216 280 50 400 1,298 24, 796 39, 534 530 280 48 175 1,048 4,516 41,419 250 810 48 225 40 13,193 6,933 280 60 400 1,088 17,709 48,352 520 870 48 Kentucky... . . ... __ Nevada... ... . . _ New Mexico. ..._ _ ... . _ Texas.. ___ 44, 335 22, 551 66, 886 48, 266 20, 731 68,997 1 The greater part of this crude (run-of-mine) fluorspar must be beneficiated before it can be marketed. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 1 The total imports of fluorspar into the United States in 1926 amounted to 75,671 short tons, valued 2 at $747,237, and are the largest ever recorded. The imports in 1926 showed an increase of 55 per cent in quantity and 59 per cent in total value over 1925. The value assigned to the foreign fluorspar averaged $9.87 a ton. The cost to. the consumers in the LTnitecl States includes, in addition, the duty of $5 a short ton, loading charges at the docks, the ocean freight 1 Figures on imports were compiled by J. A. Dorsey, of the Bureau of Mines, from records of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce; those on exports were supplied by the producers. No exports of fluorspar are recorded by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 2 “ The value of imported merchandise * * * is the foreign value or the export value, whichever is higher, that is, the market value or the price at which the merchandise, at the time of exportation to the United States, is offered for sale in the principal markets of the country from which exported, including the cost of containers or coverings and all expenses (including any export tax) incident to placing the merchandise in condition ready for shipment to> the United States, as defined in section 402 of the tariff act of 1922.” 28 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926 -PART II charges, and other charges, besides the freight charges from docks to manufacturers’ plants. The imports were equivalent to 59 per cent of the domestic ship¬ ments of fluorspar, as compared with 43 per cent in 1925. The United Kingdom continues to be the chief source of imported fluorspar, supplying 39 per cent of the total in 1926. Most of the fluorspar from this source is of fluxing grade, and the cost to con¬ sumers in the United States is reported to have ranged between $14.50 and $19 a short ton, duty paid, at tidewater; the lower price was for material of off grade, some of which containing as low as 83 per cent of calcium fluoride and 6 per cent of silica was imported in 1926. According to reports of importers of 26,259 short tons of English fluorspar which was sold to steel manufacturers, the selling price of this quantity at tidewater, duty paid, averaged between $16.75 and $17 a short ton. In 1926 the imports of fluorspar from Germany showed an increase of 75 per cent in quantity. Although the greater part of the fluor¬ spar from Germany was sold for use in steel plants, some ground fluorspar was imported and sold to manufacturers of glass and enamel. A small quantity of fluorspar for use in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid was also imported, the selling price of which was said to have ranged between $28 and $32 a short ton, duty paid, at tidewater. German fluorspar sold to manufacturers of glass and enamel was reported to have brought between $30 and $40 a short ton, duty paid, at tidewater, and that sold to steel plants between $16 and $17.50 a short ton, duty paid, at tidewater. About 1,400 short tons of ground fluorspar and more than 300 tons of acid-grade fluorspar were reported imported from Germany in 1926. In 1926 the imports of fluorspar from Afr.ca were a little more than in 1925. All of the fluorspar from this source is of acid grade and is/used in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid. Some of the fluorspar from Africa is said to haA^e brought between $28 and $34 a short ton, duty paid, at tidewater. In 1926 the imports of fluorspar from France—11,163 short tons— were nearly four and one-half times those of 1925 and reflect the increased operations of the neAvly opened mines in the Department of Var. Mineral Resources for 1925 (p. 22) contains some notes concerning these mines. They are 10 to 15 miles from the seacoast, and it was reported that a railroad to connect them with the coast was under construction in 1926. Except for a small quantity of fluorspar that was ground in the United States and sold for use in the glass industry and a feAv hundred tons that was sold to foun¬ dries, all of the fluorspar imported from France was sold for use in steel plants; the selling price ranged between $15.75 and $17.50 a short ton. duty paid, at tidewater. According to reports .of im¬ porters of 10,418 short tons of French fluorspar which was sold to steel makers, the selling price of this quantity at tidewater, duty paid, averaged about $16.50 a short ton in 1926. In 1926 importations of fluorspar from Spain were recorded for the first time; although the quantity was only 2,948 tons it gives promise of increasing. The imports from this source probably reflect the activities of the Berta mine, near Barcelona, which was reopened in 1925 and seemingly contains a large deposit of fluorspar. Some notes concerning this mine are given on pages 45 to 48. FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 29 The imports of fluorspar from Italy decreased from 4,278 short tons in 1925 to 1,379 tons in 1926. Most of this fluorspar was sold for use in steel plants, and the selling price averaged about $16.50 a short ton, duty paid, at tidewater. Ground fluorspar amounting to 440 short tons and containing 96 per cent or more of calcium fluoride and less than 2 per cent of silica was imported from Italy in 1926 and was sold to manufacturers of enameled and sanitary ware. Although Canada is credited with exporting 1,109 short tons of fluorspar to the United States in 1926, the fluorspar apparently was not produced there but was probably imported into Canada from Europe and was reexported to the United States. Chinese fluorspar was sold to steel manufacturers in California and Washington, and one shipment of 55 short tons was reported to have been sold to an eastern consumer for use in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid. The tariff act of 1922 increased the import duty on fluorspar from $1.50 .a long ton ($1.34 a short ton) to $5.60 a long ton ($5 a short ton). The distances that domestic fluorspar must be transported by rail from mines to steel plants in the Lehigh and Susquehanna Valleys of Pennsylvania are much greater than the distances that foreign fluorspar must be moved from the ports of entry to these plants; moreover, a large part of the imported material is carried as ballast, making possible a lower market price than would have to be charged if it were carried as a primary cargo. Except when ocean freight I rates are moderate, however, foreign fluorspar can not compete read¬ ily in American markets, because it is not generally of such high grade as the mechanically cleaned domestic product. As tire value of fluorspar depends mainly upon its purity, comparison of the ! American fluorspar with foreign fluorspar should be made not merely on-the basis of price per ton but on the basis of quality as well. Fluorspar imported into the United States, 1025-26, by countries [General imports] Country 1925 1926 Short tons V Value Short tons Value Total • Average Total Average Africa: British South,__ _ _ 7, 906 $108, 647 $13. 74 7, 534 $123,734 $16. 42 British West ... 610 7,933 13.00 Portuguese East 362 4,835 13. 36 Belgium _ 78 1, 624 20. 82 31 566 18. 26 Canada_ 1,109 10,310 9. 30 China.. 559 5,816 10. 40 645 5,992 9. 29 Czechoslovakia_ . 27 591 21. 89 France. . 2, 537 20, 887 8.23 11,163 90, 737 8. 13 Germany 11,680 103, 845 8. 89 20, 465 171,769 8. 39 Italy. . . 4, 278 32, 208 7. 53 1,379 15, 434 11. 19 Soviet Russia in Asia _ . ... 18 277 15. 39 Spain.. 2, 948 33,915 11. 50 United Kingdom 21,635 195, 229 9. 02 29; 407 281, 735 9. 58 48, 700 468, 847 9. 63 75, 671 747, 237 9. 87 30 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926-PART II Producers of fluorspar reported exports in 1926 amounting to 2,132 short tons, valued at $34,915, or $16.38 a ton, as compared with 1,055 tons, valued at $17,574, or $16.66 a ton, in 1925. All of th6 exported fluorspar went to Canada in 1926. Fluorspar reported by producers as exported from the United States, 1920-1926 Year Short Value tons Total Average 1920___ 2,764 $65, 475 $23. 69 1921_ 1922_ 1923.__ 2,296 1,144 40, 966 25,312 17. 84 22.13 Year Short tons Value Total Average 1924__ 617 $14,489 $23.48 1925_ 1,055 17, 574 16. 66 1926.... 2, 132 34, 915 16.38 USES OF FLUORSPAR Fluorspar has many uses, but its most important use is in metal¬ lurgical industries, in which was used about 86 per cent of the total fluorspar consumed in the United States in 1926. Other large users are the ceramic industries, which used about 8 per cent of the total quantity consumed in 1926, and the chemical industries, which used more than 6 per cent of the total. A little fluorspar is used in optical instruments. ' METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES Steel .—The bulk of the fluorspar mined in the United States and most of that imported is used in the steel industry, principally by manufacturers using the basic open-hearth process, in which it is added as a flux to the furnace charge. Fluorspar gives fluidity to the slag and facilitates the passage of objectionable impurities, such as sulphur and phosphorus, into the slag. Although fluorspar is used at virtually all basic open-hearth steel plants, it is not used in all furnace heats. The addition of ore (hematite) to the furnace heats to eliminatei carbon is said to make the use of fluorspar unnecessary, as in such heats the oxide of iron in the slag reacts to form a sufficiently fluid slag. When high- manganese pig iron is used, less fluorspar is needed than for ordinary pig iron. According to Smith, 3 the consumption of fluorspar was 12 per cent less in heats made with 1.5 to 2 per cent of manganese iron than in those made with 1 per cent and less. The average quantity of fluorspar used by individual plants per ton of basic open-hearth steel made varies widely, usually ranging between 1 and 35 pounds. In general, the average is between 7 and 8 pounds, which is a very small proportion of the furnace charge. The following table shows the variation in average consumption of fluorspar per ton of basic open-hearth steel of certain manufacturers who make about 70 per cent of the total. 3 Smith, A. W., “ High-manganese iron possesses advantages 4, Oct. 23, 1926, p. 2. Daily Metal Trade, sec. JTH 1 , i DUPLICATE T . r '.Dupt. of Doc. Tale-UjUX.-••-•£— Ifltjt CMM^Hs - S .4-n. A-!?-?.: ,by H* 5, navis t ' . !?. 8, Duot. Editi “".— ^ . agfc t n T ti o i,. p tt MMK»jaf Uacu „ Date C’’" A'-'ICd Univ. of Ill. Lib. fList Price -Vols. J Est. Price...Total est. price...? (^Binding cost fund. To be charged to_. __ ......... . ... Recommended by.Approved by.. .. . Wh ® n this book has been received and cataloged this card if mi** '£«SE22'lgiZ3g£& the C“„rlTfTws 1 ?S^,io» n0 °“ e is FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 31 Average consumption of fluorspar per ton of steel, 1921-1926, in pounds 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 18. 644 18. 476 16. 176 19. 295 13. 983 12. 959 4. 843 7.113 8. 973 7. 409 7. 893 8. 219 7. 633 6. 552 6.416 6. 857 6. 224 5. 700 9. 578 8.804 7.780 5. 365 4. 809 6. 270 7. 086 5. 308 5. 799 5. 383 4. 568 4.313 9. 224 7.051 6.475 7. 652 9. 090 11.225 11. 578 9. 331 9.880 8.747 8. 656 8. 541 Manufacturers of basic open-hearth steel generally require that fluorspar be in pieces that will pass through a 1-inch screen, the fines to be not more than 15 per cent of the total. However, varia¬ tion in size requirements is not uncommon, and fluorspar in lumps several inches in diameter is sometimes used. Almost universally such manufacturers specify that fluorspar show by analysis not less than 85 per cent of calcium fluoride, not more than 5 per cent of silica, and not more than 0.3 per cent of sulphur. Thus, as generally computed, one part of silica requires 2% parts of fluorspar to flux it; a fluorspar containing 85 per cent of calcium fluoride and 5 per cent of silica would be equivalent to 72 y 2 units of net calcium fluoride. With some manufacturers a sliding scale is acceptable, and for each 2 y 2 units of calcium fluor¬ ide above 85 per cent the silica is allowed to go up 1 per cent. In other words, a fluorspar containing 87^4 per cent of calcium fluoride and 6 per cent of silica is equivalent to one containing 85 per cent of calcium fluoride and 5 per cent of silica. As a rule, there are no guarantees on the other elements, but the consumer pre¬ fers the absolute minimum of the lead and zinc. However, fluorspar carrying as little as 80 per cent of calcium fluoride and 6 to 7 per cent of silica is occasionally used. Furthermore, some consumers do not object to a larger amount of sulphur. Fluorspar is used to some extent in the manufacture of steel by the electric-furnace process, mainly in making alloy steels. The action of fluorspar in this process is similar to that on the slag in the basic open-hearth process, and generally fluorspar of the same grade is used. The quantity used per ton of steel made, however, is much larger, ranging from a few pounds to as much as 80 and averaging about 23 pounds. Analyses of gravel fluorspar used in steel plants CaF2 Si0 2 CaC0 3 Fe 2 0 3 A1 2 0 3 S BaS0 4 Per cent 87. 50 86. 7 88. 92 87.8 Per cent 4. 00 4.8 3. 07 3.10 Per cent 7.20 7.5 1.23 Per cent 0. 60 Per cent 0. 55 Per cent 0.12 Per cent 1. 96 4.16 3.06 Ferro-alloys .—To a small extent fluorspar is 'used as a flux in mak¬ ing ferro-alloys by the electric-furnace process. For this purpose a 52216—27-2 32 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926—PART II fluorspar comparatively high in calcium fluoride and low in silica and fine enough to give good distribution is required. Foundry .—Fluorspar is used for the same purpose in foundry practices as in the basic open-hearth steel process, and the require¬ ments as to analyses are virtually the same. The cupolas are so constructed, however, that the fluorspar need not be in small sizes, as many users believe better results are obtained if fluorspar in lump form is used. Although there are several thousand foundries scat¬ tered throughout the United States, the total quantity of fluorspar consumed annually is small. Some foundries use it as standard prac¬ tice and some use it only occasionally, but by far the greater number do not use fluorspar at any time. The results of a series of investigations on the use of fluorspar in cupola practice have been recorded in Stahl und Eisen, an abstract of which recently appeared in the Iron Age. 4 Analyses of fluorspar used in cupolas CaFa SiOa CaCOj Per cent Per cent Per cent 87.0 4.5 7.5 88.5 4.3 6.0 92.0 3.5 3. 67 82.0 8.0 1.3 Other metallurgical uses .—Small quantities of fluorspar are used in other metallurgical operations, the quality and size of fluorspar required depending on the particular use. For instance, in the .pro¬ duction of nickel and monel metal a lump fluorspar high in calcium fluoride and absolutely free from lead is required. In reducing aluminum a ground fluorspar showing by analysis 98.5 per cent of calcium fluoride, 0.62 per cent of silica, and 0.74 per cent of calcium carbonate is generally used. CERAMIC INDUSTRIES Glass .—The chief consumers of fluorspar in the glass industry are manufacturers of opal or opaque glass and colored glasses, which are used for many purposes, such as for lamp globes, shades, and bulbs, soda fountains, liners for fruit jars, containers for toilet and medicinal preparations, bars and rods for lavatories, tableware, and novelties. Fluorspar used in the glass industry is either packed in bags or barrels or shipped in bulk. It is generally ground so that approxi¬ mately 55 per cent will pass a 100-mesh screen and approximately 15 per cent through a 200-mesh screen. Fluorspar used in the glass industry generally contains 95 per cent or more of calcium fluoride, not more than 3 per cent of silica, 1 per cent or less of calcium car¬ bonate, and not more than 0.12 per cent of iron oxide. The specifications of a large consumer of fluorspar in the glass industry follow, and with some variations are probably repre¬ sentative : Our specifications call for a limit of 0.12 per cent iron oxide content. Really we would object strongly if we obtained much fluorspar with that much iron 4 Iron Age, “ Fluorspar in cupola practice ” ; Apr. 7, 1927, pp. 997-998. FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 33 in it, as it colors the glass, and we have been receiving fluorspar from re¬ sponsible sources around 0.06 per cent. Calcium fluoride content has been placed at a minimum of 90 per cent. However, we receive most of it well above 95 per cent, and our price is based on that. If the diluting material is something such as silica which is used in the glass, it would not interfere with the process, but would with the price. Calcium carbonate content must not vary too much, as it affects the formula used in the glass batch. We do not want lead, zinc, or sulphur, so this specifi¬ cation is not a usual one in the glass trade. We do this because we neutralize these materials rather accurately, and too much of them will give us an off shade in color. All our material is bought in bulk and is finely ground, generally nearly 100 mesh. We can stand considerable variation in this. Enamels .—Fluorspar is used as an ingredient in enamels for coat¬ ing hospital and kitchen ware, plumbing fixtures, barber and beauty- parlor chairs, linings for refrigerators, table and counter tops, reflectors, signs, stove parts, facing for brick and tile, art pot¬ tery, structural materials, earthen cooking ware, and other similar products. As in the glass industry, enamelers require a high-grade fluorspar, usually a product containing at least 95 per cent of calcium fluoride. A small amount of silica is not injurious, but as calcium carbonate tends to increase the brittleness; of the enamel it must be kept as low as possible. Iron, lead, zinc, and sulphur are objectionable impurities, as these elements in any appreciable quantity would stain or color the enamel. The fluorspar is generally ground so that approximately 80 per cent will pass through a 100-mesh screen and 15 per cent through a 200-mesh screen. Analyses of fluorspar used in the manufacture of glass and enamel CaF 2 Si0 2 Fe 2 03 Al 2 03 CaC03 MgC03 S Per cent 97. 86 97. 403 Per cent 0. 72 1.55 Per cent 0.06 .14 Per cent 0. 08 .26 Per cent 1.01 .54 Per cent 0.26 Per cent Trace. 0.027 97.54 .98 )0 .98 97. 38 1.13 .28 1.21 98.53 .76 .34 .37 96. 92 1.24 .88 1.28 95.00 2. 50 . 12 97.15 1.60 .08 .90 Cement .—Small quantities of fluorspar have been used in the recov¬ ery of potassium compounds from flue dust of cement works in the United States, but this saving of potash has now been discontinued. Fluorspar is used more or less in the manufacture of Portland cement abroad, but little is now used in this industry in the United States. In 1926 one shipment of fluorspar was reported made to a cement plant. According to an article in a recent publication, 5 the addition of fluorspar to the raw materials permits the lowering of the fusing point about 400°, thereby resulting in considerable economy in fuel. It is stated that the addition of only 0.25 to 1 per cent of fluorspar was the practice for some time, but recent experiments have shown that the addition of 3 to 5 per cent of fluorspar gives the best result. The clinker obtained in this way is very fragile, and grinding is therefore greatly facilitated, with an appreciable economy in power. 6 Chermette, A., and Sire, L., “ Le spath fluor dans le massif central. Ses applications ” [Fluorspar in the central massif and its uses I : Rev. ind. min., No. 143, Dec. 1, 1926, Mem., pp. 515-328, Paris, 1926. 34 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926-PART II The addition of fluorspar is said to eliminate the formation of rings in the rotary kilns, which reduces to a minimum the periods of stop¬ page and increases the life of the refractory lining. CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES Hydrofluoric acid .—Fluorspar is the basic material used in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid, which finds considerable use in the electrolytic refining of metals, the etching of glassware, and in the manufacture of fluorides used in various chemical processes, and for insecticides. The manufacture of hydrofluoric acid consists,, essentially, of treating high-grade ground fluorspar with sulphuric acid. The manufacture of hydrofluoric acid requires a finely ground fluorspar, generally ranging between 80 and 100 mesh. Most manu¬ facturers of hydrofluoric acid, however, prefer the fluorspar either in the lump or gravel form and to grind the material in their own plants. Moreover, the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid requires a high- grade fluorspar, manufacturers generally specifying a minimum of 98 per cent of calcium fluoride and a maximum of 1 per cent of silica. However, it is reported that a product containing as low as 97 per cent of calcium fluoride and as high as 1.5 per cent of silica can be used for this purpose, but such a fluorspar would not demand more than 85 per cent of the price of the higher-grade product. Less than 1 per cent of calcium carbonate is generally specified, as the presence of 1 per cent or more causes considerable foaming upon mixing. An analysis of a shipment of u acicl-grade ” fluorspar from the Illinois-Kentucky field follows: Per cent Per cent CaF 2 s:o 2 _ CaO_ 99. 07 .24 .23 Fe 2 03 — AI 2 O 3 CO 2 _ S_ 0. 292 .15 .018 Cycmarrdd and calcium carbide .—Fluorspar is used to facilitate the fusion and contact of products in the manufacture of calcium carbide and cyanamid; the carbide then flows more readily. 6 OPTICAL FLUORSPAR A comparatively small quantity of fluorspar is used for optical purposes. According to the Bureau of Standards, 7 fluorspar is useful in correcting the color and spherical aberration errors in lenses, especially for microscopes and small telescopes. Fluorspars suitable for optical instruments must be as clear as glass; that is, it must be free from cloudiness, inclusions, and cracks (incipient cleavage marks). Colorless material is most desired, but samples which are faintly tinged with yellow or green may be valuable. CONSUMPTION—STOCKS AT CONSUMERS' PLANTS The figures on consumption of fluorspar in 1926 and stocks at con¬ sumers’ plants on December 31, 1926, given in the following table, are believed to fall not far short of the total for the United States. 6 Chermette, A., and Sire, L., Op. cit. 7 Circular letter, dated May 8, 1918. I FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 35 Thus, the figures for basic open-hearth steel represent all plants, including an estimate for two companies not reporting, and are based on reports of manufacturers who produced 99 per cent of the total. Similarly, all electric-steel and ferro-alloy manufacturers that use fluorspar are represented. The smaller foundries, some of which use a little fluorspar, were not canvassed, so that the figures for this industry are incomplete, as also are the figures for hydrofluoric acid, one manufacturer not reporting. The figures for the ceramic indus¬ try are believed to be practically complete. Fluorspar reported consumed and ml stock in the United States in 1926, toy industries Industry Compa¬ nies rep¬ resented Fluorspar consumed (short tons) Stocks at consumers’' plants Dec. 31 (short tons) Basic open-hearth steel ______________ 75 142,000 4,800 4,335 70,000 2,000 1,400 180 Electric-furnace steel _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ 61 Foundry.- -_ ___ ____.. 68 Ferro-alloys.__ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 5 462 Hydrofluoric acid_._ . ___ __ 5 7, 591 6, 677 7, 973 719 12,153 935 Enamel and sanitary ware.. _ . _ _ _ _ __ 71 Glass.. _ _ . .. . . . _ 44 1,342 252 Miscellaneous_ _ _ _ _ _ 14 (l74, 557 88, 262 The table that follows shows the relation of the consumption of • fluorspar to the production of basic open-hearth steel for the 5-year period 1922 to 1926 and the stocks of fluorspar at such steel plants at the close of each of these years. The stocks at the close of 1926 are the largest recorded since such statistics have been collected by the Bureau of Mines. Consumption and, stocks of fluorspar at basic open-hearth steel plants, 1922~1926 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 Production of basic open-hearth steel __ _-. ._ _long tons.. Consumption of fluorspar in basic open- hearth steel production_short tons.. Consumption of fluorspar per ton of steel made_ . _ ..pounds.. Stocks of fluorspar on hand at steel plants at end of year_ __ short tons.. 28,387, 171 105, 000 7.4 65, 000 34, 665, 021 140, 000 8.1 49, 900 30, 719, 523 119,800 7.8 64, 000 37, 087, 342 137, 700 7.4 49, 400 39, 653, 315 142, 000 7.2 70, 000 MARKETING Prices of domestic fluorspar are quoted on the basis of the short ton (2,000 pounds) f. o. b. cars at the nearest shipping point to mills or mines. Gravel and lump fluorspar are generally shipped in bulk in open-top cars. Ground fluorspar is shipped both in bulk in box cars lined with heavy paper and packed in bags with a capacity of 125 pounds each or barrels with a capacity of from 450 to 500 pounds each. When packed in bags and barrels, a charge, depending 36 MINERAL RESOURCES, M26 -PART It 0 on the cost of the containers, is added. If the bags are in good con¬ dition, and the freight prepaid to the mine, they may be returned for repacking, in which case the usual allowance of 10 cents a bag is made. The barrels are not returnable. Most of the large consumers buy the bulk of their fluorspar on contract, generally covering a definite tonnage to be delivered within a stated time and specifying the minimum content of calcium fluoride and the maximum contents of impurities that will be accepted. The contract may or may not include penalties for excesses of impuri¬ ties above the specified limits. Premiums, however, are seldom paid for unusual purity. Most of the domestic fluorspar of commerce is sold through estab¬ lished sales agencies, who handle other raw materials used in the iron, steel, ceramic, and chemical industries and are thus in close contact with the consumers. Such sales agencies either operate their own mines or have contracts with producers whereby the producer agrees to supply and the sales agency agrees to handle the entire output of the producer. Thus a producer who does not have selling connec¬ tions and who is unable to guarantee a definite tonnage or to make delivery over a definite period finds it difficult to sell direct to con¬ sumers. In the Illinois-Kentucky district, hoAvever, the local mills provide a market for such producers. MARKETS The bulk of the fluorspar sold in the United States is used by'basic open-hearth steel plants, which are scattered over 24 States and provide the chief markets for fluorspar. Most of these plants, how¬ ever, are in the eastern part of the United States and are more or less centralized in certain well-known districts. The largest single market for fluorspar in the East, as well as in the United States, is at basic open-hearth steel plants in the Pittsburgh district, Pennsylvania, which in 1926 consumed about 30,000 short tons of fluorspar, or about 21 per cent of the total consumed in the basic open-hearth steel industry. The next largest markets in the East are in the Youngstown-Can- ton-Sharon and eastern Pennsylvania districts, which consumed about 17,000 tons each in 1926. Other important markets are at Buffalo, N. Y.; Johnstown, Pa.; Cleveland and Steubenville, Ohio ; Weirton, W. Va.; and at or near the Atlantic coast in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. The total consumption of fluor¬ spar in these districts amounted to about 30,000 tons in 1926. Thus, the basic open-hearth steel plants at and east of Cleveland, Massillon, and Steubenville, Ohio, consumed about 94,000 tons of flourspar in 1926, or about 66 per cent of the total consumed by basic open-hearth steel plants in the United States. Costs of production and transportation limit the markets in which sellers of fluorspar can profitably compete; the import duty further limits the markets for imported fluorspar. The cost of producing fluorspar abroad, chiefly in England, Germany, and France, is rela¬ tively so much lower than the cost of production in the Illinois- Kentucky district that, notwithstanding a duty of $5 a short ton, FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 37 fluorspar imported from these sources is sold in western Pennsyl¬ vania and to a small extent in eastern Ohio in stiff competition with that from the Illinois-Kentucky district. The market in this area is therefore more or less divided between domestic and imported fluorspar. As the cost of delivering fluorspar from abroad to the plants near the Atlantic coast in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, as well as at Buffalo, N. Y., is much less than the cost of delivering from the Illinois-Kentucky district, comparatively little domestic fluorspar is sold to basic open-hearth steel plants in this area. In the mid-west the principal markets for fluorspar are at basic open-hearth steel plants at Chicago, Peoria, and Granite City, Ill.; Gary and Indiana Harbor, Ind.; St. Louis and Kansas City, Mo.; and Duluth, Minn. The total consumption in this area amounted to about 29,000 short tons in 1926. The largest market in this area and the second largest in the United States is the Chicago-Indiana Harbor-Gary district; the basic open-hearth steel plants in this dis¬ trict consumed about 25,000 short tons of fluorspar in 1926, or about 18 per cent of the total consumed in the basic open-hearth steel in¬ dustry. The greater part of the fluorspar sold to steel plants in the mid-west comes from the Illinois-Kentucky district, although most of that produced in the Colorado-New Mexico district in 1926 was shipped to Chicago, Gary, Duluth, and Kansas City. In the South important markets for fluorspar are in the Birming¬ ham district, Alabama City, Ala., and Atlanta, Ga. Practically all of the fluorspar sold in this market is from the Illinois-Kentucky district. In the West the largest consumer of fluorspar is the steelworks at Pueblo, Colo.; a mine owned by the operators of the steelworks supplies this plant with fluorspar, so that a market does not exist. On the Pacific coast the largest consumers of fluorspar are the basic open-hearth steel plants near Los Angeles, San Francisco, Pittsburg, and Torrance, Calif., and Youngstown, Wash., but the quantity consumed annually is comparatively small and is supplied by the Colorado-New Mexico district and by imported fluorspar, chiefly from China and England. In 1926 the total consumption of fluorspar at steel plants in the West was about 5,600 short tons. The largest markets for fluorspar used in the glass industry are in Pennsylvania, Indiana, and West Virginia, the plants in these States using about 93 per cent of the total consumed in this industry in 1926. The largest markets in this area are at Washington, Pa.; Muncie, Ind.; and Fairmont, W. Va. The markets for fluorspar used in making enamels, including vitrolite, are more widely distributed than in the glass industry; in 1926 about 80 per cent of the total was consumed in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. The largest markets for fluorspar in this industry are at Parkersburg, W. Va.; Pittsburgh and New Brighton, Pa.; Kohler, Wis.; Noblesville and Indianapolis, Ind.; Chicago, Ill.; and Cuyahoga Heights, Cleveland, and Mansfield, Ohio. / 38 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926- PART II Foundries offer small and widely scattered markets for fluorspar. Those using fluorspar are located chiefly in Illinois, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana. The largest consumers of fluorspar in the chemical industry are at St. Louis, Mo.; Cleveland, Ohio; Newell, Pa.; Brooklyn, N. Y.; and Clayton, Del. CONSUMERS OF FLUORSPAR As the need of a directory of consumers of fluorspar in the United States has been felt for some time, an attempt has been made to list them. As will be seen from the following list, the consumers have been classified according to the industries in which fluorspar is used, and each industry has been arranged alphabetically by States and by location of the consuming plant. Where information was obtain¬ able the address of the purchasing agent is given. Although the directory is not as complete as is desirable, it is believed that all of the larger consumers are included. Any additions or corrections that the reader may send to the Bureau of Mines will be appreciated. Consumers of fluorspar in basic open-hearth steel plants in the United States Name of consumer Address of purchasing agent Location'of plant Alabama: Gulf States Steel Co... .. Birmingham.. Alabama City. Ensley, Fairfield. Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co_ _do__ California: Southern California Iron & Steel Co-. Huntington Park.. . Huntington Park. Oakland. Pittsburg, Torrance. South San Francisco. Judson Manufacturing Co..- San Francisco.. Columbia Steel Corporation. __ _ _do_ _ . .. Pacific Cofist Steel Co _do_ .. Colorado: Colorado Fuel & Iron Co_ _ Denver.. __ Pueblo. Bridgeport. Connecticut: American Tube & Stamping Co... Bridgeport.. Delaware: Worth Steel Co... -. Claymont_ .. Claymont. New Castle. Penn Seaboard Steel Corporation.. New Castle... Georgia: Atlantic Steel Co..... Atlanta.. Atlanta. Illinois: Laclede Steel Co. . . St. Louis, Mo... Alton. Railway Steel-Spring Co___ New York, N. Y. Chicago Heights. East St. Louis, GraniteJCity.. Granite City. Do. 1 American Steel Foundries.... Chicago.. Commonwealth Steel Co_ St. Louis, Mo. National Enameling & Stamping Co_ .. Granite City.. National Malleable & Steel Castings Co_ Cleveland, Ohio__ Melrose Park. Keystone Steel & Wire Co... . Peoria___ Peoria, las Illinois Steel Co__ Chicago ... __ South Chicago. Do. International Harvester Co.. ... _do..._ _ _. Interstate Iron & Steel Co_ . ...do.. Do. Indiana: Illinois Steel Co.... Chicago, Ill. . Gary. Indiana'Harbor. Inland Steel Co_ . .. Indiana Harbor Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co Youngstown, Ohio_ Do.* Kokomo Steel & Wire Co... Kokomo_ Kokomo. Iowa: Bettendorf Co_ .. Bettendorf.. Bettendorf. Zimmerman Steel Co. _ . ... .do... Do. Kentucky: American Rolling Mill Co_ ... Middletown, Ohio_ Ashland. Andrews Steel Co_ .. Newport Newport. SparrowsIPoint. Worcester. Maryland: Bethlehem Steel Co. _ _ Bethlehem, Pa Massachusetts: American Steel & Wire Co.. Cleveland, Ohio Michigan: Ford Motor Co._ .. Detroit Spring wells. Duluth. Minnesota: Minnesota Steel Co_ Chicago Ill_ Missouri: Sheffield Steel Corp.. . Kansas City_ Kansas City. St. Louis. Scullin Steel Co.. _ _ St. Louis. New Jersey: Crucible Steel Co. of America._ . .. ... New York, N. Y Harrison. John A. Roebling's Sons Co__ . Trenton...... Roebling. FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 39 Consumers of fluorspar in basic open-hearth steel plants in the United States — Continued Name of consumer Address of purchasing agent Location of plant New York: Donner Steel Co__ Wickwire Spencer Steel Co_ Wickwire Bros__ Gould Coupler Co,.... Bethlehem Steel Co__ Ohio: American Steel Foundries_ Central Alloy Steel Corporation_ American Steel & Wire Co.. Bourne-Fxiller Co..___ Corrigan, McKinney Steel Co_ Otis Steel Co__ Ohio Steel Foundry Co_. _ National Tube Co__ Sharon Steel Hoop Co.__ Mansfield Sheet & Tin Plate Co_ Marion Steam Shovel Co_ American Rolling Mill Co.. Crucible Steel Co. of America_ Jackson Valve & Manufacturing Co Wheeling Steel Corporation_ Bonney-Floyd Co_ Buckeye Steel Castings Co_ Follansbee Bros. Co..._ Trumbull Steel Co___ Carnegie Steel Co_ Republic Iren & Steel Co_ Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co_ Pennsylvania: Bethlehem Steel Co___ Buffalo__ New York_ Cortland_ Depew.. Bethlehem, Pa... Chicago, Ill_ Massillon... Cleveland_ _do_ _do... _do_ Lima_ Pittsburgh, Pa... Sharon, Pa.. Mansfield_ Marion_ Middletown_ New York, N. Y. Portsmouth_ Wheeling, W. Va Columbus.... _do_ Pittsburgh, Pa... Warren_ Pittsburgh, Pa... Y oungstown_ _do_ Bethlehem_ Allegheny Steel Co_ West Penn Steel Co_ Standard Steel Works Co Forged Steel Wheel Co... Carnegie Steel Co_ Brackenridge _do_ Philadelphia. Pittsburgh... _do... Lukens Steel Co__ Colonial Steel Co_ American Steel & Wire Co__ Erie Forge Co_ Erie Forge & Steel Co___ Pittsburgh Steel Foundry Co_ Central Iron & Steel Co_ Harrisburg Pipe & Pipe Bending Co_ Alan Wood Iron & Steel Co_ Firth-Sterling Steel Co...__ Pittsburgh Crucible Steel Co_ Pittsburgh Steel Co_ Midvale Co__ Edgewater Steel Co___ American Bridge Co___ Phoenix Iron Co_ Crucible Steel Co. of America_ Jones & Laughlin Steel Co_ Eastern Steel Co_ American Steel Foundries_ National Malleable & Steel Castings Co American Sheet & Tin Plate Co_ Verona Steel Castings Co_ Rhode Island: Washburn Wire Co_ Utah: Utah Steel Corporation__ Washington: Pacific Coast Steel Co. West Virginia: Follansbee Bros. Co_ Weirton Steel Co.... Wisconsin: Bucyrus Co... Coatesville_ Pittsburgh_ Cleveland, Ohio.. Erie_ _do_ Pittsburgh_ Harrisburg_ _do__ Philadelphia_ McKeesport_ New York, N. Y. Pittsburgh_ Philadelphia_ Oakmont.. Pittsburgh_ Philadelphia_ New York, N. Y. Pittsburgh_ Pottsville_ Chicago, Ill_ Cleveland, Ohio.. Pittsburgh_ _do_ Phillipsdale_ Midvale_ Seattle_ Pittsburgh, Pa... Weirton_ South Milwaukee Buffalo. Do. Cortland. Depew. Lackawanna. Alliance. Canton, Columbia Heights. Cleveland. Do. Do. Do. Lima. Lorain. _ Lowellville. Mansfield. Marion. Middletown. Norwalk. Portsmouth. Portsmouth, Steubenville. South Columbus. Do. Toronto. Warren. Youngstown. Do. Do. Bethlehem, Coatesville, Johns¬ town, Steelton. Brackenridge. Do. Burnham. Butler. Clairton, Duquesne, Farrell, Munhall, North Braddoek. Coatesville. Colona (Monaca). Donora. Erie. Do. Glassport. Harrisburg. Do. Ivy Rock. McKeesport. Midland. Monessen. Nicetown. Oakmont. Pencoyd. Phoenixville. Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, Woodlawn. Pottsville. Sharon. Do. Vandergrift. Verona. Phillipsdale. Midvale. Youngstown Follansbee. Weirton. South Milwaukee. 40 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926-PART II Consumers of fluorspar in electric-furnace steel plants in the United States Name of consumer Address of purchasing agent Location of plant Alabama: Anniston Electric Steel Corporation.. California: Best Steel Casting Co_ Alloy Steel & Metals Co_ American Manganese Steel Co.. Southern Pacific Railroad Co__ Columbia Steel Corporation.. Union Tool Co_ Colorado: American Manganese Steel Co_ Connecticut: Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co. Delaware: American Manganese Steel Co_ District of Columbia: Naval gun factory_ Georgia: Glover Machine Works_ Illinois: Burnside Steel Co__ Crane Co___ Pettibone Mulliken Co_ Trojan Electric Steel Co_ American Manganese Steel Co_ National Malleable & Steel Castings Co_ Illinois Steel Co..__ McCord & Co_ Indiana: Damascus Steel Casting Co_ Kansas: Locomotive Finished Material Co_ Massachusetts: General Electric Co_ Electric Steel Castings Co.... Watertown Arsenal__ Michigan: Clark Equipment Co_ Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co.. Missouri: Southern Manganese Steel Co_ Nebraska: Omaha Steel Works___ New Jersey: Driver-Karris Co__-. New York: Onondaga Steel Co_ Atlas Alloy Steel Corporation.. Simonds Saw & Steel Co.. General Electric Co__ Ludlum Steel Co_ Ohio: Hadfield-Penfield Steel Co_ Central Alloy Steel Corporation... Timken Roller Bearing Co__ National Malleable & Steel Castings Co_ Marion Steam Shovel Co__ American Rolling Mill Co__ Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co_ Pennsylvania: Vulcan Crucible Steel Co__ ... Bethlehem Steel Co.. Allegheny Steel Co...... Braeburn Alloy Steel Corporation. Universal Steel Co_ Union Electric Steel Corporation..... Colonial Steel Co____ Walworth Co__ Latrobe Electric Steel Co___ Vanadium Alloys Steel Co.__ Firth-Sterling Steel Co_ Milton Manufacturing Co_ Le Moyne Steel Co_ Damascus Steel Casting Co..... Midvale Co_ Henry Disston & Sons Iron & Steel Works. _ Philadelphia Navy Yard_ Carpenter Steel Co_ Reading Steel Casting Co___ National Malleable & Steel Castings Co_ Jessop Steel Co..___ Texas: Hughes Tool Co..____ Virginia: Old Dominion Iron & Steel Works_ Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. Norfolk Navy Yard....... Norfolk & Western Railway Co__ Anniston.... Oakland_ Los Angeles_ Chicago, Ill_ San Francisco_ .do_ Torrance_ Chicago, Ill_ Stamford.__ Chicago, Ill_ Washington_ Marietta_ Chicago___ _do... . r ...do___ _do_ _do___ Cleveland, Ohio_ Chicago__ West Pullman_ New Brighton, Pa_ Atchison...__ Schenectady, N. Y_ Turner Falls_ Watertown... Buchanan_ Calumet__ Chicago, Ill.. Omaha__ Harrison... Syracuse___ Dunkirk.__ Lockport.... Schenectady.. Watervliet.... Bucyrus.. Massillon.. Canton_ Cleveland.. Marion... Middletown__ Milwaukee, Wis_ Aliquippa. Bethlehem.. Brackenridge_ Braeburn__ Bridgeville.. Pittsburgh_ _do. ___ Boston, Mass_ Latrobe___ _do___ McKeesport.. Milton_ Pittsburgh_ New Brighton_ Philadelphia_ _do___ _do... Reading__ _do_ Cleveland, Ohio_ Washington... Houston_ Richmond_ Norfolk_ _do... Roanoke... Anniston. Elmhurst. Los Angeles. Los Angeles, Oakland. Sacramento. Torrance. Do. Denver. Stamford. New Castle. Washington. Marietta. Chicago. Do. Do. Do. Chicago Heights. Cicero. South Chicago. West Pullman. Hammond. Atchison. Lynn, Pittsfield. Turner Falls. Watertown. Buchanan. Calumet. St. Louis. Omaha. Harrison. Dewitt. Dunkirk. Lockport. Schenectady. Watervliet. Bucyrus. Canton. Do. Cleveland. Marion. Middletown. Norwood. Aliquippa. Bethlehem, Steelton. Brackenridge. Braeburn. Bridgeville. Carnegie. Colona (Monaca). Greenburg. Latrobe. Do. McKeesport. Milton. Monongahela. New Brighton. Nicetown. Philadelphia. Do. Reading. Do. Sharon. Washington. Houston. Belle Isle (Richmond). Norfolk. Do. Roanoke. FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 41 Consumers of fluorspar in electric-fur nave steel plants in the United States — Cod. Name of consumer Address of purchasing agent Location of plant Washington: Puget Sound Navy Yard... Pacific Car & Foundry Co... . . - . Washington Iron Works.... Bremerton__ Renton _ _ .. Seattle.. _ . Bremerton. Renton. Seattle. New Cumberland. South Charleston. Milwaukee. Do. Racine. West Virginia: Duralov Co. _ ._ ... ... ... _ Pittsburgh, Pa_ Ordnance Plant, Navy Department... Wisconsin: Kinite Co_ ... ..... South Charleston.. .. Milwaukee.... Milwaukee Steel Foundry Co___ _do___ .. Racine Steel Castings Co___ Racine.... Consumers of fluorspar in the manufacture of ferro-alloys in the United States Name of consumer Address of purchasing agent Location of plant Iowa: Keokuk Electro-Metals Co. .. _ Keokuk__ .. . Keokuk. New York: Electro Metallurgical Co.. _ Vanadium Corporation of America. .. New York. __ . _do.. Niagara Falls. Do. Pennsylvania: Vanadium Corporation of America.__ . do.. _ Bridgeville. Washington. York. Molybdenum Corporation of America. _. ... York Metal & Alloy Co .. _ ... Pittsburgh__ York... .. Consumers of fluorspar in foundries and other metallurgical plants in the United States Name of consumer Alabama: American Cast Iron Pipe Co_ American Radiator Co_ Arkansas: Standard Brake Shoe & Foundry Co. California: P. J. Fasullo Foundry__ Kinney Iron Works_ Barth Foundry & Machine Co_ Amalgamated Metals Corporation_ Colorado: C. S. Card Iron Works Co_ Connecticut: Crane Co_ North & Judd Manufacturing Co_ Waterbury Manufacturing Co_ Illinois: Apex Smelting Co_ Crane Co...''_ Goldsmith Bros. Smelting & Refining Co_ Great Western Smelting & Refining Co_ Pyott Foundry Co_ Aluminum Manufacturing Co_ Moore Bros. Co_ Walworth Co_ American Radiator Co_ H. W. Clark Co_ Dayton Dowd Co_ Emerson-Brantingham Corporation_ Indiana: R W G Foundry Co_ McQuay-Norris Manufacturing Co_ New York Central Railroad_ Crescent Stove Works_ S. F. Bowser & Co_ American Foundry Co_ Indianapolis Castings Co_ Globe Stove & Range Co_ Machinists Foundry Co_ Oliver Chilled Plow Works_ South Bend Foundry Co_ Address of purchasing agent Birmingham_ Buffalo, N. Y._. Pine Bluff_ Hanford_ Los Angeles_ San Diego_ San Francisco... Denver..._ Bridgeport_ New Britain_ Waterbury_ Chicago_ _do__ _do_ _do_ _do_ East Moline_ Joliet_ Boston, Mass... Buffalo, N. Y_._ Mattoon_ Quincy_ Rockford_ Anderson_ St. Louis, Mo... Cleveland, Ohio Evansville_ Fort Wayne_ Indianapolis_ _do_ Kokomo_ Muncie_ South Bend_ _do_ Location of plant Birmingham. Do. Pine Bluff. Hanford. Los Angeles. San Diego. San Franscisco. Denver. Bridgeport. New Britain. Waterbury. Chicago. Do. Do. Do. Do. East Moline. Joliet. Kewanee. Litchfield. Mattoon. Quincy. Rockford. Anderson. Connersville. Elkhart. Evansville. Fort Wayne. Indianapolis. Do. Kokomo. Muncie. South Bend. Do. 42 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926-PART II Consumer's of fluorspar in foundries and other metallurgical plants in the United States —Continued Name of consumer Address of purchasing agent Location of plant Iowa: Maytag Co_ Massachusetts: Richards Co_-__ Saco-Low ell Shops_ Gilbert & Barker Manufacturing Co_ Michigan: American Radiator Co_ Cadillac Motor Car Co_ Detroit Sanitary Manufacturing Co_-... Michigan Smelting & Refining Co_ Packard Motor Car Co_ D. J. Ryan Foundry Co-- Buick Motor Co_ Ford Motor Co_ Rempis & Gallmeyer Foundry Co_ Dodge Bros,__ Campbell, Wyant & Cannon Foundry Co_ Piston Ring Co_ Wilson Foundry & Machine Co_ Great Lakes Foundry Co_ Whitehead & Kales Co_ Saginaw Products Co___ Sparta Foundry Co_ Ypsilanti Foundry Co_ Minnesota: American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co_ American Radiator Co_:_ Missouri: St. Mary's Oil Engine Co_ McQuay-Norris Manufacturing Co_ New Jersey: American Radiator Co_ Cox & Sons Co_ United States Metals Refining Co_ Moore Bros. Co___ Driver-Harris Co_ Eagle Iron & Brass Foundry Co_ New York: Fairbanks Co..__ American Radiator Co__ Brooklyn Vault Light Co.__ Cajan Foundry Co_ Keystone Foundry Co__ Niagara Falls Smelting & Refining Cor¬ poration. North Buffalo Hardware Co_ Standard Foundry Co_:... Kennedy Valve Manufacturing Co_ Aluminum Co. of America__ General Electric Co,.-- Ohio: Era Steel Co___ G. A. Gray Co___ Consolidated Castings Co_ Euclid Foundry Co___ Kilby Manufacturing Co__.. Standard Brass Foundry Co_ Fox Furnace Co_ C. & G. Cooper Co_ Jackson Valve & Manufacturing Co_ Toledo Machine & Tool Co_ Pennsylvania: American Mond Nickel Co_ Hays Manufacturing Co_ Walworth Co____•_-_ Philadelphia Hardware & Malleable Iron Works. Frick Co.____ Westinghouse Air Brake Co__ Rhode Island: Builders Iron Foundry_ South Dakota: Homestake Mining Co... Chicago, Ill_ Boston_ Newton Upper Falls __ Springfield_ Buffalo, N. Y_ Detroit_ ..-..do_ _do... __do_ _do_ Flint_ Detroit_ Grand Rapids_ Detroit_ Muskegon___ _do_ Pontiac_ Port Huron_ Detroit...__ Saginaw_ Sparta_ Ypsilanti___ Minneapolis_ Buffalo, N. Y_ St. Charles_ St. Louis_ Buffalo, N. Y_ Bridgeton_ Carteret_ Elizabeth_ Harrison.._ Passaic___ Binghamton... Buffalo....... Brooklyn_ _do_ _do.__ Buffalo_ _do___ _do_ Elmira_ Pittsburgh, Pa_ Schenectady_ Bucyrus.... Cincinnati_ Cleveland_ _do___ _do... _do___ Elyria_ Mount Vernon... Portsmouth_ Toledo_ Clearfield_ Erie_ Boston, Mass_ Philadelphia_ Waynesboro_ Wilmerding_ Providence_... .. Lead_ Newton. Malden. Newton Upper Falls. Springfield. Detroit. Do. Do. Do. Do. Ecorse. Flint. Fordson. Grand Rapids. Hamtramck. Muskegon. Do. Pontiac. Port Huron. River Rouge. Saginaw. Sparta. Ypsilanti. Minneapolis. St. Paul. St. Charles. St. Louis. Bayonne. Bridgeton. Carteret. Elizabeth. Harrison. Passaic. Binghamton. Black Rock (Buffalo). Brooklyn. Do. Do. Buffalo. Do. Do. Elmira. Massena, Niagara Falls. Schenectady. Bucyrus. Cincinnati. Cleveland. Do. Do. Do. Elyria. Mount Vernon. Portsmouth. Toledo. Clearfield. Erie. Greenburg. Philadelphia. Waynesboro. Wilmerding. Providence. Lead. Tennessee: Aluminum Co. of America_ Crane Enamelware Co_ Washington: Salmon Bay Foundry Co. West Virginia: International Nickel Co Wisconsin: Kohler Co___ Nortmann Duffke Co_ Wisconsin Grey Iren Foundry Co.. Liberty Foundry.__ Pittsburgh, Pa.. Chattanooga_ Seattle_ New York, N. Y Kohler.. Milwaukee.. _do_ Wauwatosa_ Alcoa. Chattanooga. Seattle. Huntington. Kohler. Milwaukee. Do. Wauwatosa. FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 43 Consumers of fluorspar in the manufacture of glass in the United States Name of consumer Address of purchasing agent Illinois: Inland Glass Co .. __ Chicago .. . _ . Ball Bros. Glass Manufacturing Co_ Muncie, Ind. . . Peltier Glass Co . . Ottawa.. .. Indiana: Sneath Glass Co _ Hartford City.. Kokomo Opalescent Glass Co __ . _ Kokomo.. . . _ Wells Glass Co _do_ _ . Canton Glass Co _ _ Marion__ Macbp.th-Fvans Glass Co Charleroi, Pa. _ Ball Bros. Glass Manufacturing Co Muncie__.. .. New Jersey: Variety Glass Products Co - _ Clifton_ . . Whita'll Tatum Co ._ _ Philadelphia, Pa. .. . Kimble Glass Co . _ Vineland... ...... . New York: Dannp.nhoffer Glass Works Brooklyn .. Demuth Glass Manufacturing Co _ _do... _ . Greiner Glass Co _ Flushing .... .. Williamsburg Flint Glass Co _. _ New York _ .. . Gleason-Tiebout Glass Co ___ Brooklyn . _ Corning Glass Works . _ _ Corning ..._ ... Louis C. Tiffany Furnaces . . _ _ Corona... Gillinder Brothers . Port Jervis . .. _ Ohio: Imperial Glass Co _. Bellaire__ _ Rodefer Glass Co _do_ _ Cambridge Glass Co . _ Cambridge. _... Lancaster Glass Co Lancaster_ . .. Advance Glass Co. _ _ Newark .. __ Oklahoma: Okla Glass Co ...... Ada ... . .. A. K. Kerr & Co Sand Springs_ . Kerr, Hubbard & Kelly . ._ ..do.. _ . _. .. Pennsylvania: Cooperative Flint Glass Co . Beaver Falls _ Macbeth-Evans Glass Co .. Charleroi.. Consolidated Lamp & Glass Co. Coraopolis. . _ Jeannette Shade & Novelty Co_ Jeannette _ Phoenix Glass Co ... Pittsburgh.... Point Marion Glass Novelty Co_ Guyaux.. .. Gill Glass Co_ .. . Philadelphia... L. J. House Convex Glass Co .... __ Point Marion... H. C. Fry Glass Co Rochester. ....... Gillinder & Sons_ _... __ _ Philadelphia_ Hazel-Atlas Glass Co_ . Wheeling, W. Va... Highland Glass Co .. ___ Washington .. _ Texas: Ball Bros. Glass Manufacturing Co... .. Muncie, Ind _ .. West Virginia: Akro Agate Co...... . Clarksburg_ Columbia Glass Co ___ Fairmont.__ Monongah Glass Co... . _do ... .. Jefferson Glass Co_ _ Follansbee_ Beaumont Co.. _ Morgantown. _ New Martinsville Glass Co . . _ New Martinsville_ Paul Wissmach Glass Co_.___ Paden City_ Marion Glass Co... _ _ Shinnston.... Sinclair Glass Co. __ Van Voorhis.. Location of plant Clearing (Chicago). Hillsboro. Ottawa. Hartford City. Kokomo. Do. Marion. Do. Muncie. Clifton. Millville. Vineland. Brooklyn. Do. Do. Do. Brooklyn, Maspeth. Corning. Corona. Port Jervis. Bella ire. Do. Cambridge. Lancaster. Newark. Ada. Sand Springs. Do. Beaver Falls. Charleroi. Coraopolis. Jeannette. Monaca. Nilan. Philadelphia. Point Marion. Rochester. Tacony (Philadelphia). Washington. Do. Wichita Falls. Clarksburg. Fairmont. Do. Follansbee. Morgantown. New Martinsville. Paden City. Shinnston. Van Voorhis. 44 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926-PART II Consumers of fluorspar in the manufacture of enamel, vitrolite, and glazes in the United States Name of consumer Address of purchasing agent California: Sm.oot-Holman Go. ____. California Metal Enameling Co_ Washington Iron Works___._ Whiting-Mead Co_1.... Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co_ Connecticut: New England Enameling Co_ Illinois: Cribben & Sexton Co___ Federal Electric Co_ General Porcelain Enameling & Manufac¬ turing Co. Theo. A. Kochs Co_ Wolff Manufacturing Co__ Chicago Vitreous Enamel Products Co_ Coonley Manufacturing Co_ Crown Stove Works_ Benjamin Electric Manufacturing Co. National Enameling & Stamping Co_ Sprague Sells Corporation_ Tiffany Enameled Brick Co__ Chicago Hardware & Foundry Co. Indiana: Inglewood_ Los Angeles..-. _do_ -do_ Pittsburgh, Pa Middletown... Chicago_ -do_ -do_ _do_ _do_ Cicero_ _do_ Chicago_ Des Plaines... Granite City.. Hoopeston_ Momence_ North Chicago Marietta Manufacturing Co_ Union Sanitary Works..._ Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co. Kentucky: Columbia Sanitary Manufacturing Co. Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co._ Maryland: Baltimore Enamel & Novelty Co_ Jones Hollow Ware Co_ Porcelain Enamel & Manufacturing Co Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co_. A. Weiskittel & Co__ Massachusetts: General Electric Co_ Michigan: A-B Stove Co_ Detroit-Michigan Stove Co_ Grand Rapids Refrigerator Co_ Michigan Enameling Works_ Minnesota: Seeger Refrigerator Co_ Missouri: Indianapolis_ Noblesville_■- Terre Haute..__ Louisville_ Pittsburgh, Pa_ Baltimore_ _do_ _do_ Pittsburgh, Pa_ Baltimore_ Schenectady, N. Y... Battle Creek_ Detroit_ Grand Rapids_ Kalamazoo_ St. Paul__ Bridge & Beach Manufacturing Co_ Buck Stove & Range Co_ New Jersey: Ingram-Richardson Corporation_ Central Stamping Co_ Kohler Co__ J. L. Mott Co.____ Sneyd Enameled Brick Co___ New York: Buffalo Pottery_ Republic Metal Ware Co_ Lisk Manufacturing Co_ Vitreous Enameling & Stamping Co_ Pfaudler Co___ General Electric Co_ Robineau Pottery_ Lalance & Grosjean Manufacturing Co_ Ohio: Bellaire Enamel Co__ Oxford Pottery Co_ Republic Stamping & Enameling Co. Limberg Enameling Works__ American Stove Co_ Enamel Products Co.... Perfection Stove Co_ Vitreous Enameling Co_ D. A. Ebinger Sanitary Manufacturing Co.. Beach Enameling Co.... Ferro Enameling Co....... Pfaudler Co____ Barnes Manufacturing Co....... Humphryes Manufacturing Co--- American Stamping & Enameling Co... Belmont Stamping & Enameling Co.. Portsmouth Stove & Range Co. National Sanitary Co... Roseville Pottery Co--- S. A. Weller Co....-.. St. Louis. _do_ Bayonne_ Newark_ Kohler, Wis. Trenton_ _do_ Buffalo_ _do_ Canandaigua- New York_ Rochester_ Schenectady . Syracuse_ New York_ Bellaire.. Cambridge_ Canton_ Cincinnati_ St. Louis, Mo_ Cleveland_ _do_ _do... Columbus_ Coshocton_ Cleveland_ Rochester, N. Y_. Mansfleld.... _do_ Massillon.... New Philadelphia. Portsmouth_ Salem_... Zanesville_ _do_ Location of plant Inglewood. Los Angeles. Do. Do. Richmond. Middletown. Chicago. Do. Do. % Do. Do. Cicero. Do. Do. Des Plaines. Granite City. Hoopeston. Momence. North Chicago. Indianapolis. Noblesville. Terre Haute. Louisville. Do. Baltimore. Do. Do. Do. Do. Lynn. Battle Creek. Detroit. Grand Rapids. Kalamazoo. St. Paul. St. Louis. Do. Bayonne. Newark. Trenton. Do. Do. Buffalo. Do. Canandaigua. New York. Rochester. Schenectady. Syracuse. Woodhaven. Bellaire. Cambridge, Canton. Cincinnati. Cleveland. Do. Do. Do. Columbus. Coshocton. Cuyahoga Heights. Elyria. Mansfield. Do. Massillon. New Philadelphia. Portsmouth. Salem. Zanesville. Do. FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE . 45 Consumers of fluorspar in the manufacture of enamel, vitrolite, and glazes in the United States —Continued Name of consumer Address of purchasing agent Location of plant Pennsylvania: John Dunlap Co... Pittsburgh Carnegie. Johnstown. Marietta. Moriaca. New Brighton, Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh. Reading. Uniontown. Zelienople. Chattanooga. Dunbar. Elm Grove. Moundsville. Parkersburg. Beaver Dam. Kohler. Milwaukee. Do. Sheboygan. Do. American Specialty Stamping Co_ Marietta Hollow Ware & Enameling Co_ United States Sanitary Manufacturing Co.. Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co.. ... Vitro Manufacturing Co. .. Johnstown_ Marietta.... Pittsburgh_ .. ..do .. ... _ . ..do_ Prizer-Painter Stove"Co__ Richmond Radiator Co. _ _ Iron City Sanitarv Manufacturing Co . . Tennessee: Crane Enamelware Co West Virginia: Fletcher Enamel Co_ _ . Reading__ Uniontown... Pittsburgh .. .. .. Chattanooga..... Charleston.. Wheeling Sanitary Manufacturing Co. _ United States Stamping Co___ Vitrolite Co... Wheeling.. .. Moundsville.. Chicago, Ill_ Wisconsin: Malleable Iron Range Co... Kohler Co_ Beaver Dam.. Kohler ... Geuder, Paeschke & Frev Co. _ Rundle Manufacturing Co .. Milwaukee... _do... Polar Ware Co_ __ Sheboygan.. Vollrath Co_ . . .do__ Consumers of fluorspar in the manufacture of chemicals in the United States Name of consumer Address of purchasing agent Location of plant Delaware: General Chemical Co.. . . Illinois: Aluminum Ore Co. _ Indiana: U. S. S. Lead Refinery Nebraska: American Smelting & Refining Co.. New York: John C. Wiarda & Co Ohio: Harshaw Fuller & Goodwin Co. Pennsylvania: General Chemical Co... .. _ . New York, N. Y_ Pittsburgh, Pa _ New York, N. Y . .do.. .... . Brooklyn _ Cleveland... New York, N. Y . Clayton. East St. Louis. East Chicago. Omaha. Brooklyn. Cleveland. Newell. CONDITIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES CANADA 8 The renewed activity in the fluorspar industry in Canada, which was apparent in 1925, was not sustained in 1926. No shipments of fluorspar were reported from Canadian deposits during 1926. In the preceding 12 months production amounted to 3,886 short tons, valued at $19,234 and consisted principally of shipments from the Rock Candy mine and mill at Lynch Creek, British Columbia. Fluorspar importations continue to increase; in 1926 imports amounting to 9,968 tons, worth $97,482, were shipped in from foreign countries. Customs’ records showed 5,111 tons, appraised at $60,458, imported into Canada in 1925. SPAIN As fluorspar is imported from Spain into the United States, a report on the fluorspar industry in Spain by Hester 9 and another 8 Dominion Bureau Statistics, “ Preliminary production of Canada during the calendar year 1926,” Ottawa, 1927. 9 Hester E. ,D., assistant commercial attache, American Embassy, Madrid, Spain, Mineral Production in Spain—Fluorspar : Report dated Jan. 22, 1927. 46 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926 -PART II by Henry, 10 which discusses the Berta mine, are of interest. The information concerning the Berta mine was obtained chiefly from representatives of the mine by Henry, who visited the mine and who states that from the viewpoint of a nontechnical observer the state¬ ments made by the representatives appear to be justified. A sum¬ mary of the reports by Hester and Henry follows. The consumption of fluorspar in Spain up to the present has been very small, and although it promises to increase it will probably not be sufficient to support even a single mining enterprise of much size for years to come. A few tons are used annually by the glass indus¬ try; the iron and steel industry at Sagunto now uses about 100 tons a month, and it is thought there is a potential demand from the copper industry of Huelva Province and from the iron and steel plants of Bilbao. At the best, demand is not likely to exceed a few hundred tons monthly for a long time. Until sometime in 1923 the production of fluorspar was limited to the Province of Guipuzcoa, where two mines, the San Maximiliano and Brillante, located at Irun, were in operation. The San Maxi¬ miliano mine has been producing almost continuously since 1907; up to 1917 it had yielded more fluorspar than lead, but since 19l7 lead has been the principal mineral (5,000 to 7,000 tons annually since 1920) and the production of fluorspar is distinctly a by-product. The Brillante mine is worked mainly for lead, but some fluorspar is obtained as a by-product. The production of fluorspar from this mine ceased in 1919-20, whether through exhaustion of the deposits or through attention being confined to lead production is not known. A quarry known as La Collada, located near Siero, Province of Oviedo, was opened in 1924. The entire output of this quarry in 1924 was exported, but the output for 1925 was consumed in steel and iron plants on the north coast of Spain. The Berta mine, situated at Papiol, Province of Barcelona, which was developed some years ago in the hope that it would become a lead producer, was reopened during 1925 for the purpose of recover¬ ing fluorspar. The Jorna mine, at Murelaga, Province of Vizcaya, is said to have produced a small quantity of fluorspar in 1926 which was sold for local metallurgical use. The capacity of the Jorna mine is reported to be 5 tons a day. A number of other deposits are reported in Spain, especially in the Provinces of Huesca, Ciudad Real, and Cordoba. Most of these contain objectionable impurities and are geographically too remote for profitable exploitation. In the Province of Cordoba fluorspar appears as an accessory mineral associated with certain lodes in dif¬ ferent places at Cerro Muriano, where it is possible to obtain small particles of fluorspar from old diggings. However, about 8 kilometers (5 miles) from Fuente Obejuna, and in the vicinity of Penarroya larger deposits of green and violet fluorspar occur. As these deposits are exposed, their exploitation should be comparatively easy and profitable. The Berta mine is situated in the Province of Barcelona at Papiol, about 12 miles distant from the port of Barcelona. The deposit, 10 Henry, F. A., American consul, Barcelona, Spain, “ Fluorspar Deposits at Papiol, Near Barcelona, Spain ” ; Consular report dated Apr. 30, 1926. FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 47 which is in a hill, is developed by a number of drifts, and seemingly has been extensively stoped. A number of years ago the property was equipped and electrified at a cost of 4,000,000 pesetas, 11 but the mine was flooded and lead production was abandoned. During 1925 it was reopened in a small way for the purpose of extracting fluor¬ spar, of which there seems to be a very large quantity. In the mine seven known veins, each about 2 meters (6.6 feet) thick, 600 meters (1,969 feet) long, and 200 meters (656 feet) deep, have been exploited and have been estimated to contain 5,000,000 tons of ore. The latest workings are reported to show veins of greater length and thickness, so that it is believed that the quantity of ore available is much greater than estimated. Six horizontal adits have been driven, allowing easy access to the veins, from which the ore is mined by picks and electric drills and is brought to the surface, in hand-pushed cars on light rails. As the mine is wired, electric haulage can be had with a small additional expenditure. The mine is opened on several levels, and the total workings measure more than 3 miles in length. They average 3 meters (9.8 feet) in height and 2 meters (6.6 feet) in width. The ore contains some lead, but the quantity varies greatly in dif¬ ferent parts of the mine, ranging from traces to a considerable percentage. The largest lead bearing veins, however, are in the lower levels which are flooded with water. Usually a more or less clean separation of lead can be made by hand picking. Some ore is coarsely crushed and the lead and fluorspar separated by washing. The owners estimate that with the present installation from 5,000 to 10,000 tons of fluorspar can be extracted monthly. The mill has a capacity of 150 tons per 8 hours, so that by working three shifts 450 tons per day can be crushed and concentrated. About 50 men are now employed in the mine. Wages vary from 8 pesetas ($1.19) for miners to 15 pesetas ($2.23) for foremen per 8-hour day. The fluorspar found in the Berta mine is usually greenish, semi- transparent, and averages 94 to 98 per cent of calcium fluoride, 0.15 to 4 per cent of silica, and a very small amount of sulphur. It also carries small quantities of carbonate of lime and silicates of iron and aluminum. Analyses of two samples, made in Barcelona in Septem¬ ber, 1925, showed the following: Green color White- rose color Calcium fluoride_ _ _____ Per cent 98.60 .15 .02 Per cent 94.40 3.20 .04 Silica-_ ___ Sulphur... _ _ _____ _ _ _ The mine appears to be favorably situated with regard to trans¬ portation. The ore is hauled 1 to 2 miles by motor truck to the nearest railroad station, where it is loaded on cars and carried to 11 The average rate of exchange in 1926, as compiled by the Federal Reserve Board, was 1 peseta equals 14.8959 cents, which conversion factor is used throughout this discussion. The value of the peseta has fluctuated, and the value in 1926 can not safely be applied to a former year. 48 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1926-PART II the wharf. Total transportation costs from mine mouth to wharf are at present about 15 pesetas ($2.23) per ton, but these could prob¬ ably be lowered by a large output, particularly if the output justi¬ fied the construction of a railway spur to the mine itself. Trans¬ portation to the United States appears to present few difficulties, as ample tonnage is always available for westbound cargo, which normally is very small. It is understood that freight offers of 16 pesetas ($2.38) per ton have been made, and that possibly even a lower rate could be obtained. The cost of production is reported to be about 35 pesetas (about $5.21) per ton at the mine mouth, and c. i. f. costs at United States seaboard are estimated in the neighborhood of 66 to TO pesetas ($9.83 to $10.43) a ton. From the standpoint of the shipper development of trade with the United States would be desirable, as there is a shortage of west¬ bound cargo, and the shipment of regular quantities of ore from Barcelona might make possible an opposite movement of some bulk cargo such as coal. PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRIES The following table was compiled by L. M. Jones, of the Bureau of Mines, from official sources so far as possible. Production of fluorspar, 1922-1926, by countries, in metric tons Country Australia: New South Wales Queensland_ Canada_ France_ Germany: 2 Bavaria_ Prussia_ Saxony_ Great Britain_ Italy__ Japan... Mexico 3 _ Spain.__ Union of South Africa United States_ 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 478 1,894 69 23 , 047 21,663 13 , 078 9 , 032 50 , 286 6,831 0 ) 2 , 348 4,295 3 , 525 24,423 31 , 454 24,101 16,141 39 , 706 7,770 4 . 085 9 , 251 13 , 221 8,630 8 , 509 33 , 878 1,395 36 500 392 0 ) 128 , 453 126 12 , 913 10,543 10 , 810 5 , 761 49 , 818 3 , 362 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 5 , 800 0 ) 500 (>) (») 116,715 500 500 4 , 474 10,192 113,378 500 2 , 436 4 , 883 103,118 10,975 109,939 1 Figures not available. 2 In addition to the German states listed, fluorspar is produced in Baden and Thuringia, but data of out put are not available. 3 Estimated annual output. CRYOLITE Cryolite occurs in commercial quantities and is mined at only one place—Ivigtut, Greenland. Formerly two-thirds of the product was sold to the Pennsylvania Salt Co. and the other third went to Copenhagen, but at present these relative proportions are reversed. Of the cryolite shipped to the United States, the greater part is now used as a flux in the metallurgy of aluminum and for making opaque glass. In aluminum metallurgy in this country the mineral is being supplanted by artificial cryolite. FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE 49 An article on the cryolite mine at Ivigtut has recently been pub¬ lished. 12 It discusses the discovery, exploitation, and mining of cryolite and describes the geology and mineralogy of the deposit. The imports of cryolite into the United States in 1926, according to the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, amounted to 7,599 long tons, valued at $557,598, or $73.38 a ton, compared with 9,844 long tons, valued at $690,651, or $70.16 a ton, in 1925. 12 Gordon, S. G., “Mining cryolite in Greenland”: Eng. and Min. Jour.-Press, vol. 121,. Feb. 6, 1926, pp. 236-240.