:,* |fe " ' , --> . " *" '" '' & ****-* - THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY It \M>. I ASP! . 7 - . , UBPARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS JSLQN CIRCULATING CHECK FOR UNBOUND CIRCULATING COPY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Agricultural Experiment Station BULLETIN No. 172 A STUDY OF THE DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS FOR STEERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHARACTER AND THE AMOUNT OF FEED CONSUMED BY H. W. MUMFORD, H. S. GRINDERY, L,. U. HAL,L,, AND A. D. EMMETT WITH THE COLLABORATION OF W. E. JOSEPH AND H. O. ALLISON UKBANA, ILLINOIS, JUNE, 1914 CONTENTS OF BULLETIN No. 172 THE EXPERIMENT: PA (a) Plan: The animals. Eations and feeds. Equipment. Weigh- ing and sampling of feeds. Eefused feeds or orts. Collection and sampling of f eces. Methods of analysis 235 (b) Average amounts of feeds offered daily per period 241 (c) Weights of orts 243 Composition of the feeds 243 Feeds and nutrients consumed 244 The feces and their constituents 245 Amounts of nutrients digested 246 2. COEFFICIENTS OP DIGESTIBILITY: (a) Dry substance 246 (b) Carbohydrates 251 (c) Crude protein 251 (d) Crude-fat 255 3. SUGGESTIONS IN REGARD TO METHODS OP CONDUCTING DIGESTION EX- PERIMENTS 258 4. SUMMARY 260 5. CONCLUSIONS 262 6. APPENDIX : (a) Table 1. Total feed and nutrients offered and consumed during the test periods 265 (b) Table 2. Total feces and total nutrients voided in the feces during the test periods 269 (c) Table 3. Total nutrients digested during the test periods 270 (d) Table 4. Coefficients of digestibility of dry substance for each period 271 (e) Table 5. Coefficients of digestibility of carbohydrates for each period 273 (f) Table 6. Coefficients of digestibility of crude protein for each period 275 (g) Table 7. Coefficients of digestibility of crude fat for each period 277 (h) Figures illustrating rear and front of stalls and method of sampling feces 279 (i) Curves for coefficients of digestibility of dry substance, car- bohydrates, crude protein, and crude fat 283 A STUDY OF THE DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS FOR STEERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHARACTER AND THE AMOUNT OF FEED CONSUMED BY H. W. MUMPORD, H. S. GRINDLEY, L. D. HAL,L. AND A. D. EMMETT WITH THE COLLABORATION OK W. E. JOSEPH AND H. O. AL,L,I$ON This bulletin is one of a series reporting the findings of an investi- gation in regard to the effect of variations in the character and amount of feed consumed upon the nutrition of steers. It gives the results relating to the effect, upon the coefficients of digestibility (1) of varia- tions in the proportions of roughage and concentrates in the ration, (2) of the substitution of a nitrogenous concentrate for a part of the grain of a ration of roughage and grain in the ratio of 1:5, and (3) of variations in the amount of feed consumed from maintenance ra- tions to full feed. THE EXPERIMENT The Animals. The animals used were eight two-year-old high- grade Hereford steers, grading as choice feeders, and weighing from 800 to 1,000 pounds. These animals were selected from the same herd. From birth to the time of purchase they had been treated very much alike. During a period of about two months preliminary to the experi- ment they were kept in paved lots with access to open sheds, and dur- ing the experiment proper, which lasted from May 27 to December 23, a period of thirty weeks, they were kept in digestion and metabolism stalls. Rations and Feeds. During the first month of the period prelimi- nary to the experiment the ration consisted of corn silage, clover hay, and alfalfa hay. At the beginning of the second month ground corn was added to the ration, and the feeding of alfalfa was discontinued. Four days later 'the feeding of corn silage was discontinued. During the first twenty-two weeks of the experiment proper the ration con- sisted of clover hay and ground corn, and during the last eight weeks, of clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal. Half an 235 236 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, ounce of salt, given daily, was taken very consist ently by all of the steers. Water also was given twice daily, and an exact record was kept of the amounts drunk. To determine the effect of variations in the proportions of rough- age to concentrates in the ration upon its digestibility, and the effect of the introduction of linseed oil meal into the ration, the experiment was divided into four test periods. During the first test period the ration consisted of clover hay and ground corn in equal amounts; during the second, of one part of clover hay and three parts of ground corn; during the third, of one part of clover hay and five parts of ground corn; and during the fourth, of one part of clover hay, four parts of ground corn, and one part of linseed oil meal. Thus the pro- portion of concentrates was gradually increased up to the third test pe- riod, and then maintained constant to the end of the experiment. These changes are comparable to the changes often made in the proportions of roughage and concentrates in ordinary feeding practice. The first test period was three weeks in length, and the second, third, and fourth, each four weeks in length. The proportions of the feeds to be used in each test period were fed first in a preliminary period of two weeks immediately preceding the test period, and the changes in the ration to be made from one test period to another were effected very gradually in transitional periods one of which immediately followed each test period. The first and third transitional periods were two weeks in length, and the second, three weeks in length. Table 1 gives the division of the experiment into periods and the proportion of roughage to concentrates fed in each. TABLE 1. DIVISION OF EXPERIMENT INT> PERIODS, AND EATIOS OF CLOVER HAY, GROUND CORN, AND LINSEED OIL MEAL FED DURING EACH Feeding period Experimental weeks Number of weeks in period TJatio of clover hay to ground coru to linseed oil meal Preliminary 1- 2 2 1-1 :0 Test 3- 5 3 1:1 :0 Transitional 6- 7 2 1:1.9:0 Preliminary 8- 9 2 1:3 :0 Test 10-13 4 1-3 -0 Transitional 14-10 3 1-39-0 Preliminary 17-18 2 1-5 -0 Test 19-22 1-5 -0 Transitional 23-24 2 1-4 4-0 6 Preliminary 25-26 2 1-4 :1 Test . 27-30 4 1:4 :1 To determine the effect of variations in the amount of feed con- sumed upon the digestibility of the rations, the eight steers were divided into four lots of two animals each, and each lot was given 1914} DIGESTIBILITY OP RATIONS FOR STEERS 237 thruout the experiment an amount of feed different from that re- ceived by the other lots. The lots were as similar as possible in regard to age, condition, and breeding of the animals. One was given just enough feed to maintain the weights of the steers about constant; another, as much as the steers would eat readily ; another, an amount of feed equal to the maintenance ration plus one-third of the differ- ence between the maintenance and the full-feed rations; and an- other, an amount equal to the maintenance ration plus two-thirds of the difference between the maintenance and full-feed rations. In the discussion and tables of this bulletin the first of the above-described lots has been designated as the "maintenance" lot; the second, as the "full-feed" lot; the third, as the "one-third-feed" lot; and the fourth, as the "two-thirds-feed" lot. Equipment. Since metabolism studies were to be carried out with the same animals, careful provision was made for the collection of the urine as well as of the feces. The digestion and metabolism stalls were further arranged to prevent loss of feed while the steers were eating. The following description of the stalls and other apparatus deals more especially with the features that were found to be most useful in carrying out the work. The digestion stalls were in general similar to those used by Armsby 1 of the Pennsylvania Station. They differed, however, in the floor covering, the feed boxes, and the stanchions. Further, since at the time of defecation, the feces were caught in a specially prepared shovel by an attendant, there was no need for the opening in the floor which was used by Armsby and others to permit the rubber feces-duet to pass thru. The stalls were of such length that the steers had but little room to move backward or forward. It was, therefore, impos- sible for them to pull the urine funnels out of the floor opening. The stall floor proper was about three feet above that of the barn. This arrangement made it possible to construct a movable support for the urine pails which could be reached without much difficulty when the daily exchange of vessels was made. The feed boxes were constructed on the plan of a drawer which could be pushed in at feeding time and pulled out and locked in place as soon as the animal finished eating. As a result of this arrangement the steer had much more freedom while lying down. The feed boxes were made of wood and lined with removable galvanized iron boxes. In order that no feed might become lodged in the corners, the bottoms of the metal boxes were rounded at the sides, the side toward the steer was set at a slight angle with the vertical, and the edges of the box were flanged to extend just beyond the wooden frame. 'Pa. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 42, page 74 (1898). 238 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, Another safeguard against loss of feed was the stanchion arrange- ment. This consisted of two hinged gates, one hung on each side of the front end of the stall. To the free ends of the stanchions heavy canvas was attached and fastened to the sides of the stall-post above the space where the feed box slid in. During feeding the gates were brought together until they held the steer's head in place. The can- vas on each side made it practically impossible for the feed to be thrown out of the box. The flooring was made up of several layers: first, a layer of ex- celsior ; next, a layer of quarter-inch cork ; next, a layer of heavy lino- leum; and last, as a protection to the linoleum, a layer of imitation leather called ' ' pantasote. " This combination gave very satisfactory results and in the long run was not very expensive. The advantages of such a floor were that it did not break or crack, it could be kept perfectly clean, and it was not easily torn or pulled loose. The catch pans were of galvanized iron, and the f eces shovel was of heavy tin. The shovel measured ten by fifteen inches. For removing the f eces from the shovel a scraper was provided. Enamel-ware cans, thirteen inches in diameter and eighteen inches in height, were used for feces cans. Special, closely-fitting, covers were provided to pre vent loss of moisture. The feces were mixed in a specially-made galvanized-iron box set upon a wheelbarrow. Half-gallon paint cans with friction-top lids were used for feces sample pails. The strictest attention was given to such matters as the cleanliness of all apparatus and equipment, the sanitary conditions, and the com- fort of the steers during the progress of the experiment. All appa- ratus was carefully cleaned after being used, and the stalls were thor- oly brushed each day when the steers were weighed. Flies were kept out during the warm summer months by the use of screens. The win- dows were kept open at all times, even during the coldest weather Photographs of the stalls will be found in the Appendix, Figures la, Ib, and Ic. Weighing and Sampling of Feeds. The weighing and sampling of the feeds were carried out as follows: Clover Hay. A quantity of the baled hay, sufficient to last at least four weeks, was cut in an ensilage cutter into lengths of one inch or less. The entire lot was then put into a small room, and each week a portion was removed, mixed, weighed, and sampled as follows : The amount that would be needed during the subsequent experi- mental week was spread out to a thickness of one foot on the clean barn floor. It was then shoveled systematically by two men who stood on opposite sides of it and threw shovelfuls alternately into one pile. It was next spread out again, divided into quarters, mixed from opposite sides, and the two resulting piles combined into on* 1 . This last procedure was ^epeated twice. Thf hay was then an read out and divided into th^ee approximately equal lots. 11)14] DIGESTIBILITY OF EATIONS FOR STEERS 239 The weighing of the hay was begun immediately after it had been thoroly mixed. The feed sheets were made out in advance of the ex- perimental week, but as late as possible in order that they might con- tain any necessary changes. Individual feeds of hay were weighed for every morning and evening of an entire week. Special care was taken in the weighing to have the individual feeds of hay as nearly uni- form in character as possible. With this in view, a part of each feed was taken from each of the three piles. The individual feeds were kept in small bags of heavy bed ticking. After the weighing of every two feeds, a small portion of the chaffed hay was taken from the front part of each pile for a composite sample. Tests of the thoroness of this -method of weighing and sampling the feed indicated that the individual portions were remarkably uniform in composition. After the individual feeds had been weighed, the portion of hay taken for a composite sample was quartered and subdivided until it- was reduced to a comparatively small lot. One sample of about five pounds was then taken for air drying, and another for direct chemical examination. Ground Corn. The ground corn used thruout the experiment was of the yellow dent variety and was ground to medium fineness. It was spread out on the clean floor, mixed, weighed, and sampled in exactly the same manner as the chopped clover hay. Linseed Meal. Pea-size old-process linseed meal was ground to medium fineness and put up for the steers in the same way as the hay and ground corn, except that it was kept in tightly covered tin pails instead of cloth bags. Refused Feeds or Orts. The feed boxes were carefully swept out every day, and any appreciable amount of orts was removed before the next feed was offered. The orts were transferred to tared, fric- tion-top paint cans properly labelled with the numbf.r of the animal and the date of the experimental week. Every day each of these was weighed and hung in front of the proper stall. When sufficient in quantity to influence the results, the combined orts for the experimental week were thoroly mixed, and, if necessary, quartered until reduced to a workable amount. The sample was then air-dried in the electric oven, and after being weighed, was ground and analyzed. Collection and Sampling of Feces. The feces were collected in a special tin shovel at the time of defecation and then transferred to a tared enamel-lined can provided with a closely fitted cover. The shovel, can, cover, and scraper were each given a number correspond- ing to that of the steer for which they were provided. Also, in order that the feces of one animal might not become mixed with those of 240 BULLETIN No 172 [June, another, the shovels were fastened to the proper stalls. At the end of every experimental day, the shovels, cans, and scrapers were replaced with clean, dry ones, and the empty cans were weighed. Next, the cans from the preceding day were weighed, and the feces mixed in the specially-made wheelbarrow as shown in Fig. 2 in the Appendix. Great care was taken to scrape the can out thoroly. For this pur- pose a special scraper was made. After the feces had been mixed for three minutes, a definite portion of the total amount was taken as the daily fraction. This proportion of the feces taken daily during the experimental week was one-tenth to one-fifth for the maintenance steers, one-tenth for the one-third-feed and two-thirds- feed steers, and one-twenty-fifth for. the full-feed steers. The frac- tion, obtained by taking small portions at random thruout the en- tire mixed lot, Avas put into a tared friction-top paint can which had been treated with a 10 percent alcoholic thymol solution and dried. When the proper amount of feces had been weighed out, approxi- mately five grams of finely-ground thymol were added and thoroly mixed with the sample. Each lot of the feces was weighed and sampled in this manner. After the eight lots had been sampled, the pails, which were labelled with the animal number, the day, and the experimental week, were put into a cold storage room the temperature of which was about 1 to 3 C. At the end of every experimental week the seven daily samples for each of the eight steers were taken out of storage. These fractional samples were then transferred to the wheelbarrow. Special care was taken to recover the fraction as completely as possible. After the com- bined fractions were thoroly mixed, two composite-samples were tak- en one in a thymoled pail and the other in a tared enamel pan. The first was sent to the laboratory for chemical analysis. The second was dried in an electric oven for a week at 55 to 60 C., and while being dried was stirred daily. On being removed from the oven it was put into a friction-top pail, sealed with paraffin, labelled, and placed in cold storage. Methods of Analysis. The methods of analysis used in this experi- ment were essentially the same as the official methods given in the revised edition for 1908 of Bulletin 107 of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture. The carbohydrates were determined by difference, as no determinations were made for crude fiber. 1014} DIGESTIBILITY oi 1 RATIONS FOB STEEKS 241 AVERAGE AMOUNTS OF FEEDS OFFERED DAILY PER PERIOD The average amounts of feed offered daily per period are given in Table 2. Maintenance. While it was planned to give the maintenance steers, just enough feed to keep their weights practically constant, they gained about 0.5 pound per day during the entire experiment. The daily amounts of ground corn fed to each were increased from 5.50 pounds at the beginning of the experiment to 7.00 pounds dur- ing the third test period, and from the third test period were reduced to 5.52 pounds at the end of the experiment. The amount of oil meal fed to each during the final test period was 1.38 pounds. The clover hay was reduced from 5.50 pounds at the beginning of the experiment to 1.40 pounds during the third preliminary period, and was maintained practically constant from the third preliminary pe- riod to the end of the experiment. One-Third Feed. At the beginning of the experiment Steer 666 received 7.62 pounds each of ground corn and clover hay, and Steer 669, 7.87 pounds. The maximum amount of ground corn received by Steer 666 was reached during the second test period, when the average daily quantity was 11.12 pounds. After that time there was a more or less regular decrease to 8.00 pounds at the end of the experiment. In the case of Steer 669 the maximum amount of corn was reached during the second transitional period when he received daily 11.82 pounds. In the final test period Steer 666 received 2.00 pounds of the oil meal, and Steer 669, 2.16 pounds. The amounts of clover hay decreased from 7.62 pounds for Steer 666 and 7.87 pounds for Steer 669 at the beginning of the experiment to 2.00 pounds for Steer 666 and 2.16 pounds for Steer 669 at the end of the experiment. Two-Thirds Feed. The ground corn for Steers 652 and 665 in- creased from 9.87 and 10.25 pounds, respectively, at the beginning of the experiment, to 15.31 and 16.42 pounds during the second test pe- riod, and decreased from the second test period to 10.48 and 11.76 pounds, respectively, at the end of the experiment. The amounts of oil meal fed these steers during the final test period were 2.62 and 2.94 pounds, respectively. The amounts of clover hay decreased irregularly from 9.87 and 10.25 pounds at the beginning of the experiment to 2.62 and 2.94 pounds, respectively, at the end of the experiment. Full Feed. At the beginning of the experiment Steers 663 and 661 received daily 12.00 and 12.50 pounds of the ground corn, respect- ively. These amounts were gradually increased until, in the second test period, they were given 19.59 and 21.18 pounds, respectively. Then followed a more or less regular decrease to the end of the experi- ment, at which time Steer 663 received 12.96 pounds, and Steer 661, 14.88 pounds. The amounts of oil meal fed during the last test period were 3.24 pounds to Steer 663, and 3.72 pounds to Steer 661. At the beginning of the experiment the amounts of clover hay and ground 242 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, fn 4* CO CXJ CO CO IO CO OO CXI CO CO IO CO OOO OOO to -j< to rH tO rH e-i co eg s -* to * to -* OS L^ OS M< to -* e-i os eg ea co eg l^ CO b- EH rH IO rH rH IO rH rq oo cxi eg oo cxi e-i o cxi rH eg rH CM rH co" eg* co rH co * cc rH J OOO ^ 5O >*( 000 * to ^ OOO 000 to -* to rH tO rH 000 to * to eg co eg OS to OS 000 CXI CO CXI oo eg oo tO b- tO "3 fl -H.S rH rH IO rH rH O rH sg oo cxi eg co eg ej o eg rH eg rH ei rH co eg co rH CO * CO rH a"* O CXI 00 * CXI I o co b- O CO rH tO CO b- -H IO OJ O O IO eg t co OS 00 b- O b- CO e-i o os OO O O to eg e-i I* rH tO rH tO O CXI CO rH eg Os rH eg rH rH rH ea eg rH rH CO "* i-H rH co to eg 4* CO O O ** O O -*< OS IO O * IO O M CXI rH IO 30 O CO rH tO O 10 10 00 O OS OS rH b- . rH >* ' eg r-5 ; eg* -*' . co* 10" ; CO" t>* ', co os ; .ifr O O -* * * rH I . to o CO 00 o o OS IO * o CO b- * to eg . (M r-f eg rH rH t-- ' rH t* , eg o . CXI rH . eg * . co" to ' CO* 00 ' "" "is 'tf = o t- CO t- CO t- o b- b- IO OI o oo oo to b- IO IO TjH CXI Tj* CO CO 10 * . oo o eg 'ti . K .2 rH tO . rH tO . eg o ' CO* rH . CO* ** . *' to * "*' t-* \d o * 1 00 ** CX] 00 00 T*( . sg oo rHOq t- rH t~ GO tO rH rH CO 55^ : CO OS - O 10 -> 00 EH cxi to : CXI . CO* rH ; rH CO* rH ' rH rH ' >o to l to OJ " 1 t- T-i cxi .S 00 -* (M 00 oo -^ CXI CO in to O 00 b- CO M< o eg rH CO CO Tfl o eg eg to IO IO "3 cxi d * 7O IO ' to co" ' to os" ; "" '5 g CO * 10 10 rH tO b- os to rH t OS io eg t- OS CO OS eg o CO OO io eg . TH eg eg * 63 .2 co* to . CO ?D . in oi ; 10 o ; to cxi * t-" co" . oo" to * CO b-* ' U gj rH rH 10.10 low - 00 00 OS O OS OS to to ^!* : CO CO eg eg CO CO EH IO IO * 10 . b- b- . b- b- . o o ' rH rH O ' rH rH eg cxi " rH rH ' eg eg ' rH rH .it? o o IO O 10 kO to to CO CO 30 00 10 >0 eg ei o o O O IO O ' 10* 10* ; <>* t-* '. os os" ' d o : rH rH eg* eg* ' rH rH eg* cxi ' rH rH g o> rH IP* i,j ; ' s ; "^ ^^rg -si S5Sf P * ill jf!,- OOO OOO OOO OOO OOO OOO oob 000 Animal o >o to IO to > to a 5 ib to IO to .-o S -H to to 4J ,3 Maintenance One-third feed Two-thirds eed ^ 1914} DIGESTIBILITY OP EATIONS FOR STEERS 243 corn fed were the same. Later the quantity of hay was gradually re- duced as the ground corn was increased. In the final test period Steer 663 received 3.24 pounds of the clover hay, and Steer 661, 3.62 pounds. While the full-feed ration given in this experiment was as much as the steers would consume, it was a little less than the amount ordi- narily regarded as full feed for steers of the same age and weight. The smaller consumption of feed by these steers may have been due to their close confinement in the stalls. \VEIGHTS OF GETS In Table 3 are given the total orts. The only animals that left large quantities of orts at any time were Nos. 663 and 661. During the first period No. 663 left about one-third of his feed, and at other times, as much as one-sixth. In the third preliminary and test periods No. 661 left about fifteen percent of his feed. TABLE 3. TOTAL ORTS PER PERIOD (Eesults expressed in pounds) Period Batio of hay to corn to oil meal Mainte- nance One- third feed Two- thirds feed Full feed Description Exper- iment- al weeks 650 656 666 669 652 665 663 661 Preliminary .... Test 1- 2 3- 5 6- 7 8- 9 10-13 14-16 17-18 19-22 23-24 25-26 27-30 1:1:0 1:1:0 1:1.9:0 1:3:0 1:3:0 1-39-0 0.71 0.47 0.29 030 0.80 0.21 8.61 110.57 26.40 77.16 0.73 105.84 43.27 57.73 64.92 3.82 3.54 0.34 20.89 37.98 68.37 85.79 Transitional .... Preliminary .... Test 0.61 0.31 Transitional .... Preliminary .... Test 1:5:0 1:5:0 1:4.4:0.6 1:4:1 1:4:1 0.86 Transitional .... Preliminary .... Test . 34.37 69.47 COMPOSITION OF THE FEEDS In Table 4 is given the average composition of the feeds used in this experiment. The composition of the oil meal was practically the same as that given in the revised edition (1912) of Henry's "Feeds and Feeding." The ground corn was somewhat lower in dry sub- stance, about 2.6 percent lower in protein, 1.6 percent higher in carbohydrates, and slightly lower in fat and ash. The clover hay was about 3.8 percent higher in dry substance, about 1.3 percent lower in protein, 6.8 percent higher in carbohydrates, about 0.9 percent lower in fat, and 0.8 percent lower in ash. On the basis of the protein con- tent, both the ground corn and the clover hay were poorer in quality than the average for these feeds. 244 BULLETIN No. 172 TABLE 4. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF FEEDS (Eesults expressed in percent of fresh substance) Feed Dry sub- stance Crude protein (Nx6.25) Total car- bohy- drates Fat (ether ex- tract) Ash Total nitro- gen Phos- phor 1 us Ground corn 87.09 7.69 74.21 3.93 1.27 1.230 0.263 Linseed meal 90.74 34.80 43.72 6.79 5.42 5.564 0.869 Clover hay 88.46 10.97 69.75 2.36 5.39 1.756 0.153 FEEDS AND NUTBIENTS CONSUMED In Table 1 of the Appendix are given the amounts of feeds and the nutrients offered and consumed during the test periods. In study- ing this table it should be borne in mind that the first test period lasted only three weeks, while the second, third, and fourth were each four weeks in length. Also, that as a result of the changes in the propor- tion of concentrates to roughage in the ration from period to period, the amounts of nutrients supplied by the concentrates were increased, and the amounts supplied by the roughage were decreased, up to the third test period, and both were then maintained constant from the third period to the end of the experiment. The amounts of feed consumed per week remained practically con- stant from the first test period to the second, decreased about 14 percent from the second to the third, and remained practically con- stant again from the third to the fourth. The amounts of dry substance and carbohydrates consumed per week, like the amounts of feed, remained practically constant from the first period to the second, and decreased about 13 percent from the second period to the third. From the third period to the fourth, the dry substance, like the amounts of feed consumed, remained about constant, while the carbohydrates decreased considerably. The de- crease in the carbohydrates was due to the relatively low carbohydrate content of the oil meal as compared with that of the ground corn which the oil meal replaced in the ration. The amounts of ash consumed per week decreased markedly from the first period to the third, and increased markedly from the third to the fourth. These changes were due to the lower ash content of the ground corn as compared with that of the clover hay and that of the oil meal. The fat consumed per week increased moderately from the first period to the second because of the higher fat content of the ground corn as compared with that of the clover hay. From the second period /.v//J DIGESTIBILITY OP KATIONS FOR STEERS 245 to the third, however, altho the proportion of ground corn in the ra- tion was again increased, there was practically no change, as the in- crease in the percentage of fat in the ration was offset by the reduc- tion in the amounts of feed consumed. In the fourth period there was a slight decrease for all of the steers except one. Because of the lower protein content of the ground corn as com- pared with that of the clover hay, and because of the decrease in the amount of feed consumed, the amount of protein consumed per week decreased moderately from the first period to the third. From the third period to the fourth, it increased markedly on account of the high protein content of the oil meal. THE FECES AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS In Table 2 of the Appendix are given the weights of the feces and the nutrients voided in the feces. The amounts of feces excreted per week decreased markedly from the first period to the third, and decreased moderately from the third to the fourth. The changes were due probably to decreases in the crude fiber of the ration from period to period. The dry substance and carbohydrates decreased moderately from the first period to the second, decreased markedly from the second to the third, and decreased moderately again from the third period to the fourth. The changes were due to the fact that the digestibility of the dry substance and carbohydrates increased as the proportion of roughage in the ration was decreased. The ash in the feces per week, like the ash consumed, decreased markedly from the first period to the third. From the third period to the fourth, however, even tho the ash consumed increased markedly, the ash of the feces increased only very slightly, either because the ash of the oil meal was more completely absorbed than the ash of the ground corn, or because more of the metabolic ash was excreted in the urine. The fat content of the feces remained practically constant from the first period to the second, decreased moderately from the second to the third, and remained practically constant again from the third to the fourth. The protein in the feces per week decreased somewhat more mark- edly from the first period to the third than the protein consumed. From the third period to the fourth, because of the greater digesti- bility of the protein of the oil meal as compared with that of the pro- tein of the ground corn, the amounts of protein in the feces remained about constant, even tho much more protein was consumed in the fourth period than at any other time during the experiment. 246 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, AMOUNTS OF NUTEIENTS DIGESTED Table 3 of the Appendix gives the amounts of nutrients digested during the test periods. The amounts of dry substance and carbohydrates digested per week increased slightly from the first period to the second, decreased slightly from the second to the third, and decreased slightly from the third to the fourth. The amounts of fat digested per week increased moderately from the first period to the second, increased slightly from the second to the third, and, with the exception of the quantities digested by one steer, decreased slightly from the third period to the fourth. The protein digested per week decreased slightly from the first period to the second, and decreased moderately from the second to the third. From the third period to the fourth there was a marked in- crease, which explains why the amounts of protein in the feces re- mained constant from the third period to the fourth when much more protein was consumed during the fourth period than during the third. COEFFICIENTS OF DIGESTIBILITY OF DKY SUBSTANCE In Table 5 are given the coefficients of digestibility of the dry sub- stance during the test periods. These data were compiled from the weekly data which are represented by Figs. 3 and 5 of the Appendix and are given in detail in Table 4, page 271 of the Appendix. Effect of Character of Ration The coefficients of digestibility of the dry substance increased from the beginning to the end of the experiment. It is evident, therefore, that the dry substance of the ration of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :3 was more digestible than that of the ration of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1:1; that the dry substance of the ration of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :5 was more digestible than that of the ration of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :3 ; and that the dry substance of the ration of clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal in the ratio of 1 :4 :1 was more digestible than that of the ration of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :5. These facts, therefore, confirm the results obtained in numerous other experiments which have shown that the dry sub- stance of ground corn is more digestible than the dry substance of clover hay, and the dry substance of linseed oil meal, more digestible than the dry substance of ground corn. That the character of the ration affected also the influence exerted by the amounts of feed consumed on the coefficients of digestibility of of the ration will be evident from the discussion of this subject given on page 250. DIGESTIBILITY OP RATIONS FOR STEERS 247 i .a ft OS O co H m b- to. co oo m O rH O l^ rH OS CO Tft O OSM rH O OS O & oc in CM rH o oo os 00 b- b- b- CO CO b- b- b- t- cq in b- b- b- os cq to b- b- l~ to 4> co rH rH IO OS co co os t (M "* t~ IO rH o o o 00 rH rH CO rH (N tQ t- rH EH iH os os t- t 0> d fi CO rH 00 O OS rH OS CO to oo cq in cq # O CO rH co m os O CO 00 cq co b- in in CM rH OS t-^ OO b- b- b- b- in CD b- b- t^- t- b- b- oo co in b- b- b- CO || Kj CO O TH rH b- co cq b- OS OS rH Ob- OS CO OS CO Cq rH CO cq os in CO CD rH rH 00 a-S CO CO rH O OS CS 00 b* b* oo m CD b- b- b- 00 O rH b- b- b- in oo cq b- CO b- [2 in as y> CM CM O O OS Tf* TH O b- .3 rH O rn m oo CO OS rH rH O CD CC rH OO O CO tD

t> 01 IO CD CD rH CO rH 00 rH rH OS iH rH 00 OS 00 iO CD IO IO iH CO rH IO O b* CO b- OJ d (H oo rH O o o in eq rH co 30 O TH b- rH OS cq os in b- O CO in rH 00 in eg ;3 d ti oo os oo rH b- in b- OS CO eo in co rH ^ CO Cg to i-H O os o co to OO rH OS COO oo CD cq TH O b- rH OO rH Oi 2.2 rH CO rH tO OS b- co' cq' J5 b- b- *" CO b- O t tO b- O O W b- CD b- iH b- tf CD rH 'X- b- b- eq co eo oo H CO OO CO O CO 00 t* ^ If CO tO OO b- b- b- b- CO rH I b- b- b- OS OO OO CO tO CD OS O rH to to co g s co TH rH N 00 CO (M * H *" e tO -H CO o eq co to oo eo o os m o in cq o to co -o os eo CO iH OS m CO 00 rH 00 OS 00 b- b- b- CO OS rH b- CO b- OS b- 00 co co to OO rH TH to CO CD g i-a O OS m os t rH rH CD co in cq cq in rH tO CO OJ OO rH Tft in co OS IO 2 6 I-i b- b- b- to to co b- b- t~ CO CD CO rH O' } CO CO < b-' to > bfi iH O iH iH CD CO OS in o cq oo' o os tO b- CD *< OS rH b- O OS 06 co in to tO CD CO CO Tft rH in 00 TH' co* co co CD co in in CO * ' CD in OS in to s 10 O o os os CO CO OS 00 CO- CM OS (M rH IO O 04 00 rH CD IO CO IO IO T^ 0) CO rH os o os CO t- CO b- CD l> CO CD CO 10 10 in co co co rH ^ m i ill CO O rH rH -* rH CXI TJJ o cq t-^ os oo to to co OS rH rH QO M rH OS OO rli co in co rf* O b- l2 00 rH i-i o" i-i CD CD CD CO iH to * * to rH 00 -s Ej 8 O CO m in CD CD t-i in to os to co to co h l : cq m in CD CD CD 02 CO rH co co to to o> ^ ; a!" 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CO rH CO b- b- b- b- CO CO it? t ~ PS, CO rH O CD rH CO b- O CO co m ^Jf m m m oo oq in o * oq in -* o oo cj oj [^ CO rH -H co oq CO 00 00 co * m b- b- b- CO rH Oq CO CO 00 b- CO CO -t i> 1 CO rH O IO rH 00 O t> 00 t- l> t- rH OJ IO * CD i-H CO * ^fl CO OJ eo O eo S EH rH iH rH OJ r-t 00 00 00 CD ^H IO CO rH OJ "* CO CO b- CD CO ? 'a fr o-. O CD CJ t rH IO CO in oq oo oq b- -^ 00 * CO OJ OJ CJ b- CO rH CO b- CO CO o *- * 90 rH CO CO CO CO OO OO b- co m b- b- b- CXI O rH oq' in os' b- CO CO LO GO C3 Pt Pi f- O OJ in oj oq ^ b- rH O 00 OJ cj oq in rH CO rH oq oj oq rH CO rH co in os to C3 EH- rH rH in 00 b- rH rH rH b- b- b- oq' oq" oq oo in co' CD CO CO rH t> > IO O CD O 00 CO O CO b- rH CJ oq oq oq b- b- Oq CO rH 01 4 l-l rH CO * CO b- b* b- oq i- oj b CO CO OO b- OO CD CD CO b-' CO co co cr. te fS 10 O * b- IO IO rH 00 O IO CJ t- b. t- t> rH rj) IO OJ CJ O t* 00 00 rH ** CO o EH CO rH t- b- b- OJ rH O OJ O t- CO b- 00 CO b- CD CD CO rH b- 2'S r? 01 O oq <*< co co ,-o co in ^^ ^ co co oq m co oj OJ -* rH O CS 01 ^3 H rH oq oq oq b- b- b- l^ CO CO in *' in CO CD CO in ' CD C p O -t-i d o O rH O CO CO CO CO OS CD CD CO CO Average 3" bt PJ ~ ^ o" < : ! r | o> * tuc "H 83 rC " < Grand average 1014} DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS FOR STEERS 253 * p rH O OJ OJ CO OO IO -* IO OJ CO IO O OJ t- CO * CO OJ b- TjH CO OO CD 3 * IO 01 rH O 00 OJ b- CO CO CO b- b- tO CD O CO IO CO CO CO CD O IO b- b- CD CO CO 4* B rH CO * CO OJ * CO IO rH CO IO O5 b- o oj co 00 io CD OJ (M OJ O> IO OJ OJ EH OJ rH rH OJ t* CD b- CD CO b- CD CO CD b- tO CD CD CD CD o to co b- CD CO CO CD i-gb CO CM rH IO 00 rH co eq oq CO 00 CO CO CO OJ -* CO 00 * rH b- -* OJ rH IO *33 10 CM rH OO b- OO CO "* io CO CO CO T}H IO -# CO CD CO OJ -* b- co co co CD CO 11 a O IO OJ CO Cq TH CO OJ b- CO O rH CO rH OO OJ CD CO OJ CO OJ CO b- CO O eo CD ^ '- TO 5? rH 3 S ^ rH OJ co co co OJ OJ O CO IO CO rH O rH CO CO CO OJ CO g OJ 01 O OO IO rH b- CO OO CO CO IO b- b- b- rH IO OJ ^ oq oo IO rH CO b- b- b- CO Ol 5 rt rH rH rH rH rH IO IO IO O1 * CO IO IO IO OJ O OJ T^ IO '^ rH b- OJ IO Tfl * T-H ta co OJ O ^ co co CJ IO C- CJ O ~f OJ CD tO b- CO CD * o S$ CO CO EH 02 rH rH OJ OJ ^ S CO rH IO O b- O CO CO O OJ OJ rH O IO cs oo co Ob- OO OO rH OJ *S a rH rH OJ O OJ ^ IO ^ O CO rH IO IO IO to b- b- b- CO CD o '55 13 a a CO H O ,O OJ rH 00 CD b- OJ OJ "rfl b- 00 OJ IO OJ OJ Tjf O CXI OJ OJ Ol OJ 03 H- rH CO i-H 00 IO IO IO rH Tt* CO IO IO IO OJ CD b- oo oj io OJ g CO CO O rH b- IO rH * 00 rH CD W CO IO b- b- IO b- CD IO Od CO OJ CO rH CO < d CO rH 00 rH O r-H CO OJ IO 10 10 CO o' OJ rH IO * IO OJ * $ to CO rH O 8 $ CO CO O OS GO ^ OJ O OJ CO OS CO b- CO b- OJ co EH rH H 3 3 rH Tji CO 1C IO tO CO rH OJ T(t tO Tjl IO CO TJ< 5 'i r? O O CO OJ 00 00 O Tfl IO CO rH OJ O O b- 00 OJ b- eq o CO 00 CO OJ IO OJ iH CD ^ a 00 H CO rj( rH O rH rH IO IO IO b- O OJ ^ IO Tfl CO OJ OJ ^ CO ^^ 00 'OQ 'ol a n b- O OJ OJ OJ IO Tfl OJ CO OJ CO rH OO OJ -^H co co co O ^ OJ CO b- rH O rH rH CO IO 03 EH- :o rH rH OJ O CO rH 00 IO i*CO ^ -^ co o CO ^ 10 O OJ rH IO CO CO CO CO CO OJ OJ rH rH rH rH CO CO b- CD rH CO 00 IO 3 rt i-H rH CO O CO -H4 IO ^ 00 TtH CD rH rH rH "* ' 3 1 10 O b- rH CO tO N *H CD * IO OJ CO ^ 10 CO CO IO 10 OJ h co rH 2ES 12 ^ TJ ^! 3 (M OJ OJ rH OJ ^Ji CO ^Jf CO 2'i b 01 O OJ t^ OJ rH CO OO CO 00 b- rH rH CO O * b- oq io co IO to eo cr *:=* a H rH CO * OO 10 oj co IO -* -^ 00 w I ' 10 5 I a O O CD IO IO CO CO 02 ' CD OJ CO CO CO CO 92 03 to IO CO CO CD jr., |- 02 co I-H ; CO CD CD CO 02 : o rt -1 rt Experiment O o Average . .M * h o" < o> ^ 01 , cc * o ^ 3 *~ > Grand average. 254 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, Effect of Amounts of Feed Consumed First Test Period. The coefficients obtained for the four lots in the first test period were as follows : maintenance lot, 45.48 ; one-third- feed lot, 44.54; two-thirds-feed lot, 42.52; and full-feed lot, 40.45. The coefficients for the single animals were : in the maintenance lot, 43.57 and 47.41 ; in the one-third-feed lot, 43.65 and 45.42 ; in the two- thirds-feed lot, 42.55 and 42.49; and in the full-feed lot, 41.48 and 39.43. Except in the two-thirds-feed lot, the differences within the lots were so large that the differences between the lots were not signifi- cant. It seems worthy of note, however, that, in general, the coefficients for the individual animals of any one lot did not fall within the range of those of any other lot except in the case of the maintenance lot, one coefficient of which was lower than one, and practically the same as the other, coefficient of the one-third-feed lot. From these facts it may be concluded that in the first test period, the amount of feed consumed exerted little, if any, influence upon the apparent coefficients of digestibility of the crude protein. Second Test Period. In the second test period the following aver- age coefficients were obtained : maintenance lot, 49.42 ; one-third-feed lot, 53.40; two-thirds-feed lot, 49.99; and full-feed lot, 44.73. The last three values varied inversely as the amount of feed consumed. The coefficient of the maintenance lot was lower than that of the two- thirds-feed lot. The coefficients for the individual animals were as follows : in the maintenance lot, 48.65 and 50.21 ; in the one-third-feed lot, 51.98 and 54.83 ; in the two-thirds-feed lot, 48.94 and 51.04; and in the full-feed lot, 45.78 and 43.69. Those of the full-feed lot were fairly distinct. The coefficient of No. 665 of the two-thirds-feed lot was very near that of No. 666 of the one-third-feed lot. The values for the animals of the maintenance lot were not distinct from those for the animals in the two-thirds-feed lot. Accordingly, it seems that the amounts of feed consumed had little, if any, effect in the second test period upon the coefficients of digestibility of the crude protein. Third Test Period. In the third test period the following average coefficients were obtained for the different lots: maintenance lot, 52.73; one-third-feed lot, 54.64; two-thirds-feed lot, 51.06; and full- feed lot, 51.09. The values for the two-thirds and full-feed lots, there- fore, were practically the same, while the value for the one-third-feed lot was the highest, and that for the maintenance lot, the next highest. The coefficients for the individual animals in the third period were: in the maintenance lot, 52.94 and 52.53 ; in the one-third-feed lot, 54.09 and 55.20 ; in the two-thirds-feed lot, 50.65 and 51.47 ; and in the full- feed lot, 53.72 and 48.47. From a. comparison of these values it is evi- dent that the full-feed lot was not essentially different from any of the other lots, and that there was not much difference between the maintenance, the one-third, and the two-thirds-feed lots. Accordingly, 1914] DIGESTIBILITY ov RATIONS FOR STEERS 255 in the third test period, no essential difference in the digestibility of the crude protein resulted from differences in the amounts of feed consumed. Fourth Test Period. The coefficients for the four lots in the last test period were as follows : maintenance lot, 70.33 ; one-third-feed lot, 67.73 ; two-thirds-feed lot, 66.66 ; and full-feed lot, 68.22. In this case, therefore, the coefficient of the maintenance lot was the highest, and was followed by those of the full-feed lot, the one-third-feed lot, and the two-thirds-feed lot in the order named. The coefficients for the individual animals of each lot were: in the maintenance lot, 71.23 and 69.44 ; in the one-third-feed lot, 66.55 and 68.91 ; in the two-thirds- feed lot, 67.80 and 65.52 ; and in the full-feed lot, 70.92 and 65.52. From these values it is evident that the differences within the lots were so great that the differences between the lots were not significant. Therefore, also in the fourth test period, the digestibility of the crude protein was not affected by the amounts of feed consumed. Summary. When the rations consisted of clover hay and ground corn in ratios varying from 1 :1 to 1 :5, or of clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal in the ratio of 1 :4 :1, and varied in amount from maintenance to full feed, the amount of feed consumed seemed to exert little, if any, influence upon the coefficients of digestibility of the crude protein. In the study of these data it will be noted that the metabolic nitro- gen of the feces has been included with the undigested nitrogen. It is probable that the metabolic nitrogen may have had an appreciable in- fluence on the relative positions of the lots, but there is no very defi- nite evidence in the data to indicate that such was the case. COEFFICIENTS OF "DIGESTIBILITY OF FAT The coefficients of digestibility of the fat by periods are given in Table 8. The weekly data from which these coefficients were derived are represented graphically by Figs. 4 and 5 of the Appendix, and are given in Table 7, page 277 of the Appendix. Effect of Character of Ration Like the coefficients for the dry substance, carbohydrates, and pro- tein, the coefficients for the fat increased as the proportion of rough- age in the ration was decreased and the proportion of concentrates in- creased. The marked rise in the graph (Fig. 5, Appendix) represent- ing the average coefficient from the twenty-first to the twenty-fourth weeks was due largely to a very great increase in the coefficient of digestibility for Steer 661. 256 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, O "72 bo o' c-p eq rH rH m 10 10 o eg co TH OS CO rH OS IO CO TH IO eq o EH cq Cq rH O IO CS rH O CD b- CM CS CM IO IO C- CD IO CO CD CM 00 IO rH LO CO rH CO CO m TH CD IO CO 00 CO CO CD CM TH CO 00 CO CO CO CO 00 CO 00 CM TH CO CO TH CD 05 b- ill 00 H 1 IO rH CO O rH 00 10 CO O CO IO CO TH CO OS IO IO IO O rH CO TH 00 IO ~- IO OO CD CO OO OO b- IO CO 00 00 00 co oo co CO TH 00 oo co 10 CC b- a a rt O CO -1 4 H O os CO* rH to eg TH oo to eg CO CO CO b- CD b- O CO rH CO b- IO IO rH CO eg cq t 10 C co eq co x oo oo TH cq co 30 00 CO eq eg cq 00 00 00 rH TH Cq b- IO CD oc {* S o> bo CO rH 00 CO b- OS 00 eq eq eg 00 00 CO OS 00 OS THOS rH' eq os o co os eo ac OS b- CO OS OS OS b- OS OO OS O IO to co CD id ts s co tH O rH o CO rH 10 t- O OS OS rH OS IO TH O CM rH OS TH t> 10 rH CM d cq t* rH OS co C- 00 00 t> C- 66 6 CO 00 00 CO i-i 6 t- CO 00 CD CD CO 82 III 00 O CO rH rH I OS 00 OS 00 o to oo IH TH eq 00 IO CO CO OS eq co b- TH b- cc b- IO CD b- b- b- os os os b- b- b- TH IO TH b- b- b- CO TH TH b- IO CO re 'S C3 3 n CS O *"* *r^ b- to O OS rH H b- CO -H eg co oo IO to IO CO b- O 00 TH rH Ob- OS as eq in CO to to 10 10 b- b- b- OS CO OS b- b- b- to CO .TH b- b- b- OO rH TH to co co eo b- >l 3 I 1 00 TH rH OS 00 OS eq os 10 TH IO TH eq co os 09 eq 00 o: eg' TH co oo eq m eq co eg co' ; * b- CO 9 EH 10 co o rH rH rnS 8 TH CO O rH CM CS! CO IO TH CO CD CM C5 CO rH rH CD OS cq co co co t- t> b CO CM TH b- O b. CO TH CO C- CD CD S i-i > eq iH O rH b- IO rH CO rH TH 10 eg co 00 00 CO CO CO OS b- eq to c-. Tf' eg co TH rH CO CO b- * .2 "E Experimental weeks O 1=1 O "i o o l-i o co IO IO to co t-, 02 CO OS co co to CD y> ^ eg m 10 co to co 03 CO rH CD CD CO CO U> ' 02 Maintenance . . . > > Average - 0>- > } > > > Average 13 fli CO o> *- be Grand average. . . DIGESTIBILITY OF EATIONS FOR STEERS 257 Effect of Amounts of Feed Consumed First Test Period. The coefficients representing' the lots in the first test period were as follows : maintenance lot, 73.58 ; one-third-feed lot, 74.20; two-thirds-feed lot, 72.24; and full-feed lot, 68.91. In the case of the one-third-feed, the two-thirds-feed, and the full-feed lots, the average coefficients varied inversely as the amount of feed con- sumed. The coefficient for the maintenance lot fell between that of the two-thirds-feed lot and that of the one-third-feed lot. The values for the individual animals were : in the maintenance lot, 73.19 and 73.97 ; in the one-third-feed lot, 76.14 and 72.26; in the two-thirds-feed lot, 72.83 and 71.65 ; and in the full-feed lot, 73.19 and 64.63. The differ- ence between the coefficients for the two animals in the full-feed lot was large, the coefficient for No. 661 being much lower than any of the others in the four lots, and the coefficient for No. 663 being exceeded by only two others, one each in the one-third-feed and the maintenance lots. In view of these relations of the coefficients for the individual animals, it seems that in the first test period the amount of feed con- sumed was not an appreciable factor in determining the lot differences. Second Test Period. In the second test period, the coefficients by lots were : maintenance lot, 78.97 ; one-third-feed lot, 80.25 ; two-thirds- fecd lot, 80.14; and full-feed lot, 65.92. The. differences between the maintenance, the one-third-feed, and the two-thirds-feed lots were very slight less than might have been produced by the difference in coefficients for the single animals in each lot. The average for the full-feed lot was much lower than any of the other lot averages, as both of its coefficients were low. The significance of this difference between the full-feed lot and the other lots is doubtful with respect to the amount of feed as a cause. Third Test Period. During the third test period, the coefficients of digestibility of the fat were as follows : maintenance lot, 86.20 ; one-third-feed lot, 84.65 ; two-thirds-fecd lot, 83.56 ; and full-feed lot, 63.38. The coefficients for the maintenance, the one-third-feed, and the two-thirds-feed lots were practically the same in value, while the average for the full-feed lot was markedly lower. The coefficients for the individual animals within the lots were: in the maintenance lot, 86.69 and 85.71 ; in the one-third-feed lot, 86.59 and 82.72 ; in the two- thirds-feed lot, 83.25 and 83.88; and in the full-feed lot, 82.11 and 44.65. The difference between the full-feed lot and the others was due entirely to the fact that the value for Animal 661 was very low, and the coefficient for Animal 663 not any higher than the values in the other lots. From all of these data, therefore, it seems that the variation in the amounts of feed was not the cause of the lot differ- ences. 258 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, Fourth Test Period. The lot coefficients in the fourth test period were: maintenance lot, 84.38; one-third-feed lot, 82.88; two-thirds- feed lot, 83.33 ; and full-feed lot, 80.60. The coefficients for the indi- vidual animals were : in the maintenance lot, 83.38 and 85.38 ; in the one-third-feed lot, 84.36 and 81.41; in the two-thirds-feed lot, 83.18 and 83.48; and in the full-feed lot, 84.29 and 76.91. Accordingly, in the fourth test period there was little difference between the lots, and the amount of feed consumed exerted practically no effect upon the digestibility of the fat when the ration consisted of clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal in the ratio of 1:4:1, and varied from main- tenance to full feed. Summary. There was little evidence that the coefficients of diges- tibility of the fat were very greatly influenced by the amount of feed consumed. While during the major part of the experiment the values obtained for the full-feed animals were appreciably lower than those obtained for the other lots, the great irregularity of the variations detracts from their significance with respect to the effect of the amounts of feed consumed. Moreover, the fluctuations were not very closely correlated with the variations in the consumption of fat or the variations in the consumption of feed. SUGGESTIONS IN KEGAKD TO METHODS OF CONDUCTING DIGESTION EXPEEIMENTS In studying the data obtained in this experiment it will be noted that any marked change in the conditions under which the animals were kept resulted in more or less marked fluctuations in the coeffi- cients of digestibility of one or more of the nutrients. Thus, there was a fluctuation in the first preliminary period when the steers were becoming accustomed to the conditions under which the experiment was conducted, and also during, or immediately following, every tran- sitional period in which a change was made in the character of the ration. Usually these fluctuations subsided at the end of a week, but in some cases they could be noted during the second subsequent week. From these facts, therefore, it is evident that whenever in a digestion experiment a change is made in the conditions of the experiment, the transitional period should be followed by a preliminary period two weeks in length before the test period is begun, and that the ration fed in the preliminary period should be uniform in amount and character with that fed in the test period. There will also be noted in a study of the data of this experiment a considerable fluctuation in the coefficients from week to week which was not confined to any particular period, nutrient, or animal. The variation in successive weeks of the test period at times was as great as 3 to 8 percent. From the data at hand its cause is rather difficult to determine. It may have been the result of variations in the amounts 1914] DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS FOB STKERS 259 an*- ** of the feeds digested, due to variations in the nature and amounts of the digestive juices secreted, and possibly also to other factors, such as differences in the rate or completeness of absorption. It is most probable, however, that it was caused largely by irregularities in the time that elapsed between the ingestion of the feed and the appearance of the resulting feces. If the feces were formed and voided rather rapidly at the beginning of the week and slowly at the end of the week, it is probable that the coefficients were too high to represent the actual amounts of nutrients digested. On the other hand, if the feces were formed and voided slowly at the beginning of the week and rapidly at the end, the coefficients were probably too low to represent the actual digestibility. In the first case less of the undigested residue from the feed of the previous week would have been found in the. feces for the test week than would have been carried over from the test week to the week following. As a result, the amount of un- digested residue in the feces voided during the week would have been smaller than the amount derived from the feed for that week. In the second case the reverse would have been true. From these facts it is quite evident that the coefficients for any given week may not be representative of the digestibility of a nutrient over an extended period of time, and that if the significance of the results obtained in a digestion experiment are to be increased, the test periods must be extended over a period three or four weeks in length. The variations in the coefficients for individual animals also are of importance in this connection. In three out of four cases the individ- uals of any one lot furnished very good duplicates, the variation being comparatively small. In the full-feed lot, however, the two individual values were widely different. There is not sufficient data to indicate definitely whether this is more likely to occur in the case of animals on full feed or not. Only a small part of the difference found in the full-feed lot can be accounted for by the differences in the amounts of feed consumed. The difference between the amounts of feed con- sumed by these steers was less than that between the amounts con- sumed by the full-feed and the two-thirds-feed lots, but the difference in coefficients was much greater. It does seem evident, however, that in order to get representative coefficients, it is necessary to use more than one animal in any trial. In case the coefficients obtained with the various animals do not agree fairly well, further trials should be made with other animals to check the results. It is quite obvious that when the amount of roughage in the ration is comparatively large, the coefficients of digestibility obtained on a maintenance ration are not applicable to a full-feed ration. 260 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, SUMMARY PLAN OF EXPERIMENT 1. Eight two-year-old, choice feeder steers were divided into four lots of two steers each. One lot was given a ration slightly above maintenance; another, an amount of feed equal to the maintenance ration plus one-third of the difference between the maintenance and the full-feed rations; another, an amount equal to the maintenance ration plus two-thirds of the difference between the maintenance and the full-feed rations; and another, as much feed as the steers would eat readily. 2. The experiment lasted for 30 weeks and was divided into four general divisions each of which consisted of a transitional, a prelimi- nary, and a test period. The first and third transitional periods were two weeks in length, and the second, three weeks in length. Each of the preliminary periods lasted for two weeks. The first test period was three weeks in length, and the second, third, and fourth, each four weeks in length. 3. The feeds used were clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal. The ration of the first test period consisted of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1:1; that of the second, of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :3 ; that of the third, of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :5 ; and that of the fourth, of clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal in the ratio of 1 :4 :1. EFFECT OF CHARACTER OF RATION 4. Ill the first test period, when the ration consisted of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1:1, the coefficients of digesti- bility of the dry substance for the individual animals varied from 61.55 to 70.69 ; in the second test period, when the ration consisted of clover hay and ground corn in the ration of 1 :3, they varied from 59.49 to 78.22 ; in the third test period, when the ration consisted of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :5, they varied from 65.42 to 79.08 ; and in the fourth test period when the ration consisted of clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal in the ratio of 1:4:1, they varied from 72.40 to 80.64. For the eight steers together the average coefficients of digestibility for the dry substance for the four test periods were : first test period, 66.44 ; second test period, 70.74 ; third test period, 74.57 ; and fourth test period, 77.09. 5. The coefficients of digestibility of the carbohydrates for the individual animals varied, in the first test period, from 66.17 to 75.17. In the second test period they varied from 63.03 to 82.71 ; in the third test period, from 70.07 to 82.78 ; and in the fourth test period, from 74.80 to 84.06. For the eight steers together the average coefficients 1914] DIGESTIBILITY OF EATIONS FOB STEERS 261 of digestibility of the carbohydrates for the four periods were: first test period, 71.08 ; second test period, 74.63 ; third test period, 78.32 ; and fourth test period, 80.09. 6. The coefficients of digestibility of the crude protein for the individual animals varied from 39.43 to 47.41 in the first test period ; from 43.69 to 54.83 in the second test period ; from 48.47 to 55.20 in the third test period ; and from 65.52 to 71.23 in the fourth test period. For the eight steers together the average coefficients of digestibility for the crude protein for the four test periods were : first test period, 43.25 ; second test period, 49.39 ; third test period, 52.38 ; and fourth test period, 68.24. 7. The coefficients of digestibility of the fat for the individual animals varied as follows : in the first test period, from 64.63 to 76.14 ; in the second test period, from 64.12 to 81.59 ; in the third test period, from 44.65 to 86.69 ; and in the fourth test period, from 76.19 to 85.38. For the eight steers together the average coefficients of digestibility for the fat for the four test periods were : first test period, 72.23 ; second test period, 76.32 ; third test period, 79.45 ; and fourth test period, 82.80. EFFECT OF AMOUNTS OF FEED CONSUMED 8. The average coefficients of digestibility of the dry substance for the four lots of animals were: in the first test period maintenance lot, 69.99; one-third-feed lot, 67.11; two-thirds-feed lot, 65.62; and full-feed lot, 63.03; in the second test period maintenance lot, 77.28; one-third-feed lot, 72.06 ; two-thirds-feed lot, 69.07 ; and full-feed lot, 64.56 ; in the third test period maintenance lot, 78.79 ; onc-third-f eed lot, 75.74 ; two-thirds-feed lot, 73.62 ; and full-feed lot, 70.11 ; and in the fourth test period maintenance lot, 79.99 ; one-third-feed lot, 74.14; two-thirds-feed lot, 75.10; and full-feed lot, 76.12. 9. The average coefficients of digestibility of the carbohydrates for the four lots of animals were: in the first test period mainte- nance lot, 74.85; one-third-feed lot, 71.72; two-thirds-feed lot, 70.24; and full-feed lot, 67.48; in the second test period maintenance lot, 81.88; one-third-feed lot, 75.57; two-thirds-feed lot, 72.40; and full- feed lot, 68.69 ; in the third test period maintenance lot, 82.56 ; one- third-feed lot, 79.38; two-thirds-feed lot, 77.25; and full-feed lot, 74.08 ; and in the fourth test period maintenance lot, 83.03 ; one- third-feed lot, 80.39; two-thirds-feed lot, 77.83; and full-feed lot, 79.09. 10. The average coefficients of digestibility for the crude protein for the four lots of animals were : in the first test period mainte- nance lot, 45.48; one-third-feed lot, 44.54; two-thirds-feed lot, 42.52; and full-feed lot, 40.45 ; in the second test period maintenance lot, 40.42; one-thii-d-feed lot, 53.40; two-thirds-feed lot, 49.99; and full- 262 BULLETIN No* 172 [June, feed lot, 44.73 ; in the third test period maintenance lot, 52.73 ; one- third-feed lot, 54.64; two-thirds-feed lot, 51.06; and full-feed lot, 51.09; and in the fourth test period maintenance lot, 70.33; one- third-feed lot, 67.73; two-thirds-feed lot, 66.66; and full-feed lot, 68.22. 11. The average coefficients of digestibility for the fat for the four lots of animals were : in the first test period maintenance lot, 73.58 ; one-third-feed lot, 74.20 ; two-thirds-feed lot, 72.24 ; and full-feed lot, 68.91 ; in the second test period maintenance lot, 78.79 ; one-third- feed lot, 80.25; two-thirds-feed lot, 80.14; and full-feed lot, 65.92; in the third test period maintenance lot, 86.20 ; one-third-feed lot, 84.65 ; two-thirds-feed lot, 83.56 ; and full-feed lot, 63.38 ; and in the fourth test period maintenance lot, 84.38 ; one-third-feed lot, 82.88 ; two- thirds-feed lot, 83.33 ; and full-feed lot, 80.60. CONCLUSIONS EFFECT OF CHAEACTER OF EATION 1. The coefficients of digestibility of the dry substance, the carbo- hydrates, the proteins, and the fat of a ration of clover hay and ground corn increase as the ratio of clover hay to ground corn is varied from 1 :1 to 1 :5. 2. The coefficients of the dry substance, the carbohydrates, the proteins, and the fat of a ration of clover hay, ground corn, and lin- seed oil. meal in the ratio of 1 :4 :1 are greater than the digestibility of the same nutrients of rations composed of clover and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :1, 1 :3, or 1 :5. The replacing of one part of ground corn in a ration of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :5 by one part of linseed oil meal to form a ration of clover hay, ground corn, and oil meal in the ratio of 1:4:1, causes a moderate increase in the coefficients of digestibility of the dry substance, the carbohydrates, and the fat, and a very decided increase in the coefficients of the crude protein. 3. The coefficients of digestibility of the dry substance and carbo- hydrates of a ration composed of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :1 vary inversely as the amounts of feed consumed when the latter vary from maintenance to full feed. 4. The coefficients of digestibility of the dry substance and the carbohydrates of a ration of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1:3 or 1:5 may be greater in the maintenance ration than in the one-third-feed ration, the two-thirds-feed ration, or the full-feed ration. Between the coefficients of digestibility of the dry substance of rations heavier than maintenance or one-third feed, there is little, if any, difference. 1014} DIGESTIBILITY OP EATIONS FOR STEERS 263 5. The coefficients of digestibility of the protein and the fat of rations composed of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1:1, 1 :3, or 1 :5, apparently do not vary with the amounts of feed. 6. The coefficients of digestibility of none of the nutrients of a ration of clover hay, ground corn, and oil meal in the ratio of 1 :4 :1 are affected by the amounts of feed consumed. 7. The cause of the differences in digestibility induced by differ- ences in the amounts of feed consumed seems to be the proportion of hay in the ration. Apparently, the essential point of difference caused by the larger proportion of hay is in the content of crude fiber. Hence, it may be said that differences in the amounts of feed consumed influ- ence the digestibility only when the quantity of crude fiber in the ration is relatively large. The authors wish to acknowledge the efficient assistance rendered by J. J. Yoke and W. A. Balis in the feeding, weighing, and care of the animals ; by F. W. Gill in the analytical work ; and Try P. A. Hoffman, W. J. Gage, Jr., and W. A. Hixon, in the weighing and sampling of the feeds, orts, feccs, and urine, and. in the keeping of many of the records. They wish to express their appreciation also of the editorial criticism given by Miss Leonora Perry in the preparation of the manuscript. 264 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, APPENDIX PAGE TABLE 1. Total Feed and Nutrients Offered and Consumed During the Test Periods 265 TABLE 2. Total Feces and Total Nutrients Voided in the Feces During the Test Periods 209 TABLE 3. Total Nutrients Digested During the Test Periods 270 TABLE 4. Coefficients of Digestibility of Dry Substance 271 TABLE 5. Coefficients of Digestibility of Carbohydrates 273 TABLE 6. Coefficients of Digestibility of Crude Protein (Nx6.25) 275 TABLE 7. Coefficients of Digestibility of Crude Fat (Ether Extract) 277 FIG. la.--Rear of Stalls 279 FIG. Ib. Eear of Stalls 280 FIG. lc. Front of Stalls 281 FIG. 2. Sampling the Feces 282 FIG. 3. Curves for Coefficients of Digestibility of Dry Substance and Car- bohydrates 283 FIG. 4. Curves for Coefficients of Digestibility of Crude Protein and Fat.. 284 FIG. 5. Curves for Average Coefficients of Digestibility of the Various Nutrients . . 285 1914} DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS FOR STEERS 265 TABLE 1. TOTAL PEED AND NUTRIENTS OFFERED AND CONSUMED DURING THE TEST PERIODS I (Results expressed in pounds) Test period Experi- mental weeks Feed Amount of feed Dry sub- stance Car- bohy- drates Pro- tein (Nx 6.25) Crude fat Ash Maintenance Animal 650 1 3-5 Clover hay 115 64 91 248 69 940 12 802 2 395 6 107 Ground corn Total offered .... Orts 115.64 231.28 91.332 182.580 78.232 148.172 7.927 20.729 3.811 6.206 1.357 7.464 Total consumed . . 231.28 182.580 148.172 20.729 6.206 7.464 2 10-13 Clover hay 63.84 56.648 44 264 7173 1 528 3.761 Ground corn Total offered Orts 191.52 255.36 165.793 222.441 142.146 186.410 14.281 21.454 7.046 8.574 2.292 6.053 Total consumed . . 255.36 222.441 186.410 21.454 8.574 6.053 3 19-22 Clover hay 39 20 35488 28 351 4157 0975 2.004 Ground corn Total offered Orts 196.00 235.20 172.153 207.641 145.997 174.348 15.223 19.380 8.414 9.389 2.545 4.549 Total consumed . . 235.20 207.641 174.348 19.380 9.389 4.549 4 27-30 Clover hay 3864 33.682 26.919 3 868 859 2.034 Ground corn 154.56 134.436 113.623 12.982 5.875 1.962 Oil meal 38.64 35.138 16.801 13.873 2.577 2.139 Total offered Orts 231.84 203.256 157.343 30.713 9.311 6.135 Total consumed . . 231.84 203.256 157.343 30.713 9.311 6.135 Maintenance Animal 656 1 3-5 Clover hay 115.64 100.912 77.513 14.050 2.641 6075 Ground corn Total offered Orts 115.64 231.28 100.935 201.847 86.453 163.966 8.776 22.826 4.200 6.841 1.502 8.207 Total consumed . . 231.28 201.847 163.966 22.826 6.841 8.207 2 10-13 Clover hay 63 84 56 648 44.264 7173 1 528 3 761 Ground corn Total offered Orts 191.52 255.36 61 165.793 222.441 0484 142.146 186.410 0.418 14.281 21.454 046 7.076 8.604 007 2.292 6.053 013 Total consumed . . 254.75 221.957 185.992 21.408 8.597 6.040 3 19-22 Clover hay 39.20 35.448 28.351 4.157 0975 2004 Ground corn Total offered Orts 196.00 235.20 172.153 207.641 145.977 174.348 15.222 19.379 8.414 9.389 2.545 4.549 Total consumed . . 235.20 207.641 174.348 19.379 9.389 4.549 4 27-30 Clover hay 38.64 33.682 26.919 3.868 0.859 2.033 Ground corn Oil meal 154.56 38.64 134.435 35.138 113.623 16.801 12.974 13.603 5.875 2.577 1.962 2.139 Total offered Orts 231.84 203.255 157.343 30.445 9.311 6.134 Total consumed . . 231.84 203.255 157.343 30.445 9.311 6.134 1 The first test period was three weeks in length; the second, third, and fourth, each four weeks in length. 266 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, TABLE 1. TOTAL FEED AND NUTRIENTS OFFERED AND CONSUMED DURING THE TEST PERIODS* (Continued) (Besults expressed in pounds) Test period Experi- mental weeks Feed Amount of feed Dry sub- stance Car- bohy- drates Pro- tein (Nx 6.25) Crude fat Ash One-Third Feed Animal 666 1 3-5 Clover hay 163.31 128 747 98 720 18 038 3 378 8 608 Ground corn Total offered Orts 163.31 326.62 128.848 257.595 110.368 209.088 11.188 29.226 5.373 8.751 1.914 10.522 Total consumed . . 326.62 257.595 209.088 29.226 8.751 10.522 2 10-13 Clover hay 103 80 88 796 69 407 11 229 2 398 5 889 Ground corn Total offered Orts 311.40 415.20 259.876 348.672 222.792 292.199 22.389 33.618 11.104 13.502 3.594 9.483 Total consumed . . 415.20 348.672 292.199 33.618 13.502 9.483 3 19-22 Clover hay ...... 58 52 52 985 42 299 6 212 1 458 2 996 Ground corn Total offered Orts 292.60 351.12 256.967 309.952 217!910 260.209 22.736 28.948 12.560 14.018 3.802 6.798 Total consumed . . 351.12 309.952 260.209 28.948 14.018 6.798 4 27-30 Clover hay 56.00 47.041 37.625 5381 1 198 2.836 Ground corn Oil meal 224.00 56.00 187.826 49.100 158.740 23 510 18.116 18977 8.220 3 604 2.747 2988 Total offered Orts 336.00 283.967 219.875 42.474 13.022 8.571 Total consumed . . 336.00 283.967 219.875 42.474 13.022 8.571 One-Third Feed Animal 669 1 3-5 Clover hay 167.69 146 344 112 446 20 353 3 829 9 714 Ground corn Total offered Orts 167.69 335.38 146.363 292.707 125.361 237.807 12.731 33.084 6.089 9.918 2.177 11.891 Total consumed . . 335.38 292.707 237.807 33.084 9.918 11.891 2 10-13 Clover hay 108 24 96050 75043 12 167 2 591 6 380 Ground corn Total offered Orts 324.72 332.96 281.110 377.160 241.013 316.058 24.209 36.376 12.002 14.593 3.888 10.268 Total consumed . . 332.96 377.160 316.058 36.376 14.593 10.268 3 19-22 Clover hay 63 00 57.041 45560 6687 1 570 3 225 Ground corn Total offered Orts 315.00 378.00 276.641 333.682 234.596 280.156 24.477 31.164 13.522 15.092 4.092 7.317 Total consumed . . 378.00 333.682 280.156 31.164 15.092 7.317 4 27-30 Clover hay 60.48 53.217 42.136 6052 1 343 3 182 Ground corn Oil meal 241.92 60.48 210.418 55.000 177.836 26.309 20.316 21.282 9.196 4.032 3.071 3.348 Total offered Orts 362.88 318.635 246.281 47.650 14.571 9.601 Total consumed . . 362.88 318.635 246.281 47.650 14.571 9.601 J The first test period was three weeks in length ; the second, third, and fourth, each four weeks in length. 1914] DIGESTIBILITY OP EATIONS FOB STEERS 267 TABLE 1. TOTAL FEED AND NUTRIENTS OFFERED AND CONSUMED DURING THE TEST PERIODS* (Continued) (Eesults expressed in pounds) Test period Experi- mental weeks Feed Amount of feed Dry sub- stance Car- bohy- drates Pro- tein (Nx 6.25) Crude fat Ash Two-Thirds Feed Animal 652 1 3-5 Clover hay 211.33 184 433 141 724 25 641 4824 12 239 Ground corn Total offered Orts 211.33 422.66 0.47 184.452 368.885 0.378 157.984 299.708 0.301 16.044 41.685 0048 7.671 12.495 0.010 2.744 14.983 0019 Total consumed . . 422.19 368.507 299.407 41.637 12.485 14.964 2 10-13 Clover hay 142.88 126 785 97.064 16057 3.420 8 420 Ground corn Total offered Orts 428.64 571.52 0.30 371.068 497.853 0.793 318.142 415.205 0.066 31.959 48.016 0008 15.840 19.260 0.002 5.132 13.552 0002 Total consumed . . 571.22 497.060 415.140 48.008 19.258 13.550 3 19-22 Clover hay 78.68 71.244 56.891 8357 1.963 4033 Ground corn Total offered Orts 393.40 472.08 340.461 411.705 292.936 349.827 30.581 38.938 16.886 18.849 5.111 9.144 Total consumed . . 472.08 411.705 349.827 38.938 18.849 9.144 4 27-30 Clover hay 73.36 61 700 49.303 7048 1.570 3 716 Ground corn Oil meal 293.44 73.36 246.112 64.336 208.003 30.814 23.746 24.858 10.770 4.721 3.599 3915 Total offered Orts 440.16 372.148 288.120 55.652 17.061 11.230 Total consumed . . 440.16 372.148 288.120 55.652 17.061 11.230 Two-Thirds Feed Animal 665 1 3-5 Clover hay 219.85 191.871 147.449 26.669 5.018 12 730 Ground corn Total offered Orts 219.85 439.70 0.21 191.888 383.759 0.074 164.351 311.800 0.056 16.692 43.361 0.010 7.982 13.000 0.002 2.885 15.585 0.005 Total consumed . . 439.49 383.685 311.744 43.351 12.998 15.580 2 10-13 Clover hay 153.28 136.023 106.267 17.232 3671 9037 Ground corn Total offered Orts 459.84 613.12 398.089 534.112 341.307 447.574 34.276 51.508 17.000 20.671 5.506 14.543 Total consumed . . 613.12 534.112 447.574 51.508 20.671 14.543 19-22 Clover hay 8764 79.347 63.372 9.309 2 185 4491 Ground corn Total offered Orts 438.20 525.84 384.810 464.157 326.307 389.679 34.059 43.368 18.810 20.995 5.694 10.185 Total consumed . . 525.84 464.157 389.679 43.368 20.995 10.185 4 27-30 Clover hay 82.32 71.801 57.352 8.237 1.830 4.333 Ground corn Oil meal 329.28 82.32 286.402 74.861 242.048 35.815 27.656 28.961 12.516 5487 4.179 4.556 Total offered Orts 493.92 433.064 335.215 64.854 19.833 13.068 Total consumed . . 493.92 433.064 335.215 64.854 19.833 13.068 1 The first period was three weeks in length; the second, third, and fourth, each four weeks in length. 268 BULLETIN No. 172 [Jung, TABLE 1. TOTAL FEED AND NUTRIENTS OFFERED AND CONSUMED DURING THE TEST PERIODS 1 (Continued) (Eesults expressed in pounds) Pro- Test period Experi- mental Feed Amount of feed Dry sub- Car- bohy- tein (Nx Crude fat Ash weeks stance drates 6.25) Full Feed Animal 663 1 3-5 Clover hay 259.14 226.167 173.817 31.429 5.916 15.000 Ground corn Total offered Orts 259.14 518.28 26.40 226.179 452.346 20.977 193.725 367.542 16962 19.576 51.005 2.423 9.403 15.319 0.426 3.365 18.365 1.166 Total consumed . . 491.88 431.369 350.580 48.582 14.893 17.199 2 10-13 Clover hay 18284 162.245 126 768 20.551 4.377 10.775 Ground corn Total offered Orts 548.52 731.36 105.84 474.848 637.093 90.786 407.121 533.889 75.914 40.895 61.446 8.612 20.272 24.649 3.665 6.567 17.342 2.581 Total consumed . . 625.52 546.307 457.975 52.834 20.984 14.761 3 19-22 Clover hay 9800 88 742 70 860 9.572 2446 5.025 Ground corn 49000 430 275 364 849 38.094 21 002 6.369 Total offered Orts 588.00 6492 519.017 56243 435.709 47053 47.666 5.328 23.448 2.697 11.394 1.166 Total consumed . . 523.08 462.774 388.656 42.338 20.751 10.228 4 27-30 Clover hay 90 72 79 072 63 205 9 075 2 016 4 774 Ground corn 36288 315 625 266 741 30 482 13 793 4 607 Oil meal 90.72 82501 39 477 31 912 6 049 5 022 Total offered Orts 544.32 69 47 477.198 60433 369.423 46 169 71.469 9 620 21.858 2807 14.403 1 832 Total consumed . . 474.85 416.765 323.254 61.849 19.051 12!571 Full Feed Animal 661 1 3-5 Clover hay 271.06 224 967 172 634 31 439 5910 14994 Ground corn Total offered Orts 271.06 542.12 3.82 225.064 450.031 2.819 192.819 365.453 2.301 19.552 50.991 328 9.342 15.252 0.050 3.346 18.340 0.141 Total consumed . . 538.30 447.212 363.152 50.663 15.202 18.199 2 10-13 Clover hay 197.68 175.425 137.046 22225 4 735 11.655 Ground corn Total offered Orts 593.04 790.72 20.89 513.406 688.831 16.282 440.175 577.221 13.629 44.213 66.438 1620 21.926 26.661 607 7.102 18.757 0.425 Total consumed . . 769.83 672.549 563.592 64.818 26.054 18.332 3 19-22 Clover hay 111.44 100.909 80.580 11.838 2 780 5.711 Ground corn Total offered Orts 557.20 668.64 85.79 489.299 590.208 74.792 414.904 495.484 62.354 43.312 55.150 7.559 23.888 26.668 3.219 7.241 12.752 1.658 Total consumed . . 582.85 515.416 433.130 47.591 23.449 11.294 4 27-30 Clover hay 104.16 87.531 69.911 10.083 2.241 5.294 Ground corn Oil meal 416.64 104.16 349.375 91.310 295.323 43.587 33.694 35.418 15.260 6.699 5.094 5.560 Total offered Orts 624.96 528.216 408.821 79.195 24.200 15.948 Total consumed . . 624.96 528.216 408.821 79.195 24.200 15.948 'The first test period was three weeks in length ; the second, third, and fourth, each four weeks in length. 1914] DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS FOE STEERS 269 TABLE 2. TOTAL FECES AND TOTAL NUTRIENTS VOIDED IN THE FECES DURING THE TEST PERIODS 1 (Eesults expressed in pounds) Lot Ani- mal Experi- mental weeks Total feces Dry sub- stance Total car- bohy- Pro- tein (Nx Crude fat Ash drates 6.25) Maintenance 650 3-5 388.38 56.255 37.927 11.646 1.676 5.001 10-13 313.28 52.625 35.329 11.013 1.721 4.561 19-22 224.09 44.630 30.778 9.115 1.249 3.485 27-30 190.20 39.342 25.075 8.734 1.549 3.982 656 3-5 368.15 59.139 40.629 12.003 1.787 4.718 10-13 314.06 48.334 32.155 10.658 1.888 3.629 19-22 245.55 43.415 29.992 9.209 1.339 2.871 27-30 241.90 41.922 28.270 9.271 1.359 3.023 One-third feed .... 666 3-5 538.17 82.693 57.151 16.387 2.101 7.076 10-13 548.05 96.130 69.442 16.153 2.656 7.938 19-22 359.90 76.705 56.034 13.283 1.879 5.525 27-30 341.30 63.441 41.372 14.268 2.047 5.746 . 669 3-5 722.18 98.691 69.451 17.997 2.749 8.775 10-13 605.36 106.573 79.129 16.423 2.914 8.104 19-22 430.09 79.343 56.233 13.950 2.600 6.554 27-30 379.87 74.700 50.427 14.787 2.706 6.783 Two-thirds feed . . . 652 3-5 914.14 125.738 87.952 23.899 3.404 10.474 10-13 889.81 151.248 111.430 24.507 4.102 11.206 19-22 542.49 100.604 71.320 19.240 3.170 6.805 27-30 520.87 82.806 55.277 17.925 2.894 6.712 665 3-5 901.96 132.827 93.872 24.829 3.691 10.423 10-13 899.17 167.836 126.900 25.198 3.801 11.930 19-22 672.05 131.287 97.675 20.973 3.374 9.269 27-30 590.27 119.506 84.503 22.332 3.284 9.388 Full feed 663 3-5 1052.49 153.138 109.348 28.373 3.994 11.418 10-13 919.57 165.613 117.515 28.494 6.717 12.849 19-22 597.92 116.609 85.388 19.958 3.717 7.643 27-30 470.59 84.969 55.853 17.740 2.912 8.460 661 3-5 1233.42 172.027 122.887 30.375 5.401 13.346 10-13 1512.09 272.388 208.277 36.487 9.779 17.835 19-22 861.26 178.698 130.057 24.465 13.038 11.129 27-30 749.23 143.792 100.049 27.249 5.623 10.867 'The first test period was three weeks in length; the second, third, and fourth, each four weeks in length. 270 BULLETIN No. 172 TABLE 3. TOTAL NUTRIENTS DIGESTED DURING THE TEST PERIODS' (Besults expressed in pounds) Lot Ani- mal Experi- mental weeks Dry sub- stance Carbohy- drates Protein (N x 6.25) Crude fat 650 3-5 126.325 110.246 9.083 4.531 10-13 169.818 151.081 10.441 6.885 19-22 163.011 143.570 10.265 8.142 27-30 163.915 132.270 21.711 7.762 656 3-5 142.708 123.339 10.823 5.053 10-13 173.623 153.837 10.750 6.709 19-22 164.226 144.356 10.170 8.050 27-30 161.343 129.074 21.175 7.953 666 3-5 174.902 151.937 12.839 6.650 10-13 252.541 222.756 17^465 10.846 19-22 233.247 205.195 15.665 12.140 27-30 220.526 178.503 28.206 10.975 669 3-5 194.016 168.356 15.087 7.169 10-13 270.587 236.929 19.954 11.679 19-22 254.339 223.922 17.213 12.492 27-30 243.435 195.854 32.864 11.865 652 3-5 242.769 211.455 17.738 9.081 10-13 345.812 303i710 23!499 15J56 19-22 311.101 278.507 19.698 15.679 - 27-30 289.289 232.844 37.726 14.167 665 3-5 250.858 217.873 18.522 9.307 10-13 366.276 320.674 26.310 16.870 19-22 332.866 292.004 22.395 17.621 27-30 313.558 250.713 42.522 16.549 Full feed 663 3-5 278.231 241.232 20.309 10.899 10-13 380.694 340.460 24.340 14.267 19-22 346.165 304.269 23.221 17.064 27-30 331.796 267.401 44.110 16.139 661 3-5 275.185 240.265 20.288 9.801 10-13 400.161 355.315 28.332 17.275 19-22 336.718 303.074 23.125 10.411 27-30 384.425 308.772 51.947 18.576 'The first test period was three weeks in length; the second, third, and fourth, each four weeks in length. No correction was applied for metabolic products in the feces. DIGESTIBILITY OF EATIONS FOR STEERS 271 fe a O X % u o ?n^ I * ! * 00 O rjl b- * rH Tji (M I> OS * I> IO rH O IO CO TH 00 N IO IO CO TH O i-l iH CO t- 00 r- u C8 g * t- t* CO CD CO CD CD t-t> t> CD CD CD O rH O c o t- C~ 1> C- t> t- ? ^a o os os co ^ os co o 00 OS 00 IO OS t- CO 01 Ol to co os 10 i- t> t- co TH IO t- TH IO 00 CD TJ <* rH CO CO CO O CO CD CO CO i-H N CO CD CO TH IO TH CO CD CO IO CO TH TH TH CD CD CD CD CD TH CD o w rH I ! '. 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' .2 CD ;- > 60 31 " ** CS 2 ! fri <1 Prelimina Average CD M S3 * S g: : : > H < Average Transitioi Average Prelimina tt Average M 03 . <.> ~ .. > EH J Average 1914} DIGESTIBILITY OF EATIONS FOR STEERS 273 o S "3 W Oi S 2 g < &l Z-s "3 I I I O OS T}| 00 co co cq o J CO IO CO rH b- OS b- O CO IO IO O co co tfl o eo O rH 00 IO CO o . . 8S?2 ' Cq rH rH ? ^ to Tji Tji Tji T)5 b- b-b- t- |> i> * ?n II I oq rH cq oo CD O CO Td \ O CO rH O CO OS Cq rH iH co co eo OS b- OS rH 03 b- OS CJ b- CO O5 13 <* . . * OS 00 b- CO CO CO CO 00 IO CD CO CO CO OS OS OS CD CD CO 00 b* OS 00 CO CO CD CD CO CD 00 CD fr- rH rH CO Cq 03 b-b-b- b- b. to co Ob- CO to co # tO O5 OS rH cq Tj< os os OS b- CO I-H cq cq ee cq * co to os os o oo oo co * O CD * CO cq Tj- 1 co cq co *# CD CO CO O O 00 O5 b- b- CO CO t^ cq cq cq b- b- b- os cq o CO b- b- rH CO rH O I-H r- t~ O cq to rH OS IO to co 05 rH O5 rH b- b- co eo to b- "tf 00 rH oq rH oo as o 05 rH Cq Tt< 00 Tff Tjt 00 I-H rH t-H 00 c H CO IO CD IO CO CD CD b- (M i-H O CO b- b- b- 00 cc oq I-H cq b- b- b- ec oi cq b- b- b- cq o to * co t^ g 25 SS co o co cq oo to t* l> co OS co cq os O rH IO co eo co CD CO ^H t* co rH cq t- cq co CD o 10 w i* S8 5 OS M CO rH CD b- t* l> 05 CD Cq' r-i rH b. b- b- rH CO IO t- t- b- f- IO rH IO IO r-t-c-fr- t> | os CO IO CO T}( IO b- CO T}( CO * to rH CO b- b- Th co oo tf I-H cq oo co cq CO O b- o cq os b- t- b- CO OO OS O5 1C IO b- rH co to co 00 rH Cq O CO b- b- b- l~ rH rH rH b- b- b- cq to eo b- b- b- ^g: g: 6 CO CO rH IO IO Cq 00 cq to co O CD CO 00 b- s oo cq o CD rH OS C5 rH tO oo CD cq CO * CO O rH CO co oo b- cq t>> CO b- rH co cq cq eg t- (M rH rH b- b- b- CD b- b- b- b- b- oo co ** 10 cc b- b- b- b- b- t: gft 00 00 CO to o eo IO rH IO os TJ< cq oo 00 o to cq rH rH rH b- 00 b- CD CO co co o cq oo rH CO rH O5 CO CO eo CD O CD b- T}( t> b- b- t* CD CO b- eq * co CO CO CO Cq rH Cq rH rH CO CO 00 CO 00 (M 00 CO CD to 05 "* o co co rH 00 b- CO CO CO rH o 00 rH OS O tO b- tO CO O5 OS CM tO O O O CO rH ^H o b- b- b- i iH CD co rH cq t~ b- b- b-b-b- b- s b- 00 b- CO b- eq <* co oo oo oo co co I-H cq eq ao oo oo oo oo GO to oo b- cq o 10 co os o cq "^H rH CO i-H IO to cq os to rH b- Tji OS * CO CO OS I-H CO CO rH 00 IO OO I IO O O -D co cq cq cq t- b- b- rH IO b- <* t- b- b- b- CO b- id to to b- b- b- cq eo co oo oo oo o os eq I-H i i OO b- 00 OO OO r- QC P- O c3 o o o O O 00 O O o o o o o O a g i 1 rH rH rH rH rH rH I 1 to to os eo co eo co co co co co CO I- 3 s^ rH rH rH rH iH i-H i-H 1 1 rH Cq rH rH rH i-H rH I i l-H rH rH i-H rH rH rH pq i as V rncq c? rH CO -H co a js ? oo CO OrH CXI CO rH i-H rH rH rH ^ rH CO 00 I i 1 ^ "3 ^ '' Prelimina > j Average & 03 O "^ * ^ Average Transitioi ) > Average Prelimina > i Average . Si 83 ** ' CD * ^ H < Average . 274 BULLETIN No. 172 [June, (Eesults expressed in percent) ii^ CO t CO TH t* OS CD TH CD IO IO * 03 CO O CM rH CO 03 H 03 O3 C~ CO rH n o t- oo X IO CD H 00 OS x os co t- rH 03 IO O) 50 O IO OS O CD CO 03 IO t> IO t I> t t^ 30 CO CO t* t- t- > 00 OS 00 00 c- 1- t* c- t X > OS 00 t t- t 35 CO OS t- t- !> X) rH O O5 O > CO 00 t 00 OS t> H i I |l O TH O CO O OS TH co TH co CD r> 10 co 05 CO CO O3 CO i DO N CD IO O CO 05 eo TH co CO CO O3 TH CO OS OS TH CO rH OS OS OS >O CD 00 03 O 5 O CO O5 t- l> O # tM CO I> t- l> J3 TH TH TH TH c2 10 CD TH t- o c- 00 b- CO t* t- t> CD OS rH CO OS t> t* oo t- r- * i-i co co TH CO CO 00 O CO CM OS t- 10 co t- rH OS CXI CM CO 00 b- o b- os in o e- ro TH OS CO LO rH OO M rH CO C~ CO TH OS CO rH OO t- O TH CQ ta CM TH CO TH CD CO CD CO SO CO O C- CD b- CO rH O rH O 5D t- b- b- b- O b- 00 CO O CO b- b 50 IO IO b- b- b- CXI IO 05 TH 10 t~ b- t~ b- t~ tfj eo co CD co 10 co co 10 exi co co TH CO TH co o co t- in os b- os b- 00 CM TH O rH m CO OS TH TH OO IO CO b- rH IO O IO O CM O5 TH O IO b- CM CO to 00 TH CO b- b- t~ ob- co OS CD CO b- CO b- t- t- t- b- oo oo oo b- b- b- rH O rH CO CO 00 O CO TH CM CM oo co oo oo oo ic Two-thirds feed |l rH 00 CM O 03 rH CO t- O CO CD O3 TH O O3 00 03 IO CO CD 03 IO 03 rH co TH CO 00 CO 00 O 03 O3 t> O IO t- 03 t^ TH OS CO CD O CO 03 CO rH 00 O IO CD CO b- 1> r> i> [ t- C~ CD l> 00 CD t- CD t- t- :oo t- r> t- t* t- ;t- b- C- CO OS b- CO t" IO CO CD TH m os os O CM CM rH CM rH rH OS CO 00 CO OS CO OO IO TH CO CM os 03 in b- 05 00 co o co IO O b- CO OS O b- O 10 co TH in oo a t- b- CO CO rH CO t~ b- t~ TH CM CO t- b- t~ TH CO IO CM TH b? i-i co CM' b- b- b- TH in TH b- b- b- TH in co m TH CM 10 CD os co in CM CO rH b- TH co o co OS O TH CM OS 00 CM CO 10 co os co co N OS IO CM 00 b- CO CM IO 00 IO O b- 03 in oo TH o b- TH CM O 00 cc CO b- CO CO t~ t- b- b- O CM rH 00 CO 00 CO CO O O OS b- b- 00 00 t- C CC O I-H rH oo oo oo rH O O oo oo oo 00 CM rH rH O b- CC CO 00 00 o oo o 9 E i fl |l TH 03 OS 03 CD iH IO rH TH rH 03 q 03 CD IO rH IO rH 00 O5 00 O t- CO CD O5 OS TH CO OS CO CO b- O TH OS C- O OS rH CO OS O3 O5 rH 03 CO co iH CO CO CO CO C- t- t> t* OS O OS t 00 C- CD OS i-5 CJ OS t- CO b- l> * OS O O O CO 00 os os os C- t- t OS O rH O r> co oo oo co 05 co CO TH t- CXI 00 t~ rH CO rH CO rH b- TH CO 00 i-H Tf rH CO rH O OS OS TH OS CO 00 TH b- TH CO O rH CO 1-1 IO CD CO iH 03 CO TH CO TH t- IO CO TH CO O CO O3 TH M rH CO b- O5 O > rH O3 03 03 co oo oo oo 03 03 03 00 00 00 03 rH 03 TH 03 CO CO 00 00 CO S3 rH CO OJ CO CO CO CM O rH CO 00 00 CO TH CM rH CO 00 CO 00 00 00 s co 10 co o co in o CO CO CO CM TH m TH OS CO CO oo in CM co co 10 os TH TH b- S CM CO O TH b- i-H O CM TH CM TH CO m in in r-i rn co in o co o co co CM eo OO 00 00 00 rH CO CM 00 00 00 rH rH CM IO CM co oo oo oo b- Average .... fr'- Prelimina Average J ' | on ~ , ) Average . COD cfi EH~ < Average 1914] DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS FOR STEERS 275 a PH a C^ o g 8 3 r^ & i^ 00 rH CO m 00 00 O CM oo o co CO t^ IO Qi ^f rH t> rH CD 00 OS t- CM OS IO CO t* 00 CO eo ^d co co cs co :O CO CO CO O 00 rH IO rH OS t- O CS CS '* a ; t* r m in CO CO CO rH * in CO rH CO CO rH O CD CO CO O OS eo co CM m co r-t O CO OS t~ co l-H 1 i- $38 3 > o os o rH CO r|i OS CO CM OS CM CM rH rH rh 1 CD : : : 1C O 1C CO 1C 1C CM rH ; 1C O b- 00 O rH CO CO OO O rH 1C t- rH eq ic os OO t~ rH b- CO 03 CO a p . . rH CM' i-H OS rH rH CO CO l>- rH CD CO CO CO CO CO OS CO rH CO OO rH rH OS CO 3 CO CO O 1C >C 1C 1C 1C O OO CO OO OO rH rH rH i-l eo "O O CD 00 O3 O t- O 00 1C O CM O CD CM CD 00 rH CO CM rH b- c. CO 33 58 CD 00 OS rH rH CO CO rH CM CO rH rH CO OS CO OS C d os OS b- CM OS OS o rH OQ OS OS rH CO CO >C OO CM 00 OS 1C Cq CD rH a rH OS CO OS OS rH 1C rH OO -H rH CM CO CD CO CO rH rH OS 1C 1C O l>- CO rH OS O rH CO rH O O CD CM 1C rH CO rH 3 OS OO OS CO CO CO CO O 1C 1C 1C O t- CO Cq rH 1C rH >C 1C 1C IC CM 1C 1C O O CO CM rH CM OO 1C CO 1C t- 1C T I CD rH eq co rH O O t~ 00 t- os ic t CO b- b- OS rH 1C 00 b- 1C OS U3 1C H CO CM 00 O rH CO rH CO rH OS CM 3 1C 1C C rH 1C rH OS b- r- CO 00 rH rH 1C rH rt- or rrt. go O r|t t* t- CO CO CO rH t-- rH rH CO 00 in C3 rng 5! 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M -.0 *- ^T CO 00 OS 9 00 CO O rH CM CO rH -H rH rH rH ^ rH cc 00 . 1 " o ;-,' i i I'relimina Average tLY s Average Transitio > > Average Prelimina } > Average O M cS ^ : : : > H < Average 276 BULLETIN Xo. 172 [June, i3 t IO C^ CO i C 00 t CD b rH O 00 IQOO CMC-CO OOSCMOCO CO 00 (N CO CO CO rH rH CD CM CO O OS O IQ CO CM CO CO Tjl rH CO IO TH CM t- rH OS OS TH IO TH TH cs oo cs cs co TH N exi TH IQ IQ IO IQ o" to c4 CO CO CO CD CD CD CD CO CO CO O CS CD CO CD D- CD CO CO 7S 9 nd to b CO CD t-OO b- 00 CO IO b- rH TH IO IO TH IO O 1C to" eo* os tO CD to TH CD" to CO CD CO TH COb- CO IO CD CD CD CD CD 1C oq IO CO r- 1 CO CO b- CM OS IO tO CS CO rH Ob- OS OO O O TH IQ in CD TH o co I OS CO rH IO t- CO t- I-H TH THO CD CM O TH CO O TH 00 oo o os cs TH IO TH TH OS TH CO CD OS CO CO O TH TH to IO IO 2 O TH CXI CD CO CD CO CO CD to o o in t- CO b- b- CD CD to TJ a 9 E "3 fl O |i O IQ IQ t- LO G) O) *^ co r> co CO CM OS t- t- CM CM TH c- TH to oo CD TH CO CO CO OS CO OS IO CM CS CD 00 O CO CD CM CO t- t- O TH t- c: C TH TH CO tQ 1Q to IO CM r-i rH IQ IQ IQ CM t- CO TH TH IQ IQ IO tO tO CM CM CM CO CO CD CO TH IQ CO CO CO TH rH t- t- t- CD t- CD CD CD & OS CO CD TH ^H rH CO OS 00 i-H OS CO rH CO b- i-H OS rH CXI tH t- O CO CO 00 t- CXI b- OO t- t- fO OS rH coin cxi 10 b- to CD I-H too oocoocooo cs 1C 1C O b- O TH to to to to tO CM CO IQIO IO CXI CS CXI IO IO IO IO to IO IO iQ O i-H rH co co co IO TH TH CD i-H O t-' 00* CO CD CO |CO b- b- CD CD t- co CO CO b- CD O OO o o oo os b-ro tO TH O CO IO TH t- CS OS CO CXI 00 O 33 o os os CO OO O CM IO CO TH > Average C Transitional . Average .... .; : Prelimina j r Average . OS " < Average . Prelimina j i Average . CO bo CS f.V; | ~ < Average . a -a 2 S Q f 19U] DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS FOR STEERS 277 w a - a a d 8 is 5 0^ oi co oi t- ^ t> i> \ rH CO CO Cl * CO CO CO CO C- C- t- csi oo o * rH 00 122! 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CO in rH C0t~ T co 3001 9 00 CO O rH IN CO rH i-l i-H rH rH ^ rH CO rl CO . " 2 C > in i? ' PH Prelimina Average Average Prelimina Average M 03 * * S: : : > EH < Average 278 BULLETIN No. 172 ||J co :o cs 10 IQ rH * O CD CQ OS CO * 00 CQ b- OQ rH IO CO 00 CO O * CD rH IO CQ 1C O b- OQ 00 O * iH b- os cs os co o CQ CO CO rH OO r# 30 t> 00 00 t> b- b- b- 00 OS 00 b- b- t* OS 00 OS O OS b- b- b- 00 t OQ IO TH CO 00 00 00 00 00 T* Ttt OQ OQ 00 00 00 00 00 "O CD CD H JO FH 1* CO rH ^f CO rH b ^f CO b- 00 b- 'CD * IO Ttf 00 GO CO 00 O 00 CO CQ CO fc "Jl IO OS OQ CO b. rH CO CQ os 10 b- O 00 CD IO O OJ CD CO rH D 00 OS OS CQ CD O 00 IO IO IO CO lO CD IO OQ O CQ 00 CO CD CD CO CO CO I-H CD CD CO OS t* oo r> OQ CD TH 00 00 00 Tji rH CD O 00 00 b* 00 00 u rH CD CD . CQ rH rH 5 os cq CQ 00 00 00 OS rH O oo co CD tn tn CD o co tn CD CO 1-1 rH O O O * b- rH CQ CO CXI b- Oi OI OC CC -ft rH CX| OO b- b- OS CC CQ ,X CQ -* <* g -^ m m co co co rH in Oi CQ * * TjH CO tO Ttf rH b- O CO CO 00 b- rH CO CO oo co oo CXI b- CD O !}< CO 00 OC b- 00 cc 13 CD 5 H 1C 6 p H |i CO CO CO rH TH OS rH IO CD IO IO CO Tj) o CO CO * IO CO 00 O 00 IO IO " ^1 b* * CO O CO b- oo os oo *# O CQ b- CO rH 00 CO CO * CQ OQ CO in CD tH CQ CO OQ 00 00 00 00 co ^ "^ 00 00 00 CO OQ ^ CO CO 00 00 00 00 00 co 00 id co" id 00 00 00 CO IO Tji 00 00 00 CQ CD CQ CQ CO oo oo oo oo oo cc OC 10 CD CO co co os co ^ OO OO b- CQ CO OS ^ b- in rH CO rH CD OO b- O * CO 00 03 O * b- ^1 to ^* rH -^ b- oo m I-H IO C3 CD i 1 00 CC CO Th b- ^ c CO CQ rH CQ 00 00 OO OO CQ TJ< co QO oo oo in rH b- rH CO OO OO CO OO 00 OO to to in oo oo oo co oo oo rH CD CC CQ CO OO OO OC OO OO 4 00 in co *! b- OO O TfH O CO CO rH in CO OS rH W CO rH b- IO IO OS O CQ b- CQ l^ os o ^ CO CQ OS in tn o rH CO ^ OS CO CD CD OO CO m OS OO rH CQ OS CO ^^ CQ b- 00 CO 00 GO CO CO rH CO CQ lO CO 00 00 00 CO CO eo oo Tj( b- tO 00 00 CO CQ -^ CO 00 00 00 CO CO O rH CO QO OC OO OO OO CC OC CD J E +J i |t 10 * os co CD 00 CD t> CO O CO CO OQ Td in CQ os 10 10 O 00 CO O CD CQ 00 T}1 rH Ob- <# IO 00 rH 00 OS OS OS O CQ CO 00 ^ CO ^ CO 00 s * O IO CO 00 00 00 00 CO CD CO 00 00 00 id id * co <* 00 00 00 00 00 IO CO IO ^ 00 00 00 IO CO Ttl 00 00 00 CD TH 00 CQ CQ 00 00 t> 00 00 6 OS CD CO rH CQ O 00 CO O b- CO CO CO O to o co oo b- os co cq in <*< 01 oo b- 00 in in tn T* oo co O OS # rH rH rH CO CO CO b- rH rH OQ 00 Ttl -^ c: c. rj! r-5 CQ* CQ 00 00 CO CO tn m in oo oo oo eo * co oo OQ OO OO OO b- OO CO cc 00 ** rH b* OO OO 10' i-i co' 00 00 00 ^ rH CO CO rH 00 00 b- 00 00 r- 00 co CD co O b- CO CO O CD CD b- in GO CD b- co tn CO 00 O3 b- OS IO rH CO CQ IO eg A oa co b- b- CO rH rH CO OS CO b- CD CO b- CQ O CD 00 CO O CQ CO r tn o oo * OO OO OO OC b- b- b- oo oo oo CO b- IO b- CD OO CO CO OO OO CC 00 b-CO b- 00 00 00 CD CD CD GO OO CO OO b- O rH iJH OO OO QO 00 OO 10 00 Maintenance s rH rH OS *) * O CQ CQ O CO rH IO IO IO CO CO IO 00 O IO b- CO rH OQ co b- CQ OS *^ OS rH CO OS t- IO b- i-H rH CQ * CO 00 rH rH IO C- CO CD OS IO IO CO b- 00 00 00 CD CD CD 00 00 00 b- CO IO IO CO 00 00 00 00 00 co 00 rH t CO 00 00 00 id * id 00 00 00 T* IO * CO * oo oo oo oo oo 00 co in CO CO 00 Tjl CQ CQ * rH CO OS cq o * to o rH b- OS OO rH IO b- O -* b- CO rH CQ CD IT* CQ OO OS CQ in CQ b- OS CO CXJ O OS OO rH CD O3 CO CO eg Oi co in OQ b- OO OO OO b- CO CO 00 00 CO b- co co in tn OO OO OO OO OO CD oo CQ CD Tj< OO OO OO in -* <*( 00 00 00 CD co -* co in oo cc x ao oo 10 OC o in CD o in * co co in * oo CQ IO CO tn to o CD Oi CQ OS OS in CD CD oo co 11 CO CQ CQ O CD 00 oo b- b- OO OO CO O CQ OS CO 00 rH CD rH CO CO o os co m co b- 00 00 00 to' Tl" IO GC OO CO b- CD b- T}( CO OO OO OO OO OO tD CC CD OS b- oo oo oo tn -* in GO CO CC CQ CO M* CO CO CC OC OC OO OO CC Ratio of hay to si o o o o o o o 0000 O CO OS CD o* o' o rH i 1 rH rH f 1 rH i 1 rH rH ^ ^ -* os in to tn IO IO IO tO IO b- rH Tt< TH^ Th 4J -* TH TH 4< ^ rH rH rH rH rH rH in CO Tj in CO rH rH rH rH ^ cc b- OO *~? r-i rH b- i 1 CQ OS O rH CQ CQ rH CQ CQ Cq ^ rH M eg t- r-l CO CQ CQ CQ CO CQ co in co CQ CQ b- 00 Oi O CO CQ CQ CQ CO ,^ CQ O CO in i * ' Transitional . . > i j) Average Preliminary . . ; i Average CD be 03 00 *. *v *^ ^ 9 tL C Transitional . > > Average ^ Prelimina ) > Average '. '. '. '. 9 Average '.'.'. a H" < 3 S S S S 3 8 B8SB N333d Nl 9 M-aini 4 4-ye*n UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA V i ** * I Q.630.7IL6B BULLETIN. URBANA 166-181 1914-15 C001 30112019528436 FTO] ( * '^-- 4 '*"