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 OREGON AGRICULTURAL 
 
 A I’lant that IX)isoa« Cattle. 
 
 Cl CUT A 
 
 ( C tent a J'd^a /rs C, rceti. 1 
 
 By U. P. HEDRICK. 
 
 The Bulletins of this Station are sent free to all residents of 
 
 Oregon who request them. 
 
 A(iRreULrrUAL coLLiidi: Pi<iXT:> g ori'ici'. 
 G. n. KI'.ADV, I’KIND'.K. 
 
 1897. 
 
BOARD OF REGENTS. 
 
 /. T. APPERSON, President, . Oregon City, 
 
 IV. E. VA TES, Secretary, Corvallis, 
 
 J. K. WEATHERFORD, Treasurer, . Albany. 
 
 WM. P. LORD, Governor, . Salem. 
 
 //. R. KINCAID, Secretary of State . Saler 
 
 G. M. IRWIN, Supt. Public Instruction, . Saley 
 
 WM. M. HILLEARY, Master State Grange, . Turner 
 
 T. W. DAVENPORT, . Silvertor 
 
 W. P. KEADY, ... Portion 
 
 WALLIS NASH, . Portion . 
 
 BENTON KILL IN, . Portion 
 
 /ONAS M. CHURCH, . La Grand- 
 
 SAMUEL HUGHES, . Forest Grove 
 
 COIVlIVlITTEES. 
 
 EXECUTIVE. 
 
 SAMUEL HUGHES, Chairman, IV. E. YATES, Secretary. J. T. AEPERSON, 
 
 WILLIAM M HILLEARY, BENTON KILLIN. 
 
 FINANCE. 
 
 RENTON KILLIN, WM. M. HILLEARY, J. M. CHURCH. 
 
 AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY. 
 
 BENTON KILLIn, WILLIAM M. HILLEARY 
 
 HORTICULTURE AND ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 'SAMUEL HUGHES, J. K. WEATHERFORD. 
 
 MECHANICS AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY. 
 
 t. K WEATHERFORD. SAMUEL HUGHES, WALLIS NASH 
 
 LITERARY DEPARTMENT AND LIBRARY. 
 
 WALLIS NASH, T. W. DAVENPORT 
 
 ADVERTISING AND PRINTING. 
 
 W. P. KLADY, W. E. YATES. 
 
 BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. 
 
 W. E YA TES, ' J. M. CHURCH. 
 
 FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 
 
 L K. WEATHERFORD, W.E. YATES 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE STATION. 
 
 THOMAS M. GATCH, A. M., Ph. D . President and Director. 
 
 //. T, FRENCH, M. S., . Agriculturist. 
 
 G. W. SHAW, Ph. D., . Chemist. 
 
 U. P. HEDRICK, M. S., . Horticulturist and Botanist. 
 
 A. B. CORDLEY, B. S., . . Entomologist. 
 
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I. I.I^WIvS AND I'LOWlvRS OF CICUTA, Cidita vao\u(s Greene, 
 
3 
 
 [gir^ 
 
 M.'A.l. 
 
 A PLANT THAT POISONS CATTLE. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 
 PLIANT growing in the low pasture lands of Oregon, 
 poisons cattle in the late winter and earl}^ spring. 
 Last spring probably not less than one hundred cattle 
 were poisoned in those parts of the state where this 
 plant grows. The inquiries as to what this plant is, has 
 been a common and urgent one made of the Station men at the 
 Oregon Experiment Station. vSeveral attempts have been made to 
 answer it. Such investigations may be briefly noted as follows: 
 
 In the summer of 1889, Professor P. H. Irish, then in charge 
 of the Department of Chemistry of this Station, fed the follow¬ 
 ing plants to stock:* Common Larkspur {Delphiniwn exalta- 
 turn Ait.), Camass {Camassia esadeyita Lindl.), Sanicle {Sanicula 
 howellii C. & R.), degenerated cultivated Parsnip (Pastmica sa~ 
 Hva, L.) and Cow Parsnip {^Heracleiim laiiatum Michx.); all had 
 been reported as having poisoned cattle, but as fed b}^ Professor 
 Irish proved harmless. 
 
 In the spring of 1896 a farmer in Linn county sent to the 
 Station a quantity of roots of Larkspur, saying that he felt sure 
 that cattle of his had died from eating them. A cow at the 
 Station was made to eat the roots sent and no ill effects followed, 
 again proving the harmless nature of the roots of Larkspur. 
 
 The following letter, recieved January 6 , 1897, from Wald- 
 port, Lincoln County, Oregon, is published as being typical of 
 letters received ever}^ spring, and as indicating the time that 
 reports of cattle poisoning begin to come in. 
 
 “ I send by to-day’s mail a root that is playing havoc among the cattle 
 in this section of the state. A number of cattle have died in this vicinity 
 from eating it, several having died on my ranch. What will counteract the 
 poison that the plant contains ? 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 W. H, Harrison. 
 
 The roots proved to be those of Cicuta vagans Greene,—a 
 
 *Bul. No. 3, p. 25, Ore Expt. Sta. 
 
t 
 
 J)]ant of the Parsnip (Uinbelliferae) family. Fpon request, Mr. 
 Harri.son sent a quantity of the roots to the Station. A few of 
 the.se were fed experimentally to two cows, and, though but a 
 .small quantity of the roots was taken into the stomachs of the 
 animals in both ca.ses, death resulted within two hours. The 
 behavior of these animals under the influence of the poi.son and 
 
 the remedies tried, will be described in another part of the 
 bulletin. 
 
 Following' the ab )ve experiment, .sev^eral plants l>elonging 
 to the Parsnip family, closely related to Cicuta, and generally 
 found growing with it, and often .suspected as 1)eing poisonous, 
 were fed and proved to be harmle.ss. Thi.s, and a more thorough 
 investigation of the properties of Cicuta, .seem to indicate, con¬ 
 clusively, that the latter is the plant that poi.sons cattle. 
 
 Before attempting a further di.scussion of the plant in ques¬ 
 tion, it may lx? .said that its de.scription for popular identification, 
 i.s attended with many difficulties ; for it belongs to a family, 
 many of whose members are .so nearly alike in appearance and 
 habits that a skilled botanist can identify .some .species only by 
 minute differences in plant structure. I must, therefore, in ni}’- 
 de.scription, enter into details that might .seem unnecessary to 
 one not appri.sed of the difficulties to overcome. But, by the aid 
 of the plate.s, made from photographs, and the de.scriptions of 
 plants that might be mistaken for Cicuta, the av’erage reader 
 should have but little difficult}’ in identifying the plant in queston. 
 
 Name. 
 
 The name, Cicuta vaga}is Greene, was given by Profes.sor 
 Ivlwin L. (Treene, now of the Catholic University, Washington, 
 1 ). C., in 1889.^' Prevdously, it had been con.sidered as identical 
 with Cicuta maciilata Linn, the Ivistern species of this genus. 
 In all text-books, applicable to the Pacific Coast, the plant i.s yet 
 called C. laacafata, but botanists have ado])ted the name given 
 by (ireene. 
 
 In the matter of common names there is much confusion 
 regarding thi.s, as of many plants in the Parsnip family. The 
 Cicutas are known in the various localities in which they are 
 found by a number of common names. (Lay, our best author¬ 
 ity, alone, gives five po])ular names to the common Cicuta. as 
 
 -Pittoiiia, Vol II, Tart 7. Dec. 1SS9. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2018 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 https://archive.org/details/plantthatpoisons46hedr 
 
lU’I.HSOR ROOT-STALKS Ol- CICTTA. Cicuta va<rans (LtHiie. 
 
5 
 
 follows : Water Hemlock, Musquash Root, Spotted Cow bane, 
 Heaver Poison and Muskrat \Wed. Other botanists add to these, 
 Wild Parsnip, Water Parsnip, Cow bane, and vSnake Root. All 
 these show how inaccurate and unsatisfactory are common names. 
 If any one of these popular names is to be used. Water Hemlock 
 is most applicable, but there caiuiot be any reasonable objection 
 to calling the plant Cicuta, a name, about which, there could be 
 no confusion. 
 
 Description. 
 
 The Cicuta found in Oregon, is a tall, smooth, coarse grow¬ 
 ing plant ; its stems are round and hollow, branch from the base, 
 may be e*'ect or reclining in growth, and reach a height of from 
 3 to 6 feet ; the stems spring from a bulb-like, perennial root 
 and after flowering in mid-summer .soon die down ; the leaves 
 are from 2 to 3 feet long, smooth and glaucous, sometimes with 
 a purplish cast, two or three times divided (bi or tri-pinnate); 
 the leaflets are borne on the upper third of the leaf, there being, 
 generally from 4 to 6 pairs, the}' are oblong and lance-shaped, 
 about 2 inches in length, ^ of an inch wide, coarsely toothed, 
 sometimes unequally divided or lobed, and with .small veins run¬ 
 ning from the midrib to the notches in the edge of the leaflet. 
 A part of an old and of a young leaf are .shown in Plate I. 
 
 The plant blooms in midsummer and bears an umbel or um¬ 
 brella shaped cluster of .small, white flowers at the end of a long 
 stalk or peduncle (Plate I); from the blossoms, broadly ovate, 
 kidney-shaped, ribbed fruits about ^ of an inch long are formed; 
 these, when cut cro.sswi.se, show minute tubes containing an 
 aromatic oil much like that in the .seeds of the common Parsnip ; 
 the seeds in these fruits are small, nearly cylindrical in shape, 
 and have a slightly hollowed face. 
 
 In studying the plant it will be found that the root bulb is 
 the most disthictive part aiid will aid most m ide 7 itificatio 7 i. Special 
 attention is called to Plate II in which the bulbs are well illus¬ 
 trated. A comparison of this plate with the other plates shows 
 very strikingly the difference between the underground parts of 
 plants of the Parsnip family, and makes obvious the great value 
 of the roots as a means of identifying Cicuta. Taking the 
 bulbous roots alone, as a means of identification, one could 
 hardly make a mistake in naming Cicuta. The subterranean 
 
part of Ciciita, properfy speaf:ing, fsa cfose jointecf, t'lfiderg'fOtfijfd! 
 stem. It is bulb like in appearance, 2 to 4 inches long and i to 2: 
 inches thick. In color the exterior is a dark purplish green,, the 
 interior a yellowish white,- the flesh firm and bearing an abun¬ 
 dance of reddish, arbnmtic oil—the odor of Parsnip'being, most 
 decided ; the root bulb is only partly underground and emits- 
 long fibrous roots from beneath. The poisonous property of the 
 plant, cicutoxine,. is fotind in the oil of the bulb 
 
 Habits, 
 
 Tire flo\yering and fruiting part of Cicnta is sustained b>^ 
 food stored awa)’ during one or more years of immature exist-' 
 ence. The reservoir for this supply isthebu-ll>like underground 
 stem. A.fter flowering,- plant and root die, but while the flower 
 is developing, the crown of the root, or underground stem,- sends 
 out one or nK)re large buds, which, before the flowering stalk is- 
 dead, have formed roots of their own and are ready to produce 
 a new plant. These buds sometimes require one, and sometimes 
 two seasons for full growth. From the above it will be seen that 
 fhe life limit of the species is intermediate between that of a 
 biennial and a perennial. 
 
 In growth, as tire plant reaches maturity, it becomes stout 
 and scraggly, very often covering an area of five or six feet. 
 Before reaching the fruiting season, the underground stem and 
 roots become exhausted and begin to decay, the plant at this 
 time being sustained and supported by tough, fibrous roots 
 springing from a point where the leaves break from the under¬ 
 ground stem. These roots are called acce.ssory roots. At this 
 period the young offsets are being formed. 
 
 Distribution, 
 
 « 
 
 Cictita fs found,- in Oregon, in marshy or wet places both 
 on the seashore and in the mountains. It is of most frequent 
 occufrence along the banks of coast rivers and inlets, but is 
 reported as being quite common about the lakes of Southern and 
 South-P)astern Oregon. It is so plentiful throughout all of 
 Western Oregon, that it is dangerous to cattle, during the springy 
 in uncultivated, marshy, pasture land. Cicuta is also found in 
 abundance in Northern California, in Washington, and in British 
 Columbia. 
 
 Other semi-acjuatic plants of the Parsnip family, are often 
 
foimci 'grownr^ w'ltli Oie Clcu'ta, wlncli lo the difficulty of 
 
 recognizing it and givCvS the others, most of which are harmless, 
 a bad reputation. It is safe to say that ru' ■other plant in this 
 family need lx; feared in OregK^m pastures at tlie ti-nie whe-n 
 Cicnta is dangerous, vi^.. from January to May, 
 
 Damage Done by Gicuta. 
 
 It is hard to estimate the number of cattle killed yearly in 
 Oregon by eating Cicnta. One hundred would be a low estimate 
 in judgment. Animals eat the underground p>ortioii of 
 Cicnta in getting the tops which form about the first green 
 herbage in early spring; as they browse the foliage., the 
 roots, being only partly subterranean, and growing in a soft 
 soil, are pulled up and eaten. A piece the size of a walnut, it 
 was found b^’^ experiment, is sufficient to kill a cow. It is probable 
 that the poisonous constituent is found only in the underground 
 stem and the roots. 
 
 While the victims of the plant are chiefiy cattle, yet they are 
 not exclusively so. The poi.soiious parts are often mistaken for 
 Parsnips, Artichokes and Horse-radish, and thus human victims 
 are not infrequent. A number of cases of poisoning from Cicnta 
 are annually reported in the United vStates. A writer in a local 
 paper a few months ago, reported the case of two cattlemen in 
 Southern Oregon, who, after eating “Wild Parsnip," presumably 
 Cicnta, died in a few hours, Falk reports, that in Europe, 
 in thirt\'-one cases of poisoning from Cicnta, 45 per cent died. 
 
 Symptoms of Poisoning, and Remedies. 
 
 Soon after receiving a quantity of the Cicnta bulbs from 
 
 Mr. Harrison of Waldport, as before mentioned, it was decided 
 
 to try their effects upon a cow, in order that a more direct 
 
 knowledge of the action of the poison might be obtained. The 
 
 following is the de.scription of the behavior of two animals to 
 
 which was fed the Cicnta,—the notes having been taken by 
 
 Professor H. T. French, the Station Agriculturist, 
 
 « 
 
 “ A bulb was cut into small pieces, mixed with a carrot cut 
 up in the same way, and fed to a two-year old grade heifer. The 
 material was fed at 8 o’clock, a. ni., and at 9:30 the animal was 
 dead. The poison performed its work so quickly, that we were 
 unable to be present at the moment death occurred. The animal 
 
s 
 
 evidentl}' died iii a spasm, froth and foam having escaped from 
 its mouth in considerable quantities. 
 
 “On post-mortem examination, ])ieces of the root were found 
 in the rumen, and in the reticulum or second stomach. None 
 was found be3a)nd the .second stomach. It was somewhat sur¬ 
 prising to find not more than two drams of the root in the stom¬ 
 ach. A very small |X)rlion might have pas.sed beyond recogni- 
 
 s 
 
 tion b}’ mastication, but a careful examination was made resulting 
 iti the finding of the above amount. From the amount left in 
 the feed-box it was evident that only a very small portion had 
 been eaten, 
 
 “ The lungs were highly congested, otherwise there were no 
 abnormal conditions noticed in the abdominal or thoracic cavities, 
 
 “ The following day another animal was fed the poisonous 
 roots in order that an attempt might be made to counteract the 
 effect of the poison with an antidote. 
 
 “A calf one year old was .selected for the experiment. The 
 temperature of the animal was taken in the evening and morn¬ 
 ing preceding the experiment. The normal was found to be 
 [02^/2 degrees. 
 
 “Two bulbs the size of an egg were cut and mixed with car¬ 
 rots, and a little grain sprinkled over the roots. The material 
 was eaten under protest in order to get the grain and carrots. 
 
 “The roots were fed at 9:15, a. m.; at 9:40 the temperature 
 was 103, and the mu.scles about the nose began to twitch. At 
 ro o’clock the temperature had ri.sen to 103)4, and the animal 
 was a little unea.sy. At 10:25 the temperature was 104, and 
 there was a trembling about the flanks. The eyes watered 
 very freely ; at 10:35 animal was somewhat excited, and the 
 temperature was io 4 ) 4 - At this time urination began and con¬ 
 tinued very freely until death ensued. At 10:45 animal fell 
 over on its .side in a spasm. The eyes were drawn and the 
 muscles were rigid and contracted violently. The animal fell 
 backward rather than sideways, and when })art way down rolled 
 on its side. 
 
 “As soon as possible it was given an ounce of spirits of 
 turpentine in a quart of milk, and immediately the calf re¬ 
 covered its feet and began to walk about, though with difficulty ; 
 its limbs were stiff and it walked with a straddling gait. At 
 
Oi'inxudic saruu'iilosa Null. 
 
9 
 
 iO'.55 "tire leinperaUirtf stood at and |)erspirati(/n was 
 
 Itiowing very freely. The respirations were hurried l)eing 
 about double the usual number per minute ; soon there were 
 indications of severe spasms. The dose of turpentine and milk 
 was repeated and the animal stood up till 11:30. when it went 
 down as before. A full dose of tincture of aconite with a quart 
 of milk was given, but no results were noticed ; immediately 
 after a hypodermic injection of nitro-glycerin was made, but 
 with no results. The spasms were almost continuous from the 
 time the animal fell over until death took place at it:45, just 
 two and one-half hours from the time the poison was adminis¬ 
 tered. The highest temperature reached was 106 degrees.” 
 
 The cattle were fed, as above described, in March. During 
 the next few weeks a number of ” sure ” remedies were recom¬ 
 mended. The most common of the.se are lard, bacon grease, 
 milk, and flour. The milk had proved to hi worthless in the 
 first experiments, but to satisfy ourseK^es regarding the other 
 named remedies, and to try some of a more medicinal nature, 
 another animal, early in May, was fed .several of the poisonous 
 bulbs. The bulbs were of the same lot used in the first experi' 
 ments, but had been growing for a month in a green house. It < 
 was expected that growth would remove some of the dangerous 
 properties of the bulbs, but it was a surprise to find that an 
 animal eating many times as much of them as had killed the 
 cows in the previous experiment suflered no ill effects whatever. 
 The conclusion is obvious; the bulbs are only dangeroush^ poison 
 when in the dormant state, or for a short time after growth be¬ 
 gins in the spring. Cattle are likely, then, to be poisoned only 
 from the first of January to the middle of May. 
 
 It is probable that the simple remedies, as lard, bacon grease' 
 flour, and milk, so highh‘ recommended b}' stockmen, in the 
 milder cases, are of value, as they are substances which would 
 tend to retard the absorption of the poison in the stomach, and, 
 given in sufficient quantities, would act as a [)urgative to expel 
 it from the intestines. But it is mv opinon that none of these 
 would be of avail with an animal that had swallowed even a 
 small quantity, a few drams, of the bulb when the poi.son is most 
 virulent. Further investigation may dev^elop some agent more 
 potent as a remedy but until then, farmers must depend upon 
 
prevention —keepi'ii'^ their cattle from pasture lands ConfafrrrKg: 
 i'icnta. 
 
 Eradication. 
 
 An effort should be make to eradicate Cicuta completelv 
 ffoiu all enclosed pistures. Cultivation will soon ex:terminate it 
 from fields that can be tilled. In other pasture lands^ the plant 
 once recog"nized^ can be eradicated during' spring and summer by 
 going ov’er the field with a sharp hoe, spade, or shovel^ and chop¬ 
 ping out the roots, a thing easily done ; or, better stilly while- 
 the ground is soft in the early spring, just after the plants begin 
 to grow, they may l>e pulled out by hand thus securing complete 
 extirpation. In most j^yastnres Cicuta occurs but sparingly and 
 to detect it will require close observation. The bulbs can be 
 readily destroyed by exposing them to the direct action of the 
 elements—sun. frost, and wind, so that an occasional plowing is- 
 effective in getting rid of the plant. 
 
 Related Plants Likely to be Mistaken for Cicuta. 
 
 Two plants clo.sely related to Cicuta are often mistaken for it. 
 and, since b’oth are more plentiful than the Cicuta^ cause those 
 upon who.se premises they grow, much uneasiness. A careful 
 comparison of the description of the plants here given aided b}" 
 the plate.s, will enable farmers to easil}^ distingnfsh these m-ore 
 common and harmless plants from the Cicuta. Tire fir.st of these 
 t)laiits is :— 
 
 WiLO Celhrv. iOotanthe sarutentasa x^utt.)—^^Wild Celery 
 is well .shown in Plate III. A compari.son of the parts of the 
 plant in the plate with those of Cicuta on Plates I and IT s-hows 
 that the leaves and leaflets are much smaller^ the stems weaker 
 and I'idged, that there are bracts or leaflets, called involucres, 
 tinder the flovvers ; and that the root stocks or hdbs, are veiy ntuch 
 differcMt, in bein^ smaller, less etosely attached to the plant., and of a 
 different shape, Tire plant is more aquatic inhabit than the 
 Cicuta: growing uearl}' always in water, often in running water 
 Wild Celery ts smaller than the Cicuta. growing only from 2 to 5 
 feet high. Its thick, .aromatic roots have the .smell of Celery, 
 instead of the Par.snip as has Cicuta, and the base of the leaf 
 .stems much re.semble those of small Celery .stems. The plant 
 is edible and is much relished by the Indians, and i.s not unac¬ 
 ceptable to a hungry Wdiite Man. 
 
PL(ATI^ IV. SWI^I^r CIQI^IyY. Glycostna antbigumn Gray, 
 
II 
 
 Sweet Cicely. {Glycosma ambiguiwi Gray.)—Sweet 
 Cicely, the second plant that farmers commonly mistake for 
 Cicnta, is shown in Plate IV, and a comparison of this plate 
 with the preceding ones will make plain the differences. It may 
 ))e easily distinguished from Cicuta by the root, its smaller size, 
 its smell of Cicely or Anise instead of Parsnip, and the fact that 
 It is common in dry lands as well as in marsh lands. Sweet 
 Cicelv is harmless. 
 
 There are other plants which as closeh^ resemble the Cicuta as 
 tlie two described above, but they are not common in pastures and 
 are not to my knowledge suspected of being poisonous. Wild 
 Celery and Sweet Cicely have been frequently brought to the 
 vStation as “ the plants that poison cattle.” 
 
 Poison Hemlock. {Conium maculatum Linn) has been 
 sparingl}^ introduced in waste places in the neighborhood of the 
 older settlements, but it is not dangerous in pastures as its herbage 
 
 i 
 
 comes at a time when good pasturage is plentiful and, moreover,’ 
 its leaves exhale a sickly, disagreeable odor which repels all 
 animals. Its smaller size, white fusiform root, foliage spotted with 
 purple, and later appearance, easily distinguish it from Cicuta. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 I. Cicuta, a plant of the Parsnip family, growing in the 
 low, pasture lands of Oregon, in late winter and early spring, 
 poisons catttle. 
 
 2. The following plants, reported poisonous, were fed to cat¬ 
 tle without ill effects : Larkspur, Camass, Sanicle, degenerated 
 cultivated Parsnip, and Cow Parsnip. 
 
 3. Common names are inaccurate, and the plant in ques ¬ 
 tion should be called Cicuta, to avoid confusion. Locally, Cicuta 
 is often known as, Wild Parsnip, Water Hemlock, Musquash 
 Root, Cow Bane, Water Parsnip, Muskrat Weed, and Snake 
 Root. 
 
 4. Cicuta is a tall, smooth, coarse, marsh perennial ; the 
 stems come from a bulb-like, underground stem ; the leaves are 
 from 2 to 3 feet long and have from 4 to 6 pairs of lance-shaped, 
 coarsely-toothed leaflets ; the plant blooms in midsummer and 
 bears an umbel of white flowers which form small kidney-shaped. 
 
12 
 
 ribbed, aromatic fruits. The i{}ide)]fi?-ouiid root-stock is the most 
 distinctive part of the pla}it and ivitl aid most in identidication. 
 
 5 Cicuta is found throughout Oregon, Washington, 
 Northern California, and British Columbia. It is of most 
 frequent occurrence along banks of coast ri\'ers and inlets. 
 
 6. It is estimated that about loo cattle are killed annually 
 ill Oregon by eating Cicuta. Human victims of Cicuta are not 
 infrequent in the United vStates. 
 
 7. After eating the Cicuta roots death takes place, com¬ 
 monly, in a few hours. The symptoms of poisoning are uneasi¬ 
 ness, twitching about nose and mouth, trembling of the flanks, 
 watery eyes, much perspiration, high temperature, continued 
 urination, and finally violent spasms which end in death. 
 
 8. As a remedy, stockmen recommend, lard, bacon grease, 
 milk, and flour ; these, by absorbing the poison, and acting as a 
 purgative may be of avail in mild cases. 
 
 9. Cicuta should be eradicated from enclosed pastures by 
 cultivation, cutting out, or pulling up. 
 
 10. Two common plants of the same family, Wild Celery 
 and Sweet Cicely, are often mistaken for Cicuta. 
 
 f