The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books ore reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/bookofsundialsOOgatt V ' the ^^oiL'vre . THE BOOK OF SUN-DIALS ORIGINALLY COMPILED BY THE LATE MRS. ALFRED CATTY NOW ENLARGED AND RE-EDITED BY H. K. F. EDEN and ELEANOR LLOYD LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS MDCCCC X Origiiml edition published 1872. Second edition^ revised^ 1889. Thh'd editio 7 i^ en/ajged, 1890. Fourth edition^ re-a 7 ‘ 7 'anged and enla 7 ‘ged, 1900. CHISWICK PRESS ; CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO, LOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. [ORIGINAL DEDICATION] TO THE DEAR HUSBAND, TO WHOM I AM INDEBTED FOR THE REST HAPPINESS OE THE HOURS OE EARTHLY LIFE, AND WITH WHOM I HOPE TO SHARE THE EXISTENCE IN WHICH TIME SHALL BE NO MORE, I DEDICATE THIS VOLUME, IN THE COMPILATION OF WHICH HE HAS TAKEN SO GREAT A PART AND INTEREST. PREFACE The original edition of this Book of Sun-dials was written by iny Mother, Mrs. Alfred Gatty. It was published in 1872, only a year before her death ; but she had begun the work many years previously, whilst she was still unmarried, and living with her father, the Rev. Alexander J. Scott, D.D., Vicar of Catterick. During the last few years of her life she was unable to travel much, owing to illness, but the number of her dials continued to increase, thanks to the kindness of friends, who sent additions to her unique collection from different parts of the world. In Mrs. Gatty’s Preface she specially mentioned one dear friend, “ without whom it is probable that the work would never have appeared — Miss Eleanor Lloyd. To her the reader is indebted for by far the greater number of the continental mottoes, and for much of the pleasant notices which accompany them, as well as for general, un- wearied enthusiasm in her researches. Being an artist too, she has adopted the habit which we ourselves had pursued for so many years, and made sketches of all the dials she saw, both at home and abroad.” These introductory details will explain a further quotation from Mrs. Gatty’s words : “ The present collection of dials, with their mottoes, was begun about the year 1835. Perhaps the presence of a curious old dial over our church porch (Catterick), with something like a punning motto, Fugit kora, ora, may have had somewhat to do with originating the idea. Also at the home of some dear friends, a few miles off, the porch of their picturesque little church (Wycliffe) on the banks of the Tees, bore another inscription, Man Jieetli as a shadow. A third motto surmounted an archway in a stable-yard (Kiplin), Mors de die accelerat. A fourth was over the door of a cottage in a village (Brompton-on-Swale), bear- ing the warning words, Vestigia nulla 7 ^etrorsum, which shone out in gold and colour amidst evergreens. Here lived the venerable sister of a canon of Lincoln, which may perhaps account for the presence of the dial. A fifth looked out from the depths of pyracanthus on a house Vlll PREFACE at Middleton-Tyas, hinting to callers not to waste the precious hour, with its Maneo nemini ; while last, and not least in our esteem, stood the touching inscription, Eketc, fugaces ! on a pillar dial outside the drawing-room at Sedbury Hall, Yorkshire, where it betokened the scholarly character of the hospitable owner. These six mottoes (all, somewhat remarkably, in one neighbourhood) made an admirable beginning of a list which soon swelled to twenty or thirty pages by taking a wide circuit, and with the assistance of the contributions of friends. And thus the matter went on from more to more ; but the great impulse was given when the friend alluded to in the preface, undertook to collect in the south of France and Italy, a fair field indeed and one even yet imperfectly explored. As to these dial mottoes, there are perhaps as many differences of opinion, as there are differences of character, in those who read them. We, who have studied them for so many years, feel with Charles Lamb, that they are often “more touching than tombstones,” while to other people they seem flat, stale, and unprofitable. One correspondent describes them as a ' compen- dium of all the lazy, hazy, sunshiny thoughts of men past, present, and in possei and says, ‘ the burden of all their songs is a play upon sun- shine and shadow.’ But this is no fair description ; the poet’s words : ‘ Liberal applications lie In art as nature,’ have never been more fully realized than in the teachings which have arisen from dials, as we trust the following pages will prove beyond a doubt. So far from the burden of all their songs being a play upon sunshine and shadow, one of the most fertile subjects of thought is the sun’s power, as being his own timekeeper, which he certainly is, whilst the mottoes constantly assert the fact. “ The sun describes his own progress on the dial-plate as clearly as he paints pictures on the photographer’s glass — human art assisting in both cases. Solis et artis opus, says the dial in a street at Grasse, near Cannes — somewhat baldly, perhaps. More refined is the Non sine lumine of Leadenhall Street ; and perhaps higher still the Non nisi coelesti radio, of Haydon Bridge. Non rego, nisi regar is the modest avowal of another dial in a street at Uppingham, acknowledging itself to be but an instrument governed by an overruling power. And these are but a few of the many ‘ applications ’ the poet speaks of.” After my mother’s death (1873) Miss Eleanor Lloyd and I con- tinued to collect notes on dials, with the result that in 1889 we published a second edition of the book nearly twice as large as the first. This was followed, in 1890, by a reprint, to which new mottoes and other PREFACE IX matter were added ; but as these had to take the form of Addenda the arrangement was not satisfactory, and we are glad now to be able to bring out a new book in which the materials have been entirely re- arranged and classified. Miss Eleanor Lloyd has accomplished nearly the whole of this task of reconstruction, and a large number of new mottoes are also due to her diligent research. She discovered that whilst Mrs. Gatty was making her collection, a similar one was being gathered together in France, unknown to her, by the Baron Edmond de Riviere, and published at intervals in the “ Bulletin Monumental de la Societe Fran^aise pour la conservation des monuments,” under the title of “ Devises Horaires.” This collection included several mottoes copied by M. G. de Vallier, and published in the “ Revue de Marseille et Provence,” 1875. That the Baron was not acquainted with “The Book of Sun-dials,” is evident from the fact that it contained several French mottoes which are not given by him, and that he mentions no English dial except the one at Kirkdale. The papers on “ Devises Horaires ” were followed by a collection made by Dr. A. Bla-nchard entitled “ L^Art populaire dans le Briangonnais,” and published in the “ Bulletin de la Societe des Etudes des Hautes Alpes.” A great number of the additional mottoes in the present volume have been drawn from these sources. The writers in most cases gave the localities where they had seen the mottoes in- scribed ; many of them are in French. I have also taken about fifty Italian and Latin ones from another source, an interesting MS. note- book on dialling, “Notizie Gnomoniche,” which Mr. Lewis Evans recently bought in Italy. The notes and diagrams are very elegantly penned, but the writers name does not appear; only the initials, D. D. G., and the date 1761. It is not stated whether the mottoes were copied from dials, or merely suggested as suitable inscriptions, but some of them are taken from the Italian poets, so I have decided to give them the benefit of the doubt and to insert them in the Book. Many of the early writers on dialling, Johannes Paduani, Seb. Munster, and others, give lists of suitable mottoes ; and in books of emblems and devices, such as Pere le Moyne’s “ L’Art des Devises ” (1688), the dial, and the lessons to be drawn from it, are constantly found ; but if all of these were to be added the list would be endless. Want of space likewise makes it impossible to give a quaint letter of seventeenth century date, written by the Norman poet Garaby de La Luzern to the Comte de Matignon, who had asked him to write mottoes for four sun-dials which were being erected on the Comte’s stables, at the Chateau de Torigny. The letter was quoted by Baron b X PREFACE de Riviere in his “ Devises Horaires he did not know whether the inscriptions had been put up, but stated that there are no traces of sun-dials left now at the chateau. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, one William Rhodes, a tobacconist and pewterer, was living in Liverpool, and he possessed several works on the art of dialling, by Fale, De la Hire, and others, which he annotated in his own writing with mottoes from dials. He bought Fale’s work in 1802, but the copy had belonged, in 1675, “ Thomas Skelson,” who had copied into it from Lilly’s “ Merlini Anglici for 1650,” some curious astrological calculations as to “ whether King Charles first should live or Dye; being Friday y^ 19th of January 1648-9.” It is rather curious that an exact science such as mathematics should have been often associated with superstitions. In a paper on Manx sun-dials, which was read by Miss A. M. Crellin in 1889, before the Isle of Man Natural History and Anti- quarian Society, she gave a short account of a dial maker named Ewan Christian. He made a dial at Kirk Michael (see No. 1330), and lived at Lewaigue. Miss Crellin says he was “commonly known by the name of ' Kione Prash,’ or Brass Head, and was perhaps so named from the colour of his hair, or he may have been Ewan Prash from the metal that he worked in.” Another possibility is that he earned the title from the story told of him, that “ like Roger Bacon he attempted to make a brazen head, which having uttered the words. Time is, Time was. Time is past, fell to pieces.” The descriptions of remarkable dials without mottoes, which in previous editions were given partly in the “Introduction” and partly in “Further Notes,” have now been re-arranged and placed together. So many discoveries of these sculptured stones have been made of late years, since the attention of archaeologists was directed to them, that it has been possible to gather a considerable amount of information, both as to early dials and to the more beautiful and elaborate works of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This part of the book has there- fore been re-written and greatly enlarged, and the dials arranged to some extent in chronological order, or otherwise with regard to their different types. It would have been impossible to bring the Book of Sun-dials abreast with the archaeological knowledge of the day without the help of those who had personally examined the dial stones, and this has been most kindly and freely given. Miss Eleanor Lloyd, who is mainly responsible for this part of the work, joins with me in especi- ally thanking Thomas Ross, Esq., F.S.A. (Scotland), to whom we owe the greater part of the notices of Scottish dials, as well as the drawings PREFACE XI which accompany them. For descriptions and figures of other early dials we are indebted to the late Sir Henry Dryden, Bart., F.S.A., Robert Blair, Esq., F.S.A., Christopher Markham, Esq., F.S.A., W. G. Collingwood, Esq., C. Hodges, Esq., the Rev. H. Lang, and many others. A new and most valuable addition to this edition is the Chapter on Portable Dials, by Lewis Evans, Esq., F.S.A. Many of the illustra- tions are drawn from specimens in his own magnificent collection. Portable dials form a complete group, and it is a great advantage to have them described by a master-pen. The few specimens that were mentioned in previous editions have now been included in Mr. Evans’ chapter. The short article on the Construction of simple forms of dials has been revised by the writer, J. Wigham Richardson, Esq. For the translations of the Latin and Greek, French and Italian mottoes added to this edition, we are indebted to Professor Robinson Ellis, Maurice L. Waller, Esq., C. E. Noel James, Esq., W. Dewar, Esq., and B. B. Dickinson, Esq. Mr. Waller has had the further difficult task of interpreting some extracts from Nicholas Kratzer’s MS. work on Dialling, to which we had access, through the courtesy of the Rev. Thomas Fowler, D.D., President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and F. Madan, Esq., of the Bodleian Library. Very grateful thanks are also due to those who have helped us by supplying information, or by lending blocks of illustrations, especially to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, the Council of the Yorkshire Archaeological Society, the East Riding Antiquarian Society, Messrs. Macmillan and Co., Mr. W. Mark of Northampton, Messrs. F. Barker and Co. (12, Clerkenwell Road, London), the late Chancellor Ferguson, F.S.A., and the editor of “ The Wilts Archaeological and Natural History Society’s Magazine.” We have also to thank Miss Adeline Illingworth for her sketches, and last, though not least. Miss Margaret A. Meyler, without whose valuable aid in verifying references and correcting inaccuracies I could not have completed my share of the Book. She has further assisted me by making the Index. Horatia K. F. Eden. June 1900. CHAF. I. CONTENTS Introduction ...... PAGE 1 II. Antique Dials ...... 29 III. Early English Dials ..... • • 49 IV. Early English Dials — continued 62 V. Early Irish Dials ..... 82 VI. Renaissance Dials, Detached 88 VII. Cylindrical, Globe Cross and Star-Shaped, Facet- Headed, and Horizontal Dials . 102 VIII. Vertical Dials, Detached .... . 1 16 IX. Vertical Dials, Attached .... . 132 X. Scottish Dials ...... 140 XI. Foreign Dials ...... • 166 Portable Sun-dials. By Lewis Evans, F.S.A. , , 183 Sun-dial Mottoes . 201 On the Construction of Sun-dials. By J. Wigham Richardson ........ 489 Sun-dial Tables ...... . 500 Notes . 504 Index ........ 505 K-. I’ sc \ / \ A?,. A -f m I i - 'Vj LIST OF PLATES TO FACE PLATE PA(;e I. Nicholas Kratzer. (From the Portrait by Holbein in the Louvre). Photogravure plate Frofitispiece II. Facsimile of Page from Kratzer’s MS. “ De Horologies ” .... 21 HI. Facsimile of Page from Kratzer’s MS. “ De Horologiis” 23 IV. Saxon Dial at Kirkdale, Yorks 54 V. Sun-dial at Moccas Court, Herefordshire 100 VI. Engraved Dial-Plate in the Possession of Messrs. Barker, Clerkenwell 134 VII. Portable Dials 185 VIII. Ascot Church, Eyam Church 286 IX. Old Place, Lindfield 424 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Turkish wall dial 13 Signal-gun sun-dial 14 Castleberg, Settle 17 Hand dial 22 ZOCCOLO DIAL 22 j Greek dial, Leyden Museum . 31 Greek dial, British Museum . 32 Gr^co-Roman dial, Vatican . . 34 : Greek dial, Berlin 35 ! Roman dial from Tor Paterno 36 Phcenician dial, Louvre . . . 37 Greek dial, Louvre 38 Tower of the Winds, Athens . 39 Greek dial, British Museum . 40 Greek dial, Orchomenes . . . 41 Roman dials. Villa Scipio . . 42 j Wind and Sun dial, Rome . . 45 Antique dial, Madrid .... 47 Bewcastle Cross 50 Escombe 52 Pittington 52 St. Cuthbert’s, Darlington . . 53 Weaverthorpe 54 PAGE Great Edstone 56 Old Byland 56 Aldbrough 57 Scheme of the dial at Skelton, Cleveland 58 Bamburgh 62 Isel 63 Caldbeck 65 West Kirby 65 Bishopstone 67 St. Michael’s, Winchester ... 67 Stoke d’Abernon 68 Hardingham 69 Daglingworth 70 South Cerney 70 Uphill 70, 71 Langford 72 North Stoke, Oxfordshire ... 73 Barnack 74 Ecton 76 POTTERSPURY 76 Grafton Regis 76 Higham Ferrers 77 XVI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE St. Sepulchre’s, Northampton . . 77 Geddington 78 Dunchurch 80 Iniscaltra 82 Kilmalkedar 83 Kilcummin 84 Saul, co. Down 84 Cleobury Mortimer 87 Dover Musp:um 88 IvYCHURCH Priory dial .... 89 Kratzer’s dial. Corpus Christi College Gardens 90 Westwood Old Manor House, near Bradford, Wilts 91° Great Fosters 92 Madeley Court 93 Badminton House 95 Upton, Northants 97 Patrington 98 Elmley Castle Churchyard ... 99 Wilton Cross 100 Sun-dial at Cheeseburn, North- umberland 103 Hartburn . . . ^ 103 Newcastle Museum 103 Deanery Garden, Rochester . . 104 Fellside T05 Dial from Wigborough House . . 105 Saxmundham Churchyard. . . . 105 Bleadon 106 SCOTSCRAIG 107 Walton Hall . . ... . . . 108 Dalston 1 13 St. Mary’s, Scilly . . . . . . 114 Corpus Christi College, Oxford . 119 The Countess’ Pillar 121 Market Cross, Carlisle . . . .122 Ashleworth Churchyard .... 123 CovENT Garden, 1747 125 Seven Dials Column before 1773. 125 Stone formerly the “ Seven Dials,” Weybridge 126 Lydney 127 Over the Doorway of a Boot-shop AT Rye 133 Bolton Abbey 133 Aberdour 14 1 Dial stone found in Taymouth Castle Gardens 142 page Heriot’s Hospital 144 Oldhamstocks 144 Alloa 145 Fountainhall 146 Airth 148 Kelburn 150 Tongue 151 Woodhouselee 153 Carberry 155 Lainshaw 155 Holyrood 156 Lee Castle 158 Mount Melville 159 Haddington 160 Glamis Castle 161 Chartres 167 Laon 167 Chateau de Josselin 168 From the Chateau Tournouelles . 172 Buen Retiro, Churriana .... 173 Church near Brixen 175 Palace, Schwerin '176 Arab dial, Victoria and Albert Museum 180 Dial from Herculaneum .... 185 Pillar dial, seventeenth century 186 Modern Pyrenean dial .... 187 German Tablets 188 German Nocturnal dial .... 188 English Ring dial 188 German dial 189 Disc dial, French Republic . . . 190 German Chalice dial 190 Roman dial (circa a.d. 300) . . . 191 German dial, 1713 192 English universal ring dial (circa, 1620) '..... 193 Quadrant made for Richard II. . 194 German ship-dial 195 Brass box dial 195 Finger ring dial 195 Pocket dial 196 Nuremberg dial and compass . . 197 •German metal folding dial. . . 197 French silver dial 198 Italian disc dial 198 Crucifix dial 198 Japanese silver dial 199 Design by Rev. ,G. J. Chester . . 210 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xvii PAGE Liberton House 214 Melbury Castle, Dorset . . . . 223 | Hatford Church 224 Sir Francis Howard’s dial, Corby Castle 233 Barnes Hall, Sheffield .... 241 Dutch Church, Austin Friars . . 243 Window dial. High Street, Mar- borough 246 Rosenheim 249 Abbotsford 252 Trellech Churchyard 254 United States N.ational Note . . 261 Catterick 263 Malvern 273 Sun-dial at Windsor Castle . . 276 Castleton, Derbyshire 280 From the “Book of Emblems” . 285 On the Porch of Bakewell Church 294 In the Cloister Garden, Win- chester College 294 Stanwardine Hall, near Bas- CHURCH 294 An Inn in Rougemont .... 302 Waltham Rectory 304 The Close, Salisbury 316 St. John the Baptist, Morwenstow 316 York Minster 320 Sta. Barbara Mission, California . 322 Wycliffe-on-the-Tees 324 Abbeyfield, near Sheffield . . . 334 Haydon Bridge, Northumberland. 341 Near Danby Mill, Yorkshire . . 345 Greystoke Churchyard .... 345 From “ De Symbolis Heroicis ” . . In Priestgate, Peterborough . . Brougham Hall All Souls, Oxford Leyland Churchyard Nun-Appleton Hall Dial House, Twickenham .... Fountains Hall, near Ripon . . Inveresk Church Compton Wynyates Monthey, Canton Valais .... Shenstone Vicarage Millrigg, Culgaith John Knox’s House, Edinburgh . The Grammar School, Rye . . . Thorp Perrow, Yorkshire . . . St. Mary’s Church, Putney . . . Robinson’s Hospital, Burneston . Norman Keep, Newcastle-on-Tyne Valcrosia, near Bordighera . . Moccas Court St. Beat, Htes. Pyrenees .... Helston Churchyard Cawston Lodge, Rugby . . . . Ashurst Church, Kent . . . . Belfry at Pra WiGMORE Grange Yarrow Kirk Ecclesfield Churchyard . . . . Dryburgh Abbey Church of King Charles the Martyr, Tunbridge Wells . . Silver Pocket dial in the posses- sion OF THE Rev. J. E. Stacye . page 347 350 354 365 373 379 384 399 400 401 413 414 417 434 429 435 436 440 442 445 448 449 454 455 457 465 468 474 475 476 483 486 C S U N-D I A LS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION “ The Dial which doth houres direct — (Life’s guider, Daye’s divider, Sun’s consorter, Shadow’s dull shifter and Time’s dumb Reporter.)” Sylvester’s Dti Bartas^ Divine Weekes, There is no human invention more ancient, or more interesting, than that of the sun-dial ; so ancient that the exquisite essayist, Charles Lamb, says, “ Adam could scarce have missed it in Paradise ” ; and so interest- ing, that we may be sure that man’s first want, after supplying the cravings of hunger, would be to invent some instrument by which he could measure the day-time into portions, to be allotted to his several vocations. “ Please, sir, what’s o’clock ?” is the child’s enquiry, as he “tents” his mother’s cow in the lane pastures ; and the hardy backwoodsman, hewing out a settlement for himself in the primaeval forest, leans on his axe, and looks to the sun’s position in the heavens for information how soon he may retire to his hut for food and sleep. Time is a blank if we cannot mark the stages of its progress ; and it has been found that the human mind is incapable of sustaining itself against the burden of solitary confinement in a dark room, where no note can be taken of time. The great Creator, Who made the sun to rule the day, and the moon and the stars to govern the night, has adapted our nature to these intermitting changes, and implanted in us an immediate desire to count how, drop by drop, or grain by grain, time and life are passing away. B 2 SUN-DIALS Edgar Poe sings, in melancholy strain, as he stands in imagination on the seashore : “ I hold within my hand Grains of the golden sand ; How few, yet how they creep Through my fingers to the deep. While I weep ! ” The first notion of dissecting time would, of course, be suggested by a tree, or a pole stuck in the soil, the shadow of which, moving from west to east, as the sun rose or declined in the sky, would lead men to indicate by strokes on the ground the gradual progression of the hours during which the daylight lasted. Further observation would discover that if the pole were slanted so as to point to the north star, and lie parallel with the earth’s axis, a sun-dial would be constructed that would measure the day. But the fixing of a complete instrument, varying in its lines and numbers, according to the locality, whether horizontally or vertically placed, would be a matter of progressive astronomical and mathematical calculation, which only the scientific could accomplish, long after the rude art of uncivilized man had discovered the means of ascertaining midday, and dividing into spaces the morning and afternoon. Herodotus (443 b.c.) says, “ It was from the Babylonians that the Greeks learned concerning the pole, the gnomon, and the twelve parts of the day” (B. ii., cap. 109).^ These twelve parts, however, would- always differ in length according to the season, except at the equinox, because the ancients always reckoned their day from sunrise to sunset. The word “ hour,” therefore, as they used it, must be regarded as an uncertain space of time, until it was accurately defined by astronomical investigation. The Jewish Scriptures, our oldest literature, give us no clear infor- mation as to how time was reckoned in the ancient world. “ The evening and the morning were the first day ” (Gen. i. 5) is the earliest description of a period of time whose duration we cannot precisely ^ “ The Greeks of later times had a double mode of reckoning the hours. According to the popular method, they divided the period from sunrise to sunset into twelve equal parts. The hours reckoned upon this principle varied in length with the season. Accord- ing to the more scientific method, the day and night at the equinox were severally divided into twelve equal parts, and each of them was reckoned as an hour. The division of the day into twelve parts, which Herodotus describes . . . was doubtless reckoned according to the former method. IldXoc signified a hollow hemisphere ; and hence came to signify the basin or bowl of a sun-dial in which the hour lines were marked. In this sense it is used by Herodotus.” — Adapted from Sir G. C. Lewis, “Astronomy of the Ancients,” INTRODUCTION 3 estimate. A week is also thus defined : “ On the seventh day God ended His work which He had made, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made” (Gen. ii. 2). Farther on in the Jewish history we find the day divided into four parts. In Nehemiah, ix. 3, we read : “ They stood up in their place, and read in the book of the law of the Lord their God one fourth part of the day ; and another fourth part they confessed, and worshipped the Lord their God.” This mode of computation appears to have lasted until our Saviour s time ; the householder in the parable, hiring servants, is described as going out at the third, sixth, and ninth hours to engage additional labourers, and afterwards at the eleventh hour before the day closed (Matt. xx. 1-8). The night was not divided into hours, but into military watches; the Jews recognized three such divisions, the “beginning of the watches” (Lam. ii. 19), the “middle watch” (Judges, vii. 19), and the “morning watch” (Ex. xiv. 24; I Sam. xi. ii); “the second watch,” or the “third watch” (Luke, xii. 37, 38). The Greeks and Romans had four of these night watches, and after the establishment of the Roman supremacy in Judaea it is evident that the division of the Jewish night was altered. In Acts, xii. 4, four relays of soldiers are spoken of ; and in Matt. xiv. the “ fourth watch ” ; whilst in Mark, xiii. 35, the four watches are described as “even, midnight, cockcrowing, and morning.” The mention of the hour as a distinct space of time occurs first in the Book of Daniel ; ^ it is probable, therefore, that after the Captivity the Babylonian division of day and night into twelve parts was adopted by the Jews, and amalgamated with their own system. This was also the case with the Assyrians, amongst whom the calendar of their Accadian neighbours was in use as early as the reign of Tiglath Pileser I. “ Along with the establishment of a settled calendar,” writes Professor Sayce, “came the settled division of day and night. The old rough division of the night into three watches, which we find in the Old Testament, remained long in use; but although the astro- logical works of Sargon’s library do not know of any other reckoning of time, it was gradually superseded by a more accurate system.”^ The Egyptians divided their day and night into twenty-four parts at a very early period. But our business is with sun-dials, and the first on historical record is that of Ahaz, who reigned over Judah in the eighth century b.c. It has ’ Daniel, iii. 6; iv. 19. ^ “ On the Astronomy and Astrology of the Babylonians,” Professor A. H. Sayce ; “ Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology,” vol. hi., 1874. 4 SUN-DIALS been observed that the Babylonians or Chaldaeans were the first people who seem to have divided time by any mechanical contrivance. A lucid atmosphere is favourable to celestial contemplation, of which the people of the East have always availed themselves ; and, even now, those countries most abound in sun-dials which have the clearest skies. The Rev. S. C. Malan thus writes of a visit to Ur of the Chaldees, and the landscape of serene beauty presented to him on the site of Rebekah’s well : “ As the shadows of the grass and of the low shrubs around the well lengthened and grew dim, and the sun sank below the horizon, the women left in small groups ; the shepherds followed them, and I was left in this vast solitude, yet not alone ; the bright evening star in the glowing sky to westward seemed to point to the promised land, as when Abraham took it for his guide.” From this people of Chaldaea, these star-searchers of the old world, we may conclude that Ahaz got his dial, and we read in the history of the unfortunate reign of this king a possible, nay, a likely, cause of his introduction of Babylonian customs. Being pressed in war by the kings of Israel and Syria, Ahaz sought alliance and rescue from Tiglath Pileser II., king of Assyria, who, indeed, relieved him in his emergency, but made him pay a heavy tribute, and conform his worship to that of the Assyrians. “ The altars at the top of the upper chamber of Ahaz ” ^ which Josiah removed, were probably connected with the worship of the stars, and they prove the adoption of Babylonian usages. Among these we may imagine that the “ dial of Ahaz ” ^ held a conspicuous place ; but what its actual form was, remains a matter of conjecture. The word “degrees” in our translation of the Bible has been, in the margin and in the Revised Version, rendered “steps,” and this reading has given rise to various suppositions. Some writers have thought that a pillar outside the king’s palace threw a shadow on the terrace walk, which indicated the time of day. The Rev. J. W. Bosanquet considers^ that “the invention of the pole and gnomon combined, pro- ducing an instrument perfect in itself for all observations, was probably connected with the rectification of the Babylonian calendar in b.c. 747, nineteen years before the accession of Ahaz,” and that the dial was therefore a scientific instrument, the shadow being cast on steps in the open air, “ or more probably within a closed chamber, in which a ray of light was admitted from above, which passed from winter to summer up and down an apparatus in the form of steps. Such chambers were in use in Eastern observatories till the middle of the eighteenth century.” ^ 2 Kings, xxiii. 12. "2 Kings, xx. 9-1 1. “Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology,” vol. iii., 1874. INTRODUCTION 5 On the other hand, one of the explanations which the Rabbins give of the dial of Ahaz is, that it was “ a concave hemisphere, in the middle of which was a globe, the shadow of which fell upon diverse lines engraved on the concavity.” They add that these lines were twenty- eight in number.^ This description is not unlike the dial attributed to Berosus. It is remarkable that no sun-dials of the ancient Egyptians are known. Those which have been found associated with Egyptian monuments, such as the one discovered at the base of Cleopatra’s Needle, are of Greek origin. Professor Renouf, writing in 1887, says : “ We are at a loss as to the method used by the Egyptians for measur- ing time. They certainly had some method, for we have copies of a very ancient calendar, giving the hours of the night at which certain stars culminated. Of course this could not have been a dial, and it must have been an instrument by which equal intervals of time were measured. It may have been an hour-glass or a water-clock, but no such instruments have been found. There is an Egyptian word signify- ing a clock, but the picture of the hieroglyph looks to me like a meridian instrument. There is no reason for supposing that the obelisks were intended for gnomons, though they might possibly have been utilized for the purpose. We know that at a later time they actually served as lightning conductors.” Whether obelisks or pillars were formerly used as time-tellers or not, a primitive mode of dividing time by similar means is still practised in Upper Egypt. The natives, we are told, plant a palm-rod in the open ground, and arrange a circle of stones round it, thus forming a sort of clock face, and on this. the shadow of the palm falls, and marks the time of day. The plougher will leave his buffalo standing in the furrow to consult this rude horologe, and learn how soon he may cease from his work — illustrating the words of Job (vii. 2), “As a servant earnestly desireth the shadow.” Sun-dials of this sort, used for regulating the hours of work for a waterwheel, were noticed as recently as 1893 by Mr. E. A. Floyer. He writes that “two kinds were used. At Edfu a horizontal dhurra stalk lay north and south on two forked uprights. East and west were pegs in the ground, dividing evenly the sphere of earth between the sunrise and sunset shadows of the horizontal gnomon. Further south, the gnomon was a vertical stick. The gnomon and the space between the two pegs are equally called alka. To the question, ‘What do you Kitto’s “Pictorial Bible,” notes, vol. i. 6 SUN-DIALS do when the shadow reaches this peg ? ' the answer always comes, ‘We harness, or hitch on, another pair of bullocks.’ At Aswan, instead of a stick, a wall or boulder is sometimes used, and the dividing pegs are pressed in level with the soil, lest they should be removed by the feet of cattle or passers-by. The phrase may often be heard, ‘ Go and see the alka ’ ; that is, ‘ Go and see the time.’ . . . Some twenty years ago, in Arabia, the celebrated sheikh Daij of Koweit, wishing to test the astronomical knowledge of the writer, asked him to construct a sun-dial. He interrupted learned explanations about knowledge of latitude, hori- zontal planes, etc., by abruptly planting his spear in the ground and marking with his foot where the shadow would fall at the hour of prayer.” ^ A learned friend offers the following remarks : “ The shadow of a tree or vertical pillar cannot permanently indicate the time of day, because its motion is not uniform. The sun’s motion in his diurnal track is uniform ; he always describes the same angle in the same time ; but the angular velocity of the shadow of a tree or pillar is greater at noon than it is at sunrise or sunset ; it also varies with the time of year. The gnomon that indicates the time of day must slope to the horizontal plane at an angle equal to the latitude of the place, and must also lie due north and south. This may be illustrated by the blunder the Romans made in bringing a Sicilian sun-dial to Rome.” ^ The same authority proceeds to say, “ The proper slope of the gnomon may be obtained without a knowledge of the latitude ; and the Babylonians probably did obtain this, and from it determined the latitude, and ascertained that the earth is spherical ; so also the Greeks. A vertical gnomon may be used to determine, not the time of day, but its length and variation of length in terms of equinoctial hours, and thus the Egyptian obelisk brought to Rome by Augustus was used,'^ though from causes which Pliny con- jectures, the inferences they drew were subsequently found to be erroneous. During the Attic period, the Greeks of that city ascertained the time of day by measuring a shadow, but it is difficult to determine how they did this. They talk of a six-foot shadow or mark, a ten-foot shadow or mark, etc. Expressions of this kind are very frequent, and yet they give little or nothing whereby to show the particulars of the measurement — whether it was the length of the shadow that was measured, or its angular distance from a given line, or even what the thing was that gave the shadow.” [In Aristophanes (Eccl. 652) is ^ “Primitive Sun-dials in Upper Egypt,” Ath., 1895, ii. 458. ^ Pliny, H. N., vii. 214; Censorin, de D. N., 23. ^ Pliny, H. N., xxxvi. 72. INTRODUCTION 7 found the expression o-roiy^sTov ^sycocTrow, a gnomon lo feet long, probably- meaning “ supper-time ” ; and in Greek writers of a later period the same word is used, with epithets signifying 6, 12, and 7 feet. There also occurs the word ^ a-moi, the shadow, to which the same epithets are applied.] “ There is little in any of these writers to suggest even a conjecture, still less to support a probable one, respecting the mode of measuring the shadow. The shadow was thrown on the ground ; it was 20 feet long in the morning, about 6 at noon, and 10 or 12 in the afternoon. Salmasius conjectures that it was each man’s own shadow, which he measured with his own foot. This is really ingenious, but all that is certain is, that the method was far from exact, very im- perfect, and required altering several times in the year.” Such was the conclusion at which our learned friend arrived ; but one more quotation must be given from his kindly comments : “ There certainly is a considerable probability that what is called poetic astronomy is as old as human nature itself; and it is a very perfect system. Without any instrumental aid the first occupiers of Arabia could determine the time of year and the time of day with as much accuracy as they had any occasion for. The loss of this science, and the causes, moral and historical, that produced it, are curious, and as connected with the Holy Bible, they are important ; but all these matters require leisure, long life, and patience, — things which few pos- sess, and still fewer wish for.” Salmasius’ conjecture that a man’s shadow was measured by the foot, though probably the foot of another person, receives confirmation from a passage in Flacourt’s travels in Madagascar. In the middle of the seventeenth century Flacourt found that the Malay population, having learned the divisions of the day from the Arabs, made use of the shadow of a man to tell the time, and measured by the length of the foot. In that latitude there is not much variation between the seasons. When the shadow was twenty-four times the length of the foot, they said that the sun was within an hour of rising or setting, as the case might be.^ Traces of the Semitic use of the gnomon have lately been found in Rhodesia. In a paper read before the Royal Geographical Society in February, 1899, Dr. H. Schlicter stated that amongst the ruins dis- covered at Zimbabye there was an enormous gnomon comprising a total angle of 120 degrees, which he thought might date from about 1000 B.c. The country was then colonized by Semitic races from the Houzeau et Lancaster, “ Bib. Mathematique,” Introd., vol. i. 8 SUN-DIALS borders of the Red Sea, Jews, Phoenicians, and Western Arabians. Strabo ^ speaks of countries “ where a gnomon is placed perpendicularly on a plane surface ; the shadow which it casts at midday falls first to one side and then to the other. This, however, only occurs in the tropics, with us the shadow always falls to the north.” Amongst the “ Laws of the Buddhist Priesthood ” there is one which directs that instruction shall be given to the candidate for the priesthood “respecting the measuring of the shadow, the several seasons, the divisions of the day, and concerning the uses of the whole of these.” When we turn to the known history of sun-dials the first name which meets us is that of Anaximander of Miletus. He placed gnomons in the Sciothera of Lacedaemon for the purpose of indicating the solstices and equinoxes, and is said to have introduced sun-dials into Greece about the year b.c. 560. Anaximander had studied under Thales, who was of a Phoenician family, and had travelled in Egypt, and an art which had reached Jerusalem in the days of Ahaz must equally have become known to the Phoenicians. The Greek sun-dials do not seem to have told the hours of the day before the fourth century b.c. Till then, and after, the time was ascertained by clepsydrae, which, though dividing the day into equal periods, had this disadvantage, that they required to be constantly watched, and could not be carried about. But the great advance in scientific knowledge, due to the labours of astronomers and mathe- maticians, as Berosus the Chaldaean, Eudox of Cnidus, Aristarchus of Samos, Archimedes, Apollonios of Perga, Dionysidorus of Melos, and others, brought with it the invention of instruments which told the time more conveniently than the clepsydrae, and not less accurately. Meton the astronomer is said to have set up a sun-dial against the wall of the Pnyx at Athens in 433 b.c., and there was a similar dial at Achradina near Syracuse in the time of Archimedes, a copy of which was placed on the deck of the great ship of Hiero. In the third century b.c. the comic poet Baton speaks of a horologium or sun-dial as a means for determining the time of day. A specimen Greek sun- dial found at Heraclea, and now in the Louvre, is thought to date from the early part of the same century. As in Greek the numerals are represented by letters of the alphabet, it so happens that those letters which indicate the hours from noon to 4 p.m. also spell the word “ live.” An epigram attributed to Lucian plays upon this word in the lines : ' Bk. IL, pp. 125-136. INTRODUCTION 9 eJ wpoa IxOiVUTOCTOCl, Oil /xet’ ocvTocg ypccfjiixoidi §£iXV\)fxivou ZH 0 I Xiyovtri j3poTo7^. “Six hours to toil, the rest to leisure give; In them — so say the dialled letters — live.”^ The Romans adopted dials from the Greeks, and Papirius Cursor set up the first in Rome in the court of the Temple of Quirinus in 293 b.c. At this time the astronomical year of twelve months was introduced instead of the old Roman year of ten months ; “and,” writes Mr. Dyer,^ “ perhaps with a sly innuendo on the part of its dedicator, this dial was placed in front of the Temple of Quirinus, or Romulus, who was reputed to have established the year of ten months.” Before this time noon was proclaimed by a crier — the Consul’s marshal — from the front of the Curia, when the sun appeared between the Rostra and a spot called “ the station of the Greeks.” About thirty years later, in 263 b.c., during the first Punic war, Valerius Messala, having taken the town of Catania in Sicily, brought a sun-dial from that place. This was set on a pillar near the Rostra, but not being calculated for the latitude of Rome, it told the time inaccurately enough. It remained, however, without a rival for ninety-nine years, until, in 164 b.c., Marcius Philippus, then Censor, put up a more carefully designed dial beside it. Another sun-dial was subsequently placed in the Forum, on the Basilica Emilia, and was probably drawn upon a plane surface. That of Marcius Philippus seems to have been a concave spherical dial. The obelisk which now stands in the Piazza Monte Citorio, Rome, was brought from Egypt by the Emperor Augustus, and set up as a gnomon in the Campus Martius, under the direction of the mathema- tician Facundus Novus. The pavement around it was marked out with lines in bronze, which were sunk as deeply in the ground as the height of the obelisk itself. The obelisk seems to have kept its place for some centuries, but was ultimately thrown down and lost sight of. It ^ Another epigram, throwing better light on the way to live, was composed by a later author, Philip Doddridge (1702-1751). Rewrote it upon the motto of his family, “Dum vivimus vivamus ” : “ ‘ Live while you live,’ the epicure would say, ‘And seize the pleasures of the passing day.’ ‘ Live while you live,’ the sacred preacher cries, ‘ And give to God each moment as it flies.’ Lord, in my views, let both united be ; I live in pleasure when I live to Thee.” ^ “ City of Rome,” Introd., p. Ivi. See also Pliny, H. N., vii. 60, C lO SUN-DIALS was found, together with parts of the figures of the dial, in 1463, but again suffered neglect, and was not placed where it is now till 1792/ That dials were frequently to be seen in ancient Rome is evident from the lines attributed to Plautus, who died about 184 b.c., and it is probable that the information they gave was noisily announced at stated intervals by a trumpeter or crier : “ The gods confound the man who first found out How to distinguish hours — confound him, too. Who in this place set up a sun-dial. To rub and hack my days so wretchedly Into small pieces ! When I was a boy. My belly was my sun-dial — one more sure. Truer, and more exact than any of them. The Dial told me when ’twas proper time To go to dinner, when I had aught to eat ; But, now-a-days, why even when I have, I can’t fall to, unless the sun gives leave. The town ’s so full of these confounded dials. The greatest part of its inhabitants. Shrunk up with hunger, creep along the street.” — Quoted by Aulus Gellius, B, 3, C. 3. Cicero, in the year b.c. 48, writes to Tiro about a sun-dial which he desired to put up at his villa at Tusculum; and his death is- said to have been foretold by the omen of a raven striking off the gnomon of a dial." An epigram, attributed to the Emperor Trajan,^ refers to the art of dialling : TPAIANOT BASIAEH 2 . 'Avt'iov crr'n(T0i<; pivoc y.cc\ (rroy^cx, y^oco-Kov, rag oopccg Troicri Trocpsp^oi^Aoig, “Set your nose and wide mouth to the sun, and you will tell the hours to every passer-by.” H e was ridiculing a man who had a long nose and a wide mouth, very much curved, and grinning ; while his many teeth, all visible, resembled the characters that denote the hours, and their double line. There can be little doubt that the use of sun-dials extended over the greater part of the Roman Empire. From inscriptions which have ^ Pliny, H. N., xxxvi. 9, § 71, 72 ; “Astronomy of the Ancients,” by Sir G. C. Lewis ; “ Encyc. Brit.,” 8th edit. ; “ Rome and the Campagna,” by R. Burn. ^ “Epist. ad Earn.,” xvi. 18; Lewis, “Astronomy of the Ancients”; Val. Max., i- 5. 5- " “Anthol. Pal.,” xi. 418. INTRODUCTION I been preserved we may trace them in Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Dacia, and Algeria. Even a village such as the pagus Lcebactium, now Castel Lavazzo, near Belluno, possessed its horologium. Vitruvius enumerates thirteen different kinds of dials as known in his day, some of which were portable, and were to the larger dials what watches are to clocks. Plutarch, says M. Houzeau, mentions an equatorial tablet which was used in his time in Egypt. It was parallel with the plane of the equator, as was the style with the axis of the earth, and the equal hours were described on it. Most of the detached antique dials which remain to us appear to have been the work of Greek artists. The beautiful four-faced marble dial, brought from Athens by Lord Elgin, and now in the British Museum, bears the name of Phaidros, a Greek architect of the second or third century of the Christian era. This told the time of day to the passers-by in the streets of Athens, as did the eight vertical dials on the Tower of the Winds, which may be a little earlier in their date. A hemicycle, or hollowed dial, of the kind said to have been invented by Berosus, stood near the theatre of Dionysios ; indeed neither Athens nor any other great city, had for some hundreds of years any lack of time-tellers. As for the Romans, they placed them, we are told,^ on their temples, their baths, their town houses, their country villas, in their public places, and on their tombs. Dials were sometimes dedicated to the gods, notably to Jupiter, Juno, and Diana, and, indeed, some of the gods were provided with slaves whose special duty it was to tell them the time of day. For “ Peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked.” Baron de Riviere notices an inscription dating from about 47 b.c., and found at old Toulouse, which tells how a temple and horologium had been constructed by one Cirratus, and gives the names of the slaves who did the work. Dials were set on the tombs in order to draw attention to the epitaphs which recorded the name and virtues of the deceased. It was hoped the passers-by might read these when they paused to note the time. After the fall of the Roman Empire the inscriptions cease, but we find other notices of sun-dials even in the “ dark ages.” Thus, in the sixth century, Theodoric, the great “ Dietrich,” sent a sun-dial and a clepsydra as presents to Gondebert, King of the Burgundians ; and Cassiodorus, who himself gives us this piece of information, put up a dial on a monastery in Languedoc. In the time of Justin II., a.d. 565- ^ Marquardt, “ Vie privee des Remains.” 12 SUN-DIALS 578, there was a sun-dial at Constantinople with an inscription quoted by Sir George Lewis : wpacoi/ // ‘li'// is much decayed, the form and arrangement of the numerals on the dial cannot now be as- certained. The date of the dial is of course doubtful. So far as the costume is evidence, it may well be cotemporary with the church, but it may have been inserted long subse- quently.” There are two other re- markable relics at Langford ; one a representation of the Crucifixion, carved in lime- stone, over the south porch, consisting of three figures — the Saviour, the Blessed Vir- gin, and St. John. The figures are decayed from age, but not mutilated. The other is a Saxon sculpture of a “vested crucifix,” the figure of our Lord on the Cross, draped in a stiff vestment re- sembling a cassock, with a girdle round the waist. It is 5 feet 10 inches high, and the head is cut off. Probably the figure has been moved to the porch from some other place, as there would not be room for a head in the sunk panel where it now stands. Mr. G. Leslie, in his charming “ Letters to Marco,” gives a sketch of a curious old dial in the wall of St. Mary’s Church, North Stoke, Oxfordshire, which, by the kind permission of Messrs. Macmillan, we are enabled to reproduce. Here also the time is divided into eight portions. There are two small circular dials at Binsey, in Oxfordshire, one on a buttress near the priest’s door, and the other on the porch. L NORTH STOKE, OXFORDSHIRE. 74 SUN-DIALS The fine pre-Norman tower of Barnack Church, in Northampton- shire, has upon it a dial which is possibly of later date than the building. It is semicircular, but the hour lines are unfortunately obliterated. There is a hole for the gnomon, and the remainder of the circular space above the dial is filled with sculptured trefoil orna- ment of the same character as that on the Hampshire dials. BARNACK. A great number of the mysterious little dials or circles, of which several specimens have been already noticed, are found on churches in Northamptonshire. Some of them, observed and sketched by Mr. A. Armstrong, were described in the second edition of this work. Several more are mentioned by Sir Henry Dryden in a paper read before the Northampton and Oakham Architectural Society in 1896. In this paper the question is again raised. Are these little rayed circles dials at all ? and if so, how could they possibly have told the time with any accuracy with their irregular lines, and in the extra- EARLY ENGLISH DIALS 75 ordinary positions in which they are placed ? In many of them the central hole is so shallow that it would not have held a gnomon, and there are no signs of any support nor trace of any of the lead by which a gnomon could have been fastened. Sir Henry writes : “ They are usually circles or parts of circles from 3 inches to 10 inches in diameter, formed by grooves about inch wide and the same deep, placed from 4 feet to 7 feet from the ground. They have a central hole of j inch or I inch in diameter, and from J inch to i inch in depth, and lines or rows of small holes radiating from the centre, and in some instances small dots or cavities in the periphery of the circle. Some have rays or dots only in the lower half of the circle. There are many varieties. . . . They are found apparently all over the kingdom, and many could not have been cut without ladders. We may look with suspicion on those about breast high, on those with a central cavity which would not hold a gnomon, and on those with irregular rays. It is possible that some might have been a kind of time-table to show service hours.” Some of these stones are built into the churches in so irregular a way that it seems probable that they were intended for use in some other situation, and were either left unfinished or known to be imper- fect ; or if intended for use, they might possibly have been adapted only to certain days in the year, such as the dedication day of the church. Mr. Calverley tells us that he tested the Isel dials on St. Michael’s day and found them correct. It was at first thought that the completely rayed circles must have originally been horizontal dials, but there is no evidence for this, and some of the hours marked must still have been useless. Their resemblance to the sun circles found on prehistoric remains is certainly striking. “ The Journal of the Society of Antiquaries of Ireland” gives drawings of stones at Dowth and Lough Crew with small circles on them, either crossed or rayed, and with central holes. A stone on Patrickstown Hill, Lough Crew, shows a small rayed circle with a central hole, and below the circle a double semicircular arrangement of rays terminating in round holes, very much like some of those which we still find on churches. Is it possible that these circles may sometimes have been carved on the church for ‘Tuck,” after the meaning of the original symbol had been forgotten ? It is said that the Irish remains show the influence of the later bronze age of Scandinavia. A sun-wheel of this type is at Ecton, on the east side of the porch, with a hole 4 inches deep for the gnomon in the centre, and divided into twelve spaces, which are subdivided by smaller lines at the outside 76 SUN-DIALS circle. Another, on the south wall of St. Nicholas’ Church, Potterspury, shows what appear to be two sets of lines cut at different times ; the smaller ones divide half the circle into thirteen spaces, the larger and deeper into ten. Four of these last project beyond the circle and are POTTERSPURY. crossed, and possibly two others may have been treated in like manner, but the stone has been cut away for the splay of the window. The crossed lines are placed in the same position as on the dial at Old Byland. There are several other rough little dials on the walls of the same church. The date of the building is uncertain ; the oldest part may belong to the reign of Henry III., where mention is made of a church at Potterspury. “A priest” alone is named in Domesday Book. At Grafton Regis three out of four dials would seem to be older than the present church. Two are circular, about 9 inches in diameter, one being built upside down into the side of a window, and the other on the west side of the porch. Both appear to divide the day into EARLY ENGLISH DIALS 77 eight equal spaces, and later hours of the day are not marked. The circle of the upper dial is imperfect. A third specimen, beside a south window of the nave, consists of two in- complete circles of holes, with a large hole in the middle. The inner half circle would seem to mark the division of time according to the octaval system ; the outer one is irregular, and the holes are not all of the same size, and do not correspond with those on the inner line, and the arc itself is imperfect. Other dials of the same kind have been noticed at Earls Barton, on but- tresses of the south aisle ; at Blakesley, and at Higham Ferrers, where there are two groups of ten rays each in the semi- circle, one on each side of the gnomon hole, and spaces where four additional lines might have been added. This is about 1 6 feet from the ground, on a south buttress near the priest’s door. Sir Henry Dryden also notices a circle on Towcester Church divided into four spaces, the lower ones ST. SEPULCHRES, NORTHAMPTON. being subdivided each into four ; another at Charwelton, where five rays diverge from a common centre to the right or eastern side ; and SUN-DIALS 78 two at Collingtree, beside a door in the south wall of the chancel. One of these is only 4J inches in diameter, and has seventeen irregular rays, some of which pass through the circle. There are also three small dials at Moreton Pinkney, the remains of nine at Floore, one at Everdon, two at Norton by Daventry, one at Newnham, and two at St. Sepulchres Church, Northampton. The last of these is of special interest. It is now built into the porch upside down, and has evidently belonged to an older building. The dial is circular, about 5J inches in diameter, and the hole for the gnomon is inch deep. Dr. Cox^ writes that “the actual markings or rough workings of the stone, irrespective of the circular incised pattern, shows that it was hewn prior to the Conquest, for it is plainly marked with the Anglo-Saxon chevron tooling in contradistinction to the diagonal Norman axeing.” The dial is divided into four parts, and the lower half subdivided unequally by lines which Dr. Cox takes to show the canonical hours of prayer, and an additional line for the beginning of the third great division of the day according to the octaval rule, 10.30, which would also be the hour for high mass on festivals and Sundays. The centre hole is conical, and | of an inch deep. The second dial is on the east side of the porch en- trance, and probably as origin- ally placed. It is formed of an incomplete circle of small holes, which show the twenty-four hour divisions, and two faintly- marked rays. It may possibly be as old as the porch, which was rebuilt about 1400. We are indebted to Mr. C. A. Markham for the sketch of a dial on the south buttress of Geddington Church, on which the afternoon hours are marked by Roman numerals, cut, doubtless, by an ignorant mason (the VI being represented by IV) at a later date than the dial. The south-west quadrant, which shows the morning hours, is divided into four spaces, and the south-east quadrant into five, and neither of them corresponds with the ordinary modern hours as marked by the numerals. ^ “ Hist, of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,” Northampton, Revs. J. C. Cox and R. M. Serjeantson, 1899. EARLY ENGLISH DIALS 79 In the neighbouring county of Buckingham, dials of the same type with circles or rays, have been seen at the following places : one on Loughton Church, where the dial is circular and has twenty-four divisions, three at Whaddon, three at Sherrington (one bearing the remains of Roman numerals), two at Castlethorpe (both circular, with the lower half divided into twelve spaces, and apparently coeval with the Perpendicular church), and several scattered about on stones near the priest s door at Great Linford, irregular both as to lines and holes. Mr. W. Andrews, in a paper read before the Archaeological In- stitute in 1888,^ drew attention to these rayed circles, and suggested that they might be sun symbols. He gave examples of twelve varieties, viz., the double, the spot, and the rayed circles ; the circle with the lower half rayed ; the rays without an outer ring, and sometimes one or two rays only starting from a central hole ; as well as the semicircular, which is the most ancient form. On Nuneaton Church Mr. Andrews saw six spot circles, varying in size from i|- inches to 3^ inches, besides two rayed circles. On Cubbington Church there was a double ring and a circle with the lower half rayed. At Berkswell a. rayed circle, at Knowle a group of sixteen rays without a ring. On Shilton Church four circles with the lower half rayed, and one at Chilvers Coton ; at Hampton-in-Arden a ring with a vertical groove, two concentric rings, and ten with the vertical groove only ; at W ootton Warren a half circle, and on the south wall of Catthorpe Church a circle divided into fifteen unequal spaces. At Tachbrook there are several dials, and also at Ryton-on-Dunsmore, where one is inside the tower on the north wall. Another is at Anstey ; and on the south wall of the chapel at Kenilworth Castle, which belongs to the Norman portion of the ruins, there is a dial circle. The like have been noticed at Dudlington, Stoke Golding, and Aylestone in Leicestershire ; Marston Montgomery in Derbyshire ; Ledbury, Herefordshire ; and North Mimms, Herts. Mr. Andrews adds that there is hardly an unrestored church in Warwickshire, Northamp- tonshire, or Leicestershire but has circles or imitation dials on its walls. On the church tower at Dunchurch near Rugby there is a very clearly-marked dial, circular, and cut on a square projecting stone, and with rays dividing it into twelve spaces. The gnomon hole is slightly splayed to the west. The dial-stone is placed above one of the corbels of the belfry window, and appears to be in its original position and of the same date as the window, which belongs to the earliest portion of the tower. It forms a distinct architectural feature, ^ “ Archceological Journal,” vol. xlvi. (“Cup and Circle Markings on Church Walls in Warwickshire and the Neighbourhood”). 8o SUN-DIALS and is of the same width as the corbel, which represents an animal carved “grotesque and grim.” The church was built by the monks of Pipewell Abbey, who had a grange at Bilton near Rugby, and is partly Early English and partly Decorated. The fine tower is mainly late fourteenth-century work, but material from an older building is worked into it. At the south-east angle there is a seat in the form of an armchair, called “ Basset’s chair.” Who Dasset was is not known, but a family of that name was living at Thur- laston near Dunchurch in the fourteenth century. The dial may have been the work of one of the early Cistercians of Pipewell. A circle of holes, with the lower half rayed, is on Caythorpe Church, Lincoln- shire, and at Bottesford in the same county there are two circles, the most perfect having twenty-four divisions, twelve of which are halved. On the church of Covenham St. Mary near Louth four small dials have been noticed and described by Sir Henry Dryden.^ One of these, which is on the east side of a south window in the chancel, and is circular, 6^ inches in diameter, with a central hole about ^ inch wide, is divided into four quadrants ; in the north-west quadrant are three rays, not quite regularly spaced ; in the north-east one ray, near the perpendicular line ; in the south-west three rays ; and in the south- east quadrant six rays, irregularly spaced. Another dial, on the south wall of the chancel, is also circular, but with a double outer circle and twenty-four rays. The hours from 4 a.m. to noon are marked by Roman numerals, and these are cut, as at Geddington, to be read from the inside, as on a horizontal dial, although their position shows that the dial was a vertical one. They were probably added by an unskilled hand after the dial was cut. The central hole is ^ an inch in diameter and 2 J inches deep, and there was found in it a fragment of wood with lime on it, the remains, no doubt, of a gnomon. This list of dial-circles and half circles might grow indefinitely were all existing examples to be recorded, but it is already too long. What researches have been made are necessarily partial in character, and we ‘ “ Dials on the Church of Covenham St. Mary,” a paper by Sir Henry Dryden, Bart. (Ass. Arch. Soc. Rep. and Papers, 1897). DUNCHURCH. EARLY ENGLISH DIALS 8i cannot yet tell whether these rayed circles ^ are confined to those counties where they have been noticed by archaeologists, or whether they are scattered indifferently over England. At any rate, we have been able to trace the vertical dial in a regular progression from the eighth century to the fifteenth, through difference of time markings, Norse and Roman, lay and ecclesiastical, up to the time when it became scientifically accurate and artistically beautiful in the hands of the Renaissance builders. ' The suggestion has been made by Mr. Lewis Evans, F.S. A., that some of the early dials, or circles, with but few rays on them, may have been used as horizontal dials for finding the north only, by means of morning and afternoon observations of the shadow of a vertical gnomon. Some of the others with the whole circle divided might have been placed horizontally to show the points of the compass, or they might have been used as equinoctial dials. It is possible also that some were divided with the object of serving as protractors, to give the stone-cutters certain angles. M CHAPTER V EARLY IRISH DIALS “ In the evening and the morning and at noonday will I pray.” — Ps. Iv. The early dials described in the previous chapters have been roughly called Anglo-Saxon, and considered in their relation to the different day-divisions which prevailed amongst the tribes of the conquering race. There are also certain sun- dials in Ireland which seem to belong to the same period, and to be relics of the old Celtic Church. They are cut on upright stones in old graveyards, and were first noticed by the late Mr. Du Noyer. His notes were included in a paper written by Mr. Albert Way for “ The Archaeological Journal.”^ The dials are, as a rule, semicircular, and follow the octaval division of the day. The first was found at Iniscaltra, or Holy Island, in Lough Derg. “ It is on the top of a slab, measuring 5 feet in length by 16 inches in breadth ; and intended to be placed erect in the ground. The semicircle is divided into four parts by five lines deeply cut ; the perforation at the top is large, and intended possibly to receive a gnomon of wood, which, being shaped to a point, threw a slender shadow on or near the circumference of the semicircle beneath.” Each of these lines has lateral branches to right and left, where it touches the semicircle, excepting that at the western end of the horizontal line, which has only one branch. Mr. Du Noyer assigns this dial to the time of St. Camin (who died in a.d. 658, after having founded the abbey of Iniscaltra), on account of the similarity of its style of workmanship to that of the ancient sculptured stones of Kerry, one ^ Vol. xxiv., p. 213. 1.F00T INISCALTRA. EARLY IRISH DIALS 83 of which has also dial lines cut upon it. This is at Kilmalkedar, and is a thick slab of grit, standing about 3 feet 8 inches from the ground. The semicircle, or rather horseshoe (for the height is 15 inches, and the width at the top 21), rests on a shaft 5 inches thick, ii inches wide at the top, and 10 inches at the base. This shaft is ornamented with a Greek fret, but the bottom ornament, as shown in a sketch in “The Journal of the Irish Society of Antiquaries” (1892), is not visible in our illustration. The day-divisions are given by double lines, the ninth hour, or 3 p.m. , being indicated by three lines. “ All these branch off into small semi- KILMALKEDAR. circles, touching the outer rim of the dial. The reverse of the dial is ornamented by the interlacing of four parts of circles, indicating a flower-like cross, but if we look at the spaces between the segments we get a cross of eight points of the form recognized by Irish antiquaries as characteristic of periods prior to the tenth century. The old church of Kilmalkedar is assigned to the early part of the twelfth century, and the graveyard is full of imitations of the old dial, which now serves as a headstone.” The branch lines have a curious resemblance to the half moons which are sometimes found attached to the spokes of the sun-wheel symbols described by Professor Worsae,^ but Mr. Du Noyer regarded them as marking certain times before and after the five chief canonical hours, which he believed to be indicated by the great divid- ing lines. In a dial of the same character at Monasterboice, co. Louth, the ' “ Industrial Arts of Denmark,” SUN-DIALS 84 hole for the griomon was found to be of a peculiar funnel shape. Mr. G. J. Hewson^ writes that on putting in his finger he “found that the hole widened within to fully one and a half diameter of the narrowest part, and then narrowed again till it came to a blunt point at the bottom ” ; the hole in the stone at Kilmalkedar was precisely the same shape. It had been previously suggested that the Kilmalkedar stone was a “chalice cross,” and the hole a betrothal or swearing hole, and this discovery seems to confirm the supposition. In former days, when a priest could not be had, it was a common practice amongst the Irish for the bride and bridegroom to put each a finger in the hole, and pledge SAUL, CO. DOWN. themselves in the presence of witnesses. This engagement held good till a priest was procured to solemnize the marriage. The hole at Kil- malkedar is if inch in diameter. One might suggestthat the gnomon hole was turned to this use after the disappearance of the gnomon. Dr. Haigh gives an illustration of a dial with the horizontal line branched at the end, and the other lines dividing the day into three parts, found on a stone slab at Kilcummin, co. Mayo. St. Cummin or Camin, who founded, as already mentioned, the abbey of Iniscaltra, and was afterwards Bishop of Clonfert, was buried at Kilcummin, his cell, his church, and his burial cairn all being in the same inclosure with the dial, which is apparently of the same age. Shortly before his death Mr. Du Noyer saw another specimen at Saul, co. Down, in the church- yard. The church stands on the site of one founded by St. Patrick, on the ground given to him by his first convert, the chieftain Dichu, and ^ “Journal Soc, Ant. Ireland,” 4th s. viii. 249 ; 5th s. ii. 438. EARLY IRISH DIALS 85 it was to the monastery of Saul that the saint, after his many wander- ings and labours, returned to die. The dial is shaped like a shield, and the spaces between 9 a.m., noon, and 3 p.m. are subdivided, but the first morning to the latest evening hour seem to correspond with the hours of 7 a.m. and 5 p.m., and the 6 o’clock horizontal line is wanting. On the south-east side of the old church of Clone, co. Wexford, there is a stone slab with a semicircular dial upon it. In 1895 it was described as lying on a small mound adjoining the churchyard. There are twelve hour lines, and the spaces between them were measured by Mr. Du Noyer, who found that they corresponded with the hours of 6, 7 J, 9, 10, 11,12, 1 2 ^, 3^, 4, 5, and 6. Above the gnomon hole there is another, which may have held a diagonal brace or support for the gnomon. If this was the case, and if the gnomon was inclined to the complement of the latitude, there must have been a great advance in knowledge before this dial was constructed. The remains of the church appear to date from the thirteenth century, and the dial would seem to belong to the same period. The last dial described by Mr. Du Noyer is of later date, and is circular. It is cut on a slab of grit, which now serves as a headstone in the churchyard of Kells, co. Meath. It is divided into twenty-four equal parts, inclosed in a double circle. The four principal lines are elongated, and three of them end in crosses. They may have been intended to mark the points of the compass if the dial was originally placed horizontally. The letter R is carved on the stone, and resembles the capital letters of the sixteenth century. Part of the gnomon re- mains in the centre of the circle. The practice of cutting sun-dials on tombstones continued in Ireland up to the eighteenth century. There are specimens in the churchyard of Clogher; and a fragment of a stone, which is now in the Dublin Museum, shows a horizontal dial of the old pattern, a double circle, with lines radiating from a central hole, and showing hours, which are numbered, from 5 a.m. to 8 p.m. Beside it, roughly cut, are the words : [pr]aY for TERRENCE RENNET I 748. It came from the churchyard of Killbay near Kells. Whether any of these tombstone dials are as ancient as Mr. Du Noyer supposed may, perhaps, be doubted, but they are certainly of singular interest. His view, that the canonical hours rather than the points of the “ day tides ” are marked by the radiating lines, gains con- firmation from the drawing of a “ horologium ” in an eleventh century 86 SUN-DIALS Saxon Psalter in the British Museum ; each canonical hour is here marked by its initial letter; the hours for Tierce, Sext, and Nones are crossed, and the noonday line projects beyond the circle in an orna- mental cross, not unlike those on the Kells stone. The lines are drawn for suggestion, not for use, and the hours of the day are numbered so as to bring the sixth to noon and the twelfth to eventide, after the ancient custom. The same use has been followed by D. G. Rossetti in his beautiful little sketch of an angel holding a vertical sun-dial, called “ Dante’s Amor.” In this Saxon horologium there are seven circles ; the hour lines stream down like rays- from the higher circles of light, and on the third circle the fylfot is twice marked, possibly with refer- ence to the two hours of prayer which are not included among the day hours. Durandus,^ writing in the thirteenth century, states that the “ Horologium, by means of which the hours are read, teacheth the dili- gence that should be in priests to observe at the proper time the canonical hours, as he saith, ‘ seven times a day do I praise Thee.’ ” A Latin distich, which gives the reason for appointing these seven special hours for prayer, also accounts for each of them being marked on the dials with the sign of the Cross : “At Matins bound, at Prime reviled, condemned to death at Tierce, Nailed to the Cross at Sext, at Nones His blessed side they pierce. They take Him down at Vespertide, in grave at Compline lay, Who thenceforth bids His Church to keep His sevenfold hours alway.” A dial of much later date than any of the above is built into the east wall of the cathedral of Killala, co. Mayo. It is an “ east declining dial,” and shows the hour from 4 a.m. to noon. The gnomon is gone. Two curious little detached dials belonging to an early period are described in the same archaeological papers to which we have frequently referred.^ The first was turned up by the plough in 1816 in the old fortress of Cleobury Mortimer in Shropshire. It was of shell lime- stone, flat on one side and convex on the other, about 3^ inches by 3T inches in size, and about i| inch thick. It was pierced through from edge to edge, as if intended to be strung on a cord, and with it were two beads or whorls with runes on them, evidently meant to be hung on the same string as the dial. The dial itself is circular, with hour lines radiating from a central hole, and below are some smaller ^ “Rationale Divinorum Ofificiorum,” translated by Dr. Neale. - Archoeological Journal,” v. 221 ; “Yorkshire Archceological Journal”; “Archjeo- logia Cambrensis,” 3rd s. xiv. 446. EARLY IRISH DIALS 87 holes irregularly placed, but corresponding with some of the lines. Mr. Du Noyer believed the rays to mark the canonical hours, and the dial not to be of later date than the twelfth century, while Dr. Haigh thought that the lines indicated the decimal time-division of the Jutes, and agreed with Professor Stephens of Copenhagen in assigning a very early date, the fifth or sixth century, to the dial. Mr. Lewis Evans suggests that it may have been a nocturnal dial, to be used by means of the pole star and the pointers of the Bear (with which the small holes have been thought to correspond), at certain times of the year. Professor Stephens gave an interpretation of the runes, but the CLEOBURY MORTIMER. accuracy of this has been questioned. The dial is still in the posses- sion of Dr. Whitcombe of Birmingham, but, unfortunately, it has not been possible to obtain a fresh examination of it. A small pear-shaped stone, measuring nearly 3 inches by 2 inches, and I Inch thick, was found in the moat of Stokesay Castle in Shrop- shire. It is of soft sandstone, with a central hole and six conical holes In the edge. It was exhibited at the Midland Institute in Birmingham in 1897. The surface is much worn, and it seems almost doubtful whether it is a dial at all, but Dr. Haigh found traces of cement round the central hole, as if a style had been fixed there, and there were faint remains of radiating lines which might have marked 9 a.m., 10 ^ a.m., noon, and 3 p.m. CHAPTER VI RENAISSANCE DIALS, DETACHED “ It were a happy life To carve out dials quaintly, point by point.” — 3 Henry VI. Few things are more variable than the dates assigned to things found In places where the relics of different ages have become mixed together. The small stone cube of dials now in the Dover Museum was, when first dug up, thought to be Roman. It was the only one of the kind DOVER MUSEUM. known, and Roman relics had been found near the same spot, beside the desecrated church of St. Martin’s-le-Grand. The church had once formed part of a Benedictine monastery, and it seems much more likely, from the appearance of the dials, that they were made by an ingenious Benedictine and set up on the wall of the monastery in the fourteenth or fifteenth century, than that they should have lain hidden since the Roman occupation.' ’ “Arch. Journal,” xxi. 262; “Yorks. Arch. Journal,” v. ; “Strand Magazine, 1892.” RENAISSANCE DIALS, DETACHED 89 The stone is a cube of fine-grained oolite, measuring 4I inches ; on the top there is the remnant of an iron pin, and on the four sides are sunk dials, heart-shaped, oblong or cylindrical, and triangular. The stone seems to have been intended to stand on a small pillar or bracket. The sun-dials are calculated for latitude 47 degrees, so would not have told the time very accurately at Dover ; but they may have served as models for other dial-makers, or the learned Benedictine may have had a special value for the relic of which we know nothing?/ “We cannot buy with gold the old associations.” Compare with this cube the one found in the monastery at Ivy Church near Salisbury.^ This is 5^- inches in length and breadth, and 6f inches in height, but one inch had been inserted in a pillar, so that the cube is really perfect. “ The corners have been cut off, so that besides the top and the four sides eight spaces were avail- able for dials. The south side has a heart-shaped hollow, like the Dover cube,” with eleven hour lines in it, and the east face a double plane resembling an open book. “ The west face has three excavations : a rectangular one with a plane base, a semi-lenticular one (the figure being obtained by bisecting a thick double convex lens), and a rect- angular one with a curved base. The semi-lenticular excavation was filled with a small stylus, indicating the afternoon hours. The north face has a large sharply-cut crescent recumbent on the convex side.” The eight triangular dials at the corners are much damaged, but each had a small stylus and excavation. On the top of the cube was a horizontal dial, and the metallic sub-stile is still visible and many of the Roman numerals marking the hours. The gnomon was evidently inclined to the latitude of the place, 5of degrees. Dr. Dixon considered that the dial might be assigned to about the middle of the fourteenth century, when the learning of the Arabs had found its way into many parts of Europe. The little Dover dial probably came from France; here we find an English follower. Ivy Church was founded by Henry IT, and for three centuries was a flourishing home of Augustinian canons. ^ “Wilts. Arch. Mag.,” “ Notes on a Sun-dial,” by Rev. R. Dixon, xxvii. 236. N IVYCHURCH PRIORY DIAL. WEST FACE. 90 SUN-DIALS These little cubes are probably our earliest English examples of detached dials, that is, dials which stand alone, unattached to walls or buildings. They also show the return to the earliest antique type, where the shadow is cast in hollow places scooped out of the stone, with hour lines drawn upon them. These sunk dials became varied in form to a degree unknown to the ancients. They were hemispherical, heart-shaped, cylindrical, triangular, oblique, and so forth, and to these were added, on the same stone, the plane, hori- zontal, vertical, reclining, and indeed al- most every variety of dial. This com- bination of plane and sunk dials cut in stones which, whether great or small, were intended to stand alone, was developed till it became, not merely an ingenious instrument for ascertaining the time of day or for imparting scientific know- ledge, but a decorative pillar, a work of art to be placed in courtyards, gardens, and public squares, at a time when the luxury of domestic architecture and the laying out of pleasure grounds began to be cultivated. These monumental dials were a product of the Renaissance. No country shows such magnificent examples as Scotland. If we take the English specimens first, it is because we incline to the belief that some of them are of earlier date, and that the history of one of these, now, alas, no longer in existence, can be certainly traced to the beginning of the sixteenth century. This was the dial which has been already mentioned, made by Nicholas Cratcher, or Kratzer, for the garden at Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, probably in some year between i52oand 1530. The date of its removal is not known, but thanks to Robert Hegge, a scholar of Corpus in 1614, and “ a prodigy of his time,” says Wood, ‘‘ for forward and good natural parts,” we have a sketch of it, which we are enabled to reproduce here by the kindness of Dr. Thomas Fowler, now Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, in whose work on Corpus Christi College it originally appeared. p. KRATZER S DIAL, CORPUS CHRIS I'l COLLEGE GARDENS. RENAISSANCE DIALS, DETACHED 9 Robert Hegge left behind himseveral MS. works, including twocopies of a treatise on dials and dialling. He thus describes Kratzer’s dial : “In this beautiful Alter (on w'*" Art has Sacrificed such varietie of Invention to the Deitie of the Sun) are twelve Gnomons, the Sun’s fellow travellers,. who like farr distant inhabitants, dwell some vnder y'" Aequinoctiall, some vnder the Poles, some in more temparat Climats : some vpon the plains in Plano, some vpon the Mountains in Convexo, and some in the vallies in Concavo. Here you may see the Aequin- octial dial the Mother of y^ rest, who hath the horizons of the paralel Sphere for her dubble Province, which suffer by course an half year’s night : There the Polar dial wing’d with the lateral Meridian. Here you may behold the two fac’d Vertical dial which shakes hands with both Poles : There the Convex dial elevated in triumph vpon 4 iron arches : Here lastly the Concave dial which shews the Sun at noone the hemisphere of Night. In other dials neighbouring Clocks betray their errours, but in this consort of Dials informed with one Soul of Art, they move all with one motion : and vnite with their stiles the prayse of the Artificer.” ^he old dial which stands on a low pedestal in front of the manor house of Westwood near Bradford-on- A von, appears from its shape to 92 SUN-DIALS have carried on the tradition of Kratzer s work. It is covered also with dial hollows of various shapes, and has been thought to date from the seventeenth century. It has possibly been moved of late years into its present positionT^ The dial-block at Great Fosters near Egham is of nearly the same shape as the above. It is about 2 feet high, i foot 8 inches wide, and 10 inches thick. It is placed on a pedestal built of alternate layers of stone of different size, after the style of the seventeenth century. All the faces of the block bear dials of different forms. At the top there is a short column with an iron rod, on which there was once a weather vane. Stand- ing, as this dial-pillar does, in the centre of a smooth green lawn bordered with flowers, and in front of a noble old red-brick Tudor mansion, with great elm trees round it where the rooks build, it looks a fitting accompaniment to a “ haunt of ancient peace.” The history of the dial is not known, but it is generally called “Sir Francis Drake’s dial.” In all probability the connection is not with the great sea captain, but with one of the Drakes of Esher Place, which, in 1583, was bought by Richard, third son of John Drake, of Ashe in Devon, the head of the family from which Sir Francis sprang. Richard Drake was succeeded by his son Francis, and he in his turn had a son Francis, who lived at Walton-on-Thames, and died in 1634. These places are only a few miles from Great Fosters House, which about that time belonged to Sir Robert Foster, Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, who died in 1663 and was buried at Egham. It is not clear when or from whom Sir Robert bought the place, but he was living there in 1643. Another tradition has it that the house once belonged to a Duke of Northumberland, who drew an arm illary sphere, which still remains, on the staircase wall. This would probably be Sir Robert Dudley, son of the Earl of Leicester, on whom the title of Duke of Northumberland was bestowed by the Emperor Eerdinand. He was an ingenious mathematician,^ and many clever instruments de- signed by him are preserved in the British Museum, at the Institute ^ He was the author of a great work on instruments of navigation, “ Del Arcano del Mare,” fol., Florence, 1646. RENAISSANCE DIALS, DETACHED 93 of “ Studii Superiori ” at Florence and elsewhere. The house itself claims a Tudor origin, for Queen Elizabeth’s cipher is found there, and Anne Boleyn’s badge, but its history cannot be certainly traced beyond Sir Robert Foster’s time. The appearance of the dial and its pillar would lead us to connect it with the early part of the seventeenth century, and most probably with Mr. Francis Drake. Among the entries in the college books of Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge in 1576, there is a notice of a pillar in a court- yard, which was “a stone of marvellous workmanship, containing in itself sixty dials, made by Mr. Theo- doras Haveas of Cleves, a famous artist and notable exponent of archi- tecture, blazoned with the arms of the nobles who then dined in the college, and dedicated by him to the college as a token of goodwill. On the summit of this stone is placed a winnowing fan, placed like a Pegasus.” The name of Theodoras Haveas has been found at King’s Lynn, where he settled with his family. The pillar was standing in 1769 when Loggan’s views were taken, but the dials were gone. The fine cube of stone which stands near the side entrance to Madeley Court, Shropshire, probably belongs to the end of the six- teenth or the early part of the seventeenth century. It stands on four short pillars, mounted on a circular platform, and approached by steps. There is a great concave on three of the four sides, surrounded by smaller hollows of different shapes, and the top is convex. Each of the hollows shows the hour at a certain time of day, and the position of the moon in relation to the planets can also be ascertained. The dials have no history, but the house, which is now divided into dwell- ings for colliers and their families, was bought from the last prior of Wenlock Abbey by Robert Brooke, Justice of the Common Pleas, and probably rebuilt by him. In the time of Charles I. it belonged to Sir David Brooke, a devoted Royalist and friend of the King; and Charles II. was concealed for a time in a barn at Madeley during some of his MADELEY COURT. 94 SUN-DIALS wanderings. The convex or hemispherical dial is described by Sebas- tian Munster in his “ Horologiographia,” i 530. In Walpole’s “Anecdotes of Painting” it is stated that in 1619 the eminent sculptor Nicholas Stone made a dial at St. James’s, the King finding stone and workmanship, for which he received 135“. “And in 1622,” Stone says, “I made the great diall in the Privy Garden at Whitehall, for the which I had ^^46, and in that year 1622 I made a dial for my Lord Brooke, in Holbourn, for the which I had ^8 lOi-.” Also for “Sir John Daves, at Chelsea,” he made a dial, and two statues of an old man and woman, for which he received apiece. The Privy Garden dials, executed by Stone, were, however, designed by Edmund Gunter, Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, who in 1624 published a description and use of the same, which he dedi- cated to King James, praying him to accept these poor fruits of his younger studies when he was His Majesty’s scholar in Westminster and Christ Church. The stone, he says, was of the same size as that which stood in the same place before, only that was of Caen stone, and this of one entire stone from Purbeck Quarry. The base was a square of more than 4^ feet, the height 3J feet, and it was wrought with the like planes and concaves as the former, but many lines different and such as were not in before. There were five dials described upon the upper part, four in the four corners, and one, the great horizontal con- cave, 20 inches deep and 40 inches over, in the middle. The south side had one great vertical dial, two equinoctial dials, “ whereon the sun never shineth but in winter,” one vertical concave in the middle, two declining dials on either side of this concave, two small polar concaves, and two irregular dials with three styles in each dial. The east and west sides had each four great dials, plane, concave, cylindrical, and a square hollow of many sides, and on the north the lines were drawn so as to answer to those on the south side. There were also four tri- angular dials at the four corners. Latin verses explaining the lines and their colours were inscribed in each of the larger dials. This fine and curious work was defaced in the reign of Charles II. by a drunken nobleman of the Court, on which occurrence Andrew Marvell wrote : “ For a dial the place is too unsecure. Since the Privy Garden could not it defend ; And so near to the Court they will never endure Any monument how they their time may misspend.” RENAISSANCE DIALS, DETACHED 95 A dial which appears to resemble in several points this work of Stone’s or Gunter’s, is at Badminton House, Gloucestershire, and has lately been remounted on stone steps and placed in front of the church. Nothing is known of its history, but it is probably early seventeenth century work. There is a “great concave” at the top, with a hole near the bottom for the rain-water to run out, and around the top the hours are marked in Roman numerals, the signs of the Zodiac being carved above them, while the sides are covered with dials of different forms, BADMINTON HOUSE. hollowed and plane. Badminton House was not built till 1682, but it is possible that this dial may have been brought from Raglan Castle, and if so, its construction and ownership may be connected with two loyal friends and supporters of Charles I., the first and second Mar- quesses of Worcester. The second marquess, known also as Earl of Glamorgan, was not only a gallant soldier, but a man of science and a mechanician, and has left the record of his discoveries in his “ Century of Inventions.” The fancy of Charles I. for sun-dials was well known. Mr. Ought- red, the mathematician, on being asked by Elias Allen, one of the King’s servants and a noted instrument maker, to advise him as to a suitable gift for His Majesty, replied that he had “heard that His Majesty delighted much in the great concave dial at Whitehall, and what fitter instrument could he have than my horizontal, which was the very same represented in flat ? ” Horace Walpole, in his “Anecdotes of Painting,” gives a copy of a 96 SUN-DIALS bill of John de Critz, serjeant painter to His Majesty, wherein the colouring of a dial, opposite some part of the King and Queen’s lodging, is described at some length. “ For several times oyling and laying with fayre white a stone for a sundyall .... the lines thereof being drawn in several colours, the letters directing to the howers guilded with fine gould, as also the glorie, and a scrowle guilded with fine gould where the numbers and figures specifying the planetary howers are inscribed ; likewise certaine letters drawne in black, informing in what part of the compasses the sun at any time there shining shall be resident, the whole works being circumferenced with a fret painted in manner of a stone one, the complete measure of the whole being six foot.” Critz also repaired pictures by Palma and Titian, and yet was not above painting the royal barge and coach. The catalogue of goods from Oatlands Palace, belonging to Charles I ., which were sold under the Commonwealth, includes : “ Two stone sun- dyalls with a wooden seat at y'" end of y*" arbour, valued ^3. Sold Mr. Lavender 29 March 1649 for ^2 . o . 6^” Amongst the king’s goods offered for sale at Greenwich was “a great stone sundyal, valued at ^ 30.” A purchaser does not appear to have been found for this. To the Great Fire of London in 1666 we probably owe the de- struction of Dr. Donne’s sun-dial, which he set up at the deanery of St. Paul’s, and which he mentions in his will : “ My will is that the four large pictures of the four Great Prophets which hang in the hall, and that large picture of ancient church work in the lobby, and what- ever else I have placed in the chapel (except that wheel of Deskes which at this time stands there) shall remain in those places, as also the marble table sonnedyal and pictures which I have placed in the garden, and an inventory thereof to be made and the things to continue always in the house as they are.” All are gone now ; the deanery was swept away by the Fire, and not a vestige of Dr. Donne’s legacies remain. In the garden, or rather orchard, of what was formerly the manor house of Upton near Peterborough, there stands a fine monumental dial-stone of the seventeenth century. Upton was once the property of Thomas Dove, Bishop of Peterborough, whom Queen Elizabeth called her “ Dove with the silver wings,” and who died in 1630. His son. Sir William Dove, inherited the place, and lies buried in the little church or chapel hard by, where there is a noble monument to him and his two wives. The three figures, life size, lie under a canopy, and traces of the original colour can be faintly seen under a modern coating of drab paint. 97 RENAISSANCE DIALS, DETACHED The dial has, fortunately, only been repaired so far as to fasten securely a top stone, which was formerly movable, and covered a con- cave dial. The whole block is 5 feet 10 inches in height, and 3 feet 4 inches in width at the base moulding. The upper part of the south side is sloped lectern wise; the vertical portion has a heart- shaped hollow. East, west, and north have their several dials, now UPTON, NORTHANTS. overgrown with lichen, but it is not many years since the numerals could be distinguished. Not far off from this fine old dial-stone is the stem of a mulberry tree, said to have been planted in Queen Elizabeth’s time, and near it are the remains of the old terraces of the garden. Of the manor house only the kitchen is left ; its wall is 6 feet thick, and the ivy growing over it has a stem which, from, its size, must be some centuries old. The dial was described and sketched with great detail a century ago,^ and it still stands, little altered, in the midst of the quiet fields and old-world surroundings of an out-of-the-way little hamlet. ‘ Gibson and Gough’s “Castor,” “Bib. Top. Brit.,” x. 1795; Bridge’s “Hist, of Northamptonshire”; “Anastatic Drawing Soc.,” vol. xxiv. O 98 SUN-DIALS A stone somewhat resembling this at Upton, but which has met with much worse treatment, is now mounted on the gate-post of a farm- yard at Patrington, Yorkshire. It is also of the lectern shape, with an oblong hollow on the slope to the south, and a heart-shaped one below. There was once a concave at the top, and oblong, triangular, and circular hollows on the east and west sides ; these are all much worn away. The history of the stone has been traced back to 1770, when it was taken out of the remains of an old house which appeared to have once belonged to the Hildyard family. Sir Robert Hild- yard, of Patrington*, who died 1685, was a Cavalier who fought in the wars on the King’s side, compounded for delinquency under the Parliament, and at the restora- tion of Charles II. was created a baronet. P'rom the appearance of the dial, as well as its history, it would seem likely that it was set up by the old Cavalier in his gar- den at Patrington, and probably before those civil wars which brought him into close contact with the great lover of dials, Charles I., to whom he was made Gentleman of the Privy Chamber in 1642.^ There are two curious old dial-stones standing in the churchyard at Elmley Castle, Worcestershire. One of these is placed on the eastern side of the burial ground, and is a cube of i foot 10 inches, rising to a blunt point, and surmounted by a globular-shaped top ; it is covered with hollows of different forms. In several of these hollows there remains a thin iron rod, once the gnomon ; in others the rods are beaten flat upon the stone, which is much worn away. The whole height of the dial does not exceed 3I- feet. On the plane surfaces of the stone, which is bevelled off at the sides, the remains of two gnomons may be traced by the lead with which they were fixed. Two of the hemi- spherical hollows have an iron rod fixed across them, and two other hollows contain their metal gnomons, tolerably perfect. When the examination and sketch of this dial was made, about 9 inches of soil had to be cleared away from its base. This was done some years ago, and since then the dial has suffered from weather and school-children, and is much defaced. The other dial stands near the north-west angle of the churchyard, and is erected on the base and one of the steps of the old cross. On ’ “ I'ransactions of the East Riding Antiquarian Society,'’ vol. v., “Notes on a Sun- dial at Patrington.” PATRINGTON. RENAISSANCE DIALS, DETACHED 99 this foundation there are six courses of stone masonry, rising 2 feet 6 inches in height, and above them is a stone so similar to the dial just described, that it has been conjectured that they might once have formed one structure. Three of the sides have hollows of different shapes, and on the fourth, the north side, is a large shield bearing the arms of Savage, with numerous quarterings ; as Walkinton, Danyers, Swinerton, Beke, Stanley, Latham, Arderne, Bagot, Basset, Camvill. These arms were borne by Christopher Savage, to whom the manor of Elmley was granted by Henry VI II. It seems likely that he, or one of his imme- diate descendants, was the giver of the dial. The family of Savage held land in the parish till within the last twenty or thirty years. At the top of this pillar there Is a more modern block, with four vertical dials on it. In the village of Elmley Castle there Is a cubical dial on what seems to have been the shaft of an old cross, and on this the date ADOM CDCXLViii is Inscribed. It stands where two roads meet. The dial-block has unfortunately been placed upside down, probably at the last “ restoration.” One might read the inscription as A. DO. MCDCXLViii, which would be a very probable one for the placing of a dial- stone on the cross, but not in its present inverted condition. A dial of the same type as that which bears the Savage arms has been built into the market cross at Wilton. Some part of one of the gnomons remains, but the stone has long ceased to be used as a dial, and we have been unable to find out its history, or even to ascertain when the curious heterogeneous construction which goes by the name of “ cross ” was erected. The most beautiful and perfect of all known English dials of this class is at Moccas Court, Herefordshire. It is thought to belong to the reign of Charles II., and was first set up at Mornington Court on the opposite side of the Wye, once the property of the Tompkins family. When this estate came Into the possession of the Cornewalls, now represented by the Rev. Sir George Cornewall, Bart., the dial EIAILEY CASTLE CHURCHYARD. lOO SUN-DIALS was brought to Moccas. It has several mottoes carved upon its sides, which will be found further on in this work. A dial-stone resembling this one, but in much worse condition, was once to be seen at Kinlet near Bewdley, but from inquiries lately made it seems that only a portion of it remains, and that is now used as a vase for holding plants ! There has been more than one de- scription published of the “ Marvellous Pyramidicall dial at Whitehall,” set up in 1669, by order of Charles II., in the Privy Garden facing the Banquetting House. ^ It stood on a stone pedestal, and consisted of six pieces in the form of tables or hollow globes, placed one above another, standing on iron branches, and lessening in size as they neared the top. The inventor was the Rev. Francis Hall, alias Lyne, professor of mathe- matics in the Jesuit college at Liege, where he had previously erected a simi- lar set of dials, which, in 1703, were re- ported to be “ shamefully gone to decay.” This pyra- mid is said to have con- tained no less than 271 different dials, some show- ing the hours according to the Jewish, Babylonian, Ital- ian, and Astronomical ways of reckoning, others with the shadows of the hour lines falling upon the style ; some showing the hour by a style without a shadow, and others by a shadow without a style. There were also portraits on glass of the King, his Queen, and the Queen Mother, the Duke of York, and Prince Rupert. Perhaps the most unusual feature was a bowl which told the time by fire. This was about 3 inches in diameter, and was placed, filled with water, in the middle of another sphere, measuring about 6 inches across, and consisting of several iron rings which represented the circles of the heavens. By apply- ing the hand to these circles when the sun shone, the enquirer would ’ “Tractates,” by W. Tveyboiirn, 1682 ; Holwell’s “Clavis Horologicae,” 1712; “The Mirror,” No. 400, 1825. WILTON CROSS. RENAISSANCE DIALS, DETACHED TOI feel the burning effect of the sun’s rays which passed through the water bowl and struck upon the ring whereon the true hour was shown. This ingenious and fantastic construction, in faulty taste, for it was more curious than pretty, was ill adapted to resist the weather, for Mr. Leybourne complains, in 1689, that “the Diall for want of a cover, was much endamaged by the snow lying long frozen upon it, and that unless a cover were provided (of which he saw little hope), another or two such tempestuous winters would utterly deface it.” Mr. Timbs says that, about 1710, William Allingham, a mathematician in Cannon Row, asked /^soo to repair this dial, and it was last seen by Vertue at Buckingham House, from whence it was sold. Father Lyne’s own description of this work was published in 1673, and is illustrated by seventy-three plates. An engraving of it may also be seen in Ley- bourne’s Works. CHAPTER VII CYLINDRICAL, CxLOBE CROSS AND STAR-SHAPED, FACET-HEADED, AND HORIZONTAL DIALS “Stands it not by the door — Love’s Hour — . . . ? Its eyes invisible Watch till the dial’s thin-thrown shade Be born, — yea, till the journeying line be laid Upon the point that wakes the spell.” — D. G. Rossetti. Perhaps the most notable features of the dials just described are the hollows — round, heart-shaped, or angular — which distinguish them. Some such hollows are found again on the lectern-shaped dials, but the most distinguishing mark of these is the half cylinder, with which plane dials, generally reclining and proclining, are combined. One such block, surmounted by a ball on which hour lines are also traced, is in a garden at Cheeseburn, Northumberland, mounted on a pedestal. It was drawn by Mr. R. Blomfield for his “ Formal Garden,” and Messrs. Macmillan have kindly allowed the reproduction of the sketch. Cheeseburn came into the family of the present owner, Mr. Riddell, through the marriage, in the eighteenth century, of Mr. Ralph Riddell with the heiress of the Widderingtons, to whom the place belonged. The dial strongly resembles some of the Scottish examples. A very similar stone is on the gable of the church at H artburn, in the same county. Another cylindrical dial, surmounted by a cherub’s head, not unlike those seen in Scottish sculpture of the eighteenth century, is in the Antiquarian Museum in the castle, Newcastle-on-Tyne. At the back of the stone there is an old man’s head, and on either side the halves of a north polar dial. Below these are two small hollowed dials, a plane dial, and a vertical north dial, with a stone gnomon ; and on the south side a plane verticaTsouth dial with a stone gnomon below the half cylinder. On the east and west sides are two flattened hemispheres with metal gnomons.^ ’ “Arch. .Uliana, Pro.,” 1891-94. Pl. V. SUN-DIAL AT MOCCAS COURT, HEREFORDSHIRE (See No. 1469, p. 448.) To face p. 100. .V nCjksL CYLINDRICAL DIALS 103 Mr. Warrington Hogg saw a modern example of the same type in the little village of Denton near Canterbury, and sketched it for “ The Strand Magazine.”^ It had been made some fifty years earlier by Richard Webb, a master mason, and was mounted on a fine pillar of red brick, built in a spiral form, and of beautiful workmanship. Mr. Hogg also describes the dial in the deanery garden at Rochester. This is shaped like a short thick anchor, the hour lines being drawn on the cylindrical hollows of the sides. It stands on a pedestal, and marks the boundary between the parishes of St. Margaret and St. June, 1892. 104 SUN-DIALS Nicholas. The dial and pedestal, of grey stone, are together about 5 feet 6 inches in height, and on the south side is fixed a table of equa- tions engraved on metal. Another stone sun-dial shaped like an anchor is in the garden of Penn- sylvania Castle, Isle of Portland. It was made about the year 1830^7 A double cylindrical dial may be seen in a garden at Fellside, Essex, placed on an ivy-covered pedestal. Mr. G. Yarding, the owner, writes that it came into his fathers posses- sion in 1828, and had previously stood on the lawn of an old mansion which had belonged to an engineer of scientific tastes, who had probably set up the dial. Another specimen of this kind was shown at the Loan Exhibition at the Midland Institute at Birmingham, in 1897. It belonged to Mr. Osier, who was always much interested in sun- dials, and who had this reproduced in marble from a drawing of one that he had seen, very much bro- ken, in 1842, at Hastings Castle. The semi - cylindrical hollow is* also seen on a small stone which stands about 7 or 8 inches high, and was discovered in the centre of a wall at Wig- borough House, Somer- setshire. It is now in the museum at Taunton. The stone is said to be a hard freestone from the Mendip quarries. There is a semi-cylindrical dial on each side, and one on a reclining plane at the top. The hour lines and some of the numbers can still be seen painted in the hollows. The dial, no doubt, stood on a small pillar, or wall, so that CYLINDRICAL DIALS 105 the four sides could be seen, and probably dates from the seventeenth centurQ There is surely no more curious little specimen of a hollow cylinder FELLSIDE. DIAL FROM WIGBOROUGH HOUSE. than that which is cut on an upright gravestone in Saxmundham Churchyard. It is only 3 inches long, and marks the afternoon hours. The bodies of John Noller and Mary his wife rest below. Some few years ago the late Mr. George Roberts described in his “ History of Loft- house” a curious dial, partly cylindri- cal, which he had seen at Hartshead Church, Yorkshire. The stone was cubical, fixed in a low position at the south-east corner of the nave, and on the south face there was an erect dial, while the east and west sides were deeply hollowed vertically, and the light was cut off by the sharply- chiselled edges of the stone. A hori- zontal dial inscribed “ N.N., 1611,” is on a pedestal in the churchyard. Another cube of stone with a concave dial on one face is on a pedestal in Mr. Hunter’s garden at West Boldon, co. Durham, and on the top of this cube there is a semi-cylindrical dial placed in a sloping position. There are sunk dials of the cylindrical form on the south buttress of the chancel of Bleadon Church, Somerset. The chancel belongs to the Decorated period, and one of the dials closely resembles that on the sloping face of the Upton dial (see ante, p. 97). They were sketched for the “Antiquary”^ by Mr. J. L. Andre, F.S.A., and we have been allowed to reproduce the illustration. ^ December, 1893, vol. 28, No. 48, N.S. P TKe- oj* loHM And MARY Hi&W* I W hcfe S oit IsTcok Tl Iqhn Nollcrs SAXMUNDHAM CHURCHYARD. o6 SUN-DIALS The next form of dial which comes under our notice is the convex or globular type. We have not many examples of this type, though we hear that it has been revived, and some globe dials made and set up within the last few years. Joseph Moxon in his “Tutor to Astronomie ” (1659) describes a “ Dyal upon a solid Ball or Globe, that shall shew the Hour of the day without a gnomon,” and says that a “ Dyal of this sort was made by Mr. }ohn Leek, and set up on a com- posite columne at Leadenhall Corner, London, during the mayoralty of Sir John Dethick, K^,” in 1655. The column was flanked by four statues of women in caps and kirtles, and formed the centre of a fountain. It was re- produced in “Old London” in the Health Exhibition in 1884, and is figured in Chambers’ “ Book of Days.” Moxon also gives an example of a Mass elobe dial borne on the shoulders of Atlas, which stood in the garden of Robert Titchborn, another Lord Mayor of London. The dial was made by dividing the middle or BLEADON. equinoctial circle into 24 equal parts, marked with two sets of figures from I to 12, and the globe then set according to the latitude of the place, with one 12 line to the north and the other to the south. A figure of Atlas resting on one knee and bearing a globe dial stood for some time in the grounds of Gloucester House, Walworth, but was destroyed many years ago. A statue of Atlas, which probably bore a sun-dial, stood once in that part of the gardens of Wadham College, Oxford, which was laid out in 1650 by the then warden. Dr. Wilkins, and is shown in Loggan’s engravings. It was blown down by a high wind in 1753 and broken to pieces. In the courtyard of Lewes Castle there is a stone ball on a pedestal which shows signs of having been covered with dial lines, and has some holes where gnomons were once fixed. It has been broken and mended with mortar, and was presented about fifty years ago to the Sussex Archaeological Society. Its history is not known. CYLINDRICAL DIALS 107 A globe bearing some resemblance to the above, but made of metal and marked with eight or ten hexagonal dials painted on the metal, and with curiously pierced gnomons, is at present in the possession of Messrs. Barker and Son, Clerkenwell Road. It stands about 3 feet high, and has apparently been placed on a pedestal and surmounted by a vane, for which there is a large hole at the top of the globe. Each dial marks the time at a different place — Amsterdam, Jerusalem, Rome, Madrid, Paris, etc., and ending with Fort St. George and “ Port Sir Francis Drake.” No English place of note is named. It is evidently eighteenth-century work. A handsome dial mounted on steps, in the gardens of Ford Castle, Northumberland, had the appearance, in a small sketch which we have seen, of a globular dial, though it may possibly have been facet-headed. Globe dials are sometimes found surmounting a block of vertical ones, as at Knowsley and other places. Cross dials have been revived of late years, and the Rev. R. W. Essington, late vicar of Shenstone, composed for one which he put up, some singularly beautiful and appropriate lines which will be found in the collection of mottoes. The shape is that of a Latin cross, placed slanting, so that the shadows from the angles fall on the sides where the hour lines are drawn, and no gnomon* is needed. Mr. Ross ^ gives an example of one at Scotscraig, P'ifeshire, which stood in the courtyard of the old mansion house built by Archbishop Sharp in 1667. The family of Sharp were in possession of the estate of Scots- craig for nearly a hundred years, and there is every reason to believe that the dial, which is of a close-grained brown stone, probably some form of sandstone, belonged to the Archbishop of St. Andrews — “ Him whom butchers murdered on the field of Magus Muir,” His arms and initials, A. I. S., are over the entrance gate. He was assassinated by a party of Covenanters in 1679. A cross dial made of iron stood formerly at the south corner of Middle Moorfield, by Moorgate, in London. It was fixed on a stone bearing this inscription : “ This dial was placed here as a Boundary of ^ “Castellated Architecture of Scotland,” vol. v. io8 SUN-DIALS the Parish of St. Stephen, Coleman St., in the memorable year 1706, in the 9th year of the glorious reign of our most gracious Sovereign, whom God long preserve.” A cross dial on a stone pedestal, copied from the Shenstone dial, but without a motto, has been erected at Hamstall near Rugeley. It is in the churchyard, and stands on a pavement made partly of smooth fiver-stones, and partly from some beautiful old tiles found in the church. The cross is of white marble, and the pedestal is an alabaster one which formerly supported a font in the church, and was removed from thence about 1868. A dial of the same type was placed, by the late Rev. Charles Page Eden, in the garden of Aberford Vicar- age, Yorkshire ; and the Rev. T. Parnell removed one from King’s Hill near Dursley to his garden at Staverton Vicarage, Gloucestershire. At Whitton Shields, Northumberland, a cross dial is placed below the east window of the chapel which belongs to the old house of the Thornton family ; and at Naburn Hall near York, one made of oak, projecting from a wooden post, has lately been placed in the garden. There are cross dials also aCthe Manor House, Rochdale ; and Lumley Castle, Durham. Some few years ago a dial in the form of a star, placed before a cottage at Hanslope in Northamptonshire, attracted the notice of a passer-by. It had been set up by the postmaster, who was said to have made several others and put them up in different parts of the country. They were reproductions of an old form, which is to be found in Schoner’s book. The “facet-headed” dials, or stone blocks which are cut into a variety of plane surfaces and have a dial on each plane, are not uncommonly found mounted on a pillar and adorning a garden. One of these, mounted on steps, is in the garden at Heslington Hall near York, and harmonizes well with the architecture of the fine old house and the quaintly-cut yew trees near it. There is no date on the pillar. Another stone, consisting of “ twenty equilateral triangles, so disposed as to form a similar number of dials,” was made in 1813 by George Boulby, a working mason. ^ It was bought by Mr. Waterton, the naturalist, and set up at Walton Hall near Wakefield. In the Duke of Newcastle’s garden at Clumber, betwixt the house WALTON HALL. This form is technically known as an “ icosahedron. CYLINDRICAL DIALS 109 and a fine marble fountain that was brought from Italy, is a pedestal on which are two iron hoops about a yard in diameter, placed trans- versely one inside the other, with a rod across the middle. In the centre of this is a knob, which, when the sun shines, throws its shade on the figures that are marked with gold within the hoops. A dial, which from its description seems to be an equinoctial ring dial like the foregoing, and stands on the head of a stone figure of Atlas, is at Oakley Park in Shropshire. Similar dials have been made of late years, both for gardens and also of smaller size, to stand on a window-sill or a table. The detached dials with which everyone is most familiar are, of course, those horizontal plates which are mounted on pedestals or short columns, and have often the additional interest of being engraved with curious devices and mottoes. They were, perhaps, the latest in chrono- logical order ; our oldest specimen (from the churchyard of Wood- plumpton in Lancashire), has the date 1598 on the plate; but they were probably used a century earlier. Being made of metal, they were more durable than the vertical dials carved or painted, as they often were, on walls ; and the pedestal might be either simple and cheap, or of artistic design and elaborately sculptured. When the formal garden came into fashion a sun-dial became the central object on a grass plot, or on a gravel walk where several paths converged. It is thus that we meet with it in poetry and in painting. Lovers make it their trysting-place, or the forlorn damsel watches sadly where “ . . . . round the sundial The reluctant hours of day Heartless, hopeless of their way. Rest and call ” : or the old retainer sits on the step where grass grows up between the stones, and thinks of bygone days ; or the student moralizes beside it. The dial has become suggestive and picturesque, therefore its days have been prolonged. It is still wanted for the garden and the grass plot. Old dials, torn from their original resting-places, are frequently to be seen in the London curiosity shops ; new ones make their appearance in provincial exhibitions. It is only from the churchyard that the sun-dial disappears ; the plate gets loose and is stolen, the stones give way and are pushed aside ; it is not thought worth restor- ing : there is a new clock ; away with the dial ! The pedestal admits of great variety of treatment. Sometimes it is a kneeling figure, supporting the dial with hands and head. Such a figure, usually spoken of as “The Moor,” stood for many years in the garden of Clement’s Inn. Peter Cunningham, in his “ Handbook of I lO SUN-DIALS London,” supposes it to have been brought from Italy by Lord Clare, but Mr. Timbs’ account appears to be more correct. “ There were in the eighteenth century,” he says, “statuaries who made figures in lead, and whose yards lay between Piccadilly, Devonshire House, and Park Lane, and a favourite design of one of these men, John Van Nost, who came over with William III., was that of an African kneeling, with a sun-dial on his head ; the last owner of his yard, John Cheere, died in 1787.” The date on this dial plate is 1781 ; the designer, no doubt, inherited John Van Nost’s traditions. The figure is of bronze, and was at one time painted black, when a wag stuck on to it the following lines : “ In vain, poor sable son of woe. Thou seek’st the tender tear ; From thee in vain with pangs they flow, For mercy dwells not here. From cannibals thou fled’st in vain ; Lawyers less quarter give : The first won’t eat you till you ’re slain The last will do ’t alive.” At the sale of the property of Clement’s Inn in 1884, the dial was bought by Mr. William Holmes and presented to the Society of the Inner Temple, and it now stands in the gardens, on the terrace by the Thames Embankment. A leaden figure of Time kneeling, supporting a sun-dial on his head, is on the lawn at Flaxley Abbey in Gloucestershire. The stone statue of Time carrying off the dial, on the terrace at Duncombe Park, is noticed in the collection of mottoes. Mr. Blomfield, in his “ Formal Garden,” describes a fine dial at Wroxton Abbey, Oxon, where the plate is fixed on “ a moulded circular top carried by four draped female figures, who stand on a square pedestal, the angles of which are decorated with rams’ heads, and swags of fruit and flowers.” The figures may possibly represent the four seasons, as do those round the dial in the Dane John at Canter- bury, where the shaft is mounted on a square base, thus raising the dial to a considerable height. In 1895 a fine dial of this kind was set up in the grounds of Whatton House near Loughborough. It is sup- ported by four figures of the Muses, Clio, Euterpe, Erato, and Urania, and mounted on steps.^ There is no record left to tell us the form of the dial, “ once of great renowne,” and now only remembered by the name “ Dial Walk,” in the ^ The designers were Messrs. Brewill and Baily, architects. See “The Builder,” October 19, 1895. CYLINDRICAL DIALS I private gardens of Kensington Palace ; nor of that erected on Richmond Green by Queen Caroline, wife of George IL, which was still standing in 1776, and said to be “ of a pretty taste, and encompassed with seats.’' There is a dial on a plain pedestal at Kew Palace remarkable for the stone base on which the pillar rests. It is inscribed as follows: ON THIS STONE IN I725, THE REV°. JAMES BRADLEY MADE THE FIRST OBSERVATIONS WHICH LED TO HIS TWO GREAT DISCOVERIES, THE ABERRATION OF LIGHT AND THE NUTATION OF THE EARTH’s AXIS. THE TELESCOPE WHICH HE USED HAD BEEN ERECTED BY SAM^. MOLYNEUX, ESQ'"'', IN A HOUSE WHICH AFTERWARDS BECAME A ROYAL RESIDENCE, AND WAS TAKEN DOWN IN 1803. To PERPETUATE THE MEMORY OF SO IMPORTANT A STATION THIS DIAL WAS PLACED ON IT IN 1 832, BY COMMAND OF HIS MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY King William the fourth. A relic of old London Bridge has been preserved and mounted with a dial, as the following letter from the Rev. C. W. Jones, who wrote from Pakenham, Suffolk, in 1895, informs us: “ I have a dial in the Vicarage garden erected on one of the balus- trades of old London Bridge, which my father got when the bridge was taken down in 1832, and have set it on a square base, inscribed as follows : PONTIS LONDINENSIS. A.D. MDCLXXVI EXTRUCTI, A.D. MDCCCXXXH DIRUTI. Columella sto superstes. [/ siLvvive, a little colmjini\ One of the balustrades of old Rochester Bridge was made use of for a like purpose by Charles Dickens. The sun-dial stood in the garden at Gadshill, and after the death of the novelist was bought by Mr. Crighton, of Rochester. Part of the shafts of crosses which were “ stumped ” at the Reformation have often been made use of to support horizontal dials. At one time a dial plate was on the base of the cross at Woodchurch, Cheshire. The dial was removed in 1889, and the upper part of the cross was restored by the rector. He added the following inscription : “ I used to show the hours which pass away, but now I point to that which is eternal.” In the garden at Selborne, where Gilbert White lived, there is a pedestal dial which is said to have been put up and used by White himself. It has no date. Another dial associated with an imperishable name in English I I 2 SUN-DIALS literature is that which was given to William Cowper by his friend the Rev. J. Johnson, and the following letter of thanks (which we owe to the kindness of Mr. Thomas Wright, principal of the Cowper School at Olney) gives particulars as to how the present was made : “Sept. 4, 1793. “ My dearest Johnny, — “To do a kind thing, and in a kind manner, is a double kindness, and no man is more addicted to both than you, or more skilful in contriving them. -Your plan to surprise me agreably succeeded to admiration. It was only the day before yesterday that, while we walked after dinner in the orchard, Mrs. Unwin between Sam and me, hearing the Hall clock, I observed a great difference between that and ours, and began immediately to lament, as I had often done, that there was not a sun-dial in all Weston to ascertain the true time for me. My complaint was long, and lasted till, having turned into the grass-walk, we reached the new building at the end of it, where we sat awhile and reposed ourselves. In a few minutes we returned by the way we came, when what think you was my astonishment to see what I had not seen before, though I had passed close by it — a smart sun-dial mounted on a smart stone pedestal ! I assure you it seemed the effect of conjuration. I stopped short and exclaimed, ‘Why, here is a sun-dial, and upon our ground! How is this? Tell me, Sam, how came it here? Do you know anything about it ? ’ At first I really thought (that is to say, as soon as I could think at all) that this factotum of mine, Sam Roberts, having often heard me deplore the want of one, had given orders for the supply of that want himself, without my knowledge, and was half pleased and half offended. But he soon exculpated himself by imputing the fact to you.” After Cowper left Weston Underwood (where the dial was erected) the sun-dial was removed by the Throgmortons to the hall where they lived, and in 1828 it was placed where it now stands, in the garden of the priest’s house, on or near the site of the porch that belonged to the west front of the mansion. It is inscribed: “ Walter Gough, No. 21, Middle Row, Holborn, London.” A dial, which is said to have been calculated by Sir Isaac Newton, stands in the garden at Cranbury Park, Hants. The gnomon is pierced with the letters I. C., and the arms of Mr. Conduitt, the owner, as granted to him in 1717, are engraved on the plate with his motto: “ Cada uno es hijo de sus obras.” \_Each 07ie is the son of his deeds?\ The maker’s name, John Rowley, is below. Mr. Conduitt married Sir Isaac Newton’s niece, and succeeded him in his office of Master of the Mint. In his later years the great astronomer made his home at Cranbury.^ A dial connected with the ancestors of George Washington was noticed in the “Athenaeum” for June 24th, 1899. This was found in the garden of what is known as the “Washingtons’ House,” Little Brington, Northants, a house which was no doubt occupied at one ^ “John Keble and his Parishes,” C. M. Yonge. CYLINDRICAL DIALS 113 time by the Washingtons of Sulgrave. Over the door of the house is the inscription : “ The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh away, blessed be the name of the Lord; constructa 1606.” This date would coincide with the change of fortune which brought the family to Little Brington. The dial is horizontal, and is cut on a round slab of sandstone 16J inches in diameter ; the numerals are placed so as to be read from the inside, and between the hours of 4 a.m. and 8 p.m. are the Washington arms : argent, two bars and in chief three mullets (gules), with the date 1617 and initials R. W., somewhat defaced. In the centre of the shield there appears to have been a DALSTON. crescent, the mark of the second son, which would point to Robert Washington, second son of Lawrence Washington of Sulgrave, as the owner of the dial. He died in 1622, and was buried in Brington Church ; and his nephew Lawrence, rector of Burleigh, Essex, was father of the two brothers, John and Lawrence Washington, who sailed for Virginia in 1657. In an old farmhouse garden near Dalston, Cumberland, there stands a picturesque old dial with a serpent twined round the stone pedestal. A stone shaft in Bradbourne Churchyard, Derbyshire, bearing a Q SUN-DIALS 114 horizontal dial of brass, has certain regimental badges cut on the cap, showing that the dial was set up by Captain Thomas Buckstone, who fought at Culloden in 1745. In the garden at Bradbourne Hall, the ancient seat of the Buckstone family, there is another dial entirely of stone, except the gnomon, dated 1740, and by the same maker. A sun-dial in the Italian garden at Newstead Abbey, Notts, Is mounted on a unique pedestal, viz., the white marble capital of a pillar brought from the Temple of Venus at Athens. The history of the capital is inscribed on the dial plate. A stone pedestal of classic mouldings in the formal garden at Canon s Ashby, Northants, the seat of Sir Henry Dryden, Bart., bears a sun-dial with the Dryden arms engraved on it, and the maker’s name, It Is certainly of later date than the pedestal, which was set up about 1710, the garden having been laid out by Edward Dryden in 1700. Dial plates are often found with coats-of-arms engraved on them, and are sometimes very fine specimens of the engraver’s art. A beautiful eigh- teenth-century specimen is at West Wycombe Park, Bucks, bearing the arms of the Lord Despencer of the day upon it. Another fine plate at Staverton Court, Gloucestershire, has the shield of Sir William Strachan, Bart., and the name of “ Thomas Wright, Instrument maker to his Majesty George H.” The Fortescue arms are found on the dial in Ripple Churchyard, Gloucestershire, with the name of the maker, “Nath: Witham, Chancery Lane, London.” The late Mr. Bridgeman Simpson brought a very beautifully engraved dial plate from Stoke Hall, Derbyshire, and placed it on a pedestal in his garden at Bab- worth Hall, Notts. Perhaps the designs on these plates are most often heraldic, but emblematic figures and arabesque patterns are sometimes found on them. Messrs. Barker, of Clerkenwell Road, have lately engraved a handsome plate on which the tables of the equation of time are disposed in separate columns, according to the months, between flowers appropriate to the different seasons of the year. The gnomons also can be made very ornamental, when pierced, or supported by scrollwork of graceful design. There is great scope for the artist in the treatment of horizontal dials, both in the adornment of the plate and the sculpture of the pedestal, but we will not be led astray into these paths of art. One Jones, Holborn.’ ST. MARY S, SCILLY. CYLINDRICAL DIALS 115 more pedestal alone shall be noticed, and it is of a severely simple character. In the first edition of “The Book of Sundials,” published 1872, Mrs. Catty wrote: “At St. Mary’s, the largest of the Scilly Isles, and near the fort called ‘ Star Castle ’ (if we remember the spot where we sketched it), is an old cannon stuck upwards in the ground, and over its mouth a dial plate is fixed. What storms must have broken upon it in that tempestuous region ! What hurricanes must have blown around ! What dark nights covered it ! And yet, whenever the sun shines, and cheerfully as if no disturbance ever reached it, the dial face becomes bright again, and the gnomon sends its shadow round the plate.” CHAPTER VIII VERTICAL DIALS, DETACHED “ A Dial is the Visible map of Time, till whose Invention ’twas follie in the Sun to play with a shadow. It is the anatomie of the Day ; and a scale of miles for the journie of the Sun. It is the silent voice of Time, and without it the Day were dumbe. It is a Spheer stolen from Heaven whose little circle is the Sun’s day labour. It is the book of y*^ Sunn on which he writes the Storie of the day. It is the traveller’s Ephemerides : and an enimie to envious Time that would steal away and have none to take notice of her. Lastly heaven itself is but a generall Dial, and a Dial it in a lesser volume.” — R. Hegge’s MS., HeliotropV77t Sciothericvm, From the year 1520 to 1744 a pillar bearing a cubical stone with dials on its four sides, crowned by a pyramid with ball and cross, stood on the churchyard wall of St. Mary’s, Oxford, and is figured by Loggan (1688). It was the work of Nicholas Kratzer, and his stonemason East. In his MS., “ De Horologis,” Kratzer gives a copy of the inscription, which contains his own biography and an explanation of the dial lines in verse, not unlike Gunter’s description of the lines on the Privy Garden dial at Whitehall. The Latin is illspelt and imper- fect, very difficult to render into English ; some passages therefore can only be given conjecturally : “Anno 1520 Ego Nicolaus Krasterus bauarus monacensis natus servus regys Henricy viij jussu illius per-legi Oxoniae Astronomiam suple spheram materialem Johannis de Sacro Bosco et compositionem astrolaby et geographia Pthol, in illo tempore erexi columnam seu cilindrum ante ecclesiam Diui Virginis cum lapicida Wilhemo Aest servo regis. Eo tempore Lutherus fuit ab universitate condemnatus cuius testimonium ego Nicolaus Krasterus in columna manu propria scripta posui.” the year 1520 /, Nicholas Kratzer, born a Bavarian of Munich, a sei'vant of Kmg Henry VIII., at his command lechired at Oxford on Astronomy and the supplemeiit to Astronomy, the mundane VERTICAL DIALS, DETACHED IT? Sphere of John of Holy wood} the composition of the astrolabe and the geography of Ptolemy, While there I set up a column or cylinder before the C/mrch of the Blessed Virgin with the help of the stone cutter William Aesty the kings servant. At that time Ltdher was condemned by the University y a testimony of which I Nicholas Kratzer wrote and placed with my own hand upon the column!'^ The dial thus speaks : Annis mille tribus quingentique adde decern bis Invenies tempus quo hie situatus eram, Oxonie rector Thomas Mosgrave medicinam Qui profitebatur quique peritus erat.^ Me posuit lapicida suis Gulielmus Aestus perpulchre manibus, hunc dedit atque locum, Nicolaus cunctas Krasterus bavarus horas dicere me fecit qui monacensis erat, Quique suis illo prelegerat astronomiam tempore discipulis multaque tradiderat, Et fuit Henrici turn octavi nominis huius astronomus regis cui bene earns erat ; Anglus erat lapicida, fuit Germanus at alter, totius aetatis cum decus ipse fui ; Ambo viri semper Germano more bibebant, et poterant potus sugere quicquid erat. Anno 1520. \To 07ie thousand five himdred and three years add twice te?iy and yo?i will discover the time at zvhich I was placed hei'e. Tho)?ias Mosgrave ~ {then) professed medieme at Oxford^ and was skilled therem. William Aest the stone C 2 itter set me up fairly ivith his ow?i hands y a7id placed 77ie m this spot. Nicolas Kratzery the Bavaria7i ivho was of Mimichy caused me to tell all the hours. He also at that twie lectured to his pupils 07i ast7vno7ny, and much learni7ig he handed doivn. He ivas the7i the ast7-07i077ier of Kmg He7iryy of that 7ia77ie the eighth, ivho held hwi very dear. The sto7ie cutter was E7iglish, the other Germa7i, at the time whe7i I was the admiration of the ivhole age. Both me7i drank ever ifi the Ger77ia7i fashion, and could swallow all the liquor that there 2 uas.] This was very likely written on a sheet of paper and stuck up on the dial on the occasion of the visit of some distinguished person. Kratzer does not seem to have taken offence at the last two lines, as he inserts them whole in his book. Then follow other verses : ^ John de Sacro Bosco, or Holy wood, was born at Halifax and educated at Oxford. He afterwards taught mathematics at Paris, and died in 1256. He wrote a celebrated treatise on the sphere, which is said to be an abridgment of Euclid. It has been often printed, and was commented on by Clavius. (See Hallam, “ Lit. of Europe,” i. 1 13.) ' Thomas Mosgrave was “reader in medicine,” not professor. ii8 SUN-DIALS Carmina inscripta in horologo Vniversitatis Oxoniensium edita per Ludovicum Viuum : Ad orientem Per Virgas Virides notantur horae Quas monstrant numeri a die renato Ad meridiem Solis meatus lucis alternas Vices Horas diurnas, signa, quae tempus notant, Vmbrae docebunt Gnomonum meatis suis Ad occidentem Ceruleae signant ex quo se condidit undis Temporis interea quot sol confecerit horas. Ad septentrionem Tempora, et obliqui soils lunaeque meatus Ostendi mirum possunt mortalibus umbris. [ Verses mscribed o?i a dial of Oxford University, produced by Ludovicus Fives : ^ On the east : The hours are marked by greeti lines, tvhich the ^lumbers point out, begin ni?ig with the birth of the day. On the south : The su?i’s journeys, the alter?iations of the light, the hours of the day, a?id the signs which ma 7 'k the season, the shadows of the gnoi 7 ions shall teach thee by their ivanderings. On the ivest : The dark blue Imes shoiv how inany hours of time the sun hath fulfilled since he hid himself beiieath the zvaters. On the ?W7'th : The twies a7id the oblique 77iove77ie7its of the sun a7id 7noon, can be show7i forth, a zniracle to 7nortal shades k\ It is evident from these inscriptions that the eastern dial showed the hours reckoned from sunrise, ix., the old German or Babylonian hours ; while that on the west gave those reckoned from sunset, or the Italian hours. The inscription on the column implies that a scale of degrees was marked below the gnomon. Tanget, quum medij notam diei Phebus, lunane, stilus indicabit A coeli medio, polls, Horizonte Ad sidus spacium quod esse dices. [ Whe 7 i Phoebus or the 7710071 touch the znidday 77 iark the style tvill shozv you the space zvhich you tvill say the 7 -e is betwee 7 i it {Phoebus or the 7710071) aoid the zetiith, the poles, and the horizon j\ Some resemblance to the form of Kratzers work on St. Mary’s churchyard wall may be traced in the graceful column of dials which still stands in the quadrangle of his old college of Corpus Christi. It is taller and of finer proportions, but there is the same cubical block with dials on its four sides, and dials also on the slopes of the pyramid, besides a perpetual calendar on the column, and mottoes which will be ' Ludovicus Vives was one of the lecturers of Corpus. VERTICAL DIALS, DETACHED 119 found later on in this book. The date 1581 is on the south face, and the initials C. T. and date mdcv on the column. The initials are those of Charles Turnbull, a Lincolnshire man, by whom these dials were constructed. He was admitted to the college in 1573, and was the author of a treatise on the Celestial Globe. The first date probably applies to the setting up of the dials, and the second to the tables which are painted on the cylindrical shaft. Hegge gives a drawing of the dial as it appeared in his time, 1625-30, and this has been reproduced in Mr. Fowler’s “ History of Corpus Christi College.” The shaft then rested on steps, which the present square pede- stal afterwards replaced. The verti- cal dials were partly covered by the coats-of-arms, carved in relief, of (i) Bishop Fox, the founder of the col- lege; (2) Bishop Oldham; (3) the Uni- versity of Oxford ; and (4) also by the Royal arms. In each case the scroll- work round the shield acts as a gnomon to the dial face engraved be- low It. The column is said to have been regarded as inconvenient ” dur- ing the old days when invasion was threatened, and the quadrangle was used as a drill ground, but happily it was not removed from its place, and still stands as a monument of Turn- bull’s mathematical skill. Few sun-dials are of greater his- torical interest than that which bears the name of the celebrated Anne Clifford, Countess of Pembroke, the able and excellent lady who could discourse on every subject, “from predestination to slea’ silk,” the heiress of the great house of Clifford, who fought in the courts for her vast estates with the tenacity and ruled them with the wisdom of a Maria Theresa ; raising also her castles from 20 SUN-DIALS their ruins, repairing the churches, building again, as the inscriptions state, the old waste places. Amongst the monuments reared by her, this pillar by the wayside between Brougham and Appleby still stands to record her name. It is octagonal, and surmounted by a square block bearing dials on two of its sides ; on the other two are the arms of the Viponts, from whom the estate of Brougham came to the Cliffords, and those of Clifford impaling Russell, surmounted by an earl’s coronet. There is also the following inscription : THIS PILLAR WAS ERECTED, ANNO 1 656, BY THE RIGHT HON. ANN COUNTESS DOWAGER OF PEMBROKE, AND SOLE HEIR OF THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE, EARL OF CUMBERLAND ETC., FOR A MEMORIAL OF HER LAST PARTING IN THIS PLACE WITH HER GOOD AND PIOUS MOTHER, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE MARGARET COUNTESS DOWAGER OF CUMBERLAND, THE SECOND OF APRIL, 1616. IN MEMORY WHEREOF SHE ALSO LEFT AN ANNUITY OF FOUR POUNDS TO BE DISTRIBUTED TO THE POOR WITHIN THIS PARISH OF BROUGHAM, EVERY SECOND DAY OF APRIL FOR EVER UPON THIS STONE TABLE. LAUS DEO. The stone table for the alms stands at the foot ot the pillar. An- other dial pillar set up by the Countess at Appleby is noticed in the motto collection. For some part of the eighteenth century the base of the High Cross in Warwickshire bore a conical sun-dial crowned by a vase and cross. It marks the place where the old Roman fosse-way crossed Watling Street, and is locally called the “centre of England.” The dial was struck down by lightning in 1791, and only the base of the cross remains. This bears two Latin inscriptions written by George Greenaway, a schoolmaster at Coventry, one to draw attention to the Roman roads and castra, and the other in praise of the Earl of Den- bigh, by whose care the column was erected a.d. 1722. Of another dial-stone only the memory remains. This was a square pillar I2|-feet high, which stood in the hamlet of Three Mile Bridge near Newcastle-on-Tyne. It was erected by John Pigg, town surveyor of Newcastle during the Civil Wars, who walked daily from his house in the town to Three Mile Bridge, and derived so much health and pleasure from the habit that he put up a lasting monument of his VERTICAL DIALS, DETACHED I 2 gratitude. There were three dials on the pillar and several texts from Scripture, together with the following lines in praise of wisdom : “ AVho would not love thee while they may Enjoy thee walking ? For thy way Is pleasure and delight : let such As see thee, choose thee, prize thee much.” Pigg seems to have been a Puritan and a very eccentric character. He “ usually wore a high crowned hat, a strait coat, and would never ride, but walk’t the pace of any horse, hundreds of miles on foot with a quarter staff fenced with an iron foot at one end.” He died in January, 1668-9, and left some money for the relief of the poor and the support of a clergyman. The pillar was removed in 1829, when the road at Three Mile Bridge was altered. Pillars more elegant than the Countess of Pembroke’s, and crowned by a cube of stone bearing dials on some or all of its faces, and sometimes tapering to a point above to be crowned by a ball or some other ornament, are still to be seen in the market-places of country towns. There is a fine specimen at Carlisle. The dial-block is placed on an Ionic column standing on six steps, and is crowned by a lion sejant holding a shield which bears the city arms. Above the capital of the column is the inscription : “ Thomas Reed, Maior, 1682.” A pillar with a cube of dials sur- mounted by a ball, and with a drink- ing-fountain at its base, stands also in the market-place at Mansfield. At Steeple Ashton, Wiltshire, a column about 20 feet high, bearing four vertical dials, stands on the steps of an old cross in the market-place.^ It is thus inscribed : “ T. S. Repaired in 1785, and in 1826. Founded in 1071. Rebuilt 1679. Re- paired In 1714.” The dials probably date from the rebuilding. In the THE COUNTESS PILLAR Engraved in “The Antiquarian Cabinet,” vol. vii., 1819. R 122 SUN-DIALS market-place at Guisborough, Yorkshire, a stone pillar crowned by a dial and ball has been set up in recent times. It stands on a block of masonry and has a drinking-fountain at its base. The cross at Chichester, really a market-house, built in the fifteenth century and repaired in the reign of Charles II., had at one time four sun-dials facing the four principal streets of the city. These have now MARKET CROSS, CARLISLE given place to a clock. Taunton Cross, which likewise bore dials, was taken down in 1715. At Woodstock a central pillar, round which the market-house was built, was surmounted by a stone cube with an erect dial on its south face. This is shown in an engraving of 1777 Grose’s “ Antiquarian Repertory.” The market cross with its dials is still standing at Oakham, and the parish stocks are at its foot. The Queen Eleanor cross at Northampton, and also the cross at Geddington, were at one time furnished with dials, and the Tottenham High cross, after being rebuilt in 1600 by Dean Wood, had two vertical VERTICAL DIALS, DETACHED 123 dials placed on its south and west sides, one of which remained till 1809. But how many dial-pillars stand on the bases of ancient crosses in market-places, churchyards, or by the wayside, it were hard to say. The old wayside cross at Culmerden, Gloucestershire, has a dial-block mounted on an Early English shaft. At Ashleworth, in the same county, the shaft of a former churchyard cross, 5 feet high, now supports a block of dials, those on the east and west sides beinof hollowed. One in Ham Churchyard, Derbyshire, was sketched for the Anastatic Drawing Society in i860; another is at Biddulph, in Staffordshire, and is thought to date from the sixteenth century. At Mar- tock, Somerset, a tall fluted column, surmounted by a cube with four dials, a ball, and vane, stands on an ancient base ; and at Backwell, Kenn, Queen’s Charlton, and Chelvey, in the same county, as well as at Saintsbury, Glouces- tershire, these picturesque monuments are still, we trust, to be found. A modern dial-block of this type, mounted on a pillar, was set up some thirty years ago at Henbury, Gloucestershire. It has a drinking fountain at its base, and is a great ornament to the village. Mr. E. C. Middleton^ has noticed a fine old ‘ cross shaft, with a cube of four dials, crowned by a ball, at Whatcote, Warwickshire, and others ashleworth churchyard, at Chaddesley Corbett, Worcestershire, and Congleton in Cheshire. At Packwood House, Warwickshire, there are no less than seven dials (two of which will be found noticed in the collection of mottoes). In front of the house, an old shaft on steps bears a cubical block with four dials, dated 1667 ; and there is a curious stone seat in the garden made of a square block, which has evidently borne gnomons. London possessed at least three specimens of this class of dial-pillar. There was a column in New Square, Lincoln’s Inn, with four vertical dials, surmounted by a pinnacle, said to have been designed by Inigo Jones. Like Sir John Dethick’s dial in Leadenhall Street, it formed the centre of a fountain ; the water spouted forth from shells held by four tritons, and fell into a basin at the foot of the column. It is ' “The Sundials of Warwickshire,” 1896. SUN-DIALS possible that the verse given by Charles Leadbetter in 1737, as on a dial at Lincoln’s Inn — “Let your light so shine before men” — may have been on this column. But nineteenth century taste preferred gas lights, and in 1847 ^nigo Jones’s work was taken away to make room for a lamp. The column is shown in an engraving of the New Square by Nicholls in 1730. Covent Garden was originally the convent garden belonging to the Abbey of Westminster, and when, in 1631, Francis, Earl of Bedford, to whom the property then belonged, had the present square formed, it was laid out by Inigo Jones, but not completed by him. The piazza ran along the whole of the north and east sides, the church of St. Paul was on the west, on the south was the garden wall of Bedford House, and under its overhanging trees a few temporary stalls were set up at market times. The square was gravelled over, and in the centre was erected, in 1668, a Corinthian column, surmounted by a block of stone, with four dial faces, and the whole crowned by a globe supported on four scrolls. The accounts of the churchwardens of St. Paul’s give as to the cost of the column : “ Dec. 7, 1668. Received of the Right Honourable the Earl of Bedford as a gratuity towards the erecting of column ........ Received from the Honourable S' Charles Cot- terill. Master of the Ceremonys, as a gift towards the said column ....... April 29, 1669. Received from the Right Honourable the Lord Denzil Holies as a present towards the erecting of the aforesaid column .... 20 Nov. 1668. For drawing a Modell of the Column to be presented to the Vestry ..... 2 Dec. 1668. To M' Wainwright for 4 gnomons . The column was raised on six steps of black marble, and there old women sold barley broth and milk porridge. A brochure, “ The Humours of Covent Garden,” 1738, describes the scene : “ High in the midst of this most happy land, A well-built marble pyramid doth stand, By which spectators know the time o’ the day. From beams reflecting of the solar ray ; The basis with ascending steps is graced. Around whose area cleanly matrons placed. some details . 9 . d. 20 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 8 6” VERTICAL DIALS, DETACHED 25 Vend their most wholesome food, by nature good, To cheer the spirits and enrich the blood.” The pillar figures in Hogarth’s print of “ Rich’s glory, or his triumphal entry into Covent Garden,” published in 1732, and also in engravings of the “Covent Garden Morning Frolic,” by Boitard, 1747, where it is represented as surrounded by the tiled roof of a market shed, and with the market women clustering about the steps. It was probably taken away when the present market was built. The “ Seven Dials ” which gave their name to a district in the parish of St. Giles in the Fields, were, curiously enough, only six in number. They formed the six faces of a block of stone which crowned a Doric column, and each dial fronted one of the streets which met in the open space where the pillar stood. Two of these streets opened into one angle, so that the seven formed an irregular star, as described by John Evelyn. “ I went,” he writes, October 5th, 1694, “to see the building near St. Giles, where seven streets make a star from a Doric pillar placed in the middle of a circular area, said to be built by Mr. Neale, introducer of the late lotteries.” Cunningham, in his ” Handbook of London,” says “It was re- SUN-DIALS 1 26 moved in July, 1773, on the supposition that a considerable sum of money was lodged at the base. But the search was ineffectual.” The old column spent some time in a stone mason’s yard, and in 1822 was bought by the inhabitants of Weybridge and set up on the Green as a memorial to the Duchess of York. It is mounted on a square base and crowned by a very inartistic object, a ducal coronet ; while the block of stone which formed the six dials, and in which the holes filled with the lead which had fastened the gnomons can still be seen, lies embedded in the ground near the neigh- bouring “Ship” Inn, after having been used for many years as a mounting-block. In Gay’s “ Trivia” we read : “ Where famed St. Giles’ ancient limits spread. An in-railed column rears its lofty head : Here to seven streets seven dials count the day. And from each other catch the circling ray : How oft the peasant with enquiring face. Bewilder’d trudges on from place to place : He dwells on every sign with stupid gaze. Enters the narrow alley’s doubtful maze. Tries every winding court and street in vain, And doubles o’er his weary steps again.” There must have been many vertical sun-dials attached to buildings in London, in former days, besides those which have been noticed with mottoes. A print of 1725 shows one on the wall of Coney Court, Gray’s Inn, and another engraving of 1715, gives two on the tower of St. Clement Danes, one of which remains to this day. The old church of St. Martin in the Fields, pulled down and rebuilt about 1721, had a dial on the west, and another on the south side of the tower. St. Dunstan’s, Stepney, had also a dial. That on St. Sepulchre’s, Newgate, still remains, as does the one on the great hall of the Charterhouse. An old print of the Guildhall shows dials on the cupola. It is sup- posed that they were placed there at the end of the seventeenth or beginning of the eighteenth century. Another dial appears on one of the buttresses in the same engraving. A very handsome dial stands in the Earl of Derby’s park at Knowsley. The cube is mounted on a spiral pedestal with a base of three steps, supported by four eagles. The dials face the four points of VERTICAL DIALS, DETACHED 127 the compass, and are crowned by a globe. The eagles doubtless refer to the crest of the eagle and child which belongs to the Stanley family. Another fine dial of this kind is in the park at Blenheim, the successor, perhaps, to that “dial aged and green” which stood near Woodstock Lodge in the days of Mistress Alice Lee. An old stone shaft which may once have formed part of a cross, stands in the deer park at Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, and is now surmounted by a quaintly pierced stone cap bearing a cubical block with a dial on each face and a cup-shaped hollow at the top, in the centre of which is a small upright gnomon. At the four corners of the palings which surround the dial are wooden posts, cut in the same shape as the cap. The Dublin Museum contains a stone block with a vertical dial to the south, and circular, elliptical, heart-shaped, and triangular hollows on the other three sides. There are proclining dials on the under slopes where the block was narrowed to the pedestal. The sun’s face surrounded by projecting rays is carved in relief on two sides, and at the corner of the south face is a Tudor rose. The north side has a coat of arms, and a monogram of the letters M. T. I. S. S. B., with possibly another I on the slope below. Two of the numerals which give the date are defaced, but they probably gave the year 1688. A horizontal dial is on the top, and remains of metal gnomons are in the hollows. The history of this dial as of the one at Stoneleigh has not been ascertained. A cubical stone with vertical dials is sometimes of a gable, as on a church porch, or lych gate, or occasionally on a house. There are examples of this treatment in Scotland, and we have them also in England; as at Felton, North- umberland; Gilcrux, in Cumberland ; Ashover, Derby- shire ; Wolfhamcote, Warwickshire, and other places. Ecton Church, Northamptonshire, has a much worn block with four faces, at the corner of the south porch. At Lydney, in Gloucestershire, there is a cube with four dials on the lych gate ; and at Wimborne Minster a block of solid masonry 6 feet high, now stands in the churchyard, bearing dials on three of its faces, the south face being 4 feet, and the east and west 3 feet wide. This was formerly on the gable of the north transept, but was taken down when the church was restored, and placed temporarily under a yew tree, in hopes that funds might in course of time be provided to set it up again on a suitable pedestal. It placed as a finial on the point 128 SUN-DIALS is dated 1732/ A cubical sun-dial, dated 1636, stands on a wall at Guiting Grange, in Gloucestershire ; and several others, including one on a tombstone at Greystoke, will be noticed in the collection of mottoes. One at Monkton Combe, Somerset, formerly on the church, and dated 1 786, is now in the Vicarage Garden ; the east and west gnomons are of slate. In Loggan’s “ Views of Cambridge,” 1675, a cube of dials is repre- sented on the Gate Tower of Caius College. It is impossible to mention even a tenth part of the ordinary dials without mottoes scattered up and down the country, nor, indeed, is it desirable. Many districts where they abound have either never been visited, or have been very slightly explored. Even in respect of English churches the record is very partial, and of churchyards still more so. Thanks to the late Mr. Ladbroke, who published sketches of all, or nearly all, the churches of Norfolk, the dials of that county have been more completely noted than that of any other. But many of the dials which appear in his drawings have since disappeared. They became decayed and were not replaced. The late Mr. George Roberts, who contributed a valuable series of notes on church sun-dials, chiefly in Yorkshire, to “ The Yorkshire Post,” and afterwards reprinted them in his “ History of Lofthouse,” went very thoroughly through certain districts of the West Riding, but he, also, in his last contribution, in 1890, observes with regret the decay which had overtaken many of the dials which he had noted in i860. Dials are wont to cling to certain neighbourhoods. They are plentiful in some districts in Yorkshire, while other parts of the county are entirely without them. Amongst those counties which have contributed most largely to this work, Cornwall and Devon take a high place. Somerset and Dorset have dials, but not many mottoes on them. A village in the County of Durham, Hurworth, was noticed by William Howitt, in his “Visits to Remarkable Places,” as distinguished by the greatest number of sun-dials on the points of its houses of perhaps any village in the kingdom.” “ These are due to William Emerson, a rough fellow, but one of the first mathematicians of his age,” who was born at Hurworth and died there in 1782. His works include a book on “ Geography, Navigation, and Dialling,” published in 1750. A type of dial frequently to be seen in Scotland, viz., two vertical dials placed at an angle with each other, and facing south-east and south- west, is very rare in England. There is, however, or was a few years ago, Figured in “Strand Mag.,” 1892. VERTICAL DIALS, DETACHED 1 29 such a one placed on the top of a buttress at Thornhill Church, in Yorkshire ; the numerals were much defaced and the gnomons bent. Occasionally a dial may be seen mounted on the chimney of a house ; there is one such at Seend, Wiltshire, the chimney being part of a seventeeth-century addition to an old Tudor House. Mr. E. C. Middleton ^ found two in Warwickshire, one on an old stone cottage at Halford Bridge, and another at the Moat House, Sutton Coldfield, built by William Wilson, the assistant of Sir Christopher Wren. He heard of a third at the Glass House, between Packwood and Lapworth. Another will be found noticed in the collection of mottoes. Amongst the curious fancies of builders, one has been recorded of a “ house so contrived that the shadows from the different angles give the hours of the day.” This was at Hesket Hall, Cumberland, built by the first Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart. The roof is circular, the chimneys running up in the centre. It is now a farm house.^ Mr. William Osmond, sculptor, has described a very simple form of dial, or rather meridian, which is on the north boundary wall of the Close at Salisbury. It consists of a perpendicular line, over which the shadow of the Cathedral spire, thus acting as a gnomon, passes at mid- day, and shows the hour of noon. The word Meridies is engraved beside the line. This dial has been in existence for several generations. Mr. Osmond’s father, who died at the age of eighty-six, was once em- ployed in his youth to recut and repaint the letters. It might, indeed^ be the very dial mentioned by Evelyn in his “ Diary,” when, in 1653, he visited Salisbury, and “ saw the Cathedral . . . the cloysters of the palace and gardens and the great mural dial.” In a paper on Manx sun-dials, by Miss A. M. Crellin, which was read before the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society, in January, 1889, it was stated that one of the oldest and rudest dials in the island is at Peel Castle, “ by the side of a flight of steps leading to the entrance.” This is what is generally known as “ the white line,” a perpendicular stroke of white paint, some 3|- feet long, and 4 inches wide, quite roughly done ; at noon the shadow from the corner of the wall on the south side falls on this line, and it can be seen across the harbour, far away up the quay ; this being the ordinary dinner hour, the importance of such a time teller is apparent, especially as until lately there was no public clock in the town. Alongside this white line, a little distance away, is another stroke, painted black ; this denotes English time, which is eighteen minutes earlier than Manx. ^ “ The Sun-dials of Warwickshire.” " Whelan’s “ Hist, of Cumberland and Westmoreland,” p. 225. S 130 SUN-DIALS Another interesting dial stands in the marketplace at Castletown. It consists of a “ massive column of masonry some i6 feet high, and i8 feet in circumference, and is generally known by the name of ‘the Babby House.’ It has twelve faces, but three of them, on which the sun never shines, are dummies, and have no numerals ; the date 1720 is cut on the principal face. On the castle just above the dial is a one- fingered clock, which was given by Queen Elizabeth in 1597.” At Lewaigue House in the parish of Maughold, Isle of Man, there is a dial with a fine brass face about 8 inches square on which is engraved, “Ed'" Culpeper fecit, 1666.” Window dials, in coloured glass, are very pretty ornaments to an old-fashioned house. Occasionally they have been seen in churches. One in the church of All Hallows, Staining Lane, put up by Isaac Oliver in 1664, is mentioned in “The Universal Museum,” 1762, when there was scarcely any part of the painted glass remaining. In a window on the south side of Ledbury Church in Herefordshire such a dial still remains. There is also one at Lambeth Palace, with the fly painted on it. It is thought to have been removed from the Presence Chamber to its present place in a window of the Lollard’s Tower. A portion of a glass dial in the possession of Charles T. Gatty, F.S. A., has only the numerals IX, X, IV, V, and VI remaining and the date 1741, and differs from other specimens of the kind in having the butterfly, as well as the fly, painted on it. The fly is supposed to be a punning suggestion that the hours “fly” ; probably the butterfly is introduced to represent the opposite thought of immortality. It is used in ancient missal borders in this emblematical sense. In a window of the private chapel at Berkeley Castle there is a small dial in stained glass, showing the morning hours from 4 to loa.m. It appears to be of the seventeenth or eighteenth century. The fly is painted and apparently raised on the outside of the central glass, which is thick, part of it being ground glass. The west window of the Con- vocation House at Oxford has a dial showing the afternoon hours. A curiously designed gnomon belonging to a vertical dial on Lelant Church, Cornwall, was noticed by Mr. Arthur Langford in “ The Reliquary,” January, 1898. The dial is of copper, probably belonging to the eighteenth century, and the gnomon bracket is pierced to represent “ a figure standing on a horizontal bar. The figure, which is symbolical of Time and Death, consists of a crowned skeleton, holding in his right hand a dart, and in the left an hour-glass. His vertebrae, features, parts of the crown, and sides of the hour-glass are pierced.” A sketch of this quaint figure is given by Mr. Langford. VERTICAL DIALS, DETACHED The gnomons of horizontal dials are often finely designed, but to meet with such work in a vertical gnomon is rare. The emblematic figures of Time and Death, which adorn alike dials and gravestones, probably came down to us from those mediaeval representations of the Dance of Death with which Holbein and others have made the world familiar. At once grotesque and gruesome, the skeleton seems to have rooted itself in the stern imagination of the northern races as the only fit picture of the last enemy. And Time and Death are rightly por- trayed alike, seeing that they go hand in hand through what we call Life, and that the end of Time will also be the end of Death. But the representation of Death as the skeleton is not true art nor Christian art, and we may be glad that the great painter of our own time, G. F. Watts, has restored to both figures that dignity and nobleness of aspect which is their due, and thus formed a truer conception of their meaning than either Holbein, or the dials, or the tombstones can give. CHAPTER IX VERTICAL DIALS, ATTACHED “ Make the passing shadow serve thy will.” — Tennyson, The Ancient Sage. We traced the succession of vertical dials on churches from the days of the Saxons to those of the Tudors in a former chapter. From the frequent entries of payments “for a Diall ” in churchwardens’ accounts we may judge that there was hardly a church without one, and also that they did not last very long. Stone, wood, and paint are alike perish- able, and metal might be stolen ; but still the timekeeper was replaced up to the present century. In the sixteenth century they began to appear on houses also. The oldest dated vertical attached dial which we have on a house is in Lord Street, Rochdale. The building is said to have been the old manor house of the Byron family. The dial has two dates, 1521 and 1630, the latter probably refers to a time when it was repaired. It seems to have undergone several restorations. These dates are apt to be uncertain ; sometimes they refer to the building of the house, as at Warwick Priory, where the dial, though dated 1556, is quite a recent addition. Our English mural dials are not, as a rule, much ornamented. A figure of Time with his scythe, as over a shop at Rye, or some floriated border, or a pediment with pilasters, is pretty nearly all that they aspire to. Sometimes they have a variety of lines, and show the time at different places all over the world, and this is more for ornament than use ; but even the gilded rays around the sun’s face are not always present. On one of the tower buttresses of Bolton Abbey, facing south, there is a stone figure of a pilgrim with a staff in one hand and a broad flat hat in the other, and beneath it a sun-dial, dated 1646. The figure is no doubt of much earlier date, but it is possible that there might have been an earlier dial in the place of the present slab. Four dials on English cathedrals have been noticed in the collection of mottoes. There is one without a motto on Ripon Minster, and in former days there was one on Bristol Cathedral. The collegiate church VERTICAL DIALS, ATTACHED 133 (now cathedral) of Manchester bore one in 1 794, and there is at the present day a horizontal dial standing erect amongst the flat gravestones of the cathedral churchyard. It is, however, so closely imprisoned by heavy iron railings as to be practically useless. And yet the authorities might remember that “A prison is a house of care, A place where none can thrive,” not even a sun-dial ! The finest specimen of an erect engraved metal dial which we have seen is a plate which came into Messrs. Barker’s hands to be restored, some few years ago, and which we have been allowed to reproduce. It represents the figure of our Lord seated amidst the clouds and sur- rounded with cherubs. There is no date. When the Cathedral of St. Paul’s was rebuilt it would seem that clocks had begun to supplant sun-dials. The tower of old St. Paul’s had borne, as we learn from Mr. Charles Knight’s “ London,” “ a goodly dial made with all the splendour that might be, with its angel pointing 134 SUN-DIALS to the hour both of the day and night,” but in the new building the “ clock chamber ” held an important place. Sir Christopher Wren had, nevertheless, in early days interested himself in the subject; in 1647 , while only fifteen and a scholar at Wadham, he translated Oughtred’s “Geometrical Dialling” into Latin, and afterwards drew a reflecting dial on the ceiling of a room embellished with various devices, including emblematical figures of Astronomy and Geometry and their attributes, and with the following inscription : ^ CHR. WREN. ANGUSTIS SATAGENS HIS LAQUEARTBUS AD CCELI METHODUM TEMPORA PINGERE, A PHCEBO OBTINUIT LUMINIS UT SUI TD.E.AM SPECULO LINQUERET .^MULAM QU/E CGH.UM HOC PERAGRET LUCE VICARIA CURSUSQUE EFFIGIEM FINGERET ANNUI ; POST ANNOS EPOCHHi VIrgIneo qVIbVs Vere faCtVs hoMo est eX Vtero DeVs ETAT IsqVe sV AL nVpER.E. \_O71e who zvas content ztpon this narrozu ceilmg to depict the times to the pattern of the sky, gamed from PhoebtLs the boon that he wozild leave an image, zdval of his rays, upoii the mim^or, to wander over this heave7i with bor7'owed light a7id shape a like7iess of his yea7dy course ; 1648 years after the ti77te at which m vc7y t7nUh 77ta7i was 77iade God fro77i a Vizgms wo77ib and in the sixteenth year of his ow7i (the maker s) youthftil age?\ These dates are given by the Chronograms in the three last lines. In 1653 Wren was elected a fellow of All Souls, where he designed, it is said, the dial which was formerly on the wall of the chapel, and is now on that of the library. Evelyn, who visited Oxford in that same year, met Wren at the house of the distinguished mathematician who was then Warden of Wadham and afterwards Bishop of Chester. “ I dined,” he writes, “with the universally curious Dr. Wilkins, at Wadham College. He was the first who showed me the transparent apiaries which he had built like castles or palaces, and so ordered them one upon another as to take the honey without destroying the bees. These were adorned with a variety of dials, little statues, vanes, etc., and he was so abound- antly civil, finding me pleased with them, to present me with one of y^ hives which he had empty, and which I afterwards had in my garden at ‘ Elmer’s “ Life and Works of Wren,” Pl. VI ENGRAVED DIAL PLATE IN THE POSSESSION OF MESSRS. BARKER, CLERKENWELL. To face p. 134 . ' ,/r '< a*’ ^ ■ ..vwT’ ■j- ;. ■j'-' "my * 1 i-, '•'V. ‘'i- M I :d i I I ^■1 '■£, 'I >• li % VERTICAL DIALS, ATTACHED 135 Sayes Court, where it continued many years, and which his Majestie came on purpose to see and contemplate with much satisfaction. He had above in his lodgings and gallery, a variety of shadows, dyals, per- spectives, and many other artificial, mathematical, and magical curiosities, a way-wiser, a thermometer, a monstrous magnet, conic and other sections, a ballance on a demi-arch, most of them of his own and that prodigious young scholar JVL Ch' Wren.” When Loggan took his views of Oxford, published 1688, there were several dials on the colleges, but most of these are gone. He shows them at Exeter, St. John’s, Trinity, Wadham, Brasenose, Christchurch, All Souls, Magdalen, and St. Mary Hall, besides pedestal dials at Queen’s, Balliol, and Pembroke, and a tall pillar in New College gardens. Of these there remains the great dial at All Souls, and one in Brasenose quadrangle ; a gnomon on the south-east buttress of Wadham Chapel, possibly placed thereby Dr. Wilkins, and a gnomon on the south-east buttress of Christ Church Cathedral overlooking Dean Liddell’s grave in the quiet little churchyard. There is also a more modern dial near the Peckwater quadrangle, almost hidden by an acacia, and one on Holywell Church. In Pugin’s time there was one on Merton Chapel, with the date 1622. Cambridge still boasts the fine dial at Queen’s College, which tra- dition ascribes to Sir Isaac Newton, but erroneously, as the college books show that it was not put up till 1733, five years after the great astronomer’s death, and then replaced one made in 1642. The dial at Christ’s College was put up in 1670, on the parapet at the junction of the hall with the master’s lodge, and was repainted in 1673. This is gone, as are those at Trinity, St. John’s, Jesus, Peterhouse, Sidney Sussex, and Pembroke. At the last named college the dial had been put up in 1553. In the cloister of the college at Winchester, there are still the remains of a vertical dial to be seen on one of the buttresses, dated 1712. The church of St. Maurice, at Winchester, has a dial on its south wall. There is also one on St. George’s Chapel, Windsor. On the Leicester Hospital, Warwick, a vertical dial bears the initials E. R., and is pro- bably a reproduction of an older one. In the views taken by Buck, Kip, and others in the eighteenth century, we constantly see sun-dials figured on the walls of the great houses, but most of them have now disappeared. There ’were some on the towers of Hatfield House, and on those of Houghton, before the fire. At Sudeley Castle there are still two stone dials, one inside the court nearly over the entrance archway ; the other, much worn, on the battlement over the principal entrance. 136 SUN-DIALS Charlecote also has its dial on the south wing, and there is one on the Old Bar at Southampton. On the beautiful ruins of Wingfield Manor House, in Derbyshire, the gnomons of two vertical dials can still be seen. The dials were made about 1678 by Immanuel Halton, astro- nomer and mathematician, who then lived in the Manor House, which his family had bought after the Civil Wars, and which he partly repaired. It had stood two sieges and was left in a ruinous condition. One of the dials is over the bay window of the banquetting hall, the other over a window near the state rooms, once occupied by Mary, Queen of Scots. Though the dial at Queen’s College was not designed by Sir Isaac Newton, he left tokens of his boyish handiwork as a dialler. One he painted on a ceiling in his grandmother’s house at Market Overton. It was no doubt like Wren’s, a reflective, or as it was then called, a “ spot dial,” where a speck of light was cast upon the hour lines on the ceiling from a piece of looking-glass which was fixed horizontally in a south window, and reflected the rays of the sun. The house in which Mrs. Ayscough lived was pulled down some years ago, but the piece of plaster with the dial face upon it has been preserved, and is kept in the house built upon the old site. Sir Isaac Newton also carved both the dials on the south end of the Manor House at Woolsthorpe, in the parish of Colsterworth, Lincoln- shire, where he was born. They are figured in a view of the house given in Sir David Brewster’s “ Life of Newton,” and are semicircular, and divided into twelve hour spaces. Under one of the dials Newton carved his name, and this dial stone was taken out of the wall in 1844, and presented to the Museum of the Royal Society, where it is carefully preserved. In 1876-77 the manorial aisle to the chancel of Colsterworth Church was rebuilt ; it is called the Newton Chapel, because Sir Isaac’s ancestors were buried in it, and Sir William Erie offered to present a copy of the dial in the Royal Society’s Museum to Colsterworth Church. The Rev. John Mirehouse, vicar of the parish, at first accepted this offer, but afterwards thought he would make a search at Woolsthorpe Manor and see if the second dial which Newton was known to have carved could be found. His effort was rewarded with success. The old stone was found in its original position on the south wall, covered up by a small coal house, and the relic was given by the owner of Woolsthorpe to the church. The disc is 1 1 inches wide at the top, and nearly 6 inches deep ; it has been enclosed in a frame of alabaster and placed on the north wall of the Newton Chapel, with the following inscription : “ Newton : aged 9 years, cut with his penknife this dial : The stone VERTICAL DIALS, ATTACHED 137 was given by C. Turner, Esq., and placed here at the cost of the Rt. Hon: Sir William Erie, a collateral descendant of Newton, 1877.” On the church of Seaton Ross, a little village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, there is a plain south dial, made by William Watson, a farmer, who died in 1857 and lies buried in the churchyard. On his gravestone are the lines : “ At this church I so often with pleasure did call. That I made a sun-dial upon the church wall.” Mr. Watson made several other dials in the neighbourhood, and printed a little book of directions for their construction. The house where he lived is still called Dial House, and had four dials on the walls, now quite gone to decay. His successors did not value them. “ Them fond things,” as they were disrespectfully called by one of the younger generation; “ If I were thou. Father, I’d have them figures away if I scratted them off wi’ my nails.” The father only laughed, and observed that “ the lad mun’ ha’ a deal o’ time to waaste ; ” and the dials were left to perish in their own way. A younger neighbour of William Watson’s, John Smith of Beilby, who also distinguished himself as a dialler, is mentioned in the collection of mottoes. He was a remarkable man in his way. From his boyhood he took great interest in astronomy, meteorology, dialling, and mechanics, and spent much of his spare time in a carpenter’s shop, where he made a pedometer for his father’s waggon. The ability came from his mother’s side of the house, and she encouraged these pursuits, but John had to encounter a good deal of opposition from his father, who com- plained that the lad was always “agate o’ them gimcracks.” He left signs of his handiwork behind him at Beilby, and after living for several years as a farmer in the East and North Ridings, removed to South Stockton, where he devoted himself to astronomical pursuits, including the construction of sun-dials, and the publication of a meteorological almanack. Smith was a Wesleyan local preacher, and his active life was once graphically described by one of his neighbours at Spalding- ton, when asked to subscribe towards a testimonial which was to take the form of an easy chair, “ Pooh pooh ! Smith is a man that nivver sits. Pray what use will an easy hame chair be tiv him? He’s working hard all t’ day lang i’ t’ farm, and up star-gazing at neets, and out preaching o’ Sundays. Ah weant be a farthing towards nae sic thing as that, that ah wean’t, sea ah’l say it at yance.” John Smith lived to the age of eighty-eight, and died at South Stockton in 1895. T SUN-DIALS 138 The race of country diallers is happily not yet extinct. Mr. Joseph Angus, a foreman quarryman, has made several dials, horizontal and vertical, for his cottage and garden at Crawleyside, co. Durham. The late Mr. Serjeantson, of Camphill, Yorkshire, who put up two or three dials on his farms, had them made by two intelligent village masons, according to the directions given in the “ Encyclopaedia Britannica,” and they were set up with the help of a candle, a piece of string, and the north star. Mr. Serjeantson, who died a few years ago at the age of eighty-nine, used to relate how, in his earlier days, he had painted a signboard representing the Queen and Prince Albert on horseback, for the village inn at Kirkby Malham, near his own property. He wished to put a sun-dial above it, and accordingly wrote to a well-known dialler in the neighbourhood. Time went on, a general election was pending, and late one evening the dialler was driven up to Mr. Serjeantson’s door by a neighbour, who had fetched him out of a public-house, and urged the squire to keep him, or he would vote wrong. When politics had been discussed the squire began to speak about the dial, and sup- posed nothing could be done about it that night as it was so late. “ Naw,” said the old man looking up at the stars, “ it’ll do varra weel, its a gran’ neet.” “ But you want the sun, don’t you ? ” “ Nay, nay, t’ sun’s nought to do wi’t. I wants nought but a tall cannel and a bit o’ band.” With these materials the party proceeded to the village and the position of the dial was fixed. But the order was so long in being executed, that after waiting some months the squire wrote to remonstrate, and received in return the following curious letter : “Carlton, July, 1843. “ Dear Sir, “ Ever since 1 have imbrased every applicable opportunity possible for a com- plition, and yet after all defeated ! if I could possess you (but I have treated you so) we will let alone fixing a time, the model will take two or three days yet to finish it, you need not be afraid of any preposterous executions (because it might fright Her Majesties Horses as her Royal Highness and her consort Prince will ride over every day) ^ though I could like somewhat handsome with regard to its perspicuous situation, and a little towards a melioration of my conduct towards you. “ I have for the present resolved it the most extant job I have on hand, if I am well shall not delay another hour till it is finished, but every process requires its own time, say two days to finish the Model, one day in casting, when I take it to Keighley (on my way to Wilsden to see my sister whom Eve anxiously expected), then its to paint and Gild, but I must be over at Kirby in the meantime but cannot with any propriety fix a day yet. “ Dear Sir, “ Your humble Servant, “Wm. Cryer.” ^ Alluding to the signboard. VERTICAL DIALS, ATTACHED 139 The dial was brought at last and fixed up on the village inn, where it is still. “ But no one wants a sun-dial, or anything of the sort here- abouts, now,” remarked the squire, when he had finished telling the story, “ for they all take their time from the buzzer.” ^ A dialler of former days, as a man of learning, combined no doubt other employments with that of making time tellers : “ Lands he could measure, terms and tides presage, And e’en the story ran that he could gauge.” But perhaps it was only in Cornwall that he became an exorcist. Mr. Matthews‘S tells us that Mr. James Wallis, of St. Ives, one of whose dials, with his name and date, 1790, is still on the wall of a house in the little fishing town, was a noted ghost-layer, and on one occasion exorcised the spirits publicly in the market-place with candle, book, and bell, the bell being rung by a boy in attendance. The ghosts who so greatly troubled St. Ives were forced by this ceremony to remain shut up in a tower, where they avenged themselves by making terrific noises, and greatly alarming the inhabitants. Amongst the eminent men who have paid respect to the sun-dial may be reckoned George Stephenson, the great railway engineer, who set his son Robert (still a boy at school), the task of making a dial to be placed over their cottage door at West Moor, near Newcastle. Father and son together got a stone which they hewed, carved, and polished; and, with the aid of Ferguson’s “Astronomy,” they found out the method of making the necessary calculations to adapt the dial to the latitude of Killingworth. The dial, with the gnomon coming from the sun’s face, may still be seen over the entrance to the humble early home of these distinguished men. Let us hope that the healthy taste of the Stephensons, who by their inventive genius have con- tributed more than any other men to disturb society in its stationary customs, may plead in favour of the sun-dial — its preservation and its continued use : “ ’Tis an old dial, dark with many a stain ; In summer crowned with drifting orchard bloom. Trick’d in the autumn with the yellow rain, And white in winter like a marble tomb ; And round about its grey, time-eaten brow Lean letters speak, a worn and shatter’d row — * 31 am a jsJjatie: a 0|jatiolDC too art tfjou : T mar& t^e ®une : sage Gossip, Dost tl)ou soe ^ ' " ^ Belonging to some machine works in the neighbourhood, “ Hist, of St. Ives,” CHAPTER X SCOTTISH DIALS “ Evermore The simpler essence lower lies, More complex is more perfect.” Tennyson, Monoir^ vol. i. The Scottish dials are so remarkable that they require a chapter to themselves, but here a difficulty awaits us. The work has already been done, and far better than we could do it, by Messrs. McGibbon and Ross in their “ Castellated Architecture of Scotland.” Mr. Ross con- tributed a valuable paper on Scottish sun-dials to the “ Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Session 1891,” and this paper has been enlarged, and incorporated in the book which he and Mr. McGibbon have issued together. The chapter describes two hundred and thirty dials, and is fully illustrated. For several of the specimens noticed in the last edition of the “ Book of Sun-dials” we were indebted to Mr. Ross. All we can do now is to select in addition a few of the most remarkable examples from his work, and arrange them according to the lines which he has marked out. We are indebted to his kindness and that of the Society of Scottish Antiquaries for the illustrations. “Sun-dials,” Mr. Ross tells us, “may be divided into two great classes, the attached, and the detached. The attached dials are those displayed on the walls of a building, the detached those standing alone. The former are subsidiary works, the latter are often of a very monumental character. Of the attached dials almost every town and village contains examples, and they occur in all imaginable positions — in wall panels, on the apex and eaves of gables, on the corners of houses, over archways and doorways, and every other ‘coign of van- tage.’ Although detached dials exist in hundreds, there are only four independent types of them in this country. And as it is convenient and necessary to have some descriptive name by which the dial of each type may be known, they will be referred to as : (i) the obelisk dials; (2) the lectern dials; (3) the facet-headed dials; and (4) the horizontal SCOTTISH DIALS 141 dials. These names are suggested by the appearance of the dials themselves.” With regard to the attached erect or vertical dials with a single face, several of which will be found noticed in the collection of mottoes, the Scottish ones differ but little from the English. Perhaps a greater proportion of them are made of stone, and the addition of an ornamental ABERDOUR. border is more frequent. The most ancient specimen is, however, of metal, and is set on one of the buttresses of the chapel at King’s College, Aberdeen. It is 3 feet square, and placed at a height of about 25 feet from the ground. It appears to be an original part of the college, which was founded in 1494, though the building does not seem to have been begun till 1506. The dial may therefore belong to an early part of the sixteenth century. The tower of the Canongate Tolbooth in Edinburgh has a much worn dial on its south front. It is probably later than the building, which is dated 1591. A few years ago a dial stone about 5 inches 142 SUN-DIALS square was found on the site of the Greyfriars convent. It is dated 154S. • At Aberdour Castle, Fifeshire, a vertical dial in a circle engraved on a square slab is set in a kind of niche cutting across the corner of the building and facing south-west. The date 1635 and the initials of William, Earl of Morton, and Anne, his wife, are faintly discernible on the stone. This Earl of Morton was Lord High Treasurer of Scotland and one of the most powerful noblemen of his time ; a Knight of the Garter and a strong supporter of Charles I. He married Lady Anne Keith, daughter of the Earl Marischal. In the gardens of “ The Place ” there is a horizontal dial on a square pedestal which stands on four stone balls and strongly resembles one in the same neighbourhood, at Pitreavie, dated 1644. The north face of the pedestal at Aberdour bears a coronet with the insignia and motto of the Garter and on the south-west face is the Douglas heart. This would indicate that the dial was made for the same Earl of Morton whose initials are on the Castle dial. At Balcomie Castle, Fifeshire, a small dial is singularly placed in the arch spandrel of a fine gateway leading into the courtyard. Over the arch there are three large panels containing escutcheons, in the centre are the arms and supporters of the Learmonths of Balcomie with the date 1660, on the left are the same arms with the initials of John Learmonth and the motto “ Sans Feintise,” while the remaining panel has the arms and initials of his wife Elizabeth Myreton, heiress of Randerston, with the motto, “ Advysedlie.” On a frieze running along the top of the gateway is the inscription : (except) the . lord . bvld . THE . HOUSE . THEY . LABOVR . IN . VAINE . THAT . BVILD . IT. On Hatton House, Midlothian, there are three dials, besides one over the gateway and another in the garden. Of those on the building two are on the south-east tower and the upper one has the monogram E. C. M., the initials of Eliza- beth Lauder, heiress of Hatton, wife of Charles Maitland, Earl of Lauderdale, by whom a great part of the house was built. It is dated 1664. A west dial on another part of the house has the same initials, and date 1675. In the “Scottish Notes and Queries” for May, 1889, a curious dial relic was figured and described, and through the kindness of the editor a reproduction is given here. It is a stone which was found when a drain was opened in Taymouth Castle gardens. The face is dressed, and bears traces of an inscription SCOTTISH DIALS and numerals. ’^The stone is a native one and is thought to have been taken from the island castle on Loch Tay when its occupants departed. In what is called the Earl Marischahs bedroom, in the ruins of Dunnottar Castle, there is a stone with a clock face carved in relief and fitted with a gnomon. It is placed close under a west wall, so that for nearly half the day it must be useless, and at all times some imagination would be required to read it aright on account of the arrangement of the numerals. The stone has probably been shifted from its original place, and the addition of the gnomon was no doubt the fancy of some custodian of fifty or a hundred years ago. The village of Prestonpans contains probably more dials than any other place in Scotland, unless it be Newstead, near Melrose. They are chiefly found on houses which once belonged to stonemasons. “ In the upper corner of one of these there is a representation of the sun and moon, with the initials of John Howison and his wife Agnes Wood, and date 1729. Round the top there is an ornamental scroll containing the mason’s arms, a chevron between three castles. Immediately over the dial, on the skew stone of the gable, there is sculptured a right hand holding a mallet and striking a chisel held in the left hand.” On the corner of the church at Prestonpans there is a three-faced dial set into and projecting from a niche in the wall. The dial lines cut on a buttress near the south aisle of Melrose Abbey have above them the date 1661. On the south face of the porch of St. Michael’s Church, Linlithgow, ‘‘Linlithgow’s holy dome” — where King James IV. received the warning which might have saved Scotland the disaster of Flodden — there is a seventeenth century dial carved on a stone of the building, but it is very small and insignificant. The church dates from the middle of the fifteenth century. A very gruesome dial appears over the door of the Greyfriars Church in Perth. The dial projects slightly from the wall, and has carved over it a grinning death’s head flanked by two hour glasses. Two-faced dials projected on corbels are a marked feature of the Scottish series. These are seen in their greatest perfection on Heriot’s Hospital, where “ there are eleven of them, eight being on the outside walls, and three facing in the courtyard. Some are supported by a cherub’s head with wings, others have demons’ heads with wings, and one a curious grotesque head somewhat resembling an elephant’s. The dials seem to have been made by William Aytoun, who succeeded William Wallace as architect and superintendent of the hospital buildings in 1631-2. In the contract between Heriot’s Trustees and Aytoun, the latter was bound ‘ to mak and carve his Majestie’s portrait or any other portratt 144 SUN-DIALS he beis requyrit to mak in that wark ; and to mak all sort of dyallis as sal be fund fitting for samyn.’ ” Similar dials are on Innes House, Morayshire, built between 1640 and 1653, from the plans given by the same William Aytoun, “ maister maissoun at Heriot,” to his work, and also at Fisherow and other places. One is on a chimney stack at South Oueensferry. A very fine specimen made for his own house by Tobias Baak or Backup, master mason, is on the front wall of a house in Kirkgate, Alloa. Baak’s initials, with those of his wife, Margaret Lindsay, and the date 1695, carved on the stone below. He was at one time architect and contractor for the town hall at Dumfries, besides doing some of the work about Kinross House, and in 1680 was employed in repairing, and almost rebuilding, the old kirk and steeple at Alloa. A double dial at Jedburgh projects from a panel with an ornamented border, and above, in the same panel, are two cup-shaped dials, and the re- mains of an imperfect inscription. Skilled masons of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have left upon the walls of their houses at near Melrose, in many curious little dials, two-faced, three-faced, and in one case semi- cylindrical. Some of them are dated. One on a carved bracket has the initials W. M. : L. M. : 1683; another]. B., 1754. The names of Mein and Bunyan both belong to mason families in Newstead. At Cockburnspath and Oldhamstocks, Ber- wickshire, semi-cylindrical dials appear on the church buttresses. At Oldhamstocks there is also a dial on the sloping under-surface of the cylinder, HERIOTS HOSPITAL. their mark Newstead, OLDHAMSTOCKS. SCOTTISH DIALS 145 with a stone gnomon, left when the face of the stone was otherwise cut away. There is a date 1581 on another part of the church, but it is thought that the dial may belong to an even earlier period. A curious dial of the same type is affixed to the wall of a bastion tower about 10 feet high, which forms part of the boundary of the old garden at Seton Palace. The top of the stone forms a horizontal dial. On Auchterhouse church, Forfarshire, a semi-cylindrical and two triangular dials are sunk in a stone on the gable, which bears the date 1630. There are several examples of terminal dials, placed on the apex or on the lower end of a gable. Corstorphine Church (near Edinburgh) has u SUN-DIALS 146 seven to its own share. Belmont, in the same neighbourhood, has one. Pencaitland Church has one with four faces on the apex of the east gable, another with three faces on the south-west buttress, and a single-faced dial with a large iron gnomon near the top of the quaint tower. A view of St. Giles’ Church, Edinburgh, taken in 1790, shows a terminal dial on the apex of the gable of the Chapman aisle. At Hawick a block of stone with two dial faces, and date 1683, was found, in 1888, built into the fireplace of a house. It had been in its palmy days the chief time teller to the inhabitants of Hawick, who possessed no public clock till the erection of the Tolbooth in 1694. Similar dial stones are often seen on cottages at the ter- mination of the eaves or end of gables. At Clackmannan the dial on the lower end of a gable is circular on a square basis, and sur- mounted by a cherub’s head. A similar specimen is at Summerhall, Edinburgh. A fine hexagonal block with four vertical dials is at Kinross House, and the following informa- tion as to the maker was supplied to Mr. Ross: “John Hamilton, mason, servitor to Mr. James Smith, overseer of his Majesty’s works, cut the two sun-dials still standing on the walls of the office courts to the right and left of the house, between 14th April and 28th June, 1686.” Mr. Smith was son-in-law to Robert Mylne, the King’s master mason. James Anderson, a local mason, hewed the “basses” for the dials. On a modern house at Elie, Eifeshire, a very fine old doorway has been placed. It is dated 1682, and bears an armorial shield, and the initials of Andrew Gillespie and his wife, Christian Small. This is crowned at the top of the archway by a block of stone cut into several dial faces, both sunk and plane. The doorway and dial formerly belonged to a house called the “ Muckle Yett,” which was taken down some years ago. There is a dial with two faces in a peculiar position at Fountain- hall, Midlothian. It stands on the lower “corbie” step of a pigeon- house, with the strange accompaniment of a pair of “jougs,” an iron collar for securing a prisoner. The house belonged, in the seventeenth century, to Sir John Lauder, Lord Fountainhall, a distinguished Scottish judge, who occasionally held courts of justice at his own residence. He was counsel to the unfortunate Earl of Argyle in 1681, SCOTTISH DIALS 147 and died at an advanced age in 1722. The road to the house led past the pigeon-house, so that the dial and jougs could be seen by all. Did any thought of Shakespeare suggest itself to some of the travellers along that road ? “ Orl. Who doth Time gallop withal ? Ros. With a thief to the gallows ; for though he go as softly as foot can fall, he thinks himself too soon there. Orl. Who stays it still withal ? ? Ros. With lawyers in the vacation ; for they sleep between term and term, and then they perceive not how time moves.” The dial is now in a dilapidated condition. There is another, single faced, on a corner of the old mansion of Fountainhall, thought to have been put up by Sir Andrew Lauder at the end of the eighteenth century. There are several market crosses which bear dials, and these being often pillars of fine design, mounted on steps and adorned with the shield and crest of the lord of the manor, are fine features in the market-place of a country town. At Inverkeithing, Fifeshire, the pillar is surmounted by a unicorn, sejant and collared, supporting a shield whereon is the cross of St. Andrew, and below the unicorn are the dials. On the capital of the pillar are placed shields with the royal arms impaled with those of Drum- mond. The dials are probably of the seventeenth century, the pillar may be much earlier. The height of the whole is 14 feet 6 inches. At Airth, Stirlingshire, the pillar is mounted on a base with several steps, and supports a cubical stone with dials on two faces ; over one of which is the date 1697. Of the other two faces one bears the Elphinstone arms, and motto, “ Doe well let them say : ” with the initials C. E. above it; and the other has the Elphinstone and Bruce arms quartered, and the initials of Richard Elphinstone, eldest son of Sir Thomas Elphinstone, of Gadder Hall, and those of his wife, Isabella Bruce. At Fettercairn, Kincardineshire, the shaft is octagonal, and the crowning block has a dial on its south face only. The date, 1670, is on the north side, and on the other are the initials and arms of John, first Earl of Middleton; and on the shaft, which was brought from Kincar- dine, is a representation of the standard Scottish ell, 3 feet inches long. This pillar is noticed by the Queen in her “ Journal of our life in the Highlands.” The dials on the cross at Doune are small and somewhat defaced, and are surmounted by a lion. At Galashiels the dial has been re- newed, but the vane at the top has the date 1695. The dial pillars at SUN-DIALS 148 Pencaitland and Houston are probably also seventeenth century work. The pillar at Nairn is small and plain, about 7 feet 6 inches high, and is in a bad condition. AIRTH. The market cross of Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire, is surmounted by a dial havinof four faces, and is crowned by a stone ball. The shaft. SCOTTISH DIALS 149 made of a single stone 9 feet high, is older than the dials and the cornice, which all belong to the seventeenth century. The cross at Peebles, which stood on a platform ten feet high, was taken down some years ago, and put away in the Chambers Museum. It also has shields of arms round the capital, and is about 12 feet high, and dated 1699. The dial block at Elgin has four faces, and is dated 1733, but the pillar and steps are probably much older. Horizontal attached dials are found in two places of interest, on the bridge of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and the ‘‘Auld Brig” of Ayr. There is also a specimen on a window-sill of the first floor at Crichtoun House, which must have been put in when the house was built, in the seven- teenth century ; and another occupies a similar position on the sill of a window in an old house situated on the north side of Melrose Abbey. The “ detached dials ” are also divided by Mr. Ross into four classes : obelisk, lectern-shaped, facet-headed, and horizontal. Of the first class he writes : “ The constant parts of these dials are — a square shaft, a bulged capital, and a tapering finial. Where the dial is of the normal type and unaltered, the shaft is divided on each side into five horizontal spaces by incised lines, thus presenting twenty compartments. These com- partments are hollowed out into cup-shaped, heart-shaped, triangular, and other sinkings, which are generally lineated so as to mark the hours, and were without doubt always meant to be so. The sharp edge of the figure casts the shadow, which is especially distinct in the angular shapes and at the top of the heart-sinkings, where there is often a certain amount of undercutting. Stone gnomons of various forms are frequently left in the cup-hollows, and metal styles are to be found in all the dials. Occasionally some of the spaces are left blank, and on the north side, initials, dates, and arms, sometimes occur. “ The capital is always bulged out so as to form an octagon in the centre, with an upright facet on each of the eight sides, having a dial on each. Above and below each facet over the four sides of the shafts are sloping facets, with a reclining dial or a proclining dial on each — the former being those dials whose faces slope towards the sky, and the latter those whose faces slope towards the ground. The eight triangular pieces formed by the meeting of the square and octagon are cut out, and most effective shadows, from an artistic point of view, result from this arrangement, giving an air of dignity to the capital, which is wanting in the one instance (at Drummond Castle) where this arrangement is departed from. The upright facets of the octagonal part have heart- shaped and cup-shaped sinkings, as in the shaft ; but the proclining and SUN-DIALS 150 reclining parts seldom have sinkings. Nor has the tapering finial ever any sinkings ; like the shaft, this part is divided by horizontal incised lines, the number of spaces, for which there appears to have been no rule, varying according to the height of the finial. “ These dials are generally set on some kind of base, consisting either of steps or a pedestal — the forms frequently alternate — being set square and diagonally as they ascend. The pedestals have a general resemblance to each other, being frequently ornamented with representations of the sun and the moon in almost identical lines, as at Meggatland and Kelburn.” The dials at Kelburn House, Ayrshire, where there are two obelisks much resembling each other, are not the earliest, though they are among the noblest of this class. The finest of the pillars at Kelburn is dated 1 707, and the initials and l%. are those of David Boyle, first Earl of Glas- gow, and his wife, Margaret Lind- say Crawford. The pillar rises to a height of 8 feet 6 inches, and is crowned by a vane of beauti- fully wrought iron work, in which these initials, entwined, again ap- pear, surmounted by a coronet, and the point of the vane ends in a thistle. The second obelisk, which stands on a pedestal in the centre of a stone basin filled with water, is constructed like the first, but the upper part is plain and crowned with a ball. It looks as if the stone had at some time given way, and been replaced by a tapering finial of an ordinary type. The dial formerly at Barnton House (dated 1692), and now removed to Sauchie, Stirlingshire, as well as those at Bonnington House, and Meggatland, Midlothian, are from 7 to 9 feet high ; the latter is set on 1707 im n M 1 ® § F<6 a® P- o " <. SCOTTISH DIALS a fine pedestal, and the two former on steps placed anglewise. The one at Barnbougle Castle is a few inches lower, and like the Bonnington dial, bears the Cunningham arms. It stood for some time in a cottage garden at Lang-Green, but was removed to Barnbougle when the castle was rebuilt by the Earl of Rosebery a few years ago. The remains of an obelisk dial, formerly the town cross of Leven, in Fifeshire, were found in 1889 built into a garden wall. When removed and put together, the dial was placed in the care of the trustees of the Greig Institute, and the base inscribed as follows : “ Leven Cross, formerly on Carpenter’s Brae. Removed 1767. Restored and rebuilt by James Anderson of Norton, 1889.” The pillar had been taken down in 1767 to give room for the passage of the funeral of Mr. John Gibson of Durie ! Lord Reay’s dial at Tongue House, Sutherland, is a remarkably fine pillar, with dials almost in- numerable. It is 7 feet 4 inches high, and dated 1714. It was noticed by Bishop Pocock when he travelled through Scotland in 1760. It is said that the stone, a red sandstone, has perished from the weather, and that the dials have suffered accordingly. The upper part has been restored. The obelisk dial at Mountstuart reaches the height of 1 1 feet 4 inches including the pedestal. There are dials all over the pillar, and the sun’s face on three sides of the pedestal. The dial at Ballln- dalloch is of the same type. At Lennox Castle the shaft is shorter and the dials fewer. At Carberry Tower the obelisk stands on four balls, as does the plainer one at Invermay. That In Drummond Castle gardens, which is much clumsier in design, is noticed in the collection of mottoes. An old dial in the garden of Auchenbowie near Stirling resembles the lower half of an obelisk dial. There is also a very fine obelisk dial in the gardens at Ardlamont in Argyleshlre. At Cralgiehall, Midlothian, an obelisk dial, which had probably been broken, was set up again about the middle of the last century on a new base of unique design. This consisted of “ a globe about 2 feet 2 inches in diameter, into which the shaft is fitted, burying the whole of one of the five spaces. The globe is supported on a rounded base, and the whole rests on a square plinth.” The upper portion was 152 SUN-DIALS also renewed, but the outline is slightly curved, and there are no dials upon it. The obelisk dial at Lochgoilhead formerly stood in what formed the marketplace, and in front of the village inn. It now stands about 20 yards away from its old position, and has been repaired and protected, but all the gnomons are gone. The stone bears the date 1626, above which is a St. Andrew’s cross, the initials and on another stone h.^m. The initials are thought to refer to some member of the family of Campbell of Ardkinglas. Throughout the great sun-dial making period in Scotland, which, beginning in the sixteenth, lasted far into the eighteenth century, the making of dials of all the types already named seems to have gone on at one and the same time. The greatest number as well as the finest specimens belong to the period between 1620 and 1720. From whence came the inspiration ? As regards Scottish architecture we are told ^ that the mixed style of the period between 1542 and 1700 is rather from Germany and the Low Countries than French. Our English sixteenth century detached dials are associated with such names as Kratzer, Holbein, Haveas of Cleves ; but whether the art crossed the border from Scotland in the reign of James L, or whether the Scotsmen brought the first conception from Germany, and then carried it to a perfection which seems to have been attained nowhere else is a question which must, for the present, at any rate, remain undecided. “ The characteristic elements of the lectern-shaped dials,” says Mr. Ross, “ are a shaft (on which there are no dials) and a stone supported upon it, cut in a peculiar manner so as to contain several sun-dials, the whole having a very decided resemblance to a music stand or lectern. The dial stone is cut, angled, bevelled, and hollowed into a multiplicity of parts not easily described. In a general way the front and back present sloping surfaces, and the ends or sides are perpendicular. On the front slope there is left a square block, 3 or 4 inches thick, not unlike a closed book resting on a lectern. Suppose a square cut out of each corner of the book so as to leave the form of a Greek cross, and four semi- circles cut out of the ends of the four arms of the cross, thus leaving eight horns, and you have the principal and universal feature of this kind of dial. Further, suppose the cross to be placed well up on the slope so as to project beyond it, and the projecting part containing the semi-cylinder cut out of its upper side continued down the sloping back of the dial, and you have another constant feature of this design. The forerunners ' “ McGibbon and Ross. Cast. Arch. Scot.” v. ii. 13. SCOTTISH DIALS 153 of this pattern we saw in the dials at Oldhamstocks and Cockburnspath, where a semicircular hollow is employed. The lower parts of the stone generally contains proclining dials, which are almost concealed from view. Mr. Ross traces the design of these dials to that of an astronomical instrument such as is figured in Apian’s “ Book of Instruments ” (1533), called the Torquetum of Apian. By this in- strument “ the position of the sun, moon, and stars can be indicated at any hour, and the hour of the day and night can be told from any visible star.” It is represented in Holbein’s picture of “The Ambassadors.” ^ “The study of astronomy and the invention of all kinds of instruments connected with it were very com- mon in the sixteenth century, and the above figure, or some similar one, invented for astro- nomical purposes, has in all probability sug- gested the shape of the dial.” The finest dial of this type is now at Wood- houselee, having been brought there from Wrychtis House, Edinburgh, and has eight ver- tical dials besides the usual ones common to the lectern-shaped type. It is 3 feet 6 inches high, and mounted on a twisted column. The dial at Ruchlaw, in East Lothian, is perhaps more graceful if less elaborate ; it has thirty-five dial faces and stands on an octagonal shaft of grey stone. It was repaired and set up in its present position about the beginning of this century by the great-grandfather of the present owner. Ruchlaw has been in the pos- session of the family of Sydserf since 1537. On the house there are two carved window pediments with initials of Archibald Sydserf and his wife, and the date 1663, which is probably also the date of the dial. There is a second dial in the same garden, horizontal and of white marble, on a red sandstone pillar. This is a much later work. Another fine lectern dial, formerly at Neidpath Castle, is now pre- served in the Chambers’ Institute, Peebles. ^ See “The Mystery of Holbein’s ‘Ambassadors,’ ” by W. Dickes (“ Magazine of Art,” November, 1896). WOODHOUSELEE. X ^54 SUN-DIALS The dial at Midcalder House, repaired by Lord Torpichen, varies from the usual type by having round the centre an “octagonal band, which is cut away beneath, and then splayed out from the octagon to the square with sloping and perpendicular dials.” It is placed on a modern shaft designed by Mr. Ross. A smaller specimen of the lectern type at Pitreavie, stands on a square pedestal, which bears the initials and arms of Sir Henry Ward- law, and date 1644. The one at Ladyland’s House is dated 1673. One of the most remarkably placed dials of this class is at Dundas Castle, Linlithgowshire. It is on the terrace, which is probably not its original position, and stands above a castellated fountain, the top of which is reached by a flight of steps, and on this the dial stands, supported by an octagonal shaft adorned with winged figures, and in the centre of the basin of a second fountain. The sides of the fountain are elaborately decorated, and round them runs a Latin inscription, of which the following translation was given in “ Summer Life on Land and Water at South Queensferry,” by Mr. W. W. Fife : “ See, read, think and attend. Through rocks and crags by pipes we lead these streams of water. That the parched garden may be moistened by the spring. Forbear to do harm therefore to the fountain and garden which thou seest. Nor yet shouldst thou incline to injure the signs of the dial. View and with grateful eyes enjoy these hours, and the garden. And to the flowers may eager thirst be allayed by the fountain. In the year of human salvation 1623.” Below this inscription is a further one, of which we again quote Mr. Fyfe’s translation : “Sir Walter Dundas in the year of our Lord, 1623, and sixty-first of his own age, erected and adorned, as an ornament of his country and family, sacred to the memory of himself, and as a future memorial of his posterity, as also an amusing recreation for friends, guests, and visitors, this fountain in the form of a castle, this dial with its retinue of goddesses, and this garden with its buildings, walls, and quadrangular walks, surrounded with stones, piled on high, rocks having been on all sides deeply cut out, which incon- veniently covered the ground. Whoever thou art, who comest hither, we, so many half- fiendish spectres, are placed here lately by order, expressly for bugbears to the bad, so that the hideous show their visages, lest any meddling evil disposed person, should put forth his hand on the dial or garden. We warn robbers to depart, burglars to desist, nothing here is prey for plunder ! For the pleasure and enjoyment of spectators are all these placed here : but we, who rather laugh with joyous front to a free sight, we bid frankly the kind and welcome friends of the host. Boldly use every freedom with the master, the dial, the garden, and the garden-beds and couches — him for friendship and conversation, them for the recreation of the mind and thought. With ordinary things to content us here, is to be even with others, we envy not their better things.” SCOTTISH DIALS 155 The “ fiends ” alluded to are faces carved in medallions round the lower part of the fountain. The pillar at Skibo Castle, Sutherland, is of simpler character than the preceding- one, and stands about 3 feet 2 inches high. The block of dials faces the four points of the compass ; on the north and south sides the dials are vertical, while on the east and west, and on the sloping top, they are sunk, and are concave, semi-cylindrical, and angular. The dial pillar doubtless belongs to the seventeenth century. A curiously cut lectern-shaped block, on a pedestal, which once stood in the Zgological Gardens in Edinburgh, has disappeared and cannot be traced. It is figured in “Chambers’s Cyclopaedia.” The pedestal dial at Heriot’s Hospital has also vanished into unknown regions. The dial stone at Carberry, Haddingtonshire, Is set on a unique pedestal, a short column, the capital of which is a female bust, with one face to the north and another to the south. The Ionic volutes and abacus above support the dial stone. There are eleven dials on this block, and one, pendant, on each shoulder. The base and steps are set diagonally, and the height of the whole Is 3 feet 3 inches. SUN-DIALS 156 A very pretty specimen of a lectern dial was not long ago found, in pieces, in the garden at Lainshaw near Stewarton, Ayrshire, and was repaired and set up again by the present owner, Sir A. Cunning- ham. On the east and west sides are shields with the Cunningham arms, and beside them the initials a.^c. and m.^c., probably those of Sir Alexander Cunningham, created a baronet in 1672, and Dame Mary Cunningham, his wife, daughter of John Stewart, younger, of Blackhall. One of the most interesting dials in Scotland, that called “Queen Mary’s” at Holyrood, has not yet been mentioned. It belongs to the class of “ facet-headed ” dials, but the facets are covered with sink- ings ; heart-shaped, cup-shaped, and angular, and also with figures of very unusual forms, as in one hollow the nose of a grotesque face SCOTTISH DIALS 157 forms the gnomon, in another a thistle-leaved ornament casts the neces- sary shadow. The dial stands in the palace gardens, on an hexagonal pillar, which is mounted on three steps. The under-surfaces bear the royal arms of Scotland with the collar and badge of the thistle, figures of St. Andrew and St. George, and the initials of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria. It is said to have been presented by Charles to the Queen, and the accounts of the Masters of Works show that in 1633 the sum of ;^4o8 i^s. 6 d. Scots was paid to “John Mylne, Maisonne, for the working and hewing of the diyell in the north yaird, with the pillar, stapis, degrees, and foundations thereof, and /^66 13^-. ^d. to John Bartoun for gilding, making, and graving the dyell ” John Mylne was the King’s master mason, and made the dial with the help of his two sons, John and Alexander. It stands, with the steps and base, 10 feet 3 inches high, and was rescued from a broken and ruined condition, repaired, and set up again in its present position, by desire of Queen Victoria.^ A fine specimen of a dial of the Holyrood type, which was in the gardens of Warriston, Edinburgh, and probably belonged to Warriston House, now destroyed, has lately been removed to Fettes College. Another, dated 1697, is now at Melville House, Fifeshire, where it was erected about 1862, having been brought from Balgonie Castle after the sale of that estate. In the reign of Charles I. Balgonie Castle passed from the possession of the Sibbald family into that of General Alex. Lesley, first Earl of Leven. The dial was set up in the time of his granddaughter Katherine, Countess of Leven, and wife of the second Earl of Melville. There is a smaller dial of the same type at Invermay in Perthshire. At Ellon Castle, Aberdeenshire, a dial with each facet hollowed, and crowned with a tapering finial and ball, stands on a finely-carved pedestal mounted on steps. The height is 8 feet 6 inches. It forms a singularly fine architectural monument. A similar dial block with a plainer pedestal is at Pitmedden, in the same county. A dial stone now at Cammo, near Cramond, bearing sunk as well as plane dials, was brought there from the gardens of Minto House, Edinburgh. According to a plan of the city taken in 1742, Minto House lay south of the Cowgate, and its entrance was from Horse Wynd. The staircase of the house, says Robert Chambers, was for- gotten till after the house was built ! Another very elaborate dial, bearing thirty-three gnomons, is at ‘Proceedings of the Edinburgh Architectural Association,” vol. iii., Sessions 1880-81. SUN-DIALS 15^ Cramond near Edinburgh. One of the faces is dated 1732, and bears the name “ Sir Rob. Dickson.” On another face is inscribed “ Arch. Handasyde fecit.” Sir Robert was chief baillie in Musselburgh in 1745, in which same town Handasyde worked as a mason. Some other dials in the neighbourhood appear to be also the work of Handasyde, as well as one on Inveresk Church. The dial at Cramond its said to have been brought there from Lauriston Castle, about two miles dis- tant. When it was first seen by Mr. Ross it was broken into three or four pieces, but he called the attention of the Committee of the Edinburgh Exhibition (1886) to it, and the dial was borrowed for exhibition and put into repair. The ball now at the top is a recent addition. In the garden at Lee Castle, Lanark- shire, there is a fine dial, having the facets deeply hollowed, supported by a lion sitting on his haunches and holding “an enriched cartouch,” on which are sculptured the family arms, the Lock Heart, from which the Lockharts of Lee took their name. At Waygateshaw a lion of grim appearance also holds a dial stone on his head, and at Pitferran, the lion alone remains. It holds a shield ^ bearing the arms of Halkett, but the dial has disappeared. Mount Melville, near St. Andrews, has in its garden a remarkable octagonal column crowned with a facet-headed dial stone. The column, which stands on four steps, has dials both plane and sunk arranged in regular rows round it, and of all varieties of shapes, oblong, angular, heart-shaped, and circular. The lower part of the shaft is carved with rose and thistle patterns, and on one face are two twisted serpents. “ Above the dial shaft a collar contains a series of five cylinder-shaped hollows, and behind these four slanting oblong sunk dials. Above the collar, and resting on the base, there is a square block, having three large cup-shaped hollows, and a large heart-shaped hollow. Above the square block is placed the facet head.” There are LEE CASTLE. SCOTTISH DIALS 159 altogether seventy dials. A somewhat similar dial is said to be at Craignethan Castle, Lanarkshire. At Rubislaw Den, Aberdeenshire, two blocks of concave dials stand one above another on a wide stone base, supported by balusters. At the top is a stone ball marked with dial lines. The whole reaches a height of 9 feet 5 inches. It originally stood in the garden of the MOUNT MELVILLE. Earl Marischal’s Aberdeen house, which was destroyed in 1 789, and the dial was removed by Mr. Skene to Rubislaw. It remained there till the house fell to decay, and was then transferred to Rubislaw Den. The dials at MIdmar Castle and Duthle Park, Aberdeen, bear a strong resemblance to each other. Both have four concave dials mounted on a pedestal, and surmounted by four others — at MIdmar sunk, and at Duthle Park plane dials — on the slope of the pinnacle. 6o SUN-DIALS There is a ball at the top of each, and at Aberdeen the hours and hour lines are painted on it. On the pedestal of this latter dial there are shields with the initials “ C. G.,” “ G. B.,” and date 1707, and also a pestle and mortar. In the “formal garden” at Stobhall Castle, Perthshire, a singu- larly beautiful and interesting place, there is a dial pillar about 6 feet 3 inches high, with a square block at the top crowned by a ball, and each face of the block has a circular hollow about 10 inches in diameter. Half way up the shaft of the pillar is another square block, bearing vertical dials, and at the angle of the north face there is a shield Avith the Drummond arms, an earl’s coronet, and the initials E. I. P., for John, Earl of Perth. This probably refers to the second earl, who succeeded to the estates about t 6 i 2 . Dr. Martine, of Haddington, possesses a very remarkable dial on a stone hollowed and like a bowl or small font. One dial face is within the hollow, and round the outside there are eight concave dials with a mask be- tween each. The stone is ii^ inches high, i5|- inches wide, and 6 inches deep inside. There is another curious speci- men at Haddington in the posses- sion of Dr. Howden. It is made out of one block, and cut in a most irregular manner with plane and concave faces. A horizontal dial is on the top. The block stands on a wreathed pillar 2 feet 6 inches high. At North Barr, Renfrewshire, a dial stone in the old garden is mounted on a pedestal which is quite unique. This is the figure of a lady in seventeenth-century costume, holding a rose in one hand and gathering up her skirts with the other. Two solid stone curls, which rest upon her shoulders, help to support the block of dials which she carries on her head. This is octagonal, and has seventeen faces, some of which are plane and some hollowed. The figure stands as origin- ally placed, and bears the date 1679, and the initials of Donald McGil- HADDINGTON. SCOTTISH DIALS i6i livray, a Glasgow merchant, who built his house at North Barr, and died in 1684. Mr. Ross considers it to be the work of one James Gifford, a sculptor, who lived at West Linton, Peebleshire. He erected a cross on a well there, and on the top of it he placed a statue of his wife, which bears a considerable resemblance to the fiofore at North Barr. Perhaps the most beautiful dial which the world can show is at Glamis Castle, that place of mystery and legend. It is simply a Y i 62 SUN-DIALS masterpiece; nothing so grand can be seen anywhere else. It stands 2 1 feet 3 inches high. Above the base there are four lions erect, each holding a shield on which is a dial face, and the names of months and days are engraved below. These figures, between which are twisted pillars, support a cornice and canopy, and above there is a faceted block, cut into eighty triangular dial planes. An earl’s coronet sup- ported by four carved scrolls is on the top. The name and arms of the Strathmore family account for the introduction of the lions. Glamis was originally the inheritance of Macbeth : “ By Sinel’s death I know I am Thane of Glamis.” It was granted in the fourteenth century to Sir John Lyon, an- cestor of the present Earl of Strathmore, and the castle was rebuilt in the seventeenth century. We are told that the Chevalier slept there in 1715, “and had above eighty beds made up for himself and his re- tinue.” The dial stands on the lawn in front of the castle, and was set up in the time of Earl Patrick {1647-1695), who mentions it in his “ Book of Record.” The two dials at Newbattle Abbey, which are still in the gardens, though not as originally placed, are exactly alike, and stand about 16 feet high, including the steps on which they are mounted. Each consists of an octagonal block, which, placed on a pedestal, bears two tiers of vertical dials, and is surmounted by a carved finial. The arms and initials of William, first Earl of Lothian, and Anne his wife, with a sun, the crest of the Kers, are on the north side of the block. These dials were erected in 1635. At Polton, near Edinburgh, there are two dials of late seventeenth century date. One shows a figure of Time in relief, holding a scythe, and supporting a globe on his knee ; a square dial face is below. The other is a fragment ; a hexagonally carved stone rests on a square base, and on the faces of both there have been dials. The date 1685 is on one of the blocks, and 1672 on a lintel which is now placed with them. They are arranged somewhat confusedly against a garden wall, so as to form a rockery, but are evidently the remains of what was once a very fine structure. The carved finial at the top resembles those at New- battle. At Dunglass, Haddingtonshire, on the top of a mound near the ruined collegiate church, a square stone with four vertical dials stands on what seems to be a broad projecting square basin, “ the pedestal of which, cut out of one stone, is fashioned with four pilasters at the SCOTTISH DIALS 163 angles ; these are fully relieved, showing daylight between.” The upper surface of the serving basin is flat. An obelisk dial, formerly at Barnton House, has been already noticed. Another stone structure, once at the same place, but now at Sauchie, Stirlingshire, has two tiers of vertical dials mounted on a pedestal which stands on steps placed anglewise, and reaches altogether to the height of 10 feet 2 ^ inches. Lord Balmerinoch s arms are on the north face. It would seem that this dial must have been removed from the old house at Barnton, built by Lord Balmerinoch in 1623, and was probably set up by the fourth lord, who sold Barnton in 1688. His son, the last Lord Balmerinoch, took part in the rebellion of 1745, and was beheaded on Tower Hill. The dial at Pinkie House, Midlothian, is supposed to have been put up by Alexander Seton, Earl of Dunfermline, who died there in 1622. It is a stone cube with vertical dials, crowned by a finial of the same style as those at Newbattle, and stands on a garden wall. There is also a fine specimen of a horizontal dial at Pinkie, but it is broken into two pieces. The sides are scalloped, and enclose sunk and plane vertical dials, and twisted serpents. There are vertical dials also on the house. At Forgue, Elgin, a block of vertical dials with cherubs’ heads at the top, which seems once to have been built into the corner of the wall, has now been mounted on a pedestal and fixed on the buttress of St. Margaret’s Church. It has belonged for several generations to the family^ of the Rev. William Temple, and the names of six of his an- cestors, with the dates of their death, are cut on the pedestal. The date of the dial is 1710. At Bowland, near Galashiels, there are two solid stone posts to what was once a gateway entrance, and on the tapering top of each is a globe round which the hours are figured. The gnomon is an iron rod pointing from the north pole. At Inch House, Midlothian, a horizontal octagonal dial is sur- rounded by vertical and hollow faces on the eight sides. These are supported by cherubs’ heads, like those at Heriot’s Hospital, which in their turn rest upon a cubical base bearing three dials and the arms of the Preston family. The whole stands on an ivy-covered pedestal. At New Hall, Penicuik, a globe is poised on the top of a hollow cylinder, which serves as the gnomon of a horizontal dial. In the grounds of Kilmarten, in Glen Urquhart, Inverness-shire, there is a dial 5 feet high, consisting of a square block of stone resting on four marble balls. The face is of copper, and has the Ogilvy crest SUN-DIALS 164 engraved on it, and the motto Abna fide. It was set up at Coniemony, in Glen Urquhart, in 1840, by Mr. Thomas Ogilvy, and on the sale of that estate the dial was removed to Kilmarten. Another modern dial is at Leuchars, and was designed by Lady John Scott. A curious dial at the Hainlng, Selkirk, is covered with masonic sym- bols : “an arch springing from Ionic columns enclosing the All-seeing Eye within a wreath, the compass, square, and triangle, and various other figures.” It was the work of a mason employed at the Hainlng in 1817. For particulars as well as illustrations of these and other dials we can only refer our readers to the beautiful work already mentioned, “ Castellated Architecture of Scotland,” vol. v., where there are many more described, especially of the vertical and horizontal types, than we have space even to name, and there are probably quite as many still unnoticed. It is satisfactory to learn that, by the attention called to some of the finer specimens, several have been rescued from decay and set up again. At Riccarton Castle, Midlothian, there is a dial of grey stone Inscribed “Robert Palmer fecit, 1829,” most scientifically constructed, and another by the same maker is in the neighbouring churchyard of Currie. This was presented by Palmer to the parishioners and heritors in 1836. Palmer was a village schoolmaster and taught the elements of astronomy, the walls of his schoolroom being covered with astro- nomical diagrams. Other schoolmasters made dials and taught dialling to their pupils. Burns studied it ; Hugh Wilson, composer of the hymn tune “ Martyrdom,” made a dial which Is still at Fenwick near Falkirk, and the number of dials at such places as Prestonpans and Newstead shows how thoroughly the art was understood by working masons. The Kirk Sessions records for 1744, of Essie and Nevay, Forfar- shire, notice that a mason had been fined £6 (Scots) for some misde- meanour, but being a poor man, and having with other work “ made a dyal for the West Church,” he was forgiven. This shows the high esteem in which dial-makers were held in the eighteenth century.^ A splendid Celtic cross which stands near the old Priory Church on the island of Oronsay, has a horizontal dial roughly cut on the corner of Its socket stone. The cross is Inscribed with the name of Prior Colin, who died in 1510 : Haec est ci'ux Colini filii Christi, The dial, which Is probably of later date, is circular, with seventeen distinct rays, an outer ring, and a central hole for the gnomon. It has a diameter of ^ inches. There may once have been twenty-four rays, but part of ’ “ Strathmore Past and Present ” (Rev. J. G. Macpherson). SCOTTISH DIALS 165 the stone is now decayed, and the rubbing which has been sent to us only shows hour lines from 4 a.m. to 8 p.m. Tradition says that people who passed the cross to enter the church, used to place a stone, sunwise, in the gnomon hole “ for luck.” It must be many years since anyone went to worship in the church, which, with the adjacent build- ings of the priory, founded in the fourteenth century by John of Isla, Lord of the Isles, has long been in ruins. The dial is shown in a lithograph of the cross given by Dr. Stuart in his “ Sculptured Stones of Scotland.” The dial made by Hugh Miller when a young man still stands at Cromarty, and near it are the remains of an old lectern-shaped block dug up by him in his boyhood, which had once belonged to the Castle garden at Cromarty. There was, too, a sun-dial, moss-grown and weatherbeaten, standing in the lonely graveyard beside the ruined chapel on Conan-side, which lived in his memory for many years. “ A few broken walls rose on the highest peak of the eminence, the slope was occupied by little mossy hillocks and sorely-lichened tombstones that mark the ancient graveyard, and among the tombs immediately beside the ruin there stood a rustic dial, with its iron gnomon worn to an oxidized film, and green with weather stains and moss. And around this little lonely yard sprang the young wood, but just open enough towards the west to admit in slant lines along the tombstones and the ruins, the red light of the setting sun.” ^ The thoughts suggested by this scene were embodied in “ Lines to a Sun-dial in a Churchyard ” : # # # * “ Grey dial stone, I fain would know What motive placed thee here. Where sadness heaves the frequent sigh And drops the frequent tear. Like thy carved plane, grey dial stone, Griefs weary mourners be : Dark sorrow metes out time to them, Dark shade metes time to thee. # # -X- * Grey dial stone, while yet thy shade Points out those hours are mine, — While yet at every morn I rise, And rest at day’s decline, — Would that the Sun that formed thine. His bright rays beamed on me. That I, wise for the final day. Might measure time, like thee ! ” ^ “ My Schools and Schoolmasters,” by Hugh Miller. CHAPTER XI FOREIGN DIALS “Thy glass will show thee how thy beauties wear, Thy dial how thy precious minutes waste.” Shakespeare, Sonnet Ixxvii. The collections of sun-dial mottoes made by Baron de Riviere and Dr. Blanchard, which we have incorporated with our own, add greatly to our knowledge, not only of the inscriptions, but of the forms of many French dials. So far as we can judge from these notices there are either no remains in France of those monumental dials of which Scotland possesses so many, and England a few fine examples, or else they have escaped the observation of these accomplished writers. French influence was so strong in Scotland in the days of the Stuart kings, that we might have expected to find in France the prototype of the Scottish dials. But we have looked in vain. It is true that a fine specimen of the two-faced attached dial with stone gnomons, such as is found on Heriot’s Hospital and other houses in Scotland, has been noticed at Rouelles^ in Normandy, above a window of the church, and is thought to date from about the year 1500, but the majority of French dials appear to be of the simple vertical and horizontal types, with the exception of some curious and elaborate constructions which will be hereafter described. No dial could be more beautifully placed than the one on Chartres Cathedral. It is semicircular, on a stone slab held by an angel, one of the tall and dignified Byzantine figures that adorn the outside of that noble building. It stands under a canopy at the south-west angle of the cathedral. The date on the dial is 1582, but some antiquaries have thought that there may have been an earlier stone, coeval with the figure, and that the dial had formed part of the original design. Amongst the angels which stand above the flying buttresses on the south side of Rheims Cathedral there is one which holds a semicircular ’ “ Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc.,” September, 1873, P- 280. FOREIGN DIALS 167 stone in a similar position, and though neither nurnerals nor lines can be discerned from below, and there is no gnomon, the resemblance to a dial is certainly strong. It was a beautiful thought to place the figure of an angelic watcher as recorder of those hours which an angel can only know in his capacity as a ministering spirit to man. Perhaps it was suggested by the mention of the angel in the Book of Revelation stand- ing on the earth and the sea and proclaiming the end of Time and the finishing of the mystery of God. At Laon Cathedral the angel is on one of the outbuildings, and the date CHARTRES. LAON. on the dial-slab is 1748. The figure and canopy are, of course, much earlier. On Falaise Cathedral there is a dial, but a perfectly plain one ; Amiens has one also, almost illegible ; and on the ruined abbey church of Jumieges there are the outlines of one with the numerals still visible. Baron de Riviere notices a dial on- the porch of the cathedral at Albi. In a list of dated church dials without mottoes from the Depart- ment du Morbihan, given by the same writer, the earliest date is a.d. 1550, from the church of Lanvenegen. A dial on the church of Vieil Beauge (Maine-et-Loire), dated 1 543, with one at St. Aubin des Fonts de Ce, are said to be the oldest in Anjou. At the Chateau de Josselin in Brittany there is a picturesque semicircular dial perched on a buttress, representing the bust of a man with the dial on his breast. The date i68 SUN-DIALS below is 1578. A dial once stood on the chapel of the Chateau de St. Foy, near Lyons, and was removed to the Musee Lapidaire at Lyons when the chapel was destroyed about fifty or sixty years ago. In the old Place des Cordeliers at Lyons there formerly stood a tall column surmounted by a statue of Urania, holding a long gnomon which showed the hour of noon on a meridian line. The square was the rendezvous for all the wheeled traffic between Switzerland and Franche Comte, and the whole space between the column and the church of the Cordeliers was wont to be filled by the long chars of the country. The column was taken down in 1858. Paris in former days possessed a great number of dials, several of which are noticed in the collection of mottoes. Only a few remain. One of these is in the first court of the Institut, for- merly the College des Quatre Nations, founded by Cardinal Mazarin. It is inscribed : “ Veteris Collegii / Mazarinaci / Horarium Solare / Anno Domini / MDCCCLVi / Restitutum /.” Fr. Bedos de Celles gives in his “ Gnomonique Pratique” (1771) an engraving of a vertical dial, 12 feet high by 10 feet 6 inches wide, made by him for the Abbey of St. Denis, and set up there in 1765. A dial of very barbarous design was on the Bas- tille. It had for supporters the figures of a man and woman chained together by hands, feet, and neck, the chains also forming a wreath round the dial and the JOSSELIN. ^ inscription belonging to it. The inscription has not been preserved, but an appropriate one might readily be supplied from the book of Job : “A land of darkness and of the shadow of death, and where the light is as darkness.” The column erected by Jean Bullant for Catherine de’ Medici at the Hotel de la Reine, afterwards the Hotel de Soissons, and later the Halles au Ble, which served as an observatory for her astrologer, has now been built into the Halles. Originally there was a large ring of metal round it, on which the hours were shown by a ray of light passing over them. In the middle of the eighteenth century the astronomer Pingre drew lines for two dials upon the column, but none of these remain. In 1763 an elaborate arrangement of meridian and hour lines, with tables of comparison showing the time of day in different parts of the world, etc., was drawn on the staircase walls of the Lycee at Grenoble by a learned Jesuit, probably under the direction of the celebrated Athana- sius Kircher, who was in France at that time. The lines were traced FOREIGN DIALS 169 on the different flights of stairs, and the light was thrown on them from mirrors placed horizontally over the windows. By this means there was shown in lines and letters of different colours : (i) the French hours; (2) the Italian hours ; (3) the Babylonian hours ; (4) the signs of the Zodiac ; (5) the months ; (6) the four seasons ; (7) the hours of sun- rise and sunset. On the first flight there was also to be seen : (i) the Zodiac signs with their attributes ; (2) the calendar of the Blessed Virgin Mary and her seven feasts ; (3) a table of hours, or horologium ttni- versale, showing the time of day at twelve other towns beside Grenoble, and in ten countries; this was 8 feet high and 10 feet wide; (4) a horologium 7 wvum, or table to find the place of the sun and moon in the universe, of the same size as the other table ; (5) a calendar of Jesuit saints. On the second flight of stairs there was: (i) a calendar of the exploits of Louis XIV. ; (2) a table to find the days of the moon ; (3) a table of epacts from 1674 to 1721. The meridian itself consisted of oblique lines traced on the side walls and vaulting of the staircase. Below the side window were the words : “ Tempori et ^E^ternitate, Picturus Anno 1673. Restauratum Prime 1755. Iter 1855.’’ When the last account of these instruments was written, neither the gnomons nor their supports remained. An ingenious dial was set up at Besan^on in the eighteenth century by M. Bizot, a counsellor and a distinguished mathematician. The dial represented an angel holding a child in his right hand, and with his left hand pointing to the heavens. The hour lines and numerals were left in open work, and the rays of light which passed through them fell on the finger of the angel and showed the time of day. There was a slight projecting roof of zinc which protected the dial and cast a shadow over the head and hand of the angel. This dial was described in the “ Journal des Savants” by the astronomer Lalande. M. Bizot made a second dial in the church of the Madeleine at Besan^on, and there the light fell through a hole in a metal plate inserted in a window upon hour lines chiselled on the floor. In the churchyard of Brou, near Bourg-en-Bresse, a curious sun-dial was made for the use of the workmen who built the church known to us through Matthew Arnold’s poem : “ On Sundays at the matin chime The Alpine peasants, two and three, Climb up here to pray : Burghers and dames, at summer’s prime. Ride out to church from Chambery, Z 170 SUN-DIALS Dight with mantles gay ; But else it is a lonely time , Round the church of Brou.” The building was begun in 1506. The dial was a horizontal circle, 33 feet in diameter. The spectator himself formed the gnomon, and by standing on a particular spot on the initial letter which indicated the current month, saw his shadow fall upon the hour he wished to ascertain. The hours were marked in bricks, which were nearly worn away when M. Lalande replaced them by stones. This was nearly a century and a half ago, and probably by this time the stones have also been worn away and displaced, and the hours are known no more. A dial was made in a similar manner at Dijon early in the nine- teenth century by M. Caumont. There were twenty-four stone slabs placed in a circle on the ground, and within them were four octagonal blocks which gave the points of the compass, and slabs of 6 feet long to mark the meridian and the east and west lines. The outer slabs were numbered according to the hours, and the signs of the Zodiac were engraved on the blocks. The observer, by placing an upright stick on the meridian line opposite the initial letter of the month, could ascertain the correct time. In 1840 this dial had to be removed to make way for the building -of the citadel, and after some years was placed at the end of the promenade in the Parc, near the river Ouche. The account of it was written in 1856. With regard to the artistic merit of the French dials, it will easily be believed that some of the designs are very fine, particularly in those that are cut in slate or engraved in metal. M. de Riviere gives an example of a slate slab beautifully carved in relief, dated 1655, which is now in the museum at Moulins.^ Slate is a favourite substance for diallers to work upon. On a ver- tical dial on the church at Coutures (Maine-et- Loire) each of the hour lines terminates in a fleur-de-lys, and there follows an inscription : FAIT . PAR . moy: JACQVES . ROVSSE M . SER . HOME PRO CVREVR . LE I . 1691 IE . DE . MON . MIEV . DEVISE LE . MILIEV . DV . SOLEIL. [ Fait par mol Jacques Rousse, merchant sergier^ Jiomme procureur, le V""' Janvier, 1691. Je de mon mieiix devise le milieu du soleill] ' “ Bull : Mon.” vol. xliv., p. 623. FOREIGN DIALS 17 A finely-engraved leaden plate is in the museum at Varzy. M. Grasset, the curator, published a description of it,^ but was unable to decipher the last line of the inscription. The hour lines are in relief, and above them are the instruments of the Passion, viz., the crown of thorns, lance, scourge, reed and sponge, hammer and nails, with the cock, the ear of Malchus, thirty silver pieces, dice and lantern. Below the cross is a shield with the monogram “A. M.,” and an in- scription in Gothic characters is round the dial : GUILLERMUS LEGRANT PRESBYTER CVM CHRISTO VIVAT FILICITER. AMEN. CYMAR . . . ET SANS NVLLE POSE FU FAIT I514. In a country house at Tourcil, belonging in 1876 to M. Henri Joubert, a horizontal sun-dial of lead, with ornamental engraving in the corners, was preserved. The style was of copper, the numerals in Roman letters, and in the centre was inscribed : VIVE JESUS. 1607 M. LALOY. LIMOGES. A very finely-engraved horizontal dial is described by M. Plante.*^ It was found at Craon, and had belonged to the abbot of St. Serge, Rene de Briolay, to whom it was dedicated by the engraver, D. Jacobus Moraine, Carthusian, a.d. 1643. The plate was of copper gilt, a square of 33 centimetres, ornamented in the angles and about the centre with a charming arabesque design. In the centre of all are the arms of the abbot, with his name and anagram surrounding them : “ Renatus Brioleus. Ut Rosa lenis rube.” Around the dial are the following lines, which contain the same anagram : “ Ornant stemma rosae solis virtute rubentes, Ut Rosa sic nobis lenis odore rube. Bum tua sol lustrat solaria praesul amande Totus divino solis amore rubes.” “ Roses adorn the ivreath^ h his king with the sunshine, Do thou, like the rose, blush for us, gentle in perfume. While the sun illumines thy sun-dials, beloved fati'on. Thou dost blush all over with the suils divine loveP The arms are three roses with a star in the centre. There is also a dedicatory inscription. ‘ “ Cadran solaire en plomb, portant la date 1514.” ■ “Gnomons et clepsydres,” par Jules Plante, Laval, 1890. SUN-DIALS 1 72 Rene de Briolay was abbot of St. Serge in the diocese of Angers from 1628 to 1671. His humility and generosity were alike remarkable. He shared his revenues equally with the brethren of the monastery, and at his death desired that he might be buried in that part of the cemetery which was reserved for criminals, and that only a simple stone with a cross on it should be placed over his grave, and the words : “ Hie jacet Renatus abbas et peccator maximus Ita confidentissimus in misericordia Domini Pareat illi Deus.” During the Revolution a dial was placed on the chateau of Nevers, and was inscribed as follows by the celebrated Fouche : “ Ce cadran a ete place, le soleil entrant dans le signe du Taureau par ordre de la Convention Na- tional.” (!) References to the Revolution are also to be found on some of the Dauphine dials, as on those at Veyrins (Isere) : “ Fait par Liobar Tan de I’heureuse Revolution Francaise, 1789.” In the Museum at Clermont-Ferrand there is a curious little detached dial about a foot and a half high, and brought there from the Chateau de Tournouelles in Auvergne. It is made of white marble, but the lower half has been coloured a bright red, and a star painted on it. The top is a hollow globe, set, as it were, in a cup of a larger size, upon the rim of which the hours are marked by the shadow of a gnomon. On the pedestal there are various hollows and plane surfaces, on each of which one or more dials, amounting to thirty in all, are traced. It is said to be of the sixteenth century. M. de Riviere notices a dial in the same museum, with the inscription : la . mil . VE . XXVIII . AV . MOYS . DE . AOUS . F . ET . APOSSE . PAR . CLAVDE AVVRAY F.\ICT . LAN . 1613. Spain is the only foreign country where we have found a dial block of the elaborate seventeenth-century type seen in England and Scotland. This fine specimen is at Buen Retiro, Churriana, near Malaga, and is of white marble and lectern-shaped. There are 150 dial faces upon it. On the upper face is a star, and below it are the royal arms of Spain, two castles and a lion for Castille and Leon. The dials on the sides are semi-cylindrical. The second tier bears vertical and small dials, one of the latter being in the form of a scallop shell. FROM THE CHATEAU TOURNOUELLES. FOREIGN DIALS 173 On the lower part of the block there is another star, a cross, and plane dials are at different angles. The step on which the dial block rests is formed of thin flat bricks, the pavement being black and white. It stands beside a stone tank, on a terrace which faces a lovely view over a fruitful plain. The neighbouring hills glow in the sunlight, the sombre cypress trees cast their gloom around ; and the melancholy r,UEN RETIRO, CHURRIANA. glance of Time seems to be present, throwing its shade over its own fleeting footsteps as these are expressed by the many gnomons on this remarkable instrument. The white marble of the dial stone strongly contrasts with the dark sad green of the funereal trees ; and as among the devices cut on the sides are the scallop shell of the pilgrim, the star of hope, and the cross of Christian faith, in contrast with the ducal coronet, the cardinal’s hat, and the royal quarter! ngs, enough and more than enough is 174 SUN-DIALS suggested for serious meditation to anyone who visits this remarkable time-reckoner. We have hardly any other dials from Spain. That of Charles V. at Yuste has been already noticed. A vertical one, surmounted by a royal crown, and placed on the top of a tower above a window, was sketched some thirty years ago in the cloisters of Burgos Cathedral ; and another vertical dial on one side of a stone, surmounted by a pinnacle, was seen on a grass plot near the railway station at Pancorba. It seems strange that no others should have been noticed, and that no vestiges of the work of the Arab astronomers should remain amongst the Moorish buildings of Andalusia. But the power of whitewash is great, and the average Spaniard, perhaps, did not much care whether the flight of Time was recorded for him or no. In Italy it is different. Sun-dials abound, or did abound till a few years ago, when decay and whitewash overtook many of them. Yet, even there, we have few records of fine detached dials, though in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Italy produced several writers on gnomonics, and some members of the religious orders made a special study of the subject. It must be acknowledged that the researches which we have been able to make on the spot have been very partial and perfunctory. In recording the mottoes, of which there were many to be seen on mural dials, the uninscribed dials were apt to be overlooked. Two specimens have, however, been noticed which resemble in their form the hollowed hemicycle of the ancients. One of them is on a convent at Assisi ; another, standing on a little column, a cippo, is perched on the corner of a shop roof on the Ponte Vecchio at Florence. There is also at Florence the interesting white marble vertical dial which projects from the facade of the church of Sta. Maria Novella, and bears the following inscription : cosm . med . mag . etr . dux . NOBILIUM ARTIUM STUDIOSUS, ASTRONOMIAE STUDIOSIS DEDIT, ANNO D. M.D.LXxii. \Cosmo Medici^ Gi^andDuke of Etruria, studefit of the e^inobling a7ds, gave this to the students of astronojny, a.d. 1572 .] A corresponding slab on the left-hand side of the portal shows the Armilla di Tolomeo,” or sphere of Ptotemy, for observing the ingress of the sun into the first point of Aries. Both these dials were the work of Fra Egnatio Danti of the Dominicans, to which order the church and convent belonged.^ The church of Sta. Maria Novella was called by Michael Angelo, ^ Both of these instruments are described in the sixth part of his book, “ Dell ’uso et fabrica dell’ Astrolabio,” 3rd ed., Florence, 1578. FOREIGN DIALS 175 from its beauty and perfection, “ La Sposa,” the Bride, A clock in one of the transepts bears the following inscription : Sic fluit occulte, sic multos decipit .xtas ; Sic venit ad finem quidquid in orbe manet, Heu 1 heu ! prseteritum non est revocabile tempus ; Heu ! proprius tacito mors venit ipsa pede. So flows the age iinperceived^ so it deceives many ; So comes to an end whatever remains in the world. Alas I alas I the time past is not to be recalled ; Alas ! death itself comes neai'er with silent step. At the south-west angle of the cathedral at Genoa there is the figure of an angel holding a dial. A facet-headed dial of white marble was noticed a few years ago in the gardens of the Villa Giulia at Palermo. There were ten facets with dials, and a hori- zontal dial at the top, inscribed : “ Girolamo Ganguzza L.” In the north of Italy, and espe- cially in the Alpine valleys, the dials frescoed on the walls were often quaint and picturesque in design. Some of the finest speci- mens of these are to be found in the Italian Tyrol. On old houses they are combined with the coats of arms of those noble families who were once the owners, and on the churches with the figures of the Virgin and Child, and saints. Two or three specimens north of the Alps are noticed in the collection of mottoes, but there is none finer than the fresco on a church near Brixen, where the Blessed Virgin appears with the Infant Saviour and attendant angels in vision to St. Dominic and St. Francis, whose figures are represented below. The dial designs on German houses are also sometimes heraldic in character, but more frequently of elaborate scientific construction, show- ing the signs of the Zodiac, the hours at different localities, etc. There CHURCH NEAR BRIXEN. SUN-DIALS 1 76 are several dials at Nuremberg, two of which, facing south and east, are at the angle of the Nassauerhaus ; and in the courts of the Royal Palace at Munich two, if not three, were noticed some few years ago. In the museum at Nuremberg there is a fine collection of portable dials, for the manufacture of which the city was, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, renowned. The late Mr. Albert Way, PbS.A., noticed a semicircular vertical dial held in the left hand of a fieure in a niche on the south side of the minster at Freyberg-in-Breisgau. The figure is in secular dress, and is said to represent the architect of the church. The south aisle of the building is assigned to the end of the thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century. There is another vertical dial, of much later date, painted on the gable of the south transept. The remains of a mural dial can still be traced on the castle of Heidelberg, facing the court and above the entrance to the P'riedrichsbau ; and in an old engraving taken before the destruc- tion of the castle in 1764, two dials of the same character are shown on the turret beside the fa9ade of Otto Heinrich. A white marble horizontal dial, called “The Oueen of Bohemia’s dial,” used formerly to be shown, but has now been put away in some part of the building to which strangers are not admitted. It once stood in the gar- dens, which were laid out by the engineer Solomon de Caux, whose work on gno- monics is still extant.^ The marble pedestal of the dial is supported on lions’ paws. A facet-headed dial, mounted on a stone pedestal, stands in the Palace garden at Schwerin. A very remarkable instrument, called the Horologium Achaz, now in the museum of the Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, was de- scribed in 1895 by Mr. J. F. Sachse. There are, he says, two metal plates, the smaller measuring 5I inches in diameter, made of an alloy of silver and copper, which formed the base, with a compass I inch in diameter in the centre. Beneath this is a finely-engraved plate slightly concave, and divided into five panels, two of which are engraved with scenes from the second book of Kings ; in one the ‘ La Pratique et Demonstration des Horloges Solaires,” 1624. PALACE, SCHWERIN. FOREIGN DIALS 177 prophet Isaiah is pointing to a vertical dial, and in the other healing the king. In the centre is written : “ Notat concha isthac hemiciclea capitis 38 Esaia miracvlvm : nam hanc si acqva labrvm vsqve impleveris vmbra solis 10 imo : 20 gradibvs retrorsvm fertvr signvm ac gradvm solis : quin etiam horam diei vvl- garem qvamcvnqve vna cvni planetarvm qvas vocant horas denvncians.” [This semicirailar shell explains the miracle of the 38//^ chapter of Isaiah. For if you fill it to the brim zuith zaater, the shadozv of the sun is borne backzoard by ten or tzoenty degrees. Moreover it indicates any common ho2Lr of the day zvhatever, together zvith zcdiat they call ho2trs of the planets l\ The larger piece is a basin-shaped plate made of brass or gun- metal, with a flat movable rim i inch wide. Upon this are engraved the signs of the Zodiac. On the reverse of this rim, which surrounds the large basin, is engraved as follows : “ Christophorvs Schissler, geometrievs ac astronomievs artifex, Avgvstae Vindelicorvm, faciebat anno 1578.” “ The centre or concave part of the dial is 10 inches in diameter, and geometrically divided into the different planetary hours. The depth of the basin is i| inches, and the whole formed the dial.” A brass figure about 3 inches high, with the left hand extended to hold the gnomon, is placed on the rim. “ The instrument was formerly used for calculating nativities, . . . and when filled with water to the brim, the shadow was advanced or retarded as many degrees as the angle of refraction.” Christopher Schissler was a brassworker and also an astronomical and geometrical “ werkmeister ” at Augsburg. The four large sun-dials which he made for the Perlachthurm, a tall watch-tower, in 1561, are still to be seen. Some of his smaller instruments may be found in collections such as that at the British Museum. His greatest work, a quadrant, dated 1569, was placed in the museum at Dresden. Schissler seems to have discovered the laws of refraction some fifty years before they were made known generally by the mathematicians. The Horologium Achaz belonged in the seventeenth century to Anton Zimmerman, a distinguished astronomer, and magister of the Rosicrucians, who was on the point of emigrating to America with the members of his society when he died, between the years 1691-93. His effects had been placed on shipboard, and were taken to America by Johannes Kelpius, who was the next elected magister. The Rosi- A A SUN-DIALS 178 crucians settled on the shores of the Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and the observatory or “ lantern ” which they set up for the study of the stars was the first regular observatory established in America. The last surviving member of the Rosicrucians, Christopher Witt, who had received the scientific instruments from Kelpius, gave some of them to the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, of which Benjamin Franklin was president. Amongst them, no doubt, was this “ Horologium Achaz.” Mr. Sachse says he has searched Europe in vain to find a duplicate.^ There is a fine collection of Scandinavian dials in the Northern Museum at Stockholm. A letter of inquiry about this was most courteously replied to by Dr. A. Hazelius, the curator, as follows : “ Nordiska Museet has a great number of sun-dials from the latter part of the sixteenth century to far on in the nineteenth century. Their size, as well as shape and material, vary. We have sun-dials in pocket size, and dials that have been intended for walls and pillars ; one has even been affixed to a mile-post. The form is usually quadratic, but cubes are not unusual. The material of which they are made is, as above mentioned, very varying. We have dials of bone, stone, clay, etc., and even metal and wood. The ornamentation consists usually of escutcheons with ideographs, initials, and sometimes of motives of plants in different styles and manner. Mottoes do not often occur.” Dr. Hazelius also mentions the dial with a Runic inscription, dated 1754, which Prof. Stephens described in 1877.^ is of marble, nearly a foot square, and was found in 1876 at Norrkoping. “A line of modern Runic runs all round the four edges, and gives a rule how to arrange the gnomon in leap-year.” That the sun-dial was once as much at home in the churchyards of Sweden as of those of Great Britain we may see from Bishop Tegniers lines : “ Even the dial, that stood on a hillock among the departed (There full a hundred years had it stood) was embellished with blossoms, Like to the patriarch hoary, the sage of his kith and the hamlet. Who on his birthday is crowned by children and children’s children. So stood the ancient prophet, and mute with his pencil of iron Marked on the tablet of stone, and measured the time and its changes. While all around at his feet an eternity slumbered in quiet.” Children of the Lord's Supper (Longfellow’s trans.). The wish which the philanthropist John Howard expressed on his ’ “Pro. Am. Phil. Soc.,” vol. xxxvi., 1895. Horologium Achaz.” ■ “ Monats blad,” Nos. 67 and 68, also “Old Northern Scandinavian Monuments.” FOREIGN DIALS 79 deathbed, to have a suii-dial placed on his grave, was not fulfilled after his interment. He was buried at the spot he had selected, near the village of Dophinovka, now called Stepanovka, six versts north of Kherson, and a monument, consisting of a brick pyramid inscribed with his name, was placed on the grave by his friends. An obelisk, 30 feet high, was, however, erected in memory of Howard by the Emperor Alexander L, near the Church of the Assumption at Kherson. On one side there is a sun-dial, showing the hours from ten to two, and on the other a portrait medallion of Howard. There is also an inscription in Russian and Latin : Howard died on the 20th January in the year 1 790 in the 65th year of his age Vixit propter alios Alios salvos fecit. Howard’s last wishes were thus gracefully remembered, though the sun- dial was not upon his grave. This, and the dial brought from Kelbouroun Spit, noticed in the collection of mottoes, are the only specimens which we have from Russia. The great equatorial dial at Delhi, constructed in 1724 by Jey Singh, Rajah of Jeypore, and called by him the prince of sun-dials, one of the most marvellous specimens in the world, almost defies de- scription. We are told that the dimensions of the gnomon are as follows : ft. in. Length of hypothenuse . . . . 118 5 „ base. . . . . . 104 o „ perpendicular . . . • 5^ 7 The gnomon is of solid masonry edged with marble, and the shadow is thrown upon a graduated circle, also of marble. “ At a short distance, nearly in front of the great dial, is another building in somewhat better preservation ; it is also a sun-dial, or rather several dials combined in one building. In the centre is a staircase leading to the top, and its side walls form gnomons to concentric semicircles, having a certain inclination to the horizon, and they repre- sent meridians removed by a certain angle from the meridian of the observatory ; the outer walls form gnomons to graduated quadrants, one to the east and one to the west ; a wall connects the four gnomons, and i8o SUN-DIALS on its north face is described a large graduated semicircle for taking altitudes of the celestial bodies.” ’ The Rajah Jey Singh, who was an accomplished engineer, mathematician, and astronomer, gave it as his reason for constructing these great buildings, that he had found the brass astronomical instru- ments untrustworthy from their small size, “the want of division into minutes, the shaking of their axles, and the displacement of the centre of their circles and the shifting of their planes.” He made the like buildings at other places, as Benares, Muttra, Ujani, and Jeypore, the city over which he ruled, to confirm the observations made at Delhi. ARAI5 DIAL. VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM. It is said that the Emperor Mahmoud Shah gave the Rajah the title of “ Sawai,” = “one and a quarter,” to show that he was a quarter more excellent than any of his contemporaries. He arranged a series of astronomical tables, which are still used by the natives of India ; and having heard from a Portuguese missionary of the European dis- coveries, he dispatched an embassy to King John of Portugal, who in return sent him a savant, Xavier da Silva. Jey Singh thus became acquainted with the tables of De La Hire, published in 1702, and found the more advanced European knowledge of great service to his own calculations. A collection of models of the Jeypore dials, which are identical with those at Delhi, may be seen In the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. ‘ “ Handbook to Bengal.” FOREIGN DIALS i8 We are told that sun-dials are frequently to be found on the mosques in India, and also in Egypt. Some examples at Constantinople have been already mentioned. In the Victoria and Albert Museum there is an Arab dial of marble, made by Khalil the son of Ramtash, a.h. 720 (a.d. 1326), and also some portable compass dials from Persia. A brief account of two dials in Palestine we owe to the kindness of Colonel Conder, R.E. : “ The sun-dial on the mosque at Hebron is marked in black on the wall of the inner court ; as far as I remember it appeared to be modern. In the Jerusalem mosque, south of the Dome of the Rock, was a dial which appears to have been as old as the seventeenth century. It was removed before i88i. It stood on a block of masonry, and was horizontal, not on a wall as at Hebron. It was (wrongly) said to mark the site of the altar of the Temple.” One would naturally expect that the sun-dial would have travelled to the New World with the Spaniards, to Africa with the Dutch, and to Australasia with the English, and that in remote parts of the country where, when clocks and watches get out of order, and there are no means of mending them, the sun-dial would be found useful. Whether this is the case or not, we are not able to say. There is a large mural dial over an archway in the castle at Capetown, and an horizontal one *n the Botanical Gardens, both of which date from the Dutch occupa- tion ; and in the collection of mottoes one recently set up in California will be noticed. In Rumbold’s “ Great Silver River” a sketch is given of a reclining sun-dial on a pillar of red sandstone, which stood soli- tary in a court of the ruined Jesuit College of La Cruz, at Missiones in Argentina. It was dated i 730, and bore a representation of the Sacred Heart and the monogram of the Blessed Virgin. The college was founded in 1629. The dial has probably by this time shared the fate of the buildings which once surrounded it. So, having tracked the sun-dial from its first beginning in the farthest East, we take leave of it in the farthest West. PORTABLE SUN-DIALS 15v LEWIS EVANS, F.S.A., F.R.A.S. ^ ; » L / V, Pl. VII. PORTABLE SUN-DIALS. PORTABLE SUN-DIALS Although everyone knows that sundials are often to be seen on the walls of churches or on stone pedestals in old gardens, and though we all understand that such dials were the immediate ancestors of our public clocks, still there are comparatively few who know any members of the younger branch of the family, namely, the pocket dials, the rude forefathers of the modern watch. And it will probably be a surprise to most people to learn how many have been the varieties and how pro- tean the forms of the portable dials that were used in various aees and countries, and what a vast amount of time and thought was expended on their design and construction. There is no doubt that fixed dials preceded portable ones by many ages, and that the length of his own shadow long continued to be the only visible timekeeper that a man carried about with him, and one that was in recog- nized use in classical times (see p. 6), to which period the earliest known specimen of a portable dial must also be ascribed. This dial, which is made in the shape of a ham, was found in excavations at Herculaneum in 1754, and is now in the Naples museum, where Miss Lloyd made the drawing from which the illustration is taken. Its material is bronze, and on its flat side are vertical lines enclosing six spaces, below which are engraved the shortened names of the months, with the winter months under the shortest space and the B B 1 86 SUN-DIALS summer under the longest ; while across the upright lines are curved ones dividing the spaces each into six sections to represent six hours from sunrise to noon, and from noon to sunset, in accordance with the plan adopted in other Roman dials, which gave to the day twelve long hours in summer and twelve short ones in winter. The tail-piece on the left must originally have been much longer so as to come round in front of the hour lines in such a way that its shadow would fall on the proper month space and show the hour when the dial was suspended by the ring and turned towards the sun. The age of this dial is fixed within narrow limits by the fact that it must have been made after b.c. 28, when the month Sextilis was changed to Augustus in honour of the emperor, and before A.D. 79 when the great eruption of Vesuvius buried Herculaneum, while it seems probable that it was made after a.d. 63 when the town was greatly injured by an earthquake. An instrument of this kind could only be used in one latitude, and that the later Romans knew and felt the disadvantage of this fact is shown by another dial on the same principle found a few years ago at Aquileia and described by Dr. Kenner.^ This is a circular disc of bronze 1 J inch diameter by inch thick, with dials on each side of it, one being lettered RO for Rome and the other RA for Ravenna; the lines dividing off the month spaces in this in- strument are not parallel but radiate from an apex opposite which the gnomon once projected. PILLAR DIAL, 1 7TH CENTURY rS, . . r 1 1 • • L , (scale, f). f he lettering lor the months is practically the same as in the “ ham” dial, and the division of the day is the same, but it was probably not made until about the fifth century. The hour lines were originally inlaid with silver, but much of this is now wanting, as well as the gnomon and the attach- ment for suspending the dial. This class of dial, in which the hour lines are drawn on a vertical surface and the gnomon stands out horizontally above them, has continued in use ever since it was first invented, but the form of it that was most common, because the easiest to make, was a cylinder, ^ “ Romische Sonnenuhren aus Aquileia,” Vienna, 1880. PORTABLE SUN-DIALS 187 the “ Kalendar,” or “ Chilindre ” on which treatises are extant written in this country as early as the thirteenth centuryd These dials, also called “column,” “pillar,” or “ Shepherds’ dials,” were small cylinders of wood or ivory, having at the top a kind of stopper with a hinged gnomon in it. When in use this stopper had to be taken out and replaced with the gnomon turned out and projecting over the proper month space, or line ; then, when the dial was allowed to hang vertically with the pointer towards the sun, a shadow fell on the curved hour lines and gave the time. The accompanying illustra- tions show two dials of this kind, one of the type used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in all parts of Europe, and the other a dial as now used in the Pyrenees. A dial of this type adapted to a walking-stick is to be seen in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and another made by Edmund Culpepper (1666 to 1 706), which forms also a telescope, belongs to Albert Hartshorne, Esq., F.S.A. The same type, but in an exaggerated form, is used by the Indian pilgrims, who carry staves 4 feet 6 inches to 5 feet 6 inches long with dials on them when making a pilgrimage to Benares. An account of one of these, translated from the “ Deutsche Uhrmacher Zeitung,” was given in the “ Horo- logical Journal” for January, 1899, which seems to agree with a specimen now in the British Museum and with one in my collection, except that the writer ascribes to it the fabulous age of “ about two thousand years.” “ Ashadah ” is given dial (scale, f). as the name of these staves after the month of that name — from the middle of June to the middle of July — in which pilgrimages to Benares usually commenced, and they seem to have been made in the country about Bhutan and Eastern Nepal. The staves are octagonal with divisions and numerals carved on each side to show the number of half hours from sunrise or sunset ; four of the sides having each to serve for two months. The gnomon, a small stick or wire, is carried in a hollow down the centre of the staff, and when in use is placed in the transverse hole above the hour lines for the month. Other modifications of this class of dial are given in the illustrations, ^ “Chaucer Society Publications,” second series. No. 2, Part I., and No. 9, Part II. i88 SUN-DIALS one of which, showing the back of a German nocturnal dial of brass, dated about 1650, closely imitates the Herculaneum “ham,” except that the gnomon is hinged to a sliding piece of metal which allows it to stand over any desired month, whereas in the Roman dial this adjust- ment was got by bending the wire gnomon. The seventeenth century dial, engraved on the gilt brass tablet-covers, is also German, and has a pin to be fixed in any of the holes above the months to serve as its “ style.” The side illustrated is made for use in the summer, the winter dial being engraved on the other cover. The earliest form of the ring dial was only another modification of the same type, a hole being pierced in the side of a very wide ring and GERMAN NOCTURNAL DIAI. (back) (scale, 4)- the hour lines marked by sloping or curved lines drawn across the breadth of the ring inside so as to suit the various seasons. When in use these dials were turned towards the sun so that a ray of light might shine through the small hole and show the time on the hour lines inside the ring. From this developed the ordinary form of ring dial, which was in such general use in this country during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in which the hole was drilled in a separate band of metal that moved in a groove round the ring so that it might be adjusted to its proper place for the time of the year, as shown by the initials of the months engraved on the outside of the ring ; by this means the hour lines could be drawn much straighten and with greater accuracy. Another improvement was the introduction of a second hole and a second set of markings, one half of the ring being used in the summer PORTABLE SUN-DIALS 189 and the other in the winter. The ring-dial, of which an illustration is given, is one of this kind, made about 1730; it was found at Kemerton Court, Gloucestershire, and belongs to Mrs. Dent of Sudeley Castle. In the British Museum are two of these dials made as ordinary finger rings, one is English and of brass with three fixed holes in it, made about 1400, the other a beautiful gold dial from Germany, probably of the sixteenth century ; these small ring dials are extremely rare, but those measuring 1 } to 2 J inches in diameter are comparatively common, and can be seen in most of the museums in this country. Ring-dials were more used in England than elsewhere, their manufacture having FRONT. GERMAN DIAL (sCALE, y). BACK. been continued, at any rate in Sheffield, until about a hundred years ago. The dial Shakespeare had in his mind in “As You Like It,” act ii., scene 7 ; “And then he drew a dial from his poke. And, looking on it with lack-lustre eye. Says very wisely, ‘ It is ten o’clock,’ ” may have been a ring dial, a shepherd’s dial, or even a compass dial, all of which were in use in his time, and all probably equally common ; Out of the ring-dial arose various forms of flat dials, as, for instance, the very pretty disc-shaped hanging dial of gilt brass and silver, made about the year 1 700 in Germany, which has a dial with the motto, “ Quaevis hora mortis indicina ” on one side of it, and a perpetual calendar with lunar tables (not quite perfect) on the other, besides the inscriptions, “ Quicquid sub Sole natum Lunare est,” “ Crescunt omnia Decrescunt,” “ Transeunt ut revertantur.” SUN-DIALS 190 DISC DIAL, FRENCH REPUBLIC (scale, |). The little leaden dial, which is of the same type, is interesting, both as being a reproduction on a flat surface of the simplest form of ring- dial, and also because it is the only dial I know giving the names of the months as devised by Fabre D’Eglantine and instituted under Robes- pierre for the French republic, September 22nd, 1793. It is about the size of a crown piece, and is unfortunately not very well preserved, in fact it was sold to a former owner as a Roman dial. The summer side only is shown, with the initials of the spring and summer months, Germinal, Floreal, Prairial, Messidor, Thermidor, Fructi- dor on it Another very beautiful development is the chalice or goblet dial. The specimen here illustrated was made in 1550 by Bartholomeus, abbot of Aldersbach, in Bavaria, and is now in the British Museum. The hour is shown by the shadow of a wire gnomon standing up vertically in the centre of the cup ; this is not shown, as the gnomon now in the dial is not the oriofinal one. Having traced the descent of one type of Roman portable dial through various shapes and in various coun- tries, it will be interesting to follow up the only other kind of .which examples have come down to us from Roman times. The first specimen of this second and more advanced type was found in Italy about one hundred and sixty years ago, and was described by Baldini in 1741, but neither he nor others who have since written about it could correctly describe its use or construction, owing to the absence of part of the gnomon.^ Luckily another specimen, in almost perfect preservation, has recently come into my possession, and though the place in which it was found is GERMAN CHALICE DIAL (sCALE, i). ^ “Saggi di Dissertazioni etct nelP Accademia Etriisca di Cortona,” vol. iii., p. 185. (i. lialdini. “Abhandlung von den Sonnenuhren der Alten.” G. H. Martini, 1777. “ 1 )isquisitiones, etct.” F. Woepke, 1842. PORTABLE SUN-DIALS 191 uncertain, it is undoubtedly of Roman origin, and was probably made about A.D. 300. The most noticeable points about this instrument are, first, that it is an universal dial, that is to say, it can be used anywhere (outside the Arctic circles), and secondly, that it gives the hours according to our present method of reckoning, and not the “ unequal ” hours that were in common use when it was made ; in fact it is a scientific instrument intended to give the equinoctial hours that were then used by few except astronomers and men of science. This dial consists of a recessed disc of bronze af inches diameter, and of an inch thick, with its rim divided into four quadrants, one of which is farther subdivided into three sections of 30°, the centre one of them being marked off at each 10°, so that the divisions correspond- ing to latitudes, 30°, 40°, 50°, and 60° are shown. Sunk in the hollow of this larger disc is a smaller one, about 2 inches diameter, which has its surface bisected by a line, “ the equinoctial line,” with divisions on each side of it representing the sun’s declination north or south on enter- ing each sign of the zodiac, the outer ones being lettered viii. k. ivl. and viii. k. ian., that is, the eighth day before the first of July and January, i,e,, June 24th and December 25th; on one side of the equinoctial line another is drawn at right angles to it from the centre to the circumference passing through a raised knob. The square projecting gnomon and the triangular piece with the hour lines drawn on its curved side, stand out at right angles to the discs, and are both carried on a stout pin passing through the dial ; as in most other Roman dials the hour lines are not numbered in any way. To use this instrument it was necessary first to set the line with the knob on it opposite the latitude of the place, as shown on the outer disc, and then to adjust the gnomon to the season of the year. In the drawing It Is shown set for about latitude 52°, and for one month from the winter solstice, that is, about the 25th of January or November. When the dial was thus set it was allowed to hang from a string fastened to the small loop at its top, and turned until the shadow of the gnomon fell exactly along the hour circle, which it would completely cover at noon, and the number of hour spaces not in shadow would ROMAN DIAL (SCALK, A). CIRCA A.D. 300. SUN-DIALS 192 show the number of hours before or after noon up to six : for the early morning and late evening hours a modification of the setting was needed. When the dial is used in the forenoon set in this way, and the shadow falls exactly along the hour circle, the plane of the discs lies exactly north and south, so that the instrument can be used as a compass. To serve this purpose in the afternoon, the position of the gnomon on the face of the discs must be reversed. On the back of the dial is a list of thirty places, with their latitudes. It is easy to recognize the same principles in this third century dial, and in the German dial, dated 1713, from the British Museum Collection, which is shown in the next illustration. In this the discs are clearly reproduced with little change ; the hour lines, which are now drawn on a true circle, are extended so as to include the morning and evening hours ; but as the ad- justment for season is effected by shifting the gnomon only, the hour circle always remains in the equinoctial position, that is to say, in a plane parallel to the equator. In use the shadow of the extreme point of the gnomon has always to fall on the central line of the hour circle, and the position of the gnomon must be varied according to the season by sliding it up or down the flat plate on which it is fixed, in accordance with the calendar engraved on it. To make the dial serve for the morning and afternoon, both the hour circle and the carrier for the gnomon are on pivots, and can be turned over to the other side of the dial, or folded level with the disc to carry in the pocket. This morning and afternoon adjustment is got over in the pretty little dial made by Johan Martin, of Augsburg, about 1 720, of silver and gilt brass (Plate vii. No. 8), which is fitted with two hour circles or rather segments, and, instead of being hung from a ring, is levelled by means of a small plummet, the arched double gnomon being regulated exactly as in the last dial, and the hour circles set for latitude by the little quadrant between them, so that they also will adjust themselves to the plane of the equator, while the graduated quadrant will point north, and the engraved star at its base give all the points of the compass. Below the square base plate is a revolving perpetual calendar, and a list of about forty towns with their latitudes. These two forms, though showing very clearly the con- GERMAN DIAL, 1713 (scale, r). PORTABLE SUN-DIALS i93 nection between Roman and recent dials, are much less often met with than the “ universal ring dial,” which was a kind of armillary sphere constructed on similar principles to these dials, and was in general use over Europe from the beginning of the sixteenth century. The one shown in the illustration was made by Elias Allen, of London, about 1620. In this dial a spot of sunlight falling on the central line of the hour circle, shows the time, the gnomon being a small hole in a sliding piece of brass, which has to be set according to the season. When in use the outer circle will re- present a meridian circle ; the hour ring, the equator ; and the slotted plate In which the gnomon slides, the pole. These universal ring dials were sometimes furnished with sights, and mounted for use as levels or surveying instruments, as In the dial made by J. Heath about 1 740 (Plate vll. No. 4), which Is 15 Inches high, and has a large compass in the base, with two spirit levels let Into it, and three levelling screws In the feet. The instrument shown on the same plate (No. 2) Is designed on the same lines as the last two dials, the ornamented plate with the toothed wheel round its <^dge has to be sloped more or less according to the latitude, and when In use lies parallel to the equatorial plane, while the small arm, with the perforated sights on It, has to be shifted to suit the sun’s de- clination by means of the calendar at its northern end, the hour being shown by the pointer just below this, and the minute on the clock face opposite by means of the little hand which Is attached to, and turns with, a pinion geared Into the toothed edge of the main dial plate. There are other forms of dial in which the principal circles of the sphere are projected on a plane, instead of being reproduced in metal rings or bands, -as was attempted In the dials last described. The c c ENGLISH UNIVERSAL RING DIAL (SCALE, -}). CIRCA 1620 194 SUN-DIALS English quadrant, shown in the illustration, is an early specimen of this class of dial. It is made of brass, and has on it the badge of King Richard II., and the date 1399, the last year of his reign, and is now in the British Museum. In this and other quadrant dials the time is shown by a bead, which can be moved up and down a plumb-line hanging from the centre of the quadrant, the bead being adjusted to the day of the month, in the calendar on the edge of the quadrant, and placed at the point where the day-line crosses the twelve o’clock line ; then the sun’s altitude is taken by means of the pierced sights on the' quadrant, and the hour is shown by the position of the bead on the hour-lines. There were many varieties of these quadrants, some of QUADRANT MADE FOR RICHARD II. (sCALE, |). which were in use up to the end of the last century even in this country. The dial, in the shape of an ancient ship with turrets at each end, which was probably made in Germany at the end of the fifteenth century, has also a bead on a plumb-line to show the time, but it is an universal dial. The slider on the mast, to which the plumb-line is fastened, has to be raised or lowered according to the latitude, and the rake of the mast set, according to the time of the year, by means of the calendar near the bottom of the ship, and the bead duly placed in position on the thread, after which, if the sun’s height is taken by the sights in the two turrets, the bead will show the time as in the quadrant dials. The same dial was sometimes drawn on a plain surface, the thread being fastened to the end of a jointed arm which could be adjusted for latitude and season by its position on a series of graduated PORTABLE SUN-DIALS 195 lines arranged in the form of a triangle, and corresponding' to the space covered by the mast of the ship at its greatest rake fore and aft, and to the traverse of the slider up and down the mast. There were also varieties of these dials, with modifications of the arrange- ment of the thread, sights, and hour lines, differing but slightly from these two, and all designed to preserve the essential feature of being com- plete on a flat surface without any projecting parts. With all the before mentioned dials, in which the sun’s altitude above the horizon was the only basis of calculation, it was of course necessary to know whether the hour was before or after noon, in order to learn the time, and this must always have been a matter of diffi- culty towards the middle of the day. However, the introduction of the mariner’s compass into Europe in the thirteenth century provided a means of overcoming this difficulty, a fact which was promptly recognized by the dial makers, and we find compass dials to have been in use in this FINGER RING DIAL. FROM AN OLD PRINT. BRASS BOX DIAL (SCALE, |). country from the end of that century, and similar dials have been made till quite recent times with little variation of form ; they were usually small round brass boxes, containing a compass with a horizontal sun- dial above it, the gnomon being hinged so as to allow the lid to close : the illustration shows a seventeenth century dial of this form. Very minute dials of this type were sometimes made in finger-rings, 96 SUN-DIALS the bezels of which opened and disclosed a small compass and a dial with a strinaf onomon ; there are three or four of these dials in the collection of rinofs at the British Museum, but the illustration is taken ^ ^ from “ Symbola Heroica ” and includes a portrait of the sunj The interestine circular folding dial with a verse round its outer edge (No. 68 in the list of mottoes), of which an illustration is given, is another English variety of the compass-dial, made to suit all latitudes ; it is now in the Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh, and has on it, in addition to the dial and compass, a list of the latitudes “ of all the principall townes and cities of Europe,” and a calendar inscribed, “This table beginneth at 1572 and so on for ever.” It was made in 1575 by Humphrey Cole, who is mentioned in “ Archaeologia,” vol. xl., p. 348 and 354. as having been the leading English maker of astrolabes and other instruments in the reigns of Edward VI. and Elizabeth ; there are specimens of his work in the British Museum and Greenwich Hospital. The carefully made dial, Plate vii, No. i, with a coat-of-arms and an earl’s coronet engraved on it, made by “ Thos. Wright, instrument maker to his majesty” (1730-50), is rather similar in construction to the German dial. No. 2, but differs from it, inasmuch as it needs a compass for its adjustment. It is a very fine piece of English work- manship and must originally have been a very costly instrument. The pretty silver compass dial. No. 6, made by “ Easnier aux Deux Globes a Paris ” at the beginning of the last century, is the type that modern dial makers adopted as the best, and the one with which our soldiers and colonists generally provided themselves before leaving home. In Germany the number and variety of the compass-dials that were made was very great ; one is shown in the ivory dial by Gebhardt, of PORTABLE SUN-DIALS 197 Nuremberg, dated 1561, in which a thread forms the gnomon. It is a type that was to some extent used in all countries, but which was an especial favourite in Germany, and the ivory dial by Hans Troschel about 1640, Plate vii, No. 3, with the motto, “ Hora fugit mors venit,” on it, is one of a similar class ; when closed it takes the form of a book inches by 2^ inches in measurement. No. 5 on the same plate shows another ivory dial by the same maker. The metal folding dial, 2 ^ Inches by 2 Inches, made by V. S. (probably Ulric Schnelp, of Munich) is another form of the same dial that was popular at the end of the sixteenth century. Plate vii. No. 7, shows a cube with five dials on It which Is sup- NUREMBERG DIAL AND COMPASS GERMAN METAL FOLDING DIAL (scale, ^). (scale, f). ported by a hinged leg standing on an oblong base with a compass in it. This Instrument Illustrates one of the commonest forms of a type of dial that can be set in the true position without the use of a compass, and which derives this property from the fact that if a series of dials for one and the same latitude are drawn on several sides of a solid body, the dials will be standing in their true position when they all show the same hour. This individual German dial can be set to suit various latitudes by means of a plumb-line and graduated quadrant on one of its sides, but most dials of the type are only suited to one latitude and have no compass attached to them. Besides the varieties of German dials which I have described, there were a great many others in use which, together with the numerous books on the subject published in Germany, show that the art of dialling was more closely followed there than In any other part of Europe. The French dial makers, however, were not far behind in the variety of their patterns, 98 SUN-DIALS whilst their workmanship, at any rate in the eighteenth century, was only inferior to that of the best English makers. The French ivory dials made by Blond, of Dieppe, and others towards the end of the seventeenth century, were followed by metal instruments like the enamelled silver dial made by Macquart, of Paris, about one hundred and sixty years ago, of which there is an illustration. Dials of this class were generally made with shagreen or fish skin cases to protect them when carried about, the “ bird ” style being folded down flat with FRENCH SILVER DIAL (sCALE, |). the dial-plate when in the case, and they furnish some of the prettiest examples of portable dials that are to be met with. Two forms of dial are peculiar to Italy, the disc dials of gilt brass with the Italian hours (reckoned from sunset) marked on them, which were made in Rome towards the end of the sixteenth century. The dial shown is dated 1585, it has a sun-dial on each side of the disc, and the compass is pivoted so as to turn over and serve for both dials ; in some specimens there are several dials for different latitudes drawn on each side of the disc. The gnomons are little upright pins or pegs, and the arrangement of the hour lines differs in a notable way from that on the dials previously described. This type of dial continued to be made of both brass and wood, usually in flat round boxes, until the beginning of this century. The other form of dial, which is almost confined to Italy, and which is but rarely to be met with even there, is the cross-shaped dial containing a reliquary. In this dial the cross is sloped in accordance with the latitude by means of graduations on the lower part of the dial ; it is then set north and south by aid of the small compass, and the shadow CRUCIFIX DIAL (sCALE, PORTABLE SUN-DIALS 199 of the limbs of the cross will show the hour. The dial of this type shown in the illustration is a German one by M. P. (Marcus Purman), 1596, it is made of brass and gilt. None of the other European countries seems to have been specially prolific in portable dials, though no doubt they were made in all of them. America, Africa, and Australia have produced few or none of these solar time-keepers, but in Asia, and especially in China and Japan they are even now much used. A Chinese dial very similar to the German folding dials of ivory already mentioned was bought by me as an ordinary article of commerce, in a Chinese shop at San Francisco, about twenty years ago. The Japanese are rather fond of circular dials, and the JAPANESE SILVER DIAL (sCALE, ^). ' last illustrations show the interior and exterior of one of their silver dials with very characteristic ornamentation upon it. The portable dials that have been described in this chapter are all, except in the instances specially mentioned, in my own collection, and there remain unmentioned very many more varieties which might have been described had space permitted. It must, therefore, by no means be inferred that any form of dial which is unrecorded here must in consequence be an uncommon variety or one of special interest ; but I should advise anyone who wishes to know more about this subject to go and study the very fine collection of sun-dials and other instruments at the British Museum. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 1. A CLOCK THE TIME MAY WRONGLY TELL, I, NEVER, IF THE SUN SHINES WELL. Recorded in “ Fen and Wold” as seen on a dial in the Fens. 2 . A DAY MAY RUIN THEE. IMPROVE THIS HOUR. A.D. MD CC XXX II. On the church porch, Seamer, Yorkshire. 3. A DiEU SEUL HONNEUR ET GLOiRE. To Goci alone Jionour and gloiy. On the Cafe de la Gare, La Roche-de-Rame (Hautes Alpes). 4. A LA BONNE HEURE. Ill God' S gOod time. W.A.B.B. FAURE FECIT. 1 724. At Villeneuve (Hautes Alpes). 5. A LUMiNE MOTUS. Moved by the light. Copied in 1870 from a dial at Sestri Ponente, near Genoa. 6. A ME TOCCA poi LA SORTE That to wliicJi fate uiges me Di SEGUiRTi FiNO A MORTE. Is unto death to follow thee. At Graglia, in Piedmont. 7. A SOLIS ORTU USQUE AD occASUM. Fvom the rising up of the sun unto the going dozon of the same. On the cemetery wall at St. Gervais, Savoy; copied 1874. The motto (Psalm cxiii. 3), in a slightly different form, was once on the upper part of the Queen’s Cross near Northampton, where there were four dials, facing the four points of the compass. On the east side were the words ab ortv solis, on the west vsqve ad occasvm, on the south LAVDATVR DOMiNVS, and on the north amen . mdccxih. The cross was erected by Edward I. in memory of his wife, Eleanor of Castile, and in 1713 it was repaired by order of the Justices of Northampton, and the dials and mottoes added ; but in 1762 the latter were omitted when the faces of the dials were repainted, and the cross again repaired. The dials have since been removed. 8. A SOLIS ORTU USQUE AD OCCASUM. LaUDABILE NOMEN DOMINI. The Lord' s At ante is praised from the rising up of the sun unto the going down of the same (Psalm cxiii. 3). 204 SUN-DIALS On an ivory compass and dial in the Musee Cluny, Paris, made by Hans Troschel, Nuremberg, 1627, with No. 207. Also on the church at La Cour, near Durtal ; at St. T rinite, Laval ; the Place d’ Armes, Brian^on, with Nos. 48, 365, 1 2 1 3, 1591; the Mairie at Ville Vieille, Queyras, with date 1852 ; on the Presbytere at Prelles (Hautes Alpes), surmounted by I . J . s ; and at other places in the south of France. The same text is engraved on a brass quadrant made by Poppel, now in Mr. Lewis Evans’ collection, tisque being contracted. Mr. Evans once saw a honestone dial exhibited for sale in London, on which the latter part of the inscription had been altered to “ Laudabile Dominum,” apparently for the purpose of getting the whole verse on to the space allowed. The words, “ Nulla meis sine te quaeratur gloria rebus ” Let me seek honour for myself only to honour Thee, were also on the dial stone. It was made in 1750 by “ Conrad Schmeid, canonicus, Collegii, Wetterhausen.” In Athanasius Kircher’s “ Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae” (1646), there is a large folding plate of twenty-four dials arranged in the form of a tree, and four dials in the corners. From these radiate thirty-Tour versions of this verse (Psalm cxiii. 3) in as many different languages. On a scroll across the tree is Sicttt oliva frtcctifera in doino Dei (see Psalm clii. 2). The whole plate is intended to be mounted on a board, and to have small gnomons (of which the size is given) affixed to the dials, which would then show the hour of the day at the different places named. A Solis ortu tisqiLe ad occasum, laudate Domine, Domine alleluia, was inscribed a few years ago beneath the clock, which stands beside the north aisle of the choir in York Minster. This clock used to be outside the building, above the entrance to the south transept, but was taken inside when that part of the cathedral was restored. 9. A soLIs ortV VsqVe aD oCCasVM. Laudabile nomen Domini. Coetus Apostolicus coelestia sidera bis sex, Zodiacusque fides, sol tibi Jesus erit ; Temporis ut minime momentum crescit in horam Et brevis in longam crescitur hora diem, Multiplicata dies in mensem, mensis in annum. Sic tuus in Jesum tempore crescat amor. The band of the Apostles shall be thy tzvelve heavenly stars, Faith thy zodiac, and J esus thy sun ; as the smallest moment of time grows into an hour, the short hoicr into the long day, the recurring days into the month, the month into the year, so with the flight of time may thy love for Jesus increase. On a honestone or marble dial, sold in London, 1896. The chronogram is 1771. The above text, with the words rather differently placed, is also on a portable dial in Mr. Evans’ collection. It is signed Joseph Bayer. Soc. Jesu. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 205 10. A SPAN IS ALL THAT WE CAN BOAST, An inch or so of time : Man is but vanity and dust In all his flower and prime. At East Lodge Earm, Carthorpe, Yorkshire, erected by G. J. Serjeantson, Esq. His initials and the date 1862 also appear. 11. A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE. On the farm buildings at Camphill, Yorkshire, with No. 1426. 12. A TOUTE HEURE AUX MliCHANTS DIEU PRODIGUE SES DONS. Son soleil luit sur eux ainsi que sur les bons. Verse ses faveurs sur l’Ame iNFiDbLE OuE l’abus de ses dons rendra plus criminelle. Each hour on sinner's God His gifts bestows, For them His Sun as for the righteous glows : But faithless souls misuse the gif ts outpoured And gidltier grow zoith blessings thus igjiored. On the church at Aime, Savoy. There was another inscription, but it has become illegible. 13. A TOUTE HEURE sovEZ LES BIENVENUS. Welcome at all times. On a cabaret, Hameau de Flosaille, St. Savin (I sere). 14. Ab hoc momento pendet aeternitas. On this moment hangs eternity. This favourite motto may be seen at the following places : on the porch of St. Andrew’s Church, Auckland, co. Durham, with date 1749 ; over the door of a house at Wentworth, Yorks, with “ 26 Dec. 1765. delineavit Johan Metcalfe”; on the parish church of Great Sankey, Lancs, with “ J. Simpkin 1781 ” ; in the churchyard of Childwall, Lancs, with “ I. Simpkin, Burtonwood 1791” above the motto, and ‘‘ VY" Spencer, and W™ Owen, churchwardens, 1791 ” below; on the pedestal of a dial in the churchyard of St. John the Baptist, Margate, with No. 1669 ; on a house at Offerton, Cheshire ; at Sprawley, Worcestershire ; on a dial in Frankfort Museum ; on a chapel at East London, near Rawdon, Yorks ; on the porch of Soham church, Cambridgeshire. Also at Newmills House, Balerno, Scotland. This dial was removed from Mayshade, Loanhead, to Newmills House ; it is dated 1794. 15. Ab origine virtus Ad sublima cursu(s) From the source is {my) goodness To the heights {my) course. On a dial-stone with two faces in the Germanic Museum at Nurem- berg. Verses 2 and 3 of Psalm cxiii, Sit nomen Domini, etc., are engraved 2o6 SUN-DIALS between the two lines of numerals ; and the stone is elaborately decorated with the signs of the zodiac, and various heraldic designs and mottoes. The name of Philippo Antonio Libero Baroni de Reinach appears, who probably owned the dial, and also the name of the maker, “ DevoP'° Franc: Xav: Josephus Bovins, S.S. Can. Exam, approb. presbyter Eystettensis invenit, fecit, et demississime dedicavit 1717.” The first line of this motto is on a stone dial in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington, with a further inscription of which only one line can be read : “ Ouot Maio flores tibi tot dicantur honores,” May honours be assigned thee^ numberless as are the flowers m May, 16. Ab ULTIMA CAVE, 1 838. Of the last Jiotir beware. Seen in 1870 in a house at Porto Fino, Gulf of Genoa. The same motto is on the Casa Beltrami, Ameno, dated 1846. 17. Ab ULTIMA AETERNiTAS. Frout the last hour begins eternity. Formerly on the Convent of the Recollets, Paris. 18. Ab UNA PENDET AETERNITAS, 1 833. One ho2ir leads hito eteimity. On the Cure’s house, Cognin, France. 19. About your business. On the General Post Office, London, in 1756; and in 1815, on a dial erected by John Devaston, a friend of the poet Shenstone, at the Nursery, West Felton, Salop. 20. Absque SOLE, ABSQUE usu. Without sun, without use. Roger Har- greaves, Richard Whittle, Chapel Wardens, A. Dom. 1826. On Heapey Church, Lancashire. 21. Abuse me not, i do no ill : I STAND TO SERVE THEE WITH GOOD WILL ; As CAREFUL THEN BE SURE THOU BE To SERVE THY GOD, AS I SERVE THEE. This inscription used to be on a copper horizontal dial in Shaw churchyard, in the parish of Oldham ; the cross on which it was erected remains, but the dial-plate was stolen, and a new plate and a different motto have been substituted for the old ones. Three mottoes somewhat resembling the above have been noted as occurring on clocks. The first was supplied to Mrs. Gatty some years ago, and was found in her common-place book : “ I labour here with all my might To tell the hour by day and night. If thou wilt be advised by me Thou’lt serve thy God as I serve thee.” The second, which differs very slightly from this version, is on the Town Hall at Bala, Merionethshire. The third version was kindly sent to us in 1881, by the Rev. H. Maclean, then Vicar of Lanteglos- SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 207 by-Fowey, Cornwall, who while visiting a parishioner noticed the fol- lowing lines placed under an ancient timepiece, neatly written and framed in coloured paper : “ Here my M*'® bids me stand And mark the time with faithful hand, What is her will is my delight. To tell the hours by day by night. M'® be wise and learn of me To serve thy God as I serve thee.” 22. Ad occasum tendimus omnes. We a 7 'e h^avelling each towards his sunset. Recorded in “ Bulletin Monumental de la Societe Fran^aise d’Archeologie,” -1881. No locality given. 23. Ad ogni ora che 10 segno, tu rammenta che altro cercar non DEVI CHE DIO SOLO. MDCCCLXVi. At every Jiour whicJi I mark re^neniber that thoic oughtest to seek after 7 ione but God 07 ily. On the Institute delle Suore di San Vicenzo di Paolo, Rome. 24. Adveniet illa dies : semper paratum. That day will co 7 ue : (be thou^ always 7 ^eady. On the terrace at Derwent Hall, Derbyshire, with No. 1536. Some such words as decet esse, or habe te must be understood. 25. Advesperascit. It is toivard evening, (St. Luke, xxiv. 29.) On the fa9ade of a presbytere near Beziers. 26. Advocat aeternos quaelibet hora [deos]. Every hour may br mg the Eternal Gods \to tis\ In the Court of Signor Luigi Novello’s house at Serravalle d’Asti, Italy. 27. Aetas cito pede praeterit, 1787. The age passes with swift foot. On the porch of the church of St. Hilary, near Marazion, Cornwall. 28. Aetas RAPiET DIEM, 1 783. Time will Imny away the day. At Sally Hill, near Gosforth, Cumberland. 2Q. Afflictis lentae. Quinton, 1762. Slow to the soimowfuL At Beaurepaire (Isere). “Quinton ” probably was the makers name. 30. Afflictis lentae celeres gaudentibus horae. To them that mouim the hours are slow, But with the joyful swiftly go. The above translation was given by the late Dean Alford, who noticed this motto on the Riviera, probably in the Municipio of Rossiglione, near Voltri. The motto has also been seen at Courmayeur : Hyeres ; Milan ; in the garden of the Chateau de Kerouartz, Lannilis (Finistere) ; and on the Sacro Monte at Varese, with the date 26 Febbraio, 1857, and Amicis quaelibet hora. In 1888 it was observed by M. Benoit, author of “ Les bibliophiles des trois eveches,” on what was once the church of the Carmelite Convent at Vic (anciently Meurthe). The 2o8 SUN-DIALS church had been turned into a market ! The dial was near the door. In 1896 a brass dial-plate was sold in London, bearing the same motto on a scroll above two heraldic shields surmounted by a coronet. Below was the line, Vos genus et pietas vos laudet gratia morum. May your race, your devotion, and your comdesy bring you honour. The sentiment of this motto is a favourite theme with poets. It is gracefully expressed by Lamartine in “ Le Lac ” : “ O temps, suspend ton vol ! et vous, heures propices, Suspendez votre cours ! Laissez-nous savourer les rapides delices Des plus beaux de nos jours ! “ Assez de malheureux ici-bas vous implorent : Coulez, coulez pour eux ; Prenez avec leurs jours les soins qui les devorent \ Oubliez les heureux. “ Mais je demande en vain quelques moments encore, Le temps m’echappe et fuit ; Je dis a cette nuit : ‘ Sois plus lente,’ et I’aurore Va dissiper la nuit. “ Aimons done ! aimons done ! de Theure fugitive Hatons-nous, jouissons ! L’homme n’a point de port, le temps n’a point de rive ; II coule, et nous passons ! ” 31. Ah, what is human life! How LIKE THE DiAL’s TARDY MOVING SHADE : Day after day glides by us unperceived, Yet soon man’s life is up and we are gone. On a dial at Hesketh, Lancashire. See No. 1414. The idea contained in this stanza is finely expressed in a sentence from the Talmud, translated by Emmanuel Deutsch ; “ Life is a passing shadow, says the Scripture. Is it the shadow of a tower, of a tree ? a shadow that prevails for a while ? No, it is the shadow of a bird in his flight — away flies the bird and there is neither bird nor shadow.” The Book of Wisdom (v. ii, 12, 13) gives analogous teaching. 32. Ai QUE l’on tens passa vite [Aie que le temps passe vite !] Ah ! how swiftly tmie passes. Near Montpellier ; the dialect is that of Languedoc. 33. Ainsi passe la vie. L’an 1819, 21 Juin. J. H. Jacob. C. Paillas. So life passes. On a slate dial at Les Hieres (Hautes Alpes) ; also (fecit Pascalis) at St. Cassien ; Gavet (Isere) ; and La Tour-du-Pin (Isere) dated 1762. With slight variations, or transposition of words, it has been read on the church of St. Paul (Savoy) ; at the Hameau de Chogne (Isere), dated 1768 ; and at Pierre Rue (Basses Alpes). 34. Ainsi s’ecoule la vie. Thus the years roll on. On the church of the fortress of Izeaux (Isere). SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 209 35. Al proprio occaso in poco d’ora inchina La vita tua, o mortal, che ognor vien meno Ed UN OMBRA SEI TU, CHE GlA DECLINA. A few short hours now, O mortal man, thy life inclming, Towards its own setting, less and less henceforth will grow ; Thou too a shadozv art, to nothingness declming. Given in “Notizie Gnomoniche,” with reference: — Sal. ci. 12; Mattei. 36. All that pleases, all that troubles, is but for a moment : that ONLY IS IMPORTANT WHICH IS ETERNAL. On a dial erected by a lady in her garden at Dorking, in the year of Jubilee, 1887. Round the base No. 1419 is inscribed. 37. Alle die ir hoffnung stellen auf got Verlest er night in keiner Not In ALLEN Tuhn und Lassen dein Las Got dein Ent und Aneang sein. Mors venit, hora fugit, metuas mortem venientem. quaelibet est INDEX FUNERIS HORA TUI. HD. I560. In direst need God will not forsake those who place their trust in Him. In all thou doest and leavest ttndone, let God be thine end and thy beginning. Death approaches, the hour flies, fear thou the approach of death. Any hour is the signal for thy death. On an ivory portable compass dial in Mr. Evans’ collection. The initials are those of Hans Ducher, the maker, a well-known diallist of Nuremberg. He spelt his name Ducher, or Tucher, indifferently. 38. Allez vous. Pass on. Some years ago a Dutch vessel came into port at Dartmouth, and brought a Dutch sun-dial of singular workman- ship, which bore this motto. The dial came into the possession of the Vicar of St. Petrox, Dartmouth, and it was placed at the time in the vicarage garden, but it is no longer there. 39. Alloquar te, mors instat. / speak to thee, death is at hand. Formerly on the church of Loudwater, Bucks, but in 1889 both the motto and the numerals on the dial were found to be obliterated. 40. Altera pars oti est, pars est et justa labori. One pazd is for rest, and a due part is for toil. At Mirepoix (Ariege). 41. Am ANT ALTERNA CAMOENAE. The Muscs lovc the alternate strain. From Virgil, E. 3, 59. On a house in Paris, once the College du Cardinal Lemoine. 42. Ambiguis alis labilis hora volat. The gliding hour flies 07 i its fitfid wings (Cicero). Given on an engraving in “Fabrica degli Horologi Solari,” by Valentino Pini, 1598. E E 2 lO SUN-DIALS 43 - A Micis QUAELiBET HORA. To friends any hour you please. Placed by the painter Jules Lenoir, on his house at Montereau. It is also at Veurey (I sere) ; at Voreppe (I sere), dated 1770; at Grasse (in i860) ; at the Sacro Monte, Varese (No. 30); at Oropa ; at Chatillon, with No. 1028; at Calciavacca, Verolengo. In 1866 seen on a house in Murano with N o. 589, dated 1 862, and having the hour of noon marked by a bell. It was adopted in 1899 by Dr. G. W. Sidebotham for a horizontal dial erected at Broughton Astley Hall, Leicestershire. 44 . Amoena (hora) sit quam optas. Pleasant be the hour thou dost desire. On St. Chaffrey (Hautes Alpes). 45 . Amyddst fflowres I TELL Y*" HOURES, ETC. (See Illustrationi) This design and motto were devised by the Rev. Greville J. Chester, and given in his story, “ Aurelia,” with the following description (pp. 1 60, 16 1) : “ . . . inside the old espaliers, drooping with rus- set apples and jar- gonelle pears, a double row of Hollyhock - spires of flame, and rose- colour, and prim- rose, and white, and crimson, . . . and bunches of golden Aaron’s rod, and Canterbury bells, brought from my Lord Archbis- hop’s garden at Ad- dington in flowery Kent, and Bee lark- spurs, and Prince’s feathers, and later on in the year, tufts ol purple, golden-eyed Michaelmas daisies; and at the end of all, upon a lump of turf, stood a grey time-tinged sun-dial, inscribed on its four sides with the quaint distiches devised by Bishop Edmund Redyngton, who set it up a.d. 1665.” Mr. Chester’s vivid description led some readers to believe that he quoted the motto from an ancient dial, and did not write it himself, but he had considerable talent as a verse writer, and No. 465 is another instance of his grace and wit. The above motto was adopted by Ebenezer Erskine Scott, Esq., for a dial erected by him at Linburn, SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 2 I I Midlothian, in 1892. It was designed by Thomas Ross, Esq., F.S.A., and is nine feet in height. The verses are engraved on the lower step of the base, and on the upper one is verse 3, Psalm cxiii. No. 321. The Hon. Francis Bowes-Lyon has also inscribed Mr. Chester’s verses on the base of a dial which he has erected at Ridley Hall, Northumberland. The design is somewhat similar to the fine dial at his family home, Glamis Castle. The shaft stands on five steps, and supports an octagon crowned by a ball finial. The dials and gnomons are on four facets of the octagon, the other four sides being carved recesses ; the upper and lower portions of the octagon are also cut into deep recesses. The shaft is square, and on the upper part is engraved: (i) Ut umbra stc fugit vita; (2) Post tenebras spero LUCEM. 46. Anen, efans, q’ues ouro. (Allons, enfants, c’est l’heure.) Come boys, now's the time ! At La Licune near Narbonne; the dialect is that of Languedoc. 47. Ante gerbertum silebant.- Before Gerbert they were silent. On a wall of the college at Aurillac. Gerbert, afterwards Pope Sylvester II. (999-1002), was a native either of Aurillac, or of the neighbouring village of St. Simon, and was brought up at the first named place. The motto claims too much, however, for the scientific monk. There were dials before his time, though he may have improved and popularized them. (See Introduction, page 12.) 48. Ante solem permanet nomen ejus. His Name shall be continued as long as the sun. Psalm Ixxii. 17 (Bible version). At St. Martin d’Heres (Isere) with date “ 20 Septembre, 1833,” the same text, with Domini instead of ejus, is found on the church at Abries ; with other mottoes in the Place d’Armes, Brian^on, see No. 8 ; and at Chateau Queyras (Hautes Alpes), with other mottoes and date 1828. 49. Ante solis occasum debet dies clara fecit ItAQUE DeUS duo MAGNA ILLA LUMINARIA LUMINARE MaJUS ad dominium DIEI ET LUMINARE MINUS Ad dominium noctis atque stellas Innocui vivite numen adest. Before the setting of the sun the day ought (to be) bright, So God made the two great lights ; The greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light To rule the night. He made the stars also. Live blamelessly, God is at hand. ViGILATE quia NESCITIS NEQUE DICTAM Horam qua filius hominis veniet. Watch, for ye knoiv not the day nor the hour nor the appointed hour in which the Son of man will come. 212 SUN-DIALS Optima quaeque dies miseris mortalibus aevi Prima fugit subeunt morbi tristis que senectus. Each day is the best of tife to poor mortal man, The first flies by, disease comes 07 t, aiid sad old age. Hoc AEQUINOCTIALE HOROLOGIUM SOLIS (lu)nAE Maris necnon toti astrolabii dioptram CONTINENS AB JOANNE BONAR AeRAE PaED OS LABORATUM FUIT. This which contains an aequinoctial dial of sun, moon, and sea, also a measure of the whole compass, was made by John Bonar of Ay rif\ Schoobnaster, These mottoes and inscription are on the front half of a remarkable dial at Kenmure Castle, Kirkcudbright, which has been fully described by Mr. Ross in his “ Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scot- land,” vol. V., p. 438 et seq. He says : “The dial consists of two flat slate slabs, three-quarters of an inch thick, set up against each other at an angle, like the sides of a lectern or music stand, and they are sup- ported on a modern shaft. . . . The faces are both of the same size, and measure about 2 feet by i foot 8^ inches.” The old rhyme, “ Thirty days hath September,” etc., the names of the zodiacal signs, the months, and numerous towns (mostly English and Scotch), are all cut on the same slab as the above mottoes. The second slab has two inscriptions, a quaint rhymed one in Scottish dialect relating to the signs of the zodiac, which we have not space to transcribe, and the following Latin lines ; Dum licet et veros etiam nunc editis annos Discite eunt anni more fluentis aquae. While time is gra^ited, a^id eveii now, ye set forth years that are real, Leaim ye, years pass by like ritnning ivater. The date, “ 1623 ii Dec ”, is given on each face of the dial. 50. Ano ’ANATOAI2N ‘HAIOT MEXPI ATSMUN, 'AINETON TO ’ONOMA KTPIOT. The Lord's Name is praised from the musing up of the sun tinto the going down of the same, — Psalm cxiii. 3. On a painted cylinder dial 14 inches high, ot Italian make, with No. 155. This specimen was sold a few years ago at Puttick and Simpson’s in London. 51. Appropinquat hora, a.d. mdciiii (or cliii) The hour is at hand. On a cylindrical dial in a woodcut in Marius Bettini’s “ Recreationum Mathematicarum Apiaria,” folio, Bologna, 1659. Also on the Church of St. Marcellin (Isere). 52. Aro es l’ouro de pla fe. 1868. (C’est maintenant l’heure DE BiEN FAiRE.) N ow is the time to do good. On a house at Pamiers (Ariege). SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 213 53. Aro es l’ouro del tribal. (C’est maintenant l’heure de la TRAVAIL.) Now is the time to work. Read at Castelnaudary. This, and the motto above, are in the dialect of Languedoc. 54. Arreste ici, passant, pense a ta fin derni^:re, ApPREND QU’uN sell instant PEUT FINIR ta CARRifeRE. Paiise m life s journey, give to Death one thought ; Know that one moment may your course cut short. At La Fontenil sous Brian^on. There are two dates on the dial, 1831 and 1883, the latter being that of its restoration. The same motto in a slightly different form is on the church at St. Chaffrey, (Hautes Alpes) ; and at Le Monetier-les-Bains, dated 1865. 55. Arresto ti passant regardo quantes d’ouro, et fouto mi LOU CAMP. (ARRi:TE TOI, PASSANT, REGARDE QUEL HEURE IL EST, ET FOUTEZ MOi LE CAMP.) Stop a moment, wayfa^'er, look what time it is, and the 7 i be off I In the dialect of Provence, seen near Aix. 56. Arripe HORAM, ULTIMAMQUE TIMEAS. 8“*''^ i8i2 Snatch the i^present) hour, and fear the last. On a meridian dial at Tours. 57. Ars LONGA VITA BREVIS. Art is long, life is sliort . At Ballafreer Farm, Braddan, Isle of Man, see No. 1020. The dial was made by John Kewley. 58. Arte mira mortalium temperat horas. With wo 7 idrou.s skill he regulates the hours of me^is lives. On a house belonging to the Grand Seminaire at Frejus ; also at Villeneuve, Val d’ Aosta. 59. A RING IS ROUND AND HATH NO END So IS MY LOVE UNTO MY FRIEND. This posy is on a ring dial in the British Museum, probably the same one that was exhibited by the Society of Antiquaries, 1884, and described in their Proceedings, vol. xi.. No. i. 60. As A SHADOW, SUCH IS LIFE. Lat. 52° 2o' 1 848. Over the porch entrance of Wensley Church, Yorkshire. 61. As A SERVANT EARNESTLY DESIRETH THE SHADOW. These words from Job, vii. 2, with eight other mottoes, were on a dial pillar, called Prince Albert Victor’s Dial, shown in the Edinburgh Exhibition, 1886. See No. 1306. SUN-DIALS 214 62. As o’er the dial flits the rapid shade, So SPEED THE HOURS OF LIFe’s EVENTFUL DAY I As FROM THE PLATE THOU SEE’sT THE SHADOWS FADE, Time unimproved fleets tracelessly away. Let thy bright hours, like sunbeams, call forth flowers : Truth, mercy, justice, holiness, and love ; Here they may droop beneath affliction’s showers — Doubt not 'fheir fragrance shall ascend above. These lines, under the title “ Inscription for a Sun-dial,” are in “ Poems” by Lady Flora Hastings. 63. As SHADOWE SO MAN SPEEDETH. 1613. At Church Farmhouse, Marston Magna, Somersetshire. 64. As THE SHADE IS SO IS LIFE. Lat. 53. 15. J. Smurthwaite 1804. ^ wooden sun-dial which until 1889 was on the Red House Farm, near Kirkling- ton, Yorkshire, where the Smurthwaite family had lived as tenants for several generations. o 65. As THE SVNE RUNS SO DEATH COMES. W L. 1683. At Liberton House, Midlothian. The initials and arms are those of William Little. The same motto was inscribed in 1892 on one of two window dials at Inch House, on the Liberton estate. 66. As THESE HOURS DOTH PASS AWAY So DOTH THE LIFE OF MEN DECAY Memento more 1731. On a pillar dial in Wetherall church- yard, Cumberland. The church con- tains some monuments of the Howards of Corby Castle, and a tomb bearing the effigies of Sir Richard de Salkeld and “ his lady Dame Jane,” from whose descendants Lord William Howard bought the Manor of Corby. “ Pray for their souls for charitie : For as they are now — so must we all be.” Epitaph on Sir Richard de Salkeld. 67. As TIME AND HOURS PASSETH AWAY So DOUTH THE LIFE OF MAN DECAY 1694. This motto, which is almost identical with that at Wetherall, occurs on a slate sun-dial, above the porch of Diptford Church, Devon. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 215 In the corners are the initials e W k W evidently those of the wardens for the year 1694, their office being signified by the letter W. It is also on the dial on Brent Church, South Devon, with initials and date E. M. 1685. A notice in the “Gentleman’s Magazine,” quoted by Mr. Suckling in the “ History of Suffolk,” says that in Blythburgh Church, at the west end of the middle aisle, there was a clock with the figure of a man who used to strike the hours on a bell (after the manner of the figures at old St. Dunstan’s in Fleet Street) ; and under the clock the following lines were painted on wood : “As the hours pass away So doth the life of men decay.” 1682. The last version is on a ring dial in the British Museum. 68. As TIME AND HOVRES PASETH AWAYE So DOETH THE LIFE OF MAN DECAYE, As TIME CAN BE REDEEMED WITH NO COST Bestow it well and let no howre be lost. These lines are engraved round the outer edge of a portable brass dial, the size of an old-fashioned watch, which is preserved in the Antiquarian Museum in Edinburgh. When opened a dial and compass are seen on one face, and on the opposite face, which forms the inside of the lid, the meridians of “ all the principal townes and cities of Europe” are inscribed, with the words, “ This table beginneth at 1572, and so on for ever.” The name of the maker, “ Humfrey Cole,” and the date 1575, are also given. During the reigns of Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth Humfrey Cole was the leading English maker of astrolabes and similar instru- ments, some of which are now in Greenwich Hospital. 69. Aspice et abi. Look on me and pass on. On a sun-dial in High Street, Banbury. 70. Aspice in horam, et memento more R.E. 1775. Look upon the hour^ a7id remember death. On an old house in Thomas Street North, Monkwearmouth. The initials R. E. are those of Robert Emerson, who was parish clerk and schoolmaster of Boldon from 1 770 to 1805. He possessed considerable mathematical knowledge, and constructed two dials in his own village. One of these he placed over his house, where it still remains, but the motto of this is now illegible ; the other is above the church porch. 71 . Aspice me. Look on 7ne. This in 1787 was at Montmorency, near the Cheval Blanc. 72. Aspice, respice, prospice. Look, look back, look forward. At Tornaveen, Torphins, Aberdeen, with No. 109. It has also 2I6 SUN-DIALS been inscribed on a dial at Inch House, Midlothian, which was once at Craigmillar, and after having been lost for several years was re- turned to the owner. Major Gilmour, who placed it in the garden at Inch House, and added the above motto and three others. He also put the following inscription on the pedestal : “ This dial stood at Craigmillar Castle. Falling into ruin it was re-erected here with needful additions Anno Dom. 1894.” See Nos. 306, 415, 1490. 73 . Aspice ut aspiciar. Look on me that I may be looked on. This graceful appeal from the dial to the sun was inscribed upon a device belonging to Queen Louise de Vaudemont, the wife of Henry HI. of France. 74 . Aspice ut aspicias. See that thou mayest see. At Teche (I sere), and in the Rue Vaugirard, Paris. This motto was also engraved on the south side of a pillar-dial in the churchyard of Areley Kings, Worcestershire. Below the motto was a figure of Time, with an hour-glass and spade, and the lines : Time’s glass and scythe g Thy life and death declare, g Spend well thy time, and B For thy end prepare. ^ O MAN, now or never. While there is time turn unto the lord And put not off from day to day. On the north side of the pillar is inscribed : Three things there be in very deede. Which make my heart in grief to bleede : The first doth vex my very heart. In THAT FROM HENCE I MUST DEPARTE ; The second grieves me now and then. That i must dye but know not when; The third with tears bedews my face. That i must lodge nor know the place. I. w. fecit, anno Drhi 1687. Under the date is a figure of Death standing on a human body, holding a dart and spade, and with a fallen hour-glass beside him : Behold my killing dart and delving spade. Prepare for death before thy grave be made ; FOR After death there ’s no hope. If A MAN DIE, shall HE LIVE AGAIN ? All the days of my appointed time Will i wait till my change come.— xiv. 14. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 217 The death of saints is precious, And miserable is the death of sinners. On the east side there was : Si vis ingredi in vitam Serva mandat a. If thou wouldst eiitei'' into life, keep the comnia^idments. Judgments are prepared for sinners. — Prov. xix. 19. and on the west : Sol non occidat super iracundiam vestram. Let not the sttn go down tipon your wrath. Whatsoever ye would that men Should do unto you Do YE EVEN so UNTO THEM. This dial pillar formerly stood in a private garden at Norchard, in the parish of Hartlebury. According to tradition it was erected, or at any rate inscribed, by an occupant of the house, who was a student and recluse, and went by the title of “ The Wizard.” The Rev. F. Simcox Lea, late of Tedstone Delamere, recollects “the wizard’s pillar” as being one of the sights of Hartlebury in 1834, and he believes that the somewhat morbid tone of all the inscriptions arose from the introversial character of the inscriber’s mind, who seems to have held much solitary communion with himself, and to have had a great dread of the future life. The house was pulled down about the year 1827, and the dial was given to the Rev. H. J. Hastings, rector of Areley Kings, who put it into the churchyard there. 75. Aspiciendo senescis. Thou growest old in beholding. A. F. Arsenio Capucinorum. 1853. On a meridian dial at Aix-les- Bains ; the maker. Fra Arsenio, con- structed several other dials, at Annecy and elsewhere. The motto has also been seen at Nice, and at Sennecey-le-Grand, where it was possibly chosen as a play on the words Sennecey and senescis. It occurs likewise at Paray le Monial (Saone-et-Loire), with Nos. 1 34, 302, 1 5 14, 1 597 ; and at the Convent of St. Pens, near Nice ; the Grand Seminaire, Avignon ; and at several other places in France and Italy. Me aspiciendo SENESCIS Is on the church of Vitry sur Seine ; and in the garden of the Hospital of St. Jacques at Besan^on, with Nos. 233, 717, 966, 975, 1070, 1297, 1548. 76. Assiduo labuntur tempora motu. Ovid, “ Metam.” xv. 179. The seasons glide by with constant motion. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 77. Astra regunt homines. The stars rule men, Sed Deus regit ASTRA. But God rules the stars. F F 2i8 sun-dials On the belfry of St. Germain la Blanche Herbe, near Caen, with No. 1484. 78. Aujourd’hui x\ moi, demain a toi. To-day is mine, to-morrow thme. On church of St. Veran (Isere) ; and in the cemetery at Courmayeur. 79. Auget eidem CONCORDIA. Coiicoi'd increases faith. Formerly on the Seminaire de St. Sulpice, Paris. 80. Aurora hora aurea. Dawn the golden hour. Engraved on the gnomon of an old pedestal dial which once stood on the lawn at Mountains, near Hildenborough, Kent. 81. Aut disce, aut discede. Either learn or go. On a dial at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. The same motto, with the addition, Manet sors tertia Caeui, A third choice remains, to be flogged, is preserved on a tablet at the end of the school- room of Winchester College, being characteristic of the hardy discipline of that ancient public school. 82. Aut LAUDA VEL EMENDA. 1 738. R. Nellson, Fecit. Either commend, or amend. The note respecting this dial has been imperfectly fdled up, and the collector has lost all recollection of the locality. Its application is dubious, but possibly the same as No. 182. 83 Aut merces aut poena manet quas vivimus Horas. Reward or punishment awaits the hours of our life. On the Hotel de Ville, Mende. 84. Autant boire ici qu’ailleurs. As well drink here as elsewhere. On an inn at St. Didier de la Tour (Isere) ; and at Vasselin (Isere). 85. Autrefois nous comptions les heures comme vous, A present nous sommes mortes, comptez-les nous. In life like y OIL zue mai^ked the passing hours. Now we have passed away the task is yoicrs. On a mausoleum in the cemetery at Rabastens d’Albigeois. A clock dial is engraved above. 86. Avant de regarder si je suis juste, regarde si tu l’est toi- MEME. Before thoit lookest if I am right, look if thoit are right thyself. At Laon. 87. Ave Maria Dni mei Mater. Hail, Mary, Mother of my Lord. On a dial dated 1881, within the church of Harcourt (Eure) SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 219 88. Avec l’ombre je marquerat. By the shadow I shall mark (time). At St. Ismier (Isere). 89. Badan, far toun camin, l’ouro passo. (Passant, va ton ciiemin, l’iteure passe.) Wayfarer, go thy zvay, the day wanes. On an old house by the roadside, between Brignoles and Vins (V ar), in the dialect of Provence. 90. Baase jiu bioys mairagh. Death to-day, life to-morroio. At Ballafreer Farm, Isle of Man. See No. 1020. 91. Be thankful, watch, pray, work. 1886. H. Leeson, Cornhill. On a dial plate, which rests on an ancient pedestal in Maxtoke churchyard, Warwickshire. 92. Be the day weary, be the day long. Soon shall it ring to evensong. On a wall in the village of Ashcott, Somerset. 93. Begone about your business. Is inscribed on a wooden dial of a house at . High Lane, near Disley, in Cheshire. Mr. Timbs records that it was on the dial of the old brick house which stood at the east end of the Inner Temple terrace, whence it was removed in 1828. The brusqueness of the advice is accounted for by the following pleasant legend, given in “ Notes and Queries,” 2nd S , v. ix., p. 279 : “When the dial was put up, the artist inquired whether he should (as was customary) paint a motto under it. The Benchers assented, and appointed him to call at the Library on a certain day and hour, at which time they would have agreed upon a motto. It appears, however, that they had totally forgotten this ; and when the artist or his messenger called at the Library at the time appointed, he found no one but a cross-looking old gentleman poring over some musty book. ‘ Please, sir, I am come for the motto for the sun-dial.’ ‘ What do you want } ’ was the pettish answer : ‘ why do you disturb me ? ’ ‘ Please, sir, the gentleman told me I was to call at this hour for a motto for the sun-dial.’ ' BegoJie about your business B was the testy reply. The man, either by design or mistake, chose to take this as an answer to his inquiry, and accordingly painted in large letters under the dial, begone about your business. The Benchers, when they saw it, decided that it was very appropriate, and that they would let it stand — chance having done their work for them as well as they could have done it for themselves. Anything which reminds us of the lapse of time should remind us also of the right employment of time in doing whatever business is required to be done.” The same idea is repeated on the gable of a cottage between Stockport and New Mills.; -and on the church of Bury St. Edmunds. 220 SUN-DIALS 94. Behold and apply yourself to duty Consume not your time in idleness. 1839. Lat. 53° 30.' At Upper Mill, Saddleworth, Yorkshire. 95. Behold now is the accepted time (2 Cor. vi. 2). Seek ye the Lord while He may be found (Isa. Iv. 6). 1754 - - On Cains Cross, near Stroud, Gloucestershire, with No. 1126. 96. Blessed are the dead which die in the lord. These words, from Rev. xiv. 13, have been inscribed at the base of a pedestal-dial in the churchyard of St. Botolph Without, Aldersgate Street, London. The plate has on it an engraving of the old Alders Gate ; and the following inscriptions are cut on three sides of the pedestal : “ This ancient burial-ground, converted into a garden by vote of the parish, and with the concurrence of the Vicar, was opened to the parishioners by John Staples, Esq., F.S.A., Alderman, on Thursday 28 October, 1880. S. Flood Jones, M.A., Vicar. George Sims, C.C. John Hutchinson, Churchwardens, 1881.” This marks the date of the dial. 97. Boast not thyself of to-morrow For on thine eyelids is the shadow of death. Taken from Prov. xxvii. i, and from Job, xxvi. 16. On a dial in the Albert Park, Middlesbrough (see Nos. 291, 1334, 1366, 1378, 1381, 1406). Also on the Wesleyan Chapel, Bielby, near Pocklington, dated 1 838, with No. 1259. Both of these dials were made by Mr. J. Smith, of South Stockton. 98. Bon jour 1728. Good moiming. At St. Hilaire du Rosier (Isere) ; and at Chatte (Isere), dated 1763. 99. Bon soir. Good night. At St. Quentin (Isere). 100. Breves sunt dies homines. Short are the days of man. On the church, Niederwald, Haute Valais, Switzerland. “ La vie est vaiue “ La vie est breve ; Un peu d’amour Un peu d’espoir, Un peu de haine Un peu de rire, Et puis — bon jour ! ” Et puis — bon soir ! ” 101. Brevis a^TAS, vita fugax. Time is short, life is fleeting. On the south transept of Leighton Buzzard Church. There are three other dials on the transept, all with mottoes (see Nos. 185, 249, 1582). On the north transept there is a fifth dial, but it has no motto. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 22 102. Brevis hominum vita. Short is the life of man. On the dial which was formerly on the porch of Aberford Church, Yorkshire. It was removed when the church was rebuilt, and is now laid aside. The motto recalls the lines of Bernard de Morlaix : “ Hie breve vivitur, hie breve plangitur, hie breve fletur ; Non breve vivere. non breve plangere, retribuetur.” Here brief is the sighing, here Imef is the cryi7ig, he7‘e b7'ief is the iife ; The life there is e7idless, the joy there is endless, for €7ided the strife."' 103. Bright sol and luna time and tide doth hold. Chronodix Humbrale, 1720. Over the church door at Towednack, Cornwall. 104. Bulla est vita hum an a. The life of man is a bubble. With nine other mottoes on a cross dial at Elleslie, near Chichester (see Nos. 329, 827, 841, 966, 1048, 1172, 1485, 1541, 1574). 105. By light from heaven i mark how days do die ; How RISE again at morning-tide I mark. When clouds obscure that light, i patiently, Stretch my dumb gnomon, hopeful in the dark, Waiting to catch once more some guiding heavenly spark. To die, to rise, to hope in time of trial, Take, master, thus thy lessons from thy dial! These lines were written by the Rev. J. T. Jeffcock in 1861, and he intended to have them inscribed on the dial in the garden of the vicarage at Wolstanton, where he was then Vicar, but his intention was not carried into execution. 106. Cade l’ombra ai rai Nel mezzo giorno, E siNO all’ occaso II lor soggiorno. 1853. The shadoio falls tinder the rays {of the stin) at noontide, and until sunset is their sojourn. Alluding to the position of the dial which declines west, and therefore catches the sun’s rays from midday to sunset. It is on a house at La Tour, the little capital of the Waldensian valleys of Piedmont, and is painted on the wall, the motto being in one corner. Copied in 1865. 107. Capit omnia nusquam devius. \The sun] never swerving em- braces all. Recorded in “ Bulletin Monumental,” 1878, but no locality given. 108. Carpe diem. Seize the [present) moment. The earliest dated example of this motto is at Cadder House, near 222 SUN-DIALS Glasgow, where it appears with Nos. 443, 896, and the date 1698. It is on a vertical dial, dated mdccxvii, on a house in High Street, Lewes, and on a horizontal dial at Brahan Castle, Ross-shire, dated 1794 : and at Kings Conghton House, near Alcester, on a horizontal dial brought from Salford Priors, inscribed “John Clark, fecit 1742. Petworth.” It was formerly on the church tower at Offchurch, Warwickshire (where the dial is painted with the sun’s face, the gnomon acting as nose), with “ William Snow, Churchwarden, 1795,” but is now illegible. It is also at Burton Hastings, Warwickshire; in Overton churchyard, Flintshire, with Nos. 940, 1 1 76, and date 1803 ; and in 1855 it was inscribed on a circular erect dial painted in blue and gold on the gable of a modern wing, which was added in that year to the old Elizabethan mansion of Hes- lington Hall, near York. 109. Carpe diem, hora adest vespertina. Seize the present moment^ the hour of evening is nigh. Upon the stone support of a dial at Tornaveen, near Torphins, Aberdeen. On the dial plate No. 72 is engraved. no. Carpe, fugit. Seize it, — it flies. At Chinon (Indre et Loire), i88i. 111. Carpe viator licet: sol tenebras dissipat : Ut hora sic vita ; virtute sola mores. Travctler, thou niayest proceed : the S2in dispels the darkness : Life is but as an hour ; character is by virtiie alone. Two dismantled sun-dials placed in a corner of the garden walls at Effingham Castle, Northumberland, bear these mottoes. 112. Caute cave medio ne desit lumine lumen. — Take heed that light be not zv anting at mid-day. Recorded in “Bulletin Monumental,” 1883. 1 13. C’est l’heure d’aimer (de servir) Dieu. Now is the time to love {sezwe) God. At Quincieux ; and on the Ecole des P^reres, St. Simeon de Bres- sieux (I sere) respectively. 114. C’est l’heure de bien faire. It is the hour for well-doing. On a dial erected by Lord Ilchester at Melbury Castle, Dorset. The dial is placed below a bay window, and the signs of the zodiac are engraved down either side of the face. A second motto (No. 632) is below the gnomon. The projecting bay extends to the top of the house, and has the appearance of a turret. It was built about 1890, when extensive additions were made to the house, the SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 223 design being copied from an older part ol the building dated circa 1400. The illustration is from a kodak photograph taken by Lady Muriel Fox Strang- ways. The same motto (i 14) is at Holmhurst, Sus- sex, inscribed by A. J. C. Hare, Esq. ; at Erles- dene (formerly at The Beeches), Bowdon, Che- shire, inscribed by the late J. Sidebotham, Esq. It has been read at the Char- treuse, Auray (Morbihan); and in the South of France at Bozel (Savoy); Champagnier (Isere), dated 1849 ; Lentiel, dated 1862 ; Les Alberts (H antes Alpes) ; Nice ; and at Porto Maurizio, the words being slightly varied in some instances. r DE BIEN VIVRE, 183I. 1 15. C’eST l’hEURE j ue repenter ( DE SE CONVERTIR. Now is the time to live well, to repent, to be converted. These slightly varied mottoes are at Apprieu (Isere) ; at d'arascon ; at La Riviere (Isere) ; and at the Hameau du Sabot at Vatilieu (Isere). 116. C EST l’meure DE BOiRE. Now is the time for drinkuig. On an Inn at Libourne ; and on a cabaret at Beaucroissant, dated 1796-1808. Also at La Murette (Isere). 1 17. CeLUI QUI DORT la GRASSE MATINEE Doit travailler l’apres-dinee. He who sleeps the morning tli 7 ^ough His work in afternoon must do. At La Tour du Pin (Isere). 118. Certa mini mors, incerta EST FUNERis iiORA. My death is certain, but the hour of my death is tincertam. Recorded in “ Bulletin Monumental,” i88i. 1 19. Certa ratio, 1772. A stLre reckoning. On Deighton Church, Yorkshire. 224 SUN-DIALS 120. CeTE MONTRE par SONOMBRE NOV S MONTRE QUE COME PASSE- LOMBRE PA SSENTN OSIOURS. (Cette montre par son ombre nous montre que comme passe l’ombre passent nos jours.) This marker marks by its shadoiu that Like a shadow otcr days pass away. The style divides the letters of the last word but one, of this curiously spelt and divided motto which dates from the eighteenth century, and is on the church at Argentieres (Hautes Alpes). The tirst words of a Latin rendering, “ Signat mon — ” are also just visible. I2I. Cette ombre solaire est a la fois La mesure DU temps, et l’image de la vie. This solar shadow is at once the mea- sure of time and the symbol of life. At Courmayeur. 122. Charitas UbI charitas IBI CLARITAS UNAM QU^RE Alium time alteram spera. Where charity is, there is fame ; en- sure the 07 ie and keep it, hope for the other. On the former convent of the Minimes, Vitry le Fran9ois. 123. Cheminez tandis que vous avez la lumi£re. 1668. Walk while you have the light. nma *iyp orn The day is short and the work great. These two inscriptions, together with No. 1530, and a Greek motto now quite illegible, are on a dial on the church wall at Hatford, near Faringdon, Berks, just below the bell turret. The Hebrew line (which was ill cut and even in 1888 very nearly defaced) was from the Talmud. 124. Christus solus mihi salus. Jo. Clerke. Christ alone is my salvation. Inscribed on the step of the base of a broken pillar at Ingoldswick, near Skegness. The pillar forms the gnomon, and the square base the dial. The hours are cut at the edge, with the date 1600. M.B. The pillar probably once formed the shaft of a cross. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 225 125. Christus ubi paret protinus umbra fugit. Where ChiHst appears, straightway the shadows fly. On an eighteenth century dial on Bourges Cathedral. 126. CiTO PEDE LABiTUR ^ETAS . 1 724. 'With swift foot doth time glide by , On the stone pedestal of a dial in the churchyard of Frant, Kent. The metal plate Is beautifully engraved with ornamental devices. 127. CiTO PEDE PR.OTERiT JET AS 1 679. With swift foot time goes by. On a dial, the pedestal of which Is a “stumped” cross, In Over Peover Churchyard, Cheshire ; also at Wigmore Grange, near Ludlow, with No. 1604; and on St. Peter’s Church, Ermington, Devon. The words are prefixed to the parish register at Lowes water, West- moreland. They are frpm the poet Columella : “ Vigilate viri, tacito nam tempora gressu Diffugiunt, nulloque sono convertitur annus ; Utendum est aetate, cito pede praeterit aetas. 128. Cito praeterit ^tas. The age passes swiftly. On a buttress of the east or lesser transept of Lincoln Cathedral. Another dial close beside this one bears the motto : Pereunt et IMPUTANTUR. The two dials face respectively south and east, and were probably put up in the seventeenth century. 129. CcELESTiA MONSTRAT IN UMBRA. In a shadow he explameth the heavens. Given In “ Apelles Symbolicus ” (Kettner, Amsterdam), as on a dial In France. 130. CCELESTIUM INDEX SOL GENERAT UMBRAM. The Slin wllO guideS the heavenly bodies produces the shade. Recorded in “ Bulletin Monumental,” i88i. 131. CcELI ENARRANT GLORIAM DEI, ET OPERATIONEM MANUUM EJUS ANNUNTiAT FiRMAMENTUM. Tlic licavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth His handy-work (Ps. xlx. i). On the dial at Moccas Court, Herefordshire, with other mottoes. See No. 1469. The first four words are on a dial on St. Martin’s Church, Leicester ; and have been also read at LIndau, Bavaria. Enarrant GLORIAM Dei, with “ Juin 1811,” is on the Grand Seminaire, Grenoble. 132. CcELi LUX NOSTRA DUX. Heaven s light our guide. On a horizontal dial made In 1898 by F. Barker, London, for E. M. S. Testcombe, Esq. 133. Cgelum regula 1779. Heaven {is our) guide. At Mont Genevre (Hautes Alpes) ; and at Vallouise (Hautes Alpes), G G 226 SUN-DIALS with three other mottoes (Nos. ‘^oi, iSQi). the date 1840, and the initials Z. G. F. and M. D. B. These first initials are those of Giovanni Francesco Zarbula (or Zerbola), a Piedmontese mason and stone painter, who designed and painted a great number of dials in Dauphine, chiefly in the neighbour- hood of Brian^on. “ His works,” says Dr. Blanchard, “are generally dated, and signed Z. G. F., G. Z. F.,or Z. J. F. The design of the border is often surmounted by fantastic or heraldic ornaments, either birds and pots of flowers, or a cock. In Queyras birds prevail, and have their ordinary names attached to them. The mottoes are in F'rench and Latin indifferently, and are rarely incorrect in spelling. Probably Zarbula had a book of designs from which he copied. The birds have a certain resemblance to the Byzantine type. The initials M. D. B. on the Vallouise dial are probably those of the Marquise de Bardonneche to whom the house dial was the monogram If^S. 134. CoGiTA P'INEM. Think on thy end. At Paray le Monial (Saone et Loire). See No. 75. 135. COGITAVI DIES ANTIQUOS, ET ANNOS AiTERNOS IN MENTE HABUI. I have considei'ed the days of old and the years that are past. Ps. Ixxvii. 5. With No. 1587 on an oval portable dial and compass of gilt brass bought in Antwerp by Mr. L. Evans. It was probably made about 1600. 136. Col distinguer del sol veloce il moto, L’ore del viver tuo breve dinoto. Whilst I record the progress of his rays, Tims do 1 7 nark the shortness of thy days. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 137. Come in time. On the church of Bradheld St. George, Suffolk. It was also read in 1896 at a furniture broker’s shop in London, on a dial which had been removed from a garden, near Sydenham. 138. Come, light! visit me! 1846. At the Knoll, Ambleside. The history of this motto, and of the sun-dial which bears it, is given by Harriet Martineau in her autobiography, vol. i. and ii., pp. 80, 265. At the age of seven she visited her grandfather, near New- castle, and in his garden there was a large, heavy stone sun-dial. “ That dial,” she says, “ was of immeasurable value to me. I could see its face only by raising myself on its step, and there, with my eyes on a level with the plate, did I watch and ponder, day by day, painfully forming my first conceptions of Time, amidst a bright confusion of notions of day and night, and of the seasons, and of the weather. I belonged. Above the SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 227 loved that dial with a sort of superstition ; and when, nearly forty years after, I built a house for myself at Ambleside, my first strong wish was to have this very dial for the platform below the terrace, but it was not to be had. It had been removed once already, when the railway cut through the old garden, but the stone was too heavy and far too much fractured for a second removal. A friend in London who knew my desire for a sun-dial, and heard that I could not obtain the old one which had told me so important a story in my youth, presented me with one to stand under my terrace wall, and above the quarry which was already beginning to fill with shrubs and wild flowers. The design of the dial is beautiful, being a copy of an ancient font, and in gray granite to accord with the gray stone house above it. The motto was an im- portant affair. A neighbour had one so perfect in its way as to eclipse a whole class, ‘The night cometh.’ In asking my friends for sugges- tions, I told them of this, and they agreed that we could not approach this motto in the same direction. I preferred a motto of my own to all that were offered in English, and Wordsworth gave it his emphatic approbation : ‘ Come, light! visit me!’ stands emblazoned on my dial, and it has been, I believe, as frequent and impressive a monitor to me as ever was any dial which bore warning of the fugacious nature of life and time.” 139. COMME l’oMBRE QU’iCI ON VOIT SUIVRE NOS PAS, Ainsi passent nos jours et nous n’y pensons pas. Like the shadow which we see here following our steps, so pass otir days and we take no heed. At the Chateau, He d’Oleron. 140. CoMME UN COULANT RUISSAU DE SA SOURCE ARGENTINE, Droit au seing de thetis precipite son cours Semble ne se changer et se change tosiours AiNSV l’hOMME sans CESSE a la MORT SA CHEMINE CoMME l’oN ENTRE AU MONDE IL FAVLT QUE l’oN EN SORTE. DANIEL loVFROV. A Besancon, 1629. As when a river from its silvery source Speeds on its headlong course right to the sea, And seeming not to change, doth change wiceasingly , So runs from birth to death manls changeful course. So as we enter life, ottr exit needs must be. On a bronze dial plate now in the possession of Charles T. Catty. The lines are engraved in two concentric circles, outside the numerals, the divisions between the lines being marked by asterisks. A similar plate, with the same inscription, is in the Museum at Varzy, and was the subject of a brochure by M. Grasset, “ Sur un cadran solaire en plomb.” 228 SUN-DIALS 141. Con l’ore anco la vita. As the hours, so our life. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 142. CoNCiTO GRADU. With Jitirried step. On the porch, and formerly on the tower, of Ruishton Church, Somersetshire. Also at South Ella. See No. 932. 143. Concordia. 1715. Fratrum. 1823. The love of brothers. On two complementary dials at Arvieux (H antes Alpes). 144. CORRIGE PR/ETERITUiVr. Pr^sens rege. Cerne futurum. Correct the past, direct the presoit, discern the future. Formerly in the Altmarkt at Dresden. The English version was placed on a horizontal dial made by F. Barker, London, in 1895. 145. CoRRO A quel DI CHE DEL SIGNOR LA SPADA Una fara l’italica contrada. / haste to that day ivhen God's almighty hand Of Italy will make one undivided land. QuESTA FIDA CHE FA LANCE CH’iO PORTO Segna l’ora d’un popolo risorto. This faithful shaft I bear one day shall trace The hour of freedom for our downtrod race. These inscriptions are placed above two dials, which stand side by side on the cathedral wall of Chieri, in Piedmont. One of them also shows the meridians of the chief cities of the world. The motto is patriotic, and a literal translation of it is most difficult. It has puzzled not only good Italian scholars, but native Italians also. The above verses have been written for the present edition by B. Bentham Dickinson, Esq., of Rugby, and though he has used some poetical license in rendering such words as spada and risorto, the translation follows the idea of the. original very closely, and is much better than any previous rendering. In the last edition we had only a literal trans- lation of the mottoes. The word lance may be taken as a shortened form of lametta — gnomon, dart, or small lance ; possibly the gnomon In this instance was shaped as a weapon. Chieri Is a few miles from* Turin, on the left bank of the Po. It Is an old town, but has suffered too much In the mediaeval wars to retain many vestiges of antiquity. It has a round church of early Lombard architecture, which Is now used as a baptistery. In Its brighter days it was a free town, sending traders over half of Europe. It often changed Its protectors : sometimes from choice, but more frequently from necessity ; and at last gave its allegiance to the Counts of Savoy In 1347. The family of Balbo springs SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 229 from Chieri ; and one branch of this house, the Bertoni, refusing to accede to the treaty of 1347, emigrated to Avignon, where they assumed the name of Crillon, and were ancestors of the “ Brave Crillon,” Fhomme sans peur, or le brave des braves, as he was called when serving under Henry IV. The other branch remained Piedmontese, to the glory and benefit of their country. 146 . Cosi LA VITA. Such is life. Copied from a dial at Albizzola. 147 . Courier, avance, car il est plus tard que tu ne pense (sic), Pascalis. 28 Octobre 1787. Forward, traveller, it is later tha 7 i you think. At La Teche (Isere). 148 . Craignez la DERNibRE. Fear the last (hour). On the church of Notre Dame, Roscoff (Finistere). The place is remarkable in history as being the landing-place of Mary, Queen of Scots, when she came from Scotland to be married to the Dauphin, afterwards Francis II. of France. The weather being very stormy, the young queen and her escort were glad to be put ashore at this small village, and from thence to go forward to Paris. The church on which this melancholy motto is inscribed, has in it the memorials of many shipwrecks, as well as of escapes from drowning, several large votive ships being suspended from the roof. From both these circumstances the imperative warning of the dial gathers solemnity. The shadow of the “last hour” stretches back over the whole course of Mary Stuart’s life, and the fear of it has made sad the hearts of many a fisher family on those stormy shores. The motto, with No. 615, is also on a dial at St. Girons (Ariege) ; and as Crains la derniere on the church of St. Martin, Moissac (Tarn et Garonne). There is a similar motto on the church of St. Jean, Chalons-sur- Marne, Craignez celle qui SUIT. Fear that which cornes after, 149 . Crede omnes meritis qu^ non sequantur amissas. Count all hours lost which are not accompanied by some zvorthy deed. On the Chateau de St. Fargeau (Yonne). 150 . Crepusculum mens nesciat. Let the mind knozv no tzvilight. On a horizontal dial in the cloisters of the Certosa, Val d’Ema, near Florence (see Nos. 297, 1005). The Italian hours from xv to xxii are shown. 151 . Crescit in horas doctrina 1819. Hour by hoiLr the doctrine grows. At the University, Padua. 230 SUN-DIALS 152 . Croiez ici crestiens passant qu’en ce s"^ lieu il nous fault PRIER LE FILS DE DIEU ET AUSSI S"^ VENANT Qu’lLS NOUS VEUILLE DE MAL DELiVRER. 1620. M.F (m’a fait) Francois Morcar. Believe here, Christian passers by, that in this holy place zve imist pray the Son of God and also St. Veziant that they will voztchsafe to deliver tis from evil. On a church at Murs, of which St. Venant was the patron saint. 153 . Croiez tous ceci Cretiens passant Qu’il faut mourir L’iieure latans {sic). Believe me Christian passers-by The hour awaits ye, you must die. On an eighteenth century dial at Epire (Maine et Loire). 154 . Cui DOMUS nuic HORA. 1 834. The hour is His to Whom this house belongs. On the church La Fontenil sous Briancon. 155 . Cum coiLUM aspicio quam mihi sordet humus. When I behold the heaveiis, hozv vile a thmg earth seems to me. With No. 50 on a painted cylinder dial of Italian make. 156 . Cum recte vivas, ne cures verba malorum. So tho 7 c livest aright, heed 7 iot the zvords of the zvicked. Copied several years ago at Poirino, Piedmont. 157 . Cum tempus non existet morior. Wheji time shall be no more, — I die. On a dial in the garden at Cargen, Dumfries. 158. Cum umbra nihil Sine umbra nihil. With the shadow nothing : without the shadozv nothmg. Copied in 1866 from the Italian custom-house on the Spltlgen Pass, near Campo Dolcino. The motto has also been read at Castasegna, in the Val Bregaglia ; and at Bezzeca in the Trentino, where the first nihil is written ziichil. 159. Cuncta dubia. Nothing is certain. At Meylan (Isere). 160 . Cuncta regit bum pareat uni. All else he governs, so he One obeys. At the Chateau d’Anet (Eure et Loire), once the residence of Diana of Poitiers, who died there in 1566. The original building, begun in 1548 and finished in 1554, was one of the finest works of the SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 23 French Renaissance. In 1793 it was the property of the Due de Pen- thievre, whose death was hastened by the tragic fate of his daughter- in-law, the Princesse de Lamballe ; the estate was afterwards seized and sold by the National Assembly, and the greater part of the chateau destroyed. One wing and the entrance gateway is all that now remains, and is preserved as a “ monument historique.” Before the destruction of 1793 there was an elaborate dial, which has been fully described by Le Marquant, on the inner side of the gateway, bearing the inscription : Cur DIANA OCULIS LABENTES SUBJICIT HORAS ? Ut sapere adversis moneat felicibus uti. Why doth Diana view the fleeting hoii 7 ^s ^ To wa7^7t us to be wise whefi they f7WW7t, to e77iploy the77i whe7i they S77iile. The motto is mentioned in the works of Mellin de St. Gelais, edited by M. Prosper Blanchemain. It is probable that the mention of Diana also contains an allusion to the dial being calculated for use by night as well as by day. 161. Cur geil da’an sca Shen myr ta’n tra. Observe the 77 mrk of the shadow, hi that 7 nan 7 ier is thne represented, Mr. Jeffcott, of Castletown, Isle of Man, who has kindly translated this and the other many mottoes on the same dial, says that some of the words are abbreviated ; if fully given the lines would run thus : Cur geill dean sca a ! Shen myr tayrn traa. “Dean” denotes a 7 uark, and “tayrn” means to draiv, delineate, or represent. There are several mottoes on this dial block, the above with QUID CELERius UMBRA ? WJuit is swifter than a shadozu f being on the east side. See Nos. 761, 788, 1049, 1349, 1536, 1660. The dial is now in the possession of Lewis Evans, Esq., and has been erected by him in his garden at Barnes Lodge, King’s Langley. 162. Cur TIBI SPEM VITAL LONGOS PRODUCIS IN ANNOS ? Ut momentum hor^ sic tua vita fugit. 1573. Why dost p 7 wlong the hope of life for lo 7 tg years to come ? Asa mo 7 nent of tmie doth life flit. On a brass dial plate in the Museum of Nuremberg. 163. Da MATEMATICHE LINEE l’oRA VEDRAI, Se densa nube non copre del sole I RAi. 1858. By 7 nathe 77 iatical lines thou shalt see the hour. If dense clouds do not cover the rays of the sun. 232 SUN-DIALS On a dial painted on the wall of a house at Caprile, Venetia, bearing the face of the sun on a blue ground. 164. Dammi tl sole e del giorno l’ora £: certa ; Solo del uomo t l’ultima ora incerta. Gwe me the sun, a7td the hour of the day is certain ; of man alone is the last liotLr uncertain. On the church at Arola, a village between Lago d’Orta and Val Sesia. 165. Dans ce jardin, tout se rencontre ExCEPTE l’oMBRAGE ET LES FLEURS ; Si l’oN Y DliRfeGLE SES MCEURS Du MOINS ON Y r£:gle sa montre. This garden is a common meeting-place for all, except for flower and shade. If our manners become irregular, we can at any rate keep our watches regular. Lines by Jacques Delille on, or for, the sun-dial in the Palais Royal Garden, Paris. 166. Datam do. Nego negatam. I give what hath been given, I deny zvhat hath been denied. At a village near Fenestrelles. 167. Day gives place to night ; life soon ends in death ; and time will soon be swallowed up in vast eternity. This dial belongs to And. Cowan. T. W. fecit. 1825. In the grounds of Amisfield, near Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire. 168. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night SHOWETH knowledge. 1 856. Psalm xix. 2. The dial was made by the late Henry Grange, Esq., of Grange, Barrowstonness, Linlithgowshire. 169. Days and ages are but as a shadow of the eternal ; but THEIR USE, O MAN, DETERMINES THY FUTURE WEAL OR WOE. ’EAETIONTAI TAP 'HMEPAI K. T. A. For the days shall come, etc. These mottoes, with No. 1008, were formerly on the keep of Carlisle Castle, just above the magazine, but are now obliterated. When last examined, in 1882, the dial was a wreck, and the last remains of it have now probably disappeared. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 233 170. De l’univers je regle les destins. 1838. I ride the destinies of the universe. At Castelnaudary (Ancle); and in a slightly varied form at Cordes (Tarn). I7I. De NOTRE VIE ET DU SOLEIL JE MESURE LA MARCHE. / measure alike the course of life a?id the p 7 '-ogress of the sun. At Rabastens d’Albigeois (Tarn). 172. Deathe judgment heaven hell Upon this moment depens eternitie. O ETERNITIE O ETERNITIE O ETERNITIE. I 658. The foregoing is inscribed in several lines Francis Howard’s- Dial,” at Corby Castle, which stands on the lawn, before the house. The dial is horizontal ; the stone pedestal consists of a twisted column with four shields at the top, on one of which the above words are carved ; another shows the emblems of the Passion in relief, namely : St. Peter’s cock, the scourge, the crown of thorns, the cross, and the five wounds (the hands, feet and heart being re- presented) ; the seamless coat, and below it, the dice, the manacles in the form of I H S., and the hammer and nails. On another shield are the family initials, and on the fourth the arms of Howard impaling Widdrington. Sir Francis Howard, who set up this dial, was the second son of Lord William Howard (a son of Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk), who was the “ Belted Will Howard ” of Sir Walter Scott’s ‘‘ Lay of the Last Minstrel “ Belted Will Howard is marching here, And hot Lord Dacre with many a spear.” on what is called “Sir Sir Francis Howard was born August 29th, 1588, and died in May, 1680. He first married Margaret, daughter of John Preston, Esq., of the manor of Furness ; and secondly, Mary, daughter of Sir Henry Wid- drington of Widdrington Castle, Northumberland. Round the base of the dial-column the following inscription has been cut. “ Re-mounted by Henry Howard of Corby Castle, a.d. mdcccxlh.” 173. Debemur morti nos nostraque. We and ours are a debt owed to death. From Horace, “ Ars Poetica,” v. 63. On a house at Ivry. H H 234 SUN-DIALS 174. Defecerunt sicut fumus dies nostri. Ottr days are consumed like smoke (Ps. cii. 3). Recorded in “ Bulletin Monumental.” 1883. 175. Deficit sol, nemo respicit. 15 Maggio, 1839. None tur^ns to look when clouds the sun conceal. Seen in i860 on the wall of the Italian Custom House at Fornasette, between Lugano and Luino, together with No. 224. 176. Del cerchio il piano abbraccia un punto solo Del tempo imago all uom, che fugge a volo. We cannot give a satisfactory translation of this motto, although the literal meaning of each word is quite simple. Possibly there was some emblem attached to the dial of which we have not been told, and which would explain the text. It is on the church at Tesero, Val Fiemme, T yrol. 177. Della vita il cam min l’astro maggiore Segna veloce al giusto e al peccatore. The glorious orb of day zuith breathless speed To good and bad alike the way of life doth read. Copied in 1867, with No. 331, from the wall of the former convent della Quiete, afterwards a girls’ school, near Florence. 178. Dell’ orbe in linee miro Il diurno e l’annuo giro. D, Sun, m sable hues I trace Thy daily and thy yearly race. On a church at Varazze, Riviera di Levante. 179. Deo soli gloria. To God alone be glory. On a church at Sierre, in the Canton du Valais. 180. Depuis le soleil Jusqu’A l’ombre. Voi 1815 ron. Fro 7 n sunshme to shadow. ■ ■ This dial is engraved on a slab of green marble let into the wall above the door of the Maison Voiron, in the village of Le Rosier, Val des Pres (Hautes Alpes). Near it is a stone with the letters vv. h. m. 1809. The united Vs stand for Viva Viva. The custom of introducing these letters into inscriptions came from Italy, and was much practised about the time of the Revolution. Inscriptions such as vv La nation, vv La loi, etc., were often to be seen. 181. Der mensch lebt so dahin und nimt es night in acht. Das jede stund sein leben kurzer macht. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 235 Man heedless lives, nor takes to thonght, Each hour lifes end hath nearer brought. Copied in 1873 from a dial painted on the wall of a small village inn (the sign of the “ Dancing Bear”) at Graf, near Landeck, Tyrol. On each side of the dial are rough frescoes, one of St. Florian, with the inscription : Heilige florian beschutze dieses haus, Und losch die feuers flame aus. St. Florian, guard this house about, And put the flames of fire out. And the other of the Blessed Virgin : O MUTTER SEY MIT DEINEM SEGEN Stem in diesem haus zugen. Mother, ivith thy blessing bide In this ho 2 tse at every tide. 182. Der spoter sol nights verachten Den er kans besser machen. Hans Dvcher, N.R. B.G. (Nuremberg). The scorner shottld not despise anything imless he can do it better himself. This motto is one which was frequently inscribed on his works by Hans Ducher or Tucher. He was a dial-maker at Nuremberg in the sixteenth century ; and many of the ivory compass dials met with in museums are marked with his name. The motto is on two specimens in the British Museum : a small silvered clock with sun-dials on the sides ; and also on a cube-shaped dial. It is on a portable dial in the possession of Mr. Lewis Evans with No. 1651 and date 1578; and on an ivory cube mounted in brass in the museum at Nuremberg, with No. 1650. Mr. Evans’ dial also bears a version of No. 1650, referring to the compass. 183. Der tod ist gwiss, ungwiss der tag, ViELLEICHT DASS DEINE STUNDE SEIN MAG; Darum thu’ recht, und DUENKT DABEI, DaSS JEDE STUNDE LETZTE SEI. Death ceidain is, its day 2 inknown, This very hou7'' may be its own ; Therefore do right, a7id hold this fast. That every hour inay be thy last. The sense of the second line is doubtful ; but the probable meaning is expressed above. The dial was on Herr Weber’s house at Schwyz, in 1865, when a sketch of it was taken. The painting represented the Blessed Virgin with the Child in her lap, her head encircled with stars. The gnomon and numerals were below these figures ; some of the words of the inscription were ill-spelt and imperfect. 236 SUN-DIALS 184. Detego tegendo. By covering I discover. Copied in i860 from a house in the Rue d’ Antibes, Cannes. 185. Deus adest laborantibus. God stands by those who labour. At Hermit Hill, Wortley, near Sheffield ; also on the parish church at Leighton Buzzard. See Nos. 101, 249, 1582. 186. Deus est lumen lumints. God is the light of light. On the engraved table of “ Horologiographia Optica,” by Sylvanus Morgan, published 1652. 187. Deus habet horas et moras. God has times and delays. This beautiful motto has been said to have been seen on a dial, and has been attributed to one in fiction, but where it exists in fact we know not. 188. Deus mihi lux. God is light to me. At Marrington Hall, Shropshire. See No. 1394. This was probably the motto originally on the old hall at Gains- borough, quoted in the history of Gainsborough, of which only “ Deus mi — ” with No. 1536 and “ W. H. 1600,” was legible. The dial is still visible on the plaster of the south wing, but is quite a wreck. W. H. probably stands for William Hickman, knighted by James L, whose family is now represented by Sir Hickman Bacon, Bart. 189. Deus movet, umbra docet. God moveth (the shadow), the shadow telleth it. With No. 345 on a slate dial of French make, dated 1631. 190. Devs movet, vmbra docet. Cernis qva vivis, qva moriere LATET. Confectum tertio calendas ivnii An. Dhi (date lost). God moves (the shadozd), the shadow teaches. Thou seest (the hour) in zvhich thou livest, that wherein thou shalt die is hidden. On a slate dial, now in the museum at Vannes (Brittany). It bears the signs of the Zodiac over the face, and a crown with two blank shields. At the corners are four figures, two of which hold swords. It was the gift of M. Guyot-Jomard. 191. Deus botens et . . . solem suum OrIRI FACIT super BONOS ET MALOS. Powerful is God . . . and He maketh His sun to rise upon the evil and the good. From St. Matthew, v. 45 ; on the church at Landry, Savoy. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 237 192. Dl FERRO t LO STILO ; DORO £ IL TEMPO. Al par dell’ ombra passa e piu non torna. T/ie style is of won ; time is golden, It passes by like a shadoiv, and i^etiLvns not agam. On a house at Ceppmorelli. The first line is also at Pie Cavallo, Val d’Oropa, near Biella; and, slightly varied, at Cambiano, Piedmont. 193. Didst thou not see the lord, how he extended thy shadow. Is the translation of a verse of the Koran, which is inscribed on a dial erected by the astronomer AH Kushaji, near the mosque of Muhammed II., by the gate of the Dyers at Constantinople. 194. Die augen des herrn sind heller Als die sonnenstrahlen. The eyes of the Lord are brighter than stmbeams. On the wall of a church at Hallstadt. 195. Die dies truditur. One day presses hard ^tpon another. John Hull. 1704. Engraved on the dial plate, which is set upon a pedestal of red sandstone in Bispham Churchyard. In Colonel Fish wick’s “ History of Bispham ” it is stated that the pedestal is probably the base of an ancient stone cross. The initials “ R.B.” are carved upon one side of the pedestal, and on the other the letters “J. H.” appear, which evidently are the initials of John Hull, the probable donor of the dial. He is buried in the churchyard, and the inscription on his gravestone runs in this quaint fashion : Here lye the B ody of Jo hn Hull the son of Mathe w Hull of Lyttle Bisph 1709. 196. 1619 Die jetzyge stund und das zytliche gluck SCHLICHT HIN IN EINEM AUGENBLICK. I 762. The present hour and this world's cheer A re in a mome 7 it gone f 7 wm Jm^e. On an Inn, “ zu den drei Eidgenossen ” in the “ Ober Balliz ” at Thun, Switzerland. The dial is large, and painted on the wall, the hours are marked by Roman numerals. 238 SUN-DIALS 197. Die SONNE scheinet uberall. The S 7 in shines eveiyzvhere. In a garden on the banks of the Lake of Lugano. 198. Die zeit die stund wie auch der tag lauft schnell dahin Drum o mesch wer du best bedenke deine sund Gleich den blumen felt dahin unser sundigs laben. The time the hom^ and eke the day, swiftly pass away : Therefore O man, whoe er thou art consider thou thy sins. Like the flowers fades away our smful life. On a perpetual calendar of brass, in Mr. L. Evans’s collection. 199. Diem dimetior umbra. / measiC 7 'e out the day by my shadow. On Maison Renil, Albi (Tarn). 200. Dies affert multa. The day brings zoith it znany things. This inscription was cut on a dial, the work of an ingenious and well educated man for his time, named Daniel Rose, who placed it over the doorway of his cottage house called “ Shutts,” near Ashopton in Derbyshire. He was the clerk of Derwent Chapel, and was also a schoolmaster and dial maker. It is said that he carved the dials in a soft slate stone during school-time with a penknife : the dials both in Derwent Churchyard (No. 749) and at the Hall (Nos. 24, 1536) are specimens of his skill. 201. Dies diem docet : disce. One day telleth another, leazm. A block of stone with four dial faces placed over the porch of the old church at Barmston near Bridlington, Yorkshire, was thus inscribed. The letters, when sketched some thirty years ago, were much defaced. The motto was probably suggested by Ps. xix. 2. “ One day telleth another,” or, as in the Bible version, “ Day unto day uttereth speech.” 202. Dies dimetior umbris. I measuz^e out the days by the shadows. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” It is also on a dial at Tarascon, but is imperfectly spelt. 203. Dies ejus sicut umbra przetereunt. 1863. His time passeth away like a shadow. — Ps. cxliv. 4. On a church by the Grand Canal, Venice : on the Ecple des Beaux Arts, Paris (formerly the Cloister of the Convent of the “ Petits Augustins ”). “ La perte de la vie est imperceptible, c’est I’aiguille du cadran que nous ne voyons pas aller.” — M7?ie. de Scvig7ie. 204. Dies fugit sicut umbra. The day flceth like a shadow. At Cluny (Saone et Loire) ; and as Dies sicut umbra fugit at Niozelle. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 239 205 . Dies hominis quasi umbra super terram. The days of mail ttpon earth are as a shadow. Maison St. Pierre, Bretmoux (Lot). 206 . Dies hominis sic pr^tereunt. 1643. The days of man thus pass away. On the Church of Rieux, near Vannes The dial is of slate, with the arms of the Comtes de Rieux engraved upon it. 207 . Dies hominis sicut umbra pr^tereunt. 1590. The days of man pass away like a shadow. On the church of St. Etienne at Epineuil (Yonne) ; and on an ivory portarium in the British Museum, marked “ Hans Troschel Nuremberg faciebat MDCXXIII”; also on a similar one in the Musee Cluny, Paris, by the same maker, dated 1627. 208 . Dies mei sicut umbra declinaverunt. My days are gone like a shadow (Ps. cii. ii). Copied in 1866 from a dial traced on the marble wall of the Capella Emiliana, at San Michele in Isola, near Venice. The chapel was built by Bergamasco in 1530, and has been stigmatized by Mr. Ruskin as “a beehive set on alow hexagonal tower, with dashes of stonework about its windows, like the flourishes of an idle penman.” The motto has a special fitness, as the building stands near the shore where the Venetians land their dead for interment in this “ quiet sleeping ground in the midst of the sea.” The same verse is on the Roman Catholic Church at Langen Schwalbach ; at the hamlet of Arcisses, St. Chef (Isere), with date 1787; and at Charavines (Isere). The first four words are on the Ursuline Convent at Nant (Aveyron). 209 . Dies nostri quasi umbra super terram et nulla est mora. Our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is none abiding (i Chron. xxix. 15). In the cloister of the Capuchin Convent at Amalfi, afterwards used as an hotel, and in 1899 destroyed by a landslip. The first four words with ‘‘J. R., 1685,” are at Haresfield Court, Gloucestershire. In the centre of the motto there is a complicated cipher giving the name of Mr. John Rogers, and the gnomon springs from a shield which bears his arms. He was the owner of the Court, and put up a dial on the church, and a clock, in 1692. The motto may also be read at Riva, Lago di Garda ; and at Padua. 210 . Dies nostri sicut umbra. Our days are as a shadow. At Eiesole ; at Duccio ; and at Grasse. 240 SUN-DIALS 211. Dies serenus, Serenus sit animus. Sunny be the day, Sunny thy spirit. On a west declining dial at Lawford Hall, near Manningtree. The motto is in the form of a scroll, painted on stucco ; above it is the date 1 583, and below 1 867. Edward Waldegrave was living at Lawford Hall in 1 583, and no doubt he erected the dial. The property remained in the possession of his family until 1621, when it passed into other hands. In 1867 the house was bought by Francis Nichols, Esq., and he had the dial restored exactly in its original form. 212. HiVER — PRINTEMPS DiEU DIT QU’lL AIT DANS LE CIEL DES ASTRES QUI Marquent les annees, les saisons, les mois, LeS fLpES ET DES JOURS DE LANNEE. Ete — Automne Le SOLEIL ET LA LUNE FONT CE QU’lL LEUR A ETE COMMANDE, ET NOUS TRANSGRESSONS LA LOI DU SEIGNEUR. God saith that He hath in the heavens, stars ivhich mark the years, the seasons, the 7 nonths, the holy days, and days of the year. The sun aiid moon do that which has been commanded them, but we transgress the lazv of the Lord. The above inscriptions are on two dials on a school belonging to the Freres Chretiens at Issy, near Paris. A Latin version of the second is at Notre Dame, St. Affrique (Aveyron). See No. 1232. 213. Dieu protge (sic) la France. God pzwtect France. At Charnecles (Isere). 214. Dieu qui (conduit dans sa) longue carriere CET ASTRE ETINCELANT (Rend le) matin plus doux par sa clarte premiere ET SON MIDI BRULANT. Soli Deo Gloria 1835. God Who gindes the glitteidng su 7 i m its long course., makes ^nomiing sweeter by its first radiance, and tikezuise makes the burning noontide. At La Croiza (Hautes Alpes). 215. Dieu soit beni . 1873. Blessed be God, At Brunissard (Hautes Alpes) ; and St. Clair (Isere). 216. Digitus dei ducet me. 1859. The finger of God will lead me. With No. 1065, on the church, Villeneuve sur Vere (Tarn). SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 241 217 . Dilige dominum deum toto corde. Love the Lord thy God ivith all thy heart (Deut. vi. 5). At Moccas Court. See No. 1469. 218 . Diligentibus patriam fausta. Happy this hour to them that love their country. At Eyguieres (Douches du Rhone). 219 . Diligite diligentiam in munere vestro. Love diligence m yotcr office. On the hospital at Milan. 220 . Disce bene vivere et MORI. Learn to live and die well. “ Erected by the Corporation of Conway. Robert Wynne J' Esq. Alderman ; Hugh Williams & John Nuttall Bailiffs. 1761.’’ On a pedestal dial in Conway churchyard. 221 . Disce dies numerare tuos. Learn to member thy days. On an old school-house at Wortley, near Sheffield ; at Dirtcar House, Wakefield, with No. 1172 ; and also on a large vertical stone dial in the kitchen garden at Barnes Hall, near Sheffield. The date upon this dial is 1738, and without doubt it was the handiwork of a very remarkable man, Samuel Walker, of Masbrough. • He was of humble origin, born in the parish of Ecclesfield, and began life as a parish schoolmaster and a dial- maker. When fixing this identical dial at Barnes Hall, then occupied by Sir William Horton, that gentleman remarked to a friend, “Sam Walker will one day ride in his carriage.” The words were prophetic, for in a few years Walker had laid the foundation of the largest ironworks in the country at Masbrough, near Rotherham, and his descendants have since occupied and still maintain a good position as country gentlefolk. See No. 248. The first three words of this motto, with the date 1 744, are on the wall of Arundel Church, Sussex. - — i 1 BARNES HALL, SHEFFIELD. 222 . Disce mori mundo. Learn to die to the wo 7 dd. Seen on Batley church porch, Yorkshire, in 1879. 223 . Discite justitiam, moniti. Lea 7 m justice, being wa 7 med. This motto, from Virgil, JEn. vi. 620, is on a dial in the Middle Temple. Professor Beckmann, in his “ History of Inventions and Dis- coveries,” says : “On the side of New Palace Yard, which is opposite 242 SUN-DIALS to Westminster Hall, and in the second pediment of the new buildings from the Thames, a dial is inserted with this remarkable motto upon it : Discite justitiam inoniti, which seems most clearly to relate to the fine imposed on Radulphus de Hengham being applied to the paying for a clock.” The professor proceeds to state that the dial was fixed exactly where Strype describes the clock-house to have stood. Blackstone tells the well-known story, how Chief Justice Ralph Hengham — “a very learned judge to whom we are obliged for two excellent treatises of practice ” — out of mere compassion for a very poor man, altered a fine of 13^'. \d. to 6^-. 8<^., and was consequently fined 800 marks by King Edward I., which were expended in building a clock-house to regulate the sittings of the Courts. This sovereign, who has been styled the Justinian of England, did so much to reform the Courts, that Sir Matthew Hale says, “that more was done in the first thirteen years of his reign to settle and establish the distributive justice of the kingdom, than in all the ages since that time put together.” We may consider that the present clock tower at West- minster, from which “ Big Ben ” gives forth his loud utterances, is a more than sufficient substitute for that with which Judge Hengham s name is associated. 224. Disegna le ore senza ear romore. a silent sign denotes the hour. Seen on the Italian Custom House at Fornasette, in 1866, with No. 175. Adopted in 1899 for a dial erected by George W. Side- botham, Esq., M.D., at Broughton Astley Hall, Leicestershire. He has designed and calculated the dial, and inclined the plate so as to allow the gnomon, which is at right angles to it, to correspond with the latitude. The dial faces north, and xii (noon) is at the lowest point. In the outer circle, opposite the names indicating degrees of longitude, appear the names of a number of places, most of which were visited by Dr. and Mrs. Sidebotham during a recent tour round the world. The chief interest of the dial is this, that if at any given time they wish to know what o’clock it is at some other place named in the circle, all that need be done is to rotate the dial until the named place reaches the zero mark, when the shadow gives the required hour. 225. Dividit umbra diem. The shadow divides the day. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 226. Do, SI SOL. I give (the hoitr) if the sun (does). On the facade of the Chateau d’Agnelas (I sere). 227. Do to-day’s work to-day. 1875. Placed on a dial at Golder’s Hill, Hampstead, by the late Sir Spencer Wells, Bart. In connection with this motto we may recall a saying of the Duke of Wellington recorded by Earl Stanhope: “We SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 243 talked,” he writes, “of Gurwood’s publication (the ‘Wellington Dis- patches ’) and I expressed my astonishment that the Duke should have been able to write so many letters in the midst of active operations.” He said : “ My rule has always been to do the business of the day in the day.” ^ 228 . Doge, disce, aut discede. Teach or learn Or out yott tu 7 'ii. On the school porch at Shepey Magna, Leicestershire. Comp. No. 81. 229 . Docet umbra. 1 700. The shadow teaches. A large vertical dial of stone on the Dutch Church in Austin Friars, London, bears this motto. This Church, founded for the Friars Ere- mites of St. Augustine, was after the Dissolution granted by Edward VI. to the fugitives from the Netherlands, a.d. 1550. For a few months the church was used both by the French and Dutch congregations, but the number of refugees increased so greatly that another building was given for the use of the French. Both churches were closed during the reign of Mary, but re- opened when Elizabeth came to the throne, and Austin Friars has remained in the possession of the Dutch ever since. The motto has a singular appropriateness, but the church is now so surrounded by high offices that neither the building nor the dial can be seen to advantage, and the motto is scarcely legible. 230 . Domine, doge nos regte gomputare momenta nostra, et habere GOR APPLiGATUM AD SAPiENTiAM. Lcrd, teacli US to utmiber our days rightly^ a^id to apply our hearts unto wisdom . — Psalm xc. 14. This text appears with two other mottoes. Nos. 247, 394, on a beautiful engraving of a portable cross-dial in Johann Gaupp’s “ Tabulae Gnomonicae,” 1708. 231 . Domine, usque ad vesperam manes. Lord, thoti remamest mitil evening. Formerly on a country-house at Ivry. 232 . Dominus illuminatio mea. The Lord is my light . — Ps. xxvi. i. The motto of the University of Oxford. It has been inscribed with No. 1200, by George Yarding, Esq., on a double semi-cylindrical dial which is on a pedestal in his garden at Fellside, Snaresbrook. The dial was brought away in 1828 from an old house, and was probably ^ “ Conversations with the Duke of Wellington,” Murray, 1889." 244 SUN-DIALS constructed by a scientific man who had lived there. See Illustration, p. 105. The above text was formerly on a dial in the garden of the Petits Peres, Place des Victoires, Paris. 233 . Dona pr^esentis cape l^tus hor^. Gladly accept the gifts of the present hour. From Horace, Odes, Bk. iii. 8, 27. This was formerly with No. 1 16 on the convent of the Grands Augustins at Paris, and is still on the Franciscan convent at Cimiez, Nice, with others; see Nos. 598, iiii, 1463, 1475, ibi8; also at Gieres (Isere) ; and at the Hameau de Chatelard a Reaumont (Isere); and in the garden of the Hospital of St. Jacques at Besan^on (see No. 75). 234 . Donec dies. Until the day. On a dial erected by the late Rev. Samuel J. Bowles in his rectory garden at Beaconsfield, Bucks. The motto was possibly abbreviated from Canticles, ii. 17 : Donec aspiret dies et inclinetur wnbrco. 235 . Douze heures mesurent le jour. Quelle finira ton sejour ? Twelve hours mccke the day, Which will end your stay f On a dial in the Musee Lorrain, Bar-le-Duc. See No. 1006. 236 . Dubia cunctis ultima multis CUNCTIS, SI SAPIAS, HORIS VIGIL, ESTO VIATOR, EXTREMAMQUE TIBI SEMPER ADESSE PUTES. No ma 7 i knoweth what this hour may bring, to many a man it is his last ; Ti^aveller, if thou be wise be zvatchftd at all hours, and ever think thy last at hand. On a dial which is now in the Musee lapidaire at Beaune. There is a further inscription, see No. 1007, and the date 1786. 237 . Dubia multis certa omnibus. Doubtful to many, certain to all. At the Lycee, formerly a Jesuit college, at Cahors ; also at Aups (Var). 238 . Dubia omnibus ultima multis. Doubtfd to all, the last to 7 nany. Copied in 1861, at Grasse; and in 1869 from the church at Cambo (Basses Pyrenees). 239 . Dum fugit umbra, quiesco. While the shadow flees, I am at rest. Inscribed by M. de Fieubet, counsellor of state to Louis XIV., on a dial on his country house. See No. 975. The motto was formerly with No. 233 on the convent of the Grands Augustins, Paris ; and is found at Le Poet, Vallouise (Hautes Alpes). SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 245 240. Dum licet utere. While tvne is giveji, iLse it. Is on a dial in the courtyard of the old Castle at Stazzano, near Serravalle Scrivia, in the province of Alessandria, North Italy. The castle is now a priests’ school. The expression is used by Seneca : “ Quis sapiens bono Confidat fragili ? dum licet utere : Tempus te taciturn subruet, horaque Semper praeterita deterior subit.” Seneca, Hippol. 775. 241. Dum licet et veros etiam nunc editls annos Discite eunt anni more fluentis aqu^. — 1623, II. Dec. While time is granted, and even now ye set forth Years that are real. Learn ye, years pass by like running water. At Kenmure Castle. See No. 49. 242. Dum loquimur fugerit invida ^tas, Carpe diem quam minime credula postero. While we speak the envious time will have fled. Seize the present day, and put but little faith in the next. Over the door of Dingley Rectory, Northants. The dial is dated 1703; it records the hours from II to VII only. There is a second dial-face placed at right-angles on the side of the house, and this gives the morning hours, but it has no motto. 243. Dum lucem habetls, credite in lucem. While ye have light, believe in the light, — St. John, xii. 36. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 244. Dum nos moramur, menses annosque diesque Obrepit tacito mors inopina gradu, Qval feret .eternumve diem noctemve profundam, S^PIUS H/EC NOBIS EST MEDITANDA DIES. While we piLTsue our folly, death unawares with silent step creeps on, devouring days and months and years : death, which ivilL bring us either eternal day or the depths of flight : oft should we think ttpon that day. On an engraving of a sun-dial in Ritter’s ‘‘ Speculum Solis,” 1652. 245. Dum petis, illa fugit, Quid aspicis, fugit. While thou seekest to know the hour, it has flown ; What beholdest thoic f — it is gone. On a house in the Rue de Lille, Paris. 246. Dum proficit d(efici)t. While (time) gains, it loses. Seen in 1861 in the cloisters of the Cathedral at Chambery. The SUN-DIALS 246 reader may amuse himself by supplying the illegible word to his own taste. A friend suggests deficit, which seems most probable. See No. 847. 247 . Dum sol non lucet opus est patientia. Thou miLst be patient while the sun shines not. This, with Nos. 230, 394, is on the engraving of a portable cross- dial in Johann Gaupp’s “Tabulae Gnomonicae,” 1708. 248 . Dum spectas fugio. Sic vita. Whilst thou lookest I fly ; so doth life. In a three-sided bay-window over a shop in the High Street, Marl- borough, is a handsomely illumi- nated glass dial of oval shape, which nearly occupies four of the twelve panes that compose the projecting centre of the window, and which is inscribed with this motto. A golden scroll on a red ground surrounds the dial face, in the centre of which is a fly, so beautifully depicted that you can hardly believe it is not a real in- sect incorporated in the glass as in amber, for it is not perceptible to the touch. There was no enomon when the sketch was taken (circa 1863), for singularly enough it had been destroyed by lightning. At Winchester Col- lege there is also the fly in a similar glass dial ; and likewise at Lacock Abbey, North Wilts. In Leadbetter’s “ Mechanick Dialling” many of the plates of dials have a fly figured ; it is supposed that the introduction of the fly is meant for a punning suggestion of the thought, “ May (the hours) fly.” The dial at Marlborough attracted the attention of Messrs Britton and Brayley, and is mentioned by them in the “ Beauties of England,” vol. i. (1801), as are two similar window-dials in the Rectory, North-hill, Bedfordshire. These had also been noticed by Mr. Arthur Young, in his “ Six Weeks Tour,” and he gave particular praise to the painting of the fly. The dials were of green glass ; on one the fly was represented with two cherries before it, and the wings painted on one side of the glass while the body and legs were on the other side, so as to deceive SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 247 the spectator. The dials bore the mottoes Dtmi spectas fugio, and Sic transit gloria 7 nundi, and on one of them, “ John Oliver, fecit 1664.” As the rectory at North-hill had lately been rebuilt, and the paintings were described by Mr. Britton as lying useless, it is probable that they no longer exist. Ditm spectas fugio is on a window-dial described in the “ Strand Magazine,” in 1892, as being in Mr. E. P. Johnson’s office, Derby. A bird and a fly are in the centre. It was made in 1888 by Frederick Drake, Glazier, Exeter, and copied from one taken out of an old Devon- shire manor house. The same motto, with the date 1739, was on one of four vertical dials which surmounted a short column standing on a step in the garden of “The Holmes,” Rotherham. On the step is inscribed the name of the maker, Sam\ Walker, fecit. See No. 221. Dum spectas fugio may be read on a dial which adorns an old gabled entrance to one of the canons’ houses at Exeter. It is supported by a small stone figure, and is placed between two mullioned windows, above which is a medallion of Queen Elizabeth. Over the arched door- way is a coat of arms, and the words “ Vincit Veritas.” The motto is inscribed on a dial in the churchyard of Cranbrook, Kent, with “John Hague and Ellis Troughton, 1855 ; on the farmhouse of Greenbury in the parish of Scorton, Yorkshire, with “ J. Fawcitt 1751, the “i” in fugio being omitted by mistake. It was formerly on the market house at King’s Lynn, with Nos. 745, 1109, 1167; and is still, we hope, at Ripley, in Surrey (see No. 1002); and Thorp Perrow, with No. 1396. At Kirkby in Cleveland, a dial dated 1815 once bore it, but in 1887 the motto was found to be almost obliterated. Dum spectas fugio has also been read on Ingleton Church, Yorkshire ; and on the old tower of Willesden Church, with the date 1736. 249 . Dum spectas fugit. Whilst thou art looking {the hour) is flying. Formerly on Felkirk Church, Yorkshire, dated 1769, but in 1884 the dial had fallen to the ground in a gale. The motto is on the parish church, Leighton Buzzard (see No. loi); and on St. Patrick’s Church, Isle of Man (see No. 864). It is also on Heighington Church, co. Durham, with the additional word hora\ and on a house at Walsing- ham ending with carpe clmit. 250 . Dum tempus habemus operemur bonum. While zue have time let us do good, — Gal. vi. 10. On the Convent of the Annunziata, Florence ; and with No. 1450 in the courtyard of the Eveche, Blois. Also on the south dial of the pillar at Tytherton Kellaways, Wilts (see No. 1619), with the following para- phrase, composed by the Rev. W. L. Bowles : Life steals away ; O man, this hour is lent thee, Patiently work the work of Him who sent thee. 248 SUN-DIALS 251. Dum umbra fugit homo transit et Deus est. While the shadozv flees, man passes, and God is. On the church of La Ferte Bernard. 252. Durent in tristitia volent in la^titia. In sadztess let them long endtcre, in gladness let them fly. On a country house at Bas Vacon. 253. E PERDUTTO TUTTO IL TEMPO CHE A NON AMAR DiO SI SPENDE. A ll that time is lost which is not spent in loving God, Maison de Segrais, near Rives (Isere). 254. Ecce erat valde bonum. Behold, it was veiy good. On the engraved title-page of “ Horologiographia Optica,” by Sylvanus Morgan, 1652. 255. Ecce mensurabiles posuisti dies meos. 1801. Behold, thou hast made my days as it wei^e a span long. — Psalm xxxix. 6 . On a chapel at Montagny, Savoy. 256. Ecco UN nulla, o mortal, chiamar ti puoi, Mentre la morte altiera, e’l tempo edace Misurano con l’ombra I giorno tuoi. — Azion. Well, 7 nortal, may st thou call thyself a thing of nought. While lordly Death, and Time that eateth all, Meastire thy span by fleeting shadows wi^ought. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche” as a suitable motto for a dial on which is painted, “ il Tempo e la Morte con lo stilo in mano rappresent- ante uno scetro.” 257. Ecco DA DEBOL FiL SEGNATO IL TEMPO. See w/iat slender thread has 7 narked the hour, Casa Cecco, Via Pio Corsi, at Nizza, Monferrato. 258. Edwardus fovet ut sol. Edward, beneficent as the stm. Quoted by Charles Leadbetter in his “ Mechanick Dialling,” 1756, as on Christ’s Hospital, and referring to Edward VI., the founder of the school. 259. Ego certas, lilia faustas. I make the hours sure, the lilies znake them fortimate. At Camurat (Aude), on a dial bearing the arms of France. 260. Ego redibo, tu nunquam. I shall 7 'eturn, thoit never. On the church of St. John the Baptist, Erith. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 249 261. Eheu, fugaces. AlaSy how fleeting. A quotation from Horace, Carm. II. xiv. i : “ Eheu, fugaces, Postume, Postume, labuntur anni.” At Sedbury Hall, near Richmond, Yorkshire, there is a horizontal dial with stone pedestal attached to the sill of the drawing-room window, with this touching motto engraved upon it. The same words are found on the plate of a dial in the rectory garden, Copgrove, Yorkshire, with “ Goodall, Tadcaster, fecit 1846.” Also (as Dr. Doran tells us in his “ Life of the Rev. Dr. Young”), the author of the “ Night Thoughts ” set up a dial in the rectory garden at Welwyn, Hertfordshire, with the motto, “ Eheu, fugaces,” and a few nights afterwards thieves entered the garden, and proved the wisdom of the poet’s choice of a motto by carrying the dial away. On the walls of the entrance tower of Farnham Castle, the palace of the bishops of Winchester, there are two dials which formerly bore the inscription, “ Eheu, fugaces labuntur anni.” Other mottoes, more appropriate to an episcopal residence, have been substituted, as will be shown hereafter (see No. 987). The word “Eheu” could be traced in 1890 on a dial on Elwick Church, CO. Durham; probably “fugaces” had once completed the inscription. 262. Eheu! hum loquimur fugit irreparabile tempus. Alas! ivhile we speak, irretrievable time flies. In the cloisters of the Capuchin convent at Velletri. 263. Eheu ! Qu AM FESTiNAT dies. 1789. Alas! hoiv the day flies onward. At Les Avenieres (Isere). 264. Elapsas signat horas. It marks the passing of the hours. On an eighteenth century dial at Chambery, on the Arche- veche. 265. ELeCta Vt soL beat or- beM spLenDore. Bright as the Sun, she blesseth the earth zuith brightness. Stellt deins lebens tag zu dienst maria ein, • So WIRD dein letzte stund in tod die beste sein. Give the day of thy life to do Mary s behest. So will thy last hour in death be the best. These mottoes were read at Rosenheim, between 1860-70, one K K 250 SUN-DIALS above and one below a fresco of the Blessed Virgin, who is represented as the crowned Queen of Heaven, against a background of rays, and with clouds beneath her feet. A scroll above bears the Latin line, in which there is a chronogram giving the date MDCLLLV = 1755. The hour numerals and the German lines are on a curling double scroll below. 266. Ell ES COULENT RAPIDEMENT POUR CEUX QUI SONT DANS LA JOIE. L’an iv. Days pass quickly for those who are happy. At Izeaux (Isere). The date is year 4 of the Republic = 1797. 267. Elle fuit, h£las ! 1801. Alas! it flies. At Plampinet; also at Sachat (dated 1813), both in Dep. H antes Alpes. 268. Elle regle la repos et l action, SURTOUT ELLE APPELLE LA REFLEXION. I 84O. It gove^nis rest and action, A bove all it causes reflection. At Villard St. Pancrace (Hautes Alpes). 269. En ME REGARDANT, PENSE OU TU VAS, Et d’oU TU VIENS CAR LA MORT TE SUIT PAS A PAS. 1841. Z. A. E. Remember ye that 7 nark my face That Death 's behind you pace by pace ; Whejice are ye come, ye do not hioio Nor whither afterwaj'ds youlll go. At Abries, in the Vallee du Oueyras (Hautes Alpes). 270. En regardant l’iieure qu’il est PeNSE a la MORT ET TIENS TOI PRET. As the hour here you see Think on death and ready be. At La Bessee, and at Le Poet (Hautes Alpes) ; and on the Church at Chateau Oueyras (see No. 694). 27^* En regardant vous vieilllssez. Whilst beholding you become old. On the church at St. Nicholas (Haute Savoie). 272. En supra vita fugax En infra certa mors : Hinc vivere disce IlLINC disce MORI. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 251 Lo, above is fleeting life : A nd below is cert am death. From the 07 ie learn to live, From the other learn to die. These mottoes are quoted by Mr. Leadbetter (“ Mechanick Dialling,” 1756), as being on the two faces of the dial on St. Mary Overy s Church (now St. Saviours), Southwark, which hung over the burial ground. It was probably put up after 1647, as there is no sign of it in Hollars etching of that date. If not destroyed before 1822, it must have been cleared away then, as the church was altered. 273. En Tou I E ACTION TENSE A LA EiN. hi all tliy doiiigs think upon the end. On the sanctuary of Notre Dame des Vertus, at Peisey, Savoy. The saying is from Thomas a Kempis. 274. Eneant, souviens-toi que je sers A MARQUER LE TEMPS QUE TU PERDS. Remember, child, that I mark the time which thon dost lose. In the court of the college at Forcalquier. 275. E6 GRATiOREs Eo BREViORES. The sivectest are the shortest. At Annonay (Ardeche). 276. Erit lapis iste in signum . MDCCiv . PAR TA PUISSANCE. That stone shall be for a sign. By Thy pozver. On a small stone dial bought at Cologne in 1885 by Mr. Lewis Evans. A crown and the letters l. p. b. in a monogram are also engraved on the face. 277. ErRAR Pub IL FABBRO ErRAR Pu 6 IL FERRO lo MAI NON ERRO. The maker may err The iron may am I never err. At GraMia in Piedmont. o 278. ’EPXETAT TAP NTH. For the night cometh. A sketch of this dial was made by the collector (Mrs. Gatty) at Abbotsford in 1839, where the pedestal stood outside a small planta- tion near the house. But the dial plate with its gnomon was gone ; only two nails, which had once served to fasten it, remained. So the SUN-DIALS ABBOTSFORD. motto had been a prophecy ; for the dial’s work was over, since it could henceforth record nothing, except that the night was coming—which, indeed, had come as if in mockery of itself. One could not help thinking further of the night that came down upon Abbotsford when its illustrious master was lost to the world. The motto was also adopted by Dr. Johnson, as we learn from the following pas- sage in Boswell : “ At this time I observed upon the dial-plate of his (Dr. Johnson’s) watch a short Greek inscription, taken from the New Testament, Nug yccp being the first words of our Saviour’s solemn ad- monition to the improvement of that time which is allowed to us to prepare for eternity — ‘ The night cometh when no man can work.’ He sometime afterwards laid aside this dial plate, and when I asked him the reason, he said, ‘ It might do very well upon a clock which a man keeps in his closet ; but to have it upon his watch which he carries about with him and which is looked at by others, might be censured as ostentatious.’ ” Croker adds in a note: “The inscription, however, was made unintelligible by the mistake of putting i//xg for vug. We would observe that this error is quite sufficient to account for the learned scholar putting aside his watch, and we know that he did not always condescend to fully enlighten his shadow, “ Bozzy,” as to his motives. It is also remarkable that in both cases the word yccp should have been introduced, for it is not in the New Testament. Probably, however. Sir Walter copied the passage from Johnson without referring to the original. With the beautiful candour which belongs to his character and marks the brief autobiography prefixed to Lockhart’s life of him, Sir Walter Scott confesses that when he went to the college at Edinburgh he had no knowledge of the Greek language, and adds, “ I forgot the very letters of the Greek alphabet.” His comment on his own ignorance cannot be too often repeated : “ If it should ever fall to the lot of youth to peruse these pages, let such a reader remember that it was with the deepest regret that I recollect in my manhood the opportunities of learning which I neglected in my youth ; tnat through every part of my literary career I have felt pinched and hampered by my own ignorance ; and that I would at this moment give half the reputation I have had the good fortune to acquire, if by so doing I could rest the remaining part upon a solid foundation of learning and science.” The same quotation ’EPXETAI NTH, rightly rendered, is to be found as a motto upon the plate of a horizontal dial in the beautiful grounds of Dromore Castle, co. Kerry, inscribed by the late owner,R. Mahony, Esq., SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 253 in 1871, when the dial was erected. NJg yocp is with other mottoes on a dial at the House of Mercy, Horbury, Yorks. See No. 1629. 279. Es OURO (c’est l’iieure). // zs time. In the Provencal dialect, given by Baron di Riviere, but without locality. 280. Est DEO GRATIA. T/iaiiks are to God. Est reposita justiti/e CORONA. There is laid ttp a crozvn of righteonsziess (2 Tim. iv. 8). (See illustration, p. 119.) These mottoes, with Nos. 360, 981, are inscribed round the mould- ing above the capital of the dial pillar at Corpus ChrlstI College, Oxford. It stands In the quadrangle, a pillar surmounted by a cubical capital, above which is a pyramidal block of stone, with a dial face on each side, and this is crowned by a pelican on a globe, the crest of the College. On the four sides of the cube are four coats of arms carved in relief, viz. : (i) those of Bishop Fox, the founder of the College ; (2) of Bishop Oldham; (3) of the University; (4) the Royal arms. In each case the scroll work round the shield acts as a gnomon to a dial face engraved below It. On the cylindrical shaft there is a fifth dial face, with a perpetual calendar engraved below It, and near the base is another motto, Horas omnes complecta. The initials C. T. and two dates, 1581 and mdcv, the latter date being probably that of the tables on the shaft, and the former that of the construction of the dial by Charles Turnbull, a member of the college, a Lincolnshire man, and the author of a treatise on the use of the celestial globe. The dial is described in a MS. work by Robert Hegge, written 1625-30, now in the College Library (see p. 119), and his drawing is reproduced in the Rev. T. Fowler’s “History of Corpus ChristI College.” In this sketch “ the octagonal base of the cylinder rests on a platform and is approached by four steps and surrounded with rails. The present square pedestal is not figured.” The pillar Is said to have been regarded as “ inconvenient,” during the old days of threatened invasion, when the quadrangle was used as a drilling ground, but happily it was not re- moved from its place and still stands as a memorial of Turnbull’s mathematical skill. The four mottoes on the pyramid are adapted from the Vulgate. 281. Esteem thy precious time Which pass so swift away Prepare then for eternity And do not make delay. An incorrect version of No. 1074, in the same neighbourhood. The above is on one face of a cube of stone, bearing three dials on the other three faces, crowned with a ball and mounted on a stone column which stands on Wilton Bridge, near Ross, Herefordshire. It probably dates from the eighteenth century. 254 SUN-DIALS 282. Et le riche et le pauvre et la faible et le fort, VoNT TOUS EGALEMENT DES DOULEURS A LA MORT. The rich and the poor, the strong and the weak, all pass alike from sorrow to death. On one of Zarbulas dials at Ville-Vieille (Hautes Alpes). 283. Et pilo sua umbra. Even the hair has its shadozv. A writer in “ The Antiquary” (vii. 186), quoting from “ The Gentle- man’s Magazine ” ( 1 8 1 1 ), on ancient bedsteads, says : “ There is at Hinckley a very ancient oak bedstead, much gilt and ornamented with various panelled compartments richly painted, with emblematical devices and Latin mottoes in capital letters conspicuously introduced in each place. ... Amongst them is “ the repre- sentation of” a horizontal sun-dial with the above motto. 284. ETI MIKPON XPONON TO 0112 ME 0 TMON E 2 TI, nEPinATEITE Efl2 TO 0X12 EXETE. Yet a LITTLE WHILE IS THE LIGHT WITH YOU, Walk while ye have the light. St. John, xii. 35. The dial-plate from which these inscriptions were copied was fixed on an old disused school-house at Aynho, near Bicester. The sun is represented as a full human face, with rays surrounding it, and the gnomon forms the nose. In the centre are the initials of the builder, “ M.C.,” “one Mary Cart- wright,” and the date of the build- ing, 1671. rUlCLLECII CIlUKCnVARI). 285. Eundo hora diem depascit. A s it goes, the hour consumes the day. Inscribed on a curious sun-dial in the churchyard of Trellech, Mon- mouthshire (cp. No. 1334). It was erected in 1648 by Lady Maud Probert, widow of Sir George Probert, and on three sides of the pedestal are represented in relief the three marvels peculiar to the place, viz. (i) A tumulus, supposed to be of Roman origin, and above it the words “ Magna rnoli ” {Great in its mound'''), “ O quot hie sepulti ” (“ O how many buried here"). (2) Three stone pillars (whence the name SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 255 Tri-llech, the town of three stones), with the inscription, “ Major Saxis” (“ Greater m its stones"), the height of the stones, — viz., 8 feet, 10 feet, 14 feet,^ — being also given, and the words, “Hie fuit victor Harald ” (“ Hej'e zvas Harald victorious ”). (3) A representation of the well of chalybeate water and two drinking cups with “ Maxima fonte ” (“ Greatest in its sprmg"), and below, “ Dom. Magd. Probert ostendit.” Trellech is supposed to have been anciently a large town and place of importance. Tradition states that the pillars were erected by Harald to commemorate a victory over the Britons, but they are known to have existed in the seventh century, and are probably of Druidical origin. Nor does the tumulus cover the bodies of the slain, as suggested by Lady Probert’s inscription ; it is simply in the neighbourhood of the battlefield. In later days it was surmounted by the keep of a castle belonging to the Earl of Clare. The motto of the dial was almost illegible in 1887. The stone is described in “The Archaeological Journal,” xi. 129. 286. Every day brings life nearer. At Ballakilley, Isle of Man. See No. 1122. 287. Every hour shortens life. Was formerly on the church porch at Barnard Castle, but at the restoration of the building the dial was removed and laid by in the church tower. The motto is also on a mural dial at “ Turner’s Hospital ” at Kirkleatham, Yorkshire, a noble charity founded at his birthplace by Sir William Turner, Lord Mayor of London in 1699. The same motto is on a dial on the church at St. Austell, Cornwall. 288. Ex HIS UNA TIBI. Of these {hours) one is for thee. On a church in Brittany ; and in a garden at Chatelaudren (Cotes du Nord). Also at La Johadiere (Loire Inferieure), where “ tibi ” is rendered “ mihi.” 289. Ex HOC MOMENTO PENDET .ETERNiTAs. Ou this uioment Iiangs eteriiity. On an old gable in Lincoln’s Inn there was formerly a dial thus in- scribed, which had been restored in 1840, and showed the hours from 6 a.m. to 4 p.m. ; but it was taken down in 1874 and could not be replaced. A newspaper of 1812 informs us that a book was one morning found to have been suspended on the gnomon by the hand of some wag. When taken down, the volume proved to be an old edition of “ Practice in Chancery.” The same motto is at Sandhurst, Kent, “ W Hawney fecit 1720” ; at St. Budeaux, Cornwall ; and was formerly on Glasgow Cathedral. It has also been read on a sometime seminary at Bourg d’Oisans, dated 1684. 256 SUN-DIALS 290. Ex UNDis EMKRGUNT IN AURAS. From the waters they rise mto the air. In the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, Paris; on a sculptured stone dial, probably intended for the centre of a fountain. 291. EHArOPAZOMENOr TON KAIPON OTl AI HMEPAI nONHPAI EISI. Redeeming the time because the days are evil. Eph. v. 16. In the Albert Park, Middlesbrough. See No. 97. 292. Expecto donec veniat illuminatio mea Ut cum altis inservire valeam. I aivait the coming of my light, that I ivith the others may be strong to serve. This was inscribed on the north side of a casket-shaped dial of brass silvered and gilt, which was offered for sale in London, in 1898. It measured 4 in. in height, x 8^ x 6 in. at the base, and 5^^ x 3^ in. at the lid. On the top and four sloping sides were five dials, showing both the Italian and the ordinary hours, the gnomons represented by boyish figures, and the shadow cast by an outstretched finger of the hand. About the figures are scrolls on which mottoes are engraved. That on the south side is : “ Vespere cum eis pariter et mane in eodem die ostendere non de- feram.” At evening, as the others do, a^id in the mo 7 ming likewise, I shall not delay to tell my tale. On the east : “ A solis ortu usque ad meridiem intervalla ipsa diei aeque denuncio.” From S7mrise till noon I annotmce at equal periods the divisions of the day. On the west : “ (A’) meridie usque ad solis occasum itaque cum ilia gradior.” Like the last 7 ny steps I take from noon to sitnset. In addition to these four mottoes there are inscriptions inside the lid, and outside the hinged flap, giving the initials of the maker, A. /E. V., and the name of the owner, and the date, 1770 : “ad latitud Napolis Grad: 40, 50.” Also a description of the use of the instru- ment, and inside the casket there is a compass and plumbline fastened to two cross bars. 293. Expleuo numerum reduarque tenebris. / shall complete the number of my days, and be restored to the shades. PTom the “/Eneid, ’ vi. 545, inscribed by the Rev. W. Tuckwell, SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 257 with other mottoes, on a dial which he has placed in his garden, Waltham Rectory, Grimsby. See No. 559. 294 . Expulsis tenebris recreat splendoribus orbem. Expelling the darkness, he 7 xvives the eaidh with his rays. On the Campanile at Sori, Riviera de Levante. 295 . Fac bum tempus opus. Work while it is day. This, with other mottoes, is on an octohedral dial-block in Mr. L. Evans’ collection. There is no motto on the horizontal face at the top, and the eighth side, on which the block rests, is plain. Each face measures 7^ x 7J x 9 inches. It is of French workmanship, of the first half of the seventeenth century. For the other mottoes see Nos. 395, 900, 945. 296 . Facciamo bene adesso CHE abbiamo tempo. While zve have time let us do good. At the Trinitarian Convent on Monte Soracte. 297 . Factus dies hic transeat. The day that is done here let it pass. This has also been read as Lcetus dies hic transeat, but the above is probably the correct version, as the dial, which is horizontal, is on the western side of the cloisters of the Certosa, Val d’Ema, near Florence ; and receives the last rays of the sun. In 1889 the gnomon was no longer there. See No. 150. 298 . FaIS CE QUE DOIS, ADVIENNE QUE POURRA, L’heure est a Dieu, l’esperance a tous. Do that which thou oughtest, come what may ; The hour belongs to God, hope to all. Noted in “The Monthly Packet,” October, 1886, but no locality assigned. See No. 572. 299 . Fay me lum e t’y beyras. (Eclair-moi et tu y verras.) Shine upon me, and thou shalt behold it. On the front of an inn at Rieucros (Ariege). The dialect is Provengal. 300 . Fecit solem in potest atem diei. He made the sun to ride by day. (Psalm cxxxvi. 8.) Formerly on a house at Bruges. 301 . Felicibus brevis, miseris hora LONGA. The hour is short to the happy, long to the wretched. Copied in 1866 from a dial on a house at Martigny. Time’s hour- glass and wings were painted above the dial. Comp. No. 30. L L 258 SUN-DIALS 302. Felicibus brevis miseris vita LONGA. Short is life to the happy, to the wretched long. At Paray le Monial. With four other mottoes. See No. 75. 303. Felix harmonia manet si tendimus una TeMPORA si PHCEBUS MONSTRAT LINGUASQUE MINERVA, si theMIs et CIVes IVra VetVsta DoCet. A happy ha 7 ^mony is maintained if we strive in unity, if Phoebus shows ICS the hour, Mmerva teaches tongues, a 7 id Themis instructs the citizens in the old law. On the Rathhaus at Stolberg, in the Harz. The dial dates from the sixteenth century, but was repainted in 1723, the date being shown in a chronogram, mdccvvvviii. The arms of the town are painted on the dial between the figures of Minerva and Themis. The town belongs to Count Stolberg, whose castle stands on the hill above it. 304. Ferrea virga est, umbratilis motus. The rod is of iron, the motion that of shadoiv. The iron rod is, of course, the gnomon. The motto was copied in 1861, and the last word was difficult to read ; 77 iotus has been supplied as the most probable reading, but Baron de Riviere gives it as ictus. It was on a large vertical north dial on the archiepiscopal palace which adjoins the cathedral of Chambery. See No. 847. 305. Fert omnia ^tas. Tune bears all away. On the door of a farm, over the Manor House at Lund, Yorks. ; and at Vallouise. See No. 133. 306. Festina lente. Hasten slowly. On a vertical dial on a house at Deeping St. James, Lincolnshire ; at Inch House, Midlothian, on a dial which was formerly at Craigmillar Castle (see No. 72) ; also on the Public Library at Albi. 307. Festina mox nox. Hastefi, the night {cocneth) soon. Noticed in the “ Graphic ” for Aug. 1 1, 1883, as on a sun-dial on the King’s House, Thetford. This house was once a Royal Mint, and was afterwards occupied by Queen Elizabeth and James I. successively. 308. Festinat suprema. The last (hour) hastens on. Seen in North Italy by Mr. Howard Hopley. 309. Fiat lux. Let there be light. — Gen. i. 3. At La Blanque, near Riaus, Provence. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 259 310. Fiat lux, et facta est lux, factusque est vespere et mane DIES UNUS. Let there be light and there was light : and the evening and the morn- ing zvere the first day, — Gen. i. 3, 5. Seen at Courmayeur; and also at St. Didier, Val d’Aosta. 31 1. Figurati sentir il mio rumore, QuANDO l’oMBRA a TOCCARS’ t TUTTE l’oRE. As on each hour my shade ' s about to fall, Thou in thy mind shouldst hear my sounding call. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 312. Fili conserva tempus. My son, observe the opportunity , — Ecclus. V. 20. On the tower of San Stefano, Belluno, with No. 904 ; also at Palermo ; at Carenna ; and on a house on the Superga, near Turin. 313. FiLIA SOLIS EGO, Genuit ferrea mater, Sequor ore matrem, Mobilitate patrem. MDCCCI. The daughter of the sim azn I, an iron mother bore me. In countenance I resemble my mother, m my movements my father. At Montagny, Savoy. This motto seems to be uttered by the shadow of the metal gnomon. 314. Finiet UNA labores. One [hour) will end oicr toils. Recorded in “Bulletin Monumental,” 1883 ; no locality assigned. 315. Finis itineris sepulchrum. The grave is the end of the journey. On the dial at Marrington Hall, Shropshire. See No. 1394. The motto recalls the more hopeful sentiment inscribed on Dean Alford’s grave in St. Martin’s Churchyard, Canterbury : “ Diversorium viatoris Hierosolymam proficiscentis.” The resting place of a traveller on his way to Jerusalem. 316. Floreat ecclesia. May the Church flourish. “This dial was given by Mr. W. Buck, minister here in anno 1697.” This inscription is over the church porch at Kirkby Malzeard, Yorks. Mr. Buck afterwards became Vicar of Marton-cum-Grafton, Yorks., and put up a dial bearing the same motto, with his initials and date 1 700, on the chancel wall of that Church. When the Church was rebuilt in 1873, ^he dial was removed to its present position on the vestry chimney, and the iron gnomon having been broken, the Rev. J. R. Lunn, then vicar, replaced it with a copper gnomon pierced with 26 o SUN-DIALS his initials and the Sunday Letter and Golden Number for the year of rebuilding. An older stone dial, possibly of the twelfth century, was found in the old church, and has now been inserted in the wall inside the vestry. 317 . Forsitan ultima. Perhaps the last. At La Riviere (Isere). 318 . Forte tua. 1760. I. C. C. fecit. Perhaps (this hour^ is thine. At Vallouise (Isere), also at Vars, dated 1827, and at Les Orres (Hautes Alpes), 1831. 319 . Forte ultima. 1825. Perhaps (this hour is) the last. At Vallouise (Isere). 320 . Fortuna ut umbra fugit. Good fortune fleeth like a shadow. On a dial engraved in “ Der unbetrligliche Stunden Weiser,” by J. H. Muller. Munich, 1702. 321 . From the rising of the sun to the going down of the same THE lord’s name IS TO BE PRAISED. On the step of a dial at Linburn, Midlothian, recently erected by Ebenezer Erskine Scott, Esq. See No. 45. 322 . Fronte capillata, post est occasio calva. Opportunity has locks in front, and is bald behind. 1828. This well-known line is inscribed on a dial on the school-house at Guilsborough, Northamptonshire. It is quoted from “ Disticharum de Moribus,” lib. ii. D. xxv., written by Dionysius Cato, who is sup- posed to have lived in the time of the Antonines, in the second century. The lines are : Rem tibi quam nosces aptam dimittere noli ; Fronte capillata, post est occasio calva. Sir Francis Bacon in his essay “ Of Delays,” thus writes : “For occasion (as it is in the common verse) turneth a bald noddle after she hath presented her locks in front and no hold taken.” “ Take Time by the forelock,” is a proverb ; and the conventional figure of Time represents an old man bald, except for a tuft of hair on the crown on his head. Shakespeare recognizes the same idea : Let ’s take the instant by the forward top ; For we are old, and on our quickest decrees The inaudible and noiseless foot of time Steals ere we can effect them.” AlFs Well that Ends Welt, act v. sc. 3. 323 . Fuerat cuncta novanthus. In the Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists Club, 1885, there is a paper by Walter Laidlaw, Esq., on “Armorial bearings and Inscrip- tions in Jedburgh and its vicinity,” and in this Mr. Laidlaw states ; “ On SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 261 the front of Blackhills house in Castlegate is a stone, having the appear- ance of armorial bearings. Having examined it, I found two rather peculiar sun-dials with an inscription on an iron scroll, Fuerat cimcta 7iovanthus!' No suggestion is made as to the meaning of the words. 324. Fugacem dirigit umbram. He gtiides the fleeting shadow. On the church of St. Sulpice, Paris. 325. Fugax est .^tas. Time is fleeting. On the church, Westbury on Severn. ^'Printed hy Hall & Sellers,^ § in Philadidphui. 1776. § UNITED STATES NATIONAL NOTE. 326. Fuggone come lombra e Di dell’ anno OuESTO LO DICE GlOBBE, E NON t’ INGANNA ; Se non pensi al morir sarA tuo danno. The days that make the year like shadows soon are past ; So said the seer Job, that truthful sage ; Woe be to thee if thou on death no thought doth cast. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 327. Fuggone i giorni tuoi qual ombra, o vento, E vivi puoi UN ora sol’ contento ? Thy days like wind or shadow soon are spent, And canst thou live one single hour content f Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 328. Fugio. I fly> Mind your business. On the woodcut of a sun-dial which was on the first set of National- 262 SUN-DIALS notes (commonly called “Greenbacks”), issued by the United States after the Declaration of Independence, dated 1776. The facsimile here given is made from an original note kindly lent by Mr. Wilson Crewdson. Mr. E. C. Middleton of Birmingham (who has made a special study of the sun-dials of Warwickshire) states that he possesses a coin, “The first issued by the United States, a Franklin cent, dated 1787. On each side there are designs similar to those on the Half- dollar Note. One side bears a sun-dial with the sun above it, and below Mind yotir business. The other a ring of linked circles, but these are not inscribed with the name of the states ; round the centre ring in place of American Congress the words U 7 iited States are engraved, and within the circle We ai^e one, as on the note. 329. Fugio, fuge. I fly, fly thou. On a cross dial at Elleslie, near Chichester. See No. 104. 330. Fggit, bum aspicis. It flics, whilst thoiL lookest. In a hamlet, near Baslow, Derbyshire, with three other mottoes (Nos. 71 1, 800, 1536); also on the wall of a building called Cairns’ Chambers (Law offices), Church Street, Sheffield. 331. Fugit, et non recedit tempos. Time flies, a 7 id comes not back. Appears as a dial and a clock motto at once on the wall of a little court in the Convent della Ouiete, near Florence. There is an over- hanging roof, and above is suspended a tinkling bell. The convent was originally a royal villa, and received its name — “ La Quiete della Granduchessa Cristina” — from its noble owner. It afterwards became the property of Donna Eleonora Ramirez di Montalvo, the foundress of the existing school. See No. 177. 332. Fugit HORA. The hour flies. On a stone mural dial at Moat Hall, near Great Ouseburn, York- shire. It is also at Lamancha House, Peeblesshire, on a fine composite dial of the seventeenth century. There is a sloping stone block, with a pedestal representing a basket of fruit, bearing a plain dial on its upper face, and cylindrical, heart-shaped and oblong hollows on the sides. “ The under side is cut so as to leave a drum-shaped dial, the shadows on which are cast by the sides of the cutting. The oblong hollow on the one side has two carved serpents starting with their intertwisted tails and wriggling round the sides of the hollow, the upper edge of which forms the style.” The dial and pedestal are cut out of one stone. (“ Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland,” by Ross and Macgibbon, vol. v., p. 430.) ' x ' xn ., Fugit caritas manet. UMBRA The hour shadow flies, love remains. The first version is at Mirepoix ; and the second at Les Allemans, both in the department of Ariege. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 263 The hour flies ^ pray. a square slab of stone, which stood over the The face was painted 334. Fugit hora, ora. On a circular dial in porch entrance of Catterick Church, Yorkshire, blue, the lettering gilt, and the gnomon sprang from a golden sun which was immediately be- low the motto. This was the dial alluded to in the Preface. It was removed from the porch when the church was restored, and was unfortunately broken, but an exact reproduction of the original slab was put up in its place through the kindness of William Booth, Esq., of Oran. The Rev. A. J. Scott, D.D., the friend and chaplain of Lord Nelson, who died in his arms at Trafalgar, was vicar of Catterick from 1816, and was the father of Mrs. Gatty, the first compiler of this collection. Fugit hora, ora, is on a dial at Gilling Church, near Catterick ; and was formerly on the porch of Merthyr Mawr church, co. Glamorgan, dated 1720, but about fifty years ago the church was rebuilt, and the dial taken down and laid in the churchyard, where it still was in 1888. Most exquisitely does Tennyson touch the three successive chroni- clers of time — the hour-glass, dial, and watch — in one of the poems of his “ In Memoriam.” CATTERICK. “ O days and hours, your work is this. To hold me from my proper place, A little while from his embrace, For fuller gain of after bliss : “ That out of distance might ensue Desire of nearness doubly sweet ; And unto meeting when we meet. Delight a hundred fold accrue. “ For every grain of sand that runs. And every space of shade that steals. And every kiss of toothed wheels, And all the courses of the suns.” 335. Fugit hora. ora. labora. NatE Priestley calculavit. Abr. Sharp delineavit. 1722. The hour flies, pray, work. On a horizontal dial in the old garden of Alderhill, near Leeds, described in “ The Yorkshire Weekly Post,” June 19, 1897. The dial was brought from Meanwood in the same neighbourhood. Abraham Sharp was a distinguished mathematician and astronomer, the friend and assistant of P'lamsteed, Astronomer Royal from 1675 to 1719, and passed the later years of his life at Horton, near Bradford. Amongst the friends who visited him there was the Rev. Nathaniel Priestley, of Ovenden, a Nonconformist minister. He died in 1728, and as his grandson Henry is known to have been living at Leeds in 1781, it has 264 SUN-DIALS been conjectured that the dial may have been brought by him to Meanwood. The dial plate is finely worked, and is placed on a stone pedestal. The same motto was read some years ago on a house in Southgate Street, Gloucester, but the dial is no longer there. 336 . Fugit jiora sic est vita. The hour flies, so with life. This is given as the probable reading of a dial on the church tower of Cubberley, Gloucestershire. The motto seemed to be Fiigit hora suevet, and has, says a writer in “ Notes and Queries,” proved a very sphinx to inquirers. The solution is suggested by a correspondent in “ Notes and Queries,” 4th series, x. 254, 323. 337 . Fugit hora sicut UxMbra. The hour flies like a shadow. This motto is written on an illustration in a French MS. on dials in the possession of Lewis Evans, Esq. The MS. appears to have been written at Nancy in the first half of the eighteenth century. 338 . Eugit hora sine MORA. The Iioitr flies zvitlioiU delay. Seen at North Wingfield, Derbyshire. 339 . Fugit (hora) utere. The hottr flies, use it. In the court of the Lycee at Limoges ; and on the facade of the Petit Seminaire, Dorat, France. 340 . Fugit hora, venit hora. The hour flies, the hour draws nigh. On a horizontal slate dial in the kitchen garden at the Chateau de Vaux (Calvados), the residence of M. Caumont, founder of the Societe Frangaise d’Archeologie. The dial was brought from the Abbey of St. Barbe-en-Ange. In the centre there is a shield of arms surmounted by a count’s coronet. 341 . Fugit irreparabile. 1829. Time flies, and cannot be retrieved. On the Caserne de I’Oratoire, Grenoble. 342 . Fugit irreparabile tempus. Thne passes never to be retrieved. Sedente Gregorio XVI. p.o.m. Antonius Mattevcius Oper. Vatican, prepositus. loanni Antonio Teppati hocce horarium linear! mandavit. Anno Dni. mdcccxlhi. This sentence records that the dial was made and erected in the pontificate of Gregory XVI. , a.d. 1843, by Giovanni Antonio Teppati. It is on the south corner of the balustrade on the roof of St. Peter’s, Rome ; the dial being engraved on a horizontal slab of white marble. The words of the motto are from Virgil (see No. 1123). They were also formerly to be seen with No. 380 in the Cimetiere St. Severne, Paris ; and were copied in i860 from a circular vertical dial placed below the gable and bell-cot of the church at Vallauris, near Cannes, and dated 1839. The same motto has been noticed at Guitalan (Tarn) ; St. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 265 Maurice TExil (Isere) ; and on the Chateau de la Rochefoucauld. In England it has been read at Bridgend, co. Glamorgan ; at St. Giles’s, Little Torrington, Devon ; and it was formerly on the church of St. Nectan, Wellcombe, Devon. 343. Fugit irrevocabile tempus. Time flies, and cannot be recalled. With No. 879 on the Maine at Voulx, France ; and at Tesero, Val Pdemme, Tyrol. 344. Fugit tempus manet riquetti gloria. Time flies, the glory of Riquet remains. Near the Bureau de la Navigation du Canal du Midi, Toulouse. It records the name of Riquet, the great French engineer, who in the seventeenth century made the canal which connects the Mediter- ranean with the Bay of Biscay. 345 - F UGiT TEMPUS, venitque aeternitas. Time flies, eternity ap- proaches. On a square slate dial of the seventeenth century, sold in London in 1898 or 1899. No. 189. 346. Fugit umbra. The shadozv flies. Formerly on the church at La Ferte Bernard. 347 - F ui UT ES, ERis UT SUM. / zuas as tho 7 L art, thozi zuilt be as I am. At Marrington Hall, Shropshire. See No. 1394. 348. F UMUS ET UMBRA SUMUS. 1 699. We are smoke and sJiadozu. On a house in the Via Maestro, Salbertrand, a village at about an hour’s distance from Exilles. 349. Garo d’uno d’aquestei (PRENDS GARDE A l’uNE d’eLLEs). Bezjoare of one of them I In the Provencal dialect, at Val, near Brignoles. 350. Gedenct am dein end. 1726. Think upon thine end. On the church at Interlaken. 351. Gedenke dass du sterben musst. 1838. Remember that thozi nmst die. Copied in 1863 from a dial on the south wall of the church at Ringenburg, near Interlaken. The gnomon was in the centre of an eight-pointed star at the top of the dial, and the motto on a half circle below. The church was built on the site, and out of the ruins of an old castle, and stands on a hill overlooking the little lake of Goldswyl, or Faulensee. The tower of the castle still stands amongst the trees in M M 266 SUN-DIALS the churchyard. The church was transferred to this place from Golds- wyl in 1674. 352. Give god thy heart, thy hopes, thy service and thy gold, THE DAY WEARS ON, AND TIME IS WAXING OLD. On a pedestal dial in the garden of St. Lucy's Home, Gloucester. The dial rests upon a metal plate, and on this the above lines are en- graved. The pedestal is a wooden baluster which was taken from old London Bridge when it was pulled down in 1832. The Warden of the Home, who in 1888 owned the dial, could recollect it for sixty years, and before it was placed on its present pedestal. The late Rev. F. E. Paget introduced a motto greatly resembling the above into one of his “Tales of the Village,” The Misers Heir, as follows : “ As I proceeded leisurely round Baggesden Hall, I observed an ancient sun-dial, adorned with heraldic devices, and grotesque emblems of mortality, carved in stone, according to the style which prevailed at the close of the sixteenth century. On a scroll above it was inscribed, ‘ Homfrie and Elianor Bagges. a.d. 1598’; and beneath it, in smaller but still very legible characters, the following rhyme : “ ‘ Give God thy heart, thy hopes, thy gifts, thy gold. The day wears on, the times are waxing old ! ’ ” The description is altogether imaginary, and Mr. Paget had no recollection in later years of ever having seen the lines, but there can be little doubt that they had come originally from St. Lucy’s Home. 353 - Give light to them that sit in darkness, AND GUIDE OUR FEET INTO THE WAY OF PEACE. (St. Luke, i. 79.) At Broughton Castle, near Banbury, there is a garden dial, the gnomon of which is of clipped box, and the hour numerals are of flowers and foliage cut close, and set in a semi-circular bed surrounded by green turf. The above motto surrounds the numerals, and is also written in flowers and foliage. See “ Country Life,” December 1 7th, 1898. 354. rNflGI KAIPON. Lx HORA NULLA MORA MISSPEND NO TIME PEREUNT ET IMPUTANTUR. Know the thne, m time no tarrying, Misspend no time, they perish and are reckoned. These four mottoes, which seem intended to be read consecutively, are on four sides of the cubical top of a column about four feet high which supports a horizontal dial in the rectory garden at Micheldean, Gloucestershire. The shaft is ornamented with a Tudor rose and diamond in relief. On the two sides of the plinth are the words SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 267 “ Rector rectoris ” [The rectoj^'s dh'ector), and there appear to have been other words on the remaining sides, but these are now obliterated, and of the date only 16— remains. 355. Go ABOUT YOUR BUSINESS. On a buttress of St. James’s Church, Bury St. Edmunds ; on Cavendish Church, Suffolk ; and on Bromham Hall, Bedfordshire, for many years the residence of the Dynes family. Formerly on the Church at Kilnwick on the Wolds, Yorks., but the motto having been obliterated by the weather, another — “ The time is short ” — was, in 1882, painted in its place. It is said that the witty Dean Cotton of Bangor had a very cross old gardener, who protected his master from troublesome visitors by saying to everyone he saw near the place, “ Go about your business.” When the gardener died, the Dean had his servant’s favourite formula engraved round the sun-dial in his garden, in this wise : Goa bou tyo urb us in ess. 1838. with the result that the motto was usually supposed to be in Welsh. After Dean Cotton’s death the dial was bought by Mr. Doyle Watkins, of Gian Adda, and is now at Tanyfrou, near Bangor. The same words rather differently, but as irregularly divided, are on a sun-dial in the garden at Brook Lodge, Chester. Similar mottoes may be found at Nos. 19, 93. 356. Go YOUR WAY INTO HIS COURTS WITH THANKSGIVING. Reg. Jones. Rector, W"". Joliffe. Rich. Woodford 1727. On the church porch, Brighstone, Isle of Wight. Bishop Samuel Wilberforce was at one time Rector of this parish, and, in earlier days. Bishop Ken. See Ps. c. 3. 357. God giveth all. 1570. This motto is recorded in “West Country Stories,” by Mr. Hamil- ton Rogers, as follows : “At Axmouth on a broad stone in the south face of a tall Tudor chimney are the lines and numerals of a sun-dial nearly obliterated. On the companion stone facing west are the initials of the original owner with the motto.” 358. God’s providence is my inheritance. 1676. R. H. I. C. In a garden at Liberton, Midlothian. 359. Grata brevissima. The happy hour is the shortest. At Malson Catusse, Molssac (Tarn et Garonne). 360. Grata superveniet qu/E non sperabitur hora. The hour that IS not hoped for is most grateful when it comes. On the south-west angle of a seventeenth century house, named 268 SUN-DIALS Denburn, at Crail, Fifeshire. The line is from Horace, Ep. i. 4, 14. The preceding line, “ Omnem crede diem tibi diluxisse supremam ” (Think every daw 7 i of day to be thy last) is used as a motto on another dial on the same house, though it is now almost illegible. 361. Gratia DEI mecum. The grace of God with me. One of the mottoes on the dial pillar at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. See No. 280. 362. Guardando il mezzodi, pensati ALLA SERA. When mid-day s hotir thou seesty of eventide bethmk thyself. Read in a garden in Tuscany. 363. Guardando l’ore, pens a che si muore. Gazing on the hour, think ! death comes to all. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 364. Gwel ddyn mewn gwiwlan ddeunydd MAE FFO HEB DARIO MAE’n DYDD. Behold, O ma 7 i, the day it fleeth without tarryhig. At Whitford Church, Flintshire. 365. Haec cum sole fugax themidis martisque labores Et venale forum dirigit umbra simul. This shadow, fleeting zvith the sun, controls the toils of law-court, camp, and market-place. With other mottoes in the Place d’Armes, Brian9on. See No. 8. 366. Haec me a fortuna tua. This my fate is thine. Formerly at St. Lazaire, Paris. 367. Haec monet ut celeri fugit impetu tempus imago. MDCCLXXIII. This picture warns thee- how swiftly flies the time. In the garden of the Presbytere at Plaudren (Morbihan). 368. Haec patet et tua latet, Fac modoque moriens. Facta fuisse velis. Dp 9. ANo 1702 What hotir dis nozu, is plain, — thy hottr is hid: Work, and desire not to cease ten til death comes. At Les Tombetes, Savoy. 369. Haec vltima forsan. Perchance this is thy last (hour). At Malemort (Bouches du Rhone). SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 269 370. Haec vltima multis. To many a man it is the last (hoicr). At Causans (Vaucluse). 371. Hang quam tu gaudens in gnomone consulis horam, FoRSITAN INTERITUS gras ERIT HORA TUI. This ho2ir^ which now thou cheerfully readest by the pointer, Perhaps 7 vill to-mor 7^010 be the hour of thy death. Copied in 1866, at Voltri, near Genoa. 372. Harum bum spegtas gursum Respige ad novissimam horam. C. C. Walker 1881. | Lat 54° 58'. W. R. Watching these fleeting hours soon past Reme 7 nber that zvhich comes at last. On a storehouse of the Neptune Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne, erected by J. Wigham Richardson, Esq., to whom the motto and its translation are due. 373. Haste, traveller, the sun is sinking low : He shall return again, but never thou. At Tytherton Kellaways, Wilts (see No. 1619); and, in 1896, placed on a horizontal dial in a garden at Mill Hill. 374. 'H IKIA KOY^)H IONIAN SE AIAASKETfl. Let the slight shadow teach thee zvisdom. At Torrington, Devon. 375. He that to his noble linnage aduivih vertv and good gon- DISIONS, IS TO BE PRAYSED. They that be perfegtli wise despise worldli honor, wher RIGHES ARE HONORED GOOD MEN ARE DESPISED. These two sayings are inscribed on the outer edges of a circular box of gilt brass, 2-| inches in diameter, now in the British Museum. On the upper surface there is a nocturnal dial, and within the box a compass and three circular metal plates, on one of which the twenty-four hours of the day and night are engraved. The instrument is designed for various uses — as the observation of the moon, and to ascertaining the sun’s altitude and declination, etc. — and also contains a calendar and table of latitudes. It was made for Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, and bears his arms. It Is signed “ James Kynuyn fecit, 1593.” Mr. Bruce, who fully describes this dial in “ Archeologia,” xl. 343, gives also a transcript of a marginal note by Gabriel Harvey, in a copy of Blagrave’s “Mathematical Jewel” (1584), In which he commends highly the maker : “ M. Kynuin of London near Powles : a fine work- man and my kind frend : first commended to me ble M. DIgges and M. Blagrave himself. Meaner artificers much praysed by Cardan, 270 SUN-DIALS Gauricus, and others, than he and old Humfrie Cole, nice mathematical mechanicians. As M. Lucas newly commends Jon Reynolds, Jon Read, Christopher Paine, Londoners, for making geometrical tables with their feet frames, rulers, compasses and squires. Mr. Blagrave also in his Familiar Staff commends Jon Read for a verie artificial workman.” 376. He that would thrive muste rise at five. He that hath thriven may stay till seven, He that will never thrive, may lie till eleven. On a house at Stanwardine in the Fields, near Baschurch. See No. 506. 377. 'HMEPAI w(T£i IKIA. Our days as a shadow. With No. 1040, on the Grammar School, Wellingborough. 378. Here in Christ’s acre, where this dial stands, With pious care and borne by reverent hands, Some wanderers garnered in from east and west, Among the home-loved lie in solemn rest ; Severed in life by lineage, race, faith, clime, They bide alike the last soft stroke of time ; And when god’s sun which shOxNe upon their birth Ends his bright course and vigil o’er the earth — When o’er this disc that day’s last shadows flee. And “ DEATH NO MORE DIVIDES AS DOTH THE SEA,” The dead will rise, — retake the life god gave. Creation’s saviour bless earth’s opening grave ! Thy word hath writ the blest — no conscience clear In thought and word, all must thy judgement fear. Only our own wild words, which fashioned prayer When life was parting, still move the ambient air. Pleading that god, who made, will grant that we May with the pure in heart, the godhead see. The dial erected in 1879 by Lady Burdett-Coutts in St. Pancras’ Gardens, bears these lines. It is upwards of thirty feet in height, and in the Early Decorated style. It is built of Portland stone, and has a marble tablet on each side and clustered granite columns at the corners. The above lines are inscribed with the Beatitudes on one of the tablets below the dial. On the tablets on the other three sides are the names of the illustrious men who lie buried in the old churchyard of St. Pancras ; and also a statement that the gardens, formed out of the burying- ground of St. Giles’ and the churchyard of St. Pancras, are assigned for ever to the loving care of the parishioners. The dial is especially dedicated to the memory of those whose graves are now unseen, or the record of whose names may have become obliterated. 379. Here mi, nescls hora Morieris, si qUxEris, qua. John Owen. 1683. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 271 My master, thou knowest 7 iot, if thou askest, the hour in which thou shalt die. A motto, in bad Latin, on a dial set on a spirally carved pedestal in the garden of the Hon. W. R. Stanley, at Penrhos, Holyhead. Let no one imagine that this motto is either misspelt or mis-transcribed. Mrs. Vaughan, from whom the collector (Mrs. Gatty) received it before 1870, vouched for its accuracy on the authority of her husband, the late Master of the Temple and Dean of Llandaff, who compared it with the original, and found it correctly copied, however incorrect in itself. It afterwards brought a smile to the lips of Lord Tennyson, who, when translating it, broke out into exclamations, “ But you’ve no notion what bad Latin it is !” “ But you can’t imagine how vile the Latin is !” Oh ! my master, if thou should' st seek to know the hour of thy death, thou shalt be ignora 7 it of it. At Caereglwyd, Anglesey, in the near neighbourhood of Penrhos, there is a pretty little horizontal dial-plate of brass, with the initials I. O. and date 1697 engraved upon it. It was evidently by the same maker as the above, John Owen ; and it belonged to Richard Hughes, of Treeddol, who died 1771. It was in 1898 presented to Lady Reade by a de- scendant of Richard Hughes, Mr. Robert Lewis, of Plasymynydd, and is now set up at Caereglwyd. 380. Heu miser mortalis ! ULTIMA LATET HORA. A las, poor mortal ! the last hour is hidden. Painted on the wall of a house, new in 1889, at Mollia, Val Sesia. In addition to the dial, there is the Wheel of Fortune, having four spokes, and four little figures on it : the first, clad in a green coat and top boots, is climbing up the wheel ; the second is seated in triumph at the top, wearing a blue coat and a gold crown ; the third is descending in a white shirt ; the fourth is lying on the ground clad in rags only. Attached to these figures are the four sentences : “ Regnabo.” “ / loill be king!' “ Ego regno.” “ I am king." “ Regnavi.” “ / have been king!' “ Sum sine regno.” “ / am without a kingdom!' No doubt the figures and inscriptions are meant to signify the four ages of man. Below the wheel is the motto, “Sic transit gloria mundi.” Thus passeth the glory of the world. See No. 1594. On the same house, at a little distance, a cat is painted, glowering from a painted window-sill. 381. Heu! mortis fortasse tuae quam prospicis hora. Alas I the hour thou dost behold is pe 7 'cha 7 ice the hour of thy death. Formerly in the Cimetiere St. Severne, Paris, with No. 342. 382. Heu patimur umbram. Alas I we endure the shadow. Formerly at Sleningford Hall, near Ripon. SUN-DIALS 272 383. H EU, qu2e:rimus umbram. Alas! we pw'stie a shadow. Recorded in the “ Leisure Hour” some years ago ; without locality. 384. HeU : QUAM PR^ECIPITE LABUNTUR TEMPORA CURSU. Respice mortalis sunt velut umbra dies. 1613. Alas ! with zvhat headlofig course twte passes by I Look back, mortal, the days are like a shadow. On the Franciscan convent at Mesma, province of Novara. 385. Hic labor hic requies musarum pendit ab umbra. Here the shadow marks the hours for study, and for rest. Baron de Riviere quotes this motto from a collection made in 1806 by M. Dubois, who suggested it as suitable for a college, and rendered it thus : L’ombre s enfuit, revient, et dans son cour egal De I’etude et des jeux donne ici le signal.” In 1869 it was said to be on the Lycee at Rouen, in a slightly altered form : “ Hic labor, hic requies musarum pendit ab horis.” 386. H ic LICET INDULGERE GENio. Here yolc may mdidge your taste. “ Indulgere genio ” is from Persius, v. 151. Dean Alford wrote : “ I observed between Mentone and Bordighera a brand new villa conspicuously inscribed,” as above. ‘‘ On inquiry I found that it belonged to an eccentric lady.” 387. Hic NEC CURA juvat meritis acquirere (laudem) Namque malis oritur sol pariterque bonis. Here, though thou be carefid to gam (^praise) by thy merits thoti dost not profit, for the sun rises alike on the good, and on the evil. At Montoire (Loire et Cher). M. Jusserand thus describes the place : “ On the main square rises the pile of the old church of St. Oustrille {i.e., St. Austregesille, Bishop of Bourges) rebuilt by Louis de Bourbon Vendome, the companion in arms of Joan of Arc. On another side may be seen the finest Renaissance houses in Montoire. One of them has a sun-dial with a sceptical pessimistic inscription : ‘‘ What is the good of doing well ? The wicked have as much sunshine as the righteous” i^Ronsard and his Vendomois, “Nineteenth Century,” April, 1897). 388. Hic Phcebo solitum renovo fulgente laborem, Nam mihi ni luinien subvenit, hora latet. When Phoebus shines my wonted course I go ; Withoid his aid the hoitr I cannot shoiv. Contributed by C. E. Noel James, Esq. ; no locality assigned. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 273 389. HI qVI hoC teMpore bene VtentVr gaVDIIs CceLI perenne frVentVr. Those who theh'' time here zvell employ^ Shall Heaven s eternal bliss enjoy. On a German hone-stone dial in Mr. L. Evans’ collection. The chronogram gives the date 1785. 390. H ic SOL ET UMBRA PRosuNT. Here sun ’ ^ shade alike avail. On a mill at Manosque (Alpes Maritimes). 391. Hinc .... DiscE. Hence .... Learn, In Malvern Churchyard stands a graceful shaft 19 feet high, of a cross of the fifteenth century, crowned with a cube and ball, and with dials on the four sides of the cube. On the north face there is an illegible inscription which apparently consisted of two lines, one above and one below the gnomon, and the initials W. K. Erom the position of the only two words which could be made out, it seems as if the motto had been that which was formerly on St. Mary Overy,- Southwark : Hinc vivere disce, Illinc disce mori (see No. 272). Half-way up the shaft is a pretty niche in which there was prob- ably once a figure of the Blessed Virgin. Hinc disce engraved on a dial which formerly stood on the West Pier at Brighton, with Nos. 443, 1207, 1487. 392. Hinc unda hinc labitur .etas. Hence glides the water, hence the time. malvern. Eormerly in the court of the Theatin Convent, Paris. See Nos. 1004, 1026. 393. Hinc vivere discas. Hence learn to live. J. Dougall fecit, Kirk- caldy, 1778. On a pedestal dial at Mount Melville, St. Andrews. The inscrip- tion is on the metal plate, which also tells the latitude and longitude, and that the time at Constantinople is 2 hours 10 minutes, and at Bergen 57 minutes earlier than at Craigton (as St. Andrews is called by its old name), whilst at Kingston it is 5 hours 5 minutes later. 394. Hingeth die zeith her komt der tod DRUM MENSCH THU RECHT UND FORCHTE GOTT. Time passes azvay, death draweth on, Therefore men do right, and fear God. N N 274 SUN-DIALS On the cross dial engraved in Johann Gaupp’s “Tabulae Gnomoni- cae,” 1708. See Nos. 230, 247. The lines are from a hymn written by Emilia Juliana, Countess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on the death of Duke Johann George of Sachsen-Eisenach in 1686. 395. 'O HAIOS HANTA MEPEI The sim divides all things. 'O KAIP 02 OIKETAI The moment passes. On two of the faces of an octohedral dial of early seventeenth century French work in Mr. Evans’ collection. See No. 295. It seems probable that the writer of this motto has made a mistake in using the word as if it were The word it stands, is the dative case of a noun : the tense seems to require a verb. 396. 'O KAIPOS ’OHT 2 . Time is swift. 'AMEPAI TniAOinOI MAPTTPEI SO^XITATOI. The days that remain are the surest zvitnesses. On Alleyne’s Grammar School, Uttoxeter. The dial was originally on the school-house built 1568, and was moved to the present building in 1859. The second motto is from Pindar, Olymp., i. 53. 397. Ho LA VITA NELLA LUCE, LA MORTE NELLE TENEBRE. I liave life in lights death in darkness. At Cossila, near Biella. 398. Hoc AGE LUMEN ADEST. Be diligent, while the light abides, 1816. On a gable of the parish church at Chirnside, Berwickshire. The building has been restored, but part of it is Norman and the dial looks older than its date. Mr. Thomas Ross, who copied the motto in 1888, had difficulty in deciphering the word rendered hmen, but there is every reason to believe that the above reading is correct. A stone on the north gable is inscribed, “ Repaired 1705,” which may also be the original date of the dial. There are several old dials in the village of Chirnside, chiefly made by a man of the name of Dunbar. 399. Hoc TUUM EST. This ifiour') is thine own. On the south porch of Whitworth Church, co. Durham. 400. Hodie mihi, cras TIBI. To-day for me, to-morrow for thee. At Les Brevieres, and at Mont Valezan, near Bellentre (both in Savoy). It is also on a silver folding-dial and calendar, of German workmanship, with a silver outer case like that of a watcffi in Mr. L. Evans’ collection. The opening lines of St. Bernard de Morlaix’s hymn are also engraved on this dial, but the word sunt is omitted : Hora novissima, tempora pessima {sunt) ; vigilemus I SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 275 401. Homme mortel ! les heures dont tu vois l’image PASSENT VITE, TU DOIS EN FAIRE UN SAINT USAGE. Lea 7 ^n from these fleeting shades the shortness of thy days, A nd strive, O mortal mail ! to tread God's holy ways. On the Ecole des Freres Maristes, at St. Pierre de Bressieiix (I sere). 402. Homme mortel si tu es fin VoY, CE CADRAN MARQUE TA FIN. Vt STYLI VMBRA FVGIT Sic tva vita perit. 1657 Desclos fecit. Mortal man, if thoic art wise, behold, this dial marks thme end. As the style the shadoiv flies, so thy life perishes. On the church of St. Michel Chef (Loire Inferieure). Gilles Desclos was the cure of the parish. He is mentioned in an inscription inside the church which alludes to “ M. Gilles Declos qui avec soin agissait.” 403. Homo fugit quasi umbra. Man fleeth as a shadow. At Mont Valezan, near Bellentre, Savoy. 404. Homo proponit deus disponit. Man p 7 ^oposes, God disposes. With No. 967 on the outside of the lid of a small ivory box and compass dial, or portarium, in the Musee Cluny, Paris. There are two mottoes inside the lid (Nos. 8 and 207), and the makers name, “ Hans Troschel, Noribergae faciebat, Anno mdcxxvii.” 405. Homo quasi umbra. Ma^i is as a shadow. On the south wall of Cumwhitton Church, Cumberland. 406. Homo quasi flos conteritur et fugit velut umbra. Man is cut down like a flower, he fleeth also as a shadow. From Job, xiv. 2. In the Seminaire at Issy, near Paris. 407. Homo quidem cogitat, sed deus disponit. In tempore venire est omnium primum. Ma 7 i mdeed p 7 ^oposes, but God disposes. To come at the right time is of all things the first. These mottoes, with No. 1320, are on an ivory compass dial in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington, signed “ Hans Troschel faciebat.” 408. Homo sapiens in omnibus metuet. He who is wise will fear at all thnes. At Alleins (Bouches du Rhone). 2J6 409 - SUN-DIALS Homo vanitati similis f actus est : Dies ejus sicut umbra praetereunt. MDCXVI Man is like to vanity : his days ai'e as a shadow that passeth away. Psalm cxliv. 4. On an old stone dial, bearing the arms of the family of Bour- guignan, in the De Bresc collec- tion. 410. HoNI SOIT QUI MAE Y PENSE. Evil be to him who thinks evil thereof. Henricus Wynne. Lon- dinii, fecit. On a dial which Charles II. caused to be erected at Windsor, on the East Terrace, close to what are still known as “ The Star Buildings.” The plate is circular and horizontal, and in the centre the star of the Garter is engraved, with the motto upon it ; the gno- mon rises from this and is per- forated, with the king’s monogram and crown entwined therein. The pedestal is marble, and decorated with carving in high relief, which is said to have been the work of Grinling Gibbons. 411. Honor DoMIno pro paCe popVLo sVo parta. Honour be to the Lord for the peace procured for His people. Mentioned in Mr. Hilton’s work on “ Chronograms,” as a motto on the upper border of a sun-dial formerly at the west end of Nantwich Church. It was removed in 1800. The date 1661 points to the year after the Restoration of Charles II. (apfW r ar 412. Honor soli Deo. Glory to God alone. At Descines (Isere). 413. Hora agendi. It is the hour to act. At Malosa, near Voiron (Isere). 414. Hora bene faciendi. It is the lio7ir to do good. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 277 At Montferrat (Isere) ; on the church of St. Pierre de Paladru ; and at Hyeres. 415. H ORA BiBENDi. The Iiour fov drinking. With three other mottoes on a dial at Inch House, Midlothian, which was formerly at Craigmillar Castle (see No. 72). With No. 624 at Pont de Cervieres (Hautes Alpes). At Le Pinet (Hautes Alpes), it is over the door of a house which was once a cabaret, and accompanies a picture of a wine pot and the words “ Bon Vin.” It has been seen in a similar position near Grenoble ; and at Villard-Bonnot (Isere) ; and has also been read in the Crau, Provence, and, with the additional words, et solvendi (“ and to take your ease ”), in the department of Isere. A writer in the “ Bulletin de la Societe Astronomique de France,” vii., i860, speaking of the country about Abries, near the Monte Viso, says : “ Toutes les eglises que nous avons vues dans notre excursions portaient sur leur clocher un cadran solaire, orne d’une devise latine, quelquefois assez singulierement choisie — Nunc hora bibendi, par exemple.” 416. Hora brevis amici lenta onerosi. Peche, 8 Aout 1847. Short is the time spent with a friend, long that spent with a bore. At Meaudre (Isere). 417. Hora, dies, et vita fugiunt ; manet unica virtus. The hotir, day, and life, all fly away, virt2ie alone remains. On the column of a dial at St. George’s Vicarage, Truro. 418. Hora est in qua veri adorates adorabunt. It is the hour in which tmie luorshippers will %vorship (from St. John, iv. 23). On a church in France belonging to the nuns of the Holy Sacrament, by whom Perpetual Adoration is maintained ; also on a house at La Salle (Hautes Alpes). 419. Hora est jam nos de somno surgere. Now it is high time to awake out of sleep (Rom. xiii. 1 1). At Bellegarde ; and on the Cure’s house at Eyzin (Isere). Formerly on the Seminaire Magloire, Paris ; and at Montmorency. 420. Hora est orandi. It is the hour for prayer. At Maussane (Bouches du Rhone). 421. Hora est ultima multis ADVIGILA ; TUA TE INOPINA MANET. For many Us their last hoitr. Watch thou, thine lioitr awaits thee when thou thinkest not. 278 SUN-DIALS Formerly in the College de Navarre, which is now the Ecole Poly- technique, Paris. 422. Hora fluit, culp^ crescunt, mors imminet ; HeU, VlT^ CORRIGE FACTA TUAE. The hour Jiozvs on^ faults increase, death impends : A las I ameiid the deeds of thy life. Copied in 1866 from a dial on the church of St. Pierre, Canton, Valais. The motto was then somewhat defaced. The dial was painted on the south wall and protected by a buttress, and faced the snowy Mont Velan. 423. Hora fugit. The hour flies. At Chapareillan, and Le Touront (Isere). Also at Bletchley Park, on a dial erected by H. S. Leon, Esq., in 1891. 424. Hora fugit, celeri proper at mors improba passu. The hozcr flies, zvith szvift step doth conqitering death hasten on. leronimus Wul- paria, Florentinus. a.d. mdlxxvii. See No. 801. On the back of a brass dial and astrolabe in the museum at Perugia. o 425. Hora fugit; memento more Time passes ; remeznber death. On a dial which, until the recent restoration, was on the porch of the parish church of Rotherham. The motto replaced an older one, Pereunt et impzitazitur . “ Remember Death ! for now my tongue To sing of Death shall tuned be : Remember Death ! which else ere long Will to thy pain remember thee. Remember Death ! whose voice doth say, This night a man, to-morrow clay. “ Remember Death no truce hath made, A year, a month, or week to stay 3 Remember how thy flesh doth fade. And how thy time doth steal away. Remember Death will neither spare Wit, wealth, nor those that lovely are. “ Remember Death forgoes the dooms Which due to thy deservings be ; Remember this before it comes. And that despair oppress not thee. Remember Death, remember Him Who doth from death and hell redeem. George Wither. 426. Hora fugit: mors venit. Time passes : death advances. 1703. Copied in 1888 from a dial painted on the wall of the old Court House at La Fiera di Primiero. There was a skull crowned by an hour glass in one corner, and a second motto. No. 1238, but both were somewhat defaced. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 279 427 . Hora fugit, ne tardes. Time flies, delay thott not. Formerly in the Rue du Petit Muse, Paris. 428 . Hora fugit vos pceniteat si transit inanis Nam qu^ pr^eterita est hora redire nequit. Time flies, 7 'epent ye, if it wasted goes. For time that has passed never can return. In the garden of Notre Dame des Anges, formerly a convent of the Recollets, at Landecla, near Abervrach (Finistere). 429 . HORA horIs CEdIt, pereVnt sic teMpora nobIs : Vt tIbI fInalIs sIt bona, VIVe bene. An hour yields to hours, so our time perishes : T licit thy last hour may be good, live well. Many years ago the collector s (Mrs. Gatty’s) old and kind friend, the late Lord Chief Justice Tindal, brought over for her from Karlsbad a mysterious inscription, which he had carefully copied in scholarly hand- writing. The dial was formed on two sides of the angle of the upper storey of a substantial house in the market-place. The Chief Justice wrote, “ The letters which are written in capitals were so in the original inscrip- tion, and were coloured red : probably the anagram of some one’s name is concealed under them.” By consulting that useful oracle, “ Notes and Queries,” we had the difficulty solved. We suggested that it might be a chronogram, but for the introduction of the letter E. A correspondent replied that probably CEdIt ought to be written CeDIt, when the following numerals could be extracted: MDCCVVVVIIII IIIII I : MDCCXXX : 1730, which we may suppose to be the date of the building. It is amusing to record further, that some friends who were staying more recently at Karlsbad, kindly looked for this dial, which they found, but in a dilapidated state. They made out the motto, however, with the help of the Burgomaster of the place, who owned that he had lived opposite to it all his life, but had never noticed it. Nevertheless, he became much interested, and said he would give orders that it should be cleaned and repainted. The Doctor, too, confessed that he had never seen it before, but should henceforth point it out to his patients for their contemplation and improvement. 430 . Hora omnis tempus senex tua munera laudant Egris hinc fluit alma salus. This motto is difficult to interpret, but a learned scholar suggests that if laudant be read laudat, the meaning may be as follows : Father Time every hour praises thy bounteous gifts Since from them the sick obtain kindly relief. In the Jardin du Feuillant, Rue St. Honore, Paris. 28 o SUN-DIALS 431. Hora pars An hour is a portion of life. J. Wood fecit. 1815. J. Janies, G. Hearn, Churchwardens. On a horizontal dial plate, mounted on a stone shaft in Brading Churchyard, Isle of Wight. The shaft is about four feet high, and appears to have been part of a churchyard cross. It stands on three circular steps which are much worn, and shows signs of age. There is a second date, 1715, which may have belonged to a previous dial. The motto is also on Kirk Whelpington Church, Northumberland, dated 1764; on the church of St. Eustachius, Tavistock, dated 1814; on Stokesley Church, Yorkshire, dated 1822 ; on Thursley Church, Surrey; on St. Nicholas’ Church, Skirbeck, Lincolnshire; at Charlton, Somerset; at Loddington, Northamptonshire, where it is misspelt; on a dial formerly on St. John’s Church, Glastonbury, but now in the Town Museum ; and in Mr. Egginton’s garden. South Ella, Yorkshire, with other mottoes. See No. 932. 432. Hora pars vit/e, hora PARS UMBR/E. The Jiour is a portion of life, the hour is a portion of shadow. On the plate of a dial in Castleton Churchyard, Derby- shire. 433. noRA RUiT. 1 ne noiir fmrries away. At Val-de-la-Haye, on the Seine, near Rouen. 434- H ORA TRADITUR HoRA. Hour passes into hour. At Malaucene (Vaucluse). 435. Horam dum petis sensim tua fata propinquat, HaEC MEMORA ATC^UE TIBI NON PERITURA PARA. While thoiL seekest to knoiv the hour little by little thy fate draws nigh : Remember this, and get thee that which is imperishable. At the convent of the Camaldoli, Naples. 436. Horam dum petis ultimam para. While thott seekest to know the present hour prepare (to meet) thy last. At L’Albenc ; and on the Maison Gresset, Pierrebrune de I’Albenc (Isere). 437* H ORAM PETIS DUM PETIS IPSA FUGiT. Tliou seekest to knoli) the hotir ; while thou seekest, it has flown. At Montcarra (Isere). SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 281 438. HoRAM QUAM QUAiRIS NESCIS AN HORA NECIS. TIlOU kuoivest 110 1 if the hour thou seekest be the hoicr of death. On the church at St. Gengoux (Saone et Loire). 439. Horam si qu/ERIS HORA LABORis ADEST. If tliou dost ask the hottr — it is the hottr for zuork. Chateau d’ArcIenne (Basses Alpes). 440. Horam sole nolente nego. The hour I tell not when the sun zvill not. Copied at Poirino, Piedmont. 441. HoRAS HORA DIES MENSES DETRUDIT EUNDO ; Bisque senex senis mensirus annus obit. The hour in its course treads down hours^ days, and months : And in tzvice six months the year dies, an old man. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 442. HoRAS IMBLE, UMBRAM RESIMCE, OCCASUM TIME. Fulfil the hours, consider the shadozv, fear the sunset. On one of four dials, each with a motto (see Nos. 966, 1504, 1548), upon the campanile of the Church of San Crocifisso, near Pieve di Cadore. Copied in 1888. 443. Horas non numero NISI SERENAS. I couiit the brdght hours only. This motto is found in several forms, in several languages, and in many places. In England we have it on the old Moot Hall at Aide- burgh, which was built cir. a.d. 1500, though the dial is probably later; on a vertical dial over the front door of Bell Hall, near Yorkj dated 1680; at Highclere, Newbury; in a garden at Frome, having been removed there from the Rectory Garden at Compton Basset ; at Stoke Edith Park, Worcestershire; and at Ember Court, Surrey (see No. 1238) ; on a house at Halliford on Thames ; on a farm-house, near Farnworth, Lancashire ; at Arley Hall, Cheshire (see No. 715) ; at Hors- ley, near Stanhope, co. Durham ; at Sydnope Hall, Matlock, where the plate is dated 1833, but the pedestal is probably older; at Learn; at West Hill, Cubbington ; at Reepham, Norfolk; at Dover; in Weavere ham churchyard ; once on the West Pier, Brighton (No. 391) ; at Buck- minster Hall, Grantham (No. 1421); on the stable at Old Place, Lind- field, Sussex; on a dial behind the chapel at Harrow, erected to th- memory of George F. Harris, formerly a master in the school ; at Sackville College, East Grinstead, a building that dates from 1616, but the face of the dial was renewed, and the motto painted on it during the wardenship of the Rev. Dr. Neale (1846-1866): previously it bore the inscription, Tempus fugit. o o 282 SUN-DIALS Horas 7 ion numero, etc., was inscribed by the late Dr. Hamilton Kinglake on a dial in his garden at Wilton House, Taunton. The pedestal on which it stands is part of a pinnacle taken from the tower of St. Mary Magdalen’s church when the building was restored. The stone still stands within the sound of those bells of “ old Marlen,” that were so exquisitely described by A. W. Kinglake in “ Eothen,” as being heard by him when he was far away In the Desert. The pinnacle Is mounted on a base, and round the sides of this Dr. Kinglake had four lines from Shakespeare inscribed. U nluckily they were only painted on the stone, and are now almost obliterated : N. Blow, blow, thou winter wind, Thou art not so unkind as man’s ingratitude. S. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. E. Night’s candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops. W. Men shut their doors against the setting sun. In Scotland we find Ho 7 ^as no 7 i etc., at Chari esfield, Midlothian, with No. 1358 ; at Cadder, near Glasgow (see No. 896). Also at Troqua- haln, Galloway ; here the dial face Is vertical and of metal, dated 1616, the oldest dated dial known in Scotland. The shaft Avas erected in 1855, and, besides the motto, it bears the Initials of the Rev. George Murray, minister of Balmaclellan, and of his wife Elizabeth Hislop Murray. In Ireland the motto is In a garden at Killlney, with date 1864, and name of Richard Melvin, Dublin, fecit. In France it Is at Troyes ; at the Luxemburg; and In the labyrinth of the Jardin des Plantes. In Buffon’s time the motto was on the upper corner of the meridian con- structed in the reign of Louis XIV. for the Jardin des Plantes. The motto Is constantly being inscribed on new dials, and though there are several variants, this Is no doubt the favourite form. It is alluded to by Sir Arthur Helps in his “ Friends in Council” (ist Ser., I, ii.) : “ Milverton had put up a sun-dial in the centre of his lawn, with the motto, ‘ Horas non numero nisi serenas,’ which gave occasion to Ellesmere to say that for man the dial was either totally useless or utterly false.” In Lord Tennyson’s life it is recorded that he intended to put up a dial at Aldworth, and that he had chosen this motto for it. 444. Horas non numero, nisi, phcebo instante, serenas Mi SOLIS vATi vox sine sole tacet. The hours, imless the hours are b^^ight, It is not mme to mark ; I am the prophet of the light, Dumb when the smi is dark. This motto and its translation were both composed by the late SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 283 W. H. Hyett, Esq., and were placed by him on a dial at Painswick House, Gloucestershire. 445. Horas nullas nisi aureas. I count none but go lcie 7 t hou 7 's. On a dial designed and placed by A. G. Humphry, Esq., in a garden at Crowborough Cross, Sussex. The motto and hour numerals are in open ironwork on a transparent gilt ground, which becomes golden in sunshine. The dial is vertical, and mounted on a pole. Until the sun lights up the golden background, the hours are not noticed. Hence the double meaning of the motto. 446. Horas omnes complector, I e 77 ib 7 ^ace all hotirs. One of the mottoes on the dial pillar at Corpus Christi College. See No. 280. 447. Hortus utramque tulit, nos et meditemur in iiorto. The ga 7 'de 7 i bore both, let us also 77 te dilate m the garde 7 i. This motto is on a dial in the Nuns’ Garden at Polesworth, near Tam worth. It must be imperfect ; and it has been suggested that a previous line may have referred to the two trees of Life and Knowledge in the Garden of Eden. If so, the meaning is clear. Peculiar interest attaches to the foundation of the Benedictine nunnery at Polesworth. Dugdale gives the following account : “ Egbert, king of the West Saxons, built this monastery of nuns, and made his daughter Edith the first abbess, having caused her to be instructed in the Rule of St. Benedict by Modwen, an Irish lady, whom he had sent for out of that country, because she had there cured his son, Arnulf, by her prayers, of a leprosy. King William the Conqueror gave to Sir Robert Marmyon the castle of Tam worth, with all the lands about it, in which was the nunnery of Polesworth. This knight turned out the nuns ; but a year after, being terrified by a vision, he restored them, they having retired during that time to a cell they had at Old- bury or Aldbury, given to their monastery by Walter de Hastings. However, the aforesaid Marmyon was afterwards reckoned the founder of Polesworth.” This spot appears to have been the site of the first religious house that was planted in the centre of England, and one of the first that found a local habitation in the kingdom. The name of the foundress is still preserved in the neighbourhood. This parish church of Burton- upon-Trent is dedicated to the joint names of St. Mary and St. Mod- -wenna. The site of her chapel is still called “ St. Modwen’s Orchard,” and “ St. Modwen’s Well ” was celebrated, two hundred years ago, for the sanatory properties of its water. The nunnery became the place of education to which the young ladies of the highest families were sent before they entered the society of the world. The nunnery was dissolved in 1539, when Sir Francis Nethersole became possessed of the conventual lands, and built the hall out of the 284 SUN-DIALS ruins of’ the nunnery. It is supposed that the dial was then erected hi the centre of a square garden on the site of the cloisters. It is now placed on the corner of an old wall, as if to get it out of the way. The garden has disappeared, but the spot is still an orchard with a pretty green sloping to the river side. As to the construction of the dial : there is a projecting base surmounted by several courses of wall stone on which is the principal object. This consists of a curved pediment of stone, supporting a square block, on the east side of which is repre- sented a tomb : below is the motto, and on a scroll above are the words, “Non est hie: resurrex it ”—//(? A not here: he is risen. The top is finished off so as to correspond with the pediment, and contains the Nethersole coat of arms. Among the devices are the Death’s head and cross bones : also an apple, which seems to identify the reference in the motto with — “ 'Fhe fruit Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste, Brought death into the world, and all our woe.” 448. H ORULA DUM QUOTA SI F QU/ERITUR IIORA FUGIT. While Olie asks zohat the little hour is, the It 02 tr files by. On a dial plate which was found in 1889 on a shelf in a cottage in Kirk Arbory, Isle of Man. It had, at some unknown date, been taken from the churchyard, where the pedestal still stood, and where, it is hoped, the dial has ere now been replaced. The motto was formerly on a dial in Rushen churchyard, but the present one, dated 1829, bears no inscription. 448'^. How LONG IS TIME ASK TIIOU OF ME! How FLEET IS TIME? I ASK OF THEE. On a wooden dial attached to the wall of an old house in the village of Lumbutts, among the hills near Todmorden. 449. H OW WE GO Shadow show. On a dial at Woodville, Leicestershire, belonging (in 1889) to John Shefford, Esq. The motto was devised by Rev. E. Z. Lyttel, vicar of Woodville. 450. I ALSO AM UNDER AUTHORITY. This motto has on two occasions been appropriately placed on sun- dials dedicated to the memory of soldiers. Robert Pearse, Esq., H.E.I.C., had a summer-house in his garden at Perridge in the parish of Pilton, Somerset, on which was a dial bearing on the top the above text, and below, from Shakespeare’s Sonnet CXVI : “ Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Within his bending sickle’s compass come ; Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom.” SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 28:; The dial was dedicated to the memory of a brother officer who died in India, but no record remains of his name. Mr. Pearse died in 1830, his property passed into other hands, and the summer-house was pulled down. In 1896 some members of the Guinness family joined with the late Rev. Beauchamp Kerr- Pearse, rector of Ascot, a nephew of Mr. Robert Pearse, in erecting a memorial on a buttress of Ascot church, in memory of their two relatives Colonel Wolfran Guinness, C.B., and Claude Guinness. It consists, as will be seen from the illustration (Plate VI 1 1 .), of areclining dial bearing the motto, I also am under autho 7 'ity ; below which is a lamp inscribed : Tho2t art 7 uy Lamp, O Lord. The Lord shall lighten my darkness. with the date of erec- tion, 1896. The memo- rial is intended to incor- porate the three kinds of light, (i) natural, on the dial, (2) artificial, by the lamp, (3) super- natural, in the inscrip- tion. Colonel Guinness served with the Sea- forth Hig-hlanders FROM THE “ BOOK OF EMBLEMS. throughout the Afghan war of 1878-1880, and the Egyptian campaign of 1882, was frequently mentioned in despatches and was made C.B. He died at the age of fifty-five, having spent thirty-three years in the service. The career of his brother Claude was scarcely less distinguished : he was at Win- chester, and was captain of the Eleven in 1869 and 1870; in 1870 scholar of New College, taking second class in moderations, 1872, and in classics, 1874. He was for some years managing director of the great Guinness brewery, and died at a comparatively early age, after a life of unsparing work and unselfish activity. In the late Mrs. Alfred Gatty’s “ Book of Emblems” there was an illustration of a sun-dial with the motto Non 7 ^ego 7 iisi regar. (See No. 816.) She gave as its English equivalent the text / also am tinder authority, and drew the lesson of her “ Emblem ” from it. The same teaching has also been finely worked out by Rudyard Kipling in 286 SUN-DIALS “ Me Andrews’ Hymn ” where he leads the old Scotch engineer who had lost the thread of his childhood’s faith to hnd it again amid the throbbing notes of his engine hammers : “True beat, full power, the clangin’ chorus goes Clear to the tunnel where they sit my purrin’ dynamos. Interdependence absolute, foreseen, ordained, decreed, 'I'o work, ye’ll note, at any tilt an’ every rate o’ speed. Fra sky-light lift to furnace bars, backed, bolted, braced, an’ stayed, An’ singin’ like the mornin’ stars for joy that they are made ; While, out o’ touch o’ vanity, the sweatin’ thrust-block says : ‘ Not unto us the praise, O man — not unto us the praise ! ’ Now a’ together, hear them lift their lesson — theirs an’ mine; ‘ Law, Orrder, Duty, an’ Restraint, Obedience, Discipline ! ’ Mill, forge, an’ try-pit taught them that when roarin’ they arose, An’ whiles I wo-nder if a soul was gied them wi’ the blows. Oh for a man to weld it then, in one trip-hammer strain. Till even first-class passengers could tell the meanin’ plain ! ” 451. I AM A SHADE, A SHADOW TOO ART THOU : I MARK THE TIME, SAY GOSSIP, DOST THOU SOE ? At the Manor House, Chew Magna, Somerset. The lines are also to be found in “ Vignettes in Rhyme,” by Austin Dobson. 452. Lam a shadow, so art thou: I MARK TIME, DOST THOU ? Inscribed on a dial in the Grey Friars churchyard, Stirling ; and in 1884 placed on West Lodge, Carthorpe, Yorkshire. (With No. 464.) 453. I COUNT NONE BUT SUNNY HOURS. Erected 1863. Dial in the Fort, Delhi. 454. I COUNT THE BRIGHT HOURS ONLY. At Portway Hall, near Oldbury. On a fine dial engraved in 1898 by F. Barker and Son, London, for the Skinners’ Almshouses, and in- scribed : “ Presented to the Skinners’ Almshouses, Palmer’s Green, by Henry Luke Hansard, Esq., Master 1 893-4.” The Arms of the Skinners’ Company and the motto, to god only be all glory, are also on the plate. A slightly different version was on Prince Albert Victor’s dial. See No. 1306. 455. I COUNT THE SUNNY HOURS. On a dial recently erected on the house of Capt. Hart, Grove Lane, Handsworth. 456. I GIVE MEN WARNING HOW THE HOURS FLY, For MEN ARE SHADOWS AND A SHADOW I. At Esher Place, Surrey, the seat of Sir Edgar Vincent, K.C.M.G. — “Country Life,” Jan. 6, 1900. Pt. VIII ASCOT CHURCH. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 287 457. I MARK NOT THE HOURS UNLESS THEY BE BRIGHT, I MARK NOT THE HOURS OF DARKNESS AND NIGHT, My promise is solely to follow the sun. And point out the course his chariot doth run. These lines, with No. 813, are engraved upon the pedestal of a dial in the garden of Downham Hall, Norfolk, together with the following inscription : “ Taken from a gun battery on Kelbouroun Spit, at the entrance of the Dneiper, captured by the English and French on Oct. 17th, 1855, being the first fort and portion of territory of Russia proper taken by the allied forces in the war of 1854-55.” The dial is of slate and was presented to the Duchess of Cleveland, who at one time owned Downham Hall, and was erected on a stone pedestal and inscribed by her orders. 458. I MARK ONLY THE SUNNY HOURS. On a window dial for a south aspect, which was exhibited at a bazaar in Crathie, and purchased, it is believed, for the Queen. Round the dial face was a view in Siena, and below it the inscription : “ This dyal was fashioned by Oscar Patterson. The same being vitrariqs and glass painter inne Glasgowe, shewinge the tyme in this tovne.” I mark NONE BUT SUNNY HOURS is at Boumestream House, Wotton-under- Edge. The date of the house is 1614. 459. I MARK THE MOMENTS TROD FOR GOOD OR ILL. At The Priory, Warwick, with the initials T. H. and date 1556. The date, however, is that of the house, the dial being modern. 460. I MARK TIME, DOST THOU ? On a pedestal dial in the garden of Cubbington Vicarage, co. War- wick, erected in 1847. Also on the south gable of Elmhurst, Rugby, erected by Mr. Hunter, the owner. The dial-face is supported by graceful figures of Night and Day in low relief ; the former is shrouded in a mantle, the latter holds a bird on her finger. 461. I NOTE THE BRIGHT HOURS OF DAY. Over the entrance door of Copthorne Hall, Shrewsbury. 462. I NUMBER NONE BUT SUNNY HOURS. At Galtfaenen, North Wales. 463. I ONLY MARK BRIGHT HOURS. A horizontal dial, mounted on a square stone pedestal, which stands in the gardens of Kiplin Hall, Yorkshire, bears this motto. It was 288 SUN-DIALS inscribed and erected by the late Countess of Tyrconnel. The motto is also on a vertical dial at Messrs. Barker’s works, No. 12, Clerkenwell Road, London. 464. I SPEAK NOT, YET ALL UNDERSTAND ME WELL, I MAKE NO SOUND AND YET THE HOURS I TELL. These lines. Dean Alford’s paraphrase of No. 1139, were placed, with No. 452, on a vertical dial on West Lodge farmhouse, near Car- thorpe, Yorkshire, in 1885, by the late G. J. Serjeantson, Esq. 465. I STAND AMID Y*" SUMMERE FLOWERS To TELL Y'" PASSAGE OF Y'' HOURES. When winter steals y*" flowers aw aye I TELL Y*"' PASSINGE OF THEIR DAYE. O MAN WHOSE FLESH IS PUT AS GRASSE Like summere flowers thy life shall passe. Whiles tyme is thine laye up in store And thou shalt live for ever more. Sent to Mrs. Gatty in i860 for her collection, by her friend the Rev. Greville J. Chester, as being inscribed on the four sides of a dial in the garden at S. Windleham. It was an ingenious practical joke, as the motto was invented for the occasion, but the lines were so pretty and quaint that she was loath to let them pass away unrecorded. 466. I STAY FOR NO MAN. On a house at Colley Weston, Northants. 467. I WISH THE SUN WOULD SHINE, ON ALL MEN’s FRUITS AND FLOWERS, AS WELL AS MINE. In the Earl of Crawford’s garden at Balcarres, Fife, there is an ancient pillar dial with many faces cut upon its sides. It has been mounted on a base of four steps, and the motto is carved on the lowest of them. 468. I oil DiEN. I serve. On a dial in the garden at Menwith Hill, Darley, Yorkshire, with Nos. 1147, 1530. 469. ICH ZAEHLE NUR DIE HEITERN STUNDEN. I COUUt the bright IlOUVS only. On an iron octagonal dial, 13 inches diameter, made by Moellingen, Berlin. 470. Icii ZEiGE NUR DIE HEITERN STUNDEN. / shoiv the bright hdtcrs only. In the Zoological Gardens, Berlin. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 289 471. Ici FRAPPE A TOUTE HEURE. Striking here at till Jiours. Over the door of a blacksmith’s forge at Reaumont (Isere). 472. ICT TU VERRAS l’hEURE, Et plus BAS TON DEMEURE. Here see the hour upon thy road^ And over there thy last abode. On a house opposite the Cemetery at St. Savin (Isere). 473. If MY MASTER USE ME WELL I’ll try all others to excel. On a small brass ring dial in the Exeter Museum. 474. If o’er the dial glides a shade, redeem The time; for, lo, it passes like a dream. But if ’tis all a blank, then mark the loss Of hours unblest by shadows from the cross. These lines were written by the Rev. R. W. Essington, and in- scribed on a dial in the form of a cross, which he placed on a pillar in Shenstone Churchyard, near Lichfield, in 1848. The pillar had pre- viously borne a dial-plate of simple form, but this had been lost. Mr. Essington also erected a cross-dial in the garden of Shenstone Vicar- age, with No. 1263 as a motto, and both were copied from a cross-dial at Highlands, near Caine, Wilts. After leaving Shenstone Mr. Essing- ton went to live at Plen, Newquay, Cornwall, where he has placed a cross-dial in front of his house, inscribed with a slightly different version of the lines above. See No. 1369. A cross-dial bearing Mr. Essington’s lines (No. 474) was made and presented to the Museum Gardens at Lichfield, by Mr. Hopcraft, stone- mason in the city. The same lines, with slight verbal alterations, are on a beautiful little white marble cross-dial, mounted on a red sand- stone pillar, which was placed over a child’s grave in the churchyard of North Collaton, Devon, about the year 1857. 475. Ignotum time. Fear the unknown. With Nos. 862, 980, in the Passage du Petit St. Antoine, Paris. 476. Il est plus tard que jeunesse ne pense. Tot ou tard il faut mourir Avare pensez y. 1758 Youth doth not think how fast the mojnents fly, Greedy of life, 7'e7nember thou must die. On a circular vertical dial at Pelvoux (Hautes Alpes). 290 477 . SUN-DIALS II est plus tard que tu ne pense, Prends garde a toi, ton heure s avance. Time moves apace while here we stand, Beivare, O man ! thine hour 's at hand. Formerly in the Faubourg St. Antoine, Paris. The first line is on a house on the roadside between Valbonne and the Grande Chartreuse ; and on the churches at Roche and St. Savin (Isere). 478. Il est plus tard que vous ne croyez. 1851. Z. G. F. It is later than you think. At Abries (Hautes Alpes). 479. Il (f)aut (£viter la re)tard. We must not be late. In an old courtyard, Rue Contrescarpe, Paris. In 1883 the motto was almost obliterated, but the missing letters were supplied by Baron de Riviere. 480. Il faut partir tot ou tard. Sooner or later all must go. Formerly on the Bureau des Messageries, Rue Contrescarpe, Paris. It was the place whence the mails and the diligences used to start, so the double meaning of the motto is evident. 481. Il LuiT POUR TOUT LE MONDE. It slihies for all the world. See No. 541. In 1864 this motto was, with the picture of the sun, on the sign of an inn at Viviers. Above the door was written : “ Aujourd’hui comptant, demain credit ! ” 482. Il ne saurait tromper, C’eST LE CIEL QUI LE RfeGLE. Heaven is its guide, it cannot go wrong. In the Court of the E veche, Angouleme. 483. Il passato fuggi, eugge il presente, Verra fuggendo l’avvenir repente. The present flies, fled is the past, The futui^e comes, ivith flight how fast I On the church wall at Campitello, in the Italian Tyrol. 484. Il tempo avaro ogni cosa eracassa, Il tempo annulla ogni gran fama in terra, Ogni cosa mortal col tempo passa. Ejivious Time destroys all thmgs, It obliterates all earthly fame ; Whatsoever is mortal passes away with Time. Dean Burgon, writing to “ The Guardian,” February 26th, 1874, an account of the ancient inscriptions at Ravenna, concluded his letter with the above lines, copied from a sun-dial on the facade of the church of SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 29 1 St. Apollinare in Classe, and which, after wandering over the scenes of vanished greatness around the old city, struck him as possessing peculiar interest. “After traversing,” he says, “for miles the level plain outside Ravenna, and noting with interest the heaps of flat, rounded pebbles, alternating with heaps of ciet 7 dtus from the Bosco — which record the nature of the change which has passed over the entire aspect of the country — the humble words inscribed on this sun-dial struck me very forcibly.” The motto is now entirely effaced. 485- II tempo fugge anche ai sollectti. Time, even to the cai^e- worn, flies apace. On the Palazzo del Marchese Scalzi, Via dei Servi, Florence. 486. Il TEMPO FUGGE E NON s’arresta UN ORA. Time flies and stays not an hour. On Casa Bacci, in the Piazza at San Marcello Pistoiese, Italy. The line is slightly altered from that of Petrarch : “ La vita fugge e non s’arresta un ora.” 487. Il TEMPO PASSA, E l’eternita s’avvicina. Time passes away, eternity draws near. With No. 790 on a dial at Riva, Val Sesia, dated 1829. 488. Il TRAVAILLE TOUJOURS, MANAGERS, IMITEZ LE. It IVOrks witJlOUt ceasing ; labourers, follow its example. On the farmhouse of St. Barnabe, near Sillans (Var). 489. Ille ego sum, longum qui metior annum, OxMNIA QUI VIDEO, PER QUEM VIDET OMNIA TELLUS, MuNpi OCULUS. / am he that measu 7 xs the length of the years, that seeth all thmgs ; — through who 7 n the earth seeth all thmgs ; the eye of the imiverse. On a white freestone dial, inserted in the gable of an Early English porch at Wootton Church, Oxon, with the initials and date as follows : “ R. H., 1623, J R. Ch. Wa.” The motto is taken and altered from Ovid’s “ Metamorphoses ” : “ Ille ego sum, dixit, qui longum metior annum. Omnia qui video, per quern videt omnia tellus, Mundi oculus.” (Book iv., 226.) 490. I LLUMiNAT UMBRA. He gives light with a shadow. At a village on the Lake of Como, copied 1897. 491. I LLUSTRAT ET URiT. He gives light, and bursts. Formerly in the Cour du St. Esprit, Paris. 492. I MiTONS LE, TRAVAiLLONS SANS RELACHE. Let MS imitate {the Sim); let MS work unceasingly. At Quinsons (Basses Alpes). SUN-DIALS 292 493 . Imminet mors. Death is upon thee. Formerly in the convent garden of the Petits Augustins, Paris. 494 . Immotus verto. Without moving, I tuv 7 i. At Sylve Benite (Isere). 495 . Impari l’uomo al numerar dell’ ore, Che quanto li vive piu, tanto piu muore. Learn, 7 noidals, from this tale of hours told. Death is more certain than the life ye hold. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 496 . Improve the present hour, for all beside Is A MERE FEATHER ON A TORRENTS TIDE. Copied by Juliana H. Ewing from a dial on a wooden pedestal, shaped like a nine-pin, which stood in the garden of Rose Cottage, Fredericton, New Brunswick, in 1867. Mrs. Shore, who then owned the house, was a great friend of Mrs. Ewing, and frequently mentioned in the latter’s letters. In October, 1867, she wrote to Mrs. Gatty : “ I have got you a dial, and mean to make you a sketch and send it here- with. It is in the garden of a little old lady here, Mrs. Shore. She is very tiny and very old. She goes to the 7.30 Service like clockwork, has a garden, paints life-sized portraits in oils ! ! and complains that, ‘ between housekeeping, literature, and the fine arts, she never has time for anything.’” A grandson of Mrs. Shore, R. Pennefather, Esq., has written recently about the dial from Sinzig am Rhein, as follows : “ When my mother and I last went out to Canada, she missed the sun-dial, though the pedestal was still standing. The house (Rose Cottage) had been let to various people, and we supposed it had been ‘annexed.’ One day, Mother wanted some horse-radish, and, as that newly laid down in the garden was not yet large enough for use, I volunteered to try and dig for some, having noticed some leaves like that behind an old stable the year before. I dug down about 2 or 3 feet before I got a good thick piece of root, and threw up an old silver button with the Fleur-de-lys on it. (The house was the oldest in the town, and had been the original Governor’s when Fredericton was an old French post under Louis le Grand.) Of course, that set me grub- bing away, and what should come to light ? The plate of the sun-dial mentioned above. The gnomon, or style, was missing, but the plate now lies on the table before me. It was made for par. 46, but evidently of English workmanship. The date is 1826. I do not know whether it was put up by my great-grandfather, old Chief Justice Saunders, or by his widow. He raised a troop of hussars at the breaking out of the ‘ War of Independence,’ and fought for the King all through the war. He was given large tracts of land in New Brunswick to replace SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 293 his estates in Maryland, etc., confiscated by the rebels. The old house is no more. The railway passes right over the site, and all the old carved butternut mantel-pieces, doorways, etc., have passed away in smoke, and all I have left of the old home is a photograph and the siin- diair 497. Improve the time. 1765. On an oval dial on the Unicorn Inn at Uppingham ; and on Market Harborough Church, dated 1850. 498. I N coELo QUiES. 1793 * lie av 611 is rest. On a vertical dial affixed to the wall of Glaisdale Church, Yorkshire. 499. In Ills own image the creator made. His own pure sunbeam quickened thee, o man! Thou breathing dial ! since thy day began The present hour was ever marked with shade. Written by Walter Savage Landor as a motto for a dial, but it is not known whether it has been adopted. 500. I N HORA NULLA MORA. In hours of day Is no delay. In the Rectory garden at Micheldean. See No. 354. 501. In lucem omnia vana. All Ihings are vanily (when brought) into the lio'ht. o At Biella-alta, in Piedmont ; and on a house at Ville Vallouise. See No. 133. 502. In omnibus rebus respice finem. In all things look to the end. This line, from Thomas a Kempis, was inscribed on a pedestal-dial in the garden of Crowder House, Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, by the late Bernard Wake, Esq., the owner. The house formerly belonged to a yeoman family named Wilkinson, who had held the land for more than four hundred years, one Julyan Wilkinson, of Crowder House, being named in an existing deed which bears the date 1402. 503. In reason’s eye thy sedentary shadow travels hard. 1819. On a dial which once stood at Port Elphinstone, Aberdeenshire, but is now at Ardkeen, Inverness. 504. In such an hour as ye look not for, the son of man COMETH. 1793 - Was on a plain oval dial on the south porch of Bakewell Church, 294 SUN-DIALS Derbyshire, but when last heard of, in 1888, the motto was nearly obliterated. 505. In such an hour as ye think not THE SON OF MAN COMETH. Ex dono Roberti Watson. Ann. Dom. 1722. This inscription, from St. Matt. xxiv. 44, was found nearly effaced on the dial which was removed from the parish church of Wakefield, Yorkshire, in 1881, during repairs. That it was not the first sun-dial on the church is shown by the Churchwar- dens’ accounts : 1592. The dyall in the Churchyard was sett up. i595“9^- Diall in the steeple. 1597. A new sun- diall set up. [wWE'FOlROT Or-IMEWELIU cHwMsaa infn. ‘ 506. In the houre of deathe god be merciful unto me. FOR AS TYME DOTH HASTE SO LIFE DOTH WASTE. In front of Stanwardine Hall, near Baschurch, Shropshire, a fine old Elizabethan mansion, now converted into a farmhouse, stands a pillar-dial, having a silver plate, on which these and other in- scriptions are en- graved. The dial is circular and hori- zontal, drawn in a square ; and the four vacant corners of the square are oc- cupied by the above two couplets we have given ; and below, on one side, by an ele- phant with a castle on his back ; and in the opposite corner is a squirrel sitting up and STANWARDINE HALL, NEAR 5ASCHURCH. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 295 eating-. In the centre of the plate there is a stanza of four lines (see No. 375), and beneath is a bird on a shield, with the date, “anno 1560.’’ Stanwardine Hall belonged to the Corbet family, from which it passed to the Wynnes, and it is now in other hands. The elephant and squirrel are the Corbet crests. 507 . In umbra desino. In shadow 1 cease. Seen on the picture of a dial in a scrap-book at Florence. 508 . In UNA SI MUORE. One of these will be the hour of death. 14 di Febbraio. On a restaurant at Beaulieu, near Nice. 509 . Incessant down the stream of time And hours, and years, and ages roll. On a horizontal dial with stone pedestal in the kitchen garden at Lansdowne Lodge, Kenmare, co. Kerry. “Time is a river or violent torrent of things coming into being; each one, as soon as it has appeared, is swept off, and disappears, and is succeeded by another which is swept away in its turn .” — Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. 510. InDeX Vt VMbras sic tVos IesV regIs. 1635. NesCItIs In qVa hora DoMInVs Vester VentVrVs, 1635. As the gnomon rttles the shadows, so dost Thou, O Jesu, rttle thine own. Ye know not at what Iwtir your Lord will come. These lines are given in Hunter’s “South Yorkshire” as having been “formerly on a piece of marble fixed over a gate,” near Darfield Church, Yorkshire. They can hardly have belonged to anything but a sun-dial. The capitals are chronograms, and can be transposed so as to form the date 1635 in each line. 51 1 . Induce animum sapientem. 1775. Take to thyself a wise mind. May be seen on the south porch of the church at Eyam, Derbyshire. The place is renowned for a terrible visitation of the Plague which nearly depopulated it in 1666; still more so for the gallant conduct of its rector, the Rev. William Mompesson, who, with his wife, remained at home tending the sick, burying the dead, and inducing his people to keep within their narrow valley, so that the disease spread no further. Mr. Mompesson lived through the visitation, but his wife and 258 other people died. See Plate VII I., p. 286. The dial is very elaborate, and has the tropics of Cancer and Capri- corn marked upon it ; also the names of various places, showing their difference from English time, and “ W"" Lee, Th°^ Froggatt, Church Wardens.” The face has recently been restored^ and the further motto Ut hora sic vita, added below. 296 SUN-DIALS 512. Instar globi stat machina mundi. Like a ball stands the frame- zvork of the zvorld. At Moccas Court. See No. 1469. 513. Instat forte suprema. Perchance the last hour is drazving near. In the kitchen garden of the former convent of the Celestins, Paris. 514. Intra et adora solem qui non facit occasum. Enter, and zuorship the Stm zvhich setteth not. Above the church door at Villedieu (Cantal). 515- I NTUS APOLLO SOL EXTRA. Apollo zvitliin, the Sun outside. Sous MES DEUX NOMS DANS CES DEMEURES, MaRQUANT tour a tour MON POUVOIR, A MIDI JE FIXE LES HEURES, OUE JE FAIS OUBLIER LE SOIR. Tzuo names I have of zvondrous pozver, By day 1 mark for you the hour. At niyht zvithin these zvalls y oil 1 1 find Time leaves no impress on your mind. Motto proposed for a sun-dial on the Theatre Favart. 516. Inveni sortem, spes et fortuna valete, Sat me lusistis, ludite nunc alios. I have found my destiny, farezvell hope and fortune, You have played zvith me long enough, nozv play with others. Baron de Riviere tells us that a public official who had retired to a country house near Beziers, after long buffetting with men and circum- stances, to enjoy the delights of home and literary pursuits, inscribed this motto on a dial which he placed in front of his house. 517. lo PASSA COM ME l’ombra. I pass azvay like the sliadozv. In the Hameau de la Maladiere, near Rives (Isere). 518. lo SEGNO l’ora e tu rammente iddio. / mark the hour and do thou think zip 07 i God. In the Cloister of the Convent of Santa Sabina, Rome. 519. lo SONO un’ ombra, ombra tu sei ancora ; Conti tu forse, come 10 conto, l’ora ? A passing shade am I, so too art thou ; I count the passmg hozirs ; say, dost tho2C ? At the Villino Vanwiller, Milan. 520. lo Ti DO l’ora, se il SOL RiSPLENDE. I give the lioitr, if the sun shines. In the Val Mastallone ; contributed to “ Notes and Queries ” (6th S., xi. 45). SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 297 521. lo VADO E VENGO OGNI GIORNO Ma tu andrai senza ritorno. I go and come every day ; But thou slialt go zvithout rettirnhig. Copied in i860 from a house in the Rue de France, Nice. The dial was traced in brown on a white-washed wall. The late Dean Alford translated the motto as follows : I come and go and go and come each day ; Bzit thou zvithout retuzm shalt pass azvayi' In 1880 the dial was repainted, and the last part of the motto altered thus : Ma tu se vai piii non ritorni. But thou, if thozL goest, rehirnest 110 more. This new rendering was, in 1888, becoming Illegible, owing to the effects of weather upon the thin coating of plaster on which the words were painted, and the original motto could be discerned below. The dial was first set up In 1830. The same motto has been read at Anna di Taggla ; and at Pisa. It is also inscribed on a dial which stands In the Italian garden of the Manor House, Monkton P'arleigh, Wilts. This dial was erected by Mr. Wade Browne, a tenant of the manor (1842-57), in memory of his younger brother, who was killed in the Kaffir war. Of this motto on a dial In a Riviera garden, E. V. B. writes : “ The music of the words still seems to haunt the soul In opal tinted dreams, whose colour some- how does not fade with the fading lights of other days.” — A Garden of Pleasure, 522. I PSE SUO CURSU VIRTUTEM MONSTRAT ET IIORAS. Hh}lSclf ill Jlis course shozveth both virtue and the hour. On an altitude dial in Mr. Evans’ collection, which seems to have been made In commemoration of a friendship between Corbin, the Abbot of Scheyern, and Martin, the Prior of Indersdorf (or Unders- dorf), in Bavaria. The dial is engraved on a gilt brass plate, and elaborately adorned with various emblematical devices. At the top is the sun’s face, with arrows for rays, and crowned with a bishop’s mitre; possibly this is a portrait of Abbot Corbin, to whom the dial was presented. The motto is on a scroll above the sun. In each corner of the plate there Is a flaming heart bearing numerals, as If it were a dial, and transfixed with an arrow for a gnomon. Above these hearts are the following lines : “ His magis Vndenses flammis augentur Amorls ; Non faclunt vulnus vel certe vulnus Amorls.” By these flames, O men of Undersdorf, Love is evermore increased ; They make no zuound, except the zvound of Love, Q Q 298 SUN-DIALS Along the base of the plate is the couplet : “ Pectora sunt Augustini, sunt tela Sebasti, Arcus Martini vulnus Amoris erit.” The hearts are those of Augustine, the darts (arrows) those of Sebastian, The bow is Martins, the wound will be that of Love. In the centre of the plate there is a building resembling the front of a Greek temple, with arrows as pillars, and a hole at the apex for the gnomon. On this is written : “ Horas designat simul ac demonstrat amorem idem Index.” The pointer indicates at the same time the hours and love. The back of the plate is engraved for printing universal dials, and this is also elaborately decorated. In place of the “temple” there is a double lyre, over which two pastoral staves are joined in a ring. Two mitres, a sheaf of arrows, and the hilt of a sword also appear, but the “bow of Martin” is not given on either side. Perhaps the presence of arrows presupposes the bow. There is an inscription written on enfolded scrolls in such a fashion that it is difficult to tell in what order the words are meant to follow : “ Abbatis Schirest Prepos : Vnderst Horologa Concordiae Bicithera quam Gemino Natali R. IT"*" et Amplissim: Corbini Martini Praesulum Germanoruq fratru Nouediali festo paravit pulsavit obsequiosa manus.” Mr. Evans suggests that the meaning of this may be somewhat as follows : The dial of love in the shape of a double lyre which a dutiful hand made and struck (as a lyre) for the double birthday of the Abbot of Scheyern Corbin, and the Prior of I ndersdorf Martin, very reverent and important chiefs of the Germa?i Brothers, on their nine day festival. It does not seem quite clear whether the “festival” was actually the day on which the friends were born, or the festival of their patron saints. At the base of the lyre where the staves unite in the ring is inscribed : “ Obliget aeternis fratres hie annulis annis.” May this rhig bind the brothers together for evermore. 523- I RREPARABiLE TEMPUS. Time camiot be retrieved. At the Certosa dei Calci, near Pisa. 524. I RREVOCARiLE. (Time) camiot be recalled. On Little Milton Vicarage, Oxon ; and also with No. 114 on a vertical dial lately fixed on a new wing at Holmhurst, Sussex, by Mr. A. J. C. Hare. 525- I RREVOCABiLis iiORA, 1 84 2. The Iwur that cannot be i^ecalled. Copied in i860 from the toll house on the Pont du Siagne, near SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 299 Cannes. The dial was vertical and painted in white on a yellow wall, and over the door were the words, logement du garde dzi pontd The motto was also read in the same year, roughly written, and mis-spelt, with date 1850, on a south dial over the door of a shed in the Vallee de Gourdalon, two miles from Cannes. 526. Irrevocabilis labitur hora. Nulli optabilis dabitur hora. Nk sis inutilis semper labora, Ne tu sis futilis, vigila, ora. Never rehtrnmg Hottrs glide aiuay, Thou, though much yearning Canst not delay. Labourmg, leartiing, Spend thou thy day, hidolence spurning Watch thou and pray. This motto was written by the Rev. S. E. Bartleet. It is identical with No. 852, though the lines have been altered in arrangement. The verse has been inscribed by Messrs. Barker and Sons on a dial made by them for a house at Cawley Wood, Essex. The English rendering was written by Sir Herbert Maxwell and printed in “ Black- wood’s Magazine,” 1891. 527. ISTA VELUT TACITO CURSU DILABITUR UMBRA, Transit in aeternos sic tua vita dies. A s that shadow glides away zvith silent passage. So thy life passes hito the days of eternity. This was read somewhere in Tuscany. 528. It is a light thing for the shadow to go down ten degrees ; Nay, but let the shadow return backward(s) ten degrees. With No. 1647 2.n elaborate dial erected in 1840 in the gardens of Bredisholm, near Glasgow. The quotation is from 2 Kings, xx. 10. 529. Ita Vita. Stich is life. At Porchere (Basses Alpes) ; and also on a dial represented in one of Bewick’s illustrations to “ Aisop’s Tables.” 530. ItALICUM sign at TEMPORA sacra DEO. AD LATITUD. GRADUM XLII. SEDENTE . GREGORIO XVI . PONT . MAX . PONTIFICATUS . SUI . ANNO XIII . ANTONIVS MATTEVCCIVS . CURATOR . OPER . TEMPLI . VATI CANI . ADSCITA . OPERA . lOANNIS . ANTONII . TEPPATI . HOC . HORARIUM . INDICE . COMODUM . ORNATUMQ . AUXIT. A n Italian {dial) shows times sacred to God. The inscription states that in the thirteenth year of the pontificate SUN-DIALS 300 of Gregory XVL, Giovanni Antonio Teppati restored and embellished this dial, by the order of Antonio Matteucci, clerk of the works of the church of the Vatican. The dial is a large horizontal one of white marble placed on the balustrade wliich surrounds the roof of the nave of St. Peter’s at Rome. It tells the hours from x to xxii, following the old Italian method by which the twenty-four hours are counted from the rinorino- of Ave Maria, half an hour after sunset. This dial, and its companion. No. 342, placed on the corresponding corner of the balus- trade, are remarkable from their position, standing as they do at more than a hundred and fifty feet above the ground. Probably no other dials in the world have been raised so high. Their use is, however, undeniable. The roof of St. Peter’s is a village in itself. “ There are,” says Mr. Wey, “ workshops, huts, sheds for domestic beasts, a forge and carpenter’s stores, washhouses, ovens. For several families it is a native land. The workmen of St. Peter’s, called San Pietrini, succeed one another from father to son, and form a tribe. The natives of the terrace have laws and customs of their own,” and as it appears, their timekeepers also. The hours are marked in Roman numerals. The motto, probably, refers to the Italian hours, which are shown on this dial as the ordinary ones are on its fellow. It recalls a saying suggested by the sight of a clock on a northern cathedral : “ I was thinking,” said I, “why it was that men placed clocks in the towers of churches.” “ That is easily answered, man ; to teach you that Time is a sacred thing.” (“ Old Church Clock ”.) 531. ItQUE REDITQUK \ 1 AM CONSTANS GUAM SUSEICIS UMBRA, Ump.ra eugax homines non reditura sumus. (P. P. Teatini.) Goes and rclurns ihe shade in its iinendug track, A fleeting shade are ivc and no rct2irn is ours. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 532. j AM iNCLiNATA EST iiORA. The ho 2 ir is iiozu far spent. This motto is written on an illustration in a French MS. on dials in the possession of Lewis Evans, Esq. The MS. appears to have been written at Nancy in the first half of the eighteenth century. 533 * Jam bropera, nec te venturas difeer in iioras Oui non EST IIODIE, CRAS MINUS APTUS ERIT. Haste now, nor until coming hoicrs delay, Less fit to-morroiv he tinflt to-day. On a house near Newton House Woods, near Whitby. The first line is above, the second below the dial face. They are from Ovid, Rem. Amor. 93, 94, See Nos. 1043, iboi* SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 301 534. J’atan l’eure (s?c) (J ’attends l’iieure). I await the hoiLV. Seen in Dauphine. Another curiously spelt version of the same motto was read on the Chateau of the Cite cle Carcassonne, Jc attends levre. 535. J’avance. I go forward. On a horizontal dial in the garden at Hall Place, Berks. It is the family motto of Sir Gilbert East, Bart., the owner, whose crest is a horse passant, sable. The same inscription has been placed on the gnomon of a horizontal dial lately put up at Lyndhurst, Hants. The arms of the owner, Mr. Fenton, are engraved on the plate, and the maker’s name, ¥. Barker. 536. Je chanterai Quand tu sonneras. / zoi/t crou) — zohen thou zvilt strike. At Noves (Bouches du Rhone), a cock and hen are depicted on the dial, and chanticleer speaks. Cp. No. 667. 537 - ciiERCiiE MIDI. I seek 7 W 0 U. Inscribed below a dial in the Rue du Cherche Midi, Paris. The street has borne this name since 1595, and probably owes it to the sun- dial, which now is on a stone slab in the wall of a house, with a bas- relief of a man tracing a sun-dial from which the noon-day line and hoLire XII are absent, and which bears the words “an cherche midi.” Beside these is a child representing either the little god Cupid, or the Genius of Day. The reference, of course, is to the Italian hours, which, were counted from sunset to sunset, and when these were in common use the phrase “ chercher midi a quatorze heures,” would be readily understood. It signified to waste time in a vain folly, to seek for the impossible — for though the hour of noon might fall at sixteen, seventeen, or eighteen o’clock, according to the hour of sunset and the time of year, it could never in these latitudes be at fourteen. There is a story told of Voltaire that in passing through a village where the inhabitants were putting up a sun-dial, he was intreated to give them a motto, and accordingly wrote the following impromptu : “ Vous qui venez dans ces demeures, Etes vous bien ? tenez vous y, Et n’allez pas chercher midi A quatorze heures.” 538. jE DONNE LA LUMIERE A LA GLOIRE DE DIED. / give light to the gto 7 ^y of God. With No. 595, formerly in the garden of the convent of Capuchin nuns in the Place Vendome, Paris. 539. J ’en vois passer plus d’un. I see more than one pass away. On the cemetery chapel. Mirepoix (Ariege). 302 SUN-DIALS 540. Je fais ma ronde 1 \)UR TOUT LE MONDE. For every one, Afy eourse I run. At Charnecles (I sere). 541- J E LUIS POUR TOUT LE MONDE, Mon omrre passe avec vitesse, Et ta fin approciie avec rapidite, o mortel. / shine for all the ivorld, ' Aly shadow passes on sioiflly, And thy end rapidly approafes, O Alortal. F M. 1833. Copied in 1866 from a sun-dial over the door of the village inn at Rouge- mont, Canton de Vaud, Switzerland. The sun’s full face, surrounded by rays, with the gnomon projecting from the centre, shone from the upper part of the dial. Beneath this was the first motto, and the other two lines were under the numerals. The little inn was a pic- turesque old chMet with a deeply carved cornice supporting the overhanging roof. The windows, fitted with little square panes of glass, were small and flanked by solid shutters ; and probably only one pane in the whole house could be opened to admit the outer air, so unwelcome to the Swiss domestic hearth. A round- arched porch with thick heavy doors led into the house. ThrouMi the inner door- o way the hostess could be seen on a seat knitting, and wearing a black silk cap with lace lappets, while her beehive hat hung on the wall beside her. These are things of the past, probably seen no more. They were the last remains of the picturesque costume of the Canton of Vaud. The first four words have been read at Nyon. 542 . J E MARCHE SANS PIED, Et je TE PARLE SANS LANGUE. 1 832. / zvalk zoithotU a foot, and I speak to thee without a tongue. At Les Pananches (Hautes Alpes). 543 - J E MARQUE LA DERNIERE. I slww the last flOtCr). Locality forgotten. SUN-DIAL MOTTOES 303 544. Je marque le temps que vous perdiez. i860. I note the time that yott waste. On the Chateau of La Brillane (Basses Alpes). 545. Je marque le temps vrai, L’horloge marque le temps moyen. / show the trtie time — The clock shozvs nuan time. This is inscribed above a dial on a house at Pau, opposite the Halles. Beneath it are the words : “ Les horologes et les Cadrans indiquent a quelques secondes pres la meme heure le 25 le 1 5 Avril, le 25 juin, et le 546. Je mesure le temps, image mobile DE l’iMMOBILE ETERNITE. Z. G. F. 1840. / measure time, a moving image of motionless eternity. At Ville Vieille, Oueyras. Also at St. Veran (Hautes Alpes), signed Z. G. F. (Zarbula), and having a picture of a toucan above on the right, and a fly-catcher on the left. 547. Je NE PUIS RIEN SANS LE SOLEIL, MaIS QUAND IL LUIT POINT DE PAREIL. Without the sun I am useless, but zvhen he shines I have no equal. At Les Cabanes, near Cordes (Tarn). 548. Je ne saurait tromper. C’est le ciel qui le regle. Heaven is my guide, I cannot go wrong. In the court of the E veche, Angouleme. 549. Je py\RLE SANS DIRE MOT. 1 885. I Speak zvitliout Saying a word. On a house in the Place, Puy-St. Pierre (Hautes Alpes). 550* REGLE ET CHANGE PAR MON COURS Le temps, la fortune, et l’amour. As through my daily course / range Life, fozdune, time itself — I change. Once at Boulogne. 551. Je suis juste, soyez le aussi. i 8 ii. 1 am true, be ye time likewise. This inscription is more modern than the date. The dial is near the Grande Seminaire, Moutiers, Savoy. The first half of the motto is on the Cure’s house, Brides-les-Bains, Savoy. 304 SUN-DIALS 552. Je sues LE MESURE DU TEMPS. Tel qu’on mesure on sera mesure Giovanni Borgesio fecit. / am the mcasiu^er of time. “ With what 7 neasitre ye mete, it shall be measitred to you again!' On the Maison-du-Roi, Queyras (Hautes Alpes), with No. 1034. 553. Je vis de ta presence, et mon utilite FINIT EN TON ABSENCE. / live by thy pi^esence, and my usefulness eftds in thy absence. Copied about the year 1870, near Courmayeur, but the inscription is imperfect, some words at the beginning having been defaced. 554. Je vous la souhaite iieureuse. 1810. May this 77 toment be a happy one for yo 7 i. Rue de la Croix Verte, Albi (Tarn). 555. Jubilate Deo. June 21, 1887. Rejoice in God. On a dial in the garden at Elm Hall, Wanstead, Essex. 556- j UNGERE EQUOS TITAN, VELOCIBUS IMPERAT IIORLS. Ovid, Metam. I I. Titan bids the szuift hours yoke their steeds. Given in “ Notizie Gnomoniche.” 557. Justus homo non timet iioram quam abscondo. The just man fears not the hour I hide. At Biviers (Isere). 558. KAIPON rNX 2 ©I. Knoiv the seasozi. Is over a dial placed on the wall of the south transept of Ely Cathedral. The face of the sun seems to emit the lines to the surrounding figures, as well as the gnomon ; and between the lines are the signs of the zodiac. There is no date, but the dial is probably older than the clock, which was placed in the tower about the middle of the eighteenth century, and later than the Dissolution, as the chapter-house, which formerly projected from the south face of the transept, is believed to have been de- stroyed at that time. 55Q. KA4 ABAINON AHO TOT HATPOS TX2N