The person charging this material is re¬ sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 CATALOGUE OF THE PORTRAITS AND OTHER WORKS OF ART INDEPENDENCE HALL % PHILADELPHIA WITH A SHORT HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE BUILDINGS COMPRISING THE STATE HOUSE ROW Copyright, 1915, by Wilfred Jordan and Carl Magee Kneass Photographs by Ph. B. Wallace 5n$0!Bf C* Gj> j r i b%.\ “Eighty-two years ago this day a deed which neither France nor England, Greece nor Rome, ever witnessed, was done in Indepen¬ dence Hall, in the city of Philadelphia; a deed that cannot be matched in the history of the world. That old Hall should forever be kept sacred as the scene of such a deed. Let the rains of Heaven distil gently on its roof, and the storms of winter beat softly on its door. As each successive generation of those who have been benefited by the great Decla¬ ration made within its walls shall make their pilgrimage to that shrine, may they think it not unseemly to call its walls salvation and its gates praise!” From a Fourth of July oration delivered by Edward Everett in Boston, 1858. 3 “Robert Edge Pine, an English artist, and follower of John Wilkes, came to this country in 1784. He brought with him a number of paintings and opened an exhibition of them in the State House, where he also conducted a studio. This was the earliest exhibition of pictures ever held in America.” 4 A SHORT HISTORY OF INDEPENDENCE HALL I NDEPENDENCE HALL—or the State House of Pennsylvania, as it was originally called—now comprises the main, or central building, the two arcades connecting it with two two-story buildings, called the wings, and the two larger buildings, one on the corner of Fifth Street and the other on the corner of Sixth Street. The State House and wings were designed and built by Andrew Hamilton, a barrister of Philadelphia. The two others, the lots for which he created a trust, were not built until after the close of the Revolution. The whole together, as completed, has a frontage on Chestnut Street of 396 feet, and was at the time of its completion the largest building for State and municipal purposes in America. After the Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania had been compelled to “hire a house annually” to hold its meetings in, the Journal tells us that, on the first of May, 1729, “the House took i^no considera¬ tion the necessity of a House of the Assembly for this Province to meet in, and it was unanimously resolved that £2000 of the £30,000 then to be emitted in paper currency should be appropriated towards building such a House,” 5 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES The original draft of this bill, with its inter¬ lineations and amendments in the handwriting of Andrew Hamilton, is still preserved. Andrew Hamilton, a member of the Assembly, who was one of a committee of three appointed to select a site and put up the building, authorized Wil¬ liam Allen, a prominent merchant of Philadelphia, to buy, in his own name for the use of the Province, the first piece of ground necessary. This was in 1730, and by 1732 Hamilton succeeded in getting the bal¬ ance of ground needed. In the spring of 1732 ground was broken, and the building begun. It fell to Mr. Hamilton to carry out the design of the noble building he had planned; and, as usual in those days as well as in our own, while seeking conscientiously to serve the public without fee or reward, he was repaid by malicious insinuations and active opposition. The Assembly, however, by formal resolution approved all he did, and made Mr. Hamil¬ ton the first superintendent of the building. On August 8, 1732, the Assembly purchased from Mr. Allen the ground upon which the State House was built. . The first public use to which any portion of the building was put was for a banquet to the citizens of Philadelphia by Mr. Allen, who was then Mayor. This banquet was given in September, 1736, in what has ever since been known as the Banqueting Hall. 6 INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA isial mm I ||i; CATALOGUE OF PICTURES The first occupancy of the State House by the Legislature was in October, 1736, when Andrew Ham¬ ilton was elected Speaker for the seventh term, and Benjamin Franklin was clerk. The building was still unfinished in 1741, and in the summer of that year the Assembly insisted that at least the plastering and glazing should be finished for the next session, and that “the whole building with all its parts should be fin¬ ished without delay.” In 1745 the finishing touches were given to the Assembly Boom—the east room—and a handsome sil¬ ver inkstand (the one which was later used in signing the Declaration of Independence) was provided for the Speaker’s table, at a cost of £25 16s. The second room prepared for use was the west¬ ern or Judicial Chamber, on the first floor. In 1743 it was ordered to be finished upon a plan correspond¬ ing in style with the Assembly Boom. In October, 1748, the Governor’s Council took possession of the western chamber in the second story, which thereafter became known as 11 the Council Chamber. ’ ’ The staircase leading to the Council Chamber, and to the other two rooms on this floor, the Banquet¬ ing Hall and the room of the Clerks of the Assembly, was completed as early as 1741. In 1750 the Assembly ordered the tower to be carried up, ‘ ‘ to contain the staircase, with a suitable place thereon for hanging a Bell,” and in June, 1753, 8 INDEPENDENCE CHAMBER Room in which the Declaration was Signed CATALOGUE OF PICTUKES Pass & Stow placed in position in the State House steeple a “new great Bell, weighing 2080 lbs. with this motto: ‘ Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof.—Lev. xxv:10.’ ” Pass & Stow were paid in September following £60 13s 5d. In 1752 a clock was ordered, and in 1759 it was in place and paid for. The State House was prac¬ tically completed at this time. SOME OF THE NOTABLE EVENTS IN INDEPENDENCE HALL THE notable events that have taken place in the old State House the following are of especial interest: On June 16, 1775, Washington accepted his ap¬ pointment as General of the Continental Army in the east room (Declaration Chamber). On July 4, 1776, the declaration of the Colonies that they were and of right ought to be free and independent States was made in the east room (Declaration Chamber). The Convention to form a new Constitution for Pennsylvania met in the west (Supreme Court) chamber July 15—September 28, 1776. This Conven¬ tion unanimously approved the Declaration of Inde¬ pendence, and on July 20, 1776, elected to Congress the delegates who were the Signers in behalf of Pennsylvania of that document. 10 PRESIDENT’S CHAIR AND TABLE USED BY THE SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE CATALOGUE OF PICTURES The American officers taken at the Battles of the Brandywine (September 11, 1777) and Germantown (October 4, 1777) were held in the Declaration Chamber by the British as prisoners of war. Congress, which had left Philadelphia in Decem¬ ber, 1776, reconvened in the east room March 4, 1777; they left again September 18, returned July 2, 1778, and' continued to sit here until the close of the Revo¬ lution. On July 9, 1778, the Articles of Confederation and perpetual union between the States were signed in the Declaration Chamber by eight States. The five remaining signed later, the last (Maryland) on March 1, 1781. > The Federal Convention to frame a Constitution for the United States met in this chamber May 14 —September 17, 1787, and, after final action and en¬ grossing of the Constitution, those present affixed to it their signatures. The Convention for the State of Pennsylvania ratified the Federal Constitution here on December 13, 1787. The Convention to frame the Constitu¬ tion of Pennsylvania of 1790 met in this chamber also. In 1802 the whole of the second floor of the State House was used as the Peale Museum, Charles W. Peale, the portrait painter, having been granted the use of it by the Legislature rent free. The Museum contained a number of portraits of distinguished per- 12 INDEPENDENCE HALL sons, painted from life, chiefly by Peale himself and his son, Rembrandt Peale. There was a collection of birds, with the scenery appropriate to each—moun¬ tains, plains, water, etc. Insects were also exhibited. The Marine Room contained many amphibious ani¬ mals, as well as a variety of fishes. Minerals and fossils were also displayed. There was, too, a perfect skeleton of a mammoth. In 1824 Lafayette visited Philadelphia, and was given a reception in Independence Chamber. While the body of John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, was being re¬ moved, from the house on Walnut Street in which he died, to Virginia for burial, the Liberty Bell was or¬ dered tolled in honor of the great jurist. This was on July 8, 1835, and it was while being thus tolled that the Bell became cracked. The bodies of Henry Clay (1852), Elisha Kent Kane, the Arctic explorer (1857), and Abraham Lin¬ coln (1865) were among those which lay in state in Independence Hall. THE CITY AND THE COUNTY BUILDINGS \7LTHILE the constructive work of Andrew Hamil- y Y ton embraced only the State House and adjoin¬ ing offices, he had recognized that the city and county would require better accommodations, and he had created a trust in the two pieces of ground on which 13 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES stand Congress Hall (the County Building), at the corner of Chestnut and Sixth Streets, and the old City Hall, on the corner of Fifth Street. In order to bring the whole facade into one general effect Mr. Hamilton had stipulated that the buildings should be of like form, structure and dimensions. The County Building was begun in 1787 and fin¬ ished in 1789. The City Hall Building was begun in 1789 and finished in 1791. The Congress of the United States occupied the County Building from the beginning of its third ses¬ sion, December 6, 1790, until the seat of government was removed to Washington, District of Columbia, in 1800. Washington was inaugurated in this building for his second term as President of the United States (March 4, 1793), and John Adams was inaugurated here on March 4, 1797. The House of Representatives occupied the lower floor; the Senate occupied the second floor. The Supreme Court of the United States held its first session on the second floor of the City Build¬ ing, beginning February 7, 1791, and continuing until August 15, 1800. The Supreme Court of Penn¬ sylvania sat on the second floor of this building also. The Mayor, Aldermen and Common Councilmen sat as one body in the large back room on the first floor. Adjoining, on the west side, was the Mayor’s office, which was so used until March 27, 1895, when the office was moved to the new City Hall. 14 INDEPENDENCE HALL The committee for the War of 1812 and that for the Civil War sat in this building. In March, 1812, Philadelphia got permission from the Legislature to remove a portion of the wings of the building, including the arcades, and to construct buildings for the public uses of the day. The new buildings were carefully planned, and erected by Robert Mills, the architect. PHILADELPHIA BUYS THE PROPERTY |N 1816 the City of Philadelphia became the actual owner of the entire property. The deed of sale was formally executed June 29, 1818, for and in con¬ sideration of the sum of $70,000. Several changes seem to have taken place at this time. Congress Hall was fitted up for the Supreme Court of the State, which since 1802 had been sitting in Independence Hall. In 1854 the second story of the State House was fitted up for the use of City Councils, which continued to meet there until 1895. Some years later the whole group of buildings was restored, and now Independence Chamber is kept as nearly as possible in its original state, as a memorial of the year 1776 and its associations. The building at the corner of Chestnut and Sixth Streets (Congress Hall) was restored in 1913, and it is hoped in the near future to restore the City Building at Fifth Street. 15 : i>!U)rai urns | Stow THE LIBERTY BELL ARRANGEMENT AND LOCATION OF THE PICTURES HE nucleus of the collection of historical portraits at Independence Hall is based on the paintings secured from the famous Peale Museum, which at one time occupied the upper floor of this building. At the time of their sale at public auction, in 1854, a number of Charles Willson Peale’s original portraits of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Revolutionary heroes and men of affairs in the early history of the United States were bought by the City of Philadelphia and re¬ stored to the old State House. In addition to the Peale portraits there is a unique collection of pastel portraits by James Sharpless, some excellent examples of Beujamin West, and valuable por¬ traits by Gilbert Stuart, Robert Edge Pine, Thomas Sully, Allan Ramsay and others, together with William Rush’s masterpiece: a full-length statue, after Stuart, of George Washington, carved in wood. The arrangement of the col¬ lection has been made without regard to artistic value of the portraits, the aim being to follow a careful historic classifi¬ cation in chronological order. The chamber to the immediate left of the Chestnut Street entrance—the room in which the Declaration of Independence was signed—is fittingly dedicated to the portraits of the Signers of that historic document. The opposite chamber is the room in which the Supreme Court sat. Here are hung the portraits of the Judges who presided over it. The vestibule and first story of the tower contain a miscellaneous collection of full-length portraits of important personages, including a group of British Kings and Queens. On the second floor the Banqueting Chamber is confined exclusively to portraits of Colonial and Revolutionary Penn¬ sylvania. The Governor’s Council Chamber contains por¬ traits of the French, and other foreign allies, and Wash¬ ington and his Staff; while the opposite chamber, used by 17 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES the Clerks of the Assembly, is devoted to portraits of the framers of the Constitution of the United States, together with a few other miscellaneous pictures. This catalogue is alphabetically arranged under the name of the subject. The number of each portrait is printed at the left of the name, and corresponds with the number on the frame of the picture. There are portraits of all but eight of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. These are Button Gwin¬ nett, Lyman Hall, Francis Lightfoot Lee, John Penn, Caesar Rodney, James Smith, Matthew Thornton and John Morton. Of these Signers there are no authentic portraits known to exist, and for this reason they are not represented in this collection. 18 CATALOGUE 1 . ABOVILLE, FRANCOIS M. A. Rosenthal (After an original owned by the family) A French Count. Born 1730; died 1817. He distin¬ guished himself as a young officer of artillery at the siege of Munster, came to America with the rank of Colonel, commanded the artillery of Rochambeau’s army at the siege of Yorktown, and was made a Briga¬ dier in 1788. He commanded the French Army of the North in 1792, and was Governor of Brest in 1809, with the rank of Lieutenant-General. Embracing the cause of the Bourbons, he was made a peer of France after the restoration. 2 . ADAMS, JOHN Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Massa¬ chusetts, second President of the United States. Born 1735; died 1826. Was graduated from Harvard in 1755, and took charge of the grammar school at Worcester, Massachusetts, for a short time, after which he became a lawyer. He removed from Worcester to Boston, when he was appointed one of the five dele¬ gates to the Continental Congress. Adams was one of the warmest supporters of the Declaration of Inde¬ pendence. In 1778 he was appointed a commissioner to France, and subsequently commissioner to treat for peace with Great Britain. After serving as Minister to the Court of St. James he became, upon the election of Washington, Vice-President of the United States, and after Washington’s retirement was chosen Presi¬ dent by a small majority. 3 . ADAMS, SAMUEL B. Onthank (After J. S. Copley) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Massa¬ chusetts. Born 1722; died 1803. He was graduated 19 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES from Harvard in 1740, and in 1764 drafted the instruc¬ tions given by the town of Boston to its newly chosen representatives with reference to Grenville’s proposed Stamp Act. These instructions were the first public protest in America against the right of Parliament to tax the Colonies. In 1765 he was chosen one of the three representatives to the General Court from the town of Boston, and at the time of the Boston Massacre took a prominent part in the stirring events of the day. In June, 1774, at a meeting of the General Court it was proposed that a Continental Congress meet in Philadelphia. Samuel Adams was chosen one of the five delegates to this Congress, and was promi¬ nent by his energy and ability, not only in Congress, but also in the formation of the State Constitution of Massachusetts. He was the author of many pam¬ phlets and State papers. 4. ALEXANDER, WILLIAM Bass Otis (After Sir Joshua Reynolds) Called “Lord Stirling.” General in the American Revolution. Born 1726; died 1783. He joined the Commissary of the British army, and attracted the notice of Governor Shirley, who appointed him his per¬ sonal aide-de-camp and private secretary. When the Revolution broke out he was commissioned a Colonel in the Continental Army, and in 1776 was raised to Brigadier-General, and in 1777 to Major-General. He commanded New York for a time, and participated in the battles of Long Island, Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth. He was one of the founders of King’s College, now Columbia University. 5. ALLEN, WILLIAM Benjamin West Chief Justice of Pennsylvania 1750-1774. Born 1710; died 1780. He was a distinguished patron of literature and the arts. He was appointed recorder of the city of Philadelphia in 1741. Allen was of great assistance to the celebrated artist Benjamin West, and cooperated with Benjamin Franklin in establishing the College of Philadelphia. Being a Loyalist he withdrew to 20 INDEPENDENCE HALL GEORGE WASHINGTON Painted from life by James Peale 21 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES England in 1774, where he published ‘‘The American Crisis,” suggesting a plan for restoring the depend¬ ence of the American colonies. 6. ANNE, QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND Queen Anne, the last sovereign of the House of Stuart. Born 1665; died 1714. She was a daughter of King James II, was educated in the Protestant religion, and married, in 1683, Prince George of Denmark. Before this event she had formed an intimacy with Sarah Jennings, Duchess of Marlborough, who became her favorite adviser and for a time exerted an almost un¬ limited influence over her. Anne succeeded William III in March, 1702, and declared her purpose to pursue his foreign policy, which involved England in the war of the Spanish Succession. In her domestic admin¬ istration Anne favored the Tory party. Godolphin, who was considered a moderate Tory, became Prime Minister. In the last year of her reign Anne coop¬ erated with her Ministers in secret in formulating designs to secure the succession to her half-brother, the Pretender. Several years later the Queen was seized with an apoplectic fit which terminated fatally. The plans of the Jacobites were disconcerted by her sudden death, and George I, of the House of Hanover, obtained possession of the throne. 7. ARMAND, CHARLES TREFIN Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) Charles Trefin Armand, Marquis de la Rouaire. Born 1751; died 1793. He served for ten years in the French Guards. In 1777 he received from Congress the com¬ mission of Colonel and permission to enlist a legion of two hundred men. In 1778 he commanded as Colonel, at the camp at Valley Forge, a corps of light¬ armed troops. He served during the entire war. Upon the signing of peace in 1783 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. Shortly after this he re¬ turned to France and took an active part in the Revo¬ lution there. 22 INDEPENDENCE II ALL No. 2 JOHN ADAMS, MASSACHUSETTS Signer of the Declaration of Independence 23 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 8. ARMSTRONG, JOHN, JR. Albert Rosenthal (After Rembrandt Peale) An American General. Born 1758; died 1843. In 1775, while a student at Princeton, lie enlisted in the Con¬ tinental Army and was appointed aide-de-camp to Gen¬ eral Hugh Mercer, and after the latter’s death became aide to General Gates. At the close of the war he re¬ turned to his home at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and was appointed Adjutant-General and Secretary of State of Pennsylvania. He was United States Senator, 1800-1804, and Minister to France, 1804-1810, and Min¬ ister to Spain 1806-1810. In 1812 Armstrong was com¬ missioned a Brigadier-General and was assigned to the command of the city and harbor of New York. In 1813 he was Secretary of War. It was he who wrote the first of the celebrated “Newburgh Letters’’ which appeared anonymously. 9. ARMSTRONG, JOHN Rembrandt Peale An American General. Born in Ireland 1725; died 1795. He came to America in 1745, and served with distinction in the French and Indian War. He was commissioned a Brigadier-General in the Continental Army in March, 1776, was present at the action at Fort Moultrie, and commanded the Pennsylvania militia at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. Ap¬ pointed Major-General in 1778. Served twice as a member of the Continental Congress from Pennsyl¬ vania. 10. ATLEE, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS Albert Rosenthal (After a wax relief) Born 1735; died 1793. Lived in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, where he was admitted to the bar and became prominent in his profession. He was elected Chief Burgess of Lancaster in 1770. Upon the breaking out of the Revolution he became an active Whig, and in 1776 was chosen Chairman of the Lancaster Com¬ mittee of Safety. Atlee was appointed, in 1777, Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and in 1778 24 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 3 SAMUEL ADAMS, MASSACHUSETTS Signer of the Declaration of Independence 25 CATALOGUE OE PICTURES Commissioner of British prisoners confined at Lan¬ caster. He was reappointed Judge of the Supreme Court in 1784, and in 1791 was appointed President Judge of the district composed of York, Lancaster and Dauphin counties, which position he filled up to the time of his death. 11. BALDWIN, ABRAHAM Albert Rosenthal (After Bobert Fulton) Statesman. Born 1754; died 1807. He was graduated at Yale in 1772. From 1777 to the close of the Revo¬ lution he was a chaplain in the Army. At the close of the war he went to Savannah, Georgia. In 1784 he was elected to the State Legislature of Georgia. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress 1785- 1788, and was a member of the Federal Constitutional Convention. Baldwin was a Member of Congress 1789- 1799. United States Senator 1799-1807, and President pro-tempore of the Senate 1801-1802. 12. BARRY, JOHN Colin Campbell Cooper (After Gilbert Stuart) Naval officer. Born in Ireland 1745; died 1803. Barry offered his services to Congress at the opening of the Revolution, and in 1776 was given command of the Lexington, in which he made the first capture of a British war vessel. During the winter of 1776-1777 he commanded a company of volunteer artillery and assisted in the operations at Trenton. In 1777 he cap¬ tured a British war vessel in the Delaware, with four small sailboats. In 1778 he was assigned to the com¬ mand of the Raleigh, and in 1781 to the Alliance. He conveyed Colonel Laurens on a special mission to France. On the establishment of the new navy, in 1794, he was named senior officer with the rank of Commodore. 13. BARTRAM, WILLIAM Botanist, son of John Bartram. Born 1739; died 1823. He traveled in the Southern States, making scientific 26 INDEPENDENCE HALL collections. For several years he raised indigo on the St. John’s River in Florida. Bartram published books descriptive of his travels and made a complete list of native American birds. His fame rests chiefly on his book, “Travels Through North and South Carolina, etc.” 14. BARTLETT, JOSIAH Caroline Weeks (After John Trumbull) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New Hampshire. Governor of New Hampshire. Born 1729; died 1795. He commenced the practice of medicine in Kingston, but was deprived, because of his zealous advocacy of Whig principles, of various appointments which he received from the Royal Governor. As a delegate to the Continental Congress he was the first to vote for the Declaration, and the first, after Presi¬ dent John Hancock, to sign it. In 1779 he was ap¬ pointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas Court of New Hampshire, and in 1788 became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of that State. In 1793 he was elected first Governor of New Hampshire under the new State Constitution. 15. BARNEY, JOSHUA Charles W. Peale American naval officer. Born 1759; died 1818. For bravery shown in action he was made a Lieutenant on the schooner Wasp. During the Revolution he was seven times taken prisoner, and each time escaped or was exchanged. After having captured the Charming Mollie he was given a ship, and sent to clear the Dela¬ ware River of British privateers. He captured the General Monk, an eighteen-gun ship, and for his brav¬ ery in this action was voted a sword by the Pennsyl¬ vania Legislature. During the War of 1812 he was assigned to the defense of Washington City. In 1815 he was sent on a mission to Europe by President Monroe, but ill health compelled him to return. 27 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 16. BASSETT, RICHARD Albert Rosenthal (After Charles Saint Memin) Governor of Delaware. Born in Delaware; died 1815. Member of the Continental Congress under the old confederation in 1787. Bassett was also a member of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution, from the State of Delaware. From 1789 to 1793 he was United States Senator from Delaware, and was the first member of that body to cast his vote in favor of locating the capital on the banks of the Potomac. In 1801 he was appointed a Judge of the United States Circuit Court. 17. BAYLOR, GEORGE Albert Rosenthal (After a miniature) A Revolutionary officer. Born 1752; died 1784 at Bar- badoes, West Indies, where he had gone for his health. He was appointed an aide-de-camp to General Wash¬ ington in 1775. After the Battle of Trenton he carried the news of the success to Congress, by whom he was presented with a horse, and recommended for promo¬ tion. He w r as made a Colonel of dragoons in 1777. His command was surprised on the night of September 17, 1778, near Tappan, New York, by General Gray. Baylor was dangerously wounded, and sixty-seven of his men were butchered in cold blood, and the re¬ mainder, with himself, captured. After his exchange •he served until the end of the war. 18. Bedford, Gunning, Jr. Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. PealeJ American patriot and statesman. Born 1747; died 1812. Entered the Revolutionary Army as Major, and became Lieutenant-Colonel. He was an aide-de-camp to Washington for a short time during the Revolution, a delegate from Delaware to the Continental Congress 1783-1786, was a member from Delaware of the con¬ vention which framed the Federal Constitution, and a signer of that instrument. He was Judge of the United States Court and Attorney-General of Dela¬ ware. 28 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 14 JOSIAH BARTLETT, NEW HAMPSHIRE Signer of the Declaration of Independence 29 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 19. BIDDLE, CLEMENT Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Teale) “Quaker Soldier.” Born 1740; died 1814. When the Revolution broke out he organized what was called the Quaker Volunteers. In 1776 Congress elected him a Colonel and Deputy Quartermaster-General. He re¬ mained in the army until 1780. Biddle took a promi¬ nent part in support of the Federal Constitution 1787. He was a warm personal friend of General Washing¬ ton, and considered by him one of his best officers. 20. BIDDLE, JAMES Charles W. Peale American naval officer. Born 1783; died 1848. He entered the navy and saw service on board the frigate Philadelphia, and the sloop of war Wasp. Biddle was present at the capture of the British sloop Frolic. Shortly after this he was made prisoner by the British. On being exchanged his rank was raised and he was given command of the Hornet. After some eventful service he returned to New York, where many honors were bestowed upon him for his fine seamanship and gallant conduct. Congress gave him a gold medal and the rank of Captain. In 1845, as Commander of the East Indian Squadron, he went to China, and made a treaty with that country. He acted for the United States in the Oregon boundary question. 21. BIDDLE, NICHOLAS Charles W. Peale American naval officer. Born 1750; died 1778. At the age of thirteen he made a voyage to the West Indies. In 1770 he entered the British navy, but deserted his ship and joined an Arctic expedition. After returning to America he was made Captain, and assigned to the command of a vessel, and was placed in charge of Andrea Doria. From this time till his death he was extremely fortunate in all his engagements with Brit¬ ish ships. In 1778, while cruising with a fleet of five vessels near Charleston, South Carolina, he fell in with the Yarmouth, a British frigate, sustained severe 30 INDEPENDENCE HALL injuries, which caused his ship, the Randolph, to blow up, and Biddle and three hundred of his crew perished. 22. BLAKELEY, JOHNSTON D. R. Fairfax American naval officer. Born in Ireland 1781; died 1814. After his father’s removal to North Carolina he passed a few years in the University of that State. In the year 1800 he obtained a midshipman’s warrant, and in 1818 was made Commander of the new ship Wasp. He captured the British sloop Reindeer after an action of nineteen minutes. Congress voted him a gold medal. The last account of the Wasp is that she was spoken off the Western Isles. In what manner Blakeley and his crew perished is not known. 23. BLAIR, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (A copy) American jurist. Born 1732; died 1800. He studied law at the Temple, London, and soon became promi¬ nent in his profession. Became a member of the Vir¬ ginia Legislature in 1765, and of the Council in 1776. In 1777 he was Judge of the Court of Appeals, after¬ ward Chief Justice. He was a delegate from Virginia to the Federal Convention, and with Washington and Madison, alone of all the Virginia delegates, voted for its adoption. In 1789 he was appointed by President Washington a Judge of the United States Supreme Court. 24. BLOUNT, WILLIAM Albert Rosenthal (After Charles JV. Teale) Statesman. Born 1744; died 1800. He was a member from North Carolina of the Continental Congress 1783- 1784 and again 1786-1787, and a signer of the Federal Constitution from North Carolina. In 1790 Blount was appointed Governor of the territory south of the Ohio River. United States Senator from Tennessee 1796, but was impeached in July, 1797, for being con¬ cerned in the conspiracy to deliver New Orleans and 31 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES the Floridas to the British. The proceedings against him increased his popularity in Tennessee, and he was elected to the State Senate and chosen President of that body. 25. BOUQUET, HENRY Mary Ellis Robins Military officer. Born in Switzerland 1719; died 1766. He was appointed a Lieutenant-Colonel in the British Army in 1756. In 1763 he was sent by General Am¬ herst from Canada with military stores and provisions for the relief of Fort Pitt. While on his way he was attacked by a powerful body of Indians, but by a skillful manoeuver supported by the determined brav¬ ery of his troops he defeated them and reached the Fort in safety. In the following year he was sent from Canada on an expedition against the Ohio In¬ dians, and reduced a body of Shawnees, Delawares, and other Indians to the necessity of making peace at Tuscarawas. At the time of his death he was a Brigadier-General in the British service. > 26. BOUGAINVILLE, LOUIS ANTOINE de Albert Rosenthal (After an original painting owned ~by tine family) French soldier and navigator. Born 1729; died 1811. He studied for the bar, and was admitted a counselor of the Parliament of Paris. In 1753 he became aide- de-camp to General Chevert. He went to London in 1754 as Secretary of the French Embassy. He after¬ ward served as aide-de-camp under the Marquis de Montcalm in Canada, was sent to France in 1758 for reinforcements, and returned to Canada in 1759. In 1763 he engaged in the naval service, and in 1766-1769 made a voyage around the world. He commanded a French ship of the line in the American Revolution, and distinguished himself in all the engagements be¬ tween the fleets of France and England. Was made Commodore in 1779, and in 1780 a Field Marshal in the army. He was retired from service after having served in the army and navy with great distinction for more than forty years. 32 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 33 CARTER BRAXTON, VIRGINIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 33 ■ CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 27. BOUDINOT, ELIAS Charles W. Peale American statesman and philanthropist. Born 1740; died 1821. He practiced law in New Jersey, and dur¬ ing the Revolutionary War became Commissary-Gen¬ eral of prisoners. He was chosen a delegate to Congress from New Jersey in 1777, and served until 1779, and again from 1781 to 1784, and from 1789 to 1795. In 1782 he was chosen President of Congress, and as such signed the Treaty of Peace with Great Britain. In 1795 he was appointed a director of the Mint at Philadelphia, retaining that office until 1805. He was the first President of the American Bible Society, and gave it $10,000. Among his other be¬ quests was 13,000 acres of land to the corporation of Philadelphia that the poor might be supplied with wood at low prices, and 3000 acres to the Philadelphia Hospital for the benefit of foreigners. 28. BOWDOIN, JAMES > Born 1752; died 1811. Graduated at Harvard in 1771; spent a year in college at Oxford, England; traveled in that country and on the Continent. On his return to the United States went into politics. He was a member of the State Assembly, Senate and Council of Massachusetts. The Government sent him as Minister to Spain in 1805, and commissioned him to treat with Spain concerning ‘ 1 territories, wrongful captures, condemnations and other injuries. ,, On the establishment of Bowdoin College—named in honor of his father—he gave it 6000 acres of land, £1100, and bequeathed it a large library and a valuable collec¬ tion of paintings. 29. BRACKENRIDGE, HUGH HENRY Albert Rosenthal (After Gilbert Stuart) Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Born 1748; died 1816. Graduated at Princeton in 1771, in the class with James Madison. He was the master 34 INDEPENDENCE HALL of an academy in Maryland before the Revolution. In 1781 he settled at Pittsburgh, which he deemed favor¬ ably situated for becoming a large town, and in its improvement he took a great interest. He wrote for the newspapers many essays in prose and poetry. In 1799 he was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. A few years before his death he removed to Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 30. BRANT, JOSEPH (Thayendanegea) Charles W. Peale Indian Chief. Born 1742; died 1807. He was a noted Chief of the Mohawks, and was in the British service with a Colonel’s commission, during the Revolutionary War. After the war his great influence with the dif¬ ferent Indian tribes was thrown on the side of peace, and in July, 1793, at the solicitation of Washington and Clinton, he visited the Miamis and materially assisted the Indian commissioners in securing a treaty of peace between that tribe and the United States. He visited England in 1786 and raised the funds with which the first Episcopal Church in Upper Canada was built. He translated the Gospel of Saint Mark into the Mohawk language, and, together with Colonel Daniel Claus, translated into the same tongue the Book of Common Prayer. 31. BRADFORD, WILLIAM Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) Printer and soldier of the Revolution. Born 1719; died 1791. In 1742 he opened a printing office in Philadelphia, and published the “Pennsylvania Journal.’ ’ He was a spirited writer and took up the patriot cause in his Journal. When the war broke out he was appointed a Major and later a Colonel in the army, fighting at the battles of Trenton and Prince¬ ton, where he was wounded, and was at Fort Mifflin when it was bombarded in 1777. After the British troops withdrew from Philadelphia he retired from the army, broken in health. 35 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 32. BRADFORD, JR., WILLIAM Bass Otis (After Charles Saint Memin) Lawyer. Born 1755; died 1795. Graduated at the Col¬ lege of New Jersey (now Princeton) in 1772. Studied law under Edward Shippen, and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. In 1776 he was a captain in Humpton’s regiment, and from 1777 to 1779 was a deputy Muster-Master-General with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Bradford was ap¬ pointed Attorney-General of Pennsylvania in 1780; made Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in 1791, and Attorney-General of the United States in 1794. In August of that year he was one of the com¬ missioners to confer with the insurgents of Western Pennsylvania. He was a Major of brigade under Gen¬ eral Roberdeau. 33. BRAXTON, CARTER Albert Rosenthal (After a miniature) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Vir¬ ginia. Born 1736; died 1797. He was educated at William and Mary College. Entered the House of Burgesses of Virginia in 1761, and in 1765 supported Patrick Henry’s Stamp Act resolutions. Was a mem¬ ber of the subsequent Legislatures that were dissolved by the Governor of Virginia. Peyton Randolph, a delegate to the Continental Congress, died in 1775, and Braxton was chosen to succeed him. He was a member of the first House of Delegates of Virginia under the Constitution and served in the legislative bodies of his State until his death. 34. BRODHEAD, DANIEL Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) Revolutionary General. Born 1736; died 1809. He raised a company of riflemen in 1775, who served in the Battle of Long Island. He was later appointed Colonel in the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. In 1778 he led an expedition against the Muskingum In¬ dians, which was successful. He made two important 36 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 41 CHARLES CARROLL, MARYLAND Signer of the Declaration of Independence 37 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES treaties with the Indians, one on July 22, 1779, with the Cherokees, for which he received the thanks of Congress. For many years he was Surveyor-General of Pennsylvania. 35. BRYAN, GEORGE Albert Rosenthal (A copy) A jurist. Born 1731; died 1791. He came to America from Ireland in very early life, and was engaged for some years in commercial pursuits in Philadelphia. He was a member of the State Assembly, and in 1765 was a member of the Stamp Act Congress, in which he took an active part. He was Vice-President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania from the period of the Declaration of Independence. He was in 1778 advanced to the Presidency, and in 1779 was elected to the State Legislature, where he projected and procured the passage of an act for the gradual abolition of slavery. He was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in 1780, and remained in that office until his death. 36. BUTLER, RICHARD Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) An officer of the Revolutionary Army. Born in Ire¬ land; died 1791. He was appointed a Lieutenant- Colonel in the Pennsylvania line at the outbreak of the Revolution, and distinguished himself on many occasions. In 1787 he was appointed agent for Indian affairs in Ohio. Later, in the expedition against the Indians in 1791, he accompanied General St. Clair, and in one of these engagements was badly wounded and carried off the field. While waiting to have his wounds dressed he was tomahawked and scalped. 37. BUTLER, PIERCE Albert Rosenthal (After a miniature) Senator. Born in 1744; died 1822. He was made a Lieutenant in the British army in 1761, Captain in 1762, and Major in 1766, but resigned before the Revo- 38 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 44 SAMUEL CHASE, MARYLAND Signer of tlie Declaration of Independence 39 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES lutionary War broke out, and settled in South Caro¬ lina. He was a member of Congress in 1787-1788, and a member from South Carolina of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution. After the adoption of the Constitution he was elected United States Sena¬ tor from his State in 1789-1796, and again in 1802- 1804. He was also for a time a director of the United States Bank. 38. CADWALADER, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) Revolutionary General. Born 1742; died 1786. He was a member of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety, and was appointed by Congress a Brigadier-General. He participated in the battles of Princeton, Brandy¬ wine, Germantown and Monmouth. At Trenton Washington intrusted him with one of the divisions of the army. He fought a duel with General Thomas Conway in consequence of the intrigue of the latter against Washington. After the war he was a member of the Assembly of Maryland. 39. CADWALADER, LAMBERT Albert Rosenthal (After Thomas Sully) Revolutionary soldier. Born 1743; died 1823. As a Colonel of a New Jersey regiment in the Revolutionary Army he served in the war and was taken prisoner by the British at the capture of Fort Washington, New York. He was exchanged in the course of time and returned to his estate near Trenton, and did not again enter the military service. From 1784 to 1787 he represented New Jersey in the Continental Congress, and was a member, from the same State, of the First and Third Congresses of the United States. 40. CAMBRAY, CHEVALIER DU Albert Rosenthal (After an original in the Versailles Gallery) He entered the French service as a candidate for the Royal Corps of Artillery in 1771, and was not made an 40 INDEPENDENCE HALL officer as there was no vacancy. He left for America with De Carmichael in 1778, and arrived in the month of June. In the “Memoirs of Lafayette’’ at that time is a letter where he writes to his wife that Du Cambray will be well pleased, for he was appointed by Congress Lieutenant-Colonel in the Corps of En¬ gineers. Under orders of DuPortail he fortified Charlestown in 1779. Then he was Commander of Ar¬ tillery in the Department of the West. After peace was restored he was appointed a Major of the Pro¬ vincial Troops. 41. CARROLL, CHARLES Charles W. Peale Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, last surviving Signer of the Declaration of Independence, from Maryland. Born 1737; died 1832. At the age of eight he was sent to Prance to be educated, and in 1757 entered the Middle Temple for the study of law. He was appointed by Congress one of the Commissioners to go to Canada to induce the Canadians to join the American cause. On July 4, 1776, he was elected a Member of Congress and took his seat July 18, and on August 2 he signed the Declaration. In 1788, he was elected first United States Senator from the State of Maryland, and in 1797, was one of the Commissioners to settle the bound¬ ary line between Maryland and Virginia. 42. CHASTELLUX, MARQUIS DE Charles W. Peale Francois Jean de Chastellux, a French General and author. Born 1734; died 1788. He wrote an admired “Essay on Public Happyness” in 1772, which Voltaire preferred to Montesquieu’s “Spirit of Laws.” In 1775 he was admitted into the French Academy. In 1780 he came to America, where he served as Major-General in the American Army under Rochambeau for three years. He was a warm personal friend of General Washington. 41 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 43. CHARLES II M. McDowell (After Sir Peter Lely) King of England, Scotland and Ireland, the eldest sur¬ viving son of Charles I. Born 1630; died 1685. After the decisive triumph of the Parliament at Naseby, in 1645, he retired to Jersey, and the next year joined his mother at Paris. In 1649 he was proclaimed King by the Scottish Parliament on condition of his good be¬ havior. Charles was crowned at Scone January 1, 1761, Cromwell having defeated the Royalist Army at Dun¬ bar, and reduced a great part of Scotland. Charles marched with his Scottish army into England, closely pursued by his enemy. Ilis hopes that the English would rally to his standard were disappointed, and the enter¬ prise terminated in his defeat at Worcester, September 3, 1651. Charles escaped, and after many adventures finally found safety in France. The restoration of Charles to the throne is ascribed to the loyalty and prudence -of General Monk, seconded by the favor of the people and the law of reaction. He appointed Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, Prime Minister. In 1662 he married Catherine of Braganza, daughter of the King of Portugal. In 1665 he declared war against the Neth¬ erlands. Peace was restored by the treaty of Breda in 1667. 44. CHASE, SAMUEL Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Mary¬ land. Born 1741; died 1811. At an early age he took up the study of law at Annapolis, Maryland, and was admitted to the bar in 1761. He soon became promi¬ nent in his profession, and was elected a member of the Legislature. He was an ardent patriot and resisted the Stamp Act. Chase was sent by his State as a dele¬ gate to Congress in 1774, and continued a member until the end of 1778. The Maryland delegates were re¬ strained by special instructions from voting for inde¬ pendence, but after an absence from Congress he re¬ turned to Philadelphia just in time to join in adopting the decisive resolution. In 1788 he became Chief Jus- 42 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 46 ABRAHAM CLARK, NEW JERSEY Signer of the Declaration of Independence 43 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES tice of the Criminal Court at Baltimore, and was also a member of the Convention which adopted the Fed¬ eral Constitution. In 1791 he became Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland. In 1796 he was made Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. 45. CHEW, BENJAMIN George Lambdin Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. Born 1722; died 1810. He studied law with Andrew Hamilton, also in Lon¬ don, and, in 1745, removed from Maryland to Phila¬ delphia, where he was Recorder from 1755 to 1772, also Register of Wills and Attorney-General. In 1774 he succeeded William Allen as Chief Justice of Penn¬ sylvania, but, being opposed to the Revolution, he retired from public life in 1776. He was appointed, in 1790, President of the High Court of Errors and Appeals. He continued in that station until the aboli¬ tion of the Court in 1806. 46. CLARK, ABRAHAM James R. Lambdin Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New Jersey. Born 1726; died 1794. In early life he devoted himself to surveying and conveyancing. He became High Sheriff of Essex County, New Jersey, and clerk of the Colonial Assembly. At the beginning of the Revolution he distinguished himself as a member of the Committee of Public Safety. On June 21, 1776, he was elected to Congress, and was continuously reelected until 1783, with the exception of one year, 1779. He again served in 1787-1788. Clark was a member of the New Jersey Legislature 1782-1787, and chosen a delegate to the Convention which framed the Federal Constitution, but never took his seat, and in 1789 was appointed a commissioner to settle the ac¬ counts of New Jersey with the United States. Later he became a member of the National Congress, serving from 1791 till the time of his death. 44 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 48 GEORGE CLYMER, PENNSYLVANIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 45 CATALOGUE OE PICTURES 47. CLARK, WILLIAM Charles W. Peale An American General and explorer. Born 1770; died 1838. He was a brother of George Rogers Clark. Cap¬ tain Merriwether Lewis and he were the leaders of an exploring expedition which by order of the Govern¬ ment crossed the continent from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River in 1804. He was Governor of Missouri Territory from 1813 to 1821. 48. CLYMER, GEORGE E. D. Marchant Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Penn¬ sylvania. Born 1739; died 1813. He inherited from his uncle, William Coleman, who had directed his edu¬ cation, a considerable fortune. Was a member of the Pennsylvania Council of Safety, and July 29, 1775, be¬ came Continental Treasurer. On July 20, 1776, he was appointed, with James Wilson and others, to succceed those members of the Pennsylvania delegation in Con¬ gress who had refused their assent to the Declaration of Independence and had abandoned their seats. Al¬ though Mr. Clymer’s signature is affixed to that docu¬ ment he was not present at its adoption. He was re¬ elected to Congress in 1777, and continued an active member until May of that year, when he was forced to ask leave of absence on account of ill health. He was again elected in 1780, and served until 1782. He was a member of the Federal Convention which signed the Constitution of the United States. Clymer was also a member of the first National House of Repre¬ sentatives. 49. COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON Albert Rosenthal (After J. S. Copley) Painter. Born 1737; died 1815. He began at an early age to develop an artistic temperament. In 1760 Cop¬ ley sent to Benjamin West, in England, without name or address, a portrait which at once gave him a place among artists of recognized merit. This painting is known as the “Boy and the Flying Squirrel .” In 46 INDEPENDENCE HALL 1767 Copley was elected a fellow of the Society of Artists of Great Britain. In 1779 he was elected a member of the Royal Academy. 50. CORTEZ, HERNANDO The conqueror of Mexico. Born 1485; died 1547. He resolved to seek his fortunes in the New World, and made a successful conquest of the island of Cuba. From there he went into Mexico, where his exploits met with more or less success. 51. CUSTINE, COUNT DE Albert Rosenthal (After an original by Philippeau in the Versailles Gallery) Adam Philippe de Custine. Born 1740; died 1793. He was a Captain of Dragoons in 1758, serving with dis¬ tinction in the Seven Years War. After this war he was commander of a regiment of dragoons, but ex¬ changed into a regiment of infantry which was going to the aid of America. He was appointed Quarter¬ master-General of French forces in the United States 1778-1783. Was present at the surrender of Corn¬ wallis at Yorktown. On his return to France he was made Governor of Toulon. He favored the Revolution, which put him at the head of the Army in 1792. At first he had success, but was finally forced to retire. He returned to Paris and was guillotined in 1793. 52. CUSHING, THOMAS American statesman. Born 1725; died 1788. Grad¬ uated at Harvard 1744. In 1766 he became a member of the Massachusetts Assembly, and was Speaker of that body for several years. He was elected to the first Continental Congress in 1774, and reelected in 1775. He was a candidate for reelection in 1776, but owing to his opposition to the Declaration of Independ¬ ence was defeated. Subsequently he became Lieuten¬ ant-Governor of Massachusetts, and in 1788 was a member of the Massachusetts convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. 47 CATALOGUE OE PICTURES 53. DA VIE,WILLIAM RICHARDSON Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Soldier. Born 1756; died 1820. Graduated at Prince¬ ton in 1776, and began the study of law, but abandoned it to accept a commission as Lieutenant of a company of dragoons, joining Pulaski's Legion, and rose to the rank of Major. He received a severe wound at the Battle of Stono Ferry in 1779, and returned to his home, where in 1780 he raised a body of cavalry and joined in the defense of South Carolina. He was a member of the convention from North Carolina which framed the Federal Constitution, and wa« elected Gov¬ ernor of South Carolina in 1799. 54. DAYTON, JONATHAN Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Statesman and soldier. Born 1760; died 1824. Grad¬ uated at Princeton 1776, studied law and was admitted to the bar. He entered the Continental Army and was appointed a regimental Paymaster, and later an aide- de-camp to General Sullivan. In 1798 he was made a Brigadier-General. Dayton was a member of the con¬ vention from New Jersey which framed the Federal Constitution, and was elected to the National Congress from that State in 1791. He became a United States Senator in 1799, and served until 1805. 55. DEARBORN, HENRY Charles W. Peale Physician and soldier. Born 1751; died 1829. He studied medicine and began to practice in 1772. Dur¬ ing his leisure he made a study of military tactics, making his knowledge available during the Revolu¬ tionary War. The day following the Battle of Lexing¬ ton, with sixty minutemen he marched to Cambridge and covered the American retreat. He participated in the Battle of Bunker Hill, accompanied Arnold's ex¬ pedition to Canada, where he was taken prisoner in the attack on Quebec. After his exchange he fought at the battles of Stillwater, Saratoga, Monmouth, New¬ town, and at the siege of Yorktown. Was chosen Brig- 48 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 63 WILLIAM ELLERY, RHODE ISLAND Signer of the Declaration of Independence 49 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES adier-General 1787, and Major-General 1795. Twice elected to Congress, he was Secretary of War under Jefferson, Collector of the Port of Boston, and in 1812 was appointed a Major-General and assigned to the Northern department, taking part in the War of 1812, capturing York (now Toronto) and Fort George. He was suspected of political intrigues and recalled, but was at once appointed Commander of New York City. Tn 1822 President Monroe sent him as Minister to Portugal. 56. DECATUR, STEPHEN Gilbert Stuart American naval officer. Born 1779; died 1820. His first voyage was made on one of his father’s ships. He became a midshipman in 1798 and shipped under Com¬ modore Barry on the frigate United States. When trouble arose with Tripoli Commodore Richard Dale was fitted out with a squadron and sent to bring the Tripolitans to terms, Lieutenant Decatur accompanied him as a First-Lieutenant on the Essex. His most conspicuous act at Tripoli was the burning of the frigate Philadelphia. During the War of 1812 Decatur commanded the frigate United States, and captured the British frigate Macedonian. A gold medal was voted him by Congress. In 1814 he took command of the President. In 1816 he was appointed a Navy Commissioner. Commodore Barron, who, at the begin¬ ning of the War of 1812, had been deprived of his command of the Chesapeake, took exceptions to certain remarks which Decatur made about him. The latter refused to retract, but did all else in his power to restore friendliness, but Barron challenged Decatur. A duel was fought at Bladensburg, in which both were wounded. Decatur died that night. 57. DEHASS, JOHN PHILIP Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) Soldier. Born in Holland 1735; died 1786. In 1750 he emigrated with his father to America, and settled in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He was an Ensign 50 INDEPENDENCE HALL in the French and Indian War. In 1776 he was ap¬ pointed a Colonel of the First Pennsylvania Regiment, and served in Canada and at Ticonderoga. In 1777 he was appointed a Brigadier-General, serving in the army until the close of the Revolution. 58. DICKINSON, JOHN Charles W. Peale Publicist. Born 1732; died 1808. Studied law in Phila¬ delphia, and passed three years at the Temple, London. On his return to the Colonies he practiced law in Philadelphia. Was a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1764, and a member of the Continental Congress in 1774. He opposed the Declaration of In¬ dependence when the question of voting on the same arrived, and absented himself intentionally from Con¬ gress. In 1777 he was commissioned by Congress a Brigadier-General in the army. He was again elected to Congress in 1779 from Delaware. Dickinson served as a member from Delaware of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution. He was noted as a powerful writer against the policy of Great Britain toward her colonies, and was the author of the cele¬ brated 11 Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies. ’ ’ 59. DILLON, ARTHUR Albert Rosenthal (A copy) French General. Born 1750; died 1794. He commanded a regiment in the West Indies, and later in the Ameri¬ can colonies. Was present at the siege of Yorktown, and later took part in the capture of Grenada, Tobago, and Saint Christopher. He was Governor of Saint Christopher in 1782, and later chosen a Deputy State’s General. In 1792 he was appointed to the command of a Corps d’Armee under Dumauriez, and, although he was not altogether in sympathy with the new regime, he consented to defend France from foreign invasion. He was recalled in 1793, imprisoned, and put to death in 1794. 51 UKiVBismfC* JUJNOtS LIBRARY AJ URBANA-CHAMPA1GN CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 60. DUFFIELD, GEORGE George Polk American clergyman. Born 1732; died 1790. Ordained a minister of the Presbyterian Church in 1761, and was pastor of several different churches throughout Penn¬ sylvania. He finally was placed in charge of the Third Church of Philadelphia. During the Revolution he served as Chaplain, and was so hated by the enemy that a reward was offered for his head. 61. DUMAS, MATHIEU Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Count Mathieu Dumas, a French General and historian. Born 1753; died 1837. He was aide-de-camp to Count de Rochambeau in the American Revolution, where he served, 1780-1783. In the French Revolution he was identified with the party of Lafayette, and was charged with several important missions. In 1791 Dumas com¬ manded ,the troops which guarded Louis XVI on his return from Varennes, and was raised to the rank of General. He was condemned to death in the Reign of Terror, but escaped to Switzerland. Dumas became a General of Division in 1815, and an aide-de-camp, and later Major-General under Napoleon. He also co¬ operated with Lafayette in the Revolution of 1830, after which he was made a peer of France. 62. DUPORTAIL, CHEVALIER Charles W. Peale Louis Lebeque Duportail, a French officer. Born 1736; died 1802. He served with distinction in the American Colonies under Lafayette, with whose political opinions he agreed, first as Colonel, and later as Brigadier-Gen¬ eral in 1777, and Major-General in 1781. By the in¬ fluence of Lafayette he was appointed Minister of War to France in 1790. The hostility and violence of the Assembly induced him to resign in 1791. In the Reign of Terror he escaped death by exile to America in 1794. In 1802 he was recalled to France, but died during the passage home. INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 71 WILLIAM FLOYD, NEW YORK Signer of the Declaration of Independence 53 CATALOGUE OE PICTURES 63. ELLERY, WILLIAM S. B. Waugh (After John Trumbull) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Rhode Island. Born 1727; died 1820. Graduated at Harvard in 1747 and was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1770, when he began the practice of law in Newport, Rhode Island. In 1776 he took his seat in Congress as one of the delegates from Rhode Island, and remained in that body, with the exception of the years 1780-1782, until 1786. In 1790 he was appointed Collector of New¬ port, and filled that office until the date of his death. 64. ELLERY, WILLIAM See No. 63. J. R. Lambdin (After John Trumbull) 65. ELLSWORTH, OLIVER Albert Rosenthal (After James Sharpless) Chief Justice of the United States. Born 1745; died 1807. Graduated at Princeton 1766, and was admitted to the bar in 1771. Chosen a delegate to the Conti¬ nental Congress in 1777. He was a member from Con¬ necticut, of the convention which framed the Eederal Constitution, but he did not sign that instrument. He was elected, in 1789, to the Senate of the United States. According to John Adams ‘ ‘ he was the firmest pillar of Washington’s whole administration in that body.” He was appointed Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court by Washington in 1796. He was sent to Paris in 1799, as Envoy Extraordinary, and with his colleagues, Governor Davie and Patrick Henry, negotiated a treaty with France. 66. ESTAING, COUNT D’ Albert Rosenthal (After Franque, after Sablet) / Count Charles Hector d’Estaing, a French Admiral. Born 1729; died 1794. He served in India under Count Daily in 1758, and in 1763 was chosen Lieutenant- General of the Naval Armies of France, though his 54 INDEPENDENCE HALL experience was gained in the land service. In 1778, as Vice-Admiral, he commanded the fleet sent to aid the Americans. Just as his fleet met that of Lord Howe near Rhode Island, in 1778, a violent storm sep¬ arated them, with much damage to the French. He returned to France in 1780, and was guillotined in 1794. 67. FEBIGER, CHRISTIAN Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) American soldier. Born 1746: died 1796. He came from Denmark and settled in the American Colonies in 1773, and at once espoused the patriot cause, joined the army and distinguished himself at the Battle of Bunker Hill. In 1776 he was appointed a Lieutenant- Colonel in the Virginia line. Colonel Febiger retired from actual service in 1783, and settled in Philadel¬ phia, where he engaged successfully m business. 68. FERSEN, AXEL VON Albert Rosenthal (After a pastel by Lundberg) Count Axel von Fersen, Field Marshal of the Army of Sweden. Born 1750; died 1810. He entered the French service and fought under Rochambeau for America. In the disguise of a coachman he conducted Louis XVI and his family out of Paris in their flight to Varennes. In 1791 Count von Fersen returned to Sweden and was appointed Marshal of the Kingdom in 1801. He was murdered in 1810 by a mob who sus¬ pected him of complicity in the death of Prince Chris¬ tian. 69. FEW, WILLIAM Albert Rosenthal (After John Homage) American soldier. Born 1748; died 1828. When a boy he removed with his father to North Carolina. He was a Colonel in the Continental Army and distinguished himself in several actions. He settled in Georgia, and in 1778 was appointed Surveyor-General of that State. Few was presiding Judge of the County Courts in 55 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 1780, and was sent as a delegate to Congress, remaining in that body until peace was proclaimed. He was a delegate, from Georgia, to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution and was a signer of the same. United States Senator 1789-1793. In 1796 he was a member of the convention which framed the Constitu¬ tion of the State of Georgia. Late in life he resided in New York. 70. FINDLAY, WILLIAM Governor of Pennsylvania. Born 1768; died 1846. He was elected to the Legislature in 1797 and in 1803, and in 1807-1817 was State Treasurer. He was Gov¬ ernor from 1817 to 1820. He was elected a United States Senator in 1821. In 1827-1840 he was Treasurer of the United States Mint at Philadelphia. 71. FLOYD, WILLIAM E. L. Henry (After William Polk) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New York. Born 1734; died 1821. Early in the controversy with Great Britain he became conspicuous for the energy with which he championed the popular cause, in consequence of which he was appointed a delegate to Congress, and remained a delegate in that body for eight years. He was State Senator in New York for ten years. In 1801 he was chosen a member of the convention to ratify the Federal Constitution in that State. 72. FORREST, URIAH Soldier. Born 1756; died 1805. He attained the rank of Colonel in the Continental Army, was wounded at the Battle of Germantown, and lost a leg at Brandy¬ wine. He was a delegate to Congress 1786-1787, and 1793-1795. From 1800 till the time of his death he was clerk of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia. 56 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 73 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, PENNSYLVANIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 57 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 73. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN George Etter (After David Martin) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Penn¬ sylvania. Statesman and philanthropist. Born 1706; died 1790. lie came to Philadelphia from Boston in 1723. In 1736 he was made Clerk of the General As¬ sembly of Pennsylvania, and in 1737 Postmaster of Philadelphia. In 1743 he projected the college which a few years later became the University of Pennsyl¬ vania. In 1746 he began those experiments in elec¬ tricity which made him known throughout the world. He obtained a grant from the Pennsylvania Assembly and assisted in founding the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. Elected a delegate to Congress 1775, and in June, 1776, was appointed on the Committee to draw up the Declaration of Independence. The same year he was sent as a Commissioner to France, and in 1778 concluded the Treaty of Alliance with that country. , He was a signer of the Constitution of the United States. His services to America and humanity were of so wide and important a character that it is impossible to enumerate them fully here. 74. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN See No. 73. B. T. Welch 75. FULTON, ROBERT Charles W. Peale American engineer and inventor. Born in Pennsyl¬ vania 1765; died 1815. In 1786 he went to London with a view of completing his education as a portrait and landscape painter, under instruction of Benjamin West. He abandoned painting in 1793 and devoted himself to civil and mechanical engineering. Fulton removed to Paris in 1794. From 1797 to 1805 he made a number of experiments with a submarine boat and torpedo, and launched a steamboat in the Seine in 1803. Having returned to America in 1806 he built the steamboat Clermont, which made a successful trip from New York to Albany August 11, 1807. 58 INDEPENDENCE HALL 76. GADSDEN. CHRISTOPHER Charles W. Peale American patriot and Revolutionary General. Born 1724; died 1805. He received his education in Eng¬ land. From 1741 to 1745 he was clerk in a counting- house in Philadelphia, and then made a second visit to England. After his return to America he engaged in business on his own account and accumulated quite a fortune. He was a delegate to the first Colonial Con¬ gress in 1765, and member of the first Continental Congress in 1774. At the beginning of the Revolution he entered the army as a Colonel. In 1776 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. For a time he was Lieutenant-Governor of South Carolina. In 1782 he was elected Governor, but declined the office on account of his age. 77. GALLATIN, ALBERT Charles W. Peale Born 1761; died 1849. He came to America from his home in Switzerland in 1780 and taught French at Harvard for a time. He went to Fayette County, Pennsylvania—then a part of Virginia—in 1784. In 1790 he was sent to the Pennsylvania Legislature, where he served until 1793. He was elected to Con¬ gress 1795-1801. President Jefferson made him Sec¬ retary of the Treasury. From 1816 to 1823 he was United States Minister to Paris. Gallatin wrote ex¬ tensively against war and on the currency. 78. GATES, HORATIO Charles W. Peale Revolutionary General. Born 1728; died 1806. He en¬ tered the British army at an early age and served as Captain under General Braddock. Retiring from the service he bought an estate in Virginia, where he re¬ sided when the Revolution broke out. In 1776 he was made a Major-General by Congress, and given command of the Northern Army. In 1777 Gates was made President of the Board of War. In 1780 he was ap¬ pointed to command the Southern Army. On August 6, 1782, he was totally defeated at Camden, South 59 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES Carolina, by Cornwallis, with a loss of 900 killed and many wounded and taken prisoners. On account of this disaster Congress ordered an inquiry to be made into the conduct of Gates, who retired to his estate. The inquiry resulted in his honorable acquittal, but he took no further part in the war. In 1800 he removed to New York, where he died in 1806. 79. GEORGE I George Lewis I, King of Great Britain and Ireland. Born 1660; died 1727. He married his cousin, Sophia Dorothea, daughter of the Duke of Zell, in 1682. In 1698 he succeeded his father as Elector of Hanover. In 1701 the English Parliament passed the Act of Settlement, excluding the son of James II, and entailed the Crown on the Electress Sophia, as the nearest Protestant heir, in case neither the King nor the Prin¬ cess Anne should leave issue. Sophia died in 1714, and, on the death of Queen Anne, the son of Sophia was proclaimed as George I. 80. GEORGE II George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland, the only son of George I. Born 1683; died 1760. In 1705 he married the Princess Carolina of Brandenburg-Anspach. George II ascended the throne in June, 1727. George gained a victory in the war against Spain in 1743, the last battle where a King of England appeared at the head of his troops. In 1755 the English and French were embroiled by the question of the American boundary, and the former became the ally of Fred¬ erick the Great in the Seven Years War. A series of victories over the French in Canada, India and at sea occurred during the last years of the reign of George II. 81. GEORGE III Allan Ramsay (From life) King of Great Britain and Ireland. Born 1738; died 1820. Eldest son of Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, 60 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 83 ELBRIDGE GERRY, MASSACHUSETTS Signer of the Declaration of Independence 61 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES and grandson of George II. He ascended the throne on October 25, 1760. Pitt, who was Prime Minister, resigned. In 1761 George married the Princess Char¬ lotte, a daughter of the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. War was declared against Spain in 1762. The treaty of Paris restored the peace of Europe and recognized the right of England to Canada and Florida. In 1763 Bute suddenly resigned as Prime Minister, and Lord Grenville became First Lord of the Treasury. In 1765 Grenville proposed and enacted a bill for imposing a stamp duty in the American Colonies. In July, 1765, the Marquis of Rockingham became Prime Minister, and the Stamp Act was repealed. In 1766 Rockingham was dismissed and Pitt was again appointed Prime Minister and created Earl of Chatham. New taxes were imposed upon the Americans in 1767, which pro¬ voked violent opposition. Chatham resigned in 1768, was succeeded by Lord Grafton, and Lord North was made Prime Minister from 1770 to 1782, during which period the Colonies resisted with success thfe British armies, and were finally separated from the Empire. George III became insane in 1811, and his son George was appointed Regent, the mental malady of the King continuing until his death in 1820. 82. GERARD, CONRAD ALEXANDRE Charles W. Peale (From life) Diplomatist. Born in France 1729; died 1790. He was one of the secretaries of Count de Yergennes, Foreign Minister under Louis XYI, and as such arranged and signed the treaty of alliance between France and the United States in 1778. He was the first French Min¬ ister accredited to the United States (1778). He re¬ mained in this country until 1779. 83. GERRY, ELBRIDGE J. Bogle Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Massa¬ chusetts. Born 1744; died 1814. Graduated at Har¬ vard 1765, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 62 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. oo JOHN HANCOCK, MASSACHUSETTS Signer of the Declaration of Independence 63 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 1772 he was elected representative to the General Legislature of Massachusetts and in 1776 a delegate to the Continental Congress, and was chairman of the Committee on the Treasury. In 1787 he was a member of the Federal Convention, but with George Mason and Edward Randolph refused to sign the Constitution of the United States. In 1789 he was elected to the first National Congress, and again in 1791. In 1810 he was elected Governor of Massachusetts and reelected in 1811. In 1812 Elbridge Gerry was elected Vice- President of the United States and held this office until he died, while on his way to the Capitol. 84. GILMAN, NICHOLAS Albert Rosenthal (After a drawing l>y John Trumbull) American statesman. Born 1755; died 1814. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from New Hamp¬ shire 1786-1788, and a member from that State of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution. He was elected a representative in the National Congress 1789-1797, and was a Senator of the United States from New Hampshire 1805-1814. 85. GLENTWORTH, GEORGE Albert Rosenthal (After J. S. Copley) Physician. Born 1735; died 1792. Graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1758. During the French and Indian War he was surgeon in the British army. When the Revolution broke out he served as Surgeon of a regiment, and later was appointed Senior Surgeon in the Continental Army, and became Director- General of hospitals for the Middle Divison. 86. GOODHUE, BENJAMIN William Southworth (After John Wright) United States Senator. Born 1748; died 1814. Grad¬ uated at Harvard 1766, and early engaged in com¬ mercial pursuits. He was a member of the State Senate 1784-1789. Goodhue was a member of the first 64 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 105 BENJAMIN HARRISON, VIRGINIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 65 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES National Congress from Massachusetts, and served till 1795. His knowledge of business affairs proved of service to him as a legislator, and with the assistance of Mr. Fitzsimmons, of Philadelphia, he drew up a code of Revenue Laws, the majority of which are still in force. In 1796 he was elected United States Sen¬ ator, serving until 1800. 87. GORHAM, NATHANIEL Albert Rosenthal (After John Singleton Copley) American statesman. Born 1738; died 1796. He took an active part in public affairs at the beginning of the Revolution. He was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress 1782-1783, and again 1785- 1787, serving part of the time as President of that body. He frequently served in the State Legislature and was a member from Massachusetts of the conven¬ tion called to frame the Federal Constitution, and was a signer of that instrument. 88. GOUVION, JEAN BAPTISTE Albert Rosenthal (A copy) French soldier. Born 1747; died 1792. He was an officer of engineers in the French Army, came to America in 1777, served on the staff of Lafayette, and was appointed a Major, and afterward Lieutenant- Colonel of Engineers. After the close of the Revolu¬ tion he was granted a pension by this Government for his services at Yorktown. He returned to France at the end of the war, and became a Major-General in the National Guard in 1789. In 1791-1792 he was Deputy in the National Assembly. He was made a Lieutenant- General, and commanded the vanguard of Lafayette’s army when he was killed. 89. GRAEME, THOMAS Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Physician. Born 1688; died 1772. Came to this country from Scotland in 1717, and settled in Philadelphia. In 1731 he was appointed Justice of the Supreme Court 66 INDEPENDENCE HALL of Pennsylvania. In 1749 he was chosen the first President of St. Andrew’s Society. He was one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Hospital. 90. GRASSE-TILLY, FRANCOIS JOSEPH PAUL Albert Rosenthal (After Mauzaipc) Count de Grasse, a French Admiral. Born 1723; died 1788. He first served in the navy with the Knights of Malta in 1734. While in charge of a convoy to the East Indies he was captured, in 1742, by the British, and imprisoned in England. In 1778 he was made a Captain. In 1781, as Lieutenant-General, de Grasse set out from France with a large fleet conveying a land force to the American Colonies. He assisted in the operations against Cornwallis at the time of his sur¬ render at Yorktown. He received the thanks of Con¬ gress for his share in the decisive victory. 91. GREENE, NATHANAEL Charles W. Peale American General. Born 1742; died 1786. He distin¬ guished himself at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth and elsewhere. He was appointed to succeed General Gates in command of the Southern Army in 1780. He commanded at Guilford Court House and Eutaw Springs in 1781, as well as doing other important campaigning in the South. 92. GRIFFIN, CYRUS David S. Pope (After'Thomas Sully) President of Congress. Born 1749; died 1810. In 1778 he was elected a delegate to Congress from Virginia, and again in 1787. Under the Constitution of the United States he was a Judge of the United States District Court of Virginia from December, 1789, to 1810. 67 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 93. GUICHEN, LUC URBAIN DE BOUEXIC Albert Rosenthal (After Paulin Guerin) French naval officer. Born 1712; died 1790. He was made a Lieutenant-General in 1779, and commanded the Marine of Brest. He was sent with the French allies to assist the American Colonies during the Revo¬ lution. In 1780 he gained a victory over the English fleet under Admiral Rodney, at Martinique. In 1781 De Guichen was in turn defeated by Admiral Kempen- felt, who took twenty of his vessels. 94. GURNEY, FRANCIS Albert Rosenthal (After a silhouette) Soldier. Born 1738; died 1815. He served in the French and Indian War, after which he settled in Philadelphia as a merchant. When the Revolution broke out he was made a Captain in the militia. In 1776 was promoted a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Conti¬ nental Army, participating in several important battles. After the war he returned to Philadelphia and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was one of several resi¬ dents of Philadelphia who gave bonds to the amount of £260,000 for procuring supplies for the army. 95. HABERSHAM, JOSEPH Charles W. Peale Statesman. Born 1751; died 1815. He was a member of the first commission appointed by the Friends of Liberty in Georgia, and was later a member of the Council of Safety. In January, 1776, he raised a body of volunteers who took the Royal Governor of Georgia prisoner. After Savannah was taken by the British he removed to Virginia. At the close of the Revolu¬ tion he ranked as Lieutenant-Colonel. Habersham was a member of the State Assembly, and its Speaker from 1785 to 1790, and was Postmaster-General of the United States 1795-1801. 68 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 107 JOHN HART, NEW JERSEY Signer of the Declaration of Independence 69 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES Maryland. He was a delegate to the State convention which ratified the Federal Constitution in 1788, and in 1789 was elected Chancellor of his State. He wrote forcibly on most of the political questions of the day. 102. HANSON, JOHN Charles W. Peale Born 1716; died 1783. He was a member of the Mary¬ land House of Delegates 1757-1781. Was commissioned by the Maryland Assembly to establish a gun-lock fac¬ tory, and to manufacture gun locks for the use of the Continental Army. He was a delegate to Congress from 1781 until his death. He served one year as President of Congress, and in that capacity gave Washington the thanks of Congress for the victory at Yorktown. 103. HARE, ROBERT Rembrandt Peale American chemist. Born 1781; died 1858. Professor of chemistry in the medical department of the Uni¬ versity of Pennsylvania 1818-1847. He invented the calorimoter (a form of battery by which a large amount of heat is produced) in 1816. He was an ex¬ tensive writer on chemistry and physics. 104. HARMAR, JOSIAH Albert Rosenthal (A copy) American General. Born 1753; died 1813. In 1776 he entered the Continental Army as a captain and later became Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1784 he conveyed to France the ratification of the Definitive Treaty. In 1785 he was appointed Colonel and Commander of the forces on the Northwest frontier. In 1787 he was brevetted a Brigadier-General. In the war with the Indians, in 1790, he marched from Fort Washington, with 1463 men, against the Miamis. 105. HARRISON, BENJAMIN J. R. Lambdin (After John Trumbull) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Vir¬ ginia. Born 1740; died 1791. In 1764 he became a 72 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 112 JOSEPH HEWES, NORTH CAROLINA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 73 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and for a time presided over that body. In 1774 he was ap¬ pointed a delegate to Congress and was four times reelected to a seat in that body. In 1776 he was Chair¬ man of the committee of the whole House of Congress, and introduced the resolution drafted by Richard Henry Lee declaring the independence of the Colonies, and on July 4 he reported the Declaration of Inde¬ pendence. He was chosen Qovernor of Virginia in 1781, and was twice reelected to that office. He was a member of the State Convention of 1788 to ratify the Federal Constitution. 106. HARRISON, ROBERT HANSON Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) Jurist. Born 1745; died 1790. Succeeded Joseph Reed as secretary to Washington with the rank of Lieu¬ tenant-Colonel. Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland 1781, but declined the appointment of Justice of the United States Supreme Court 1789. 107. HART, JOHN H. Deigendish (After J. S. Copley) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New Jersey. Born 1708; died 1780. He took an active part in pre-Revolutionary agitation and was for many years a member of the Provincial Legislature of New Jersey and the first Speaker of the House. He was the pro¬ moter of'laws for the improvement of roads, the found¬ ing of schools, and the administration of justice, and was known, as “Honest John Hart.” He served in Congress 1774-1776. In 1777-1778 he was chairman of the New Jersey Committee of Safety. During the British invasion of New Jersey his farm was ravaged, and he became a fighter until the Battle of Trenton when the British withdrew and he was able to return to his home. 108. HARTLEY, THOMAS Albert Rosenthal Soldier. Born 1748; died 1800. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced at York, Pennsyl- 74 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 113 THOMAS HEYWARD, Jr., SOUTH CAROLINA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 75 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES vania. Served in the Revolutionary Army, being com¬ missioned a Lieutenant-Colonel in 1776. Member of the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1778, and a Member of Congress 1779-1800. Hartley was a delegate to the State convention which adopted the Federal Constitu¬ tion. 109. HAZELWOOD, JOHN Charles W. Peale (From life) Naval officer. Born 1726; died 1800. Captain in the - merchant service. When the Revolution broke out he was appointed Commodore of the Pennsylvania Navy, and given full command of the naval forces of the State. He was sent by the Council of Safety of Penn¬ sylvania to New York to devise plans for obstructing the North River with fire ships. For services rendered on this expedition he was voted by the New York Committee of Safety i300. 110. HENRY, PATRICK Statesman. Born 1736; died 1799. Studied law and be¬ came a member of the Virginia bar in 1760. He had unusual power as an orator and in 1763 argued what is known as the “ Parson’s Cause. ” He was elected a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and nine days after he had taken his seat moved for a series of resolutions defending the rights of the Col¬ onies and pronouncing the Stamp Act unconstitutional. He was a delegate to the first Continental Congress and opened its sessions with a telling speech, gaining the reputation of being the foremost orator on the continent. Elected Governor of Virginia 1776, reelected 1777 and 1778, and again in 1784 and 1785. Appointed United States Senator in 1794, and Washington offered to make him Secretary of State 1795, and later Chief Justice of the United States, but he declined both theBe offices. 76 INDEPENDENCE HALL 111. HENRY, WILLIAM J. Augustus Beck (After Benjamin West) Inventor. Born 1729; died 1786. In 1722 he began the manufacture of guns, and was appointed armorer to the troops of the Braddoek expedition. Member of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1776; treasurer of Lan¬ caster County 1777, and Member of Congress 1784- 1785. Appointed President Judge of the Common Pleas Court of Lancaster County 1784. 112. HEWES, JOSEPH L. C. Tiffany Signer of the Declaration of Independence from North Carolina. Born 1730; died 1779. After leaving school at Kingston, New Jersey, he went to Philadelphia, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits, removing to North Carolina in 1763, and settled at Edenton. He was sent as a delegate to Congress from that State in 1774, and remained a member of that body until the end of 1776. Declined reelection in 1777, but re¬ sumed his seat again in 1779, and died in the second month of his term. 113. HEYWARD, THOMAS, JR. J. Frazer (After R. Theus) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from South Carolina. Born 1746; died 1809. He took up the study of law, completing his studies in England, and on his return to South Carolina, in 1775, was elected a delegate to Congress. He held for a time during the Revolution a commission in the militia, and in 1778 was appointed a Judge in the new Criminal and Circuit Court of South Carolina. He was captured at the fall of Charleston, and upon his return, after being a prisoner of war, he resumed his seat on the bench, which he retained until 1798, when he retired to private life. 77 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 114. HIESTER, JOSEPH Born November 18, 1752; died June 10, 1832. He served in the Continental Army during the Revolu¬ tion and was later a member of the Pennsylvania State Convention which ratified The Federal Constitu¬ tion, 1787. In 1790 he helped form a new Constitution for Pennsylvania, was a member of the State Legisla¬ ture, and served as Governor from December 19, 1820, to December 16, 1823. 115. HILLEGAS, MICHAEL A. M. Archambault Born 1728; died 1804. In 1774 he became Treasurer of the Committee of Safety, of which Benjamin Frank¬ lin was President, and in 1775 he was appointed by the Continental Congress the first Treasurer of the United States, with George Clymer as his assistant, and held this office until 1789. 116. HOOPER, WILLIAM J. R. Lambdin (After John Trumbull) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from North Carolina. Born 1742; died 1790. Graduated at Har¬ vard 1760, and began at once the study of law with James Otis, of Boston. In 1767 Hooper removed to Wilmington, North Carolina, and in 1774-1775 was a delegate to Congress from that State. 117. HOPKINS, STEPHEN J. R. Lambdin (After John Trumbull) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Rhode Island. Born 1707; died 1785. He served as a member of the General Assembly, Chief Justice of the Superior Court. In 1755 he was elected Governor of Rhode Island, which position he held until 1764. He repre¬ sented his State in the Continental Congress 1774-1776 and 1778. He was for many years Chancellor of Brown University. 78 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 116 WILLIAM HOOPER, NORTH CAROLINA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 79 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 118. HOPKINSON, FRANCIS Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New Jersey. Born 1737; died 1791. Graduate of the Col¬ lege of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsyl¬ vania) and in 1761 was appointed Secretary of the Conference held at Easton between the Pennsylvania Government and the various Indian tribes. Sent to Congress as a delegate in 1776, representing the State of New Jersey. Appointed Judge of the Admiralty of Pennsylvania for ten years, and was later appointed a United States District Judge for the same State. 119. HOUSTON, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Governor of Georgia. Born 1744; died 1796. He early distinguished himself in the Revolutionary movement, was one of the four persons to call the first meeting of the “Sons of Liberty” in Savannah, Georgia, 1774. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress 1775- 1776, and was a member of the first Naval Committee. He was Governor of Georgia 1778-1784. 120. HOWARD, JOHN EAGER Charles W. Peale American soldier and statesman. Born 1752; died 1827. He fought in the Battle of White Plains, and in 1777 distinguished himself at the battles of German¬ town and Monmouth. Was made Lieutenant-Colonel 1780. After the war he was in Congress 1787-1788, and was Governor of Maryland 1789-1792. From 1796 to 1803 he was a United States Senator from that State. 121. HUGER, ISAAC Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) Soldier. Born 1742; died 1797. He was educated in Europe, and at the outbreak of the Revolution was commissioned a Lieutenant-Colonel in a South Caro- 80 INDEPENDENCE HALL lina regiment, and Brigadier-General in 1779, partici¬ pating in every battle of consequence fought by the Southern Army. 122. HUNTINGTON, SAMUEL Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Con¬ necticut. Born 1731; died 1796. Prior to 1775 he held the office of King’s Attorney and was elected to the Continental Congress in January, 1776. He became President of Congress in September, 1779, and remained in that office until July, 1781. He was returned to Congress from May to June, 1783, and the following year was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. Elected Lieutenant-Governor in 1785, and succeeded Roger Griswold as Governor in 1786, holding that position until the time of his death. 123. HUMPHREYS, DAVID Bass Otis American soldier and poet. Born 1752; died 1818. In the Revolutionary War he was aide-de-camp to Gen¬ erals Washington and Putnam, and distinguished him¬ self at the siege of Yorktown. In 1784 he went to Paris and London as Secretary of Legation to Erank- lin, Adams and Jefferson, who negotiated treaties of commerce and amity with European powers. In 1790 Washington appointed him Minister to Portugal, where he remained until 1797. In 1797 he was sent to the Court at Madrid, where he stayed until 1802. In the War of 1812 he commanded the Connecticut troops. He was noted as a poet and a wit. 124. HUTCHINSON, JAMES Albert Rosenthal (After G. P. A. Healy) Physician. Born 1752; died 1793. He received his medical education in London, and at the outset of the Revolution espoused the American cause. He joined the army and served throughout the war as physician and surgeon. He was professor of materia 81 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES medica and chemistry in the University of Pennsyl¬ vania. He died in Philadelphia during the yellow fever epidemic in 1793. 125. INGERSOLL, JARED George C. Lambdin (After Rembrandt Peale) American jurist. Born 1749; died 1822. Graduated at Yale in 1766, and became a prominent Philadelphia lawyer. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress in 1780-1781. He was a member from Pennsylvania of the convention that framed the Federal Constitution. For many years Ingersoll was Attorney-General of Pennsylvania, and later Judge of the United States District Court. In 1812 he was a candidate for Vice-President of the United States, but was defeated. > 126. IRVINE, JAMES Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) Revolutionary soldier. Born 1735; died 1819. Was appointed a Colonel in the Pennsylvania militia 1776, and in 1782 was promoted to the rank of Major-Gen¬ eral in the Pennsylvania line. Irvine was one of the original trustees of Dickinson College, and a firm friend of popular education. 127. JACKSON, ANDREW D. Etter Seventh President of the United States. Born 1767; died 1845. He was a Member of Congress 1796-1797, United States Senator 1797-1798, and Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee for six years. In 1814 Major-General in the Army in command of the De¬ partment of the South. He defeated the English under Sir Edward Pakenham at New Orleans, January 8, 1815. Was appointed Governor of Florida Territory in 1821, ran unsuccessfully as a candidate for Presi¬ dent of the United States in 1824, was elected Presi- 82 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 117 STEPHEN HOPKINS, RHODE ISLAND Signer of the Declaration of Independence 83 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES dent in 1828, and reelected in 1832. One of his prin¬ cipal acts while in office was to veto the bill rechar¬ tering the United States Bank. 128. JACKSON, WILLIAM Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) American soldier. Born 1759; died 1828. Appointed a Lieutenant in the first South Carolina regiment in 1775, and served as aide to General Benjamin Lincoln. In 1781 he acted as secretary to Colonel John Laurens, who was special envoy to France. He was later aide-de-camp to General Washington, serving with the rank of Major. In 1782-1783 he was Assist¬ ant Secretary of War. Jackson was secretary of the convention that framed the Federal Constitution. Dur¬ ing President Washington’s first administration he served him as personal aide and secretary. > 129. JAY, JOHN Statesman. Born 1745; died 1829. He studied law and in 1766 was admitted to the bar. He was a member of the Continental Congress 1775, in which he was very active. In 1777 was appointed Chief Jus¬ tice of New York. Was again sent to Congress in 1778, and three days after taking his seat was elected President of that body. He was in that year appointed Minister to Spain, and while in that capacity served as one of the members of the Peace Commission. He returned to the United States in 1784, having been elected by Congress Secretary for Foreign Affairs, then the most important post in the country. He was appointed by Washington the first Chief Jus¬ tice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1794 he was appointed a special Envoy to Great Brit¬ ain by Washington, and on his return to America he was elected Governor of New York and was reelec¬ ted in 1798. He was again appointed Chief Justice by John Adams when he was elected President, but declined the office. 84 INDEPENDENCE HALL 130. JEFFERSON, THOMAS Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Vir¬ ginia. Patriot, statesman and President of the United States. Born 1743; died 1826. He entered the William and Mary College and later read law under George Wythe, and was admitted to the bar. In 1769 he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses of Vir¬ ginia. He took his seat in Congress in 1775, and was placed on the committee to draw up the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson retired from Congress in September, 1776, and became a member of the Legis¬ lature of Virginia, and in 1779 Governor of the State. He was appointed one of the Commissioners of Peace, but did not serve, and was again appointed to the same post, which he accepted in 1782. In 1783 member of Congress. He was appointed a minister to negotiate treaties with foreign nations in 1784. Served as Secretary of State under Washington. Elected President of the United States 1800, and continued in that office for eight years. 131. JEFFERSON, THOMAS Albert Rosenthal (After Gilbert Stuart) See No. 130. 132. JEFFERSON, THOMAS Albert Rosenthal (After Charles Saint Memin) See No. 130. 133. JENIFER, DANIEL, of St. Thomas Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) Statesman. Born 1723; died 1790. He took an active part in the movements preceding the Revolution, was a delegate from Maryland to the Continental Congress, 1778-1782, and was also a member from Maryland of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution, and signed that instrument. 85 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES dent in 1828, and reelected in 1832. One of his prin¬ cipal acts while in office was to veto the bill rechar¬ tering the United States Bank. 128. JACKSON, WILLIAM Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) American soldier. Born 1759; died 1828. Appointed a Lieutenant in the first South Carolina regiment in 1775, and served as aide to General Benjamin Lincoln. In 1781 he acted as secretary to Colonel John Laurens, who was special envoy to France. He was later aide-de-camp to General Washington, serving with the rank of Major. In 1782-1783 he was Assist¬ ant Secretary of War. Jackson was secretary of the convention that framed the Federal Constitution. Dur¬ ing President Washington’s first administration he served him as personal aide and secretary. ) 129. JAY, JOHN Statesman. Born 1745; died 1829. He studied law and in 1766 was admitted to the bar. He was a member of the Continental Congress 1775, in which he was very active. In 1777 was appointed Chief Jus¬ tice of New York. Was again sent to Congress in 1778, and three days after taking his seat was elected President of that body. He was in that year appointed Minister to Spain, and while in that capacity served as one of the members of the Peace Commission. He returned to the United States in 1784, having been elected by Congress Secretary for Foreign Affairs, then the most important post in the country. He was appointed by Washington the first Chief Jus¬ tice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1794 he was appointed a special Envoy to Great Brit¬ ain by Washington, and on his return to America he was elected Governor of New York and was reelec¬ ted in 1798. He was again appointed Chief Justice by John Adams when he was elected President, but declined the office. 84 INDEPENDENCE HALL 130. JEFFERSON, THOMAS Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Vir¬ ginia. Patriot, statesman and President of the United States. Born 1743; died 1826. He entered the William and Mary College and later read law under George Wythe, and was admitted to the bar. In 1769 he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses of Vir¬ ginia. He took his seat in Congress in 1775, and was placed on the committee to draw up the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson retired from Congress in September, 1776, and became a member of the Legis¬ lature of Virginia, and in 1779 Governor of the State. He was appointed one of the Commissioners of Peace, but did not serve, and was again appointed to the same post, which he accepted in 1782. In 1783 member of Congress. He was appointed a minister to negotiate treaties with foreign nations in 1784. Served as Secretary of State under Washington. Elected President of the United States 1800, and continued in that office for eight years. 131. JEFFERSON, THOMAS Albert Rosenthal (After Gilbert Stuart) See No. 130. 132. JEFFERSON, THOMAS Albert Rosenthal (After Charles Saint Memin) See No. 130. 133. JENIFER, DANIEL, of St. Thomas Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) Statesman. Born 1723; died 1790. He took an active part in the movements preceding the Revolution, was a delegate from Maryland to the Continental Congress, 1778-1782, and was also a member from Maryland of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution, and signed that instrument. 85 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 134. JOHNSON, THOMAS Frank B. Mayer (After Charles W. Peale) Statesman. Born 1732; died 1819. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1763. Member of Con¬ gress 1775. In 1776 he was elected Senior Brigadier- General of the Maryland militia. Again a Member of Congress 1776. In 1777 Johnson was elected the first Governor of Maryland, and was reelected for 1778-1779. A Member of Congress again 1781 to 1787. Appointed Chief Justice of the General Court of Mary¬ land 1790, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1791. 135. JOHNSON, WILLIAM SAMUEL Albert Rosenthal (After Gilbert Stuart) Jurist. Born 1727; died 1819. Graduated at Yale 1744, studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1766 he was chosen a member of the Governor’s Council of Connecticut. During the Revolution he lived in retirement. Member of Congress 1784-1787, being a delegate, from Connecticut, to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution. In 1789 he was elected a United States Senator, but in 1791 he resigned from the Senate, devoting his entire time to Columbia College, of which he was elected President. 136. JONES, JOHN PAUL Charles W. Peale (From life) Naval officer. Born 1747; died 1792. At the age of twelve he went to sea. Before he was twenty he served as mate on a vessel engaged in the African slave trade. When Congress ordered a navy for the defense of American liberty Jones was made Senior First Lieutenant. He served with great distinction during the war. His most famous fight was that of the Bon Homme Richard with the Serapis. For his action in this battle he was made a Rear Admiral, the grade being created for him. 86 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 118 FRANCIS HOPKINSON, NEW JERSEY Signer of the Declaration of Independence 87 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 137. JONES, NOBLE WIMBERLY C. Blanching Physician and patriot of the Revolution. Born 1724; died 1805. He was a member of the Georgia Assembly 1761, and in 1774 was one of the first to stir up the Revolutionary spirit in Georgia. In 1775 lie was chosen a delegate to Congress, and again in 1781. In that year he commenced the practice of medicine in Philadelphia. In 1795 he was elected president of the convention which amended the State Constitution of Georgia, in which State he again took up his residence. 138. KALB, JOHANN de Charles W. Peale General. Born 1721; died 1780. In 1743 he became a Lieutenant in the French Army and rose to the rank of Brigadier-General. In 1768 de Kalb visited the American Colonies on behalf of the French Govern¬ ment. In 1777, in company with Lafayette, he again came to America and was promptly appointed by Con¬ gress a Major-General. He was with the Army at Valley Forge, and served in the New Jersey and Mary¬ land campaigns. At the Battle of Camden General de Kalb commanded the American right, which was surrounded. Dismounted and bareheaded he had a number of hand-to-hand encounters, and fell pierced by eleven wounds from which he died three days later. 139. KEITH, SIR WILLIAM Albert Rosenthal (After John Watson) Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania 1717-1726. Born 1680; died 1749. He was appointed Surveyor-General of the customs in the Southern District of North . America by Queen Anne, later acting as Governor of the Provinces of Pennsylvania under Penn. He was a desperate intriguer, courting always the favor of the people, and not sparing of delusive promises to indi¬ viduals. 88 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 122 SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, CONNECTICUT Signer of the Declaration of Independence 89 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 140. KEY, FRANCIS SCOTT Patriot. Born 1780; died 1843. He studied law and became District Attorney at Washington, D. C. When the British invaded that city in 1814 they seized Dr. William Beanes, a planter, as prisoner of war, and Key, aided by President Madison, resolved to have him released. He went with an agent for the exchange of prisoners to the British General, who finally con¬ sented to Doctor Beanes’ release, but detained the party during the attack on Baltimore. From their ship they could see the flag on Fort McHenry nearly all night by the light of the battle, but before morn¬ ing the firing ceased, and they watched most anxiously to see which colors floated over the ramparts. Key’s feelings when he saw that the Stars and Stripes had not been torn down found expression in the now- famous “The Star-Spangled Banner,” which he wrote, and which has gained for him a lasting reputation. 141. KING, RUFUS Charles W. Peale Statesman. Born 1755; died 1827. He was a dele¬ gate to Congress in 1784, a member of the Constitu¬ tional Convention, from Massachusetts, 1787, and of the Massachusetts Ratifying Committee 1787-1788 United States Senator from New York 1789-1796, and United States Minister to Great Britain 1796-1803. He was Federalist candidate for the Vice-Presidency in 1804 and 1808. Again elected United States Senator 1813-1825, and appointed United States Minister to Great Britain 1825-1826. 142. KNOX, HENRY Charles W. Peale American General and patriot. Born 1750; died 1806. When eighteen years of age he evinced a love of mili¬ tary affairs by joining an independent company of English Grenadiers, of which he was chpsen com¬ mander. At the age of twenty he engaged in com¬ mercial life. He espoused the cause of the oppressed 90 INDEPENDENCE HALL Colonies by joining the army then investing Boston. He early distinguished himself and was commissioned Major-General by Congress. In 1785 he was appointed Secretary of War. 143. KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ T. Ryas Polish patriot and soldier. Born 1746; died 1817. Edu¬ cated in Prance, and in 1775 sailed for America. On his arrival Kosciuszko offered his services to Congress, which were accepted. He was commissioned a Colonel in 1776, and in 1783 was brevetted a Brigadier-Gen¬ eral and received the thanks of Congress. After the war he returned to Poland, where he became engaged in the wars of his native land. 144. KUHN, ADAM Albert Rosenthal (After a bas-relief) American physician and botanist. Born 1741; died 1817. In 1762 he proceded to Europe, where he studied medicine at the University of Upsal, and botany under Linnaeus. After visiting various countries on the Con¬ tinent he returned to America in 1768, where he as¬ sociated himself with the University of Pennsylvania medical school and hospital. In 1789 he was appointed professor of medicine there, resigning the chair in 1797. 145. LAFAYETTE, GILBERT du MOTIER Thomas Sully (From life) Marquis de Lafayette. Born in Prance 1757; died 1834. Prom the first he espoused the cause of the Col¬ onists. He arrived in this country in 1777. Congress immediately offered him a command in the army, but he chose to enter the service as a volunteer without pay. He was, however, appointed a Major-General. In 1779 he went to France, in order to get aid for our country, and soon returned with the assurance that a French force would follow him, which it did. He remained in this country until after the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, when he returned to France. 91 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES Invited to visit America, he landed in 1784, and after spending a few days with Washington visited all the great cities of the country. In 1789 he commanded the National Guard of Paris. In 1824 he again visited the United States and was enthusiastically received. Congress made him a grant of $200,000 and a township of 24,000 acres. 146. LAFAYETTE, MARQUIS DE See No. 145. 147. LAFAYETTE, MARQUIS DE Charles W. Peale (From life) See No. 145. 148. LANSING, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (A copy) American jurist. Born 1754; died 1829. He was elected a delegate from New York to Congress 1784. Member, from New York, of the convention which rati¬ fied the Federal Constitution. In 1790 he was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York. In 1798 Chief Justice Lansing ranked as one of the ablest jurists of his time. 149. LANGDON, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (After Savage) Statesman. Born 1739; died 1819. He was educated for mercantile pursuits. Langdon was one of the party which removed the powder and military stores from Fort William and Mary at New*Castle, New Hampshire, in 1774. He was chosen delegate to the Continental Congress from New Hampshire 1775-1776. Speaker of the House of Representatives. He was Navy Agent in New Hampshire and contracted for the building of several ships of war. He was a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution and a signer of the same. He was elected Governor of New Hampshire 1788, was United States Senator 1789- 1801. 92 INDEPENDENCE HALL THOMAS JEFFERSON, VIRGINIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence No. 130 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 150. LAURENS, HENRY Charles W. Peal© President of Congress. Born 1724; died 1792. He took an early active part in opposing the British, being elected a Member of Congress, of which he became President after the resignation of John Hancock. In 1779 he was deputed to negotiate a treaty with the Netherlands. On his passage over he was captured by a British vessel, throwing his papers overboard, which were, however, recovered by a British seaman. He was sent to London and thrown into the Tower, where he was treated with great severity. Laurens was finally released and went to France, where he joined Benjamin Franklin and John Jay as one of the Com¬ missioners appointed by Congress to sign the prelim¬ inaries of peace in 1782. 151. LAURENS, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (After a miniature) American soldier. Born 1756; died 1782. He was a son of Henry Laurens, served in the war as secretary to Washington, and was very distinguished for his gallantry during the Revolution. After the Battle of Monmouth he shot General Charles Lee in a duel, for using disrespectful language to his commander. He was killed in action at Combahee, South Carolina, August 27, 1782. 152. LAUZUN, ARMAND LOUIS DE GONTAUT Albert Rosenthal (After Bouget) Armand Louis de Gontaut, Due de Lauzun, a French soldier. Born 1747; died 1793. He captured Senegal from the English in 1779, and fought under Washing¬ ton and Lafayette in the American Revolution. He returned to France, continuing in the military service, and during the Revolution was accused of oppression and falsehood by two fellow-Generals. He was tried by the Committee of Public Safety and was guillo¬ tined December 31, 1793. 94 INDEPENDENCE HALL RICHARD HENRY LEE, VIRGINIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence No. 158 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 153. LAW, RICHARD American jurist. Born 1733; died 1806. He was educated at Yale and was admitted to the bar in 1754. He practiced in New London, Connecticut, where he became Chief Justice of that State. Member of the Council 1776-1778, and 1781-1784 a Member of the Con¬ tinental Congress. Mayor of New London for twenty- two years. He revised the Connecticut code of State laws. 154. LEAR, TOBIAS Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) Diplomatist. Born 1762; died 1816. Graduated at Harvard 1783, was Consul-General at Santo Domingo 1802, and later Consul-General at Tripoli. In 1805 Lear was commissioned to negotiate peace with that country, which he effected. He was for many years secretary to Washington. At the time of his death he was accountant of the War Department. 155. LEE, ARTHUR Charles W. Peale American statesman and diplomatist. Born 1740; died 1792. He was educated in England and later studied medicine at Edinburgh. He returned to America after he was graduated, and began to practice as a physician at Williamsburgh, Virginia. He later returned to Lon¬ don and studied law, being admitted to the bar in * 1770. In the same year he was appointed agent for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. While in London, in com¬ pany with Benjamin Franklin, he presented to the British Ministry the addresses of the American Con¬ gress to the people and the King. In 1776 he was American Commissioner in Paris and helped to secure the * 1 Treaty of Alliance ’ ’ with France. After serving in Congress in 1782 he was in 1784 made one of the commissioners to negotiate treaties with the Indians of the Northwest, and 1784-1789 was a member of the Board of Treasury. 96 INDEPENDENCE HALL FRANCIS LEWIS, NEW YORK Signer of the Declaration of Independence No. 159 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 156. LEE, CHARLES American General. Born in England 1731; died 1782. Appointed a Major-General in the Continental Army 1775. Captured by the British in 1776, not being exchanged until 1778. During this confinement he be¬ came a traitor to the American cause. This fact was not discovered until many years later. He disobeyed the orders of General Washington at the Battle of Mon¬ mouth in 1778 and was sentenced by a Court Martial to one year’s suspension from the service. A short time later he was dismissed from the service by Con¬ gress. 157. LEE, HENRY Charles W. Peale American General. Born 1756; died 1818. In 1776 he became a Captain of cavalry, and in 1778 he was placed in command of an independent corps, with the rank of Major. In 1779 he received a gold medal from Congress for capturing Paulus Hook. He assisted Gen¬ eral Green in the capture of Augusta, Georgia, and took part in the Battle of Eutaw Springs. After being a Member of Congress he was, in 1792, chosen Gov¬ ernor of Virginia, and in 1794 he commanded the force sent out by Washington to suppress the whisky insurrection in Western Pennsylvania. When Wash¬ ington died, Lee, then a Member of Congress, pro¬ nounced Lis eulogy and drafted the resolutions for the occasion, in which he designated Washington as “First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his country¬ men.” Henry Lee was the father of the Confederate General, Robert E. Lee. 158. LEE, RICHARD HENRY Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Vir¬ ginia. Born 1732; died 1794. Acquiring a good edu¬ cation in England he returned to Virginia when twenty-five years of age. He became one of the dele¬ gates from Virginia to the first Congress, in 1774, and on June 7, 1776, introduced his famous resolution for 98 INDEPENDENCE HALL Independence. He was a member of a large number of commissions while in Congress, usually acting as chairman. In 1784 he was elected President of Con¬ gress. He was one of the first Senators from Virginia under the new Eederal Constitution. He retired from public life in 1792. 159. LEWIS, FRANCIS Albert Rosenthal (After an engraving) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New York. Born in Wales 1713; died 1803. He came to New York when twenty-two years of age and was engaged in commercial pursuits when the Revolution broke out. In 1775 he was elected to the Continental Congress and took his seat in that body in May as a delegate from New York. He remained a Member of Congress almost continuously until 1779. 160. LEWIS, MERIWETHER Charles W. Peale Explorer. Born 1774; died 1809. In 1794 he was a volunteer in the troops called out to suppress the whisky insurrection, and entered the regular army in 1795. He became Captain in 1800, and in 1801-1803 was private secretary to President Jefferson, who recommended him to Congress to command an explor¬ ing expedition across the continent to the Pacific. Lewis set out in the summer of 1803, with his as¬ sociate, Captain William Clark. This tour of explora¬ tion is known as the Lewis and Clark Expedition. On their return Congress made grants of land to Lewis and Clark and their men, and Lewis was appointed Governor of Missouri Territory. 161. LINCOLN, BENJAMIN Charles W. Peale American General. Born 1733; died 1810. At the out¬ break of the Revolution he was active in organizing the Massachusetts troops. In 1776 he was appointed a Major-General of the State militia, and commanded the expedition which cleared Boston Harbor of British 99 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES vessels. Having reinforced Washington, after the de¬ feat at Long Island, he was appointed a Major-Gen¬ eral in the Continental Army. Lincoln served with Schuyler against Burgoyne, and in 1778 he was placed in command of the Army of the South. In 1780 he was besieged at Charleston and had to capitulate. In 1781 he joined Washington on the Hudson, was with him at the siege of Yorktown, and was deputized by Washington to receive the sword of Cornwallis. From 1781 to 1784 Lincoln was Secretary of War. In 1787 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts, and in 1789 was appointed Collector of the port of Boston. 162. LIVINGSTON, PHILIP Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New York. Born 1716; died 1778. Graduated at Yale 1737, and then engaged in commerce in New York City. Member of the Provincial Assembly until 1769. He was appointed a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1774 and continued a member until his death. 163. LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R. Robert M. Pratt (After Gilbert Stuart) Chancellor of New York. Born 1746; died 1813. Grad¬ uated at Kings College 1765. After having read law he was appointed by Governor Tryon recorder of New York, an office which he resigned at the beginning of the Revolution. In 1775 was a Member of Congress. He was placed on the committee with Franklin, Adams, Jefferson and Sherman to draw up the Declaration of Independence, but was prevented from signing that document by his hasty return to the meeting of the Provincial Convention in New York. In 1781 he was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and on his resignation, in 1783, he received the thanks of Con¬ gress. When Washington was first inaugurated as President, Livingston, who was then Chancellor, ad¬ ministered the oath of office. In 1801 he was appointed Minister to France, and with Mr. Monroe made the 100 INDEPENDENCE HALL PHILIP LIVINGSTON, NEW YORK Signer of the Declaration of Independence 101 No. 162 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES important purchase of Louisiana. In Paris he formed an intimacy with Robert Fulton, whom he assisted by counsel and money. He returned to America in 1805. 164. LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) Governor of New Jersey. Born 1723; died 1790. After filling some important offices in New York he removed to New Jersey and was elected a delegate to the Con¬ tinental Congress 1774-1776. Livingston was the first Governor of New Jersey under the new State Consti¬ tution; and in 1787 a delegate, from New Jersey, to the Constitutional Convention, and a signer of that instrument. 165. LOGAN, JAMES American Colonial Statesman. Born 1674; died 1751. He accompanied William Penn to America as his sec¬ retary. Logan was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and was for two years acting Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania. He bequeathed more than two thousand volumes of books to the city of Philadelphia, under the title of the 11 Loganian Library, ’ ’ which is still in existence. 166. LONG, STEPHEN HARRIMAN Charles W. Peale American engineer. Born 1784; died 1864. In 1816 he was in the engineering corps of the United States Army and set out on a tour of exploration of the Western frontier of Texas to the sources of the Mis¬ sissippi River. The highest summit in the Rocky Mountains is called Long’s Peak in his honor. He pub¬ lished, in 1824, his “Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River.” 167. LOUIS XVI. Albert Rosenthal (After Callet) King of France. Born 1754; died 1793. He married, in 1770, Marie Antoinette. Louis ascended the throne 102 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 169 THOMAS LYNCH, Jr., SOUTH CAROLINA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 103 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES of France in 1774. He recognized the independence of the United States of America in 1778, and sent an army and a fleet to this country, which materially helped in securing the peace in 1783. France was thrown into a revolution and declared a Republic in 1792. Louis was guillotined in Paris January 21, 1793. 168. LUZERNE, ANNE CESAR de la Charles W. Peale French diplomatist. Born 1741; died 1791. In 1779 he was sent as Minister to the United States, where he had much influence and performed with great credit the duties of a position which the absence of instruc¬ tions made more responsible. He left the United States, in 1783, and was Ambassador from France to London from 1788 until his death. 169. LYNCH, THOMAS, JR. Anna Lea Merritt > (A copy) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from South Carolina. Born 1749; died 1779. He studied law in England and returned to South Carolina in 1772. Dele¬ gate to Congress 1776. In 1779 Lynch sailed for St. Eustatius and was never heard of again. It is pre¬ sumed that his ship was wrecked. 170. MacMEYER, ANDREW Captain of the First Regiment of New Jersey Infantry, killed at the Battle of Germantown Saturday, October 4, 1777, while leading his men in the assault on the Chew house. 171. McCLURG, JAMES Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Physician. Born 1747; died 1825. Graduated at Wil¬ liam and Mary College 1762. Took his degree in medi¬ cine at Edinburgh in 1770, returning to America in 1773. He sat for many years in the Virginia Council, and was a member of the Convention, from Virginia, which framed the Constitution of the United States. 104 INDEPENDENCE HALL 172. McHENRY, JAMES Albert Rosenthal (After Charles Saint Memin) Statesman. Born 1753; died 1816. A doctor by pro¬ fession, but did not practice. He served in the Con¬ tinental Army as aide-de-camp to General Washington and also to General Lafayette. Was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Maryland 1783-1786. A member of the Convention, from Maryland, which framed the Federal Constitution, and a signer of that instrument. McHenry was Secretary of War 1796-1801, having been appointed by Washington, and continued in office by Adams. 173. McINTOSH, LACHLAN Charles W. Peale Soldier. Born in Scotland 1725; died 1806. He served as a clerk in a counting-house and later became a land surveyor. He was appointed a Brigadier-General in the Continental Army 1776. In a duel in 1777 with Button Gwinett, a Signer of the Declaration of Inde¬ pendence, he mortally wounded him. Member of Con¬ gress in 1784, and the next year was appointed an Indian Commissioner. 174. McKEAN, THOMAS Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Dela¬ ware, patriot and Governor of Pennsylvania. Born 1734; died 1817. After studying law he was elected a member of the General Assembly of Delaware 1762, and later to the Congress of 1774, having his residence at that time in Philadelphia. He remained in Congress from 1774 to 1783, being Chief Justice of Pennsylvania at the same time. He was present in Congress July 4, 1776, and voted for the Declaration of Independence, and was a signer of that document, yet in the printed journal his name was omitted through a mistake of the printer. As a member of the Constitutional Con¬ vention from Pennsylvania he urged the adoption of the Constitution. In 1799 he succeeded Thomas Mifflin as Governor of Pennsylvania and remained in office until 1808. 105 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 175. McKEAN, THOMAS Albert Rosenthal (After Gilbert Stuart) See No. 174. 176. MADISON, JAMES Drinker (After Gilbert Stuart) Fourth President of the United States. Born 1751; died 1836. Graduated at Princeton 1772. Delegate to Congress 1780-1783, a member of the Constitutional Convention from Virginia 1787. Appointed Secretary of State 1801, and elected President of the United States 1808. He was reelected in 1812. 177. MARSHALL, JOHN George H. Knapp (After Henry Inman) Chief Justice of the United States. Born 1755; died 1835. He had some classical education but never went to college. As a soldier in the Continental Army he reached the rank of Captain, participating in many battles. After he was admitted to the bar he soon rose to distinction as a lawyer, and was sent by President Adams as Minister to France. In 1800 he was ap¬ pointed Secretary of War, then Secretary of State, and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. As Chief Justice he is considered the most illustrious Judge our country has ever produced. At the time of his death, which occurred in Philadel¬ phia, the Liberty Bell was used for tolling a dirge while his body was being taken out of the city for interment. It was at this time (1835) that the bell was cracked. 178. MARTIN, ALEXANDER Albert Rosenthal (After James Sharpless) Senator. Born 1740; died 1807. Graduated at Prince¬ ton 1756, studied law and was admitted to the bar, settling in North Carolina. In 1772 he was chosen a member of the Colonial Assembly. In 1776 was ap¬ pointed Colonel of the Second North Carolina Regi¬ ment. He was a member of the State Senate 1779-1782 106 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 174 THOMAS McKEAN, DELAWARE Signer of the Declaration of Independence 107 CATALOGUE OE PICTURES and 1785-1788. He was acting Governor of North Carolina in 1781, and the following year was chosen Governor, and was reelected in 1789. Martin served as a member from North Carolina of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution, and was elected a United States Senator in 1793. 179. MARTIN, LUTHER Lawyer. Born 1748; died 1826. He was graduated at Princeton in 1766. In 1771 he was admitted to the bar and settled in Maryland. In 1778 he was appointed Attorney-General of Maryland, and served as a dele¬ gate from that State to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution. From 1814 to 1816 he was Chief Judge of the Court of Oyer and Terminer in Baltimore. In his old age he removed to New York, where he lived in the same house with Aaron Burr. > 180. MASON, GEORGE Herbert Welsh (After Gilbert Stuart) Statesman. Born 1725; died 1792. In 1769 he drew up the non-importation resolutions which were presented in the Virginia Assembly and adopted. One of these resolutions pledged the Virginia planters to purchase no slaves to be brought into the country. He was elected to Congress in 1777, but declined to serve. Mason was a member of the convention from Virginia which framed the Federal Constitution. He refused to sign the Constitution, however. He was elected first United States Senator from Virginia, but declined that office. 181. MARY n Queen of Great Britain, eldest daughter of James II, by Anne Hyde, his first wife. Born 1662; died 1694. In 1677 she married her cousin, the Prince of Orange— afterward William III—with whom she reigned jointly as sovereign of Great Britain, being proclaimed Feb¬ ruary 13, 1689. She died of smallpox December 28, 1694. 108 INDEPENDENCE HALL 182. MATLACK, TIMOTHY Charles W. Peale Born 1730; died 1829. He was one of the “ Fighting Quakers.” He was an active local spirit during the Revolution, a member of the Council and Committee of Safety. He was appointed Colonel of a Pennsyl¬ vania battalion of militia when the war broke out. Served as a Member of Congress in 1780. He was for many years master of the rolls, and Prothonotary of one of the Philadelphia courts. 183. MERCER, JOHN FRANCIS Albert Rosenthal (After Robert Field) Statesman. Born 1759; died 1821. He was graduated at William and Mary College in 1775, entered the army as a Lieutenant, and became a Captain in 1777, remain¬ ing in the army until the surrender of Yorktown, After the war he studied law, and was elected a delegate to Congress 1782-1785. He was also a delegate to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution. He was in Congress again 1792-1794. Governor of Mary¬ land 1801-1803. 184. MIDDLETON, ARTHUR Philip Wharton (After Benjamin West) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from South Carolina. Born 1742; died 1787. He studied at Cam¬ bridge University, England, and on obtaining his degree returned to America and became at once a prominent leader of the Revolutionary party in the South. He was a member of the first Council of Safety of South Carolina, and a delegate to Congress in 1776. In 1780 he served in the defense of Charleston. In 1780 up to the close of the war he was a Member of Congress. He also served as a member of the State Senate. He wrote many very able political essays under the name of “Andrew Mervell.” 185. MIFFLIN, THOMAS Charles W. Peale American soldier. Born 1744; died 1800. He was graduated at the College of Philadelphia, after which 109 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES he traveled in Europe. In the Pennsylvania Legisla¬ ture in 1772-1773, and in 1774 was a delegate to Con¬ gress. When the news of the fight at Lexington became known he was made Major of one of the first regi¬ ments organized. Mifflin was later chosen by Wash¬ ington as his first aide-de-camp. In 1775 he was made Quartermaster-General, in 1776 Brigadier-General, and in 1777 Major-General. He was later connected with the Conway cabal, which was an attempt to have Washington dismissed from the supreme command of the army. In 1783 he became a Member of Congress, and in 1787 was a delegate from Pennsylvania to the convention which framed the Constitution. In 1790 he was Governor of Pennsylvania and reelected twice. 186. MILES, SAMUEL Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Soldier. Born 1740; died 1805. He served in the Colonial militia during the last French and Indian War. In 1761 settled in Philadelphia as a merchant. When the Revolution broke out he was one of the first to espouse the patriot cause. In 1776 Miles was appointed Colonel in the Pennsylvania militia, and in December of that year was promoted to Brigadier-General. He was appointed a Judge of the Court of Errors in 1787, and in 1790 was elected Mayor of Philadelphia. 187. MILLER, HENRY Albert Rosenthal (After Petticolas) American soldier. Born 1751; died 1824. He joined the army at the outbreak of the Revolution and served with distinction throughout the war, reaching the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Pennsylvania line. After peace was proclaimed he served as Prothonotary of Perry County, Pennsylvania, for a number of years. 188. MONTGOMERY, RICHARD Charles W. Peale American General. Born 1736; died 1775. He served in the siege of Louisburg in 1758, and in 1762 he was appointed a Captain in the British service. In 1772 110 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 184 ARTHUR MIDDLETON, SOUTH CAROLINA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 111 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES he sold his commission in the British Army, and in 1773 settled in New York City. Montgomery was ap¬ pointed by Congress a Brigadier-General in the Con¬ tinental Army in 1775, and was sent with a force against Canada. During the assault on Quebec General Montgomery was killed. His bravery was most con¬ spicuous, and even in England he was praised. 189. MONROE, JAMES Thomas Sully Fifth President of the United States. Born 1758; died 1831. He was educated at William and Mary College, and entered the Army as a Lieutenant in 1776. Was wounded at the Battle of Trenton. During 1777-1778 he served with the rank of Major on the staff of the Earl of Stirling, and took part in the battles of the Brandy¬ wine, Germantown and Monmouth. Retired from the service in 1778 with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and studied law with Thomas Jefferson. He was elected a member of the Assembly of Virginia in 1782, and a delegate to Congress in 1783. He opposed the Constitution of the United States, which in his opinion gave too much power to the Federal Govern¬ ment. Monroe was elected a United States Senator in 1790, and was sent to France as Minister in 1794, being recalled in 1796. Was Governor of Virginia 1799-1802. He was again sent to France, and with Robert R. Livingston, negotiated for the purchase of Louisiana. He was appointed Secretary of State under President Madison in 1811, and in 1814-1815 was Sec¬ retary of War. He was the Democratic candidate for President of the United States in 1816, and was elected by a big majority. Was reelected President in 1821 with only one electoral vote against him. During his second term he asserted the important principle of foreign policy which forms the celebrated “Monroe Doctrine. ” 190. MOORE, WILLIAM Charles W. Peale Statesman. Born 1735; died 1793. In 1776 he was appointed a member of the Council of Safety, and in 112 INDEPENDENCE HALL 1777 a member of the Board of War. Moore was elected a delegate to Congress the same year, but de¬ clined the seat. He was appointed a member of the Supreme Executive Council in 1779, and was for a time Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was commissioned a Judge, in 1783, of the High Court of Errors and Appeals. 191. MORGAN, DANIEL Charles W. Peale Soldier. Born 1736; died 1802. He began his military career in 1755 as a teamster in the Army under Brad- dock. Prom 1762 to 1775 he prospered as a farmer in Virginia, and grew wealthy. He was made a Cap¬ tain in the Virginia volunteers called out by Congress in 1775 and took part in the march against Quebec, where he was captured. On his release he was given a Colonel’s commission. In 1780 he was promoted to Brigadier-General and took command under General Greene. Morgan gained at Cowpens one of the most brilliant victories during the war. He later rose to be Major-General, and was elected to Congress in 1796. 192. MORGAN, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (After Angelica Kauffman) American physician. Born 1725; died 1789. After he had completed his studies under the care of Dr. John Redman he entered into the service of his country as a Surgeon and Lieutenant with the Provincial troops, in the last French and Indian War. In 1760 he went to Europe to study. On his return to America, in 1775, he was appointed by Congress Director-General to the military hospitals and Physician-in-Chief to the American Army. 193. MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR E. D. Marchant (After Thomas Sully) Statesman. Born 1752; died 1816. He was graduated at King’s College (now Columbia) in 1768, and then 113 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES studied law. He was a delegate to the first Congress in 1775. He was an active spirit in many ways dur¬ ing the Revolution. Was elected a delegate from Pennsylvania to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution, the draft of that instrument being placed in his hands for final revision. In 1788 he went abroad, not returning to America until the close of 1798, and in the following spring was elected to the United States Senate. 194. MORRIS, ROBERT Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Penn¬ sylvania, and “ Financier of the American Revolu¬ tion.’ ’ Born 1734; died 1806. He came from England to Philadelphia when he was fourteen years of age, and having received a commercial education, entered into partnership (1754) with Charles Willing. In 1775, while presiding at a meeting of the anniversary of St. George, news of the massacre at Lexington was received, and from that moment his resolution as to his political course was fixed. He was appointed a delegate to Congress in 1775, and became a member of many important committees, including the Commit¬ tee of Safety. His services in financing the Revolu¬ tion were invaluable. On February 20, 1781, he was appointed Superintendent of Finance, and Washing¬ ton, while he was President, offered him the position of Secretary of the Treasury, which he declined. He accepted a seat in the United States Senate, where he served until 1795. He founded the Bank of North America. Toward the end of his life unfortunate busi¬ ness speculations proved disastrous. 195. MORRIS, ROBERT Charles W. Peale See No. 194. 196. MORRIS, MARY Charles W. Peale Wife of Robert Morris, whom she married March 2, 1769, when she was a little over twenty years of age. 114 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 194 ROBERT MORRIS, PENNSYLVANIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 115 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES She was most accomplished and rich, and when mis¬ fortune overtook her husband she showed herself a true wife. 197. MORRIS, LEWIS C. Noel Flagg (After John Trumbull) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New York. Born 1726; died 1798. Graduated at Yale in 1746 and interested himself in early life in farming. Was chosen a Member of Congress in 1775, and was appointed a member of the committee to devise means of supplying the Colonies with the necessaries of war. He was afterward sent West to assist detaching the Indians from their British allies, and inducing them to make common cause with the Colonists. In 1776 he returned and resumed his seat in Congress. He also rendered distinguished services in the State Legisla¬ ture. , 198. MORTON, JOHN (Memorial Tablet) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Penn¬ sylvania. Born 1724; died 1777. In 1764 he was ap¬ pointed a member of the Colonial Assembly of Penn¬ sylvania, and later a Judge of the Supreme Court of that Province. Elected a member of Congress in 1774, and had he voted against the Declaration of Independ¬ ence the vote of Pennsylvania would have been against it, as the other delegates were equally divided. (There is no authentic portrait of John Morton known to be extant. Some years ago—1876—his descendants presented to the city of Philadelphia this small marble tablet erected to his memory.) 199. MUHLENBURG, HENRY MELCHOIR Charles W. Peale German-American clergyman. Born 1711; died 1787. He was one of the founders of the Lutheran church in America, a high-minded, public-spirited man. 116 INDEPENDENCE HALL 200. MUHLENBURG, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS CONRAD Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) American soldier, son of Henry Melchoir Muhlenburg. Born 1750; died 1801. He was ordained a minister of the Lutheran church, officiating as such in Pennsyl¬ vania and New York from time to time. He was elected a Member of Congress 1779-1780, and twice Speaker of the House, and also twice Speaker of the Legislature of Pennsylvania. He served as President of the State convention which ratified the Federal Con¬ stitution. 201. MUHLENBURG, JOHN PETER GABRIEL Patriot, son of Henry Melchoir Muhlenburg. Born 1746; died 1807. He was sent to Germany to be edu¬ cated; returned to America in 1766, studied for the ministry, and was for a time pastor of a Lutheran church in New Jersey. In 1772 he removed to Virginia, where he continued to labor until 1775, when his patriotism induced him to accept the commission of Colonel in the army. The story of his entry into the army is well known. He was later made a Brigadier- General (1777). Muhlenburg was a member of the first, second and third Congresses, 1789-1795, and again 1799-1801. 202. NELSON, THOMAS, JR. Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Vir¬ ginia. Born 1738; died 1789. He was elected a mem¬ ber of the House of Burgesses of Virginia 1761, and was also a member of the Provincial Congress of 1775. He attracted much notice while a delegate to the Con¬ tinental Congress, from which he resigned in 1777, on being appointed Commander-in-Chief of the State militia. He returned to Congress again in 1779, and was chosen in June, 1781, Governor of Virginia. He participated in the siege of Yorktown as commander of the Virginia troops. 117 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 203. NIXON, JOHN Soldier. Born 1733; died 1808. He was one of the wardens of the port of Philadelphia in 17G6. In 1776 he was chosen Colonel of the militia, and had charge of the defense of the Delaware at Port Island, and in July of that year was placed in command of the guard of the city of Philadelphia. On the fourth of July Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, and on the fifth it was ordered that it should be pub¬ licly proclaimed. On Monday, the eighth of July, at noon, John Nixon read it to the assembled populace in Independence Square. He was one of the organizers of the Bank of North America, and its President from 1792 until the time of his death. 204. NOAILLES, VISCOUNT DE Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Louis Marie de Noailles, French soldier. Born 1756; died 1804. He came to America in 1779 as a volun¬ teer, took part in the campaign 1779-1781, fought under D’Estaing at Savannah, and at Yorktown was com¬ missioned to arrange the details of the capitulation. As a deputy to the States-General of France, in 3 789 he proposed the suppression of Federal rights and other privileges. He married the sister of Madame Lafayette. Soon after the commencement of the Reign of Terror he emigrated to England, and in January, 1793, came to the United States and settled in Phila¬ delphia. In 1803 business interests took him to Santo Domingo, which he found in a state of anarchy, and he took up arms there under General Rochambeau. After a brilliant campaign he started for Havana, and was killed in a naval engagement with the English in 1804. 205. NORTH, CALEB Albert Rosenthal (After Bass Otis) Soldier. Born 1753; died 1840. He served as an officer in the Continental Army during the Revolution with considerable distinction. After the surrender of Corn- « wallis he had charge of the British prisoners on their 118 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 107 LEWIS MORRIS, NEW YORK Signer of the Declaration of Independence 119 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES march from Virginia to York and Lancaster, Pennsyl¬ vania. At the close of the war he became a prominent merchant of Philadelphia, being elected High Sheriff of the county. He was president of the Society of the Cincinnati from 1828 until his death. 206. OSWALD, ELEAZER Albert Rosenthal (After a miniature) Soldier. Born 1755; died 1795. He was made a Lieu¬ tenant-Colonel of Artillery in 1777, and distinguished himself under Arnold. Left the service in 1778, and published the “Maryland Journal .” Oswald was a strong opponent of the political principles of Alexander Hamilton. In 1792 he went to England, and later to France, where he joined the Republican army. Shortly after this he returned to the United States, where he died of yellow fever. 207. PACA, WILLIAM Frank B. Mayer (After Charles W. Peale) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Mary¬ land. Born 1740; died 1799. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1764. In 1771 he was chosen a member of the Provincial Legislature, from which body he was sent as a delegate to the Continental Congress 1774-1779. Upon the adoption of the Con¬ stitution of Maryland he was elected State Senator for two years. He later became Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Maryland, and in 1780 became Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals in Prize and Admiralty Cases. He served as Governor of Maryland 1782-1786. He was appointed a Judge of the District Court of the United States in 1789. 208. PAGE, JOHN Charles W. Peale Governor of Virginia. Born 1744; died 1808. From his youth he was a man of fine character. He was a patriot, statesman and philosopher, from the com¬ mencement of the Revolution, and exhibited a firm 120 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 202 THOMAS NELSON, Jr., VIRGINIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 121 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES attachment to the patriot cause and rendered it ex¬ cellent service. He was one of the first representatives from Virginia under the Federal Constitution. In 1802 he was elected Governor of Virginia. 209. PAINE, ROBERT TREAT Richard M. Staigg Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Massa¬ chusetts. Born 1731; died 1814. He was graduated at Harvard and studied theology, acting in 1755 as Chaplain of the troops on the Northern frontier. He afterward read law, and having acted, in 1768, as a delegate from Taunton, Massachusetts, to the con¬ vention called in Boston, he was chosen, in 1774, Rep¬ resentative to the General Assembly, and delegate to the Continental Congress 1774-1778. In 1780 he was Attorney-General, and in 1790 Judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, but resigned the latter office on account of failing health. 210. PAINE, THOMAS Bass Otis (After Jarvis) Political writer. Born 1737; died 1809. In early life he followed his father’s trade as a staymaker. Com¬ ing to Philadelphia from England in 1774 he gave up this business and was employed as an editor of a Pennsylvania magazine. After the Revolution began he, at the suggestion of Benjamin Franklin, wrote his celebrated pamphlet “Common Sense.” For this tract the Legislature of Pennsylvania voted him £500. His “Crisis’’ was of great service to the patriot cause, the first number of which, published in 1776, did much to relieve the despondency of Washington’s Army. 211. PALFREY, WILLIAM Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Patriot and soldier. Born 1741; died 1780. Active in the movements that preceded the Revolution, and vis¬ ited England in 1771. He was an aide-de-camp to General Washington, later being appointed a Pay¬ master-General with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. 122 INDEPENDENCE HALL In 1780 he was appointed Consul-General to France, and embarked on a ship for that country, but was never heard from again. 212. PATERSON, WILLIAM Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Governor of New Jersey. Born 1745; died 1806. He was graduated at Princeton in 1763 and was a Mem¬ ber of Congress, 1780-1781. In 1776 he was Attorney- General of New Jersey. In 1787 he was a delegate from New Jersey to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution, and United States Senator 1789. He was elected Governor of New Jersey in 1791, and served four years. Appointed Justice of the United States Supreme Court 1793. 213. PEALE, CHARLES WILLSON Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) American painter and naturalist. Born 1741; died 1827. He first took up the business of a saddler, but turned to art, and established himself in Boston, where he studied under Copley. Afterward went to London and was instructed by Benjamin West. Peale served in the American Army during the Revolution, and for a time after its close devoted himself to the study of natural history. He engaged in many trades and was famous for his versatility. He painted portraits of Washington and of his principal officers. He was a popular lecturer, a manufacturer, an ingenious inven¬ tor and a credible scientific writer. 214. PENN, ADMIRAL SIR WILLIAM Father of William Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania. Born 1621; died 1670. He joined the navy in very early life, and became a Captain before he was twenty years of age. With unusual rapidity he obtained the ranks of Rear-Admiral and Vice-Admiral of Ireland, and in 1652 was appointed by the King Vice-Admiral of England. In 1664 he was chosen Captain-Commander under the Duke of York, afterward James II, and was 123 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES knighted. At the time of his death the crown was under heavy financial obligations to him; it was through this debt that William Penn was granted the Province of Pennsylvania by the King. 215. PENN, WILLIAM Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Founder of Pennsylvania. Born 1644; died 1718. He was the son of Admiral Penn, of the British Navy. He was educated at Oxford, England, and became a preacher of the Quakers in 1668. William Penn be¬ came part proprietor of Western New Jersey in 1675, and received the grant of Pennsylvania in 1681. In 1682 he came to America, founded the City of Philadel¬ phia, and made his famous treaty with the Indians. He returned to England in 1684, but visited Pennsyl¬ vania again from 1699 to 1701. Penn was the author of various religious and controversial works, which were published under the caption of 11 The Select Works of William Penn.” 216. PENN, WILLIAM Henry J. Wright See No. 215. 217. PENN, HANNAH CALLOWHILL Henry J. Wright Second wife of William Penn, Founder of Pennsyl¬ vania. She was the daughter of Thomas Callowhill, and accompanied Penn to Pennsylvania in 1699, where she lived in great style. After her husband’s death, during the minority of her children, as sole executrix, she assumed the management of the Colonial affairs. Her deputy in Pennsylvania at that time was Sir William Keith. 218. PENN, THOMAS Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Born 1702; died 1775. He came to Pennsylvania in 1732 to manage the Province. On his arrival he took his seat in the Council. He remained until 1741. Sub- 124 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 207 WILLIAM PACA, MAEYLAND Signer of the Declaration of Independence 125 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES sequently there was a long struggle between the As¬ sembly and the proprietors, chiefly as to the taxation of the Penn estates. The Mason and Dixon line was run in 1767, and was confirmed in 1769. Thomas Penn did not marry until he was fifty years of age, and upon his death the Penn interests were succeeded to by his son John. 219. PENN, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Grandson of William Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania. Born 1729; died 1795. Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania 1763-1771, and Governor 1773-1775. 220. PENN, RICHARD Albert Rosenthal (After Kneller) Grandson of William Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania. Born 1735; died 1811. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania 1771-1773. 221. PENN’S TREATY WITH THE INDIANS Benjamin West According to tradition William Penn met the Red- men (1682) under the branches of a wide-spreading elm tree in what was then the vicinity of Philadelphia. There solemn promises of mutual friendship were made. In accordance, however, with the principles of the Quaker faith, no oaths were taken. Each trusted to the other’s simple word. That treaty was 11 never broken.” This is the original canvas by Benjamin West, and is world-renowned. 222. PENDLETON, EDMUND W. L. Marcy Pendleton American statesman. Born 1721; died 1803. In 1752 he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and in 1774 a Member of Congress. In 1776 he drafted the resolution instructing the delegates of Virginia to propose in Congress a Declaration of Independence. 126 INDEPENDENCE HALL During the Revolution he was chairman of the Vir¬ ginia Committee of Safety. When the State of Vir¬ ginia was organized he became Speaker of the House. He also presided over the State convention which rati¬ fied the Federal Constitution. From 1779 until his death he was President Judge of the Court of Appeals. 223. PETERS, RICHARD Albert Rosenthal (After Rembrandt Reale) American jurist. Born 1744; died 1828. Appointed by Congress Secretary of the Board of War during the Revolution. In 1782 he was a Member of Congress, and in 1792 a Judge of the United States District Court of Pennsylvania, which office he held for thirty-six years. 224. PICKERING, TIMOTHY Charles W. Peale American statesman. Born 1745; died 1829. Gradu¬ ated at Harvard College in 1763; received a commis¬ sion as Lieutenant of militia in 1766. In 1775 he was elected Colonel. After the Battle of Lexington Colonel Pickering, with seven hundred Essex militia, joined the Continental Army, and next year became Adjutant-General and a member of the Board of War. In 1780 he was made Quartermaster-General, holding the office until it was abolished five years later. In 1791 he negotiated a treaty with the Six Nations. The following year he was made Postmaster-General, hold¬ ing the office until 1795, when he became Secretary of War. He was Secretary of State 1795-1800. In 1803-1811 he was United States Senator. 225. PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY Charles W. Peale American soldier and explorer. Born 1779; died 1813. In the service of the Government he explored the headwaters of the Mississippi. He discovered Pike’s Peak, reached the Rio Grande and was for some time held prisoner by the Spanish authorities. He served in the War of 1812, and was Brigadier-General in 127 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 1813. He commanded tlie expedition against Toronto, before which place he was killed by the explosion of a powder magazine. 226. PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH Albert Rosenthal (After Gilbert Stuart) American statesman. Born 1746; died 1825. Educated in England. When the Revolutionary War broke out he entered the Army as Captain, and the same year was promoted Major. He was Washington’s aide-de- camp at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. In 1780 he was taken prisoner at the surrender of Charleston and detained for two years, when he was exchanged and was commissioned Brigadier-General. He was a member, from South Carolina, of the con¬ vention which framed the Federal Constitution, and introduced the clause forbidding religious tests as a qualification for office. In 1796 he was sent as Min¬ ister to France, but the Directory refused to receive him. It was while on this mission that, when it was intimated that peace might be granted in return for money payment, he made the reply: “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.” When he re¬ turned to this country he was made Major-General. He was the third President-General of the Cincinnati. 227. PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH Albert Rosenthal See No. 226. (A copy) 228. PINCKNEY, CHARLES Albert Rosenthal (A copy) American statesman. Born 1758; died 1824. He was very active in the Revolutionary cause. During the war he was taken prisoner and sent to St. Augustine. He served in the Provincial Legislature, and was a Member of the Provincial Congress. In 1787 he was a delegate to the convention which framed the Fed¬ eral Constitution, and signed that instrument. He was Governor of South Carolina 1789-1792, and again 128 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 209 ROBERT TREAT PAINE, MASSACHUSETTS Signer of the Declaration of Independence 129 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES in 1796; United States Senator 1798-1801, and in 1802 was appointed Minister to Spain by Jefferson. In 1806 he was Governor again, and later a Member of Congress. 229. PINCKNEY, THOMAS Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) American soldier. Born 1750; died 1828. He was brother of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. He joined the Continental Army as a Lieutenant in 1775, was aide-de-camp to General Lincoln, and served in a simi¬ lar capacity under D’Estaing and Gates. He was ap¬ pointed Governor of South Carolina 1789. United States Minister to Great Britain 1792-1794, and to Spain 1794- 1796. He was the Federalist candidate for Vice-Presi¬ dent of the United States 1796. He was elected a Member of Congress from South Carolina 1797-1801. In 1812’ appointed Major-General. He succeeded his brother as President-General of the Society of the Cincinnati. 230. PLESSIS, CHEVALIER THOMAS DU (After a pastel by La Tour) Thomas Antoine Mauduit Chevalier Du Plessis. Born 1753; died 1791. He entered the French Army at the age of twelve years and studied for the artillery. He left in 1777 for America, distinguishing himself at the battles of Germantown and Red Bank. On his return to France he was appointed Commander of the Regi¬ ment Port-au-Prince, and was massacred by soldiers. 231. PORTER, ANDREW Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) American soldier. Born 1743; died 1813. Appointed Captain of Marines by Congress, and ordered on board the frigate Effingham. Shortly after this he was trans¬ ferred to the artillery in the Continental Army, being promoted to Major in 1782. In 1801 he was appointed a Brigadier-General of State militia and later Major- General. 130 INDEPENDENCE HALL 232. PORTER, DAVID Charles W. Peale American naval officer. Born 1780; died 1843. Served as a merchantman under his father and entered the navy in 1778. Took part in the Tripolitan War, 1801- 1806, was taken prisoner on the frigate Philadelphia, and remained captive for eighteen months. He com¬ manded the Essex in the War of 1812, and captured the Alert, the first British war vessel taken in that war. He was Naval Commissioner 1815-1823; was court-martialed, and suspended for six months for dis¬ obedience, 1825; resigned his commission and took charge of the Mexican Navy 1826-1829. Porter was Consul at Algiers 1829, and Minister to Turkey 1831. 233. PULASKI, CASIMIR T. Ryas Polish Count and patriot. Born 1748; died 1779. Joined his father and brothers in the struggle against King Augustus, and after their death became com¬ mander of the insurgents and attempted to seize the King at Warsaw. Failing in this he was outlawed and sought refuge in various countries. In 1775 he made the acquaintance of Benjamin Franklin in Paris, came to Philadelphia in 1777, and was attached to the staff of Washington. Was made Brigadier-General by Con¬ gress. During the siege of Savannah he was wounded. He was taken on board the United States brig Wasp, where he died. Charles W. Peale 234. RAMSAY, DAVID Physician. Born 1749; died 1815. Graduated at Princeton 1765, and the Medical School of the Uni¬ versity of Pennsylvania 1773. At the beginning of the Revolution he took the field as Surgeon. He was a member of the South Carolina Legislature 1776-1783, a delegate to Congress 1782-1786. His death was caused by a pistol wound inflicted by a maniac whose insanity he had testified to. 131 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 235. RAMSAY, NATHANIEL Rembrandt Peale Soldier. Born 1751; died 1817. Graduated at Prince¬ ton 1767. In 1776 he was appointed a Captain in the Revolutionary Army, and was later promoted Lieu¬ tenant-Colonel. Shortly after this he was captured by the British and subsequently saw no active service. Member of Congress 1786-1787. 236. RANDOLPH, EDMUND JENNINGS Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Statesman. Born 1753; died 1813. Aide-de-camp to Washington 1775. Delegate to the Continental Con¬ gress from Virginia, 1779-1782. In 1787 a member from Virginia of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution. With Gerry and Mason he re¬ fused to sign that instrument. Governor of Virginia 1786-1788, in 1789 Attorney-General of the United States, and in 1794 Secretary of State. 237. RANDOLPH, PEYTON Charles W. Peale American statesman. Born 1721; died 1775. Gradu¬ ated at William and Mary College and later went to England to study law at the Temple. He was ap¬ pointed King’s Attorney of Virginia 1748, and framed the remonstrance of the House of Burgesses to the King against the passage of the Stamp Act. He was later chosen Speaker of the House of Burgesses, was Chairman of the Committee on Correspondence, 1773, and President of the First Continental Congress, which met at Philadelphia September 5, 1774, and again when it reassembled May 10, 1775. 238. READ, GEORGE Thomas Sully Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Dela¬ ware. Born 1733; died 1798. In 1774 elected to Con¬ gress. He strenuously opposed the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, maintaining that the time had not come for such action, and voted against it, but he finally signed it, and was afterward one of 132 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 238 GEORGE READ, DELAWARE Signer of the Declaration of Independence 133 CATALOGUE OP PICTURES the stoutest supporters of the cause. In 1782 he was made Judge of the United States Court of Admiralty cases, and in 1793 Chief Justice of Delaware. He was also the first United States Senator from Delaware. 239. REAL, PIERRE FRANCOIS, COUNT DE Charles W. Peale French politician and lawyer. Born 1760; died 1834. He was a partisan of Danton in 1793, and contributed actively in 1799 to the success of Bonaparte, who ap¬ pointed him a councillor of State, and gave him, in 1808, the title of Count. 240. RED-JACKET (SAGOYEWATHA) Charles W. Peale Celebrated Indian Chief, leader and orator of the Seneca Indians. Born 1751; died 1830. He earnestly opposed the treaty between the Six Nations and the United States for the cession of lands. In the War of 1812 he fought under the colors of the United States. 241. REED, JOSEPH Charles W. Peale American patriot. Born 1741; died 1785. He studied law in England, and practiced in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Was a delegate to Congress 1775, and was aide-de-camp and secretary to Washington. He was appointed Adjutant-General 1776, and Brigadier- General 1777. Reed signed the Articles of Confedera¬ tion in 1778, and was President of the Supreme Execu¬ tive Council of Pennsylvania 1778-1781. He became famous for his reply to the British when they offered him fifty thousand dollars if he would persuade the Colonies to return to their allegiance: “I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am the King of Great Britain is not rich enough to do it.” 242. RITTENHOUSE, DAVID Charles W. Peale Eminent American astronomer. Born 1732; died 1796. He followed the trade of clockmaking, and also made 134 INDEPENDENCE HALL GEOBGE BOSS, PENNSYLVANIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 135 No. 248 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES mathematical instruments of excellent quality. His studies in astronomy had been carried on with his practical work to such an extent that in 1769, he com¬ municated to the American Philosophical Society a calculation of the transit of Venus from his own ob¬ servations. Rittenhouse was a member of the con¬ vention which framed the Constitution of Pennsyl¬ vania of 1790. He organized the first United States Mint in Philadelphia, and was its first Director, 1792- 1795. 243. ROBINSON, THOMAS Charles W. Peale Captain of the Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. Ap¬ pointed January 5, 1776, Major. October, 1776, he was wounded at Brandywine, and in 1777 was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Artillery, being appointed Colonel in 1783. 244. ROCHAMBEAU, COUNT DE Albert Rosenthal (After a miniature) Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeure Rochambeau, a French Field Marshal. Born 1725; died 1807. He served with distinction at Minorca, and with great credit in Germany. He commanded an army of six thousand men sent to the American Colonies' aid by the French King in 1780, and he contributed greatly to the victory at Yorktown. In 1791 he obtained the baton of a Marshal. 245. ROCHAMBEAU, COUNT DE Charles W. Peale See No. 244. 246. ROCHAMBEAU, VISCOUNT Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Donatien Marie Joseph de Vimeure Rochambeau, a French General. Born 1750; died 1813. He served under his father in the American Revolution as Assist¬ ant Adjutant-General, and later went to Santo Domingo with Leclerc, at whose death, in 1802, he became Corn- 136 INDEPENDENCE HALL mander-in-Chief. In 1813 Rochambeau took part with the French in the campaign in Germany and was killed at Leipsic. 247. RODGERS, JOHN Charles W. Peale American Naval officer. Born 1771; died 1838. He served as executive officer on the Constellation at the capture of the French frigate L’Insurgente 1799, and in 1805 succeded Commodore Barron in command of the American squadron operating against Tripoli. He com¬ manded the President in 1811, and took an active part in the defense of the city of Baltimore in 1814. 248. ROSS, GEORGE P. F. Wharton (After Benjamin West) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Penn¬ sylvania. Born 1730; died 1779. Member of the Con¬ tinental Congress 1774 and continued until 1777. In 1779 he was appointed Judge of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, but died shortly after assum¬ ing the office. 249. RUSH, BENJAMIN Thomas Sully Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Penn¬ sylvania. Born 1745; died 1813. He was graduated at Princeton in 1760, and studied medicine in Edin¬ burgh, London and Paris, and in 1769 was made Pro¬ fessor of Chemistry in the Medical College of Phila¬ delphia. He was an active supporter of the Revolu¬ tionary cause and was elected to the Continental Con¬ gress July 1, 1776. He was appointed Surgeon-General of the Middle Department 1777, and the same year became Physician-General of the Army. In 1791 he was made Professor of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, being very successful in the treatment of yellow fever cases in the epidemic of 1793. 137 CATALOGUE OP PICTURES 250. RUSH, WILLIAM Charles W. Peale Sculptor. Born 1756; died 1833. Apprenticed to a wood carver in his youth. Rush first became known as a maker of figureheads on ships. Especially notable among his ship carvings are the “Genius of the United States,” the “Constellation,” and busts of Voltaire, Benjamin Pranklin and William Penn. He did not confine himself to figureheads, but carved statues. His best-known statue is that of George Washington, 1814, on exhibition at Independence Hall. Rush served in the Revolutionary Army, and was a member of Phila¬ delphia City Councils for more than a quarter of a century. 251. RUTLEDGE, EDWARD P. F. Wharton (After J. Earl) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from South Carolina. Born 1749; died 1800. Began the practice of law in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1773, and be¬ came a member of the first Board of War, after hav¬ ing been chosen a delegate to Congress in 1774. He was again elected to Congress 1775, 1776 and 1779, but in the following year was captured at the siege of Charleston and imprisoned at St. Augustine. In 1787 he was a member of the General Assembly at Jackson- burg, South Carolina, and in 1798 was elected Gov¬ ernor of that State. He died before his term expired. 252. RUTLEDGE, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) Born 1739; died 1800. Studied law in England and returned to South Carolina in 1761. Took an active part in the Revolutionary cause; delegate to Congress 1774-1775. In 1776 he was appointed President of South Carolina and Commander-in-Chief of that Col¬ ony. Governor of the State in 1779, Chancellor of the State in 1784, a member of the convention which framed the Constitution, and a signer of that instru¬ ment. Chief Justice of South Carolina, and appointed in 1795 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, but was not confirmed. 138 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 249 BENJAMIN RUSH, PENNSYLVANIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 139 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 253. SAINT MEMIN, CHARLES Albert Rosenthal (After C. Saint Memin) Charles Balthazar Julien Fevre de Saint Memin, artist. Born 1770; died 1852. He entered as a cadet in the Military School of Paris and was appointed Ensign in 1788. Went to Canada in 1793 and later to New York. While in the army he gave his attention to drawing and painting. He constructed a pantograph while in America, with which he made many likenesses of famous men. In 1798 he secured a profile of Wash¬ ington, which is especially interesting as it was the last picture taken of him before his death. In 1810 Saint Memin returned to France, only remaining there two years, when he came back to America and aban¬ doned engraving for portrait and landscape painting. 254. SERGEANT, JONATHAN DICKINSON W. Wallace Gilchrist, Jr. (After Charles TV. Peale) Born 1746; died 1793. Graduated at Princeton at the age of sixteen. In 1775 he was appointed Secretary of the Provincial Council of New Jersey. In 1776 he was elected a Member of Congress, and in 1777 was appointed, by the Executive Council, Attorney-General of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. After the war he resided in Philadelphia. In 1792, when the yellow fever epidemic broke out in that city, he was very active in caring and providing for the sick and needy, even acting as a nurse in some cases. He contracted the disease himself and died from its effects in 1793. 255. SAVAGE, EDWARD Albert Rosenthal (After C. Saint Memin) Painter. Born 1761; died 1817. He was at first en¬ gaged as a goldsmith. After studying for a while under Benjamin West, in London, he went to Italy. Before he went abroad he painted the Washington family, and, finding no engraver, engraved the picture himself. Of this print it is said he sold nine thou 140 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 251 EDWARD RUTLEDGE, SOUTH CAROLINA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 141 CATALOGUE OE PICTURES sand copies at nine dollars each. He was an artist of good talent, but his attention was taken up with many other pursuits as well as painting. 256. SHULZE, JOHN ANDREW Governor of the State of Pennsylvania under the Con¬ stitution of 1790, from December 16, 1823, to December 15, 1829. 257. SCHUYLER, PHILIP JOHN J. H. Lazarus (After John Trumbull) American General. Born 1733; died 1804. In 1755- 1758 he served in the French and Indian War, and rose to the rank of Major. In 1775 he was a delegate to Congress, and in the same year was made a Major- General of the Continental Army. In 1779 he was reelected to Congress and resigned from the Army. 258. SHEE, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (After a miniature) Colonel of the Third Pennsylvania Battalion. Ap¬ pointed January 3, 1776, and resigned his commission September 27, 1776. 259. SHIPPEN, EDWARD Albert Rosenthal (After Gilbert Stuart) Mayor of Philadelphia. Born in England 1639; died 1712. He came to America in 1668, locating in Phila¬ delphia in 1693. He was elected to the Colonial As¬ sembly and chosen its Speaker in 1695. Judge of the Supreme Court in 1697, and Presiding Judge of the Common Pleas, Quarter Sessions and the Orphans * Courts. In 1701 he became Mayor of Philadelphia. 260. SHIPPEN, WILLIAM Gilbert Stuart Physician. Born 1736; died 1808. First professor of anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania. After 142 INDEPENDENCE HALL studying medicine in Philadelphia he completed his studies at Edinburgh. In 1777 he was chosen Direc¬ tor-General of the medical department of the Conti¬ nental Army. 261. SHERMAN, ROGER Thomas Hicks (After James Earl) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Con¬ necticut. Born 1721; died 1793. He was a shoemaker in early life, but in 1745 was appointed a Surveyor of Lands. He was successively Judge of the Common Pleas Court and member of the upper house in the Legislature of Connecticut. In 1766 Judge of the Superior Court. Delegate to Congress 1774. He was Mayor of New Haven, Connecticut, from 1784 until the time of his death. 262 SIGNING OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES A study sketch by Rossiter In 1787 a convention of fifty-five members was held in Philadelphia to make a new Constitution, to be adopted in place of the Articles of Confederation. Washington presided at this convention, and a majority of the State Legislatures sent their chief men to take part in it. The convention held a secret session of nearly four months before the new Constitution could be agreed upon. This convention met at Independence Hall. 263. SMALLWOOD, WILLIAM Charles W. Peale Soldier. Born 1732; died 1792. In 1776 he was elected a Colonel in the Maryland militia. For his gallantry at the Battle of White Plains he was ap¬ pointed by Congress a Brigadier-General. In 1780 he was raised to the rank of Major-General, but after the removal of General Gates he refused to serve under Baron Steuben. In 1785 he was elected a Member of Congress and in the same year was elected Governor of Maryland. 143 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 264. SMITH, JONATHAN BAYARD Charles W. Peale Member of Continental Congress. Born 1742; died 1812. He was elected a Member of Congress 1777- 1778. Smith commanded a company of militia at the / Battle of Princeton. After the war he settled in Philadelphia, where he became a successful merchant. ! He was for many years a Judge of the Common Pleas Court. 265. SMITH, THOMAS Edward A. Bell Judge. Born 1745; died 1809. At an early age he espoused the patriot cause and served his country in a number of offices during the Revolutionary War. In 1794 he was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and held that office until his death. 266. SMITH, SAMUEL Charles W. Peale American soldier. Born 1752; died 1839. In 1776 he was appointed a Captain in the Maryland militia. In the same year he was promoted to the rank of Major, and in 1777 to that of Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1779 he was challenged to fight a duel with Eleazer Oswald. On the advice of friends he declined the challenge. In 1 1783 he was appointed Port Warden of Baltimore. In 1793 was elected a Member of Congress, and later a member of the United States Senate, 1803. Smith served for a short time as Secretary of the Navy. He was a Major-General in the War of 1812. 267. SNYDER, SIMON Charles W. Peale Governor of Pennsylvania. Born 1759; died 1819. He was a member of the convention which framed the State Constitution in 1790, and in 1797 was elected a member of the State House of Representatives. In 1808 he was made Governor of Pennsylvania, serving three terms. Upon his retirement he was elected to the State Senate in 1817. 144 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 261 ROGER SHERMAN, CONNECTICUT Signer of the Declaration of Independence 145 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 268. SPAIGHT, RICHARD DOBBS Charles Saint MSmin Governor of North Carolina. Born 1758; died 1802. He was a graduate of the University of Glasgow, Scotland. He returned to America in 1778 and was appointed an aide-de-camp to General Richard Caswell. In 1781 he was elected a member of the North Caro¬ lina Legislature. In 1783 he became a Member of Congress. He was a delegate from North Carolina to the Convention which framed the Federal Constitution. In 1792 he was chosen Governor of North Carolina. He was again elected a Member of Congress in 1798, continuing in that body until 1801. 269. ST. CLAIR, ARTHUR Charles W. Peale American soldier. Born in Scotland 1734; died 1818. He purchased a commission of Ensign in the Sixtieth British Foot in 1757 and came to America, serving under General Jeffrey Amherst. In 1759 he was made Lieutenant, and resigned that commission in 1762. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania. In 1775 he was ap¬ pointed a Colonel of militia and delegated to treat with the Indian tribes in Western Pennsylvania. In 1776 he was reappointed Colonel of the Second Penn¬ sylvania Regiment, and the same year was appointed Brigadier-General, and was later made a Major-Gen¬ eral. St. Clair served with distinction throughout the war. He was a Member' of Congress 1785-1787. On the formation of the Northwest Territory, in 1789, he was appointed its Governor. 270. STARK, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (After S. F. B. Morse) American General. Born 1728; died 1822 He was born in the wilds of New Hampshire, was captured by the Indians and adopted into the tribe. He participated in the French and Indian wars, raised recruits at the beginning of the Revolution, and saw much active service, distinguishing himself at the Battle of Ben¬ nington. At one time he commanded the Department of the North. . 146 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 273 THOMAS STONE, MARYLAND Signer of the Declaration of Independence 147 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 271. STEWART, WALTER Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) American soldier. Born 1756; died 1796. He was ap¬ pointed an aide-de-camp to General Gates in 1776, and Colonel of the Thirteenth Regiment, Pennsylvania militia, in 1777. Stewart was considered one of the handsomest men of his day. He had a distinguished career during the Revolution and enjoyed the personal esteem and friendship of General Washington. Charles W. Peale 272. STEUBEN, BARON Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand. A Prus¬ sian General. Born 1730; died 1794. He entered the Prussian service in 1747, serving throughout the Seven Years War. In 1777 he came to the aid of the Ameri¬ can Colonies, receiving the commission of a Major- General, and was appointed Inspector-General of the American forces. He saw active service in New Jer¬ sey, checked Arnold’s invasion of Connecticut, and was present at the surrender of Yorktown. In return for his services Congress granted him land and a pension. He remained in America and settled upon his land in New York, and died there at a town named Steubenville, in his honor. 273. STONE, THOMAS Frank B. Mayer (After Charles W. Peale) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Mary¬ land. Born 1743; died 1787. He began the practice of law at Fredericktown, Maryland. In 1774 he was chosen one of the Maryland delegates to Congress, and was again elected to that body in 1775, 1776, 1777 and 1783, and in the intervening years he served as a mem¬ ber of the Maryland Legislature. 274. STOCKTON, RICHARD George W. Conarroe Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New Jersey. Born 1730; died 1781. After he was grad¬ uated at the College of New Jersey, in 1748, he read 148 INDEPENDENCE HALL law and was admitted to the bar in 1754. Appointed Judge of the Supreme Court in 1774, having been pre¬ viously a member of the Executive Council of New Jersey. Member of Congress 1776, when he was ap¬ pointed member of a committee to inspect the North¬ ern Army, and while doing so was captured by the British. The severe treatment he received as a pris¬ oner of war undermined his health, which he never recovered. 275. STRONG, CALEB Albert Rosenthal (After Gilbert Stuart) Governor of Massachusetts. Born 1745; died 1819. Graduated at Harvard 1764, when he took up law. In 1775 he was a member of the Committee of Safety, and in 1780 was chosen one of the Council of Massa- • chusetts. He was also a delegate, from Massachusetts, to the convention which framed the Federal Constitu¬ tion, but did not sign that instrument. From 1789 to 1797 he was a United States Senator, and from 1800 to 1807 he was Governor of Massachusetts. 276. STUART, GILBERT Albert Rosenthal (After John Nagle) Artist. Gilbert Stuart, or Gilbert Charles, as he is sometimes called, was a portrait painter. Born 1755; died 1828. He was a pupil of Benjamin West in Lon¬ don, and was greatly applauded in England for his merit. He returned to America in 1792 and resided chiefly in Philadelphia and Washington until 1805, when he removed to Boston. He was a capable artist and as a portrait and historical painter was unequaled in this country. His portrait of Washington presents a head of calm and majestic wisdom, and is familiar to most Americans. 277. SULLIVAN, JOHN Richard M. Staigg American soldier. Born 1740; died 1795. He was a lawyer and at the beginning of the Revolution rep¬ resented New Hampshire in Congress. In 1775 he was 149 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES made Brigadier-General and was prominent in the siege of Boston. He was created a Major-General and given command at Long Island. He resigned his commis¬ sion in the Army in 1780 and was again sent to Con¬ gress. His services in securing the adoption of the Constitution were of great value. He was United States Judge 1789-1795. 278. SUMTER, THOMAS Charles W. Peale American General. Born 1734; died 1832. He entered the British service in Colonial times, taking part in the Braddock expedition and in the French and Indian wars. At the beginning of the Revolution he was as¬ signed a command in South Carolina, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, afterward becoming Brigadier- General. From' 1780 to the close of the war he was engaged in guerilla warfare which proved very haras¬ sing to the British. After the close of the Revolution he took an active part in politics, was a Member of Congress from South Carolina 1789-1793 and 1797- 1801, United States Senator 1801-1809, and United States Minister to Brazil 1809-1811. At the time of his death he was the only surviving Revolutionary General. 279. TAYLOR, GEORGE L. M. Schneider (After a miniature) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Penn¬ sylvania. Born in Ireland in 1716; died 1781. He came to this country in 1736 and was bound to an iron manufacturer at Durham, Pennsylvania. Later he established a large iron mill in Northampton County, and was sent to the Provincial Assembly from there, in 1754. He was reelected for each year until 1770. Returning to Durham he was again sent to the Assembly in 1775, and was placed on the Committee of Safety. He was sent to Congress in 1776, in place of one of the five delegates from Pennsylvania who hesitated to agree to the Declaration of Independence. 150 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 274 RICHARD STOCKTON, NEW JERSEY Signer of the Declaration of Independence 151 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 280. TALLMADGE, BENJAMIN Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) American General. Born 1754; died 1835. Graduated at Yale in 1773, and became a school-teacher. When the Revolution broke out he enlisted in a Connecticut regiment, attaining the rank of Major in 1777, and Colonel in 1779. He had charge of the execution of Major Andre, whom he greatly admired. After the war he was a Member of Congress 1801-1817. 281. TAYLOR, ZACHARY Robert Street Twelfth President of the United States. Born 1784; died 1850. He entered the United States Army as a Lieutenant in 1808, and served in the War of 1812, attaining the rank of Major. He served in the Black Hawk War, 1832, became Commander-in-Chief of the United States forces in Florida in 1838, and in the Mexican War he was General. In 1848 he was elected President of the United States. 282. TENNENT, COLONEL Charles W. Peale 283. THOMSON, CHARLES Charles W. Peale Patriot. Born in Ireland 1729; died 1824. Came to America 1740, and lived in Delaware. In 1774 he came to Philadelphia, where he was called the “Sam Adams of Philadelphia.” He was one of the first to take his stand with the Colonies, and exercised im¬ mense influence among the people, owing to their great respect for and confidence in him. In September, 1774, he was chosen Secretary of Congress and held that post up to 1789, when he retired to private life, taking up literature and writing as a pastime. 284. THOMSON, CHARLES Charles W. Peale See No. 283. 152 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 279 GEORGE TAYLOR, PENNSYLVANIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 153 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 285. TILGHMAN, MATTHEW D. R. Berger Patriot. Born 1718; died 1790. Delegate to the Col¬ onial Assembly of Maryland 1751. Delegate to the Continental Congress. In June, 1776, he was sum¬ moned from his seat in Congress to attend the con¬ vention at Annapolis which framed the first Consti¬ tution of the new State of Maryland, over which he presided. It was through his absence from Congress at this time that he did not sign the Declaration of Independence. He continued to represent his State in Congress until 1777, when he resigned. Tilghman was considered by his contemporaries one of the firm¬ est advocates of civil and religious liberty of his time. 286. TILGHMAN, TENCH Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Soldier. ’Born 1744; died 1786. He began life as a merchant in Philadelphia. At the beginning of the Revolution he enlisted as a Lieutenant of infantry. In 1776 he was appointed aide and military secretary on General Washington’s staff. He bore Washington’s dispatch to Congress on the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. After the war he became a merchant in Baltimore. 287. TREVILLE, DE LA TOUCHE Albert Rosenthal (After Paulin Guerin) French Admiral. Born 1745; died 1804. He came to the aid of the Colonies as a Commander of the French fleet and assisted in the victory at Yorktown. He was elected to the States-General in 1789 and became a Rear Admiral in 1792. He commanded in a naval battle against the English Admiral Nelson in 1801. 288. TRUMBULL, JOHN Albert Rosenthal (After Waldo Jewett) Soldier and artist. Born 1756; died 1843. Graduated at Harvard 1773, and when the Revolution broke out was made a member of Washington’s military family 154 INDEPENDENCE HALL as an aide-de-camp and Adjutant under General Gates. After the war he went to Europe to perfect himself in art and studied with Benjamin West. One of his famous paintings is “The Declaration of Independ¬ ence, “ which is in the rotunda in the Capitol at Wash¬ ington, as are three of his other great paintings. He presented a gallery of his works to Yale College. 289. TRUMBULL, JOSEPH Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) Member of the Continental Congress. Born 1737; died 1778. He was graduated at Harvard 1756, served in Congress 1774-1775, was Commissary-General of the Revolutionary Army 1775-1777, and a Commissioner of the Board of War, 1777-1778, resigning in the latter year on account of failing health. 290. TRUMBULL, JONATHAN Albert Rosenthal (After John Trumbull) Governor of Connecticut. Born 1740; died 1809. He was graduated at Harvard 1759. Prom 1775 to 1778 was Paymaster to the Continental Army in the North¬ ern Department. In 1780 he was appointed first aide to General Washington. In 1789 he was elected a Member of Congress, and in 1791 was made Speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1795 he became a United States Senator. In 1798 he succeeded Oliver Wolcott as Governor of Connecticut and remained in that office until his death. 291. TURNER, GEORGE Born 1750; died 1843. He entered the Army at the outbreak of the Revolution, being appointed a Captain in the South Carolina militia. He was a personal friend of General Washington, who in 1789 commis¬ sioned him Judge of the Northwest Territory. In 1833 he removed to Philadelphia, where he resided up to the time of his death. 155 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 292. VARICK, RICHARD Albert Rosenthal (After Ealph Earle) American soldier. Born 1753; died 1831. He was ap¬ pointed a Colonel in the Continental Army, and in 1783 was one of Washington’s staff, being his recording secretary. He was President of the American Bible Society, and was also Mayor of New York City. 293. VARNUM, JAMES MITCHEL Charles W. Peale (After Ealph Earle) American soldier. Born 1748; died 1789. In 1774 he became Colonel of the Kentish Guards, and at the be¬ ginning of the Revolution was commissioned a Colonel of the First Rhode Island Infantry. In 1777 Briga¬ dier-General of the Continental Army, which commis¬ sion he resigned in 1779, after much active service in the several campaigns of the war. He was a Mem¬ ber of Congress 1780-1782, and again in 1786-1787. In 1787 he was appointed one of the Judges of the North¬ west Territory. 294. VERGENNES, COUNT DE Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Charles Gravier Yergennes, a French Count, statesman and diplomatist. Born 1717; died 1787. He was ap¬ pointed to the Electoral Court of Treves in 1750, and in 1754-1768 was Ambassador to Constantinople. After his return he was sent, in 1771, on a mission to Stock¬ holm, where he assisted Gustavus III in the revolution there. He became Secretary of Foreign Relations under Louis XYI in 1774, and concluded the Treaty of Alliance Offensive and Defensive with the United States in 1778, which involved France in a war against England. This war was ended by the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Yergennes remained in office until his death. r 295. VIOMENIL, BARON DE Albert Rosenthal (After Delaval) Antoine Charles du Houx Yiomenil, French General. Born 1728; died 1792. He was second in command of 156 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 297 GEORGE WALTON, GEORGIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 157 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES the army of Rochambeau in the United States, to which he was sent in 1780. While defending the King against the populace of Paris, in 1792, he received a severe wound from which he died. 296. VOLNEY, COUNT DE Charles W. Peale Constantin Francois Chassebseuf Boisgirais Yolney, French Count, philosopher and traveler. Born 1757; died 1820. He crossed the Atlantic in 1795 and passed two years or more in the United States. He was a great friend of Washington as well as of Franklin. He complained that he was illtreated by the Government and by President John Adams. He supported Bona¬ parte, but declined the place of Minister 'of the In¬ terior. 297. WALTON, GEORGE S. B. Waugh (After James Peale) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Georgia. Born 1740; died 1804. He began the prac¬ tice of law in Augusta, Georgia, in 1774. Member of Congress 1776-1781. He was appointed Colonel of militia in 1778, and elected Governor of Georgia in 1779, and again in 1789. He was Judge of the Supreme Court of Georgia and later became a United States Senator. 298. WARD, ARTEMUS American soldier and jurist. Born 1727; died 1800. Graduated at Harvard in 1748. Lieutenant-Colonel in the French and Indian War. Commander-in-Chief of the Massachusetts troops in 1775, and Congress placed him first on the list of Major-Generals. He resigned on account of ill health in 1776. In that year he was appointed Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas of Worcester County, Massachusetts. In 1777 he be¬ came President of the Massachusetts Executive Coun¬ cil. Ward was a member of the State Legislature for sixteen years, and its Speaker in 1785. From 1791 to 1795 he was a Member of Congress. 158 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 312 WILLIAM WHIPPLE, NEW HAMPSHIRE Signer of the Declaration of Independence 159 CATALOGUE OE PICTURES 299. WARREN, JOSEPH Charles W. Peale American soldier and physician. Born 1741; died 1775. Graduated at Harvard 1759. Studied medicine and began practice in Boston. He was one of the Com¬ mittee of Safety appointed after the Boston Massacre. In 1774 he drew up the il Suffolk Resolves,” which vir¬ tually placed Massachusetts in an attitude of resist¬ ance. These “ Resolves’’ were approved by the Con¬ tinental Congress. He was chosen President of the Provincial Congress in 1775. In the Battle of Bunker Hill he was struck by a bullet and instantly killed. 300. WASHINGTON, GEORGE Robert Edge Pine American General, statesman, and first President of the United States. Born 1732; died 1799. He was the son of a Virginia planter. When his father died he inherited a large farm, attended country schools, but never went to college. In 1748 he was employed by Lord Fairfax to survey a portion of his land sit¬ uated beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains. At the age of nineteen he was appointed an Adjutant-General, with the rank of Major, of one of the districts into which Virginia was then divided. In 1753 — during the French and Indian War—he was sent by Gov¬ ernor Dinwiddie on an important mission to the French Commander. He served as aide-de-camp to General Braddock in his disastrous expedition. He was elected to the House of Burgesses of Virginia in 1758. In 1774 he was elected delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. On June 15, 1775, he was elected Commander-in-Chief of all the American forces, and on July 3 assumed command at Cam¬ bridge, Massachusetts. From this time on he remained at the head of the Army until the close of the war. He resigned his commission December 23, 1783, and retired to private life. In 1787 he was chosen Presi¬ dent of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution and signed that instrument. He wa3 elected, without opposition, President of the United States April 6, 1789, and was inaugurated April 30. In 160 INDEPENDENCE HALL 1792 he was reelected President, and four years later declined a third term. He issued his famous Farewell Address to the people of the United States in 1796. 301. WASHINGTON, GEORGE James Peale (From life) See No. 300. 302. WASHINGTON, GEORGE George Etter (After Gilbert Stuart) See No. 300. 303. WASHINGTON, GEORGE Rembrandt Peale See No. 300. 304. WASHINGTON, MARTHA Wife of George Washington. Born 1732; died 1802. She w r as the daughter of Colonel John Dandridge. In 1749 she married Daniel Parke Custis, who died in 1757. She married George Washington in 1759. Mrs. Washington had by her first husband four children; two died in infancy and the other two were adopted by Washington, by w r hom she had no children. She was a woman of striking personality, of considerable wealth, and shared with her husband all the joys and sorrows of his remarkable life. 305. WASHINGTON, WILLIAM Charles W. Peale* Soldier. Born 1752; died 1810. But little is known of his life before the opening of the Revolution. In 1775 he was commissioned a Captain in the Revolu¬ tionary Army. In 1779 he was commissioned a Colonel and given command of a regiment in the South. He was elected a member of the South Carolina Legisla¬ ture in 1783. 161 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 306. WAYNE, ANTHONY Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) American General. Born 1745; died 1796. He was educated at Philadelphia and became a land- surveyor. Wayne was a member of the Pennsylvania convention of 1774-1775, member of the Colonial Legislature and of its Committee of Safety. He was commissioned Colonel of a Pennsylvania regiment in 1776, and in 1777 Brigadier-General, joining Washington’s army in New Jersey. He led the famous attack on Stony Point on the Hudson, reached the fort without being observed, and, by a bayonet charge, forced the garri¬ son to surrender. He took a prominent part in the surrender of Yorktown and in many other engage¬ ments. He was appointed Major-General commanding the United States Army in 1792. 307. WEBB, SAMUEL BLATCHLEY Albert Rosenthal (After Charles W. Peale) Soldier. Born 1753; died 1807. He was appointed an aide to General Israel Putnam in 1776 ? and given com¬ mand of a regiment of Connecticut militia, which he raised at his own expense, in 1777. He was captured by the British in the same year and was not released until 1780, when he was given command, with rank of Brigadier-General. General Webb held in his hand the Bible upon which Washington took his oath of office as first President of the United States. 308. WEST, BENJAMIN Albert Rosenthal (After Gilbert Stuart) > Distinguished painter. Born 1738; died 1820. He was President of the Royal Academy in England. As a boy in Pennsylvania his taste for painting was very early indicated. In 1760 he went to Italy, thence to Paris, and in 1763 to London, where he settled. In a short time he became famous; his works were exhibited in public galleries from 1764 for forty years. One of his masterpieces is on exhibition at Independence Hall: the famous “Penn’s Treaty With the Indians.” 162 INDEPENDENCE HALL JAMES WILSON, PENNSYLVANIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 163 No. 313 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 309. WEST, THOMAS Margaret Thomas (After L. A. Hilliard) Baron Delawarr (or Delaware). Died 1618. He was for a time Governor and Captain-General of Virginia. He was appointed to the post in 1609, and arrived at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1610. Baron Delaware remained there but one year, returning to England in 1611. 310. WHITE, ANTHONY WALTON Albert Rosenthal (After James Sharpless) Soldier. Born 1750; died 1803. In 1775 he was com¬ missioned a Major and made aide-de-camp to General Washington. In 1776 he was advanced to Lieutenant- Colonel, and in 1780 he was ordered by Washington to take command of all the cavalry in the Southern Army. > 311. WHITE, WILLIAM Charles W. Peale American Protestant Episcopal Bishop. Born 1748; died 1836. He was graduated at the College of Phila¬ delphia in 1765, and finished his theological studies in 1770. Was rector of Christ Church and Saint Peter’s, in Philadelphia, 1779-1836. The degree of Doctor of Divinity was given to him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1782, it being the first honorary degree of that college. He was the presiding officer at the first Episcopal convention held in America, in 1785. Bishop White wrote the Constitution of the American church, and was chosen its first Bishop in 1786. He was also President of the first Bible Society in the United States. 312. WHIPPLE, WILLIAM (After Charles St. Memin) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New Hampshire. Born 1730; died 1785. He was appointed a delegate to Congress from that State in 1775, 1776 and 1778. In 1777 he was commissioned a Brigadier General in the Continental Army, participating in the 164 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 316 WILLIAM WILLIAMS, CONNECTICUT Signer of the Declaration of Independence 165 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES battles of Stillwater and Saratoga. In 1782 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of the State of New Hampshire. 313. WILSON, JAMES P. F. Wharton (After James Peale) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Penn¬ sylvania. Born in Scotland 1742; died 1798. He came to Philadelphia in 1766 and obtained the position of tutor in the Latin department of the Philadelphia College. He read law in the office of John Dickinson, and, having been admitted to the bar, became eminent. He served as a Member of Congress in 1775, and was reelected for 1776-1777. He was, in 1787, a delegate from Pennsylvania to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution. He argued strongly in favor of its ratification, and delivered the oration at the procession formed to celebrate its adoption. In 1789 appointed Justice of the United States Supreme Court. 314. WILSON, JAMES Albert Rosenthal (After James Peale) See No. 313. 315. WILLIAMS, OTHO HOLLAND Charles W. Peale (After James Peale) Soldier. Born 1749; died 1800. In 1775 he was ap¬ pointed a Lieutenant in the Maryland militia. Shortly after his appointment he was taken prisoner, and while confined suffered great hardship at the hands of the British. Upon his release he acted as Deputy Adjutant- General of the Southern Army. Near the close of the war he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. Williams was appointed Collector of the Port of Balti¬ more after the war, and held, that office until his death. 316. WILLIAMS, WILLIAM James Sawyer (After John Trumbull) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Con¬ necticut. Born 1731; died 1811. He was graduated 166 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 321 JOHN WITHERSPOON, NEW JERSEY Signer of the Declaration of Independence 167 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES at Harvard in 1747, and, being attached to the staff of Colonel Ephraim Williams, made a campaign in 1755. He became a prominent member of the Council of Safety, and a representative to Congress in 1776. For many years he served in the State Legislature, filled a large number of offices of trust, and was also a member of the State convention which adopted the Federal Constitution. 317. WILLIAMSON, HUGH Albert Rosenthal (After Jarvis) Statesman. Born 1735; died 1819. Graduated at the College of Philadelphia 1757 and took up the study of theology, preaching for about two years. He later took up the study of medicine and practiced in Philadelphia. He was a Member of Congress 1784-1786, and again 1790-1793. He was also a delegate from North Caro¬ lina to the convention which framed the Federal Con¬ stitution and signed the same. 318. WILKINSON, JAMES Charles W. Peale American soldier. Born 1757; died 1825. He com¬ pleted the study of medicine, and entered the Revolu¬ tionary Army as Captain in 1775, serving in Canada and at Saratoga. He attained the rank of Brigadier- General, and Secretary of the Board of War. Wilkin¬ son was connected with the Conway cabal, which led to his resignation of his commission as Brigadier-Gen¬ eral. At the close of the war he went to Kentucky, where he engaged in trade. In 1791 he was reinstated in the Army by General Wayne and did good service against the Indians in the Northwest. In 1792 he was again appointed a Brigadier-General, and given su¬ preme command of the Army of the United States at the death of Wayne. He was Governor of Louisiana 1805. He disclosed Burr’s Southwestern imperial scheme to the Government, and was himself implicated in the conspiracy, but was exonerated. In the summer of 1813, during the War of 1812, he commanded, with ill success, the Northern frontier. He was dismissed from the service. He died in Mexico. 168 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 323 GEORGE WYTHE, VIRGINIA Signer of the Declaration of Independence 169 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 319. WILLETT, MARINUS Albert Rosenthal (A copy) American soldier. Born 1740; died 1820. He was sec¬ ond in command in the action at Fort Stanwix (then Fort Schuyler), August, 1777. In 1780-1783 he com¬ manded the New York militia in the Mohawk Valley, making the last attack of the war on the British, at Oswego, in February, 1783. He was a member of the New York Assembly 1783-1784, and was Mayor of New York, 1807-1808. 320. WILLIAM LEI King of England, Scotland and Ireland. Born 1650; died 1702. Son of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary Stuart, daughter of Charles I. In 1677 he mar¬ ried Mary, daughter of James II. Through a revolu¬ tion in which he was successful he called a convention, composed of peers and the sovereign members of the former House of Commons, which in 1689 voted that James had abdicated and that William and Mary should be declared King and Queen of England. He was succeeded by Queen Anne. 321. WITHERSPOON, JOHN Charles W. Peale Signer of the Declaration of Independence from New Jersey. Born 1722; died 1794. He was ordained a minister in Scotland in 1745, and in 1768 was chosen President by the Trustees of the College of New Jer¬ sey. This he at first refused but afterward accepted. He became pastor of the church in Princeton, and in May, 1776, became a Member of the Continental Con¬ gress. His services in the cause of liberty were un¬ tiring, and he remained a Member of Congress for six years. 322. WOLCOTT, OLIVER J. R. Lambdin (After John Trumbull) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Con¬ necticut. Born 1726; died 1797. He was graduated 170 INDEPENDENCE HALL No. 322 OLIVER WOLCOTT, CONNECTICUT Signer of the Declaration of Independence 171 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES at Yale and received a Captain’s commission from the Colonial Governor of New York. Became Sheriff of Litchfield County in 1751, and in 1774 a member of the State Council. He filled the position of Judge of the Probate Court, and was one of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs from New York. Elected a delegate to Congress 1776-1778 and in 1780-1784. Lieutenant- Governor of New York from 1786-1796. Was elected Governor in the latter year and filled that position until his death. 323. WYTHE, GEORGE J. F. Wear (After John Trumbull) Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Vir¬ ginia. Born 1726; died 1806. He was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and was appointed, in 1764, on the commission organized to remonstrate against the proposed Stamp Act. He was again a mem¬ ber of the House of Burgesses 1768-1769, and in 1775 was elected to the Continental Congress. Wythe was chosen Judge of the High Court of Chancery in 1777, and subsequently became Chancellor. He was for a time professor of law in the William and Mary Col¬ lege. He was a member of the convention which framed the Constitution of the United States and signed that instrument. 324. YEATES, JASPER Albert Rosenthal (A copy) Judge. Born 1745; died 1817. At an early age he espoused the patriot cause, helping Congress in many ways through his untiring work in Pennsylvania. He held a number of offices at various times during the Revolution. In 1791 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, which office he held until his death. 172 INDEPENDENCE IIALL ra 3 V* n H w n M *2j h ? H tO H co 3 ti -) ?! * H ►U * H Q 173 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES INKSTAND USED IN SIGNING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE THE JAMES SHARPLESS COLLECTION OF PORTRAITS IN PASTEL THE JAMES SHARPLESS COLLECTION TAMES SHARPLESS, the artist who made these * small portraits in pastel, was born in England about 1751. He died in New York City February 26, 1811. He came to America in 1794, but after remain¬ ing here several years, returned to England. He again came to America in 1809. This collection is the greater part of the only known work by him which is unquestionably authen¬ tic. The portraits are done on a thick gray paper, softly grained and of woolly texture. His colored crayons, which he manufactured himself, were kept finely powdered in small glass cups, and he applied them with a camel’s hair pencil. Sharpless is said to have worked with great rapidity, completing a portrait in two hours, for which he charged fifteen dollars for a profile and twenty dollars for a full face. He usually made a replica of each portrait, which he retained for his own use. This personal collection came into the possession of a gentleman in Virginia as a pledge for a loan of $150. He took Washington’s portrait in profile in 1796 in Philadelphia and the likeness has always been considered a very correct one. This collection was purchased, during the Cen¬ tennial in 1876, by the City of Philadelphia for exhibition in Independence Hall. 176 INDEPENDENCE HALL 325. ADAMS, JOHN See No. 2. 326. ADET, PIERRE AUGUSTE French diplomatist. Born 1763; died 1832. He left the artillery service to devote himself to the study of chemistry, and later engaged in politics, and was appointed Minister to the United States 1795. In 1797 he broke off diplomatic relations with this coun¬ try. Before he left for France he addressed a note to the American people intending to inflame them against the policy of their Government. 327. AMES, FISHER American stateman. Born 1758; died 1808. Graduated at Harvard 1774. He was admitted to the bar in 1781. In 1788 he was a member of the Massachusetts Con¬ stitutional Convention, and was next elected a Member of Congress, and for eight years took an active part in National councils. He remained in public life until his health failed. 328. BARD, JOHN Physician. Born 1716; died 1799. He received the rudiments of a classical education at Philadelphia, was seven years a surgeon’s apprentice there, and began a lasting friendship with Benjamin Franklin. He established himself in New York in 1746, and soon ranked among the most skillful doctors in the Col¬ onies. In 1750 he assisted Doctor Middleton in the first recorded dissection in America. In 1759 he was appointed to take measures to prevent the spread of ship fever, and selected Bedloe’s Island for his hos¬ pital, of which he took charge. In 1778 he withdrew from the city, but after the Revolution he resumed 177 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES practice there, and in 1788 became first President of the New York Medical Society. In 1795, when the yellow fever raged in New York, Doctor Bard, though nearly eighty years old, remained at his post. 329. BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN American novelist. Born 1771; died 1810. He was of Quaker lineage. His attachment to books as a child was remarkable, and after receiving a liberal educa¬ tion under Robert Proud, the historian, he had at the age of sixteen formed plans for extensive literary work. He went to New York and in 1798 published his first novel, “Wieland. ” In 1803, having returned to Philadelphia, he began the “Literary Magazine and American Register,’’ which he published for five years. > 330. BURR, AARON Statesman. Born 1756; died 1836. He was graduated at Princeton 1772. He began the study of law, but at the outbreak of the Revolution abandoned his studies and joined the patriot army. He served with distinction in different capacities throughout the strug¬ gle. In 1788 he entered politics, and soon after was made Attorney-General of New York. In 1791 Burr was elected a United States Senator. In the Presi¬ dential contest in 1800 he entered the fight as a can¬ didate with great energy, and after a great contest was elected Vice-President of the United States. Through a political dispute he challenged Alexander Hamilton in 1804 to fight a duel; in this duel Hamil¬ ton was mortally wounded. For this act Burr was charged with murder, and was forced to flee to South Carolina, where he took refuge with his daughter. He later formed a conspiracy against the United States, for which he was arrested, charged with treason. After an exciting trial he was acquitted of the charge, but he was in such bad odium in America that he left the 178 INDEPENDENCE HALL country, visiting in turn England, Sweden, Germany and France. He returned to America four years later and settled in New York. Burr’s last days were one succession of bitter disappointments. He died in great disgrace and poverty at Port Richmond, Staten Island. 331. CLINTON, DE WITT Governor of New York. Born 1769; died 1828. He was the son of General James Clinton. Graduated at Columbia College 1786. In 1799 he was elected to the Senate of New York, after having previously spent two years in the House. In 1802 he was appointed a United States Senator. His last vote in the Senate was to confirm the treaty for the purchase of Louisi¬ ana. He was chosen Mayor of New York in 1803, and annually reelected except in 1807, 1809 and 1810, until 1815, exerting himself in every way to promote the prosperity of that city. Elected Governor of New York in 1817, 1819, 1824 and 1826. During his admin¬ istration the Erie Canal was finished. 332. CLINTON, JAMES American General. Born 1736; died 1812. During the war of 1756 between^ the English and French he served as Captain under Bradstreet, and in consideration of services rendered at the capture of Frontenac was ap¬ pointed Captain-Commandant of four regiments raised for the protection of the Western frontier of New York. In 1775 he became Colonel of the Third New York Regiment, and in 1776 was made Brigadier- General. In 1777 he made a brave defense of Fort Clinton against a British attack, and was wounded, but after the taking of the fort escaped personal capture by the British. In 1779 he distinguished himself in Sullivan’s campaign against the Indians, and at the close of the Revolution was present at the siege of Yorktown and at the reoccupation of New York. lie served as a commissioner to adjust the boundary line 179 CATALOGUE OF PICTUBES between Pennsylvania and New York, was a member of the New York Legislature, and of the State conven¬ tion which adopted the Constitution of the United States. 333. CRUGER, HENRY Politician. Born in New York 1739; died 1827. Went to England 1780, and succeeded his father as Mayor of Bristol, England, in 1781. He was elected to Par¬ liament in 1774, and reelected in 1784. After the American Revolution he came to New York and estab¬ lished himself there as a merchant. He was elected to the New York Legislature while still a member of the British Parliament. 334. CUSHING, MRS. WILLIAM Wife of William Cushing, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. At the organization of the Federal Government President Washington ap¬ pointed him to that office, which he held until his death, although for some time, by reason of ill health, he was unable to attend to his duties. Through all this time his wife was his constant companion and nurse. 335. DAYTON, ELIAS Revolutionary officer. Born 1737; died 1807. He began his military career by joining the British Army and fought under Wolfe at Quebec. Subsequently he com¬ manded a company of militia, with which he marched on an expedition against the Northern Indians. He was a member of the Committee of Safety at the be¬ ginning of the Revolution. In 1777 he served as Colonel of the Third New Jersey Regiment, and aided in suppressing the mutiny of the New Jersey line 1781. He was made Brigadier-General 1783. After the war he .served in the Legislature of his native State, and was made Major-General of militia. He was also Member of Congress 1787-1788. He was President of of the New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati. 180 INDEPENDENCE HALE 336. FEW, WILLIAM See No. 69. 337. GATES, HORATIO See No. 78. 338. GREEN, ASHBEL American clergyman. Born 1762; died 1848. Grad¬ uated at Princeton 1784. He was a non-commissioned officer for four years in the Revolution, and then went to Philadelphia, where he became pastor of the Sec¬ ond Presbyterian Church. In 1812 he was chosen Presi¬ dent of Princeton Theological Seminary, from which he withdrew in 1822, when past sixty years of age. He moved to Philadelphia again, where he preached to the poor and edited a paper called the “Christian Advocate / 1 339. HAMILTON, ALEXANDER See No. 97. 340. HOBART, JOHN SLOSS Jurist. Born 1738; died 1805. He was graduated at Yale 1757, studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced in New York State. He was a delegate to the Provincial Convention of 1775, a member of the New York Congress, and one of the committee to draft the State Constitution. In 1777 he became Judge of the District Court of New York. At the close of the Revolution he was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court. He was elected a United States Senator in 1798. * 341. JEFFERSON, THOMAS See No. 130. 181 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES 342. JOHNSON, WILLIAM SAMUEL See No. 135. 343. KENT, JAMES Jurist. Born 1763; died 1847. He was graduated at Yale 1781. He then studied law and practiced his profession at Poughkeepsie and New York City, where he was Professor of Law at Columbia College. In 1797 he was Recorder of the City of New York, and in 1798 was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of that State, and in 1804 was made Chief Justice. In 1814 he was appointed Chancellor. Retired at the age of sixty and then wrote his famous commentaries. 344. LE FEVRE Aide to Colonel Armand de la Rouerie, who followed La Rouerie to America, and went with him when he was presented to Congress. He was offered a brevet of Colonel but refused it. 345. LANGDON, JOHN See No. 149. 346. LAURENS, HENRY See No. 150. 347. LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R. See No. 163. 348. McHENRY, JAMES See No. 172. 182 INDEPENDENCE HALL 349. McKEAN, THOMAS See No. 174. 350. MADISON, MRS. JAMES Wife of President James Madison. Born 1772; died 1849. Her maiden name was Dorothy Payne. She was originally from Virginia, but moved with her parents to Philadelphia, where she married John Todd, who died three years later, leaving her with one son. Mr. Madison, then a Member of Congress, boarded at the house of her mother. He fell in love with the young widow and married her in 1794. Of her grace and dignity while her husband was President much has been said. 351. MONROE, JAMES See No. 189. 352. PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH See No. 226. 353. PUTNAM, RUFUS American soldier. Born 1738; died 1824. In 1773 he was appointed a deputy surveyor of Florida. In the Revolutionary War he was chief engineer, with the rank of Colonel, in charge of the fortifications of New York. In 1783 he was appointed Brigadier-General. He was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature, and an aide to Governor Lincoln in the Shays rebel¬ lion 1787. Putnam was Judge of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territory in 1789, and United States Surveyor-General 1793-1803. 354. RUSH, BENJAMIN See No. 249. 183 CATALOGUE OF PICTUBES 355. SHERBOURNE, COLONEL HENRY A Revolutionary officer. He served as Major in Var- num’s Regiment and was taken prisoner at the ‘ ‘Cedars.’' He was commissioned to settle the ac¬ counts of Rhode Island with the United States. He represented Newport in the Rhode Island Assembly, and was Treasurer of Rhode Island from 1792-1818. 356. SMITH, ISAAC Patriot. Born 1736; died 1807. Graduated at Prince¬ ton 1775, was a tutor there, studied medicine and sub¬ sequently followed that profession. He early espoused the patriot cause and commanded a regiment in 1776. He was Judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey 1783-1801, and a Member of Congress 1795-1797. 357. SMITH, SAMUEL See No. 266. 358. SMITH, WILLIAM LANGSTON An American diplomatist and statesman. Elected to Congress from South Carolina in 1789, and in 1800 was appointed Minister to Spain. He published sev¬ eral political works and essays under the signature of “Phocian.” Died in 1812. 359. SPAIGHT, RICHARD DOBBS See No. 268. 360. STOUGHTON, WILLIAM Spanish minister to the United States, and a resident of Philadelphia, during the time this city was the temporary Capital of the new nation. 184 INDEPENDENCE HALL 361. VON BERCKEL The Dutch Minister to the United States, and a resi¬ dent of Philadelphia during the time that city was the temporary Capital of the new nation. 362. VAN CORTLANDT, PHILIP American soldier. Born 1749; died 1831. In 1775 he was commissioned a Lieutenant-Colonel in the New York militia, and in 1776 was made Colonel by Wash¬ ington. He was a member of the New York Assembly and of the Senate, also a Member of Congress 1793- 1809. He accompanied General Lafayette, as his per¬ sonal escort, on his travels through this country in 1824. 363. WADSWORTH, JEREMIAH Born 1743; died 1804. He originated a number of plans for the improvement of his native town, Hart¬ ford, Connecticut, and held several local offices. Dur¬ ing the Revolution he was Commissary-General of the Army. In 1786-1788 he was a Member of Congress. After the adoption of the Constitution he was elected to Congress again 1789-1795. 364. WASHINGTON, BUSHROD American jurist. Born 1762; died 1829. A nephew of George Washington. He was a member of the Vir¬ ginia House of Delegates, and the Virginia ratifying convention on the Eederal Constitution, 1788. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1798 until the time of his death. 365. WASHINGTON, GEORGE See No. 300. 185 CATALOGUE OE PICTURES 366. WAYNE, ANTHONY See No. 306. 367. WEBSTER, NOAH Philologist. Born 1758; died 1843. He was graduated at Yale 1778. In 1783 he wrote “A Grammatical In¬ stitute of the English Language, ” which consisted of a spelling-book, a grammar, and a reading-book, and also published some political essays. In 1793 he started in New York the “Commercial Advertiser . 11 In 1798 he removed to New Haven, Connecticut, and in 1806 began work upon his “American Dictionary of the English Language/’ first published in 1828. 368. WILKINSON, JAMES See No. 318. 369. YRUJO, DON CARLOS MARQUIS DE Born at Cartagena, Spain, December 4, 1763. He was educated at the University of Salamanca, and entered the diplomatic service of his country. He was ap¬ pointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo¬ tentiary to the United States in 1796-1804. 186 SCULPTURE 370. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN Bust in marble, presented by P. S. P. Conner, April 24, 1875. See No. 73. 371. PAINE, THOMAS Bust in marble. See No. 210. 372. PENN, THOMAS Patience Wright, 1773 Bust in marble. See No. 218. 373. WASHINGTON, GEORGE William Rush (in wood) See No. 300. This wood carving is conceded to be the master¬ piece of the celebrated American woodcarver. 374. WASHINGTON, GEORGE F. Barbedienne Bust in bronze. See No. 300. 375. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE This is an original anastatic facsimile of the parch¬ ment made in 1823 by order of President Monroe, when John Quincy Adams was Secretary of State. Adams, in compliance with a resolution of Congress of May 26, 1824, authorized the distribution of 200 copies to the Signers who were then living, and their heirs. This is one of the copies. 187 S. H. Morse, 1876 "~1 CONGRESS HALL Where the First United States Congress Met UNIVERSfTY OF