JBttiitatttt bg Special permission to 2 m Encoiikaging Expeeiences OF FREE LIBRARIES, READING AND RECREATION ROOMS THE AIMS OF GUILDS: THE NOTTINGHAM SOCIAL GUILD, AND OTHER SOCIETIES WITH HINTS HOW TO OBTAIN REALLY GOOD BOOKS AT MODERATE PRICES BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD. AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON AND ALL BOOKSELLERS PRICE ONE SHILLING CENTRAL CIRCULATION AND BOOKSTACKS The person borrowing this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or return before the Latest Date stamped below. You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each non-returned or lost item. Theft, mutilation, or defacement of library materials can be causes for student disciplinary action. All materials owned by the University of Illinois Library are the property of the State of Illinois and are protected by Article 16B of Illinois Criminal Law and Procedure. TO RENEW, CALL (217) 333-8400. 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L162 ENCOURAGING EXPERIENCES OF READING AND RECREATION ROOMS Deotcatrti bg Special Remission to $zx Jftajrstjj tfje ©tteen ENCOUEAGING EXPERIENCES EEADING AND KECKEATION BOOMS AIMS OF GUILDS; NOTTINGHAM SOCIAL GUILD; EXISTING INSTITUTIONS— AS THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION AND THEIR READING-ROOMS HINTS HOW TO OBTAIN EEALLY GOOD BOOKS AT MODERATE PRICES BEING A SEQUEL TO 'ADVANTAGES OF FREE LIBRARIES AND RECREATION ROOMS' LADY JOHN MAXXEKS IScprintctJ from 'Ojc ©turn' WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON And all Booksellers © >5 TO MADAM, As a continuation of my first hook on the subject, I venture to lay before your Majesty some encouraging experiences of Free Libraries and Reading-Rooms, and also some particulars of various organisations, that directly or indirectly contribute to extend the influence of these much -needed places for improvement and recreation. I am, MADAM, Your Majesty s humble and grateful Servant, J AN ETTA MANNERS. July W, 1886. CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE I. SOME EXPERIENCES OF READING AND NEWS ROOMS, ....... 1 II. OX STARTING FREE LIBRARIES IN TOWNS, . 14 III. TEMPERANCE, SANITARY, AND THRIFT SOCIETIES IN CONNECTION WITH READING-ROOMS, . 22 IV. A SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE PLAN FOR PRO- VIDING BOOKS FOR OUR HOUSEHOLDS AND DEPENDANTS, ...... 28 V. ON MUSICAL ENTERTAINMENTS FOR AND IN READING-ROOMS, AND HALLS FOR MUSIC, . 36 VI. THE PRINCIPAL AIMS OF GUILDS THE NOT- TINGHAM SOCIAL GUILD, .... 45 VII. EXISTING SOCIETIES INDIRECTLY PROMOTING READING-ROOMS THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRIS- TIAN ASSOCIATION, THE CHRISTIAN KNOW- LEDGE SOCIETY, AND OTHERS. . . . 57 viii Contents. VIII. READING AND RECREATION ROOMS FOR THE YOUNG WOMEN OF LONDON, IN CONNECTION WITH THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSO- CIATION; ...... 64 IX. A GLANCE AT MR THOMAS GREENWOOD' S BOOK ON FREE PUBLIC LIBRARIES, . . . 72 X. HINTS ON OBTAINING REALLY GOOD BOOKS AT THE MOST MODERATE PRICES, ... 79 XL ' THE BOOK-LOVER 1 OR, A GUIDE TO THE BEST READING.' BY JAMES BALDWIN, . . 85 REVISED LIST OF BOOKS, .... 89 LIST OF BOOKS SUITABLE FOR MOTHERS' MEET- INGS AND HOUSEHOLD LIBRARIES, . . 92 DESIRABLE BOOKS FOR A READING -ROOM, . 93 ENCOURAGING EXPERIENCES OF BEADING AKD RECREATION ROOMS. CHAPTEE I. SOME EXPERIENCES OF READING AND NEWS ROOMS. "C\)R many months past I have received letters from different parts of Great Britain and Ireland about reading-rooms. Some of the writers kindly give me the benefit of their experience, while many ask for hints how to establish them. I am very grateful to those kind friends who have given me details of the working of their rooms, and I propose to choose from a mass of informa- tion that has been supplied me, some particulars that may be useful to others. It is hardly pos- sible to lay down general rules for the establish- ment of reading or recreation rooms, as so much depends on the places where they are to be estab- 2 Success of Free Libraries. lished, on the people who are to frequent them, and on the funds to be disposed of. I will mention a few libraries of which I have heard particulars, or which I have seen lately. The Wandsworth Free Library, the first opened in the metropolitan radius under the Free Libraries Act, has proved a phenomenal success from the first. I visited a public library at Folkestone, in an unpretending building, which evidently was greatly appreciated by the inhabitants. I was pleased to see people of all classes reading the newspapers side by side ; several women, and one or two telegraph -boys, were among the number. At Newark I was delighted by the free library presented to the towm by Mr Gilstrap. It is a pretty Gothic edifice, and the arrangement of the reading-room and library is particularly con- venient. The books are handed to the readers over a counter, and by a peculiar system of classi- fication, it can be seen at once whether any particular volume is in or out. Eeaders flock to the rooms. At Melton, a library has been estab- lished in the Corn Exchange, and is found to be of great use to the farmers as well as to the inhabitants. I believe that a central free library in the principal part of a town, and several branch libraries in various districts, would prove most useful to the working people. Nottingham is rich in libraries. Among many gratifying facts con- nected with them, I heard that, a short time after The Nottingham Free Libraries. «5 one had been established in a very low part of the town, a policeman said to a lady, " Why, ma'am, you would hardly know the place again, since that room was set up." The value of such rooms in a place like Nottingham, where many thousands of skilled artisans are employed, is incalculable. Whether it is that labouring all day in heated atmosphere, amid noisy machinery, predisposes them to seek refreshment in frequenting public- houses in the evening, or whether the life in a crowded town depresses them, I know not ; but I fear drink is a sore temptation to many toilers in the poorer quarters of that town, as indeed it is in all other cities. An institute, consisting of a free library and reading-room, has lately been opened at Grantham, greatly owing to the exer- tions of the working men themselves, under the judicious guidance of the Eev. Clement Elsmere. Some of these working men subscribed among themselves last year to treat the workhouse people to a seaside holiday. The late Mayor of Gran- tham, Mr Hannett, whose remarks, I think, first turned my attention to the great value of free libraries, was present. Now this is the point I wish to urge. Let us, by every means in our power, endeavour to induce the working men them- selves to resolve to have these rooms, and to bestir themselves actively to obtain them. I feel sure that in every place some kind friend of experience in such matters would be found to help by advice. 4 Reading- Rooms in Agricultural Districts. If these rooms are valuable in towns, I should say they were even more so in agricultural dis- tricts. After a man has been labouring from early morning, we w T ill say, of a winter's day, ploughing in a stiff clay soil with two or three horses, he certainly has earned a right to some recreation in the evening. This year I have visited many villages, and gained an insight into the lives of labourers in remote parishes. I found almost everywhere that an earnest desire existed on the part of the principal ladies and gentlemen living amongst them to provide them with places where they could find recreation and profitable reading. One lady lias most kindly allowed me to mention the plan she has successfully carried out. Mrs John Pochin, of Edmundthorpe, near Oakham, opens a reading-room free three times a -week. She provides newspapers, some books, and games for the men ; she makes a great point of having a good fire always for them, and three lamps ; and she gives them coffee, biscuits, tobacco. occasionally apples, and sometimes peppermint- drops. She also gives them several of the best illustrated papers. From twenty-three to thirty- eight men attend. The only rule enforced is that no bad language shall be used. The cost of keep- ing up the room, and providing fire, lights, and refreshments, is about Ss. a-week. She opens the room on a Saturday, as she finds it keeps the men from the attractions of the public - house. The Navvies and Reading- Rooms. 5 room is in a farm-house, and the caretakers are a respectable woman and her husband. This ex- periment has proved a great success. Among a certain class of persons there is always some little distrust of anything new, and I believe that objec- tions were raised that the attractions offered might draw the men away from their wives and families. Mrs John Pochin called on the wives of those who frequented the room. They all assured her they were very glad to get rid of their husbands some- times, when they knew they were out of mischief. At Houghton-on-the-Hill there is a wooden building which the villagers bought for themselves. It had been used by the navvies while they were engaged on works in the neighbourhood ; the original cost was about £50, but the villagers bought it for £19. It now serves as a reading- room, and is very much appreciated. A partition divides this wooden erection in two parts, and at festive seasons dances take place there. No alco- holic beverages are allowed ; I believe the men themselves settle all the arrangements. The £reat difficulty, in many places, is to find a house of any kind containing accommodation suitable for a reading or recreation room, and I should like to suggest that wooden or iron rooms have been found to answer very well. Mr Freer, rector of Houghton-on-the-Hill, kindly gave me particulars of the room of which I have been writing, which, in his opinion, is very useful, not only to the 6 Village Reading- Rooms. inhabitants of the village, but to those who drive in from the country. The large room is 39 feet long by 18 feet wide; reading-room, 18 feet by 12 feet 6 inches. The Dowager Lady Downshire kindly tells me wooden huts are warm and last well. The Rev. J. N. M. de Mowbray, of Knossington Rectory, Oakham, in answer to my questions as to whether the village reading-rooms answer, writes : — " Yes ! There is no reason why they should not, provided they are properly started, and interest is taken in them, as ought to be the case, by the cleriry and the principal Liitv in the parish. The mistake is sometimes made of starting a room in too ambitious a way, or in thinking that when it is started there is no further trouble required. The principle I went on here, when I commenced the reading-room in Decem- ber 1 s 7 : ♦ . which is now flourishing, was first to see what subscriptions for one year could be depended on. I called a parish meeting, which was fairly attended, and, reserving for myself the office of president, I asked them to choose a committee of five, including secretary and treasurer, from themselves (working men). I then stated to this committee what money they had to spend, and we agreed that we would only take in for the first quarter the ' Standard ' and ' Daily Xews.' These were supplemented by the loan of papers, provided by Mr Duncan and myself; and I sent a few games, such as backgammon, drafts, the race, dominoes, fox and geese. It was further agreed that the committee should meet on the first Monday Games and Gambling* ■& - in each quarter to arrange what papers should be taken in for the ensuing three months; and on this rule I lay great stress, as it serves to keep up a con- tinuous interest in the concern. On looking over the minute-book; I find that I have only been absent twice from those meetings since we commenced." Mr cle Mowbray has been an earnest and successful promoter of reading-rooms, and believes that a clergyman's time can never be more usefully employed than in promoting this and other means for the moral and social elevation of his poorer brethren. Mr cle Mowbray finds it desirable to have a subscription of Id. a-week for the reading- room, and the same for the library, or 2s. a quarter for both. Games are allowed on the understanding that there shall be no gambling connected with them, and that any infringement of this rule by a member will cause his immediate expulsion. I am told that it is most desirable to have strict rules against gambling. I must once more refer to Mm John Welby's room, started five years ago at Allington. She opens it free every evening from six to nine, and its success has been complete. She has studied the men's comfort in every way, and provided cushions for the seats. The men find the cushions delightfully comfortable after their hard day's work. Canon Twells has established an excellent institute at the village of Waltham, near Melton- Mowbray. The men manage it for themselves. 8 The Sale of Refreshments. They decided not to sell refreshments, as they preferred having tea at home. In some places, however, it is found a great boon to the frequenters of reading-rooms if tea and coffee are supplied. Mr Booker, whose entertainments for the people at Croxton are so much appreciated, told me that sometimes, after a social evening, five-and-twenty shillings' worth of coffee was sold — a great help towards the expenses of the accommodation pro- vided for the villagers. Not long ago I was staying near a village, far from any town, where there were eleven public- houses, and, as far as I could ascertain, no coffee- house or reading-room. I think that there is a growing feeling among many who have not iden- tified themselves with the temperance movement, that those who abstain by preference from alcoholic stimulants should have facilities for obtaining the refreshments they like. The Duke of Rutland expressed his opinion, in talking to me, that both sections of the community ought to be considered ; and as some places would hardly provide custom sufficient to maintain a coffee-house, I think that a coffee-bar connected with a reading-room would be very useful in small villages. I read in the ' National League Temperance Annual ' that it is computed there are about four million and a half total abstainers in the United Kingdom. It is to be hoped that in time their requirements may be everywhere supplied. Recreation-Rooms for Women. 9 As one proof out of very inany of the eager manner in which labourers welcome reading-rooms, I may mention that a few weeks ago Mr Wrench, of Park Lodge, Baslow, started a reading-room there, and it already numbers sixty members. By far the larger number of reading-rooms are connected with working-men's clubs. I am under a deep sense of obligation to Mr Erie for information about them. He urges the importance of establishing clubs for working women, and recreation - rooms for them. The Girls' Friendly Society, • and the Young Women's Christian Association, have done much in the direction of providing rooms. I was present some time ago at a meeting of 800 warehouse and factory girls at Leicester. The Young Women's Christian Association there have provided a room for them, where they will be welcomed to Bible- classes, concerts, and friendly social meetings. I cannot but feel particularly grateful to Mr Erie for the interest he takes in clubs for working girls ; and he permits women to share in the advantages of his library at Cuckfielcl. I am also thankful to Mr Erie for giving me a list of books desirable for a reading-room. In my little work I gave a list of cheap books ; Mr Erie's, from which I quote, is intended for a library where economy is of less vital importance : — Webster's Dictionary, the best collection of maps that can be afforded, Haydn's Dictionary of Dates, Beeton's Encyclo- paedia, Chambers's Encyclopaedia, Cassell's House- io Books foi r Reading- Rooms, hold Guide, &c. ; Shakespeare (Valpy's edition is most convenient and agreeable to read), Milton, Tennyson, Longfellow, Hood, Campbell, Scott ; Scott's novels, as well as his poetical works ; Victoria History of England, Science Lectures for the People (Simpkin & Marshall). If the reading-room is iu the country, some County History, or the Murray or Black relating to the locality, will be very useful ; Eadie's Biblical Cyclopaedia ; all Smiles's books ; Markhani's Eng- land, France, and Germany ; Tegetmeier's House- hold Management, which costs about sixpence ; Boys' Book of Industrial Information ; Galton's Art of Travel ; The Playground of Science — Metals (Pepper). This list is intended as a solid foundation for a good library. If in the country, such a book as Morton's ' Calendar of Farming ' will be very useful. At Harby, Melton-Mowbray, the Rev. Octavius Norman set up a library of 500 volumes, and he finds the farmers, who pay 5s. a-year subscription, eagerly avail themselves of it ; the labourers pay Is. He sends a religious paper every week to each house in his parish. Mr Munroe has started a library for police re- cruits. He tells me that there is a library for the use of the police at each station. If there is sufficient money available to build an institute, it is most desirable to have a room in which Bible meetings can be held. Clergymen are Short Services for Navvies. 1 1 too well aware that the classes they are most anxious to reach are frequently very reluctant to enter a church. Many of our bishops encourage mission-rooms. Often men do not attend divine service for want of what they call proper church- going clothes. They may, however, be induced to attend services in rooms ; and the experience of numbers of good men and women who devote themselves to promoting the welfare of the poor, teaches us that the mission-room is generally, as it were, the threshold of the church. Lady Hope, Miss Eobinson, Miss Marsh, Miss Weston, the late Mrs Daniell, all found that very many men grew to love the hours spent in their rooms. Hymn- singing is found to be attractive to many men and boys. I lately read a most interesting book, ' Our Navvies/ by Mrs Garnett, who describes, in a touching manner, the blessing that short services in the rooms built for the navvies were to them. The description of the simple services, in which the men gladly joined, made me feel very strongly how great a boon rooms open on Sundays would be to those who hesitate to attend church. I find that lodgers in country villages, as well as in towns, are generally given to understand they are expected to go out on Sundays for the greater part of the day and the evening. Let us think what comforts places to rest and read in would be for them on Sunday, and do all we possibly can to 1 2 The System of Colportage. provide them everywhere. It is startling to read, in a report of the London School Board, that " only four per cent of children leaving the elemen- tary day-schools are known to pursue their educa- tion in any way whatsoever, so that a very great part of the good done and the knowledge gained in the elementary schools is lost ; and the children of the people, during those momentous years be- tween thirteen and eighteen, grow up without the practical guidance and moral support which health- ful education would give them/' This passage applies to the young poor in London ; but the case of country young persons of the same class is even worse, for in the majority of country villages the public-house is the only place open in the evenings. Children often leave school at about ten years old, I earnestly advocate the extension of the system of colportage all over the country. I have observed in Scotland that the poor eagerly buy illustrated magazines and good cheap literature. I do not know if the idea is practicable, but I think if some of the great book societies would supply a small stock of their publications to every village post-office where there is a shop, the people would gladly buy them. A penny for a number of an illustrated magazine, such as the ' Cottager/ would be better spent than on sweets. If parents did not read the books themselves, they would certainly wish their children to do so. It has been pointed out to me that it is Reading-Rooms and Politics. i 2 dedicate a piece of land belonging the library, ami they gave that Bite to th< their building. (A Bub-committee, called the Loughborough Free Library. 17 Committee, was then formed, and they bought books suitable for the library from time to time, as the funds permitted.) With regard to the library, that would be free to every ratepayer and resident in the town. Everybody who was a ratepayer would have a right to take out books from the library on complying with the regulations, printed and circulated, necessary for the safe custody and return of the books ; residents would also be entitled to the privilege of the books, but must obtain a guarantee signed by a ratepayer for their safety." After some further remarks, Mr Deane asked me, in the name of the committee, to hand over the library as a free gift to the town of Lough- borough. I need not weary the reader with my expres- sions of pleasure, but I congratulated the working men on what they had done, and also on having secured the assistance of all classes ; and I ex- pressed my belief that hundreds, nay thousands, of people were anxious that these institutions should be multiplied It was particularly grati- fying to see people of different shades of thought, widely differing in political opinions, interested in this undertaking and present at the opening. The building is in the Tudor style ; the architects are Messrs Hodson, Price, & Bodson. The lending library is about 34 feet by 26 feet in its maximum dimensions, and 26 feet high. The book-shelves are of pitch pine. Two large glazed Bcreens with swing doors are provided — one for the entrance, B 1 8 The Nottingham the other for the exit of the borrowers. The counter space and fittings are arranged so that borrowers can be quickly attended to. The read- ing-room is 45 feet long by 26 feet wide, with a height to the vrall plate of 16 feet, and 28 feet to the boarded ceiling. It is lighted by four fine windows and a large ornamental lantern skylight. The ceiling is of wrought woodwork, stained and Tarnished, and the walls are a warm buff. Every appliance for the comfort of readers will be placed in the reading-room, which is heated on the small pipe high - pressure system. I think every one present agreed with Mr Deane, when, after an- nouncing that the free library was started, he added *' Heaven prosper it." I have since heard that the people appreciate the room highly. The periodicals are so popular that five or six youths may usually be seen in the evenings endeavouring to read the same copy, though many are taken in. I have suggested that the periodicals should be bound on Messrs Sotheran s plan for cheap edi- tions, which only costs sixpence a volume. A special table has been set apart for women. The next day it was my pleasant duty to open the Samaritan Hospital for Women at Nottingham, after which Miss Henrietta Carey, of the Social Guild, took me to see the Nottingham JCentral Free Library, University College. This is, indeed, a splendid institution. The annual issues are about 150,650 volumes; the reference library Free Libraries. 19 issues 40,459 volumes, and forty periodicals are on the tables. The central reading-room has 145 newspapers on its tables and stands. The prin- cipal librarian, Mr Briscoe, showed me its various branches. The rooms are arranged on somewhat the same plan as the library of the House of Commons, and contain many valuable works and manuscripts. I saw some beautiful books on lace, which are much studied by the makers of that beautiful fabric for which the town is famed. Mr Briscoe told me, with evident pleasure, that the poorest man in Nottingham could have access to the books. I was there about mid-day, and even at that hour many studious persons — some of the higher and some of the poorer classes of society — were busily engaged in reading. I hope that all who visit Nottingham will find time to see this magnificent free library. There are eight free libraries and reading-rooms in the town, including, in addition, a children's lending library. The annual attendance at libraries and reading-rooms in Nottingham is 1,250,000. I was only able to visit the Ruskin room at the Social Guild. To this room Mr Ruskin sent a complete set of his works, and also a collection of shells. Other friends have sent some beautiful paintings, drawings, engravings, and some pottery of graceful shapes. The idea crossed my mind that reading and recreation rooms might be made more attractive if rich supporters would send 20 ttingha I rutld. ,w s any really artistic engrarings, prints, or ]"»t f ' Blowers are also pi of working people. I hope, if this idea finds I will be taken to send what is reallj i many beautiful works I in qi inexpensire forma, and and rich colours may be had in bat feel bopefdl that beaatifol v, ,y find tl way to rooms for tl A library in which book china I • the ] in a rich man ind judging from delight working people tak<* in illustrated papers, I beli( would enjoj their reading and tion rooms all the more if il I possibL . the walla. I h as whir: ; by the Kyrle 9 with a beautiful told me the m< of it. and it certaii I charm room. ly apply t on a small scale, in which th< • rather I rd of tcellent model h failed ttract ai to hang up their prints or plained that the wall- Desirability of Free Libraries. 21 The Bishop of Rochester, in his charge to his clergy at his second visitation in 1885, which contains teaching of value to all classes, after dwelling on the desirability of providing free libraries, adds : " Institutes for youths of both sexes are, perhaps, of even greater necessity than for men. As a matter of fact, the streets are in many cases, both in winter and summer, the only possible place for air and exercise. Institutes or guilds, where there is society, a library, innocent games, and simple refreshments, are often, so far as protection from evil is included in the word, the \<><>k-, one for tin* Louj borough Free Library, the other tor the Social Guild at Nottingham. In each of these hooks her Majesty had placed her autograph. When I think of her Majesty's unceasing responsibilities and arduous occupations, I cannot but feel touched and \«iv grateful for this proof of her constant interest in all that concerns the intellectual ad- vancement of her people. 22 CHAPTER III. TEMPERANCE, SANITARY, AND THRIFT SOCIETIES IN CONNECTION WITH READTNG-ROOMS. T^HE advocates of free libraries are far from considering that their establishment will be a remedy for the many ills that exist among the working classes. They do, however, trust that by their means, with the blessing of Providence, temptations to intemperance and thriftlessness may be diminished. The late Mr Beaumont, who founded the People's Palace in East London, wrote : — " To working men, temperance is evidently the best fortune that can alight on them, for it is now fully established that men are greatly improved in strength and health, and in capability to endure the extremes of heat and cold, by adhering to water and simple infu- sions for beverages, and totally rejecting spirits, strong beer, and all other intoxicating liquors. Again, absti- nence from strong drink frequently doubles mens wages, for there are many who spend more than half they earn in liquor. It also raises them above their fellows by The Abuse of Charity. 23 the higher degree of ability and prudence which it promotes, by the preference it always ensures them in gaining employment, and the independence to which it naturally leads." Without exercising undue pressure, it would seem to be the duty of those whose position gives them influence over their poorer neighbours, to place before them the blessings of temper- ance. No more striking illustration of the dis- astrous results of intemperance can be found than the abuse of the truly considerate charity of Sir Henry Peek. He gave £1000 a-year, to be spent in boots for poor children attending the board schools. Notwithstanding that every possible precaution was taken by thirty - nine boards to ensure the money being spent properly, it was discovered that half the numbers of pairs of boots distributed found their way to the pawn- shop, and the money obtained for them was spent in drink at public-houses. In consequence, the grant had to be discontinued. Miss Octavia Hill has graphically described in her book, ' Home of the London Poor/ the evils that result from overcrowding and neglect of sanitarv arrangements. "Washington Irving, in a charming picture he draws of Stratford-on-Avon in his 'Sketch-Book/ describes a cottage looking out on the Avon and its bordering meadows, as a type of that neatness, order, and comfort which pervade the humblest dwelling in this country. 24 The Importance of But unless intelligent vigilance is exercised, it occasionally happens the most charming, pictur- esque cottages in the country are in reality hot- beds of fever and pestilence. The immediate proximity of the pig-sty is regarded by many villagers to be an unqualified advantage. If a row of houses has a row of pig-sties behind it, close to the windows, the air must in course of time be poisoned. If other arrangements are conducted with the same disregard to health, after a time it is observed that various forms of illness and fever hang about the place and its immediate neighbourhood. If lodgers are taken in, the evil increases, and by degrees it becomes an accepted fact that numbers of people, especially children, die in that village. Probably the sanitary reformer, who proposed removing the pig-sties, would be regarded as a tyrant, and lose all his or her popularity; but after a time, when the health of the people improved, and the little chil- dren were not so often " down with the fever/' the inhabitants might recognise the wise benevolence of the landlord. As Miss Octavia Hill points out, it would be essential to train them into orderly habits, so that they might themselves feel an interest in the sanitary state of their dwellings. Miss Night- ingale strongly advocates lodging-houses for single men being provided in all villages. It is more common in the country than in towns to hear people remark, " It did for my father, and Sanitary Science. 25 it will do for me ; " and it needs much tact to com- bat this idea. Short large-printed handbills on health might be distributed in villages, with very plain instruc- tions how to deal with everyday sanitary questions. I have found many useful hints in a pamphlet, ' The Sanitary Duties of Private Individuals ' (Ladies' Sanitary Society). It is easy to read about them, but it is extremely difficult to see them carried out. If, however, as Miss Octavia Hill explains, we can gain the confidence of those we desire to influence, and can convince them that we desire their real good, a great step is gained. Most of us need to be reminded from time to time of the duty of looking carefully into the san- itary arrangements of our own houses and those of our dependants. A pamphlet by Dr Ashby, medical officer of health, which may be obtained through Messrs Clarke, of Grantham, contains ex- plicit directions as to precautions against the spread of infectious diseases, the penalties for neglect of precautions against these diseases spreading, clear instructions how to disinfect, directions for render- ing house drainage free from clanger, and general hints for the preservation of health. A greater boon could scarcely be given to a village where illness has hung about for some time than a large distribution of this pamphlet. We must all have observed, in passing through villages, how rarely the windows are opened. If 26 The Supply of Pure Water. landlords would see they are made to open at the top as well as at the bottom, they would do a real kindness to the inhabitants, as the aged and infirm shrink from the draught which may come in from windows open at the bottom. I know that great tact is needed to persuade people to admit the fresh air ; still, with patience, they in time may be induced to do so. The question of how to obtain pure water is often one of great difficulty. I copy the following passage from a handbill published by the Ladies' Sanitary Society : — " Whenever water of doubtful purity must be used as drink, it should first be boiled, which will destroy its hurtful quality. It should also be filtered. A cheap and simple filter may be made with a large clean garden pot, containing at the bottom 3 inches of coarsely powdered wood charcoal, and over that 3 inches of sand, and at the top 3 inches of gravel. Pour the water into this, and let it filter through into a jug beneath. The charcoal, sand, and gravel should be changed once every three months." If a few ladies could form sanitary societies in large villages, they would help the poor greatly by diminishing sickness resulting from impure air and bad water. Thrift societies would also be very useful. Though many of the poor are wonderfully thrifty, and bring up large families respectably on very small means, yet I fear that good managers are Thrift Societies. 27 not so frequently found now as in former years. Possibly the greater facilities afforded for buying provisions, instead of preparing them at home, may have something to do with the change. We all value those things most which give us most trouble to obtain. While great advantages result from opportunities of social intercourse, such as are afforded by reading-rooms, there is no doubt that words of warning should be kindly given against betting and gambling. The misery resulting from habits of gambling, in all ranks of life, is very great : the innocent, in this as in many other cases, suffer for the guilty. Strict rules are essential, and indeed are always made, in recreation-rooms against gambling ; but rules are evaded occasionally, and a few words of earnest, friendly counsel may save many a young man from becoming involved in hopeless debt. These societies might all be in some degree con- nected with reading-rooms ; and where there is a village hall, the meetings should be held in it. My suggestions appear crude, but they are thrown out in the hope that practical workers may possibly see their way to carrying out more definite plans. 28 CHAPTER IV. A SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE PLAN FOR PRO- VIDING BOOKS FOR OUR HOUSEHOLDS AND DEPENDANTS. SPHERE is a German word which gives a charin- ing idea of what the mistress of a household should be — Haas-mutter, the house-mother. Most mistresses are anxious to provide for the physical wellbeing of their servants, but it may sometimes happen that it has not occurred to them that their minds require food and recreation. Experience proves that a change of occupation is one of the best preventives against discontent, and many little bickerings that sometimes embitter family life might never occur if interesting and improving books were provided for the household. In some large houses there are good libraries for the ser- vants' use, and where this is the case they are much appreciated ; but I would observe that atten- tion must be given to all libraries, and that from time to time new books must be added to render them really attractive. Distribution of Magazines. 29 The following suggestions are intended for mod- erate-sized households, and I only venture to write them, as I hare often been asked to give lists of magazines that servants like to read. The experi- ment of supplying magazines has been tried for some years in a household that I know, and it has certainly given pleasure to the servants, judging from the eager manner in which they inquire for the papers and books should the parcel be late in arriving. The plan began by a monthly distribution of magazines. There were eleven servants in the house, and they were of different ways of think- ing on religious subjects ; care was therefore taken that the paper or magazine should, as far as pos- sible, be adapted to the views of the various recipi- ents. The lady of the house w^as much interested in the temperance cause, and she gave each servant monthly a copy of the ' British Workman ' and a copy of the ' Cottager and Artisan.' It may be thought it was a pity to give so many copies of the same, but it was found that the servants liked having them, and very often sent them on to their friends. The * Parish Magazine ; was given to those w r ho were known to be Church people (costing a penny a-month), and one or two copies of the 'Animal World' were taken for the men. 1 Good Words/ the ' Sunday Magazine/ the 1 Quiver ' (two copies), ' Cassell's Magazine/ 1 Chambers's Journal/ Farrar's ' Life of Christ/ 30 Household Servants and Magazines. were given to several of the upper servants ; the cost of each is sixpence monthly. The last was asked for specially. Since this plan was started, many other excellent publications have seemed suitable, and have been taken, such as ' Home Words ; (very strongly recommended by the Bishop of Durham), ' Hand and Heart/ the ' Church of England Temperance Chronicle/ ' Our Own Gazette/ the ' Temperance Record/ among penny publications. Among monthly serials, the ' Leisure Hour ' is much liked ; but as the original thought was to provide interesting reading, more especially for Sundays, preference was given to magazines that contained some religious teaching. In addition, the lady endeavoured to arrange for newspapers of the previous day, which had been read in the drawing-roora, to be placed in the housekeeper's room, and also lent to the other servants ; but these were returned to the person who had charge of them, in case they should be required for future reference. As far as I know, no papers were ever missing, and this little arrange- ment was found to be a source of much satisfaction. The magazines were all supplied by a careful stationer — Mr Pratt, 98 Albany Street, Regent's Park — who also posted many to friends in the country, and they were all directed to one of the members of the household, who sorted and gave them out on the first Sunday in every month. Though several of the household sent their papers Cheap Popular Works. 3 1 and magazines to their friends, it was found that others had them bound at the end of the year. After this plan had been persevered in for some years, it struck the lady that a small circulating- library would be useful. Now a little amusement may probably be caused at the very economical and simple manner in which this was started. A num- ber of cheap editions of popular works were bought, such as most of those in the short, too short, Sun- beam Series, published by Messrs Longmans ; the cheap edition of * Bracebridge Hall/ ' Washington Irving/ some of the Victoria Cross Series, ; Uncle Tom's Cabin/ the cheap 'Life of Gordon/ the * Memoir of Lord Shaftesbury/ the ' Victoria His- tory of England ; ' Miss Adelaide Proctor's ' Le- gends and Lyrics/ which is very well illustrated (there are two series to be had for 6d. each, pub- lished by George Bell) ; Miss Weston's ' Our Blue Jackets/ Shaw's Home Series, Keble's ' Christian Year/ price 6d., and a few books of adventure ; some of Oxenden's books, and Miss Heshba Stret- ton's Tales. A few temperance papers, such as, ' Will it injure my Health ? ' and ' Safe Substitutes for Brandy/ were included, and new books of in- terest w 7 ere bought occasionally. Most of the books were bound in black material by Messrs Sotheran, and on the label outside the name of the book was written by one of the family, and the words, " Circulating Library." These were put into a chest of drawers in an accessible part of the 32 Books on Domestic Economy. house. The servants were requested to choose for themselves, and were also asked to bring back the books when they were read. The women liked the " tales/' as they called them, best, and religious books ; but it was observed the men eagerly bor- rowed the ' Life of Gordon ' and the Victoria Cross Series, and works of history, travel, or ad- venture. The younger men liked Ballantyne's books, and the ' Boys' Own Annual.' Later it is hoped to add many more to the collection, but it was felt desirable to begin with caution. Where money is not an object, it would be well to have books in good large type ; but I observe money generally is an object. Buckmaster's book on ' Domestic Economy ' would be useful in such a library, and Parke's ' Personal Care of Health ; ' nor can I speak too highly of Mrs Bayly's 'Letters to our Serving Friends' — (all her books are valuable, and her ' Old Mother's Letter to Young Women ' seems to me specially so) — ' How to Nurse the Sick,' by Mrs Edward Pease, and a few other publications of that useful character ; but there must be a mixture of recreative books. We must, however, remember that servants, like soldiers, from having everything provided for them, need to be reminded occasionally that a time may come when they will have to fend for themselves, therefore some useful knowledge about supplying for their daily needs should be given them. And I would suggest that The Post Office Savings Bank, 33 in each library, particulars should be given of the Post Office Savings Bank. Since 1880, £350,000 have been deposited there, chiefly in slips, on which were affixed stamps to the value of a shilling ; when the slips deposited amount to a pound, 2-Jr per cent interest is paid on it. I often think that servants must feel a great change when circumstances — perhaps the death of the master or mistress — throw them on their own slender resources and powers of management. The lady whose attempts to supply her house- hold with books I have described was in the habit, at Christmas, of giving volumes of 'The British Workman/ 'The Cottager and Artisan/ and 'The Band of Hope/ to the labourers employed in the immediate neighbourhood of the house in the country where she spent part of the winter. She also gave volumes of ' Hand and Heart/ ' Home Words/ and ' The Friendly Visitor/ to those who had received monthly numbers of the first-named periodicals, and occasionally Christmas numbers of the magazines. Year by year more applications were received for these books ; people sometimes walked several miles to ask for them. When she was living in London, she found many persons, such as park-keepers, were quite thankful for books to read in the evening. It may be asked, AVas any good accomplished by the distribution of these books I I cannot answer that question : but I know that the lady was often pleasantly surprised c 34 Concerts, Exhibitions, by working men thanking her cordially for having thought of them ; and it was a source of great joy to her that her servants would take much trouble in helping to distribute them. No one was ever pressed to accept books, and as far as the giver knows, no one took offence at being offered them. The c British Workman ' may be had in a red and gold cover by paying a little more, if it is desired to give a handsome book ; but it is right to add it advocates total abstinence, which is not the case with several others of the publications named. 'The National Temperance Mirror.' a very prettj book, also advocates the blessings of " the safest path/' as Mr Stevenson Blackwood describes the total abstinence movement in his excellent leaflet, published by Morgan and Scott. Not long ago Mrs Jebb, who devotes herself, among other good works, to teaching poor boys wood-carving, told me that she was in the habit, on certain evenings in the week, of reading aloud to her maids while they worked, and that they had much appreciated Farrar's ' Life of Christ. 1 This book is indeed full of the deepest interest. Few of us possess this lady's gift of voice and expression, and few mistresses could give the time to read cdoud to their maids ; but we might endeavour to promote a taste for reading, and occasionally send our servants to concerts, exhibitions of pictures, or flower shows, or historical places. It may be urged and Flower Shows. OD that this suggestion has no bearing on the subject of libraries ; but, indirectly, any pleasures derived from studying the beauties of nature, or works of art, elevate and develop the powers of our minds, and prevent the thoughts dwelling exclusively on the cares of daily life. 36 CHAPTER V. ON MUSICAL ENTERTAINMENTS FOR AND IN READ- ING-ROOMS, AND HALLS FOR MUSIC. T BELIEVE many people rather exaggerate to themselves the difficulty of getting up concerts that will prove attractive to persons of various classes. The great point is to secure a good musician who can direct the proceedings, and accompany, and who will not grudge the pre- liminary trouble of playing over the songs, and will exercise tact in arranging the programme. We have all heard that the most popular enter- tainment would be one at which every one present would be asked to play, to sing, or to recite. There is no doubt that considerable difficulty frequently arises inj avoiding giving offence to some of the number of volunteers who come forward. It is desirable to enlist as many as possible of those who possess any talent, or who, without real talent, can sing a simple song in a pleasing manner or play agreeably. But it is a mistake Musical Entertainments. 3 7 to encourage persons to perform who cannot acquit themselves creditably. The programme should not be too long, as it must generally be assumed that most of the pieces will be encored, and there is a great difficulty about refusing encores. The audiences intend, by encoring, to offer a compliment to the performers, and it seems rather ungracious to refuse ; yet when every piece or song is repeated it causes the performance to drag very much. In the choice of a programme it would be well to take hints from the orchestral bands at the German baths, and to choose pieces that have a great deal of melody in them, or dances with much spirit. Gavottes, like those by Resell, or valses full of tune, always please. Then in the choice of ballads, though one or two pathetic songs are usually much liked, yet the constant repetition of verses about flowing tears, or early tombs, or willows weeping, or broken hearts, de- press the listener. Choruses, if sung well, hardly ever fail to please. In a hunting country, hunting choruses, if even tolerably well rendered, always are a great success ; and, indeed, so are sea songs, with a chorus, or any fine old English, Scotch, or Irish songs. When it is desired to make a concert particularly successful, there are many promising young professional musicians who will give their services in aid of a useful object for two guineas and their travelling expenses. They sing or play, 38 Concerts in Village as a rule, far better than even good amateurs, and they may be relied on. I had heard how successful the fortnightly con- certs were which Mr Booker, the rector of Croxton, assisted by Mrs Booker, gave in the village schoolroom, and this winter I had the opportun- ity of being present at one. I will describe the entertainment. The schoolroom, which is a good- sized one, was beautifully decorated with ever- greens and mottoes — Mr Booker's crest being executed in flowers — by the miller and his wife, and some friends. This must have taken a long time, as the walls were wreathed with thick garlands. A small raised platform was at one end, and a band formed of some of the young men, wearing handsome uniforms, played an over- ture to open the concert. It is only fair to say that the uniforms and the instruments, which were of excellent quality, were given by Mr Booker. I ouirlit to add thev amounted to a large sum. as there are not many places where such a muni- ficent patron could be found. The band played very well, and I am quite sure the perform were proud of belonging to it. and their relations and friends shared their pride. Two young ladies sang a pretty duet, then a local gentleman sang a ballad in a pleasing manner, a little bright gavotte was next played, and the schoolmaster sang a comic song, which pleased immensely, the audience roaring with laughter. The second part was of Schoolrooms. 39 about the same duration. A feature of these concerts is, that a room adjoining the schoolroom is arranged as a tea and coffee room ; refresh- ments are served there exactly as they would be at an evening party in a gentleman's house, only that a small sum is charged for each cup, and the cakes are substantial and excellent. Every one almost was delighted to have a cup of tea or coffee when the concerts were over ; and the expenses of the schoolroom being kept open as a reading-room are very much helped by this admirable arrangement. The audience was very cheerful, and I thought what a blessing a hearty laugh at a good comic song must be to those hard-working men and women. In village concerts, where there were performers who sang very well, I have begged that some of the beautiful songs from oratorios might be given, such as, " 0, rest in the Lord/ 7 or "Angels ever bright and fair." It seems a great pity they should not be heard, but I am not sure that it quite answers to have them introduced into a miscellaneous programme. One or two sacred compositions are, however, always given among the other pieces at the JState concerts at Buckingham Palace, and are invariably listened to with delight. At village concerts it forms a pleasant feature if the school children sing a chorus, and it affords great pleasure to the proud parents, who generally manage to be present. 4-0 Twopenny Concerts. When part songs are given by the choir of the church, they are usually much enjoyed. Many persons who are not specially fond of music attend concerts in order to spend a cheerful evening and to meet their friends, and I am sure many go from kindness to encourage the performers, and to show their interest in the object for the benefit of which the entertain- ment takes place. Mr Herbert Praed has lately organised concerts for the people at Melton, admission being two- pence ; a few front seats were charged higher. Ladies and gentlemen assisted in the music, and 1200 people enjoyed the last entertainment. I have often thought that, if some one were to give a short account, in a friendly manner, of interesting personal experience, either of travel or of the career of a remarkable person, it would form a welcome variety in a succession of musical per- formances. Experience proves that any accounts spoken are listened to with more interest than those which are read. The charm added by music to meetings on temperance and other useful subjects is great. I have heard of a guitar and mandoline band of young ladies, among whom are Lady Mary Hervey and Miss Augusta Hervey, giving great pleasure. I lately attended a total abstinence meeting of Post-office employes. Betw r een each speech the Band of Hope Choir of the Eev. Styleman Herring, Value of Glee Parties. 4 1 Vicar of St Paul's, Clerkenwell, sang delightfully, I was told that the organist had trained four thousand singers in successive Bands of Hope, and that many of the members had married, and their children had now become members of Bands of Hope in distant parts of the country, and that many had emigrated, and founded societies of a similar character in our colonies. It is difficult to realise how much real good has been spread abroad through the medium of these singers. May they go on and prosper. A glee party, when well organised and trained, is invaluable. There is such a glee party at Grantham. The ladies and gentlemen, and their excellent leader, Mr Dickenson, are most kind in giving their aid to many benevolent objects, and I think even those persons who do not possess musi- cal taste appreciate glee singing, while to those who love music such singing is a very great pleasure. At an entertainment given to the poorer parishioners in the schoolroom of St Pancras, I once heard a whole family — father, mother, three brothers, and a sister — play a popular waltz on violins and other instruments. The enthusiasm was great. I do not know if, at concerts, it would be advisable sometimes to have songs with choruses in which the audience would be invited to join ; but I have often been at musical entertainments where many of the audience did join, without being invited to do so, in the choruses of such 42 Popular Lectures. songs as " Should Auld Acquaintance be Forgot/' or " The Old Folks at Home." Not very long ago I was present at a meeting of about eight hundred factory girls at Leicester. Between each little address there was glee singing, a song, or a solo with a chorus. The girls joined in the choruses with the greatest spirit, and appeared to enjoy singing very much. I think that tableaux illustrating historical periods would be attractive, and not difficult to get up. If some one would explain the tableaux, and relate striking historical facts connected with them, the audience would listen with interest ; or a series of tableaux might be given representing the actions of great and good men, also accompanied by short, graphic explana- tions. Care must always be taken in entertain- ments, given before a mixed audience, to avoid politics. A short lecture on the history of the city or town, or, if the entertainment is given in a rural district, of the surrounding country, would be sure to attract. Materials for most interesting lectures might be drawn from old histories of the towns or counties. It is amazing how much valuable in- formation a work like XicholFs ' History of Leices- tershire ' contains. Intense interest is felt now in many parts of our country on the subject of emi- gration ; and lectures from reliable persons who have visited our colonies would be very welcome. A sketch of the life of her Majesty would also be Bright Mttsic and Comic Songs. 43 sure to be listened to with deep attention. Music would be found the greatest help towards making the evening pass off well. It would be a great boon to people of all classes, especially to young men, if there were a fine hall at the West-end of London where really pleasant music might be heard at small cost. I use the word " pleasant" advisedly, for while, perhaps, a large proportion of young men do not appreciate classical works, how much enjoyment they find in bright music like Sir Arthur Sullivan's ! Some good comic songs would delight the younger men. If it were possible to organise informal indoor con- certs, to be given every night, on the same principle as the outdoor concerts w r hich were enjoyed by so many thousands last year at the Horticultural Gar- dens, a great need would be supplied. I know four ladies who w T ent to one of these concerts, with- out any gentleman, on a very crowded night, to hear Strauss. A multitude of people surrounded the orchestra, and, it is true, the adventurous four had to wait some time before they could approach the platform where the delightful band was playing. But with a little patience they secured standing room ; and the audience, composed of people of all classes, the greater number being working-people, were most attentive. It may be urged that the West-end abounds in theatres and places of amuse- ment, and high-class concerts. That is so : but a hall for music, spacious and well-ventilated, where, 44 Conversation and Tea Rooms. at small cost, refined and sparkling music may be enjoyed without formality, is still wanting. A conversation and tea-room would add much to the popularity of such a hall ; and it is believed that it would be a great success if situated in a great central thoroughfare. There are many well- educated people of moderate means who feel con- scientious scruples about spending much on amuse- ments, who would gladly go to hear music if they could do so without a large outlay on tickets or dress, and I hope in time their needs will be considered. 45 CHAPTEE VI. THE PRINCIPAL AIMS OF GUILDS THE NOTTINGHAM SOCIAL GUILD. fTHE exhaustive work by Brentano, on the origin of guilds, tells us that the fullest and earliest accounts of organised guilds are English, and are in the form of three guild statutes. They were drawn up in the beginning of the eleventh cen- tury. To quote Brentano's words : " In the case of one of these guilds, there is no doubt whatever as to the accuracy of this date. This guild was founded and richly endowed by Orcy, a friend of Canute the Great, at Abbotsbury, in honour of God and St Peter. " Its object appears to have been " the support and nursing of infirm guild brothers, the burial of the dead, and the perform- ance of religious services, and the saying of prayers for their souls." The association met every year, on the Feast of St Peter, for united worship in honour of their patron saint. Besides this, there was a common meal, and in order that the poor might also have their share in the joys of the 46 Aims of Guilds. festival, they received alms on the day of the feast, for which purpose the guild brothers were obliged to furnish, on the eve of the day, contri- butions of bread, " well boulted and thoroughly baked/' Guests were only admitted to the com- mon meal by permission of the master and steward. Insults offered in a malignant spirit by one brother to another were punished on the part of the guild, and had also to be atoned for to the insulted. He who had undertaken an office, but had not properly discharged its duties, was severely punished. T would gladly quote the whole of the account of the guilds of Exeter and Cambridge, but must restrict myself to a brief summary of their aims. The Exeter Guild seems to have been more religious in character than the others, and three times a-year the guild brothers assembled to pray for those of their brethren who had departed this life, as well as for those still living. These services were followed by a meal, of which all the brethren partook. On the death of one brother all had to pray for his soul, and they were expected to show active benevolence towards each other in the emergencies of life. The brothers of the Cambridge Guild swore to be faithful to each other in religious and secular affairs. Above all, they were to protect each other against criminals. " The essence/' writes Brentano, " of the manifold regulations of the Guilds and Brother liness. 47 statutes of these three guilds appears to be the brotherly banding together into close unions be- tween man and man, sometimes even established and fortified by oath, for the purpose of mutual help and support." This essential characteristic is found in all the guilds of every age, from those first known to us in detail, to their descendants of the present day, the trades unions. As a rule, the guild brothers periodically assembled together for common feasts. It appears that in Scandinavia warriors used to band themselves together for battle, and in the event of one perishing by violent death, the sur- vivor was sworn to avenge him. The •freemen were bound to attend the feasts at which these allies met, and were also bound to bring their share of food and drink. These feasts were called guilds, the word guild signifying a sacrificial meal to which all contributed ; afterwards the word was applied to a sacrificial banquet ; and finally, guild was understood to mean a society or company. Statutes drawn up in the days of King Athel- stane tell us that various guilds in and about London seem about that period to have united in one guild, the aim of which was to maintain the peace, and particularly to guard the members against theft. The members met every month at a banquet, the remains of w T hich were given to the poor. I cannot help wishing that in our days the remains of all banquets might be thus disposed of, 48 The Practical Work according to Mr Bobert's •benevolent suggestion. On the death of a member, every associate had to offer a loaf of fine bread for the benefit of his soul, and had either to sing fifty psalms, or to get some other person to sing them, in the course of a month. While guilds were well established in England in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries, they were at the same period forbidden on the Con- tinent. Charlemagne and his successors forbade such unions, and the prohibition was most vigorous against those in which the members took oaths. Men were only permitted to band themselves to- gether in order to render each other aid in fires, shipwrecks, and in other calamities, but were not permitted to bind themselves by oaths. Eeligious or social guilds, for association in works of devotion and of charity, were of very early origin, and Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims in 85 S wrote concerning them. Among the archbishop's instructions to members of the guilds were these rules: "They shall unite for every exercise of religion ; . . . they shall unite for offerings (principally of candles), for mutual assistance, for funeral services for the dead, for alms, and other deeds of piety." There were many religious guilds in England, but I will only mention Norwich, in which there were twelve ; w T hile in Germany it is related there were eighty in Cologne, and a hundred at Hamburg, besides others in many of Religious Guilds. 49 towns. The guilds often owed their origin to insignificant circumstances ; for instance, towards the end of the fourteenth century some burghers of Flensburg, who had been carousing together, found, after paying their score, about 6s. re- mained over. They bought a candle with it to burn before the image of Our Lady on the altar. From this small beginning a guild with many associates was established. Among the rules for religious guilds given to the clergy by Hincmar were directions against priests getting drunk at funerals. They were not to drink to the health of saints, nor to the souls of the deceased. They were not to "force others to drink, or to tell inane jokes, nor to allow scan- dalous performances of bears or female dancers to be made before them ; nor were they on every occasion to provoke each other or anybody else." Guilds of Kalendars were so called from monthly meetings of the clergy, and special bills of fare were provided for them. In 1422 the ecclesias- tical brothers yielded to the entreaties of the lay brothers, and admitted the wives of the latter to the meals after the general meeting ; but the wife of the lay brother whose turn it was, had to fur- nish the viands and wait at table. The mayor and his wife had the first turn. The guilds of the kalendars had halls, whither they used to repair daily for beer and wine. At the Reformation, the religious guilds were D 50 History of Guilds, abolished in all Protestant countries, but while in England their property went to the king and his courtiers, in Germany and Denmark the guild treasure was appropriated to the poor. Though religious guilds were done away with, guilds for social enjoyment soon sprang up, and Brentano thinks clubs may derive their origin from these ancient institutions. Those interested in the history of guilds will find works on the subject in the magnificent Guildhall Library. It has been my privilege on several occasions to see the wardens or masters of the great City com- panies, or guilds as they are now called, in the Guildhall. I think few can have been present at one of the banquets in that magnificent hall without marvelling at the traditions of splendour, so faithfully adhered to on those occasions when the first magistrate of the great City entertains nine hundred guests. In Knight's ' London/ there is a list of eighty-nine guilds, or livery companies, of the City of London. The twelve most important are styled the great livery companies — 1, Mercers ; 2, Grocers ; 3, Drapers ; 4, Fishmongers ; 5, Goldsmiths ; 6, Skinners ; 7, Merchant Tailors ; 8, Haberdashers; 9, Hatters; 10, Ironmongers; 11, Vintners; 12, Clothworkers. Some of these eighty-nine guilds have ceased to exist, but many are very rich and powerful, and all exercise great benevolence. The City Guilds. 51 It seems doubtful when the City guilds were organised ; but it is said that the weavers received their charter in the reign of Henry II. , and that in the days of Edward III. there were forty-eight companies. I may perhaps be allowed to mention that Lord John Manners was Master of the Shipwrights' Company, and that I had the privilege of being- present at more than one of the entertainments given in the Fishmongers' Hall to them, and I can bear my testimony to the brotherly kindness that unites members of guilds. A distinguished alderman told me that most of the guilds spend 65 per cent of their incomes in works of practical benevolence ; that many men are enthusiastic sup- porters of the particular guilds to which they belong ; and that union was a great source of strength to them. I have often wished that some system of organisation could be started in England on the lines of the Women's Union or Guild of the Red Cross in Germany, which numbers eighty thousand members, engaged in charitable work under the rules of a constitution. But I heard of no great association of that character until, about six weeks ago, I received an application to join the Notting- ham Social Guild. The report stated that — " The aims of this association are to bring into com- munication and co-operation many of the scattered agencies, now working voluntarily, for the good of 52 Growth and Work of the the town and neighbourhood, and to commence others that will tend to raise the moral and physical condition of the people, without regard to sect or party. Each branch of work is managed by a committee, which sends representatives and reports quarterly to the general council, which is the centre of financial re- sponsibility ; and as the object of the guild is to help people to help themselves, and not to be dependent upon charity, they endeavour to make all the branches of the work self-supporting after they have been fairly started." The thirteen sections of work undertaken by the guild seemed to me all so delightful that, although as a rule I find myself compelled to decline enter- ing into benevolent undertakings that are new to me, I begged to be permitted to become a member of this social guild. Among the objects it under- takes are : The improvement of the dwellings of the working classes and their surroundings ; the better organisation of the way in which relief is dispensed to the distressed poor ; the provision of recreation for the people ; the bringing refining influences into the lives of the poor by means of the Kyrle Society. The Social Guild was established in 1875. I believe its first origin arose from Miss Henrietta Carey inviting a few poor working men to hear improving reading in a small room in a back street. The town-clerk, Mr Johnson, has sup- ported it in an invaluable manner. Mrs Bow- man Hart, and five or six others united in the Nottingham Social Guild, 53 combined effort. On a dark night, about a month ago, I went to Nottingham to reopen the buildings, where the guild held their meetings. I found a beautiful room on the ground floor, de- corated with charming paintings executed by the Social Guild branch of the Kyrle Society. These paintings were intended to brighten the w r alls of workhouses and hospitals. To my delight, I found representatives of all shades of politics and thought had joined in this good work. Colonel Seeley, M.P,, and I, opened the hall. We listened to several interesting speeches — one from Mrs Jebb on the advantages of teaching youths wood-carving ; and then some of the ladies and gentlemen of the guild gave us some good music in an informal manner. I saw the upstair rooms, which were decorated in a simple manner, but on which evi- dently much taste had been expended. Mr Euskin had sent a collection of shells, and a set of his works. I was told that it is wished to establish similar organisations in several towns, especially in Bir- mingham, and I asked Miss Henrietta Carey, who was the lady who invited me to join, if she would give me some particulars. She kindly sent me her answer to a friend, who wrote to her as follows : — " Many people engaged in work become disheartened — because they do their work in such an irregular way — because they are often imposed on, and they work 54 Establishment of the very hard, sometimes with very little result. I know many who would be very glad to help. They have time, money, and talents, that they wish to employ, but they don't like district visiting; and they hear about Kyrle societies, yet don't know how to begin." Miss H. Carey replied : — " Our difficulties seem to you overcome ; perhaps to a certain extent they are, but our progress has been very slow. It is after eight years' work that we can see a little result. Still, I believe that our plan of working is right, inasmuch that more good is effected by there being a central committee, where all the different branches apply for advice or aid, though each section of work is in dependent and managed by its own committee. I shall be very glad to help you if I can. " The first step in starting this Association in 1875 was to secure a committee of ladies and gentlemen already interested in philanthropic work, who repre- sented different religious denominations. I think our first committee comprised two or three Churchmen and as many belonging respectively to the Eoman Catholic communion and to the Wesleyan, Baptist, Independent, and Unitarian schools of thought. A programme of work was then laid before them. A few rules were drawn up, and, with the programme, were circulated among the members of the society, or Guild, as it is now called. "We stated that our aim was to help people to help themselves, and to teach them not to be dependent upon charity. We hoped to diffuse a knowledge of good, and a love of order and beauty, among those whose surroundings were squalid, Birmingham Gtcild. 55 and who were not only in great poverty, but in gross ignorance. We wished to organise a Mutual Help Society, by our union, to consolidate and concentrate those isolated efforts, which might end in failure for want of direction. It was our aim to make each branch self-supporting after it had been fairly started. Our first committee formed what we called our central council, which meets once a quarter, receives reports from the different secretaries, and assists in organising fresh sections of work. The executive committee meets once a month, and is formed principally of representa- tives from the various branches ; and in the discussion of details we find that much overlapping of good work and influence is avoided, the more experienced point out to those willing to work the tasks for which they are most fitted, and strength is gained by unity." Organisation in charitable effort would seem the great want of the present day. I believe there is not one home in England where at least one kind heart is not yearning to do something to help the poor and to comfort the sorrowful, but guidance is sorely needed. It is pitiable to think how constantly kind people, especially women, are cheated and in- duced to bestow money on undeserving persons. In associations like the Nottingham Town and County Social Guild, those who have experience may guide the beginner ; those who have no money to bestow may give their time ; those who have artistic talent may devote it to brightening the lives of the poor; while those who possess the rarest of gifts — common-sense — may be of inestimable use. 56 Value of Guilds, I know not if it was accidental, but I read in the guild-room the same motto that has guided the conduct of the Red Cross Women's Union of Germany : " In essential things unity, in doubtful things liberty, in all things charity." I will not trust myself to dwell on the blessings that must accrue to the rich as well as to the poor from such organisations, or to give the names of those who have worked so successfully, but will only add that in the guild of which I am writing the religious element of some of the ancient guilds of the citv of London is not wanting ; and that the meetings of the council begin with silent prayer. The mottoes of the Guild are : " Bear ye one another's burdens," and " Humani nihil a me alienum poto." 57 CHAPTER VII. EXISTING SOCIETIES INDIRECTLY PROMOTING READING-ROOMS — THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRIS- TIAN ASSOCIATION, THE CHRISTIAN KNOW- LEDGE SOCIETY, AND OTHERS. i^kNE of the most powerful organisations that promote the welfare of young men in every way is the Young Men's Christian Association. Its headquarters are at Exeter Hall, in the Strand ; there are fifty-eight branch associations in London, and about ten thousand members, very many of whom are clerks. It is a pleasure to think that- special provision is made by these associations for that most hard-working, deserving class, as it too frequently happens that, while those who labour with their hands are considered, the large number of respectable, well-instructed persons whose brains are at work are forgotten. There are 620 young men's Christian associations in Great Britain, with 70,000 members — truly "a noble army, men and boys/' There are in the world 3000 associations. The first was formed in London in 1844 bv a few 58 The London Young Metis young men who banded themselves together for mutual encouragement, and from that small begin- ning this vast organisation has extended. The main object of the association is to spread the blessings of Christianity ; but, in addition, it seeks to promote intellectual activity ; nor is physical development omitted. Social gatherings and a love for music are encouraged. I quote a passage from a report which I obtained through the kind- ness of Mr Kennedy, honorary secretary of the association, who, in addition, gave me particulars that T could not otherwise have obtained. " Beading-rooms, libraries, educational classes, and public lectures have come to be recognised features in the Young Men's Christian Association, and when w r isely conducted, are found to be serviceable to its higher interests. The reading-room should be light, cheerful, and attractive ; well supplied with news- papers and periodicals, perhaps also with chess and draughts, and convenience for the supply of tea and coffee. The floor should be covered with matting ; good prints or pictures should adorn the walls — in short, as much as possible should be done to give the place a home-like aspect. Here the young men will readily assemble to spend their leisure time, the mis- employment of which is often so ruinous to body and soul." There is an excellent reading-room at Exeter Hall, and the number of periodicals taken in is very large. There are about sixty educational classes. Languages, and many useful subjects, are Christian Association. 59 taught to the members at a rate which seems to me extraordinarily low. Very many avail themselves of these privileges. The association is undenomi- national — persons of different persuasions being invited to join ; and this greatly adds to its useful- ness. Members who may be ill are visited and cheered by the associates. Let us reflect how welcome such visits must be to a young man alone in lodgings in this vast city. One of the papers of the association refers to "The extreme loneliness of a young man in a strange town. The first week in a new 7 town is often a crisis in his life." "Every young man is a power for good or evil, and will become increasingly so, when, as the centre of a family, his influence is felt as an employer, parent, citizen." It is hard to think without emotion of the loneliness that some must feel before a helping hand, such as this association offers, is extended to them. How many mothers' hearts must be cheered by knowing their sons have found such Christian kindness. Mr Quintin Hogg's Young Men's Christian Institute, at the Polytechnic, has 5000 members, and is doing most useful work, chiefly among apprentices and artisans. In addition to Bible- classes, classes for instruction in technical subjects, and languages, there is a gymnasium and a swim- ming-bath. In a former paper I gave a short account of the libraries and reading and recreation rooms con- 6o Grants of Books. nected with the Girls' Friendly Society. At that time there were upwards of 80,000 members ; their number is continually increasing. The associates must be members of the Church of England, but its beneficent influence includes members who belong to other portions of the universal Church. This wonderful society is gaining members constantly ; it has branches in England, Ireland, Scotland, America, Canada, most of our colonies, many places on the Continent, and in Gibraltar. I have seen the countenances of some of the ladies, who give up much of their time to interest, amuse, and improve working girls, beam with joy when they speak of the gratitude the members feel for the rest and recreation they find during the evening- meetings. Is not this work eminently calculated for women % There is also a Young Men's Friendly Society. Their printed card of counsels seems to me invaluable. I have learnt that the Christian Knowledge Society in 1884-85 made grants of books to the value of £6869, 9s. Id. Some of these books were Bibles, prayer-books, and tracts ; but others were of a more general character. £20 worth of books, including the small manuals of ' Prayer for Soldiers/ were sent to Suakim and Korti ; and I am sure many will learn with pleasure, that " a hundred pounds' worth of books were placed at the disposal of the Princess of Wales' branch of the National Aid Society, to provide libraries for the The Metropolitan Charities. 61 troops in the field and in the hospitals in Egypt and the Soudan." The society supplied books of the value of over £114 to twenty-two public insti- tutions at half-price, for the formation of libraries ; and very many other grants were made. The committee now turns its attention to publishing good tales, having found that in many free libraries fiction is more read than other branches of liter- ature. The secretary kindly gave up some of his valuable time to afford me information ; it struck me he was as fully occupied as a Prime Minister, for the correspondence extends over many distant parts of the globe. The eleventh annual edition of the classified ' Directory to the Metropolitan Charities ? is a most useful comprehensive guide. I find in its pages that the Religious Tract Society supplies libraries at reduced prices to many objects. Among others to poor congregations, hospitals, soldiers, and sailors. It is very easy to form plans and wishes for the distribution of other people's money ; but I do hope that workhouses may be remembered when these great national societies are bestowing books. Nowhere are they more appreciated, for life passes wearily, even in unions where much kindness is shown to the inmates. They frequently pine for the fresh air, and a little variety ; books would relieve the monotony of their existence. The Pure Literature Society cannot be omitted 62 Working Mens Clubs. from the number of the most widely useful asso- ciations. The Working Men's Club and Institute Union, 31 Southampton Street, W.C., assists working men to establish and maintain clubs, institutes, and libraries. Mr Herbert Praed is the secre- tary ; his increasing efforts have been most suc- cessful, and I am rejoiced to find there is a society for promoting working lads' institutes ; the honorary secretary is Mr Henry Hill, 38 Bow Lane. I have entered into a few details of these so- cieties, but should any one wish to learn particulars of the many others that exist for the diffusion of religious literature, I refer them to the first, second, and third pages of the classified ' Directory to the Metropolitan Charities/ published by Long- mans, Green, & Co. I cannot be sufficiently grateful to those kind friends who seem unwearied in sending me accounts of the various free libraries and reading-rooms for which they are working. Frequently opposi- tion is offered to the establishment of free libraries by ratepayers ; but by degrees, now the question has been fully discussed, that opposition is lessen- ing. In every instance that I have known, the libraries and reading-rooms have succeeded far beyond the expectations of their founders. There is sometimes a difficulty in providing sufficient new books ; but now that good cheap literature is pub- Vestry- Halls as Reading- Rooms, 63 lished by large-hearted men, a small sum of money will provide many. It has not been possible for me to mention many of the successful efforts made to provide pleasant home-like rooms for working men-; but I think Miss Peck's idea of using the vestry-hall at Ealing as a reading-room is one of the bravest of which I have heard. It is immensely appreciated by the men. I have brought forward this instance to prove that where there is a will there is a way. One gentleman, however, told me that for some years he devoted an evening each week to a Work- ing Man's Club, a small subscription being paid by the men. A publican offered them the advantages free, and all left the club. While we hear with wonder and reverence of the great results accomplished by benevolent socie- ties, it is well to remember that earnest workers in restricted circles of small means, are not less deserving of the gratitude of their country, and the blessings of those they strive to guide in paths of pleasantness and peace. 6 4 CHAPTER VIII. READING AND RECREATION ROOMS FOR THE YOUNG WOMEN OF LONDON, IN CONNECTION WITH THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. A GREAT effort is being made to provide suit- able quarters for the Central Institute of the Young Women's Christian Association in Regent Street, immediately opposite the Polytechnic. For a considerable time an invaluable work has been carried on in Mortimer Street, at the Welbeck Home Institute and Restaurant in connection with the Association. In this establishment there is an excellent reading-room, which was shown me by the secretary, Miss Somerville, who kindly ex- plained to me the working details of the Home. There are about fifty cubicles, which are always in great demand by young women engaged in busi- ness. The restaurant is open to all young women ; and it is so much appreciated that I am assured, at the dinner-hour, there is scarcely standing-room. This branch interested me much, as I have often heard young ladies engaged in business-houses say TIi c Welbeck Home. 65 that it is difficult for thein ever to get a hot meal in the middle of the day. They rise early, take aii early breakfast, and frequently have to walk some distance to their work. Their employments are often fatiguing to mind and body ; and if, as is too often the case, they content themselves with a bun in the time allotted for dinner, they do not obtain sufficient support to enable them to bear the toil of the afternoon. Many girls can only afford moderate prices ; and many shrink from entering eating-houses crowded by men. To such girls the advantages of restaurants like the Wel- beck are incalculable. I am thankful to say this Home is one of many of those established by the Young Women's Christian Association. There are twenty-four Institutes and Homes in union with that Association, and forty branches ; each is car- ried on according to the needs of the district ; all provide evening homes, classes for instruction, and healthful recreation. The resident superintendent in each devotes her energies to making the girls feel really at home. On some nights in the week classes for instruction are held, on others Bible- classes ; and experience shows that the Bible-classes are the most largely attended. The Welbeck Home has been so remarkably successful, that it has been found absolutely necessary to form plans for enlarging the restau- rant ; and three large halls, that belonged to a club, being vacant close by, the committee have E 66 The London Young Women s secured them. A considerable sum has been raised already, but more is required to convert them into suitable premises. The blessing to the young women of such a central establishment will be so great, that it is felt practically benevolent people will contribute ; and it must be mentioned that the young women who have participated in the benefits of these Homes are always found very desirous of assisting, by the sale of work, and in other ways, to keep them up. Members and associates are asked to pay a shilling a-year; where it is difficult to pay a shilling, sixpence, or even less, may be given, at the discretion of the secretary. When I consider what an amount of comfort, instruction, and recreation members and associates receive, I can only marvel at the excellent organisation and the unwearied efforts that have brought about such a beneficent result. Recreation forms a prominent part of the pro- gramme of each institute. In the new rooms secured in Regent Street, it is hoped to establish a gymnasium. After being in a cramped posi- tion, as many of the girls are, during the day, the benefit of active exercise is great. I have heard of cases of severe asthma being cured by gymnastic exercises ; while many other ailments, peculiar to those who lead sedentary lives, have been completely banished by the same means. One of the halls will afford excellent accommoda- tion for concerts, social meetings, and classes. It Christian Association. 67 must be gratifying, though embarrassing, to those who devote their time and much of their money to institutes and homes connected with the Young Women's Christian Association, that the difficulty is, how to find room for the multitudes of young women who wish to avail themselves of the advan- tages offered. It must be heart-breaking to turn away applicants. I believe those who belong to these Homes appreciate the rest they find there quite as much as the social element. It was, indeed, a kind, truly motherly thought to arrange that the reading-rooms should be open on Sundays, and tea provided. Some time ago, in gathering facts for an article I wrote describing the long hours and the many hardships endured by the vast majority of shop assistants, I ascertained that very many were given to understand they were not expected to remain in their lodgings on Sundays. Mr Sutherst's book, ' Death and Disease behind the Counter/ gives painful details of hard- ship. I was touched in reading the reports of the substitutes to find that many said they had had to spend several hours of the day of rest in the streets or in the parks. Think what that must be in cold, wet, or windy weather to a jaded girl ! No class of young women seems to be forgotten by the Association — those employed in the Post Office and telegraph, by private dressmakers, in stores, day workers in work-rooms and factories, and many others are cared for. And the kind 68 Social Gatherings thoughtfulness has extended to those employed in railway refreshment -rooms and restaurants. The atmosphere these young persons live in must be terribly trying, and, as the report says, " No words are needed to picture the temptations and dangers by which these girls are surrounded all the day," and, I would add, during many hours of the night. Monthly packets are sent them, and different ladies write personal letters, and try to visit them. Many grateful letters have been received in return. One young woman writes : " We do indeed feel lonely and in need of a friend sometimes, and I shall be very pleased to think of you as one. We have many temptations." The Association does not seek mainly to reach the good and steady girls, but endeavours to offer advantages to those who do not belong to any church, and perhaps may not attend any place of worship.. Social evenings are offered instead of the theatres, music-halls, and dancing-saloons. No doubt, as Mr Euskin says, it is natural for young people to love dancing ; but in existing circumstances, as a lady pointed out to me, the places where young unpro- tected women find that amusement are very dan- gerous. Young unmarried women in the upper classes, as this lady pointed out, do not go alone to places of entertainment, and all young women, of whatever class, need tender and circumspect care, sympathy, and sometimes advice in difficult cir- cumstances. The Christian Association for Young for Young Women, 69 Women offers social gatherings, at homes, teas, and games to the young, in place of doubtful pleasures that at best exhaust instead of recreate the mental and bodily powers. Sick members are visited, and there is an employment agency. I read in the little book ' Our Young Women, What is doing for Them' (which I hope may be widely circulated) that many come to London from comfortable homes in Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and in every part of England. It constantly happens that when they arrive they are quite alone in the great city. There are houses of business in which the general tone is frivolous, to say the least of it, and by degrees the new comers fall into careless ways. If, however, they are attracted to these Homes they have oppor- tunities for improvement in every way. It is ex- traordinary how much good can be done by even one earnest person. Among a great many, I must quote one instance. The head of a department in one house of business was a zealous helper in the Bible-class. On leaving the town in which she had attended it, she went to another where there was no Young Women's Christian Association. She gave some papers about it to a young lady, asking her to write to a lady at Bristol, secretary to the Country Young Women's Christian Association. A meeting was held, and in two months the Asso- ciation was started. In less than a year there were eighty-three members, with an attendance of forty at the Bible-class. The same person moved 70 Holiday Quarters from this town to another, and was in a house of business where she found no religious sympathy; but by degrees her example and influence won several over to a happier way of life. At a meeting which I attended, where an account was given of the work done by the Welbeck In- stitute, Canon Fleming dwelt on the debt we all owe to young people in business, who do much for our comfort. He dwelt on the great blessings that sympathy may impart, even when no other gift can be offered. Mrs Ormiston Chant also dwelt in a very encouraging manner on the fact that when those who have not money to bestow give their time and sympathy, they are doing quite as much for the good cause as those who subscribe. I am glad to see that one of the objects of the Association is to draw together for mutual help, sympathy, and instruction, young women of all classes. The Association has undertaken a branch of work which must be of immense use to the young people of London. They arrange for young women to find comfortable holiday quarters in pleasant country places, or at the sea-side, at a moderate rate of payment. The plan has been found to work ad- mirably, and to be in many cases a benefit to those families who receive the wearied workers. I have to thank the honorary secretary, Mr Dashw T ood, for his kindness in giving me many details, and also Mrs Trotter, of Montagu Square, for Young Women. ji who has long been a most successful organiser of the Association. From what I have observed, the work seems to be a labour of love to many, and to bring much happiness not only to those engaged in it, but to the thousands for whose benefit it is undertaken. " Mothers, who guard your girls with tenderest care, Oh help the lonely toiling ones to share The healthful joys of home-like life and rest, So you, in blessing, will be doubly blest.'"' 72 CHAPTER IX. A GLAXCE AT ME THOMAS GREENWOOD'S BOOK OK FREE PUBLIC LIBRARIES. TN this volume, which is just published, an immense number of interesting statistics have been collected, in addition to much valuable in- formation. To me, personally, the most interesting account in the book is that of the establishment of a free library in Nottingham, which held its jubilee last year. I will quote the passage : — " In August 1835, seven operatives contributed one penny each to purchase the c History of Priestcraft ' of William Howitt, himself a Nottingham man, we believe. Two more members joined in the week fol- lowing, and from that time until now their number has increased, and their books with them, until they have now over 7000 volumes, embracing various de- partments of science, theology, history, travels, and general literature." I wish that this fact could become generally known, as I am convinced that it would give great encouragement to working men to follow r this excellent example. The Free Libraries Act. 73 Mr Greenwood, with infinite labour, ascertained that the total number of places in the three king- doms in which the Free Libraries Acts have been adopted is, as far as the returns allow him to judge, 133. Many people believe that, if ratepayers quite apprehended that the amount of assessment for a public library in a town is only a penny in the pound, they would not raise objections, as, unfor- tunately, they too frequently do to the establish- ment of one. Wherever free libraries have been started and have been properly conducted, they have been frequented by all classes. London is far behind most of the great cities of England in respect of free libraries ; but it is gratifying to learn that Westminster has one which is very popular. The Bethnal Green Free Library is sup- ported by voluntary contributions. The Guildhall Free Reference Library is very handsome, and contains valuable works. Dick Whittington and his friend, Richard Bray, left money to build and found the Guildhall Library. There are one or two supported by private generosity. The Wands- worth Free Library, recently established in the metropolitan radius, has proved a great success. Much valuable information is contained in chapter vii. of Mr Greenwood's book, entitled ' The Education of Public Opinion for the Adoption of the Act/ I quite agree with him in thinking that, if the sympathy of the local press can be 74 A Sunday Free Library. enlisted, the efforts can hardly fail to be successful. In all the undertakings of this character that I have known, invaluable assistance has been rendered by the press ; and those who have profited by such help ought to feel very grateful. Mr Greenwood gives an epitome of the Free Libraries Act of 1855, and of the amendment of 1877. Particulars are also given of the Birmingham Free Library and Museum, with an illustration which renders it easier to understand the written account. There are, indeed, many illustrations. Among them is one of the Sheffield Central Free Library and one of the L^pperthorpe branch at Sheffield. This latter struck me as a very suitable, picturesque building. The Newcastle Library is a very fine one. The Nottingham Free Library and Museum are very handsome. I quote the following passage describ- ing that at Stoke : — " The Free Library at Stoke is one of the five or six institutions throughout the whole country open to the public on Sunday. To obviate any possible question as to the employment of labour on the Sunday in connec- tion with the library, the members of the committee attend themselves in turn to fulfil the functions of the officers who look after the place throughout the week. A better or kindlier method of rendering the library a popular Sunday resort could not be found, and the system appears to have answered so well that the committee consider themselves amply repaid for their trouble by the results obtained." Reading-Rooms for Boys. 75 I am sorry to read that this library is in tem- porary financial difficulties; the rate realises £270 a- year, and is insufficient. It seems to me that much general interest attaches to this institution, from the fact of the working potters themselves support- ing it. Mr Minton is chairman of the committee. I am very glad that Mr Greenwood strongly advocates a room for boys being provided in free public libraries. I feel convinced that all fathers and mothers of boys will cordially agree with him. It is heart-breaking to see lads listlessly hanging about the streets of cities, or the corners of villages. Idleness leads them into mischief, but if they had the means of self-improvement offered them, it is probable many would gladly avail themselves of the opportunity. Even in my limited experience, I have met several young men in humble life who have eagerly borrowed simple, instructive books, and have studied them deeply. Many benevolent, rich people have given free libraries to towns in which they were interested. Among others, the Edward Pease Library at Dar- lington, the Nicholson Free Library at Leek, the Brenner at Northwick, the Derby Free Library given by Mr Bass, the Gilstrap Free Library at Newark, the Harris Library at Preston, Sir Thomas Brassey's Free Beference Library at Hastings. It is difficult to imagine a more useful manner of bestowing benefits. I was much interested lately in a public free J 6 Progress of Free Libraries, library which has been founded at Truro. Mr Hamilton James wrote me an account of the anxieties the founders of the scheme met with. This is the first free library opened in Cornwall, and I trust the " Cornish men will know the reason why/' if many more are not established in their beautiful county, which has such a distinctive character. Her Majesty, with her usual kindness, sent two of her books as an encouragement. It is pleasant to know this library has proved a success, though new books are needed. There are eleven public free libraries in Scot- land, six in Ireland, five in Wales, as far as can be ascertained. In chapter xv., Mr Greenwood advocates utilis- ing board schools for free libraries. They could be used from 5 till 11 p.m. ; and a halfpenny rate would furnish as many well-stocked reading-rooms and lending libraries as there were board schools in a district. In this chapter Mr Foster's rules for the guidance of pupils in the public libraries of California are given : — " 1. Begin by basing your reading on your school- books. 2. Learn the proper use of reference books. 3. Use books that you may obtain and express ideas of your own. 4. Acquire wholesome habits of reading. 5. Use imaginative literature, but not immoderately. 6. Do not try to cover too much ground. 7. Do not hesitate to ask for assistance and suggestions at the library. See that you make your reading a definite gain to you!' Free Libraries in America and Azistralia. yy I would venture to add to these rules : Make a practice of keeping a journal, and in it record what books you read, and make notes. The habit of keeping a journal after a time gives facility in writing. I believe that many great writers have adopted this plan. The late Mr Hay ward used to glean information from every quarter for his de- lightful articles. Conversation might be made more profitable than it often is. In chapter xvi. of Mr Greenwood's book, he treats of free libraries in America and Canada. The first free public library was established in America in 1700. And the first addition to it was a gift, about thirty years afterwards, by the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. The Melbourne Free Library in Australia is justly celebrated ; and there are free libraries in most of the towns of the colony, the Melbourne library providing some with books in the follow- ing manner : — " The duplicates are placed in cases of oak bound with brass clips, lined with green baize, and divided by shelves. Each case contains about fifty volumes, and is transmitted free of cost by railway or steamer to any public library, mechanics* institution, athenaeum, or corporate body, which applies for a loan. When a series of lectures on any subject are about to be given in some remote part of the colony, a box of suitable books bearing on the subject will be made up at Mel- bourne upon application. The volumes may be re- 78 Museums mid Libraries. tained for three months and more. The number of volumes thus circulated in 1876 to 1877 was 8000." In New South Wales the Sydney Public Library supplies eighty-one mechanics' institutes or free libraries with cases of books monthly. The Ade- laide Institution in South Australia has 113 insti- tutes connected with it, among which book boxes are circulated. There are five free public libraries in New Zealand. Many advocate the establishment of museums in connection with free libraries, and Mr Green- wood gives interesting particulars of several. The Derby Free Library and Museum, which are admirable, were presented by the late Mr Bass. There are museums attached to free libraries at Sheffield, Worcester, Leek, Ipswich, and many other places. Before concluding my remarks on this compre- hensive book, I may add that plans are given of free libraries, on a grand scale, in towns, and that useful details are unsparingly furnished. A list is given of the number of free libraries in English counties, not including branches. There are ninety- nine : of these nineteen are in Lancashire, nineteen in Staffordshire, seven in Yorkshire, five in War- wickshire, and two in Leicestershire ; but I believe the number in the last county will soon be aug- mented. Indeed, there is reason to hope that public opinion is now in favour of providing for the recreation and instruction of the people. 79 CHAPTER X. HIXTS OX OBTAINING REALLY GOOD BOOKS AT THE MOST MODERATE PRICES. AF late, many publishers have turned their " attention to producing books that are valuable in the highest sense of the word at the most moderate prices. Messrs Cassell have for many years been giving good literature to the public at very low prices, and now publish weekly volumes, excellent in every respect and convenient in form, for threepence in paper and sixpence in boards. This series is called CasselFs National Library ; it is deservedly warmly welcomed. Messrs Longmans, I believe, were among the first to issue books at sixpence, which have been very popular. I have now before me a wonderful book at the same price, published by Messrs Routledge — ' White's Natural History of Selborne,' a treasury of information, and full of illustrations. They are also now publishing sixpenny volumes weekly. Their Pocket Library, which appears monthly, is composed of beautiful little shilling volumes, chosen So Ample Supplies with great taste — Washington Irving's ' Sketch- Book ' is among the number. A study of Messrs Eoutledge's catalogue will show that there are books to be had to suit all purchasers. Messrs Nelson have devoted a great deal of attention to publishing really good literature for low prices. Ward and Lock have also done wonders in that direction : two million and a half of their penny books for the people have been sold. Partridge & Co. bring out most improving works, greatly appreciated by the w^orking-classes. I have lately seen a series of really beautifully illustrated books, published by George Bell, at Is. each. Ade- laide Proctor's poems struck me particularly. There are many other publishers whose aim seems to be to put standard books, at very low prices, into general circulation, and they confer great benefits on their countrymen. After consultation with persons of experience, the conclusion has been arrived at that the best plan for those wishing to fill a reading- room with interesting, but inexpensive works, would be to ask their booksellers to send for catalogues from firms publishing such books. Priced cata- logues would be sent, and it would be easy to choose from them books suited to the requirements of various readers. The selection would take time, but it would be well spent. I find it a good plan to study the ' Publishers' Circular/ which appears on the first and fifteenth of the month, gyring a list of new publications ; at Christmas it comes out of Good and Cheap Books. 8 1 in a volume. A question frequently asked is — Whether there are societies for °*ivino; grants to reading-rooms \ One or two grants of money for that purpose have been left by private persons, but the demands on them are so large that applicants have to wait very long. I therefore think, where there is insufficient money to buy the dearer edi- tions, that the best plan is to purchase cheap, but useful ones. The Christian Knowledge Society sells many admirable works, but not general literature ; 25 per cent is deducted from the published price of their books to subscribers. The Religious Tract Society publishes very pretty stories — among others reprints of Hesba Stretton's books — at one penny each. Some of these books are for children, but others possess interest for grown people. These societies supply good cheap books. The Pure Literature Society, 11 Buckingham Street, Aclel- phi, helps in a practical manner to spread im- proving and interesting books. It publishes a catalogue of books, periodicals, &c, suitable for district lending libraries ; and the committee offer at half price libraries of from £5 to £10 worth of books from the Society's catalogue for w r orking men's institutions and similar bodies, with a responsible committee or trustees, on the recom- mendation of a subscriber to the society. Any person applying for a library must describe the purpose for which it is wanted. If the grant is F 82 Temperance Publications. passed by the committee, the catalogue is to be marked with the books chosen, and returned by the applicant (together with half price of the value of the library), when the books will be forwarded as soon as possible. In 1857, this Society granted 49 libraries at half price, value £401, 0s. 5d. ; in 1882, they granted 295, value £2333, 13s. lOd. The committee state that the catalogue is intended as a list of some suitable books, which may be referred to and circulated with confidence. The Church of England Temperance Society and the National Temperance Society publish very useful books, many of them illustrated, at exceedingly low prices. I cannot but hope that some of the books and papers of these societies may be included in every library or reading- room intended for working - people. Though temperance principles are spreading widely, there is still a belief among many of the poorer classes that beer is indispensable to health ; and even infants are sometimes given a little if they seem weak. I would also put in a plea for the publications of the National Health Society and the Ladies' Sanitary Society. All the books and papers of these societies are published at ex- tremely low prices. Messrs Hatchards, Piccadilly, always have numbers of excellent books at low prices, as well as more expensive works. In consequence of the list which appeared in my little book 'Free Libraries/ prepared by Mr Buck- £^ Libraries. . 83 land, at Messrs Sotheran's, to show how many useful books may be had for £5, some mis- apprehension has arisen. Messrs Sotheran do not supply libraries at half price. Mr Bucklancl drew up the list, chiefly from the catalogues of the five great firms who have turned their attention to supplying good literature at low prices. A book of truly colossal dimensions, for the use of the trade, gives lists of all works published by the firms who send their catalogues to be included in the volume. I cannot advise intending founders of libraries for the working-classes to wade through the pages of this enormous book ; but I found in it a number of catalogues from the firms referred to. and from other great publishing houses, and these lists would be sent separately. I have always heard it said that nothing is more difficult than to choose books for other people. All who read the letters which appeared in the ' Pall Mall/ on the best hundred books, must recognise the great diversity of opinion ex- isting on the subject among cultivated persons. The letters are now published in a separate pamphlet called the 'Pall Mall Extra, Xo. 24.' They are extremely interesting, though I do not find among the number a list exactly suited for village reading- rooms ; but gleanings might be made from the different lists. The pamphlet itself is an illustra- tion of what a mine of valuable information may be discovered for 3d. The concluding chapter, on 84 The Choice of Books. what books are most read, is particularly interest- ing. As I have, for some time past, heard details of many reading-rooms on a large scale, as well as Jo o of humble ones, I can add my evidence to that of many others, that fiction is most in demand. There are, of course, a certain number of persons frequenting libraries who are really most anxious to instruct and improve themselves. Ample pro- vision must be made for them. And it must be recollected that those young men who frequent reading-rooms in preference to public-houses, are people whose inclinations lead them to prefer the higher class of recreation. But many require rest after a hard day's labour, and therefore it is im- portant that good fiction should be supplied. I think that the pamphlet, ' The Best Hundred Books/ might with advantage be on the table of every reading-room, as people would possibly choose from among the lists those standard books which are most frequently mentioned. Lord Iddes- leigh's charming little book, ' The Pleasures and c o ' Dangers of Desultory Reading/ published by Kegan, Paul, & Co., would be a valuable addition to every library. There is still need for a short treatise that would give practical advice, and lists of inexpensive books of instruction and entertain- ment, suitable for young persons whose elementary education is completed, or for older people who feel they wish to become acquainted with standard works. CHAPTER XL ' THE BOOK-LOVER ; OR, A GUIDE TO THE BEST READING.' BY JAMES BALDWIN. T^DUCATED people would, I think, find much to interest them in the ' Book-Lover.' I will pass over the three first chapters, though they are interesting ; but I would especially draw the at- tention of the student to the list of " books for every scholar." Doubtless there will be great difference of opinion as to the taste displayed in the selec- tions ; but the student who desires to become acquainted with great works must take a wide range, and must glean here a little and there a little from various sources treating on what are the choicest books. The list of novels comprises many good ones, but should be more extensive. Several pages are devoted to books for young people to read, and I am glad to find that Mi- Baldwin is in favour of their beginning quite early to read history. The 'Pall Mall Gazette' of June 86 The Study of History. 13, 1886, contains a capital list of books for boys, which will spare many mothers much difficulty in ascertaining what to buy. I am assured that children's books, if they possess any real merit, command a ready sale. Mrs Orr E wing's books, ostensibly intended for children, are the delight of many men as well as women. Mr Baldwin's chapters on history take a wide range. He advises the study of Greek and Eoman history, and of the literature of those classic coun- tries. Medieval and modern history, chiefly refer- ring to English history, are also recommended to the student. This chapter will be found deeply interesting to those desirous of becoming really good historians, and I think its value is greatly enhanced by the column containing the historical books having another beside it mentioning books for collateral reading, bearing on the period. This will assist students to extend their reading so as to embrace the history of continental Europe. Professor Morley is at present giving lectures on history, and on the literature of the period of which the history treats, that are found extremely interesting. Lists of books are dven bearing on General His- tory ; and in chapter viii., courses of reading in Geography and Xatural History are recommended, — books suitable for boys, I am glad to say, being included. There is a chapter on Philosophy and Eeligion. Theological Works. "& If I might venture to offer an opinion, I would beg young persons to give their minds first and foremost in a reverential spirit to the prayerful study of religion — the Christian religion — to those sublime teachings which, if conscientiously obeyed, would make this earth the home of love and self- renunciation. Mr Baldwin in treating of this subject writes : " We shall begin with the Bible, and throughout the course, we shall make that book our grand rallying point. 'Bead the Bible reverently and attentively, says Sir Matthew Hale, set jour heart upon it, and lay it up in your memory, and make it the direction of your life ; it will make you a wise and good man. 7 " A list of Theological works is given, which will be very useful to the earnest inquirer for truth. The following quotation is made from Bichard Baxter : " Such books have the advantage in many respects ; you may read an able preacher w T hen you have but a mean one to hear." After a chapter on the best works connected with Bolitical Economy, the concluding one is on the study of English Literature, followed up by ten schemes for pursuing it in its various branches. It is marvellous to me, that a book containing so much is to be had for three shillings and six- pence. If the student is fortunate enough to have a friend of educated taste, who will advise him, and 88 Guides to Free Libraries. if he has access to a good library, he may, through the hints and lists of this book, obtain an insight into the treasures of history and of literature. There are other guides, which I mentioned in my first book on Free Libraries, but this, I believe, is the latest. Revised List of Books. 3 9 REVISED LIST OF BOOKS (Reprinted from ' Advantages of Free Libraries \ Which may be obtained for about £4, 10s. or £5, 10s. COMPILED BY LADY JOHN MANNERS AND MR BUCKLAND, OF MESSRS SOTHERANS, PICCADILLY, AS SOME GUIDE TO THOSE WHO INTEND STARTING SMALL READING-ROOMS OR LENDING LIBRARIES, WHERE THE FENDS ARE LIMITED. Most of the Books are Cheap or People's Editions. Alfred the Great. Beaconsfield. Beckett. lUiii van. Burns. Calvin. Carl vie. Chatham. Columbus. Cromwell. Dickens. BIOGRAPHY. Frederick the Great. Garibaldi. Gladstone. Goldsmith. Gordon. Homer. Johnson. Luther. Xelson. Peter the Great. Prince Consort. Queen Elizabeth. Queen Victoria. Raleigh. Scott. Shakespeare. Socrates. Spurgeon. Stephenson. Wallace. Washington. Wellington. Wesley. These are all very Cheap Small Books VOYAGES, Etc. Brassey's ' Sunbeam.' Cook's Voyages. Hartings' The Arctic Regions. Waterton's "Wanderings. go Revised List of Books. RELIGIOUS. Bible in large type. Bishop Wilson's Sacra Privata. Bishop of Truro's (Mr Wilkinson) Works. Faithful Soldiers and Servants. Lewis. Farrar's Life of Christ. Cheap Edition. Friendly Words for Our Girls. Lady Baker. Keble's Christian Year. An Old Mother's Letters to Young Women. Mrs Bayly. An Old Mother's Letters to Parents. Mrs Bayly. Oxenden's Words of Peace. Oxenden's The Labouring Man's Book. ; Pilgrim's Progress. Plain Words. Bishop of Bedford. Prayer- Book in large type. Prayers and Maxims. Published by Masters. Soldiers' Manual of Devotion. Gleig. Steps to Christian Manhood. Florence Marrvat. The Yoke of Christ. Bishop of Rochester. Thomas a Kenrpis. HISTORY. Maunder's Treasury of History. ; The Yictoria History of England. FICTION. Ainsworth — Old St Paul's. Tower of London. Windsor Castle. Cooper — Deerslayer. The Two Admirals. The Spy. The Last of the Mohicans. Dickens — Pickwick Papers. Nicholas Nickleby. Old Curiosity Shop. Sketches by Boz. Marryat — Peter Simple. The Pirate and Three Cutters. The King's Own. Jacob Faithful. Mr Midshipman Easy. Scott— The Monaster}". Guy Mannering. Ivanhoe. Waverlev. The Pirate. Washington Irving — Bracebridge Hall. Old Christmas. Sketch-Book. JEsop's Fables. Lamb's Tales. Paul and Virginia. Robinson Crusoe. Sandford and Merton. New History of. Swiss Family Robinson. Tom Brown's School Days. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Yicar of Wakefield. Revised List of Books. 9i MISCELLANEOUS. Adams's Plain Living and High Thinking. Animal World. (Yearly vols.) Beeton's Book of Anecdote. British Workman. (Yearly vols.) Cottager and Artisan. Church of England Temperance Chronicle. English Hearts and English Hands. Miss Marsh. Enquire Within upon Everything. Hallet's Lectures on Health. Hand and Heart. (Yearly vols.) Hesba Stretton's Tales. Cheap Edition. Hints on Nursing the Sick. Mrs Edward Pease. Home Words. Horatia Orr - Ewing's Works. Cheap Edition. Johnston's Living in Earnest. Kirton's Temperance Tales. Macaulay — Lays of Ancient Rome. Lord Bacon. Messrs Blackwood's Historical and Geographical Readers. Miss Robinson's Active Service. Miss Nightingale's Notes on Nursing. National Temperance Mirror. Our Blue Jackets. Miss Weston. Our Cotfee-Room. Lady Hope. Parke's Manual of Health. Personal Recollections of the Earl of Beaconsfield. By Lady John Manners. Queen's Journal : Our Life in the Highlands. Selections from the Publications of the Ladies' Sanitary Society. Shakespeare's Plays. Shaw's Home Series. Some of the Advantages of Free Libraries and Recreation-rooms. By Lady John Manners. The People's Editions of the Best Poets. Trench's Realities of Irish Life. Victoria Cross — In the Crimea. In India. In the Colonies. In Afghanistan. In Zululand. Warm's Cookery Book for the Million. Why did you take the Pledge? By Lady John Manners. Wood's Strange Dwellings. Cheap Science Manuals. As many volumes as funds will allow of — Cassell's National Library. Cassell's Red Library. Routledge's Pocket Library. Messrs Sotherax would undertake to bind the Books at Sixpence a Volume. 92 Books suitable for Mothers Meetings. LIST OF BOOKS SUITABLE FOR MOTHERS' MEETINGS AXD HOUSEHOLD LIBRARIES. Given to me by Mrs Octayius Norman of Harby. Mblton-Mowbray. They vary m price — some were bought second-hand from Madias. City Violet. Marion ; or, Light of Some One's Home. Chances and Changes. Daisy Snowflake. ) Temper- Sought and Saved. / ance. Sweetbriar. Stepping Heavenwards. Life of Mrs Prentiss, Authoress of 'Stepping Heavenwards. 1 Martin, the Skipper. Life's Aftermath. A Soldier of the I Philip Gainsford's Profit and Loss. The End of a Coil. Filling up the Chinks. The Rochenionts. My Desire. Sybel Garth. The Boy Tar. Ran Away to Sea. Nothing but Leaves. By Sara Dondney. Scamp and I. / All by [ Smiles Black Beautv. Thrift. Duty. Invention and Industry. Her Title of Honour. All Ballantyne's. Royal Captives. Sister Dora. Catherine and Crawford Tait. Chevalier's Daughter. Hubert' 8 Two Anchors. AYatchers on the Longships. S.P.C.K. By the sum.- Author as ' Martin the Skipper.' Both very good. The whole Series of Sunday Echoes. By Mrs Carey Brock. Stephen, M.D. Log Cabin to White House. Homes Mended and Marred. City Arab. Dick Onslow's Adventures. Addresses and Stories for Mothers 1 Meetings. By Mrs G. E. Mor- ton. Hamilton, Adams. & Co. " Shaw's Home Series." Published Monthly at 48 Paternoster Row. Sixpence each. Excellent for Reading -Rooms and Servants. Froggy \s Little Brother. Scamp and 1. Mistress Marjory. Sister Rose. The Boys Watchword. Only a Tramp. AYater Gipsies. John de YVyclifTe. In the Desert. Nothing to Nobody. Winifred. The Three Chums. Marcella of Rome. Outcast Robin. The Lost Jewel. Desirable Books for a Reading-Room. 93 I would also add to this list — The Making of the Home. Messrs Cassell. An Old Mother's Letters to Young "Women. Mrs Bayly. An Old Mother's Letters to Parents. Mrs Bayly. The Safest Path. (Temperance.) Stevenson Blackwood. DESIEABLE BOOKS FOE A BEADIXG-BOOM. Given to me by T. W. Erle, Esq. Webster's Dictionary. The best collection of Maps which can be afforded. They are all, unfortunately, expensive. Haydn's Dictionary of Dates. Beeton's Encyclopaedia. Chambers's Encyclopaedia. Cassell's Household Guide. A collection of the large coloured Diagrams sold by Reynolds in the Strand. Brande's Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. Shakespeare. Valpy'a edition is the most convenient and agree- able to read. Milton. Tennyson. Longfellow. Hood. Campbell. Scott. Xovels also. Alison's Europe. Macaulay's England. Victoria History of England. Science Lectures for the People. (Simpkin & Marshall.) All Dickens's Works. If the Reading-Room is in the country, some county history. or the Murray or Black relat- ing to the locality, will be very useful. Sadie's Biblical Cyclopaedia. Darwin's Origin of Species. Animal and Vegetable Physiology. Modern Edition. Rozet. Boys' Book of Industrial Informa- tion. The Playbook of Science. Pepper. Metals. Pepper. Cyclopaedic Science Simplified. 1 Arago's Astronomy. Edited by Tomlinson. All Smiles's books. Layard'a Nineveh. Carton's Art of Travel. Carpenter's Vegetable Physiology. Markliam's England. France. Germany. Tegetmeier's Household Manage- ment. (Costa about 6d.) I only suggest these books as a very few of those which would be acceptable. The general list must depend entirely on the place and the people for whom the Library is in- tended. For example, such a book as ' Morton's Calendar of Farming Operations ' would be very useful for reference in the country, but would be out of place in a town library. PRINTED EY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. BY LADY JOHN MANNERS. A SEQUEL TO "RICH MEN'S DWELLINGS." And other Occasional Papers. Reprinted from various sources. Crown 8vo, cloth boards. Price 2s Contents: — A Sequel to "Rich Men's Dwellings" — Letters from an Idle Woman's Post-bag — Women of Business— A Plea for the Partial Emancipation of certain English Bondmen and Bondwomen — Notes on Newmarket — Wheat- Meal Bread : What is it ? — Associations with Aix-les-Bains — A Widow's Sacri- fice — Gathering Flowers and Scattering Comforts — The Art of doing Kindnesses in the Kindest Manner — Dress : Parts I. to I V.— Influence of Women on Politics. JUoieateb bg JSpkial ^exmxzsion to Per $$aj*stg % tymm. Some of the Advantages of EASILY ACCESSIBLE READING AND RECREATION ROOMS AND FREE LIBRARIES. With Remarks on Starting and Maintaining them, and Suggestions for the Selection of Books. Reprinted from the 'Queen.' Price is. gjebiraieb bg £$ttmi ^ermisston ta l§*r Utajesij) % ^mzttJ ENCOURAGING EXPERIENCES OF READING AND RECREATION ROOMS ; and Hints how to obtain Really Good Books at Moderate Prices. Being a Sequel to ' Advantages of Free Libraries and Recreation Rooms. ' Reprinted from the ' Queen.' Price is. Jptbiesttb bg &perial permission to g*r Ipnjestjj % tymtn. Some Personal Recollections of THE LATER YEARS OF THE EARL OF BEACONS- FIELD, K.G. Reprinted, with Additions, from the 'Times.' Sixth Edition. Price 6d. gebicatefc bg £p*cial permission to Her Imperial anb $ogai Ifajestg t\t impress of (Hermann, anb <|neen of ^rnssia. IMPRESSIONS. OF A VISIT TO BAD-HOMBURG: Comprising a Short Account of the Women's Associa- tions of Germany under the Red Cross. Crown 8vo. Price is. 6d. EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE. Reprinted from the ' Quarterly Review.' Price 6d. Translations. Small GEMS OF GERMAN POETRY. 4to, cloth boards. Price 3s. 6d. HOW THE HEIR'S COMING OF AGE WAS KEPT AT LAMINGTON. Sketched in Pen and Ink for the Duke of Rutland, K.G. (At first written for private circulation only.) Price 3d. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, Edinburgh and London. And all Booksellers. UNIVER9ITY0FILLIN0I9-URBANA 3 0112 047607954 ■i